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[0,"Build","bld","Builders"]
[1,"Introduction","Introduction"]
[2,"2012 Africa Integrity Indicators",2012]
[3,"2013 Africa Integrity Indicators",2013]
[4,"2014 Africa Integrity Indicators",2014]
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[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
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[3,"Palette","Palette",1,0,"TOP",null,null,null,null,null,null,"cnt_AppMode"]
[4,"To do","Todo",1,0,"TOP"]
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[3,"BJ","Benin","Benin",1,"Benin†",1,"Benin†",1,"Benin†"]
[4,"BW","Botswana","Botswana",0,"Botswana",0,"Botswana",0,"Botswana"]
[5,"BF","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso",1,"Burkina Faso†",1,"Burkina Faso†",1,"Burkina Faso†"]
[6,"BI","Burundi","Burundi",0,"Burundi",1,"Burundi†",1,"Burundi†"]
[7,"CV","Cabo Verde","Cabo Verde",0,"Cabo Verde",0,"Cabo Verde",0,"Cabo Verde"]
[8,"CM","Cameroon","Cameroon",0,"Cameroon",0,"Cameroon",0,"Cameroon"]
[9,"CF","Central African Republic","CAR",1,"Central African Republic†",1,"Central African Republic†",1,"Central African Republic†"]
[10,"TD","Chad","Chad",0,"Chad",0,"Chad",0,"Chad"]
[11,"KM","Comoros","Comoros",1,"Comoros†",1,"Comoros†",1,"Comoros†"]
[12,"CD","Congo","Congo",1,"Congo†",1,"Congo†",1,"Congo†"]
[13,"CI","Côte d'Ivoire","Côte d'Ivoire",0,"Côte d'Ivoire",0,"Côte d'Ivoire",0,"Côte d'Ivoire"]
[14,"CG","Democratic Republic of Congo","DRC",0,"Democratic Republic of Congo",0,"Democratic Republic of Congo",0,"Democratic Republic of Congo"]
[15,"DJ","Djibouti","Djibouti",1,"Djibouti†",1,"Djibouti†",1,"Djibouti†"]
[16,"EG","Egypt","Egypt",0,"Egypt",0,"Egypt",0,"Egypt"]
[17,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea",0,"Equatorial Guinea",0,"Equatorial Guinea",0,"Equatorial Guinea"]
[18,"ER","Eritrea","Eritrea",0,"Eritrea",0,"Eritrea",0,"Eritrea"]
[19,"ET","Ethiopia","Ethiopia",0,"Ethiopia",0,"Ethiopia",0,"Ethiopia"]
[20,"GA","Gabon","Gabon",1,"Gabon†",1,"Gabon†",1,"Gabon†"]
[21,"GM","Gambia","Gambia",0,"Gambia",0,"Gambia",0,"Gambia"]
[22,"GH","Ghana","Ghana",0,"Ghana",0,"Ghana",0,"Ghana"]
[23,"GN","Guinea","Guinea",1,"Guinea†",1,"Guinea†",1,"Guinea†"]
[24,"GW","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau",0,"Guinea-Bissau",0,"Guinea-Bissau",0,"Guinea-Bissau"]
[25,"KE","Kenya","Kenya",0,"Kenya",0,"Kenya",0,"Kenya"]
[26,"LS","Lesotho","Lesotho",0,"Lesotho",0,"Lesotho",0,"Lesotho"]
[27,"LR","Liberia","Liberia",0,"Liberia",0,"Liberia",0,"Liberia"]
[28,"LY","Libya","Libya",0,"Libya",0,"Libya",0,"Libya"]
[29,"MG","Madagascar","Madagascar",0,"Madagascar",0,"Madagascar",0,"Madagascar"]
[30,"MW","Malawi","Malawi",0,"Malawi",0,"Malawi",0,"Malawi"]
[31,"ML","Mali","Mali",1,"Mali†",1,"Mali†",1,"Mali†"]
[32,"MR","Mauritania","Mauritania",1,"Mauritania†",1,"Mauritania†",1,"Mauritania†"]
[33,"MU","Mauritius","Mauritius",0,"Mauritius",0,"Mauritius",0,"Mauritius"]
[34,"MA","Morocco","Morocco",0,"Morocco",0,"Morocco",0,"Morocco"]
[35,"MZ","Mozambique","Mozambique",0,"Mozambique",0,"Mozambique",0,"Mozambique"]
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[37,"NE","Niger","Niger",1,"Niger†",1,"Niger†",1,"Niger†"]
[38,"NG","Nigeria","Nigeria",0,"Nigeria",0,"Nigeria",0,"Nigeria"]
[39,"RW","Rwanda","Rwanda",0,"Rwanda",0,"Rwanda",0,"Rwanda"]
[40,"ST","São Tomé & Príncipe","São Tomé & Príncipe",0,"São Tomé & Príncipe",0,"São Tomé & Príncipe",0,"São Tomé & Príncipe"]
[41,"SN","Senegal","Senegal",1,"Senegal†",1,"Senegal†",1,"Senegal†"]
[42,"SC","Seychelles","Seychelles",0,"Seychelles",0,"Seychelles",0,"Seychelles"]
[43,"SL","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone",0,"Sierra Leone",0,"Sierra Leone",0,"Sierra Leone"]
[44,"SO","Somalia","Somalia",0,"Somalia",0,"Somalia",0,"Somalia"]
[45,"ZA","South Africa","South Africa",0,"South Africa",0,"South Africa",0,"South Africa"]
[46,"SS","South Sudan","South Sudan",0,"South Sudan",0,"South Sudan",0,"South Sudan"]
[47,"SD","Sudan","Sudan",0,"Sudan",0,"Sudan",0,"Sudan"]
[48,"SZ","Swaziland","Swaziland",0,"Swaziland",0,"Swaziland",0,"Swaziland"]
[49,"TZ","Tanzania","Tanzania",0,"Tanzania",0,"Tanzania",0,"Tanzania"]
[50,"TG","Togo","Togo",1,"Togo†",1,"Togo†",1,"Togo†"]
[51,"TN","Tunisia","Tunisia",1,"Tunisia†",1,"Tunisia†",1,"Tunisia†"]
[52,"UG","Uganda","Uganda",0,"Uganda",0,"Uganda",0,"Uganda"]
[53,"ZM","Zambia","Zambia",0,"Zambia",0,"Zambia",0,"Zambia"]
[54,"ZW","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe",0,"Zimbabwe",0,"Zimbabwe",0,"Zimbabwe"]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,2,"J",1,"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.","Judicial independence (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary.\n",{"$f":"IF(O2=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":""},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ2=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q2)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P2,\") \",AR2)","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P2,\") \",R2)","v":"1) Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ2,\" \",R2)","v":" Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU2,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"Judicial independence"},null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q2,1),0)","v":0},{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,R2,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX2:BD2,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,1,{"$f":"IF(BF2=0,\"\",RANK(BF2,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF2,BF2)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH2,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":78},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ2),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ2),\"\")","v":"78) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,5,"F",2,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.","Judicial independence (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the judiciary is independent from political interference by the executive and legislative branches. Independence of the judiciary includes the ability and autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. Judges operate without fear or favor.","—","A 50 score is earned where national-level judgs are typically independent, yet sometimes influence in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no independent judiciary with judges often influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the judiciary is independent from political interference by the executive and legislative branches. Independence of the judiciary includes the ability and autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. Judges operate without fear or favor.\n\nA 50 score is earned where national-level judgs are typically independent, yet sometimes influence in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no independent judiciary with judges often influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives.\n",{"$f":"IF(O3=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":"*"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ3=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q3)","v":"* In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P3,\") \",AR3)","v":"2) * In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P3,\") \",R3)","v":"2) Judicial independence (de facto)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ3,\" \",R3)","v":"* Judicial independence (de facto)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU3,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"* Judicial independence"},null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q3,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX3:BD3,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,2,{"$f":"IF(BF3=0,\"\",RANK(BF3,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF3,BF3)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH3,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":70},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ3),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ3),\"\")","v":"70) In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3,5,"F",3,"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","Judicial appointments (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where judges are free from the influence of political decision-makers or power groups and individuals to pursue their own reasoning. Judges have secure even life-long tenure to protect them from political interference. Judges decisions are impartial and based on laws and evidence. Their judicial authority extends to other parts of the political system (legislature and executive) asserting that those parts operate within the legal framework (constitution or other laws).","—","A 50 score is earned where national-level judges are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions.","—","A 0 score is earned where national-level judges are commonly influenced by politics and personal biases or incentives. This may include conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties. Negative incentives may include demotion, pay cuts, relocation, threats or harassment.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where judges are free from the influence of political decision-makers or power groups and individuals to pursue their own reasoning. Judges have secure even life-long tenure to protect them from political interference. Judges decisions are impartial and based on laws and evidence. Their judicial authority extends to other parts of the political system (legislature and executive) asserting that those parts operate within the legal framework (constitution or other laws).\n\nA 50 score is earned where national-level judges are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions.\n\nA 0 score is earned where national-level judges are commonly influenced by politics and personal biases or incentives. This may include conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties. Negative incentives may include demotion, pay cuts, relocation, threats or harassment.\n","*","* In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","3) * In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","3) Judicial appointments (de facto)","* Judicial appointments (de facto)","* Judicial appointments",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,3,{"$f":"IF(BF4=0,\"\",RANK(BF4,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF4,BF4)-1)","v":""},74,"74) In law, women have the right to independent travel."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4,5,"F",4,"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","Judicial decisions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is a formal and mandatory, as opposed to ad hoc requirement for national-level judges to give reasons that explain their decisions/judgments. Judges are formally required to explain their judgments in detail, establishing a body of precedent. All judges comply with these requirements.","—","A 50 score is earned where national-level judges are required to give reasons for their decisions/judgments, but some exceptions do exist. These may include special courts, such as military courts or tribunals.","—","A 0 score is earned where national-level judges are not required to explain decisions and judges commonly issue decisions without formal explanations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a formal and mandatory, as opposed to ad hoc requirement for national-level judges to give reasons that explain their decisions/judgments. Judges are formally required to explain their judgments in detail, establishing a body of precedent. All judges comply with these requirements.\n\nA 50 score is earned where national-level judges are required to give reasons for their decisions/judgments, but some exceptions do exist. These may include special courts, such as military courts or tribunals.\n\nA 0 score is earned where national-level judges are not required to explain decisions and judges commonly issue decisions without formal explanations.\n","*","* In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","4) * In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","4) Judicial decisions (de facto)","* Judicial decisions (de facto)","* Judicial decisions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,4,{"$f":"IF(BF5=0,\"\",RANK(BF5,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF5,BF5)-1)","v":""},77,"77) * In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5,2,"J",5,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","Supreme audit institution (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a supreme audit institution which is a statutory body that audits all the accounts of the national government.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no supreme audit institution.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a supreme audit institution which is a statutory body that audits all the accounts of the national government.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no supreme audit institution.\n","","In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","5) In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","5) Supreme audit institution (de jure)"," Supreme audit institution (de jure)","Supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,5,{"$f":"IF(BF6=0,\"\",RANK(BF6,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF6,BF6)-1)","v":""},73,"73) In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6,2,"J",6,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the Supreme Audit Institution is operationally independent.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing operational independence of the Supreme Audit Institution.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the Supreme Audit Institution is operationally independent.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing operational independence of the Supreme Audit Institution.\n","","In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","6) In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","6) Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)"," Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)","Independence of supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,6,{"$f":"IF(BF7=0,\"\",RANK(BF7,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF7,BF7)-1)","v":""},69,"69) In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,7,5,"F",7,"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the agency has some formal organizational independence from the government. A 100 score is earned even if the entity is legally separate but in practice staffed by partisans.","—","A 50 score is earned where the agency has some operational independence.","—","A 0 score is earned where the agency is a subordinate part of any government ministry or agency, such as the Department of Interior or the Justice Department.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the agency has some formal organizational independence from the government. A 100 score is earned even if the entity is legally separate but in practice staffed by partisans.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the agency has some operational independence.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the agency is a subordinate part of any government ministry or agency, such as the Department of Interior or the Justice Department.\n","*","* In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","7) * In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","7) Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Independence of supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,7,{"$f":"IF(BF8=0,\"\",RANK(BF8,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF8,BF8)-1)","v":""},71,"71) In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8,5,"F",8,"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where appointments to the agency are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.","—","A 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.","—","A 0 score is earned where appointments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where appointments to the agency are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.\n\nA 0 score is earned where appointments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","8) * In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","8) Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Appointments to supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,8,{"$f":"IF(BF9=0,\"\",RANK(BF9,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF9,BF9)-1)","v":""},72,"72) In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9,5,"F",9,"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the agency makes regular, publicly available, substantial reports to the legislature and/or to the public directly outlining the full scope of its work.","—","A 50 score is earned where the agency makes publicly available reports to the legislature and/or to the public directly that are sometimes delayed or incomplete.","—","A 0 score is earned where the agency makes no reports of its activities, or makes reports that are consistently out of date, unavailable to the public, or insubstantial.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the agency makes regular, publicly available, substantial reports to the legislature and/or to the public directly outlining the full scope of its work.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the agency makes publicly available reports to the legislature and/or to the public directly that are sometimes delayed or incomplete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the agency makes no reports of its activities, or makes reports that are consistently out of date, unavailable to the public, or insubstantial.\n","*","* In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","9) * In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","9) Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","* Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","* Supreme audit institution reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,9,{"$f":"IF(BF10=0,\"\",RANK(BF10,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF10,BF10)-1)","v":""},97,"97) * In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10,2,"J",10,"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","Criminalization of corruption (de jure)","A YES score is earned where corruption is criminalized as a specific offence or types of offences.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where corruption is not criminalized as a specific offence or types of offences.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where corruption is criminalized as a specific offence or types of offences.\n\nA NO score is earned where corruption is not criminalized as a specific offence or types of offences.\n","","In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","10) In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","10) Criminalization of corruption (de jure)"," Criminalization of corruption (de jure)","Criminalization of corruption",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,10,{"$f":"IF(BF11=0,\"\",RANK(BF11,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF11,BF11)-1)","v":""},76,"76) * In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,11,2,"J",11,"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a law stipulating that there is a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported, exists.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no law stipulating that there is a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a law stipulating that there is a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported, exists.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no law stipulating that there is a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported.\n","","In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","11) In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","11) Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)"," Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)","Public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,11,{"$f":"IF(BF12=0,\"\",RANK(BF12,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF12,BF12)-1)","v":""},75,"75) In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12,5,"F",12,"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","Corruption investigation (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is evidence of success in investigating and prosecuting, when appropriate, senior level politicians and/or civil servants for alleged corruption.","—","A 50 score is earned where investigations of alleged corruption rarely result in prosecutions when they should have done. There is a reluctance by the prosecuting authority to take on politically powerful offenders.","—","A 0 score is earned where allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants never result in investigation or prosecution.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is evidence of success in investigating and prosecuting, when appropriate, senior level politicians and/or civil servants for alleged corruption.\n\nA 50 score is earned where investigations of alleged corruption rarely result in prosecutions when they should have done. There is a reluctance by the prosecuting authority to take on politically powerful offenders.\n\nA 0 score is earned where allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants never result in investigation or prosecution.\n","*","* In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","12) * In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","12) Corruption investigation (de facto)","* Corruption investigation (de facto)","* Corruption investigation",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,12,{"$f":"IF(BF13=0,\"\",RANK(BF13,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF13,BF13)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,13,5,"F",13,"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the body takes effective action and cases that are reported are effectively investigated.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a body but it conducts weak investigations. Results of the investigation may be made available to other relevant agencies in the public sector.","—","A 0 score is earned where the body rarely investigates and has no sanction power or rarely sanctions anybody. A 0 score is also earned when no specific body exists.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the body takes effective action and cases that are reported are effectively investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a body but it conducts weak investigations. Results of the investigation may be made available to other relevant agencies in the public sector.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the body rarely investigates and has no sanction power or rarely sanctions anybody. A 0 score is also earned when no specific body exists.\n","*","* In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","13) * In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","13) Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,13,{"$f":"IF(BF14=0,\"\",RANK(BF14,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF14,BF14)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15,2,"J",14,"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where heads of state and government can be investigated/prosecuted for alleged crimes they commit whilst in office.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where heads of state or government cannot be investigated/prosecuted for alleged crimes they commit whilst in office.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where heads of state and government can be investigated/prosecuted for alleged crimes they commit whilst in office.\n\nA NO score is earned where heads of state or government cannot be investigated/prosecuted for alleged crimes they commit whilst in office.\n","","In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","14) In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","14) Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)"," Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)","Accountability of heads of state/government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,14,{"$f":"IF(BF15=0,\"\",RANK(BF15,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF15,BF15)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,16,5,"F",15,"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where heads of state and government are always investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.","—","A 50 score is earned where heads of state and government are sometimes investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.","—","A 0 score is earned where heads of state and government are rarely or never investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where heads of state and government are always investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.\n\nA 50 score is earned where heads of state and government are sometimes investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.\n\nA 0 score is earned where heads of state and government are rarely or never investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.\n","*","* In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","15) * In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","15) Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","* Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","* Prosecution of heads of state/government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,15,{"$f":"IF(BF16=0,\"\",RANK(BF16,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF16,BF16)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,17,2,"J",16,"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Police misconduct reporting (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a formal process or mechanism by which citizens can complain about police actions or misconduct. A YES score is earned where a broader mechanism such as the national ombudsman, human rights commission, or anti-corruption agency has jurisdiction over the police.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no such mechanism.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a formal process or mechanism by which citizens can complain about police actions or misconduct. A YES score is earned where a broader mechanism such as the national ombudsman, human rights commission, or anti-corruption agency has jurisdiction over the police.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such mechanism.\n","","In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","16) In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","16) Police misconduct reporting (de jure)"," Police misconduct reporting (de jure)","Police misconduct reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,16,{"$f":"IF(BF17=0,\"\",RANK(BF17,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF17,BF17)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,18,5,"F",17,"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all law enforcement officers (including senior officials) are subject to criminal investigation for official misconduct. No crimes are exempt from prosecution.","—","A 50 score is earned where law enforcement officers are generally subject to criminal investigation but exceptions may exist where criminal actions are overlooked by the police or prosecutors. Some crimes may be exempt from prosecution, such as actions taken in the line of duty.","—","A 0 score is earned by law enforcement officers who enjoy a general protection from most criminal investigation. This may be due to a formal immunity or an informal understanding that the law enforcement community protects itself.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all law enforcement officers (including senior officials) are subject to criminal investigation for official misconduct. No crimes are exempt from prosecution.\n\nA 50 score is earned where law enforcement officers are generally subject to criminal investigation but exceptions may exist where criminal actions are overlooked by the police or prosecutors. Some crimes may be exempt from prosecution, such as actions taken in the line of duty.\n\nA 0 score is earned by law enforcement officers who enjoy a general protection from most criminal investigation. This may be due to a formal immunity or an informal understanding that the law enforcement community protects itself.\n","*","* In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","17) * In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","17) Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","* Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","* Police misconduct reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,17,{"$f":"IF(BF18=0,\"\",RANK(BF18,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF18,BF18)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,19,2,"J",18,"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the independence of the agency/agencies is established in law.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no such law.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the independence of the agency/agencies is established in law.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such law.\n","","In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","18) In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","18) Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)"," Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)","Independence of election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,18,{"$f":"IF(BF19=0,\"\",RANK(BF19,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF19,BF19)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,20,5,"F",19,"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where appointments to the agency or set of agencies/entities are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.","—","A 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. However, individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.","—","A 0 score is earned where appointments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where appointments to the agency or set of agencies/entities are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. However, individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.\n\nA 0 score is earned where appointments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","19) * In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","19) Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Appointments to election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,19,{"$f":"IF(BF20=0,\"\",RANK(BF20,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF20,BF20)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,21,5,"F",20,"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","A 100 score is earned only if the agency or set of agencies/entities has some formal organizational independence from the bodies contesting in the election.","—","A 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. However, individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.","—","A 0 score is earned where the election monitoring agency or set of agencies/entities is legally tied to bodies contesting the election (i.e. an executive branch agency such as the Interior Ministry, or a committee of the legislature). A 0 score is automatically earned if there is no domestic election monitoring agency.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned only if the agency or set of agencies/entities has some formal organizational independence from the bodies contesting in the election.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. However, individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the election monitoring agency or set of agencies/entities is legally tied to bodies contesting the election (i.e. an executive branch agency such as the Interior Ministry, or a committee of the legislature). A 0 score is automatically earned if there is no domestic election monitoring agency.\n","*","* In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","20) * In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","20) Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Independence of election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,20,{"$f":"IF(BF21=0,\"\",RANK(BF21,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF21,BF21)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,22,5,"F",21,"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where reports are released to the public both during and following an election cycle on a predictable schedule, without exceptions.","—","A 50 score is earned where reports are released, but may be delayed, difficult to access, or otherwise limited.","—","A 0 score is earned where the agency or set of agencies/entities makes no public reports either during or after an election cycle, and issues reports which are effectively secret, or issues reports of no value.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where reports are released to the public both during and following an election cycle on a predictable schedule, without exceptions.\n\nA 50 score is earned where reports are released, but may be delayed, difficult to access, or otherwise limited.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the agency or set of agencies/entities makes no public reports either during or after an election cycle, and issues reports which are effectively secret, or issues reports of no value.\n","*","* In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","21) * In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","21) Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","* Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","* Election monitoring agency reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,21,{"$f":"IF(BF22=0,\"\",RANK(BF22,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF22,BF22)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,23,5,"F",22,"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the government ensures that equal access and fair treatment of election contestants is provided by all state-owned media outlets, including all electronic and print media. This obligation extends to news reports, editorial comment, and all other content. All parties and candidates are offered consistent and equivalent rates for campaign advertising on state-owned media outlets.","—","A 50 score is earned where the government generally ensures equal access and fair treatment of all candidates and parties by state-owned media outlets but some exceptions exist. State-owned media may occasionally discriminate against particular parties or candidates and advertising rates may be confusing or non-transparent.","—","A 0 score is earned where the government uses stateowned media to routinely discriminate against opposition candidates and parties. Advertising space may be denied to opposition candidates and parties or higher rates may be charged.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the government ensures that equal access and fair treatment of election contestants is provided by all state-owned media outlets, including all electronic and print media. This obligation extends to news reports, editorial comment, and all other content. All parties and candidates are offered consistent and equivalent rates for campaign advertising on state-owned media outlets.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government generally ensures equal access and fair treatment of all candidates and parties by state-owned media outlets but some exceptions exist. State-owned media may occasionally discriminate against particular parties or candidates and advertising rates may be confusing or non-transparent.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government uses stateowned media to routinely discriminate against opposition candidates and parties. Advertising space may be denied to opposition candidates and parties or higher rates may be charged.\n","*","* In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","22) * In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","22) Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","* Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","* Equitable access to media for political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,22,{"$f":"IF(BF23=0,\"\",RANK(BF23,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF23,BF23)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,24,2,"J",23,"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","Competitive bidding (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all major procurements require competitive bidding.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where competitive bidding is not required by law or regulation for major procurements.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all major procurements require competitive bidding.\n\nA NO score is earned where competitive bidding is not required by law or regulation for major procurements.\n","","In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","23) In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","23) Competitive bidding (de jure)"," Competitive bidding (de jure)","Competitive bidding",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,23,{"$f":"IF(BF24=0,\"\",RANK(BF24,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF24,BF24)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,25,5,"F",24,"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","Competitive bidding (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where competitive bidding is required by law and consistently implemented. Whilst there may be certain exceptional circumstances, nevertheless a 100 score is allocated if these are not abused or open up to large loopholes and discretion.","—","A 50 score is earned where competitive bidding is required by law, but rarely or never implemented in practice.","—","A 0 score is earned where competitive bidding is not required by law or regulation for major procurements.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where competitive bidding is required by law and consistently implemented. Whilst there may be certain exceptional circumstances, nevertheless a 100 score is allocated if these are not abused or open up to large loopholes and discretion.\n\nA 50 score is earned where competitive bidding is required by law, but rarely or never implemented in practice.\n\nA 0 score is earned where competitive bidding is not required by law or regulation for major procurements.\n","*","* In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","24) * In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","24) Competitive bidding (de facto)","* Competitive bidding (de facto)","* Competitive bidding",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,24,{"$f":"IF(BF25=0,\"\",RANK(BF25,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF25,BF25)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,26,5,"F",25,"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","Access to public procurement results (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where records of public procurement results are publicly available through a formal process.","—","A 50 score is earned where records of public procurements are available, but there are exceptions to this practice. Some information may not be available, or some citizens may not be able to access information.","—","A 0 score is earned where this information is not available to the public through an official process.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where records of public procurement results are publicly available through a formal process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records of public procurements are available, but there are exceptions to this practice. Some information may not be available, or some citizens may not be able to access information.\n\nA 0 score is earned where this information is not available to the public through an official process.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","25) * In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","25) Access to public procurement results (de facto)","* Access to public procurement results (de facto)","* Access to public procurement results",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,25,{"$f":"IF(BF26=0,\"\",RANK(BF26,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF26,BF26)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,27,2,"J",26,"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are formal procurement blacklists, designed to prevent convicted companies from doing business with the government.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such process exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are formal procurement blacklists, designed to prevent convicted companies from doing business with the government.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such process exists.\n","","In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","26) In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","26) Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)"," Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)","Procurement bidding restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,26,{"$f":"IF(BF27=0,\"\",RANK(BF27,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF27,BF27)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,28,5,"F",27,"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where a system of formal blacklists and cooling off periods is in place for companies convicted of corruption. This system may include temporary or permanent prohibition from participating in future procurement bids.","—","A 50 score is earned where a system of formal blacklists and cooling off periods is in place, but the system has flaws. Some procurements or companies may not be affected by the system, or the prohibitions are sometimes not effective.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no such system, or the system is consistently ineffective in prohibiting future hiring of blacklisted companies. There is widespread impunity.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where a system of formal blacklists and cooling off periods is in place for companies convicted of corruption. This system may include temporary or permanent prohibition from participating in future procurement bids.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a system of formal blacklists and cooling off periods is in place, but the system has flaws. Some procurements or companies may not be affected by the system, or the prohibitions are sometimes not effective.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no such system, or the system is consistently ineffective in prohibiting future hiring of blacklisted companies. There is widespread impunity.\n","*","* In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","27) * In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","27) Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","* Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","* Procurement bidding restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,27,{"$f":"IF(BF28=0,\"\",RANK(BF28,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF28,BF28)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,29,5,"F",28,"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where state-owned companies always publicly disclose financial data, which is generally accurate and up to date. Financial records of all state-owned companies are regularly audited by a trained third party auditor using accepted international standards. Records are uniformly available; there are no delays for politically sensitive information. Records are free to all citizens, or available for the cost of photocopying. Records can be obtained at little cost, such as by mail, or on-line.","—","A 50 score is earned where state-owned companies disclose financial data, but it is flawed. Some companies may misstate financial data, file the information behind schedule, or not publicly disclose certain data. Financial records of state-owned companies are regularly audited, but exceptions may exist. Some companies may use flawed or deceptive accounting procedures, or some companies may be exempted from this requirement. Records take around two weeks to obtain. Some delays may be experienced. Records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital.","—","A 0 score is earned where financial data is not publicly available, or is consistently superficial or otherwise of no value. State-owned companies are not audited, or the audits have no functional value. The auditors may collude with the companies in providing misleading or false information to the public. Records take more than a month to acquire. In some cases, most records may be available sooner, but there may be persistent delays in obtaining politically sensitive records. Retrieving records imposes a major financial burden on citizens. Records costs are prohibitive to most citizens, journalists, or NGOs trying to access this information.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where state-owned companies always publicly disclose financial data, which is generally accurate and up to date. Financial records of all state-owned companies are regularly audited by a trained third party auditor using accepted international standards. Records are uniformly available; there are no delays for politically sensitive information. Records are free to all citizens, or available for the cost of photocopying. Records can be obtained at little cost, such as by mail, or on-line.\n\nA 50 score is earned where state-owned companies disclose financial data, but it is flawed. Some companies may misstate financial data, file the information behind schedule, or not publicly disclose certain data. Financial records of state-owned companies are regularly audited, but exceptions may exist. Some companies may use flawed or deceptive accounting procedures, or some companies may be exempted from this requirement. Records take around two weeks to obtain. Some delays may be experienced. Records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial data is not publicly available, or is consistently superficial or otherwise of no value. State-owned companies are not audited, or the audits have no functional value. The auditors may collude with the companies in providing misleading or false information to the public. Records take more than a month to acquire. In some cases, most records may be available sooner, but there may be persistent delays in obtaining politically sensitive records. Retrieving records imposes a major financial burden on citizens. Records costs are prohibitive to most citizens, journalists, or NGOs trying to access this information.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","28) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","28) Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","* Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","* Access to financial records of state-owned companies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,28,{"$f":"IF(BF29=0,\"\",RANK(BF29,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF29,BF29)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,31,5,"F",29,"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. This includes defense and secret programs, which may be debated in closed hearings.","—","A 50 score is earned where most significant government expenditures (as defined) are approved by the legislature, but some exceptions to this rule exist. This may include defense programs, an executive's personal budget, or other expenses.","—","A 0 score is earned where the legislature does not have the power to approve or disapprove large portions of the government budget, or the legislature does not exercise this power in a meaningful way.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. This includes defense and secret programs, which may be debated in closed hearings.\n\nA 50 score is earned where most significant government expenditures (as defined) are approved by the legislature, but some exceptions to this rule exist. This may include defense programs, an executive's personal budget, or other expenses.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the legislature does not have the power to approve or disapprove large portions of the government budget, or the legislature does not exercise this power in a meaningful way.\n","*","* In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","29) * In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","29) Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","* Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","* Approval of public expenditure",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,29,{"$f":"IF(BF30=0,\"\",RANK(BF30,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF30,BF30)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,32,2,"J",30,"In law, the budget must be published in full every year.","Publication of budget proposals (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a formal/legislative requirement to publish the executive's budget.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no formal requirement.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a formal/legislative requirement to publish the executive's budget.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no formal requirement.\n","","In law, the budget must be published in full every year.","30) In law, the budget must be published in full every year.","30) Publication of budget proposals (de jure)"," Publication of budget proposals (de jure)","Publication of budget proposals",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,30,{"$f":"IF(BF31=0,\"\",RANK(BF31,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF31,BF31)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,33,5,"F",31,"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where citizens, usually acting through NGOs, can provide information or commentary to the budget debate through a formal process. This information is essential to the process of evaluating budget priorities.","—","A 50 score is earned where citizens or NGOs can provide input, but this information is often not taken into account for budget decisions. The process is not easily accessible to ordinary citizens.","—","A 0 scored is earned where citizens or NGOs have no formal access to provide input to the budget debate.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where citizens, usually acting through NGOs, can provide information or commentary to the budget debate through a formal process. This information is essential to the process of evaluating budget priorities.\n\nA 50 score is earned where citizens or NGOs can provide input, but this information is often not taken into account for budget decisions. The process is not easily accessible to ordinary citizens.\n\nA 0 scored is earned where citizens or NGOs have no formal access to provide input to the budget debate.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","31) * In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","31) Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","* Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","* Citizen participation in budget debates",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,31,{"$f":"IF(BF32=0,\"\",RANK(BF32,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF32,BF32)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,34,5,"F",32,"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","Oversight of public funds (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is a budget oversight committee comprised of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties in a roughly equitable distribution. All members of the committee -- including opposition party members -- are able to fully participate in the activities of the committee and influence the committee's work to roughly the same extent as any other member of the committee. Heads of ministry- or cabinet-level agencies submit regular, formal reports of expenses to this committee. Where irregularities are discovered, the committee is aggressive in investigating the government.","—","A 50 score is earned where agency heads submit reports to a budget oversight committee, but these reports are flawed in some way. The reports may be inconsistently delivered, or lacking important details. The committee is comprised of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties although the ruling party has a disproportionate share of committee seats. The chairperson of the committee may be overly influential and curb other members' ability to shape the committee's activities. The committee starts investigations, but is limited in its effectiveness. The committee may be slow to act, unwilling to take on politically powerful offenders, or occasionally unable to enforce its judgments.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no budget oversight committee or equivalent, or heads of agencies do not submit meaningful reports to the agency. The committee is dominated by legislators of the ruling party and/or the committee chairperson. Opposition legislators serving on the committee have in practice no way to influence the work of the committee. The committee does not effectively investigate financial irregularities. The committee may start investigations but not complete them, or may fail to detect offenders. The committee may be partisan in its application of power.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a budget oversight committee comprised of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties in a roughly equitable distribution. All members of the committee -- including opposition party members -- are able to fully participate in the activities of the committee and influence the committee's work to roughly the same extent as any other member of the committee. Heads of ministry- or cabinet-level agencies submit regular, formal reports of expenses to this committee. Where irregularities are discovered, the committee is aggressive in investigating the government.\n\nA 50 score is earned where agency heads submit reports to a budget oversight committee, but these reports are flawed in some way. The reports may be inconsistently delivered, or lacking important details. The committee is comprised of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties although the ruling party has a disproportionate share of committee seats. The chairperson of the committee may be overly influential and curb other members' ability to shape the committee's activities. The committee starts investigations, but is limited in its effectiveness. The committee may be slow to act, unwilling to take on politically powerful offenders, or occasionally unable to enforce its judgments.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no budget oversight committee or equivalent, or heads of agencies do not submit meaningful reports to the agency. The committee is dominated by legislators of the ruling party and/or the committee chairperson. Opposition legislators serving on the committee have in practice no way to influence the work of the committee. The committee does not effectively investigate financial irregularities. The committee may start investigations but not complete them, or may fail to detect offenders. The committee may be partisan in its application of power.\n","*","* In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","32) * In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","32) Oversight of public funds (de facto)","* Oversight of public funds (de facto)","* Oversight of public funds",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,32,{"$f":"IF(BF33=0,\"\",RANK(BF33,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF33,BF33)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,35,2,"J",33,"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a specific legal requirement for civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such requirement exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a specific legal requirement for civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such requirement exists.\n","","In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","33) In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","33) Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)"," Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)","Civil servant corruption reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,33,{"$f":"IF(BF34=0,\"\",RANK(BF34,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF34,BF34)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,36,2,"J",34,"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are specific laws against recrimination of public sector whistleblowers. This may include prohibitions on termination, transfer, harassment or other consequences.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there are no legal protections for public-sector whistleblowers.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are specific laws against recrimination of public sector whistleblowers. This may include prohibitions on termination, transfer, harassment or other consequences.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no legal protections for public-sector whistleblowers.\n","","In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","34) In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","34) Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)"," Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)","Whistleblower protection for public officials",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,34,{"$f":"IF(BF35=0,\"\",RANK(BF35,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF35,BF35)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,37,2,"J",35,"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","Corruption prevention in government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are specific formal rules prohibiting conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage in the executive branch of government. Regulations should include competitive recruitment and promotion procedures as well as safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such regulations exist.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are specific formal rules prohibiting conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage in the executive branch of government. Regulations should include competitive recruitment and promotion procedures as well as safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such regulations exist.\n","","In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","35) In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","35) Corruption prevention in government (de jure)"," Corruption prevention in government (de jure)","Corruption prevention in government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,35,{"$f":"IF(BF36=0,\"\",RANK(BF36,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF36,BF36)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,38,5,"F",36,"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","Civil servant independence (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there are specific formal rules establishing that the civil service carry out its duties independent of political interference. Civil servants operate independently of the political process, without incentive or pressure to render favorable treatment or policy decisions on politically sensitive issues. Civil servants rarely comment on political debates. Individual judgments are rarely praised or criticized by political figures. Civil servants are able to find a remedy in the courts for unjustified or politically-motivated dismissals.","—","A 50 score is earned where civil servants are typically independent, yet are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political or personal incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by superiors, public criticism or praise by the government, or other forms of influence. Civil servants may bring a case to the judicial system challenging politically-motivated dismissals but the case may encounter delays or bureaucratic hurdles.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent civil service. Civil servants are commonly influenced by political or personal matters. This may include conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties. Negative incentives may include threats, harassment or other abuses of power. Civil servants are unable to find a remedy in the courts for unjustified or politically-motivated dismissals.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there are specific formal rules establishing that the civil service carry out its duties independent of political interference. Civil servants operate independently of the political process, without incentive or pressure to render favorable treatment or policy decisions on politically sensitive issues. Civil servants rarely comment on political debates. Individual judgments are rarely praised or criticized by political figures. Civil servants are able to find a remedy in the courts for unjustified or politically-motivated dismissals.\n\nA 50 score is earned where civil servants are typically independent, yet are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political or personal incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by superiors, public criticism or praise by the government, or other forms of influence. Civil servants may bring a case to the judicial system challenging politically-motivated dismissals but the case may encounter delays or bureaucratic hurdles.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent civil service. Civil servants are commonly influenced by political or personal matters. This may include conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties. Negative incentives may include threats, harassment or other abuses of power. Civil servants are unable to find a remedy in the courts for unjustified or politically-motivated dismissals.\n","*","* In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","36) * In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","36) Civil servant independence (de facto)","* Civil servant independence (de facto)","* Civil servant independence",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,36,{"$f":"IF(BF37=0,\"\",RANK(BF37,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF37,BF37)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,39,5,"F",37,"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where appointments to the civil service and their professional evaluations are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest arising from personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.","—","A 50 score is earned where appointments and professional assessments are usually based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties, however.","—","A 0 score is earned where appointments and professional assessments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where appointments to the civil service and their professional evaluations are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest arising from personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments and professional assessments are usually based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties, however.\n\nA 0 score is earned where appointments and professional assessments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.\n","*","* In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","37) * In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","37) Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","* Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","* Appointment of civil servants",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,37,{"$f":"IF(BF38=0,\"\",RANK(BF38,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF38,BF38)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,40,2,"J",38,"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are regulations restricting civil servants' ability to take positions in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government that would present a conflict of interest, including positions that directly seek to influence their former government colleagues.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such restrictions exist.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are regulations restricting civil servants' ability to take positions in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government that would present a conflict of interest, including positions that directly seek to influence their former government colleagues.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such restrictions exist.\n","","In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","38) In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","38) Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)"," Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)","Civil servant employment restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,38,{"$f":"IF(BF39=0,\"\",RANK(BF39,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF39,BF39)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,41,2,"J",39,"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","Public information (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a right (for instance a law or robust and detailed guarantee in the constitution) for citizens to be able to request government documents. Exceptions can be made for national security reasons or individual privacy, but they should be limited in scope. All other government documents should be available upon a public request.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no such right.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a right (for instance a law or robust and detailed guarantee in the constitution) for citizens to be able to request government documents. Exceptions can be made for national security reasons or individual privacy, but they should be limited in scope. All other government documents should be available upon a public request.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such right.\n","","In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","39) In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","39) Public information (de jure)"," Public information (de jure)","Public information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,39,{"$f":"IF(BF40=0,\"\",RANK(BF40,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF40,BF40)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,42,5,"F",40,"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","Public information (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where requests for public information are responded to in a timely manner and with minimum costs: records are available on-line, or records can be obtained within two weeks. There are no delays for politically sensitive information. Legitimate exceptions are allowed for sensitive national security-related information.","—","A 50 score is earned where there are delays in requests for public information: records take around one to two months to obtain. Politically-sensitive information may be withheld without sufficient justification.","—","A 0 score is earned where request for public information are not responded to in a timely manner. In some cases, most records may be available sooner, but there may be persistent delays in obtaining politically sensitive records. National security exemptions may be abused to avoid disclosure of government information.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where requests for public information are responded to in a timely manner and with minimum costs: records are available on-line, or records can be obtained within two weeks. There are no delays for politically sensitive information. Legitimate exceptions are allowed for sensitive national security-related information.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are delays in requests for public information: records take around one to two months to obtain. Politically-sensitive information may be withheld without sufficient justification.\n\nA 0 score is earned where request for public information are not responded to in a timely manner. In some cases, most records may be available sooner, but there may be persistent delays in obtaining politically sensitive records. National security exemptions may be abused to avoid disclosure of government information.\n","*","* In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","40) * In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","40) Public information (de facto)","* Public information (de facto)","* Public information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,40,{"$f":"IF(BF41=0,\"\",RANK(BF41,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF41,BF41)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,43,5,"F",41,"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all legislative processes and documents are accessible to the public (individuals, civil society groups or journalists). Records are uniformly available; there are no delays for politically sensitive information. Records are free to all citizens, or available for the cost of photocopying. Records can be obtained at little cost, such as by mail, or on-line. Records are complete and detailed.","—","A 50 score is earned where legislative processes and documents take around two weeks to obtain. Some additional delays may be experienced. Legislative processes and documents/records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital. Legislative processes and documents contain some useful information but may be lacking important details, such as specific resolutions or actions taken.","—","A 0 score is earned where legislative processes and documents are not accessible to the public (individuals, civil society groups or journalists).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all legislative processes and documents are accessible to the public (individuals, civil society groups or journalists). Records are uniformly available; there are no delays for politically sensitive information. Records are free to all citizens, or available for the cost of photocopying. Records can be obtained at little cost, such as by mail, or on-line. Records are complete and detailed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where legislative processes and documents take around two weeks to obtain. Some additional delays may be experienced. Legislative processes and documents/records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital. Legislative processes and documents contain some useful information but may be lacking important details, such as specific resolutions or actions taken.\n\nA 0 score is earned where legislative processes and documents are not accessible to the public (individuals, civil society groups or journalists).\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","41) * In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","41) Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","* Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","* Access to legislative processes & documents",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,41,{"$f":"IF(BF42=0,\"\",RANK(BF42,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF42,BF42)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,44,2,"J",42,"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","Asset disclosure by government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a formal and legal process for heads of state and government and members of the legislature to disclose records of their assets.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no formal and legal process for heads of state and government and members of the legislature to disclose records of their assets.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a formal and legal process for heads of state and government and members of the legislature to disclose records of their assets.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no formal and legal process for heads of state and government and members of the legislature to disclose records of their assets.\n","","In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","42) In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","42) Asset disclosure by government (de jure)"," Asset disclosure by government (de jure)","Asset disclosure by government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,42,{"$f":"IF(BF43=0,\"\",RANK(BF43,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF43,BF43)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,45,5,"F",43,"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where asset disclosure records are accessible to the public at little cost. The disclosure records are complete and detailed, providing the public with an accurate and updated accounting of the individuals' sources of income, investments, and other financial interests.","—","A 50 score is earned where records are not made public or are incomplete. Records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital. The asset disclosure records of the heads of state and government contain some useful information but may be lacking important details.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no asset disclosure requirement for heads of state or government. Asset disclosure records of the heads of state and government which may exist are overly general, lack any meaningful detail, and do not provide a clear accounting of the individuals' sources of income, investments, and other financial assets.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where asset disclosure records are accessible to the public at little cost. The disclosure records are complete and detailed, providing the public with an accurate and updated accounting of the individuals' sources of income, investments, and other financial interests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records are not made public or are incomplete. Records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital. The asset disclosure records of the heads of state and government contain some useful information but may be lacking important details.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no asset disclosure requirement for heads of state or government. Asset disclosure records of the heads of state and government which may exist are overly general, lack any meaningful detail, and do not provide a clear accounting of the individuals' sources of income, investments, and other financial assets.\n","*","* In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","43) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","43) Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,43,{"$f":"IF(BF44=0,\"\",RANK(BF44,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF44,BF44)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,48,2,"J",44,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are requirements mandating the disclosure of public contributions to political parties.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there are no requirements mandating the disclosure of public contributions to political parties.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are requirements mandating the disclosure of public contributions to political parties.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no requirements mandating the disclosure of public contributions to political parties.\n","","In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","44) In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","44) Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)"," Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)","Disclosure of public donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,44,{"$f":"IF(BF45=0,\"\",RANK(BF45,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF45,BF45)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,49,5,"F",45,"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are publicly available, complete and detailed, itemizing all significant public sources of income and expenditure.","—","A 50 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are sometimes available but are often lacking in important details, are overly general, or are otherwise incomplete.","—","A 0 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are rarely available and are so incomplete or overly general as to render them useless in understanding a party's sources of income and expenditure.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are publicly available, complete and detailed, itemizing all significant public sources of income and expenditure.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are sometimes available but are often lacking in important details, are overly general, or are otherwise incomplete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are rarely available and are so incomplete or overly general as to render them useless in understanding a party's sources of income and expenditure.\n","*","* In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","45) * In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","45) Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of public donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,45,{"$f":"IF(BF46=0,\"\",RANK(BF46,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF46,BF46)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,50,2,"J",46,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there are requirements mandating the disclosure of private (including individual and corporate) financial contributions to political parties.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there are no requirements mandating the disclosure of corporate (including individual) contributions to political parties.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there are requirements mandating the disclosure of private (including individual and corporate) financial contributions to political parties.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no requirements mandating the disclosure of corporate (including individual) contributions to political parties.\n","","In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","46) In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","46) Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)"," Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)","Disclosure of private donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,46,{"$f":"IF(BF47=0,\"\",RANK(BF47,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF47,BF47)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,51,5,"F",47,"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are publicly available, complete and detailed, itemizing all significant public sources of income and expenditure.","—","A 50 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are sometimes available but are often lacking in important details, are overly general, or are otherwise incomplete.","—","A 0 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are rarely available and are so incomplete or overly general as to render them useless in understanding a party's sources of income and expenditure.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are publicly available, complete and detailed, itemizing all significant public sources of income and expenditure.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are sometimes available but are often lacking in important details, are overly general, or are otherwise incomplete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are rarely available and are so incomplete or overly general as to render them useless in understanding a party's sources of income and expenditure.\n","*","* In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","47) * In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","47) Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of private donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,47,{"$f":"IF(BF48=0,\"\",RANK(BF48,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF48,BF48)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,52,5,"F",48,"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where media companies publicly disclose their ownership. Financial records of media company ownership are readily available to the public.","—","A 50 score is earned where media companies are ad hoc about publicly disclosing their ownership. This information is not readily available to the public.","—","A 0 score is earned where media companies fail to publicly disclose their ownership. It is unclear who ones the media.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where media companies publicly disclose their ownership. Financial records of media company ownership are readily available to the public.\n\nA 50 score is earned where media companies are ad hoc about publicly disclosing their ownership. This information is not readily available to the public.\n\nA 0 score is earned where media companies fail to publicly disclose their ownership. It is unclear who ones the media.\n","*","* In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","48) * In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","48) Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","* Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","* Media company ownership disclosure",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,48,{"$f":"IF(BF49=0,\"\",RANK(BF49,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF49,BF49)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,53,5,"F",49,"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where editors and journalists at the major media outlets abide by a strict journalistic code of conduct and are unwilling to alter their coverage of a particular issue, event or person in exchange for money, gifts, or other favors or remuneration.","—","A 50 score is earned where editors and journalists at the major media outlets generally avoid altering coverage in exchange for favors but some exceptions have been noted. Not all newsrooms abide by a formal journalistic code of conduct.","—","A 0 score is earned where editors and journalists are widely known to \"sell\" favorable or unfavorable coverage in exchange for money, gifts, or other remuneration. The major media outlets do not abide by any formal journalistic code of conduct.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where editors and journalists at the major media outlets abide by a strict journalistic code of conduct and are unwilling to alter their coverage of a particular issue, event or person in exchange for money, gifts, or other favors or remuneration.\n\nA 50 score is earned where editors and journalists at the major media outlets generally avoid altering coverage in exchange for favors but some exceptions have been noted. Not all newsrooms abide by a formal journalistic code of conduct.\n\nA 0 score is earned where editors and journalists are widely known to \"sell\" favorable or unfavorable coverage in exchange for money, gifts, or other remuneration. The major media outlets do not abide by any formal journalistic code of conduct.\n","*","* In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","49) * In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","49) Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","* Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","* Professionalism of journalists",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,49,{"$f":"IF(BF50=0,\"\",RANK(BF50,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF50,BF50)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,54,2,"J",50,"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","Freedom of press (de jure)","A YES score is earned where it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations. Public figures are defined broadly, including anyone in a position of responsibility in the government or civil service; any political leader; leaders of civil society groups including religious groups, trade unions, or NGOs; leaders or officers of large businesses. A YES score can still be earned if a reckless disregard for the truth (i.e. slander) is prohibited.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where privacy laws protect any public figures (as defined in the YES coding) from accurate information.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations. Public figures are defined broadly, including anyone in a position of responsibility in the government or civil service; any political leader; leaders of civil society groups including religious groups, trade unions, or NGOs; leaders or officers of large businesses. A YES score can still be earned if a reckless disregard for the truth (i.e. slander) is prohibited.\n\nA NO score is earned where privacy laws protect any public figures (as defined in the YES coding) from accurate information.\n","","In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","50) In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","50) Freedom of press (de jure)"," Freedom of press (de jure)","Freedom of press",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,50,{"$f":"IF(BF51=0,\"\",RANK(BF51,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF51,BF51)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,55,5,"F",51,"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","Media censorship (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the government never prevents publication of controversial corruption-related materials which may implicate senior government officials or politicians.","—","A 50 score is earned where the government has prevented or attempted to prevent publication of controversial corruption-related material in cases where there is a strong political incentive to suppress the information. This score is appropriate if in countries where illiteracy is high, the government may allow a free print press but censor broadcast media.","—","A 0 score is earned where the government regularly censors material prior to publication, especially politically sensitive or damaging corruption-related material. This score is appropriate even if the government restricts only politically damaging news while allowing favorable coverage.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the government never prevents publication of controversial corruption-related materials which may implicate senior government officials or politicians.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has prevented or attempted to prevent publication of controversial corruption-related material in cases where there is a strong political incentive to suppress the information. This score is appropriate if in countries where illiteracy is high, the government may allow a free print press but censor broadcast media.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government regularly censors material prior to publication, especially politically sensitive or damaging corruption-related material. This score is appropriate even if the government restricts only politically damaging news while allowing favorable coverage.\n","*","* In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","51) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","51) Media censorship (de facto)","* Media censorship (de facto)","* Media censorship",null,0,0,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,S52,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,null,0,null,51,{"$f":"IF(BF52=0,\"\",RANK(BF52,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF52,BF52)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,60,2,"J",52,"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no specific age for criminal responsibility/liability.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no specific age for criminal responsibility/liability.\n","","In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","52) In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","52) Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)"," Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)","Age for criminal responsibility",null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q53,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,52,{"$f":"IF(BF53=0,\"\",RANK(BF53,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF53,BF53)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,61,2,"J",53,"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","Child-friendly courts (de jure)","A YES score is earned where court procedures are required to take into consideration the needs of children.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where court procedures are not required to take into consideration the needs of children.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where court procedures are required to take into consideration the needs of children.\n\nA NO score is earned where court procedures are not required to take into consideration the needs of children.\n","","In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","53) In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","53) Child-friendly courts (de jure)"," Child-friendly courts (de jure)","Child-friendly courts",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,53,{"$f":"IF(BF54=0,\"\",RANK(BF54,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF54,BF54)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,62,5,"F",54,"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","Child-friendly courts (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where court procedures always take the needs of children into account who come into contact with the criminal justice system. This includes, for example, juvenile witnesses giving testimony in a protected environment.","—","A 50 score is earned where court procedures sometimes take the needs of children who come into contact with the criminal justice system into account. Often no consideration is given to the special needs of children.","—","A 0 score is earned where courts rarely, if ever, specifically take into account the needs of children who come into contact with the criminal justice system. Children are dealt with in the same way as adults.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where court procedures always take the needs of children into account who come into contact with the criminal justice system. This includes, for example, juvenile witnesses giving testimony in a protected environment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where court procedures sometimes take the needs of children who come into contact with the criminal justice system into account. Often no consideration is given to the special needs of children.\n\nA 0 score is earned where courts rarely, if ever, specifically take into account the needs of children who come into contact with the criminal justice system. Children are dealt with in the same way as adults.\n","*","* In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","54) * In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","54) Child-friendly courts (de facto)","* Child-friendly courts (de facto)","* Child-friendly courts",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,54,{"$f":"IF(BF55=0,\"\",RANK(BF55,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF55,BF55)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,63,2,"J",55,"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","Minimum age for employment (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to formal employment.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no specific age for admission into formal employment.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to formal employment.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no specific age for admission into formal employment.\n","","In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","55) In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","55) Minimum age for employment (de jure)"," Minimum age for employment (de jure)","Minimum age for employment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,55,{"$f":"IF(BF56=0,\"\",RANK(BF56,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF56,BF56)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,64,5,"F",56,"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","Minimum age for employment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where no workers below the minimum age are working in the economy.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is ad hoc employment of workers who are below age in the economy.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is widespread use of workers who are below the minimum age of employment in the economy.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where no workers below the minimum age are working in the economy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is ad hoc employment of workers who are below age in the economy.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is widespread use of workers who are below the minimum age of employment in the economy.\n","*","* In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","56) * In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","56) Minimum age for employment (de facto)","* Minimum age for employment (de facto)","* Minimum age for employment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,56,{"$f":"IF(BF57=0,\"\",RANK(BF57,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF57,BF57)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,65,5,"F",57,"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","Trade unions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned when workers are able to organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives. Trade unions are commonplace and are engaged in the political discourse. Trade union organizers have widely understood rights. Trade unions are free from intimidation or violence.","—","A 50 score is earned where trade unions exist, but are not always relevant to politics or policy debates. Barriers to organizing trade unions exist, such as intimidation at work, or retribution firings. Trade union organizers have some rights, but these may not be commonly known, or are difficult to defend.","—","A 0 score is earned when any single non-violent trade union is legally prohibited by the government from organizing. Trade unions are rare. Significant barriers to organization exist, including direct violence. Rights of union organizers are not widely known, or are ineffective in protecting organizers.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned when workers are able to organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives. Trade unions are commonplace and are engaged in the political discourse. Trade union organizers have widely understood rights. Trade unions are free from intimidation or violence.\n\nA 50 score is earned where trade unions exist, but are not always relevant to politics or policy debates. Barriers to organizing trade unions exist, such as intimidation at work, or retribution firings. Trade union organizers have some rights, but these may not be commonly known, or are difficult to defend.\n\nA 0 score is earned when any single non-violent trade union is legally prohibited by the government from organizing. Trade unions are rare. Significant barriers to organization exist, including direct violence. Rights of union organizers are not widely known, or are ineffective in protecting organizers.\n","*","* In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","57) * In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","57) Trade unions (de facto)","* Trade unions (de facto)","* Trade unions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,57,{"$f":"IF(BF58=0,\"\",RANK(BF58,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF58,BF58)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,66,5,"F",58,"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.","Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where laws/regulations are in place to ensure that corporations recognize and observe human rights and labor laws. These are largely upheld.","—","A 50 score is earned where there are some measures in place to ensure corporations recognize and observehuman rights and labor laws but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are no laws/regulations in place and no measures are taken by government against corporations that actively disregard human rights of labor laws.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where laws/regulations are in place to ensure that corporations recognize and observe human rights and labor laws. These are largely upheld.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are some measures in place to ensure corporations recognize and observehuman rights and labor laws but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no laws/regulations in place and no measures are taken by government against corporations that actively disregard human rights of labor laws.\n","*","* In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.","58) * In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.","58) Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)","* Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)","* Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,58,{"$f":"IF(BF59=0,\"\",RANK(BF59,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF59,BF59)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,67,5,"F",59,"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","Freedom of association (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public; are free to express dissent in public settings and participate actively in civic organizations, including political organizations.","—","A 50 score is earned where citizens are largely able to associate freely with their peers in public but are constrained by certain factors. There is not widespread participation in civic organizations.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is rare public association of citizens. Restrictions placed on citizens gathering in public settings, with almost no participation in civic organizations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public; are free to express dissent in public settings and participate actively in civic organizations, including political organizations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where citizens are largely able to associate freely with their peers in public but are constrained by certain factors. There is not widespread participation in civic organizations.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is rare public association of citizens. Restrictions placed on citizens gathering in public settings, with almost no participation in civic organizations.\n","*","* In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","59) * In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","59) Freedom of association (de facto)","* Freedom of association (de facto)","* Freedom of association",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,59,{"$f":"IF(BF60=0,\"\",RANK(BF60,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF60,BF60)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,68,5,"F",60,"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where NGOs (see definition) can freely organize with little to no interaction with the government, other than voluntary registration. There are no major impediments or obstacles to setting up a new NGO.","—","A 50 score is earned where there are some obstacles to setting up an NGO, requiring interaction with the state such as licenses or registration. Formation is possible, though there is some burden on the NGO. Some unofficial barriers, such as harassment of minority groups, may occur.","—","A 0 score is earned where NGOs are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear. A 0 score is earned where any NGO has been effectively shut down by the government or forced to cease operations because of its work during the study period.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where NGOs (see definition) can freely organize with little to no interaction with the government, other than voluntary registration. There are no major impediments or obstacles to setting up a new NGO.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are some obstacles to setting up an NGO, requiring interaction with the state such as licenses or registration. Formation is possible, though there is some burden on the NGO. Some unofficial barriers, such as harassment of minority groups, may occur.\n\nA 0 score is earned where NGOs are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear. A 0 score is earned where any NGO has been effectively shut down by the government or forced to cease operations because of its work during the study period.\n","*","* In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","60) * In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","60) Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","* Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","* Barriers to NGO operations",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,60,{"$f":"IF(BF61=0,\"\",RANK(BF61,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF61,BF61)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69,5,"F",61,"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were either killed, imprisoned or physically harmed in relation to their work.","—","A 0 score is earned where any NGO employee was either killed, imprisoned, or physically harmed in relation to their work. The causal relationship between the official charges and the person's work may not be explicit, however the burden of proof here is low. If it seems likely that the person was harmed due to his or her work, then the indicator is scored as 0.","—",null,100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were either killed, imprisoned or physically harmed in relation to their work.\n\nA 0 score is earned where any NGO employee was either killed, imprisoned, or physically harmed in relation to their work. The causal relationship between the official charges and the person's work may not be explicit, however the burden of proof here is low. If it seems likely that the person was harmed due to his or her work, then the indicator is scored as 0.\n","*","* In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","61) * In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","61) Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","* Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","* Persecution of NGO employees",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,61,{"$f":"IF(BF62=0,\"\",RANK(BF62,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF62,BF62)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,70,5,"F",62,"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there were no NGOs that have been harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues.","—","A 50 score is earned where one or more NGOs have been harassed or threatened with closure for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues.","—","A 0 score is earned where NGOs are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there were no NGOs that have been harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues.\n\nA 50 score is earned where one or more NGOs have been harassed or threatened with closure for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues.\n\nA 0 score is earned where NGOs are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear.\n","*","* In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","62) * In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","62) Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","* Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","* Harrassment of NGOs",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,62,{"$f":"IF(BF63=0,\"\",RANK(BF63,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF63,BF63)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,71,2,"J",63,"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where the rights of ethnic minorities are not protected.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.\n\nA NO score is earned where the rights of ethnic minorities are not protected.\n","","In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","63) In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","63) Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)","Protection from ethnic discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,63,{"$f":"IF(BF64=0,\"\",RANK(BF64,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF64,BF64)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,72,5,"F",64,"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the government actively protects and promotes the rights of ethnic minorities. Any xenophobic attacks are strongly condemned and action taken against offenders.","—","A 50 score is earned where the government does not actively protect and promote the rights of ethnic minorities.","—","A 0 score is earned where the government does not actively protect and promote the rights of ethnic minorities and ignores xenophobic attacks.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the government actively protects and promotes the rights of ethnic minorities. Any xenophobic attacks are strongly condemned and action taken against offenders.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government does not actively protect and promote the rights of ethnic minorities.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government does not actively protect and promote the rights of ethnic minorities and ignores xenophobic attacks.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","64) * In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","64) Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from ethnic discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,64,{"$f":"IF(BF65=0,\"\",RANK(BF65,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF65,BF65)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,73,2,"J",65,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is legal protection for freedom of religious expression and citizens are protected from discrimination in this regard.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no legal protection for freedom of religious expression. Citizens are discriminated against on this basis.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is legal protection for freedom of religious expression and citizens are protected from discrimination in this regard.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no legal protection for freedom of religious expression. Citizens are discriminated against on this basis.\n","","In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","65) In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","65) Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)","Protection from religious discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,65,{"$f":"IF(BF66=0,\"\",RANK(BF66,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF66,BF66)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,74,5,"F",66,"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where instances of religious discrimination are effectively addressed through investigation and prosecution.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a delay in investigating or prosecuting instances of religious discrimination.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no regard for investigating or prosecuting cases of religious discrimination.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where instances of religious discrimination are effectively addressed through investigation and prosecution.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a delay in investigating or prosecuting instances of religious discrimination.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no regard for investigating or prosecuting cases of religious discrimination.\n",{"$f":"IF(O67=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":"*"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ67=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q67)","v":"* In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P67,\") \",AR67)","v":"66) * In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P67,\") \",R67)","v":"66) Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ67,\" \",R67)","v":"* Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU67,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"* Protection from religious discrimination"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX67:BD67,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,66,{"$f":"IF(BF67=0,\"\",RANK(BF67,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF67,BF67)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH67,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ67),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ67),\"\")","v":""}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,75,2,"J",67,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where LGBT citizens are equally protected under the law and not negatively discriminated against on the basis of their sexual orientation.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where LGBT citizens are negatively discriminated against under the law or not specifically protected.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where LGBT citizens are equally protected under the law and not negatively discriminated against on the basis of their sexual orientation.\n\nA NO score is earned where LGBT citizens are negatively discriminated against under the law or not specifically protected.\n","","In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","67) In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","67) Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)","Protection from LGBT discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,67,{"$f":"IF(BF68=0,\"\",RANK(BF68,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF68,BF68)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,76,5,"F",68,"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens are effectively addressed through investigation and prosecution.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a delay in addressing instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens.","—","A 0 Score is earned where there is no regard for addressing discrimination issues against LGBT citizens.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens are effectively addressed through investigation and prosecution.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a delay in addressing instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens.\n\nA 0 Score is earned where there is no regard for addressing discrimination issues against LGBT citizens.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","68) * In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","68) Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from LGBT discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,68,{"$f":"IF(BF69=0,\"\",RANK(BF69,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF69,BF69)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,77,2,"J",69,"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","Gender equality in property rights (de jure)","A YES score is scored where women have equal landownership rights to men and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where women do not have equal land ownership rights to men. They are discriminated against on the basis of gender.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is scored where women have equal landownership rights to men and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal land ownership rights to men. They are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n","","In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","69) In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","69) Gender equality in property rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in property rights (de jure)","Gender equality in property rights",null,0,1,124,0,0,0,129,null,51.1,null,69,{"$f":"IF(BF70=0,\"\",RANK(BF70,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF70,BF70)-1)","v":6},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,78,2,"J",70,"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where women have equal nonland property rights to men. They are allowed to own non-land property and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where women do not have equal non-land property rights to men. For instance, they are not allowed to own non-land property and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where women have equal nonland property rights to men. They are allowed to own non-land property and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal non-land property rights to men. For instance, they are not allowed to own non-land property and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n","","In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","70) In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","70) Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)","Gender equality in non-land property rights",null,0,1,170,0,0,0,191,null,72.7,null,70,{"$f":"IF(BF71=0,\"\",RANK(BF71,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF71,BF71)-1)","v":2},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,79,2,"J",71,"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where women have equal inheritance rights to men. They are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where women do not have an equal right to inheritance. They are discriminated against on the basis of gender.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where women have equal inheritance rights to men. They are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have an equal right to inheritance. They are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n","","In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","71) In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","71) Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)","Gender equality in inheritance rights",null,0,1,124,0,0,0,124,null,50.1,null,71,{"$f":"IF(BF72=0,\"\",RANK(BF72,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF72,BF72)-1)","v":7},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,80,2,"J",72,"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where women have equal divorce petition rights and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where women do not have equal divorce petition rights and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where women have equal divorce petition rights and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal divorce petition rights and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n","","In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","72) In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","72) Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)","Gender equality in divorce petition rights",null,0,1,120,0,0,0,122,null,48.9,null,72,{"$f":"IF(BF73=0,\"\",RANK(BF73,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF73,BF73)-1)","v":8},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,81,2,"J",73,"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","Gender equality in child custody (de jure)","A YES score is earned where women have equal rights to guardianship of children and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where women do not have equal guardianship rights with respect to children and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where women have equal rights to guardianship of children and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal guardianship rights with respect to children and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n","","In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","73) In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","73) Gender equality in child custody (de jure)"," Gender equality in child custody (de jure)","Gender equality in child custody",null,0,1,131,0,0,0,143,null,55.3,null,73,{"$f":"IF(BF74=0,\"\",RANK(BF74,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF74,BF74)-1)","v":5},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,82,2,"J",74,"In law, women have the right to independent travel.","Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)","A YES score is earned where women have equal rights to travel independently, they do not have to seek permission, and their freedom of movement is not restricted on the basis of gender discrimination.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where women do not have equal rights to travel independently, they need to seek permission, and their freedom of movement is restricted on the basis of gender discrimination.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where women have equal rights to travel independently, they do not have to seek permission, and their freedom of movement is not restricted on the basis of gender discrimination.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal rights to travel independently, they need to seek permission, and their freedom of movement is restricted on the basis of gender discrimination.\n","","In law, women have the right to independent travel.","74) In law, women have the right to independent travel.","74) Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)"," Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)","Gender equality in independent travel",null,0,1,179,0,0,0,174,null,71.099999999999994,null,74,{"$f":"IF(BF75=0,\"\",RANK(BF75,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF75,BF75)-1)","v":3},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,83,2,"J",75,"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law stipulates that women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where there is no such stipulation in the law.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law stipulates that women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such stipulation in the law.\n","","In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","75) In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","75) Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)"," Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)","Gender equality in the workplace",null,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,null,0.5,null,75,{"$f":"IF(BF76=0,\"\",RANK(BF76,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF76,BF76)-1)","v":11},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,84,5,"F",76,"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where women are not discriminated against in the workplace, for instance either in terms of opportunities for advancement, remuneration parity or benefits. Merit is what accounts for workplace advancement.","—","A 50 score is earned where women have some access to employment opportunities but are routinely passed over terms of opportunities based on their gender. Employee benefits also differ based on gender.","—","A 0 score is earned where women have limited access to employment opportunities.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where women are not discriminated against in the workplace, for instance either in terms of opportunities for advancement, remuneration parity or benefits. Merit is what accounts for workplace advancement.\n\nA 50 score is earned where women have some access to employment opportunities but are routinely passed over terms of opportunities based on their gender. Employee benefits also differ based on gender.\n\nA 0 score is earned where women have limited access to employment opportunities.\n","*","* In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","76) * In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","76) Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","* Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","* Gender equality in the workplace",null,0,1,0,0,147,0,0,null,29.9,null,76,{"$f":"IF(BF77=0,\"\",RANK(BF77,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF77,BF77)-1)","v":10},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,85,5,"F",77,"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where women are significantly represented in cabinet. National government has adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of the country.","—","A 50 score is earned where a strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of a country is in place, but there are proven limitations/flaws to its execution. To score \"50\", the national government needs to have adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in political and social life of the country.","—","A 0 score is earned where women (and other social groups) are not represented by women in public life. A woman holding an elected office or membership in a decision making body or institution is an exception rather than a rule. Society and politics are maledominated and decisions are made in exclusively male circles at the top of social hierarchy.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where women are significantly represented in cabinet. National government has adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of a country is in place, but there are proven limitations/flaws to its execution. To score \"50\", the national government needs to have adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in political and social life of the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where women (and other social groups) are not represented by women in public life. A woman holding an elected office or membership in a decision making body or institution is an exception rather than a rule. Society and politics are maledominated and decisions are made in exclusively male circles at the top of social hierarchy.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","77) * In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","77) Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","* Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","* Gender equality in appointments to cabinet",null,56,1,0,0,0,0,0,null,56.5,null,77,{"$f":"IF(BF78=0,\"\",RANK(BF78,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF78,BF78)-1)","v":4},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,86,5,"F",78,"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","Women in the judiciary (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there are a significant number of women represented in the highest branch of the judiciary; there is a comprehensive strategy of inclusion to address gender representation.","—","A 50 score is earned where women are represented in the highest branch of the judiciary, but not significantly. A comprehensive strategy of inclusion to address gender representation in the judiciary exists.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are no women represented in the highest branch of the judiciary. There is no comprehensive strategy to address gender representation in the judiciary.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there are a significant number of women represented in the highest branch of the judiciary; there is a comprehensive strategy of inclusion to address gender representation.\n\nA 50 score is earned where women are represented in the highest branch of the judiciary, but not significantly. A comprehensive strategy of inclusion to address gender representation in the judiciary exists.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no women represented in the highest branch of the judiciary. There is no comprehensive strategy to address gender representation in the judiciary.\n","*","* In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","78) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","78) Women in the judiciary (de facto)","* Women in the judiciary (de facto)","* Women in the judiciary",null,0,0,179,0,162,0,144,null,97,null,78,{"$f":"IF(BF79=0,\"\",RANK(BF79,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF79,BF79)-1)","v":1},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,87,5,"F",79,"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where women are significantly represented in the legislature. National government has adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of the country.","—","A 50 score is earned where women are represented in the legislature, but not significantly. There is an ad hoc effort to include women in the political and social life of the country.","—","A 0 score is earned where women are not represented by women in public life. A woman holding an elected office or membership in a decision making body or institution is an exception rather than a rule.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where women are significantly represented in the legislature. National government has adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where women are represented in the legislature, but not significantly. There is an ad hoc effort to include women in the political and social life of the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where women are not represented by women in public life. A woman holding an elected office or membership in a decision making body or institution is an exception rather than a rule.\n","*","* In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","79) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","79) Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","* Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","* Representation of women in legislature",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,79,{"$f":"IF(BF80=0,\"\",RANK(BF80,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF80,BF80)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,89,5,"F",80,"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","Intellectual property protection (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights. This includes actively pursuing and prosecuting offenders.","—","A 50 score is earned where there are measures in place to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks and other but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.","—","A 0 score is earned where no effective action is taken by government against those that actively disregard the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights. This includes actively pursuing and prosecuting offenders.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are measures in place to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks and other but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no effective action is taken by government against those that actively disregard the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights.\n","*","* In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","80) * In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","80) Intellectual property protection (de facto)","* Intellectual property protection (de facto)","* Intellectual property protection",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,80,{"$f":"IF(BF81=0,\"\",RANK(BF81,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF81,BF81)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90,5,"F",81,"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where business groups representing large, small, and international business owners benefit from mechanisms through which they can voice their preferences around new or altered tax schemes. The government provides sufficient time for public input before enacting new or altered tax provisions.","—","A 50 score is earned where business groups representing the private sector have an opportunity to voice their concerns over proposed changes to the tax system, but such opportunities may be limited. Certain segments of the business community, such as small or information businesses, may be unable to participate in public debate around the proposed changes. The government provides too little time for the business community to fully voice its concerns.","—","A 0 score is earned where the government arbitrarily imposes changes to the tax and revenue systems with little to no consultation with the business community. Business leaders have virtually no way of anticipating and/or influencing such changes.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where business groups representing large, small, and international business owners benefit from mechanisms through which they can voice their preferences around new or altered tax schemes. The government provides sufficient time for public input before enacting new or altered tax provisions.\n\nA 50 score is earned where business groups representing the private sector have an opportunity to voice their concerns over proposed changes to the tax system, but such opportunities may be limited. Certain segments of the business community, such as small or information businesses, may be unable to participate in public debate around the proposed changes. The government provides too little time for the business community to fully voice its concerns.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government arbitrarily imposes changes to the tax and revenue systems with little to no consultation with the business community. Business leaders have virtually no way of anticipating and/or influencing such changes.\n","*","* In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","81) * In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","81) Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","* Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","* Private sector involvement in tax review",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,81,{"$f":"IF(BF82=0,\"\",RANK(BF82,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF82,BF82)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,91,5,"F",82,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on youth unemployment.","—","A 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on youth unemployment but there is a delay between data collection and publication.","—","A 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on youth unemployment.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on youth unemployment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on youth unemployment but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on youth unemployment.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","82) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","82) Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","* Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","* Data on youth unemployment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,82,{"$f":"IF(BF83=0,\"\",RANK(BF83,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF83,BF83)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,92,5,"F",83,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","Data on poverty (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on poverty.","—","A 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on poverty but there is a delay between data collection and publication.","—","A 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on poverty.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on poverty.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on poverty but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on poverty.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","83) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","83) Data on poverty (de facto)","* Data on poverty (de facto)","* Data on poverty",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,83,{"$f":"IF(BF84=0,\"\",RANK(BF84,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF84,BF84)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,93,5,"F",84,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on infrastructure.","—","A 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on infrastructure but there is a delay between data collection and publication.","—","A 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on infrastructure.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on infrastructure.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on infrastructure but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on infrastructure.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","84) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","84) Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","* Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","* Collection of infrastructure data",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,84,{"$f":"IF(BF85=0,\"\",RANK(BF85,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF85,BF85)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,96,5,"F",85,"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","Road network (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is evidence of established and well maintained road networks, including regulatory bodies/mechanisms that ensure road network functioning and safety monitoring systems.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is evidence of some efforts to maintain road networks between towns and cities and ensure road safety.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no evidence of road maintenance or formal monitoring of road safety.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is evidence of established and well maintained road networks, including regulatory bodies/mechanisms that ensure road network functioning and safety monitoring systems.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is evidence of some efforts to maintain road networks between towns and cities and ensure road safety.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no evidence of road maintenance or formal monitoring of road safety.\n","*","* In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","85) * In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","85) Road network (de facto)","* Road network (de facto)","* Road network",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,85,{"$f":"IF(BF86=0,\"\",RANK(BF86,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF86,BF86)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,97,5,"F",86,"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","Air transport safety (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is a national safety monitoring system for air transport, regulated by law and fully functioning, with no record of irregularities over the past five years.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a regulatory mechanism/law for safety monitoring, but there are still implementation irregularities/problems with functioning.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no safety monitoring system for air transport.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a national safety monitoring system for air transport, regulated by law and fully functioning, with no record of irregularities over the past five years.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a regulatory mechanism/law for safety monitoring, but there are still implementation irregularities/problems with functioning.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no safety monitoring system for air transport.\n","*","* In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","86) * In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","86) Air transport safety (de facto)","* Air transport safety (de facto)","* Air transport safety",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,86,{"$f":"IF(BF87=0,\"\",RANK(BF87,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF87,BF87)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,98,5,"F",87,"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there are mechanisms for rural populations to participate in policy formulation and these are used and well implemented by governing bodies.","—","A 50 score is earned where mechanisms exist through which stakeholders can participate, but these are not often employed or well-implemented.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are no mechanisms in place for stakeholder participation in the formulation of policies with public participation mainly limited to elites based in the capital.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there are mechanisms for rural populations to participate in policy formulation and these are used and well implemented by governing bodies.\n\nA 50 score is earned where mechanisms exist through which stakeholders can participate, but these are not often employed or well-implemented.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no mechanisms in place for stakeholder participation in the formulation of policies with public participation mainly limited to elites based in the capital.\n","*","* In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","87) * In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","87) Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","* Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","* Rural population representation in welfare policy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,87,{"$f":"IF(BF88=0,\"\",RANK(BF88,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF88,BF88)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,99,5,"F",88,"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders can freely organize with little to no interaction with the government, other than voluntary registration. Such associations are an essential component of the political process.","—","A 50 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders seeking to organize themselves must go through formal steps to form, requiring interaction with the state such as through licenses or registration. Formation is possible, though there is some burden on the group. Some unofficial barriers, such as harassment of minority groups, may occur.","—","A 0 score is earned where other than pro-government groups, organizations representing low income rural stakeholders are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders can freely organize with little to no interaction with the government, other than voluntary registration. Such associations are an essential component of the political process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders seeking to organize themselves must go through formal steps to form, requiring interaction with the state such as through licenses or registration. Formation is possible, though there is some burden on the group. Some unofficial barriers, such as harassment of minority groups, may occur.\n\nA 0 score is earned where other than pro-government groups, organizations representing low income rural stakeholders are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear.\n","*","* In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","88) * In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","88) Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","* Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","* Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,88,{"$f":"IF(BF89=0,\"\",RANK(BF89,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF89,BF89)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,100,5,"F",89,"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","Food security (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exist(s) and has an explicit mandate to ensure food security for the population. Such agencies and departments benefit from adequate staffing, sufficient budget, and the political independence necessary to fulfill their mandate.","—","A 50 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, has an explicit mandate to ensure food security exist(s) but is limited in important ways. It may lack sufficient staffing, budget, and/or political independence to adequately fulfill its mandate.","—","A 0 score is earned where no government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exists with a mandate to ensure food security for the population. If such an agency or department does exist, it is rendered completely ineffective by sub-par staffing, low budgets, and/or political interference.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exist(s) and has an explicit mandate to ensure food security for the population. Such agencies and departments benefit from adequate staffing, sufficient budget, and the political independence necessary to fulfill their mandate.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, has an explicit mandate to ensure food security exist(s) but is limited in important ways. It may lack sufficient staffing, budget, and/or political independence to adequately fulfill its mandate.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exists with a mandate to ensure food security for the population. If such an agency or department does exist, it is rendered completely ineffective by sub-par staffing, low budgets, and/or political interference.\n","*","* In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","89) * In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","89) Food security (de facto)","* Food security (de facto)","* Food security",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,89,{"$f":"IF(BF90=0,\"\",RANK(BF90,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF90,BF90)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,101,5,"F",90,"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","Youth integration policy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there are specific national policies that address the socio-economic integration of youth. There is a statutory body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is either a policy or a body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet. A 50 score can also be earned if there are mechanisms that address youth issues, not necessarily a policy/body.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no specific national policy which addresses socio-economic integration of youth at national level.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there are specific national policies that address the socio-economic integration of youth. There is a statutory body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is either a policy or a body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet. A 50 score can also be earned if there are mechanisms that address youth issues, not necessarily a policy/body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no specific national policy which addresses socio-economic integration of youth at national level.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","90) * In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","90) Youth integration policy (de facto)","* Youth integration policy (de facto)","* Youth integration policy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,90,{"$f":"IF(BF91=0,\"\",RANK(BF91,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF91,BF91)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,102,5,"F",91,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens to provide them with care in their everyday life (state pension provision).","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens and providing them with care in their everyday life, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all elderly citizens.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens providing them with care in their everyday life either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens to provide them with care in their everyday life (state pension provision).\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens and providing them with care in their everyday life, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all elderly citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens providing them with care in their everyday life either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","91) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","91) Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","* Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","* Social safety net for elderly",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,91,{"$f":"IF(BF92=0,\"\",RANK(BF92,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF92,BF92)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,103,5,"F",92,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","Social safety net for illness (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as illness/poor heath.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all poor citizens.","—","A 0 score is earned where set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as illness/poor heath.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all poor citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","92) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","92) Social safety net for illness (de facto)","* Social safety net for illness (de facto)","* Social safety net for illness",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,92,{"$f":"IF(BF93=0,\"\",RANK(BF93,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF93,BF93)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,104,5,"F",93,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all unemployed citizens.","—","A 0 score is earned where a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all unemployed citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","93) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","93) Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","* Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","* Social safety net for unemployment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,93,{"$f":"IF(BF94=0,\"\",RANK(BF94,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF94,BF94)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,105,5,"F",94,"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens). This information may be available through newspaper and other media-based advertisements, internetbased outlets, flyers posted at local health care clinics and/or the information is available by request at the local government office. Information is both nontechnical and easy to understand.","—","A 50 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) but the mechanisms or forums through which they are available may be out of reach to some individuals and citizen groups. This information may not be printed in local media or in local forums. Public access may require a visit to a specific government office that is inconvenient to most citizens. In addition, the information may not be presented in an easy to understand or non-technical format.","—","A 0 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are not made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) or the mechanisms by which interested citizens can assess these budgets are so complicated, the information is effectively out of reach for the majority of individuals and citizen groups.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens). This information may be available through newspaper and other media-based advertisements, internetbased outlets, flyers posted at local health care clinics and/or the information is available by request at the local government office. Information is both nontechnical and easy to understand.\n\nA 50 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) but the mechanisms or forums through which they are available may be out of reach to some individuals and citizen groups. This information may not be printed in local media or in local forums. Public access may require a visit to a specific government office that is inconvenient to most citizens. In addition, the information may not be presented in an easy to understand or non-technical format.\n\nA 0 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are not made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) or the mechanisms by which interested citizens can assess these budgets are so complicated, the information is effectively out of reach for the majority of individuals and citizen groups.\n","*","* In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","94) * In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","94) Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","* Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","* Access to health institution budgets",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,94,{"$f":"IF(BF95=0,\"\",RANK(BF95,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF95,BF95)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,107,5,"F",95,"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","Public health campaigns (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where health education is regularly included with government sponsored public awareness programmes. There is no political motivation beyond the health of the nation.","—","A 50 Score is earned where health education is not regularly included.","—","A 0 score is earned where no health education is included with government sponsored public awareness programmes.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where health education is regularly included with government sponsored public awareness programmes. There is no political motivation beyond the health of the nation.\n\nA 50 Score is earned where health education is not regularly included.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no health education is included with government sponsored public awareness programmes.\n","*","* In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","95) * In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","95) Public health campaigns (de facto)","* Public health campaigns (de facto)","* Public health campaigns",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,95,{"$f":"IF(BF96=0,\"\",RANK(BF96,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF96,BF96)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,108,5,"F",96,"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","Education curriculum (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, approved in a due formal process.","—","A 50 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, but it is not being implemented across the entire country or it has not been improved in a due formal process.","—","A 0 score is earned where there is no standardized education curriculum.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, approved in a due formal process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, but it is not being implemented across the entire country or it has not been improved in a due formal process.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no standardized education curriculum.\n","*","* In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","96) * In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","96) Education curriculum (de facto)","* Education curriculum (de facto)","* Education curriculum",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,96,{"$f":"IF(BF97=0,\"\",RANK(BF97,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF97,BF97)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,109,5,"F",97,"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","Access to education (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all individuals (including residents other than citizens) can access the national educational system under the same conditions. There is no discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity or religion. There is support given for those less likely to be able to access education.","—","A 50 score is earned where individuals usually can access the national educational system under the same conditions, but occasionally the system allows for unfair waivers of some conditions for particular preferred groups or individuals (regardless of whether such waivers are justified or not).","—","A 0 score is earned where the national educational system is \"reserved\" for the privileged and is not accessible to all.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all individuals (including residents other than citizens) can access the national educational system under the same conditions. There is no discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity or religion. There is support given for those less likely to be able to access education.\n\nA 50 score is earned where individuals usually can access the national educational system under the same conditions, but occasionally the system allows for unfair waivers of some conditions for particular preferred groups or individuals (regardless of whether such waivers are justified or not).\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national educational system is \"reserved\" for the privileged and is not accessible to all.\n","*","* In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","97) * In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","97) Access to education (de facto)","* Access to education (de facto)","* Access to education",null,0,0,200,0,0,0,0,null,40,null,97,{"$f":"IF(BF98=0,\"\",RANK(BF98,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF98,BF98)-1)","v":9},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,110,5,"F",98,"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","A 100 scored is earned where the national government takes into account the economic circumstances and needs of the country when planning the educational and training programs required to address these needs.","—","A 50 score is earned where the national government may not be taking all relevant economic circumstances and needs of the country into account when planning educational and training programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where the national government does not take into account the economic circumstances in the country when planning educational and training programs.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 scored is earned where the national government takes into account the economic circumstances and needs of the country when planning the educational and training programs required to address these needs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government may not be taking all relevant economic circumstances and needs of the country into account when planning educational and training programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not take into account the economic circumstances in the country when planning educational and training programs.\n","*","* In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","98) * In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","98) Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","* Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","* Alignment of education to economy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,98,{"$f":"IF(BF99=0,\"\",RANK(BF99,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF99,BF99)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all revenues and proceeds derived from the country's natural resources are accounted for transparently in the national budget. All expenditures against such revenues and proceeds are also made transparent to the public. No off-budget accounts exist for any the revenues and proceeds associated with any of the country's natural resources.\n\nA 50 score is earned where revenues and proceeds derived from the country's natural resources are sometimes accounted for in the national budget, but exceptions exist. Certain revenues may be missing from the budget and/or otherwise kept off-budget, and certain expenditures from certain natural resources proceeds may be executed with little to no public transparency.\n\nA 0 score is earned where most or all revenues and proceeds from the country's natural resources are not accounted for in the national budget. The majority or all of the expenditures of such revenues and proceeds are made with no public oversight or transparency.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,99,{"$f":"IF(BF100=0,\"\",RANK(BF100,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF100,BF100)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on youth unemployment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on youth unemployment but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on youth unemployment.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,100,{"$f":"IF(BF101=0,\"\",RANK(BF101,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF101,BF101)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on poverty.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on poverty but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on poverty.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,101,{"$f":"IF(BF102=0,\"\",RANK(BF102,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF102,BF102)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on infrastructure.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on infrastructure but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on infrastructure.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,102,{"$f":"IF(BF103=0,\"\",RANK(BF103,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF103,BF103)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights. This includes actively pursuing and prosecuting offenders.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are measures in place to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks and other but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no effective action is taken by government against those that actively disregard the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,103,{"$f":"IF(BF104=0,\"\",RANK(BF104,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF104,BF104)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where business groups representing large, small, and international business owners benefit from mechanisms through which they can voice their preferences around new or altered tax schemes. The government provides sufficient time for public input before enacting new or altered tax provisions.\n\nA 50 score is earned where business groups representing the private sector have an opportunity to voice their concerns over proposed changes to the tax system, but such opportunities may be limited. Certain segments of the business community, such as small or information businesses, may be unable to participate in public debate around the proposed changes. The government provides too little time for the business community to fully voice its concerns.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government arbitrarily imposes changes to the tax and revenue systems with little to no consultation with the business community. Business leaders have virtually no way of anticipating and/or influencing such changes.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,104,{"$f":"IF(BF105=0,\"\",RANK(BF105,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF105,BF105)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where laws/regulations are in place to ensure that corporations recognize and observe human rights and labor laws. These are largely upheld.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are some measures in place to ensure corporations recognize and observe human rights and labor laws but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no laws/regulations in place and no measures are taken by government against corporations that actively disregard human rights of labor laws.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,105,{"$f":"IF(BF106=0,\"\",RANK(BF106,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF106,BF106)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a specific formal and published government law/policy/strategy that is in place to promote internet connectivity for all citizens and it is actively resourced and promoted.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a specific national policy/strategy exists to promote internet connectivity but there is no active promotion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no specific, formal and published government law/policy/strategy that is in place to promote internet connectivity for all citizens. There is some type of policy to promote internet connectivity but it is not operational and limited to certain groups of citizens.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,106,{"$f":"IF(BF107=0,\"\",RANK(BF107,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF107,BF107)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is evidence of established and well maintained road networks, including regulatory bodies/mechanisms that ensure road network functioning and safety monitoring systems.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is evidence of some efforts to maintain road networks between towns and cities and ensure road safety.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no evidence of road maintenance or formal monitoring of road safety.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,107,{"$f":"IF(BF108=0,\"\",RANK(BF108,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF108,BF108)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a national safety monitoring system for air transport, regulated by law and fully functioning, with no record of irregularities over the past five years.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a regulatory mechanism/law for safety monitoring, but there are still implementation irregularities/problems with functioning.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no safety monitoring system for air transport.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,108,{"$f":"IF(BF109=0,\"\",RANK(BF109,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF109,BF109)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there are mechanisms for rural populations to participate in policy formulation and these are used and well implemented by governing bodies.\n\nA 50 score is earned where mechanisms exist through which stakeholders can participate, but these are not often employed or well-implemented.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no mechanisms in place for stakeholder participation in the formulation of policies with public participation mainly limited to elites based in the capital.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,109,{"$f":"IF(BF110=0,\"\",RANK(BF110,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF110,BF110)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders can freely organize with little to no interaction with the government, other than voluntary registration. Such associations are an essential component of the political process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders seeking to organize themselves must go through formal steps to form, requiring interaction with the state such as through licenses or registration. Formation is possible, though there is some burden on the group. Some unofficial barriers, such as harassment of minority groups, may occur.\n\nA 0 score is earned where other than pro-government groups, organizations representing low income rural stakeholders are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,110,{"$f":"IF(BF111=0,\"\",RANK(BF111,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF111,BF111)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exist(s) and has an explicit mandate to ensure food security for the population. Such agencies and departments benefit from adequate staffing, sufficient budget, and the political independence necessary to fulfill their mandate.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, has an explicit mandate to ensure food security exist(s) but is limited in important ways. It may lack sufficient staffing, budget, and/or political independence to adequately fulfill its mandate.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exists with a mandate to ensure food security for the population. If such an agency or department does exist, it is rendered completely ineffective by sub-par staffing, low budgets, and/or political interference.\n",{"$f":"IF(O112=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":""},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ112=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q112)","v":""},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P112,\") \",AR112)","v":") "},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P112,\") \",R112)","v":") "},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ112,\" \",R112)","v":" "},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU112,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":""},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,111,{"$f":"IF(BF112=0,\"\",RANK(BF112,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF112,BF112)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there are specific national policies that address the socio-economic integration of youth. There is a statutory body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is either a policy or a body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet. A 50 score can also be earned if there are mechanisms that address youth issues, not necessarily a policy/body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no specific national policy which addresses socio-economic integration of youth at national level.\n",{"$f":"IF(O113=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":""},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ113=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q113)","v":""},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P113,\") \",AR113)","v":") "},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P113,\") \",R113)","v":") "},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ113,\" \",R113)","v":" "},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU113,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":""},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,112,{"$f":"IF(BF113=0,\"\",RANK(BF113,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF113,BF113)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a specific national policy/strategy for youth employment and it is actively resourced and promoted.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a specific national policy/strategy for youth employment exists but there is no active promotion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no specific national policy/strategy for youth employment.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,113,{"$f":"IF(BF114=0,\"\",RANK(BF114,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF114,BF114)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens to provide them with care in their everyday life (state pension provision).\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens and providing them with care in their everyday life, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all elderly citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens providing them with care in their everyday life either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,114,{"$f":"IF(BF115=0,\"\",RANK(BF115,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF115,BF115)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as illness/poor heath.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all poor citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,115,{"$f":"IF(BF116=0,\"\",RANK(BF116,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF116,BF116)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all unemployed citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q117,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,116,{"$f":"IF(BF117=0,\"\",RANK(BF117,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF117,BF117)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, approved in a due formal process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, but it is not being implemented across the entire country or it has not been improved in a due formal process.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no standardized education curriculum.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,117,{"$f":"IF(BF118=0,\"\",RANK(BF118,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF118,BF118)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the education system functions as fully independent and is free from political interference. There are no attempts to introduce partisan political influences or propaganda.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the education system is mostly free from political interference, influence and propaganda, but isolated cases of this malpractice may occur.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is political interference in the education system and it is under permanent political pressure; the usage of political influence and propaganda is a norm.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,118,{"$f":"IF(BF119=0,\"\",RANK(BF119,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF119,BF119)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned if there is an independent body that regulates the standards of qualifications within the education system. Qualifications are accredited and standards of education are uniform in terms of quality.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a body that regulates the standards of qualifications within the education system, but it may not be entirely independent, e.g. the head of the body is a political appointee, or the body doesn't react in the same fashion to similar requests.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no body that regulates the standards of qualification of the education system or such body is not independent, but rather depends on the political will of the ruling party.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,119,{"$f":"IF(BF120=0,\"\",RANK(BF120,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF120,BF120)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all individuals (including residents other than citizens) can access the national educational system under the same conditions. There is no discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity or religion. There is support given for those less likely to be able to access education.\n\nA 50 score is earned where individuals usually can access the national educational system under the same conditions, but occasionally the system allows for unfair waivers of some conditions for particular preferred groups or individuals (regardless of whether such waivers are justified or not).\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national educational system is \"reserved\" for the privileged and is not accessible to all.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,120,{"$f":"IF(BF121=0,\"\",RANK(BF121,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF121,BF121)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 scored is earned where the national government takes into account the economic circumstances and needs of the country when planning the educational and training programs required to address these needs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government may not be taking all relevant economic circumstances and needs of the country into account when planning educational and training programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not take into account the economic circumstances in the country when planning educational and training programs.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,121,{"$f":"IF(BF122=0,\"\",RANK(BF122,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF122,BF122)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens). This information may be available through newspaper and other media-based advertisements, internet-based outlets, flyers posted at local health care clinics and/or the information is available by request at the local government office. Information is both non-technical and easy to understand.\n\nA 50 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) but the mechanisms or forums through which they are available may be out of reach to some individuals and citizen groups. This information may not be printed in local media or in local forums. Public access may require a visit to a specific government office that is inconvenient to most citizens. In addition, the information may not be presented in an easy to understand or non-technical format.\n\nA 0 scored is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are not made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) or the mechanisms by which interested citizens can assess these budgets are so complicated, the information is effectively out of reach for the majority of individuals and citizen groups.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,122,{"$f":"IF(BF123=0,\"\",RANK(BF123,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF123,BF123)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where health education is regularly included with government sponsored public awareness programmes. There is no political motivation beyond the health of the nation.\n\nA 50 Score is earned where health education is not regularly included.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no health education is included with government sponsored public awareness programmes.\n","","",") ",") "," ","",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,123,{"$f":"IF(BF124=0,\"\",RANK(BF124,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF124,BF124)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]

{"sheet":"tblIndi_2013","index":7,"n_rows":124,"n_cols":63,"rows_kept":124,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["IndiID","Category","Sub-category","IndiCode",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Max","DeJure/DeFacto","Number","Description","Short_Description","Criteria1","Criteria2","Criteria3","Criteria4","Criteria5","Label1","Label2","Label3","Label4","Label5","Score1","Score2","Score3","Score4","Score5",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"CriteriaConcat",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,0.5,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$171","v":"media"},"WEIGHTED SUM",{"$f":"COUNTIF(BF$2:BF$124,\">0\")","v":15},null,null,"LU_INDI_ID","INDI"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,2,"J",1,"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.","Judicial independence (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n",{"$f":"IF(O2=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":""},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ2=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q2)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P2,\") \",AR2)","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P2,\") \",R2)","v":"1) Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ2,\" \",R2)","v":" Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU2,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"Judicial independence"},null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q2,1),0)","v":0},{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,R2,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX2:BD2,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,1,{"$f":"IF(BF2=0,\"\",RANK(BF2,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF2,BF2)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH2,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":55},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ2),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ2),\"\")","v":"55) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,5,"F",2,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.","Judicial independence (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and 2) judges operate without fear or favor, independent from other branches of government.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges' autonomy to interpret and review existing laws is occasionally restricted, or 2) judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, or 2) judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and 2) judges operate without fear or favor, independent from other branches of government.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges' autonomy to interpret and review existing laws is occasionally restricted, or 2) judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, or 2) judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n",{"$f":"IF(O3=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":"*"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ3=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q3)","v":"* In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P3,\") \",AR3)","v":"2) * In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P3,\") \",R3)","v":"2) Judicial independence (de facto)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ3,\" \",R3)","v":"* Judicial independence (de facto)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU3,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"* Judicial independence"},null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q3,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX3:BD3,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,2,{"$f":"IF(BF3=0,\"\",RANK(BF3,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF3,BF3)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH3,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":56},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ3),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ3),\"\")","v":"56) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.)."}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3,5,"F",3,"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","Judicial appointments (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system, 2) they have security of tenure, and 3) they are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/independent oversight body.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) national-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system, 2) some judges are denied security of tenure, or 3) occasionally judges are disciplined/removed/transferred without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body occasionally includes representatives of the executive or legislative branches.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's a merit-based selection system but it fails to require basic skills (ex. legal education, litigation experience, etc.) or is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) there is no security of tenure, or 3) the due process usually involves the Executive or Legislative branches.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system, 2) they have security of tenure, and 3) they are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/independent oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) national-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system, 2) some judges are denied security of tenure, or 3) occasionally judges are disciplined/removed/transferred without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body occasionally includes representatives of the executive or legislative branches.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's a merit-based selection system but it fails to require basic skills (ex. legal education, litigation experience, etc.) or is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) there is no security of tenure, or 3) the due process usually involves the Executive or Legislative branches.\n","*","* In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","3) * In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","3) Judicial appointments (de facto)","* Judicial appointments (de facto)","* Judicial appointments",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,3,{"$f":"IF(BF4=0,\"\",RANK(BF4,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF4,BF4)-1)","v":""},23,"23) * In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4,5,"F",4,"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","Judicial decisions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, 2) their reasoning references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case, and 3) their reasoning is public (for this indicator, national security exceptions are allowed).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, 2) the reasoning occasionally lacks references to the laws/jurisprudence considered or the respective judges' interpretations, or 3) it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning after requested.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, or 2) their reasoning rarely references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and/or the specific interpretations they gave them in relation to the case, or 3) the reasoning is not public.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, 2) their reasoning references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case, and 3) their reasoning is public (for this indicator, national security exceptions are allowed).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, 2) the reasoning occasionally lacks references to the laws/jurisprudence considered or the respective judges' interpretations, or 3) it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning after requested.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, or 2) their reasoning rarely references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and/or the specific interpretations they gave them in relation to the case, or 3) the reasoning is not public.\n","*","* In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","4) * In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","4) Judicial decisions (de facto)","* Judicial decisions (de facto)","* Judicial decisions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,4,{"$f":"IF(BF5=0,\"\",RANK(BF5,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF5,BF5)-1)","v":""},45,"45) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5,2,"J",5,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","Supreme audit institution (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law mandates the creation of a supreme audit institution or office of the Auditor General, tasked with auditing the government accounts.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law mandates the creation of a supreme audit institution or office of the Auditor General, tasked with auditing the government accounts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","5) In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","5) Supreme audit institution (de jure)"," Supreme audit institution (de jure)","Supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,5,{"$f":"IF(BF6=0,\"\",RANK(BF6,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF6,BF6)-1)","v":""},44,"44) In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6,2,"J",6,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches, 2) the institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases to the prosecutor's office, and 3) the institution has a consistent source of funding to operate.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't establish ALL of the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches, 2) the institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases to the prosecutor's office, and 3) the institution has a consistent source of funding to operate.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't establish ALL of the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","6) In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","6) Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)"," Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)","Independence of supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,6,{"$f":"IF(BF7=0,\"\",RANK(BF7,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF7,BF7)-1)","v":""},46,"46) In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,7,5,"F",7,"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) auditors have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) auditors operate without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government, and 3) they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors usually have autonomy to audit any account but exceptions exist, 2) auditors are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, auditors are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for not auditing/not auditing or issuing favorable/unfavorable resolutions), or 3) funding is occasionally inconsistent.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors rarely have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) they routinely operate with fear or favor, dependent of other offices of government, or 3) the source of funding is usually inconsistent from year to year.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) auditors have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) auditors operate without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government, and 3) they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors usually have autonomy to audit any account but exceptions exist, 2) auditors are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, auditors are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for not auditing/not auditing or issuing favorable/unfavorable resolutions), or 3) funding is occasionally inconsistent.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors rarely have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) they routinely operate with fear or favor, dependent of other offices of government, or 3) the source of funding is usually inconsistent from year to year.\n","*","* In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","7) * In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","7) Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Independence of supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,7,{"$f":"IF(BF8=0,\"\",RANK(BF8,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF8,BF8)-1)","v":""},47,"47) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8,5,"F",8,"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to positions in the agency follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) auditors are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees sometimes have conflicts of interest, or 3) auditors are sometimes disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the agency rarely or never follow a merit-based system, or the merit-base system is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) appointees are usually disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to positions in the agency follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) auditors are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees sometimes have conflicts of interest, or 3) auditors are sometimes disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the agency rarely or never follow a merit-based system, or the merit-base system is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) appointees are usually disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","8) * In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","8) Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Appointments to supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,8,{"$f":"IF(BF9=0,\"\",RANK(BF9,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF9,BF9)-1)","v":""},28,"28) * In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9,5,"F",9,"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency in average publishes 10 reports or more per year, and 2) the reports are published less than one month after issuance, and 3) they are accessible online or on paper within two weeks of requested at photocopying cost.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency publishes between three and nine reports per year, 2) the reports are published more than one month after issued, or 3) they are available on paper but it takes more than two weeks after requested to obtain them or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the audit institution publishes one or less reports per year, or 2) the reports are not available to citizens.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency in average publishes 10 reports or more per year, and 2) the reports are published less than one month after issuance, and 3) they are accessible online or on paper within two weeks of requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency publishes between three and nine reports per year, 2) the reports are published more than one month after issued, or 3) they are available on paper but it takes more than two weeks after requested to obtain them or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the audit institution publishes one or less reports per year, or 2) the reports are not available to citizens.\n","*","* In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","9) * In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","9) Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","* Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","* Supreme audit institution reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,9,{"$f":"IF(BF10=0,\"\",RANK(BF10,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF10,BF10)-1)","v":""},52,"52) * In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10,2,"J",10,"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","Criminalization of corruption (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a national law criminalizes corruption as a specific offence(s) for at least three of the following: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, conspiring or attempting to commit any of the above, organized crime and trafficking.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offences.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a national law criminalizes corruption as a specific offence(s) for at least three of the following: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, conspiring or attempting to commit any of the above, organized crime and trafficking.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offences.\n","","In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","10) In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","10) Criminalization of corruption (de jure)"," Criminalization of corruption (de jure)","Criminalization of corruption",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,10,{"$f":"IF(BF11=0,\"\",RANK(BF11,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF11,BF11)-1)","v":""},53,"53) * In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,11,2,"J",11,"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all of the following conditions are met: 1) a law mandates a specific body to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, and 2) a law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't meet the two conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all of the following conditions are met: 1) a law mandates a specific body to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, and 2) a law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't meet the two conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","11) In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","11) Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)"," Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)","Public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,11,{"$f":"IF(BF12=0,\"\",RANK(BF12,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF12,BF12)-1)","v":""},76,"76) * In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12,5,"F",12,"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","Corruption investigation (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, and 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations work without fear or favor from other offices.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely or never investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations routinely receive positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, and 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations work without fear or favor from other offices.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely or never investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations routinely receive positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n","*","* In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","12) * In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","12) Corruption investigation (de facto)","* Corruption investigation (de facto)","* Corruption investigation",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,12,{"$f":"IF(BF13=0,\"\",RANK(BF13,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF13,BF13)-1)","v":""},72,"72) * In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,13,5,"F",13,"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than three months to start, or 3) the body rarely or never starts investigations out of its own initiative.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely or never investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than three months to start, or 3) the body rarely or never starts investigations out of its own initiative.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely or never investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","13) * In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","13) Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,13,{"$f":"IF(BF14=0,\"\",RANK(BF14,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF14,BF14)-1)","v":""},30,"30) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,14,5,"F",14,"In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.","Appointments to public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow the merit-based system, 2) appointees occasionally have conflicts of interest, or 3) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the body rarely follow a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) due process by a peer panel/oversight body is rarely or never followed to discipline/remove/transfer the appointees.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow the merit-based system, 2) appointees occasionally have conflicts of interest, or 3) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the body rarely follow a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) due process by a peer panel/oversight body is rarely or never followed to discipline/remove/transfer the appointees.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.","14) * In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.","14) Appointments to public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Appointments to public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Appointments to public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,14,{"$f":"IF(BF15=0,\"\",RANK(BF15,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF15,BF15)-1)","v":""},74,"74) * In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15,2,"J",15,"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law doesn't protect the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where a law protects/gives immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law doesn't protect the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n\nA NO score is earned where a law protects/gives immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n","","In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","15) In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","15) Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)"," Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)","Accountability of heads of state/government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,15,{"$f":"IF(BF16=0,\"\",RANK(BF16,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF16,BF16)-1)","v":""},29,"29) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,16,5,"F",16,"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) criminal allegations against heads of state and government are investigated while they are in office, 2) heads of state and government are prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing, and 3) legal punishment is imposed if/when they are found guilty.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations are investigated while they are in office, 2) not all investigations that find evidence of criminal activity result in prosecution, or 3) not all guilty verdicts result in legal punishment.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against heads of state and government are rarely investigated while they are in office, 2) criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution, or 3) guilty verdicts rarely result in legal punishment. A 0 also applies if the heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) criminal allegations against heads of state and government are investigated while they are in office, 2) heads of state and government are prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing, and 3) legal punishment is imposed if/when they are found guilty.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations are investigated while they are in office, 2) not all investigations that find evidence of criminal activity result in prosecution, or 3) not all guilty verdicts result in legal punishment.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against heads of state and government are rarely investigated while they are in office, 2) criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution, or 3) guilty verdicts rarely result in legal punishment. A 0 also applies if the heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.\n","*","* In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","16) * In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","16) Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","* Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","* Prosecution of heads of state/government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,16,{"$f":"IF(BF17=0,\"\",RANK(BF17,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF17,BF17)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,17,2,"J",17,"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Police misconduct reporting (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a law establishes the existence of an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned when no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a law establishes the existence of an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.\n\nA NO score is earned when no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","17) In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","17) Police misconduct reporting (de jure)"," Police misconduct reporting (de jure)","Police misconduct reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,17,{"$f":"IF(BF18=0,\"\",RANK(BF18,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF18,BF18)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,18,5,"F",18,"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within one week of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than one week to start, or 3) none or only a minority of the investigations are self-started by the body.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions are met: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within one week of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than one week to start, or 3) none or only a minority of the investigations are self-started by the body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions are met: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","18) * In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","18) Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","* Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","* Police misconduct reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,18,{"$f":"IF(BF19=0,\"\",RANK(BF19,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF19,BF19)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,19,2,"J",19,"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the agency(ies) mandated to organize and monitor national elections is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and 2) it establishes its right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard by the agency(ies).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the agency(ies) mandated to organize and monitor national elections is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and 2) it establishes its right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard by the agency(ies).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","19) In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","19) Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)"," Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)","Independence of election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,19,{"$f":"IF(BF20=0,\"\",RANK(BF20,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF20,BF20)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,20,5,"F",20,"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where electoral officials are always chosen through merit-selection systems.","—","A 50 score is earned where electoral officials are generally chosen through merit-selection systems, but there are exceptions (for ex. sometimes candidates with less merit are selected over those with more merit).","—","A 0 score is earned where electoral officials are rarely chosen through merit-selection systems, or the selection system is so weak it can't guarantee candidates are appointed based on merit (for ex. no legal education is required, the President has discretion to decide who the top candidates are, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where electoral officials are always chosen through merit-selection systems.\n\nA 50 score is earned where electoral officials are generally chosen through merit-selection systems, but there are exceptions (for ex. sometimes candidates with less merit are selected over those with more merit).\n\nA 0 score is earned where electoral officials are rarely chosen through merit-selection systems, or the selection system is so weak it can't guarantee candidates are appointed based on merit (for ex. no legal education is required, the President has discretion to decide who the top candidates are, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","20) * In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","20) Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Appointments to election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,20,{"$f":"IF(BF21=0,\"\",RANK(BF21,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF21,BF21)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,21,5,"F",21,"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointees are disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) appointees are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are usually disciplined/removed without following due process, or the due process is so weak it doesn't support independence (for ex. members of the Executive or Legislative branches are part of the panel that conducts the due process), or 2) appointees are usually removed when a new administration takes power.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointees are disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) appointees are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are usually disciplined/removed without following due process, or the due process is so weak it doesn't support independence (for ex. members of the Executive or Legislative branches are part of the panel that conducts the due process), or 2) appointees are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n","*","* In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","21) * In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","21) Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Independence of election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,21,{"$f":"IF(BF22=0,\"\",RANK(BF22,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF22,BF22)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,22,5,"F",22,"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency/agencies publish/es at least one report before the election and one report after the election, and 2) the publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency only publishes one report before or after the election, or 2) the publication is generally accessible to citizens but published more than one month after issued or the cost is higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where no reports about the elections are published or reports are not available to the public.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency/agencies publish/es at least one report before the election and one report after the election, and 2) the publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency only publishes one report before or after the election, or 2) the publication is generally accessible to citizens but published more than one month after issued or the cost is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no reports about the elections are published or reports are not available to the public.\n","*","* In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","22) * In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","22) Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","* Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","* Election monitoring agency reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,22,{"$f":"IF(BF23=0,\"\",RANK(BF23,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF23,BF23)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,23,5,"F",23,"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) candidates/political parties have equal access to and receive fair treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is equal in both news reports and editorial commentary, and 3) candidates/political parties are offered the same rates for campaign advertising.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties occasionally have more access to and receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is occasionally unequal in either news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) occasionally a candidate/political party is offered better rates for campaign advertising.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties usually have more access to and/or receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is usually unequal in both news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) some candidates/political parties are usually offered better rates for campaign advertising.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) candidates/political parties have equal access to and receive fair treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is equal in both news reports and editorial commentary, and 3) candidates/political parties are offered the same rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties occasionally have more access to and receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is occasionally unequal in either news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) occasionally a candidate/political party is offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties usually have more access to and/or receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is usually unequal in both news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) some candidates/political parties are usually offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n","*","* In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","23) * In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","23) Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","* Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","* Equitable access to media for political parties",null,80,21,162,0,181,0,187,null,196.5,null,23,{"$f":"IF(BF24=0,\"\",RANK(BF24,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF24,BF24)-1)","v":3},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,24,2,"J",24,"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","Competitive bidding (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","24) In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","24) Competitive bidding (de jure)"," Competitive bidding (de jure)","Competitive bidding",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,24,{"$f":"IF(BF25=0,\"\",RANK(BF25,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF25,BF25)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,25,5,"F",25,"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","Competitive bidding (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, and 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is available for scrutiny.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited though open advertising, but the advertising doesn't leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers or it lacks basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract), or 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is not readily available for scrutiny.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are rarely or never invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, or 2) the criteria by which the bids are to be evaluated is rarely available for scrutiny.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, and 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is available for scrutiny.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited though open advertising, but the advertising doesn't leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers or it lacks basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract), or 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is not readily available for scrutiny.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are rarely or never invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, or 2) the criteria by which the bids are to be evaluated is rarely available for scrutiny.\n","*","* In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","25) * In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","25) Competitive bidding (de facto)","* Competitive bidding (de facto)","* Competitive bidding",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,25,{"$f":"IF(BF26=0,\"\",RANK(BF26,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF26,BF26)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,26,5,"F",26,"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","Access to public procurement results (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are readily available on or off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and any citizen who request them.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an archive but it doesn't contain complete records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are not readily available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing contractors and any citizen who request them.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, or 2) full records are rarely or never available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors or any citizen who request them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are readily available on or off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an archive but it doesn't contain complete records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are not readily available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing contractors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, or 2) full records are rarely or never available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors or any citizen who request them.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","26) * In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","26) Access to public procurement results (de facto)","* Access to public procurement results (de facto)","* Access to public procurement results",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,26,{"$f":"IF(BF27=0,\"\",RANK(BF27,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF27,BF27)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,27,2,"J",27,"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law forbids companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law forbids companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","27) In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","27) Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)"," Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)","Procurement bidding restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,27,{"$f":"IF(BF28=0,\"\",RANK(BF28,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF28,BF28)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,28,5,"F",28,"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbidden from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time, and 2) there is a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access immediately or in less than two weeks of requested. A 100 is also earned if there is a registry in place that at the time of this research is empty because no company has violated the law.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are generally forbidden from participating in future bidding, but there is evidence that some exceptions exist, or 2) citizen access to the full list of companies forbidden from participating takes more than two weeks.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are rarely forbidden from participating in future bidding, or 2) there is no registry of companies forbidden from participating or it exists but it's not public.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbidden from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time, and 2) there is a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access immediately or in less than two weeks of requested. A 100 is also earned if there is a registry in place that at the time of this research is empty because no company has violated the law.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are generally forbidden from participating in future bidding, but there is evidence that some exceptions exist, or 2) citizen access to the full list of companies forbidden from participating takes more than two weeks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are rarely forbidden from participating in future bidding, or 2) there is no registry of companies forbidden from participating or it exists but it's not public.\n","*","* In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","28) * In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","28) Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","* Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","* Procurement bidding restrictions",null,0,0,369,0,0,0,0,null,73.8,null,28,{"$f":"IF(BF29=0,\"\",RANK(BF29,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF29,BF29)-1)","v":8},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,29,5,"F",29,"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records takes two weeks to a month, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public or don't exist.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records takes two weeks to a month, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","29) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","29) Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","* Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","* Access to financial records of state-owned companies",null,0,0,233,0,0,0,0,null,46.6,null,29,{"$f":"IF(BF30=0,\"\",RANK(BF30,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF30,BF30)-1)","v":15},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30,5,"F",30,"In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.","Natural resource revenue management (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records occasionally takes more than two weeks of requested, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where financial records associated with natural resource projects are rarely available to the public or don't exist.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records occasionally takes more than two weeks of requested, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records associated with natural resource projects are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.","30) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.","30) Natural resource revenue management (de facto)","* Natural resource revenue management (de facto)","* Natural resource revenue management",null,0,0,250,0,0,0,0,null,50,null,30,{"$f":"IF(BF31=0,\"\",RANK(BF31,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF31,BF31)-1)","v":13},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,31,5,"F",31,"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis in open hearings, and 2) the legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. A 100 score is earned even if defense expenditure is approved in closed hearings.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all significant government expenditure is approved annually by the legislature or it's not approved in open hearings, or 2) the legislature occasionally doesn't approve in-year budget amendments.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the legislative rarely approves significant government expenditure, or 2) the legislature rarely makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis in open hearings, and 2) the legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. A 100 score is earned even if defense expenditure is approved in closed hearings.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all significant government expenditure is approved annually by the legislature or it's not approved in open hearings, or 2) the legislature occasionally doesn't approve in-year budget amendments.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the legislative rarely approves significant government expenditure, or 2) the legislature rarely makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.\n","*","* In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","31) * In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","31) Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","* Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","* Approval of public expenditure",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,31,{"$f":"IF(BF32=0,\"\",RANK(BF32,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF32,BF32)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,32,2,"J",32,"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","Publication of budget proposals (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law both the budget proposed by the Executive (draft sent to Congress for approval) and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law both the budget proposed by the Executive (draft sent to Congress for approval) and the approved budget must be published in full every year.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","32) In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","32) Publication of budget proposals (de jure)"," Publication of budget proposals (de jure)","Publication of budget proposals",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,32,{"$f":"IF(BF33=0,\"\",RANK(BF33,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF33,BF33)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,33,5,"F",33,"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions with at least four weeks of time for citizens to study the full budget, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input in budget discussions but the invitation allows them less than four weeks to study the full budget, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to a few actors, or not always in service.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions with at least four weeks of time for citizens to study the full budget, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input in budget discussions but the invitation allows them less than four weeks to study the full budget, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to a few actors, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","33) * In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","33) Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","* Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","* Citizen participation in budget debates",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,33,{"$f":"IF(BF34=0,\"\",RANK(BF34,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF34,BF34)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,34,5,"F",34,"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","Oversight of public funds (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee that goes into session at least weekly, and 2) the committee has conducted at least one investigation in the last year (even if the investigation hasn't finished at the time of this research).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee but it goes into session at least biweekly, or 2) the committee has conducted only one investigation in the last two years.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) no functioning oversight committee exists or it exists but it meets monthly or less frequently, or 2) the committee has not conducted any investigation in the last two years.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee that goes into session at least weekly, and 2) the committee has conducted at least one investigation in the last year (even if the investigation hasn't finished at the time of this research).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee but it goes into session at least biweekly, or 2) the committee has conducted only one investigation in the last two years.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) no functioning oversight committee exists or it exists but it meets monthly or less frequently, or 2) the committee has not conducted any investigation in the last two years.\n","*","* In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","34) * In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","34) Oversight of public funds (de facto)","* Oversight of public funds (de facto)","* Oversight of public funds",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,34,{"$f":"IF(BF35=0,\"\",RANK(BF35,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF35,BF35)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,35,2,"J",35,"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law creates a explicit legal requirement for civil servants to report any cases of alleged corruption they are aware of.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law creates a explicit legal requirement for civil servants to report any cases of alleged corruption they are aware of.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n","","In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","35) In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","35) Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)"," Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)","Civil servant corruption reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,35,{"$f":"IF(BF36=0,\"\",RANK(BF36,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF36,BF36)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,36,2,"J",36,"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a law specifically created to protect public sector whistle-blowers, and 2) the law forbids termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers. Note: General protections for civil servants do not grant a YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a law specifically created to protect public sector whistle-blowers, and 2) the law forbids termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers. Note: General protections for civil servants do not grant a YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n","","In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","36) In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","36) Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)"," Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)","Whistleblower protection for public officials",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,36,{"$f":"IF(BF37=0,\"\",RANK(BF37,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF37,BF37)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,37,2,"J",37,"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","Corruption prevention in government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law prohibits conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (at least two of these offenses must be prohibited), 2) the law applies to all branches of government, including the civil service, and 3) it mandates mechanisms such as competitive recruitment and promotion procedures, safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal, and recusal procedures.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exist. It also scores NO if only one of the three conditions described in YES is met.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law prohibits conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (at least two of these offenses must be prohibited), 2) the law applies to all branches of government, including the civil service, and 3) it mandates mechanisms such as competitive recruitment and promotion procedures, safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal, and recusal procedures.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exist. It also scores NO if only one of the three conditions described in YES is met.\n","","In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","37) In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","37) Corruption prevention in government (de jure)"," Corruption prevention in government (de jure)","Corruption prevention in government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,37,{"$f":"IF(BF38=0,\"\",RANK(BF38,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF38,BF38)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,38,5,"F",38,"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","Civil servant independence (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) civil servants are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) civil servants are not removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) civil servants are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) civil servants are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the due process is so weak it doesn't protect civil servants (for ex. the members of the panel that conducts the due process have a particular interest in how the issue is decided), or 2) civil servants are usually removed when a new administration takes power.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) civil servants are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) civil servants are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) civil servants are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) civil servants are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the due process is so weak it doesn't protect civil servants (for ex. the members of the panel that conducts the due process have a particular interest in how the issue is decided), or 2) civil servants are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n","*","* In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","38) * In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","38) Civil servant independence (de facto)","* Civil servant independence (de facto)","* Civil servant independence",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,38,{"$f":"IF(BF39=0,\"\",RANK(BF39,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF39,BF39)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,39,5,"F",39,"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to the civil service are made on a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all civil servants are appointed because of their merits, 2) not all appointees are free of conflicts or interest, or 3) performance evaluations are not always based on standard benchmarks.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no merit-based system is in place or it's so weak it's useless, 2) civil servants frequently have conflicts of interest, or 3) performance evaluations are usually based on personal, discretionary criteria.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to the civil service are made on a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all civil servants are appointed because of their merits, 2) not all appointees are free of conflicts or interest, or 3) performance evaluations are not always based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no merit-based system is in place or it's so weak it's useless, 2) civil servants frequently have conflicts of interest, or 3) performance evaluations are usually based on personal, discretionary criteria.\n","*","* In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","39) * In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","39) Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","* Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","* Appointment of civil servants",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,39,{"$f":"IF(BF40=0,\"\",RANK(BF40,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF40,BF40)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,40,2,"J",40,"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law forbids civil servants to take a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position involve any of the following: 1) would present a conflict of interest, 2) would involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or 3) would establish a relationship between the former and the new office.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law forbids civil servants to take a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position involve any of the following: 1) would present a conflict of interest, 2) would involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or 3) would establish a relationship between the former and the new office.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n","","In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","40) In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","40) Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)"," Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)","Civil servant employment restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,40,{"$f":"IF(BF41=0,\"\",RANK(BF41,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF41,BF41)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,41,2,"J",41,"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","Public information (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a Constitutional principle guarantees citizens' rights to request and receive access to any public documents and information, and 2) there is a specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be implemented. Note: It's possible to score YES if national security or individual privacy information is protected, as long as the law defines the parameters and processes to declare what information is protected and they are limited in scope. Just the constitutional protection is NOT enough to score YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if there is no such law, or a law exists but it doesn't mandate all the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a Constitutional principle guarantees citizens' rights to request and receive access to any public documents and information, and 2) there is a specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be implemented. Note: It's possible to score YES if national security or individual privacy information is protected, as long as the law defines the parameters and processes to declare what information is protected and they are limited in scope. Just the constitutional protection is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if there is no such law, or a law exists but it doesn't mandate all the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","41) In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","41) Public information (de jure)"," Public information (de jure)","Public information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,41,{"$f":"IF(BF42=0,\"\",RANK(BF42,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF42,BF42)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,42,5,"F",42,"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","Public information (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) records are available online or on paper less than two weeks after requested, and 2) costs are limited to photocopying. A 100 score is possible even if there are exceptions for information protected by national security or individual privacy laws.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) many records are not online and/or it takes between two and four weeks for citizens' to obtain them, or 2) costs sometimes are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them, or 2) costs are usually higher than photocopying.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) records are available online or on paper less than two weeks after requested, and 2) costs are limited to photocopying. A 100 score is possible even if there are exceptions for information protected by national security or individual privacy laws.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) many records are not online and/or it takes between two and four weeks for citizens' to obtain them, or 2) costs sometimes are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them, or 2) costs are usually higher than photocopying.\n","*","* In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","42) * In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","42) Public information (de facto)","* Public information (de facto)","* Public information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,42,{"$f":"IF(BF43=0,\"\",RANK(BF43,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF43,BF43)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,43,5,"F",43,"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying, 2) most records are available within a day of legislative proceedings, and 3) there is a complete, easily available legislative archive either on or off line.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are not accessible to the public online or the cost is higher than photocopying; 2) records are usually available within a week of legislative proceedings, or 3) citizens have limited access to a legislative archive either on or off line or the archive is not complete.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are rarely accessible to the public online, 2) records take more than a week after legislative proceedings to be available, or 3) there is no legislative archive or citizens don't have access to it.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying, 2) most records are available within a day of legislative proceedings, and 3) there is a complete, easily available legislative archive either on or off line.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are not accessible to the public online or the cost is higher than photocopying; 2) records are usually available within a week of legislative proceedings, or 3) citizens have limited access to a legislative archive either on or off line or the archive is not complete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are rarely accessible to the public online, 2) records take more than a week after legislative proceedings to be available, or 3) there is no legislative archive or citizens don't have access to it.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","43) * In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","43) Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","* Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","* Access to legislative processes & documents",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,43,{"$f":"IF(BF44=0,\"\",RANK(BF44,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF44,BF44)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,44,2,"J",44,"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","Asset disclosure by government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all senior officials of the three branches of government, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all senior officials of the three branches of government, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n","","In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","44) In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","44) Asset disclosure by government (de jure)"," Asset disclosure by government (de jure)","Asset disclosure by government",null,0,0,329,0,0,0,327,null,131.19999999999999,null,44,{"$f":"IF(BF45=0,\"\",RANK(BF45,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF45,BF45)-1)","v":5},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,45,5,"F",45,"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures don't contain detailed information about them and their immediate family, or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures don't contain detailed information about them and their immediate family, or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n","*","* In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","45) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","45) Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by government",null,0,0,246,0,240,0,286,null,154.4,null,45,{"$f":"IF(BF46=0,\"\",RANK(BF46,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF46,BF46)-1)","v":4},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,46,2,"J",46,"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.","Asset disclosure by civil service (de jure)","A YES score is earned when in law all the following conditions are met: 1) members of the civil service must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments, both domestic and foreign), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all members of the civil service, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned when in law all the following conditions are met: 1) members of the civil service must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments, both domestic and foreign), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all members of the civil service, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n","","In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.","46) In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.","46) Asset disclosure by civil service (de jure)"," Asset disclosure by civil service (de jure)","Asset disclosure by civil service",null,0,0,214,0,0,0,303,null,103.4,null,46,{"$f":"IF(BF47=0,\"\",RANK(BF47,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF47,BF47)-1)","v":6},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,47,5,"F",47,"In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.","Asset disclosure by civil service (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) most but not all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures are not complete (for ex., they contain real estate assets but not movable property, or list the asset but don't provide its estimated value), or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) members of the civil service routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) most but not all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures are not complete (for ex., they contain real estate assets but not movable property, or list the asset but don't provide its estimated value), or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) members of the civil service routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n","*","* In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.","47) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.","47) Asset disclosure by civil service (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by civil service (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by civil service",null,0,0,226,0,0,0,262,null,97.6,null,47,{"$f":"IF(BF48=0,\"\",RANK(BF48,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF48,BF48)-1)","v":7},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,48,2,"J",48,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a law requires political parties to publish all public contributions.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a law requires political parties to publish all public contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","48) In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","48) Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)"," Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)","Disclosure of public donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,48,{"$f":"IF(BF49=0,\"\",RANK(BF49,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF49,BF49)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,49,5,"F",49,"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose public donations within a month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose public donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose public donations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose public donations within a month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose public donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose public donations.\n","*","* In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","49) * In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","49) Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of public donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,49,{"$f":"IF(BF50=0,\"\",RANK(BF50,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF50,BF50)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,50,2,"J",50,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law requires political parties to publish all private contributions.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law requires political parties to publish all private contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","50) In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","50) Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)"," Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)","Disclosure of private donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,50,{"$f":"IF(BF51=0,\"\",RANK(BF51,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF51,BF51)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,51,5,"F",51,"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose private donations within a one month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose private donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose private donations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose private donations within a one month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose private donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose private donations.\n","*","* In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","51) * In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","51) Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of private donations to political parties",null,0,0,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,S52,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,null,0,null,51,{"$f":"IF(BF52=0,\"\",RANK(BF52,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF52,BF52)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,52,5,"F",52,"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and 2) the information is readily available to any citizen (online, on the newspaper, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only some major media organizations disclose the name of their owners or they disclose only some of the owners, or 2) the information is public but obtaining it takes two weeks or more.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) major media organizations don't disclose the names of their owners, or 2) the information is available only to the government.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and 2) the information is readily available to any citizen (online, on the newspaper, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only some major media organizations disclose the name of their owners or they disclose only some of the owners, or 2) the information is public but obtaining it takes two weeks or more.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) major media organizations don't disclose the names of their owners, or 2) the information is available only to the government.\n","*","* In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","52) * In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","52) Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","* Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","* Media company ownership disclosure",null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q53,1),0)","v":14},1,76,0,86,0,84,null,63.7,null,52,{"$f":"IF(BF53=0,\"\",RANK(BF53,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF53,BF53)-1)","v":9},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,53,5,"F",53,"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations have a formal document with standards guiding journalistic work (Code of Ethics, Editorial Guidelines, Statement of Principles, Code of Conduct, etc.), 2) the document codifies standards for use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, and 3) major media organizations enforce this document.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all major media organizations have a formal document, 2) the formal document contains only one of the three aspects mentioned in 100 (use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality), or 3) major media organizations enforce this document but some exceptions exist.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most major media organizations lack a formal document, 2) the formal document is vague and doesn't provide guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, or 3) major media organizations rarely or never enforce this document.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations have a formal document with standards guiding journalistic work (Code of Ethics, Editorial Guidelines, Statement of Principles, Code of Conduct, etc.), 2) the document codifies standards for use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, and 3) major media organizations enforce this document.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all major media organizations have a formal document, 2) the formal document contains only one of the three aspects mentioned in 100 (use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality), or 3) major media organizations enforce this document but some exceptions exist.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most major media organizations lack a formal document, 2) the formal document is vague and doesn't provide guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, or 3) major media organizations rarely or never enforce this document.\n","*","* In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","53) * In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","53) Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","* Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","* Professionalism of journalists",null,0,0,76,0,93,0,89,null,51.6,null,53,{"$f":"IF(BF54=0,\"\",RANK(BF54,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF54,BF54)-1)","v":10},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,54,2,"J",54,"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","Freedom of press (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations, 2) journalists can only be convicted if malice is proved (a story was published even though the journalist knew it was false or didn't try to verify it).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations, 2) journalists can only be convicted if malice is proved (a story was published even though the journalist knew it was false or didn't try to verify it).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","54) In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","54) Freedom of press (de jure)"," Freedom of press (de jure)","Freedom of press",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,54,{"$f":"IF(BF55=0,\"\",RANK(BF55,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF55,BF55)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,55,5,"F",55,"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","Media censorship (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication of information, and 2) the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government occasionally prevents the publication of information, or 2) it occasionally encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication of information, or 2) it usually encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication of information, and 2) the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government occasionally prevents the publication of information, or 2) it occasionally encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication of information, or 2) it usually encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","55) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","55) Media censorship (de facto)","* Media censorship (de facto)","* Media censorship",null,120,1,174,0,176,0,174,null,225.3,null,55,{"$f":"IF(BF56=0,\"\",RANK(BF56,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF56,BF56)-1)","v":1},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,56,5,"F",56,"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).","Online censorship (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication online of information by citizens, and 2) the government doesn't promote citizen's self-censorship (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it usually encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication online of information by citizens, and 2) the government doesn't promote citizen's self-censorship (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it usually encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).","56) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).","56) Online censorship (de facto)","* Online censorship (de facto)","* Online censorship",null,207,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,207,null,56,{"$f":"IF(BF57=0,\"\",RANK(BF57,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF57,BF57)-1)","v":2},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,57,5,"F",57,"In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.","Restrictions to online content (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down, and 2) Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. A 100 score can still be earned if child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites have been taken down.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) a small number of sites, keywords or search results on a specific issue are blocked (blocking cannot include widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter), or 2) citizens are occasionally unable to access certain websites (national or international).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are usually filtered, blocked or taken down, or 2) Web users in the country are usually unable to access many websites without restriction, including widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down, and 2) Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. A 100 score can still be earned if child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites have been taken down.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) a small number of sites, keywords or search results on a specific issue are blocked (blocking cannot include widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter), or 2) citizens are occasionally unable to access certain websites (national or international).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are usually filtered, blocked or taken down, or 2) Web users in the country are usually unable to access many websites without restriction, including widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter.\n","*","* In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.","57) * In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.","57) Restrictions to online content (de facto)","* Restrictions to online content (de facto)","* Restrictions to online content",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,57,{"$f":"IF(BF58=0,\"\",RANK(BF58,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF58,BF58)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,58,5,"F",58,"In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.","Ministry websites (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and 2) are updated at least once a month.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) about half of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, or 2) the websites are updated less than once a month.","—","A 0 score is earned where less than 10% of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and 2) are updated at least once a month.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) about half of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, or 2) the websites are updated less than once a month.\n\nA 0 score is earned where less than 10% of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites.\n","*","* In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.","58) * In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.","58) Ministry websites (de facto)","* Ministry websites (de facto)","* Ministry websites",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,58,{"$f":"IF(BF59=0,\"\",RANK(BF59,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF59,BF59)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,59,5,"F",59,"In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.","Regulatory agency websites (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (if one exists) have websites, 2) the websites inform users of their rights and how to exercise them in a way that is easy to grasp for users with limited education, and 3) the websites allow users to file complaints online. Note: other digital methods to file complaints, such as mobile apps or phone lines, can also be considered for this indicator.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman have websites, 2) the websites contain little information about users rights and how to exercise them or the information is difficult to grasp for users with limited education, or 3) the websites don't allow users to file complaints online.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman lack websites, or 2) the websites generally lack basic information about users rights or how to exercise them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (if one exists) have websites, 2) the websites inform users of their rights and how to exercise them in a way that is easy to grasp for users with limited education, and 3) the websites allow users to file complaints online. Note: other digital methods to file complaints, such as mobile apps or phone lines, can also be considered for this indicator.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman have websites, 2) the websites contain little information about users rights and how to exercise them or the information is difficult to grasp for users with limited education, or 3) the websites don't allow users to file complaints online.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman lack websites, or 2) the websites generally lack basic information about users rights or how to exercise them.\n","*","* In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.","59) * In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.","59) Regulatory agency websites (de facto)","* Regulatory agency websites (de facto)","* Regulatory agency websites",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,59,{"$f":"IF(BF60=0,\"\",RANK(BF60,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF60,BF60)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,60,2,"J",60,"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law establishes a specific minimum age at which criminal responsibility applies.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law establishes a specific minimum age at which criminal responsibility applies.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","60) In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","60) Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)"," Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)","Age for criminal responsibility",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,60,{"$f":"IF(BF61=0,\"\",RANK(BF61,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF61,BF61)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,61,2,"J",61,"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","Child-friendly courts (de jure)","A YES score is earned where court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","61) In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","61) Child-friendly courts (de jure)"," Child-friendly courts (de jure)","Child-friendly courts",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,61,{"$f":"IF(BF62=0,\"\",RANK(BF62,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF62,BF62)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,62,5,"F",62,"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","Child-friendly courts (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the criminal system has clearly defined especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are implemented as prescribed, and 3) they apply to all children regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system has defined only some especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed, or 3) only some children benefit from them (for example, they only protect victims but not defendants or witnesses).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system lacks especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, or 2) these procedures and conditions exist but are rarely implemented.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the criminal system has clearly defined especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are implemented as prescribed, and 3) they apply to all children regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system has defined only some especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed, or 3) only some children benefit from them (for example, they only protect victims but not defendants or witnesses).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system lacks especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, or 2) these procedures and conditions exist but are rarely implemented.\n","*","* In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","62) * In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","62) Child-friendly courts (de facto)","* Child-friendly courts (de facto)","* Child-friendly courts",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,62,{"$f":"IF(BF63=0,\"\",RANK(BF63,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF63,BF63)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,63,2,"J",63,"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","Minimum age for employment (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","63) In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","63) Minimum age for employment (de jure)"," Minimum age for employment (de jure)","Minimum age for employment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,63,{"$f":"IF(BF64=0,\"\",RANK(BF64,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF64,BF64)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,64,5,"F",64,"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","Minimum age for employment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no workers below the minimum age are employed, either in the formal or informal sectors, and 2) the government applies sanctions when it finds cases of formal or informal employment of children. Note: Children doing house chores or chores at subsistence-farms are not considered as employed, unless the workload stops them from attending school.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) it's occasionally possible to find children below the minimum age employed, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) in exceptional cases the government fails to apply sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) it's commonplace for children below the minimum age to work, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) the government rarely applies sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no workers below the minimum age are employed, either in the formal or informal sectors, and 2) the government applies sanctions when it finds cases of formal or informal employment of children. Note: Children doing house chores or chores at subsistence-farms are not considered as employed, unless the workload stops them from attending school.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) it's occasionally possible to find children below the minimum age employed, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) in exceptional cases the government fails to apply sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) it's commonplace for children below the minimum age to work, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) the government rarely applies sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n","*","* In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","64) * In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","64) Minimum age for employment (de facto)","* Minimum age for employment (de facto)","* Minimum age for employment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,64,{"$f":"IF(BF65=0,\"\",RANK(BF65,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF65,BF65)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,65,5,"F",65,"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","Trade unions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) workers organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and 2) trade union organizers have widely understood rights and are free from intimidation or violence.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there are occasional obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) occasionally trade union organizers' rights are not understood or they are subject to intimidation or violence.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there are major obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) trade union organizers' rights are generally misunderstood or subject to intimidation or violence.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) workers organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and 2) trade union organizers have widely understood rights and are free from intimidation or violence.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there are occasional obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) occasionally trade union organizers' rights are not understood or they are subject to intimidation or violence.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there are major obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) trade union organizers' rights are generally misunderstood or subject to intimidation or violence.\n","*","* In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","65) * In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","65) Trade unions (de facto)","* Trade unions (de facto)","* Trade unions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,65,{"$f":"IF(BF66=0,\"\",RANK(BF66,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF66,BF66)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,66,5,"F",66,"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.","Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) corporations observe labor laws, and 2) recognize and observe human rights.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally some corporations fail to observe labor laws, or 2) some corporations occasionally fail to recognize and observe human rights.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) corporations rarely observe labor laws, or 2) corporations rarely recognize and observe human rights.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) corporations observe labor laws, and 2) recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally some corporations fail to observe labor laws, or 2) some corporations occasionally fail to recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) corporations rarely observe labor laws, or 2) corporations rarely recognize and observe human rights.\n",{"$f":"IF(O67=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":"*"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ67=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q67)","v":"* In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P67,\") \",AR67)","v":"66) * In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P67,\") \",R67)","v":"66) Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ67,\" \",R67)","v":"* Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU67,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"* Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX67:BD67,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,66,{"$f":"IF(BF67=0,\"\",RANK(BF67,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF67,BF67)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH67,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ67),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ67),\"\")","v":""}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,67,5,"F",67,"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","Freedom of association (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public, and 2) they are free to express dissent in public settings and participate in civic and political organizations. It scores 100 even if there are prohibitions against blocking public roads as part of public protests.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally citizens face obstacles to associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) occasionally they face obstacles to freely express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) they are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public, and 2) they are free to express dissent in public settings and participate in civic and political organizations. It scores 100 even if there are prohibitions against blocking public roads as part of public protests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally citizens face obstacles to associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) occasionally they face obstacles to freely express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) they are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n","*","* In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","67) * In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","67) Freedom of association (de facto)","* Freedom of association (de facto)","* Freedom of association",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,67,{"$f":"IF(BF68=0,\"\",RANK(BF68,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF68,BF68)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,68,5,"F",68,"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) NGOs can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and 3) NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO (for ex. the government gives discretionary permits to some but not all NGOs), or 3) occasionally NGOs have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, or 3) NGOs are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. A 0 score is also earned if NGOs are forbidden by law.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) NGOs can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and 3) NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO (for ex. the government gives discretionary permits to some but not all NGOs), or 3) occasionally NGOs have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, or 3) NGOs are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. A 0 score is also earned if NGOs are forbidden by law.\n","*","* In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","68) * In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","68) Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","* Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","* Barriers to NGO operations",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,68,{"$f":"IF(BF69=0,\"\",RANK(BF69,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF69,BF69)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69,5,"F",69,"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.","—","A 50 score is earned where there was one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.","—","A 0 score is earned where there was more than one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there was one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there was more than one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n","*","* In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","69) * In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","69) Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","* Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","* Persecution of NGO employees",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,69,{"$f":"IF(BF70=0,\"\",RANK(BF70,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF70,BF70)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,70,5,"F",70,"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no NGOS were shut down, and 2) no NGOs were harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) more than one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no NGOS were shut down, and 2) no NGOs were harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) more than one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n","*","* In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","70) * In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","70) Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","* Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","* Harrassment of NGOs",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,70,{"$f":"IF(BF71=0,\"\",RANK(BF71,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF71,BF71)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,71,2,"J",71,"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a constitutional principle guarantees protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, 2) there is a specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented, and 3) this law includes at least: a) a prohibition to discriminate based on belonging to a national minority, and b) a specific right to maintain and develop the essential elements of their identity (religion, language, and traditions).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists. It also scores NO if there's only a generic constitutional principle such as \"all persons are equal regardless of their background.\"","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a constitutional principle guarantees protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, 2) there is a specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented, and 3) this law includes at least: a) a prohibition to discriminate based on belonging to a national minority, and b) a specific right to maintain and develop the essential elements of their identity (religion, language, and traditions).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists. It also scores NO if there's only a generic constitutional principle such as \"all persons are equal regardless of their background.\"\n","","In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","71) In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","71) Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)","Protection from ethnic discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,71,{"$f":"IF(BF72=0,\"\",RANK(BF72,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF72,BF72)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,72,5,"F",72,"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","72) * In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","72) Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from ethnic discrimination",null,0,0,257,0,0,0,0,null,51.4,null,72,{"$f":"IF(BF73=0,\"\",RANK(BF73,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF73,BF73)-1)","v":12},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,73,2,"J",73,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to freedom of religion, including freedom to change religion, 2) protection from discrimination based on religious beliefs, and 3) the right to manifest his/her religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance, in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on religion is NOT enough to score YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law protects some but not all the rights described in YES, or if a law explicitly forbids/mandates a certain religion.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to freedom of religion, including freedom to change religion, 2) protection from discrimination based on religious beliefs, and 3) the right to manifest his/her religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance, in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on religion is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law protects some but not all the rights described in YES, or if a law explicitly forbids/mandates a certain religion.\n","","In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","73) In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","73) Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)","Protection from religious discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,73,{"$f":"IF(BF74=0,\"\",RANK(BF74,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF74,BF74)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,74,5,"F",74,"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","74) * In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","74) Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from religious discrimination",null,0,0,249,0,0,0,0,null,49.8,null,74,{"$f":"IF(BF75=0,\"\",RANK(BF75,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF75,BF75)-1)","v":14},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,75,2,"J",75,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation, 2) the freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, and 3) the right to manifest and exercise his/her sexual orientation in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination is NOT enough to score YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law forbids homosexuality.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation, 2) the freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, and 3) the right to manifest and exercise his/her sexual orientation in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law forbids homosexuality.\n","","In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","75) In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","75) Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)","Protection from LGBT discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,75,{"$f":"IF(BF76=0,\"\",RANK(BF76,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF76,BF76)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,76,5,"F",76,"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","76) * In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","76) Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from LGBT discrimination",null,0,0,258,0,0,0,0,null,51.6,null,76,{"$f":"IF(BF77=0,\"\",RANK(BF77,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF77,BF77)-1)","v":11},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,77,3,"J",77,"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","Gender equality in property rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal land ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal land ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal land ownership rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal land ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal land ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal land ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","77) In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","77) Gender equality in property rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in property rights (de jure)","Gender equality in property rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,77,{"$f":"IF(BF78=0,\"\",RANK(BF78,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF78,BF78)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,78,3,"J",78,"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","78) In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","78) Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)","Gender equality in non-land property rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,78,{"$f":"IF(BF79=0,\"\",RANK(BF79,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF79,BF79)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,79,3,"J",79,"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal inheritance right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal inheritance rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's inheritance rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal inheritance right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal inheritance rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's inheritance rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","79) In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","79) Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)","Gender equality in inheritance rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,79,{"$f":"IF(BF80=0,\"\",RANK(BF80,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF80,BF80)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,80,3,"J",80,"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal divorce petition right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal divorce petition rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal divorce petition rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal divorce petition right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal divorce petition rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal divorce petition rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","80) In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","80) Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)","Gender equality in divorce petition rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,80,{"$f":"IF(BF81=0,\"\",RANK(BF81,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF81,BF81)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,81,3,"J",81,"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","Gender equality in child custody (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some men have precedence over women in the custody of children and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where men have precedence over women in the custody of children.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some men have precedence over women in the custody of children and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where men have precedence over women in the custody of children.\n","","In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","81) In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","81) Gender equality in child custody (de jure)"," Gender equality in child custody (de jure)","Gender equality in child custody",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,81,{"$f":"IF(BF82=0,\"\",RANK(BF82,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF82,BF82)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,82,3,"J",82,"In law, women have the right to independent travel.","Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)","A YES score is earned where no law imposes restrictions to women's free and independent travel. For example, there are no laws requiring them to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion, drive with a companion (or not drive at all), etc.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have the right to free and independent travel and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law imposes denies or restricts women's right to free and independent travel.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where no law imposes restrictions to women's free and independent travel. For example, there are no laws requiring them to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion, drive with a companion (or not drive at all), etc.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have the right to free and independent travel and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law imposes denies or restricts women's right to free and independent travel.\n","","In law, women have the right to independent travel.","82) In law, women have the right to independent travel.","82) Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)"," Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)","Gender equality in independent travel",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,82,{"$f":"IF(BF83=0,\"\",RANK(BF83,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF83,BF83)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,83,3,"J",83,"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a law explicitly establishes that: 1) women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace, 2) discrimination on the basis of gender is forbidden, and 3) women cannot be fired or demoted as a result of pregnancy. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned where in law, within the same country, some women have these rights and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). This score is also earned if only some but not all the rights described in YES exist in the country.","—","A NO score is earned where no law explicitly creates the rights described in YES.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a law explicitly establishes that: 1) women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace, 2) discrimination on the basis of gender is forbidden, and 3) women cannot be fired or demoted as a result of pregnancy. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned where in law, within the same country, some women have these rights and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). This score is also earned if only some but not all the rights described in YES exist in the country.\n\nA NO score is earned where no law explicitly creates the rights described in YES.\n","","In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","83) In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","83) Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)"," Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)","Gender equality in the workplace",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,83,{"$f":"IF(BF84=0,\"\",RANK(BF84,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF84,BF84)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,84,5,"F",84,"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, and 3) are not fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) in some cases women receive less pay and benefits than men for performing the same job, 2) in some cases there is a preference to hire or promote men, or 3) there are occasional cases of women being fired, demoted or in other ways discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) women rarely receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) rarely have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, or 3) are regularly fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy. A 0 score is also earned if a law forbids or restricts women from working.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, and 3) are not fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) in some cases women receive less pay and benefits than men for performing the same job, 2) in some cases there is a preference to hire or promote men, or 3) there are occasional cases of women being fired, demoted or in other ways discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) women rarely receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) rarely have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, or 3) are regularly fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy. A 0 score is also earned if a law forbids or restricts women from working.\n","*","* In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","84) * In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","84) Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","* Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","* Gender equality in the workplace",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,84,{"$f":"IF(BF85=0,\"\",RANK(BF85,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF85,BF85)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,85,5,"F",85,"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the national cabinet are women.","—","A 50 score is earned where around a 15% of the members of the national cabinet are women.","—","A 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the national cabinet are women.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around a 15% of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","85) * In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","85) Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","* Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","* Gender equality in appointments to cabinet",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,85,{"$f":"IF(BF86=0,\"\",RANK(BF86,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF86,BF86)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,86,5,"F",86,"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","Women in the judiciary (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.","—","A 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.","—","A 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n","*","* In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","86) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","86) Women in the judiciary (de facto)","* Women in the judiciary (de facto)","* Women in the judiciary",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,86,{"$f":"IF(BF87=0,\"\",RANK(BF87,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF87,BF87)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,87,5,"F",87,"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the legislature are women.","—","A 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the legislature are women.","—","A 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the legislature are women.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the legislature are women.\n","*","* In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","87) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","87) Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","* Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","* Representation of women in legislature",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,87,{"$f":"IF(BF88=0,\"\",RANK(BF88,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF88,BF88)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,88,5,"F",88,"In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.","Gender digital divide (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish all the following objectives: 1) increase girls and women's access to the Web, 2) train girls and women to use the Web, and 3) encourage girls and women to pursue careers in ICTs. It also earns 100 score if there's evidence that there's no gender digital divide in the country.","—","A 50 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish only one of the three objectives described in 100, or the programs include the three objectives but they are not permanent or have too few resources to cover more than just a few communities.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such programs are in place, or 2) any programs that exist are ad hoc, sporadic or not supported/sponsored by the government.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish all the following objectives: 1) increase girls and women's access to the Web, 2) train girls and women to use the Web, and 3) encourage girls and women to pursue careers in ICTs. It also earns 100 score if there's evidence that there's no gender digital divide in the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish only one of the three objectives described in 100, or the programs include the three objectives but they are not permanent or have too few resources to cover more than just a few communities.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such programs are in place, or 2) any programs that exist are ad hoc, sporadic or not supported/sponsored by the government.\n","*","* In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.","88) * In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.","88) Gender digital divide (de facto)","* Gender digital divide (de facto)","* Gender digital divide",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,88,{"$f":"IF(BF89=0,\"\",RANK(BF89,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF89,BF89)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,89,5,"F",89,"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","Intellectual property protection (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) it investigates and when necessary brings offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative, and 3) it keeps statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, but it shares its time and resources enforcing other laws, or 2) it generally investigates and brings offenders to court, but evidence shows that sometimes it fails to do so despite the existence of evidence, or 3) its statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.) are older than one year.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) there is one but it rarely investigates and or brings offenders to court, or 3) it doesn't keep statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) it investigates and when necessary brings offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative, and 3) it keeps statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, but it shares its time and resources enforcing other laws, or 2) it generally investigates and brings offenders to court, but evidence shows that sometimes it fails to do so despite the existence of evidence, or 3) its statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.) are older than one year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) there is one but it rarely investigates and or brings offenders to court, or 3) it doesn't keep statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","89) * In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","89) Intellectual property protection (de facto)","* Intellectual property protection (de facto)","* Intellectual property protection",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,89,{"$f":"IF(BF90=0,\"\",RANK(BF90,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF90,BF90)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90,5,"F",90,"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government invites some but not all private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) the mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings) are sporadic or occasionally out of service.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) no mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government invites some but not all private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) the mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings) are sporadic or occasionally out of service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) no mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input.\n","*","* In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","90) * In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","90) Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","* Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","* Private sector involvement in tax review",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,90,{"$f":"IF(BF91=0,\"\",RANK(BF91,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF91,BF91)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,91,5,"F",91,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained in paper on less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or cost are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on youth unemployment are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on youth unemployment are collected every three years or less often.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained in paper on less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or cost are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on youth unemployment are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on youth unemployment are collected every three years or less often.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","91) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","91) Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","* Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","* Data on youth unemployment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,91,{"$f":"IF(BF92=0,\"\",RANK(BF92,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF92,BF92)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,92,5,"F",92,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","Data on poverty (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on poverty are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on poverty are collected every three years or less often.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on poverty are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on poverty are collected every three years or less often.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","92) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","92) Data on poverty (de facto)","* Data on poverty (de facto)","* Data on poverty",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,92,{"$f":"IF(BF93=0,\"\",RANK(BF93,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF93,BF93)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,93,5,"F",93,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining a paper version takes more than two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on infrastructure are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on infrastructure are collected every three years or less often.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining a paper version takes more than two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on infrastructure are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on infrastructure are collected every three years or less often.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","93) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","93) Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","* Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","* Collection of infrastructure data",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,93,{"$f":"IF(BF94=0,\"\",RANK(BF94,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF94,BF94)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,94,5,"F",94,"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.","Policy on internet access (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, which includes all the following elements: 1) enabling access points in schools and public places (libraries, post offices, etc.), and 2) improving infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity.","—","A 50 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, but it only includes one of the two conditions described in 100 or the plan is outdated (for ex. the plan covered the period 2000-2012).","—","A 0 score is earned where the government doesn't have a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, which includes all the following elements: 1) enabling access points in schools and public places (libraries, post offices, etc.), and 2) improving infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, but it only includes one of the two conditions described in 100 or the plan is outdated (for ex. the plan covered the period 2000-2012).\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government doesn't have a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.","94) * In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.","94) Policy on internet access (de facto)","* Policy on internet access (de facto)","* Policy on internet access",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,94,{"$f":"IF(BF95=0,\"\",RANK(BF95,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF95,BF95)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,95,5,"F",95,"In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.","Improved internet access (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where citizens access to the Web through both broadband and mobile increased at least 10% over the last year compared to the year before. A 100 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves access increased compared to the year before that.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web increased less than 10% compared to the year before, or 2) it only increased in either broadband or mobile. A 50 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves that at least one the conditions described here is met.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web did not increase or decreased over the last year compared to the year before, or 2) there's no data to determine if there was increase or the data is so outdated (two or more years old).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where citizens access to the Web through both broadband and mobile increased at least 10% over the last year compared to the year before. A 100 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves access increased compared to the year before that.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web increased less than 10% compared to the year before, or 2) it only increased in either broadband or mobile. A 50 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves that at least one the conditions described here is met.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web did not increase or decreased over the last year compared to the year before, or 2) there's no data to determine if there was increase or the data is so outdated (two or more years old).\n","*","* In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.","95) * In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.","95) Improved internet access (de facto)","* Improved internet access (de facto)","* Improved internet access",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,95,{"$f":"IF(BF96=0,\"\",RANK(BF96,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF96,BF96)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,96,5,"F",96,"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","Road network (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a road/bridge network connects most towns and cities, 2) there is an entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional, and 3) no accidents occurred over the last year caused by roads/bridges malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.). Note: any type of road/bridge can be considered to score this indicator (gravel, highway, wood, concrete, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) data proves around a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network, 2) the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional admits to having insufficient budget, or 3) at least one accident occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network or the government lacks data to determine this information, 2) there is no entity mandated to ensuring roads/bridges are permanently safe and functional, or 3) several accidents occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,"—",null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a road/bridge network connects most towns and cities, 2) there is an entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional, and 3) no accidents occurred over the last year caused by roads/bridges malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.). Note: any type of road/bridge can be considered to score this indicator (gravel, highway, wood, concrete, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) data proves around a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network, 2) the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional admits to having insufficient budget, or 3) at least one accident occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network or the government lacks data to determine this information, 2) there is no entity mandated to ensuring roads/bridges are permanently safe and functional, or 3) several accidents occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","96) * In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","96) Road network (de facto)","* Road network (de facto)","* Road network",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,96,{"$f":"IF(BF97=0,\"\",RANK(BF97,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF97,BF97)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,97,5,"F",97,"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","Air transport safety (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), and 2) the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and have complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied only with part but not all the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), or 2) none or only some of the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or all are, but they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is not subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and/or it has failed to comply with the recommendations made in the audit(s) report(s), or 2) the country's airline(s) are not subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), and 2) the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and have complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied only with part but not all the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), or 2) none or only some of the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or all are, but they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is not subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and/or it has failed to comply with the recommendations made in the audit(s) report(s), or 2) the country's airline(s) are not subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n","*","* In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","97) * In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","97) Air transport safety (de facto)","* Air transport safety (de facto)","* Air transport safety",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,97,{"$f":"IF(BF98=0,\"\",RANK(BF98,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF98,BF98)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,98,5,"F",98,"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens of rural populations to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community only once or twice a year, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to only certain citizens, or not always in service.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens of rural populations to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community only once or twice a year, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to only certain citizens, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n","*","* In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","98) * In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","98) Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","* Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","* Rural population representation in welfare policy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,98,{"$f":"IF(BF99=0,\"\",RANK(BF99,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF99,BF99)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,99,5,"F",99,"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, and 3) rural stakeholders are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) rural stakeholders occasionally have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) stakeholders in rural populations are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, and 3) rural stakeholders are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) rural stakeholders occasionally have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) stakeholders in rural populations are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n","*","* In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","99) * In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","99) Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","* Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","* Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,99,{"$f":"IF(BF100=0,\"\",RANK(BF100,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF100,BF100)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,100,5,"F",100,"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","Food security (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, and 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population but it also has other mandates, or 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards some but not all of the following: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to provide financial or technical support towards the three areas mentioned in 100.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, and 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population but it also has other mandates, or 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards some but not all of the following: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to provide financial or technical support towards the three areas mentioned in 100.\n","*","* In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","100) * In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","100) Food security (de facto)","* Food security (de facto)","* Food security",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,100,{"$f":"IF(BF101=0,\"\",RANK(BF101,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF101,BF101)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,101,5,"F",101,"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","Youth integration policy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, 2) in the last year it implemented permanent programs to ensure education, employment and/or housing, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year it implemented sporadic programs to ensure education, employment, and/or housing, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, or 2) in the last year no programs were implemented to ensure education, employment and housing.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, 2) in the last year it implemented permanent programs to ensure education, employment and/or housing, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year it implemented sporadic programs to ensure education, employment, and/or housing, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, or 2) in the last year no programs were implemented to ensure education, employment and housing.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","101) * In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","101) Youth integration policy (de facto)","* Youth integration policy (de facto)","* Youth integration policy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,101,{"$f":"IF(BF102=0,\"\",RANK(BF102,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF102,BF102)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,102,5,"F",102,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","102) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","102) Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","* Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","* Social safety net for elderly",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,102,{"$f":"IF(BF103=0,\"\",RANK(BF103,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF103,BF103)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,103,5,"F",103,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","Social safety net for illness (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to permanent or temporary illnesses or health conditions, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to permanent or temporary illnesses or health conditions, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","103) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","103) Social safety net for illness (de facto)","* Social safety net for illness (de facto)","* Social safety net for illness",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,103,{"$f":"IF(BF104=0,\"\",RANK(BF104,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF104,BF104)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,104,5,"F",104,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","104) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","104) Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","* Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","* Social safety net for unemployment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,104,{"$f":"IF(BF105=0,\"\",RANK(BF105,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF105,BF105)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,105,5,"F",105,"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records for the current year are available, and 2) they can be obtained online or on paper in less than two weeks after requested at photocopying cost.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are available but the most recent Is last year's, or 2) obtaining them on paper takes more than two weeks after requested or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are not available to the public, or 2) it takes more than a month to obtain them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records for the current year are available, and 2) they can be obtained online or on paper in less than two weeks after requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are available but the most recent Is last year's, or 2) obtaining them on paper takes more than two weeks after requested or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are not available to the public, or 2) it takes more than a month to obtain them.\n","*","* In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","105) * In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","105) Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","* Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","* Access to health institution budgets",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,105,{"$f":"IF(BF106=0,\"\",RANK(BF106,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF106,BF106)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,106,5,"F",106,"In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.","Access to health institution information (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all of the following information is permanently available online, on paper, or by phone for most public hospitals and clinics in the country: 1) services available, 2) location, 3) contact information, 4) instructions about how to access the services, and 5) pricing when/if it applies.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only three of the five information points listed in 100 is usually available online, on paper, or by phone, or 2) the information is available for only half of the public hospitals and clinics in the country.","—","A 0 score is earned where none of the information points listed in 100 is available or they are available only for a minority of the hospitals and clinics.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all of the following information is permanently available online, on paper, or by phone for most public hospitals and clinics in the country: 1) services available, 2) location, 3) contact information, 4) instructions about how to access the services, and 5) pricing when/if it applies.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only three of the five information points listed in 100 is usually available online, on paper, or by phone, or 2) the information is available for only half of the public hospitals and clinics in the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where none of the information points listed in 100 is available or they are available only for a minority of the hospitals and clinics.\n","*","* In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.","106) * In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.","106) Access to health institution information (de facto)","* Access to health institution information (de facto)","* Access to health institution information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,106,{"$f":"IF(BF107=0,\"\",RANK(BF107,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF107,BF107)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,107,5,"F",107,"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","Public health campaigns (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, 2) the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education, and 3) public health hazards such as epidemics trigger awareness campaigns.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can find within easy reach information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, but the information may be incomplete, 2) the information is presented in a way that makes it difficult to understand for citizens with less education, or 3) public health hazards such as epidemics don't always trigger awareness campaigns.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, or 2) public health hazards such as epidemics rarely trigger awareness campaigns.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, 2) the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education, and 3) public health hazards such as epidemics trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can find within easy reach information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, but the information may be incomplete, 2) the information is presented in a way that makes it difficult to understand for citizens with less education, or 3) public health hazards such as epidemics don't always trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, or 2) public health hazards such as epidemics rarely trigger awareness campaigns.\n","*","* In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","107) * In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","107) Public health campaigns (de facto)","* Public health campaigns (de facto)","* Public health campaigns",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,107,{"$f":"IF(BF108=0,\"\",RANK(BF108,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF108,BF108)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,108,5,"F",108,"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","Education curriculum (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system, 2) a standardized qualification system, and 3) these systems apply to both primary and secondary education. A 100 score is earned where these conditions are met regardless of whether the systems are at national or state level.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system but it's not being implemented, 2) there is a standardized qualification system but it's not being implemented, and 3) only one of the systems exist or both exist but apply only to either primary or secondary education.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are no standardized education curriculum or qualification systems for primary and secondary education.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system, 2) a standardized qualification system, and 3) these systems apply to both primary and secondary education. A 100 score is earned where these conditions are met regardless of whether the systems are at national or state level.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system but it's not being implemented, 2) there is a standardized qualification system but it's not being implemented, and 3) only one of the systems exist or both exist but apply only to either primary or secondary education.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no standardized education curriculum or qualification systems for primary and secondary education.\n","*","* In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","108) * In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","108) Education curriculum (de facto)","* Education curriculum (de facto)","* Education curriculum",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,108,{"$f":"IF(BF109=0,\"\",RANK(BF109,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF109,BF109)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,109,5,"F",109,"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","Access to education (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no education gap between male and female citizens, 2) there is no education gap between populations in different income levels, and 3) there is no education gap between rural and urban populations.","—","A 50 score is earned where there are gaps in two of the three areas described in 100.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are gaps in all three categories listed in 100.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no education gap between male and female citizens, 2) there is no education gap between populations in different income levels, and 3) there is no education gap between rural and urban populations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are gaps in two of the three areas described in 100.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are gaps in all three categories listed in 100.\n","*","* In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","109) * In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","109) Access to education (de facto)","* Access to education (de facto)","* Access to education",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,109,{"$f":"IF(BF110=0,\"\",RANK(BF110,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF110,BF110)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,110,5,"F",110,"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) it defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. Note: the consultations can be anything from periodic meetings with industry representatives to public invitations for any citizen to submit requests.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) there are no clear priority areas.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government doesn't consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, or 2) the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. A 0 score is also earned if there is no education planning.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) it defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. Note: the consultations can be anything from periodic meetings with industry representatives to public invitations for any citizen to submit requests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) there are no clear priority areas.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government doesn't consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, or 2) the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. A 0 score is also earned if there is no education planning.\n","*","* In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","110) * In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","110) Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","* Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","* Alignment of education to economy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,110,{"$f":"IF(BF111=0,\"\",RANK(BF111,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF111,BF111)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,111,{"$f":"IF(BF112=0,\"\",RANK(BF112,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF112,BF112)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,112,{"$f":"IF(BF113=0,\"\",RANK(BF113,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF113,BF113)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,113,{"$f":"IF(BF114=0,\"\",RANK(BF114,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF114,BF114)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,114,{"$f":"IF(BF115=0,\"\",RANK(BF115,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF115,BF115)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,115,{"$f":"IF(BF116=0,\"\",RANK(BF116,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF116,BF116)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q117,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,116,{"$f":"IF(BF117=0,\"\",RANK(BF117,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF117,BF117)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,117,{"$f":"IF(BF118=0,\"\",RANK(BF118,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF118,BF118)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,118,{"$f":"IF(BF119=0,\"\",RANK(BF119,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF119,BF119)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,119,{"$f":"IF(BF120=0,\"\",RANK(BF120,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF120,BF120)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,120,{"$f":"IF(BF121=0,\"\",RANK(BF121,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF121,BF121)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,121,{"$f":"IF(BF122=0,\"\",RANK(BF122,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF122,BF122)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,122,{"$f":"IF(BF123=0,\"\",RANK(BF123,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF123,BF123)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,123,{"$f":"IF(BF124=0,\"\",RANK(BF124,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF124,BF124)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]

{"sheet":"tblIndi_2014","index":8,"n_rows":124,"n_cols":63,"rows_kept":124,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["IndiID","Category","Sub-category","IndiCode",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Max","DeJure/DeFacto","Number","Description","Short_Description","Criteria1","Criteria2","Criteria3","Criteria4","Criteria5","Label1","Label2","Label3","Label4","Label5","Score1","Score2","Score3","Score4","Score5",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"CriteriaConcat",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,0.5,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$172","v":"infrastructure"},"WEIGHTED SUM",{"$f":"COUNTIF(BF$2:BF$124,\">0\")","v":2},null,null,"LU_INDI_ID","INDI"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,2,"J",1,"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.","Judicial independence (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n",{"$f":"IF(O2=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":""},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ2=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q2)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P2,\") \",AR2)","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P2,\") \",R2)","v":"1) Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ2,\" \",R2)","v":" Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU2,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"Judicial independence"},null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q2,1),0)","v":0},{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,R2,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX2:BD2,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,1,{"$f":"IF(BF2=0,\"\",RANK(BF2,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF2,BF2)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH2,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":93},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ2),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ2),\"\")","v":"93) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,5,"F",2,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.","Judicial independence (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and 2) judges operate without fear or favor, independent from other branches of government.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges' autonomy to interpret and review existing laws is occasionally restricted, or 2) judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, or 2) judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and 2) judges operate without fear or favor, independent from other branches of government.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges' autonomy to interpret and review existing laws is occasionally restricted, or 2) judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, or 2) judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n",{"$f":"IF(O3=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":"*"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ3=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q3)","v":"* In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P3,\") \",AR3)","v":"2) * In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P3,\") \",R3)","v":"2) Judicial independence (de facto)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ3,\" \",R3)","v":"* Judicial independence (de facto)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU3,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"* Judicial independence"},null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q3,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX3:BD3,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,2,{"$f":"IF(BF3=0,\"\",RANK(BF3,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF3,BF3)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH3,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":94},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ3),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ3),\"\")","v":"94) * In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web."}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3,5,"F",3,"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","Judicial appointments (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system, 2) they have security of tenure, and 3) they are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/independent oversight body.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) national-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system, 2) some judges are denied security of tenure, or 3) occasionally judges are disciplined/removed/transferred without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body occasionally includes representatives of the executive or legislative branches.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's a merit-based selection system but it fails to require basic skills (ex. legal education, litigation experience, etc.) or is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) there is no security of tenure, or 3) the due process usually involves the Executive or Legislative branches.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system, 2) they have security of tenure, and 3) they are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/independent oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) national-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system, 2) some judges are denied security of tenure, or 3) occasionally judges are disciplined/removed/transferred without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body occasionally includes representatives of the executive or legislative branches.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's a merit-based selection system but it fails to require basic skills (ex. legal education, litigation experience, etc.) or is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) there is no security of tenure, or 3) the due process usually involves the Executive or Legislative branches.\n","*","* In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","3) * In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.","3) Judicial appointments (de facto)","* Judicial appointments (de facto)","* Judicial appointments",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,3,{"$f":"IF(BF4=0,\"\",RANK(BF4,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF4,BF4)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4,5,"F",4,"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","Judicial decisions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, 2) their reasoning references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case, and 3) their reasoning is public (for this indicator, national security exceptions are allowed).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, 2) the reasoning occasionally lacks references to the laws/jurisprudence considered or the respective judges' interpretations, or 3) it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning after requested.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, or 2) their reasoning rarely references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and/or the specific interpretations they gave them in relation to the case, or 3) the reasoning is not public.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, 2) their reasoning references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case, and 3) their reasoning is public (for this indicator, national security exceptions are allowed).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, 2) the reasoning occasionally lacks references to the laws/jurisprudence considered or the respective judges' interpretations, or 3) it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning after requested.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, or 2) their reasoning rarely references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and/or the specific interpretations they gave them in relation to the case, or 3) the reasoning is not public.\n","*","* In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","4) * In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.","4) Judicial decisions (de facto)","* Judicial decisions (de facto)","* Judicial decisions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,4,{"$f":"IF(BF5=0,\"\",RANK(BF5,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF5,BF5)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5,2,"J",5,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","Supreme audit institution (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law mandates the creation of a supreme audit institution or office of the Auditor General, tasked with auditing the government accounts.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law mandates the creation of a supreme audit institution or office of the Auditor General, tasked with auditing the government accounts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","5) In law, there is a supreme audit institution.","5) Supreme audit institution (de jure)"," Supreme audit institution (de jure)","Supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,5,{"$f":"IF(BF6=0,\"\",RANK(BF6,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF6,BF6)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6,2,"J",6,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches, 2) the institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases to the prosecutor's office, and 3) the institution has a consistent source of funding to operate.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't establish ALL of the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches, 2) the institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases to the prosecutor's office, and 3) the institution has a consistent source of funding to operate.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't establish ALL of the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","6) In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","6) Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)"," Independence of supreme audit institution (de jure)","Independence of supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,6,{"$f":"IF(BF7=0,\"\",RANK(BF7,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF7,BF7)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,7,5,"F",7,"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) auditors have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) auditors operate without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government, and 3) they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors usually have autonomy to audit any account but exceptions exist, 2) auditors are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, auditors are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for not auditing/not auditing or issuing favorable/unfavorable resolutions), or 3) funding is occasionally inconsistent.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors rarely have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) they routinely operate with fear or favor, dependent of other offices of government, or 3) the source of funding is usually inconsistent from year to year.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) auditors have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) auditors operate without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government, and 3) they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors usually have autonomy to audit any account but exceptions exist, 2) auditors are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, auditors are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for not auditing/not auditing or issuing favorable/unfavorable resolutions), or 3) funding is occasionally inconsistent.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors rarely have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) they routinely operate with fear or favor, dependent of other offices of government, or 3) the source of funding is usually inconsistent from year to year.\n","*","* In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","7) * In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.","7) Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Independence of supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Independence of supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,7,{"$f":"IF(BF8=0,\"\",RANK(BF8,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF8,BF8)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8,5,"F",8,"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to positions in the agency follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) auditors are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees sometimes have conflicts of interest, or 3) auditors are sometimes disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the agency rarely or never follow a merit-based system, or the merit-base system is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) appointees are usually disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to positions in the agency follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) auditors are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees sometimes have conflicts of interest, or 3) auditors are sometimes disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the agency rarely or never follow a merit-based system, or the merit-base system is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) appointees are usually disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","8) * In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.","8) Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Appointments to supreme audit institution (de facto)","* Appointments to supreme audit institution",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,8,{"$f":"IF(BF9=0,\"\",RANK(BF9,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF9,BF9)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9,5,"F",9,"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency in average publishes 10 reports or more per year, and 2) the reports are published less than one month after issuance, and 3) they are accessible online or on paper within two weeks of requested at photocopying cost.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency publishes between three and nine reports per year, 2) the reports are published more than one month after issued, or 3) they are available on paper but it takes more than two weeks after requested to obtain them or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the audit institution publishes one or less reports per year, or 2) the reports are not available to citizens.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency in average publishes 10 reports or more per year, and 2) the reports are published less than one month after issuance, and 3) they are accessible online or on paper within two weeks of requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency publishes between three and nine reports per year, 2) the reports are published more than one month after issued, or 3) they are available on paper but it takes more than two weeks after requested to obtain them or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the audit institution publishes one or less reports per year, or 2) the reports are not available to citizens.\n","*","* In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","9) * In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.","9) Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","* Supreme audit institution reporting (de facto)","* Supreme audit institution reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,9,{"$f":"IF(BF10=0,\"\",RANK(BF10,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF10,BF10)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10,2,"J",10,"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","Criminalization of corruption (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a national law criminalizes corruption as a specific offence(s) for at least three of the following: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, conspiring or attempting to commit any of the above, organized crime and trafficking.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offences.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a national law criminalizes corruption as a specific offence(s) for at least three of the following: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, conspiring or attempting to commit any of the above, organized crime and trafficking.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offences.\n","","In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","10) In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.","10) Criminalization of corruption (de jure)"," Criminalization of corruption (de jure)","Criminalization of corruption",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,10,{"$f":"IF(BF11=0,\"\",RANK(BF11,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF11,BF11)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,11,2,"J",11,"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all of the following conditions are met: 1) a law mandates a specific body to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, and 2) a law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't meet the two conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all of the following conditions are met: 1) a law mandates a specific body to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, and 2) a law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't meet the two conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","11) In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.","11) Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)"," Public sector corruption bodies (de jure)","Public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,11,{"$f":"IF(BF12=0,\"\",RANK(BF12,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF12,BF12)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12,5,"F",12,"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","Corruption investigation (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, and 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations work without fear or favor from other offices.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely or never investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations routinely receive positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, and 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations work without fear or favor from other offices.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely or never investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations routinely receive positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n","*","* In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","12) * In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.","12) Corruption investigation (de facto)","* Corruption investigation (de facto)","* Corruption investigation",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,12,{"$f":"IF(BF13=0,\"\",RANK(BF13,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF13,BF13)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,13,5,"F",13,"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than three months to start, or 3) the body rarely or never starts investigations out of its own initiative.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely or never investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than three months to start, or 3) the body rarely or never starts investigations out of its own initiative.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely or never investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","13) * In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.","13) Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,13,{"$f":"IF(BF14=0,\"\",RANK(BF14,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF14,BF14)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,14,5,"F",14,"In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.","Appointments to public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow the merit-based system, 2) appointees occasionally have conflicts of interest, or 3) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the body rarely follow a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) due process by a peer panel/oversight body is rarely or never followed to discipline/remove/transfer the appointees.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow the merit-based system, 2) appointees occasionally have conflicts of interest, or 3) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the body rarely follow a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) due process by a peer panel/oversight body is rarely or never followed to discipline/remove/transfer the appointees.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.","14) * In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.","14) Appointments to public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Appointments to public sector corruption bodies (de facto)","* Appointments to public sector corruption bodies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,14,{"$f":"IF(BF15=0,\"\",RANK(BF15,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF15,BF15)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15,2,"J",15,"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law doesn't protect the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where a law protects/gives immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law doesn't protect the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n\nA NO score is earned where a law protects/gives immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n","","In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","15) In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","15) Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)"," Accountability of heads of state/government (de jure)","Accountability of heads of state/government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,15,{"$f":"IF(BF16=0,\"\",RANK(BF16,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF16,BF16)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,16,5,"F",16,"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) criminal allegations against heads of state and government are investigated while they are in office, 2) heads of state and government are prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing, and 3) legal punishment is imposed if/when they are found guilty.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations are investigated while they are in office, 2) not all investigations that find evidence of criminal activity result in prosecution, or 3) not all guilty verdicts result in legal punishment.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against heads of state and government are rarely investigated while they are in office, 2) criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution, or 3) guilty verdicts rarely result in legal punishment. A 0 also applies if the heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) criminal allegations against heads of state and government are investigated while they are in office, 2) heads of state and government are prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing, and 3) legal punishment is imposed if/when they are found guilty.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations are investigated while they are in office, 2) not all investigations that find evidence of criminal activity result in prosecution, or 3) not all guilty verdicts result in legal punishment.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against heads of state and government are rarely investigated while they are in office, 2) criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution, or 3) guilty verdicts rarely result in legal punishment. A 0 also applies if the heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.\n","*","* In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","16) * In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.","16) Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","* Prosecution of heads of state/government (de facto)","* Prosecution of heads of state/government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,16,{"$f":"IF(BF17=0,\"\",RANK(BF17,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF17,BF17)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,17,2,"J",17,"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Police misconduct reporting (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a law establishes the existence of an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned when no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a law establishes the existence of an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.\n\nA NO score is earned when no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","17) In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","17) Police misconduct reporting (de jure)"," Police misconduct reporting (de jure)","Police misconduct reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,17,{"$f":"IF(BF18=0,\"\",RANK(BF18,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF18,BF18)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,18,5,"F",18,"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within one week of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than one week to start, or 3) none or only a minority of the investigations are self-started by the body.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions are met: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within one week of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than one week to start, or 3) none or only a minority of the investigations are self-started by the body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions are met: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","18) * In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.","18) Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","* Police misconduct reporting (de facto)","* Police misconduct reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,18,{"$f":"IF(BF19=0,\"\",RANK(BF19,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF19,BF19)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,19,2,"J",19,"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the agency(ies) mandated to organize and monitor national elections is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and 2) it establishes its right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard by the agency(ies).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the agency(ies) mandated to organize and monitor national elections is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and 2) it establishes its right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard by the agency(ies).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","19) In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.","19) Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)"," Independence of election monitoring agency (de jure)","Independence of election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,19,{"$f":"IF(BF20=0,\"\",RANK(BF20,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF20,BF20)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,20,5,"F",20,"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where electoral officials are always chosen through merit-selection systems.","—","A 50 score is earned where electoral officials are generally chosen through merit-selection systems, but there are exceptions (for ex. sometimes candidates with less merit are selected over those with more merit).","—","A 0 score is earned where electoral officials are rarely chosen through merit-selection systems, or the selection system is so weak it can't guarantee candidates are appointed based on merit (for ex. no legal education is required, the President has discretion to decide who the top candidates are, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where electoral officials are always chosen through merit-selection systems.\n\nA 50 score is earned where electoral officials are generally chosen through merit-selection systems, but there are exceptions (for ex. sometimes candidates with less merit are selected over those with more merit).\n\nA 0 score is earned where electoral officials are rarely chosen through merit-selection systems, or the selection system is so weak it can't guarantee candidates are appointed based on merit (for ex. no legal education is required, the President has discretion to decide who the top candidates are, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","20) * In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.","20) Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Appointments to election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Appointments to election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,20,{"$f":"IF(BF21=0,\"\",RANK(BF21,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF21,BF21)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,21,5,"F",21,"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointees are disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) appointees are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are usually disciplined/removed without following due process, or the due process is so weak it doesn't support independence (for ex. members of the Executive or Legislative branches are part of the panel that conducts the due process), or 2) appointees are usually removed when a new administration takes power.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointees are disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) appointees are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are usually disciplined/removed without following due process, or the due process is so weak it doesn't support independence (for ex. members of the Executive or Legislative branches are part of the panel that conducts the due process), or 2) appointees are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n","*","* In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","21) * In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.","21) Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Independence of election monitoring agency (de facto)","* Independence of election monitoring agency",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,21,{"$f":"IF(BF22=0,\"\",RANK(BF22,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF22,BF22)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,22,5,"F",22,"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency/agencies publish/es at least one report before the election and one report after the election, and 2) the publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency only publishes one report before or after the election, or 2) the publication is generally accessible to citizens but published more than one month after issued or the cost is higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where no reports about the elections are published or reports are not available to the public.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency/agencies publish/es at least one report before the election and one report after the election, and 2) the publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency only publishes one report before or after the election, or 2) the publication is generally accessible to citizens but published more than one month after issued or the cost is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no reports about the elections are published or reports are not available to the public.\n","*","* In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","22) * In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.","22) Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","* Election monitoring agency reporting (de facto)","* Election monitoring agency reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,22,{"$f":"IF(BF23=0,\"\",RANK(BF23,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF23,BF23)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,23,5,"F",23,"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) candidates/political parties have equal access to and receive fair treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is equal in both news reports and editorial commentary, and 3) candidates/political parties are offered the same rates for campaign advertising.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties occasionally have more access to and receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is occasionally unequal in either news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) occasionally a candidate/political party is offered better rates for campaign advertising.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties usually have more access to and/or receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is usually unequal in both news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) some candidates/political parties are usually offered better rates for campaign advertising.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) candidates/political parties have equal access to and receive fair treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is equal in both news reports and editorial commentary, and 3) candidates/political parties are offered the same rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties occasionally have more access to and receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is occasionally unequal in either news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) occasionally a candidate/political party is offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties usually have more access to and/or receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is usually unequal in both news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) some candidates/political parties are usually offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n","*","* In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","23) * In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","23) Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","* Equitable access to media for political parties (de facto)","* Equitable access to media for political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,23,{"$f":"IF(BF24=0,\"\",RANK(BF24,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF24,BF24)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,24,2,"J",24,"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","Competitive bidding (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","24) In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.","24) Competitive bidding (de jure)"," Competitive bidding (de jure)","Competitive bidding",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,24,{"$f":"IF(BF25=0,\"\",RANK(BF25,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF25,BF25)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,25,5,"F",25,"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","Competitive bidding (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, and 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is available for scrutiny.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited though open advertising, but the advertising doesn't leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers or it lacks basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract), or 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is not readily available for scrutiny.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are rarely or never invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, or 2) the criteria by which the bids are to be evaluated is rarely available for scrutiny.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, and 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is available for scrutiny.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited though open advertising, but the advertising doesn't leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers or it lacks basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract), or 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is not readily available for scrutiny.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are rarely or never invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, or 2) the criteria by which the bids are to be evaluated is rarely available for scrutiny.\n","*","* In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","25) * In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.","25) Competitive bidding (de facto)","* Competitive bidding (de facto)","* Competitive bidding",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,25,{"$f":"IF(BF26=0,\"\",RANK(BF26,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF26,BF26)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,26,5,"F",26,"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","Access to public procurement results (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are readily available on or off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and any citizen who request them.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an archive but it doesn't contain complete records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are not readily available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing contractors and any citizen who request them.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, or 2) full records are rarely or never available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors or any citizen who request them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are readily available on or off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an archive but it doesn't contain complete records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are not readily available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing contractors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, or 2) full records are rarely or never available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors or any citizen who request them.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","26) * In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).","26) Access to public procurement results (de facto)","* Access to public procurement results (de facto)","* Access to public procurement results",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,26,{"$f":"IF(BF27=0,\"\",RANK(BF27,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF27,BF27)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,27,2,"J",27,"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law forbids companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law forbids companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","27) In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.","27) Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)"," Procurement bidding restrictions (de jure)","Procurement bidding restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,27,{"$f":"IF(BF28=0,\"\",RANK(BF28,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF28,BF28)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,28,5,"F",28,"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbidden from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time, and 2) there is a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access immediately or in less than two weeks of requested. A 100 is also earned if there is a registry in place that at the time of this research is empty because no company has violated the law.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are generally forbidden from participating in future bidding, but there is evidence that some exceptions exist, or 2) citizen access to the full list of companies forbidden from participating takes more than two weeks.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are rarely forbidden from participating in future bidding, or 2) there is no registry of companies forbidden from participating or it exists but it's not public.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbidden from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time, and 2) there is a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access immediately or in less than two weeks of requested. A 100 is also earned if there is a registry in place that at the time of this research is empty because no company has violated the law.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are generally forbidden from participating in future bidding, but there is evidence that some exceptions exist, or 2) citizen access to the full list of companies forbidden from participating takes more than two weeks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are rarely forbidden from participating in future bidding, or 2) there is no registry of companies forbidden from participating or it exists but it's not public.\n","*","* In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","28) * In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids","28) Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","* Procurement bidding restrictions (de facto)","* Procurement bidding restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,28,{"$f":"IF(BF29=0,\"\",RANK(BF29,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF29,BF29)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,29,5,"F",29,"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records takes two weeks to a month, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public or don't exist.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records takes two weeks to a month, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","29) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.","29) Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","* Access to financial records of state-owned companies (de facto)","* Access to financial records of state-owned companies",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,29,{"$f":"IF(BF30=0,\"\",RANK(BF30,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF30,BF30)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30,5,"F",30,"In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.","Natural resource revenue management (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records occasionally takes more than two weeks of requested, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where financial records associated with natural resource projects are rarely available to the public or don't exist.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records occasionally takes more than two weeks of requested, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records associated with natural resource projects are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.","30) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.","30) Natural resource revenue management (de facto)","* Natural resource revenue management (de facto)","* Natural resource revenue management",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,30,{"$f":"IF(BF31=0,\"\",RANK(BF31,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF31,BF31)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,31,5,"F",31,"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis in open hearings, and 2) the legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. A 100 score is earned even if defense expenditure is approved in closed hearings.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all significant government expenditure is approved annually by the legislature or it's not approved in open hearings, or 2) the legislature occasionally doesn't approve in-year budget amendments.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the legislative rarely approves significant government expenditure, or 2) the legislature rarely makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis in open hearings, and 2) the legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. A 100 score is earned even if defense expenditure is approved in closed hearings.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all significant government expenditure is approved annually by the legislature or it's not approved in open hearings, or 2) the legislature occasionally doesn't approve in-year budget amendments.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the legislative rarely approves significant government expenditure, or 2) the legislature rarely makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.\n","*","* In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","31) * In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.","31) Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","* Approval of public expenditure (de facto)","* Approval of public expenditure",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,31,{"$f":"IF(BF32=0,\"\",RANK(BF32,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF32,BF32)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,32,2,"J",32,"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","Publication of budget proposals (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law both the budget proposed by the Executive (draft sent to Congress for approval) and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law both the budget proposed by the Executive (draft sent to Congress for approval) and the approved budget must be published in full every year.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","32) In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","32) Publication of budget proposals (de jure)"," Publication of budget proposals (de jure)","Publication of budget proposals",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,32,{"$f":"IF(BF33=0,\"\",RANK(BF33,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF33,BF33)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,33,5,"F",33,"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions with at least four weeks of time for citizens to study the full budget, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input in budget discussions but the invitation allows them less than four weeks to study the full budget, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to a few actors, or not always in service.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions with at least four weeks of time for citizens to study the full budget, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input in budget discussions but the invitation allows them less than four weeks to study the full budget, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to a few actors, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","33) * In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.","33) Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","* Citizen participation in budget debates (de facto)","* Citizen participation in budget debates",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,33,{"$f":"IF(BF34=0,\"\",RANK(BF34,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF34,BF34)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,34,5,"F",34,"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","Oversight of public funds (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee that goes into session at least weekly, and 2) the committee has conducted at least one investigation in the last year (even if the investigation hasn't finished at the time of this research).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee but it goes into session at least biweekly, or 2) the committee has conducted only one investigation in the last two years.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) no functioning oversight committee exists or it exists but it meets monthly or less frequently, or 2) the committee has not conducted any investigation in the last two years.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee that goes into session at least weekly, and 2) the committee has conducted at least one investigation in the last year (even if the investigation hasn't finished at the time of this research).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee but it goes into session at least biweekly, or 2) the committee has conducted only one investigation in the last two years.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) no functioning oversight committee exists or it exists but it meets monthly or less frequently, or 2) the committee has not conducted any investigation in the last two years.\n","*","* In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","34) * In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.","34) Oversight of public funds (de facto)","* Oversight of public funds (de facto)","* Oversight of public funds",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,34,{"$f":"IF(BF35=0,\"\",RANK(BF35,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF35,BF35)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,35,2,"J",35,"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law creates a explicit legal requirement for civil servants to report any cases of alleged corruption they are aware of.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law creates a explicit legal requirement for civil servants to report any cases of alleged corruption they are aware of.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n","","In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","35) In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.","35) Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)"," Civil servant corruption reporting (de jure)","Civil servant corruption reporting",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,35,{"$f":"IF(BF36=0,\"\",RANK(BF36,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF36,BF36)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,36,2,"J",36,"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a law specifically created to protect public sector whistle-blowers, and 2) the law forbids termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers. Note: General protections for civil servants do not grant a YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a law specifically created to protect public sector whistle-blowers, and 2) the law forbids termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers. Note: General protections for civil servants do not grant a YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n","","In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","36) In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.","36) Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)"," Whistleblower protection for public officials (de jure)","Whistleblower protection for public officials",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,36,{"$f":"IF(BF37=0,\"\",RANK(BF37,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF37,BF37)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,37,2,"J",37,"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","Corruption prevention in government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law prohibits conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (at least two of these offenses must be prohibited), 2) the law applies to all branches of government, including the civil service, and 3) it mandates mechanisms such as competitive recruitment and promotion procedures, safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal, and recusal procedures.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exist. It also scores NO if only one of the three conditions described in YES is met.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law prohibits conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (at least two of these offenses must be prohibited), 2) the law applies to all branches of government, including the civil service, and 3) it mandates mechanisms such as competitive recruitment and promotion procedures, safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal, and recusal procedures.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exist. It also scores NO if only one of the three conditions described in YES is met.\n","","In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","37) In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.","37) Corruption prevention in government (de jure)"," Corruption prevention in government (de jure)","Corruption prevention in government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,37,{"$f":"IF(BF38=0,\"\",RANK(BF38,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF38,BF38)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,38,5,"F",38,"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","Civil servant independence (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) civil servants are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) civil servants are not removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) civil servants are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) civil servants are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the due process is so weak it doesn't protect civil servants (for ex. the members of the panel that conducts the due process have a particular interest in how the issue is decided), or 2) civil servants are usually removed when a new administration takes power.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) civil servants are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) civil servants are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) civil servants are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) civil servants are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the due process is so weak it doesn't protect civil servants (for ex. the members of the panel that conducts the due process have a particular interest in how the issue is decided), or 2) civil servants are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n","*","* In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","38) * In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.","38) Civil servant independence (de facto)","* Civil servant independence (de facto)","* Civil servant independence",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,38,{"$f":"IF(BF39=0,\"\",RANK(BF39,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF39,BF39)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,39,5,"F",39,"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to the civil service are made on a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all civil servants are appointed because of their merits, 2) not all appointees are free of conflicts or interest, or 3) performance evaluations are not always based on standard benchmarks.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no merit-based system is in place or it's so weak it's useless, 2) civil servants frequently have conflicts of interest, or 3) performance evaluations are usually based on personal, discretionary criteria.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to the civil service are made on a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all civil servants are appointed because of their merits, 2) not all appointees are free of conflicts or interest, or 3) performance evaluations are not always based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no merit-based system is in place or it's so weak it's useless, 2) civil servants frequently have conflicts of interest, or 3) performance evaluations are usually based on personal, discretionary criteria.\n","*","* In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","39) * In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.","39) Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","* Appointment of civil servants (de facto)","* Appointment of civil servants",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,39,{"$f":"IF(BF40=0,\"\",RANK(BF40,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF40,BF40)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,40,2,"J",40,"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law forbids civil servants to take a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position involve any of the following: 1) would present a conflict of interest, 2) would involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or 3) would establish a relationship between the former and the new office.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law forbids civil servants to take a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position involve any of the following: 1) would present a conflict of interest, 2) would involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or 3) would establish a relationship between the former and the new office.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n","","In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","40) In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.","40) Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)"," Civil servant employment restrictions (de jure)","Civil servant employment restrictions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,40,{"$f":"IF(BF41=0,\"\",RANK(BF41,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF41,BF41)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,41,2,"J",41,"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","Public information (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a Constitutional principle guarantees citizens' rights to request and receive access to any public documents and information, and 2) there is a specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be implemented. Note: It's possible to score YES if national security or individual privacy information is protected, as long as the law defines the parameters and processes to declare what information is protected and they are limited in scope. Just the constitutional protection is NOT enough to score YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned if there is no such law, or a law exists but it doesn't mandate all the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a Constitutional principle guarantees citizens' rights to request and receive access to any public documents and information, and 2) there is a specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be implemented. Note: It's possible to score YES if national security or individual privacy information is protected, as long as the law defines the parameters and processes to declare what information is protected and they are limited in scope. Just the constitutional protection is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if there is no such law, or a law exists but it doesn't mandate all the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","41) In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.","41) Public information (de jure)"," Public information (de jure)","Public information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,41,{"$f":"IF(BF42=0,\"\",RANK(BF42,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF42,BF42)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,42,5,"F",42,"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","Public information (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) records are available online or on paper less than two weeks after requested, and 2) costs are limited to photocopying. A 100 score is possible even if there are exceptions for information protected by national security or individual privacy laws.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) many records are not online and/or it takes between two and four weeks for citizens' to obtain them, or 2) costs sometimes are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them, or 2) costs are usually higher than photocopying.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) records are available online or on paper less than two weeks after requested, and 2) costs are limited to photocopying. A 100 score is possible even if there are exceptions for information protected by national security or individual privacy laws.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) many records are not online and/or it takes between two and four weeks for citizens' to obtain them, or 2) costs sometimes are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them, or 2) costs are usually higher than photocopying.\n","*","* In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","42) * In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.","42) Public information (de facto)","* Public information (de facto)","* Public information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,42,{"$f":"IF(BF43=0,\"\",RANK(BF43,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF43,BF43)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,43,5,"F",43,"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying, 2) most records are available within a day of legislative proceedings, and 3) there is a complete, easily available legislative archive either on or off line.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are not accessible to the public online or the cost is higher than photocopying; 2) records are usually available within a week of legislative proceedings, or 3) citizens have limited access to a legislative archive either on or off line or the archive is not complete.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are rarely accessible to the public online, 2) records take more than a week after legislative proceedings to be available, or 3) there is no legislative archive or citizens don't have access to it.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying, 2) most records are available within a day of legislative proceedings, and 3) there is a complete, easily available legislative archive either on or off line.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are not accessible to the public online or the cost is higher than photocopying; 2) records are usually available within a week of legislative proceedings, or 3) citizens have limited access to a legislative archive either on or off line or the archive is not complete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are rarely accessible to the public online, 2) records take more than a week after legislative proceedings to be available, or 3) there is no legislative archive or citizens don't have access to it.\n","*","* In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","43) * In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.","43) Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","* Access to legislative processes & documents (de facto)","* Access to legislative processes & documents",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,43,{"$f":"IF(BF44=0,\"\",RANK(BF44,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF44,BF44)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,44,2,"J",44,"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","Asset disclosure by government (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all senior officials of the three branches of government, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all senior officials of the three branches of government, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n","","In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","44) In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.","44) Asset disclosure by government (de jure)"," Asset disclosure by government (de jure)","Asset disclosure by government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,44,{"$f":"IF(BF45=0,\"\",RANK(BF45,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF45,BF45)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,45,5,"F",45,"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures don't contain detailed information about them and their immediate family, or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures don't contain detailed information about them and their immediate family, or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n","*","* In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","45) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.","45) Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by government (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by government",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,45,{"$f":"IF(BF46=0,\"\",RANK(BF46,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF46,BF46)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,46,2,"J",46,"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.","Asset disclosure by civil service (de jure)","A YES score is earned when in law all the following conditions are met: 1) members of the civil service must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments, both domestic and foreign), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all members of the civil service, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned when in law all the following conditions are met: 1) members of the civil service must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments, both domestic and foreign), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all members of the civil service, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n","","In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.","46) In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.","46) Asset disclosure by civil service (de jure)"," Asset disclosure by civil service (de jure)","Asset disclosure by civil service",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,46,{"$f":"IF(BF47=0,\"\",RANK(BF47,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF47,BF47)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,47,5,"F",47,"In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.","Asset disclosure by civil service (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) most but not all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures are not complete (for ex., they contain real estate assets but not movable property, or list the asset but don't provide its estimated value), or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) members of the civil service routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) most but not all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures are not complete (for ex., they contain real estate assets but not movable property, or list the asset but don't provide its estimated value), or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) members of the civil service routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n","*","* In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.","47) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.","47) Asset disclosure by civil service (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by civil service (de facto)","* Asset disclosure by civil service",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,47,{"$f":"IF(BF48=0,\"\",RANK(BF48,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF48,BF48)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,48,2,"J",48,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a law requires political parties to publish all public contributions.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a law requires political parties to publish all public contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","48) In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).","48) Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)"," Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de jure)","Disclosure of public donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,48,{"$f":"IF(BF49=0,\"\",RANK(BF49,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF49,BF49)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,49,5,"F",49,"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose public donations within a month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose public donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose public donations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose public donations within a month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose public donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose public donations.\n","*","* In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","49) * In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","49) Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of public donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of public donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,49,{"$f":"IF(BF50=0,\"\",RANK(BF50,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF50,BF50)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,50,2,"J",50,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law requires political parties to publish all private contributions.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law requires political parties to publish all private contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","50) In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.","50) Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)"," Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de jure)","Disclosure of private donations to political parties",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,50,{"$f":"IF(BF51=0,\"\",RANK(BF51,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF51,BF51)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,51,5,"F",51,"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose private donations within a one month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose private donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose private donations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose private donations within a one month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose private donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose private donations.\n","*","* In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","51) * In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.","51) Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of private donations to political parties (de facto)","* Disclosure of private donations to political parties",null,0,0,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,S52,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,null,0,null,51,{"$f":"IF(BF52=0,\"\",RANK(BF52,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF52,BF52)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,52,5,"F",52,"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and 2) the information is readily available to any citizen (online, on the newspaper, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only some major media organizations disclose the name of their owners or they disclose only some of the owners, or 2) the information is public but obtaining it takes two weeks or more.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) major media organizations don't disclose the names of their owners, or 2) the information is available only to the government.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and 2) the information is readily available to any citizen (online, on the newspaper, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only some major media organizations disclose the name of their owners or they disclose only some of the owners, or 2) the information is public but obtaining it takes two weeks or more.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) major media organizations don't disclose the names of their owners, or 2) the information is available only to the government.\n","*","* In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","52) * In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.","52) Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","* Media company ownership disclosure (de facto)","* Media company ownership disclosure",null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q53,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,52,{"$f":"IF(BF53=0,\"\",RANK(BF53,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF53,BF53)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,53,5,"F",53,"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations have a formal document with standards guiding journalistic work (Code of Ethics, Editorial Guidelines, Statement of Principles, Code of Conduct, etc.), 2) the document codifies standards for use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, and 3) major media organizations enforce this document.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all major media organizations have a formal document, 2) the formal document contains only one of the three aspects mentioned in 100 (use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality), or 3) major media organizations enforce this document but some exceptions exist.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most major media organizations lack a formal document, 2) the formal document is vague and doesn't provide guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, or 3) major media organizations rarely or never enforce this document.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations have a formal document with standards guiding journalistic work (Code of Ethics, Editorial Guidelines, Statement of Principles, Code of Conduct, etc.), 2) the document codifies standards for use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, and 3) major media organizations enforce this document.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all major media organizations have a formal document, 2) the formal document contains only one of the three aspects mentioned in 100 (use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality), or 3) major media organizations enforce this document but some exceptions exist.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most major media organizations lack a formal document, 2) the formal document is vague and doesn't provide guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, or 3) major media organizations rarely or never enforce this document.\n","*","* In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","53) * In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.","53) Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","* Professionalism of journalists (de facto)","* Professionalism of journalists",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,53,{"$f":"IF(BF54=0,\"\",RANK(BF54,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF54,BF54)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,54,2,"J",54,"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","Freedom of press (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations, 2) journalists can only be convicted if malice is proved (a story was published even though the journalist knew it was false or didn't try to verify it).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations, 2) journalists can only be convicted if malice is proved (a story was published even though the journalist knew it was false or didn't try to verify it).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n","","In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","54) In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.","54) Freedom of press (de jure)"," Freedom of press (de jure)","Freedom of press",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,54,{"$f":"IF(BF55=0,\"\",RANK(BF55,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF55,BF55)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,55,5,"F",55,"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","Media censorship (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication of information, and 2) the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government occasionally prevents the publication of information, or 2) it occasionally encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication of information, or 2) it usually encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication of information, and 2) the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government occasionally prevents the publication of information, or 2) it occasionally encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication of information, or 2) it usually encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","55) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.","55) Media censorship (de facto)","* Media censorship (de facto)","* Media censorship",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,55,{"$f":"IF(BF56=0,\"\",RANK(BF56,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF56,BF56)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,56,5,"F",56,"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).","Online censorship (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication online of information by citizens, and 2) the government doesn't promote citizen's self-censorship (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it usually encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication online of information by citizens, and 2) the government doesn't promote citizen's self-censorship (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it usually encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).","56) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).","56) Online censorship (de facto)","* Online censorship (de facto)","* Online censorship",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,56,{"$f":"IF(BF57=0,\"\",RANK(BF57,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF57,BF57)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,57,5,"F",57,"In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.","Restrictions to online content (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down, and 2) Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. A 100 score can still be earned if child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites have been taken down.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) a small number of sites, keywords or search results on a specific issue are blocked (blocking cannot include widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter), or 2) citizens are occasionally unable to access certain websites (national or international).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are usually filtered, blocked or taken down, or 2) Web users in the country are usually unable to access many websites without restriction, including widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down, and 2) Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. A 100 score can still be earned if child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites have been taken down.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) a small number of sites, keywords or search results on a specific issue are blocked (blocking cannot include widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter), or 2) citizens are occasionally unable to access certain websites (national or international).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are usually filtered, blocked or taken down, or 2) Web users in the country are usually unable to access many websites without restriction, including widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter.\n","*","* In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.","57) * In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.","57) Restrictions to online content (de facto)","* Restrictions to online content (de facto)","* Restrictions to online content",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,57,{"$f":"IF(BF58=0,\"\",RANK(BF58,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF58,BF58)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,58,5,"F",58,"In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.","Ministry websites (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and 2) are updated at least once a month.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) about half of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, or 2) the websites are updated less than once a month.","—","A 0 score is earned where less than 10% of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and 2) are updated at least once a month.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) about half of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, or 2) the websites are updated less than once a month.\n\nA 0 score is earned where less than 10% of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites.\n","*","* In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.","58) * In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.","58) Ministry websites (de facto)","* Ministry websites (de facto)","* Ministry websites",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,58,{"$f":"IF(BF59=0,\"\",RANK(BF59,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF59,BF59)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,59,5,"F",59,"In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.","Regulatory agency websites (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (if one exists) have websites, 2) the websites inform users of their rights and how to exercise them in a way that is easy to grasp for users with limited education, and 3) the websites allow users to file complaints online. Note: other digital methods to file complaints, such as mobile apps or phone lines, can also be considered for this indicator.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman have websites, 2) the websites contain little information about users rights and how to exercise them or the information is difficult to grasp for users with limited education, or 3) the websites don't allow users to file complaints online.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman lack websites, or 2) the websites generally lack basic information about users rights or how to exercise them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (if one exists) have websites, 2) the websites inform users of their rights and how to exercise them in a way that is easy to grasp for users with limited education, and 3) the websites allow users to file complaints online. Note: other digital methods to file complaints, such as mobile apps or phone lines, can also be considered for this indicator.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman have websites, 2) the websites contain little information about users rights and how to exercise them or the information is difficult to grasp for users with limited education, or 3) the websites don't allow users to file complaints online.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman lack websites, or 2) the websites generally lack basic information about users rights or how to exercise them.\n","*","* In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.","59) * In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.","59) Regulatory agency websites (de facto)","* Regulatory agency websites (de facto)","* Regulatory agency websites",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,59,{"$f":"IF(BF60=0,\"\",RANK(BF60,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF60,BF60)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,60,2,"J",60,"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law establishes a specific minimum age at which criminal responsibility applies.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law establishes a specific minimum age at which criminal responsibility applies.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","60) In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.","60) Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)"," Age for criminal responsibility (de jure)","Age for criminal responsibility",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,60,{"$f":"IF(BF61=0,\"\",RANK(BF61,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF61,BF61)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,61,2,"J",61,"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","Child-friendly courts (de jure)","A YES score is earned where court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","61) In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.","61) Child-friendly courts (de jure)"," Child-friendly courts (de jure)","Child-friendly courts",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,61,{"$f":"IF(BF62=0,\"\",RANK(BF62,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF62,BF62)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,62,5,"F",62,"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","Child-friendly courts (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the criminal system has clearly defined especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are implemented as prescribed, and 3) they apply to all children regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system has defined only some especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed, or 3) only some children benefit from them (for example, they only protect victims but not defendants or witnesses).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system lacks especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, or 2) these procedures and conditions exist but are rarely implemented.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the criminal system has clearly defined especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are implemented as prescribed, and 3) they apply to all children regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system has defined only some especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed, or 3) only some children benefit from them (for example, they only protect victims but not defendants or witnesses).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system lacks especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, or 2) these procedures and conditions exist but are rarely implemented.\n","*","* In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","62) * In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.","62) Child-friendly courts (de facto)","* Child-friendly courts (de facto)","* Child-friendly courts",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,62,{"$f":"IF(BF63=0,\"\",RANK(BF63,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF63,BF63)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,63,2,"J",63,"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","Minimum age for employment (de jure)","A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n","","In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","63) In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).","63) Minimum age for employment (de jure)"," Minimum age for employment (de jure)","Minimum age for employment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,63,{"$f":"IF(BF64=0,\"\",RANK(BF64,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF64,BF64)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,64,5,"F",64,"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","Minimum age for employment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no workers below the minimum age are employed, either in the formal or informal sectors, and 2) the government applies sanctions when it finds cases of formal or informal employment of children. Note: Children doing house chores or chores at subsistence-farms are not considered as employed, unless the workload stops them from attending school.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) it's occasionally possible to find children below the minimum age employed, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) in exceptional cases the government fails to apply sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) it's commonplace for children below the minimum age to work, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) the government rarely applies sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no workers below the minimum age are employed, either in the formal or informal sectors, and 2) the government applies sanctions when it finds cases of formal or informal employment of children. Note: Children doing house chores or chores at subsistence-farms are not considered as employed, unless the workload stops them from attending school.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) it's occasionally possible to find children below the minimum age employed, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) in exceptional cases the government fails to apply sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) it's commonplace for children below the minimum age to work, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) the government rarely applies sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n","*","* In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","64) * In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.","64) Minimum age for employment (de facto)","* Minimum age for employment (de facto)","* Minimum age for employment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,64,{"$f":"IF(BF65=0,\"\",RANK(BF65,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF65,BF65)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,65,5,"F",65,"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","Trade unions (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) workers organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and 2) trade union organizers have widely understood rights and are free from intimidation or violence.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there are occasional obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) occasionally trade union organizers' rights are not understood or they are subject to intimidation or violence.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there are major obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) trade union organizers' rights are generally misunderstood or subject to intimidation or violence.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) workers organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and 2) trade union organizers have widely understood rights and are free from intimidation or violence.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there are occasional obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) occasionally trade union organizers' rights are not understood or they are subject to intimidation or violence.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there are major obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) trade union organizers' rights are generally misunderstood or subject to intimidation or violence.\n","*","* In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","65) * In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.","65) Trade unions (de facto)","* Trade unions (de facto)","* Trade unions",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,65,{"$f":"IF(BF66=0,\"\",RANK(BF66,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF66,BF66)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,66,5,"F",66,"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.","Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) corporations observe labor laws, and 2) recognize and observe human rights.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally some corporations fail to observe labor laws, or 2) some corporations occasionally fail to recognize and observe human rights.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) corporations rarely observe labor laws, or 2) corporations rarely recognize and observe human rights.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) corporations observe labor laws, and 2) recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally some corporations fail to observe labor laws, or 2) some corporations occasionally fail to recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) corporations rarely observe labor laws, or 2) corporations rarely recognize and observe human rights.\n",{"$f":"IF(O67=\"F\",\"*\",\"\")","v":"*"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(IF(AQ67=\"*\",\"* \",\"\"),Q67)","v":"* In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P67,\") \",AR67)","v":"66) * In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(P67,\") \",R67)","v":"66) Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(AQ67,\" \",R67)","v":"* Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws (de facto)"},{"$f":"TRIM(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(AU67,\"(de jure)\",\"\"),\"(de facto)\",\"\"))","v":"* Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,{"$f":"ROUND(SUMPRODUCT(AX67:BD67,AX$1:BD$1),2)","v":0},null,66,{"$f":"IF(BF67=0,\"\",RANK(BF67,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF67,BF67)-1)","v":""},{"$f":"MATCH($BH67,BI$2:BI$124,0)","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"IF(ISNUMBER(BJ67),INDEX(AS$2:AS$124,BJ67),\"\")","v":""}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,67,5,"F",67,"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","Freedom of association (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public, and 2) they are free to express dissent in public settings and participate in civic and political organizations. It scores 100 even if there are prohibitions against blocking public roads as part of public protests.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally citizens face obstacles to associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) occasionally they face obstacles to freely express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) they are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public, and 2) they are free to express dissent in public settings and participate in civic and political organizations. It scores 100 even if there are prohibitions against blocking public roads as part of public protests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally citizens face obstacles to associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) occasionally they face obstacles to freely express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) they are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n","*","* In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","67) * In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.","67) Freedom of association (de facto)","* Freedom of association (de facto)","* Freedom of association",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,67,{"$f":"IF(BF68=0,\"\",RANK(BF68,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF68,BF68)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,68,5,"F",68,"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) NGOs can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and 3) NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO (for ex. the government gives discretionary permits to some but not all NGOs), or 3) occasionally NGOs have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, or 3) NGOs are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. A 0 score is also earned if NGOs are forbidden by law.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) NGOs can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and 3) NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO (for ex. the government gives discretionary permits to some but not all NGOs), or 3) occasionally NGOs have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, or 3) NGOs are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. A 0 score is also earned if NGOs are forbidden by law.\n","*","* In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","68) * In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.","68) Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","* Barriers to NGO operations (de facto)","* Barriers to NGO operations",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,68,{"$f":"IF(BF69=0,\"\",RANK(BF69,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF69,BF69)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69,5,"F",69,"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.","—","A 50 score is earned where there was one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.","—","A 0 score is earned where there was more than one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there was one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there was more than one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n","*","* In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","69) * In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.","69) Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","* Persecution of NGO employees (de facto)","* Persecution of NGO employees",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,69,{"$f":"IF(BF70=0,\"\",RANK(BF70,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF70,BF70)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,70,5,"F",70,"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no NGOS were shut down, and 2) no NGOs were harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) more than one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no NGOS were shut down, and 2) no NGOs were harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) more than one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n","*","* In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","70) * In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","70) Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","* Harrassment of NGOs (de facto)","* Harrassment of NGOs",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,70,{"$f":"IF(BF71=0,\"\",RANK(BF71,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF71,BF71)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,71,2,"J",71,"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a constitutional principle guarantees protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, 2) there is a specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented, and 3) this law includes at least: a) a prohibition to discriminate based on belonging to a national minority, and b) a specific right to maintain and develop the essential elements of their identity (religion, language, and traditions).","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where no such law exists. It also scores NO if there's only a generic constitutional principle such as \"all persons are equal regardless of their background.\"","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a constitutional principle guarantees protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, 2) there is a specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented, and 3) this law includes at least: a) a prohibition to discriminate based on belonging to a national minority, and b) a specific right to maintain and develop the essential elements of their identity (religion, language, and traditions).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists. It also scores NO if there's only a generic constitutional principle such as \"all persons are equal regardless of their background.\"\n","","In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","71) In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.","71) Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from ethnic discrimination (de jure)","Protection from ethnic discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,71,{"$f":"IF(BF72=0,\"\",RANK(BF72,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF72,BF72)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,72,5,"F",72,"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","72) * In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.","72) Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from ethnic discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from ethnic discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,72,{"$f":"IF(BF73=0,\"\",RANK(BF73,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF73,BF73)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,73,2,"J",73,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to freedom of religion, including freedom to change religion, 2) protection from discrimination based on religious beliefs, and 3) the right to manifest his/her religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance, in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on religion is NOT enough to score YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law protects some but not all the rights described in YES, or if a law explicitly forbids/mandates a certain religion.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to freedom of religion, including freedom to change religion, 2) protection from discrimination based on religious beliefs, and 3) the right to manifest his/her religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance, in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on religion is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law protects some but not all the rights described in YES, or if a law explicitly forbids/mandates a certain religion.\n","","In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","73) In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.","73) Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from religious discrimination (de jure)","Protection from religious discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,73,{"$f":"IF(BF74=0,\"\",RANK(BF74,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF74,BF74)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,74,5,"F",74,"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","74) * In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","74) Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from religious discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from religious discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,74,{"$f":"IF(BF75=0,\"\",RANK(BF75,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF75,BF75)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,75,2,"J",75,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)","A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation, 2) the freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, and 3) the right to manifest and exercise his/her sexual orientation in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination is NOT enough to score YES.","—","—","—","A NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law forbids homosexuality.","Yes","—","—","—","No",100,"—","—","—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation, 2) the freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, and 3) the right to manifest and exercise his/her sexual orientation in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law forbids homosexuality.\n","","In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","75) In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.","75) Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)"," Protection from LGBT discrimination (de jure)","Protection from LGBT discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,75,{"$f":"IF(BF76=0,\"\",RANK(BF76,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF76,BF76)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,76,5,"F",76,"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n","*","* In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","76) * In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.","76) Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from LGBT discrimination (de facto)","* Protection from LGBT discrimination",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,76,{"$f":"IF(BF77=0,\"\",RANK(BF77,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF77,BF77)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,77,3,"J",77,"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","Gender equality in property rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal land ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal land ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal land ownership rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal land ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal land ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal land ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","77) In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.","77) Gender equality in property rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in property rights (de jure)","Gender equality in property rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,77,{"$f":"IF(BF78=0,\"\",RANK(BF78,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF78,BF78)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,78,3,"J",78,"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","78) In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.","78) Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in non-land property rights (de jure)","Gender equality in non-land property rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,78,{"$f":"IF(BF79=0,\"\",RANK(BF79,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF79,BF79)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,79,3,"J",79,"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal inheritance right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal inheritance rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's inheritance rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal inheritance right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal inheritance rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's inheritance rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","79) In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.","79) Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in inheritance rights (de jure)","Gender equality in inheritance rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,79,{"$f":"IF(BF80=0,\"\",RANK(BF80,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF80,BF80)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,80,3,"J",80,"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law women's equal divorce petition right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal divorce petition rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal divorce petition rights or gives men precedence.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal divorce petition right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal divorce petition rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal divorce petition rights or gives men precedence.\n","","In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","80) In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.","80) Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)"," Gender equality in divorce petition rights (de jure)","Gender equality in divorce petition rights",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,80,{"$f":"IF(BF81=0,\"\",RANK(BF81,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF81,BF81)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,81,3,"J",81,"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","Gender equality in child custody (de jure)","A YES score is earned where in law men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some men have precedence over women in the custody of children and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where men have precedence over women in the custody of children.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where in law men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some men have precedence over women in the custody of children and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where men have precedence over women in the custody of children.\n","","In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","81) In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.","81) Gender equality in child custody (de jure)"," Gender equality in child custody (de jure)","Gender equality in child custody",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,81,{"$f":"IF(BF82=0,\"\",RANK(BF82,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF82,BF82)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,82,3,"J",82,"In law, women have the right to independent travel.","Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)","A YES score is earned where no law imposes restrictions to women's free and independent travel. For example, there are no laws requiring them to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion, drive with a companion (or not drive at all), etc.","—","A MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have the right to free and independent travel and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).","—","A NO score is earned where a law imposes denies or restricts women's right to free and independent travel.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where no law imposes restrictions to women's free and independent travel. For example, there are no laws requiring them to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion, drive with a companion (or not drive at all), etc.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have the right to free and independent travel and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law imposes denies or restricts women's right to free and independent travel.\n","","In law, women have the right to independent travel.","82) In law, women have the right to independent travel.","82) Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)"," Gender equality in independent travel (de jure)","Gender equality in independent travel",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,82,{"$f":"IF(BF83=0,\"\",RANK(BF83,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF83,BF83)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,83,3,"J",83,"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)","A YES score is earned where a law explicitly establishes that: 1) women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace, 2) discrimination on the basis of gender is forbidden, and 3) women cannot be fired or demoted as a result of pregnancy. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.","—","A MIXED score is earned where in law, within the same country, some women have these rights and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). This score is also earned if only some but not all the rights described in YES exist in the country.","—","A NO score is earned where no law explicitly creates the rights described in YES.","Yes","—","Mixed","—","No",100,"—",50,"—",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A YES score is earned where a law explicitly establishes that: 1) women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace, 2) discrimination on the basis of gender is forbidden, and 3) women cannot be fired or demoted as a result of pregnancy. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned where in law, within the same country, some women have these rights and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). This score is also earned if only some but not all the rights described in YES exist in the country.\n\nA NO score is earned where no law explicitly creates the rights described in YES.\n","","In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","83) In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","83) Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)"," Gender equality in the workplace (de jure)","Gender equality in the workplace",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,83,{"$f":"IF(BF84=0,\"\",RANK(BF84,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF84,BF84)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,84,5,"F",84,"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, and 3) are not fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) in some cases women receive less pay and benefits than men for performing the same job, 2) in some cases there is a preference to hire or promote men, or 3) there are occasional cases of women being fired, demoted or in other ways discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) women rarely receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) rarely have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, or 3) are regularly fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy. A 0 score is also earned if a law forbids or restricts women from working.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, and 3) are not fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) in some cases women receive less pay and benefits than men for performing the same job, 2) in some cases there is a preference to hire or promote men, or 3) there are occasional cases of women being fired, demoted or in other ways discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) women rarely receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) rarely have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, or 3) are regularly fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy. A 0 score is also earned if a law forbids or restricts women from working.\n","*","* In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","84) * In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.","84) Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","* Gender equality in the workplace (de facto)","* Gender equality in the workplace",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,84,{"$f":"IF(BF85=0,\"\",RANK(BF85,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF85,BF85)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,85,5,"F",85,"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the national cabinet are women.","—","A 50 score is earned where around a 15% of the members of the national cabinet are women.","—","A 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the national cabinet are women.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around a 15% of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n","*","* In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","85) * In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.","85) Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","* Gender equality in appointments to cabinet (de facto)","* Gender equality in appointments to cabinet",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,85,{"$f":"IF(BF86=0,\"\",RANK(BF86,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF86,BF86)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,86,5,"F",86,"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","Women in the judiciary (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.","—","A 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.","—","A 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n","*","* In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","86) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).","86) Women in the judiciary (de facto)","* Women in the judiciary (de facto)","* Women in the judiciary",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,86,{"$f":"IF(BF87=0,\"\",RANK(BF87,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF87,BF87)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,87,5,"F",87,"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the legislature are women.","—","A 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the legislature are women.","—","A 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the legislature are women.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the legislature are women.\n","*","* In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","87) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.","87) Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","* Representation of women in legislature (de facto)","* Representation of women in legislature",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,87,{"$f":"IF(BF88=0,\"\",RANK(BF88,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF88,BF88)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,88,5,"F",88,"In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.","Gender digital divide (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish all the following objectives: 1) increase girls and women's access to the Web, 2) train girls and women to use the Web, and 3) encourage girls and women to pursue careers in ICTs. It also earns 100 score if there's evidence that there's no gender digital divide in the country.","—","A 50 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish only one of the three objectives described in 100, or the programs include the three objectives but they are not permanent or have too few resources to cover more than just a few communities.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such programs are in place, or 2) any programs that exist are ad hoc, sporadic or not supported/sponsored by the government.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish all the following objectives: 1) increase girls and women's access to the Web, 2) train girls and women to use the Web, and 3) encourage girls and women to pursue careers in ICTs. It also earns 100 score if there's evidence that there's no gender digital divide in the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish only one of the three objectives described in 100, or the programs include the three objectives but they are not permanent or have too few resources to cover more than just a few communities.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such programs are in place, or 2) any programs that exist are ad hoc, sporadic or not supported/sponsored by the government.\n","*","* In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.","88) * In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.","88) Gender digital divide (de facto)","* Gender digital divide (de facto)","* Gender digital divide",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,88,{"$f":"IF(BF89=0,\"\",RANK(BF89,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF89,BF89)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,89,5,"F",89,"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","Intellectual property protection (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) it investigates and when necessary brings offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative, and 3) it keeps statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, but it shares its time and resources enforcing other laws, or 2) it generally investigates and brings offenders to court, but evidence shows that sometimes it fails to do so despite the existence of evidence, or 3) its statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.) are older than one year.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) there is one but it rarely investigates and or brings offenders to court, or 3) it doesn't keep statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) it investigates and when necessary brings offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative, and 3) it keeps statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, but it shares its time and resources enforcing other laws, or 2) it generally investigates and brings offenders to court, but evidence shows that sometimes it fails to do so despite the existence of evidence, or 3) its statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.) are older than one year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) there is one but it rarely investigates and or brings offenders to court, or 3) it doesn't keep statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","89) * In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.","89) Intellectual property protection (de facto)","* Intellectual property protection (de facto)","* Intellectual property protection",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,89,{"$f":"IF(BF90=0,\"\",RANK(BF90,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF90,BF90)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90,5,"F",90,"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government invites some but not all private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) the mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings) are sporadic or occasionally out of service.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) no mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government invites some but not all private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) the mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings) are sporadic or occasionally out of service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) no mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input.\n","*","* In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","90) * In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.","90) Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","* Private sector involvement in tax review (de facto)","* Private sector involvement in tax review",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,90,{"$f":"IF(BF91=0,\"\",RANK(BF91,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF91,BF91)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,91,5,"F",91,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained in paper on less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or cost are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on youth unemployment are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on youth unemployment are collected every three years or less often.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained in paper on less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or cost are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on youth unemployment are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on youth unemployment are collected every three years or less often.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","91) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.","91) Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","* Data on youth unemployment (de facto)","* Data on youth unemployment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,91,{"$f":"IF(BF92=0,\"\",RANK(BF92,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF92,BF92)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,92,5,"F",92,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","Data on poverty (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on poverty are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on poverty are collected every three years or less often.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on poverty are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on poverty are collected every three years or less often.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","92) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.","92) Data on poverty (de facto)","* Data on poverty (de facto)","* Data on poverty",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,92,{"$f":"IF(BF93=0,\"\",RANK(BF93,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF93,BF93)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,93,5,"F",93,"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining a paper version takes more than two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on infrastructure are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on infrastructure are collected every three years or less often.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining a paper version takes more than two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on infrastructure are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on infrastructure are collected every three years or less often.\n","*","* In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","93) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).","93) Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","* Collection of infrastructure data (de facto)","* Collection of infrastructure data",null,105,15,131,0,131,0,95,null,183.9,null,93,{"$f":"IF(BF94=0,\"\",RANK(BF94,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF94,BF94)-1)","v":1},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,94,5,"F",94,"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.","Policy on internet access (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, which includes all the following elements: 1) enabling access points in schools and public places (libraries, post offices, etc.), and 2) improving infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity.","—","A 50 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, but it only includes one of the two conditions described in 100 or the plan is outdated (for ex. the plan covered the period 2000-2012).","—","A 0 score is earned where the government doesn't have a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, which includes all the following elements: 1) enabling access points in schools and public places (libraries, post offices, etc.), and 2) improving infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, but it only includes one of the two conditions described in 100 or the plan is outdated (for ex. the plan covered the period 2000-2012).\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government doesn't have a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.","94) * In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.","94) Policy on internet access (de facto)","* Policy on internet access (de facto)","* Policy on internet access",null,0,0,253,0,0,0,0,null,50.6,null,94,{"$f":"IF(BF95=0,\"\",RANK(BF95,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF95,BF95)-1)","v":2},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,95,5,"F",95,"In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.","Improved internet access (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where citizens access to the Web through both broadband and mobile increased at least 10% over the last year compared to the year before. A 100 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves access increased compared to the year before that.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web increased less than 10% compared to the year before, or 2) it only increased in either broadband or mobile. A 50 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves that at least one the conditions described here is met.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web did not increase or decreased over the last year compared to the year before, or 2) there's no data to determine if there was increase or the data is so outdated (two or more years old).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where citizens access to the Web through both broadband and mobile increased at least 10% over the last year compared to the year before. A 100 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves access increased compared to the year before that.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web increased less than 10% compared to the year before, or 2) it only increased in either broadband or mobile. A 50 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves that at least one the conditions described here is met.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web did not increase or decreased over the last year compared to the year before, or 2) there's no data to determine if there was increase or the data is so outdated (two or more years old).\n","*","* In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.","95) * In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.","95) Improved internet access (de facto)","* Improved internet access (de facto)","* Improved internet access",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,95,{"$f":"IF(BF96=0,\"\",RANK(BF96,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF96,BF96)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,96,5,"F",96,"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","Road network (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a road/bridge network connects most towns and cities, 2) there is an entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional, and 3) no accidents occurred over the last year caused by roads/bridges malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.). Note: any type of road/bridge can be considered to score this indicator (gravel, highway, wood, concrete, etc.).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) data proves around a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network, 2) the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional admits to having insufficient budget, or 3) at least one accident occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network or the government lacks data to determine this information, 2) there is no entity mandated to ensuring roads/bridges are permanently safe and functional, or 3) several accidents occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,"—",null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a road/bridge network connects most towns and cities, 2) there is an entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional, and 3) no accidents occurred over the last year caused by roads/bridges malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.). Note: any type of road/bridge can be considered to score this indicator (gravel, highway, wood, concrete, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) data proves around a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network, 2) the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional admits to having insufficient budget, or 3) at least one accident occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network or the government lacks data to determine this information, 2) there is no entity mandated to ensuring roads/bridges are permanently safe and functional, or 3) several accidents occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n","*","* In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","96) * In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.","96) Road network (de facto)","* Road network (de facto)","* Road network",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,96,{"$f":"IF(BF97=0,\"\",RANK(BF97,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF97,BF97)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,97,5,"F",97,"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","Air transport safety (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), and 2) the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and have complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied only with part but not all the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), or 2) none or only some of the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or all are, but they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is not subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and/or it has failed to comply with the recommendations made in the audit(s) report(s), or 2) the country's airline(s) are not subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), and 2) the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and have complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied only with part but not all the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), or 2) none or only some of the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or all are, but they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is not subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and/or it has failed to comply with the recommendations made in the audit(s) report(s), or 2) the country's airline(s) are not subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n","*","* In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","97) * In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.","97) Air transport safety (de facto)","* Air transport safety (de facto)","* Air transport safety",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,97,{"$f":"IF(BF98=0,\"\",RANK(BF98,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF98,BF98)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,98,5,"F",98,"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens of rural populations to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings).","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community only once or twice a year, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to only certain citizens, or not always in service.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens of rural populations to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community only once or twice a year, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to only certain citizens, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n","*","* In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","98) * In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.","98) Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","* Rural population representation in welfare policy (de facto)","* Rural population representation in welfare policy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,98,{"$f":"IF(BF99=0,\"\",RANK(BF99,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF99,BF99)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,99,5,"F",99,"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, and 3) rural stakeholders are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) rural stakeholders occasionally have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) stakeholders in rural populations are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, and 3) rural stakeholders are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) rural stakeholders occasionally have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) stakeholders in rural populations are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n","*","* In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","99) * In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.","99) Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","* Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations (de facto)","* Freedom of association & assembly for rural populations",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,99,{"$f":"IF(BF100=0,\"\",RANK(BF100,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF100,BF100)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,100,5,"F",100,"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","Food security (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, and 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population but it also has other mandates, or 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards some but not all of the following: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to provide financial or technical support towards the three areas mentioned in 100.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, and 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population but it also has other mandates, or 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards some but not all of the following: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to provide financial or technical support towards the three areas mentioned in 100.\n","*","* In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","100) * In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).","100) Food security (de facto)","* Food security (de facto)","* Food security",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,100,{"$f":"IF(BF101=0,\"\",RANK(BF101,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF101,BF101)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,101,5,"F",101,"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","Youth integration policy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, 2) in the last year it implemented permanent programs to ensure education, employment and/or housing, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year it implemented sporadic programs to ensure education, employment, and/or housing, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, or 2) in the last year no programs were implemented to ensure education, employment and housing.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, 2) in the last year it implemented permanent programs to ensure education, employment and/or housing, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year it implemented sporadic programs to ensure education, employment, and/or housing, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, or 2) in the last year no programs were implemented to ensure education, employment and housing.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","101) * In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.","101) Youth integration policy (de facto)","* Youth integration policy (de facto)","* Youth integration policy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,101,{"$f":"IF(BF102=0,\"\",RANK(BF102,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF102,BF102)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,102,5,"F",102,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","102) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.","102) Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","* Social safety net for elderly (de facto)","* Social safety net for elderly",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,102,{"$f":"IF(BF103=0,\"\",RANK(BF103,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF103,BF103)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,103,5,"F",103,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","Social safety net for illness (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to permanent or temporary illnesses or health conditions, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to permanent or temporary illnesses or health conditions, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","103) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","103) Social safety net for illness (de facto)","* Social safety net for illness (de facto)","* Social safety net for illness",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,103,{"$f":"IF(BF104=0,\"\",RANK(BF104,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF104,BF104)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,104,5,"F",104,"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n","*","* In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","104) * In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","104) Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","* Social safety net for unemployment (de facto)","* Social safety net for unemployment",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,104,{"$f":"IF(BF105=0,\"\",RANK(BF105,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF105,BF105)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,105,5,"F",105,"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records for the current year are available, and 2) they can be obtained online or on paper in less than two weeks after requested at photocopying cost.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are available but the most recent Is last year's, or 2) obtaining them on paper takes more than two weeks after requested or costs are higher than photocopying.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are not available to the public, or 2) it takes more than a month to obtain them.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records for the current year are available, and 2) they can be obtained online or on paper in less than two weeks after requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are available but the most recent Is last year's, or 2) obtaining them on paper takes more than two weeks after requested or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are not available to the public, or 2) it takes more than a month to obtain them.\n","*","* In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","105) * In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.","105) Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","* Access to health institution budgets (de facto)","* Access to health institution budgets",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,105,{"$f":"IF(BF106=0,\"\",RANK(BF106,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF106,BF106)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,106,5,"F",106,"In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.","Access to health institution information (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all of the following information is permanently available online, on paper, or by phone for most public hospitals and clinics in the country: 1) services available, 2) location, 3) contact information, 4) instructions about how to access the services, and 5) pricing when/if it applies.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only three of the five information points listed in 100 is usually available online, on paper, or by phone, or 2) the information is available for only half of the public hospitals and clinics in the country.","—","A 0 score is earned where none of the information points listed in 100 is available or they are available only for a minority of the hospitals and clinics.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all of the following information is permanently available online, on paper, or by phone for most public hospitals and clinics in the country: 1) services available, 2) location, 3) contact information, 4) instructions about how to access the services, and 5) pricing when/if it applies.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only three of the five information points listed in 100 is usually available online, on paper, or by phone, or 2) the information is available for only half of the public hospitals and clinics in the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where none of the information points listed in 100 is available or they are available only for a minority of the hospitals and clinics.\n","*","* In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.","106) * In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.","106) Access to health institution information (de facto)","* Access to health institution information (de facto)","* Access to health institution information",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,106,{"$f":"IF(BF107=0,\"\",RANK(BF107,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF107,BF107)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,107,5,"F",107,"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","Public health campaigns (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, 2) the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education, and 3) public health hazards such as epidemics trigger awareness campaigns.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can find within easy reach information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, but the information may be incomplete, 2) the information is presented in a way that makes it difficult to understand for citizens with less education, or 3) public health hazards such as epidemics don't always trigger awareness campaigns.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, or 2) public health hazards such as epidemics rarely trigger awareness campaigns.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, 2) the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education, and 3) public health hazards such as epidemics trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can find within easy reach information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, but the information may be incomplete, 2) the information is presented in a way that makes it difficult to understand for citizens with less education, or 3) public health hazards such as epidemics don't always trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, or 2) public health hazards such as epidemics rarely trigger awareness campaigns.\n","*","* In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","107) * In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.","107) Public health campaigns (de facto)","* Public health campaigns (de facto)","* Public health campaigns",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,107,{"$f":"IF(BF108=0,\"\",RANK(BF108,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF108,BF108)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,108,5,"F",108,"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","Education curriculum (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system, 2) a standardized qualification system, and 3) these systems apply to both primary and secondary education. A 100 score is earned where these conditions are met regardless of whether the systems are at national or state level.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system but it's not being implemented, 2) there is a standardized qualification system but it's not being implemented, and 3) only one of the systems exist or both exist but apply only to either primary or secondary education.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are no standardized education curriculum or qualification systems for primary and secondary education.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system, 2) a standardized qualification system, and 3) these systems apply to both primary and secondary education. A 100 score is earned where these conditions are met regardless of whether the systems are at national or state level.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system but it's not being implemented, 2) there is a standardized qualification system but it's not being implemented, and 3) only one of the systems exist or both exist but apply only to either primary or secondary education.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no standardized education curriculum or qualification systems for primary and secondary education.\n","*","* In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","108) * In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.","108) Education curriculum (de facto)","* Education curriculum (de facto)","* Education curriculum",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,108,{"$f":"IF(BF109=0,\"\",RANK(BF109,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF109,BF109)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,109,5,"F",109,"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","Access to education (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no education gap between male and female citizens, 2) there is no education gap between populations in different income levels, and 3) there is no education gap between rural and urban populations.","—","A 50 score is earned where there are gaps in two of the three areas described in 100.","—","A 0 score is earned where there are gaps in all three categories listed in 100.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no education gap between male and female citizens, 2) there is no education gap between populations in different income levels, and 3) there is no education gap between rural and urban populations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are gaps in two of the three areas described in 100.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are gaps in all three categories listed in 100.\n","*","* In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","109) * In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.","109) Access to education (de facto)","* Access to education (de facto)","* Access to education",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,109,{"$f":"IF(BF110=0,\"\",RANK(BF110,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF110,BF110)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,110,5,"F",110,"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) it defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. Note: the consultations can be anything from periodic meetings with industry representatives to public invitations for any citizen to submit requests.","—","A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) there are no clear priority areas.","—","A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government doesn't consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, or 2) the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. A 0 score is also earned if there is no education planning.",100,75,50,25,0,100,75,50,25,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) it defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. Note: the consultations can be anything from periodic meetings with industry representatives to public invitations for any citizen to submit requests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) there are no clear priority areas.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government doesn't consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, or 2) the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. A 0 score is also earned if there is no education planning.\n","*","* In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","110) * In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.","110) Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","* Alignment of education to economy (de facto)","* Alignment of education to economy",null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,110,{"$f":"IF(BF111=0,\"\",RANK(BF111,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF111,BF111)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,111,{"$f":"IF(BF112=0,\"\",RANK(BF112,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF112,BF112)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,112,{"$f":"IF(BF113=0,\"\",RANK(BF113,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF113,BF113)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,113,{"$f":"IF(BF114=0,\"\",RANK(BF114,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF114,BF114)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,114,{"$f":"IF(BF115=0,\"\",RANK(BF115,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF115,BF115)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,115,{"$f":"IF(BF116=0,\"\",RANK(BF116,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF116,BF116)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"IFERROR(SEARCH($BE$1,Q117,1),0)","v":0},0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,116,{"$f":"IF(BF117=0,\"\",RANK(BF117,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF117,BF117)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,117,{"$f":"IF(BF118=0,\"\",RANK(BF118,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF118,BF118)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,118,{"$f":"IF(BF119=0,\"\",RANK(BF119,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF119,BF119)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,119,{"$f":"IF(BF120=0,\"\",RANK(BF120,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF120,BF120)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,120,{"$f":"IF(BF121=0,\"\",RANK(BF121,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF121,BF121)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,121,{"$f":"IF(BF122=0,\"\",RANK(BF122,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF122,BF122)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,122,{"$f":"IF(BF123=0,\"\",RANK(BF123,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF123,BF123)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,0,null,123,{"$f":"IF(BF124=0,\"\",RANK(BF124,BF$2:BF$124,0)+COUNTIF(BF$2:BF124,BF124)-1)","v":""},{"$error":"#N/A"},""]

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["Code","Year","ISO","Country","Question","Score","Comment","References","Short"]
["2012_DZ_1",2012,"DZ","Algeria",1,0,"The 2008 Constitution and particularly Article 138 states: \"The judicial power is independent. It is exercised within the framework of the law.\" \n\nArticle 154, however, stipulates that the High Judicial Council is presided by the President of the Republic.","1996 Constitution, Articles 138 and 154.(2008 amendment). http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm","The 2008 Constitution and particularly Article 138 states: \"The judicial power is independent. It is exercised within the framework of the law.\" ..."]
["2012_AO_1",2012,"AO","Angola",1,100,"Article 175 declares that the judiciary is  independent and impartial,  subject only to the constitution and the law. It does not  formally establish a clear separation from the executive and legislative branches. \n\nArticle 180 (3) establishes 11 Constitutional Court judges a.) four nominated by the President; b.) four elected by the General Assembly (parliament) with a two-thirds majority; c.) two elected by the High Council of Magisterial Judiciary; d.) one selected by public tender.\n\nArticle 181 establishes that Supreme Court judges are nominated by the President. Articles 182-184 establishes that the President will nominate the judges of the Tribunal de Contas (dealing with public finances), Supremo Tribunal Militar (military high court) and the Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial (overseeing the quality of judicial services).","Angolan Constitution, Articles 175-184 http://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=413.","Article 175 declares that the judiciary is  independent and impartial,  subject only to the constitution and the law. It does not  formally establish a clear separation from the executive and legislative branches. ..."]
["2012_BJ_1",2012,"BJ","Benin",1,0,"La Constitution de la République du Bénin consacre l'indépendance de la justice en ses articles 125, 126 et 127. Ces articles stipulent que \"le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par la Cour suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la présente Constitution\"; que \"la justice est rendue au nom du Peuple Béninois. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles et d'autre part que \"le président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. Il est assisté par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\"\n\nLes dispositions sur l'indépendance de la justice par rapport aux autres pouvoirs sont contenues dans la loi portant statut de la magistrature ainsi que la loi portant organisation judiciaire en République du Bénin. L'article 2 de la loi portant organisation judiciaire en République du Bénin stipule que \"le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par la Cour Suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la Constitution.\"\n\nCependant, Selon les articles 55 et 56 de la LOI N°2001-35 DU 21 février 2003 Portant Statut de la Magistrature en République du Benin, le ministre charge de la justice que le président de la commission de nomination du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nLes décrets portant promotion de grade sont pris par Ie President de la République, sur proposition du Conseil Superieur de la Magistrature saisi par la -commission d'avancement.\n \nArticle 56: La commission d'avancement est composée de la Magistrature. comme suit:\n \nPrésident: Le Garde des sceaux, ministre charge de la justice au son representant.\nMembers: Le président de la chamber judiciaire de la Cour suprême;\nLe procurereur général près la Cour suprême;\nLe president des cours d’appel;\nLes procurereur général près les cours d’appel\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire peut comprometre l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Loi 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin, Articles 126, 127. Disponible sur http://www.juriscope.org/publications/etudes/pdf-magistrats/OK-BEN.pdf\n\nLoi 2001-35 du 21 Février 2003 portant Statut de la Magistrature en Republique du Benin, Articles 4, 5, 8, 23 et 24. Disponible sur  http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Loi_Num_2001_35_du_21_Fevrier_2003.pdf\n\n Loi 2001-37 portant organisation judiciaire en République du Bénin , Articles 2, 3, et 5. Disponible sur http://www.jurisprudencebenin.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,9/Itemid,67/","La Constitution de la République du Bénin consacre l'indépendance de la justice en ses articles 125, 126 et 127. Ces articles stipulent que \"le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par la Cour suprême, les cours et tribunaux..."]
["2012_BW_1",2012,"BW","Botswana",1,100,"Sections 95(1) and 99(1) of the constitution establish the High Court and the Court of Appeal respectively and state their jurisdiction and composition. Section 103(1) establishes the Judicial Service Commission, which is responsible for advising the president in the appointment of High Court judges. Section 103(4) states that the commission shall not be subject to the direction of anybody in the execution of its mandate.","Constitution of Botswana (ss95-107),1965,\nwww.elaws.gov.bw/lawhome.php","Sections 95(1) and 99(1) of the constitution establish the High Court and the Court of Appeal respectively and state their jurisdiction and composition. Section 103(1) establishes the Judicial Service Commission, which is responsible for advising the president in the appointment of..."]
["2012_BF_1",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",1,0,"La constitution de 2002 consacre l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire dans ses articles 129 à 131. Le statut particulier du corps de magistrature consacre aussi cette indépendance. \n\nCependant, le fait que le chef de l'Etat conserve le poste de Présidence du Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature constitue une entrave à cette indépendance. Ainsi, entorse peut être faite à cette loi par l’Exécutif qui se trouverait en position de se donner toute latitude d’influencer le judiciaire dans le pays. On trouve souvent dans les textes des indications selon lesquelles le judiciaire est distinctement séparé de l’Exécutif, mais au fond, il demeure vulnérable à l’Exécutif.","Titre 1, Article 4, Constitution du Burkina Faso adoptée par le Référendum du 02 juin 1991\nRévisée par les lois constitutionnelles suivantes :\n- N° 002/97/ADP du 27 janvier 1997\n- N° 003-2000/AN du 11 avril 2000\n- N° 001-2002/AN du 22 janvier 2002\nArticles  129, 130 et 131 consacrent l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire au Burkina Faso.\nLOI ORGANIQUE N° -036-2001/AN PORTANT STATUT DU CORPS DE LA MAGISTRATURE\n http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/ec5508c9dd8bf0e8c1256bbb002e70bb/$FILE/Constitution%20Burkina%20Faso%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nLoi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, http://burkinaenligne.over-blog.com/article-les-textes-fondamentaux----conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature--37660421.html","La constitution de 2002 consacre l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire dans ses articles 129 à 131. Le statut particulier du corps de magistrature consacre aussi cette indépendance. ..."]
["2012_BI_1",2012,"BI","Burundi",1,0,"The principle of independence of the Burundi judiciary is stated in section 209 of the Constitution, but there are other sections of the Constitution and other statutes that limit the scope of the principle:\n\n-Statute 007 on the organization and functioning of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, as modified by Statute 01 of Jan. 20, 2006, states that the majority of the Council (8 of 15 ordinary members ) is to be nominated by the Minister of Justice. In addition, the Council includes the President of the Republic, who is the President of the Council, and the Minister of Justice, who is the Deputy President of the Council (section 219 of the Constitution), putting the executive branch in charge of the judiciary. \n\nIt should be noted that the Council is the highest disciplinary institution for the judiciary, and that it is consulted in the appointment of court presidents, judges of the supreme courts and the General Prosecutor Office of the republic. Judges are appointed by the president and nominated by the Ministry of Justice (Section 214), but there is no objective criteria or test requested.","Burundi Constitution, 2005, Section 209, 218 and 219. http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/bi2005.htm#8 ","The principle of independence of the Burundi judiciary is stated in section 209 of the Constitution, but there are other sections of the Constitution and other statutes that limit the scope of the principle:..."]
["2012_CM_1",2012,"CM","Cameroon",1,0,"In the section of Cameroon's constitution titled \"Part V: Judicial Power,\" Article 37(2) states: “Judicial power shall be exercised by the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal and Tribunals. The Judicial Power shall be independent of the executive and legislative powers. Magistrates of the bench shall, in the discharge of their duties, be governed only by the law and their conscience.”\n\nArticle 37(3) states: \"The President of the Republic shall guarantee the independence of judicial power. He shall appoint members of the bench and for the legal department. He shall be assisted in this task by the Higher Judicial Council, which shall give him its opinion on all nominations for the bench and on disciplinary action against judicial and legal officers. The organization and functioning of the Higher Judicial Council shall be defined by law.\"\n\nAccording to Article 1 of Law No. 82/14 / of 26 November 1982 establishing the organization and functioning of the Superior Council of Magistracy, the Supreme Judicial Council is chaired by the President of the Republic. This executive influence undermines the independence of the judiciary.","Part V, Article 37 of Law No. 96-06 of  Jan.18, 1996, amending the constitution of June 2, 1972,\nhttp://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf\n\nLoi N° 82 / 14 / du 26 November 1982, http://www.atangana-eteme-emeran.com/spip.php?article3905","In the section of Cameroon's constitution titled \"Part V: Judicial Power,\" Article 37(2) states: “Judicial power shall be exercised by the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal and Tribunals. The Judicial Power shall be independent of the executive and legislative powers. Magistrates of ..."]
["2012_CV_1",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",1,100,"The following laws guarantee the independence of the judiciary: \n\nArticle 211 of the  Constitution of Cape Verde, \"In exercising its functions, the courts are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law.\" Article 222 of the constitution, \"The judges constitute a single body, autonomous and independent of all other powers and shall be governed by its own status.\"\n\nArticle 5 of the Status of Judges (Law of 20 June 1/VIII/2011) establishes that in exercising its functions, the judge is independent, judges only according to the Constitution and the law and is not subject to orders or instructions, except the duty of compliance by lower courts of decisions made  by higher courts (on independence). Article 30  \"Judicial magistrates in office may not be affiliated in political parties or associations, or engage in any event of  political party activity.\"\n\nArticle 4 of the Law No. 88/VII/2011 Feb. 14 on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Operation of Law Court;\n\"1. In exercising its functions, the courts are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law.\n2. The courts cannot apply rules that contravene the Constitution or the principles contained therein.\n3. The judges, in exercising their functions, are independent and only owe obedience to the Constitution and law, subject to the requirement of compliance with the decisions remedy given in the higher courts, under the law.\n4. The independence of judges is guaranteed, in particular, the existence of any private management and discipline of its judiciary, by tenure\nand no responsibility for their judgments and decisions, except in cases specified by law.\"\n\nFinally, Article 3 of Law No. 89/VII/2011, also called the Organic Law of Public Prosecution.  \n\"1. The Public Prosecution Service is autonomous in relation to other organs of the central and local governments, under this law.\n 2. The autonomy of prosecutors is characterized by the existence of self-governance mechanisms, by binding of its magistrates to criteria of legality, objectivity and impartiality and in his own subjection to the directives, orders and instructions prescribed by law.\"","Official Bulletin, Series - No. 7, The Republic of Cape Verde - Feb. 14, 2011.\n\nConstitution, Article 211 (Basic principles of administration of justice); Article 222 (Status of Judges); Article 225 (Ministry of Public Attorney). http://www.parlamento.cv/GDLeisRepublica.aspx?IdDoc=1\n\nLaw No. 88/VII/2011 Feb. 14, Sets the Organization, Jurisdiction and Operation of Law Court, Article 4 (Independence of courts and judges).\n\nLaw No. 89/VII/2011 of Feb. 14, Organic Law of Public Prosecution, Article 3.\n\nOfficial Bulletin, Series - N0. 7, \"The Republic of Cape Verde - Feb. 14, 2011.\n\nStatus of Judges (Law of 20 June 1/VIII/2011), Article 30.","The following laws guarantee the independence of the judiciary: \n\nArticle 211 of the  Constitution of Cape Verde, \"In exercising its functions, the courts are i..."]
["2012_CF_1",2012,"CF","CAR",1,0,"En droit, la Cour de comptes est indépendant et relève publiquement devant le Parlement. Ses membres sont nommés par le Parlement. Dans le cadre des tribunaux, la Cour des Comptes est juridiquement indépendante, mais cependant il est soumis à l'influence du Conseil suprême de la magistrature. Le Conseil comprend le président de la République, qui est le président du Conseil, et le ministre de la Justice, qui est le vice-président du Conseil (article 219 de la Constitution), l'octroi de la branche influence notable exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire. \" Ainsi, l'octroi de la branche l'exécutif influence significative sur le pouvoir judiciaire.","Loi n°96.015 portant statut de la magistrature de l'ordre judiciaire\n\nConstitution du 27 décembre 2004, notamment les articles 78 et 79.\n\nPNUD et Transparency International, Etude sur Système National d'Intégrité.  Décembre 2006\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, Conseiller près de la cours constitutionnelle de la RCA, Bngui, mai 2012.","En droit, la Cour de comptes est indépendant et relève publiquement devant le Parlement. Ses membres sont nommés par le Parlement. Dans le cadre des tribunaux, la Cour des Comptes est juridiquement indépendante, mais cependant il est soumis à l'influence du Conseil suprême de la ma..."]
["2012_TD_1",2012,"TD","Chad",1,0,"The 1996 Constitution provides for an independent judiciary. Article 142 of the Constitution states that the judiciary is independent from the executive and the legislature.\n\nArticle 146 stipulates the President of the Republic of the guarantor of the judiciary, assisted by the High Council of the Judiciary. \n\nArticle 147 of the constitution states that the president of the the Republic is the chairman of the High Judicial Council, the Minister of Justice is the first vice chairman and the president of the supreme court is the second vice-chairman.","The 1996 Constitution, Articles 142 and 146. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","The 1996 Constitution provides for an independent judiciary. Article 142 of the Constitution states that the judiciary is independent from the executive and the legislature...."]
["2012_KM_1",2012,"KM","Comoros",1,0,"L'Art.28.- (Modifié 2009) de la Constitution dispose que \"le Pouvoir Judiciaire est indépendant du Pouvoir Législatif et du Pouvoir Exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité  de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles\".\n\nCependant, selon les articles 19 et 20 de la loi portant statut de ma magistrature, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Président de l'Union des Comores, et les vice-présidents sont les présidents de chaque ile. \n\nArt.19.- Le conseil supérieur de la magistrature comprend 10 membres dont 7 membres de droit et 3 magistrats élus par le suffrage de leurs pairs au bulletin secret à raison d’un par île pour 5ans » \nArt.20.- Les membres de droit du conseil supérieur de la magistrature sont : \nPrésident de l’Union ; Président\nPrésidents des îles ; vices présidents \nMinistre de la Justice de l’Union ; Vice Prés \nPrésident de la Cour suprême \nProcureur près la Cour Suprême","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001, modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, Art 28, paragraphe 1er. www.Droit-Afrique.com\n\nLoi du 31 décembre 2005 portant statut de la magistrature, Article 4; Article 11; Article 12. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20statut%20de%20la%20magistrature.pdf","L'Art.28.- (Modifié 2009) de la Constitution dispose que \"le Pouvoir Judiciaire est indépendant du Pouvoir Législatif et du Pouvoir Exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité  de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles\"...."]
["2012_CD_1",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",1,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_1",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",1,100,"Article 151 of the Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution states:\n\n\"The executive power may neither give instructions to the judges in the exercise of their jurisdiction, nor rule on controversies, nor obstruct the course of justice, nor oppose the execution of a judicial decision.\n\n\"The legislative power may not rule on controversies of jurisdiction, nor modify a judicial decision, nor oppose its execution. Each law whose objective is to manifestly provide a solution to a pending legal case is void and devoid of any effect.\"\n\n\"The judiciary is the guarantor of the individual liberties and fundamental rights of the citizens. In the exercise of their functions the judges are subject only to the authority of the law.  An organic law determines the status of the judges and prosecutors.  Judges may not be removed from office. They can only be transferred following a new  appointment, their own request or through well-founded rotation decided by the High Council  of the Judiciary. \"","Article 199, 150 and 151 of the Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution. http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/DRC%20-%20Congo%20Constitution.pdf.","Article 151 of the Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution states:\n\n\"The executive power may neither give instructions to the judges in the exercise of their juri..."]
["2012_CI_1",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",1,0,"There is a clear separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature. The idea of this separation is expressed in the different mandates or responsibilities of governance spread across and  the different arms of government, namely legislature, judiciary and executive are independent from each other.\n\nThere is transition from passive separation of powers to a rigid power separation in Côte d’Ivoire. This system guarantees that there is no excessive concentration of powers in the executive while also allowing for a reciprocal political check and balance among the arms of government. This rejection of the former system allowed for the setup of the presidential regime, which requires the equality and independence of legislative and executive powers. Moreover, the President of the republic and the Deputies are responsive vis-à-vis the people, who remain their common source of legitimacy.\n\nHowever, the fact that the President Chairs the Higher Judicial Council could be said to undermine the legal independence of the judiciary.","TITLE VIII, Article 101, The Constitution of Cote d’Ivoire, Law No 2000-513 of August 1, 2000.\n\nLoi n° 78-662 du 4 août 1978 portant statut de la Magistrature (modifiée par les lois n° 94-437 du 16 août 1994 et 94-498 du 6 septembre 1994.  (1994). Article 6. Repéré à: http://www.loidici.com/Statutmagistrature/statutsmagistrat.php.\n\nDr. Kouable Clarisse Gueu, “The Legal System in Côte d’Ivoire: Where Do We Stand?”-- April 2009.","There is a clear separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature. The idea of this separation is expressed in the different mandates or responsibilities of governance spread across and  the different arms of government, namely legislature, judiciary and executive are ..."]
["2012_DJ_1",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",1,0,"Théoriquement, il existe un certain nombre de textes qui affirment juridiquement les garanties du système judiciaire djiboutien. \n\nTout d'abord, c'est la constitution du 15 septembre 1992 qui consacre un titre VII (du pouvoir judiciaire) qui garantit l’indépendance de la justice. L'article 73 dispose d'ailleurs que \"\"Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qu'il préside\"\". Et met en place une institution chargée de garantir leur indépendance par rapport aux autres corps de l’État : \"\"Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature veille sur la gestion de la carrière des magistrats et donne son avis sur toute question concernant l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il statue comme conseil de discipline pour les magistrats\"\". Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.\n\nEnsuite, c'est la loi organique (cela montre l'importance donnée à la magistrature) qui encadre de manière détaillée aussi la nomination, et la carrière des juges : loi relative à l'organisation et au fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature du 7 avril 1993. \n\nEnfin, c'est un décret qui détaille le fonctionnement de ce conseil supérieur de la magistrature : Décret n°99-0171/PR/MJAPM du 16 septembre 1999 relatif aux modalités de fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nDjibouti a aussi ratifié un certain nombre de conventions internationales relatives aux droits civils et politiques comme le pacte international relatif aux droit civils et politiques et aussi celui relatif aux droit sociaux économiques et culturels. Mais aussi la charte africaine des droits de l'homme, etc.","Constitution du 15 septembre 1992, Article 73. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_150691.pdf\n\nLoi relative à l'organisation et au fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature du 7 avril 1993. \n\nDécret n°99-0171/PR/MJAPM du 16 septembre 1999\n\nSite Officiel de la République de Djibouti: http://www.presidence.dj","Théoriquement, il existe un certain nombre de textes qui affirment juridiquement les garanties du système judiciaire djiboutien. ..."]
["2012_EG_1",2012,"EG","Egypt",1,100,"By Constitutional Declaration 2011, the Judiciary Authority in Law No. 48 of 1979 establishes independence:\n\nArticle 46:\nJudicial authority is independent and invested in courts of different varieties and degrees. Rulings will be issued according to the law.\n\nArticle 47:\nJudges are independent and not subject to removal. The law regulates disciplinary actions against them. There is no authority over them except that of the law, and it is not permissible for any authority to interfere in their issues or matters of justice. \n\nArticle 48:\nThe Council of the State is an independent judicial body that specializes in adjudication of administrative disputes and disciplinary claims. The law determines its other responsibilities.\n\nArticle 49:\nThe Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent and autonomous judicial body, uniquely tasked with judicial oversight over the constitutionality of laws and regulations. It deals with the interpretation of legislative texts, all as stipulated in the law. The law also designates other responsibilities for the Court and regulates the procedures followed in front of it.\n\nArticle 50:\nThe law determines judicial bodies and their responsibilities and regulates their formation, in addition to stipulating conditions and procedures for appointing their members and their transfer.\n\nArticle 51:\nThe law regulates the military judicial system and stipulates its responsibilities in line with constitutional principles.\n\nArticle 52:\nCourt sessions are to be public except in the case that the court decides to make them secret in the interest of public order or morals. In all cases, the verdict is announced in a public session.\nhttp://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/constitution/default.aspx\n\nAlso, military courts are standing bodies that have jurisdiction over military cases. They are not part of the regular court system and are therefore not subject to the Court of Cassation or Supreme Judicial Council. During a state of emergency, these courts also have jurisdiction over any case or category of offenses transferred to them by the president.","Constitutional Declaration 2011, the Judiciary Authority in Law No. 48 of 1979, Articles 46-52. http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/1923_-_egyptian_constitution_english_1.pdf","By Constitutional Declaration 2011, the Judiciary Authority in Law No. 48 of 1979 establishes independence:..."]
["2012_GQ_1",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",1,0,"Article 89 of the Constitution establishes that the judiciary is independent. Furthermore, Article 163 of the Law of the Judicial Power states that judges will be appointed on the proposal of the Judicial Council.\n\nHowever, Article 96 of the Constitution establishes that Head of State is the head of the Judiciary Council and will appoint all members of such body.","Article 89 and 96 of the National Constitution of Equatorial Guinea 2012\n\nArticle 163 of the Organic Law No. 5/2009, of May 18, for the amendment of the Law No. 10/1984 regulating the Judicial Power, http://www.cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=31:ley-num-52009-de-fecha-18-de-mayo-por-la-que-se-reforma-la-ley-no-101984-reguladora-del-poder-judicial&id=5:administrativa&Itemid=71","Article 89 of the Constitution establishes that the judiciary is independent. Furthermore, Article 163 of the Law of the Judicial Power states that judges will be appointed on the proposal of the Judicial Council...."]
["2012_ER_1",2012,"ER","Eritrea",1,100,"The Constitution of Eritrea was ratified by the Constituent Assembly on May 23, 1997. It is the supreme law of the country and the only law that governs the administration of justice. Its artcles 10, 48 and 49 establish the independence of the judiciary and mandate the judiciary to review laws and   issue judicial decisions.","Constitution of Eritrea, Chapter II, National Objectives and Directive Principles;\nArticle 10, Competent Justice System;\nSubarticle 1: The Justice System of Eritrea shall be independent, competent and accountable pursuant to the provisions of the constitution and laws.\n\nChapter VI, The Administration of Justice; Article 48, The Judiciary;\nSubarticle 2: In exercising the judicial power, courts shall be free from direction and control of any person or authority. Judges shall be subject only to law, to a judicial code of conduct determined by law and to their conscience.\nwww.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dd8aa904.html","The Constitution of Eritrea was ratified by the Constituent Assembly on May 23, 1997. It is the supreme law of the country and the only law that governs the administration of justice. Its artcles 10, 48 and 49 establish the independence of the judiciary and mandate the judiciary to..."]
["2012_ET_1",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",1,0,"An independent judiciary is established by this Constitution in its Article 78.\n\nArticle 78 of the Constitution states that “An independent judiciary is established by this Constitution.” Moreover, it establishes, in sub-articles I, II, and III that:\ni. judicial powers, both at Federal and State levels, are vested in the courts.\nIi. Courts of any level shall be free from any interference or influence of any\ngovernmental body, government official or from any other source.\niii. Judges shall exercise their functions in full independence and shall be directed solely by the law.","Chapter 9 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE Constitution), Structure and Powers of the Courts, Article 78, Independence of the Judiciary.\nhttp://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html","An independent judiciary is established by this Constitution in its Article 78.\n\nArticle 78 of the Constitution states that “An independent judiciary is established by this Co..."]
["2012_GA_1",2012,"GA","Gabon",1,0,"Titre 1er Article 5 (L.1 /94 du 18 Mars 1994)\nLa République gabonaise est organisée selon les principes de la souveraineté nationale, de la séparation des pouvoirs exécutifs, législatifs et judiciaire et celui de l’Etat de droit.\n\nTitre 3ème Article 36\nLe Parlement vote la loi, consent l’impôt et contrôle l’action du pouvoir exécutif dans les conditions prévues par la Constitution.\n\nLe Titre 4ème fixe les rapports entre l’Exécutif et le Législatif.\n\nLe Titre 5ème dispose : \n\nArticle 67 (L.47/2010 du 12 janvier 2011)\nLa Justice est rendue au nom du Peuple gabonais par la Cour constitutionnelle, les Juridictions de l’ordre judiciaire, les Juridictions de l’ordre administratif, les Juridictions de l’ordre financier, la Haute Cour de justice et les autres Juridictions d’exception. \n\nArticle 68  (L.47/2010 du 12 janvier 2011)\nLe Président de la République est le garant de l’'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire, dans le respect des dispositions de la présente Constitution. Les Juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi. Cette disposition de la loi n’est pas appliquée car c’est le président de la république qui préside au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Il a pouvoir de nomination et de révocation.","Loi n° 047/2010 du 12 janvier 2011 portant révision de la Constitution gabonaise de 1991. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=266813","Titre 1er Article 5 (L.1 /94 du 18 Mars 1994)\nLa République gabonaise est organisée selon les principes de la souveraineté nationale, de la séparation des pouvoirs exécutifs, législatifs et judiciaire et celui de l’Etat de droit...."]
["2012_GM_1",2012,"GM","The Gambia",1,100,"Section 120 (3) of the 1997 constitution provides that in the exercise of their judicial functions, \"the courts, the judges and other holders of judicial office shall be independent and shall be subject only to the Constitution and the law and, save as provided in this Chapter, shall not be subject to the control or direction of any other person or authority.\" Section 120 (4) of the constitution further requires that all government departments and agencies accord \"such assistance to the courts as the courts may reasonably require to protect their independence, dignity and effectiveness.\" \n\nBy virtue of Section 123 of the constitution, judges also enjoy immunity from lawsuits. They \"shall not be liable to any action or suit for any act or omission by him or her in good faith in the exercise of his or her judicial function.\" This is further buttressed by Section 13 of the criminal code, which provides: \"Except as expressly provided by this code, a judicial officer is not criminally responsible for anything done or omitted to be done by him or her in the exercise of his judicial functions, although the act done is in excess of his or her judicial authority or although he or she is bound to do the act omitted to be done.”\n \nThe process of appointing judges is to involve consultation. The chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission (Section 138 (1) of the constitution), and all other judges, except those of the Special Criminal Court, are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission (Section 138 (2) of the constitution). \n\nJudicial tenure is also secured under the constitution, in that no office of judge shall be abolished while there is a substantive holder. The chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court and members of the Special Criminal Court may be removed only for inability to perform the functions of their office, whether because of physical or mental infirmity, or for misconduct (Section 141 of the constitution). Section 141 also spells out the procedure for removing judges. The process is rigorous in that the National Assembly should be involved and a tribunal set up to look at the allegations against a judge.\n\nHowever, the above provisions are difficult to reconcile with Section 141(2) (c) of the constitution, which allows the president to terminate a judge in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission.\n\nThe remuneration of judges is also provided for in the constitution. They are paid the salaries, allowances and, on retirement, gratuity and pension as prescribed by the National Assembly (Section 142 (1) of the constitution). Their salaries, allowances, retirement gratuity and pension, as prescribed at the time of appointment, shall not be varied to a judge's disadvantage (Section 142 (2) of the constitution).","1997 Constitution, Sections 120 (3) and (4); 123; 138 (1) and (2); 141; and 142 (1) and (2). \n\nSection 13 of Criminal Code of The Gambia, Cap 10:01, Volume 3,  Revised Laws of The Gambia 2009.","Section 120 (3) of the 1997 constitution provides that in the exercise of their judicial functions, \"the courts, the judges and other holders of judicial office shall be independent and shall be subject only to the Constitution and the law and, save as provided in this Chapter, sha..."]
["2012_GH_1",2012,"GH","Ghana",1,100,"Ghana's 1992 Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary from the executive and legislative branches of government. Judges cannot be removed without justification once they have been appointed.","Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Articles 125 & 127. Link: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst11.html\n\nRaymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012. \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants), June 12, 2012.","Ghana's 1992 Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary from the executive and legislative branches of government. Judges cannot be removed without justification once they have been appointed."]
["2012_GN_1",2012,"GN","Guinea",1,0,"En Guinée, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par les dispositions de la Constitution de  2010 en ses articles 107 et 109. \n\nArticle 107: Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif. La justice est rendue exclusivement par les Cours et Tribunaux.\n\nArticle 108: Le Pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour Suprême, la Cour des Comptes, les Cours et Tribunaux dont les décisions définitives s'imposent aux parties, aux pouvoirs publics, à toutes les autorités administratives, juridictionnelles et aux forces de défense et de sécurité.\n\nArticle 109: Les Magistrats ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les Magistrats du siège sont inamovibles dans les conditions déterminées par la loi. Les Magistrats du siège, du Parquet et de l’Administration centrale de la Justice sont nommés et affectés par le Président de la République, sur proposition du Ministre de la Justice, après avis conforme du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Toute nomination ou affectation de Magistrat sans l’avis conforme du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est nulle et de nul effet.\n\nCependant, selon la constitution de 2010, le chef de l'État préside le Conseil Suuprême de la Magistrature. \nArticle 112: Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature présidé par le Président de la République et comprend 17 membres : \n• Le Ministre de la Justice, Vice-président ; \n• Le Premier Président de la Cour Suprême ; \n• Le Procureur Général près la Cour Suprême ; \n• Un Premier Président de Cour d’Appel désigné par ses pairs ; \n• Deux Magistrats de la Cour Suprême élus en Assemblée générale de ladite Cour ; \n• Un Procureur Général près la Cour d’Appel, désigné par ses pairs, \n• Un Magistrat de l’Administration centrale du Ministère de la Justice, désigné par ses pairs \n• Six Magistrats élus en Assemblée générale des Cours d’Appel ; \n• Un Président de Tribunal de première instance, désigné par ses pairs ; \n• Un Procureur de la République, désigné par ses pairs. \n\nLorsqu'il siège en formation disciplinaire, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Premier Président de la Cour Suprême.  Le fonctionnement, l'organisation et les autres compétences du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature sont fixés par une loi organique.\"","Constitution du 7 mai 2010, Articles 107, 108 et 109 - http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf ","En Guinée, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par les dispositions de la Constitution de  2010 en ses articles 107 et 109. ..."]
["2012_GW_1",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",1,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_1",2012,"KE","Kenya",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitution of Kenya. Section 160 (1) states that: \"In the exercise of judicial authority, the Judiciary, as constituted by Article 161, shall be subject only to this Constitution and the law and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority.\"","Constitution of Kenya 2010, Section 160 (1). http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitution of Kenya. Section 160 (1) states that: \"In the exercise of judicial authority, the Judiciary, as constituted by Article 161, shall be subject only to this Constitution and the law and shall not be subject to the co..."]
["2012_LS_1",2012,"LS","Lesotho",1,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_1",2012,"LR","Liberia",1,100,"In law, the Constitution of the Republic of Liberia guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It considers the Judiciary as one of three separate coordinate branches of government. In addition to the Constitution, the Judiciary Law of 1972 and the New Judicial Law of Liberia 2011 prohibit anyone from interfering with rulings and administrations of the Judiciary. The New Judicial Law of Liberia further strengthened the Judiciary by granting all appointments of Subordinate judges to the Supreme Court of Liberia; and discontinued the appointments of Justices of the Peace. \n\nFurthermore Article 65 reads: \nThe Judicial Power of the Republic shall be vested in a Supreme Court and such subordinate courts as the legislature may from time to time establish. The courts shall apply both statutory and customary laws in accordance with the standards enacted by the Legislature. Judgements of the Supreme Court shall be final and binding and shall not be subject to appeal or review by any other branch of Government. Nothing in this Article shall prohibit administrative consideration of the Justiciable matter prior to review by a court of competent jurisdiction.\n\nAnd Article 66 stipulates:\nThe Supreme Court shall be final arbiter of constitutional issues and shall exercise final appellate jurisdiction in all cases whether emanating from courts of record, courts not of record, administrative agencies, autonomous agencies or any other authority, both as to law and fact except cases involving ambassadors, ministers, or cases in which a country is a party. In all such cases, the Supreme Court shall exercise original jurisdiction. The Legislature shall make no law nor create any exceptions as would deprive the Supreme Court of any of the powers granted herein.","The Constitution of the Republic of Liberia 1986, Chapter 1 Article 3 and Chapter VII Article 65; http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm\n\nJudiciary Law of Liberia 1972, Section 1.1\n\nThe New Judicial Law of Liberia 2011, http://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/codes/jlt17lcolr415/","In law, the Constitution of the Republic of Liberia guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It considers the Judiciary as one of three separate coordinate branches of government. In addition to the Constitution, the Judiciary Law of 1972 and the New Judicial Law of Liberia 20..."]
["2012_LY_1",2012,"LY","Libya",1,0,"According to the law, the Judicial Council is entirely separate from the executive. It manages its own budget once allocated, and it appoints and promotes judges, prosecutors and public lawyers.\n\nSupport for the independence of the judiciary after the revolution is reflected in the National Transitional Council's Constitutional Declaration issued on Aug. 3, 2011. Articles 32 and 33  explicitly mention the independence of the judiciary and the prohibition of special courts to ensure the right of litigation and the prohibition of immunity to any decision by the judiciary. This was reinforced with the issuance of Law No. 4 of 2011, amending  Law No. 6 of 2006 on the judicial system, which cancelled the Chairmanship of the Minister of Justice of the Supreme Judicial Council in a move to support the independence of the judiciary and its separation from the executive branch.\n\nHowever, the TNC is authorized by the transitional constitution to form and appoint judicial commissions that lack independence and neutrality. In law, there is no oversight over these appointments.\n\nLibya Transitional Constitution, Aug. 3, 2011:\nArticle 32\n• The Judiciary Authority shall be independent. It shall be exercised by courts of justice of different sorts and competences. They shall issue their judgments in accordance with the law. Judges shall be independent, subject to no other authority but the law and conscience.\n• Establishing Exceptional Courts shall be prohibited.\nArticle 33\n• Right of resorting to judiciary shall be preserved and guaranteed for all people. Each and every citizen shall have the right to resort to his natural judge. The State shall guarantee to bring the judiciary authorities near the litigants and shall guarantee the swift determination on lawsuits.\n• Laws shall not provide for the prohibition of judiciary authority to control any administrative decree.","Law No. 4, Nov. 6, 2011, Judicial Discipline Law amending Law No. 6 of 2006\n\nLaw No. 6, 2006\n\nLaw No. 51, 1976\n\nLaw No. 87 of 1973 on  merging civil and sharia courts \n\nLaw No. 88, 1971","According to the law, the Judicial Council is entirely separate from the executive. It manages its own budget once allocated, and it appoints and promotes judges, prosecutors and public lawyers...."]
["2012_MG_1",2012,"MG","Madagascar",1,0,"According to the Constitution, the president of the republic guarantees the independence of the judiciary (Article 107).  But this Constitution is highly contested because of the very bad organization of the ballot and because it is challenged by a road map proposed by the SADC to solve the current Madagascar political crisis. There is nothing about this topic in the road map.\n\nSecondly, the current president has not been elected and he is the president of a transitional regime. So the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the constitution but in practice, the current situation is so blurry that the executive commands the judiciary, generally speaking, especially in cases related to politics, such as the condemnation of former elected President Marc Ravalomanana.\n\nIn addition, as the president guarantees the independence of the judiciary, that could mean also that this latter is not independent\n\nLAW PARAPHRASE\nARTICLE 107\nThe President of the Republic is the guarantor of the independence of the judiciary.\nTo this end, he is assisted by a Superior Council of Magistracy (CSM) of which he is president. The Minister of Justice is its vice-president.\n\nThe Superior Council of Magistracy (CSM) ... ensures the respect of the laws and the provisions of the Statute of the Judiciary, \u2028 monitors compliance ethical rules for judges, \u2028 makes recommendations on the administration of justice, particularly in regard to legislative measures or regulations relating to courts and judges.\nMembers of Government, Parliament, the Supreme Council for the Defense of Democracy and for the rule of law, the heads of court and legally constituted associations may have recourse to the CSM. The rules relating to the organization, functioning and powers of the CSM are determined by an organic law.","Constitution of the IV Republic of Madagascar, Article 107. http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm","According to the Constitution, the president of the republic guarantees the independence of the judiciary (Article 107).  But this Constitution is highly contested because of the very bad organization of the ballot and because it is challenged by a road map proposed by the SADC to ..."]
["2012_MW_1",2012,"MW","Malawi",1,100,"The constitution, ushered in at transition to democracy, clearly provides for judicial independence. Section 9 of the 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Malawi reads:\n\nThe judiciary shall have the responsibility of interpreting, protecting and enforcing this Constitution and all laws in accordance with this Constitution in an independent an impartial manner with regard only to legally relevant facts and prescriptions of law.\n\nThis is supported by section 103 (1) of the constitution, which stipulates that: All courts and all persons presiding over those courts shall exercise their functions, powers and duties independent of the influences and directions of any person or authority.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Sections 9, 11, 103 and 108. Adopted 1995.\n2. Courts Act. Section 61. Passed in 1958\nhttp://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf","The constitution, ushered in at transition to democracy, clearly provides for judicial independence. Section 9 of the 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Malawi reads:..."]
["2012_ML_1",2012,"ML","Mali",1,0,"L’article 81 de la constitution du Mali stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Il s'exerce par la Cour Suprême et les autres Cours et Tribunaux. Le pouvoir judiciaire est gardien des libertés définies par la présente Constitution. Il veille au respect des droits et libertés définis par la présente constitution. Il est chargé d'appliquer dans le domaine qui lui est propre les lois de la République. »\n\nCependant, le président de la République est aussi le président du conseil de la magistrature suprême de la magistrature. Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Article 81 de la Constitution du Mali (décret n° 92-0731 P-CTSP 1992)\nwww.gouv.ml/constitution\n\nMaliJet, “Le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature l’a décidé hier : Les 3 Procureurs généraux du Mali et 5 des 6 Procureurs de la République de Bamako relevés” Par L'Indépendant, 14 Septembre 2012\n http://malijet.com/a_la_une_du_mali/51331-le-conseil-sup%C3%A9rieur-de-la-magistrature-l%E2%80%99a-d%C3%A9cid%C3%A9-hier-:-les-3-.html","L’article 81 de la constitution du Mali stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Il s'exerce par la Cour Suprême et les autres Cours et Tribunaux. Le pouvoir judiciaire est gardien des libertés définies par la présente Constitution. I..."]
["2012_MR_1",2012,"MR","Mauritania",1,0,"En Mauritanie, l'indépendance du système judiciaire est garantie par la Constitution de la Mauritanie, 1991. \"\"Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif\"\".  \n\nArticle 90 : Le juge n’obéit qu’à la loi. Dans le cadre de sa mission, il est protégé contre toute forme de pression de nature à nuire à son libre arbitre.\"\n\nArticle 89 : Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le Président de la République est garant de l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature, qu’il préside. Une loi organique fixe le Statut de la magistrature, la composition, le fonctionnement et les attributions du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","1) Titre IV de la constitution du 20 juillet 1991) article 89 (indépendance de la justice : \"Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif.\nLe Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la Magistrature.\" \n\n2) Mauritanie: Destitution du président de la Cour suprême, 2 juin 2012 www.afriquejet.com/mauritanie-destitution-du-president-de-la-cour-supreme-2012060239671.html","En Mauritanie, l'indépendance du système judiciaire est garantie par la Constitution de la Mauritanie, 1991. \"\"Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif\"\".  ..."]
["2012_MU_1",2012,"MU","Mauritius",1,100,"The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius provides for a separation of powers.\n\nThe supreme court is the highest judicial authority in the country and vested with all the powers and jurisdiction necessary to administer the laws of Mauritius.  It is a superior court of record and has unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil and criminal proceedings. The supreme court has original jurisdiction to determine whether any provision of the constitution has been contravened, including the power to determine whether any law made by parliament is void on the ground that it contravenes any of the provisions of the constitution.  It is also empowered to secure the enforcement of the protective provisions entrenched in the constitution.\n\nSection 76 states that:\n“There shall be a Supreme Court for Mauritius which shall have unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law other than a disciplinary law and such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred upon it by this Constitution or any other law.”\n\nMoreover, judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president of the Republic upon recommendation by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, which is an independent body. A judge can only be dismissed “for inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour. A special tribunal comprising of “a chairman and no less than two other members, selected by the president from among persons who hold or have held office as a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in some part of the Commonwealth or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from any such court,” which will investigate in the matter.\n\nMauritius has a single-structured judicial system consisting of two parts: the supreme court and the subordinate courts.  The subordinate courts consist of the court of rodrigues, the district courts, the intermediate court and the industrial court, while the supreme court has various divisions exercising jurisdiction as the bankruptcy court, the court of first instance in civil and criminal matters, the court of appeal (to hear and determine civil and criminal appeals from the decisions of the subordinate courts), the court of civil appeal and the court of criminal appeal (to hear and determine appeals from the decisions of the supreme court sitting as Court of first instance).","The Constitution of Mauritius (1968), Chapter VII. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=d3c54555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#judicature","The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius provides for a separation of powers.\n\nThe supreme court is the highest judicial authority in the country and vested with all the pow..."]
["2012_MA_1",2012,"MA","Morocco",1,0,"Following the Arab Spring, a constitutional reform was proposed. The new Constitution was adopted by referendum on July 1, 2011. For the first time in Morocco's history, justice was recognized as a judiciary power and its independence was affirmed. Indeed, the 1996 Constitution spoke of the judiciary authority and not of judicial power. The new Constitution devotes 22 articles to the judiciary (Articles 107 to 128), of which six deal with the independence of the judiciary (107-112). Thus, theoretically, the judiciary is supposed to be free from subservience to other powers.\n\nArticle 107 states that the judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches. The king is the guarantor of the independence of the judiciary. Article 108 states that judges are irremovable. Article 109 states that intervention in cases brought to justice is prohibited. In his judicial function, the judge cannot order or receive instructions or be subjected to any pressure. Whenever he considers that judiciary independence is threatened, the judge must enter the High Council of the Judiciary. Article 113 states that the Supreme Council of the Judiciary enforces the guarantees accorded to magistrates, especially as regards their independence, appointment, advancement, retirement and discipline.\n\nHowever, we must still wait for the implementation of the Constitution through the adoption of organic laws on the status of magistrates and the Superior Council of Judiciary (as we have more than 13 months after adoption of the Constitution). Two observations in this regard should be emphasized: The new board is almost identical to that of the former Superior Council of Magistracy (CSM). It is also chaired by the king, which still compromises the independence of the judiciary.","Moroccan Constitution. Dahir. No. 1-11-91, promulgating the text of the Constitution. General Secretariat of Government. Directorate of Printing Official. July 29, 2011.  http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf\n\nSocial Movements and Constitutional Reform in Morocco: Some Sobering Thoughts from the \"Gender Studies.\" Jean Zaganaris. Journal of Political and Social Sciences, vol. 5.\n\nConstitutional Justice in Morocco: Evolution and Prospects. Adil Moussabbih. Journal of Political and Social Sciences, no. 3, vol. 5. June 2012.\n\nConstitutional Reform and Issues of Power in Morocco. Younes Berrada. Journal of Political and Social Sciences, no. 3, vol. 5. June 2012.\n\nThe Moroccan Monarchy and His Conception of Institutional Reform in Morocco. Hassan Zouaoui. Journal of Political and Social Sciences. June 2012","Following the Arab Spring, a constitutional reform was proposed. The new Constitution was adopted by referendum on July 1, 2011. For the first time in Morocco's history, justice was recognized as a judiciary power and its independence was affirmed. Indeed, the 1996 Constitution spo..."]
["2012_MZ_1",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",1,100,"In law the independence of the judiciary is clearly guaranteed. Articles 134 and 217 mention that  judges only comply with the constitution, Law and the judge consciousness.","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, Article 134 and Article 217 No 1.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","In law the independence of the judiciary is clearly guaranteed. Articles 134 and 217 mention that  judges only comply with the constitution, Law and the judge consciousness."]
["2012_NA_1",2012,"NA","Namibia",1,100,"Article 78 (2) and (3) of the Namibian Constitution states: \"[t]he Courts shall be independent and subject only to this Constitution and law. No member of the Cabinet or the Legislature or any other person shall interfere with Judges or judicial officers in the exercise of their judicial functions, and all organs of the State shall accord such assistance as the Courts may require to protect their independence, dignity and effectiveness, subject to the terms of this Constitution or any other law.\"","Chapter 9 of the Namibia Constitution (1990, amended 1998 and 2010), The Administration of Justice; Article 78, The Judiciary,\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf","Article 78 (2) and (3) of the Namibian Constitution states: \"[t]he Courts shall be independent and subject only to this Constitution and law. No member of the Cabinet or the Legislature or any other person shall interfere with Judges or judicial officers in the exercise of their ju..."]
["2012_NE_1",2012,"NE","Niger",1,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_1",2012,"NG","Nigeria",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended). Section 6 (1 and 2) of the Constitution provides that “the judicial powers of the federation shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established for the federation,”  \n\nAlso, the Constitution further provides as follows:\n\"The judicial powers of a state shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established, subject as provided by this Constitution, for a state.”\n\n13: The courts to which this section relates, established by this Constitution for the Federation and for the states, specified in subsection (5) (a) to (1) of this section, shall be the only superior courts of record in Nigeria; and save as otherwise prescribed by the National Assembly or by the House of Assembly of a state, each court shall have all the powers of a superior court of record.”\n\n14: Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this section shall be construed as precluding:- the National Assembly or any House of Assembly from establishing courts, other than those to which this section relates, with subordinate jurisdiction to that of a High Court; the National Assembly or any House of Assembly, which does not require it, from abolishing any court which it has power to establish or which it has brought into being.\n\n15: This section relates to:\n(a) the Supreme Court of Nigeria; (b) the Court of Appeal; (c) the Federal High Court; (d) the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (e) a High Court of a State; (f) the Sharia Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (g) a Sharia Court of Appeal of a state; (h) the Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (i) a Customary Court of Appeal of a state; (j) such other courts as may be authorized by law to exercise jurisdiction on matters with respect to which the National Assembly may make laws; and (k) such other court as may be authorized by law to exercise jurisdiction at first instance or on appeal on matters with respect to which a House of Assembly may make laws.\n\n16: However, several other provisions relating to the Nigeria judicial system are contained in Chapter VII of the 1999 Constitution, which provides for the judicature in details. This portion of the Constitution is made up of Sections 230 – 296. Therein, the provisions of Sections 230 – 269 are concerned with federal courts and provide inter alia for the establishment, jurisdiction, constitution as well as practice and procedure of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, Court of Appeal, Federal High Court and the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory.\"\n\nSimilarly, the provisions of Sections 270 to 284 are concerned with the state courts and provide inter alia for the establishment, jurisdiction, constitution, practice and procedure of high court, Shariah Court of Appeal, Customary Court of Appeal and a few others. In addition, Section 285 provides for the establishment and jurisdiction of election tribunals to hear and determine election petitions throughout Nigeria. In a like manner, Sections 286 to 296 make supplemental provisions for both federal and state courts and their personnel. \n\nSpecifically, Section 4(8) states that “save as otherwise provided by this Constitution, the exercise of legislative powers by the National Assembly or by a Houses of Assembly shall be subject to  the jurisdiction of the courts of law and of judicial tribunals established by law, and accordingly, the National Assembly or a House of Assembly shall not enact any law that ousts or purports to oust the jurisdiction of a court of law or of a judicial tribunal established by law.” However, each of the courts created by the Constitution is conferred with its own specified jurisdiction outside of which it cannot adjudicate.\n\nThe independence of the judiciary is considered to be determined by the security of tenure and pay, appointment and removal of judicial officers and individual and institutional freedom from unwarranted interference with the judicial process.","The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended). Section 6 (1 and 2) of the Constitution provides that “the judicial powers of the federation shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being court..."]
["2012_RW_1",2012,"RW","Rwanda",1,100,"As set out in the constitution, Rwanda's judiciary is independent and separate from the legislative and executive branches of government. The judiciary has financial and administrative autonomy. Judicial decisions are binding on all parties concerned, be they public authorities or individuals. Judicial decisions cannot be challenged except through procedures determined by law.","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, Chapter V, Section 1, Article 140 on general provisions, \nwww.rwandaparliament.gov.rw/parliament/DF_DocumentViewer.aspx?id=73b3974e-12e8-497a-bb0b-e3411596deef.","As set out in the constitution, Rwanda's judiciary is independent and separate from the legislative and executive branches of government. The judiciary has financial and administrative autonomy. Judicial decisions are binding on all parties concerned, be they public authorities or ..."]
["2012_ST_1",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",1,100,"Article 121 of the Constitution establishes the independence of the judicial system: The courts are independent and only are subordinated to the laws. The original translation refers specifically to the courts, but the courts are part of the judicial system. In the Law 8/91, Law of the Judicial System,  Article 1 states: \"The judicial courts are organs of sovereignty with jurisdiction to administer justice on behalf of the people and has jurisdiction throughout the national territory.\" And Article 2 states: \"The courts are independent and subject only to the laws.\"","Constitution, Title VI – The Courts, Dec. 15, 1975, São Tomé and Príncipe.\n\nConstitution, Title VI - The Courts, Article 121, Paragraph (4) \n\nConstitution, Article 121 – Independence: The Courts are independent and only are subordinated to the laws.\n\nwww.tribunalconstitucional.st","Article 121 of the Constitution establishes the independence of the judicial system: The courts are independent and only are subordinated to the laws. The original translation refers specifically to the courts, but the courts are part of the judicial system. In the Law 8/91, Law of..."]
["2012_SN_1",2012,"SN","Senegal",1,0,"Il existe au Sénégal trois pouvoirs qui sont indépendants (le pouvoir exécutif, le pouvoir législatif et le pouvoir judiciaire). La constitution du Sénégal qui est actuellement en vigueur et qui a été votée par référendum en 2001 garantit la séparation des trois pouvoirs et consacre l'independance de la justice en son article 88 qui stipule que « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des Comptes et les Cours et Tribunaux». \n\nLa Constitution établit le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat du corps judiciaire à examiner les lois, à rendre les décisions judiciaires et à choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux en ses articles 91, 31 et 34 qui stipulent respectivement que « Le pouvoir judiciaire est gardien des droits et libertés définis par la Constitution et la loi. »\n\nCependant, la loi organique N°92-26 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, le Président de la République est aussi le Président du CSM, et le Ministre de Justice est vice-président.","Constitution de la République du Sénégal de 2001. Titre VIII : Du pouvoir judiciaire,  Article 80. http://www.gouv.sn/-Constitution-du-Senegal-.html\n\nLoi organique N°92-26 modifiant l'ordonnance N°60-16 portant loi organique sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. http://ww.coursupreme.sn/menusysjudi/207-conseil-sup-mag.html","Il existe au Sénégal trois pouvoirs qui sont indépendants (le pouvoir exécutif, le pouvoir législatif et le pouvoir judiciaire). La constitution du Sénégal qui est actuellement en vigueur et qui a été votée par référendum en 2001 garantit la séparation des trois pouvoirs et consacr..."]
["2012_SC_1",2012,"SC","Seychelles",1,100,"The Constitution of Seychelles (1993) Article 119 (2) states:\n\"The Judiciary shall be independent and be subject to only this Constitution and the other laws of Seychelles.\"\n\n120(1)  There shall be a court of appeal which shall, subject to this constitution, have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgement, direction, decision, declaration, decree, writ or order of the   supreme court and such other appellate jurisdiction as may be conferred upon the court of appeal by this constitution and by or under an act.\n\n125(1)  There shall be a supreme court which shall, in addition to the jurisdiction and powers conferred by this constitution, have -\n (a) original jurisdiction in matters relating to the application, contravention, enforcement or interpretation of this constitution;\n(b) original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters;\n(c) supervisory jurisdiction over subordinate courts, tribunals and adjudicating authority and, in this connection, shall have power to issue injunctions, directions, orders or writs including writs or orders in the nature of habeas corpus, certiorari, mandamus, prohibition and quo warranto as may be appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of its supervisory jurisdiction; and\n(d) such other original, appellate and other jurisdiction as may be conferred on it by or under an act.\n\nCourts Act: \n 5.  The supreme court shall continue to have, and is hereby  invested with full original jurisdiction to hear and determine all suits, actions, causes, and matters under all laws for the time being in force in Seychelles relating to wills and execution of wills, interdiction or appointment of a curator, guardianship of minors, adoption, insolvency, bankruptcy, matrimonial causes and generally to hear and determine all civil suits, actions, causes and matters that may be brought or may be pending before it, whatever may be the nature of such suits, actions, causes or matters, and, in exercising such jurisdiction, the supreme court shall have, and is hereby invested with, all the powers, privileges, authority, and jurisdiction which is vested in, or capable of being exercised by the high court of justice in England.","Constitution of Seychelles (1993) Article 119 (2). http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/42","The Constitution of Seychelles (1993) Article 119 (2) states:\n\"The Judiciary shall be independent and be subject to only this Constitution and the other laws of Seychelles.\"..."]
["2012_SL_1",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",1,100,"Section 120 (3) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991) states that \"in the exercise of its judicial functions, the Judiciary shall be subject to only this Constitution or any other law and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any other person or authority.\" \n\nThus, judges have constitutional protection from executive and legislative interference and can be removed only if they are incapacitated or engage in serious misconduct. Even then, this must be done by the president and upon the recommendation of a special investigative tribunal and approved by two-thirds majority of Parliament.","Section 120 (3) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991). http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nSection 10 of the Local Courts Acts, No. 2 of 1963.","Section 120 (3) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991) states that \"in the exercise of its judicial functions, the Judiciary shall be subject to only this Constitution or any other law and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any other person or auth..."]
["2012_SO_1",2012,"SO","Somalia",1,100,"Article 3 of the Somali constitution invokes the independence of the judiciary in ensuring accountability, efficiency and responsiveness to the interests of the people. In addition, article 106 stipulates, “The judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches of government whilst fulfilling its judicial functions. Members of the judiciary shall be subject only to the law. No civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted against a judge in respect of the exercising of any judicial function. The home or person of a judge cannot be searched without the authorization of the Judicial Service Commission.”","Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012.  Article 3 and 106. http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia","Article 3 of the Somali constitution invokes the independence of the judiciary in ensuring accountability, efficiency and responsiveness to the interests of the people. In addition, article 106 stipulates, “The judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches of g..."]
["2012_ZA_1",2012,"ZA","South Africa",1,100,"The South Africa Constitution (Act 108, 1996) stipulates that the judiciary and its function are independent from other organs of the state (namely, the legislature and the executive branch). The constitution states in Section 165 that the courts are independent and subject only to the constitution and the law and that no person or organ of state may interfere with their functioning.","Constitution of South Africa, Act 108, 1996, Chapter 8 (Courts and Administration of Justice). http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996","The South Africa Constitution (Act 108, 1996) stipulates that the judiciary and its function are independent from other organs of the state (namely, the legislature and the executive branch). The constitution states in Section 165 that the courts are independent and subject only to..."]
["2012_SS_1",2012,"SS","South Sudan",1,100,"Article 122 (2) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan guarantees independence of the judiciary.","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Article 122 (2), 2011. Government of South Sudan. http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html ","Article 122 (2) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan guarantees independence of the judiciary."]
["2012_SD_1",2012,"SD","Sudan",1,100,"“The Constitutional Court shall be independent of [the] Legislature and Executive and separate from the National Judiciary; the law shall determine its rules of procedure and execution of its judgments.”\n \nHowever, Article 130 (1) states \"Having regard to competence, integrity and credibility, the Chief Justice of the Republic of the Sudan, his/her deputies, Justices and Judges shall be appointed by the President of the Republic in accordance with Article 58 (2) (c) herein, where applicable, and upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Service Commission.","Part Five, Chapter II, Article 119 (1), Interim National Constitution\n of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005.","“The Constitutional Court shall be independent of [the] Legislature and Executive and separate from the National Judiciary; the law shall determine its rules of procedure and execution of its judgments.”..."]
["2012_SZ_1",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",1,0,"The Swaziland Constitution provides for the independence of the judiciary in Section 62, which states, \"It is the duty of all governmental and other institutions to respect and observe the independence of the judiciary.\"\n \nHowever, Section 65, which defines the exercise of king's functions, indicates that discretionary and residuary powers are vested in the king.","Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/constitutions/swaziland_constitution.pdf","The Swaziland Constitution provides for the independence of the judiciary in Section 62, which states, \"It is the duty of all governmental and other institutions to respect and observe the independence of the judiciary.\"..."]
["2012_TZ_1",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",1,100,"Article 107B of the Constitution specifically grants independence to the judiciary, stating \"In exercising the powers of dispensing justice, all courts shall have freedom and shall be required only to observe the provisions of the Constitution and those of the laws of the land.\"","Article 107B of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977; http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf","Article 107B of the Constitution specifically grants independence to the judiciary, stating \"In exercising the powers of dispensing justice, all courts shall have freedom and shall be required only to observe the provisions of the Constitution and those of the laws of the land.\""]
["2012_TG_1",2012,"TG","Togo",1,100,"Article 113 de la Constitution : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est garant des libertés individuelles et des droits fondamentaux des citoyens. » \n \nLoi organique n° 97-04 du 6 mars 1997 portant organisation et fonctionnement du conseil supérieur de la magistrature dispose que \"Le Pouvoir Judiciaire est indépendant du Pouvoir Législatif et du Pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions qu'à l'autorité de la loi\".\n\nSelon la Constitution de 1992 modifiée en 2002, le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature \"est présidé par le Président de la Cour suprême.\"\n\nArt.116 : Le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature est composé de neuf (09) \nmembres : \n- trois (03) magistrats de la Cour suprême ; \n- quatre (04) magistrats des cours d’appel et des tribunaux ; \n- un (01) député élu par l’Assemblée nationale au bulletin ; \n- une (01) personnalité n’appartenant ni à l’Assemblée nationale, ni au \nGouvernement ni à la magistrature, choisie par le Président de la \nRépublique en raison de sa compétence. \nIl est présidé par le Président de la Cour suprême. \nLes magistrats membres dudit conseil, à l’exception du Président de la Cour \nsuprême, membre de droit, sont élus par leurs pairs au bulletin secret. \nLes membres du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature sont nommés pour un \nmandat de quatre (04) ans renouvelable une seul fois.","1. Constitution du 27 septembre 1992. (1992). Article 113. http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/tg/tg001fr.pdf\n \n 2. Loi organique n° 97-04 du 6 mars 1997 portant organisation et fonctionnement du conseil supérieur de la magistrature togolaise, Voir Constitution de la IVe République togolaise de 1992 et révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0","Article 113 de la Constitution : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est garant des libertés individuelles et des droits fondamentaux des citoyens. » ..."]
["2012_TN_1",2012,"TN","Tunisia",1,100,"Suivant la révolution en Tunisie, la loi constitutive du 16 décembre 2011 a été adoptée afin d'organiser provisoirement les pouvoirs publics après la suspension de la Constitution de 1959. Malgré cette règle constitutionnelle, la justice reste assez dépendante du pouvoir exécutif en raison des modalités de gestion de la carrière des juges et de la dépendance du conseil supérieur de la magistrature. L'article 22 de ladite loi stipule que \"Le pouvoir judiciaire exerce ses fonctions de manière indépendante.\"","Loi constituante du 11 décembre 2011, https://cerclechercheursmoyenorient.wordpress.com/2012/05/24/tunisie-loi-constituante-n-6-2011-du-16-decembre-2011-relative-a-lorganisation-provisoire-des-pouvoirs-publics/","Suivant la révolution en Tunisie, la loi constitutive du 16 décembre 2011 a été adoptée afin d'organiser provisoirement les pouvoirs publics après la suspension de la Constitution de 1959. Malgré cette règle constitutionnelle, la justice reste assez dépendante du pouvoir exécutif e..."]
["2012_UG_1",2012,"UG","Uganda",1,100,"Article 128 Clause (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda establishes that in the exercise of judicial power, the courts shall be independent and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority, and Clause (2) states that no person or authority shall interfere with the courts or judicial officers in the exercise of their judicial functions.","Article 128 Clauses (1) and (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995. http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","Article 128 Clause (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda establishes that in the exercise of judicial power, the courts shall be independent and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority, and Clause (2) states that no person or authorit..."]
["2012_ZM_1",2012,"ZM","Zambia",1,100,"Article 91 of the constitution clause (2) and (3) guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Clause (2) states that \"the judges of the courts mentioned in clause (1) shall be independent, impartial and subject only to this constitution and the law\", while clause (3) adds that \"the judicature shall be autonomous and shall be administered in accordance with the provisions of an Act of Parliament\".\n \nArticle 93 (2) stipulates the President to appoint Supreme Court Judges, subject to ratification by the National Assembly. \n \nOn the dismissal or removal of Supreme Court Judges, Article 94 (3) stipulates: If the President considers that the question of removing a judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court under this Article ought to be investigated, then-\n  \n (a) he shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office;\n  \n (b) the tribunal shall inquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the judge ought to be removed from office under this Article for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour.\n  \n (4) Where a tribunal appointed under clause (3) advises the President that a judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court ought to be removed from office for inability, or incompetence or for misbehaviour, the President shall remove such judge from office.\n \nThis stipulation allows for disproportional influence of the President possibly revoking a judge's tenure. \n \n Furthermore, there is no provision that explicitly enables the judiciary to review the constitutionality of legislation or review laws. In fact, section 34 of the National Assembly (Powers and Privileges) Act expressly denies the judiciary the right to review acts of the legislature.","(1) The Zambian Constitution, The Judicature, Courts, 1996, Article 91, 93, 94, http://www.unza.zm/zamlii/const/1996/partvi.html or http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1\n \n (2) The National Assembly Act, Section 34, Powers and Privileges, as amended by Act No. 23 of 1976, http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/12","Article 91 of the constitution clause (2) and (3) guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Clause (2) states that \"the judges of the courts mentioned in clause (1) shall be independent, impartial and subject only to this constitution and the law\", while clause (3) adds that \"t..."]
["2012_ZW_1",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",1,100,"Section 79B of the current Constitution provides for the independence of judiciary. It reads “In the exercise of his judicial authority, a member of the judiciary shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority, except to the extent that a written law may place him under the direction or control of another member of the judiciary.’’\n \nFurther, the Judicial Service Code of Ethics Regulations (Statutory Instrument of 2012) sets out provisions on the independence of the judiciary. The regulations state in Section 5 that \"a judicial officer shall uphold the independence of the judiciary and the authority of the courts and shall, in keeping with his or her judicial oath, perform all duties without fear or favor. Further, a judicial officer shall at all times exhibit and promote high standards of judicial conduct in order to foster public confidence, which is universally accepted as a fundamental ingredient to the maintenance of judicial independence. A judicial officer shall be faithful to and maintain professional competence in the law, and shall not be swayed by partisan interests, public clamor or fear of criticism.\"","Constitution of Zimbabwe Section 79B (section as inserted by section 10 of Act 30 of 1990 – Amendment No. 11). http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646\n \n Section 5 of the Judicial Service Code of Ethics Regulations (Statutory Instrument of 2012) [CAP. 7:18]. http://archive.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/judicial_serv_reg_2012_120220.pdf","Section 79B of the current Constitution provides for the independence of judiciary. It reads “In the exercise of his judicial authority, a member of the judiciary shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority, except to the extent that a written law ma..."]
["2012_DZ_2",2012,"DZ","Algeria",2,25,"National-level judges are not typically independent and are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. The following are a few documented examples of the low level of independence of the judiciary:\n\nEl Watan, dated Dec. 10, 2011, page 4. In the last part of the paper one can read that very high officials at the Ministry of Energy and others were convicted of fraud, but the judiciary was very lenient with them and they got away.\n\nEl Watan, dated March 6, 2012, page 5: \"The Minister of Justice (Belaïz) has installed a new Superior Council of Magistrates  - CSM - secretively.\" The court with high ranking magistrates is not widely representative and its composition in terms of human resources is not publicized.\n\nEl Watan, dated Dec. 14, 2011, page 3: The Minister of Justice says \"the judiciary is independent ... We are going to prove him the judiciary is under the order,\" said National Coordinator of the unit against corruption of the Algerian League of Human Rights.","Anonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, representative. NGO. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, representative. NGO. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, representative. NGO. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 2, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","National-level judges are not typically independent and are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. The following are a few documented examples of the low level of independence of the judiciary:..."]
["2012_AO_2",2012,"AO","Angola",2,25,"Angolan Ombudsman Paulo Tjipilica said on May 17, 2012, that the Supreme Court decision to  annul the appointment of Suzana Inglês as chairwoman of the National Electoral Commission (CNE) strengthens the democracy and rule of law in Angola in regard to the independence  of sovereignty organs.\n\nThe Ministry of Justice has formal authority and budgetary control over the entire judicial branch. According to the 2010 constitution, the president nominates—and the National Assembly formally elects—all justices of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and Audit Court. However, the judiciary is subject to political interference by the government, president, and other politically powerful individuals affiliated with the ruling party. Despite these problems, rulings are mixed: while there are often partisan rulings, there are also cases in which the rule of law is upheld. \n\nThe new Constitutional Court is seen as somewhat more independent than other courts, although its endorsement of the troubled 2008 electoral process tarnished that image. In a significant demonstration of independence, the court struck down Article 26 of the Law on Crimes against State Security, which had essentially given the state the authority to classify virtually any act as a crime.As a result, the August 2010 conviction of four Cabindan human rights activists in connection with a fatal attack on the Togolese football team was overturned.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: According to Freedom House, the government has rewarded compliant judges with paid posts as chairs of committees. Some close to the system argue that sentences are frequently paid off, especially in civil cases. Political loyalty plays an important role in the system, and comparable cases are not necessarily treated equally, nor do they yield predictable outcomes. Bribery and influence peddling are commonplace in the courts. Although there are mixed results, in which the rule of law is exercised over partisan rulings, the independence of the judiciary is still far from guaranteed.\n\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/algeria/rule-law-0;","\"Supreme Courts decision shows independence - Ombudsman\", Angop, May 19, 2012, http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/politica/2012/4/20/Supreme-Courts-decision-shows-independence-Ombudsman,f621efe4-7e11-4d7b-a520-38b14b46d224.html\n\nFreedom House, Country report , Fall 2011, Rule of Law Angola, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads-2011/rule-law-0","Angolan Ombudsman Paulo Tjipilica said on May 17, 2012, that the Supreme Court decision to  annul the appointment of Suzana Inglês as chairwoman of the National Electoral Commission (CNE) strengthens the democracy and rule of law in Angola in regard to the independence  of sovereig..."]
["2012_BJ_2",2012,"BJ","Benin",2,25,"Dans la pratique, l'indépendance n'est pas garantie car la justice béninoise est perçue par les populations et les investisseurs comme le prolongement de l'exécutif. La nomination des membres de la cour constitutionnelle et de la cour suprême est faite par le gouvernement et d'autres institutions, amis le quota du gouvernement est supérieur à celui des autres institutions, ce qui lui donne un certain avantage dans la balance.","* François AWO, Juriste, Assistant de Programme à l'ONG ALCRER, Entretien au siège de l'ONG Alcrer, Cotonou le 18 juin 2012.\n-----\n\n* Anselme AMOUSSOU, Enseignant, responsable syndical, Entretien le 21 juin 2012 à la Bourse du Travail, siège des syndicats béninois, Cotonou:\n----\n\n* Paul IKO, Instituteur, Syndicaliste, Secrétaire Général Adjoint de la CSTB, Entretien le 21 juin 2012 à la Bourse du Travail, Cotonou:\n----\n\n* Emmanuel OPITA, Magistrat, Juge d'instruction , Entretien au Tribunal de Cotonou, le 25 juin 2012, Cotonou:\n-------\n* Décision DCC 11-084 du 06 décembre 2011","Dans la pratique, l'indépendance n'est pas garantie car la justice béninoise est perçue par les populations et les investisseurs comme le prolongement de l'exécutif. La nomination des membres de la cour constitutionnelle et de la cour suprême est faite par le gouvernement et d'autr..."]
["2012_BW_2",2012,"BW","Botswana",2,100,"When the government disagrees with judgments of the judicial branch, it follows the appeal process as stipulated by the law. For example, in a recent case involving reinstated civil servants, the government lodged an appeal with the Supreme Court asking that it put on hold a ruling made in the High Court.","\"CKGR Issue Not Over -- Dow,\" Tshireletso Motlogelwa, Mmegi Online, July 19, 2012, Vol.29, No.105, \nwww.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1782&dir=2012/July/Thursday19 \n\n\"Botswana Court Halts Return of Fired Workers,\" Radio Netherlands Worldwide, June 27, 2012,\nwww.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/botswana-court-halts-return-fired-workers","When the government disagrees with judgments of the judicial branch, it follows the appeal process as stipulated by the law. For example, in a recent case involving reinstated civil servants, the government lodged an appeal with the Supreme Court asking that it put on hold a ruling..."]
["2012_BF_2",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",2,25,"La justice traîne plusieurs dossiers de corruption sans être en mesure de les faire aboutir. Les crimes économiques et politiques n'ont pas ete élucidés depuis 20 ans alimentent la mefiance de la jeunesse entre 2008 et 2011. Quand des cas précis d'incapacité de la justice à traiter des dossiers ont été portés sur la place publique, des révoltes et des mutineries ont eu lieu durant 3 mois, de février 2011 à mai 2011. La justice a été accusée d'avoir subie des pressions de la part du pouvoir exécutif pour traiter politiquement certaines affaires.","Interview avec M. Nicolas Zermane, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son Bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14:19 TU.\n\nGuy Eric Kam, Président du Conseil d'Ethique Judiciaire, Maître Guy Hervé Kam à  propos de l’affaire Guiro:  « Le Président du Faso est engagé dans tout sauf dans la lutte contre la corruption »,  dans le journal : Le Pays du 17 janvier 2012.","La justice traîne plusieurs dossiers de corruption sans être en mesure de les faire aboutir. Les crimes économiques et politiques n'ont pas ete élucidés depuis 20 ans alimentent la mefiance de la jeunesse entre 2008 et 2011. Quand des cas précis d'incapacité de la justice à traiter..."]
["2012_BI_2",2012,"BI","Burundi",2,25,"The entire management of the career of judges is in the hands of the Ministry of Justice and the President of the Republic. A judge is appointed without competition/test, but with the discretionary powers of the Ministry of Justice, which can be expected to influence any decision-making. \n\nAime-Parfait Niyonkuru, assistant Lecturer at University of Burundi, wrote: \"The conditions for nomination of magistrates do not naturally guarantee their independence. Recruitment criteria remain arbitrary in practice....The ones who are recruited are not the best in terms of education, academic files and experience in relation to their previous professional activities. .... An opaque appointment system of judges can affect the independence of the judge who will fill indebted to the appointing authority. This will make the judge to make decisions are inclining to the appointing authority so as to please them and eventually get promotion.\"\n\nAnd most of the time, judges are appointed on a political affiliation basis. Moreover, the Ministry of Justice can relocate a judge without giving a reason, something used as punishment. \"There seems to be only two options; making appropriate rulings following the law and risk losing one’s career and above all the survival and stability of one’s family (or decide to) swear allegiance to other powers and in particular the executive with the risk of betraying his or her conscience by deliberately bending the law.  The judicial system is always haunted by the possibility of losing employment, endangering their careers and subjecting their families to precarious situations since judges, whether appointed or elected, cannot leave their area of jurisdiction before attaining the age of retirement or end of their tenure,\" wrote Niyonkuru.  \n\nIn one particular case, the Minister of Justice admitted to corruption within his department and that judges participate in corruption and extortion.","Coalition de la Société civile pour le Monitoring Electoral (COSOME), L’OAG plaide en faveur de l’indépendance de la magistrature au Burundi, http://www.cosome.bi/spip.php?article824, 29 juin 2011\n\nObservatoire de l'Action Gouvernementale (OAG), \"Analyse de l’indépendance de la magistrature au Burundi : Droit et réalités, juillet 2011, http://www.oag.bi/spip.php?article1316 \n\n\"The Independence of the Judiciary Vis-À-Vis the Executive,\" by Aime-Parfait Niyonkuru, Assistant Lecturer at University of Burundi, http://www.the-rule-of-law-in-africa.com/archives/762\n\nSurviT-Banguka, Le Sénat avalise la nomination de quelques magistrats dans les juridictions supérieures, http://www.tutsi.org/act220212.php, 22 février 2012\n\nInternational Non-governmental Organization RCN Justice et Democratie, Le Bulletin 28 Deuxième trimestre 2009, Justice et séparation des pouvoirs, http://www.rcn-ong.be/IMG/pdf/Bull28_2009_06_JusticeETseparationdespouvoirs.pdf","The entire management of the career of judges is in the hands of the Ministry of Justice and the President of the Republic. A judge is appointed without competition/test, but with the discretionary powers of the Ministry of Justice, which can be expected to influence any decision-m..."]
["2012_CM_2",2012,"CM","Cameroon",2,25,"Despite a constitutional provision (Article 37) that guarantees the independence of the judiciary, the Cameroon judiciary is dependent on the executive arm of government. According to Article 37(3), the president of the republic guarantees the independence of the judiciary, and he is the president of the Higher Judicial Council. That body is primarily responsible for the appointment and the discipline of magistrates. This executive role has led to the politicization of the judiciary, as appointments sometimes are made on the basis of partisan loyalties, and has also led to fast-decreasing confidence in the independence of the judiciary.\n\nThere have been instances when judges, basing their judgments on the principles laid down by law, have been summoned to explain their reasoning. In a recent judgment by the Mfoundi High Court -acquitting the former secretary-general at the presidency of embezzling public funds in the acquisition of a presidential jet - newspapers have reported that the president asked the judge to explain the reason for his decision. \n\nSince the acquittal, the accused is still held in detention and two new charges have been brought against him. In some other cases, the judge based his decision on an abrogated law and sentenced the accused to life imprisonment for misappropriation of public funds.\n\nOutside the sphere of politically charged rulings, there is however some independence of judges, especially in the country.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The assessment does not take into account the essential fight against corruption initiated by President Paul Biya and Operation Sparrowhawk, which is however largely politicized. This operation takes place mainly in the courts of Douala and Yaounde (capital and economic policy), while elsewhere in the backcountry or for some other cases, judges exercise their independence even if some are tempted by corruption. Apart from government pressure, many private news operations (written press and radio) are paid by to discredit Operation Sparrowhawk. So when they are convicted, there is an outcry and numerous criticisms by the press of judges. However, even if Operation Sparrowhawk is politicized, all officials who were prosecuted and sentenced misappropriated funds. In conclusion, it is especially judges in Yaoundé and Douala where there is large-scale corruption is in the open. A 25 is appropriate. ;","Eitel Elessa Mbassi, \"Acquittement d’Atangana Mebara: La Présidence somme Le juge Schlick de s’expliquer,\"  Le Jour, May 15, 2012, available at http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,34378,@,acquittement-d-atangana-mebara-la-presidence-somme-le-juge-schlick-de-s-explique.html\n\nEdouard Kingue, \"Cameroun/Affaire Marafa: Que peut faire le juge Schlick à une semaine du verdict?\" Le Messager, Sept. 14, 2012.\n\nTransparency International, \"National Integrity System Assessments: Transparency International Country Study -- Cameroon,\" 2007.\n\nAndrew Sone Ewang et al, \"The Judiciary as the Last Hope for the Protection of Democracy and Human Rights in Cameroon,\"  Cameroon Journal on Democracy and Human Rights, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2009. \n\nJulius Nyamkimah Fondong, \"Dipanda Mouelle and the Judicial Independence Conundrum,\" The Chia Report, March 9, 2010, available at www.chiareport.com/2010/03/dipanda-mouelle-and-the-judicial-independence-conundrum.html\n\nBusiness Anti-Corruption Portal, \"Cameroon Country Profile -- Judicial System,\" available at www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/corruption-levels/judicial-system/","Despite a constitutional provision (Article 37) that guarantees the independence of the judiciary, the Cameroon judiciary is dependent on the executive arm of government. According to Article 37(3), the president of the republic guarantees the independence of the judiciary, and he ..."]
["2012_CV_2",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",2,50,"Although, in practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed, there are still more or less explicit attempts to influence the work of the courts. These attempts have been more visible in periods of elections by political forces at stake, as recently happened in the last municipal elections, particularly in the municipality of Santa Catarina de Santiago. Looking at the media reports taken from those seen as close to the ruling party (African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde) and media considered close to the largest opposition party (Movement for Democracy), there is politicization of justice. In such contexts, the political actors have sought, through complaints in the courts, to defeat opponents in court when they do not succeed in politics.  This is particularly the case in the Supreme Court as it is the Constitutional Court responsible for the contentious elections. On the other hand, there is another phenomenon called \"judicialization of politics,\" although in Cape Verde this is still very low. In such cases, attorneys try to bring justice and solve political problems in the courts.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In practice, the judiciary's independence is guaranteed. The Supreme Tribunal (Court) of Justice, the highest court in Cape Verde, has a minimum of five members: one appointed by the president, one appointed by the National Assembly, and three appointed by the Supreme Council of Magistrates. The Ministry of Justice and Labor appoints local judges.;","Liberal, Editorial Board,  Feb. 18, 2012, \"The Liberal Publishes the Judgment of Shame,\" http://liberal.sapo.cv/noticia.asp?idEdicao=64&id=36511&idSeccao=523&Action=noticia\n\nA Semana, Feb. 29, 2012, \"Electoral Process in Santa Catarina: Supreme Court of Law Reconfirms PAICV Victory in the Assembly Hall,\" http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article78915&ak=1.\n\nInterview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal County, July 2, 2012, Praia City.\n\nReport on the State of Justice - 2011 of Supreme Judicial Council, National Press of Cape Verde.","Although, in practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed, there are still more or less explicit attempts to influence the work of the courts. These attempts have been more visible in periods of elections by political forces at stake, as recently happened in the last m..."]
["2012_CF_2",2012,"CF","CAR",2,25,"On observe quotidiennement la collusion entre les magistrats et avocats, les trafics d'influence de l'exécutif, et des hauts gradés de l'armée sur les juges. Ce qui revient à dire de manière solennelle qu'il est difficile d'admettre, à l'heure actuelle, l'indépendance totale du corps judiciaire en République Centrafricaine bien que la loi fondamentale l'a prévue.  \n\nPar ailleurs, les informateurs cités ci-dessus ajoutent que cette indépendance absolue du corps judiciaire figure seulement sur papier, mais en pratique, elle n'est pas effective. \n\nA titre d'illustration, le Chef de l'Etat qui est sensé être le garant de l'indépendance de la justice avait posé en 2010 un acte qui dépassait la pensée de tout le monde. Il s'est déplacé lui-même en justice pour instruire les juges d'arrêter certains compatriotes supposés être à l'origine de l'incendie d'un super marché appartenant à un groupe  libanais. Cet acte est contraire au principe de fonctionnement de la justice qui devrait normalement mener l'enquête pour déterminer la responsabilité des personnes pointées du doigt au préalable. Deuxième cas de figure, un journaliste de la presse privée a été déféré à la maison d'arrêt centrale sur l'instruction d'un Ex-Ministre d'Etat aux Finances et Budget cette année. C'est pourquoi nous disons que la justice centrafricaine n'est pas indépendante.","-Sylvain TABANGUE, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Bangui octobre 2012;\n\n-YAMINDI Edmond, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Bangui mai 2012.","On observe quotidiennement la collusion entre les magistrats et avocats, les trafics d'influence de l'exécutif, et des hauts gradés de l'armée sur les juges. Ce qui revient à dire de manière solennelle qu'il est difficile d'admettre, à l'heure actuelle, l'indépendance totale du cor..."]
["2012_TD_2",2012,"TD","Chad",2,0,"Owing to the nature of the regime, the judiciary is not independent. The executive can appoint and demote judges at ease. A recent case was the dismissal of a judge in May 2012 for a court decision on a poaching case involving an opposition member of Parliament that was allegedly unfavorable to ruling party and government officials. \n\nThe decision suspending the magistrate was based on ordinance No. 007-PR-2012, which allows the minister of justice to temporally suspend any judge for motives such as misconduct. Besides that suspension, the above ordinance constitutes a breach to the checks and balances that eventually prevent the executive to interfere with the judiciary. \n\nWhile the independence of the judiciary is provided by the constitution, the ordinance mentioned above stirred controversy as it contravened the principle of separation of power between the executive and the judiciary by allowing the minister of justice to take a disciplinary action against judges.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Another reference on this topic is Amnesty International's \"Chad: Judicial Harassment of Political Opponents and Journalists Must Stop,\" seen here: http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/chad-judicial-harassment-of-political-opponents-and-journalists-must-stop.;","Centre d'Etude et de Formation pour le Développement, Revue de la presse du 07 au 12 mai 2012, 22 May 2012, http://www.cefod.org/node/34 \n\nRadio France International, Tchad : le juge Emmanuel Dekembé suspendu par le ministre de la Justice, 14 May 2012,  http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120514-tchad-le-juge-emmanuel-dekembe-libere-gali-ngote-gata-est-suspendu-le-ministre","Owing to the nature of the regime, the judiciary is not independent. The executive can appoint and demote judges at ease. A recent case was the dismissal of a judge in May 2012 for a court decision on a poaching case involving an opposition member of Parliament that was allegedly u..."]
["2012_KM_2",2012,"KM","Comoros",2,25,"Pour les commissaires anti-corruption, dans la pratique, les magistrats ne sont pas poursuivis dans l’exercice de leur travail, ils ne sont pas tenus responsables en cas d’erreur judiciaire, et le pouvoir exécutif ne s'ingère pas dans le judiciaire. Le principe de l’inamovibilité  est respecté, et l'indépendance est garantie pour les juges des sièges.\n\nPour d'autres sources, il existe une indépendance restreinte. La justice est souvent manipulée car plusieurs magistrats n'ont pas la compétence  requise du fait que le recrutement se fait sur des bases clientélistes, en l'absence de concours s'ajoute à cela la corruption. \nCes assertions recoupent les affirmations du journaliste El-Had Said Omar, directeur de l’Agence de Presse HZK, Directeur de la Publication du Journal La Gazette des Comores, interviewé à Moroni, le 26 mars 2012.\n\nL'opinion publique, de son côté, ne croit pas en l'indépendance de la justice. Le blog \"Comores.droit\" mentionne dans son éditorial du 26 mai 2012 consacré au premier anniversaire de l'investiture du Président des Comores \"qu'en parachevant l’architecture juridictionnelle du pays et en modernisant les infrastructures de l’institution judiciaire, le Président de l’Union contribue à l’amélioration de l’environnement juridique du pays et au renforcement de l’État de droit. Cependant, l’indépendance de la justice est loin d’être acquise\". L'éditorial critique le limogeage en mars 2012 des magistrats au sommet de l'appareil judiciaire, où seul le procureur Général près la Cour d’Appel de Moroni -originaire de Mohéli comme le Président- a été épargné. Pour \"Comores-droit\", ce geste \"montre que l’exécutif de l’Union a tendance à mettre au placard les magistrats qui « gênent »\".","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview via internet, 09 juin 2012,  Moroni\nInterview de Mr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Ancien Juge à la Cour Constitutionnelle, ancien Ministre des Finances, 27 mars 2012, Moroni\nInterview de El-Had Said Omar, directeur de l’Agence de Presse HZK, Directeur de la Publication du Journal La Gazette des Comores, Moroni, 26 mars 2012.\nComores.droit, 26 mai 2012, \"1er anniversaire de l’investiture du Président Ikililou\", www.Comores.droit.centerblog.net","Pour les commissaires anti-corruption, dans la pratique, les magistrats ne sont pas poursuivis dans l’exercice de leur travail, ils ne sont pas tenus responsables en cas d’erreur judiciaire, et le pouvoir exécutif ne s'ingère pas dans le judiciaire. Le principe de l’inamovibilité  ..."]
["2012_CD_2",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",2,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_2",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",2,0,"The Democratic Republic of the Congo justice system is not independent. For example, the Amnesty International report mentions widespread immunity granted by members of the judiciary.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: http://radiookapi.net/regions/nord-kivu/2013/01/31/rdc-une-ong-denonce-une-justice-favorable-aux-riches/;","\"L'indépendance de la Justice en Question en République Démocratique du Congo,\" RFI, Jan. 20, 2012.\nhttp://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120120-justice-republique-democratique-congo-est-elle-vraiment-independante\n\n\"Il Est Temps que Justice Soit Rendue la République Démocratique du Congo a Besoin d'une Nouvelle Stratégie en Matière de Justice,\"  Amnesty International, August 2011. http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/AFR62/007/2011/fr/4148a3e0-8e8d-47d2-9464-0d140283b2e0/afr620072011fr.html","The Democratic Republic of the Congo justice system is not independent. For example, the Amnesty International report mentions widespread immunity granted by members of the judiciary.  ..."]
["2012_CI_2",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",2,25,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary in Côte d'Ivoire is not fully guaranteed. The judges are politically appointed and are subject to much external interference. Not a single FRCI member has been charged, either for crimes committed during the post-election crisis or for those committed before.\nFor example, in the aftermath of the 2010 election, more than 120 people linked with Mr. Gbagbo have been charged for electoral fraud and are undergoing prosecution. In spite of widespread public outcry over allegation of electoral malpractices from Mr. Ouattara’s own supporters, none yet has been charged or prosecuted, reinforcing the impression that the incumbent is playing a role at influencing the judiciary and manipulating justice.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: This month, the erstwhile President of the Supreme Court, Tia Koné, publicly confessed to wrongdoings, political interference and wrong judgement againt the actual President of the Republic.  His presidential candidacy was thrown out on the basis that he was not a legitimate citizen.  Tia Koné has requsted that the nation pardon him.  Video on http://www.rti.ci/actualite-2802-plusieurs-annees-apres-tia-kone-l-ancien-president-de-la-cour-supreme-fait-des-revelations..html;\n||\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In the current situation in Côte d’Ivoire the independency of the judiciary is not guaranteed at all. The judiciary largely depends on the Executive and is influenced by this Institution. The post-election conflicts in the country and the way people have been treated in court offer concrete witness of this situation. ;","Jean Philippe Okann, Bonne gouvernance: La Côte d'Ivoire entre corruption et justice incertaine, Abidjan.net, http://news.abidjan.net/h/436382.html, 20 juin 2012\n\nHamadou Ziao, Les Elders jugent le régime Ouattara, L'infodrome, http://www.linfodrome.com/vie-politique/2521-les-elders-jugent-le-regime-ouattara, 4 mai 2012\n\nCote d’Ivoire Country report, Economist intelligence unit, 4th Quarter 2012\n\nInternational Group Crisis, “Cote d’Ivoire: Defusing tensions,” Nov 26, 2012, available at\nhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/west-africa/cote-divoire/193-cote-divoire-defusing-tensions.aspx\n\nFIDH, “Ivory Coast : Justice to combat human rights violations and insecurity,” Nov 2, 2012, available at http://www.fidh.org/Ivory-Coast-Justice-to-combat-12371","In practice, the independence of the judiciary in Côte d'Ivoire is not fully guaranteed. The judges are politically appointed and are subject to much external interference. Not a single FRCI member has been charged, either for crimes committed during the post-election crisis or for..."]
["2012_DJ_2",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",2,25,"Selon une greffière, les procédures accélérées qui permettent aux autorités politiques de faire traiter leurs dossiers plus vite que d'autres qui étaient déjà prévus mettent à mal l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. \nLa deuxième source estime que beaucoup de gens se plaignent de la justice dont la garantie d'indépendance était mise à mal (lenteur, problème d’exécution de ses décisions, juges pas vraiment impartiaux). Cette source a confirmé qu'en pratique, les garanties d'independance de la justice n’étaient pas satisfaisantes. \n\nCependant, pour les affaires criminelles banales, les juges ne rendent pas de jugements sous influence des autorites politiques.","Interview de Madame Zamzam Abdi Greffière au palais de justice de Djibouti, réalisée le 15 mai 2012. \n\nIinterview de Monsieur Mohamed Isse, Journaliste à la Radio Télévision de Djibouti (RTD), réalisée le 15 mai 2012 dans un café.","Selon une greffière, les procédures accélérées qui permettent aux autorités politiques de faire traiter leurs dossiers plus vite que d'autres qui étaient déjà prévus mettent à mal l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. ..."]
["2012_EG_2",2012,"EG","Egypt",2,50,"Recently, a heated crisis has erupted between the Judiciary power, Parliament and the president. \nThe level of judicial independence in Egypt has fluctuated over the years, rising enough at some points to spook the Mubarak regime, and dipping so low as to uphold the state’s right to torture.\n\nIt’s difficult to argue that any judiciary could maintain its sovereignty when a military junta is at the helm – whether in ruling for or against oppressive practices.\n\nThose at the forefront of the recent campaign to try pro-democracy NGOs like Freedom House, the National Democratic Institute and the International Republic Institute have maintained that the public prosecutor is acting on its own, free from political meddling.\n\nThe ongoing discussion on new Judiciary legislation after the January 25 revolution confirms this problematic status of Egypt's judiciary.","Brown, Nathan. 2012. A Guide Through the Egyptian Maze of Justice. Carnegie Endowment\nhttp://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/06/guide-through-egyptian-maze-of-justice/bkte\n\nBrown, Nathan. 2012. Judicial Turbulence Ahead in Egypt, Fasten Your Seat Belts. http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/06/judicial-turbulence-ahead-in-egypt-fasten-your-seat-belts/b689\n\nCunningham. Erin. 2012. Are Egypt's judges independent? GlobalPost. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/the-middle-east/egypt-independent-judges-ngo-trial\n\nOsman, Ahmed Zaki. 2011. Judiciary on the verge of greater independence, as judges mull reforms. http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/judiciary-verge-greater-independence-judges-mull-reforms\n\nRosberg, James, Chapter 1 of 'Roads to the Rule of Law: The Emergence of an Independent Judiciary in Contemporary Egypt' (July 8, 2009). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1431624 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1431624","Recently, a heated crisis has erupted between the Judiciary power, Parliament and the president. \nThe level of judicial independence in Egypt has fluctuated over the years, rising enough at so..."]
["2012_GQ_2",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",2,0,"The new constitution does not guarantee judiciary independence in practice. This is confirmed by Human Rights Watch: \"[The Constitution] designates the president as the “chief magistrate” of the country and permits him to name Supreme Court justices and others without parliamentary approval.\" \n\nAnother press release from Human Rights Watch and Periodistas en Espanol denounced the conviction of an opposition leader pointing out flaws in the judiciary process due to its lack of independence. Amnesty International also considered the conviction of this opposition leader unjustified. \n\nAnother judgment shows how the supreme court revised a previous judgement, worsening the sentence, which is not allowed under the judicial procedure in Equatorial Guinea. For criminal cases, it requires them to send back the case to the court to re-try the case.","Article on the Constitutional Reform of Equatorial Guinea. Human Rights Watch, November 12, 2011, Equatorial Guinea: A Move to Consolidate Power, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/11/equatorial-guinea-move-consolidate-power\n\nHuman Rights Watch, May 7, 2012, Equatorial Guinea: Opposition Figure Wrongly Convicted, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/07/equatorial-guinea-opposition-figure-wrongly-convicted\n\nPeriodistas en Espanol, May 31, 2012, Guinea Ecuatorial: Wenceslao Mansogo Alo a celda de aislamiento y su abogado suspendido, http://www.periodistas-es.org/derechos-humanos/guinea-ecuatorial-wenceslao-mansogo-alo-a-celda-de-aislamiento-y-su-abogado-suspendido\n\nAmnesty International, May 9, 2012, Condena injustificada de defensor de derechos humanos, http://www.es.amnesty.org/noticias/noticias/articulo/condena-injustificada-de-defensor-de-derechos-humanos/ \n\nAsociacion para la Solidaridad Democratica con Guinea Ecuatorial (ASODEGUE),October 29, 2011, La voluntad de un hombre sobre las leyes. En clara violación de las leyes guineoecuatorianas condenan a 12 años a Faustino Ondó Ebang por un supuesto delito del que había sido absuelto, http://www.asodegue.org/octubre2911.htm","The new constitution does not guarantee judiciary independence in practice. This is confirmed by Human Rights Watch: \"[The Constitution] designates the president as the “chief magistrate” of the country and permits him to name Supreme Court justices and others without parliamentary..."]
["2012_ER_2",2012,"ER","Eritrea",2,25,"According to sources, not all judges experience interference from government officials. However, the Eritrean civil courts mainly oversee civil cases, such as family, succession, contract and movable property, and cases of sexual offenses and petty crimes. Any and all politically relevant cases are closely monitored by the Executive though and there is frequent interference by the Executive. Both sources endorse the complaint made by the former president of the High Court that the judicial body's independence is not guaranteed and confirm his assessment to be still true during the period of study. \n\nThe then-president of the High Court made his assertion during a presentation at a conference July 22-26, 2001, in Asmara. During the presentation, he confirmed that the judicial body was independent in theory but was not free from government interference in practice. He accused the president of Eritrea of playing down the important role of the judicial body. He disclosed that many cases that had been closed by the High Court were reopened and turned down by other government institutions, especially the Special Court. That court was established to oversee corruption and embezzlement cases and is responsible to the Ministry of Defense. The court official's contention was rejected the next day by the minister of justice, Fawzia Hashim, during an interview with the Eritrean local newspaper, Haddas Eritrea, and the High Court president was dismissed. He was deposed for the political stand he took against the government, according to the minister of justice.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Eritrea systematically uses arbitrary detention, there are no checks and balances to the executive, and human rights monitors report routine use of torture. While few judges may have been arrested, the very dramatic removal from office of the president of the High Court is sufficient to conclude that judges are not typically independent.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Disagree;\nCOMMENTS: The Eritrean judiciary is the most emasculated of all state institutions. After the arbitrary dismissal of the president of the High Court of Eritrea (the highest court of the nation at that time), the judiciary sustained a serious blow. The judge (Teame Beyene) was dismissed from office after he publicly criticized government interference in the independence of the judiciary (although the government tried to make the story different from this). His dismissal signifies a lack of respect for the tenure of judges, which is fundamental to the independence of the judicial branch. Before the political crisis of September 2001, the Eritrean judiciary was relatively striving to maintain whatever independence it was granted by the provisional government. In the post-2001 era, the judiciary has become the most emasculated of all state institutions, particularly in regard to protecting fundamental rights and maintaining the sanctity of the principle of the rule of law. The role of the Eritrean judiciary is now relegated to petty civil matters, such as issues of family and maintenance and other trivial criminal offenses such as small-scale private brawls and contraventions of traffic regulations.  Fundamental issues of the rule of law and good governance, such as checks and balances among state organs (legislative, executive and judicial), have never been dealt with by the Eritrean judiciary since its inception in 1991. As a former judge of the Zoba Maekel Provincial Court in Asmara, I base my analysis and evaluation about the Eritrean judiciary and the Eritrean politico-legal system on first-hand information. To give a particular example, I personally know a senior former judge (the then-president of the Zoba Maekel Provincial Court) who was forced to leave the country in 2006 after he was instructed by an army general to change a verdict, and he refused to implement the unlawful instruction of the army general. ;\nSUGGESTED ANSWER: 0;","Anonymous, high-ranking source in the judicial system, Asmara, October 2012\n\nAnonymous, Attorney, Asmara, October 2012\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them","According to sources, not all judges experience interference from government officials. However, the Eritrean civil courts mainly oversee civil cases, such as family, succession, contract and movable property, and cases of sexual offenses and petty crimes. Any and all politically r..."]
["2012_ET_2",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",2,25,"Various factors account for the weak independence of the judiciary. These include the political bias of the mechanisms of judicial accountability, weak separation of power and the dominance of the executive.  \n\nIt is acknowledged that the judiciary is serving as an extension of the government to silence political dissent and opposition. There is a high degree of the interference of the executive in the affairs of the judiciary compromising the independence of the judiciary. Recently local and international journalists and opposition party leaders like Adualem Argage (All Ethiopian Unity Party) were imprisoned during 2011-2012. The policy of using the judiciary as a political weapon is still continuing, and no fundamental reform and deference is made from the executive branch to ensure the independence of the judiciary. All of sources stated that the government lacks political commitment to ensure judicial independence.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There are a few additional resources on the subject.\n1. U.S. Department of Human Rights Reports available at www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/\n2. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa-African Governance Report available at new.uneca.org/agr/agr2.aspx","\"The Delusory Independence of the Judiciary Under the TPLF Regime: Rule of Law vs. Rule of Man,\" April 22, 2012, by Million Feyyisa Lenjiso, Zehabesha, http://www.zehabesha.com/?p=5916 \n\n\"Ethiopia: The Bedtime Stories of Meles Zenawi,\" by Alemayehu G Mariam, May 21, 2012, http://www.ethiopianreview.com/content/tag/ethiopia-human-rights-watch\n\nInterview with Maniyawkal Mekenon, former director, Organization for Social Justice in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Aug. 2, 2012.\n\nInterview with Dr. Solomon A. Dersso, adjunct professor of human rights, Center for Human Rights, Addis Ababa University, August 2012.\n\nInterview with Dr. Yacob Hailemariam, former executive member of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy Party, Addis Ababa, June 2012, (Yacob with his party members were charged with treason and genocide in 2005 after contesting the result of the 2005 national election).\n\nInterview with Siyae Abraha, former defense minister and executive member of the ruling party EPRDF, Addis Ababa, June 2012, (Abraha has been charged with corruption and served a prison sentence of seven years. According to him and many news outlets, the corruption charge brought against him was politically motivated because he was a political rival of the late PM Meles Zenawi.)","Various factors account for the weak independence of the judiciary. These include the political bias of the mechanisms of judicial accountability, weak separation of power and the dominance of the executive.  ..."]
["2012_GA_2",2012,"GA","Gabon",2,25,"Au Gabon, il y a deux types de juges : les juges du parquet et les juges du Siège.\n\nLes juges du parquet sont ceux qui obéissent directement au Garde des Sceaux et sont soumis aux politiques (pouvoir hiérarchique). Les juges du Siège rendent la justice en toute indépendance et n’obéissent en principe qu’à l’autorité de la Loi. Il y a le General Attorney et les juges qui lui sont soumis qui dépendent du système politique et il y a les juges de la Cour Suprême et tous les autres juges tribunaux qui rendent la justice et ne regardent que la loi. \n\nAu Gabon, les juges qui sont nommés par le Ministre de la Justice Garde des Sceaux sont sous le contrôle du pouvoir hiérarchique qui les a nommés, donc ils ne sont plus indépendants. Leurs jugements sont orientés par le Politique. Plusieurs affaires peuvent être énumérées :\nPar exemple, l'affaire Procureur de la République contre les OSC de la Coalition « Publiez Ce Que Vous Payez » en 2008 ; Affaire corruption du parquet « Lee Myiung Jin », « Affaire DONG Vincent », « Affaire Crimes Rituels Sénateur impliqué mais toujours en liberté », «Affaire Juge en exil du fait des élections transparentes » tous ces faits sont relatés dans « Nku’u le messager », dans le « Nganga » et dans le « Temps ».\n\nToutes ces affaires ont été portées devant les médias par les organisations de la société civile dont le ROLBG, Afrique Horizons, SOS Consommateurs, ONG Projet TAI GABON, Jeunesse Sans Frontières.","Les rapports des ONG : Réseau de Défenseurs des Droits Humains du Gabon (REDDHGA) de 2011 \n\nRapport du Réseau des organisations libres de la Société civile pour la bonne gouvernance au Gabon (ROLBG) de 2011\n\nInterview de Georges MPAGA et Marc ONA du Mouvement ça suffit comme ça\n\nDiscours de Georges MPAGA à Strasbourg en octobre 2012 sur Pouvoir et Corruption au Gabon \n\nInvestment Climate Statement, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, June 2012 http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191151.htm","Au Gabon, il y a deux types de juges : les juges du parquet et les juges du Siège.\n\nLes juges du parquet sont ceux qui obéissent directement au Garde des Sceaux et sont soumis au..."]
["2012_GM_2",2012,"GM","The Gambia",2,0,"The constitution, supreme by virtue of Section 4, provides for the independence of the judiciary. The Gambian Criminal Code under Section 13 exempts judicial officers from criminal liability for acts done or omitted in the performance of their judicial functions. \n\nThe government of The Gambia recognizes that \"The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, \" and insists\", although and although the courts are not totally free from influence of the executive branch, they have demonstrated their independence on occasion.\" \n\nUnfortunately, judicial officers in The Gambia do not have security of tenure. More than seven judges, including two chief justices and a Supreme Court judge, have lost their jobs in the past few years. Many other magistrates have suffered the same fate. According to the researcher's sources, judges presiding over sensitive cases who made decisions not considered favorable to the government risked being fired.","\"Fired Judge’s Controversial Case Resumes Today,\" Binta A. Bah, Daily News, March 14, 2011,  http://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/fired-judges-controversial-case-resumes-today \n\n\"2011 Human Rights Reports: The Gambia,\" Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, May 24, 2012, page 7, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186199.htm \n\n\"The Gambia Country of Origin Information -- COI Report,\" page 23, October 2011, www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c225b,4565c25f12b,4ea1398f2,0,,,GMB.html","The constitution, supreme by virtue of Section 4, provides for the independence of the judiciary. The Gambian Criminal Code under Section 13 exempts judicial officers from criminal liability for acts done or omitted in the performance of their judicial functions. ..."]
["2012_GH_2",2012,"GH","Ghana",2,75,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. Once appointed, a judge cannot be removed without justification. No judge has been removed in the recent past without justification. \n\nHowever, there is a general perception that the judiciary is not completely independent of the executive due to the method of appointments to higher level positions. Many judges also are believed to have compromised themselves and/or are perceived to have political affiliations that influence their decisions. \n\nFor instance, the chairman of the ruling National Democratic Congress openly complained about the chief justice, accusing her of being biased against the government, and, following the loss of many cases by the government, made threatening comments about her. It is important to note that the current chief justice was appointed by the president under the New Patriotic Party government.  \n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: This score reflects the current very positive evolution of the socio-political situation in Ghana.;\n||\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Though the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed, there is a general perception that some judges are more likely to rule in favor of the ruling government, while others are more likely to rule against the government. This might suggest that the judges' own preferences sometimes taint their judgment. ;","Raymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012. \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants), June 12, 2012. \n\n\"Justice Brobbey’s Retirement Flaw,\" The Enquirer, May 30, 2012.    http://elections.peacefmonline.com/politics/201205/116479.php\n\n\"Judges spit fire, declare confidence in Chief Justice,\" MyJoyOnline, August 21, 2010. http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201008/51029.php","In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. Once appointed, a judge cannot be removed without justification. No judge has been removed in the recent past without justification. ..."]
["2012_GN_2",2012,"GN","Guinea",2,25,"L'indépendance des magistrats est soumise à une influence des pouvoirs publics mais aussi des autorités locales et parfois des autorités coutumières traditionnelles.\nLes juges guinéens ont un niveau de prise en charge très faible. Ils sont très exposés à la corruption. \nLes jugements rendus manquent souvent de partialité et les scandales de justice sont très récurrents.\n\nEn Novembre 2011, cinq membres de l'ONG Mêmes Droits Pour Tous, une organisation qui fournit une aide juridique gratuite aux prisonniers adultes et des jeunes qui sont souvent détenus illégalement, ont été arrêtés et placés en détention sous les ordres du gouverneur de Conakry et d'un haut niveau, le colonel de police. Selon Corinne Dufka, chercheuse senior sur l'Afrique de l'Ouest à Human Rights Watch, «ce n'est pas seulement une violation flagrante de l'autorité, mais aussi une ingérence flagrante de l'indépendance judiciaire.\"\n\nCependant, depuis les dernières élections en 2010, la situation globale semble s'améliorer : la Guinée peut enfin voir enfin mises en accusation en cours et enquêtes en cours d'ouverture, ce qui est un cran au dessus par rapport à avant, mais il reste encore beaucoup à faire. Le pouvoir judiciaire lui-même est paralysé par le sous-financement, ne recevant que 0,5 pour cent du budget national, et souffre de nombreux cas de conduite non professionnelle et de mauvaise tenue des registres.\n\nIl y a également eu des cas du président utilisant le pouvoir judiciaire à des fins partisanes, comme dans les procès et les condamnations de militants de l'opposition pour avoir participé à un rassemblement pour accueillir un nouveau chef de l'opposition en Guinée.","Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\n\"Guinea: Investigate Detention, Intimidation of Activists,\" Human Rights Watch, November 12 2011. \nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/11/guinea-investigate-detention-intimidation-activists\n\n\"Guinea: 'Fear has switched sides',\" UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, Norwegian Council for Africa, October 2, 2012. http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22409.html\n\n\"World Report Chapter: Guinea\", Human Rights Watch, World Report 2012. \nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-chapter-guinea","L'indépendance des magistrats est soumise à une influence des pouvoirs publics mais aussi des autorités locales et parfois des autorités coutumières traditionnelles.\nLes juges guinéens ont un niveau de prise en charge très faible. Ils sont très exposés à la co..."]
["2012_GW_2",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",2,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_2",2012,"KE","Kenya",2,75,"The promulgation of the new constitution in 2010 and the subsequent reconstitution of the Judicial Service Commission, the creation of the supreme court, the appointment of a new chief justice and the ongoing vetting of magistrates and judges have all guaranteed the independence of the judiciary. Judges and magistrates now interpret the law as well as policies, and make rulings without looking over their shoulders. The court is now ruling against decisions by powerful politicians, including the president,  even though they may face pressure in some high profile cases.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The independence and autonomy of the Kenyan judiciary has tremendously improved since the promulgation of the the Kenyan New Constitution and the appointment of a new chief justice, coupled with a raft of reforms that have been implemented within the judiciary including the establishment of a Magistrates and Judges Vetting Board. There is also an established competitive process of appointing the chief justice through a panel established by parliament, and once nominated by the president, the chief justice appointment must be approved by parliament. An example that could be added to the ones provided by the researcher is the landmark ruling by the Kenya High Court Judge in November 2011 that Sudanese President Omar Hassan Al-Bashir, who is wanted by the ICC for criminal offenses, should be arrested, if he ever sets foot in Kenya, and the judge therefore issued an arrest warrant. This was done by the judge despite the cordial and friendly relations that Mr. Bashir has with President Mwai Kibaki of Kenya. The government was opposed to the ruling but had only one option: appealing the ruling to the court of appeal. It created a diplomatic row between Kenya and Sudan, with Sudan sending back the Kenyan ambassador. The Kenyan government dispatched the minster for foreign affairs to Khartoum, and eventually things calmed down, but the judiciary did not back down on the ruling. The ruling was actually supported by the chief justice.\n\nKenya's Court Issues warrant against Sudan's Bashir. Paul Ogemba. Daily Nation. Nov. 28, 2011. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Kenya-court-issues-warrant-against-Sudan-s-Bashir/-/1056/1280706/-/1308lt6z/-/index.html;","Back Off, Mutunga Tells Raila on Courts. Daily Nation. Monday, March 19, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Back+off+Mutunga+tells+Raila+on+courts+/-/1064/1369810/-/fl9mjs/-/index.html\n\nKenya Courts Throw Down the Gauntlet. Thomas Lansner. Saturday Nation. Saturday, Dec. 24, 2011. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Kenya+courts+throw+down+the+gauntlet+/-/1064/1295332/-/wjp9mr/-/index.html\n\nDilemma as AG Opposes Appeal Against County Bosses Case. Daily Nation. July 6, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Dilemma+as+AG+opposes+appeal+against+county+bosses+case+++/-/1056/1447044/-/bpjm0uz/-/index.html).","The promulgation of the new constitution in 2010 and the subsequent reconstitution of the Judicial Service Commission, the creation of the supreme court, the appointment of a new chief justice and the ongoing vetting of magistrates and judges have all guaranteed the independence of..."]
["2012_LS_2",2012,"LS","Lesotho",2,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_2",2012,"LR","Liberia",2,25,"The judiciary is guaranteed independence by law, but in practice this is not the case as judges and other court staff allow their autonomy to be undermined by acts of corruption and political considerations. \n\nCorruption in the judiciary has been referenced widely by reports both nationally and internationally, including in the U.S. State Department Human Rights Report and the Human Rights Watch World Report. Failure by the Supreme Court to act decisively against acts of corruption and interference in Judiciary matters has left the system weak, citizens' confidence low and independence undermined. \n\nIn July 2012, five jurors were charged with accepting bribes. However, more needs to be done to regain public confidence.\n\nSome judges have resisted political interference by the President. For example, the Liberty Party and the Congress for Democratic Change threatened to initiate impeachment proceeding against President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf over her attempt to replace Judge James Jones of the Debt Court with counselor Comfort Natt, saying the move was unconstitutional. There was also protest from members of the National Trial Judges Association of Liberia. The attempt to remove Judge Jones was halted.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Corruption, bribery and some political incentives or influences still undermine the decision power of the judiciary entity in Liberia.","Archie Bawo, Program Officer, Tetra Tech Ard, July 18, 2012, Monrovia\n\nJasper Cummeh, Senior Policy Director, Agenda for Genuine Democratic Alternatives, July 18, 2012, Monrovia\n\nVoice of America; \"Liberia's Opposite Leader Threatens Impreachment Against President Sirleaf,\"  Voice of America, January 13, 2009; http://www.voanews.com/articleprintview/344006.html\n\nFrontPageAfrica;  \"Tainted and Corrupt Jurors Jailed in Liberia: Five Get 90 Day-Sentence For Bribery;\"  July 16, 2012;  http://www.frontpageafricaonline.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3639:jurors-jailed-in-liberia-5-get-90-day-sentence-for-bribery&catid=67:news&Itemid=144","The judiciary is guaranteed independence by law, but in practice this is not the case as judges and other court staff allow their autonomy to be undermined by acts of corruption and political considerations. ..."]
["2012_LY_2",2012,"LY","Libya",2,50,"Laws are being reviewed to better guarantee the effective independence of the judiciary, which is still not fully achieved. In particular, the prosecution of former officials of Moammar Gadhafi's regime  often escapes the ordinary judicial system, opening the way to ad-hoc selections of judges, interpretations of law, standards of evidence and decisions on punishment.\n\nAmnesty International reports that a range of mostly unofficial bodies, with no status in law, including so-called \"judicial committees,\" have been carrying out interrogations in various detention centers, outside the control of the judiciary. \n\nIn some instances, such as Abuzeid Dorda’s trial at the “Rehabilitation Facility” courtroom complex in Tripoli, judges try cases in special courts for former regime officials, and the judges are vetted by a special “integrity” commission of the Supreme Court to make sure they are not former regime supporters. This phenomenon is not anecdotal, given that there are several thousands of suspected war criminals held in detention waiting for trial.\n\nNevertheless, for all regular judicial proceedings, the independence from the executive is fairly effective, as demonstrated by the investigations of all the members of the transitional government after the assassination of General Younis, and as supported by the decision of the Constitutional Court to outlaw Law No. 37, which was broadly criminalizing any apology of the Gadhafi regime, and any offense to Islam and to the Libyan institutions and symbols.","Interviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly coordinator of justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.\n\nFinancial Times, Borzou Daragahi, July 31, 2012, \"Concerns over Libyan justice system,\" http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/80a455d4-cf3a-11e1-bfd9-00144feabdc0.html \n\nAfrican Press Organization, Jan. 26, 2012, Libya: Deaths of Detainees Amid Widespread Torture\n\nAmnesty International Publications, Amnesty International, July 2012, Libya: Rule of law or rule of militias?, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE19/012/2012/en/f2d36090-5716-4ef1-81a7-f4b1ebd082fc/mde190122012en.pdf","Laws are being reviewed to better guarantee the effective independence of the judiciary, which is still not fully achieved. In particular, the prosecution of former officials of Moammar Gadhafi's regime  often escapes the ordinary judicial system, opening the way to ad-hoc selectio..."]
["2012_MG_2",2012,"MG","Madagascar",2,25,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is not guaranteed. The judiciary has never been independent from the executive, but the situation is worsening with the current transition regime.\n\nSome recent examples quoted from the pro-government newspaper La gazette de la Grande of September 2012: \n\"Since March 2012, the case against an oil company against the Malagasy State is pending before the Council of State. The group accuses the government of abuse of power when it froze prices at the pump through a decree of the Ministry of Energy.\" Justice is not being rendered. \n\nAnother example of the lack of independence of the judiciary is quoted in the latest issue of The Journal MCI. The magistrate who shares his thoughts on this point said: \"Like all model constitutions, it is expected that it is the President is the guarantor of the independence of the judiciary. However, we note that non-compliance with the independence of the judiciary stems mainly from the executive power.\"\n\nHe cites other cases that reveal the existence of the same problem. \"There was a case [...]. In 2010, the case BMOI against Rason et al. has not resulted in any conviction. However, the review notes that Rason was an NSF and fomented a scam for a total of 80 billion Ariary. A request for records relating thereto have been made ​​by the Ministry of Justice.\"\n\nThere is also the ineffectiveness of the roles of the Council of State and the Cour des Comptes. However, the Council of State is the guarantor of the rule of law. Its role is to balance between the parties in litigation including public procurement and tax litigation. However, few sentences against the State regarding breach of contract against the administration have occurred.\n\nBased on these cases and others, there is widespread acknowledgement and agreement that the judiciary  cannot be deemed fully independent. The reverse is the case, there are few instances where the judiciary has proven to act independently.","Interview with Justine Ranjanita, association of high ranking magistrates (judges and layers),  Tamatave, Sept. 6, 2012,  Hotel Concordia.\n\nClimat des affaires: Pourri par le manque d’indépendance de la justice, La gazette de la grande ile\t\t\t\nMercredi, 12 Septembre 2012 09:28\n\nQuelle justice pour le présent et l’avenir? samedi 31 octobre 2009 \nin Tribune de Madagascar, http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Quelle-justice-pour-le-present-et,12975.html\n\nhttp://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2010/09/02/la-justice-n-a-pas-gagne-son-independance\nCommuniqué du SeFaFi\nLa justice n’a pas gagné son indépendance Malgré les promesses, les pratiques judiciaires n’ont guère évolué. Les juges sont liés au pouvoir, qui veut éliminer les gêneurs. En témoigne la peine infligée à l’ancien président Ravalomanana in Courrier International","In practice, the independence of the judiciary is not guaranteed. The judiciary has never been independent from the executive, but the situation is worsening with the current transition regime...."]
["2012_MW_2",2012,"MW","Malawi",2,50,"The judiciary in Malawi is to a large extent independent. It has previously made judgments against the positions taken by the ruling elites. However, there is challenge in that the budget of the judiciary is still controlled by the executive in spite of the fact that the law empowers the parliament to make such decisions. In January 2012, the workers in the judiciary went on strike because the executive had not paid them increments approved by parliament about four years ago.","Interview with G. Kamchedzela, professor of law, University of Malawi. July 19, 2012.\n\nWhy Govt Can’t Pay Judiciary. M. Banda. Weekend Nation. Jan. 28, 2012. http://www.malawidemocrat.com/latest-news/why-wa-mutharika-government-can%E2%80%99t-pay-judiciary/\n\nJudiciary Perks Case: Bingu Breaches the Constitution -- MP; T. Chapulapula. The Daily Times. July 15, 2011.","The judiciary in Malawi is to a large extent independent. It has previously made judgments against the positions taken by the ruling elites. However, there is challenge in that the budget of the judiciary is still controlled by the executive in spite of the fact that the law empowe..."]
["2012_ML_2",2012,"ML","Mali",2,25,"Même si les textes de constitution malienne reconnaissent l’indépendance de la justice au Mali, dans la pratique cela n’est pas vérifié. \n\nPar exemple, il y a l’affaire de maison qui oppose l’ancien richissime Babani Sissoko, député au perchoir, à Boubacar Djigué dit Bouga, opérateur économique de son état. Selon Abdoulaye Coulibaly, avocat à la cour de justice de Bamako en ce mois de février 2013, ce feuilleton est sans doute l’escroquerie la plus rocambolesque dans le domaine foncier de l’histoire du Mali qui s’est passé en novembre 2012. « Malgré une décision judiciaire qui ordonne l’expulsion de Babani depuis 2005, la force publique (GMS et commissariat du 3ème A) a refusé inexplicablement l’exécution de cette décision ». Selon lui, certains facteurs continuent de gripper l’appareil judiciaire au Mali ce qui fait que les décisions de justice sont pour la plupart sciemment inexécutées, raison pour laquelle la justice malienne va de mal en pis. « Malheureusement pour notre pays, ce sont nos avocats et juges qui ont contribué à la dégradation et à la décrédibilisation de notre appareil judiciaire. L’affaire Babani contre Djigue en est une parfaite illustration ». \n\nMaitre Mountaga Tall s'exprimant dans Maliweb.com déclare que rien que pour de l’argent, les juges et avocats se ridiculisent à jamais aux yeux du peuple malien. Ce problème qui est l’un des moindres illustre bien la non-indépendance de la justice malienne qui est aux ordres du gouvernement.  \n\nGakou Batchily, professeur de droit à l’Université de Bamako, explique dans ses propos que la justice malienne depuis est aux ordres du pouvoir, ce qui fait que des personnes sont emprisonnées illégalement et sans procès.","Source 1 : Abdoulaye Coulibaly, avocat à la cour de justice de Bamako, rencontré le 12 février 2013, à Bamako- Koura.\nSource 2 : Maitre MountagaTall, rencontré dans le quartier Sogonico à Bamako, le 12 février 2013.\n\nhttp://www.malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/actualite_de_la_nation_malienne/47374-sp%C3%A9cialiste-en-extorsion-de-fonds-%3A-l%E2%80%99odeur-de-l%E2%80%99argent-attire-c.html\n\nMAEP, Rapport Pays, Mali, 2009","Même si les textes de constitution malienne reconnaissent l’indépendance de la justice au Mali, dans la pratique cela n’est pas vérifié. ..."]
["2012_MR_2",2012,"MR","Mauritania",2,25,"La constitution de la Mauritanie du 20 juillet 1991, en son article 90, laisse entendre ce qui suit : \"Le juge n'obéit qu'à la loi. Dans le cadre de sa mission, il est protégé contre toute forme de pression de nature à nuire à son libre arbitre\". Voilà le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs que la justice mauritanienne a du mal à utiliser comme arme contre toutes les formes d'ingérence.\n\nLa séparation des pouvoirs est l'aboutissement d'un processus qui n'a pas un ancrage indéfectible en Mauritanie.\n\nLes juges mauritaniens ne sont pas très indépendants dans la pratique. Il y a assez souvent  ingérence de l'Exécutif dans la système judiciaire. Un exemple, est le renvoi du president de la Cour Supreme en mai 2012 avant la fin de son mandat.\nEn plus, il est connu que le pouvoir judiciaire ne dispose pas d'assez de ressources et depend du gouvernement pour ses depenses  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Mauritania's Bar has been clear about the situation of \"the independence of the judiciary\". The head of the Bar judges it as \"illogical,\" and the Head of the Supreme Court illegally got demoted because of a bid at independence.\n\nhttp://fr.alakhbar.info/2373-0-Me-Bouhoubeini-Aucune-logique-dans-la-justice-mauritanienne.html  ;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: 25; Agree with the researchers remarks and what Freedom House says in its profile of Mauritania.\n\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/mauritania;","Polémiques autour du limogeage du président de la Cour suprême mauritanienne, RFI, 27 mai 2012 (Voir: http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120527-polemiques-autour-limogeage-president-cour-supreme-mauritanienne-presidence\n\nMauritanie : Un ancien président s'insurge contre le limogeage du président de la Cour suprême, May 29, 2012, Afriqinfos, http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2012/5/29/mauritanie-ancien-president-sinsurge-contre-limogeage-president-cour-supr%C3%AAme-203284.asp\n\nRéforme de la justice : Qu’Aziz le fasse, ses \"pêchés \" seront absous ! , Noorinfo, 1 Octobre 2012 http://www.noorinfo.com/Reforme-de-la-justice-Qu-Aziz-le-fasse-ses-peches-seront-absous-_a5609.html \nLa réforme de la justice et la protection des droits de l''homme en Mauritanie par Boubacar DIOP, Faculté des affaires internationales, Université du Havre - Master 2 Droit \" Erasmus Mundus\" 2007;\n\nRapport provisoire sur la justice, Comité interministériel sur la justice, octobre 2005\n\nUn financement européen pour accélérer la réforme de la justice en Mauritanie, 2011-07-19\n \nPar Bakari Guèye pour Magharebia à Nouakchott – 19/07/11","La constitution de la Mauritanie du 20 juillet 1991, en son article 90, laisse entendre ce qui suit : \"Le juge n'obéit qu'à la loi. Dans le cadre de sa mission, il est protégé contre toute forme de pression de nature à nuire à son libre arbitre\". Voilà le principe de la séparation ..."]
["2012_MU_2",2012,"MU","Mauritius",2,100,"The justice system in Mauritius operates independently, and judges have security of tenure, which is guaranteed by the constitution. There are also no reports of corruption at the judges level in Mauritius.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Mauritius’ constitution gives the supreme court unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceeding under any laws other than  a disciplinary law and such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred upon it by the constitution or any other law; however, it fails  to expressly insulate the judiciary from the control or direction of any person or authority in the exercise of judicial power in terms of judicial function, administrative responsibilities and financial administration.  The document also fails to expressly give the judiciary autonomy both in the preparation of its annual budget and guarantee of judges’ financial security to the extent that judges’ salaries and emoluments are not directly charged to a consolidated fund.  ;","Interview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. July 17, 2012, in Curepipe. \n\nInterview with Mr N. Patten, barrister at law. June 3, 2012, in Port Louis.","The justice system in Mauritius operates independently, and judges have security of tenure, which is guaranteed by the constitution. There are also no reports of corruption at the judges level in Mauritius.  ..."]
["2012_MA_2",2012,"MA","Morocco",2,50,"The issue of judicial independence was central to theoretical discourse and political activity for a long time. Today, judicial independence is central to competing interests between citizens and militancy stakeholders who have control over the justice sector.\nFollowing the Arab Spring (February 20, 2011 in Morocco), the justice reform marked a step forward for two reasons:\n• A constitutional reform was proposed. Thus, the Constitution adopted on July 1, 2011 speaks for the first time in the history of Morocco's independent judiciary;\n• An instance of 40 personalities called \"high instance of national dialogue on the reform of justice\" was installed by the king on May 8, 2012. It will aim to propose a national charter with objectives, resources and program implementation.\n\nHowever, we must still wait for the implementation of the Constitution through the adoption of organic laws on the status of magistrates and the Superior Council of Judiciary (as we have more than 13 months after adoption of the Constitution). Two observations in this regard should be emphasized: The new board is almost identical to that of the former Superior Council of Magistracy (CSM). It is also chaired by the king. But unlike the CSM, its decisions are not public.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: I would like to mention a memorandum presented by different civil society organizations (10) working on human rights, transparency and justice for the reform of the judiciary in Morocco.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: During the fight against terrorism after the Casablanca bombings in May 2003, there was abuses of justice leading to unfair trials. Procedural irregularities are common, as are the absences of witnesses during the hearings, the lack of confrontations and exclusive consideration of statements obtained under torture during police custody.\nhttp://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session13/MA/Alkarama_UPR_MAR_S13_2012_Alkarama_F.pdf ;","The 20 Evils Sickness of Justice. Investigation. File editor of the Journal Tel Quel. May 31, 2012..\n\n17 Constraints Block the Justice Reform, Interview M Khalfi Minister of Justice. Al Ahdath Al Maghribia. March 30, 2012.\n\nThe Revolt of the Morocco Judges Club of Agadir in the Footsteps of the Constitution and the Arab Spring. Al Ahdath Al Maghribia. June 13, 2012.\n\nThe Independence of Prosecutors through the Constitution of 2011. Al Massae. March 10, 2012.\n\nThe Rule of Law Index 2011 Report. http://www.worldjusticeproject.org/?q=rule-of-law-index/index-2011\n\nJustice, Business Environment and Investment in Morocco: What Osmosis? What Symbiosis. Les Echos. July 20, 2012. http://lecercle.lesechos.fr/economie-societe/recherche-economique/221150839/justice-environnement-affaires-et-investissement-mar\n\nLetter to Prosecutor General at Marrakesh Concerning the Case of the Police Officer Mohamed Kherbouche. March 1, 2012. http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2012/03/01/lettre-au-procureur-g-n-ral-du-roi-marrakech-concernant-le-cas-de-l-officier-de-poli\n\nAnnual Report on Violations: 2011. AMDH Arabic. http://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/declaration_de_presse_BC_rapport_annuel_2011_AR_final.pdf\n\nAnnual Report on Violations: 2012 (6 months). AMDH Arabic.\nhttp://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/rapport_situation_DH_6_mois_2012.pdf\n\nThematic Report on Violations Year 2012 (6 months). AMDH Arabic.\nhttp://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/RAPPORTS_SPECIAUX.pdf\n\nReport on Violations Against the Movement of Feb. 20, 2012. AMDH Arabic.\nhttp://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/Rapport_violations_20% 20fevrier.pdf\n\nReport the Results of Observations of the AMDH on the Referendum on the Draft of the Constitution as Amended July 1, 2011. http://www.amdh.org.ma/fr/publications/rapport-observations-referendum-1er-juillet-2011\n\nWorld Report 2012: Morocco and Western Sahara. Human Rights Watch. World Report 2012. Events of 2011. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/wr2012.pdf\n\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/morocco-and-western-sahara\n\nMorocco/Western Sahara. Annual Report 2012. Amnesty International Report, page 214. http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/moroccowestern-sahara/report-2012\nhttp://files.amnesty.org/air12/air_2012_countryreports_en.pdf\n\nMaroc: HRW dénonce l'impunité policière après une agression contre l'un de ses membres. http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/15/maroc-hrw-dnonce-limpu_n_1517324.html","The issue of judicial independence was central to theoretical discourse and political activity for a long time. Today, judicial independence is central to competing interests between citizens and militancy stakeholders who have control over the justice sector...."]
["2012_MZ_2",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",2,0,"The independence of the judiciary cannot be safeguarded in the current circumstances, taking into account that the chief justice and other top positions within the system are political appointees, chosen by the president of the country. The judges act in fear of reprisals from the Frelimo party. This also, in part, is a result of the financial vulnerability of this sector -- considering that all resources (financial and material) come from the executive branch.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: While it is true that members of the judiciary in Mozambique are often influenced by the ruling party, it is important to distinguish the ruling party and  the President as the appointing authority for judges. The fact that the chief justice and other judges are appointed by the President does not make them biased in favour of the presidency. The constitutional provision requiring the President to appoint the Chief Justice and other Judges is a standard principle everywhere in the world. That said, I also agree that the judiciary in Mozambique has been struggling to assert its independence and the author is right to note the fear on the part of the judiciary to make determinations against the ruling party. However, to  just a tiny extent, judges are trying to assert their independence.;\n||\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: According to article 217 (3) of the Constitution, \" Judges shall be irremovable, inasmuch as they cannot be transferred, suspended, retired or dismissed, except in the cases established by law\". ;","“O governo e o partido Frelimo continuam a influenciar o poder judicial.” O Pais. Redaccao. 31st May 2012.\nhttp://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/internacional/56-internacional/20461-o-governo-e-o-partido-frelimo-continuam-a-influenciar-o-poder-judicial.html\n\n“Sobre a independência dos juízes e dos tribunais.” Savana. Redaccao.1st June 2012.  \nhttp://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2012/06/sobre-a-independ%C3%AAncia-dos-ju%C3%ADzes-e-dos-tribunais.html\n\n\"Separação de poderes continuará uma miragem em Moçambique.\" Savana. Redaccao. 29 Jun 2012","The independence of the judiciary cannot be safeguarded in the current circumstances, taking into account that the chief justice and other top positions within the system are political appointees, chosen by the president of the country. The judges act in fear of reprisals from the ..."]
["2012_NA_2",2012,"NA","Namibia",2,100,"There is consensus among scholars and practitioners that the Namibian judiciary operates at arm's length from other organs of the state. The independence of the judiciary was recently accentuated when the High Court ordered the minister of justice to dismiss a magistrate for misconduct in 2010. The minister of justice, Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana, was reluctant to dismiss the magistrate and filed an appeal with the Supreme Court. The minister's appeal was dismissed by the Supreme Court in June 2012. On June 30, 2012, the minister decided to dismiss the magistrate, Leah Shaanika.","\"Magistrate Must Be Axed, Court Decides,\" Werner Menges, the Namibian, June 22, 2012,  www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=98474&no_cache=1\naccessed Nov. 22, 2012\n\n\"Magistrate Gets Marching Orders,\" Werner Menges, the Namibian, July 4, 2012,  www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=98920&no_cache=1\naccessed Nov. 22, 2012\n\nSam K. Amoo, \"The Structure of the Namibian Judicial System and its Relevance for an Independent Judiciary,\" in (eds.) Nico Horn and Anton Bösl's  \"The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia,\" 2008, Windhoek, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, pp. 69-98.\n\t\n\nJoseph B. Diescho, \"The Paradigm of an Independent Judiciary: Its History, Implications and Limitations in Africa,\" in (eds.) Nico Horn and Anton Bösl's  \"The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia,\" 2008, Windhoek, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, pp. 17-41.","There is consensus among scholars and practitioners that the Namibian judiciary operates at arm's length from other organs of the state. The independence of the judiciary was recently accentuated when the High Court ordered the minister of justice to dismiss a magistrate for miscon..."]
["2012_NE_2",2012,"NE","Niger",2,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_2",2012,"NG","Nigeria",2,25,"There are cases in which some judges were punished with suspension, dismissal or arrested and detained for corruption and abuse of powers conducted across the country.  Many of these cases are associated with election petitions. The current chief justice of Nigeria, Justice Dahiru Musdapher, was reported to have said that lack of independence of the judiciary at the state level constitutes one of the greatest challenges facing the nation’s judicial system. He stated that many state governors refuse to comply with the provision of Section 162(9) of the Constitution, which provides that funds budgeted for the judiciary should be paid to the National Judicial Council for disbursement to the heads of courts. There are many situations where senior members of the bar decried the situation where members of the bar and bench associated with election petitions became suddenly rich.\n\nMany cases demonstrate that the judiciary is riddled with a variety of unholy influences and interference, the most prominent one being the case that involved then-Chief Justice of the Federation Katsina-Alu and the president of the appeal court, Honorable Justice Ayo Salami. Salami had rejected his appointment on the supreme court on the grounds that the move was to enable the chief justice to render him incapable of promoting justice and fairness in the various election petition cases under the purview of the appeal court of which he was president. He publicly accused Katsina-Alu of interference in the election petition case over the gubernatorial election in Sokoto State, leading to a trading of accusations. At first the National Judicial Council that was headed by Katsina-Alu suspended Salami, which was promptly carried out by President Goodluck Jonathan.Salami went to court to challenge his suspension. After Katsina-Alu's tenure, the NJC reversed its decision and asked the president to reinstate Salami. The president has not reinstated Salami, arguing that the case is still in court, as argued by the attorney general of the federation. The appeal court under the presidency of Salami had given victory to the opposition Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) in many gubernatorial elections, following the 2007 elections. This includes Edo State, Ekiti State, and Osun State, which the ACN now controls.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The major problem with independence of the judiciary is more of self-censorship and  soliciting for favors from the executive or politicians. Under the law and in practice, there is very little politicians can do to victimize a judge who does his/her job without fear or favor. Judicial officers are strongly protected by law.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In practice, the Nigerian judicial system is easily manipulable by elites and political power brokers.;","Speech by president of the Nigerian Bar Association. April 15, 2011. Accessed on June 12, 2012. http://www.nba.org.ng/web/the-independence-of-the-nigerian-judiciary-in-the-light-of-emerging-socio-political-and-security-challenges-being-a-key-note-speech-by-the-president-of-nba-jb-daudu-san.html\n\nLack of Independence of State Judiciary Dangerous – CJN. Ade Adesomoju. The Punch newspaper. Feb. 10, 2012. http://www.punchng.com/news/lack-of-independence-of-state-judiciary-dangerous-cjn/","There are cases in which some judges were punished with suspension, dismissal or arrested and detained for corruption and abuse of powers conducted across the country.  Many of these cases are associated with election petitions. The current chief justice of Nigeria, Justice Dahiru ..."]
["2012_RW_2",2012,"RW","Rwanda",2,50,"The judiciary has been undergoing a number of reforms aimed at building its capacity, but there have been reports of judges being transferred in a manner that justifies questions about political influence on the judiciary. The transfer of judges started back in 2011, when a Military High Court cleared Col. Diogene Mudenge and the court president, Brig. Gen. Steven Kalyango, was transferred in the aftermath. The suspect was retried and convicted by a different panel of judges.\n\nThe judiciary is considered independent in handling ordinary civil cases; however, there is agreements that the judiciary's independence is very low regarding political cases. In many political cases, the head of state makes statements charging the suspects before a verdict is issued, the common attitude and perception is that the judiciary cannot rule freely in those cases. The most known examples include the cases of former President Pasteur Bizimungu and opposition leaders Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, Bernard Ntaganda and Deo Mushayidi.","Ntamuhanga Ningi Emmanuel, investigative journalist, Izuba Rirashe, interviewed Nov. 5, 2012, Kigali. \n\nJean Bosco Mutangana, senior state prosecutor, interviewed Nov. 8, 2012, Kigali.","The judiciary has been undergoing a number of reforms aimed at building its capacity, but there have been reports of judges being transferred in a manner that justifies questions about political influence on the judiciary. The transfer of judges started back in 2011, when a Militar..."]
["2012_ST_2",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",2,50,"In theory, the judiciary is independent. As stated in the Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe there is a separation of powers in law. \n\nBut in practice this is not the case. São Tomé and Príncipe is a very small country where there are many ties of kinship, which influence the independence of the system. For example, in the last presidential election in 2011, one of the candidates saw his application contested because he had a second nationality in addition to the Saotomean. Then the candidate filed an appeal, in which he presented evidence that he had abdicated the foreign nationality in time to officially hand over his candidacy. One of the members of the body of judges to assess his appeal was his brother-in-law.\n\nAnother aspect is the independence and impartiality of recruitment decisions, especially when evaluating the results of competitive recruitment. Not adhering to strict merit-based appointments undermines the the independence of the judicial system and the people who are in it.","Gabriel Costa, president of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 21, 2012, at his office.\n\nMariam Masini, vice president, Santomean Association of Women Lawyers, Sept. 20, 2012, at her office.","In theory, the judiciary is independent. As stated in the Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe there is a separation of powers in law. ..."]
["2012_SN_2",2012,"SN","Senegal",2,50,"Pendant longtemps, le Sénégal était le seul pays francophone de la sous-région ouest-africaine où l'on a coutume de dire que les juges sont d’une manière ou d’une autre indépendants dans l’exercice de leur fonction. Cependant, avec le président Abdoulaye, les juges ont dans une certaine mesure, notamment au niveau des affaires politiques, les mains liées et là ne sont plus indépendants dans les prises de décisions. \n\nDans sa parution du 20 mai 2011, «Le Quotidien », un journal de la place, titre « Les magistrats sénégalais se rebiffent ». Dans l’article, le journaliste explique que pour la première fois au Sénégal, les magistrats se «révoltent» contre le pouvoir politique. Ils réclament plus d’indépendance et de meilleures conditions de vie, ce qui prouve à suffisance qu’ils ne sont pas libres dans l’exercice de leur fonction.\n\nMaître Doudou Ndoye, pense que le juge est lié, dans les affaires dites de politique. «On a des exemples, comme le cas d'Idissa Seck, l’ancien premier ministre du président Wade, qui a été inculpé et détenu pendant longtemps avant d’être libéré. Même l’actuel président de la République Macky Sall, a été auditionné illégalement, lorsqu’il était en disgrâce avec le régime Wade. Tout ceci pour dire que la justice au Sénégal est parfois sous le joug des hommes politiques», explique-t-il.\n\nLe Pr Ismaila Madior FALL, Professeur de Droit à l'UCAD, dans une interview au Journal Sud Quotidien du 24 Avril 2012, estime que la justice sénégalaise est partiellement indépendante parce que le procureur dépend toujours de  la chancellerie (Ministre de la Justice). Interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, Mouhamadou Mbodj, Coordonnateur du Forum Civil Sénégal, pense que le Procureur de la République n'a pas toute sa liberté car il reçoit parfois des ordres du Ministre de la Justice. Pour lui, si la justice au Sénégal est théoriquement libre, dans la pratique de tous les jours cette liberté est remise en cause car la justice semble fonctionner à deux vitesses selon les personnes concernées. Il donne l'exemple de la libération du Ministre Farba Senghor qui était le commanditaire des casses du journal l'AS alors que ceux qui ont exécuté le casse ont été maintenus en prison.","Entretien avec Mouhamadou Mbodj, Coordonnateur du Forum Civil au Sénégal réalisé le 29 Septembre 2012 à Dakar. \n\nArticle du Journal Sud Quotidien du 24 Avril 2012, « Les magistrats sénégalais se rebiffent ».","Pendant longtemps, le Sénégal était le seul pays francophone de la sous-région ouest-africaine où l'on a coutume de dire que les juges sont d’une manière ou d’une autre indépendants dans l’exercice de leur fonction. Cependant, avec le président Abdoulaye, les juges ont dans une cer..."]
["2012_SC_2",2012,"SC","Seychelles",2,50,"There is a clear divide of assessments on whether the judiciary is independent. The government indicates that there is an independent judiciary, Sources outside the government (and also within the judiciary) contest this notion however as highlighted by the Chief Justice in his speech about reforming the judiciary, with numerous sources quoted about the seeming lack of independence of the institution.\n\nThe issue of independence of the judiciary has shown some improvement during the period of study however with more judges being able to bring in verdicts that have not pleased the government.","Mr. Marcus Volcy, Founder of Local NGO - COMPASSION, on July 8, 2012 at Au Cap, Mahe\n\nMr. Steve Lalande, Chief Executive Officer, Liaison Unit for Non-Governmental Organizations Seychelles, on Wednesday July 4, 2012, at 15H30 at the Orion Mall Offices, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles\n\nSeychelles Reality, Is Seychelles Judiciary Delivering Blind Justice? January 2012, http://seychellesreality.blogspot.com/2012/01/is-seychelles-judiciary-delivering.html","There is a clear divide of assessments on whether the judiciary is independent. The government indicates that there is an independent judiciary, Sources outside the government (and also within the judiciary) contest this notion however as highlighted by the Chief Justice in his spe..."]
["2012_SL_2",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",2,50,"Article 2 (3) of the Agreement for and Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Jan. 16, 2002, signed by the Sierra Leone government and the secretary-general of the United Nations, states that \"the Government of Sierra Leone and the Secretary-General shall consult on the appointment of judges.\" This was aimed to ensure the independence of the Special Courts, since any changes require an agreement of the two parties. Furthermore, Article 3 (1) requires that the appointment of a special prosecutor be made by the secretary-general, after consultation with the Sierra Leone government, for a three-year term. \n\nMost judges, however, are appointed directly by the executive.  In the mainstream judiciary, judges have constitutional protection from executive and legislative interference and can be removed only if they are incapacitated or engage in serious misconduct. Even then, this must be done by the president and on the recommendation of a special investigative tribunal and approved by two-thirds majority of Parliament.\n\nSince the release of the Report of the Special Court, some important actions have been taken. A code of conduct for judicial officers has been adopted, and legislation dealing with legal aid has been enacted. \n\nYet, the judiciary lacks financial and human resources capacity, which affects its independence at times. Complaints are heard about the conduct of some judges and the way they make their rulings. Furthermore, sources state that the judiciary is influenced by politicians in both the legislative and executive branches of government.  The fact that the president appoints judges, according to sources, compromises their independence.","Ibrahim Tommy, executive director, Center for Accountability and Rule of Law, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, in his office.\n\nValnora Edwin, coordinator, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, at the offices of the Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown. \n\nFreedom House, \"Countries at the Crossroads 2012 -- Sierra Leone,\" www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,FREEHOU,,SLE,505c172ac,0.html","Article 2 (3) of the Agreement for and Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Jan. 16, 2002, signed by the Sierra Leone government and the secretary-general of the United Nations, states that \"the Government of Sierra Leone and the Secretary-General shall consult on the app..."]
["2012_SO_2",2012,"SO","Somalia",2,0,"The judiciary has the ability to review  decisions of the branches of government, but it does not have the access or clout to do so in practice. Most Somali federal officials have unregistered armed men from government forces who guard them. Anyone judge who tries to review a branch’s operation or decisions will put his/her life at risk. In the absence of security the theoretical independence of the judiciary is not upheld.","Anonymous Somali lawyer, interviewed Nov. 3, 2012, Mogadishu.\nAnonymous Somali lawyer, interviewed Nov. 3, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The judiciary has the ability to review  decisions of the branches of government, but it does not have the access or clout to do so in practice. Most Somali federal officials have unregistered armed men from government forces who guard them. Anyone judge who tries to review a branc..."]
["2012_ZA_2",2012,"ZA","South Africa",2,75,"The executive branch and others have attempted to improperly influence the judiciary (talking to judges during open cases, citing administrative issues to block a case, etc.). It's hard to prove this has not subconsciously or overtly affected judges; thus, the judiciary cannot be considered perfectly free from fear or favor.\n\nIn attempts to influence the outcome in some cases, the executive branch has drawn on administrative issues, or merely presented its side of a case when the executive branch was a respondent. Also, attempts to influence the judiciary occur in the form of discussions about its political relevance. \n\nNonetheless, case law suggests that the judiciary acts independently. For example,the court ruled in the hiring of the director of public prosecutions, advocate Menzi Simelane, that the president's decision to appoint Simelane to the position was not rational. This is one of a number of cases in which the courts have ruled against a decision by the executive branch.\n\nMoreover, judicial decisions draw public opinion. For example, the public has been interested in cases with deep political implications, such as those involving internal party conflicts of the African National Congress. \n\nFinally, the executive branch does not necessarily influence the appointment of judges, as public criticism suggests. For example, some believed that Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng was appointed because his views aligned with the executive's. However, he has ruled against the executive more often than not. This casts doubt on the allegations that the chief justice was selected for the bench simply because he favored the executive.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Though there have been some cases highlighting the independence of the judiciary, trends indicate otherwise. These have been raised by the previous chief justice, as well as the current deputy chief justice. Additionally, the appointment of judges has relevance. The Judicial Service Commission, which vets and recommends such appointments, is subject to political party influence, since the majority of its members are party appointees. The imminent review of the judicial system to make it answerable to the executive (justice minister) also poses a threat to judicial independence.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There is ample evidence to suggest that our judges have so far executed their duties without \"fear, favor or prejudice.\" However, one cannot ignore the many criticisms by high-profile politicians leveled against certain court decisions that went against the executive. In the fall of 2012, the judiciary was accused of undermining government and acting as a form of opposition. Though these accusations did not result in lack of executive compliance with court decisions, they tainted the image of the judiciary. Other initiatives by the government have been met with suspicion by the public, with some arguing that they are intended to interfere with the independence of the judiciary. Questions have been raised about the decision by the government to conduct an assessment of the impact of the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal on South African law and jurisprudence.\n\nSources:\n\nHamadziripi Tamukamoyo, \"Double Speak About Judicial Reform in SA Raises Alarm Bells,\" Crime and Justice Division, ISS Pretoria. www.wecanchange.co.za/Editors/Articles/tabid/55/itemid/405/amid/376/double-speak-about-judicial-reform-in-sa-raises-alarm-bells.aspx\n\nDave Steward, \"The ANC's White-Anting of the Courts,\" \nwww.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=281151&sn=Detail&pid=71654\n\n\"Media Statement on the Assessment of the Impact of the Decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal on the South African Law and Jurisprudence,\" www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=26232&tid;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There have been instances when the state and political parties have indicated a low level of respect for judicial independence and its precepts. Other issues related to the relationship between the executive and the National Prosecuting Authority and its staff have raised similar concerns, including the December 2011 suspension of Menzi Simelane. While the judiciary continues to work to uphold its independence and the legal profession works to ensure that independence through measures to support judicial integrity, a qualified score appropriately reflects periodic threats, predominantly in relation to high-profile political cases, that show the need for greater oversight of the judiciary. ;","\"A Forum for Reason: Reflections on the Role and Work of the Constitutional Court,\" Kate O'Regan, Helen Suzman Memorial Lecture, Johannesburg, Nov. 22, 2011.\n\n\"The Fall and Rise of Two Chief Justices,\" Gilbert Marcus, South Africa Reading Group, New York, April 5, 2012.","The executive branch and others have attempted to improperly influence the judiciary (talking to judges during open cases, citing administrative issues to block a case, etc.). It's hard to prove this has not subconsciously or overtly affected judges; thus, the judiciary cannot be c..."]
["2012_SS_2",2012,"SS","South Sudan",2,50,"Although the law guarantees the independence of the judiciary in South Sudan, there are cases in which government officials and the army put pressure on judges, especially when it comes to cases that relate to the illegal sale of land by these officials (United States Department of State, 2011). \n\nThe judiciary received training on functions and administration of different divisions of the high court, case management and judicial ethics, as related to the dispensation of justice, judicial accountability and separation of powers.","Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/187907.pdf\n\nSouth Sudan Judiciary Almost Starting from Scratch. Marvis Birungi. VOA News. Sept. 27, 2011. http://www.voanews.com/content/south-sudan-judiciary-almost-starting-from-scratch--130722288/160121.html\n\nSouth Sudan Police Pledge Support to Judicial System. Sudan Tribune. August 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-police-pledge-support,39832\n\nNation to Train South Sudan Judges. Jillo Kadida. The Star. May 6, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201205071493.html","Although the law guarantees the independence of the judiciary in South Sudan, there are cases in which government officials and the army put pressure on judges, especially when it comes to cases that relate to the illegal sale of land by these officials (United States Department of..."]
["2012_SD_2",2012,"SD","Sudan",2,50,"In practice, the Sudan judicial system mainly operates on Shariah, or Islamic law, combined with informal community practices. These rely upon local chiefs, known as sultans or sheiks, to resolve disputes among community members. This system has great influence on judicial proceedings, which jeopardizes the independence of the judiciary. In addition, the judicial system is mainly based on ethnic and religious plurality; customary laws and practice are diverse, differing among tribes and communities.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n\nMaj. Asif Khan, United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur, interviewed March 12, 2013.","In practice, the Sudan judicial system mainly operates on Shariah, or Islamic law, combined with informal community practices. These rely upon local chiefs, known as sultans or sheiks, to resolve disputes among community members. This system has great influence on judicial proceedi..."]
["2012_SZ_2",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",2,25,"Under the Swaziland Constitution, judges are appointed by the king on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, whose members are also appointed by the king. There were protest letters by the Southern Africa Development Community Lawyers Association and Amnesty International during the period of study, criticizing the blatant disregard of due process and executive branch interference in the dismissal of a High Court Judge. The Executive regularly interfers with the judiciary. It must be noted, however, that individual judges attempt to uphold the rule of law nonetheless.","\"Joint Statement  by ICJ, SADC LA & SALC on Judge Masuku's dismissal in Swaziland\",  Southern Africa Development Community Lawyers Association, Sept. 30, 2011, http://sadcla.org/index.php/newsletters-and-events/24-joint-statement-by-icj-sadc-la-a-salc\n\nAmnesty International, \"Swaziland: Blatant unfairness of removal proceedings against leading High Court judge threatens judicial independence\", Aug. 18, 2011, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR55/004/2011","Under the Swaziland Constitution, judges are appointed by the king on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, whose members are also appointed by the king. There were protest letters by the Southern Africa Development Community Lawyers Association and Amnesty International d..."]
["2012_TZ_2",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",2,50,"At the national level, the judiciary operate with a measure of independence. This is evident in decisions they have taken that go against the interests of the ruling party, for example early judgments in favor of independent candidates. In effect, the executive has been able to block implementation of a judgment through procedural means, indicating its means of control over the judiciary, despite the judiciary striving to be independent. The judiciary’s independence is compromised by a “lack of resources, weak procedures of judicial appointment and poor remuneration of judicial personnel, especially at the lower ranks.” All judges are presidential appointees, undermining the separation of powers. The legislature cannot reject any presidential appointments, except for the prime minister.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The independence of the judiciary in Tanzania has recently come under scrutiny as a result of allegations of unconstitutional appointment of members of the High (Supreme) Court. In his July 13, 2012, address to the parliament,  the main opposition party's speaker on legal and constitutional affairs, Tundu Antiphas Lissu, alluded to the violating of Articles 109, 113(1) and 59 (3) of the 1977  Constitution on the appointment of several high profile members. A full transcript of the speech can be found at  http://www.wavuti.com/4/post/2012/07/hotuba-ya-tundu-lissu-mb-bungeni-julai-13-2012-wizara-ya-katiba-na-sheria.html#axzz2FUeb2URM\n\nAdditionally, judicial independence is also a function of fiscal autonomy. In his 2010 speech commemorating  law day, the chief justice faulted the inadequacy of financial resources as a major hindrance in the promotion of judicial independence in the country (http://www.judiciary.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80:chief-justice-law-day-2010&catid=22:speeches&Itemid=98). ;","Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Nov. 27, 2012   \n\nLegal and Human Rights Center (2012) \"Tanzania Human Rights Report 2011,\" pages 42-45. http://www.humanrights.or.tz/downloads/tanzania_human_rights_report_2011.pdf\n\nBruce Heilman and William John, \"Countries at the Crossroads 2012: Tanzania.\" Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Tanzania%20-%20FINAL.pdf","At the national level, the judiciary operate with a measure of independence. This is evident in decisions they have taken that go against the interests of the ruling party, for example early judgments in favor of independent candidates. In effect, the executive has been able to blo..."]
["2012_TG_2",2012,"TG","Togo",2,25,"Dans la pratique, l’indépendance du système judiciaire est peu effective car, selon Me Koffigoh Joseph K., les juges sont habituellement indépendants mais leurs jugements sont parfois influencés par les sphères politiques au point même d’assister à une situation dans laquelle certains juges sont mutés pour des jugements défavorables (aux pouvoirs publics) rendus. Ce sont ces mêmes raisons qui ont motivé l’option de Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine. Par ailleurs, en 2010, le département d'État des États-Unis a critiqué le gouvernement du Togo de ne pas respecter l'indépendance du système judiciaire. On a dit, \"Although the constitution provides for an independent judiciary, the executive branch continued to exert control over the judiciary, and corruption was a problem. Lawyers often bribed judges to influence the outcome of cases. The court system remained overburdened and understaffed.\"","Source n° 1 : Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ancien Premier Ministre, avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012. \n \n Source n°2 : Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, magistrate entretien des 18 et 26 juillet 2012 à Lomé.\n \n Source n° 3: Le Département d'État des États-Unis: 2010 Human Rights Report: Togo, disponible sur le site: \" http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm, consulté le 19 janvier 2013 à 18h10.","Dans la pratique, l’indépendance du système judiciaire est peu effective car, selon Me Koffigoh Joseph K., les juges sont habituellement indépendants mais leurs jugements sont parfois influencés par les sphères politiques au point même d’assister à une situation dans laquelle certa..."]
["2012_TN_2",2012,"TN","Tunisia",2,25,"Le ministre de la justice a annoncé le 26 mai 2012 que 81 juges ont été mis à l'écart sans donner de détails sur leur identité. Tout en se réservant le droit de faire de même pour d'autres juges, il a affirmé que c'était une première liste d'accusés à la suite d'une enquête sérieuse. \n\nIl est devenu impératif de mettre fin à cette situation qui porte atteinte à l'honneur à la dignité et à l'intégrité de la justice et met toute la profession en doute. L'association des juges a critiqué ces décisions qui remettent en cause l'independance de la justice. Deux juges ont demandé le 18 juin 2013 à être entendus par la constituante.","- Rapport de Human Rights Watch publié le 29 octobre 2012 intitulé : \"Tunisia: Mass Firings a Blow to Judicial Independence\"\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/29/tunisia-mass-firings-blow-judicial-independence\n\n- Article du journal électronique webmanagercenter du 26 mai 2012 intitulé : \"Tunisie – Justice : Une première liste de 81 magistrats révoqués\"\nhttp://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2012/05/26/tunisie-justice-une-premiere-liste-de-81-magistrats-revoques/\n\n- Article du blog \"thalasolidaire\" intitulé : \"Tunisie : le torchon brûle entre les juges et le ministre de la Justice, Noureddine Bhiri\"\nhttp://thalasolidaire.over-blog.com/article-tunisie-le-torchon-brule-entre-les-juges-et-le-ministre-de-la-justice-noureddine-bhiri-105994688.html\n\n- article de Sdiri Wafa publié le 19 juin 2012 par le journal électronique \"Tunisie Numérique\" intitulé: \"les 81 magistrats révoqués demandent à être auditionnés\" \n http://www.tunisienumerique.com/tunisie-les-81-magistrats-revoques-demandent-a-etre-auditionnes-ainsi-que-bhiri-par-lanc/130470\nhttp://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20111104193433/","Le ministre de la justice a annoncé le 26 mai 2012 que 81 juges ont été mis à l'écart sans donner de détails sur leur identité. Tout en se réservant le droit de faire de même pour d'autres juges, il a affirmé que c'était une première liste d'accusés à la suite d'une enquête sérieus..."]
["2012_UG_2",2012,"UG","Uganda",2,25,"The independence of the judiciary has been debated since 2005, when the High Court's premises were surrounded by armed members of the Joint Anti-Terrorist Team (JATT) also known as the \"Black Mamba Urban Hit Squad.\" In November 2005 the High Court released the treason suspects on bail, but the president ordered their re-arrest and they were later charged in the military court. When the Constitutional Court ruled that their trial in the court martial was illegal, Gen. David Tinyefuza said the army would not accept orders from courts. “It is the generals who liberated this country when judges were hiding under their beds,” Tinyefuza said. \n\nA number of court cases, especially political ones -- which also happen to be the important ones for the sustainable development and stability in Uganda -- have strongly shown that judicial independence is threatened. \n\nIn addition, several reports on Uganda show that the government has on several occasions pressured judges, defied orders of the court and repeatedly criticized judicial decisions in political cases. Even the chief justice, judges and other members of the judiciary have been heard appealing to government to stop interfering in the work of the judiciary so as to ensure proper delivery of justice in the country.\n\nIn a March 2012 instance, the Principal Judge decried political intrusion into judicial independence, saying it is suffocating expeditious delivery of justice on land disputes across the country. The remarks were made at a time when a court order for eviction of tenants at Akisim Housing Estate in Soroti Municipality to pave way for a private developer is said to have been blocked by a directive from an official attached to the Office of the President.\n\nAlthough not in the reporting period, it is interesting to note that on Nov. 8, 2012, members of the Uganda Law Society held an extraordinary general meeting in Kampala and unanimously resolved to issue guidelines to all government agencies to respect court decisions and cease unlawful interference with the execution of court judgments and orders especially by the Inspector General of Police, members of the Uganda Police Force, Resident District Commissioners, Internal Security Organizations and the State House Land Desk. Further, they urged government to impose sanctions against its agencies and personnel that undermine the independence and functions of the courts of judicature.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The long arm of the Executive never rests from the desire to peddle influence on the judicial processes and proceedings. Constitutional provisions pronounce excellent separation of powers; however, there is a huge difference between what the constitution guarantees and what is done in practice. The Executive is often seen to go overboard, crossing constitutional boundaries and stretching its long arm of control into judicial proceedings and legislative affairs. Reference could be made to the 2011 President Museveni' un called for defense and \"voice of salvation\" that saw Prof. Gilbert Bukenya, former vice President acquitted of corruption cases, yet he was already facing prosecution at the Anti Corruption. ;","\"Uganda: Judiciary Not Free, Says Odoki,\" by Anthony Wesaka, The Monitor, Sept. 11, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201109110036.html\n\n\"Lawyers Petition Chief Justice Over Judicial Abuse,\" by Emmanuel Mulondo and Anthony Wesaka, The Monitor, May 5, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201105050168.html\n\n“Lawyers want Judiciary probed over graft,” Daily Monitor, Dec. 2, 2012, http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/ThoughtIdeas/Lawyers-want-Judiciary-probed-over-graft/-/689844/1634156/-/ws5wlf/-/index.html\n\n“PJ cautions politicians on Judiciary,” by Richard Otim, Daily Monitor, March 3, 2012, \nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1357790/-/axw0fwz/-/index.html\n\n\"Chief Justice Calls for Independence of Judiciary,\" UG Pulse, Jan. 14, 2009,\nhttp://www.ugpulse.com/uganda-news/government/chief-justice-calls-for-independence-of-judiciary/7641.aspx\n\n\"IBAHRI Visit to Uganda Uncovers Threats to Judicial Independence,\" International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI), Sept. 18 2007, http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=9BEB2C10-B3D3-44A8-821F-9DB3EFA5A0EC","The independence of the judiciary has been debated since 2005, when the High Court's premises were surrounded by armed members of the Joint Anti-Terrorist Team (JATT) also known as the \"Black Mamba Urban Hit Squad.\" In November 2005 the High Court released the treason suspects on b..."]
["2012_ZM_2",2012,"ZM","Zambia",2,25,"National-level judges are typically independent, yet are in certain circumstances influenced in their judgments by negative political interference. This may include unfavorable treatment by the Executive. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation for unfavorable decisions. For instance, President Sata decided to suspend High Court judges Charles Kajimanga, Nigel Mutuna and Supreme Court judge Philip Musonda and set up a tribunal to probe them and appointed a Malawan judge Lovemore Chikopa to chair the tribunal to probe the suspension of the three judges. This is not the first time this has happened, tribunals have been set up to investigate judges in the past and records are there. In most cases the judiciary manages to survive these political interferences.\nThe acquittal of late president Frederick Chiluba was politically motivated and it was a clear indication that the Judiciary was being interfered with by the Executive.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In 2012, the former chief justice, Ernest Sakala was through political pressure, asked to resign which forced him to go on early leave pending retirement. This was with a backdrop that Justice Sakala refused to shake hands with then opposition leader President Sata a few months before elections when they meant in church for a funeral. When Justice Sakala went on leave, the President quickly appointed an Acting Chief Justice in the name of Justice Lombe Chibesakunda and deputized by Justice Florence Mumba, also in an acting capacity. Florence Mumba was forced to resign as Electoral Commission of Zambia after workers demanded she do so for allegedly firing the then Director of Elections Danny Kalale. At the time of writing this comment, the duo were still serving as Chief and Deputy Chief Justices respectively in their acting capacities. ;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The World Bank survey in 2004 called the Zambia Governance Survey revealed that 52 percent of business managers believed the courts were not independent from government or economic pressures, and that justice was not administered fairly or transparently. While some commentators have suggested that judges are independent from the executive, the survey findings indicate that court users feel that in reality they are not.;","Kombe Chipinde and Roy Habaalu, The Post, \"Shamenda explains judges' suspensions,\" Friday, May 4, 2012.\n\nInterview: Mr Francis Mwale J.K., Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","National-level judges are typically independent, yet are in certain circumstances influenced in their judgments by negative political interference. This may include unfavorable treatment by the Executive. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation for unfavorable decisi..."]
["2012_ZW_2",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",2,50,"Reports of political interference remain. The International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) reports states that ''some Supreme Court and High Court judges have been allocated land under the government’s commercial farms allocation scheme and hold that land at nominal rents and at the government’s pleasure.'' This makes them susceptible to political interference. As noted by the president of the Law Society of Zimbabwe, ''Some judges have benefited from the land reform through pushing out other beneficiaries of land reform\" which also increased criticism of the judiciary. In an article in a local newspaper, the law society president quoted the farm row between University of Zimbabwe Professor Lovemore Gwanzura and High Court Judge Justice Chinembiri Bhunu as well as another farm row in Manicaland Province involving High Court judge, Justice Francis Bere. Bere and Bhunu have been cited in land wrangles with other resettled farmers in Manicaland and Marondera respectively. Bere is accused of having increased his farm size by encroaching into land owned by other farmers. The boundary wars resulted in damage to property owned by the different farmers as the judge tried to enforce an eviction order. Bhunu has been entangled in a five-year land dispute with Gwanzura in which Gwanzura accuses the judge of using his influence to push him off a farm he was offered years back.\n\nThe Judicial Code of Ethics is relatively new. Launched in March 2012, it will take time to see the impact of the code of ethics. \n\nThe independence of the judiciary is further curtailed by a lack of resources. For instance, as the chief justice noted in his address at the launch of the Judicial Code of Ethics in March 2012, ''Many of  the magistrates’ courts are uncomfortably nestling in district administrators’ complexes with inadequate office space for magistrates and support staff.'' The DA offices are highly politicized. Due to the sharing of space and infrastructure, there may be occasion to politically influence magistrates' decisions.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The capacity and independence of the judiciary have been steadily eroding since 2000. Land reform kickbacks are not the only instance of political bias in decision making. The judiciary shows bias in a range of political cases and has used repressive legislation, such as the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) and the Public Order and Security Act (POSA), to restrict civil society activity on a regular basis. In those cases, both the police and the judiciary regularly disregarded amendments to the same acts made in early 2008. \n\nSources: \n\"Crisis In Zimbabwe Coalition Christmas Message: 2012 Legal Year – A Test for Zimbabwe's judiciary and legal profession,\" January 2012, http://www.crisiszimbabwe.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=570%3A2012-legal-year-a-test-for-zimbabwes-judiciary-and-legal-profession&catid=47%3Anews&Itemid=1\n\n\"Mugabe Appoints New Judges,\" New Zimbabwe, May 4, 2012, http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-7878-Mugabe%20appoints%20new%20judges/news.aspx\n\nAlthough outside the scope of this report, this trend has continued through 2012. The August 2012 Freedom House Survey of Zimbabwe indicates low levels of trust in the judiciary among the population, and the survey's findings are echoed by other opinion surveys. While there are increasing incidences of judicial integrity, there is still work to be done in terms of ensuring an effective and impartial judiciary.\n\nSources:\n\"Change and ‘New’ Politics in Zimbabwe,\" Interim Report of a Nationwide Survey of Public Opinion in Zimbabwe: JuneJuly 2012, Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Change%20and%20New%20Politics%20in%20Zimbabwe.pdf\n\n\"Judicial activism by Zimbabwe's judges,\" by Jacob Nkiwane, New Zimbabwe, Oct. 17, 2012, http://www.newzimbabwe.com/opinion-9323-Judicial+activism+by+Zimbabwes+judges/opinion.aspx;","\"Justice system in the dock,\" June 28, 2012, http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/national-report/13229-justice-system-in-the-dock.html\n\nAddress by the chief justice on the occasion of the joint launch of the Judicial Service Strategic Plan and Judicial Code of Ethics, Judicial Service Commission Zimbabwe, March 28, 2012, http://www.jsc.org.zw\n\n\"Zimbabwe: time for a new approach,\" report of the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI), September 2011, page 25, www.ibanet.org, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibanet.org%2FDocument%2FDefault.aspx%3FDocumentUid%3D268BE2D5-5E46-4713-B3BE-A982798A314A&ei=pcnuULezCuSJ2AWNg4HAAw&usg=AFQjCNE8C57l15tSoJdNcbCeebtBOYz6KQ","Reports of political interference remain. The International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) reports states that ''some Supreme Court and High Court judges have been allocated land under the government’s commercial farms allocation scheme and hold that land at nomi..."]
["2012_DZ_3",2012,"DZ","Algeria",3,25,"The judiciary is under the control of the political decision makers. Legal expert Mohammed Zerrougui indicated that executive interference in the work of judges is a logical consequence of the way by which judges are appointed, as the executive branch, represented by the Ministry of Justice, appoints judges and feels entitled to interfere in their work.\n\nEl Watan, dated Dec. 14, 2011, on page 3 says: \"We are going to prove him the judiciary is under the order,\" said The Coordonateur national de la cellule contre la corruption de la LADH: Ligue Algérienne des Droits de l'Homme. El Watan, dated March 6, 2012, page 5 says: \"The Minister of Justice (Belaïz) installe ne nouveau Conseil Supérieur de la Magistruture - CSM - dans la clandestinité.\" This shows that a court with high-ranking magistrates is not widely representatives and its composition in terms of human resources is not publicized.\n\nAccording to the new Justice Minister Mohammad Sharafi, in a statement to the press during the beginning of the new year 2013, the judge'' live physical and social constraints and other hinder those who aspire to HH perches in the nobility''. He explained that President Bouteflika ''stressed that it should be the judge in the immune forms of pressure [...] and enjoy social status, such as those enjoyed by the judges in the developed countries, to live up is turn to the level of those judges''. He added: ''Many of you are sure that corruption, inefficiency and lack of ethics and corruption is not inevitable (...) many of you are determined not to stay idle in front of this renewed threat''. The minister pledged that serious consideration to the union's demands.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 29, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, NGO representative. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, NGO representative. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, NGO representative. June 29, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic (former judge). June 29, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the identities of anonymous sources and agreed not to disclose them.","The judiciary is under the control of the political decision makers. Legal expert Mohammed Zerrougui indicated that executive interference in the work of judges is a logical consequence of the way by which judges are appointed, as the executive branch, represented by the Ministry o..."]
["2012_AO_3",2012,"AO","Angola",3,25,"The judiciary is subject to political interference by the president and other politically powerful individuals affiliated with the ruling party. Sources indicate the executive has rewarded compliant judges with paid posts as chairs of committees. Some close to the system argue that some sentences have been \"paid off,\" especially in civil cases. Political loyalty plays an important role in the system, and comparable cases are not necessarily treated equally, nor do they yield predictable outcomes. Bribery and influence peddling are commonplace in the courts.\n\nCivil society organizations are beginning to use the court system, with mixed success, to challenge restrictions on legal civil liberties. \n\nThe new Constitutional Court is seen as somewhat more independent than other courts, although its endorsement of the troubled 2008 electoral process tarnished that image. \n\nAntónio Ventura, President of the Associação Justiça, Paz e Democracia (AJPD - Association of Justice, Peace and Democracy) said in an interview that the separation of power in Angola is still very fragile and that judges are subject to political interference both from the president and a political system highly influenced by the ruling party.","1. Freedom House, country report 2011, Rule of Law Angola, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads-2011/rule-law-0.\n\n3. \"New military judges of Angolan Armed Forces sworn in,\" Agencia Angola Press, Sept. 2012. http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/politica/2012/8/38/New-military-judges-Angolan-Armed-Forces-sworn,c00898de-ec4c-450e-9cb1-2e4d393ecd2a.html\n\n2.  \"O judiciário é um poder e não uma função,\" by Eugénio Mateus,O Pais, Dec. 11, 2009, http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?det=8040.","The judiciary is subject to political interference by the president and other politically powerful individuals affiliated with the ruling party. Sources indicate the executive has rewarded compliant judges with paid posts as chairs of committees. Some close to the system argue that..."]
["2012_BJ_3",2012,"BJ","Benin",3,25,"Au Bénin, le président de la République préside l'organe le plus élevé de gestion des magistrats, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM). De plus, le procureur est nommé par le président de la République. A tout moment, il fera la volonté du président, au lieu que les juges de niveau national soient élus par leurs collègues magistrats.\n\nParfois, les syndicalistes et hommes politiques critiquent l'inféodation de certains magistrats au pouvoir politique, notamment de certains procureurs au chef de l'Etat à travers le ministre de la justice, de tutelle.\n\nIl faut aussi ajouter que l'article 4 de la loi 2001-35 portant statut de la magistrature précise en théorie l'indépendance des magistrats, mais l'article 5 ouvre quelque peu la voie à quelques pressions probables sur les magistrats. Cet article stipule que \"Les magistrats du siege sont placés sous la surveillance du president de leur juridiction et sous le contrôle du president de la cour d'appel de leur ressort. Ces auto rites hierarchiques ont la faculte d'adresser aux magistrats du siege les observations et recommandations qu'elles estiment utiles pour la bonne et prompte administration de la\njustice. Ces observations et recommandations ne doivent en aucun cas porter atteinte à l'independance du juge.\"","François AWO, Juriste, Assistant de programme à l'ONG ALCRER, Entretien le 18 juin 2012 au siège de l'ONG Alcrer, Cotonou.\n\nPaul IKO, Instituteur, Syndicaliste, Secrétaire Général Adjoint de la Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Bénin (CSTB), Entretien effectué le 21 Juin 2012 à la Bourse du Travail, Cotonou :\n\nLoi 2001-35 Portant Statut de la Magistrature, Articles 3, 4, 5. Disponoble sur http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Loi_Num_2001_35_du_21_Fevrier_2003.pdf","Au Bénin, le président de la République préside l'organe le plus élevé de gestion des magistrats, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM). De plus, le procureur est nommé par le président de la République. A tout moment, il fera la volonté du président, au lieu que les juges ..."]
["2012_BW_3",2012,"BW","Botswana",3,75,"Botswana ranked No. 22 out of 144 countries for judicial independence, according to the World Economic Forum's \"Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013.\"\n\nAccording to the Law Society of Bostwana, \"The President of Botswana appoints the Chief Justice and the Judge President of the Court of Appeal. [...] In neither case does the Constitution contemplate nor provide for the intervention of the JSC.\" Regarding the appointment of the the judges of the High Court and the Court of Appeal, \"the Constitution provides that these appointments are also to be made by the President, but this time acting in accordance with the advice of the JSC (section 96 and 100; Constitution). Except for the provision of the criteria and qualifications for the appointment of judges of the High Court and Court of Appeal, the Constitution does not make any further provision for the manner in which judges will be appointed.\" \n\nThe Law Society of Botswana also states that \"The Constitution provides for tenure of office for judicial officers. Security of tuner of Judges is key to ensuring independence. All persons holding the office of Judge shall vacate such office upon attaining the age of seventy years (section 97(1) and 101(1)).\"","World Economic Forum, \"Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013,\"\nwww.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness\n\nLaw Society of Botswana, \"Position Paper on Appointment of Judges,\" June 2012,                                 www.lawsociety.org.bw/news/Position%20Paper%20on%20Appointment%20of%20Judges%20Final%2014%20june%202012%20%27Final%27.pdf     \n                                                                                                       \n\"‘Botswana’s Future Uncertain, Unpredictable,’\" Khonani Ontebetse, Weekend Post, December 2011, www.weekendpost.co.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2626%3Abotswanas-future-uncertain-unpredictable&Itemid=68","Botswana ranked No. 22 out of 144 countries for judicial independence, according to the World Economic Forum's \"Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013.\"..."]
["2012_BF_3",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",3,0,"Les juges sont pas « politisés » et quand un jugement est prononcé, si l’accusé n’est pas satisfait, il peut avoir recours à la Cour d’Appel ou encore recourir à la Cour de Cassation. Cependant, il peut toujours ne pas avoir gain de cause, surtout si son adversaire est haut fonctionnaire d’Etat. Il faut noter que en Burkina Faso le juge est d’abord un magistrat qui a été fonctionnaire de l’Etat. Selon nos interlocuteurs, nombreux sont les cas qui ont été renvoyés aux calendes grecques.","Interview avec M. Nicolas ZERMANE, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son Bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14 :19 TU.\n\nInterview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, au Bureau du Programme de Renforcement de la Gouvernance, le lundi, 11 février 2013, à 10:00 TU\n\nPr AUGUSTIN LOADA, JURISTE : \"Qu’ils nous disent pourquoi ils tiennent tant à rester au pouvoir\", 3 mai 2011, http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article41837, visite le 09/08/2012\n\nAugustin Loada : \"Le Burkina traverse une crise de gouvernance\", 9 juillet 2011 : http://www.france24.com/fr/20110708-burkina-faso-compaore-mutinerie-revision-constitutionnelle-election-presidentielle, visite le 10/08/2012\n\nBURKINA-POLITIQUE-DROITSHUMAINS-GOUVERNEMENT. Burkina : un ministre limogé pour avoir fait bastonner un jeune mécanicien, 23 février 2012, http://www.aib.bf/spip.php?article1035 visite le 10/08/2012","Les juges sont pas « politisés » et quand un jugement est prononcé, si l’accusé n’est pas satisfait, il peut avoir recours à la Cour d’Appel ou encore recourir à la Cour de Cassation. Cependant, il peut toujours ne pas avoir gain de cause, surtout si son adversaire est haut fonctio..."]
["2012_BI_3",2012,"BI","Burundi",3,0,"In Burundi, the judiciary is not independent. There are cases of intimidation and demotions. Judges have been transferred to remote areas for having made rulings that lead to temporary release or acquittal to opposition leaders. \n\nWhile slightly out of the period of study of this research, it is telling that wetween December 2009 and June 2010, a period of seven months, a judge was transferred three times - from Kayanza to Muyinga through Kirundo and Bubanza. It emanates, from the article 22 of the magistrates statutes 2000, that the judge can be transferred to exercise functions of the same grade at least in a jurisdiction of the same rank. This provision opens room for abuse as it is often used to punish judges who make decisions which do not please the political actors by separating them from their families and sending them to remote areas. \n\nThe possibility of transfer leads to self-censorship by judges. The fear of sanction or disciplinary transfer in the mind of the judge ruins his freedom to judge and his independence.\n\nThe entire management of the career of judges is in the hands of the Ministry of Justice and the President of the Republic: A judge is appointed without competition/test, but with the discretionary powers of the Ministry of Justice, which can be expected to influence any decision-making.","\"The Independence of the Judiciary Vis-À-Vis the Executive,\" October 2011. by Aime-Parfait Niyonkuru, Assistant Lecturer at University of Burundi, http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_31778-1522-2-30.pdf?120801091257\n\n\" The state of the world's human rights,\" Amnesty International, 2012, : Burundi http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/burundi/report-2012#section-21-3","In Burundi, the judiciary is not independent. There are cases of intimidation and demotions. Judges have been transferred to remote areas for having made rulings that lead to temporary release or acquittal to opposition leaders. ..."]
["2012_CM_3",2012,"CM","Cameroon",3,0,"Article 37(2) of the 1996 amended constitution provides that magistrates of the bench shall be governed only by the law and their conscience in carrying out their duties. This is difficult, considering that by law the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the president, who is head of the executive arm of government. He is the president of the Higher Judicial Council, which appoints and disciplines members of the judiciary. Additionally, the Legal Department is headed by a magistrate who acts as the procureur general and is responsible for the prosecution of cases, particularly in criminal matters, and is dependent on the minister of justice, a member of the executive arm. \n\nThere have been instances when judges have been summoned to explain the reasons for their decisions, which were based on legal principles. An example of summoning occurred in a recent judgment by the Mfoundi High Court acquitting Michel Thierry Atangana, the campaign manager of the former secretary-general at the presidency Titus Edzoa (also arrested in 1997), of charges of embezzling public funds in the acquisition of a presidential jet. The judge was asked by the president to explain why he acquitted the accused of all the charges, according to news reports. Despite the acquittal, the accused is still held in detention; he has served nearly the entire 15 years of the sentence.\n\nConsidering all these facts, it's difficult to conclude that national-level judges can be immune from political interference. The current anti-corruption drive, which has seen the arrest and detention of certain highly placed government officials and some court judgments, is perceived to target the opposition or certain factions within the ruling political party. \n\nThe judiciary in Cameroon is also seriously hit by the corruption crisis that seems to pervade all sectors of public and private life. Magistrates and their judgments are believed to favor their religious, philosophical or political affiliations or their personal economic interests over their legal responsibility. The Transparency International 2007 Global Corruption Report classifies the Cameroon judicial system as the third most corrupt in the world, after that of Paraguay and Peru. \n\nIn a recent court decision, the former secretary-general at the presidency, Jean Marie Atangana Mebara, who had been arrested and detained for alleged embezzlement of public funds, was found not guilty of three counts. But he is still held in detention on new charges of embezzlement brought by the examining magistrate. The accused stated in a local newspaper that he was a victim of judicial incompetence.","Le Jour, \"Jean-Marie Atangana -- Je suis victime de Haine,\" at www.camer.be/index1.php?art=19242&rub=11:1, My 4,i 2012.\n\nGeorge Mbella, \"Cameroon: Atangana Mebara Still in Detention\" Cameroon Tribune, May 6, 2012, at www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,34070,@,cameroon-atangana-mebara-still-in-detention.html\n\nHonorable Paul Ayah Abine, \"The Erosion of Cameroon's Judiciary,\" The Sun, Oct. 19, 2009, http://the-news-from-cameroon.com/article.php?category_id=41&article_id=1322 \n\nFonachu nee Fang Helen Ike, \"The Criminal Justice System in Cameroon: Problems Faced with Regard to Corruption and Suggested Solutions,\" work  product, the 137th International Training Course “Corporate Crime and the Criminal Liability of Corporate Entities,” the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Resource Material Series No. 76, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan, December 2008.","Article 37(2) of the 1996 amended constitution provides that magistrates of the bench shall be governed only by the law and their conscience in carrying out their duties. This is difficult, considering that by law the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the president, wh..."]
["2012_CV_3",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",3,75,"No specific examples were found during the period of study of instances when national-level judges were influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives; instances of favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism; instances when judges were demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions, etc., though there was some criticism by the opposition party, the MPD, of the conduct and decisions of judges of the Supreme Court during the last municipal election in July 2012.\n\nNational-level judges could suffer, in practice, some degree of political interference. This interference is indirect and derives from the fact that they are appointed by two judicial bodies, some which members are appointed by political bodies. \n\nThe two judicial bodies are the Superior Council of Magistrates (CSMJ) and the Public Ministry (Prosecutor) and, in particular, its highest body called the Attorney General's Office and the Board of Public Prosecution. The CSMJ is the organ of management and discipline of judges, autonomous management of human resources, financial and material of the courts, as well as their own.\n\nThe possibility of indirect interference appears in the «Article 4: (composition) The CSMJ comprises the following members:\na) A judge appointed by the President of Republic from among judges;\nb) Four citizens of known probity and merit, not judges or lawyers, elected by the National Assembly;\nc) Four judges elected by their pairs.»\n\nAbout the Public Ministry the Law No. 89/VII/2011 of February 14, says: «section II (Attorney General's Office) Article 21 (Appointment and dismissal):\n1. The Attorney General's Office is appointed by President of the Republic, under the Government's proposal to a five-year term, renewable (...).»,\nIn article 22º confirms the possibility of indirect interference: «2. As chairman of the Attorney General's Office,\nresponsibility of the Attorney General's Office:\nb) direct, coordinate and supervise the activity of Public Prosecution Service and issue directives, orders and instructions to be complied with the performance of respective officers and agents;\nc) To propose to the CSMP transfer and promotion of prosecutors;».\n\nThe Board of Public Prosecution (Article 33 n. 1) « is chaired by the Attorney General's Office and consists of the following members:\na) Four nationals and suitable recognized substance, other than magistrates are not lawyers and the full enjoyment of their civil and political rights, elected by the National Assembly;\nb) A suitable and a national recognized substance which is not judge lawyer or and be in full enjoyment of their civil rights and politicians, appointed by the Government;\nc) Three prosecutors, elected by their peers».\n \nAgain, the possibility of interference by indirect organ appears in the article Article 37 n. 1 (Jurisdiction) that says the Board of the Public Ministry has the power to:\n«c) appoint, assign, transfer, promote, discharge, consider professional merit, take disciplinary action and, in general, all acts of a similar nature relating to prosecutors, with the exception of the Attorney General's Office».","Interviews with Bartolomeu Lopes Varela, professor, Cape Verde University, Feb. 8, 2012, Praia City.\n\nInterview with Judge Julio Sanches Afonso, Judicial Magistrate of the District Court of Praia City, Feb. 12, 2012, Praia City.","No specific examples were found during the period of study of instances when national-level judges were influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives; instances of favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism; instances when ..."]
["2012_CF_3",2012,"CF","CAR",3,25,"Les magistrats de la cour de cassation, qui est la plus haute juridiction de Centrafrique, sont nommés en fonction de leur ancienneté dans la magistrature et jouissent d'un mandat. L'actuel Président Jacques Mbosso, ancien conseiller juridique du président Bozizé a été nommé par decret en juillet 2011. Cependant en général les juges nommés dans les différentes juridictions centrafricaines ne sont pas épargnés par l’interférence politique, surtout pour les cas des affaires qui touchent l'intérêt de l'Etat ou d'une haute autorité de la République. A titre d'illustration, le Président de la République avait fait une descente au parquet en 2010 pour instruire les juges d'arrêter certaines personnes soupçonnées d'être à l'origine d'un incendie d'un super marché appartenant à un groupe libanais. On parlait d'un crime économique. C'était la raison fondamentale évoquée pour incarcérer ces personnes. Cette intervention musclée de la première personnalité de la République a eu un impact négatif sur la motivation des juges et leur liberté telle que mentionnée dans la constitution de 2004. C'était une violation des procédures judiciaires en ce qui concerne la notion de présomption d'innocence, de l'ouverture et la conclusion d'une enquête diligentée par les auxiliaires de la justice.","YAMINDI Edmond, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Bangui mai 2012.\n\nKOYANGBO DAMON Marie-Madeleine, Assistante à l'Université de Bangui, mai 2012.\n\nCentrafriquepresse, 18 août 2012, Bozizé nomme un successeur à l'ex-demi dieu Firmin Findiro, http://centrafrique-presse.over-blog.com/article-bozize-nomme-un-successeur-a-l-ex-demi-dieu-firmin-findiro-109205574.html\n\nPNUD et Transparency International, Etude sur le Système National d'Intégrité, décembre 2006.","Les magistrats de la cour de cassation, qui est la plus haute juridiction de Centrafrique, sont nommés en fonction de leur ancienneté dans la magistrature et jouissent d'un mandat. L'actuel Président Jacques Mbosso, ancien conseiller juridique du président Bozizé a été nommé par de..."]
["2012_TD_3",2012,"TD","Chad",3,25,"In Chad, judges are removed without due process. A recent case was the dismissal of a sub-national judge in May 2012 for a court decision on a poaching case involving an opposition member of Parliament, which was allegedly unfavorable to ruling party and government officials.","Centre d'Etude et de Formation pour le Développement, Revue de la presse du 07 au 12 mai 2012, 22 May 2012, http://www.cefod.org/node/34\n\nTchad En Ligne, La décision du CSM de radier M. Dekeumbé provoque un grand tollé au Tchad, 21 June 2012, http://www.tchadenligne.com/article-la-decision-du-csm-de-radier-m-dekeumbe-provoque-un-grand-tolle-au-tchad-107246571.html\n\n2012 ordinance allowing for the suspension and dismissal of judges, Ordonnance 12-007 2012-02-21 PR, http://www.cefod.org/legitchad/web/texte/4001#h2.7.2","In Chad, judges are removed without due process. A recent case was the dismissal of a sub-national judge in May 2012 for a court decision on a poaching case involving an opposition member of Parliament, which was allegedly unfavorable to ruling party and government officials."]
["2012_KM_3",2012,"KM","Comoros",3,0,"Les juges sont souvent influencés dans le traitement des dossiers. Les magistrats qui font preuve d'indépendance sont souvent harcelés ou carrément limogés. En début d'année 2012, le Président de la République a limogé un juge de siège sans consulter le Conseil de la Magistrature. Il a été reproché à ce magistrat d'avoir sorti une décision qui n'a pas plu à un proche du Président.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni. \n\nEl-Had Said Omar, directeur de l’Agence de Presse HZK, Directeur de la Publication du Journal La Gazette des Comores,  26 mars 2012, Moroni. \n\nMr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Ancien Juge à la Cour Constitutionnelle, ancien Ministre des Finances, 27 mars 2012, Moroni.","Les juges sont souvent influencés dans le traitement des dossiers. Les magistrats qui font preuve d'indépendance sont souvent harcelés ou carrément limogés. En début d'année 2012, le Président de la République a limogé un juge de siège sans consulter le Conseil de la Magistrature. ..."]
["2012_CD_3",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",3,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_3",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",3,25,"The national level judges are not protected from political interference in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are several cases where political interference have changed a decision. According to the Amnesty International report, the judiciary lacks independence and this fosters a culture of impunity. Direct acts of interference in the judicial process, notably by the army and the executive, include attacks on procedural guarantees of independence as well as logistical and financial constraints which undermine the capacity of the judiciary to act independently.","\"Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): New report condemns justice system's failings,\" Amnesty UK, Aug. 10, 2011 https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=19619.\n\n\"Amnesty International’s efforts to ensure the arrest of Bosco Ntaganda,\" Amnesty International. April 19, 2012 http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/amnesty-international-s-efforts-to-ensure-the-arrest-of-bosco-ntaganda.","The national level judges are not protected from political interference in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are several cases where political interference have changed a decision. According to the Amnesty International report, the judiciary lacks independence and this fo..."]
["2012_CI_3",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",3,25,"In Côte d'Ivoire, the Judiciary is subject to political decisions. Transparency and fairness are a challenge for judges because politicians often try to influence in-court decisions.","Human Rights Watch, “The Dark Side of Côte d’Ivoire’s Recovery,” Jan 31, 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4f2fd08f2.html \n \nAfrica confidential, “Cote d’Ivoire, Soro clouds economic revival,” Vol 13, Dec 2012","In Côte d'Ivoire, the Judiciary is subject to political decisions. Transparency and fairness are a challenge for judges because politicians often try to influence in-court decisions."]
["2012_DJ_3",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",3,25,"Les personnes interrogées estiment que les juges ne sont pas protégés des interférences politiques. L'une d'entre elles relate la mésaventure d'un magistrat qui a été dessaisi d'un dossier parce qu'il a libéré des employés qui ont manifesté, ou tout simplement le magistrat (trop indépendant) est promu à un poste où il ne s'occupera pas des dossiers importants et sensibles. Les juges, notamment en matière familiale, étaient soumis à des pressions politiques. Pour la deuxième source, commerçant, il a eu affaire à la justice dans le cadre de ses activités commerciales, et constate par exemple que les patrons de grandes distributions obtiennent souvent gain de cause devant la justice. Il en déduit que les magistrats subissent des pressions.\n\nLes problèmes liés aux magistrats mutés en représailles à des décisions défavorables existent mais il est difficile de trouver des témoignages ou de se procurer des décisions administratives de mutation.","Caroline JOASEM, secrétaire adjointe de l'association des français de l’étranger, interrogée le 23 juillet 2012.\n\nOSMAN Ali, commerçant, interrogé le 22 juillet 2012.","Les personnes interrogées estiment que les juges ne sont pas protégés des interférences politiques. L'une d'entre elles relate la mésaventure d'un magistrat qui a été dessaisi d'un dossier parce qu'il a libéré des employés qui ont manifesté, ou tout simplement le magistrat (trop in..."]
["2012_EG_3",2012,"EG","Egypt",3,50,"Judges want and try to be impartial, although they are sometimes forced to comply with the executive's wishes. Judges generally do not allow personal politics, personal biases or incentives, conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties to influence their decisions, but the judiciary suffers from interference of the executive authority in their appointment, delegation or transfer to any new position. The Minister of Justice, a member of the executive authority, can refer a judge for retirement (or transfer him to a nonjudiciary position) if he did not do specific tasks. He has also control over the interests of the judges, which include salaries and rewards, as well as medical, housing and travel advantages.\n\nHence, it has always been a battle between both powers to protect the independence of the judges or contain them by the executive. It can be said that the judicial authority in Egypt is not independent, but despite that some judges are still independent. The normal judiciary is less independent than the administrative judiciary, although the Executive Authority imposes its hegemony over the whole judiciary and controls in general its fate and directions and can sometimes influence its decisions.\n\nJudges try when they can to contest the powers of the government. Irrespective of whether these attempts succeed or fail, they meet with the appreciation of public opinion. Overall, the judiciary organization is the least corrupted of state institutions and is the most respected by the public.\n\nEssential amendments in the law of judiciary authority are necessary to guarantee judges’ independence. \n\nTwo recent cases showed the lack of independence of national judges in Egypt: the American NGOs and the Parliament constitutionality. The decision taken by the judges to lift the travel ban on the foreigners accused of violating NGO regulations awakened the issue of the lack of independence of the judges. The recent failed attempt by the Egyptian president to dismiss the public prosecutor revealed the extent of the struggle. The public prosecutor refused to leave his office, to protect his post against any executive influence.","Brown, Nathan. 2011. Egypt's Judges in A Revolutionary Age. Carnegie endowment. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/egypt_judiciary.pdf.\n\nEuro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN). 2012. Towards Establishing a Vision for the Independence and Impartiality of the Egyptian Judiciary. \n\nElBoraie, Negad. 2012. The Independence of the Judiciary: The Truth as it is!\nhttp://www.ug-law.com/downloads/independence-of-the-judiciary-in-egypt-en.pdf.\n\nMai Shams El-Din. 2012. Judicial Independence, with a Brotherhood Twist\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/judicial-independence-brotherhood-twist.\n\nHeba Afify. October 2012. A politiczed justice. Almasry Alyoum\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/politicized-justice.","Judges want and try to be impartial, although they are sometimes forced to comply with the executive's wishes. Judges generally do not allow personal politics, personal biases or incentives, conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties to..."]
["2012_GQ_3",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",3,0,"Judges serve \"at the pleasure of the president\", according to the 2011 US Department of State Report on Human Rights for Equatorial Guinea, which also states that the judges are \"appointed, transferred, and dismissed for political as well as competency reasons.\" This makes it impossible for judges to deliver judgments against the president's interests.","1. Human Rights Report, US Department of State, May 14, 2012,  Equatorial Guinea 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, see: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186191#wrapper\n\n2. Human Rights Watch, November 12, 2011, Equatorial Guinea: A Move to Consolidate Power, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/11/equatorial-guinea-move-consolidate-power","Judges serve \"at the pleasure of the president\", according to the 2011 US Department of State Report on Human Rights for Equatorial Guinea, which also states that the judges are \"appointed, transferred, and dismissed for political as well as competency reasons.\" This makes it impos..."]
["2012_ER_3",2012,"ER","Eritrea",3,25,"Judges are independent in giving their decisions in litigation and not subjected to political interference. However, this is mostly in the civil courts, which adjudicate family law, succession law, law of contracts and commercial matters. According to the sources, criminal benches of the High Court in Eritrea are also free from political interference. However, the Special Court, which adjudicates criminal offenses like theft, embezzlement and other corruption, is directly responsible to the Ministry of Defense, according to the sources. The president has the commanding power over the military. In general, the national judges are not under an independent government body.\n \nThe sources did not report specific cases of political interference in their verdicts. However, they mentioned that the court had fallen under the mercy of the executive body, which violated the court's independence through a series of proclamations, like the Special Court proclamations.","Freedom House Report 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea#.VRX4f5PF87Q\n\n\"Eritrea: Human Rights Council Must Increase Attention to Widespread and Systematic Violations,\" HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERN - ERITREA (HRCE), March 2012. http://hrc-eritrea.org/eritrea-human-rights-council-must-increase-attention-to-widespread-and-systematic-violations/ \n\nAnonymous sources in the judiciary who requested anonymity. Interviews conducted during the Fall of 2012. Global Integrity knows the identitied of the persons who requested anonymity and has agreed not to disclose them.","Judges are independent in giving their decisions in litigation and not subjected to political interference. However, this is mostly in the civil courts, which adjudicate family law, succession law, law of contracts and commercial matters. According to the sources, criminal benches ..."]
["2012_ET_3",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",3,0,"According to those interviewed, judges are under serious pressure from the executive branch of the government, especially on politically sensitive cases, such as cases related to journalists and the opposition's political leaders. Some judges may face disciplinary charges, demotion or relocation as a result of some unfavorable decision or a decision that is against the interests of the government. This kind of interference and political pressure from the government is a common practice.","U.S. State Department Human Rights, Ethiopia Report 2012, Denial of Fair Public Trial/Trial Procedure.\n\nInterview with Liku Worku, former public prosecutor at the Ministry of Justice, May 30, 2012, Addis Ababa.\n\nInterview with Maniyawkal Mekenon, former director, Organization for Social Justice in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Aug. 2, 2012.\n\nInterview with Sebele Ayalew, former public prosecutor, Amahara Regional State, Regional Justice Bureau, Addis Ababa, Sept. 27, 2012.","According to those interviewed, judges are under serious pressure from the executive branch of the government, especially on politically sensitive cases, such as cases related to journalists and the opposition's political leaders. Some judges may face disciplinary charges, demotion..."]
["2012_GA_3",2012,"GA","Gabon",3,50,"Au Gabon, les juges de la Cour de Cassation sont nommés selon des critères qui reposent sur l'ancienneté et les fonctions occupées précédemment. Par exemple l'actuel président de la Cour, Simon Allogo Eya a été nommé après avoir été président du tribunal de première instance de Libreville, puis président de la Cour des Comptes.\n \nLes juges sont nommés par l'Exécutif, donc ils sont soumis à son contrôle. Celui qui préside le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature nomme les Juges et magistrats. Au Gabon, plusieurs situations peuvent se présenter. Pour ce qui est des Juges financiers, ils ont la liberté de conduire les investigations jusqu’à la production du rapport. L’Initiative de la poursuite ou non appartient à la Hiérarchie (cf CNLEI). Au niveau du Juge d’instruction, les cas peuvent être mitigés quoiqu’ils aient la liberté de se prononcer. Par contre, les juges du parquet obéissant directement au Garde des Sceaux sont soumis aux politiques (pouvoir hiérarchique).\nDans le cas des crimes rituels, malgré les preuves, les juges subissent l’ingérence du politique. De plus, le Code Pénal n’est pas actualisé pour tenir compte des faits nouveaux (fréquents depuis 2000 par exemple) : les pressions politiques sont très fortes au point qu’aucun des centaines de cas recensés (l’Association de Lutte contre les Crimes Rituels : ALCR) n’ait été jugé.\n\nDe plus, les Juges sont nommés comme juges dans les commissions électorales source de haute corruption pour eux.\n\nLes résultats électoraux de 2009 ont été communiqués alors que les rapporteurs de l’Opposition avaient refusé de signer le procès-verbal pour absence de transparence et forte corruption car tous les résultats n’avaient pas été centralisés et recensés. Les juges électoraux se sont fait corrompre. Autre fait, dans l’Affaire DONG Vincent ou LEE MIYUN JIN, les juges du parquet ont tous reçu des pots de vin. Une liste est détenue par l’ONG Afrique-Horizons dont le Président a témoigné de même que les Messieurs cités ci-dessus. La Ministre actuelle Garde des Sceaux est impliquée dans cette corruption, de même que le Ministre de l'Intérieur, le Général Chef de la Sécurité du Président de la République, des hauts cadres comme les généraux, sénateurs, députés et ministres. De nombreux journaux refusent d’en parler de peur d’être suspendus et interdits par le Conseil National de la Communication aux mains d’un fidèle du Président de la République.  \n\n\"Un obstacle important à la trahison politique, c'est l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire faible dans les essais sûreté de l'Etat où l'influence de l'exécutif peut être d'une certaine importance.\"","Encyclopedia of the Nations - \"Gabon - Judicial system\", 2013, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Gabon-JUDICIAL-SYSTEM.html\n\nRapports ONG « Afrique-Horizons », « On ne m’achète pas » et les articles parus dans la presse écrite et en ligne dans « Infos Gabon » et site de Brainforest\n\nInterview du conseiller juridique du Premier ministre sortant. 2012\n\nInterview du conseiller du Président de la Cour d'Appel de justice. 2012.","Au Gabon, les juges de la Cour de Cassation sont nommés selon des critères qui reposent sur l'ancienneté et les fonctions occupées précédemment. Par exemple l'actuel président de la Cour, Simon Allogo Eya a été nommé après avoir été président du tribunal de première instance de Lib..."]
["2012_GM_3",2012,"GM","The Gambia",3,0,"Judicial officers have no security of tenure, and judges that have to deal with politically sensitive cases, risk being fired when the outcomes are not considered favorable to the government. Judges are, therefore, not immune from political interference or personal incentives in their decisions. National newspapers barely investigate and report on allegations of bias and corruption against judges because of fear they will be charged with criminal libel.","\"2011 Human Rights Reports: The Gambia,\" Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, May 24, 2012, page 7, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186199.htm \n\n\"Judiciary's Top Scores Showcased,\" Hatab Fadera and Sanna Jawara, Daily Observer, Jan. 26, 2012, http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/judiciarys-top-scores-showcased\n\n\"Chief Justice Holds Bar Liable for Threats to Judiciary Independence,\" Baba Sillah, The Daily New, Jan. 27, 2012, http://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/chief-justice-holds-bar-liable-for-threats-to-judiciary-independence\n\n\"Government Should Stop Interfering With the Judiciary,\" JollofNews, May 16, 2012,\nwww.jollofnews.com/politics/3274-20120516government-should-stop-interfering-with-the-judiciary","Judicial officers have no security of tenure, and judges that have to deal with politically sensitive cases, risk being fired when the outcomes are not considered favorable to the government. Judges are, therefore, not immune from political interference or personal incentives in th..."]
["2012_GH_3",2012,"GH","Ghana",3,50,"The appointments of judges of the superior courts, including the chief justice, are the prerogative of the president, albeit on the advice of the Judicial Council or the Council of State. Thus, the executive sometimes fills vacancies (or even appoints new judges, as there is no ceiling) with persons perceived to be sympathetic to the ruling party. In such circumstances, the belief is that such appointees can be influenced in their decisions or that there can be some political interference. Once appointed, the high-level judges cannot be removed without justification, so they are protected from interference in their work.","Raymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012. \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants), June 12, 2012.\n\n\"Ghana’s Justice system, biased, corrupt, inefficient, or ignorant?\" by columnist Kojo Tamakloe, GhanaWeb, May 25, 2012. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=239978 \n \n\"When The Judiciary Is Defective,\" by Anthony Kwaku Amoah, GhanaWeb, Feb. 16, 2012.\nhttp://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=230043","The appointments of judges of the superior courts, including the chief justice, are the prerogative of the president, albeit on the advice of the Judicial Council or the Council of State. Thus, the executive sometimes fills vacancies (or even appoints new judges, as there is no cei..."]
["2012_GN_3",2012,"GN","Guinea",3,50,"Les jugements rendus par les juges lorsqu'il s'agit d'une affaire dans laquelle l’État est partie sont souvent rendus en faveur de l’État. Lorsque le juge prononce le non lieu contre l’État, ce dernier a souvent du mal à accepter la décision des juges.\n\nLa Guinée a maintenant, avec Alpha Condé, le premier président démocratiquement élu de son histoire. Le gouvernement de Condé, encouragé par ses partenaires internationaux, s'attèle à la reconstruction du système de justice pour la démocratie naissante en Guinée. En Mars 2011, le gouvernement a convoqué une table ronde de haut niveau, les États Généraux de la Justice, afin d'identifier une stratégie globale de réforme du secteur de la justice, et un comité de pilotage a par la suite été mis en place pour superviser les réformes. Des bailleurs de fonds internationaux, notamment l'Union Européenne, fournissent des fonds pour soutenir ces réformes.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\n\"Access to Justice Assessment for Guinea\", American Bar Association, January, 2012, Washington, DC\nhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=13&ved=0CEEQFjACOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fissat.dcaf.ch%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F12987%2F137457%2Ffile%2Fguinea_access_to_justice_assessment_2012.authcheckdam.pdf&ei=d5kGUfjbO4qx0QGqzIGQCQ&usg=AFQjCNH1J7vcR7IkgGiIp2NfUgRKIlqMaQ&bvm=bv.41524429,d.dmQ","Les jugements rendus par les juges lorsqu'il s'agit d'une affaire dans laquelle l’État est partie sont souvent rendus en faveur de l’État. Lorsque le juge prononce le non lieu contre l’État, ce dernier a souvent du mal à accepter la décision des juges...."]
["2012_GW_3",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",3,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_3",2012,"KE","Kenya",3,100,"Judges at the national level enjoy security of tenure, and their rulings are normally respected by all arms of government. Any attempts at disparaging the judges is openly resisted by the chief justice as well as the Judicial Service Commission. For instance, when the court ruled on the matter of the elections date, the prime minister came out against it, but the chief justice stood firm on the decision of the court, and the election date has been upheld.","CJ Mutunga Welcomes Raila's Word on Judiciary. Daily Nation. Friday, March 23, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/CJ+Mutunga+welcomes+Raila+word+on+Judiciary/-/1064/1371860/-/2bbm9g/-/index.html).\n\nBack Off, Mutunga tells Raila on Courts. Daily Nation. Monday, March 19, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Back+off+Mutunga+tells+Raila+on+courts+/-/1064/1369810/-/fl9mjs/-/index.html","Judges at the national level enjoy security of tenure, and their rulings are normally respected by all arms of government. Any attempts at disparaging the judges is openly resisted by the chief justice as well as the Judicial Service Commission. For instance, when the court ruled o..."]
["2012_LS_3",2012,"LS","Lesotho",3,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_3",2012,"LR","Liberia",3,25,"Though the Liberian constitution protects the rights and privileges of judges, they are not protected from political interference.  \n\nIn one instance, Chief Justice Johnnie Lewis suspended Circuit Court Judge James Zota on directive of the Executive. Judge Zota resisted, indicating that the Chief Justice did not have the power to suspend him and Executive interference was wrong. Public outcry and resistance from other lawyers led the Chief Justice to rescind his decision. \n\nAnother case in point was the dismissal of Magistrate Milton Taylor of the Monrovia City Court by the President without due process. Judges that work against the interest of the Executive or the Chief Justice risk being assigned to courts in remote parts of the country, far away from high profile cases. \n\nHowever, a judge did stand up to the government in a high-profile case. In November 2011, the judge ordered the re-opening of four pro-opposition radio stations that were shut down by the government one day before run-off elections.","Interview with attorney Mark Marvey, National Youth Movement for Transparent Elections, Heritage Partners Law Firm, Oct. 15, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\n\"Politics Halts U.S. $11 Million Trial,\" by Winston W. Parley, The New Dawn, May 1, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201205010335.html\n\n\"Liberian Judge Orders Reopening of Closed Radio Stations,\" Voice of America News, Nov. 15, 2011. http://www.voanews.com/content/liberian-judge-orders-re-opening-of-closed-radio-stations-133956838/148271.html","Though the Liberian constitution protects the rights and privileges of judges, they are not protected from political interference.  ..."]
["2012_LY_3",2012,"LY","Libya",3,25,"Security problems currently hamper the independence of judges.  The central security and defense authorities lack resources, there is an abundance of small weapons, and many militias exist outside the control of the state. The militias follow the guidance of a city or a tribe.\n\nAs a consequence, according to Amnesty International, so-called \"sensitive\" cases related to security and political issues are not being addressed.\n\nSince a controversial sentence may trigger a retaliatory action from a militia affiliated with the defendant, court decisions are usually lenient.","Interviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly coordinator of justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.\n\nFinancial Times, Borzou Daragahi, July 31, 2012, \"Concerns over Libyan justice system,\" http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/80a455d4-cf3a-11e1-bfd9-00144feabdc0.html \n\nReuters, Marie-Louise Gumuchian, June 21, 2012, \"Snatched and detained: Libya’s 'jungle law',\" available at http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USBRE85K0YR20120621","Security problems currently hamper the independence of judges.  The central security and defense authorities lack resources, there is an abundance of small weapons, and many militias exist outside the control of the state. The militias follow the guidance of a city or a tribe...."]
["2012_MG_3",2012,"MG","Madagascar",3,0,"In practice, national-level judges are not protected from political interference.\n\nSome examples:\n– The appointment of Ranary Robertson Rakotonavalona as the head of the Supreme Court was denounced by the Syndicat de la Magistrature (judges' trade union) as a political action. They say this will allow the control over the court by the executive. (November 2012)\n– On Dec 9, 2011 the police assassinated a judge in Toliary and the accused police officer was acquitted \n–  A military officer in Ankazobe. The case concerns an autonomous Detachment of Security (DAS)   Ankazobe. The officer was arrested for assault and suspicion of an attempted murder. Following his surrender, the prosecution decided to put the officer in custody. In addition to not being put on trial, the officer met with local officials to announce the dismantling of DAS Ankazobe. The crowd demonstrated against this outside the Tribunal.\n– In July, 30 armed policemen opposed the placement of some of them under warrant. Five officers in question were suspected of murder of a trader in the capital city. They were presented to the dean of judges Anosy, but 30 of their comrades from  the Rapid Response Unit (GIR) of the National Police freed them. (See all those affairs in http://www.tananews.com/2012/09/enieme-cas-de-desobeissance-a-la-justice-les-militaires-peuvent-ils-parler-dimpunite/)\nThose cases opposing military officers and judges occur more and more often since the 2009 coup which involved the army, but in spite of those threats against the judges, the assassination of a judge is exception.","1/ Assassinat d’un juge à Toliara\nDes réactions tardives\nmardi 13 décembre 2011 ,http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Des-reactions-tardives,16815.html\n\n2/ Communiqué du SeFaFi: Quelle justice pour le présent et l'avenir ?, Antananarivo, le 29 octobre 2009.\nSehatra Fanaraha-maso ny Fiainam-pirenena, SeFaFi Observatoire de la Vie Publique\n\n3) Iloniaina Alain in l'express de Madagascar, Mardi 13 novembre 2012 \"Le nouveau procureur général près la Cour suprême, prône l’apaisement et la collaboration. Sa nomination avait été remise en cause par le Syndicat des magistrats de Madagascar. \"http://www.lexpressmada.com/justice-madagascar/38470-main-tendue-aux-magistrats.html\n\n4) http://www.tananews.com/2012/09/enieme-cas-de-desobeissance-a-la-justice-les-militaires-peuvent-ils-parler-dimpunite/","In practice, national-level judges are not protected from political interference.\n\nSome examples:..."]
["2012_MW_3",2012,"MW","Malawi",3,50,"The judges are protected in that their tenure of office is guaranteed. They can make decisions independently. Nevertheless, there are fears that the president wields so much appointing power that some appointments are politically motivated. For example, in 2011 President Mutharika made some appointments with recommendation from the Judicial Services Commission that even the Malawi Law Society protested.","Malawi law society queries judge appointment. Malawi Democrat. June 15, 2011 www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/malawi-law-society-quries-judge-appointemts/ \n\nInterview with G. Kamchedzela, professor of law, University of Malawi. July 19, 2012.","The judges are protected in that their tenure of office is guaranteed. They can make decisions independently. Nevertheless, there are fears that the president wields so much appointing power that some appointments are politically motivated. For example, in 2011 President Mutharika ..."]
["2012_ML_3",2012,"ML","Mali",3,25,"Selon Maître Moussa Mara, avocat à la cour de Bamako, les origines de la corruption et de l’ingérence des hommes de lois dans la politique qui gangrènent l’appareil judiciaire remontent au début des années de dictature du président Moussa Traoré, lorsque le ministère de la Justice est rattaché à la présidence de la République. Il explique qu'en « cette période, les juges ne disent jamais la loi. Les gens étaient emprisonnés à tort ou à raison. Mais avec l’avènement de la démocratie en 1990, la justice a subi des modifications tant en hommes qu'en infrastructures et les choses ont pris une bonne ascendance. Mais depuis peu les hommes en noir ont commencé à prendre des décisions hors la loi et c’est ce qui est dommage pour l’appareil judiciaire du Mali ». \n\nSoumana Sako, homme politique, trouve que la corruption ou l’ampleur de la corruption des juges est liée en premier lieu au désir des juges du gain de l’argent facile et au copinage. « Les jeunes avocats actuels, une fois nommés, veulent devenir vite riches. Avoir des voitures et des maisons. Cela joue beaucoup sur les décisions judiciaires. Associé à cela, il y a un problème de voisinage. Lorsque celui qui est jugé a un parent proche d’un marabout ou homme religieux qu’on aime bien, on fait tout pour prendre des décisions contraires à la loi », indique-t-il.","Entretien avec Maître Moussa Mara, avocat à la cour de Bamako, rencontré à Lafiabougou à Bamako, le 12 février 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Soumana Sako, homme politique malien rencontré à Bamako, le 13 février 2013\n\nLa constitution du Mali, article 91 (www.gouv.ml/constitution). ","Selon Maître Moussa Mara, avocat à la cour de Bamako, les origines de la corruption et de l’ingérence des hommes de lois dans la politique qui gangrènent l’appareil judiciaire remontent au début des années de dictature du président Moussa Traoré, lorsque le ministère de la Justice ..."]
["2012_MR_3",2012,"MR","Mauritania",3,25,"L'indépendance du juge n'est pas du tout garantie en Mauritanie. Le pouvoir judiciaire est, dans la pratique, fréquemment influencé par l'Exécutif.\n\nPourtant, la Constitution garantit l'indépendance de la justice et, le juge, d'après l'article 90, n'obéit qu'à la loi. \n\nLe renforcement de l’indépendance du juge est promu par la création d’une commission disciplinaire composée uniquement de magistrats. Pire encore, la chancellerie s’arroge par le même mouvement le droit de suspendre un magistrat en cas de « manquement grave » (un avis du président de la cour suprême ou du procureur général est néanmoins nécessaire). C’est cette mesure qui est la plus controversée et à l’origine du mouvement de protestation.\n\nL'ordre National des Avocats est en train de faire un travail de terrain non négligeable pour permettre d'asseoir une culture d'indépendance du juge.\n\nLe parquet général fait obstruction au fonctionnement normal de la justice à travers la méthode de mettre la main sur un dossier et l'enfermer dans les tiroirs lorsqu'il le reçoit pour avis. En effet, le parquet général a régulièrement recours à cette méthode pour empêcher les juges de statuer et maintenir un statuquo lorsque le ministère de la justice ne veut pas courir le risque de voir annulée une décision à laquelle il tient. L'affaire numéro 6/12 administrative confisquée ce jour dans les tiroirs du procureur de la justice en est une illustration concrète\". (Jeudi, 26 Avril 2012 00:47 | Mise à jour le Jeudi, 26 Avril 2012).","L'ordre national des avocats de Mauritanie, Discours du Batonnier de l'Ordre National des Avocats, 26 avril 2012, http://avocatmauritanie.org/fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=130&Itemid=25\n\nM. Boubacar Issa Abdourhamane, MAURITANIE: Situation institutionnelle, http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/mauritanie.html\n\nLe chaos institutionnel de la Mauritanie, Rapport du Bâtonnier sur la Justice - Juin 2012","L'indépendance du juge n'est pas du tout garantie en Mauritanie. Le pouvoir judiciaire est, dans la pratique, fréquemment influencé par l'Exécutif...."]
["2012_MU_3",2012,"MU","Mauritius",3,100,"The post or employment of judges is protected by the Constitution of Mauritius. The constitution protects the integrity of judicial rulings, which cannot be rejected by the government. There are clear rules and procedures in the constitution for the removal of judges: only upon retirement or malpractice, or if a judge is unable to exercise duty due to illness. Therefore, it becomes very difficult for politicians to interfere in the decisions of judges. Moreover, there was no reports of any attempted political interference with judges during the study period.","Interview of Mrs Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate.  Dec. 10, 2012.\n\nMauritius Country Report 2012. Bertelsman Stiftung. http://www.bti-project.de/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Mauritius.pdf\n\nConsolidating Democratic Governance in the SADC region, Mauritius (Straconsult, 2008). www.eisa.org.za/PDF/RR37.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of Mauritius. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=d3c54555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#judicature","The post or employment of judges is protected by the Constitution of Mauritius. The constitution protects the integrity of judicial rulings, which cannot be rejected by the government. There are clear rules and procedures in the constitution for the removal of judges: only upon ret..."]
["2012_MA_3",2012,"MA","Morocco",3,25,"A May 2012 Commission of Justice Reform issued several criticisms. They call for ensuring the independence of prosecutors by granting prosecutors the powers conferred on the minister of justice, strengthening the powers of the attorney general at the Court of Cassation and implementing a public administration of the judicial police under the ministry public. For the first time in the history of Moroccan justice, at the May 5, 2012 meeting, more than 2,000 judges adopted these goals as a Memorandum for Independence of Judges and Prosecutors.","Judges in Solidarity with Judge ANBAR to Protest the «Touch» Their Independence. Al Massae. July 17, 2012.\n\nThe Legal Morocco and Its Relationship with the Qualification and Training of Judges. Mustapha Terrab, first president of the Appeal Administrative Court of Rabat. www.cidob.org.\n\nEl Yazami Council Criticizes the «Domination» of Justice Ministry on the Judiciary Power. Assabah. March 3, 2012. \n\nKhalid Oudghiri, Scandal Revue Transparency News N° 85 of 2009 Transparency Morocco\nInvestigation. The 20 Evils Sickness of Justice, File Editor of the journal, Tel Quel No. of May 31, 2012\n\n17 Constraints Block the Justice Reform, Interview M. Khalfi, minister of Communication. Al Ahdath Al Maghribia. March 30, 2012.\n\nThe Revolt of the Morocco Judges Club of Agadir in the Footsteps of the Constitution and the Arab Spring. Al Ahdath Al Maghribia. June 13, 2012.\n\nThe Legal Morocco and Its Relationship with the Qualification and Training of Judges. Mustapha Terrab, first president of the Appeal Administrative Court of Rabat. www.cidob.org\n\nThe Rule of Law Index 2011 report.\nhttp://www.worldjusticeproject.org/?q=rule-of-law-index/index-2011\n\nJustice, Business Environment and Investment in Morocco: What Osmosis? What Symbiosis. Les Echos. July 20, 2012. http://lecercle.lesechos.fr/economie-societe/recherche-economique/221150839/justice-environnement-affaires-et-investissement-mar\n\nAnnual Report on Violations Year 2011. AMDH Arabic.\nhttp://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/declaration_de_presse_BC_rapport_annuel_2011_AR_final.pd\n\nAnnual Report on Violations Year 2012 (6 months). AMDH Arabic.\nhttp://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/rapport_situation_DH_6_mois_2012.pdf\n\nThematic Report on Violations Year 2012 (6 months). AMDH Arabic.\nhttp://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/RAPPORTS_SPECIAUX.pdf\n\nReport on Violations Against the Movement of Feb. 20, 2012. AMDH Arabic.\nhttp://www.amdh.org.ma/upload/Rapports/Rapport_violations_20% 20fevrier.pdf.\n\nMaroc: HRW dénonce l'impunité policière après une agression contre l'un de ses membres. http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/15/maroc-hrw-dnonce-limpu_n_1517324.html","A May 2012 Commission of Justice Reform issued several criticisms. They call for ensuring the independence of prosecutors by granting prosecutors the powers conferred on the minister of justice, strengthening the powers of the attorney general at the Court of Cassation and implemen..."]
["2012_MZ_3",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",3,25,"There is little substantial analysis of the judiciary in Mozambique. However, national-level judges in Mozambique are not immune from political interference.\n\nAppointments of judges are linked to the candidates’ party membership. This makes courts and judgments vulnerable to political intervention. In day-to-day court practice, in addition to political intervention there are challenges with widespread corruption and weaknesses in the professional capacities of the courts.","“Separação de poderes continuará uma miragem em Moçambique.” Savana. Redaccao.  29th June 2012.\n\n“Sobre a independência dos juízes e dos tribunais.” Savana. Redaccao. 1st June 2012.\nhttp://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2012/06/sobre-a-independ%C3%AAncia-dos-ju\n%C3%ADzes-e-dos-tribunais.html\n\n“Magistrados exigem autonomia do poder politico.” O Pais. Andre Manhice. 27th August 2012.\nhttp://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/politica/63-politica/21832-magistrados-exigem-autonomia-do-poder-politico.html","There is little substantial analysis of the judiciary in Mozambique. However, national-level judges in Mozambique are not immune from political interference...."]
["2012_NA_3",2012,"NA","Namibia",3,50,"Questions of political interference have arisen over cases before the courts. One such case is the Caprivi treason trial, which has dragged on since 1999. Sam K. Amoo and Isabella Skeffers observe in \"The Rule of Law in Namibia\" that \"a display of tension between government and the judiciary could be observed in the Caprivi treason trial, especially regarding the issue of legal representation of the accused persons.\" \n\nHowever, by broad strokes, judges are independent from political interference. After a statistical analysis of nearly 250 decisions by judges of the High and Supreme courts since 1990, Peter VonDoepp concludes that decisions in political cases \"have not been any more likely than others to be in government's favor.\"\n\nRecently, judicial independence and supremacy came into question after a Cabinet minister was not impressed with a High Court ruling and argued that the judiciary was \"no holy cow.\" Lesley Blaauw in \"Accountability and Democracy\" observes (page 81) that \"legislative changes to broaden the pool from which judicial candidates are recommended by the Judicial Service Commission and made by the president, have increased the likelihood of appointments that are not necessarily based primarily on merit, indicating that the government, even though it accepts the notion of judicial independence in principle, and adheres to court rulings, uses whatever direct or indirect means it has available to exercise its rights to exert influence over the judiciary.\" \n\nThe delay in delivering the verdict of the 2009 disputed parliamentary and presidential elections also put question marks on the independence of the High and Supreme Court judges.","Lesley Blaauw, \"Accountability and Democracy,\" in (eds.) Bryan M. Sims and Monica Koep's \"Unfinished Business: Democracy in Namibia,\" 2012, IDASA, Pretoria, pp. 74-100.\n\n\"Judiciary Not a 'Holy Cow,'\" Da’oud Vries, the Namibian, July 1, 2011, www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=83727&no_cache=1\naccessed Nov. 23, 2012\n\nSam K. Amoo and Isabella Skeffers, \"The Rule of Law in Namibia,\" 2006,  www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/namibia/HumanRights/amoo_skeffers.pdf\n\nPeter VonDoepp, \"Politics and Judicial Decision Making in Namibia: Separate or Connected Realms?\" 2006, www.ippr.org.na/sites/default/files/BP39.pdf","Questions of political interference have arisen over cases before the courts. One such case is the Caprivi treason trial, which has dragged on since 1999. Sam K. Amoo and Isabella Skeffers observe in \"The Rule of Law in Namibia\" that \"a display of tension between government and the..."]
["2012_NE_3",2012,"NE","Niger",3,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_3",2012,"NG","Nigeria",3,50,"Assessing civil judicial procedures and remedies, a U.S. State Department report noted that although the Constitution provides for independent judiciary in civil matters, \"the executive, the legislature, and business interests, however, exerted undue influence and pressure in civil cases.\"\n\nSimilarly, John Olusola Baiyeshea, senior advocate of Nigeria, noted that more than 80 percent of the cases of corruption in courts do not go beyond bail stage. That is what would attract much media hype, but after the accused persons are granted bail, this virtually ends the case. Some judges in Nigeria, because they have been allegedly compromised (bribed), give judgments that seems to suggest that corruption is to be rewarded and justice is for sale to the highest bidder.","The Myth of Judicial Independence in Nigeria. Opeyemi Akanbi. April 20, 2012. SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2175933 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2175933\n\nSome Tribunal Judges are Cash-n-Carry, Says Legal Practitioner. Johnbosco Agbakwuru. Vanguard newspaper. Nov. 2, 2011. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/some-tribunal-judges-are-cash-n-carry-says-legal-practitioner/\n\nDepartment of State’s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186229\n\nCorruption: The Mother Of All Crimes Is Antithetical To Any Notion Of Justice, Equity And Fairness In Judicial Administration. John Olusola Baiyeshea (senior advocate of Nigeria). Paper presented At Symposium Of Mustapha Akanbi Foundation, Sheraton Hotel Abuja, on Wednesday, July 21, 2010.","Assessing civil judicial procedures and remedies, a U.S. State Department report noted that although the Constitution provides for independent judiciary in civil matters, \"the executive, the legislature, and business interests, however, exerted undue influence and pressure in civil..."]
["2012_RW_3",2012,"RW","Rwanda",3,50,"Judicial reforms made it a prerequisite for judges to have graduated from law school. The reforms also emphasized the independence of the judiciary, but the state has tried to influence judges when issues under consideration challenge its political interests. \n\nSuch matters of influence peddling by the state are better unearthed by the media. As a result, the media were the first institution silenced by the government.","Gatera Gashabana, criminal justice lawyer, interviewed Dec. 21, 2012, Kigali. \n\nDavid Niwagaba, private lawyer, interviewed Dec. 21, 2012, Kigali.","Judicial reforms made it a prerequisite for judges to have graduated from law school. The reforms also emphasized the independence of the judiciary, but the state has tried to influence judges when issues under consideration challenge its political interests. ..."]
["2012_ST_3",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",3,25,"The political powers do not interfere with the judgments or decisions of the national-level judges. But there is clearly disrespect when the decision affects someone relevant in the political scenario. For example, this year, in April, the Superior Council of the Judiciary suspended the judge of the Court of Lembá, Augério Amado Vaz, after he decided to return the brewery Rosema to the private Angolan group Mello Xavier, justifying the decision with the fact that the group JAR, which in 2009 began managing the factory, did not pay the amount of the award brewer (6,900,000 Dollars), nor the transfer tax.\n\nDays before the suspension of the judge, an order of the president of the Supreme Court, Silvestre Leite, annulled the order of Judge Amado Vaz of April 19, which ordered the return of Rosema to the group Melo Xavier. However, an investigation was begun to investigate the decision of the judge in question.\n\nTwo months later, the report of the investigation showed that the decision made by  Judge Augério Amado Vaz, to return to the brewing group Rosema Ridux Xavier de Melo was legitimate. And also denied the information advanced by the attorney general who publicly stated to the Minister of Justice and the Embassy of Angola, that the Rosema case was closed. The report shows that the case was never closed, and further, detailing all legal procedures and law triggered by the Judge Amado Vaz, to hand Rosema to its rightful owner. It was a case very controversial that culminated in the judge's readmission to his role, but the factory Rosema continues with the JAR Group. There is clearly a political interest in keeping Rosema with JAR Group.\n\nAnother aspect is the independence and impartiality of recruitment decisions, especially when evaluating the results of competitive recruitment. Not adhering to strict merit-based appointments undermines the the independence of the judicial system and the people who are in it.","Kótia Menezes, judge, The Court, Sept. 18, 2012, at TVS.\n\nNatasha Amado Vaz, judge, The Court, Sept. 18, 2012, at her office.\n\nGabriel Costa, president of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 21, 2012, at his office.\n\nMariam Masini, vice president, Santomean Association of Women Lawyers, Sept. 20, 2012, at her office.","The political powers do not interfere with the judgments or decisions of the national-level judges. But there is clearly disrespect when the decision affects someone relevant in the political scenario. For example, this year, in April, the Superior Council of the Judiciary suspende..."]
["2012_SN_3",2012,"SN","Senegal",3,50,"La cour suprême du Sénégal est la plus haute instance de l'ordre judiciaire. Ses membres sont choisis parmi les magistrats justifiant d'une longue carrière dans la magistrature. Les membres actuels ont été nommé en novembre 2008. \n\nAu Sénégal, les nominations des juges au niveau national (juges ou magistrats) posent souvent un problème d’indépendance au niveau du pouvoir judiciaire. En effet, c’est le conseil supérieur de la magistrature, dirigé par le président de la République, qui procède à ces nominations, soulevant régulièrement des accusations de favoritisme. \n\nCette année plus particulièrement, le fait s'est reproduit avec la nomination du juge Bassirou Sarr, ancien conseiller technique numéro 1 du  ministre de la Justice, comme procureur de la République en remplacement de Ousmane Diagne. Cette mesure a été reçue par certains juges comme une sanction et une volonté de nommer ses proches, ce qui a fait couler beaucoup d'encre dans les réseaux judiciaires. De telles pratiques ne contribuent pas à renforcer l’image d'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. \n\nLa constitution et le statut de la magistrature prévoient que les juges du siège sont inamovibles. Ils ne peuvent recevoir une affectation, même par voix d’avancement, sans y consentir librement. La seule limite apportée à une telle garantie, hormis le cas d’une affectation d’office résultant d’une sanction disciplinaire, est constituée par le déplacement limité dans le temps et justifié par les nécessités de service, après avis conforme et motivé du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","Interview avec Me Demba Ciré Bathily sur l'indépendance de la justice au Sénégal parue dans le Journal Le Quotidien  du 03 Mars 2012.\n\nInterview avec le professeur de droit Alioune Badara Fall, mars 2012.\n\nAhjucaf, novembre 2008, nomination de magistrats à la cour suprême du sénégal, http://www.ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-magistrats-a-la-Cour+.html","La cour suprême du Sénégal est la plus haute instance de l'ordre judiciaire. Ses membres sont choisis parmi les magistrats justifiant d'une longue carrière dans la magistrature. Les membres actuels ont été nommé en novembre 2008. ..."]
["2012_SC_3",2012,"SC","Seychelles",3,25,"People do not trust the judicial system, as it is commonly believed to have a process that is biased and open to political interference.\n\nA U.S. Department of State report released May 2012 stated that one of the most significant human rights problems in the country was an inefficient and politically influenced judiciary.\n\nA 2012 Freedom House report echoes issues of political independence in the judiciary: \"Judges generally decide cases fairly but face interference in those involving major economic or political interests. The majority of the members of the Seychellois judiciary are foreign nationals from other Commonwealth countries, and the impartiality of the non-Seychellois magistrates can be compromised by the fact that they are subject to contract renewal.\"","U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, May 19, 2012. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186449.pdf\n\nInterview with Mr. Conrad Lablache, Attorney-At-Law, on October 31, 2012, at 11H45 at the offices of Pardiwalla Twomey Lablache, Premier Building, Victoria.\n\nUN High Commission of Refugees, 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Seychelles, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c225b,4565c25f12b,4fc75a65c,0,,ANNUALREPORT,SYC.html \n\nMr. Steve Lalande, Chief Executive Officer, Liaison Unit for Non-Governmental Organizations Seychelles on July 4, 2012 at the Orion Mall Offices, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles\n\nMr. Marcus Volcy, Founder of Local NGO COMPASSION, Interview on July 8, 2012 at Au Cap, Mahe\n\nFreedom House, Seychelles, Freedom in the World 2012. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/seychelles","People do not trust the judicial system, as it is commonly believed to have a process that is biased and open to political interference...."]
["2012_SL_3",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",3,50,"There are mixed views on the level of independence of the judiary, particularly due to the lack of evidence to prove the general belief that those with political connections (such as party members) are often treated favorably when they come into conflict with the law.","Ibrahim Tommy, executive director, Center for Accountability and Rule of Law, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, in his office.\n\nValnora Edwin, coordinator, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, at the offices of the Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown.\n \nFreedom House, \"Countries at the Crossroads 2012 -- Sierra Leone,\" www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,FREEHOU,,SLE,505c172ac,0.html\n\nAgreement for and Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Jan. 16, 2002.","There are mixed views on the level of independence of the judiary, particularly due to the lack of evidence to prove the general belief that those with political connections (such as party members) are often treated favorably when they come into conflict with the law."]
["2012_SO_3",2012,"SO","Somalia",3,0,"Somali judges are not protected from political or tribal interference. They are usually afraid of losing their positions or putting themselves at risk if they resist interference.","Anonymous , Somalia University, Mogadishu, interviewed October 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nAnonymous, high school teacher, Mogadishu, interviewed October 2012.\n\nAnonymous Somali lawyers, interviewed Nov. 3, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Somali judges are not protected from political or tribal interference. They are usually afraid of losing their positions or putting themselves at risk if they resist interference."]
["2012_ZA_3",2012,"ZA","South Africa",3,75,"There is no system that particularly protects judges at the national level from political influence. Members of the judiciary are aware of the notion of separation of powers, which gives rise to judicial independence. Though the judiciary is lobbied by interest groups, that does not mean the institution is compromised. Admittedly, the system is not free from doubt about whether it is unbiased in carrying out its duties.\n\nJudges who serve at national level, in the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal, are not subjected to political influence in a manner different than it can be said judges in regional courts are. While judges in national and regional courts operate on almost the same judicial space, those in the national courts usually deal with cases with political implications. The judgments by the Constitutional Court and also the Supreme Court of Appeals demonstrate no political interference with the work of the courts.\n\nThe Supreme Court of Appeal's judgment in the case Democratic Alliance v. the Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions indicates no political interference in the judges' decision. The judges decided, against the preference of the sitting president, that the director of public prosecution's decision not to continue with the prosecution against President Jacob Zuma should be reviewed in court. The court ordered that records relating to the decision by the director of prosecutions should be submitted as part of the review of the decision.\n\nAs noted, the executive branch does not necessarily influence the appointment of judges, as public criticism suggests. For example, some believed that Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng was appointed because his views aligned with the executive's. However, he has ruled against the executive more often than not. This casts doubt on the allegations that the chief justice was selected for the bench simply because he favored the executive.  ","\"Reflections on the Role and Work of the Constitutional Court,\" Kate O'Regan, Helen Suzman Memorial Lecture, Nov. 22, 2011.\n\n\"Threats to Judiciary Will Be Confronted, Justice Mogoeng Tells Editors,\" Mail & Guardian, July 28, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-07-28-threats-to-judiciary-will-be-confronted-justice-mogoeng-tells-editors\n\nDemocratic Alliance v. the Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions, (288/11) [2012] ZASCA 15 (March 20, 2012).\n\n\"A Forum for Reason: Reflections on the Role and Work of the Constitutional Court,\" Kate O'Regan, Helen Suzman Memorial Lecture, Johannesburg, Nov. 22, 2011.\n\n\"The Fall and Rise of Two Chief Justices,\" Gilbert Marcus, South Africa Reading Group, New York, April 5, 2012.","There is no system that particularly protects judges at the national level from political influence. Members of the judiciary are aware of the notion of separation of powers, which gives rise to judicial independence. Though the judiciary is lobbied by interest groups, that does no..."]
["2012_SS_3",2012,"SS","South Sudan",3,25,"There is political interference on the judiciary. For example, on March 23, 2012, the opposition parties accused Chief Justice Chan Reech Madut of influencing court proceedings to secure the acquittal of Secretary General of the Sudan Peoples' Liberation Movement (SPLM) Pagan Amum of corruption. JerKuei Marek, of the Sudan Peoples' Liberation Movement for Democratic Change (SPLM-D.C), said that the acquittal of the SPLM secretary general showed the lack of independence of judiciary from political interference in South Sudan. Arthur Akuien, who took Pagan to court, said that the decision of the court was not fair.","South Sudanese Opposition Rejects Pagan’s Acquittal of Corruption Charges. Sudan Tribune. March 23, 2012. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article42017\n\nHigh Court Acquits Pagan Amum Of US $30 Million Scandal. Sudan Radio Service. March 22, 2012. http://www.sudanradio.org/high-court-acquits-pagan-amum-us-30-million-scandal","There is political interference on the judiciary. For example, on March 23, 2012, the opposition parties accused Chief Justice Chan Reech Madut of influencing court proceedings to secure the acquittal of Secretary General of the Sudan Peoples' Liberation Movement (SPLM) Pagan Amum ..."]
["2012_SD_3",2012,"SD","Sudan",3,25,"The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the judiciary is largely subservient to the president or the security forces, particularly in cases of crimes against the state. Political interference at this level of the judiciary is a common phenomenon.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n Maj. Asif Khan, United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur, interviewed March 12, 2013.","The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the judiciary is largely subservient to the president or the security forces, particularly in cases of crimes against the state. Political interference at this level of the judiciary is a common phenomenon."]
["2012_SZ_3",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",3,0,"The sacking of Thomas Masuku, who was accused by Chief Justice Michael Ramodibedi of criticizing King Mswati III and joining a toyi-toyi outside court, underlined a judicial crisis in 2011. It led to civil society consensus that the judiciary was not independent and that judges not loyal to the king could be fired at will. Justice Ramodibedi, 64, reportedly bans judges from giving interviews without his approval. He was reappointed in 2012.","\"King's Order: Withdraw Nkhaba dispute from court,\" Times of Swaziland, April 14, 2012, http://www.times.co.sz/News/74552.html\n \n \"Swaziland re-appoints Judge Ramodibedi,\" News24, June, 6, 2012, at http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Swaziland-re-appoints-judge-Ramodibedi-20120625 \n \n Swazimedia Blog. \"Editor Contempt of court Charge\", at http://swazimedia.blogspot.com/2012/02/editor-contempt-of-court-charge.html \n \n \"Swazi lawyers march over judge's sacking,\" by Louise Redvers, Mail and Guardian, Oct. 7 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-07-swazi-lawyers-march-over-judges-sacking","The sacking of Thomas Masuku, who was accused by Chief Justice Michael Ramodibedi of criticizing King Mswati III and joining a toyi-toyi outside court, underlined a judicial crisis in 2011. It led to civil society consensus that the judiciary was not independent and that judges not..."]
["2012_TZ_3",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",3,50,"National level judges are able to reach their decisions with considerable discretion and freedom. Their stance on a series of cases over the years regarding the eligibility of independent candidates is testament of this. However, their scope to assert and project their power is limited. For instance, the executive was successfully able to ignore the decisions of the courts allowing independent candidates and block them for the 2010 elections. No such comparable examples could be found in the review period of May 2011 to May 2012, but it illustrates the existing balance of power between the courts and the executive.\n\nAs mentioned earlier, all judges are presidential appointees, undermining the separation of powers. The legislature cannot reject any presidential appointments, except for the prime minister.","Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012 \n \n Legal and Human Rights Centre (2012) \"Tanzania Human Rights Report 2011,\" pages 42-45\n\nBruce Heilman and William John, \"Countries at the Crossroads 2012: Tanzania.\" Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Tanzania%20-%20FINAL.pdf","National level judges are able to reach their decisions with considerable discretion and freedom. Their stance on a series of cases over the years regarding the eligibility of independent candidates is testament of this. However, their scope to assert and project their power is lim..."]
["2012_TG_3",2012,"TG","Togo",3,25,"Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national sont peu protégés des ingérences politiques. En effet, à en croire Me Koffigoh Joseph K., et Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine (dont les propos se situent dans la même veine) du moment où certains juges peuvent faire l’objet de mutations arbitraires pour des jugements rendus, considérés comme défavorables aux pouvoirs publics, on ne peut pas dire que ces juges sont à 100 % protégés des ingérences politiques. Par ailleurs, en 2010, le département d'État des États-Unis a critiqué le gouvernement du Togo de ne pas respecter l'indépendance du système judiciaire. La remarque suivante a été faite: \"Although the constitution provides for an independent judiciary, the executive branch continued to exert control over the judiciary, and corruption was a problem. Lawyers often bribed judges to influence the outcome of cases. The court system remained overburdened and understaffed. There were three associations of magistrates in the country: the Union of Magistrates of Togo (SMT), the National Association of Magistrates (ANM), and the Professional Association of Magistrates of Togo (APMT). A majority of the APMT members were supporters of the ruling RPT and reportedly received the most prestigious assignments, while judges who advocated an independent judiciary and belonged to the ANM or SMT often were assigned to second-tier positions.\"","Source n° 1 : Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ancien Premier Ministre, avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012. \n \n Source n°2 : Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, magistrate entretiens des 18 et 26 juillet 2012 à Lomé.\n \n Source n° 3: Le Département d'État des États-Unis: 2010 Human Rights Report: Togo, disponible sur le site: \" http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm, consulté le 19 janvier 2013 à 18h10.","Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national sont peu protégés des ingérences politiques. En effet, à en croire Me Koffigoh Joseph K., et Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine (dont les propos se situent dans la même veine) du moment où certains juges peuvent faire l’objet de mutat..."]
["2012_TN_3",2012,"TN","Tunisia",3,50,"Le rapport de human rights watch (2012) affirme que: \"Les procédures utilisées par le ministre de la Justice pour révoquer les juges ont ignoré les exigences minimales pour un processus équitable et transparent qui est susceptible d'appel\". Il conclut de la façon suivante : L'Assemblée nationale constituante devrait réviser la loi 67-29 pour établir un ensemble clair de mesures pour lesquelles les juges peuvent être soumis à des sanctions rigoureuses et adaptées. Il convient également de mettre en place un corps avec des garanties suffisantes pour son indépendance et le pouvoir d'examiner la révocation des juges\" (Le rapport de human rights watch (2012) affirme que \"The procedures used by the justice minister to dismiss judges ignored the minimal requirements for a fair and transparent process that is open to appeal.\" Il conclut de la façon suivante : \"The National Constituent Assembly should revise law 67-29 to establish a clear set of actions for which judges may be disciplined and corresponding sanctions. It should also set up a body with sufficient guarantees for its independence and the power to review the dismissal of judges.\")\n \nLe rapport de la fédération internationale des droits de l’homme se conclut par : L’ensemble de ces éléments concourent à démontrer que le pouvoir judiciaire en Tunisie n’est pas indépendant. Il fonctionne sous un régime de tutelle par rapport à une administration hiérarchisée qui répercute les ordres et instructions du personnel au pouvoir, empêchant ainsi le juge d’accomplir sa mission de façon indépendante. L’étude tant des éléments de fait que de droit révèle un renforcement de cette tutelle durant ces dernières années.\" (Page 19.)","- Rapport de Human rights Watch Tunisia du 29 octobre 2012 : Mass Firings a Blow to Judicial Independence\n http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/29/tunisia-mass-firings-blow-judicial-independence\n \n - Rapport de la fédération internationale des droits de l'homme janvier 2011 (intitulé : instrumentalisation de la justice en Tunisie):\n http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/29/tunisia-mass-firings-blow-judicial-independence\n \n - \"Rapport de l’Observatoire Tunisien pour l’indépendance de la magistrature : Les craintes sont confirmées…\" Realites Online. http://www.realites.com.tn/rapport-de-laobservatoire-tunisien-pour-laindapendance-de-la-magistrature-les-craintes-sont-confirmaesa,134,26534,1 10/05/2012\n \n - \"Tunisie : avocats et magistrats exigent l'indépendance de la justice\" Jeune Afrique http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20111104193433/ 04/11/2011","Le rapport de human rights watch (2012) affirme que: \"Les procédures utilisées par le ministre de la Justice pour révoquer les juges ont ignoré les exigences minimales pour un processus équitable et transparent qui est susceptible d'appel\". Il conclut de la façon suivante : L'Assem..."]
["2012_UG_3",2012,"UG","Uganda",3,25,"Political interference in the judicial system is quite widespread as judges are usually intimidated by politicians. Oftentimes, judges have exhibited that they do not function independent of the executive branch and this is sometimes attributed to the fact that the appointment of judges is done by the president and the process is increasingly becoming politicized. Lawyers under the Uganda Law Society early in 2012 went on a countrywide strike and submitted a petition to the Chief Justice protesting the abuse of the rule of law and argued that the state was using the courts of law to persecute people.\n \nHowever, media and organization reports show that political interference is not so grave in courts in the upper echelon when compared to lower courts.","“Bench Bar Meeting on the Administration of Justice in Uganda,” by Gadenya Paul Wolimbwa, senior technical adviser, Justice Law and Order Sector, Jan. 31, 2011, http://www.jlos.go.ug/page.php?p=curnews&id=35\n \n \"Lawyers Petition Chief Justice Over Judicial Abuse,\" by Emmanuel Mulondo and Anthony Wesaka, The Monitor, May 5, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201105050168.html\n \n “Judicial corruption undermines Uganda’s legal system,” by Warom Felix Okello, Oct. 21, 2008, http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/5190.html\n \n “The Evolving Role of the Courts in the Political Transition Process,” by Siri Gloppen, Emmanuel Kasimbazi and Alexander Kibandama, January 2006, http://www.cmi.no/pdf/?file=/uganda/doc/gloppen-kazimbazi-kibandama-courts-political%20transition-research-note-Jan-06.pdf","Political interference in the judicial system is quite widespread as judges are usually intimidated by politicians. Oftentimes, judges have exhibited that they do not function independent of the executive branch and this is sometimes attributed to the fact that the appointment of j..."]
["2012_ZM_3",2012,"ZM","Zambia",3,50,"National-level judges are typically independent, yet are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative political interference. This may include unfavorable treatment by the executive. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions. For instance, president Sata decided to suspend High Court judges Charles Kajimanga, Nigel Mutuna and Supreme Court judge Philip Musonda and set up a tribunal to probe them and appointed a Malawan judge, Lovemore Chikopa, to chair the tribunal to probe the suspension of the three judges. This is not the first time this has happened. Tribunals have been set up to investigate judges in the past and records are there, but in most cases the judiciary manages to survive these political interferences.\n\nThe acquittal of former late president Frederick Chiluba was politically motivated and it was a clear indication that the judges are interfered by the Executive. \n\nThe main problem is that the judges are appointed by the President and this makes it difficulty for them to operate without interference from the person who appointed them.","Kombe Chipinde and Roy Habaalu, The Post, \"Shamenda explains judges' suspensions,\" Friday May 4, 2012.\n http://www.postzambia.com/\n \n Interview: Mr. Kapukutula Mwendalubi, Student, Zambia Institute of Advanced Legal Education (ZIALE), August 27, 2012, 9:30 a.m., Residence.\n \n Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.","National-level judges are typically independent, yet are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative political interference. This may include unfavorable treatment by the executive. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions. For instanc..."]
["2012_ZW_3",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",3,50,"In some cases the judges do decide against the ruling party, but in many cases they are critized for not being able to act independently, especially on political matters. Over the last five years, judges have been criticized for receiving farms, cars, houses, television sets and generators from government as critics believe this could affect the impartial discharge of their duties.\n \nWithin the last year (2011-2012), more senior judges have spoken out for the independence of the judiciary. In 2012, Justice Godfrey Chidyausiku acknowledged the need for an independent judiciary.","\"Zimbabwe: time for a new approach,\" report of the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI), September 2011, page 25, www.ibanet.org, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibanet.org%2FDocument%2FDefault.aspx%3FDocumentUid%3D268BE2D5-5E46-4713-B3BE-A982798A314A&ei=pcnuULezCuSJ2AWNg4HAAw&usg=AFQjCNE8C57l15tSoJdNcbCeebtBOYz6KQ\n \n \"More judges got government farms,\" by Elias Mambo, The Independent newspaper, Oct. 5, 2012, http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2012/10/05/more-judges-got-govt-farms/\n \n \"Erosion of judicial independence in Zimbabwe,\" by Dianne Hawker, Sunday Independent, \n Sept. 25, 2011, http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/erosion-of-judiciary-s-independence-in-zim-1.1144123#.UJJWcIU7aJg","In some cases the judges do decide against the ruling party, but in many cases they are critized for not being able to act independently, especially on political matters. Over the last five years, judges have been criticized for receiving farms, cars, houses, television sets and ge..."]
["2012_DZ_4",2012,"DZ","Algeria",4,100,"This is always the case, according to three sources: National-level judges always give reasons for their decisions/judgments. \n\nAccording to legal expert Fatima bin Ibrahim, it has never happened in the history of the Algerian judiciary that the judges issued sentences without judicial justification. Media and Human Rights groups also increasingly exercise pressure on the Algerian Justice.\n\nBen Brahim adds: \"All judges are obliged to justify their decisions even if they are unjust and unfair and so that the convicts appeal or protest to the media and the Ministry of Justice.\"","Anonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, NGO representative. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, NGO representative. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, NGO representative. June 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 9, 2012.\n\nThe names of the sources who requested anonymity are known to Global Integrity, which has agreed not to disclose them.","This is always the case, according to three sources: National-level judges always give reasons for their decisions/judgments. ..."]
["2012_AO_4",2012,"AO","Angola",4,0,"No examples were found where judges explained their decisions. As a rule, court decisions are not published. Only one source mentioned that \"judges outside of Luanda are generally poorly informed about national legislation, largely because the state does not make this information readily available.\" The justice ministry foresees taking steps to provide more clarity to the public regarding legal processes.","Freedom House, country report 2011, Rule of Law Angola, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads-2011/rule-law-0.\n\n\"Tribunal de Luanda confere maior celeridade no julgamento dos processos,\" 2. Canal-A, Oct. 26, 2012, http://www.rna.ao/canalA/noticias.cgi?ID=64269.","No examples were found where judges explained their decisions. As a rule, court decisions are not published. Only one source mentioned that \"judges outside of Luanda are generally poorly informed about national legislation, largely because the state does not make this information r..."]
["2012_BJ_4",2012,"BJ","Benin",4,75,"Les juges motivent leurs décisions mais selon certains, c'est parfois discutable, et les motivations ne seraient pas toujours claires. Le juge statue en son âme et conscience.\n\nLes décisions motivées sont rendues par écrit.","Gerard GANSOU, Journaliste, rédacteur en chef, quotidien Fraternité, Entretien effectué le 05 Juillet 2012, Siège du quotidien Fraternité, Cotonou. \n\nFrançois AWO, Juriste, Assistant de programme, ONG ALCRER, Entretien au siège de l'ONG Alcrer, Cotonou.\n\nCopie d'une décision de justice (Partie 1 + partie 2), Publiée par Quotidien 24H au Bénin, dans http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=46873&t=email","Les juges motivent leurs décisions mais selon certains, c'est parfois discutable, et les motivations ne seraient pas toujours claires. Le juge statue en son âme et conscience...."]
["2012_BW_4",2012,"BW","Botswana",4,100,"Judges usually disclose their reasoning. For example, in the judgments for the cases in the stories cited in the sources, the judges gave reasons for their decisions.","\"Zim Man 'Is a Flight Risk' -- Judge,\" Lekopanye Mookets, Mmegi, Dec. 22, 2011, \nwww.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=847&dir=2011/December/Thursday22\n\n\"Death Sentence for Murderer of Four-Year-Old,\" Daily Telegraph, May 9, 2012, \nwww.ibotswana.co.bw/news/local/item/13633-death-sentence-for-murderer-of-four-year-old.html","Judges usually disclose their reasoning. For example, in the judgments for the cases in the stories cited in the sources, the judges gave reasons for their decisions."]
["2012_BF_4",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",4,50,"En principe, au tribunal, les juges prononcent leurs verdicts en observant après avoir écouté les parties impliquées, c’est ce que l’on appelle le Principe du Contradictoire ; puis, il y a la motivation du jugement, c’est-à-dire le fait d’exposer les raisons de leurs jugements, enfin vient la publicité du jugement. Cependant, souvent, la motivation du jugement n’est pas rédigée, encore moins la Publicité du jugement. \n\nLa crise sociale du premier trimestre 2011 (mutinerie des soldats, démonstration des manifestants), est née d'une certaine incapacité des juges à faire appliquer leurs décisions face à une collision entre classes politiques et groupes militaires. Une certaine injustice qui paralyse l'appareil judiciaire avec une grève générale des juges parce que leurs décisions n’auraient pas été suivies d'effets. Au départ de ce qui allait déboucher sur une grave crise, une banale dispute entre deux collégiens dans un établissement de Koudougou, dans le centre-ouest du pays, et qui aurait pu être réglée en interne, mais qui se retrouve au commissariat de police où Aminata Zongo a déposé une plainte contre son camarade Justin Zongo, coupable de lui avoir administré une claque. Au même moment se produit une autre banale affaire de mœurs opposant un militaire à un civil, accusé de faire des yeux doux à sa femme. Avec ses collègues, ils décident de laver cet affront en infligeant des humiliations au prétendant en l’obligeant à se déshabiller et à rentrer chez lui nu, sur sa mobylette, en plein jour. Meurtri, il porte plainte et cinq militaires sont condamnés le 22 mars pour outrage public à la pudeur, vol, complicité d’outrage public. Quatre d’entre eux sont condamnés à 12 mois de prison ferme, 15 mois pour le cinquième et des dommages et intérêts de 3 millions. Cette condamnation implique leur radiation des effectifs de l’armée. Le soir du verdict, leurs frères d’armes protestent contre une décision venue « d’en haut » en tirant des coups de feu, avant d’envahir les artères de la ville, pillant au passage les stations services, les boutiques, les commerces et les hôtels. Le palais de justice est attaqué et les militaires condamnés sont libérés et informés qu’ils peuvent faire appel de leur condamnation. En réaction contre le comportement des militaires, les commerçants descendent à leur tour dans les rues les 23 et 24 mars. Le contact général est que malgré les motivations aux juges de fournir les raisons de leurs décisions, celles-ci font l'objet de contestations de la part des populations. La plus récente affaire de la condamnation du marabout de Ouahigouya, condamné mais libéré aussitôt a causé des manifestations publiques de ses partisans. Ce qui a conduit à la paralysie du palais de justice et même à la fermeture du palais de Ouahigouya.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU. \n\nJournal le Strage, Arsène Flavien BATIONO, Juge BAGORO : «  L’amnistie dans le contexte actuel du  Burkina est une prime à l’impunité », http://www.lestratege.net/index.php/life/495-le-juge-bagoro-et-l-amnistie, visite le 12 aout 2012\n\nRené Bagoro, secrétaire général du Syndicat burkinabé des magistrats : « Je ne suis proche, ni de l’opposition, ni du pouvoir, mais du droit » 22 juillet 2011,\nhttp://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article43126, visite le 12 aout 2012.\nhttp://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article48716&rubrique4\n\nSalamata Sawadogo : « La justice burkinabé n’appartient pas aux riches et aux forts », 20 juillet 2012, in http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article49250, visite le 12 aout 2012\n\nLila Chouli ; Burkina Faso 2011, Chronique d’un mouvement social ; Ed. Tahin Party, Toulouse 2012.","En principe, au tribunal, les juges prononcent leurs verdicts en observant après avoir écouté les parties impliquées, c’est ce que l’on appelle le Principe du Contradictoire ; puis, il y a la motivation du jugement, c’est-à-dire le fait d’exposer les raisons de leurs jugements, enf..."]
["2012_BI_4",2012,"BI","Burundi",4,50,"While article 207 of the Constitution of Burundi dictates that all judicial decisions should be motivated (reasoned out) before their release in public audience, in practice they are not well-motivated. The issue is about the quality rather the existence of the motivation. \n\nAn expert on judgment writing, Kevin Bihannic, consulting with the Programme Gutwara Neza (Good Governance program) of the European Union, wrote that when legal decisions are badly motivated, it is hard to understand why the judge decided in this or that way, which leads parties to the case to believe there was arbitrariness.","\"Analyse Jurisprudentielle de la Justice pour Mineurs en Conflit avec la Loi au Burundi,\" by Tanguy De Blauwe,  Avocats Sans Frontieres, 2011 http://www.asf.be/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ASF2011_Full_EN.pdf\n\n \"La Motivation,  C’est l’ame de la Décision de Justice,\" by Gutwara Neza, European Union Programme on Good Governance in Burundi, Journal Semestriel,  Juin 2012 www.gutwaraneza.bi","While article 207 of the Constitution of Burundi dictates that all judicial decisions should be motivated (reasoned out) before their release in public audience, in practice they are not well-motivated. The issue is about the quality rather the existence of the motivation. ..."]
["2012_CM_4",2012,"CM","Cameroon",4,50,"According to Article 37(2) of the 1996 amended constitution and Section 7 of the Law on Judicial Organization, judges need to justify their decisions. The reasons for the judges' decisions are written and filed with the Registry of the Court and made available to the parties involved. Because of widespread corruption, judgments in certain cases do not reflect the law or the judges' consciences as warranted by the law. In some cases, judges make their decisions to appease the executive (president of the republic) because the president is responsible for the appointment and promotion of the country's judges.","Eitel Elessa Mbassi, \"Le Juge Schlick sommé de s'expliquer,\" Le Jour, May 15, 2012, at www.quotidienlejour.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10036:le-juge-schlick-somme-de-sexpliquer&catid=75:actualites&Itemid=142 \n\nCasimir Datchoua Soupa, Dieudonné Leuze, \"Les Juges ont pris sur eux et à titre personnel de fabriquer et de faire usage des preuves materielles fausses,\" La Nouvelle Expression, Feb. 2, 2012.\n\nAlain Noah Awana, \"Verdict du procès de l’achat foireux du Bb jet II: 25 ans de prison pour Marafa, Fotso et Assené Nkou,\" Le Messenger, Sept. 24, 2012.\n\nDominique Mbassi, \"Gilbert Schlick, un magistrat face à sa conscience,\" Repères, Sept. 19, 2012.","According to Article 37(2) of the 1996 amended constitution and Section 7 of the Law on Judicial Organization, judges need to justify their decisions. The reasons for the judges' decisions are written and filed with the Registry of the Court and made available to the parties involv..."]
["2012_CV_4",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",4,100,"Judges generally follow the law, otherwise their decisions are considered void.\n\nIn turn, the judicial inspection is that it has an obligation to see if the sentence was well or ill founded (July 2012, the interview by judge presented an example of reasoned judgment by Julio Afonso Sanches).  \n\nThe report on the state of justice in 2012 from the superior council of the judiciary does not indicate significant flaws by judges in giving reasons for their decisions/judgments.","Statute of Judicial Magistrates, Official Bulletin, I Series - No 21, The Republic of Cape Verde, 20 June 2011. http://www.parlamento.cv/GDiploApro3.aspx codDiplomasAprovados=120.\n\nInterview with Julio Sanches, Judge of the District Court of Praia City, 12-02-2012, Praia City.","Judges generally follow the law, otherwise their decisions are considered void.\n\nIn turn, the judicial inspection is that it has an obligation to see if the sentence was well ..."]
["2012_CF_4",2012,"CF","CAR",4,100,"Les juges motivent leurs jugements ou décisions. Il n'y a pas d'exception. Cela fait partie de la déontologie des juges. La justification des jugements est obligatoire pour les raisons que nous avons mentionnées dans les commentaires précédents. \n\nLa constitution du 27 décembre 2004 et la loi relative au statut général des Magistrats garantissent la liberté du corps judiciaire. Cela suppose que les juges ne sont pas totalement obligés de motiver leurs décisions. Toutefois, ils peuvent les faire dans l'objectif de respecter les règles du droit, surtout de montrer leurs talents de juges et garants de la justice. Ces démarches étouffent pour la plupart des cas, les bourdonnements des avocats suite à des affaires défendues.","YAMINDI Edmond, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, juillet 2012, Bangui\n\nFulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire National des Elections en RCA, Juriste de formation, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nAugustin KONGATOUA, Conseiller près de la cour Constitutionnelle de la RCA, Maître de Conférence à l'Université de Bangui, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","Les juges motivent leurs jugements ou décisions. Il n'y a pas d'exception. Cela fait partie de la déontologie des juges. La justification des jugements est obligatoire pour les raisons que nous avons mentionnées dans les commentaires précédents. ..."]
["2012_TD_4",2012,"TD","Chad",4,100,"National-level judges are required to give reasons for their decisions/judgments. This is a guarantee against arbitrary decisions/judgments. This allows all the parties to know whether the judges base their decisions on the existing legal framework. Article 145 of the Criminal Procedure Act clearly states that any decision/judgment should be written and motivated. The requirement for court decisions to be motivated is one of the basic tenets of the good administration of justice. \n\nAll decisions are written and motivated. Copies can be obtained from registrars in any tribunal. The court of appeal actually does not rule on the fact and evidence produced before the tribunal, but on the extent to which the motivation of the decision by the tribunal adheres to the legal framework.","Interview with Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. N'Djamena. July 20, 2012.\n\nFreedom House Report 2012. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/chad#.VRdB_zvF9Ig\n\nCf. the Chad's Criminal Procedure Act at the following link: http://www.cefod.org/legitchad/web/texte/3114","National-level judges are required to give reasons for their decisions/judgments. This is a guarantee against arbitrary decisions/judgments. This allows all the parties to know whether the judges base their decisions on the existing legal framework. Article 145 of the Criminal Proc..."]
["2012_KM_4",2012,"KM","Comoros",4,50,"En principe, les jugements sont toujours motivés, comme l'exigent les règles de la profession. Mais il arrive que le juge rende une décision verbale sans qu’elle soit rédigée.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption,  Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni.\n\ninterview de Mr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Ancien Juge à la Cour Constitutionnelle, ancien Ministre des Finances, 27 mars 2012, Moroni.","En principe, les jugements sont toujours motivés, comme l'exigent les règles de la profession. Mais il arrive que le juge rende une décision verbale sans qu’elle soit rédigée."]
["2012_CD_4",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",4,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_4",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",4,50,"In general judges provide reasons for their decisions, but because they often lack independence in some cases they seem to use articles of the law to try to convince the public in the righteousness of their verdicts. \n\nFor example, Lawyers Without Borders (Avocats Sans Frontieres, ASF) wrote, in a report \"Mr. Chebeya was found dead in his car in Kinshasa on June 2, 2010. His driver's body, Fidèle Bazana, has still not been found. During the first judgment in June 2011 by the military court in charge of the case, ASF regretted that death sentences were pronounced against some of the defendants.\n\n\"Following that first verdict, the trial is now in the process of appeal and all decisions will have to be reformulated. ASF is directly involved in the process since the organization represents the interests of some civil parties (including the leader of the sister NGOs). In view of this responsibility, ASF cannot speak on the substance of the case. However, 'even if we are engaged for ten years in the fight against impunity in the DR Congo, the search for truth is more important than justice at all costs,' says Francesca Boniotti,\" the executive director of ASF.","\"L'Europe déplore la 'passivité' congolaise dans l'affaire Chebeya,\"  7Sur7, April 9, 2012, http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Monde/article/detail/1495558/2012/09/04/L-Europe-deplore-la-passivite-congolaise-dans-l-affaire-Chebeya.dhtml.\n\n\"L’affaire Chebeya: la justice sur grand écran,\" Lawyers Without Borders, Feb. 29, 2012\nhttp://www.asf.be/fr/the-chebeya-affair-justice-on-the-big-screen/.\n\n\"RDC/procès Chebeya: l'ONU demande le respect des règles de droit,\" 7Sur7, July 17, 2012\nhttp://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Monde/article/detail/1471220/2012/07/17/RDC-proces-Chebeya-l-ONU-demande-le-respect-des-regles-de-droit.dhtml.\n\nCijud, La corruption dans la Justice de la République Démocratique du Congo, May 19, 2012. http://cijud.unblog.fr/2012/05/19/la-corruption-dans-la-justice-de-la-republique-democratique-du-congo/","In general judges provide reasons for their decisions, but because they often lack independence in some cases they seem to use articles of the law to try to convince the public in the righteousness of their verdicts. ..."]
["2012_CI_4",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",4,75,"Judges often give reasons to defend their judgments even in cases where the reasons are viewed by observers as a miscarriage of justice. For example, even though pro-Gbagbo supporters were detained longer than what is prescribed by the law, judges have always justified their decisions.","Innocent Kouakou, Jurist and fiscalist, AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Jan. 30, 2012\n\nMatt WellsHuman, “A long way from reconciliation: Abusive Military Crackdown in Response to Security Threats in Côte d'Ivoire,” Human Rights Watch, Nov. 14, 2012, available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/11/14/long-way-reconciliation-0","Judges often give reasons to defend their judgments even in cases where the reasons are viewed by observers as a miscarriage of justice. For example, even though pro-Gbagbo supporters were detained longer than what is prescribed by the law, judges have always justified their decisi..."]
["2012_DJ_4",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",4,50,"Les jugements sont généralement motivés mais il arrive souvent que les motivations soient insuffisantes. Les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche affirment que c'est notamment au niveau de première instance que l'on rencontre ce type de jugements qui ne sont pas suffisamment motivés et qui sont pour la plupart infirmés en appel ou cassés devant la cour suprême. \n\nLes motivations insuffisantes sont généralement dues à des magistrats jeunes pas assez formés. Cela aboutit à la rédaction de décisions de justice approximatives et ne respectant pas les principes relatifs à la forme et le fond de décisions de justice. Il n'existe pas d'exemples en 2011-2012. En revanche, le chercheur peut fournir l'exemple de décisions de justice (2012) insuffisamment motivées.\n\nPar ailleurs, le rapport du médiateur établit dans ses pages 67 et 68 la grosse d'un arrêt rendu par le conseil du contentieux administratif en 2007. L’arrêt qui a été consulté dans le cadre de cette recherche montre qu'il n'a pas été suffisamment motivé. La motivation constitue une garantie essentielle pour les justiciables car elle permet de dissuader le juge de statuer de manière partiale ou arbitraire. Les juges ont donc, en principe, l'obligation de motiver leur décision, c'est-à-dire d'expliquer les raisons de fait et de droit qui les ont conduits à rendre cette décision. En l’espèce, la question juridique à laquelle le conseil du contentieux administratif était amené à répondre n’est pas clairement posée et le juge n’expose pas explicitement les textes juridiques pour motiver sa décision. Il rappelle simplement la procédure engagée par le pensionnaire et les réponses obtenues des différentes institutions administratives mais à aucun moment les textes juridiques qui ont donné une base illégale à la décision de la Caisse Nationale de Retraite (C.N.R).","Youssouf Ali Robleh, enseignant en droit privé à l'université de Djibouti, interrogé le 23 juillet 2012.\n\nDJIBOUTI 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT. US State Department, 2012. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204325.pdf","Les jugements sont généralement motivés mais il arrive souvent que les motivations soient insuffisantes. Les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche affirment que c'est notamment au niveau de première instance que l'on rencontre ce type de jugements qui ne sont pas s..."]
["2012_EG_4",2012,"EG","Egypt",4,25,"In Egypt, national explanation of a judgment is not mandatory and can be provided upon the request of the complainant. However, this rule is not applicable to military courts, which issue their decisions without any explanation.","Anonymous, Lawyer and Head of an NGO, July 2012, Cairo. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity, which has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n2012. Comparison between the Egyptian and Algerian laws. \nhttp://khateeb.getgoo.net/t1343-topic.","In Egypt, national explanation of a judgment is not mandatory and can be provided upon the request of the complainant. However, this rule is not applicable to military courts, which issue their decisions without any explanation."]
["2012_GQ_4",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",4,50,"By law, judges are required to give a reason for their decision, though sometimes they give reasons in contravention of the law.","Asociacion para la Solidaridad Democratica con Guinea Ecuatorial (ASODEGUE), October 29, 2011, La voluntad de un hombre sobre las leyes. En clara violación de las leyes guineoecuatorianas condenan a 12 años a Faustino Ondó Ebang por un supuesto delito del que había sido absuelto, http://www.asodegue.org/octubre2911.htm\n\nHuman Rights Watch, May 7, 2012, Equatorial Guinea: Opposition Figure Wrongly Convicted, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/07/equatorial-guinea-opposition-figure-wrongly-convicted","By law, judges are required to give a reason for their decision, though sometimes they give reasons in contravention of the law."]
["2012_ER_4",2012,"ER","Eritrea",4,50,"Decisions are given in written form to the parties involved in the cases. According to the sources, judges usually quote articles and give detailed explanations for the decisions rendered. The right of appeal is mentioned as well. Even the judges at the Special Court give reasons for their decisions, with the exception of the ad hoc or military tribunals, which are inaccessible to the public.","History and Essential Principles of Rule of Law, Abraham G.Ghiorgis, June 2012.  http://eritreamereb.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html\n\nEritrea Freedom in the World Report 2012, Freedom House, 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea#.VRdGPjvF9Ig","Decisions are given in written form to the parties involved in the cases. According to the sources, judges usually quote articles and give detailed explanations for the decisions rendered. The right of appeal is mentioned as well. Even the judges at the Special Court give reasons f..."]
["2012_ET_4",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",4,75,"According to experts consulted, judges usually give reasons for their judgment, and the practice is widespread. Especially in the Cassation bench of the Federal Supreme Court judges explain their judgments in detail, establishing a body of precedent.","Interview with Abdurazak Nessro, Adama University lecturer, School of Law, June 4, 2012.\n\nInterview with Yamrot Henok, attorney, Addis Ababa, May 26, 2012.","According to experts consulted, judges usually give reasons for their judgment, and the practice is widespread. Especially in the Cassation bench of the Federal Supreme Court judges explain their judgments in detail, establishing a body of precedent."]
["2012_GA_4",2012,"GA","Gabon",4,25,"Au Gabon, en principe, les jugements restent motivés conformément à la Loi et à la Jurisprudence en la matière. Toutefois, l’équité de la lecture et des interprétations peut être sujette à caution du fait des intérêts et autres trafics d’influence.\nCependant, un juge nommé par le Président de la République ou par le Garde des Sceaux peut ne rendre pas la justice au nom du peuple gabonais mais selon les intérêts des politiques ou hommes d’affaires soutenus par le pouvoir en place. Par contre, ceux du siège, quoique nommés lors du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature présidé par le Chef de l’Exécutif, leurs décisions sont motivées par la loi. Mais ces cas de transparence, responsabilité, restent rares. Car les plaintes contre les multinationales ne vont jamais au bout, les procédures sont entâchées d’irrégularités. Même lorsque le juge rend la justice comme il se doit, le procès sera toujours renvoyé sans fin.","Interview de 4 juges : 2 du tribunal de première instance et 2 de la Cour d'Appel. 2012. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer. \nAhjucaf, 5 décembre 2008, Nomination de Monsieur Simon Allogo Eya en qualité de premier Président de la Cour de Cassation, http://www.ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-Monsieur-Simon+.html","Au Gabon, en principe, les jugements restent motivés conformément à la Loi et à la Jurisprudence en la matière. Toutefois, l’équité de la lecture et des interprétations peut être sujette à caution du fait des intérêts et autres trafics d’influence...."]
["2012_GM_4",2012,"GM","The Gambia",4,100,"All judgments by courts in The Gambia have the judges' reasonings with the laws they considered to make the decisions.","Government of Gambia, judicial judgment, Bubacarr Jammeh v. Kanifing Municipal Council, Civil Suit No. 321/06/CO/039/D2, www.gov.gm/judiciary/images/Judgement/honjustice_amiejoof/judgment%20bubacarr%20jammeh%20v%20kmc.pdf, accessed August 2012\n\n\"High Court Overturns District Tribunal’s Judgement,\" Sidiq Asemota, Daily Observer, March 1, 2012, http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/high-court-overturns-district-tribunals-judgement","All judgments by courts in The Gambia have the judges' reasonings with the laws they considered to make the decisions."]
["2012_GH_4",2012,"GH","Ghana",4,75,"Judges almost always give reasons for the decisions and meet the legal requirement to do so. \n\nHowever, it is common for judges to give reasons for their decisions at a later date and the public may no longer be following the case. Most people consider the case closed once the judgment is given.","Raymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, by questionnaire, June 6, 2012. \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants) in an interview in his office, June 12, 2012.","Judges almost always give reasons for the decisions and meet the legal requirement to do so. \n\nHowever, it is common for judges to give reasons for their decisions at a later date and the p..."]
["2012_GN_4",2012,"GN","Guinea",4,100,"En Guinée, les décisions prises par les juges sont toujours motivées avant d'être prononcées. Les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche confirment que les jugments rendus par les juges comportent des explications basées sur la loi et ceci dans tous les tribunaux du pays.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nMohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.","En Guinée, les décisions prises par les juges sont toujours motivées avant d'être prononcées. Les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche confirment que les jugments rendus par les juges comportent des explications basées sur la loi et ceci dans tous les tribunaux du..."]
["2012_GW_4",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",4,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_4",2012,"KE","Kenya",4,75,"Previously, judges rarely gave exhaustive reasons for most of their rulings in properly written judgments. The ongoing vetting of judges is exposing such judgments; however, it is now a requirement that judges give reasons for their rulings in properly written judgments. The chief justice is enforcing strict deadlines on writing of judgments and hearing of cases. There are numerous examples of well-written and precedent-setting judgments that clearly reason out how the judgment was arrived at. Examples can be found here: http://www.kenyalaw.org/newsletter1/Special_Issue012012.php.","\"Marson Integrated Ltd. v. Minister for Public Works & Another [2012] eKLR. Petition No. 252 of 2012. Justice M. Ngugi. http://kenyalaw.org/CaseSearch/view_preview1.php?link=79626678288174531601719\n\nScandals and Past Rulings Ends Careers of Four Senior Judges. Wahome Thuku and Isaiah Lucheli. The Standard. Thursday, April 26, 2012. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000057069\n\nCJ Unveils Judicial Reforms Road Map. Dave Opiyo. Daily Nation. Oct. 19, 2011. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/CJ+unveils+judicial+reforms+road+map/-/1064/1258022/-/hcladoz/-/index.html","Previously, judges rarely gave exhaustive reasons for most of their rulings in properly written judgments. The ongoing vetting of judges is exposing such judgments; however, it is now a requirement that judges give reasons for their rulings in properly written judgments. The chief ..."]
["2012_LS_4",2012,"LS","Lesotho",4,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_4",2012,"LR","Liberia",4,100,"National level judges give reasons for their decisions and their decisions are contained in the Liberia Law Review. Substantial information on decisions by judges is posted at www.liberlii.org.","Interview with Cllr. Ruth Jappah, governance consultant and lawyer, Governance Commission, July 12, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with attorney Alphonso Zeon, program official, Carter Center, July 12, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","National level judges give reasons for their decisions and their decisions are contained in the Liberia Law Review. Substantial information on decisions by judges is posted at www.liberlii.org."]
["2012_LY_4",2012,"LY","Libya",4,100,"Judges are required to explain their decisions and judges interviewed were adamant in saying that they always do so. They follow the rules set forth in the Code of Civil Procedure and Commercial Law that specifies the court procedures and sets the requirement for judges to explain their decisions. \n\nSpecifically, Article No. 273, called “The Content of the Judgment,” states that judges:\n“Must indicate in the court ruling the date and place of issuance and the names of the judges who attended the hearing and participated in the government and the prosecutor who has expressed his opinion in the case, if any. It must be mentioned when the names of litigants and their titles and their attributes and home all of them and their presence and their absence and the names of their agents, if any text for their requests or defense or defenses and a summary of what they based it from factual evidence and legal arguments and stages of the proceedings and the opinion of the prosecution. Then judges put in writing the reasons for judgment and actions taken.\n\nDeficiencies in the reasonings are lack of realism or mistakes in the names of the litigants and their attributes, as well as non-statement of the names of the judges who issued the ruling and the prosecutor, who has expressed his opinion in the case, resulting in the invalidity of the judgment.”","Interviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly Coordinator of Justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.\n\nInterview with Hicham Zouoagh, professor of constitutional law, Tripoli University, July 14, 2012, Tripoli\n\nCode of Civil Procedure and Commercial Law, Article No. 273 called “The Content of the Judgment.\" http://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=28","Judges are required to explain their decisions and judges interviewed were adamant in saying that they always do so. They follow the rules set forth in the Code of Civil Procedure and Commercial Law that specifies the court procedures and sets the requirement for judges to explain ..."]
["2012_MG_4",2012,"MG","Madagascar",4,50,"In practice, judges must give reasons for their judgments. For example, the reasoning in relation to the coup of 2009 renders the coup legal due to concerns for the continuity of the state.","Justine Ranjanita, \"Violations de la Constitution a Madagascar,\" in S. Randrianja, \"Madagascar, le Coup d'Etat de Mars 2009,\" Paris Karthala, http://www.karthala.com/hommes-et-societes-sciences-economiques-et-politiques/2528-madagascar-le-coup-d-etat-de-mars-2009.html, February 10, 2012\n\nKPMG Africa Region 2012/2013, Magascar Country Profile. http://www.kpmg.com/Africa/en/KPMG-in-Africa/Documents/2012-2013%20Country%20Profiles/Madagascar%20Country%20Profile_2012-2013.pdf","In practice, judges must give reasons for their judgments. For example, the reasoning in relation to the coup of 2009 renders the coup legal due to concerns for the continuity of the state."]
["2012_MW_4",2012,"MW","Malawi",4,100,"It is required that judges should sign their judgments. On the day of ruling, the judge reads the ruling, which ordinarily include how he or she has reached the decision. Sampling rulings made in Malawians courts show that the verdicts are explained. Inevitably, there may be cases where the rulings are considered not comprehensive enough, but it is still a written explanation of their judgement.","Interview with G. Kamchedzela, professor of law, University of Malawi. July 19, 2012.\n\nMalawi Legal Information Institute. http://www.malawilii.org/search/node/high%20court%20type%3Acaselaw, accessed July 2012\n\nSouthern Africa Litigation Center. www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org, accessed July 2012","It is required that judges should sign their judgments. On the day of ruling, the judge reads the ruling, which ordinarily include how he or she has reached the decision. Sampling rulings made in Malawians courts show that the verdicts are explained. Inevitably, there may be cases ..."]
["2012_ML_4",2012,"ML","Mali",4,50,"Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national apportent des arguments pour motiver leur jugement. Ce fait est confirmé par maître Modibo Sidibé, avocat à la cour qui ajoute que ce sont les codes de procédure pénale qui l’exigent. Maître Boubacar Kéita, rencontré à Bamako, indique qu’au niveau de la cour d’assise, lorsque les enquêtes ne sont pas faites, les preuves ne sont pas fournies et que le temps est utilisé comme un allié pour faire retomber la tension populaire afin de mieux sanctionner des « faux coupables ».","Entretien avec Maître Modibo Sidibé, avocat à la cour, rencontré le 13 février 2013 au palais de justice de Bamako. \n\nEntretien avec Maître Boubacar Kéita rencontré à Bamako, précisément dans son cabinet à Sogoniko, février 2013.","Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national apportent des arguments pour motiver leur jugement. Ce fait est confirmé par maître Modibo Sidibé, avocat à la cour qui ajoute que ce sont les codes de procédure pénale qui l’exigent. Maître Boubacar Kéita, rencontré à Bamako, i..."]
["2012_MR_4",2012,"MR","Mauritania",4,50,"Les décisions prises par les juges dans leurs jugements sont motivées. MAITRE BRAHIM OULD EBETY, avocat à la Cour estime que mieux encore, \"le statut de la magistrature édicte l’indépendance et la protection du juge, pour lui permettre de rendre sainement la justice, en ce sens que pour rendre justice, le juge n’obéit qu’à la loi. Mais nous avons toujours une justice dépendante - je dirai qui cherche à plaire à ceux qui gouvernent\". (Quelques éléments de réflexions, en réaction à la  revue à mi – parcours 2004 de l’union européenne et aux observations et commentaires du Ministère des Affaires Economiques et du Développement, présentés lors des assises tenues le 19 / 4 / 2005). Dans ces conditions, il sera souvent difficile au juge de motiver certaines de ses décisions en cas de pression exercée par le pouvoir ou par ses supérieurs hiérarchiques.","Maître Ahmed Salem Bouhoubeiny, Le chao institutionnel de la Mauritanie, 13 juin 2012, http://fr.alakhbar.info/4006-0-Le-chao-institutionnel-de-la-Mauritanie.html\n\nMAURITANIA 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT. U.S. State Department, 2012. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204355.pdf\n\nAbdoulaye Diagana, La Mauritanie sous la botte d'un tyran, http://aircrigeweb.free.fr/ressources/mauritanie/colloquesoudmauritanie/collMauritanieDiagana1.html","Les décisions prises par les juges dans leurs jugements sont motivées. MAITRE BRAHIM OULD EBETY, avocat à la Cour estime que mieux encore, \"le statut de la magistrature édicte l’indépendance et la protection du juge, pour lui permettre de rendre sainement la justice, en ce sens que..."]
["2012_MU_4",2012,"MU","Mauritius",4,100,"In practice, the judges and magistrates in Mauritius provide detailed explanations and justifications to explain the judgement reached. In fact, the judgements of all court decisions are compiled and can be consulted, some online and some in the different libraries in Mauritius. Even the press articles on sensational or major cases attest to the provision of explanations and reasons in support of the judgment made. \n\nJudgments are motivated. Judges justify the judgment after analyzing evidence on record and giving the legal reasoning for their decision. In case of appeals, the judgment at first instance is scrutinized for upholding the lower court judgement or reversing the decision of the lower court. The appeal judges also motivate their judgment on the basis of facts and law.","Review of information and documents on court decisions available on the website of the Supreme Court of Mauritius. 2013. https://www.gov.mu/scourt/pubjudgment/pubViewP.do \n\nInterview of Mr. N.j Patten, barrister at law. Basset Chambers, Port Louis, Mauritius. June 3, 2012, in Palmar.\n\nPress article in Le Mauricien on March 7, 2012, on the case of Quality Soaps v. Development Bank of Mauritius in the supreme court; here again the article details the reasons behind the verdict reached.\nhttp://www.lemauricien.com/article/jugement-%E2%80%94-cour-supr%C3%AAme-quality-soaps-perd-sa-bataille-contre-la-dbm","In practice, the judges and magistrates in Mauritius provide detailed explanations and justifications to explain the judgement reached. In fact, the judgements of all court decisions are compiled and can be consulted, some online and some in the different libraries in Mauritius. Ev..."]
["2012_MA_4",2012,"MA","Morocco",4,50,"The motivation of judicial decisions and a new criterion of justice quality are essential safeguards for citizens. \n\nAlthough the procedural codes (civil and criminal) grant discretion in the reasoning of the judgments, it is clear that in general, motivation is not sufficiently developed or clearly defined. Explanations are not necessary in the district courts. Circulars and /or statements of some justice ministers, particularly at the beginning of independence, were indignant at the lack of explanation of judgments. \n\nFollowing the announcement of the start of justice reform, the Ministry of Justice stated its intention to start out on the reasons for decisions. It was only after the Arab Spring (February 2011) that the inspection of courts and judges gave importance to this question.","Efficiency Improvement of Judicial Justice ADALA. Justice Ministry Internal Bultin (Dual No. 5-6), p. 5 and 6. December 2011. http://www.justice.gov.ma/console/Uploads/Doc/Bultin%20Interne%20fr.pdf.\n\nJustice Achievements in August 2011 Depliant VF. http://www.justice.gov.ma/fr/documentation/documentation.aspx?ty=0.\n\nParliamentary Counsel Invited the Minister of Justice to Open an Investigation Described in the Terms and Denominator and Ramid Recognizes the Existence of Imbalances. Assabah. July 26, 2012.\nhttp://www.assabah.press.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29965:----700---&catid=37:cat-laune&Itemid=782.\n\nDahir approving the text of the Criminal Code Official Bulletin No. 2640 bis of Wednesday, June 5, 1963, section 146.\n\nJustice, Business, Environment and Investment in Morocco: What Osmosis? What Symbiosis. Mustapha Maghriti. July 20, 2012. http://lecercle.lesechos.fr/economie-societe/recherche-economique/221150839/justice-environnement-affaires-et-investissement-mar.","The motivation of judicial decisions and a new criterion of justice quality are essential safeguards for citizens. ..."]
["2012_MZ_4",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",4,100,"In Mozambique, national-level judges give thorough explanations of their judgments. The judgments incorporate explanations of why a certain judicial decision is being made. Newspapers sometimes print examples of explanations of decisions made by national-level judges.","“Entidades públicas devem acatar sentenças proferidas pelos tribunais - apela José Carrilho.” Noticias. Redaccao. 23rd May 2012.\nhttp://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2012/05/entidades-p%C3%BAblicas-devem-acatar-senten%C3%A7as-proferidas-pelos-tribunais-apela-jos%C3%A9-carrilho.html\n\n“A propósito da sentença do “caso Aeroportos” (um ano depois).” O Pais. Jeremias Langa. 27th May 2011.  \nhttp://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/opiniao/90-jeremias-langa/14338-a-proposito-da-sentenca-do-caso-aeroportos-um-ano-depois.html\n\n“Redução drástica de penas não evita prisão de António Munguambe.” O Pais. Jose Belmiro. 24th May 2011.  \nhttp://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/politica/63-politica/14278-reducao-drastica-de-penas-nao-evita-prisao-de-antonio-munguambe.html","In Mozambique, national-level judges give thorough explanations of their judgments. The judgments incorporate explanations of why a certain judicial decision is being made. Newspapers sometimes print examples of explanations of decisions made by national-level judges."]
["2012_NA_4",2012,"NA","Namibia",4,100,"Article 18 of the Namibian Constitution on the administration of justice presupposes that decisions of administrative bodies will be reasonably grounded. It follows that decisions made by bodies responsible for the administration of justice, such as courts, give reasons for their judgments. Access to written judgments is easily available after they are delivered in the Supreme and High courts. As O.C. Ruppel and L.N. Ambunda (p. 39) remind us, \"Decisions of the High Court, which bind the lower courts, are recorded both in Namibian and South African law reports.\"","Oliver C. Ruppel and Lotta N. Ambunda, \"The Justice Sector & the Rule of Law in Namibia: Framework, Selected Legal Aspects and Cases,\" 2012, Namibia Institute for Democracy and the Human Rights and Documentation Center, Windhoek.\n\nGrobler v. Maria Pendukeni Ithana-Iivula and another judgment, I 3125-09, Acting Judge Kobus Miller, April 13, 2012.","Article 18 of the Namibian Constitution on the administration of justice presupposes that decisions of administrative bodies will be reasonably grounded. It follows that decisions made by bodies responsible for the administration of justice, such as courts, give reasons for their j..."]
["2012_NE_4",2012,"NE","Niger",4,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_4",2012,"NG","Nigeria",4,100,"In virtually all cases, judges provided justifications for their decisions. This may, however, be debated by legal practitioners, with some agreeing to the justifications provided and others dissenting.  Parties to a case are also allowed to appeal against a court's decision in a higher court. The case eventually terminates at the supreme court.  The justification for the decisions is usually read as part of the judgment.  In very few cases, the decision is given for why the justification is fixed for a latter date.  \n\nIt is the tradition that judges give reasons for their decisions, and such decisions are subject to appeal at a higher court. In the case, for instance, of the high court that extended the tenure of office of five state governors, the decision was upheld by the appeal court but eventually squashed by the supreme court. The grounds for court decisions are usually recorded in the Nigerian Law Reports, published periodically.\n\nReports of court decisions and the justifications for them are published regularly in the media.  Such decisions are typed and made available to the public. They provide precedents for future cases. Indeed, Nigeria uses case law approach in the courts.","Interview with Barrister Adegboye, in Ibadan. June 26, 2012.\n\nField verification: The Researcher has read some of the judgments provided by tribunals on the Osun and Edo state gubernatorial elections. These judgments were also broadcasted live on the radio, June 2012\n\nJudgment in the Governorship and Legislative Houses Election Petition Tribunal Holden ar Ibadan. March 30, 2009. http://www.yusufali.net/reports/Raufu_Adesoji_Aregbeshola_V_Olagunsoye_Oyinlola.pdf","In virtually all cases, judges provided justifications for their decisions. This may, however, be debated by legal practitioners, with some agreeing to the justifications provided and others dissenting.  Parties to a case are also allowed to appeal against a court's decision in a h..."]
["2012_RW_4",2012,"RW","Rwanda",4,100,"Judgments are delivered in public sessions in court, with judges citing and detailing precedents and compelling evidence. The reasons for a judge's or a court's decision may be legally true or false, but the reasons are always given.","Eugene Mutara, veteran journalist, interviewed Nov. 7, 2012, Nyagatare, Eastern Province, Rwanda. \n\nMark Ramba, journalist, Umuseke newspaper, interviewed Nov. 15, 2012, Butare, Southern Province, Rwanda.","Judgments are delivered in public sessions in court, with judges citing and detailing precedents and compelling evidence. The reasons for a judge's or a court's decision may be legally true or false, but the reasons are always given."]
["2012_ST_4",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",4,75,"In Sao Tome and Principe, the judges must justify their decisions and they usually do so. However, some situations occur in which decisions are not justified. But in these cases, there are mechanisms for appeal and it is up to the lawyer to appeal. Generally, in practice, national-level judges give reasons for their judgments.","Graça Augusto, member of the Superior Council of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 17, 2012, at her office.\n\nMariam Masini, vice president, Santomean Association of Women Lawyers, Sept. 20, 2012, at her office.","In Sao Tome and Principe, the judges must justify their decisions and they usually do so. However, some situations occur in which decisions are not justified. But in these cases, there are mechanisms for appeal and it is up to the lawyer to appeal. Generally, in practice, national-..."]
["2012_SN_4",2012,"SN","Senegal",4,25,"Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national apportent des arguments pour motiver leur jugement. Selon maître El Hadj Diouf, avocat à la cour, ce sont les codes de procédure pénale qui l’exigent. Et maître Abdoulaye Gueye, avocat à la cour, ajoute qu’au niveau de la cour d’assise, lorsque les enquêtes ne sont pas faites, les preuves ne sont pas fournies et le temps est utilisé comme un allié pour faire retomber la tension populaire afin de mieux sanctionner de « faux coupables » et s’offrir une totale impunité.","Interview avec le maître Abdoulaye Gueye, avocat à la cour, mars 2012, Dakar\n\nInterview avec le professeur de droit Alioune Badara Fall, mars 2012.\n\nCodes des procédures pénales et judiciaires au Sénégal","Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national apportent des arguments pour motiver leur jugement. Selon maître El Hadj Diouf, avocat à la cour, ce sont les codes de procédure pénale qui l’exigent. Et maître Abdoulaye Gueye, avocat à la cour, ajoute qu’au niveau de la cour d..."]
["2012_SC_4",2012,"SC","Seychelles",4,100,"Judgments are not only readily available online and at the courts, but all judgments have clear explanations, precedences and references to show how they were taken. Important judgments are also presented on local TV news in English, French and Seychellois Creole.","Seychelles Nation In the Seychelles Court of Appeal, December 22, 2011, Coram: MacGregor, PA, Fernando and Twomey, JJA, http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=26047\n\nMr. Steve Lalande, Chief Executive Officer, Liaison Unit for Non-Governmental Organizations Seychelles, on July 4, 2012 at the Orion Mall Offices, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles\n\nSouthern African Legal Information Institute, Judicial Opinion of Chow Vs. Michel and others. 2011. http://www.saflii.org/sc/cases/SCCC/2011/2.html","Judgments are not only readily available online and at the courts, but all judgments have clear explanations, precedences and references to show how they were taken. Important judgments are also presented on local TV news in English, French and Seychellois Creole."]
["2012_SL_4",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",4,50,"Judges are required to give reasons for their rulings, and they often do, although the reasons are not always satisfactory.","Ibrahim Tommy, executive director, Center for Accountability and Rule of Law, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, in his office.\n\nValnora Edwin, coordinator, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, at the offices of the Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown.","Judges are required to give reasons for their rulings, and they often do, although the reasons are not always satisfactory."]
["2012_SO_4",2012,"SO","Somalia",4,50,"Judges give reasons for their decisions in front of the court, but judges’ decision are not effective because justice does not work properly in Somalia.","UNDP Somalia Strengthening Governance and Rule of Law in Somalia 2012-2015, United Nations Development Programme,  2012.\nhttp://www.so.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/Project_Documents/Democratic_Governance/UNDP%20Somalia%20Strengthening%20Governance%20and%20Rule%20of%20Law%20in%20Somalia%202012-2015%20web%20%282%29.pdf\n\nSomaliaReport investigates the Police Forces, Robert Young Pelton and others, May 2012.. http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/subcategory/1/Home_LAND/Government/052012///1\n\nAnonymous interviews, Mogadishu, November 2012. Global Integrity knows the names of the anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. ","Judges give reasons for their decisions in front of the court, but judges’ decision are not effective because justice does not work properly in Somalia."]
["2012_ZA_4",2012,"ZA","South Africa",4,100,"Judges in the High Courts, Supreme Court of Appeal, Labor Court and Constitutional Court provide elaborate reasoning for their decisions/jjudgments. Most of judgments in these courts are lengthy and offer extensive justification, drawing from South Africa legal precedent and also international law, including cases decided in foreign courts. In a majority of the judgments, the reasoning also involves deductions from research on the subject being decided by the courts.","Democratic Alliance v. the Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions (288/11) [2012] ZASCA 15 (March 20, 2012).\n\nKruger v. the President of the Republic of South Africa, CCT 57/07 [2008] ZACC 17.","Judges in the High Courts, Supreme Court of Appeal, Labor Court and Constitutional Court provide elaborate reasoning for their decisions/jjudgments. Most of judgments in these courts are lengthy and offer extensive justification, drawing from South Africa legal precedent and also i..."]
["2012_SS_4",2012,"SS","South Sudan",4,75,"Judges give reasons for their judgments, even if the reasons are sometimes dubious. For example, when Judge Lado Arimino Sekwat of the high court in Juba acquitted Pagan Amum of corruption in March 2012, he gave the reason that there was no sufficient evidence against Pagan. He explained that the $30 million Pagan was accused of taking had not entered his bank account.","SPLM’s Amum Acquitted of $30 Million Scam. Sudan Tribune. South Sudan. March 21, 2012. http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-SPLM-s-Amum-acquitted,41992\n\nHigh Court Acquits Pagan Amum Of US $30 Million Scandal. Sudan Radio Service. March 22, 2012. http://www.sudanradio.org/high-court-acquits-pagan-amum-us-30-million-scandal","Judges give reasons for their judgments, even if the reasons are sometimes dubious. For example, when Judge Lado Arimino Sekwat of the high court in Juba acquitted Pagan Amum of corruption in March 2012, he gave the reason that there was no sufficient evidence against Pagan. He exp..."]
["2012_SD_4",2012,"SD","Sudan",4,50,"Judges give reasons for their judgments, but often these are attempts to protect their public image and economic interests and not in the interest of justice itself.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \nAbove the Law, \"Inside Straight: The Global Perspective That Lawyers Lack,\" Mark Herrmann, Nov. 29, 2012, http://abovethelaw.com/2012/11/inside-straight-the-global-perspective-that-lawyers-lack/","Judges give reasons for their judgments, but often these are attempts to protect their public image and economic interests and not in the interest of justice itself."]
["2012_SZ_4",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",4,75,"Judges give their reasoning when passing judgments in Swaziland. However, these rulings are often disputed.","\"Swaziland: Gwebu and Another v Rex,\" African Human Rights Case Law Database, http://www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/browse-by-subject/460-swaziland-gwebu-and-another-v-rex-2002-ahrlr-229-swca-2002.html\n \n \"AG says he is more powerful,\" Swazi Observer, Feb. 8 2012, \"http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=35198","Judges give their reasoning when passing judgments in Swaziland. However, these rulings are often disputed."]
["2012_TZ_4",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",4,75,"This is a standard common law provision encoded in the Criminal Procedure Act 1985, Section 312. At the sub-national level, judgments may not be so readily available. In practice, this is done but the judgments are in English, not a commonly understood language.","Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012 \n \n Interview, Philip Connelly, consultant on public policy analysis, Arusha and Dar es Salaam, via Skype, Oct. 19, 2012","This is a standard common law provision encoded in the Criminal Procedure Act 1985, Section 312. At the sub-national level, judgments may not be so readily available. In practice, this is done but the judgments are in English, not a commonly understood language."]
["2012_TG_4",2012,"TG","Togo",4,50,"Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national motivent leurs jugements. En effet, selon Me Koffigoh Joseph K., cette réalité est de mise en respect de tous les codes de procédure pénale qui l’exigent. Toutefois, il faut souligner, du point de vue de Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine qu’il existe une exception en ce qui concerne les cours d’assises. Pour ces cours, observe-t-elle, les décisions ne sont pas motivées, conformément aux dispositions de l’article 257, dernier alinéa du code de procédure pénale du Togo.","Source n° 1 : Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ancien Premier Ministre, avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012.\n  \n Source n°2 : Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, magistrate entretiens des 18 et 26 juillet 2012 à Lomé.","Dans la pratique, les juges nommés au niveau national motivent leurs jugements. En effet, selon Me Koffigoh Joseph K., cette réalité est de mise en respect de tous les codes de procédure pénale qui l’exigent. Toutefois, il faut souligner, du point de vue de Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Jus..."]
["2012_TN_4",2012,"TN","Tunisia",4,75,"Selon l'article 165 et suite du code pénal, en pratique et en règle générale, les juges doivent justifier toutes leurs décisions. Il se trouve rarement des jugements en référé qui ne sont pas justifiés. Selon le rapport de la Mission UE de Diagnostic du système judiciaire et pénitentiaire en Tunisie (décembre 2011, p 15) : \"Le tribunal de 1ère instance reçoit environ 150.000 cas pénaux et le même nombre de cas civils par an. 70.000 jugements par an sont rendus. Chaque chambre siège deux fois par semaine. Environs 15 cas sont écoutés par audience. Le jugement est prononcé après la séance. La longueur du jugement écrit varie selon la complexité du cas et est de 5 à 6 pages en moyenne. Le magistrat le rédige lui même, ensuite son esquisse passe au secrétariat qui produit la version finale.\"","- Rapport de la Mission UE de Diagnostic du système judiciaire et pénitentiaire en Tunisie (décembre 2011):\n http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/tunisia/documents/more_info/rapfinal_ue_justice_dec2011_fr.pdf\n \n - Entretien téléphonique avec monsieur Mohamed Nadhem Kobbi, ancien magistrat et professeur de droit à l'institut supérieur de comptabilité et d'administration des entreprises de Tunis le 31 octobre 2012\n \n - Code pénal tunisien : \n http://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Code_procedure_penale_fr.pdf\n article 165 et suite du code pénal","Selon l'article 165 et suite du code pénal, en pratique et en règle générale, les juges doivent justifier toutes leurs décisions. Il se trouve rarement des jugements en référé qui ne sont pas justifiés. Selon le rapport de la Mission UE de Diagnostic du système judiciaire et pénite..."]
["2012_UG_4",2012,"UG","Uganda",4,75,"National-level judges do give reasons for their decisions, although they sometimes take long to do it. Depending on the type of case, there are a number of laws and regulations mandating judges to give reasons for their judgments. Section 25 of the Civil Procedure Act states that the court, after the case has been heard, shall pronounce judgment, and on that judgment a decree shall follow. \n \nFurther, Uganda follows the English common law system where judgments are made on the basis of precedent. All judges do give reasons for their decisions in writing showing all the issues that have been adjudicated. It states who wins the case and what remedies the winner is awarded. The judgment is signed by the issuing court, properly dated and docketed with the court administrator's office.\n \nThe challenge is that the judges usually take a long time to give their decisions, especially in politically motivated cases and in such cases do not clearly show all the issues that have been adjudicated. Besides, because precedents are usually followed by all courts in many cases, lengthy, detailed records have to be maintained, which is also a challenge to Ugandan courts as uniform indexing methods have to be created and followed diligently. \n \nMedia reports show that there are a few reported cases where judicial decisions are biased and based on ethnicity. And while judgments are supposed to be obeyed without delay, judicial decisions are sometimes not respected.","“Introduction to Ugandan Law,” Streams of Justice, Feb. 14, 2011, http://www.scribd.com/doc/75700453/Streams-of-Justice-Introduction-to-Ugandan-Law.\n \n  Uganda Legal Information Institute, Constitutional Court Decisions, http://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/constitutional-court.\n \n Interview with Ugandan State Attorney Sara Barungi, December 2012.","National-level judges do give reasons for their decisions, although they sometimes take long to do it. Depending on the type of case, there are a number of laws and regulations mandating judges to give reasons for their judgments. Section 25 of the Civil Procedure Act states that t..."]
["2012_ZM_4",2012,"ZM","Zambia",4,50,"Not all the judges give reasons for their decisions or judgments. Some judges do not give reasons for their judgments and others give unsound reasons for their judgments. This can be evidenced in the acquittal of the former late president Frederick Chiluba.","Interview: Mr. Kapukutula Mwendalubi (LLB), Student, Zambia Institute of Advanced Legal Education(ZIALE), August 28, 2012, 01:00 p.m., Residence.\n \n Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale J.K., Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.","Not all the judges give reasons for their decisions or judgments. Some judges do not give reasons for their judgments and others give unsound reasons for their judgments. This can be evidenced in the acquittal of the former late president Frederick Chiluba."]
["2012_ZW_4",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",4,75,"Judges have to give written reasons for their decisions/judgments. The reasons may not always be sound (in fact and/or in law) and there is provision to appeal. At the Supreme Court level, there is no appeal. It's only the Supreme Court which can reverse its own judgments, unless Parliament intervenes/interferes and reverses a Supreme Court ruling.","Interview with Mr. Farai Chiweshe, a governance consultant previously with the Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa (SAHRIT). 2012.\n \n \"Judge reverses military court ruling,\" by Xolisani Ncube, Daily News, Feb. 29, 2012.","Judges have to give written reasons for their decisions/judgments. The reasons may not always be sound (in fact and/or in law) and there is provision to appeal. At the Supreme Court level, there is no appeal. It's only the Supreme Court which can reverse its own judgments, unless P..."]
["2012_DZ_5",2012,"DZ","Algeria",5,100,"The Supreme Audit Institution is known as \"La Cour des comptes.\" According to the 2008 Constitution, article 170: \"An audit office is instituted with the task of controlling a posteriori the finances of the state, the territorial collectivities and public services. The audit office prepares a yearly report that is addressed to the president of the republic. The law defines the prerogatives, the organization and the functioning of the audit office as well as the sanctions of its investigations.\"","Constitution of Algeria, 1996, Article 170. http://www.algeria-un.org/default.asp?doc=-c3p1","The Supreme Audit Institution is known as \"La Cour des comptes.\" According to the 2008 Constitution, article 170: \"An audit office is instituted with the task of controlling a posteriori the finances of the state, the territorial collectivities and public services. The audit office..."]
["2012_AO_5",2012,"AO","Angola",5,100,"Article 182 of the Constitution and Law No. 13/10, of July 9 Organic Law of the Court of Auditors establish the creation of the Court of Auditors. Article 104 of the Angolan Constitution calls for the \"execution of public finances subject to the principle of transparency and good governance with oversight from the National Assembly and the 'Tribunal de Contas' (Audit Court).\"\n\nArticle 162 states, \"The National Assembly will receive and analyze state accounts, the report from the Audit Court and all elements it deems necessary for its analyses according to the law.\"\n\nArticle 182 requires the court to submit an annual report.","Angolan Constitution, Articles 104, 162 and 182 http://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=413.","Article 182 of the Constitution and Law No. 13/10, of July 9 Organic Law of the Court of Auditors establish the creation of the Court of Auditors. Article 104 of the Angolan Constitution calls for the \"execution of public finances subject to the principle of transparency and good g..."]
["2012_BJ_5",2012,"BJ","Benin",5,100,"L'institution supérieure reconnue par la loi au Benin en terme de contrôle est la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême. En dehors de cette chambre, il existe des structures de contrôle comme l'Inspection générale d'Etat (IGE), les inspections générales de ministère et autres Cellule de Moralisation de la Vie Publique (CMVP), mais il ne s'agit pas d institutions suprêmes; elles sont parfois créées, redéfinies ou supprimées selon les besoins des gouvernants politiques. Les articles 131, 132, 133, 134 de la Loi 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin\ndéfinissent les compétences générales et en matière d'audit de la Cour Suprême: \n\nArt. 131. - La Cour suprême est la plus haute juridiction de l'Etat en matière administrative, judiciaire et des comptes de l'Etat. Elle est également compétente en ce qui concerne le contentieux des élections locales. Les décisions de la Cour suprême ne sont susceptibles d'aucun recours. Elles s'imposent au pouvoir exécutif, au pouvoir législatif, ainsi qu'à toutes les juridictions.\n\nArt. 132. - La Cour suprême est consultée par le Gouvernement plus généralement sur toutes les matières administratives et juridictionnelles. Elle peut, à la demande du Chef de l'Etat, être chargée de la rédaction et de la modification de tous les textes législatifs et réglementaires, préalablement à leur examen par l'Assemblée nationale.\n\nArt. 133. - Le président de la Cour suprême est nommé pour une durée de cinq ans par le président de la République, après avis du président de l'Assemblée nationale, parmi les magistrats et les juristes de haut niveau ayant quinze ans au moins d'expérience professionnelle, par décret pris en Conseil des ministres. Il est inamovible pendant la durée de son mandat, qui n'est renouvelé qu'une seule fois. Les fonctions du président de la Cour suprême sont incompatibles avec la qualité de membre du Gouvernement, l'exercice de tout mandat électif, de tout emploi public, civil ou militaire, de toute autre activité professionnelle, ainsi que de toute fonction de représentation nationale.\n\nArt. 134. - Les présidents de Chambre et les conseillers sont nommés parmi les magistrats et les juristes de haut niveau, ayant quinze ans au moins d'expérience professionnelle, par décret pris en Conseil des ministres par le président de la République, sur proposition du président de la Cour suprême et après avis du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature. La loi détermine le statut des magistrats de la Cour suprême.","Loi 90-32 portant constitution de la République du Bénin, Articles 131, 132, 133, 134. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html","L'institution supérieure reconnue par la loi au Benin en terme de contrôle est la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême. En dehors de cette chambre, il existe des structures de contrôle comme l'Inspection générale d'Etat (IGE), les inspections générales de ministère et autres Cell..."]
["2012_BW_5",2012,"BW","Botswana",5,100,"The constitution states that there shall be an auditor general, whose office is a public office. The provision further states that the auditor general's mandate shall be to audit all the books of Botswana's accounts and that he shall not be at the direction of anybody in the performance of his tasks.","Constitution of Botswana, Section 124. http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html\n\nFinance and Audit, Chapter 54:01, Part V.","The constitution states that there shall be an auditor general, whose office is a public office. The provision further states that the auditor general's mandate shall be to audit all the books of Botswana's accounts and that he shall not be at the direction of anybody in the perfor..."]
["2012_BF_5",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",5,100,"La Cour des Comptes a été créée en 2000 dans le cadre des réformes du système judiciaire burkinabé. En plus de la Cour des Comptes,  il y a aussi l'Autorité Supérieure de l'Etat qui effectue des audits administratifs. \n\nL’initiative de la création de la Cour des Comptes entre également dans le cadre des réformes exigées par les Institutions de Bretton Woods de la part des pays en développement pour une meilleure utilisation des aides globales au développement.","DECRET N° 2005-258/PRES/PM/MFB portant modalités de contrôle des opérations financières de l'Etat et des autres organismes publics http://www.cour-comptes.gov.bf/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=28 : visite le 15 aout 2012\n\nLoi organique n°14-2000/AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attribution, organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes. http://www.google.bf/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftrack.unodc.org%2FLegalLibrary%2FLegalResources%2FBurkina%2520Faso%2FLaws%2FLoi%252014_00%2520sur%2520la%2520Cour%2520des%2520comptes%2520%282000%29.doc&ei=HqoxUvKlDYOB4gSKmYCoAg&usg=AFQjCNHImfHYtBZQtYCTX6dHGC8-H4dRdA","La Cour des Comptes a été créée en 2000 dans le cadre des réformes du système judiciaire burkinabé. En plus de la Cour des Comptes,  il y a aussi l'Autorité Supérieure de l'Etat qui effectue des audits administratifs. ..."]
["2012_BI_5",2012,"BI","Burundi",5,100,"In Burundi, there are two institutions which are responsible for public audit, the State General Inspectorate (Inspection Generale de l'Etat) and the Public Accounts Court (Cour des Comptes).\n\nThe State General Inspectorate reports to the president of the Republic, who can but does not have to make the reports public, according to article 55 of the Law on Public Finance.\n\nThe Public Accounts Court reports to the Parliament giving it advice, observations, analyses and recommendations, according to article 54 of the Law on Public Finance. \n\nOne can assert that the State General Inspectorate is an internal audit while the Public Accounts Court is a public one.","Inspection Générale de l'Etat, established by presidential  Decret 100/277, Sept. 26, 2006,  http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=248 \n\nBurundi Constitution Article 178, Act 1/35 of Dec. 4, 2008, on Public Finances(articles 52-54, 57, 59-61) and Statute 1/002 of March 31, 2004 http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=270 .","In Burundi, there are two institutions which are responsible for public audit, the State General Inspectorate (Inspection Generale de l'Etat) and the Public Accounts Court (Cour des Comptes)...."]
["2012_CM_5",2012,"CM","Cameroon",5,100,"The Ministry of Supreme State Control, which is Cabinet level and under the direct tutelage of the presidency of the republic, conducts targeted audits of government ministries, agencies and state-owned companies. The ministry also hosts the Budget and Financial Disciplinary Council, which as an executive branch body, imposes sanctions for malpractice in public financial management and enforces the 1974 Law on Responsibility of Managers of Public Finances. Also, the Audit Bench of the Supreme Court conducts annual audits of central government departments, local governments (councils), public entities and state-owned companies.","Article 38(2) of the 1996 amended constitution, regarding the Supreme Court. http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Cameroon.html\n\nArticle 41 of the 1996 amended constitution defining the Audit Bench. http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Cameroon.html\n\nLaw No. 2003/005 of April 21, 2003, creating the Audit Bench of the Supreme Court.\n\nDecree No. 2005/374 of Oct. 11, 2005, creating the Ministry of Supreme State Control at the presidency of the republic.","The Ministry of Supreme State Control, which is Cabinet level and under the direct tutelage of the presidency of the republic, conducts targeted audits of government ministries, agencies and state-owned companies. The ministry also hosts the Budget and Financial Disciplinary Counci..."]
["2012_CV_5",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",5,100,"The Law 84/IV/93 defines the authority, organisation and operation of the court of accounts and statutes of their judges. It is this law that defines the scope of the court of accounts (article 1); the nature of its mandate (article 2); its jurisdiction (article 3); the independence of other sovereignty organs (article 5), the enforceability of decisions (article 7); competencies (article 9), and determines the institutions under scrutiny of the court of accounts, such as presidency of republic, government bodies, armed forces and municipalities (article 16).","1. Rules of Court - Decree-Law 47/89 of June 26:\n\"Authority, organisation and operation of the court of accounts and statutes of the their judges - Law number 84/IV/93\", Article 5, 6. \nLink/attachment: http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=496&view=finish&cid=41&catid=12.\n\n2. Law of the court of auditors, which is on the website, you can display art. 219 (Court of Auditors) of the Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde.","The Law 84/IV/93 defines the authority, organisation and operation of the court of accounts and statutes of their judges. It is this law that defines the scope of the court of accounts (article 1); the nature of its mandate (article 2); its jurisdiction (article 3); the independenc..."]
["2012_CF_5",2012,"CF","CAR",5,100,"En RCA, ce rôle est confié à la Cour des comptes. De ce fait, il convient de noter qu' au terme de l'article 90 de la constitution en son article 49, Alinéa 1, la Cour des comptes a compétence pour juger les comptes comptables publics, ceux des collectivités territoriales ainsi que des entreprises publiques. De part ses attributions, la Cour dispose de toutes les prérogatives pour exercer un contrôle efficace de la gestion publique. Il est ainsi fait obligation à tous les agents des entités soumises à son contrôle de communiquer tous les documents et pièces comptables et fournir les renseignements requis relatifs à la gestion de ces entités. Ils ne peuvent opposer ni l'obligation de réserve, ni le secret professionnel.\n\nEn plus de la Cour des comptes, on peut noter la mise en place de dix organes de contrôle dont on cite les deux principaux:\n-Inspection Générale d'Etat; et\n-Inspection Générale des Finances.","Constitution du 27 décembre 2004, Article 90 etc.  République Centrafricaine;\n\nAugustin KONGATOUA, Conseiller auprès de la cour constitutionnelle, Maître de Conférence à l'Université de Bangui, mai 2012 Bangui;\n\nYAMINDI Edmond, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Bangui, Mai 2012.","En RCA, ce rôle est confié à la Cour des comptes. De ce fait, il convient de noter qu' au terme de l'article 90 de la constitution en son article 49, Alinéa 1, la Cour des comptes a compétence pour juger les comptes comptables publics, ceux des collectivités territoriales ainsi que..."]
["2012_TD_5",2012,"TD","Chad",5,100,"Article 153 of the Constitution provides for an audit chamber within the supreme court. \nThe audit chamber of the supreme court is tasked with the following: \n- Overseeing public expenditures;\n- Assisting the executive and the legislature in controlling the execution the national budget; and\n- Auditing state-owned companies","Article 153 of the Constitution. http://www.cefod.org/legitchad/web/texte/10","Article 153 of the Constitution provides for an audit chamber within the supreme court. \nThe audit chamber of the supreme court is tasked with the following: \n- Overseeing public expenditures;..."]
["2012_KM_5",2012,"KM","Comoros",5,100,"La Section des Comptes de la Cour Suprême a une compétence très large en matière de Comptes publiques. Cette compétence lui est conférée par le Chapitre 3, Section 2, paragraphe 1, Article 172 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême: \nSelon cet article, la Section des Comptes : \n juge les comptes des comptables publics de deniers tels que définis par la réglementation en vigueur ; \n vérifie la gestion financière des agents de l’ordre administratif  chargés de l’exécution du \nbudget national et des autres budgets que les lois assujettissent aux mêmes règles ; \n contribue à la sauvegarde du patrimoine public, à l’amélioration des méthodes et techniques de gestion et à la rationalisation de l’action administrative ; \n contrôle les comptes de matière des comptables publics de matières ; \n s’assure du bon emploi des crédits gérés par les services de l’État et des îles autonomes et  par les autres organismes publics ; \n examine la gestion financière et comptable des organismes dotés de la personnalité civile et de l’autonomie financière et dans lesquels l’État ou les autres collectivités publiques ont un intérêt financier ; \n peut, à tout moment, exercer tout contrôle soit de sa propre initiative, soit à la demande du Président de l’Union, du Président de l’Assemblée de l’Union ; \n assiste le parlement et le Gouvernement de l’Union et des Îles dans le contrôle de  l’exécution de loi des Finances ; \n peut, à tout moment, exercer tout contrôle soit de sa propre initiative, soit à la demande du Président de l’Union ou d’une île, des Présidents de l’Assemblée de l’Union ou d’une Île ;\n contrôle les comptes de matière des comptables publics de matières et de la sincérité des finances publiques.","Cour Suprême, Section des Comptes, Loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême, Chapitre 3, de la section des comptes. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf","La Section des Comptes de la Cour Suprême a une compétence très large en matière de Comptes publiques. Cette compétence lui est conférée par le Chapitre 3, Section 2, paragraphe 1, Article 172 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême: ..."]
["2012_CD_5",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",5,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_5",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",5,100,"The Court of Accounts (Cour des Comptes) is by law the supreme audit institution of DR Congo. \n\nIts competencies are described as follows in the relevant law:\n\nArt. 21. — The Court of Accounts disposes of the general and permanent authority to control the management of public finances and goods as well as of those of all public establishments defined in article 3 of this law. \n\nThe court is in particular responsible for :\n• auditing the general account of the Treasury;\n• auditing public accounts;\n• controlling and verifying the management and accounts of public establishments. \n\nThe Court de Compte website can be found at http://www.courdescomptes.cd/","6 février 1987 – ordonnance de loi 87-005 fixant la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, Article 21, http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/compta/OL.06.02.1987.htm\n\nCour des Comptes, http://www.courdescomptes.cd/","The Court of Accounts (Cour des Comptes) is by law the supreme audit institution of DR Congo. ..."]
["2012_CI_5",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",5,100,"The Court of Auditors or Cour des comptes, located in Abidjan, is an administrative court. Its primary responsibility is to ensure that accounts are published according to ethic standards. One other prerogative is the control of administration of funds for both private and public companies. In fulfilling its tasks, the court may be assisted by the legislative branch of the government. The funds in question are typically used by the public officials, public companies, state social security providers, or private organizations assisted by the state. The court is also responsible for auditing the accounts of the government, mayors, prefects and the president of the republic.\n\nThe court replaced the Chamber of Accounts of the Supreme Court, dissolved in 1998, as well as the Court of Cessation and the Council of State's prerogatives with regard to public audits.","TITLE VIII, Article 102. The Constitution of Cote d’Ivoire, Law No 2000-513 of August 1, 2000. http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc","The Court of Auditors or Cour des comptes, located in Abidjan, is an administrative court. Its primary responsibility is to ensure that accounts are published according to ethic standards. One other prerogative is the control of administration of funds for both private and public c..."]
["2012_DJ_5",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",5,100,"Il existe plusieurs institutions chargées de vérifier les comptes du gouvernement mais aussi des collectivités territoriales et des Établissements publics. Elle sont prévues par la constitution, par les lois et règlements. On peut citer l'inspection générale d’État, et la sous-direction d'audit entre autres, et l'Inspection Générale des Finances du Ministère des Finances et de l'Économie Nationale. Ces dernières sont accompagnées par une juridiction : la cour des comptes.\n\nLa principale institution est l'inspection Générale d’État. \n\nCréée par un décret du 26 novembre 2001 et placée directement sous l’autorité du Premier Ministre, l’Inspection Générale d’État est un organe permanent de contrôle et d’inspection des collectivités et organismes publics. « Sont soumis au contrôle de l’Inspection Générale de l’État, les services de l’État et des collectivités locales, les établissements publics nationaux et locaux, les organismes publics à vocation sociale, les sociétés d’État, les sociétés à participation financière publique ainsi que toute autre personne morale bénéficiant de concours financiers publics » (article 2 du décret). \nElle dispose d’une compétence générale en matière de contrôle des deniers publics et d’une compétence spécifique qui lui permet d’effectuer, à tout moment et éventuellement de façon inopinée, toute opération de contrôle sur les recettes et les dépenses publiques.\nPar ailleurs, l’inspection peut mener des missions ponctuelles d’études, de contrôle, d’inspection ou d’enquête nécessitées par des situations particulières. Dans ce cadre, elle peut être amenée à se saisir d’un dossier faisant ou ayant fait l’objet, d’un examen par une instance primaire de contrôle. Aussi, elle peut être associée aux travaux d’élaboration des programmes d’action établis en matière de réformes administratives et financières.\n\nIl existe aussi au niveau du ministère de finances , une Sous-direction de l'Audit et du Suivi des comptes des Établissements publics et des Collectivités Territoriales. Créée le 24 mars 2010, cette structure est placée sous l'autorité directe du Trésorier Payeur National, Directeur du Trésor et de la Comptabilité Publique.\n\nEt enfin, il existe une inspection générale de finances au niveau du ministère des finances. L'inspection générale des Finances est chargé d'effectuer, pour le compte du Ministre, le contrôle administratif et financier de l'ensemble des services du département, cette compétence est étendue à la vérification des opérations de service relevant d'autres autorités administratives habilitées par le Ministre des Finances à détenir ou manier des deniers publics. Elle est chargée notamment de l'inspection des services, de la réalisation de contrôles de nature financière et comptable et de missions d'études, d'assistance ou de suivi e\n\nLa cour des comptes est compétente pour juger des malversations constatées par ces institutions précitées.\nPrévue par la constitution 66 de la constitution de 1992, elle verra le jour en 1997 sous la dénomination de chambre compte et des disciplines budgétaires. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques. Elle sera transformée en cours de compte en 2008 par une révision constitutionnelle.\n\nIl existe trop d'institutions chargées de contrôler l'utilisation des deniers publics. \nCertaines de ces institutions ont parfois les mêmes compétences, et peuvent parfois contrôler les mêmes institutions. Il y a une superposition des compétences. \n\nDans un rapport de N.U, il est mis l'accent sur le fait que: les organes de contrôle interne (Inspection Générale d’État, Inspection Générale des Finances, Inspections internes des ministères) ont des missions différentes mais complémentaires. Cependant, l’absence ou la faible coordination et la dispersion de ces organes induit un manque de synergie entre les hommes et les ressources matérielles et financières, avec comme corolaire un manque d'efficacité. C'est ainsi que les Inspections internes des Ministères ne disposent pas en général de personnels et de crédits de fonctionnement et sont bien souvent tributaires de la bonne volonté des directions ou des services qu'elles doivent contrôler. Les personnels des organes de contrôle sont démotivés par la banalisation des résultats du contrôle et la quasi absence de suite aux contrôles opérés. Le travail de mobilisation des autorités Djiboutiennes en faveur du contrôle externe est pour ainsi dire parti « en fumée ». En effet, le local de la Cour des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire a entièrement brûlé en 2008. Toutes les ressources matérielles ont ainsi disparu ainsi que les archives et les manuels de procédures ou la bibliothèque. Les magistrats recrutés et formés dans les domaines de la comptabilité, du droit ou en gestion sont aujourd’hui au chômage technique et occupent des locaux de fortune.","Décret n°2001-0222/PM  portant création d’une Inspection Générale d’Etat de 2001\n\nSite web de l'inspection génerale d'Etat, http://www.ige.dj \n        \nLA COUR DES COMPTES, http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=105 (la cour de  comptes ne dispose pas de site internet à ce jour. Néanmoins, elle a intégré l'association des institutions supérieures de contrôle ayant en commun l'usage du français). ","Il existe plusieurs institutions chargées de vérifier les comptes du gouvernement mais aussi des collectivités territoriales et des Établissements publics. Elle sont prévues par la constitution, par les lois et règlements. On peut citer l'inspection générale d’État, et la sous-dire..."]
["2012_EG_5",2012,"EG","Egypt",5,100,"The Central Auditing Organization (CAO) was established by Law No. 52 of 1942 under the name of \"Bureau (Divan) of Accounting\" as an independent supervision agency of public finances, then it was renamed the \"Bureau (Divan) of Auditing\" by Law 230/1960 to monitor the financial and administrative operation of civil service agencies, and companies and banks receiving public funds. By Law 129 of 1964, it was renamed the CAO. Law No. 44 of 1965 was issued to regulate the supervision of public institutions and companies, and Law 31 of 1971 to control the relationship of the CAO with Parliament.\n\nThe original purpose of the CAO was to assist Parliament in overseeing state finances and civil servants. However, Law No. 144/1988 was issued to cancel Laws 129/1964, 44/1965 and 31/1971, then amended by Law 157 of 1998. Hence, the CAO became subordinate to the president rather than Parliament, to whom the CAO now submits its reports. It does not have the authority to give penalties or turn perpetrators over to the General or Administrative Prosecution Authorities. The result is that the government and public institutions ignore the CAO. Annual reports on government and public institutions' expenditures can be accessed only by a limited number of people.","The Central Auditing Organization (CAO), Law No. 129/1960 & Law No. 144/1988.","The Central Auditing Organization (CAO) was established by Law No. 52 of 1942 under the name of \"Bureau (Divan) of Accounting\" as an independent supervision agency of public finances, then it was renamed the \"Bureau (Divan) of Auditing\" by Law 230/1960 to monitor the financial and ..."]
["2012_GQ_5",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",5,100,"Chapter IX (“On the Supreme Audit Institution”) in the 2012 Constitution consists of articles 115–121. Known in Spanish as \"Tribunal de Cuentas\", the supreme audit institution ensures the transparency of public finances and government accounts. \n\nAccording to article 115, the Tribunal de Cuentas has the right to audit any private citizen or entity managing public funds. The supreme audit institution is technically an autonomous oversight body with its own administration and budget, according to section 2 of article 115.\n\nThe supreme audit institution envisaged in the National constitution has, however, not been implemented.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Article 115\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf","Chapter IX (“On the Supreme Audit Institution”) in the 2012 Constitution consists of articles 115–121. Known in Spanish as \"Tribunal de Cuentas\", the supreme audit institution ensures the transparency of public finances and government accounts. ..."]
["2012_ER_5",2012,"ER","Eritrea",5,100,"The constitution, in Chapter VII, Article 55, subarticles 1-3, states:\n\"There shall be an Auditor General who audits the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of government and who reports annually his findings to the National Assembly, appointed for five years by the President with the approval of the National Assembly and shall be accountable to the National Assembly; and the detailed organization, powers and duties of the Auditor General shall be determined by the law.\"\n\nHowever, no proclamation has been issued that determines the organization, powers and duties of the audit institution. Most of the auditing activities are based on general practices linked to the working principles inherited from the Ethiopian systems and custom of auditing. The practices of auditing by the auditor general usually are reflected in other proclamations, like the one that established the Eritrean National Mining Corp (157/2006 -- Article 17 -- External Auditors). The law authorizes independent external auditors to audit the financial books and records, as well as the business performance of the corporation; verify the correctness and accuracy of the business sheet, profit and loss account, inventory of assets, and records; and certify the auditors' evaluation and submit their report along with their recommendation, if any.","Constitution of Eritrea, May 1997, Chapter VII, Miscellaneous Provisions; \nArticle 55, Auditor General;  subarticles 1-3. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904","The constitution, in Chapter VII, Article 55, subarticles 1-3, states:\n\"There shall be an Auditor General who audits the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of government and who reports annually his findings to the National Assembly, app..."]
["2012_ET_5",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",5,100,"The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Constitution, Article 101, establishes that the auditor general shall, upon recommendations of the prime minister, be appointed by the House of Peoples’ Representatives. The auditor general shall audit and inspect the accounts of ministries and other agencies of the federal government to ensure that expenditures are properly made for activities carried out during the fiscal year and in accordance with the approved allocations, and submit his reports thereon to the House of Peoples’ Representatives. The auditor general shall draw up and submit for approval to the House of Peoples’ Representatives his office’s annual budget. The details of functions of the auditor general shall be determined by law.","Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Constitution, Article 101, the Auditor General and General Auditor Establishment Proclamation, http://www.ethiopian-law.com/federal-laws/fdre-constitution.html","The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Constitution, Article 101, establishes that the auditor general shall, upon recommendations of the prime minister, be appointed by the House of Peoples’ Representatives. The auditor general shall audit and inspect the accounts of ministri..."]
["2012_GA_5",2012,"GA","Gabon",5,100,"Article 76 (L.47/2010 du 12 janvier 2011)\nLa Cour des Comptes est la plus Haute Juridiction en matière de Contrôle des finances publiques. A cet effet :\n- Elle assure le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances et en informe le Parlement et le Gouvernement ;\n- Elle vérifie la régularité des recettes et des dépenses décrites dans les comptabilités publiques et s'assure, à partir de ces dernières, du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de 1'Etat ou par les autres personnes morales de droit public ;        \n- Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques et organismes à participation financière publique ;\n- Elle juge les comptes des comptables publics ; \n- Elle déclare et apure les gestions de fait ; \n- Elle sanctionne les fautes de gestion commises à l'égard de l'Etat, des collectivités locales et des organismes soumis à son contrôle.\n\nArticle 77 (L. 13/2003 du 19 août 2003) :\nLa Cour des Comptes jouit de l'autonomie de gestion financière. Les crédits nécessaires à son fonctionnement sont inscrits dans la loi des finances.\n\nLa Loi Organique n°11/94 du 17 septembre 1994 fixant l’organisation, le fonctionnement, les compétences et les règles de procédures de la Cour des Comptes.","La Constitution de la République Gabonaise, Article 76 (L.47/2012 du 12 janvier 2011)\n; http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126858.pdf\nLa Loi organique sur la Cour des Comptes\n\nLa Direction du Contrôle Financier et du Contrôle d'Etat","Article 76 (L.47/2010 du 12 janvier 2011)\nLa Cour des Comptes est la plus Haute Juridiction en matière de Contrôle des finances publiques. A cet effet :..."]
["2012_GM_5",2012,"GM","The Gambia",5,100,"Section 158 of the constitution creates the National Audit Office and the office of auditor general. \n\nSection 160 (1) of the constitution provides for the functions of the auditor general: \"The Auditor General shall\n(a) before any money is withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund or any other public fund, ensure that the withdrawal is in accordance with the provision charging the same on that fund or the relevant Appropriation Act or other Act of the National Assembly and that it complies with the procedures prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly;\n(b) satisfy himself or herself that money charged on the Consolidated Fund or other public fund, or appropriated by an Act of the National Assembly, and expended, has been applied for the purpose for which it was so charged or appropriated, and that expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it;\n(c) at least once in every year audit and report on the public accounts of The Gambia, the accounts of all offices and authorities of the Government of The Gambia, the accounts of the courts, the accounts of the National Assembly and the accounts of all enterprises;\n(d) within six months of the end of the immediately preceding financial year to which each of the accounts referred to in paragraph (c) relates, report to the National Assembly on the accounts and draw attention to any irregularities in the accounts audited and to any other matter which, in his or her opinion, ought to be brought to the notice of the National Assembly;\n(e) after his or her annual reports on the accounts of the Government of The Gambia, of all offices and authorities of the Government, of the courts and of the National Assembly have been discussed in the National Assembly, cause the same to be published for public information: Provided that where there is any undue delay in the discussion of any such accounts in the National Assembly, the Auditor General may publish his or her report in advance of such discussion; and \n(f) exercise such other functions as may be conferred on him or her by an Act of the National Assembly.\"\n\nThe National Audit Office, headed by the auditor general, assists the auditor in the performance of the functions conferred by law (Section 159 (1) of the constitution).\n\nBy virtue of Section 158 (2), the auditor general is appointed by the president after consultation with the Public Service Commission. Under Section 158 (2), the auditor general \"may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether from infirmity of mind or body or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour or incompetence.\" \n\nAccording to Section 160 (7), the auditor general is also \"not to be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\" The salaries, allowances and retirement benefits of the auditor general are charged to the Consolidated Fund (Section 156 (2) of the constitution).\n\nOther relevant laws include the Finance and Audit Act and Government Budget Management and Accountability Act. The Finance and Audit Act provides for the management, control and audit of public funds of The Gambia. It also outlines the powers and duties of the auditor general in auditing public accounts and ensuring that public funds are disbursed according to budgetary line-items or purposes. The Government Budget Management and Accountability Act provides the legal framework for the management of the government budget in The Gambia and specifies government bodies responsible for the budget’s preparation, presentation and implementation.","Sections 158 to 160 of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia, http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf\n\nFinance and Audit Act and Government Budget Management and Accountability Act, 1965","Section 158 of the constitution creates the National Audit Office and the office of auditor general. ..."]
["2012_GH_5",2012,"GH","Ghana",5,100,"Article 187 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana provides for the appointment of the auditor general, while Article 188 provides for the establishment of the Audit Service. The Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), also provides for the establishment of the Audit Service with the auditor general as the head of the service.","Articles 187 & 188 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. Link: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst13.html.\n\nAudit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), http://www.iaa.gov.gh/UserFiles/Laws-Audit%20Service%20Act,%202000%20(ACT%20584).pdf","Article 187 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana provides for the appointment of the auditor general, while Article 188 provides for the establishment of the Audit Service. The Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), also provides for the establishment of the Audit Service ..."]
["2012_GN_5",2012,"GN","Guinea",5,100,"L'institution supérieure de contrôle en Guinée est la Cour des Comptes, instituée par l'article 116 de la Constitution de 2010.  \n\nArticle 116:  \"La cour des comptes est la juridiction de contrôle a postériori, des finances publiques. Elle dispose d'attributions juridictionnelles et consultatives. Elle statue sur les comptes publics, ceux des collectivités territoriales et locales, des établissements publics, des entreprises publiques et parapubliques et de tous organismes et institutions bénéficiant de concours financiers de l’État. Elle connait également les comptes des campagnes électorales et de toute matière qui lui est attribuée par la loi.\n\nLa Cour des Comptes est également chargée de contrôler les déclarations des biens telles que reçus par la Cour Constitutionnelle.\"","Constitution de la République de Guinée du 7 mai 2010, article 116. : http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf","L'institution supérieure de contrôle en Guinée est la Cour des Comptes, instituée par l'article 116 de la Constitution de 2010.  ..."]
["2012_GW_5",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",5,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_5",2012,"KE","Kenya",5,100,"The Kenya National Audit Office, headed by the auditor general, is an independent and supreme constitutional office established by the new constitution of Kenya and mandated to audit the central government, county governments and state corporations annually.","The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, Section 229. www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf","The Kenya National Audit Office, headed by the auditor general, is an independent and supreme constitutional office established by the new constitution of Kenya and mandated to audit the central government, county governments and state corporations annually."]
["2012_LS_5",2012,"LS","Lesotho",5,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_5",2012,"LR","Liberia",5,100,"The Liberia supreme audit institution is the General Audit Commission (GAC). The GAC reports to the national legislature.","The Liberia supreme audit institution is the General Audit Commission (GAC). The GAC reports to the national legislature. \n\nThe GAC website: www.gacliberia.com which is the website. \nThe GAC Act: http://www.gacliberia.com/doc/GAC_ACT.pdf","The Liberia supreme audit institution is the General Audit Commission (GAC). The GAC reports to the national legislature."]
["2012_LY_5",2012,"LY","Libya",5,100,"The Libyan Constitution of 1969, Article 166 states: “The Audit Oﬃce shall audit the Government accounts and shall report to Parliament on the result of the audit. The powers of the Audit Oﬃce and its constitution and rules of exercising its auditing powers shall be determined by law.”\n\nThere is a single organism in Libya, providing both auditing of all public budget and accounting, and monitoring and investigating public corruption, the Diwan Al Muhasaba. It was established by Law No. 11, 2001. This body investigates all violations regarding public finance and administration, can monitor and audit all projects in which the state participates for more than 20 percent, and certifies all contracts that exceed 500,000 Libyan dinars.\n\nBefore the revolution, administrative and budget monitoring bodies were separate, but the National Transitional Council merged them.","National Transitional Council Decision No. 35 for 2011 concerning work of inspection and administrative control department, September 29, 2011\n\nLaw No. 11, 2001\n\nLaw of 1976\n\nLibyan constitution of 1969, Article 166","The Libyan Constitution of 1969, Article 166 states: “The Audit Oﬃce shall audit the Government accounts and shall report to Parliament on the result of the audit. The powers of the Audit Oﬃce and its constitution and rules of exercising its auditing powers shall be determined by l..."]
["2012_MG_5",2012,"MG","Madagascar",5,100,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution but it is indirectly and directly controlled by the executive. The Cour des Comptes is part of the Supreme Court of Madagascar. The Supreme Court was set up during the transitional period led by a government established after a coup. It exists but its legitimacy is contested. \nSupreme Court of Madagascar is composed of three courts: the Supreme Court, the State Council, and the Court of Account. (Cour des Comptes or supreme audit institution)\nThe Cour des Comptes is in charge of:\n–  Judgment of the accounts of public accountants;\n–  Control of the  enforcement of the law of finances.\n–  Audits of the public enterprises and state bodies accounts and managements \n-– Appeals of the judgments of  financial courts. (tribunaux financiers)\n–  Appeal court judgments financial.\n\nParaphrase of LOI N° 2001-025:\n\"RELATIF AU TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF ET AU TRIBUNAL FINANCIER\nIn accordance with Articles 109 and 110 of the Constitution, the Council of State and the supreme audit court can  decide in appeal or cassation judgments rendered by administrative and financial courts exercising in the Autonomous Provinces.\nAlso,  these courts of first instance have to be created and implemented.\nIn order to comply with the constitutional provisions on the subject, it is proposed to create in one hand, the administrative courts, in the other hand, the financial courts , which are respectively the administrative courts and those of the financial.\n....\nThis is the purpose of this Act.\" \n\nThe Autonomous Provinces do not exist anymore in the constitution of the IVth Republic, so there are no regional branches of those administrative and financial courts. That means that nothing is effective and working.\n\nPARAPHRASE OF CONSTITUTION of the IVth  Republic\n\"Chapter III. On the supreme court\nart. 121, 122, 123\nArticle 121.\nThe Supreme Court oversees the proper functioning of the judicial, administrative and financial courts . It includes: \u2028 - It is composed of  Court of Cassation; \u2028 - the Council of State; \u2028 - the Supreme Court of Audit.\nArticle 122.\nThe First President and the Attorney General of the Supreme Court are the leaders of this high court.\nThey are respectively appointed by decree of the Council of Ministers in accordance with the proposals of the High Council of the Judiciary preferably among the oldest in the highest rank of magistrates respectively of the judicial, administrative and financial.\nArticle 123.\nThe First President of the Supreme Court is assisted by three vice-presidents, assigned respectively to the President of the Court of Cassation, Council of State and the Supreme Court of Audit.\nEach Vice-President is appointed by the Council of Ministers by the  Decree of the President of the Republic in accordance with the proposals of the High Council of the Judiciary, preferably among the oldest in the highest rank of magistrates respectively of the judiciary, administrative and financial.\"","1) http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=120\n \n2) http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/International/6972600.html\n\n3)http://www.courdecassation.fr/IMG/File/pdf_2007/jumelage_madagascar/jumelage_madagascar_rakotobe.pdf\n\n4) LOI N° 2001-025\nRELATIF AU TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF ET AU TRIBUNAL FINANCIER\n\n5) CONSTITUTION of the IVth  Republic\nChapter III. On the supreme court\nArticles 121, 122, 123","In law, there is a supreme audit institution but it is indirectly and directly controlled by the executive. The Cour des Comptes is part of the Supreme Court of Madagascar. The Supreme Court was set up during the transitional period led by a government established after a coup. It ..."]
["2012_MW_5",2012,"MW","Malawi",5,100,"Section 184 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi establishes the office of the auditor general. It reads:\n          \nThere shall be the office of the Auditor General who shall audit and report on the public accounts of Malawi, and shall exercise such other powers in relation to the public accounts and the accounts of public  authorities and bodies as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament, in so far as they are compatible with the principal duties of that office.\n\nThis constitutional provision is supported by the Public Audit Act which outline the powers and the functioning of the Office of the Auditor General.","Republic Of Malawi Constitution, Section 184 (1). Government of Malawi.http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\nPublic Audit Act Cap 37:01 of July 8, 2003. Government of Malawi. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/act/2003/6/paa2003128_pdf_13366.pdf","Section 184 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi establishes the office of the auditor general. It reads:\n          ..."]
["2012_ML_5",2012,"ML","Mali",5,100,"Le Mali n’a pas de Cour des Comptes. Par contre, il dispose d'une Section des Comptes au sein de la Cour Suprême. Le Vérificateur Général, responsable de cette Section, a pour missions entre autres, selon la loi l'institutant, \"de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des opérations de recettes et de dépenses effectuées par les institutions de la République, les administrations d’Etat, les collectivités territoriales, les établissements publics ou tout autre organisme bénéficiant du concours financier de l’État [...]\"\n\nPour mettre en place la Cour des Comptes, le Mali, en décembre 2012, a  ratifié des Traités et Conventions en la matière, notamment dans le cadre de l'UEMOA qui en a fait une exigence pour ses 8 Etats membres. Dans le cadre de l'appui budgétaire aussi, le Gouvernement du Mali s'était engagé fermement devant ses partenaires techniques et financiers à faire de la création de la Cour des Comptes une priorité majeure. Cependant, là aussi, ce déclencheur n'a pas pu être réalisé par manque de volonté politique.\n\nLe Mali a aussi initié une campagne de sensibilisation dont l'objectif est de renforcer les capacités d'intervention de la Section des comptes, afin de lui permettre de jouer efficacement son rôle de juridiction financière, parmi lesquelles on peut citer l'assistance aux autorités maliennes pour la création et la consolidation de la nouvelle Cour des Comptes. Le Docteur Abdoulaye Sall, Ministre des Relations avec les Institutions du Mali a rappelé que la création d'une Cour des Comptes au Mali est d'une grande nécessité pour une bonne gouvernance. Il a révélé que c'est seulement le Mali et le Bénin, sur les huit Etat membres de l'UEMOA, qui n'ont pas encore créé leur Cour des Comptes. \n\nSelon le président de la Cour Suprême du Mali, Nouhoum Tapily, cette Cour des Comptes qui verra le jour contribuera à une plus grande transparence dans la gestion des sous de l'Etat. « La Cour des Comptes, juridiction supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques, assiste le Parlement et le Gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution de la loi de finances. Une loi organique fixe les missions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes ainsi que la procédure suivie devant elle », a-t-il précisé.","Entretien avec Docteur Abdoulaye Sall, Ministre des Relations avec les Institutions du Mali, rencontré à Koulifara, en février 2013 à Bamako. \n\nEntretien avec le Président de la Cour Suprême du Mali, NouhoumTapily, rencontré en février 2013, à Bamako.\n\n1ère Loi instituant le Vérificateur Général. http://www.bvg-mali.org/article/view/id/24.html","Le Mali n’a pas de Cour des Comptes. Par contre, il dispose d'une Section des Comptes au sein de la Cour Suprême. Le Vérificateur Général, responsable de cette Section, a pour missions entre autres, selon la loi l'institutant, \"de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des opérati..."]
["2012_MR_5",2012,"MR","Mauritania",5,100,"La Cour des Comptes est l’Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. Son organisation et son fonctionnement ainsi que le statut de ses membres seront fixés par une loi organique.\n\nLa Cour des Comptes de Mauritanie a été instituée par la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991, qui dispose dans son article 68 que « la Cour des comptes assiste le Parlement et le Gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances. »\n\nLes deux lois ordinaires, l'une régissant l’organisation et le fonctionnement (93-19), l'autre portant sur le statut des membres de la Cour des Comptes (93-20), ont été approuvées en janvier 1993.\n\nPlus récemment, il y a, la Loi Constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 portant révision de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 dit concernant la Cour des comptes, ce qui suit :\n\n\"La Cour des Comptes est l’Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. Son organisation et son fonctionnement ainsi que le statut de ses membres seront fixés par une loi organique.\"\nD'autres instances de controle sont:\n\n-L'Inspection Générale de l'Etat (IGE)\n-L'inspection générale des finances (IGF)\n-L'Autorité de régulation (ARE)","La Constitution du 20 juillet 1991; http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Mauritania_Constitutional%20Ordinance_1991_fr.pdf","La Cour des Comptes est l’Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. Son organisation et son fonctionnement ainsi que le statut de ses membres seront fixés par une loi organique...."]
["2012_MU_5",2012,"MU","Mauritius",5,100,"Chapter 10, Article 110 of the Constitution of Mauritius provides for the post of director of audit. This office audits the accounts of government and the courts.\n\nExtract from the Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 10, Section 110, Director of Audit:\n\n(1) There shall be a Director of Audit, whose office shall be a public office and who shall be appointed by the Public Service Commission, acting after consultation with the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition.\n(2) The public accounts of Mauritius and of all courts of law and all authorities and officers of the Government shall be audited and reported on by the Director of Audit and for that purpose the Director of Audit or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all books, records, reports and other documents relating to those accounts:\n\nProvided that, if it is so prescribed in the case of any body corporate directly established by law, the accounts of that body corporate shall be audited and reported on by such person as may be prescribed.\n\n(3) The Director of Audit shall submit his reports to the Minister responsible for finance, who shall cause them to be laid before the Assembly.\n(4) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution, the Director of Audit shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.","The Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 10, Article 110. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=9a654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#CHAPTERXFINANCE","Chapter 10, Article 110 of the Constitution of Mauritius provides for the post of director of audit. This office audits the accounts of government and the courts...."]
["2012_MA_5",2012,"MA","Morocco",5,100,"The Constitution of July 1, 2011 creates the a supreme audit institution to control all the budget and expenditure of the state. (Articles147 to 150).\n\nThe Financial Judicature Code (2002) sets forth programming operations audit and control and receives the accounts of public accountants in order to hit all sectors and services.\n\nThe first audit office was created in 1979. Constitutionalization was adopted in 1996 (see 1996 Constitution). The second court has been created by Royal Decree No. 1-02-124 of June 13, 2002.","Dahir No. 1-02-124 of Rabii II first in 1423 (June 13, 2002) promulgating Law No. 62-99 forming the Financial Jurisdictions Code. (Official Gazette No. 5030 of 6 Jumada II 1423 (August 15, 2002).\n\nDesignation, location and jurisdiction of the Regional Audit: Decree No. 2-02-701 of 26 Kaada 1423 (January 29, 2003) fixing the number of regional courts of accounts, their appointment, their headquarters and their territories.","The Constitution of July 1, 2011 creates the a supreme audit institution to control all the budget and expenditure of the state. (Articles147 to 150)...."]
["2012_MZ_5",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",5,100,"Articles 228, 229 and 230 of Section III of the Constitution of the Republic indicate the existence of the supreme audit institution. The constitution, in article 228, mentions:\n\n1. The Administrative Court [Tribunal Administrativo] shall be the highest body in the hierarchy of administrative, customs and fiscal courts.\n\n2. The Administrative Court shall control the legality of administrative acts and the application of rules and regulations issued by the Public Administration, and it shall scrutinize the legality of public expenditure and the enforcement of liability for financial infractions.","Republic of Mozambique. Constitution of the Republic. Tribunal Administrativo (Administrative Court) Section III, Articles 228, 229, and 230. \nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","Articles 228, 229 and 230 of Section III of the Constitution of the Republic indicate the existence of the supreme audit institution. The constitution, in article 228, mentions:..."]
["2012_NA_5",2012,"NA","Namibia",5,100,"The relevant law states: The Auditor-General is appointed by the President on recommendation of the Public Service Commission and the approval of the National Assembly in terms of Article 127 of the Constitution of Namibia and derives his (or her) responsibilities and duties from Section 25 and 26 of the State Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991). The Auditor-General is appointed for a period of five years.","Article 127 of the Namibian Constitution (1990, as amended 1998 and 2010): The Auditor-General,\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf\n\nOffice of the Auditor-General, www.oag.gov.na","The relevant law states: The Auditor-General is appointed by the President on recommendation of the Public Service Commission and the approval of the National Assembly in terms of Article 127 of the Constitution of Namibia and derives his (or her) responsibilities and duties from S..."]
["2012_NE_5",2012,"NE","Niger",5,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_5",2012,"NG","Nigeria",5,100,"Section 85(2) of the Constitution of the Federation Republic of Nigeria 1999 provides that the public accounts of the federation and of all offices and courts of the federation shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general, who shall submit his report to the National Assembly; and for that purpose, the auditor general or any person authorized by him in that behalf shall have access to all the books, records, returns and other documents relating to those accounts.\n\nSimilarly, Section 85(4) of the Constitution stipulates that the auditor general shall have power to conduct periodic checks on all government statutory corporations, commissions, authorities and agencies, including all persons and bodies established by an act of the National Assembly. Furthermore, Section 301 vests the auditor general of the federation with the power to audit the account of area councils in the Federal Capital Territory.\n\nSection 85(6) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria states that “in the exercise of his function under the Constitution, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the director or control of any other authority or person.”\n\nThe main function of the public accounts committees is to review whether public money was not spent for the approved purpose and with due regard to efficiency, economy and effectiveness. Much of its work is based on the auditor general’s report. The committees hold public sittings to review audit findings. These public sittings are usually attended by the auditor general and his team, as well as the accounting officer (permanent secretary) of the audited ministry or office. The ministry or office is expected to defend itself on issues reported on and explain what they have done in respect to the report.","Office of the Auditor General of the Federation, Section 85 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","Section 85(2) of the Constitution of the Federation Republic of Nigeria 1999 provides that the public accounts of the federation and of all offices and courts of the federation shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general, who shall submit his report to the National Asse..."]
["2012_RW_5",2012,"RW","Rwanda",5,100,"The Office of Auditor General, or OAG, was established in 1998 and began operations in March 2000. Article 183 of the 2003 constitution recognizes the OAG as the supreme audit institution and defines it as an independent office vested with legal personality and financial and administrative autonomy. \n\nLast year, the Parliament established the Public Accounts Committee, which scrutinizes auditor general reports.","Law No. 05/98 of June 4,1998, Establishing the Office of the Auditor General of the State Finances. Retrieved from ip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8200&iid","The Office of Auditor General, or OAG, was established in 1998 and began operations in March 2000. Article 183 of the 2003 constitution recognizes the OAG as the supreme audit institution and defines it as an independent office vested with legal personality and financial and admini..."]
["2012_ST_5",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",5,100,"The Court of Auditors is the supreme audit institution in São Tomé and Príncipe and audits all the accounts of the national government.\n\nLaw 3/99 states in its Art.1: \"It is created the Court of Auditors, based in the city of Sao Tomé and with jurisdiction and financial control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including the services, agencies and offices abroad.\"","Constitution, 1975, Title VI – The Courts, Article 126 – Courts Category: \"1. Besides the Constitutional Court there is the following Courts categories: a) The Supreme Court and the Court, the Regional Court and the Districts Courts; b) The Court of Auditors.\"\nLaw No. 3/99, Organic Law of the Court of Auditors  (Gazette No. 7, Aug. 20, 1999, São Tomé and Príncipe), Article 1:\n \"1. It is created the Court of Auditors, based in the city of Sao Tomé and with jurisdiction and financial control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including the services, agencies and offices abroad.\"","The Court of Auditors is the supreme audit institution in São Tomé and Príncipe and audits all the accounts of the national government...."]
["2012_SN_5",2012,"SN","Senegal",5,100,"L'article 92 de la constitution du Sénégal donne à la cour des comptes la possibilité, l'obligation et le droit de vérifier la gestion des fonds publics au Sénégal. Les membres de cette cour sont nommés par décret présidentiel où ils y entrent par concours. Ils sont tous des magistrats de formation avec expérience. Chaque année, cette cour fait l'audit des ministères et des agences gouvernementales et des collectivités locales et des rapports sont transmis au procureur de la République et au Chef de l'Etat. Il arrive ainsi que cette cour recommande des sanctions contre des auteurs de fautes graves de gestions financières et administratives. L'article stipule que \"La Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle vérifie la régularité des recettes et des dépenses et s’assure du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l’Etat ou par les autres personnes morales de droit public. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques et organismes à participation financière publique. Elle déclare et apure les gestions de fait. Elle sanctionne les fautes de gestion commises à l’égard de l’Etat, des collectivités locales et des organismes soumis à son contrôle\". \n\nLa constitution sénégalaise dans son article 96 stipule que «le Conseil Constitutionnel connaît de la constitutionnalité des lois et des engagements internationaux, des conflits de compétence entre l'exécutif et le législatif, des conflits de compétence entre le Conseil d'Etat et la Cour de Cassation, ainsi que des exceptions d'inconstitutionnalité soulevées devant le Conseil d'Etat ou la Cour de Cassation. Les décisions du Conseil Constitutionnel ne sont susceptibles d'aucune voie de recours. Elles s'imposent aux pouvoirs publics et à toutes les autorités exécutives. Il connaît des décisions de la Cour des Comptes par la voie de recours en cassation. Il est compétent en dernier ressort dans le contentieux des inscriptions sur les listes électorales et des élections aux conseils des collectivités territoriales. Il connaît, par la voie du recours en cassation, des décisions des cours et tribunaux relatives aux autres contentieux administratifs, à l'exception de ceux que la loi organique attribue expressément à la Cour de Cassation. En toute autre matière, la Cour de Cassation se prononce par la voie du recours en cassation sur les jugements rendus en dernier ressort par les juridictions subordonnées.\nLa Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle vérifie la régularité des recettes et des dépenses et s'assure du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l'Etat ou par les autres personnes morales de droit public. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques et organismes à participation financière publique. Elle déclare et apure les gestions de fait. Elle sanctionne les fautes de gestion commises à l'égard de l'Etat, des collectivités locales et des organismes soumis à contrôle », et l’article 97 d’ajouter «Sauf cas de flagrant délit, les membres du Conseil Constitutionnel ne peuvent être poursuivis, arrêtés, détenus ou jugés en matière pénale qu'avec l'autorisation du Conseil et dans les mêmes conditions que les magistrats du Conseil d'Etat, de la Cour de Cassation et de la Cour des Comptes. Sauf cas de flagrant délit, les magistrats du Conseil d'Etat, de la Cour de Cassation et de la Cour des Comptes ne peuvent être poursuivis, arrêtés, détenus ou jugés en matière pénale que dans les conditions prévues par la loi organique portant statut des magistrats. »","Article 92 de la constitution du Sénégal. http://www.au-senegal.com/IMG/pdf/Constitution-senegal-2008.pdf","L'article 92 de la constitution du Sénégal donne à la cour des comptes la possibilité, l'obligation et le droit de vérifier la gestion des fonds publics au Sénégal. Les membres de cette cour sont nommés par décret présidentiel où ils y entrent par concours. Ils sont tous des magist..."]
["2012_SC_5",2012,"SC","Seychelles",5,100,"Constitution of Seychelles (1993), Article 158 (1) states: \"There shall be an Auditor-General who shall be appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority.\"\n\nThe Auditor-General Act 2010 establishes the functions and powers of the Auditor General.","Constitution of Seychelles (1993), Article 158 (1) and 158 (8).\n\nAuditor-General Act 2010, Act 9 of 2010 repealed the Audit Act (1972).","Constitution of Seychelles (1993), Article 158 (1) states: \"There shall be an Auditor-General who shall be appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority.\"..."]
["2012_SL_5",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",5,100,"The constitution provides for the appointment of an auditor general to audit the public accounts of the country. The Audit Service Act also provides for establishment of the Audit Service, to consist of the auditor general, the Audit Service Board and the Audit Service.","Article 119 of the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991 (Act No. 6 of 1991).\n \nSection 2 of the Audit Service Act, 1998, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1998-1.pdf","The constitution provides for the appointment of an auditor general to audit the public accounts of the country. The Audit Service Act also provides for establishment of the Audit Service, to consist of the auditor general, the Audit Service Board and the Audit Service."]
["2012_SO_5",2012,"SO","Somalia",5,100,"There shall be the following support institutions of the Transitional\nFederal Government: (a) Auditor General, according to the Somali Federal Charter.","Somali Federal Charter, Article 12, Paragraph 1A.","There shall be the following support institutions of the Transitional\nFederal Government: (a) Auditor General, according to the Somali Federal Charter."]
["2012_ZA_5",2012,"ZA","South Africa",5,100,"Chapter 9 (Section 181) of South Africa's constitution provides for a supreme audit institution, the Office of the Auditor-General. The Auditor-General is established as one of the \"Chapter 9\" institutions, responsible for the strengthening of democracy.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108, of 1996.\nhttp://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996/.\n\nAuditor-General of South Africa, www.agsa.co.za/","Chapter 9 (Section 181) of South Africa's constitution provides for a supreme audit institution, the Office of the Auditor-General. The Auditor-General is established as one of the \"Chapter 9\" institutions, responsible for the strengthening of democracy."]
["2012_SS_5",2012,"SS","South Sudan",5,100,"Article 184 (1) of the The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan stipulates the establishment of the National Audit Chamber, which is now operational.\n\n184 subsection (1) states that, “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of proven professional competence, experience, integrity and impartiality.”\n\nArticle 6 of the Audit Chamber Act is about the establishment of the chamber and its independence.  \n\nArticle 6, subsection (1) states that, “There shall be established, in Southern Sudan an independent and impartial body, to be known as the Southern Sudan Audit Chamber to audit the accounts of, and supervise the financial performance of all entities subject to audit, including the means for revenue collection and expenditure and to ensure compliance with the budgets approved by the respective legislatures.”","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011. Government of South Sudan. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html\n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Audit Chamber Act, article 6, subsection (1).  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://mojss.org/Acts/2011/Audit%20Chamber%20Act,%202011/files/res/other/search.txt ","Article 184 (1) of the The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan stipulates the establishment of the National Audit Chamber, which is now operational...."]
["2012_SD_5",2012,"SD","Sudan",5,100,"The supreme audit institution is the Auditor General's Chamber. The constitution states that \"the National Audit Chamber shall set auditing standards for the whole country and supervise the financial performance of the national government, including revenue collection and expenditure, in accordance with the budgets approved by the national and state legislatures.\"","Part XII, Chapter VII, Article 205, Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, July 6, 2005.\n\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba749762.html\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12/23.htm","The supreme audit institution is the Auditor General's Chamber. The constitution states that \"the National Audit Chamber shall set auditing standards for the whole country and supervise the financial performance of the national government, including revenue collection and expenditu..."]
["2012_SZ_5",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",5,100,"The office of the Auditor General now serves as the Supreme Audit Institution, according to Audit Act No. 4 of 2005. It works in tandem with the Central Budget Authority (CBA) in the form of a Directorate of Budget and Economic Affairs located in the Ministry of Finance, which has historically exercised this role. \n \nCBA is also involved in the review of legislation governing the Office of Public Finance Management and the procurement procedures and processes, establishing an independent Internal Audit Department outside the Treasury Department. It will have its own procedures and operation manuals.","Audit Act No. 4 of 2005. Available at http://www.ide.uniswa.sz/documents/resources/constitution2004.pdf\n \n International Monetary Fund, \"Kingdom of Swaziland: Staff-Monitored Program: Letter of Intent,\" March 29, 2011, www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2011/swz/032911.pdf","The office of the Auditor General now serves as the Supreme Audit Institution, according to Audit Act No. 4 of 2005. It works in tandem with the Central Budget Authority (CBA) in the form of a Directorate of Budget and Economic Affairs located in the Ministry of Finance, which has ..."]
["2012_TZ_5",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",5,100,"Article 143 of the Constitution describes the appointment and broad functions of the National Audit Office. The Public Finance Act 2004 and the Public Audit Act of 2008 describes reporting, accountability and other arrangements. The Public Audit Act 2008 broadens the scope of work of the Audit Office to include value for money audits to establish the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the use of public resources.","Controller and Auditor General, established under the Constitution of 1977, Article 143. http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b50c4.html \n \nRelevant legislation is the Public Audit Act of 2008 (http://nao.go.tz/?wpfb_dl=102) and the Public Finance Act of 2004","Article 143 of the Constitution describes the appointment and broad functions of the National Audit Office. The Public Finance Act 2004 and the Public Audit Act of 2008 describes reporting, accountability and other arrangements. The Public Audit Act 2008 broadens the scope of work ..."]
["2012_TG_5",2012,"TG","Togo",5,100,"L'article 107 de la Constitution Togolaise adoptée par référendum du 27 septembre 1992, promulguée le 14 octobre 1992, révisée par la Loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002 et modifiée à son article 52 alinéa 1er par la Loi n° 2007-008 du 07 février 2007 dispose à ses alinéas 1 & 2: \"La cour des comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics\". \"Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises\".","La Constitution de la IVe République Togolaise de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002. Cf http://www.icilome.com/togo/const2.asp","L'article 107 de la Constitution Togolaise adoptée par référendum du 27 septembre 1992, promulguée le 14 octobre 1992, révisée par la Loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002 et modifiée à son article 52 alinéa 1er par la Loi n° 2007-008 du 07 février 2007 dispose à ses alinéas 1 & 2: \"..."]
["2012_TN_5",2012,"TN","Tunisia",5,100,"La cours des comptes a été créée par la constitution de 1959 en tant qu'institution constitutionnelle. Elle a été confirmée après la révolution.","La loi n 6 du 16 décembre 2011 relative à l'organisation temporaire des pouvoirs publics reconnaît dans son article 23 l'existence de la cours des comptes. \n Constitution tunisienne de 1959: \n http://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/org_juridictionnelle/Constitution_de_la_republique_tunisiennefr.pdf\n loi constituante n 6 du 16 décembre 2011 relative à l'organisation temporaire des pouvoirs publics\n http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/l_2011-6_organisation_provisoire_des_pouvoirs_publics_fr_dri(2).pdf","La cours des comptes a été créée par la constitution de 1959 en tant qu'institution constitutionnelle. Elle a été confirmée après la révolution."]
["2012_UG_5",2012,"UG","Uganda",5,100,"The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda states that there shall be an auditor general who shall be appointed by the president with the approval of Parliament and whose office shall be a public office. The auditor general shall audit and report on the public accounts of Uganda and of all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, universities and public institutions of like nature, and any public corporation or other bodies or organizations established by an act of Parliament.","Article 163, Clause (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.\n \n Article 163, Clause (3) (a) (b) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.\n\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda states that there shall be an auditor general who shall be appointed by the president with the approval of Parliament and whose office shall be a public office. The auditor general shall audit and report on the public accounts of Uganda an..."]
["2012_ZM_5",2012,"ZM","Zambia",5,100,"The Constitution of Zambia of 1996 Article 121 provides for the existence of the office of the Auditor-General, which states that (1) There shall be an Auditor-General for the Republic whose office shall be a public office and who shall, subject to ratification by the National Assembly, be appointed by the President. \n \nThe draft Constitution of Zambia Article 285 also provides for the existence of the office of the Auditor-General.\n \nAnd under paragraph 2 (c), the article says: \n(2) It shall be the duty of the Auditor-General - \nc) to audit the accounts relating to the general revenues of the Republic and the expenditure of moneys appropriated by Parliament, the National Assembly, the Judicature, the accounts relating to the stocks and stores of the Government and the accounts of such other bodies as may be prescribed by or under any law","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Auditor General, Article 121(1), Page 72. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164.\n \nArticles 121 and 285 of the draft Constitution of Zambia, 2012. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164.","The Constitution of Zambia of 1996 Article 121 provides for the existence of the office of the Auditor-General, which states that (1) There shall be an Auditor-General for the Republic whose office shall be a public office and who shall, subject to ratification by the National Asse..."]
["2012_ZW_5",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",5,100,"Section 105 of the Constitution establishes the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General:\n (1) There shall be a comptroller and auditor-general whose office shall be a public office but shall not form part of the public service.\n (2) The comptroller and auditor-general shall be appointed by the president after consultation with the Public Service Commission.\n [Subsection as substituted by Section 15 of Act 23 of 1987 – Amendment No. 7]","Section 105 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe.","Section 105 of the Constitution establishes the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General:\n (1) There shall be a comptroller and auditor-general whose office shall be a public office bu..."]
["2012_DZ_6",2012,"DZ","Algeria",6,100,"English translation of Article 3: \"In order to carry out the mission assigned to it, the Court of Auditors is an institution with administrative and judicial expertise [competence]. It has the necessary independence to ensure the objectivity, neutrality and effectiveness of its work.\"","Ordinance No. 95-20, dated July 17, 1995 (amended and supplemented by Ordinance No. 10-02, dated Aug. 26, 2010) on the Court of Auditors, Article 3 (page 3).\nhttp://www.ccomptes.org.dz/documents/ordonnance_95_20_modifiee_et_completee_par_or_10_02_fr.pdf","English translation of Article 3: \"In order to carry out the mission assigned to it, the Court of Auditors is an institution with administrative and judicial expertise [competence]. It has the necessary independence to ensure the objectivity, neutrality and effectiveness of its wor..."]
["2012_AO_6",2012,"AO","Angola",6,100,"Articles 175 and 183 of the Angolan Constitution establishes the independence of the courts. \n\nOn the other hand, the President of the Republic appoints the judges of the Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas) (article 183.2).","Angolan Constitution, Articles 175 and 182 http://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=413","Articles 175 and 183 of the Angolan Constitution establishes the independence of the courts. \n\nOn the other hand, the President of the Republic appoints the judges of the Audit Court (Tribu..."]
["2012_BJ_6",2012,"BJ","Benin",6,100,"Le président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. La Cour suprême fait partie du pouvoir judiciaire et, notamment l'article 131, insiste sur le fait que ses décisions s'imposent à tous. L'independance de la Cour Suprême s'etend à tous ses démembrements, y compris à la Chambre des Comptes. La Constitution du 11 décembre 1990 stipule en ses articles 125, 126, 127 et 131 que: \n\nArt. 125. - Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par la Cour suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la présente Constitution.\n\nArt. 126. - La justice est rendue au nom du Peuple Béninois. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles.\n\nArt. 127. - Le président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nArt. 131. - La Cour suprême est la plus haute juridiction de l'Etat en matière administrative, judiciaire et des comptes de l'Etat. Elle est également compétente en ce qui concerne le contentieux des élections locales. Les décisions de la Cour suprême ne sont susceptibles d'aucun recours. Elles s'imposent au pouvoir exécutif, au pouvoir législatif, ainsi qu'à toutes les juridictions.","Loi 90-32 portant constitution de la République du Bénin , Articles  125, 126, 127 et 131 notamment.\n\nhttp://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html","Le président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. La Cour suprême fait partie du pouvoir judiciaire et, notamment l'article 131, insiste sur le fait que ses décisions s'imposent à tous. L'independance de la Cour Suprême s'etend à tous ses démembrements, y co..."]
["2012_BW_6",2012,"BW","Botswana",6,100,"\"In the exercise of his functions the Auditor-General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority,\" Section 124(5) of the constitution states.\n\nThe  same article states that\n\"(3) The Auditor-General shall submit his reports to the Minister responsible for finance, who shall cause them to be laid before the National Assembly.\"\n\n\nThe law doesn't explicitly guarantee a source of consistent funding for the auditor or sets forth the auditor's authority to refer cases directly to the prosecutor's office.","Constitution of Botswana, 1966, Section 124(5). http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf","\"In the exercise of his functions the Auditor-General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority,\" Section 124(5) of the constitution states...."]
["2012_BF_6",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",6,0,"La Constitution du Burkina Faso indique dans son Titre VIII, Article 129  que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. La Cour des Comptes en tant que composante du pouvoir judiciaire est donc indépendante. De plus, l’Article 1, Titre 1 de la Loi No 14 sur la Cour des Comptes dit dans ses textes que la Cour des Comptes est indépendante. However, the President of Burkina Faso is the Chairman of the Higher Judicial Council and; The Minister of Justice, Minister of Justice is the Vice-President. \"Thus, legal executive influence on the judiciary undermines the independence of the judiciary, including the Court of Auditors.\n\nPar ailleurs,  le Titre 1, Article 1, Loi No 032-2007/AN du 29 Novembre 2007 Portant Création, Attribution, Composition et Fonctionnement d’une Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE) indique que cette institution-ci est indépendante en tant qu'entité d’audit au Burkina Faso.","Constitution du Burkina Faso dans son article129\n\nLOI N° -010/93/ADP PORTANT ORGANISATION JUDICIAIRE  AU BURKINA FASO\n\nTitre 1, Article 1, Loi No 032-2007/AN du 29 Novembre 2007 Portant Création, Attribution, Composition et Fonctionnement d’une Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE)\n\nLoi organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes et procédure applicable devant elle, Articles 1er, 9 et 16. http://www.cour-comptes.gov.bf/phocadownload/loi%20organique%20n014-2000-an.pdf\n\nLoi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, http://burkinaenligne.over-blog.com/article-les-textes-fondamentaux----conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature--37660421.html","La Constitution du Burkina Faso indique dans son Titre VIII, Article 129  que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. La Cour des Comptes en tant que composante du pouvoir judiciaire est donc indépendante. De plus, l’Article 1, Titre 1 de la Loi No 14 sur la Cour des Comptes dit dan..."]
["2012_BI_6",2012,"BI","Burundi",6,0,"There are 2 Audit institutions; the Court of Accounts (Cour des Comptes) and the State General Auditor (Inspection General de l'Etat). The first is a constitutionally mandated institution affiliated to the Parliament while the second is an administrative institution under direct supervision of the President.\n\nThe Cour des Comptes is by Law independent and reports publicly before the Parliament. Its members are appointed by the Parliament. As a part of the Courts, the Cour des Comptes is legally independent, but however it is subject to influence from the Supreme Council of the Judiciary. The Council includes the President of the republic, who is the President of the Council, and the Minister of Justice, who is the Deputy President of the Council (section 219 of the Constitution), granting the executive branch significant influence over the judiciary. \n\nConversely, while it is deemed to be independent, the Inspection Generale de l'Etat is under the control of the President. The staff is appointed by the President and its report is sent to the President, who doesn't have to make it public. While the law says that the members of the Inspection Generale de l'Etat are independent, it is at the same clearly stipulated that it is an administrative institution.","Loi 1/002 of March 31, 2004 (articles 2, 3, 121) déterminant son organisation, ses missions et son, fonctionnement.\n\nLoi organique des finances 1/35 of Dec. 4, 2008.\n\nLe Décret 100/103 (portant organisation et fonctionnement du Ministère de la Bonne Gouvernance , de l’Inspection Générale de l’Etat et de l’Administration Locale) and Décret 100/277 (Création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement del’i nspection générale de l’Etat). justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/T2-COPA-Organisation_administrative \n\nLe décret 100/338 (portant statut des Inspecteurs de l’Etat) et de l’ordonnance 214/570/1153 (portant modalités de recrutement des Inspecteurs de l’Etat au sein de l’Inspection Générale de l’Etat).","There are 2 Audit institutions; the Court of Accounts (Cour des Comptes) and the State General Auditor (Inspection General de l'Etat). The first is a constitutionally mandated institution affiliated to the Parliament while the second is an administrative institution under direct su..."]
["2012_CM_6",2012,"CM","Cameroon",6,0,"The Audit Bench of the Supreme Court, according to Section 41 of the 1996 constitution, has competence to control and rule on public accounts as well as those of public and semi-public enterprises. The independence of the Audit Bench, which is part of the judicial organization of Cameroon, is guaranteed by Section 37 of the 1996 amended constitution. However, this independence is also guaranteed by the president of the republic, who is the head of the executive branch of the government, and to whom they submit reports. The same analysis cannot be made for the Ministry of Supreme State Control, which is manned by a Cabinet-level minister appointed by the president.","Section 37 of the amended Constitution of 1996 regarding the independence of the judiciary. http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Cameroon.html\n\nSection 7 of Law No. 2006/15 of Dec. 29, 2006, on judicial organization.\n\nSections 2, 5 and 39 of Law No. 2006/16 of Dec.29, 2006, laying down the organization and functioning of the Supreme Court.","The Audit Bench of the Supreme Court, according to Section 41 of the 1996 constitution, has competence to control and rule on public accounts as well as those of public and semi-public enterprises. The independence of the Audit Bench, which is part of the judicial organization of C..."]
["2012_CV_6",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",6,100,"The independence of the court of accounts is guaranteed in article 5, which clearly stresses that the court of accounts is independent. Its financing comes from the state budget. Part of such funding has been supplied through particular agreements with the European Union in the past. \n\nThe law on the court of accounts stresses in article 5 the independence of the court of accounts and specifies there to be no submission to any other organ of sovereignty.\n\nThe court has jurisdiction and powers of financial control within the entire Cape Verdean law, both domestically and abroad. In the latter case, its jurisdiction covers services, agencies and/or representatives of the state abroad.\n\nAccording to article 3: \"subject to the jurisdiction of the court of auditors are:\na) the state and its departments, autonomous or not; \nb) public institutes; \nc) local authorities and their associations.\"\n\nAs well as article 3, also subject to review by the court of auditors are other public entities that the law determines.\n\nWhile the president is set to appoint the judges at the court of auditors, there are minimum requirements stipulated by law to ensure basic compliance with a merit-based system of appointments.","The authority, organization and operation of the court of accounts and the status of its judges, law no. 84/IV/93, articles 3 and 5,  http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=496&view=finish&cid=41&catid=12.","The independence of the court of accounts is guaranteed in article 5, which clearly stresses that the court of accounts is independent. Its financing comes from the state budget. Part of such funding has been supplied through particular agreements with the European Union in the pas..."]
["2012_CF_6",2012,"CF","CAR",6,0,"L'article 92 de la constitution parle de l'existence d'une loi organique fixant l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes. C'est cette loi qui garantie l'indépendance des juges de la Cour des comptes et leur inamovibilité. A titre d'exemple, du point de vue de prise des décisions juridiques,  les arrêtés définitifs de la cour des comptes imposent une charge et des sanctions aux comptables frauduleux. Cette démarche renforce et confirme dans une certaine mesure l'indépendance sur papier de la Cour des comptes.\n\nDans le cadre des tribunaux, la Cour des Comptes est juridiquement indépendante, mais cependant il est soumis à l'influence du Conseil suprême de la magistrature. Le Conseil comprend le président de la République, qui est le président du Conseil, et le ministre de la Justice, qui est le vice-président du Conseil (article 219 de la Constitution), l'octroi de la branche influence notable exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire. \" Ainsi, l'octroi de la branche l'exécutif influence significative sur le pouvoir judiciaire.","Loi n°96.001 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes;\n\nConstitution du 27 décembre 2004, République Centrafricaine;\n\nAugustion KONGATOUA, Conseiller près de la cour Constitutionnelle de la République Centrafricaine, juillet 2012 à Bangui","L'article 92 de la constitution parle de l'existence d'une loi organique fixant l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes. C'est cette loi qui garantie l'indépendance des juges de la Cour des comptes et leur inamovibilité. A titre d'exemple, du point de vue de pris..."]
["2012_TD_6",2012,"TD","Chad",6,0,"The audit institution is a chamber within the supreme court, the supreme judicial institution of the country, whose independence is guaranteed by Article 141 of the Constitution.\n\nHowever, Article 147 of the constitution states that the president of the the Republic is the chairman of the High Judicial Council, the Minister of Justice is the first vice chairman and the president of the supreme court is the second vice-chairman. This executive influence compromises the independence of the judiciary, including the audit chamber.","The Constitution (1996), article 147, http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf\n\nOrganic Law No. 006/PR/98 of  Aug. 7, 1998 on the organization and functioning of the supreme court. http://www.cour-supreme-tchad.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=61&lang=fr","The audit institution is a chamber within the supreme court, the supreme judicial institution of the country, whose independence is guaranteed by Article 141 of the Constitution...."]
["2012_KM_6",2012,"KM","Comoros",6,0,"En tant que membre de la Cour Suprême, ceux qui composent la Section des Comptes doivent prêter un serment les engageant à rester indépendant dans leurs activités. L' Art.9 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême stipule \"qu'avant d’entrer en fonction, les membres de la Cour Suprême prêtent en audience solennelle publique, présidée par le Président de l’Union, le serment suivant : «je jure au nom d’Allah de bien et fidèlement remplir ma mission, de l’exercer en toute impartialité, dans le respect de la Constitution, d’observer le respect du secret professionnel, de ne prendre aucune position publique, de ne donner aucune consultation à titre privé sur les questions relevant de la compétence de la Cour Suprême et de me conduire en tout comme un digne et loyal magistrat ». \n\nDeux autres dispositions renforcent cette indépendance. Selon l'article 12, les fonctions de membres de la Cour  Suprême sont incompatibles avec celles de Ministre, de Député, de Directeur de Société et d’Entreprise d’État, avec toute fonction administrative, politique et toute activité professionnelle privée salariée sauf dérogations prévues par la loi. \n\nEnfin, l' Art.13 stipule que sauf le cas de flagrant délit, les membres de la Cour Suprême ne peuvent être poursuivis, arrêtés ou détenus qu’après autorisation du Bureau de la Cour.\n\nL'Art.17 mentionne que le \"Budget de la Cour Suprême fait l’objet de propositions préparées et arrêtées par le bureau de la Cour\", ce qui sous-entend qu'elle a un financement régulier.\n\nCependant, selon les articles 19 et 20 de la loi portant statut de ma magistrature, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Président de l'Union des Comores, et les vice-présidents sont les présidents de chaque ile. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la section des comptes.","Loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême, Article 9, Article 12, Article 13 \nhttp://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf\n\nLoi du 31 décembre 2005 portant statut de la magistrature, Article 4; Article 11; Article 12. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20statut%20de%20la%20magistrature.pdf","En tant que membre de la Cour Suprême, ceux qui composent la Section des Comptes doivent prêter un serment les engageant à rester indépendant dans leurs activités. L' Art.9 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême stipule \"qu'avant d’entrer en fonction, les me..."]
["2012_CD_6",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",6,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_6",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",6,0,"According to Article 178 of the Constitution, the Court of Accounts is at the discretion of the National Assembly and its members are nominated and revoked by the president, after opinion of the National Assembly.","Law: l'Ordonnance loi n°87005 fixant la composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes.","According to Article 178 of the Constitution, the Court of Accounts is at the discretion of the National Assembly and its members are nominated and revoked by the president, after opinion of the National Assembly."]
["2012_CI_6",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",6,0,"This independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. According to article 101 of the Constitution of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, \"The Judiciary is independent of the Executive and the Legislature.\"\n\nHowever, the fact that the President Chairs the Higher Judicial Council could be said to undermine the legal independence of the judiciary, including the Court of Auditors. In addition, the court can't start prosecutions without executive approval.","TITLE VIII, Article 101. The Constitution of Cote d’Ivoire, Law No 2000-513 of August 1, 2000.","This independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. According to article 101 of the Constitution of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, \"The Judiciary is independent of the Executive and the Legislature.\"..."]
["2012_DJ_6",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",6,0,"La Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême est l'institution d'audit à Djibouti. \nLa Chambre \"assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques.\nElle juge les ordonnateurs et les administrateurs de crédits.\nElle assiste le Parlement et le Gouvernement dans le contrôle des lois des finances.\nElle vérifie sur pièces et sur place la régularité des recettes et des dépenses décrites dans les comptabilités publiques et s'assure du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l'État ou d'une autre personne morale soumise à son contrôle.\" (article 1 de la Loi n°136/AN/97/3ème L portant création d'une Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême). En tant que partie de la Cour suprême elle jouit de la même indépendance que cette dernière. C\n\nCependant l'article 73 de la constitution dispose que \"Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qu'il préside\"\". Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire, y compris celle de la Cour des Comptes qui en fait partie. \n\nLa Chambre n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. \n\nEn son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce role. \n\nOn retrouve des dispositions protectrices de leur indépendance dans les différents textes (lois et règlements) qui mettent en place leurs fonctionnement, attributions et compétences.  Dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions et à l'occasion de leurs missions, l'Inspecteur Général d'État et les Inspecteurs d'État sont protégés contre les menaces et outrages de quelque nature que ce soit. La réparation du préjudice qui en résulterait incombe à l'État. L'Inspecteur Général d'État et les Inspecteurs d'État ne peuvent être poursuivis ou jugés pour les analyses, commentaires ou appréciations effectués par eux dans un rapport de mission, à moins d'une faute personnelle détachable du service. Dans l'exercice de cette mission, les vérificateurs de l'Inspection générale d'État bénéficient de toute l'indépendance requise pour émettre des jugements professionnels, fondés sur des éléments probants.\n\nEn méme temps, créée par un décret du 26 novembre 2001, l’IGE est placée directement sous l’autorité du Premier Ministre (Art. 2).\n\nL'article 6 de la loi 2004 dispose que Article 6 : Pour l'exercice des missions de vérification, outre les dispositions prévues dans les règlements portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de l'Inspection Générale d'État, les Inspecteurs d'État, ainsi que les membres des équipes de vérification, jouissent de toute l'indépendance requise vis à vis des entités contrôlées, et disposent sans entrave des ressources nécessaires et de tous les pouvoirs d'investigation. A cet égard, ils sont habilités à :\n* demander et à se faire présenter, contre décharge et pour examen, tous les documents nécessaires à l'accomplissement de leur mission, ces documents étant restitués selon la même procédure à l'organisme contrôlé dans un délai maximum de deux mois ;\n* accéder à toutes les données informatiques, aux locaux, magasins, immeubles et autres propriétés des entités vérifiées ;\n* procéder à toutes les opérations de vérification, notamment sous forme de décomptes, d'états de rapprochement ou d'inventaire des fournitures, fonds et espèces, matériels, travaux ou matières, de demandes de confirmation ;\n* se faire présenter le courrier officiel ordinaire, confidentiel ou secret ;\n* se faire présenter les relevés et les arrêtés de comptes bancaires ou postaux, et au besoin, à les demander aux établissements bancaires et financiers, par la procédure de demande de confirmation des mouvements et soldes ; à cet égard, et dans l'exercice de leur mission, le secret bancaire ne leur est pas opposable ;\n* adresser des notes de demandes d'information aux services vérifiés qui sont tenus d'y répondre dans les mêmes formes ;\n* requérir, en cas de besoin, la force publique et à en rendre compte immédiatement à l'Inspecteur Général d'État chargé d'en informer le Premier Ministre.","Loi n°52/AN/04/5ème L Portant sur l'Inspection Générale d'État, article 6. http://www.presidence.dj/LES%20TEXTES/loi52an04.htm\n\nLa Constitution du 15 septembre 1992, article 73. http://www.presidence.dj/ (Textes Fondamentaux). \n\nLoi n°136/AN/97/3ème L portant création d'une Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême. http://www.presidence.dj/ (Journal Officiel, Lois)","La Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême est l'institution d'audit à Djibouti. \nLa Chambre \"assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques...."]
["2012_EG_6",2012,"EG","Egypt",6,0,"After the passing of Law No. 144/1988, the Central Auditing Organization (CAO) became subordinate to the president rather than Parliament, to whom the CAO now submits its reports. It does not have the authority to give penalties or turn perpetrators over to the General or Administrative Prosecution Authorities. The result is that the government and public institutions ignore the CAO. Annual reports on government and public institutions' expenditures can be accessed only by a limited number of people.","Law No. 144 of 1988, amended by law no. 157 of 1998. \nAccording to Article No.1, “The CAO is an independent organization with public legal personality subordinated to the president of the Republic.”\nhttp://www.cao.gov.eg/CAO_WEB/uploads/Dpages/About_CAO/CAO_Law.pdf.","After the passing of Law No. 144/1988, the Central Auditing Organization (CAO) became subordinate to the president rather than Parliament, to whom the CAO now submits its reports. It does not have the authority to give penalties or turn perpetrators over to the General or Administr..."]
["2012_GQ_6",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",6,0,"Article 117 of the Supreme Court establishes, on the one side, that the President will appoint the President of the court and members. However, paragraph 2 of Article 117 states that a law will later establish the conditions for such positions.\n\nThe Head of State is the head of the Judiciary Council and will appoint all members of such body. These powers undermines the independence of the Tribunal de Cuentas.","Article 117, Chapter IX, National Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, 2012\n\nRetrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf","Article 117 of the Supreme Court establishes, on the one side, that the President will appoint the President of the court and members. However, paragraph 2 of Article 117 states that a law will later establish the conditions for such positions...."]
["2012_ER_6",2012,"ER","Eritrea",6,0,"Usually, the Eritrean legal system, without any official recognition, uses laws inherited from Ethiopia. A member of the Eritrean Auditor General's Office said in a phone conversation that the auditors use the same principles as the Ethiopia auditing system, but he was unwilling to share more information. The source advised to have a valid letter of support from a competent government institution to obtain information from the Office of Auditor-General.","No law guarantees the independence of the supreme audit institution.","Usually, the Eritrean legal system, without any official recognition, uses laws inherited from Ethiopia. A member of the Eritrean Auditor General's Office said in a phone conversation that the auditors use the same principles as the Ethiopia auditing system, but he was unwilling to..."]
["2012_ET_6",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",6,100,"Article 3 of Proclamation 669/2010 provides that the Office of the Federal Auditor General is re-established as an autonomous body of the federal government. Article 5 of the same proclamation vests the office with all the powers that make it possible for the office to undertake its activities independently. Article 10 further guarantees independence through providing fixed tenure, and Article 11 specifically lists the grounds for the removal of the federal auditor and deputies.","Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Constitution Article 101\n\nProclamation No. 669 /2010 Office of the Federal Auditor General Establishment (Amendment) Proclamation, Preamble with cumulative reading of Articles 3, 5, 10 and 11. http://www.ofag.gov.et/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=87&showall=1","Article 3 of Proclamation 669/2010 provides that the Office of the Federal Auditor General is re-established as an autonomous body of the federal government. Article 5 of the same proclamation vests the office with all the powers that make it possible for the office to undertake it..."]
["2012_GA_6",2012,"GA","Gabon",6,0,"L'article 77 (L. 13/2003 du 19 Août 2003) établit :\n\"La Cour des Comptes jouit de l'autonomie de gestion financière. Les crédits nécessaires à son fonctionnement sont inscrits dans la loi de finances.\"\n\nLa Loi Organique n°11/94 du 17 septembre 1994 fixant l’organisation, le fonctionnement, les compétences et les règles de procédures de la Cour des Comptes.\n\nL'constitution article 71 - Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le Président de la République assisté du Ministre chargé de la justice, vice-président.\nLe pouvoir législatif est représenté au sein du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature par trois députés et deux sénateurs choisis par le Président de chaque chambre du Parlement dans des groupes parlementaires différents, et ayant voix consultative.\nLe Ministre chargé des Finances assiste au Conseil supérieur de la magistrature avec voix consultative. \n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire, compris la Cour des comptes.","Article 77 (L. 13/2003 du 19 août 2003).\n\nLa Loi Organique n°11/94 du 17 septembre 1994.","L'article 77 (L. 13/2003 du 19 Août 2003) établit :\n\"La Cour des Comptes jouit de l'autonomie de gestion financière. Les crédits nécessaires à son fonctionnement sont inscrits dans la loi de finances.\"..."]
["2012_GM_6",2012,"GM","The Gambia",6,100,"Sections 158 and 160 of the Gambian constitution have provisions that guarantee the independence of the auditor general and the national audit. The public service commission has to be consulted before the holder of the office is appointed by the president (section 158 (2)).  The auditor general may also  be removed from office \"only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether from infirmity of mind or body or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour or incompetence (section 158 (5)). \n\nSection 160 (1) (b) provides that the auditor general shall \"satisfy himself or herself that money charged on the consolidated fund or other public fund, or appropriated by an act of the national assembly, and expended, has been applied for the purpose for which it was so charged or appropriated, and that expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it\".\n\nSection 160 (1) (c) also requires the auditor general to audit and report on the public accounts of The Gambia at least once every year. This includes the accounts of all offices and authorities of the government of The Gambia, the accounts of the courts, the accounts of the national assembly and the accounts of all enterprises.\n\nSection 160 (4) also provides that the auditor general and any member of the national audit office authorised by him or her shall have power to call for and inspect all books, records, returns, reports and other documents in the exercise of the functions conferred upon him or her by this constitution or an act of the national assembly and to make such inquiries and to call such witnesses who, in his or her opinion, have any responsibilities in relation to public accounts. \n\nBy virtue of section 160 (5), “wherever discrepancies of a criminal or fraudulent nature are discovered during the audit of accounts by the auditor general, he or she shall immediately cause a report of his or her findings to be submitted to the inspector general of police”. This could lead to criminal charges filed against such persons. \n\nSection 160 (7) of the 1997 constitution also provides that \"in the exercise of his or her functions under this constitution or any law, the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority\".","Section 158 (2), (5). Section 160 (1) (b) (c), 160 (4), (5), (7). The 1997 Constitution of The Gambia. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","Sections 158 and 160 of the Gambian constitution have provisions that guarantee the independence of the auditor general and the national audit. The public service commission has to be consulted before the holder of the office is appointed by the president (section 158 (2)).  The au..."]
["2012_GH_6",2012,"GH","Ghana",6,100,"Both the 1992 Constitution and the Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), provide for the independence of the auditor general who heads the Audit Service, Ghana's supreme audit institution. Article 187 (7a) of the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana provides for the independence of the auditor general. Once appointed, the auditor general can only be removed on \"... stated misbehavior, incompetence or the inability to perform his/her duties because of infirm body or mind as provided in Article 146 of the 1992 Constitution with regard to a Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature.\" \n\nSection 18(1a) of the Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), states clearly that \"in the performance of his functions under this Act or any other law, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\"\n\nHowever, its lacks authority to refer cases to prosecutors.","Articles 187 (7a) & 188 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst13.html\n\nSection 18 (1a) of the Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584). http://www.iaa.gov.gh/UserFiles/Laws-Audit%20Service%20Act,%202000%20%28ACT%20584%29.pdf","Both the 1992 Constitution and the Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), provide for the independence of the auditor general who heads the Audit Service, Ghana's supreme audit institution. Article 187 (7a) of the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana provides for the independence of t..."]
["2012_GN_6",2012,"GN","Guinea",6,0,"Article 107: Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif.\nLa justice est rendue exclusivement par les Cours et Tribunaux.\n\nArticle 108: Le Pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour Suprême, la Cour des Comptes, les Cours et Tribunaux dont les décisions définitives s’imposent aux parties, aux pouvoirs publics, à toutes les autorités administratives, juridictionnelles et aux forces de défense et de sécurité.\n\nCependant, selon la constitution de 2010 (article 22), le chef de l'État préside le Conseil Suprême de la Magistrature. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","Constitution Guinéenne du 7 mai 2010, Article 107 et 108. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf ","Article 107: Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif.\nLa justice est rendue exclusivement par les Cours et Tribunaux...."]
["2012_GW_6",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",6,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_6",2012,"KE","Kenya",6,0,"The auditor general enjoys security of tenure and his office operates independent of the other arms of government. The procedures for his/her appointment are spelled out in an act of parliament.\n\nHowever, the Auditor General must submit audit reports to Parliament or to the relevant county assembly, which will then be charged with carrying out any further action as necessary.  The AG itself has no authority to refer cases directly to prosecution, nor to initiate prosecutions itself.","The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, Sections 229 and 251. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf\n\nThe Independent Offices Appointment Act, 2011. http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/frames.php\n\nThe Public Audit Act, 2009. http://www.kenyalawreport.co.ke/Downloads/Acts/Public%20Audit%20Act.pdf","The auditor general enjoys security of tenure and his office operates independent of the other arms of government. The procedures for his/her appointment are spelled out in an act of parliament...."]
["2012_LS_6",2012,"LS","Lesotho",6,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_6",2012,"LR","Liberia",6,100,"The General Auditing Commission of Liberia is an independent autonomous commission. The Auditor General is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, the commission reports to the legislature and is appointed to four-year renewable terms.","The act establishing the General Auditing Commission: http://gacliberia.com/doc/GAC_ACT.pdf","The General Auditing Commission of Liberia is an independent autonomous commission. The Auditor General is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, the commission reports to the legislature and is appointed to four-year renewable terms."]
["2012_LY_6",2012,"LY","Libya",6,0,"The supreme audit institution, Diwan Al Muhasaba, has its own budget, which it manages independently. Its officers are appointed by the head of the institution, which in turn is appointed by Parliament.","Law of 1976 \n\nLaw No. 11, 2001\n\nNational Transitional Council Decision No. 35 for 2011 concerning work of inspection and administrative control department, Sept. 29, 2011","The supreme audit institution, Diwan Al Muhasaba, has its own budget, which it manages independently. Its officers are appointed by the head of the institution, which in turn is appointed by Parliament."]
["2012_MG_6",2012,"MG","Madagascar",6,0,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed by the president of the Republic. As several members are appointed by the executive, that means that in practice it is controlled by the executive.\n\nThe first president of the supreme court has been appointed by the president of transition, Andry Rajoelina.  Many analysts argue that the structure of this institution is going to transform it into a political tool in the hands of the executive. The \"Cour des Comptes\" which is a branch of the Cour Supreme has been set very recently by the new regime, set by a coup d'Etat..\nIn this circumstances according to Justine Ranjanita , the Cour des Comptes cannot work as it should.\n\nAccording to the Constitution, the  presedent of the \"cour des comptes \" is appointed by the government.\nPARAPHRASE OF CONSTITUTION of the IVth  Republic\n\"Chapter III. On the Supreme Court\n\nArticle 121.\nThe Supreme Court oversees the proper functioning of the judicial, administrative and financial courts . It includes: \u2028 - It is composed of  Court of Cassation; \u2028 - the Council of State; \u2028 - the Supreme Court of Audit.\nArticle 122.\nThe First President and the Attorney General of the Supreme Court are the leaders of this high court.\nThey are respectively appointed by decree of the Council of Ministers in accordance with the proposals of the High Council of the Judiciary preferably among the oldest in the highest rank of magistrates respectively of the judicial, administrative and financial.\nArticle 123.\nThe First President of the Supreme Court is assisted by three vice-presidents, assigned respectively to the President of the Court of Cassation, Council of State and the Supreme Court of Audit.\nEach Vice-President is appointed by the Council of Ministers by the  Decree of the President of the Republic in accordance with the proposals of the High Council of the Judiciary, preferably among the oldest in the highest rank of magistrates respectively of the judiciary, administrative and financial.\"","http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Court-Packing-Etat-de-droit-et,17072.html\nanalysis by Sahondra rabenarivo\n\nInterview with Justine Ranjanita, association of high ranking magistrates (judges and layers), Toamasina, July 11,  2012 \n\nConstitution of the IV Republic, Articles 122 and 123, 106","In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed by the president of the Republic. As several members are appointed by the executive, that means that in practice it is controlled by the executive...."]
["2012_MW_6",2012,"MW","Malawi",6,100,"The independence of the office of the auditor general is provided in Sections 7 and 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. These sections demand that:\n        \nSection (7) Subject to subsection (6) in the exercise of the duties and powers vested in the office of the Auditor General by this Constitution or any other law, the person holding that office shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\n\nSection (8) No person or authority may inhibit the Auditor General in the conduct of his or her functions and duties.\n\nThis is also reflected in the Public Audit Act, Section 3, which provides that:\n\nThe Auditor General shall have independence of office in accordance with subsections (7) and (8) of section 184 of the Constitution.","Public Audit Act Cap 37:01 of July 8, 2003, Section 3. Government of Malawi. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/act/2003/6/paa2003128_pdf_13366.pdf\n\nRepublic Of Malawi Constitution, Section 184 (7), (8). Government of Malawi. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf","The independence of the office of the auditor general is provided in Sections 7 and 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. These sections demand that:\n        ..."]
["2012_ML_6",2012,"ML","Mali",6,100,"Si l'article 1 de la Loi n°2012-009/du 08 février 2012 modifiant et abrogeant la Loi n°03-030 du 25 août 2003 indique qu’Il « est institué une autorité administrative indépendante dénommée vérificateur général », celui sur le contrôle des finances publiques est très explicite.","L'article 83 de la Constitution malienne adoptée par referendum du 12 janvier 1992 et promulguée par décret n°92-073 p-CTSP du 25 février 1992. \n\nEntretien avec Maître Daouda Cissé, rencontré le 13 février 2013 à Bamako\n\nLoi N°2012-009/ modifiant et abrogeant la Loi N°03-030 du 25 août 2003. Article 1 du 08 février 2012. http://www.bvg-mali.org/fichiers/2012/loi/loi_Num_2012_009.pdf","Si l'article 1 de la Loi n°2012-009/du 08 février 2012 modifiant et abrogeant la Loi n°03-030 du 25 août 2003 indique qu’Il « est institué une autorité administrative indépendante dénommée vérificateur général », celui sur le contrôle des finances publiques est très explicite."]
["2012_MR_6",2012,"MR","Mauritania",6,0,"À l'issue des travaux des Journées de Dialogue National, la Cour des Comptes a été consacrée comme une Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. Son organisation et son fonctionnement ainsi que le statut de ses membres seront fixés par une loi organique.\n\nCependant, il s'agit d'une garantie de principe car il y a une influence qui se fait par l'Exécutif en raison des intérêts et objectifs spécifiques de l’État. Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Loi Constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 portant révision de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991, Article 78 ","À l'issue des travaux des Journées de Dialogue National, la Cour des Comptes a été consacrée comme une Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. Son organisation et son fonctionnement ainsi que le statut de ses membres seront fixés par une loi..."]
["2012_MU_6",2012,"MU","Mauritius",6,100,"Chapter 10, Section 110 (4) of the Constitution of Mauritius guarantees the independence of the post of the director of audit as the latter cannot be subject to the control or direction by any other authority.\n\nExtract from the Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 10, Section 110, Director of Audit:\n\n(1) There shall be a Director of Audit, whose office shall be a public office and who shall be appointed by the Public Service Commission, acting after consultation with the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition.\n\n(2) The public accounts of Mauritius and of all courts of law and all authorities and officers of the Government shall be audited and reported on by the Director of Audit and for that purpose the Director of Audit or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all books, records, reports and other documents relating to those accounts:\n\nProvided that, if it is so prescribed in the case of any body corporate directly established by law, the accounts of that body corporate shall be audited and reported on by such person as may be prescribed.\n\n(3) The Director of Audit shall submit his reports to the Minister responsible for finance, who shall cause them to be laid before the Assembly.\n\n(4) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution, the Director of Audit shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.","The Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 10, Article 110 (4). http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=9a654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#CHAPTERXFINANCE","Chapter 10, Section 110 (4) of the Constitution of Mauritius guarantees the independence of the post of the director of audit as the latter cannot be subject to the control or direction by any other authority...."]
["2012_MA_6",2012,"MA","Morocco",6,0,"The independence of the Court of Accounts is guaranteed by Article 147 of the Constitution (2011). \"The Court of Accounts is the supreme audit institution of the public finances of the Kingdom. The Court of Accounts is responsible for the consolidation and protection of the principles and values of good governance, transparency and accountability of state and public institutions.\n\nIn 1996 the Court of Accounts received constitutional recognition. The declaration of independence of the Count of Accounts in the Constitution is very general in nature. However, compared to the judiciary chapter, the prosecutor of the Count of Accounts does not have the same weight as his colleagues in the judiciary.\n\nAccording to Article 107 of the constitution, the independence of the judiciary, including this court, is compromised because this article makes the king who is head of state, head of the the Superior Council of the Judicial Power. This compromises the independence of the judiciary from the executive branch.","Moroccan Constitution - voted in July 2011 - Section X - Article 147, 107.\n\nDahir No. 1-02-124 of Rabii II first in 1423 (June 13, 2002) promulgating Law No. 62-99 forming the Financial Jurisdictions Code. (Official Gazette No. 5030 of 6 Jumada II 1423 (August 15, 2002))\n\nDesignation, location and jurisdiction of the Regional Audit: Decree No. 2-02-701 of 26 Kaada 1423 (January 29, 2003) fixing the number of regional courts of accounts, their appointment, their headquarters and their territories.","The independence of the Court of Accounts is guaranteed by Article 147 of the Constitution (2011). \"The Court of Accounts is the supreme audit institution of the public finances of the Kingdom. The Court of Accounts is responsible for the consolidation and protection of the princip..."]
["2012_MZ_6",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",6,100,"The constitution, article 217, mentions that judges, in carrying out their duties, shall be independent and shall only comply with the law. They also have the guarantees of impartiality and not being accountable to anyone or any office.","Republic of Mozambique. Constitution of the Republic 2004, Title IX, Chapter II, Article 217 No 1 and 2.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","The constitution, article 217, mentions that judges, in carrying out their duties, shall be independent and shall only comply with the law. They also have the guarantees of impartiality and not being accountable to anyone or any office."]
["2012_NA_6",2012,"NA","Namibia",6,100,"Section 26 (1) of State Finance Act No. 31 of 1991 suggests operational independence for the supreme audit institution, i.e., Office of the Auditor-General. Under this section, the auditor-general is given discretion to determine the extent of any investigation, examination and audit. \n\nMoreover, Section 26 (1) (b) (i) stipulates that \"the Auditor-General or any other competent person employed in the office of the Auditor-General shall have access to all books, vouchers, other documents, money, stamps, securities, forms having a face or potential value, equipment, stores and other movable goods owned or leased by the State or the statutory institution concerned, in the possession or under the control of any person and which the Auditor-General deems necessary for an investigation, examination and audit in terms of this Act.\"\n\nHowever, according to article 27, the Auditor-General reports to the Minister:\n\"(3) The Auditor-General may at any time, if he or she deems it necessary, transmit a special report on any matter connected with the Auditor-General's duties and powers under this Act or any other law to the Minister.\n(4) The Minister shall within thirty days after receipt thereof, cause the accounts, certificate and report transmitted to the Minister in terms of subsection ( 1) or a special report transmitted in terms of subsection (3), to be laid upon the Table of the National Assembly if the National Assembly is then in session or, if the National Assembly is not then in session, within fourteen days after  the commencement of its next ensuing session.\"","State Finance Act, Act No. 31 of 1991, Section 26 (1) (a) (i) and (ii).","Section 26 (1) of State Finance Act No. 31 of 1991 suggests operational independence for the supreme audit institution, i.e., Office of the Auditor-General. Under this section, the auditor-general is given discretion to determine the extent of any investigation, examination and aud..."]
["2012_NE_6",2012,"NE","Niger",6,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_6",2012,"NG","Nigeria",6,100,"Section 85(6) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria states that “in the exercise of his function under the Constitution, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the director or control of any other authority or person.”","Section 85(6) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","Section 85(6) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria states that “in the exercise of his function under the Constitution, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the director or control of any other authority or person.”"]
["2012_RW_6",2012,"RW","Rwanda",6,100,"The Office of the Auditor General of the State Finances is the supreme audit institution and independent.\n\nThe law establishing the office of the AG states in article 1: \"There shall be an Office of the Auditor General of State finances whose office is a public autonomous office with a legal personality and shall have autonomy in all financial and administrative matters. In matters of policy of the Office of the Auditor General of the State Finances, the Office shall be represented by the Ministry having jurisdiction over Finance and run by the Auditor General of the State Finances, which is free to investigate financial and administrative matters of state entities, offices, and agencies even private ones operating under the Rwandan Law.\"","Law No. 05/98 of June 4,1998, Establishing the Office of the Auditor General of the State Finances.\n\nConstitution of 2003, Chapter 8, The Office of the Auditor-General of State Finances, Article 183, www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127576.pdf","The Office of the Auditor General of the State Finances is the supreme audit institution and independent...."]
["2012_ST_6",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",6,100,"Law No. 3/99 stipulates the following in terms of independence of the judiciary: \n\"Article 1 – Creation, nature and attributions: 1. It is created the Court of Auditors, based in the city of São Tomé, with financial jurisdiction and control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including in this case the services, agencies and offices abroad.\"\n\"Article 3 – Independence: 1. The Court of Auditors is independent and is only submitted to the law.\"","Law No. 3/99, Organic Law of the Court of Auditors  (Gazette No. 7, Aug. 20, 1999, São Tomé and Príncipe), Article 1:   \"Creation, nature and attributions: 1. It is created the Court of Auditors, based in the city of São Tomé, with financial jurisdiction and control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including in this case the services, agencies and offices abroad.\"\n\"Article 3 – Independence: 1. The Court of Auditors is independent and is only submitted to the law.\"\n\nhttp://www.stj.st/download/Lei_n3-99-ORGANICA.pdf","Law No. 3/99 stipulates the following in terms of independence of the judiciary: \n\"Article 1 – Creation, nature and attributions: 1. It is created the Court of Auditors, based in the city of São Tomé, with financial jurisdiction and control within the entire juridical o..."]
["2012_SN_6",2012,"SN","Senegal",6,0,"L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle est garantie par l'article 88 de la Constitution qui stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et les cours et tribunaux.» \n\nCette indépendance se retrouve exprimée dans le statut des magistrats qui, à travers le principe d’inamovibilité, leur garantit une indépendance. \n\nElle se retrouve également à travers une autonomie financière et fonctionnelle. Dans la mission qui lui est dévolue, la Cour des comptes a le pouvoir d'auditer tout compte public, d'émettre des recommandations et des résolutions dans son rapport. Elle transmet les affaires à caractère pénal, issues de la chambre de vérifications des comptes, au procureur de la République. Son rapport annuel est transmis au Président de la République.\n\nCependant, la loi organique N°92-26 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, le Président de la République est aussi le Président du CSM, et le Ministre de Justice est vice-président. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","Constitution du 22 janvier 2011. Article 88. www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf‎\n\n Loi organique n°99-70 du 17 février 1999 sur la Cour des comptes. Journal officiel n° 5845 du 20/2/1999. www.gouv.sn › Lois et règlements › Lois et décrets‎\n\nLoi organique N°92-26 modifiant l'ordonnance N°60-16 portant loi organique sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. http://ww.coursupreme.sn/menusysjudi/207-conseil-sup-mag.html","L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle est garantie par l'article 88 de la Constitution qui stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des c..."]
["2012_SC_6",2012,"SC","Seychelles",6,100,"The Constitution of Seychelles, Section 158 (7) states: The Auditor-General shall, in the performance of the functions of the Auditor-General, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but in the public interest the President or the National Assembly may request the Auditor General to audit, at any particular time, the accounts of any persons or bodies referred to Clause (3).\n\nAuditor-General Act 2010 section 6(6) states \"The Auditor-General shall act independently in the exercise and performance of the Auditor-General's powers and duties.\"\n\nThough the Auditor General has the authority to investigate any government agency, it lacks explicit prosecutorial authority. It submits its reports to Parliament, which then decides whether or not further action is warranted.","Constitution of Seychelles 158 (7). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127610.pd\n\nAuditor-General Act 2010 s.6(6). http://www.oag.sc/files/Act9-OAG-2010.pdf","The Constitution of Seychelles, Section 158 (7) states: The Auditor-General shall, in the performance of the functions of the Auditor-General, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but in the public interest the President or the National Assem..."]
["2012_SL_6",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",6,100,"Article 119, Section 6, of the constitution clearly states that \"In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or any other law, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\" \n\nFurthermore, Section 9 of Article 119 of the constitution shields the auditor general from removal from office without a justifiable reason, similar to the protections for a judge of the Superior Court.\n\nThe Audit Service Act provides that the chairman or any other member of the Audit Service Board can be removed only by the president after a two-thirds majority vote by Parliament for inability to perform his/her duties because of infirmity or any other cause, or misconduct.\n\nAs stated in section 119 (4), in its reporting structure the Auditor-General is accountable to the parliament as \"the Auditor-General shall, within twelve months of the end of the immediately preceding financial year, submit his report to Parliament and shall in that report draw attention to any irregularities in the accounts audited and to any other matter which in his opinion ought to be brought to the notice of Parliament.\"","Article 119 (6) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991). http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf      \n\nSection 3 (5) (b)  of the Audit Service Act,1998. http://www.auditservice.gov.sl/organisation-1st.html","Article 119, Section 6, of the constitution clearly states that \"In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or any other law, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\" ..."]
["2012_SO_6",2012,"SO","Somalia",6,0,"The Federal Charter states in its Art. 12 (3) that \"The above organs [incl. Auditor General] shall execute their functions and responsibilities in the whole country in conformity to their respective mandates established by law.\"\n\nThe law does not explicitly establish the independence of the Auditor-General.","Somali Federal Charter 2004.","The Federal Charter states in its Art. 12 (3) that \"The above organs [incl. Auditor General] shall execute their functions and responsibilities in the whole country in conformity to their respective mandates established by law.\"..."]
["2012_ZA_6",2012,"ZA","South Africa",6,100,"The Office of the Auditor-General is provided for in Chapter 9 of the constitution. The Auditor-General's Office is independent from the executive branch of government. In explaining institutions such as the Auditor-General, Section 181(2) of the constitution states: \"These institutions are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law, and they must be impartial and must exercise their powers and perform their functions without fear, favor or prejudice.\" The Office of the Auditor-General is accountable to Parliament, not to the executive.","Constitution of South Africa, Act 108, of 1996, http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996.","The Office of the Auditor-General is provided for in Chapter 9 of the constitution. The Auditor-General's Office is independent from the executive branch of government. In explaining institutions such as the Auditor-General, Section 181(2) of the constitution states: \"These institu..."]
["2012_SS_6",2012,"SS","South Sudan",6,100,"Article 184 (1) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 guarantees the independence of the National Audit Chamber. It states that “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of proven professional competence, experience, integrity and impartiality.”\n\nArticle 6 of the Audit Chamber Act is about the establishment of the chamber and its independence and states that, “There shall be established, in Southern Sudan an independent and impartial body, to be known as the Southern Sudan Audit Chamber to audit the accounts of, and supervise the financial performance of all entities subject to audit, including the means for revenue collection and expenditure and to ensure compliance with the budgets approved by the respective legislatures.”","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011. Government of South Sudan. http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html\n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Audit Chamber Act, subsections (1), (2) and (3), parts (a), (b) and (c), article 7, subsections (1) and (4), article 12, subsections (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), article 13, subsections (1), (2) and (3), article 14, article 37.  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://mojss.org/Acts/2011/Audit%20Chamber%20Act,%202011/files/res/other/search.txt","Article 184 (1) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 guarantees the independence of the National Audit Chamber. It states that “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of..."]
["2012_SD_6",2012,"SD","Sudan",6,100,"Article 205 of the constitution states: “The President of the Republic, with the approval of a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly shall appoint the National Auditor General from qualified professionals, who shall head the National Audit Chamber and shall take [the] oath before the President of the Republic. The National Auditor General shall not be removed except in the same manner in which he/she is appointed.”","Part Twelve, Chapter VII, Article 205, Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005.  http://unmis.unmissions.org/Portals/UNMIS/Constitution-making%20Symposium/INC%20of%20Sudan.pdf","Article 205 of the constitution states: “The President of the Republic, with the approval of a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly shall appoint the National Auditor General from qualified professionals, who shall head the National Audit Chamber and shall take [the] oath b..."]
["2012_SZ_6",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",6,0,"The Audit Act provides for the independence of the Office of the Auditor General. At the same time and by law, the Finance Ministry with the Central Budget Authority determines standards for audits and reports to the Legislature. The exercise is highly centralized in the ministry. Equally, line ministries are required to report on performance against targets. \n \nBy law, the Auditor General's office does submit its findings to the Ministry of Finance; it does not have the mandate to issue recommendations or refer cases to the prosecutor's office and; it does not have a consistent source of funding to operate.","Audit Act No. 4 of 2005. Available at http://www.ide.uniswa.sz/documents/resources/constitution2004.pdf \n \n Report of the Auditor General for the financial year ended March 31, 2011. Available at http://www.gov.sz/report%20of%20the%20auditor%20general%20for%20the%20financial%20year%20ended%2031st%20march%202011.pdf","The Audit Act provides for the independence of the Office of the Auditor General. At the same time and by law, the Finance Ministry with the Central Budget Authority determines standards for audits and reports to the Legislature. The exercise is highly centralized in the ministry. ..."]
["2012_TZ_6",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",6,100,"Section 6 of the Constitution guarantees the independence of the supreme audit institution,\n \"(6) In the discharge of his functions in accordance with the provisions of sub articles (2), (3) and (4) of this Article, the Controller and Auditor-General shall not be obliged to comply with the order or direction of any other person or Government Department, but the provisions of this sub article shall not preclude a court from exercising jurisdiction to enquire into whether the Controller and Auditor-General has discharged his functions in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution or not.\"","Constitution, Article 143, Section 6 http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf","Section 6 of the Constitution guarantees the independence of the supreme audit institution,\n \"(6) In the discharge of his functions in accordance with the provisions of sub articles (2), (3) and (4) of this Article, the Controller and Auditor-General shall not be obliged to compl..."]
["2012_TG_6",2012,"TG","Togo",6,100,"L'article 110 de la Constitution Togolaise adoptée par référendum du 27 septembre 1992, promulguée le 14 octobre 1992, révisée par la Loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002 et modifiée à son article 52 alinéa 1er par la Loi n° 2007-008 du 07 février 2007 dispose : \"Les membres de la cour des comptes ont la qualité de magistrat. Ils sont inamovibles pendant la durée de leur mandat\" et l'article 111 de renchérir: \"Les fonctions de membre de la Cour des comptes sont incompatibles avec la qualité de membre de gouvernement, l'exercice de tout mandat électif, de tout emploi public, civil ou militaire, de toute autre activité professionnelle ainsi que de toute fonction de représentation nationale\". \n \n Art. 107 : La Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises publiques. \n Elle assiste le parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances. Elle procède à toutes études de finances et de comptabilité publique qui lui sont demandées par le Gouvernement, par l'Assemblée nationale ou le Sénat. La Cour des Comptes établit un rapport annuel adressé au Président de la République, au Gouvernement et à l'Assemblée nationale et dans lequel elle fait état, s'il y a lieu, des infractions commises, et des responsabilités encourues. \n \n Art. 108: Le nombre des emplois de ces différents grades est fixé par la loi. Le premier président, le procureur général, les avocats généraux, les présidents de chambre et les conseillers-maîtres sont nommés par décret du Président de la République pris en conseil des ministres. \n Les conseillers référendaires et des auditeurs sont nommés par le Président de la République sur proposition du Premier Ministre après avis du ministre des Finances et avis favorable de l'Assemblée nationale. \n Seuls des juristes de haut niveau, des inspecteurs de finances, du trésor et des impôts, des économistes-gestionnaires et des experts comptables ayant une expérience de quinze (15) ans au moins, peuvent être élus ou nommés à la Cour des Comptes.","La Constitution de la IVe République Togolaise de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002.","L'article 110 de la Constitution Togolaise adoptée par référendum du 27 septembre 1992, promulguée le 14 octobre 1992, révisée par la Loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002 et modifiée à son article 52 alinéa 1er par la Loi n° 2007-008 du 07 février 2007 dispose : \"Les membres de la c..."]
["2012_TN_6",2012,"TN","Tunisia",6,0,"La loi n° 68-8 du 8 mars 1968 portant organisation de la Cour des Comptes telle que modifiée et complétée par la loi organique n° 2008-3 du 29 janvier 2008 lui a reconnu un champ d’intervention étendu. Le site de la cours des comptes précise que \"La Cour, érigée en juridiction et constituée de magistrats, s’autosaisit des comptes à juger, y statue souverainement et détermine en toute autonomie les thèmes de ses travaux, leur étendue et les résultats qui en découlent.\"","Le site de la cours des comptes http://www.courdescomptes.nat.tn/ \n \n Loi n° 68-8 du 8 mars 1968 portant organisation de la Cour des Comptes","La loi n° 68-8 du 8 mars 1968 portant organisation de la Cour des Comptes telle que modifiée et complétée par la loi organique n° 2008-3 du 29 janvier 2008 lui a reconnu un champ d’intervention étendu. Le site de la cours des comptes précise que \"La Cour, érigée en juridiction et c..."]
["2012_UG_6",2012,"UG","Uganda",6,100,"Article 163 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda states that subject to Clause (7), in performing his or her functions, the auditor general shall not be under the direction or control of any person or authority.","Article 163, Clauses (6) (7) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.","Article 163 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda states that subject to Clause (7), in performing his or her functions, the auditor general shall not be under the direction or control of any person or authority."]
["2012_ZM_6",2012,"ZM","Zambia",6,100,"Article 121 subsection 6 of the 1996 Constitution guarantees the independence of the Auditor-General's office in Zambia and it reads. (6) In the exercise of his functions under clauses (2), (3) and (4), the Auditor-General shall not be subjected to the direction or control of any person or authority.\" \n \nThe draft Constitution Article 285 also provides for the existence of the office of the Auditor-General as a supreme Audit institution because even if the Auditor-General is appointed by the President he is subject to ratification by parliament.\n \nBecause the Auditor - General is appointed by the President and ratified by the National Assembly, he reports to both, as contained under Article 121 (4) of the constitution, where he is required to submit a report on all public accounts, not later than twelve months after the end of each financial year.\n\nThe President then, “shall not later than seven days after the first sitting of the National Assembly next after the receipt of such report, cause it to be laid before the National Assembly; and if the President makes default in laying the report before the National Assembly, the Auditor-General shall submit the report to the Speaker of the National Assembly, or if the office of the Speaker is vacant or if the Speaker is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office, to the Deputy Speaker, who shall cause it to be laid before the National Assembly.”","Article 121 subsection 6 of the 1996 Constitution of Zambia. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164.\n \n \n Article 285 of the draft Constitution of Zambia, 2012.","Article 121 subsection 6 of the 1996 Constitution guarantees the independence of the Auditor-General's office in Zambia and it reads. (6) In the exercise of his functions under clauses (2), (3) and (4), the Auditor-General shall not be subjected to the direction or control of any p..."]
["2012_ZW_6",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",6,100,"Section 106(6) of the Constitution provides for the independence of the auditor-general. In the exercise of his functions under Subsections (1), (2), (3) and (4), the comptroller and auditor-general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority other than the House of Assembly.\n \nOperational independence in respect of finances: Section 26 notes that funds of the Audit Office shall consist of (a) moneys appropriated by act of Parliament for salaries and allowances payable to and in respect of members of the Audit Office and the recurrent administrative expenses of the office; and (b) any other moneys that may be payable to the Audit Office from moneys appropriated for the purpose by act of Parliament; and (c) any donations, grants, bequests or loans made by any person or organization or the government of any country to the Audit Office and accepted by the commission and the minister; and (d) fees and other charges for audit and related services provided by the Audit Office to any public entity. (e) any moneys that may vest in or accrue to the office whether in terms of this act or otherwise. \n \nOperational independence in respect to decisions of the Audit Commission: \n Section 3 of the Audit Office Act states that the salary and the related allowances of the comptroller and auditor-general shall be a charge on the Consolidated Revenue Fund. In terms of the Public Finance Management Act which sets up the Consolidated Revenue Fund, treasury may (2) The treasury may by notice to officers concerned issue instructions or directions in terms of Section 78 in relation to matters involving expenditure on any service involving a charge on the Consolidated Revenue Fund. The operational independence of the comptroller and auditor general may be hindered by a negative instruction from the treasury.\n \nPositively, the act makes the Audit Office a public office not part of the public service. \n \nThe Audit Office is governed by an independent commission, known as the Audit Commission. The Audit Act (under Section 30) gives the minister the power to give policy directions to the commission. To do that, the minister may in writing (Section 30(2) through its chairperson, give the commission such general directions relating to the policy the commission is to observe in the exercise of its functions as the minister considers to be necessary in the national interest. Before giving the commission any direction in terms of Subsection 2, the minister shall inform the commission in writing, of the proposed direction and the commission shall within 30 days or such longer period as the minister may allow, submit to the minister, in writing, its views on the proposal. Otherwise, the Audit Commission shall not, in the exercise of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority. Section 30(6) further notes that \"Subsection (2) and (4) shall not be construed as permitting the minister or the commission or any other person to do anything likely to influence unduly the comptroller and auditor-general and members of the Audit Office assisting him or her in the performance of his or her functions under the Constitution or any enactment.\"","Section 106(6) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe.\n \n Audit Office Act, Chapter 22:18, Act 12/2009 (commenced April 1, 2011).\n \n Public Finance Management Act 11/2009, Chapter 22:19; http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Audit%20Office%20Act%20%5BChapter%2022-18%5D.doc","Section 106(6) of the Constitution provides for the independence of the auditor-general. In the exercise of his functions under Subsections (1), (2), (3) and (4), the comptroller and auditor-general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority other t..."]
["2012_DZ_7",2012,"DZ","Algeria",7,0,"Authorities often interfere in decision-making processes in the Supreme Audit Institution.\n\nThe Supreme Audit Institution in Algeria is a political organ of the government established under Article 190 of the Constitution of 1976 and dedicated under Article 160 of the Constitution of 1989, and is a supreme body for dimensional control of state funds and regional administrative groups.\n\nThis supreme audit is not independent in practice and is dominated by the executive. \n\nFor example, on Nov. 13, 2011, the Supreme Audit Institution criticized the \"lack of transparency and rigor'' in the management of funds several government sectors, especially the sectors of education and training, funds and special accounts to the public treasury, and the absence of accounts to use (the proceeds of spending).\n\nDespite this criticism, the supreme audit declined to issue any data or statistics or physical evidence report in the national press because of the pressures exerted by the actors in the executive authority.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 29, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, government official. ONS. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, government official. ONS. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, government official. ONS. June 29, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. Tlemcen. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. Tlemcen. June 29, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. Tlemcen. June 29, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Authorities often interfere in decision-making processes in the Supreme Audit Institution.\n\nThe Supreme Audit Institution in Algeria is a political organ of the government established un..."]
["2012_AO_7",2012,"AO","Angola",7,0,"The Ministry of Justice has formal authority and budgetary control over the entire judicial branch, including the Audit Court. \n\nArticle 119 of the Angolan Constitution gives the president the power to appoint the president of the Audit Court, the vice president and all other judges.","Angola discloses managers convicted in 2011, December 29, 2011, http://www.portugues.rfi.fr/africa/20111229-Angola-announces-managers-sentenced-in-2011. \n\nCourt of Accounts cancels tender in Malanje and regrets acting the provincial department of education, K-Club, JUNE 18, 2011 http://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7949:tribunal-de-contas-anula-concurso-publico-em-malanje-e-lamenta-actuacao-da-direccao-provincial-da-educacao&catid=2:sociedade&Itemid=88 .\n\nFreedom House, country report 2011, Rule of Law Angola, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads-2011/rule-law-0.\n\nAngola: MPLA prevents rigorous oversight of public accounts, by Coke Mukuta, VOA Portuguese, July 18, 2012, http://www.voaportugues.com/content/article-07-18-2012-Angola-audits -voa-news-162914716 / 1450745.html .\n\nAngola Constitution.","The Ministry of Justice has formal authority and budgetary control over the entire judicial branch, including the Audit Court. ..."]
["2012_BJ_7",2012,"BJ","Benin",7,25,"La Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême est juridiquement séparé du pouvoir politique. Dans la pratique, cette chambre n'est pas à l'abri des interférences. Comme pour d'autres pays en Afrique, certaines institutions sont fortement soumises aux pressions politiques et il est rarissime que des responsables désignés ou nommés (et non élus par les pairs) ne soient pas tentés d'être redevables au pouvoir qui les installe. Il existe néanmoins de rares exceptions et des hommes intègres qui s'efforcent de ne pas céder aux pressions potentielles du politique. ","Wenceslas MAHOUSSI, Archiviste Documentaliste, Spécialiste en Communication, En Service au Tribunal de Première Instance d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Entretien le 07 août 2012, Abomey-Calavi.\n\nSerge BATONON, Juriste, Vérificateur à la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême, Cour Suprême, Entretien effectué à la Cour Suprême le 09 août 2012, Porto-Novo.","La Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême est juridiquement séparé du pouvoir politique. Dans la pratique, cette chambre n'est pas à l'abri des interférences. Comme pour d'autres pays en Afrique, certaines institutions sont fortement soumises aux pressions politiques et il est rari..."]
["2012_BW_7",2012,"BW","Botswana",7,50,"Even though the constitution provides for the Office of the Auditor General, recent changes by President Ian Khama reduce its powers. The security of office tenure is taken away for the auditor general, who will instead work on a contract basis under the direct control and supervision of the president. Additionally, the auditor general may not release some information to the public without the approval of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime.\n\nOne issue the Office of the Auditor General faces relates to a critical shortage of key staff and its inability to \"attract and retain professional accountants due to a disparity in the conditions of service between the public service and private sector.\" This situation exists even though the technical and specialized work by the office requires appropriately skilled personnel (BOPA News).\n\nThe office has \"entered into bilateral agreements with other audit offices and professional bodies locally and regionally for them to second their staff for short periods to assist with coaching and mentoring of staff on the audit methodology,\" according to the report.","\"Ten 'Commandments' of Fighting Corruption,\" Comrade Moore, Dec. 21, 2012, Vol. 29, No.192, www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=20&dir=2012/December/Friday21\n\n\"Auditor General Unable to Retain Accountants,\" BOPA News, March 14, 2012,  \nwww.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120314","Even though the constitution provides for the Office of the Auditor General, recent changes by President Ian Khama reduce its powers. The security of office tenure is taken away for the auditor general, who will instead work on a contract basis under the direct control and supervis..."]
["2012_BF_7",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",7,100,"L’indépendance dans la pratique des institutions d’Audit et de Contrôle au Burkina Faso est une realité. Dans le cadre des efforts de bonne Gouvernance recommandée par les Institutions de Bretton Woods, il est expressément demandé aux états en développement de procéder eux-mêmes à des réformes de gestion, de gouvernance et donc cette indépendance s’agence parfaitement dans les mesures de la bonne Gouvernance prises par le Gouvernement du Burkina Faso. \n\nM. Ousmane Jean-Pierre SIRIBIE, Contrôleur d’Etat, Secrétaire Général, Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE), M.  Nicolas Zermane, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles, Premier Ministère (DAPDI), et un troisième interlocuteur, ont confirmé l’indépendance des Institutions d’Audit et de Contrôle au Burkina Faso.","Interview avec M. Ousmane Jean-Pierre SIRIBIE, Contrôleur d’Etat, Secrétaire Général, Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE), dans son bureau, le 4 février 2013, à 11:25 TU\n\nInterview avec M. Nicolas ZERMANE, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14:19 TU.\n\nInterview avec M. Mamadou GUIRA, Secrétaire Permanent, Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP), dans son bureau, le mercredi, 6 février 2013 à 9:00 TU","L’indépendance dans la pratique des institutions d’Audit et de Contrôle au Burkina Faso est une realité. Dans le cadre des efforts de bonne Gouvernance recommandée par les Institutions de Bretton Woods, il est expressément demandé aux états en développement de procéder eux-mêmes à ..."]
["2012_BI_7",2012,"BI","Burundi",7,50,"In Burundi, the supreme audit institutions are twofold: the Court of Public Accounts affiliated to the Parliament and the General State Inspectorate, affiliated to the President. \n\nThe Court of Public Accounts (Cour des Comptes) has some operational independence, at least from the President. However, the General State Inspectorate has very little room for independence as in  practice, it is made up by staff appointed by the President and has no right to report publicly but has to submit the report to the President, who can publish it or not. And the main issue is that even though the Court of Account has some room of independence, it is up to the parliament to decide on what should be done with the Court's report. The court doesn't have a Judicial mandate.","\"Burundi : La Crise de Corruption (A Deepening Corruption Crisis),\"  International Crisis Group, March 21, 2012, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/burundi/185-burundi-la-crise-de-corruption.aspx\n\nThe International Consortium on Governmental Financial Management, International Journal of Governmental Financial Management, May 2011; http://www.icgfm.org/journal/2011-01.pdf","In Burundi, the supreme audit institutions are twofold: the Court of Public Accounts affiliated to the Parliament and the General State Inspectorate, affiliated to the President. ..."]
["2012_CM_7",2012,"CM","Cameroon",7,0,"Cameroon has opted for a two-pronged mechanism: the judiciary with the Audit Bench at the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Supreme State Control, which is a Cabinet-level institution. It is difficult to state that these institutions are free from political interference because their findings and recommendations are forwarded in a confidential report to Cameroon's president and to the presidents of the Senate and the National Assembly. (In fact, Cameroon has never had a Senate, even  even though the 1996 constitution mandated its creation, so the reports are sent to the president of the republic and the president of the National Assembly.) There is no legal obligation for the Audit Chambers or the Ministry of the Supreme State Control to make their reports available to the public.","Serge-Lionel Nnanga, \"Labogénie: le Consupe enquête sur la gestion de 3 milliards,\" La Nouvelle Expression, July 23, 2012, www.cameroun24.net/?pg=actu&ppg=1&pp=1&id=6398\n\nHervé Villard Njiélé, \"Cameroun -- Contrôle supérieur de l'Etat: Jean Jacques Ndoundoumou et Jean Tabi Manga condamnés,\" La Nouvelle Expression, June 12, 2012, available at\nwww.camer.be/index1.php?art=19791&rub=11:1 \n\nCameroon anti-corruption profile available at www.trust.org/trustlaw/country-profiles/good-governance.dot?id=e9f09186-f2df-4ea6-b969-e2f0ec4be36d, Sept. 20, 2012.\n\nGeorges Alain Boyomo, \"Controle: La Chambre des comptes accable Etoudi Oyono et Boubakary Halilou,\" Mutations, June 16, 2011, at www.africatime.com/cameroun/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=605141&no_categorie=","Cameroon has opted for a two-pronged mechanism: the judiciary with the Audit Bench at the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Supreme State Control, which is a Cabinet-level institution. It is difficult to state that these institutions are free from political interference because the..."]
["2012_CV_7",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",7,75,"The \"Report on the State of Justice\" (which only covers the year 2011), and the testimonies of some judges show that, in practice, the independence of the court of auditors is guaranteed  because the overall daily operations of the agency are conducted with relative independence. However, there are still explicit attempts to influence the work of the courts.","Report on the State of Justice - 2011, of Supreme Judicial Council, National Press of Cape Verde.\n\nLiberal, Editorial Board, Feb. 18, 2012, \"The Liberal Publishes the Judgment of Shame,\" http://liberal.sapo.cv/noticia.asp?idEdicao=64&id=36511&idSeccao=523&Action=noticia\n\nA Semana, Feb. 29, 2012, \"Electoral Process in Santa Catarina: Supreme Court of Law Reconfirms PAICV Victory in the Assembly Hall,\" http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article78915&ak=1\n\nInterview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judge of Praia City Tribunal County, 02-07-2012, Praia","The \"Report on the State of Justice\" (which only covers the year 2011), and the testimonies of some judges show that, in practice, the independence of the court of auditors is guaranteed  because the overall daily operations of the agency are conducted with relative independence. H..."]
["2012_CF_7",2012,"CF","CAR",7,50,"Dans la pratique, la Cour des comptes n'est pas totalement indépendante des interférences politiques dans la mesure où elle doit soumettre son rapport annuel au Chef de l'Etat avant la publication. Cette démarche diminue le pouvoir d'action de cette institution au cas où certains partisans du parti au pouvoir seraient impliqués dans le détournement ou la malversation financière. \n\nDonc, en définitive, la Cour des comptes subit une influence de la part des pouvoirs publics du fait que ses rapports ne sont encore publiés depuis qu'elle existe.","Edmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juin 2012, Bangui;\n\nRépublique Centrafricaine - Rapport sur le respect des normes et codes (RRNC/ROSC) : compatabilite et audit (Français); http://documents.banquemondiale.org/curated/fr/2011/04/16602909/r%C3%A9publique-centrafricaine-rapport-sur-le-respect-des-normes-codes-rrncrosc-compatabilite-audit","Dans la pratique, la Cour des comptes n'est pas totalement indépendante des interférences politiques dans la mesure où elle doit soumettre son rapport annuel au Chef de l'Etat avant la publication. Cette démarche diminue le pouvoir d'action de cette institution au cas où certains p..."]
["2012_TD_7",2012,"TD","Chad",7,0,"The supreme audit institution lacks operational independence and autonomy as a chamber of the supreme court. In addition, the overwhelming dominance of the executive over all state institutions does not allow for the legislature to be fully independent; for example, the president of the supreme court is appointed by the president of the republic.","Nelli Djimtolla, Ligue Tchadienne des Droits de l'Homme. N'Djamena. July 18, 2012.\n\nBaïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School, N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.","The supreme audit institution lacks operational independence and autonomy as a chamber of the supreme court. In addition, the overwhelming dominance of the executive over all state institutions does not allow for the legislature to be fully independent; for example, the president o..."]
["2012_KM_7",2012,"KM","Comoros",7,100,"La Section des Comptes vient tout juste d'être constituée, et n'est donc pas pleinement opérationnelle. \"Les 5 nouveaux membres de la cour suprême, constituant la section des comptes de la Cour Suprême, ont prêté serment ce mardi jeudi 19 avril 2012 au palais présidentiel de Beit-Salam en présence du Président de l’Union des Comores\". \n\nÉtant donné la qualité des membres nouvellement nommés au sein de la Section des Comptes, on peut dire que cet organe pourra résister aux pressions politiques.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni. \n\nComoresdroit, 24 Avril 2012, La composition de la Cour Suprême des Comores est complétée, http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/922-","La Section des Comptes vient tout juste d'être constituée, et n'est donc pas pleinement opérationnelle. \"Les 5 nouveaux membres de la cour suprême, constituant la section des comptes de la Cour Suprême, ont prêté serment ce mardi jeudi 19 avril 2012 au palais présidentiel de Beit-S..."]
["2012_CD_7",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",7,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_7",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",7,0,"The fact that the members of the Court of Accounts are nominated and can be revoked by the president, after opinion by the National Assembly, shows that even by law the Court’s independence is not guaranteed.","UK Home Office, Democratic Republic of Congo Country of Origin Information Report, March 9, 2012 \nhttp://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/coi/drc/report-0312.pdf?view=Binary.\n\n2011 Democratic Republic of Congo Report of Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/AFR62/006/2011/fr/6cd862df-be60-418e-b70d-7d2d53a0a2d4/afr620062011en.pdf.\n\n\"Hillary Clinton Decue de la Validation par la Cour Supreme,\" 7Sur7, Dec. 20, 2011. http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Monde/article/detail/1366017/2011/12/20/Hillary-Clinton-decue-de-la-validation-par-la-Cour-supreme.dhtml.","The fact that the members of the Court of Accounts are nominated and can be revoked by the president, after opinion by the National Assembly, shows that even by law the Court’s independence is not guaranteed."]
["2012_CI_7",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",7,0,"According to Mr. Kouakou, the independence of the supreme audit institution is not fully guaranteed. \nMembers who compose it are politically appointed and may be subject to much external interference.","Innocent Kouakou, AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Jan. 30, 2013.\n\nEke Frederique julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013.","According to Mr. Kouakou, the independence of the supreme audit institution is not fully guaranteed. \nMembers who compose it are politically appointed and may be subject to much external interfere..."]
["2012_DJ_7",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",7,50,"La Cour de Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. En son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce rôle. \n\nL'indépendance en pratique des institutions d'audit n'est pas garantie.\n\nLe mode de nomination de ces magistrats qui dépend largement du pouvoir politique. En effet, malgré le fait que le texte prévoit la mise en place d'un concours afin de nommer les magistrats ou les inspecteurs, les nominations se font sur dossier présenté généralement au premier ministre ou ministre de la justice (pour la cour de comptes) et ce sont ces derniers qui choisissent les inspecteurs et les magistrats.\n\nDe plus il est arrivé que l'inspection générale ait effectué un contrôlé sur le Ministère de la Santé sur ordre du premier ministre (ce dernier ayant un conflit personnel avec le ministre de la santé). Ce contrôle a révélé toute de même qu'il y a eu malversation au sein du ministère de la santé mais le rapport ayant été transmis au président de la république, aucune suite n'a été faite concernant le ministre de la santé. Cela montre que l'inspection est aux ordres du politique.\n\nEnfin, il est à noter que les nominations politiques peuvent parfois être hasardeuses et aboutir à des situations inouïes : en effet, il est arrivé qu'un magistrat disposant d'un master une carrière judiciaire et criminelle soit nommé à la cour de compte. Ce dernier a quitté et est devenu substitut de procureur de la république.","Mahamoud Houssein, Enseignant en économie-gestion à l'université de Djibouti, interview rèalisé dans un bureau à l'université de Djibouti le 29 juin 2012.\n\nDjama Ali, inspecteur des finances au ministère de l’économie, entretien réalisé le 30 juin 2012.","La Cour de Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. En son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce rôle. ..."]
["2012_EG_7",2012,"EG","Egypt",7,0,"The Central Auditing Organization monitors the financial and administrative operation of civil service agencies, and companies and banks receiving public funds. It became subordinate to the president rather than Parliament after the passing of Law No. 144/1988.\n\nThe CAO now submits its reports to the president and lacks the authority to give penalties or turn perpetrators over to the General or Administrative Prosecution Authorities. Hence, its reports are ignored by the government and public institutions and its reports can be accessed only by a limited number of people.\n\n\"The CAO’s operational independence is negatively affected by a general perception that it sometimes does not publicly report (negative) findings that are too critical of the executive or powerful members of the legislature.\"\n\nAfter the revolution, the situation did not really change. The reports of the CAO were published for the first time, but it still faces structural difficulties such as the ignorance of the government to its data requests or because the ministry doesn’t want to collaborate or the government doesn’t have the data.","Andrew Puddephatt. 2012. Corruption in Egypt. Global Partners.\n\nAbdElRahman Mansour. 2011. Impotent oversight agencies stymie fight against corruption. AlMasry Alyoum. July 2011\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/impotent-oversight-agencies-stymie-fight-against-corruption.\n\nTransparency International. 2009. Study of National Integrity System -Egypt.\n\nBusiness Anti-corruption. Egypt Country Profile\nhttp://www.business-anti-corruption.dk/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives/.","The Central Auditing Organization monitors the financial and administrative operation of civil service agencies, and companies and banks receiving public funds. It became subordinate to the president rather than Parliament after the passing of Law No. 144/1988...."]
["2012_GQ_7",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",7,0,"The supreme audit institution envisaged in the National constitution has not been implemented.","Equatorial Guinea, combined 2008-2012 Country Strategy Paper Completion Report and 2011 Country Portfolio Performance Review. African Development Bank, March 2012, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Equatorial%20Guinea%20-%20Combined%20Report%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper%202008-2012%20and%20Country%20Portfolio%20Performance%20Review%202011.pdf\n\nHuman Rights Watch 2012: World Report 2011 Equatorial Guinea, http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/equatorial-guinea","The supreme audit institution envisaged in the National constitution has not been implemented."]
["2012_ER_7",2012,"ER","Eritrea",7,0,"According to the sources, the audit institution is partially free from political interference. According to the sources, many  commercial enterprises are government- or partly-owned. Many enterprises in the government reportedly have not been audited since their establishment. But they said this is difficult to verify from inside the office.\n\nAccording to the sources, there is no open publication of any auditing report that evidences the impartiality of the audit office.","Anonymous sources. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nFreedom House 2011, Countries at the crossroads, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/eritrea#.UzBejvldWJI.","According to the sources, the audit institution is partially free from political interference. According to the sources, many  commercial enterprises are government- or partly-owned. Many enterprises in the government reportedly have not been audited since their establishment. But ..."]
["2012_ET_7",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",7,25,"Institutions of the federal government such as the auditor general and the civil service are highly partisan. Concerned ministries challenge the auditor general when the auditor general's findings revealed financial accountability problems. \n\nA controversy arose in 2010 and boiled over into 2011 when the report from the Auditor General's Office indicated that the government borrowed in excess of the legal amount, and that report led to the replacement of the auditor general. Although in 2010, the government amended the law governing the Auditor General's Office as an independent institution, the effect of that experience is not totally removed to date. In 2010, the auditor general was requested by the speaker of Parliament to submit to Parliament a five-year review report instead of the past year's report, which opposition members declared unconstitutional. One of the problems that the auditor general identified in its work was failure of institutions under its purview to implement its recommendations wholly or in a timely manner.","GI Meta-Indicators for an Effective State and GI Meta-Indicators for an Effective State and Engaged Society: Sharpening the Agenda, Oversight and Regulation,\nhttp://costantinos.net/Priming%20an%20effective%20state%20-%20sharpening%20the%20agenda.pdf\n\nFreedom House, Ethiopia (2011), http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/ethiopia \n\nBTI 2012, Ethiopia Country Report, www.bti-project.de/.../2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Ethiopia.pdf, pages 32-33. \n\nBinyam Tesfay, senior sales and promotion office, Jupiter International Trading, Addis Ababa, June 14, 2012.\n\n\"Federal Auditor General surprises MPS with five year review,\" Addis Fortune Newspaper, http://www.addisfortune.com/Vol%2010%20No%20529%20Archive/Fed.%20Auditor%20Gen.%20Surprises%20MPs%20with%20Five-year%20Review.htm","Institutions of the federal government such as the auditor general and the civil service are highly partisan. Concerned ministries challenge the auditor general when the auditor general's findings revealed financial accountability problems. ..."]
["2012_GA_7",2012,"GA","Gabon",7,0,"L’institution n’est pas protégée. Le Président de la République, Chef de l’Exécutif, nomme tous les hauts magistrats et magistrats de cette Cour. Deux des collaborateurs de ce rapport sont des Magistrats de la Cour des Comptes actuellement. Trois autres magistrats ont appuyé la formation des experts de la société civile sur le suivi du contrôle budgétaire de la loi de finances.\n\nIl faut regarder les articles publiés sur la corruption de la justice : il est question de l'ingérence politique dans la cour des comptes car en plus, son président est le frère direct du président, de même la présidente de la cour constitutionnelle est sa belle-mère et tous les autres présidents sont tous membres du parti au pouvoir depuis 13 ans. \n\nLes interviews ont tous été réalisées au siège du Réseau des organisations Libres pour la Bonne Gouvernance au Gabon (ROLBG) et de l'ONG Croissance Saine Environnement et dans deux salons de thés : Pélisson et Palet d'Or","Interviews des présidents d'ONG et magistrats de la cour des comptes: \n\nONG Afrique Horizons, Libreville, juillet 2012\n\nROLBG, siège du Réseau des organisations Libres pour la Bonne Gouvernance au Gabon (ROLBG), Libreville, juillet 2012\n\nONG \"On ne m'achète pas\", Palet d'Or, Libreville, juillet 2012\n\nONG \"lutte contre la vie chère\", Pélisson, Libreville, juillet 2012\n\nONG Croissance Saine Environnement, Libreville, juillet 2012\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","L’institution n’est pas protégée. Le Président de la République, Chef de l’Exécutif, nomme tous les hauts magistrats et magistrats de cette Cour. Deux des collaborateurs de ce rapport sont des Magistrats de la Cour des Comptes actuellement. Trois autres magistrats ont appuyé la for..."]
["2012_GM_7",2012,"GM","The Gambia",7,75,"The government's attitude of non-interference and the auditor general's emphasis on independence constitute adequate protection in practice, but there is potential for influence from the executive.\n\nThe auditor general remains independent in technical operations. The office decides which audits to carry out, the scope of the audits and the timing of reports. The government has never directly attempted to interfere with the office's technical operations, and the National Audit Office has therefore been free from political interference. \n\nA source independent of the office has observed stability for the past decade, in that the current auditor general has been in office for more than a decade. At least one source says that the National Audit Office is meant to audit the performance of the executive, but operationally it has been able to maintain independence.\n\nAt the same time, there are reports of sackings or executive interference with the National Audit Office.","Email correspondence with Babucarr Sankareh, auditor general of The Gambia (head of the National Audit Office), Aug. 5 and 7, 2012.\n\nEmail correspondence with Dominic Mendy of Emanic Consulting on Sept. 19, 2012. He is an international consultant and former minister of finance and also minister of trade for The Gambia.","The government's attitude of non-interference and the auditor general's emphasis on independence constitute adequate protection in practice, but there is potential for influence from the executive...."]
["2012_GH_7",2012,"GH","Ghana",7,75,"The president appoints the auditor general and the board, which tends to expose the institution to political interference. The current auditor general acted for some time before being confirmed, even though being in an acting position exposes the auditor general to political interference. This left it open for the president to appoint somebody else if he wanted to and he would not have contravened the law, so partisan considerations, perceived or real, cannot be rule out.  However, once appointed, the auditor general cannot be removed without justifiable reason. The president cannot direct the auditor general to conduct an audit and the auditor general's reports go to Parliament. No blatant cases of political interference were found within the period of study. \n\nAll other employees are interviewed and promoted or appointed to higher positions per civil service rules. Lower level staff have an entry requirement and selection is done through tests. Recruited staff are then trained.\n\nAt a forum organized by the Audit Service on August 22, 2012, under the theme, “Accountability and Emerging Principles of Democratic Governance,” the auditor general, Richard Quartey, revealed that the Audit Service conducts about 4,000 audits in a year and out of these audits, they produce eight audit reports.","Raymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012. \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants), June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous employee of the Audit Service, interviewed by telephone, Aug. 20, 2012. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The president appoints the auditor general and the board, which tends to expose the institution to political interference. The current auditor general acted for some time before being confirmed, even though being in an acting position exposes the auditor general to political interf..."]
["2012_GN_7",2012,"GN","Guinea",7,25,"Pour l'instant la cour des comptes n'est pas encore opérationnelle. \n\nDans l'article 116 de la constitution, il est prévu que : \"La composition, l’organisation, le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes et le régime disciplinaire de ses membres sont fixés par une loi organique\"\n\nCette loi organique est en discussion pour son adoption au CNT. \n\nDans la pratique, l'essentiel du travail dévolu à la cour des comptes est exercé jusqu'ici par le ministère du contrôle d’État.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nGuinea's Performance on the Resource Governance Index, 2011; http://www.resourcegovernance.org/countries/africa/guinea/overview","Pour l'instant la cour des comptes n'est pas encore opérationnelle. \n\nDans l'article 116 de la constitution, il est prévu que : \"La composition, l’organisation, le ..."]
["2012_GW_7",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",7,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_7",2012,"KE","Kenya",7,75,"Just as the auditor general is legally protected from political interference, so it is in practice. Being a constitutional office, the auditor general is appointed by the president through a competitive and public recruitment process that is subject to approval by the National Assembly. The Kenya National Audit Office (KNAO) has full-time staff and receives regular funding to run its affairs independently. As provided for in the Public Audit Act, the Kenya National Audit Commission approves KNAO’s budget and handles its human resources management. One problem cited by the auditor general is that the National Audit Office's budget is determined by treasury and not parliament; this affects its independence, as treasury is audited by the KNAO.","Public Finance Under Kenya's New Constitution Njeru Kirira. SID Constitution Working Paper No. 5. Nairobi: Society for International Development. 2010. http://www.sidint.net/docs/WP5.pdf\n\nThe Politics of Transparency in Kenya and Tanzania. Barak D. Hoffman. September 2011. http://www.democracyandsociety.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/The-Politics-of-Transparency-in-Kenya-and-Tanzania-Revised-September-2011.pdf \n\nAuditor-General Asks for Autonomy from the Treasury. Rawlings Otini. May 2012. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/-/539546/1411390/-/oxqjss/-/index.html","Just as the auditor general is legally protected from political interference, so it is in practice. Being a constitutional office, the auditor general is appointed by the president through a competitive and public recruitment process that is subject to approval by the National Asse..."]
["2012_LS_7",2012,"LS","Lesotho",7,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_7",2012,"LR","Liberia",7,100,"The independence of the Supreme Audit Institution is both in law and in practice. The SAI in the last six years has been headed by individuals that have exhibited independence from government influence. Its independence has not been welcomed by many officials, but the SAI has stood its ground and built a reputation of credibility with the public. The staff benefited from local and international training programs, with more than 30 staff receiving scholarships to obtain graduate degrees.","Interview with Taweh Veikai, deputy auditor general, General Auditing Commission, July 13, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with John Kollie, executive director, Liberia Media for Democratic Initiatives, July 13, 2012, Kakata, Liberia.","The independence of the Supreme Audit Institution is both in law and in practice. The SAI in the last six years has been headed by individuals that have exhibited independence from government influence. Its independence has not been welcomed by many officials, but the SAI has stood..."]
["2012_LY_7",2012,"LY","Libya",7,25,"Judges and lawyers interviewed stated that the independence of the body from political influence suffers from 42 years of dictatorship and the practices and institutional culture that ensue from it. \n\nThe institution is active, but did not publish regular reports during the period under consideration.\n\nOnly one report was allegedly published in June 2012, but it was not accessible through desk research.","Interviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer with the National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission  from May to July 2012\n\nInterviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly coordinator of justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.","Judges and lawyers interviewed stated that the independence of the body from political influence suffers from 42 years of dictatorship and the practices and institutional culture that ensue from it. ..."]
["2012_MG_7",2012,"MG","Madagascar",7,25,"In practice, the supreme audit institution is not protected from political interference.\nThe executive (which includes the members of president's political party) appoints several of its members.\n\nThe Cour des Comptes is a branch of the Supreme Court. The President of republic has significant power over the judiciary in general and the Supreme Court  in particular and then over the Cour des Comptes.\n\nThe Conseil Supreme de la Magistrature, which is supposed to represent the judiciary as a whole, is composed by the president of the Cour des Comptes (among others) but also by several members of the executive (President de la Haute Autorité de l'Etat, la ministre de la justice, etc...) So the Cour des Comptes is not at all protected from political interference.","2/ Court Packing : État de droit et Cour Suprême\nby Sahondra Rabenarivo\n09 février 2012 , Madagascar Tribune ://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Court-Packing-Etat-de-droit-et,17072.html\n\nThe members of the Conseil supreme de la Magistrature,  Madagascar tribune 4 aout 2011, http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Les-nouveaux-membres,16240.html\n\nWord Bank  Report No. 54277-MG\n\"Madagascar, A Political Economy, Analysis of Governance in Madagascar,\" December 2010","In practice, the supreme audit institution is not protected from political interference.\nThe executive (which includes the members of president's political party) appoints several of its members...."]
["2012_MW_7",2012,"MW","Malawi",7,25,"Political interference, informally, is a real threat to the independence of the supreme audit institution. The office of the auditor general has faced challenges including thugs breaking into offices. It was reported that this followed damning investigations against the military and the police by the office of the auditor general.","Government Auditors Fear Thug Targeted Information. G. Kamlomo.  Daily Times. March 23, 2012.\n\nRegime Thugs in Conspiracy to Defeat Justice. Nyasa Times. Jan. 23, 2012.","Political interference, informally, is a real threat to the independence of the supreme audit institution. The office of the auditor general has faced challenges including thugs breaking into offices. It was reported that this followed damning investigations against the military an..."]
["2012_ML_7",2012,"ML","Mali",7,50,"Au Mali, il y a trois institutions  d'audit externes: (1) Une Cour ou Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême; (2) le Contrôle Général des Services publics, qui est le membre de la INTSAI et relève au Premier ministre; (3) Le Vérificateur Général, qui relève du président de la république.\n\nLa Section des comptes, l’institution chargée de la vérification des comptes, dans la pratique dispose d’une certaine indépendance opérationnelle vis-à-vis des ingérences politiques, révèle le magistrat Daouda Cissé. \n\nPar contre, l’agent de justice Soumaila Diokhané indique que cette Section des comptes du Mali n’est pas exclue des manipulations politiques dans ces instances, surtout qu’elle est sous les ordres de la cour suprême, proche de la présidence de la République.","Entretien avec Maître Daouda Cissé, rencontré le 13 février 2013 à Bamako. \n\nEntretien avec Soumaila Diokhané, agent de justice rencontré à Lafiabougou, le 13 février 2013, à Bamako","Au Mali, il y a trois institutions  d'audit externes: (1) Une Cour ou Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême; (2) le Contrôle Général des Services publics, qui est le membre de la INTSAI et relève au Premier ministre; (3) Le Vérificateur Général, qui relève du président de la répub..."]
["2012_MR_7",2012,"MR","Mauritania",7,25,"Il existe manifestement des interférences sur l’institution supérieure de contrôle du budget de l’État dans la mesure où le Président de cette institution est nommé par le Président de la République sur la base de critères qui ne sont toujours pas liés exclusivement à la compétence mais aussi à son affiliation au parti au pouvoir. \n\nIsmaïla Madior Fall explique la situation de l'indépendance de la Cour des Comptes de la Mauritanie :\n\n\"Souvent les budgets de la Cour des comptes sont au niveau du ministère des finances bien rangés dans une rubrique (Pouvoir public) et donc la Cour des comptes n’a pas toujours cette indépendance financière.\"\n\nIl n'y a pas indépendance totale de la Cour, mais il y a l’indépendance fonctionnelle : \"Et ensuite, il y a l’indépendance fonctionnelle, ça veut dire que la Cour des comptes doit pouvoir, chaque année ou chaque deux ans, élaborer son plan annuel d’activités, mais là aussi on se rend compte que les Cours des comptes ne le font pas toujours. La Cour des comptes doit pouvoir publier ses rapports sur l’exécution du budget et sur l’utilisation des ressources publiques de façon indépendante, mais dans la plupart de nos pays on dit que la Cour des comptes peut publier les rapports si le Président de la République l’autorise. La Cour des compte doit normalement pouvoir, devoir d’ailleurs, envoyer son rapport au Parlement, ça aussi ne se fait pas toujours. Donc la condition pour qu’il y ait un contrôle efficace qui favorise la transparence de la vie financière des États africains, c’est une Cour des comptes forte, qui a de l’autorité et qui est indépendante. Mais force est de constater, dans la pratique, que la Cour des comptes des pays africains ne parvient pas toujours à avoir toutes ces conditions d’indépendance.","Ismaïla Madior Fall : \"Dans nos pays, il n’y avait pas une culture de la Loi de réglement'', 4 mars 2012, in http://fr.alakhbar.info et Noor Info (Journaux électroniques)\n\nNB: De nationalité sénégalaise, Ismaïla Madior Fall est professeur de Droit public et de Sciences politiques\n\nRFI, Polémiques autour du limogeage du président de la Cour suprême mauritanienne, 27 mai 2012, http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120527-polemiques-autour-limogeage-president-cour-supreme-mauritanienne-presidence \n\nPropos recueillis par Dalay Lam  in Le Calame, Décembre 2012\nhttp://www.lecalame.info/contenu_news.php?id=4672","Il existe manifestement des interférences sur l’institution supérieure de contrôle du budget de l’État dans la mesure où le Président de cette institution est nommé par le Président de la République sur la base de critères qui ne sont toujours pas liés exclusivement à la compétence..."]
["2012_MU_7",2012,"MU","Mauritius",7,100,"The post of the director of audit is a constitutional post, and he/she is not accountable to politicians. Reports of the director of audit are tabled to parliament, and these are often critical of the use of funds in different ministries, demonstrating independence in the work of this office and transparency in the auditing process. The latest report of the director of audit was highly critical of unaccounted use of funds in many ministries and waste of public money.\n\nThis information was obtained from the documents and also an interview with Mr Mooneeshwar Ramtohul (Oct. 1, 2012), who was the former chief agricultural officer at the Ministry of Agriculture and also on the interview board for the Public Service Commission when interviews for recruitment were being done. He clearly mentions the fact that it is a board that decides on the appointments, and very specific criteria needs to be followed. As such, it becomes difficult for political or outside parties to influence such decisions, especially for high-level positions where qualifications and experience are the most important criteria.\n\nAs can be seen in the 2012 report, the director of audit highlights the misuse of funds by the different  ministries and government departments. There are cases in which parastatal bodies have not been paying back loans taken from the government over a number of years; for example, the National Transport Corporation. Also, misuse of funds in government departments and non-compliance with appropriate accounting procedures are highlighted for the different ministries, which resulted in a waste of public funds. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for instance, bypassed procedures for public procurement of cars and did not claim a fine from the dealer for late delivery of the cars, as is the procedure.","Interview with Mr. Mooneeshwar Ramtohul, former chief agricultural officer, Ministry of Agriculture, and former member of board of appointments to Public Service Commission. Oct. 1, 2012.\n\nThe National Audit Office. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/auditsite/menuitem.afcc311f8d4ff832b4c3bb4e52a521ca/\n\nThe Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 10, Article 130. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=9a654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#CHAPTERXFINANCE","The post of the director of audit is a constitutional post, and he/she is not accountable to politicians. Reports of the director of audit are tabled to parliament, and these are often critical of the use of funds in different ministries, demonstrating independence in the work of t..."]
["2012_MA_7",2012,"MA","Morocco",7,25,"In practice, the independence of the accounts courts vis-à-vis the legislative and executive powers is not sufficient. The problem is that it is dependent on the intricacies of state power, which can take many forms that are not apparent.\n\nThere are some public sectors which are not subject to audit (e.g., important public enterprises such as CDG or Credit Agricole, ministries such as defense and interior seem to avoid being audited). \n\nMoreover, the court has been \"inundated\" by many declarations of assets (including non-statutory declarations), but there have been selected prosecutions of criminal cases that seem obviously necessary. \n\nFinally, it is surprising that after the Arab Spring, judges of the Department of Justice have been more courageous and created an independent, (despite the repression and various police and administrative bottlenecks). In France for example, the Association of Judges of Auditors Court responded to attacks against its credibility and impartiality, which were attacks against its independence.","Annual Report of Auditors Court 2010.\n\nReports of the Council is Sufficient to Trigger Follow-ups Questions to Najib Akesbi. Assabah. July 2, 2012. www.assabah.press.ma. \n\nHuman Rights Activists are Concerned About the Developments of Mezouar and Bensouda Compensations. Hespress. Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nWhy Midaoui’s Judges do not Control the Military Deals. Barhali Khaled. Hespress. July 12, 2012.","In practice, the independence of the accounts courts vis-à-vis the legislative and executive powers is not sufficient. The problem is that it is dependent on the intricacies of state power, which can take many forms that are not apparent...."]
["2012_MZ_7",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",7,50,"Although the constitution clearly states that the independence of the institution  is guaranteed, there are few concerns that the activities of the Administrative court judges may not be effective because of Frelimo party influence within the institution. The presiding judge is indicated and sworn in by the president of the republic who is also the president of the Frelimo party. \n\nGilles Cistac a prominent Mozambican lawyer and university law professor said in an interview to the neswpaper Diario de Moçambique, above indicated that as of September 2012, 32 percent of judges in the country are directly connected to a political party, particularly Frelimo.\n\nCistac contended that, \"you can have a totally free judiciary free of political influence or party influence or simply prevent them of joining a political party. That does not mean that a given judge does not have to be a supporter of a party, but structurally it cannot be a member and cannot participate in its meetings.\"\n\nHe added that there is a need to break the structural relationship to avoid dependence or subordination, in which some judges get to be guided by political parties. Regarding the executive branch, he said it was necessary to consider the restriction of the powers of the President in terms of appointment of magistrates and consolidation of self-governance of the judiciary, especially the election of presidents and judges of the Administrative Court, Supreme Court and the Constitutional Council.\n\nHe further argued that \"the members of these institutions should elect their presidents and also give consistency to the appointment by the Superior Council of the Judiciary (SCJ) and not expect the President of the Republic to appoint directors.”\n\nAnother example of limited independence is based on the relationship between the Administrative court and the government. Although the Administrative Court has an independent position, in practice it is the government that proposes the budget limit for the Administrative Court at the Parliament, where, from a financial standpoint, the Tribunal does not have complete autonomy. Also, and with regard to the courts staff, important acts such as defining the content of the work, approval of professional careers, setting wages, etc. are all centralized within the government.\n\nGiven the lack of independence mentioned above, it is noted that one of the biggest problems currently faced by the Administrative Court is therefore the lack of qualified and trained staff in the area of the 3rd Section. Moreover, the ability to recruit qualified personnel and pay wages consistent with the functions are compromised by the dependence of the wage scale for Public Administration and the State Budget.\n\nThe above was confirmed in an interview with Dr.Zuande, Administrative Court, conducted for this research. He indicated that although there are limitations to the independence of the Administrative Court through various means, \"political influence\" does not run as deep as widely perceived.","Dr. Jeremias Francisco Zuande ,Administrative Court. 30th October 2011. Maputo.\n\nDiario de Mocambique, Redaccao. 15th September 2012. Independência do Judiciário Nunca é  um Dado Adquirido. http://diariomoz.com/index.php/sociedade/3064-independencia-do-judiciario-nunca-e-um-dado-adquirido","Although the constitution clearly states that the independence of the institution  is guaranteed, there are few concerns that the activities of the Administrative court judges may not be effective because of Frelimo party influence within the institution. The presiding judge is ind..."]
["2012_NA_7",2012,"NA","Namibia",7,50,"The Office of the Auditor-General is not institutionally autonomous, since it is under the ambit of the Public Service Commission. This structure creates room for political interference, according to Phanuel Kaapama. Conversely, Prof. William B. Lindeke contends that \"generally\" the Office of the Auditor-General is protected from political interference, since there are very rare instances that suggest otherwise. \n\nThe supreme audit office is not subordinate to a government ministry or agency per se. But when it comes to recruitment, the Public Service Commission oversees human resource management on behalf of the government's ministries/agencies/offices.","Phanuel Kaapama, lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nWilliam B. Lindeke, retired professor of political science and senior research associate at the Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.","The Office of the Auditor-General is not institutionally autonomous, since it is under the ambit of the Public Service Commission. This structure creates room for political interference, according to Phanuel Kaapama. Conversely, Prof. William B. Lindeke contends that \"generally\" th..."]
["2012_NE_7",2012,"NE","Niger",7,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_7",2012,"NG","Nigeria",7,50,"Although there is a guarantee for the office of the auditor general, the effect of the office is often not felt.  Since 1999, the auditor general has published several indicting reports, but such reports have no enforcement support.  Since 2004, efforts to strengthen the office and make it more relevant to accountability have failed.  In 2009, Honorable Uche Ekwunife proposed a bill to enhance the powers of the office, but the bill was rejected by the House of Representatives. According to Eze Onyekpere, the function of the office amounts to \"a frustrating exercise in reporting. ... Available evidence shows that audit recommendations are treated with levity by ministries, departments and agencies. Despite the provisions of the financial regulations, there is hardly a follow-up on the recommendations. This sets the stage for the year-after-year recurrence of the same set of “financial felonies and misdemeanors by MDAs.\"\n\nSimilarly, at the conference of auditors general in Ilorin on June 25, 2012, they identified delay in the submission of financial statements by the accountant-general to the auditors general, low staff capacity, poor funding and lack of basic autonomy as some of the challenges of financial auditing.\n\nIn a communiqué on Friday after their four-day, 42nd bi-annual conference in Ilorin, they also said gaps in the Constitution and other legislation relating to the auditor general as an audit officer, lack of proper follow-up on reports of the auditor general and inadequate logistics and conducive working environment were other inhibiting factors. They therefore recommended that it should be made mandatory for the account committees at the federal and state levels to complete the consideration of the auditors general reports within three months of receiving them. They also said there should be proper and timely follow-up action on the recommendations of the public accounts committee based on the auditor general’s report.\n\nThe auditor general of the federation, Mr. Samuel Ukura, said during the conference that there was the need for Nigeria to have an audit law that would strengthen operations in the audit and the entire financial sector. He said it was surprising that even small countries in the world had audit laws while Nigeria did not.","Auditors-General Identify Challenges of Financial Auditing. Success Nwogu. Punch. June 25, 2012.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/business/money/auditors-general-identify-challenges-of-financial-auditing/\n\nFiscal Issues in Constitutional Amendment. Eze Onyekpere. Punch. March 12, 2012.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/viewpoint/fiscal-issues-in-constitutional-amendment-2/","Although there is a guarantee for the office of the auditor general, the effect of the office is often not felt.  Since 1999, the auditor general has published several indicting reports, but such reports have no enforcement support.  Since 2004, efforts to strengthen the office and..."]
["2012_RW_7",2012,"RW","Rwanda",7,75,"There have not been any reports from the media or other organizations that a government official has interfered with the Office of the Auditor General by restricting its investigations or the publication of its annual reports. After auditor-general reports are issued, Parliament, especially the Public Accounts Committee, has the responsibility to ensure that any suspects are prosecuted by the appropriate institution. \n \nIn practice, the head of the Auditor General's Office  is a government appointee.","John Kimanuka, private lawyer, interviewed Dec. 7, 2012, Kigali.\n \nJean d'Amour Mbonyinshuti, journalist, The New Times newspaper, interviewed in Kigali.","There have not been any reports from the media or other organizations that a government official has interfered with the Office of the Auditor General by restricting its investigations or the publication of its annual reports. After auditor-general reports are issued, Parliament, e..."]
["2012_ST_7",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",7,25,"The Court of Auditors is not protected from political interference. The moment that the government does not submit its accounts to the Court of Auditors, it means that the Court of Auditors in practice has no independence, nor the impartiality needed to perform its work. In a democratic state, the Court of Auditors should have a more proactive role, challenging the accounts of the state in order to exercise proper control and oversight of state accounts. In practice, this does not happen. \n\nThe government accomplished a series of business agreements with international companies that the Court of Auditors is not aware of. For example, the state paid for a new fishing dock. But it was never used as a fishing dock, and it was instead transformed into a supermarket operated by a foreign company. Only after the government had concluded an agreement with the company and the infrastructure was already in the hands of the French group Ceca Gadis, did the government deliver a report to the Court of Auditors. According to the law, before that process was finalized, the court should have been made aware of everything and have approved the agreement. In practice that didn't happen.","Edlena Barros, journalist, RTP África, Sept. 19, 2012, at RTP África.\n\nJosé Bouças, journalist, National Television (TVS), Sept. 18, 2012, at TVS.","The Court of Auditors is not protected from political interference. The moment that the government does not submit its accounts to the Court of Auditors, it means that the Court of Auditors in practice has no independence, nor the impartiality needed to perform its work. In a democ..."]
["2012_SN_7",2012,"SN","Senegal",7,75,"L’institution supérieure de vérification des comptes, dans la pratique, dispose d’une certaine indépendance opérationnelle vis-à-vis des ingérences politiques. \n\nPourtant, révèle maître Alioune Tine de la RADDHO, il n’est pas exclu des manipulations politiques dans ces instances. Dans son rapport, le Forum Civil montre que la cour des comptes dispose en pratique de tous les moyens pour faire son travail sans l'intervention des politiciens, mais ce que cette organisation dénonce, c'est l'application des recommandations issues des rapports déposés auprès du Président de la République.\n\nDans son étude sur l'indépendance des Juges au Sénégal en 2012, la RADDHO montre que la cour des compte est la seule juridiction au Sénégal qui ne subit presque pas l'influence des politiciens dans son travail. Mais la Raddho souligne que l'une des limites principales est que les textes actuels ne lui permettent pas de poursuivre ceux qui sont coupables de mauvaises gestions, mais doivent remettre leurs rapports au Président de la République.","Interview de maître Alioune Tine de la RADDHO, mars 2012.\n\nRapport du Forum Civil  SYNPICS sur l'indépendance des Magistrats de la cour des Comptes en 2012. \n\nRapport de RADDHO en 2012 sur la liberté des juges au Sénégal.","L’institution supérieure de vérification des comptes, dans la pratique, dispose d’une certaine indépendance opérationnelle vis-à-vis des ingérences politiques. ..."]
["2012_SC_7",2012,"SC","Seychelles",7,100,"The Auditor-General Act 2010, article 13 empowers the Auditor-General to independently examine the performance of public authorities, and it does this free from political interference. Further, the Auditor-General's Office manages its own spending with the use of an Audit Revenue Fund and a good organizational system. \n\nThe Office of the Auditor General Performance Audit Strategy 2012-13 states that it \"has a key role in holding the Government to account through performance audit reports that look at the economy, efficiency and effectiveness with which public money and resources are used to deliver services and functions.\"","Bloomberg, Seychelles Petroleum Tankers Lose 1 Million a Month, Hebdo Says, February 18, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-18/seychelles-petroleum-tankers-lose-1-million-a-month-hebdo-says.html\n\nSeychelles Nation, Auditor-General Bill to Bring More Transparency, June 11, 2010\n\nThe Auditor-General, http://www.oag.sc/\n\nVirtual Seychelles. Office of the Auditor General. http://www.virtualseychelles.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=125","The Auditor-General Act 2010, article 13 empowers the Auditor-General to independently examine the performance of public authorities, and it does this free from political interference. Further, the Auditor-General's Office manages its own spending with the use of an Audit Revenue F..."]
["2012_SL_7",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",7,75,"The annual reports regularly submitted by the Audit Service have not been favorable for most ministries since 2010. This indicates that the service is to a large extent free from political interference. Previously, annual reports were not even produced or made public.","Anonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.","The annual reports regularly submitted by the Audit Service have not been favorable for most ministries since 2010. This indicates that the service is to a large extent free from political interference. Previously, annual reports were not even produced or made public."]
["2012_SO_7",2012,"SO","Somalia",7,0,"The Somali supreme audit institution did not do any auditing of government operations because most officials did not allow auditing of their offices. If the auditors had proceeded, they may have put themselves at risk because most officials have weapons with which they can do whatever they want without fear of justice.\n\nA report authored by Abdirazak Fartaag revealed several incidences of Somali administrations misappropriating and mismanaging millions of dollars in donor assistance and domestic revenue by under-reporting the amounts received and by utilising funds on personal and other non-government expenses. The study also showed vast discrepancies between Fartaag's findings and figures reported by the Auditor General's Office.","Anonymous Somali lawyers, interviewed Oct. 14, 2012, Mogadishu.  Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nNew Report Reveals Somalia’s Missing Millions, by Rasna Warah, Pambazuka News, July 26, 2012; http://www.pambazuka.net/en/category.php/features/83908","The Somali supreme audit institution did not do any auditing of government operations because most officials did not allow auditing of their offices. If the auditors had proceeded, they may have put themselves at risk because most officials have weapons with which they can do whate..."]
["2012_ZA_7",2012,"ZA","South Africa",7,100,"In practice, the Office of the Auditor-General is protected from political influence. This is indicated by the increasing number of reports in which the auditor-general has expressed adverse opinions about practices of the executive. \n\nSome government departments have received adverse reviews in supreme audits, resulting in improved performance. These departments have focused on better financial management as a way to satisfy public finance management regulations. This shows that no government departments or individuals receive protection against the supreme audit institutions. \n\nDoubt has not been cast on the independence of the auditor-general's work.","\"Auditor-General’s Report on Housing MEC,\" Zohra Mohamed Teke, Daily News, Oct. 31, 2011, www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/auditor-general-s-report-on-housing-mec-1.1168138\n\n\"Over 70 Irregularities Recorded in Jo'burg Audit,\" Mail & Guardian, April 4, 2012,\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-04-over-70-irregularities-recorded-in-joburg-audit","In practice, the Office of the Auditor-General is protected from political influence. This is indicated by the increasing number of reports in which the auditor-general has expressed adverse opinions about practices of the executive. ..."]
["2012_SS_7",2012,"SS","South Sudan",7,75,"There are no signs of political interference in the work of the National Audit Chamber in South Sudan. For example, the auditor general's report of November 2011 implicated the government in embezzling public funds, but nobody interfered with it or even threatened the auditor general.","Audit Report Reveals Massive Embezzlement Of Public Funds. Waakhe Simon Wudu. Gurtong. Nov. 4, 2011. http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5983/Audit-Report-Reveals-Massive-Embezzlement-of-Public-Funds.aspx\n\nAuditor General Says South Sudan ‘Stands at a Crossroads’ as he Presents Report to National Legislature. Mading Ngor. New Sudan Vision. Nov. 1, 2011. http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2480:auditor-general-says-south-sudan-stands-at-a-crossroads-as-he-presents-report-to-national-legislature&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6","There are no signs of political interference in the work of the National Audit Chamber in South Sudan. For example, the auditor general's report of November 2011 implicated the government in embezzling public funds, but nobody interfered with it or even threatened the auditor gener..."]
["2012_SD_7",2012,"SD","Sudan",7,25,"Sudan's system is tribal based, and influence is exerted on the audit institution in order to maintain peace and security in the country. This has resulted in a context in which top government officials can influence the supreme audit institution.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n Maj. Asif Khan, United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur, interviewed March 12, 2013.\n\nThe National Audit Chamber website is from 2010. The 2012 report is not available online, and even offline it is not easy to obtain a copy. However, the findings and the report were widely circulated at the time. \nhttp://www.audit.gov.sd/index.php/2012-10-02-15-50-43/2012-11-21-09-02-45","Sudan's system is tribal based, and influence is exerted on the audit institution in order to maintain peace and security in the country. This has resulted in a context in which top government officials can influence the supreme audit institution."]
["2012_SZ_7",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",7,50,"Although the Office of the Auditor General exists, it does not operate in the manner that an Ombudsman would as far as the exercise of independent and impartial audit of both government and monarchy operations. The Auditor General's office does audit some government departments, but there is no audit of royal expenditures, nor an independent auditor of the auditor general office itself.\n \nAccording to the Audit Act No. 4 of 2005, Section 23(1), the Office of the Auditor General is to be audited by the ministries responsible for finance in order to be accountable for the funds appropriated by Parliament. But the Office of the Auditor General continues to experience problems, and these challenges hinder its operation.","Swaziland Auditor General Report, 2010. Available as a Word document on UNODC website http://track.unodc.org/Pages/results.aspx?k=swaziland&cs=This%20Site&u=http%3A%2F%2Ftrack.unodc.org\n \n \"Countries at the Crossroads 2011 - Swaziland,\" by John Daniel, Freedom House, Nov. 10, 2011, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ecba644c.html","Although the Office of the Auditor General exists, it does not operate in the manner that an Ombudsman would as far as the exercise of independent and impartial audit of both government and monarchy operations. The Auditor General's office does audit some government departments, bu..."]
["2012_TZ_7",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",7,75,"The National Audit Office has been given considerable freedom since the appointment of the current Controller and Auditor-General in 2007. Its work is widely regarded as being timely and of acceptable quality and produced with minimal political interference. Its annual reports on the finances of central government, local government and publicly owned bodies consistently identify and describe the widespread misuse of public funds in Tanzania. In this sense, it appears to operate without seeking political favor.\n \nThe National Audit Office gave the appearance of being subject to political pressure in its investigation of payments by the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Energy and Minerals to MPs in 2011. Allegations were made that such payments were made in order to ensure that MPs would pass the ministry's budget. An initial investigation by the Audit Office cleared the permanent secretary. However, this was soon overturned by a parliamentary investigation, which detailed numerous payments made by the ministry to MPs and other officials at the time.","Daniel Kobb and Peter Bofin (2012), \"Tanzanian Institutions of Accountability: a review and assessment,\" unpublished report prepared for Tanzania's Development Partners Group's Governance Working Group.\n \n NORAD (2011) \"Joint Evaluation of Support to Anti-Corruption Efforts: Tanzania Country Report,\" page 36\n http://www.oecd.org/countries/tanzania/48912823.pdf\n \n Bunge la Tanzania (2011) Taarifa ya Kamati Teule ya Bunge Iliyoundwa Kuchunguza Uhalali wa Utaratibu wa Wizara Kuchangisha Fedha Kwa Ajili ya Kupitisha Bajeti Bungeni [National Assembly (2011) Report of the Select Committee formed to investigate the legitimacy of the ministry's payments to ensure the passing of its budget in the National Assembly]","The National Audit Office has been given considerable freedom since the appointment of the current Controller and Auditor-General in 2007. Its work is widely regarded as being timely and of acceptable quality and produced with minimal political interference. Its annual reports on t..."]
["2012_TG_7",2012,"TG","Togo",7,50,"Dans la pratique, l'institution supérieure de contrôle a une certaine indépendance opérationnelle vis-à-vis de l'ingérence politique. Selon M. Abdoulaye Yaya et M. Joseph K. Koffigoh, les ingérences politiques dans les activités de l’institution supérieure ne sont pas totalement absents.","Source n° 1 : M. Yaya Abdoulaye, ancien procureur de la République, magistrat et actuel secrétaire général de la cour suprême du Togo, entretien du 18 juillet 2012.\n \n Source n° 2 : Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ancien Premier Ministre, avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012.","Dans la pratique, l'institution supérieure de contrôle a une certaine indépendance opérationnelle vis-à-vis de l'ingérence politique. Selon M. Abdoulaye Yaya et M. Joseph K. Koffigoh, les ingérences politiques dans les activités de l’institution supérieure ne sont pas totalement ab..."]
["2012_TN_7",2012,"TN","Tunisia",7,50,"L'article 2 de la Loi numéro 8 du 8 Mars 1968 sur l'organisation de la cour des comptes stipule que \"Le Président de la République est Président du Conseil d’Etat. Le Premier Ministre en est le vice-président. Le Conseil d’Etat est rattaché administrativement au Premier Ministère.\"\n \n Le rapport de l'OCDE affirme que \"L'indépendance de la Cour s'est fondée sur le statut de magistrat de ses membres qui sont inamovibles. L'expertise des magistrats de la Cour des comptes semble très poussée : l'institution est par exemple capable de mener des audits de performance. Elle dispose de toute la liberté pour programmer ses travaux, pour choisir les organismes qu'elle va contrôler et déterminer les conditions dans lesquelles elle mène ses investigations. Le Premier Président de la Cour est nommé et révoqué par le Président.\" (page 43)\n\nLa page 44 souligne \"l'importance de détacher la Cour des Compte de la Présidence de la République et de lui garantir une indépendance fonctionnelle plus importante (...) le positionnement de la Cour vis-à vis de l’exécutif et du législatif pourrait être redéfini, son autonomie de gestion renforcée et ses rapports rendus obligatoirement publics.\"\n\n En vertu des textes régissant actuellement la Cour, le Premier président est désigné par le Président de la République parmi les hauts fonctionnaires de l'Etat sans que la durée du mandat soit définie. Il s'ensuit que le Président de la République peut à tout moment et pour n'importe quel motif mettre fin aux fonctions du Premier président, ce qui revient à le dépouiller de l'indépendance nécessaire à l'exercice de ses fonctions.","- Rapport de l'OCDE sur ÉVALUATION DU CADRE D‟INTÉGRITÉ dans le secteur public en Tunisie (2012)\"\n http://www.ministeres.tn/rapport_final%20.pdf\n \n - Rapport de la cour des comptes où elle parle de sa propre indépendance : http://www.courdescomptes.nat.tn/evennement_details.php?code=45&evennement=48&page=2\n \n - compte rendu de la conférence de L’Association tunisienne des contrôleurs publics http://achatpublic.blogspot.com/2012/09/tunisie-les-controleurs-publics.html 20 SEPTEMBRE 2012\n \n - Loi n° 68-8 du 8 mars 1968, portant organisation de la Cour des Comptes telle \n qu’elle a été modifiée et complétée par la loi n° 70-17 du 20 avril 1970, la loi \n organique n° 90-82 du 29 octobre 1990, la loi organique n° 2001-75 du 17 juillet \n 2001et par la loi organique n°2008-3 du 29 janvier 2008\n http://www.courdescomptes.nat.tn/file/Loi68_fr.pdf","L'article 2 de la Loi numéro 8 du 8 Mars 1968 sur l'organisation de la cour des comptes stipule que \"Le Président de la République est Président du Conseil d’Etat. Le Premier Ministre en est le vice-président. Le Conseil d’Etat est rattaché administrativement au Premier Ministère.\"..."]
["2012_UG_7",2012,"UG","Uganda",7,50,"There are mixed reports on political influence on the Auditor General’s Office. Because the Auditor General is appointed by the president, a few reports argue that the AG is under presidential influence. \n \n On the other hand, other reports show that while the institution is faced with varying challenges, the office of the auditor general has done its job with credit, especially under the current auditor general. The office of the auditor general has continued to churn out audit reports on government expenditures without fear or favor. \n \n To the government’s credit, there have not been reports of state interference. However, the African Peer Review Mechanism's 2009 report recommends that more resources are needed to make the AG more effective in fighting corruption.","“Editorial: Auditor General deserves praise,” The Observer, Feb. 19, 2012, http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17236%3Aeditorial-auditor-general-deserves-praise&Itemid=96.\n \n Office of the Auditor General, http://www.oag.go.ug/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=16:2008&Itemid=18\n http://www.oag.go.ug.\n \n African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) report, 2009.","There are mixed reports on political influence on the Auditor General’s Office. Because the Auditor General is appointed by the president, a few reports argue that the AG is under presidential influence. ..."]
["2012_ZM_7",2012,"ZM","Zambia",7,100,"The section that protects the supreme audit institution from political interference is article 121 section (6) of Zambia's 1996 Constitution, which states that \"In the exercise of his functions under clauses (2), (3) and (4), the Auditor-General shall not be subjected to the direction or control of any person or authority.\" Additionally, the office of the Auditor-General enjoys security of tenure and cannot easily be removed by politicians as article 122 provides for security of tenure. The Auditor-General is appointed by the President and approved by parliament. The Auditor-General is free to report cases of abuse of funds even if it involves high level officials. This is evidenced by the reports which are published annually which show how funds are used by various government departments, indicating also the irregularities that are committed. Usually these reports are studied by an organ of parliament which looks at public expenditure, the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and summons those ministries with noticeable irregularities to account for how they used the public funds. For instance, the Auditor-General's report for the year 2011, which came out in 2012, showed a lot of irregularities on the operations of the Road Development Agency (RDA), and this prompted President Sata to fire the whole RDA board. The Auditor-General can not be removed from office because of the content in the report even if it shows irregular or corrupt activities of high level officials. Hence, protected from political interference.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The section that protects the supreme audit institution from political interference is article 121 section (6) of Zambia's 1996 Constitution, which states that \"In the exercise of his functions under clauses (2), (3) and (4), the Auditor-General shall not be subjected to the direct..."]
["2012_ZW_7",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",7,25,"To an extent, the supreme audit institution is independent. \n \n However, the comptroller and auditor-general is answerable to the Minister of Finance. She does not report directly to Parliament and has to rely on the minister to forward her reports to Parliament. Although the Audit Office Act 12/2009 (Chapter 22:18 of 2009 which commenced on April 1, 2011) gives the comptroller and auditor-general power to submit a report to the speaker of the House of Assembly for the speaker to lay it before the House of Assembly, that has not yet happened. \n \n In fact, the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General (OCAG) has a backlog of reports. The office has in the past lacked teeth and cannot enforce its recommendations or punish wrongdoers. Often ministries ignore her reports. The downturn in the Zimbabwe economy coupled with a high staff turnover in the office, has adversely affected the plans of the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.","Interview with Philip Muziri, program officer with the Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa (EISA), Aug. 7, 2012, Harare, Zimbabwe.\n \n Interview with Farai Chiweshe, independent governance consultant, previously with the Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa (SAHRIT), Aug. 3, 2012, Harare, Zimbabwe.","To an extent, the supreme audit institution is independent. \n \n However, the comptroller and auditor-general is answerable to the Minister of Finance. She do..."]
["2012_DZ_8",2012,"DZ","Algeria",8,25,"In the Algerian political reality, the intelligence service is in charge of officially appointing officials in managerial positions (political and judicial), and their consideration is primarily focused on candidates being supporters of the regime (their political affiliation). \n\nThe conflict of interest between senior officials plays an important role in the appointments too. For example, we find a permanent struggle between the president and the military establishment in the appointment of ministers senior officials witch creating a situation of political blockage in Algeria. This situation disrupted the reform and evolution of the political process in Algeria.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 19, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. June 19, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 19, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil servant. Audit Court. June 19, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil servant. Audit Court. June 19, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil servant. Audit Court. June 19, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 19, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 19, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 19, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","In the Algerian political reality, the intelligence service is in charge of officially appointing officials in managerial positions (political and judicial), and their consideration is primarily focused on candidates being supporters of the regime (their political affiliation). ..."]
["2012_AO_8",2012,"AO","Angola",8,0,"In practice, the president of the republic appoints Judges of the Supreme Audit Institution as stipulated in the Constitution. Details of the judges appointed, with copies of their CV's, are posted on the court's website. The court has finalized a number of prosecutions of civil servants.  In the Angola political context this does not necessarily indicate independence, since the court itself acts as an instrument for the executive to maintain party discipline.","Freedom House, country report 2011, Rule of Law Angola, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads-2011/rule-law-0.\n\n\"Tribunal de Contas esclarece declarações sobre casos que envolvem gestores públicos,\" Angola Press, Dec. 30, 2011, http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2011/11/52/Tribunal-Contas-esclarece-declaracoes-sobre-casos-que-envolvem-gestores-publicos,175b2da9-3e21-47e2-a1a2-09e621f68c8f.html.\n\nAngolan Constitution Article 119  http://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=413.\n\nTribunal de Contas, http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Sobre%20TC/Quem%20%C3%A9%20Quem/Juizes%20Conselheiros","In practice, the president of the republic appoints Judges of the Supreme Audit Institution as stipulated in the Constitution. Details of the judges appointed, with copies of their CV's, are posted on the court's website. The court has finalized a number of prosecutions of civil se..."]
["2012_BJ_8",2012,"BJ","Benin",8,25,"Le président de la Cour Suprême ainsi que certains responsables de l'institution sont nommés par le chef de l'Etat; les nominations des membres de cette institution ne garantissent nullement pas son indépendance car c'est le pouvoir exécutif qui nomme le président de la Cour Suprême. \n\nSelon la plupart des personnes interrogées cela n'est pas de nature à en assurer forcément et à tout moment l'indépendance de l'institution car ce dernier peut être amené à faire la volonté de l'Exécutif. Par exemple, lors des dernières élections communales, la Cour Suprême a mis trop de temps à résoudre les litiges, si bien que cela a favorisé le gouvernement.","Etienne BADOU, Juriste, Chargé de Projet à l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, Entretien le 25 juin 2012 à l'observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, Cotonou.\n\nAnselme AMOUSSOU, Enseignant, Secrétaire Général adjoint de la CSA Benin, Entretien le 21 juin 2012 à la Bourse du travail, Cotonou.\n\nSerge BATONON, Juriste, Verificateur en service à la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Supreme, Cour Suprême, Entretien le 09 août 2012 à la Cour Suprême, Porto-Novo.","Le président de la Cour Suprême ainsi que certains responsables de l'institution sont nommés par le chef de l'Etat; les nominations des membres de cette institution ne garantissent nullement pas son indépendance car c'est le pouvoir exécutif qui nomme le président de la Cour Suprêm..."]
["2012_BW_8",2012,"BW","Botswana",8,50,"Even though the auditor general may have the appropriate qualifications, he is appointed by the president. This may compromise the independence of the Office of the Auditor General. In addition, changes by President Ian Khama reduce the powers of the auditor general. \n\nThe security of office tenure is taken away for the auditor general, who will instead work on a contract basis under the direct control and supervision of the president. Additionally, the auditor general may not release some information to the public without approval from the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime.","\"Ten 'Commandments' of Fighting Corruption,\" Comrade Moore, Dec. 21, 2012, Vol. 29, No. 192, www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=20&dir=2012/December/Friday21\n\n\"Auditor General Unable to Retain Accountants,\" BOPA News, March 14, 2012,  \nwww.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120314\n\n\"To Strengthen the Institutional Capacity of the Office of the Auditor General, Botswana,\" Commonwealth, \nJuly 13, 2012, www.thecommonwealth.org/job/191203/167709/247796/gbot107.htm","Even though the auditor general may have the appropriate qualifications, he is appointed by the president. This may compromise the independence of the Office of the Auditor General. In addition, changes by President Ian Khama reduce the powers of the auditor general. ..."]
["2012_BF_8",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",8,50,"La compétence est le premier critère de nomination des gérants des institutions de contrôle ou d’audit dans l’administration. \n\nCependant, parce qu'ils sont nommés par le Chef de l’Etat, l'indépendance des auditeurs est sujetté à caution car cela pourrait signifier qu’ils sont  « ses hommes de confiance ». De ce fait, ils ne pourraient pas être très indépendants surtout lorsqu’il s’agirait d’élucider des cas dans lesquels seraient impliqués des proches du Chef de l’Etat.","Interview avec M. Tiergou Pierre DABIRE, Journaliste, Formateur, Consultant, Conseiller du Directeur Général, Chargé des Affaires Sociales, Les Editions Sidwaya, dans son bureau, vendredi 15 février 2013, à 8:45 TU. \n\nInterview avec M. Nicolas ZERMANE, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son Bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14:19 TU.\n\nLe Pays, Cour des Comptes/ ASCE : A quoi servent les rapports; http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article42725&rubrique21","La compétence est le premier critère de nomination des gérants des institutions de contrôle ou d’audit dans l’administration. ..."]
["2012_BI_8",2012,"BI","Burundi",8,0,"The officials of State Audit Inspectorate (Inspection Generale de l'Etat) are appointed by the President of Burundi, which hinder its independence. \n\nAs to the Court of Accounts, while the members (Conseillers or Commissioners) have a fixed mandate, their appointment is too politicized and does not guarantee their full independence.","Interview via e-mail with Faustin Ndikumana, chair of the civil society organization PARCEM, Aug. 6, 2012\n\nInspection Generale des Finaces: Burundi, accessed August 2012\nhttp://intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/writeups/burandi.htm","The officials of State Audit Inspectorate (Inspection Generale de l'Etat) are appointed by the President of Burundi, which hinder its independence. ..."]
["2012_CM_8",2012,"CM","Cameroon",8,25,"Appointments to the judiciary, including the Audit Chamber of the Supreme Court, are made by Cameroon's president after consultation with the Higher Judicial Council, of which he is the chairman. \n\nIn 2005, following Decree No. 2005/392 of Oct. 25, 2005, the president appointed certain magistrates as members of the Audit Bench. As head of the executive arm of government , the president also appoints the minister of supreme state control in accordance with Article 1(1) of the 1996 amended constitution.","Fabien Eboussi Boulaga, Mathias Eric Owona Nguini and Jean-Bosco Talla, \"Cameroun: autopsie d'un Etat naufragé -- Le Cameroun, malade de sa justice,\" Germinal, June 10, 2012, available at http://germinalnewspaper.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=278%3Acoordonne-par-fabien-eboussi-boulaga-mathias-eric-owona-nguini-et-jean-bosco-talla&catid=28%3Ale-dossiers&Itemid=79&limitstart=8\n\nEricien Pascal Nguiamba, \"Cameroun: Finances Publiques: Des Magistrats de Chambre des Comptes a l'Ecole de la Redaction des Arrêts,\" YaoundéInfos.Com, Aug. 8, 2011, available at www.yaoundeinfos.com/article-cameroun-finances-publiques-des-magistrats-de-la-chambre-des-comptes-a-l-ecole-de-la-redaction-des-81132865.html\n\nDecret No. 2005/392, Oct. 25, 2005, Portant nomination de Magistrats à la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême.","Appointments to the judiciary, including the Audit Chamber of the Supreme Court, are made by Cameroon's president after consultation with the Higher Judicial Council, of which he is the chairman. ..."]
["2012_CV_8",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",8,75,"Appointments to the supreme audit institution could suffer in practice, some degree of political interference. The interference is indirect and derives from the fact that they are appointed by one judicial body of which some members are appointed by political bodies. The appointment is made by the head of state (government).","Electronic and Printed Journal, Expresso das Ilhas; 13-02-2012; «Teresa Evora is the new president of the Superior Council of the Judiciary»: http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/teresa-evora-e-a-nova-presidente-do-csmj\n\nElectronic and Printed Journal, A semana; 08-01-2012; «Judge Teresa Évora as president of the Superior Council of the Judiciary»: http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article71807&ak=1.\n\nInterviews with Bartolomeu Lopes Varela, Professor, Cape Verde University, 08-02-2012, Praia City.\n\nInterviews with Judge Julio Sanches Afonso, Judicial Magistrate of the District Court of Praia City, 12-02-2012, Praia City.\n\nElectronic and Printed Journal, Expresso das Ilhas; 09-12-2011; «Teresa Evora appointed to the Superior Council of the Judiciary»:  http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/teresa-evora-nomeada-para-o-csmj1.","Appointments to the supreme audit institution could suffer in practice, some degree of political interference. The interference is indirect and derives from the fact that they are appointed by one judicial body of which some members are appointed by political bodies. The appointmen..."]
["2012_CF_8",2012,"CF","CAR",8,50,"Les juges de la Cour des Comptes sont nommés pour 5 ans renouvelables une fois par décret en conseil des Ministres. Cela voudrait dire que leur sort dépend de toute personnalité ayant contribué d'une manière ou d'une autre à leur nomination. Normalement, ils devraient être choisis par leur pairs sur la base d'un certain nombre des critères définis et mentionnés dans la loi organique de la Cour des comptes. \nOn peut dire que le fait d'être nommés en Conseils des Ministres, traduit l'existence d'une dette morale à l'égard du Chef de l'Etat et des Ministres voire même du bureau de l'Assemblée Nationale et compromet l'indépendance de ces juges.","Edmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juin 2012, Bangui;\n\nPaul SERVICE, Chargé de Communication au Projet Cadre Intégré Renforcé du Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie (Presse), Juin 2012, Bangui.\n\nPNUD et Transparency International, Décembre 2006, Etude sur le Système National d'Intégrité, Bangui;","Les juges de la Cour des Comptes sont nommés pour 5 ans renouvelables une fois par décret en conseil des Ministres. Cela voudrait dire que leur sort dépend de toute personnalité ayant contribué d'une manière ou d'une autre à leur nomination. Normalement, ils devraient être choisis ..."]
["2012_TD_8",2012,"TD","Chad",8,25,"Appointments to the supreme audit institution are made on a discretionary manner by the country's president.  In this case, the president of the supreme audit is the president of the supreme court, who is appointed by the president of the republic.","Djonko Maounde, dean of the law faculty. University of N'Djamena. Nov. 29, 2012.\n\nBaïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School. N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nNelli Djimtolla, Ligue Tchadienne des Droits de l'Homme. N'Djamena. July 18, 2012.","Appointments to the supreme audit institution are made on a discretionary manner by the country's president.  In this case, the president of the supreme audit is the president of the supreme court, who is appointed by the president of the republic."]
["2012_KM_8",2012,"KM","Comoros",8,100,"Les membres de la Section des Comptes désignés le 19 Avril 2012 proviennent d'horizons divers, ce qui établit un certain équilibre pouvant garantir l'indépendance de l'organe.\n\nCes nouveaux membres sont : Elarif Hamidi, ancien Ministre des Finances, Ali Boina, ancien Trésorier Payeur Général et ancien Président de la Commission de Vérification des Comptes, Naïlani Mhadji, Ancien Ministre, Ali Ahamada, ancien Procureur Général près la Cour d’ Appel de Moroni et Abdou Saïd ancien Procureur Général près la Cour d’ Appel de Moroni. \n\nEn principe, la nomination se fait sans interférences politiques.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni.\n\nComoresdroit, 24 Avril 2012, La composition de la Cour Suprême des Comores est complétée, http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/922-","Les membres de la Section des Comptes désignés le 19 Avril 2012 proviennent d'horizons divers, ce qui établit un certain équilibre pouvant garantir l'indépendance de l'organe...."]
["2012_CD_8",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",8,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_8",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",8,0,"The appointments to the supreme audit institution do not support the independence of the agency. The appointments are based more on such characteristics as belonging to a political party or being a friend, wife, family member, or member of the same spiritual network, etc.","\"RDC: La crédibilité des résultats des élections de 2011 mise en cause par l’UE,\" Congo Tribune Magazine, March 30, 2012 http://congotribune.com/rdc-la-credibilite-des-resultats-des-elections-de-2011-mise-en-cause-par-lue/.\n\n\"RDC: Premières Violences Après la Réélection de Kabila,\" LExpress.fr, Dec. 9, 2011.\nhttp://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/rdc-premieres-violences-apres-la-reelection-de-kabila_1059948.html.","The appointments to the supreme audit institution do not support the independence of the agency. The appointments are based more on such characteristics as belonging to a political party or being a friend, wife, family member, or member of the same spiritual network, etc."]
["2012_CI_8",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",8,0,"According to Mr. Yapo, the institution is not free in the assessment of the facts that it reviews and the conclusions it makes. The court is composed of one President and two counselors.","Eke Frederique Julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013.\n\nInnocent Kouakou, AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Jan. 30, 2012.\n\nLe Nouveau Réveil. (10 novembre 2012). « L’UNAMACI à propos des sanctions contre des magistrats: \"Les procédures disciplinaires doivent être conformes à la loi\" ». Abidjan.net. Repéré à: http://news.abidjan.net/h/444533.html.\n\nGueu, B. (23 octobre 2012). « Côte d’Ivoire: après leur suspension, les confidences des magistrats visés – \"Il y a des anomalies\" », linfodrome.com. Repéré à:\nhttp://actu.atoo.ci/article_pub.php?id=17402.","According to Mr. Yapo, the institution is not free in the assessment of the facts that it reviews and the conclusions it makes. The court is composed of one President and two counselors."]
["2012_DJ_8",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",8,25,"Le principe de concours institué par un décret 2002 n'est pas respecté à Djibouti. Si au départ, le manque de personnel qualifié justifiait cet état de fait, de nos jours, cette justification n'a pas lieu d’être. La seule institution qui respecte ce texte est l'assemblée nationale qui met en place pour ces assistants parlementaires un concours organisé par l'université de Djibouti. \n\nLes recrutements des membres de l'inspection ne se font généralement pas par concours, mais plutôt par accointance. Par exemple un étudiant en master 2 interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche a révélé qu'il compte travailler l'année prochaine au sein de l'institution dans laquelle il effectue son stage. Et pour cela, c'est facile nous dit-il, car son père connait une personne bien placée dans la haute administration et qui pourrait faire passer son dossier. L’étudiant affirme aussi que presque tous les membres de l'inspection ont été recrutés de cette manière, c'est à dire sans passer un concours, et sur dossier présenté au Premier ministre qui décide s'il donne suite ou pas.","MOHAMED YACOUB, Étudiant, entretien du 20 juin 2012. \n\nNoofal Mohamed, journaliste à la presse écrite, entretien réalisé dans les locaux du journal le 26 juillet 2012.\n\nJOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE DJIBOUTI, Décret n°2002-0170/PRE fixant les Conditions de Recrutements du Personnel de l’État, 26 août 2002.","Le principe de concours institué par un décret 2002 n'est pas respecté à Djibouti. Si au départ, le manque de personnel qualifié justifiait cet état de fait, de nos jours, cette justification n'a pas lieu d’être. La seule institution qui respecte ce texte est l'assemblée nationale ..."]
["2012_EG_8",2012,"EG","Egypt",8,25,"Appointments to the CAO have been a problematic issue. The head of the CAO during the toppled Mubarak regime has been severely criticized by his fellows, accusing him of complicity and close ties to the former regime. Since the end of his mandate, the post remained vacant for almost a year until a new president was elected, Mohamed Morsi, who appointed a judge as head of the CAO. \n\nThe appointed judge is known by his previous positions to be against any executive control of the accounting authorities. However, as long as the head of the agency is appointed by the president, the selection criteria lack transparency, and therefore the appointment of the CAO personnel will remain a problematic issue. It is more complicated given that a new constitution is under preparation and probably will amend the regulations governing the appointment of CAO personnel.\n\nIn general, the recruitment process of the CAO does not use anonymous, competitive entry examinations nor a formal process that would guarantee that the recruitment of its staff is based solely on merit. Recruitment mainly depends on interviews. Hence, selections that depend upon the recommendation of powerful individuals in the executive or legislative branches are problematic.","Morsy appoints judge to head Central Auditing Authority. 2012. AlMasry AlYoum\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/morsy-appoints-judge-head-central-auditing-authority\n\nHania Moheeb. 2012. Regulators against corruption. Business Today\nhttp://www.businesstodayegypt.com/index.php?url=news/display/article/artId:456/Regulators-Against-Corruption/secId:3\n\nAhram. 2011. Egypt auditing authority still leaderless\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/24033/Business/Economy/Egypt-auditing-authority-still-leaderless.aspx\n\nGovt oversight chief accused of concealing reports against Mubarak. 2011. AlMasry AlYoum\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/govt-oversight-chief-accused-concealing-reports-against-mubarak\n\nTransparency International. 2009. Study of National Integrity Sytem - Egypt Coutry Profile","Appointments to the CAO have been a problematic issue. The head of the CAO during the toppled Mubarak regime has been severely criticized by his fellows, accusing him of complicity and close ties to the former regime. Since the end of his mandate, the post remained vacant for almos..."]
["2012_GQ_8",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",8,0,"The supreme audit institution is not in place yet.","Human Rights Watch 2012: World Report 2011 Equatorial Guinea, http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/equatorial-guinea\n\n(2012, June 15) .  Equatorial Guinea: DC meeting set as corruption details emerge.  Human Rights Watch.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/15/equatorial-guinea-dc-meeting-set-corruption-details-emerge","The supreme audit institution is not in place yet."]
["2012_ER_8",2012,"ER","Eritrea",8,0,"The leader of the audit office is a liberation fighter who has been there 20 years. He is also the head of the Eritrean National Mining Corp. He is loyal and close to Eritrean political leaders. However, the auditor general is also a certified accountant and has received an award from an international accountant organization for his qualifications and performance. The auditor general is appointed by the president. No proclamation limits his term.","Freedom House 2011, Countries at the crossroads, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/eritrea#.UzBejvldWJI.\n\nNew York Times, Opinion, Susan Rice and Africa’s Despots, Dec. 9, 2012\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/opinion/susan-rice-and-africas-despots.html?ref=topics\n\nBertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index, 2012, Eritrea Country Report, pages 19-20.\nhttp://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/BTI_2012_Eritrea.pdf.","The leader of the audit office is a liberation fighter who has been there 20 years. He is also the head of the Eritrean National Mining Corp. He is loyal and close to Eritrean political leaders. However, the auditor general is also a certified accountant and has received an award f..."]
["2012_ET_8",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",8,50,"The prime minister selects and submits nominations for posts of the auditor general to the House of Peoples’ Representatives for approval. Thus, nominees usually are affiliated with a party, but are also qualified. There were no controversial nominations during the reporting period.","Auditors’ Independence in Ethiopia, by Abdella Mudessir, 2012, http://www.scribd.com/doc/85321352/16/Auditors%E2%80%99-Independence-in-Ethiopia#\n\nInterview with Fessah Mengistu, former executive director of the Organization for Social Development, July 4, 2012.","The prime minister selects and submits nominations for posts of the auditor general to the House of Peoples’ Representatives for approval. Thus, nominees usually are affiliated with a party, but are also qualified. There were no controversial nominations during the reporting period..."]
["2012_GA_8",2012,"GA","Gabon",8,0,"Non, car les nominations sont faites chaque année par le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature, qui est présidé par le Président de la République, comme dispose la Constitution en ses articles 68-70. \n\nLe problème avec ce genre de questions, c'est que personne ne s'attend à répondre à celles-ci après deux ans et à enregistrer les inspections périodiques ou d'articles dans les médias, et les agents des finances du droit de direction. Le haut magistrat de la Cour des comptes ne pouvait pas accepter d'être mentionné dans un document par peur de perdre son emploi.","L'entretien de haut magistrat de la Cour des Comptes, Libreville, Gabon, juillet 2012\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n\"AFROSAI General Assembly Held in Gabon\", October 2011, Libreville, Gabon, http://www.intosaijournal.org/congressesandconferences/congressafrosai_oct2011.html","Non, car les nominations sont faites chaque année par le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature, qui est présidé par le Président de la République, comme dispose la Constitution en ses articles 68-70. ..."]
["2012_GM_8",2012,"GM","The Gambia",8,75,"Auditor General Babucarr Sankareh has stated in response to an email inquiry that the executive has complied with the constitution in appointments to the National Audit Office. He stated that the auditor general position has been filled internally by competent and respected senior management staff during the past 27 years. During the past 17 years emphasis has been placed on filling the position with professionally qualified staff. This internal recruitment protected the institution from outside political appointees, he concluded. \n\nIn response to the same question, Dominic Mendy stated that appointments to the National Audit Office have not been clearly partisan. But individual appointments, especially at the top, may not necessarily be free from political loyalties and biases, he said.","Email correspondence with Babucarr Sankareh, auditor general of The Gambia (head of the National Audit Office), Aug. 5 and 7, 2012.\n\nEmail correspondence with Dominic Mendy of Emanic Consulting on Sept. 19, 2012. He is an international consultant and former minister of finance and also minister of trade for the Gambia.","Auditor General Babucarr Sankareh has stated in response to an email inquiry that the executive has complied with the constitution in appointments to the National Audit Office. He stated that the auditor general position has been filled internally by competent and respected senior ..."]
["2012_GH_8",2012,"GH","Ghana",8,50,"There is a perception that there is some political consideration in the appointment of the auditor general level positions, like most appointments in the country.\n\nThe president appoints both the auditor general and the board of the Audit Service. The candidates would normally have professional qualifications and may be promoted from the Audit Service. \n\nHowever, the president is not obliged to appoint only from within the Audit Service and, especially with the board of the Audit Service, one need not be a professional. This is why one can say that factors other than qualification are taken into consideration. No authority can say with certainty publicly that political considerations were the basis of such an appointment. \n\nIt is only the auditor general who is appointed by the president, and one cannot rule out partisan considerations, perceived or real. All other employees are interviewed and promoted or appointed to higher positions. Lower level staff have an entry requirement and selection is done through tests. Recruited staff are then trained.","Raymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012. \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants), June 12, 2012. \n\nAnonymous employee of the Audit Service, interviewed by telephone, Aug. 20, 2012. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There is a perception that there is some political consideration in the appointment of the auditor general level positions, like most appointments in the country...."]
["2012_GN_8",2012,"GN","Guinea",8,25,"Pour l'instant la cour des comptes n'est pas encore opérationnelle. \n\nDans l'article 116 de la constitution, il est prévu que : \"La composition, l’organisation, le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes et le régime disciplinaire de ses membres sont fixés par une loi organique\"\n\nCette loi organique est en discussion pour son adoption au CNT. \n\nDans la pratique l'essentiel du travail dévolu à la cour des comptes est exercé jusqu'ici par le ministère du contrôle d’État.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nGuinea: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries—Completion Point\nDocument and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, IMF, 2012.  http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12295.pdf","Pour l'instant la cour des comptes n'est pas encore opérationnelle. \n\nDans l'article 116 de la constitution, il est prévu que : \"La composition, l’organisation, le ..."]
["2012_GW_8",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",8,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_8",2012,"KE","Kenya",8,100,"The auditor general is a constitutional office, so the procedure for appointment is provided for in the Independent Office Appointments Act. The auditor general is appointed by the president through a competitive and public recruitment process that is subject to approval by the National Assembly. The full-time staff of the Kenya National Audit Office is appointed by the Kenya National Audit Commission, which also handles its human resources management.","The Politics of Transparency in Kenya and Tanzania. Barak D. Hoffman. September 2011. http://www.democracyandsociety.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/The-Politics-of-Transparency-in-Kenya-\n\nController of Budget and Auditor General Named. Peter Opiyo. August 2011. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000041415&pageNo=1\n\nPublic Finance Under Kenya's New Constitution. Njeru Kirira. SID Constitution Working Paper No. 5. Nairobi: Society for International Development. 2010. http://www.sidint.net/docs/WP5.pdf","The auditor general is a constitutional office, so the procedure for appointment is provided for in the Independent Office Appointments Act. The auditor general is appointed by the president through a competitive and public recruitment process that is subject to approval by the Nat..."]
["2012_LS_8",2012,"LS","Lesotho",8,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_8",2012,"LR","Liberia",8,50,"The selection of the current Auditor General has led to accusations of fraudulent educational credentials and complaints about an opaque confirmation process at the National Legislation.  Public perception about extensive lobbying and the use of connections to get the appointment approved may undermine the independence of the General Auditing Commission.","Interview with Paul Hinneh, program officer, Liberia Democratic Institute, May 14, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Saryenneh Dickson, program manager, Center for Transparency in Liberia, May 14, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","The selection of the current Auditor General has led to accusations of fraudulent educational credentials and complaints about an opaque confirmation process at the National Legislation.  Public perception about extensive lobbying and the use of connections to get the appointment a..."]
["2012_LY_8",2012,"LY","Libya",8,75,"Judges and lawyers interviewed disagree on the degree of independence in the appointment of the head of the supreme audit institution. \n\nThe audit institution's head, Ibrahim Belkheir, was an academic before, and does not appear to be affiliated with a specific political movement. Moreover, in an interview May 2012 with Reuters, he said that he had not faced any interfering pressure from the new authorities.","Interviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer with the National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission  from May to July 2012\n\nInterviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly coordinator of justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.","Judges and lawyers interviewed disagree on the degree of independence in the appointment of the head of the supreme audit institution. ..."]
["2012_MG_8",2012,"MG","Madagascar",8,0,"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution do not  support the independence of the agency,\nfor even the law says that members of executive appoint members of the supreme audit institution, in which  some members belong at the same time to the executive. \n\nThe members of the Cour des Comptes which is one  branch of the Supreme Court, are appointed (Article III.1.41 of the Malagasy Constitution) by the executive. The president has significant power over the judiciary in general and the Supreme Court  in particular and then over the Cour des Comptes. \n\nThe government appoints the president and the members of the Cour des Comptes, hence  it is not independent  because it is controlled by the executive in many different ways.","Word Bank  Report No. 54277-MG\n\"Madagascar, A Political Economy, Analysis of Governance in Madagascar,\" December 2010\n http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMADAGASCARINFRENCH/Resources/ESW_Gouvernance.pdf\n \nCourt Packing : État de droit et Cour Suprême\ninterviex of  Sahondra Rabenarivo,lawyer,  09 février 2012 , Madagascar Tribune ://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Court-Packing-Etat-de-droit-et,17072.html\n\n Madasgascar, 2012, http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=120\n\n PRESIDENCE DE LA REPUBLIQUE\n—————\nLOI  N° 2004-036\nrelative à l'organisation, aux attributions, au fonctionnement\net à la procédure applicable devant la Cour Suprême\net les trois Cours la composant","In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution do not  support the independence of the agency,\nfor even the law says that members of executive appoint members of the supreme audit instituti..."]
["2012_MW_8",2012,"MW","Malawi",8,75,"The auditor general is appointed by the president according to Section 184 (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. She or he has to be approved by the national assembly. \n\nThe fact that the appointment is made by the president may compromise the independence of the institution. Though the office has previously suffered underfunding, the office of the auditor general has been given more power.","JB Gives Auditor General More Power. A. Chide. Nyasa Times. May 18, 2012. www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/05/18/jb-gives-auditor-genearl-more-power/ \n\nState House Under Probe. A. Kasunda. The Nation. June 5, 2012.","The auditor general is appointed by the president according to Section 184 (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. She or he has to be approved by the national assembly. ..."]
["2012_ML_8",2012,"ML","Mali",8,50,"Le respect des mérites dans la nomination des fonctionnaires du bureau du Vérificateur Général est effective à un certain dégré. Selon l’agent de justice Soumaila Diokhané, même si la nomination se fait sur des compétences, elle ne peut être exclue de politique. Maître Bara Diakhité ajoute que l’article 84 de la constitution malienne indique que : « La Cour Suprême est présidée par un Magistrat de l'ordre judiciaire nommé par le Président de la République sur proposition conforme du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Le Président de la Cour Suprême est assisté d'un Vice-président nommé dans les mêmes conditions ». Ceci prouve à suffisance selon lui que la Section des comptes peut être bien manipulée par les politiques.","Entretien avec Soumaila Diokhané, agent de justice rencontré à Lafiabougou, le 13 février 2013, à Bamako \n\nEntretien avec Maître Bara Diakhité, avocat, rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Bamako","Le respect des mérites dans la nomination des fonctionnaires du bureau du Vérificateur Général est effective à un certain dégré. Selon l’agent de justice Soumaila Diokhané, même si la nomination se fait sur des compétences, elle ne peut être exclue de politique. Maître Bara Diakhit..."]
["2012_MR_8",2012,"MR","Mauritania",8,25,"Ba Aliou Coulibaly : \"Les suites à donner aux décisions sont soumises à l’appréciation et à l’aval de l’État. Ainsi le Président de la Cour des comptes, de l’IGE ou de n’importe lequel des organes de contrôle ne peut sanctionner de son propre gré car sa nomination et sa pérennité à son poste est fonction du degré de sa liaison d’avec l’État\".\n \nLes cadres qui prennent leurs responsabilités sont facilement destitués.","Interview Coordinateur CM-PCQVP, Ba Aliou Coulibaly, Coordinateur Technique de la Coalition Mauritanienne PWYP, le 28/06/2012\n\nReuters, Mauritanie: Le président de la cour suprême refuse sa révocation, 29 Mai 2012, http://www.fratmat.info/accueil/etranger/18484-mauritanie-le-president-de-la-cour-supreme-refuse-sa-revocation.html\n\nCRIDEM, accessed June 2012 : http://www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=630876","Ba Aliou Coulibaly : \"Les suites à donner aux décisions sont soumises à l’appréciation et à l’aval de l’État. Ainsi le Président de la Cour des comptes, de l’IGE ou de n’importe lequel des organes de contrôle ne peut sanctionner de son propre gré car sa nomination et sa pérennité à..."]
["2012_MU_8",2012,"MU","Mauritius",8,100,"Appointments to the National Audit Office are made by the Public Service Commission. The director of audit is appointed by the Public Service Commission on recommendation by the prime minister and the leader of the opposition. \n\nChapter 7, Section 89 of the constitution also clearly stipulates the rules for appointing public officers: This is done by the Public Service Commission, and there is a board that selects and interviews candidates based on qualifications.\n\nThe website of the Public Service Commission has a section on frequently asked questions, where details are given on the interview, requirements and recruitment process. \n\nAccording to Mr. Mooneeshwar Ramtohul (Oct. 1, 2012), who was the former chief agricultural officer at the Ministry of Agriculture and also on the interview board for the Public Service Commission when interviews for recruitment were being done, it is a board that decides on the appointments and very specific criteria need to be followed. As such, it becomes difficult for political or outside parties to influence such decisions, especially for high-level positions in which qualifications and experience are the most important criteria.","Interview with Mr. Mooneeshwar Ramtohul, former chief agricultural officer, Ministry of Agriculture, and former member of board of appointments at the Public Service Commission. Oct. 1, 2012.\n\nWebsite of the Public Service Commission, accessed October 2012. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/psc/menuitem.b9000443ab5fd39236942b20e7a521ca/\n\nThe Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 10, Article 110. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=9a654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#CHAPTERXFINANCE\n\nThe Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 7, Section 89. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=d3c54555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#psc","Appointments to the National Audit Office are made by the Public Service Commission. The director of audit is appointed by the Public Service Commission on recommendation by the prime minister and the leader of the opposition. ..."]
["2012_MA_8",2012,"MA","Morocco",8,50,"Decree No. 2-02-701 of 26 Kaada 1423 (Jan. 29, 2003) fixed the number of regional courts of accounts, their appointment, their headquarters and their territories. \n\nThe appointment and revocation of the court president are at the discretion of the king. Thus, the reasons for the appointment of Abdessadeq Glaoui in 1979 and his removal in 2003 are not known. In practice, the independence of the Cour des Comptes from the legislative and executive powers is not sufficient. \n\nThe question of fair appointments to high office in the state has also sparked debate with the Arab Spring and the promulgation of a new constitution. For the first time in history, the king and head of government shared making appointments to these positions. The discussions in parliament and in public were, for the first time, rather stormy and courageous.","Silence, There! Abdellatif Mansour. Maroc Hebdo International. July 13, 2012.\nhttp://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/index.php/component/content/article/11-chronique/4842-silence-on-compte-\n\nCourt of Auditors: Khalid Alioua is it Aimed? Maroc Hebdo International. May 6-12, 2011.\nhttp://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/index.php/component/content/article/37-recherche-archive/965-comptes\n\n\"We Must Strengthen Supervision of Commons.\" Interview with Ahmed Midaoui, president of the Court of Auditors. Mustapha Sehimi. Maroc Hebdo International. July 13, 2012.\n http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/Site-Maroc-hebdo/archive/Archives_687/html_687/ilfaut.html.\n\nDahir No. 1-02-124 of Rabii II first in 1423 (June 13, 2002) promulgating Law No. 62-99 forming the Financial Jurisdictions Code. (Official Gazette No. 5030 of 6 Jumada II 1423 (August 15, 2002).\n\nDesignation, location and jurisdiction of the Regional Audit: Decree No. 2-02-701 of 26 Kaada 1423 (January 29, 2003) fixing the number of regional courts of accounts, their appointment, their headquarters and their territories.","Decree No. 2-02-701 of 26 Kaada 1423 (Jan. 29, 2003) fixed the number of regional courts of accounts, their appointment, their headquarters and their territories. ..."]
["2012_MZ_8",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",8,50,"Despite a clear constitutional framework implementing the principle of judicial independence, in practice there has been tension between the judiciary and executive as the courts attempt to assert their independence, and at times, actions on the part of members of the executive suggest a reluctance to lose their historical control over the judiciary.\n\nGilles Cistac a prominent Mozambican lawyer and university law professor said in an interview to the neswpaper Diario de Moçambique, that as of September 2012, 32 percent of judges in the country are directly connected to a political party, particularly Frelimo. As he further mentioned, \"you can have a totally free judiciary free of political influence or party influence or simply prevent them of joining a political party. That does not mean that a given judge does not have to be a supporter of a party, but structurally it cannot be a member and cannot participate in its meetings. \"\n\nHe added that there is a need to break the structural relationship to avoid dependence or subordination. Such subordination currently means that some judges are guided by political parties. Regarding the executive branch, he said it was necessary to consider the restriction of the powers of the President in terms of appointment of magistrates and consolidation of self-governance of the judiciary, especially the election of presidents and judges of the Administrative Court, Supreme Court and the Constitutional Council.\n\nHe further argued that \"the members of these institutions should elect their presidents and also give consistency to the appointment by the Superior Council of the Judiciary (SCJ) and not expect the President of the Republic to appoint counselor judges.”\n\nThe appointments are made on the basis of political affinity within the ruling party. Currently both presiding judges and counselor judges are chosen for their positions based on personal trust extended by the president.\n\nHowever, Dr Zuande also indicated that although the president appoints the presiding and the counselor judges, his decisions are subject to approval of the Superior Council of the Judiciary (Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial).","Dr. Jeremias Francisco Zuande, Administrative Court. 30th October 2011. Maputo\n\nDiario de Mocambique.Redaccao. 15th September 2012. Independência do Judiciário Nunca é  um Dado Adquirido. http://diariomoz.com/index.php/sociedade/3064-independencia-do-judiciario-nunca-e-um-dado-adquirido","Despite a clear constitutional framework implementing the principle of judicial independence, in practice there has been tension between the judiciary and executive as the courts attempt to assert their independence, and at times, actions on the part of members of the executive sug..."]
["2012_NA_8",2012,"NA","Namibia",8,50,"Appointments of ordinary staff members are carried out as required by the Public Service Act, but the appointment of the auditor-general poses the risk of political interference. The auditor-general's appointment goes through Parliament and is endorsed or confirmed by the president. The latter creates a scenario that could undermine the office's independence, Phanuel Kaapama says. Even though conflict between parliamentary nomination and presidential endorsement has not occurred thus far, the process somewhat goes against the independence of the agency.\n\nProf. William B. Lindeke believes, however, that appointments to the supreme audit institution are done in a way that reasonably supports its independence.\n\nThe current auditor-general was appointed in 2003 and is a known member of the South-West Africa People's Organization, or SWAPO, the ruling party.","Phanuel Kaapama, lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nWilliam B. Lindeke, retired professor of political science and senior research associate at the Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nJaqueline Asheeke, columnist and writer, former CEO FENATA, and chairperson of the board of directors, Namibia Wildlife Resorts, September 30 2012.\n\nNico Smit, blogger and social commentator, September 19 2012.","Appointments of ordinary staff members are carried out as required by the Public Service Act, but the appointment of the auditor-general poses the risk of political interference. The auditor-general's appointment goes through Parliament and is endorsed or confirmed by the president..."]
["2012_NE_8",2012,"NE","Niger",8,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_8",2012,"NG","Nigeria",8,50,"The appointment of the auditor general is done by the president on the recommendation of the Civil Service Commission subject to the confirmation of the Senate as enshrined in Section 86(3) of the Constitution. He shall not be removed from office before the retirement age as prescribed by law (Section 87(2)). Virtually all auditors general have left the office on retirement, except in cases in which they were appointed in acting capacity, which is for not more than six months as prescribed by the Constitution.\n\nHowever, Dr. Omo Aregbeyen is of the view that the appointment does not support the independence of the agency. This is because the president and his party normally appoint someone who will be beholden to them. The National Assembly has introduced a bill to enhance the independence of the auditor general by freeing it from being dependent on the president and the Civil Service Commission. Leading the debate on the bill, Lawan listed the aims and objectives of the bill to include \"To repeal the Audit Act of 1956, to establish a system, set the operational procedure and grant additional powers to the Auditor-General for the Federation; establish an Audit Service Commission which shall be vested with the responsibility of recruitment, promotion and discipline of staff of the office of the Auditor General for the federation.”\n\nHe further averred, “Whereas Sections 85 and 86 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as altered, provide for the position, appointment and the independence of the Auditor-General for the Federation, no provision is made for the enabling support structure or system to facilitate the discharge of his responsibility.\"\n\nThe importance of these two constitutional provisions is therefore tantamount to appointing a judge without providing him with a court to preside upon. This is so because the Constitution (Sections 85 and 86) does not provide the support staff and guidelines that the auditor general for the federation requires to effectively carry out the functions of the office. It is this void that the bill seeks to fill.","Interview with Dr Omo Argbeyen, senior lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, and auditor, Academic Staff Union of Universities, University of Ibadan Branch. Dec. 4, 2012.\n\nReps Seek Autonomy For Auditor-General’s Office. Kassim Omonia. The Nigerian Observer, Oct. 13, 2012. http://nigerianobservernews.com/10022009/news/national/news2.html\n\nSenate Seeks Autonomy for Auditor-General. John-Abba Ogbodo and Bridget C. Onochie. The Guardian. Oct. 9, 2012. \nhttp://www.guardiannewsngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100980:senate-seeks-autonomy-for-auditor-general&catid=29:appointments&Itemid=488\n\nSections 86(3) and 87(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm\n\nSenate Confirms Orkura Auditor-General. Ben Agande and Inalegwu Shaibu Inalegwu. Vanguard, June 3, 2010. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/06/senate-confirms-orkura-auditor-general/","The appointment of the auditor general is done by the president on the recommendation of the Civil Service Commission subject to the confirmation of the Senate as enshrined in Section 86(3) of the Constitution. He shall not be removed from office before the retirement age as prescr..."]
["2012_RW_8",2012,"RW","Rwanda",8,50,"The majority of those appointed are professionals. Though government makes the appointments, evidence indicates that these officials tend not to act in a partisan way.","Jean Baptiste Rucibigango, member of Parliament and president of the Rwanda Socialist Labor Party, interviewed Oct. 20, 2012, Kigali.\n\nAlbert-Baudouin Twizeyimana, senior journalist, Pax media, interviewed Oct. 23, 2012, Kigali.","The majority of those appointed are professionals. Though government makes the appointments, evidence indicates that these officials tend not to act in a partisan way."]
["2012_ST_8",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",8,50,"The fact that judges of the Court of Auditors are appointed without going through a tender (at least the first judges of the court of auditors have not gone through a contest), now opens the possibility that there is political pressure on them. The same can be said about the criteria and procedures of cases that are brought to trial. So you cannot say that this institution is completely independent and impartial.","Gabriel Costa, president of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 21, 2012, at his office.\nAdelino Pereira, attorney, Pereira & Associates, Sept. 18, 2012, at his office.","The fact that judges of the Court of Auditors are appointed without going through a tender (at least the first judges of the court of auditors have not gone through a contest), now opens the possibility that there is political pressure on them. The same can be said about the criter..."]
["2012_SN_8",2012,"SN","Senegal",8,50,"Au Sénégal, si la nomination se fait sur des compétences, elle ne peut être exclue de politique, car sous le président Wade, beaucoup de nominations ont été faites à cause des calculs politiques. Pathé Mbodj, homme politique, trouve que même si des nominations ont été truffées par des calculs politiques, les agents nominés sont compétents et ont fait convenablement leur travail. \n\n* Dans son rapport, la RADDHO montre que le système de recrutement des magistrats au niveau des cours et tribunaux au Sénégal leur permet de travailler sans influence des politiciens. Si cette influence ou parfois des actes de corruption sont dénoncés, c'est parce que ce sont les magistrats qui ne font pas leur travail comme il se doit mais les textes leur donnent une autonomie totale surtout que la justice est considérée au Sénégal comme un pouvoir .","Interview de maître Alioune Tine de la RADDHO, mars 2012.\n\nRapport de La RADDHO sur la liberté des Juges au Sénégal publié en Janvier 2012.","Au Sénégal, si la nomination se fait sur des compétences, elle ne peut être exclue de politique, car sous le président Wade, beaucoup de nominations ont été faites à cause des calculs politiques. Pathé Mbodj, homme politique, trouve que même si des nominations ont été truffées par ..."]
["2012_SC_8",2012,"SC","Seychelles",8,100,"The Auditor-Generals that have been selected from the recommendations of the Seychelles Constitutional Appointments Authority have been seen as generally non-partisan. There have been no media reports questioning the impartiality of the Auditor-General.","Bloomberg, Seychelles Petroleum Tankers Lose 1 Million a Month, Hebdo Says, February 18, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-18/seychelles-petroleum-tankers-lose-1-million-a-month-hebdo-says.html\n\nVirtual Seychelles. Office of the Auditor General, accessed February 2012. \nhttp://www.virtualseychelles.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=125\n\nConstitution of Seychelles (1993) Art. 158(1)","The Auditor-Generals that have been selected from the recommendations of the Seychelles Constitutional Appointments Authority have been seen as generally non-partisan. There have been no media reports questioning the impartiality of the Auditor-General."]
["2012_SL_8",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",8,75,"Appointments are based mainly on professionalism rather than partisan interests or nepotism. The president appoints the auditor general in consultation with Parliament.","Anonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.","Appointments are based mainly on professionalism rather than partisan interests or nepotism. The president appoints the auditor general in consultation with Parliament."]
["2012_SO_8",2012,"SO","Somalia",8,0,"The Cabinet appoints the supreme audit agency and passes the appointment to the president for approval. He bases his decisions on the Somali power-sharing system of \"four point five\" (four points for Somali major clans, and .5 for the rest).\n\nThere is no independent agency that supports the Somali transitional government's appointment of a supreme audit institution because the Somali Transitional Federal Government is very weak in finance.","Anonymous Somali lawyers, interviewed Nov. 10, 2012, Mogadishu.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n \nAnonymous Somali activist, interviewed Dec. 14, 2012. Mogadishu.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Cabinet appoints the supreme audit agency and passes the appointment to the president for approval. He bases his decisions on the Somali power-sharing system of \"four point five\" (four points for Somali major clans, and .5 for the rest)...."]
["2012_ZA_8",2012,"ZA","South Africa",8,75,"There was not an auditor-general appointment between May 2011 and May 2012. \n\nAccording to the constitution, the auditor-general is appointed for a fixed, non-renewable term of between five and 10 years. Section 193 of the constitution provides for a process for appointment. The president appoints the auditor-general after nomination by a committee of the National Assembly. The committee is constituted proportionally of members from political parties represented in the legislative body. The recommendation process is undertaken by the committee and also recommendation by the members of the National Assembly. The process -- its open engagement through Parliament -- provides opportunities to ensure that necessary questions are raised if a nominee has questionable integrity and may be unable to exercise auditor-general duties impartially.","\"Corruption in South Africa, A Can of Worm: As Probes into Corruption May Widen, a Lot of Notable Heads Could— or Should — Roll,\" The Economist, Oct. 29, 2011, www.economist.com/node/21533410\n\n2011-2012 Consolidated General Report on National and Provincial Audit Outcomes, March 2013.\nhttp://hsf.org.za/resource-centre/hsf-briefs/2011-2012-consolidated-general-report-on-national-and-provincial-audit-outcomes\n\nInternational Journal on Government Auditing, Vol. 27, No.3, July 2000.\n\nConstitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 106, of 1996.\n\nAuditor-General of South Africa, www.agsa.co.za/","There was not an auditor-general appointment between May 2011 and May 2012. \n\nAccording to the constitution, the auditor-general is appointed for a fixed, non-renewable ter..."]
["2012_SS_8",2012,"SS","South Sudan",8,75,"The current Auditor General Steven Wondu was appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Legislative Assembly in December 2011, as stipulated in Article 186 (3) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan. The appointment was in conformity with the independence of the National Audit Chamber. The political nature of the high level appointments has been noted as potentially compromising.","South Sudan Assembly Approves Appointment of Auditor General. Sudan Radio Service. Dec. 23, 2011. \nhttp://sudanradio.org/south-sudan-assembly-approves-appointment-auditor-general\n\nStephen Wondu Reappointed As Auditor General. Waakhe Simon Wudu. Gurtong. Dec. 20, 2011.  http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/6202/Stephen-Wondu-Reappointed-As-Auditor-General.aspx","The current Auditor General Steven Wondu was appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Legislative Assembly in December 2011, as stipulated in Article 186 (3) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan. The appointment was in conformity with the ..."]
["2012_SD_8",2012,"SD","Sudan",8,25,"Appointments to the supreme audit institution are riddled with corruption and do not support the independence of the agency. \n\nThe Office of the Auditor-General is tainted by malpractice.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \nTransparency International, \"Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Sudan,\" No. 342, Aug. 22, 2012, \n www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&ved=0CE4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u4.no%2Fpublications%2Fcorruption-and-anti-corruption-in-sudan%2Fdownloadasset%2F2886&ei=t5RDUeHCEomDtAaFuIH4Bw&usg=AFQjCNH9SO5zXlYGHDDpnOCpkkwZtSYlKg&sig2=_MTeD91UfRk5j9btgg9nCw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.Yms","Appointments to the supreme audit institution are riddled with corruption and do not support the independence of the agency. ..."]
["2012_SZ_8",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",8,75,"The Auditor General appointments have been based on merit, which has led them to being vocal on the government's misdeeds.\n \nPhesticia Nxumalo, is the current acting Auditor General assuming the post in 2012 following the retirement of the previous AG, Africa Hadebe. The AG is appointed by the King, as per Section 207 of the Swaziland Constitution. Nxumalo is yet to be officially appointed and is only \"Acting\" in this position for now. The former Auditor General, Africa Hadebe was indeed appointed by the King without any controversy. This is mainly because: 1. The appointment is Constitutional practice and the tradition of the King’s appointments are such that they are uncontested since they constitute a Royal Command; 2. The office of the AG is perceived to be effective independent and competent, and continues to demonstrate impartiality (See attachment of AG cases under investigation in 2012) ; and 3. It is perceived to be a highly technical job requiring high levels of competency, as such merit is understood to be the foremost basis for recommendations for appointments."," \"Security forces refuse audit,\" by Samkelo Ngenya, Times of Swaziland, June 4, 2012, at http://www.times.co.sz/News/76155.html\n\nKPMG, Swaziland, Country Profile (2012)\nhttp://www.kpmg.com/Africa/en/KPMG-in-Africa/Documents/Swaziland.pdf\n\nInternational Journal of Government Auditing, October 2002, p.7\n \n","The Auditor General appointments have been based on merit, which has led them to being vocal on the government's misdeeds.\n ..."]
["2012_TZ_8",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",8,75,"The National Audit Office has the power to recruit staff without the approval of any other body, though the controller and auditor general himself is appointed by the president. The National Audit Office has a high degree of professionalism and independence, recognized publicly and also in a peer review of its operations conducted by the Auditor General Norway. This can be taken as a proxy of the professionalism and independence of its staff. \n \nIt should be noted that some audit functions are outsourced to independent consultancy firms due to capacity constraints within the Audit Office.","Swaziland Operational Plan Report FY 2012\nhttp://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/212158.pdf\n\nDaniel Kobb and Peter Bofin (2011) \"Tanzanian institutions of accountability: a review and assessment,\" unpublished report for Tanzania's Development Partners Group, Good Governance Working Group. \n \n NORAD (2011) \"Joint Evaluation of Support to Anti Corruption Efforts: Tanzania Country Report,\" page 36 \n http://www.oecd.org/countries/tanzania/48912823.pdf","The National Audit Office has the power to recruit staff without the approval of any other body, though the controller and auditor general himself is appointed by the president. The National Audit Office has a high degree of professionalism and independence, recognized publicly and..."]
["2012_TG_8",2012,"TG","Togo",8,75,"Dans la pratique, du point de vue de Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, jusqu’à un passé récent, les nominations à la tête de l’institution supérieure de vérification garantissent l’indépendance de cet organisme, étant donné que les nominations se font sur la base de compétences. \n\nToutefois, Me Koffigoh Joseph se veut plus nuancé en estimant que parfois, l’élément affiliation politique joue un rôle dans ces nominations.","Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ancien Premier Ministre, avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012.\n \nMme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, magistrate, entretiens des 18 et 26 juillet 2012 à Lomé.","Dans la pratique, du point de vue de Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, jusqu’à un passé récent, les nominations à la tête de l’institution supérieure de vérification garantissent l’indépendance de cet organisme, étant donné que les nominations se font sur la base de compétences. ..."]
["2012_TN_8",2012,"TN","Tunisia",8,25,"La Cour des comptes fait partie du conseil d'Etat qui est présidé par le chef de l'Etat. En conséquence, il y a des interférences importantes. Avant la révolution, les rapports de la Cour des comptes n'étaient pas publiés et il y avait quelques risques sur les magistrats. Ceci a commencé à changer après la révolution.","- Rapport de l'OCDE sur l'évaluation du cadre d'intégrité dans le secteur public tunisien (2012)\n \n - Compte rendu d'un colloque organisé par la cour des comptes (12 avril 2012) : http://www.babnet.net/cadredetail-48181.asp\n\n - Rapport du projet \"business anti corruption (2011): http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/tunisia/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives/","La Cour des comptes fait partie du conseil d'Etat qui est présidé par le chef de l'Etat. En conséquence, il y a des interférences importantes. Avant la révolution, les rapports de la Cour des comptes n'étaient pas publiés et il y avait quelques risques sur les magistrats. Ceci a co..."]
["2012_UG_8",2012,"UG","Uganda",8,50,"Anecdotal media reports show that appointments to the Office of the Auditor General are usually based on political party affiliations and usually those who show support for the NRM are considered first. Proponents of this argument point to Article 163 of the Constitution of Uganda, which stipulates that the auditor general is appointed by the president with the approval of Parliament. \n \n But an analysis of past and present auditor generals found that auditor generals have been persons of relatively moral character and integrity. Further, standard procedures are followed in his or her appointment with legal safeguards to ensure that he or she is not arbitrarily removed from office. \n \n In addition, the National Audit Act 2008 grants a meaningful degree of autonomy to the Office of the Auditor General in the process of recruiting, promoting and disciplining its own staff. Vacancies are usually advertised in media and those with the competence as well as appropriate qualifications are encouraged to apply. \n \n Also, the auditor general determines the salaries, allowances, pensions and other benefits payable to staff, which gives the auditor general flexibility on how to motivate staff. The Auditor General’s Office is expected to move into its own home; in the past the auditor general has said that several auditors have been sharing space with some of the institutions that they watch over, raising concerns that they could become compromised in their duties.","Interim Report by Evaluation and Audit Unit Technical Team to Secretary General on Misappropriation of Funds in the Office of the Prime Minister, Uganda, Nov. 15, 2012.\nhttps://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/newspress/publications/2012-Uganda-PRDP-audit-Interim-Report.pdf\n\n “How I got my first job,” by Alfredo, The Campus Journal, June 20, 2012, http://campusjournal.ug/index.php/career/formal-sector/515-how-i-got-my-first-job.","Anecdotal media reports show that appointments to the Office of the Auditor General are usually based on political party affiliations and usually those who show support for the NRM are considered first. Proponents of this argument point to Article 163 of the Constitution of Uganda,..."]
["2012_ZM_8",2012,"ZM","Zambia",8,75,"Appointments to the agency are made based on professional qualifications. Only those who have practiced law for more than ten years are appointed as Auditor-General. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations because they are chosen based on merit. The appointment to the office of the Auditor-General in practice can be said to support the independence of the agency because even if the President recommends a candidate to the office of the agency, it is parliament which has a final say because it is the organ which approves the appointment.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office. \n Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n Zambian Constitution-1991.","Appointments to the agency are made based on professional qualifications. Only those who have practiced law for more than ten years are appointed as Auditor-General. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations because they are chosen based on merit...."]
["2012_ZW_8",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",8,75,"Appointments to the supreme audit institution generally support the independence of the agency. While to date appointments have been on merit, there is insufficient independence (in terms of financing the institution) which has a bearing on the effectiveness of the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General (OCAG). The current auditor-general appointed in 2004, Mildred Chiri, holds a bachelor's degree in accounting from the University of Zimbabwe. She is an associate member of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries. She completed her articles with the Institute of Chartered Accountancy in 2002. She is currently studying with the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). Her independence is underscored by her ability to speak out on the misuse of public funds by high-ranking officials.","Interview with Mr. Farai Chiweshe, independent governance consultant, previously with the Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa (SAHRIT), Aug. 3, 2012, Harare, Zimbabwe.\n \n \"Zimbabwe: Auditor-General Exposes Ministers,\" by Clemence Manyukwe, Financial Gazette, May 14, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201205311115.html","Appointments to the supreme audit institution generally support the independence of the agency. While to date appointments have been on merit, there is insufficient independence (in terms of financing the institution) which has a bearing on the effectiveness of the Office of the Co..."]
["2012_DZ_9",2012,"DZ","Algeria",9,0,"According to http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2010/04/12/print-11-98472.php: \"[A]vec l'arrivée de Bouteflika au pouvoir en 1999, plus aucun rapport n'a été rendu public.\" (English translation: \"Since [President] Bouteflika came to power in 1999, no [audit] report has been made public.\"). \n\nThe website of the audit agency has data from no later than 2001, and that data is just a report on environment, rather than being an annual report of the audit agency.","U.S. Department of State, 2012 Investment Climate Statement - Algeria, June 2012.\nhttp://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191095.htm\n\nOpen Budget Survey, Algeria, 2012\nhttp://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-AlgeriaCS-English.pdf\n\nRepublique Algerienne Democratique et Populaire. Cour des Comptes. http://www.ccomptes.org.dz/\n\nCorruptions: CRÉÉE IL Y A 30 ANS, IL ÉTAIT UNE FOIS LA COUR DES COMPTES -Pourquoi Bouteflika ne rend pas public le rapport annuel? (2e partie), http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2010/04/12/print-11-98472.php\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 26, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. June 26, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 26, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 26, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 26, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 26, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","According to http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2010/04/12/print-11-98472.php: \"[A]vec l'arrivée de Bouteflika au pouvoir en 1999, plus aucun rapport n'a été rendu public.\" (English translation: \"Since [President] Bouteflika came to power in 1999, no [audit] report has been mad..."]
["2012_AO_9",2012,"AO","Angola",9,0,"Reports about the courts are not made public. Although the court's website has a page for publications, it does not contain any reports. It is difficult to judge the performance of the court in the absence of formal independent evaluations on its activities.","Tribunal de Contas website, http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o.\n\n\"Court of Auditors clarifies statements on cases involving public officials,\" Angola Press, Dec. 30, 2011, http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2011/11/52/Tribunal-Contas-esclarece-declaracoes-sobre-casos-que-envolvem-gestores-publicos,175b2da9-3e21-47e2-a1a2-09e621f68c8f.html.","Reports about the courts are not made public. Although the court's website has a page for publications, it does not contain any reports. It is difficult to judge the performance of the court in the absence of formal independent evaluations on its activities."]
["2012_BJ_9",2012,"BJ","Benin",9,25,"La Cour Suprême du Bénin doit légalement publier deux types de rapport : un rapport général destiné au président de la République et au président de l'assemblée nationale ; et un rapport public élaboré par la Chambre des Comptes et destiné au public. La Chambre des Comptes n'a jamais publié ce type de rapports publics. Au service d'archives et documentation de la Cour Suprême à Porto-Novo, il n'y a aucun rapport d'activités ou document de comptes publiés ou à l'intention du public.\n\nLa Cour Suprême n'a jamais rendu au Bénin un arrêt définitif. Tous les arrêts existants sont provisoires. Actuellement, la Cour Suprême est dans un processus pour rendre des arrêts définitifs.\n\nCependant, il existe des rapports sur le fonctionnement des sociétés d'Etat, réalisés par la Cour Suprême. L'accès au public n'est pas systématique.","Serge BATONON, Juriste, Vérificateur à la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême, Cour Suprême, Entretien le 09 août 2012 à la Cour Suprême, Porto-Novo.\n\nWenceslas Mahoussi, Archiviste Documentaliste, Spécialiste en Communication,  En service au Tribunal de 1ère Instance de Calavi, Entretien le 08 août 2012, Abomey-Calavi.\n\nArimi Choubadé, Juriste et Journaliste, Directeur de Publication du quotidien Le Nokoué, Entretien le 8 mai 2012, Cotonou.","La Cour Suprême du Bénin doit légalement publier deux types de rapport : un rapport général destiné au président de la République et au président de l'assemblée nationale ; et un rapport public élaboré par la Chambre des Comptes et destiné au public. La Chambre des Comptes n'a jama..."]
["2012_BW_9",2012,"BW","Botswana",9,50,"The auditor general produces at least an annual report and sometimes other reports about performance, the budget and others matters. The reports are usually available on the office's website, but the website is not always updated.","Auditor General Can Investigate Parastatals And Private..., Mmegi newspaper, November 19 2012, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=87&dir=2012/November/Monday19.\n\n￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis, Enhancing Public Budget Transparency in Botswana: Why and How? September 2011.\nhttp://www.bidpa.bw/img_upload/pubdoc_2.pdf\n\nOffice of the Auditor General's website, accessed September 2011.\nwww.oag.org.bw/news-events/auditor-generals-reports/\n\n ","The auditor general produces at least an annual report and sometimes other reports about performance, the budget and others matters. The reports are usually available on the office's website, but the website is not always updated."]
["2012_BF_9",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",9,50,"Il y a deux Institutions qui se chargent du suivi de l’utilisation des ressources de l’Etat, notamment La Cour des Comptes  et l’Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE). Ces deux institutions produisent également des rapports annuels qui sont publiés dans les media et qui sont, en principe, accessibles au public. \n\nCependant, il y a souvent du retard dans la publication qui a lieu après soumission au Chef de l’Etat. Par exemple, le Rapport d’Activités  de l’Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat pour l’année 2012 est prêt, mais il n’a pas encore été soumis au Chef de l’Etat et ne peut donc pas encore être publié et rendu accessible au public.","La Cour des Comptes 2011, Rapport Public de la Cour des Comptes, Exercice 2010, Référence  \nhttp://www.cour-comptes.gov.bf/\n\nBachirou NANA Sidwaya, Rapports d’activités des institutions : la Cour des Comptes révèle la mauvaise gestion des fonds publics, http://www.zedcom.bf/quoti/politique41.php\n\nRapport de la Cour des Comptes 2008 : A qui le tour de lever le petit doigt ? \nhttp://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article30210.","Il y a deux Institutions qui se chargent du suivi de l’utilisation des ressources de l’Etat, notamment La Cour des Comptes  et l’Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE). Ces deux institutions produisent également des rapports annuels qui sont publiés dans les media et qui son..."]
["2012_BI_9",2012,"BI","Burundi",9,50,"The reports of the General State Inspectorate are kept secret and thus not known to the public. \n\nAs to the Court of Account, its reports to Parliament are published, but the dissemination of the government response to them is still weak.","Interview via e-mail with Faustin Ndikumana, Chair of a civil society organization PARCEM, Aug. 6, 2012\n\nInternational Monetary Fund, Staff Report: Burundi, 2012\nhttps://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12226.pdf","The reports of the General State Inspectorate are kept secret and thus not known to the public. ..."]
["2012_CM_9",2012,"CM","Cameroon",9,0,"Since it has been operational, the Audit Bench of the Supreme Court (created by Law No. 2003/005 of April 21, 2003, on the jurisdiction, organizing and functioning of the Audit Bench) has published three reports referred to as the Bench's Annual Reports and one opinion report on the 2010 Finance Settlement Law. The bench views these reports as the principal communication vector, and does not want to content itself with requesting public accountants and officials of public and semi-public enterprises to render accounts of their management in compliance with the law. \n\nUnlike the Audit Bench, the Ministry of Supreme State Control rarely makes its report public. This ministry, a Cabinet-level institution, does not do so although the 1998 presidential decree reorganizing services attached to the presidency of the republic (Decree No. 098/273 of Oct.22, 1998) accorded the institution full investigative powers of accounts of public institutions. However, in recent times the ministry makes public the names of those summoned to appear before the Financial and Budget Disciplinary Council. \n\nActing like other public institutions in Cameroon, the Audit Bench and the Supreme State Audit Office are not undertaking public awareness campaigns to get their activities known to the public. During the study period, the Audit Chamber of the Supreme Court had not yet made public its 2011 Annual Report.","Idriss Linge, \"Gouvernance: Des Dirigeants rendent compte,\" Journal du Cameroun, March 2, 2012.\n\nCommonwealth Good Governance, \"Cameroon: Supreme State Audit Office,\" accessed March 2012. www.commonwealthgoodgovernance.org/?cid=2&pid=29&pcol=welcome \n\nRapport Annuel -- 2007, Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Supreme, adopted July 8, 2008.\n\nAudit Bench of the Supreme Court, Annual Reports 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, available at www.chambredescomptes.net/","Since it has been operational, the Audit Bench of the Supreme Court (created by Law No. 2003/005 of April 21, 2003, on the jurisdiction, organizing and functioning of the Audit Bench) has published three reports referred to as the Bench's Annual Reports and one opinion report on th..."]
["2012_CV_9",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",9,50,"The Agency produces one report of activities per year. On the webite reports of activities from 2005 to 2011 were only created on July, 07 2012. There is one report for 2011 and one for 2012. The 2012 report was created on the website on April 29, 2013. (http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=viewcategory&catid=7&Itemid=491 Apart from reports, there are also judgement, publication, resolution, deliberations and other documents of the court published on the websites. But it seems reports and other documents are not published on time on the website of the court. These reports are available online, therefore is directly accessible to the public.","Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal County, July 2, 2012, Praia City.\n\nSessão Plenária de 13 de Dezembro de 2012\nhttp://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152:sessao-plenaria-de-13-de-dezembro-de-2012&catid=88&Itemid=603.\n\nhttp://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=491&view=finish&cid=239&catid=7.\n\nhttp://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=viewcategory&catid=7&Itemid=491","The Agency produces one report of activities per year. On the webite reports of activities from 2005 to 2011 were only created on July, 07 2012. There is one report for 2011 and one for 2012. The 2012 report was created on the website on April 29, 2013. (http://www.tribunalcontas.c..."]
["2012_CF_9",2012,"CF","CAR",9,0,"Il est difficile de voir les rapports de la Cour de Comptes disponibles. Cette assertion est renforcée par l'étude sur le Système National d'Intégrité qui souligne que la \"Cour des Comptes ne respecte pas non plus son obligation de rendre compte. Depuis sa création, elle n'a transmis aucun rapport de conformité des comptes de l'année au Président de l'Assemblée Nationale, rapport qui doit être accompagné de règlement de l'année\". Ce qui occasionne, le plus souvent la dérive des Lois des Finances. Ce manquement de la Cour de comptes a été confirmé par les interviewés.","Augustin KONGATOUA, Conseiller près de la Cour Constitutionnelle et Maître de Conférence à l'Université de Bangui, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nFulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire National des Elections en RCA, Juillet 2012, Bangui.\n\nPNUD et Transparency International,  Décembre 2012, Etude sur le Système National d'Intégrité, Bangui;","Il est difficile de voir les rapports de la Cour de Comptes disponibles. Cette assertion est renforcée par l'étude sur le Système National d'Intégrité qui souligne que la \"Cour des Comptes ne respecte pas non plus son obligation de rendre compte. Depuis sa création, elle n'a transm..."]
["2012_TD_9",2012,"TD","Chad",9,0,"No report made by the supreme audit institution is available to the public.","Nelli Djimtolla, Ligue Tchadienne des Droits de l'Homme. N'Djamena. July 18, 2012.\n\nBaïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School, N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nSylvain Mbaïkoubou, freelance journalist. N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.","No report made by the supreme audit institution is available to the public."]
["2012_KM_9",2012,"KM","Comoros",9,0,"La Section des Comptes de la Cour suprême vient d'être constituée et n'est donc pas encore pleinement opérationnelle. \n\nSur le plan théorique, elle doit fournir plusieurs rapports et communications.\n\nSelon l' alinéa 3 de Art.264  de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême., la Section des comptes établit annuellement un rapport sur l’exécution des lois de finances accompagnant la déclaration générale de conformité aussi bien pour l’Union que les îles. Ce rapport est déposé sur le bureau de l’Assemblée de l’Union et de chaque île en même temps que le projet de loi de règlement. \n\nTous les ans, la Section des comptes examine les observations faites à l’occasion des diverses vérifications effectuées pendant l’année précédente et forme, avec celles qu’elle retient, un rapport qui est remis par le Président de la Cour Suprême au Président de l’Union et au Président de l’Assemblée de l’Union ainsi qu’aux mêmes autorités de chaque île. \n\nL'Art.265 de la même loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême ajoute que la Section des comptes adresse au Président de l’Union et au Président de l’Assemblée de l’Union, tous les deux ans, un rapport d’ensemble sur l’activité, la gestion et les résultats des entreprises contrôlées par elle. La Section des comptes expose dans ce rapport, ses observations et dégage les enseignements qui peuvent en être tirés. \n\nCes divers rapports sont publiés au Journal Officiel. La section des Comptes de la Cour suprême vient tout juste d'être constituée ( 19 avril 2012), et n'a donc pas encore pu publier des rapports. J'ai choisi \"régulièrement\", car en théorie, la loi astreint la cour à produire des rapports et communications une fois par an. Ces rapports sont destinés au Président de l'Union et au Journal officiel.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni.\n\nFonds monétaire international, le personnel Country Report, les Comores, Mars 2013.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=nqmjiNoOHy8C&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=comoros,+audit,+2012&source=bl&ots=6zJyVOURKC&sig=EZVdR-iSsGywRLaLm7qA3w4Wa1U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gdsbVdOeA5OwsATwoIIg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=comoros%2C%20audit%2C%202012&f=false\n\nAlinéa 3 de Art.264  de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême (http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf)\nArt.265  de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf)","La Section des Comptes de la Cour suprême vient d'être constituée et n'est donc pas encore pleinement opérationnelle. ..."]
["2012_CD_9",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",9,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_9",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",9,25,"The supreme audit agency releases regular reports but in Kinshasa, the capital city. The reports are on paper. Access is not available on a regular basis.","Rapports et Publications, La Cour des Comptes (Court of Auditors) 2012\nhttp://www.courdescomptes.cd/documentation.php.\n\n\"Kasongo Numbi sonne l’alerte: les provinces de RDC sont pillées,\" Le Phare newspaper, April 9, 2012 http://www.lephareonline.net/lephare/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=44%3Arokstories&id=5051%3Akasongo-numbi-sonne-lalerte--les-provinces-de-rdc-sont-pillees&Itemid=106.","The supreme audit agency releases regular reports but in Kinshasa, the capital city. The reports are on paper. Access is not available on a regular basis."]
["2012_CI_9",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",9,75,"According to Mme Ekpe, the Supreme Audit Agency releases regular reports that can be accessed at any time by all citizens at the Supreme Audit Agency website (http://www.courdescomptesci.com/rapports.html). Reports on the budget execution since 2003 and an activity report from 2008/2009 can be found on the link. \n\nHowever, there is insufficient information made available to the public on where to access such reports and many do not show a particular interest in accessing these reports. ","Innocent Kouakou, AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Jan. 30, 2013\n\nEke Frederique Julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013","According to Mme Ekpe, the Supreme Audit Agency releases regular reports that can be accessed at any time by all citizens at the Supreme Audit Agency website (http://www.courdescomptesci.com/rapports.html). Reports on the budget execution since 2003 and an activity report from 2008..."]
["2012_DJ_9",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",9,25,"L'article 19 du décret portant créant de l'inspection générale d’État dispose : qu'il est dressé, à la fin de chaque année, un rapport général sur les activités de l’Inspection Générale d’État.\n\nLe rapport annuel rend compte des missions effectuées et fait la synthèse des principales constatations relevées et des recommandations formulées dans les rapports de contrôle.\n\nIl est adressé au Premier Ministre pour attribution. Le rapport annuel est publié au Journal officiel.\n\nMais cette publication n'est pas systématique, parfois on compte des lenteurs en matière de publication dues parfois au service de maintenance de la présidence chargé de mettre en ligne le rapport.\n\nLe web-master affirme aussi que ces rapports ne sont pas systématiquement mis en ligne sur le site de l'institution de contrôle. Cela constitue un manque de transparence pour le public. L'institution ne publie pas de rapports réguliers ou rarement. Pour l'inspection générale d’État, il n y a qu'un seul rapport accessible pour le public, il s'agit de celui pour l'exercice 2005/2006.\n\nLe gouvernement Djibouti par le biais de l'inspection générale d’État a organisé le 9, 10 et 11 décembre 2012 un séminaire de réflexion sur la transparence et la lutte contre la corruption. Le séminaire a vu la participation des toutes les composantes de la société (universitaire, société civile, secteur privé etc...) et se voulait un espace de débat pour réfléchir à la mise en place d'institutions de contrôle et le renforcement de celles existantes.","Siad Ali, employé à la chambre de commerce et de l'industrie de Djibouti, web master. Entretien réalisé le 27 juillet 2012. \n\nOmar Jilal, inspecteur au ministère des finances, entretien réalisé le 28 juillet 2012.\n\nRapport de l'inspection Général d' État: rapport annuel 2005/2006.","L'article 19 du décret portant créant de l'inspection générale d’État dispose : qu'il est dressé, à la fin de chaque année, un rapport général sur les activités de l’Inspection Générale d’État...."]
["2012_EG_9",2012,"EG","Egypt",9,0,"The Central Auditing Organization (CAO) reports are provided to the president and Parliament, including its findings from auditing administrative departments, executive agencies, public corporations and organizations, public sector companies, cooperative societies, mass organizations under state supervision, enterprises to which the state contributes, provides subsidy or guarantees minimum profits, public utility enterprises or operations, and activities performed by such entities. \n\nThe CAO also has to report such special assignments to Parliament, upon its request about its findings on plan implementation follow-up and objective achievement, and express its opinion on follow-up reports prepared by specific agencies. The public is not required to be consulted on the work of the CAO, and reports of the CAO are not made available to citizens. \n\nAfter the revolution, leaderless and facing many waves of protests by its employees demanding internal reforms and higher wages, the CAO reports could be publicly accessible. However, it is blocked, lacking the technical and financial resources to function appropriately.","Nadine Marroushi. 2012. Political and economic battles grip Central Auditing Organization\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/political-and-economic-battles-grip-central-auditing-organization.\n\nTransparency International. 2011. Study of National Integrity System - Egypt.\n\nAbdul Rahman Hussein. 2011. Impotent oversight agencies stymie fight against corruption\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/impotent-oversight-agencies-stymie-fight-against-corruption.","The Central Auditing Organization (CAO) reports are provided to the president and Parliament, including its findings from auditing administrative departments, executive agencies, public corporations and organizations, public sector companies, cooperative societies, mass organizatio..."]
["2012_GQ_9",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",9,0,"The supreme audit institution is not in place yet.","Human Rights Watch 2012: World Report 2011 Equatorial Guinea, http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/equatorial-guinea\n\n(2012, June 15) .  Equatorial Guinea: DC meeting set as corruption details emerge.  Human Rights Watch.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/15/equatorial-guinea-dc-meeting-set-corruption-details-emerge\n\nEquatorial Guinea, combined 2008-2012 Country Strategy Paper Completion Report and 2011 Country Portfolio Performance Review. African Development Bank, March 2012, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Equatorial%20Guinea%20-%20Combined%20Report%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper%202008-2012%20and%20Country%20Portfolio%20Performance%20Review%202011.pdf","The supreme audit institution is not in place yet."]
["2012_ER_9",2012,"ER","Eritrea",9,0,"No proclamation or legal notices obligate the office to publish its findings to the public. A letter from a competent government office is needed to request any report from the Auditor General and  the request would be allowed only if it met the purpose of the government body. No individual citizens are allowed to request information unless they obtain supporting letters from a competent body, according to sources.\n\nFurther, according to the sources, most auditing information is not published for the public and usually is given for further clarification to the concerned government body only.","Eritrean Constitution, translated by International Labour Organisation (ILO), Nov. 16, 2012\nhttp://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er00000_.html\n\nCountry background, Eritrea, ILO, December 2012\nhttp://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er__indx.html","No proclamation or legal notices obligate the office to publish its findings to the public. A letter from a competent government office is needed to request any report from the Auditor General and  the request would be allowed only if it met the purpose of the government body. No i..."]
["2012_ET_9",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",9,50,"According to Kumneger Girma, public prosecutor, Federal Anti-Corruption Commission, \"All annual reports are there for public consumption.\" According to Article 13 (1) of Proclamation 669/2010, the auditor general submits to the House of Peoples' Representatives annual reports. While in 2010 the auditor general submitted to the House a five-year review report instead of the expected annual report, normally the auditor general submits its report to the House on an annual basis. Those reports are also normally made available, although not always on time.","Interview with Kumneger Girma, public prosecutor, Federal Anti-Corruption Commission, Addis Ababa, June 5, 2012.\n\nEthiopian Legal Brief, blog about Ethiopian Law\nhttp://chilot.me/journal-articles/\n\n\nOffice of the Federal Auditor General (OFAG)\nhttp://www.ofag.gov.et/index.php","According to Kumneger Girma, public prosecutor, Federal Anti-Corruption Commission, \"All annual reports are there for public consumption.\" According to Article 13 (1) of Proclamation 669/2010, the auditor general submits to the House of Peoples' Representatives annual reports. Whil..."]
["2012_GA_9",2012,"GA","Gabon",9,0,"Les informations sont accessibles au Parlement et au Gouvernement dans un Rapport sur le contrôle de l’exécution des lois de finances. Ils sont publiés dans le Journal Officiel chaque année. Mais ils ne sont pas accessibles qu’à la classe intellectuelle et donc pas à tous les citoyens. Il n'y a aucune émission télévisée à ce sujet.\n\nOn ne peut pas dire que tous les citoyens sont informés car il n’y a aucune campagne de sensibilisation et d’information pour le grand public. Pas d’affichage, pas de spot, pas de débats à la télévision. Donc les citoyens des régions rurales ne sont pas du tout informés de son existence. Et pourtant, il y a les radios dites communautaires qui diffusent en langues locales mais aucune communication n'est faite. Même les députés et sénateurs ne rendent pas compte aux populations.\n\n\"La Cour des comptes publie son rapport annuel au Président de la République et ses rapports sur le contrôle de l’exécution des lois de finances.\"","\"Gabon : Le rapport de l’exécution du budget 2010 déficitaire\", Infosgabon, 2 juin 2012, http://infosgabon.com/?p=18860\n\n\"La cour des Comptes du Gabon\", aisscuf.org, consultée Juin de 2012. http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=20\n\nwww.gabonlibre.com\nwww.bdpgabon.org\nPublications du Journal Officiel\n(sites consultés en juillet 2012)","Les informations sont accessibles au Parlement et au Gouvernement dans un Rapport sur le contrôle de l’exécution des lois de finances. Ils sont publiés dans le Journal Officiel chaque année. Mais ils ne sont pas accessibles qu’à la classe intellectuelle et donc pas à tous les citoy..."]
["2012_GM_9",2012,"GM","The Gambia",9,50,"The National Audit Office makes its reports publicly available to the Public Accounts and Public Enterprises Agency Select Committee of the National Assembly. Reports are sometimes delayed. \n\nDominic Mendy, an international consultant and former minister of finance and also minister of trade for The Gambia, states the audit office's publications are usually complete and accurate, but they are delayed for lack of adequate institutional capacity. \n\nResearch reveals, that the auditor general's report on the financial statements of the Gambian government for Dec. 31, 2000, to Dec. 31, 2004, and the reports of 2005 and 2006 were only considered and adopted in February 2011. The report for 2007 was to be considered in September 2012.","Email correspondence with Babucarr Sankareh, auditor general of The Gambia (head of the National Audit Office), Aug. 5 and 7, 2012.\n\n\"Gambia: Auditor General's Reports Adopted,\" Musa Ndow and Aji Fatou Faal, Daily Observer, Feb. 4, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201102040698.html\n\n\"Republic of the Gambia -- Country Governance Profile,\" the African Development Bank Group, December 2007, www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2008-32-EN-GAMBIA-GOVERNANCE-PROFILE-MEMO.PDF","The National Audit Office makes its reports publicly available to the Public Accounts and Public Enterprises Agency Select Committee of the National Assembly. Reports are sometimes delayed. ..."]
["2012_GH_9",2012,"GH","Ghana",9,50,"Release of the supreme audit agency's reports are often delayed, and the Audit Service is also unable to publish its reports in large quantities and distribute them to the Ghanaian public, which reduces their accessibility. Once an audit report is presented to Parliament, it becomes a public document and the media can publish and disseminate the findings. The Public Accounts Committee of Parliament also holds hearings on the audit reports in public and these hearings are covered by the media.\n\nAll audits for 2010 have been completed and are being sent to Parliament. The audit of the Consolidated Fund for 2011 was due at the end of June 2012. It has been completed and submitted to Parliament. Some other 2011 audits are in process. In fact, there has been a great improvement on the work of the Audit Service. There were times when there were delays of up to three years and some donors had to help the service to recruit private auditors to assist with the audits.\n\nReports are also available on the Ghana Audit Service website: http://www.ghaudit.org/gas/?message=welcome","Raymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012. \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants) in an interview in his office, June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous employee of the Audit Service, interviewed by telephone.\n\nGhana Audit Service website: http://www.ghaudit.org/gas/?message=welcome","Release of the supreme audit agency's reports are often delayed, and the Audit Service is also unable to publish its reports in large quantities and distribute them to the Ghanaian public, which reduces their accessibility. Once an audit report is presented to Parliament, it become..."]
["2012_GN_9",2012,"GN","Guinea",9,25,"Pour l'instant la cour des comptes n'est pas encore opérationnelle. \n\nDans l'article 116 de la constitution, il est prévu que : \"La composition, l’organisation, le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes et le régime disciplinaire de ses membres sont fixés par une loi organique\"\n\nCette loi organique est en discussion pour son adoption au CNT. \n\nDans la pratique l'essentiel du travail dévolu à la cour des comptes est exercé jusqu'ici par le ministère du contrôle d’État.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nInternational Monetary Fund, audit, Guinea, 2012.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=1MaNI2UbfeMC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=audit,+guinea,+2012&source=bl&ots=09rASnTrUa&sig=Cn7BBznnQsBqlr5pZP6GFaXGKb4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YeMbVd7gG-SOsQSLmYKwDg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=audit%2C%20guinea%2C%202012&f=false","Pour l'instant la cour des comptes n'est pas encore opérationnelle. \n\nDans l'article 116 de la constitution, il est prévu que : \"La composition, l’organisation, le ..."]
["2012_GW_9",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",9,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_9",2012,"KE","Kenya",9,100,"The auditor general submits annual audit reports of government ministries, local authorities and parastatals to the National Assembly. During discussion of the reports by the Public Accounts Committee and the Public Investment Committee of the National Assembly, the contents of the reports are made public. Thereafter, the reports are circulated on the websites of various government ministries as well as non-governmental organizations. The website of the Kenya National Audit Office carries summaries of the audit reports. These can be viewed at http://www.kenao.go.ke/index.php/audit-reports.\n\nThe KNAO has been strengthened with its own board and capacity development enhanced to increase its efficiency. This enabled it to produce very detailed and current audit reports.","Meet Kenya's New Auditor General. John Njiraini. The Standard. Sept. 25, 2011. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/archives/InsidePage.php?id=2000043431&cid=4).\n\nSummary of the Report of the Auditor General on the Appropriation Accounts, Other Public Accounts and the Accounts of the Funds of the Republic of Kenya for the Year ended 30th June 2011. http://www.kenao.go.ke/index.php/audit-reports). \n\nPublic Finance Under Kenya's New Constitution. Njeru Kirira. SID Constitution Working Paper No. 5. Nairobi: Society for International Development. 2010. http://www.sidint.net/docs/WP5.pdf\n\n\nKey Highlights from the Public Financial Management System 2010-2012. www.monitoring.go.ke/index.php?option=com...8","The auditor general submits annual audit reports of government ministries, local authorities and parastatals to the National Assembly. During discussion of the reports by the Public Accounts Committee and the Public Investment Committee of the National Assembly, the contents of the..."]
["2012_LS_9",2012,"LS","Lesotho",9,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_9",2012,"LR","Liberia",9,100,"The General Auditing Commission publishes audit reports on its website. These reports are discussed widely in the media and the communities.","Interview with Sarnyenneh Dickson, program manager, Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia (Central), May 10, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.  \n\nGeneral Auditing Commission, accessed May 2012.\nwww.gacliberia.com","The General Auditing Commission publishes audit reports on its website. These reports are discussed widely in the media and the communities."]
["2012_LY_9",2012,"LY","Libya",9,25,"The institution produces regular reports, most notably an annual report. But some state officials familiar with the report argue that some sensitive information is being left out intentionally.\n\nOnly one report was allegedly published in June 2012, and some citizens stated that they had access to it, but the report was not accessible during this desk review.","Interviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer with the National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission  from May to July 2012.\n\nInterviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly coordinator of justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.","The institution produces regular reports, most notably an annual report. But some state officials familiar with the report argue that some sensitive information is being left out intentionally...."]
["2012_MG_9",2012,"MG","Madagascar",9,25,"In practice, the supreme audit agency does not release regular reports which are accessible to citizens. Their web site (http://www.justice.gov.mg) does not even function.\n\nThere is no systematic and regular reports but fragmented publications which are not systematically available to the public. In fact this institution is not functioning at all during this transitional period. And in the road map , established by the SADC which is supposed to resolve the political crisis, there is no disposition which takes into account the role part of the Cour des Comptes during the transition period, now in its fourth year.","Interview with Justine Ranjanita, association of high ranking magistrates (judges and layers),  Paris, May 14, 2012  \n\nhttp://www.justice.gov.mg/, 2012\n\n1) Bulletin des arrêts de la Cour suprême de Madagascar, Fitsarana Tampony, Cour de cassation, http://books.google.mg/books/about/Bulletin_des_arrêts_de_la_Cour_suprême.html?id=HXklAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y\n\n2) Décision n°02-HCC/D2 relative à une exception d'inconstitutionnalité introduite par sieur Tantely Andrianarivo (Décision n°02-HCC/D2) [2003] MGHCC 2 (4 July 2003) http://www.saflii.org/mg/cases/MGHCC/2003/2.htmlno regular and easily available reports of its activites while it has been created in 2008","In practice, the supreme audit agency does not release regular reports which are accessible to citizens. Their web site (http://www.justice.gov.mg) does not even function...."]
["2012_MW_9",2012,"MW","Malawi",9,100,"The office has been producing annual reports. These are available on its official website. These reports are in the form of regular annual financial and special reports for institutions like local councils. \n \nThe national audit produces one annual report of the institutions of the central government and any other reports of other institutions. The non-regular reports include local government structures and parastals.","State House Under Probe. A. Kasunda. The Nation. June 5, 2012.\n\nThe official website of National Audit Office. Malawi Government, accessed June 2012\nwww.NAO.mw/reports.htm","The office has been producing annual reports. These are available on its official website. These reports are in the form of regular annual financial and special reports for institutions like local councils. ..."]
["2012_ML_9",2012,"ML","Mali",9,50,"La Section des Comptes de la Cour Suprême du Mali est organisée selon trois unités fonctionnelles selon les informations fournies par Selon Soumaila Diokhané : une  Chambre de jugement des comptes, une Chambre de vérification et de contrôle des services personnalisés et une Chambre de discipline financière et budgétaire, fait régulièrement de comptes qui sont parfois publiés dans les journaux et dans le journal officiel. Daouda Cissé indique qu'il arrive même  que les rapports de la Section des comptes soient contestés par le pouvoir en place, jouant du coup sur leur promulgation. « Le dernier rapport avait déclaré une balance déficitaire de certains services financiers et entreprises de l’Etat », indique les lignes du quotidien Indépendant dans sa parution du 12 novembre 2012.","Entretien avec Soumaila Diokhané, agent de justice rencontré à Lafiabougou, le 13 février 2013, à Bamako.  \n \nEntretien avec Maître Daouda Cissé, rencontré le 13 février 2013 à Bamako.","La Section des Comptes de la Cour Suprême du Mali est organisée selon trois unités fonctionnelles selon les informations fournies par Selon Soumaila Diokhané : une  Chambre de jugement des comptes, une Chambre de vérification et de contrôle des services personnalisés et une Chambre..."]
["2012_MR_9",2012,"MR","Mauritania",9,50,"Les rapports publiés par l'institution de contrôle sont tardifs, mais ils sont disponibles au public.","Fonds monétaire international, lettre d'intention, le 12 Juin, 2012.\nhttps://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2012/mrt/061212.pdf\n\nKassataya. \"Mauritanie: un ex ministre des finances sommé de rembourser 30 millions d'um\". 3 novembre 2012. http://www.kassataya.com/mauritanie/7565-mauritanieun-ex-ministre-des-finances-somme-de-rembourser-30-millions-dum\n\nCour des Comptes, dernier rapport à lire absolument, Libre Expression in www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=41713","Les rapports publiés par l'institution de contrôle sont tardifs, mais ils sont disponibles au public."]
["2012_MU_9",2012,"MU","Mauritius",9,100,"The reports of the National Audit Office are available for download and consultation on the website of the National Audit Office on the following link: http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/auditsite/menuitem.afcc311f8d4ff832b4c3bb4e52a521ca/\n\nThese are yearly reports on the audits of the accounts of the different ministries and government departments, and they appear regularly. Politicians have no power to block the publication of the reports of the director of audit, given that the office of the director of audit operate independently.\n\nAs can be seen in the 2012 report, the director of audit highlights the misuse of funds by the different ministries and government departments. There are cases where parastatal bodies have not been paying back loans taken from the government over a number of years; for example, the National Transport Corporation. Also misuse of funds in government departments and non-compliance with appropriate accounting procedures are highlighted for the different ministries, which resulted in a waste of public funds. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for instance, bypassed procedures for public procurement of cars and did not claim a fine from the dealer for late delivery of the cars, as is the procedure.","Website of the National Audit Office, accessed December 2012.\nhttp://www.gov.mu/portal/site/auditsite/menuitem.afcc311f8d4ff832b4c3bb4e52a521ca/\n\nInterview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. Dec. 10, 2012.","The reports of the National Audit Office are available for download and consultation on the website of the National Audit Office on the following link: http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/auditsite/menuitem.afcc311f8d4ff832b4c3bb4e52a521ca/..."]
["2012_MA_9",2012,"MA","Morocco",9,25,"The Court of Auditors publishes its reports once a year. These publications are available on the website of the court and are published in the Official Gazette. However, some reports were not published. In addition, Public enterprises have been investigated by the judges of the court, but after publishing the annual report, there is no record of such investigations.","The Court of Auditors Report: A Reliable Reference for the Government. Morocco World News. April 2012. \nhttp://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/04/33555/the-court-of-auditors-report-a-reliable-reference-for-the-government/.\n\nAuditors Court, reports. http://www.courdescomptes.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=actualitecat&id=4&Itemid=88&lang=fr.\n\nGraft, Corruption Found in Morocco Public Sector. Reuters. March 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/30/morocco-corruption-audit-idUSL6E8ETBDJ20120330.","The Court of Auditors publishes its reports once a year. These publications are available on the website of the court and are published in the Official Gazette. However, some reports were not published. In addition, Public enterprises have been investigated by the judges of the cou..."]
["2012_MZ_9",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",9,50,"The Administrative Court reports are regularly published and the public can access them either at its offices or through the website of the court in www.ta.gov.mz. Also any citizen can directly request any relevant report. The main constraint is that the reports are not released timely.","Dr. Jeremias Francisco Zuande. Administrative Court. 30th October 2011. Maputo.\n\nOrdem dos advogados de Mocambique. July 2012. A Justica e o Direito do Mais Fraco.\nhttp://www.oamoz.org/Docs/BI/BoletimInformativo-3Edicao.pdf\n\nDiario de Mocambique.Redaccao. 4th October 2012. Transparencia Orcamental regista melhorias no pais.\nhttp://diariomoz.com/index.php/economiaanegocios/3646-transparencia-orcamental-regista-melhorias-no-pais","The Administrative Court reports are regularly published and the public can access them either at its offices or through the website of the court in www.ta.gov.mz. Also any citizen can directly request any relevant report. The main constraint is that the reports are not released ti..."]
["2012_NA_9",2012,"NA","Namibia",9,75,"The Office of the Auditor-General releases regular reports, albeit not timely reports. \n\nReports from the office are available online after they have been introduced in Parliament, but Internet access is still somewhat of a luxury in Namibia. Hard copies of reports from the supreme audit institution can be obtained for a fee. This again excludes those without financial means.","Phanuel Kaapama, lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nWilliam B. Lindeke, retired professor of political science and senior research associate at the Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.","The Office of the Auditor-General releases regular reports, albeit not timely reports. \n\nReports from the office are available online after they have been introduced in Parliament, bu..."]
["2012_NE_9",2012,"NE","Niger",9,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_9",2012,"NG","Nigeria",9,25,"The Office of the Auditor General of the federation and the audit offices of the various states release audit reports regularly. The content of the reports are usually reported on by the press, especially the print media. The reports, however, take several years to be completed and are not made available to the public on purpose. For instance, the 2009 report was presented to the National Assembly in January 2012. The report for 2007 is the only one on the website of the Office of the Auditor General.","Auditor-General Admits Mass Fraud in Revenue Remittances to Govt. John-Abba Ogbodo. The Guardian. Jan. 24, 2012.\nhttp://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74856:auditor-general-admits-mass-fraud-in-revenue-remittances-to-govt-&catid=1:national&Itemid=559\n\nAudit Report Indicts FCT Water Board. Nasir Imam. Daily Trust. July 26, 2012.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201207260248.html","The Office of the Auditor General of the federation and the audit offices of the various states release audit reports regularly. The content of the reports are usually reported on by the press, especially the print media. The reports, however, take several years to be completed and..."]
["2012_RW_9",2012,"RW","Rwanda",9,75,"The audit agency releases regular reports to Parliament, and they can be obtained online. But in a society where Internet penetration is low, this means accessibility is limited. Only 26 percent of the population has access to the Internet (minister of youth and ICT: www.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/mobayilo/abanyarwanda-batunze-telefoni-bakomeje-kwiyongera.html). Also, the reports are in English, while the majority of Rwandans read Kinyarwanda only and others read Kinyarwanda and French. \n\nHowever, Parliament analyzes the reports during open sessions, which are broadcast live on radio and in the Kinyarwanda language.","Report of the Auditor General of State Finances for the year ended June 30, 2012.\nhttp://oag.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Financial_Reports/Annual_Report_2012.pdf\n\nTransparency International Rwanda, Analysis of the Auditor General Report, 2012.\nhttp://tirwanda.org/en/component/content/article/1-latest-news/235-agr-analysis\n\nReport of the Auditor General of State Finances for the year ended June 30, 2011.","The audit agency releases regular reports to Parliament, and they can be obtained online. But in a society where Internet penetration is low, this means accessibility is limited. Only 26 percent of the population has access to the Internet (minister of youth and ICT: www.igihe.com/..."]
["2012_ST_9",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",9,25,"The Court of Auditors has published its reports annually. However, the reports are superficial. The average citizen does not have access to the reports, because the average citizen does not have access to the Internet and the Court of Auditors provide the reports online. In a country where 53 percent of the population lives in extreme poverty, obviously this population is unable to get online information. Another way that the Court of Auditors present its reports is through speeches by the president of the Court of Auditors, but these speeches make no reference to detailed questions on infractions. The truth is that the Court of Auditors is not properly fulfilling its role.","Edlena Barros, journalist, RTP África, Sept. 19, 2012, at RTP África.\n\nJosé Bouças, journalist, National Television (TVS), Sept. 18, 2012, at TVS.","The Court of Auditors has published its reports annually. However, the reports are superficial. The average citizen does not have access to the reports, because the average citizen does not have access to the Internet and the Court of Auditors provide the reports online. In a count..."]
["2012_SN_9",2012,"SN","Senegal",9,75,"La loi organique sur la cour des comptes fait obligation à celle-ci de remettre chaque rapport de ses audits au Présidents de la république, mais aussi de partager ces résultats avec les médias. Ces rapports sont aussi disponibles et accessibles sur le site web de la cour des comptes (www.courdescomptes.sn), parfois avec du retard. En 2012, les rapports disponibles en ligne était deux de la période de 2001 à 2009.\n\nLa cour des comptes du Sénégal donne des informations sur ses activités. Elle vérifie la régularité des recettes et des dépenses et s’assure du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l’Etat ou par les autres personnes morales de droit public. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques et organismes à participation financière publique. Elle déclare et apure les gestions de fait. Elle sanctionne les fautes de gestion commises à l’égard de l’Etat, des collectivités locales et des organismes soumis à son contrôle.\n\nDans un article, M NIANE  a exploité le rapport de la cour des comptes publié sur son site internet pour dénoncer les personnalités épinglées pour des fautes de gestion. Il montre dans cet article que si ces personnes ne sont pas poursuivies, ce n'est pas parce qu'elles n'ont pas été épinglées par un organe autonome de vérification des comptes publics mais c'est parce qu'elles sont des politiciens influents.\n\nSelon Mamadou Dhioukhane, agent de la cour des comptes,  la Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics dont la loi organique n°99-70 rappelle, en son article 25, la définition : « A l’égard de la Cour des comptes, est comptable public tout fonctionnaire ou agent ayant qualité pour exécuter au nom d’un organisme public des opérations de recettes, de dépenses ou de maniement de titres, soit au moyen des fonds et valeurs dont il a la garde, soit par virements internes d’écritures, soit par l’entremise d’autres comptables publics ou de comptes externes de disponibilités dont il ordonne ou surveille les mouvements ».\n\nLa Cour juge également les comptes des personnes qu’elle a déclarées comptables de fait, c’est-à-dire celles qui se sont immiscées dans les fonctions de comptable patent ou les comptables patents qui ont abusé de leurs fonctions. « Elle assiste le Président de la République, le Gouvernement et le Parlement dans le contrôle de l’exécution des lois de finances. Elle contrôle la régularité et la sincérité des recettes et des dépenses décrites dans les comptabilités publiques. Elle s’assure du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l’Etat, les collectivités locales et leurs établissements publics. Elle effectue toute enquête complémentaire qui pourrait lui être demandée par le Parlement à l’occasion de l’examen ou du vote du projet de loi ».\n\nSelon Abdoul Diène, par l’intermédiaire de la Commission de vérification des comptes et de contrôle des entreprises publiques (CVCCEP), la Cour des comptes vérifie les comptes et contrôle la gestion, notamment des entreprises du secteur parapublic que la loi organique redéfinit comme comprenant les établissements publics à caractère industriel et commercial, les établissements publics professionnels, les établissements publics de santé, les autres établissements publics dont la création sera décidée ultérieurement, les sociétés nationales, les sociétés anonymes à participation publique majoritaire. « Elle contrôle également tout organisme bénéficiant directement ou indirectement du soutien de la puissance publique, les institutions de sécurité sociale et de retraite de droit public ou privé, ainsi que tout organisme faisant appel à la générosité publique à l’échelon national. En outre, la Cour des comptes a vocation à assurer le contrôle des programmes réalisés sur financement extérieur des partenaires au développement », indique-t-il. www.gouv.sn/la-cour-des-comptes","Article de Aliou NIANE dans l'Hebdomadaire la Gazette n°1123 de Février 2012 \"La cour des comptes révèle les fossoyeurs de la république\"\n\nSite Internet de la Cour des Comptes, consultée Février de 2012.\nhttp: //www.gouv.sn/Cour-des-comptes.html. ","La loi organique sur la cour des comptes fait obligation à celle-ci de remettre chaque rapport de ses audits au Présidents de la république, mais aussi de partager ces résultats avec les médias. Ces rapports sont aussi disponibles et accessibles sur le site web de la cour des compt..."]
["2012_SC_9",2012,"SC","Seychelles",9,100,"Reports are published annually, posted online and commented on by various media in an open manner, with positive and negative comments given.","Public Finance Management Performance Report, Seychelles, 2011, Based on the Public Expenditure Financial Accountability Framework (PEFA), Final Report. http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/economic-support/public-finance/documents/seychelles_pefa_2011_en.pdf\n\nOffice of the Auditor General, Press Releases, Performance Audit of the Public Utilities Corporation. July 2012. http://www.oag.sc/index.php/press-releases/11-performance-audit-of-the-puc\n\nSeychelles Broadcasting Corporation Report on the Auditor-General's Report 2010: SBC Seychelles: Report of the Auditor General 2008 01-01-10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uKxiBHxm8U\n\nAuditor-General's website, accessed July 2012.\nwww.oag.sc/","Reports are published annually, posted online and commented on by various media in an open manner, with positive and negative comments given."]
["2012_SL_9",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",9,75,"Since 2010 this is being done regularly. The annual report for 2011 was recently published, and the media covered key issues. However, public interest in the report is low, partly because the report is difficult to obtain. Some of the reports include audits of health campaigns, such as the Performance Audit Report on Anti-Malaria Interventions, and also the Auditor General’s Report on the Activities of Overseas Missions and High Commissions. Then there are the general reports on the government ministries. The release of these reports is published online and via media outlets.","Anonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.","Since 2010 this is being done regularly. The annual report for 2011 was recently published, and the media covered key issues. However, public interest in the report is low, partly because the report is difficult to obtain. Some of the reports include audits of health campaigns, suc..."]
["2012_SO_9",2012,"SO","Somalia",9,0,"The Somali federal government did not create or enforce a system in which citizens can get access to government agency reports, including those of the supreme audit agency.","Anonymous Somali lawyers and a nongovernmental organization worker, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu and Bossaso.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Somali federal government did not create or enforce a system in which citizens can get access to government agency reports, including those of the supreme audit agency."]
["2012_ZA_9",2012,"ZA","South Africa",9,100,"The auditor-general releases regular reports that are available to the public, including the media. The documents are extensive and clear.\n\nReports by the auditor-general are usually covered in the print media, and also other forms of media. Audit reports are also publicized on the auditor-general website (www.agsa.co.za). The Parliamentary Monitoring Group reports on discussions of the reports","Auditor-General of South Africa on Annual Report 2011/12: briefing, Parliamentary Monitoring Group, Sept. 14, 2012.\nhttps://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/14876/\n\nAuditor General, South Africa, Impact of key role players on audit outcomes and commitments, PFMA 2011-12. https://www.agsa.co.za/Portals/0/PFMA2011-12Extracts/PFMA_extracts/12_Impact_of_key_role_players_on_audit_outcomes_and_commitments.pdf","The auditor-general releases regular reports that are available to the public, including the media. The documents are extensive and clear...."]
["2012_SS_9",2012,"SS","South Sudan",9,25,"Between May 2011 and May 2012, the auditor general presented the report once to the National Legislative Assembly with missing data from some government institutions, like the Ministry of Interior and Office of the President, among others.","South Sudan: Audit Chamber Presents Reports to Parliament. Clement Aturjong Kuot. All Africa. Nov. 1, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201111020068.html\n\nMPs Sheds Tears Over Audit Report to Parliament. Mary Ajith. The Citizen. Nov. 2, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201111150509.html","Between May 2011 and May 2012, the auditor general presented the report once to the National Legislative Assembly with missing data from some government institutions, like the Ministry of Interior and Office of the President, among others."]
["2012_SD_9",2012,"SD","Sudan",9,25,"Reports are published but not on a regular basis, and they are not necessarily accurate.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n Maj. Asif Khan, United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur, interviewed March 12, 2013.\n \n http://humanitariannews.org/20121122/sudan-auditor-generals-2012-report-reveals-increases-embezzlements","Reports are published but not on a regular basis, and they are not necessarily accurate."]
["2012_SZ_9",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",9,50,"Accounts audited by the Supreme Audit Institution are publicly available 12 months after the end of the fiscal year and there is usually public dissemination of information, especially in the media. However, audited financial statements are submitted to Parliament 11 months after year-end, which render audit findings ineffective and limit timely implementation of recommendations. \n \nAudit reports do not include monarchical expenditures and are available only in the form of Annual Reports, in English, which limits their coverage, availability and accessibility.","Swaziland-IMF Staff-Monitored Program, Letter of Intent, 2011, p. 8. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2011/swz/032911.pdf\n \n \"Swaziland - Country Integrated Fiduciary Assessment,\" by the World Bank, September 2011. Available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/09/18246121/swaziland-country-integrated-fiduciary-assessment\n \n Report of the Auditor General for 2011 financial year\n \n CBS Annual Report, 2011","Accounts audited by the Supreme Audit Institution are publicly available 12 months after the end of the fiscal year and there is usually public dissemination of information, especially in the media. However, audited financial statements are submitted to Parliament 11 months after y..."]
["2012_TZ_9",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",9,100,"The National Audit Office makes available most if not all of its reports on its website (http://nao.go.tz). It has consistently fulfilled its responsibility of submitting audits of central government, local government and public organizations' accounts to the National Assembly since 2007. They make regular reports on general audit, performance reports and other special reports.","Website of the National Audit Office, accessed December 2012.\nhttp://nao.go.tz\n \n NORAD (June 2011) \"Joint Evaluation of Support to Anti Corruption Efforts: Tanzania Country Report,\" page 36\n http://www.oecd.org/countries/tanzania/48912823.pdf","The National Audit Office makes available most if not all of its reports on its website (http://nao.go.tz). It has consistently fulfilled its responsibility of submitting audits of central government, local government and public organizations' accounts to the National Assembly sinc..."]
["2012_TG_9",2012,"TG","Togo",9,25,"Selon Me Koffigoh K. Joseph, dans la pratique, les rapports faiblement publiés par l’institution supérieure de vérification ne sont pas toujours accessibles à tous les citoyens. La rareté de la publication amène Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine à estimer que le score n’est pas loin d’être nul. \n \nLes tous premiers rapports sont publiés dans le quotidien national \"Togo Presse\". Mais après trois ans d'existence, tous les rapports ne sont systématiquement publiés.","Source n° 1: Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ancien Premier Ministre, avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012.\n \n Source n°2 : Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, magistrate, entretiens des 18 et 26 juillet 2012 à Lomé.","Selon Me Koffigoh K. Joseph, dans la pratique, les rapports faiblement publiés par l’institution supérieure de vérification ne sont pas toujours accessibles à tous les citoyens. La rareté de la publication amène Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine à estimer que le score n’est pas loin d’ê..."]
["2012_TN_9",2012,"TN","Tunisia",9,50,"La Cour des comptes soumet annuellement au président de la république et au parlement trois rapports : le premier sur les résultats des audits relatifs au management, le second relatif aux opérations financières de l'Etat et le troisième sur l'état du budget de l'Etat.\n \n Longtemps tenus pour confidentiels, les rapports annuels ont récemment été mis en ligne (accès sur internet). Ceci assure une certaine diffusion des informations contenues dans les rapports même si le degré d’accès à internet ainsi que le langage technique utilisé dans les rapports empêchent une très large diffusion de ceux-ci.","Site de la Cour des comptes (notamment rubrique publication des rapports et rubrique Actualités détails : Perspectives de la Cour des Comptes dans le tissu institutionnel de la Tunisie post révolutionnaire): \n http://www.courdescomptes.nat.tn/evennement_details.php?code=&evennement=48&page= 2012\n \n - The Arab Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions.http://www.arabosai.org/liste_pays_membres.php?pays_membre=4\n Un résumé du rapport est également publié sur le site de la cour : http://www.courdescomptes.nat.tn/rapport_details.php?rapport=49 (vérification mai 2012, le site indique \"Rapport Annuel de 2010-2011 En cours de traduction\").","La Cour des comptes soumet annuellement au président de la république et au parlement trois rapports : le premier sur les résultats des audits relatifs au management, le second relatif aux opérations financières de l'Etat et le troisième sur l'état du budget de l'Etat...."]
["2012_UG_9",2012,"UG","Uganda",9,75,"The Auditor General’s Office has consistently submitted reports to Parliament as required by Article 163 (4) of the Constitution; these reports are then accessible to the public. Also available online on the Auditor General's Office website are other reports, including annual performance reports, financial audit reports, value for money reports, and special reports. It is easier for people to access these reports via the Internet, in terms of time and costs, than requesting the reports via the Parliament or Office of the Auditor General as procedures are cumbersome. \n \n Further, in November 2011, a report by the Inspectorate of Government, “Second Annual Report on Corruption Trends In Uganda: Using the Data Tracking Mechanism,” recommended that the auditor general commence a regular process of announcing audits of public infrastructure projects to national and local communities, and hold community-level town meetings to discuss audit findings upon completion of infrastructure projects. It added that results of the audits should be announced in the newspapers in the relevant district, and this information should be posted at the district’s notice board. In this regard, the Office of the Auditor General has committed itself to embark on this effort by conducting three to four audits involving citizen participation, though this is an effort that still needs to be strengthened.","Office of the Auditor General, accessed October 2012.\nhttp://www.oag.go.ug/.\n \nIrish Independent, Fergus Black, 12/4/2012, State suspends Uganda aid as €4m ends up in leader's office account, http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/state-suspends-uganda-aid-as-4m-ends-up-in-leaders-office-account-28823740.html.\n\n “Uganda winner of the SNAO Prize 2011,” Swedish National Audit Office, April 18, 2012, http://www.riksrevisionen.se/en/Start/About-us/news/2012/Uganda-winner-of-the-SNAO-Prize-2011-/.\n \n “Office of the Auditor General of Uganda Wins Prize for the Best Performance Report 2011,” Office of the Auditor General, http://www.oag.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51:office-of-the-auditor-general-of-uganda-wins-prize-for-the-best-performance-report-2011&catid=11:news-and-events&Itemid=8.","The Auditor General’s Office has consistently submitted reports to Parliament as required by Article 163 (4) of the Constitution; these reports are then accessible to the public. Also available online on the Auditor General's Office website are other reports, including annual perfo..."]
["2012_ZM_9",2012,"ZM","Zambia",9,50,"It is a legal obligation for the Auditor-General to release regular reports which are accessible to citizens and reports are released by the office of the Auditor-General in this country.\n \n The problem in practice is that many citizens have no access to such reports. It is at a fee for one to have a copy. The internet is not available -- especially to rural citizens -- for them to have access to these reports which are also published online. Therefore, report released by the Auditor-General is 100 but citizens access is 50. \n \n Some government institutions have not been audited for several years, and audit reports sometimes come late, sometimes by several years.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office. \n \n Report of the Auditor-General, Auditor-General (Anna O. Chifungula), Republic of Zambia, 2010. Report on the Road Development Agency for the period January, 2006 to September, 2009.","It is a legal obligation for the Auditor-General to release regular reports which are accessible to citizens and reports are released by the office of the Auditor-General in this country.\n ..."]
["2012_ZW_9",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",9,50,"The Audit Office Act (Section 12) provides that the audit reports should be tabled in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. The reports refer to the financial audit reports and special reports. Special reports are normally referred to as Value for Money and investigative reports. Once the reports are tabled, the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in Parliament and the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General (OCAG) identify matters which warrant consideration. The comptroller and auditor-general then prepares memoranda and drafts questions on matters identified for PAC deliberations. PAC invites accounting officers to respond to questions raised. The comptroller and auditor-general advises PAC on the validity of the responses and evidence submitted by the officials. After the interrogations, the PAC prepares a report to the full house of Parliament. \n \nWhile the audit institution has faced significant capacity and resource restraints since 2004, it produced reports in 2007. In 2009, it released a comprehensive and damning special report detailing some high level corruption; the report was tabled before Parliament. Both reports are available on the website. The 2010 and 2011 reports are before Parliament. If the reports are not tabled before Parliament by the PAC, then it is difficult for them to find their way into the public domain.","Interview with Philip Muziri, program officer with the Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa (EISA), Aug. 7, 2012, Harare, Zimbabwe.\n \n Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General website, http://www.auditgen.gov.zw\n \n Hansard Parliament of Zimbabwe, March 20, 2012, http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/30/20_March_2012_38-28.pdf\n \n \"How the Zimbabwe Supreme Audit Institution assists in the process of ensuring public accounts committees' effectiveness in the executive accountability for public spending,\" paper presented by Ms. Mildred Chari, comptroller and auditor-general, at the 9th Annual Conference and AGM of the Southern African Development Community Organization of Public Accounts Committees (SADCOPAC), 2012, http://www.sadcopac.org/modules/documents/index.php","The Audit Office Act (Section 12) provides that the audit reports should be tabled in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. The reports refer to the financial audit reports and special reports. Special reports are normally referred to as Value for Money and investigative reports. Once the re..."]
["2012_DZ_10",2012,"DZ","Algeria",10,100,"The Penal Code criminalizes corruption as a specific offense. \n\nAccording to the government-issued law 06-01 on combating corruption in Algeria in 2006, corruption has become a crime punishable by Algerian law. Articles 25, 28, 32, 38, 40 and 42 address different types of corruption. \n\nIt should be noted that on July 14, 2011 the Nations Council in Algeria approved the draft anti-corruption legal amendment and the Penal Code.","«La corruption enquête porte sur Pipeline algérien\", New York Times, le 6 décembre 2012.\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/07/business/global/corruption-inquiry-focuses-on-algerian-pipeline.html?_r=0\n\nLa loi n ° 06-01 pour la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption, Le 20 février 2006.\nhttp://www.droit.mjustice.dz/loi_prev_lut_corrupt.pdf\n\nhttp://www.city-dz.com/anti-corruption-en-algerie-le-president-bouteflika-appelle-a-appliquer-la-loi-dans-toute-sa-rigueur","The Penal Code criminalizes corruption as a specific offense. \n\nAccording to the government-issued law 06-01 on combating corruption in Algeria in 2006, corru..."]
["2012_AO_10",2012,"AO","Angola",10,100,"The law provides for the creation of an anti-corruption agency, but not much progress has been made in this regard. The Penal Code indirectly deals with corruption committed by public officials, and it criminalises attempted corruption, while the Law of Crimes Against the Economy criminalises extortion as well as active and passive corruption.","Transparency International Índice de Corrupção 2012.\nhttp://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/2012_TI_CPI/$FILE/2012%20TI%20CPI.pdf\n\nLei Alta Autoridade contra Corrupção (Law of the High Authority Against Corruption), April 5, 1996\nhttp://www.rjcplp.org/RJCPLP/sections/informacao/legislacao-nacional/anexos/angola/downloadFile/file/Angola.AltaAutoridadeCorrupcao.pdf?nocache=1201273977.01 \n\nCodico Penal (Penal Code) http://www.saflii.org/ao/legis/num_act/cp76.pdf","The law provides for the creation of an anti-corruption agency, but not much progress has been made in this regard. The Penal Code indirectly deals with corruption committed by public officials, and it criminalises attempted corruption, while the Law of Crimes Against the Economy c..."]
["2012_BJ_10",2012,"BJ","Benin",10,100,"Au Bénin, la corruption est spécifiquement punie en vertu de la Loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. Avec cette loi, la corruption est pénalisée et criminalisée, ainsi que d'autres infractions comme le blanchiment de capitaux, la banqueroute organisée, etc. Les peines sont pécuniaires et privatives de liberté (emprisonnement).\n\nAvant cette loi, il y avait un cadre épars qui ne permettait pas de pénaliser spécifiquement la corruption mais sanctionnait néanmoins des pratiques assimilées, tant au niveau des agents publics (fonctionnaires) que des entreprises.","Loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. (2011). Article 2. http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=25771&t=direct\n\nDECISION DCC 11 - 064 du 30 septembre 2011 sur la loi anticorruption (décision pour contrôle de conformité de la loi portant lutte contre la corruption)","Au Bénin, la corruption est spécifiquement punie en vertu de la Loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. Avec cette loi, la corruption est pénalisée et criminalisée, ainsi que d'autres infractions comme le blanchiment de capitaux..."]
["2012_BW_10",2012,"BW","Botswana",10,100,"Part 4 of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994, has superseded Division II of Penal Code as the standard legal mechanism against illegal corrupt activities.\n\nSections 24 to 30 and 32 and 33 of the act specify offenses relating to corruption in Botswana. Section 28 deals with corruption by and against agents of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime. Section 29 deals with corruption in granting contracts and subcontracts in both the public and private sectors.\n\nSections 98 to 101 of the Botswana Penal Code also specify offenses relating to corruption.","The African Sun Times, Least Corrupt Countries in Africa: Botswana, Cape Verde and Mauritius, Dec. 5, 2012\nhttp://africansuntimes.com/2012/12/least-corrupt-countries-in-africa-botswana-cape-verde-and-mauritius/\n\nVoice of America, \"Botswana Again Wins Title as Africa’s Least Corrupt Nation,\" Dec. 4, 2012.\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/botswana-again-wins-title-as-africas-least-corrupt-nation/1558608.html\n\nPenal Code, Chapter 8:01 (99), Corruption and the Abuse of Office.\n\nCorruption and Economic Crime Act of 1994, \nwww.bankofbotswana.bw/assets/uploaded/Corruption%20and%20Economic%20Crime%20Act.pdf","Part 4 of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994, has superseded Division II of Penal Code as the standard legal mechanism against illegal corrupt activities...."]
["2012_BF_10",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",10,100,"Ces lois existent clairement dans le Code Pénal du Burkina Faso. \n\nLe code pénal du Burkina Faso : Corruption passive : Article 156 du Code Pénal.\n« Se rend coupable de corruption passive tout fonctionnaire de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, tout militaire ou assimilé, tout agent ou préposé de l’administration, toute personne investie d’un mandat électif qui agrée des offres ou promesses, qui reçoit des dons ou présents pour faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi ». \nCorruption active : Article 158 du code pénal.\n« Le délit de corruption active est constitué quand une personne contraint ou tente de contraindre par voies de fait ou menaces, corrompt ou tente de corrompre les personnes de la qualité exprimée à l’article 156, que cette initiative ait eu ou pas d’effet » ;\nSanction : 2 à 5 ans prison.","African Arguments, Burkina Faso: Blaise Compaoré and the politics of personal enrichment, Le 15 août 2012.\n\nLoi No. 043/96/ADP du 13 Novembre 1996 portant Code Pénal. http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/Penal-Code.pdf\n \nDECRET N°2003-269/PRES/PM/MFB portant Réglementation générale des achats  publics","Ces lois existent clairement dans le Code Pénal du Burkina Faso. \n\nLe code pénal du Burkina Faso : Corruption passive : Article 156 du Code Pénal...."]
["2012_BI_10",2012,"BI","Burundi",10,100,"Not only corruption, but related crimes such as embezzlement are specific offenses by Burundi's Anti-Corruption law in articles 42-63.","Rachel Strohm, Crécits de CORRUPTION au Burundi, le 6 février 2012.\nhttp://rachelstrohm.com/2012/02/06/corruption-narratives-in-burundi/\n\nLaw 1/12 Mesures de Prévention et de Répression de la Corruption et des Infractions (Measures on Prevention and Suppression of Corruption and Related Offences), Article 42-63","Not only corruption, but related crimes such as embezzlement are specific offenses by Burundi's Anti-Corruption law in articles 42-63."]
["2012_CM_10",2012,"CM","Cameroon",10,100,"In Cameroon, the law criminalizes corruption as an offense. The penal code, in article 184, attests to the fact that (1) whoever by any means whatsoever fraudulently obtains or retains any property whatsoever, movable or immovable, belonging or intended or given to the federal government or federated to a cooperative, community or institution, or public or subject to the administrative supervision State or the State of which directly or indirectly holds a majority stake, is punishable:\n\na) If the value of such property exceeds 500,000 francs, the punishment is equal to imprisonment for life\nb) If this value is greater than 100,000 francs or less 500,000 francs,the punishment is equal  to imprisonment for fifteen to twenty years;\nc) If this value is less than or equal to 100,000 francs, an imprisonment of five to ten years and a fine of 50,000 to 500,000 francs is instituted.\n\nThe second element of corruption criminalized by the Cameroon penal code is kickbacks and the third is the use of public resources or office for private gain. This is evidenced in article 134, sections 1 and 2 of the penal code of Cameroon. \n\nDespite its laws, Cameroon was classified in 1998 and 1999 as the world’s most corrupt country in the Corruption Perception Index published by Transparency International. Since its initial classification on the Transparency International CPI, Cameroon has remained at the lowest rung. Its best score, 2.5 out of 10, was in 2011. The widespread corruption in Cameroon has been blamed on the inability of the government since President Paul Biya's takeover in 1982, after the resignation of the first president, to bring to trial those accused of corruption.\n \nRecent government actions to root out corruption have met with mixed reactions from the public, especially the vulnerable and poor populations, who think that such actions alone do not suffice. In the face of the government’s laxity to take firm action against corruption and widespread impunity, Cameroonians have tended to be apathetic and tolerant of corruption. The majority of Cameroonians believe that this government's top-to-bottom approach is more of a gimmick than a determined effort to end corruption.","Section 134 of the Cameroon Penal Code, available at www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Cameroon/CM_Code_Penal_Cameroun.pdf\n\nArticle 129 of the General Rules and Regulations of the Public Service, available at www.minfopra.gov.cm/textes/texte_generaux.html\n\nArticles 105-110 of the Public Procurement Code, available at www.armp.cm/directiv.htm#code\n\nArticles 107-110 of the General Tax Code, available at www.impots.cm/\n\nArticle 46 of Decree No. 95/048 on a Statute of Magistrates.\n\nSection 14 of Law No. 2000/015 of Dec.19, 2000, relating to the public financing of political parties and election campaigns.\n \nArticle 66 of the 1996 amended constitution and the Law on Declaration of Assets.","In Cameroon, the law criminalizes corruption as an offense. The penal code, in article 184, attests to the fact that (1) whoever by any means whatsoever fraudulently obtains or retains any property whatsoever, movable or immovable, belonging or intended or given to the federal gove..."]
["2012_CV_10",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",10,100,"The Penal Code stipulates penalties for employees convicted of passive or active corruption. Article 363 on passive corruption states: \n\"1. The employee who, directly or through an intermediary, requests or accepts, for himself or for a third party, money or any other gift, or a promise to do or refrain from practicing an act contrary to duties of office, shall be punished with imprisonment for two to eight years, if they realize their intent, and imprisonment for six months to three years or a fine of 80 to 200 days, otherwise.\n2. If the facts described in the preceding paragraph are carried out as consideration or reward for an act or omission lawful, the employee will be\npunished with imprisonment from 6 months to 3 years or a fine of 80 to  200 days.\n3. The penalties provided for in the preceding paragraphs shall be compounded by half its minimum and maximum limits, if the acts are committed by magistrate or prosecutor.\"\n\nArticle 364 on active corruption says:\n\"1. Whoever, directly or through intermediaries, offers or promises money or gift to any other employee or third party with knowledge of him, with the purpose indicated in paragraph 1 of the preceding article, shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to four years.\n2. If the order is indicated in paragraph 2 of the preceding article, the penalty is imprisonment of up to 6 months or a fine of up to 80 days.\"\n\nThe Electoral Code (Law No. 8 February 92/V/99. Amended by the Law No. 56/VII/2010) at Article 297 states: \"The natural person to perform or accept funding prohibited shall be punished with a penalty corresponding to the crime of corruption.\" \n\nArticle 311 of the Electoral Code relates to voter fraud and corruption. It states:\n\"1. Who, because of the elections, offers, promises or grants public or private employment or other thing or benefit to  one or more voters or, in accordance with these, a third person, even when the thing or benefit used, or promised are achieved as a disguised way of monetary compensation given to the voter for travel expenses or subsistence payments or food or drink or on the pretext of the election campaign expenses, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to one year.\n2. The same penalty will be applied to any voter who accepts the benefits of the preceding paragraph.\"","Electoral Code,  (Law No. 8 February 92/V/99.  Amended by the Law No. 56/VII/2010), Article 297 and Article 311.\n\nCriminal Code of Cape Verde, May 2004, Ministry of Justice, Cape Verde, Articles 363 and  364. http://www.mj.gov.cv/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=38&Itemid=66","The Penal Code stipulates penalties for employees convicted of passive or active corruption. Article 363 on passive corruption states: \n\"1. The employee who, directly or through an intermediary, requests or accepts, for himself or..."]
["2012_CF_10",2012,"CF","CAR",10,100,"En République Centrafricaine, la corruption est considérée comme une infraction, selon le Code pénal. Dans ces conditions, l'auteur de tel acte pourra être sanctionné pénalement (Paiement d'une amende  de 102000 F CFA et  d'une peine de prison de 1 an à 15 ans).","Loi n°10.001 de 2010 portant Code pénal en République Centrafricaine, Chapitre 2, Section 3, 368, 369 et 370;\n\nConventions des Nations Unies et de l'Union Africaine de lutte contre la corruption ratifiées en début Juillet 2006.","En République Centrafricaine, la corruption est considérée comme une infraction, selon le Code pénal. Dans ces conditions, l'auteur de tel acte pourra être sanctionné pénalement (Paiement d'une amende  de 102000 F CFA et  d'une peine de prison de 1 an à 15 ans)."]
["2012_TD_10",2012,"TD","Chad",10,100,"Law 04/PR/2000 of Feb. 16, 2000 and its subsequent amendments, as well as articles 223, 229 and 232 of the Penal Code are indications of the government commitment to fight corruption.","Business Insider, \"Chad is both one of the poorest and most corrupt nations in the world,\" Dec. 5, 2012.\nhttp://www.businessinsider.com/most-corrupt-countries-in-the-world-2012-12#chad-is-both-one-of-the-poorest-and-most-corrupt-nations-in-the-world-1\n\nLaw 04/PR/2000 of Feb. 16, 2000 and its subsequent amendments.\n\nPenal Code (1967). Articles 223, 229, 232. ","Law 04/PR/2000 of Feb. 16, 2000 and its subsequent amendments, as well as articles 223, 229 and 232 of the Penal Code are indications of the government commitment to fight corruption."]
["2012_KM_10",2012,"KM","Comoros",10,100,"La loi sur la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, a été promulguée en juin 2011. Cette loi sanctionne  la corruption dans toutes ses facettes ; la loi sur la transparence, dans son chapitre II, art.3 modifie plusieurs articles du  Code pénal, à savoir :\n- art 155, avec l'introduction de la notion de \"concussion\"\n- Art. 155.1, traitant des exonérations et franchises illégales\n- Art. 156- traitant de la prise d’avantage injustifié\n- Art. 156.1- traitant de la prise d’emploi prohibé\n- Art. 156.2- traitant du favoritisme \n- Art. 157- traitant du commerce incompatible avec la qualité de fonctionnaire\n- Art. 157.1 -traitant de la corruption passive des personnes exerçant une fonction publique\n- Art. 158. - traitant de la corruption active\n- Art.159.1 - traitant du trafic d’influence\n- Art 160.1 - traitant de l’abus de fonctions\n- Art. 165.1 - traitant des cadeaux\n- Art. 166. - traitant de l’enrichissement illicite\n- Art. 166.1 - traitant du défaut de déclaration de patrimoine","DECRET N° 11 - 103 / PR du 21 juin 2011 Portant promulgation de la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores., http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-","La loi sur la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, a été promulguée en juin 2011. Cette loi sanctionne  la corruption dans toutes ses facettes ; la loi sur la transparence, dans son chapitre II, art.3 modifie ..."]
["2012_CD_10",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",10,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_10",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",10,100,"Articles 147-150 of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Constitution make certain activities corrupt acts criminal, such as bribery and embezzlement.\n\nThe Penal Code defines corruption to include extortion, offering or accepting a bribe kickbacks, etc. Articles 147 - 150 of the DRC penal code criminalizes corruption as specific crime. Its states that any senior officer or civil servant, any person in charge of a public service or extrastate duty, any person representing state interests or of a private company or of mixed interests, any expert or manager of public institution, any mediator, etc. who has provided procurements, promises, received gifts to do his/her job will be punished from 6 months to one year of penal servitude with financial amend.","Articles 147-150 de la Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, consultée Juillet de 2012.\nhttp://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2011/JOS.01.02.2011.pdf\n\nCongo Planète, la police enquête sur l'ancien Premier ministre de la corruption, le 14 mai 2012.\nhttp://www.congoplanet.com/news/1971/dr-congo-police-investigate-former-prime-minister-adolphe-muzito-corruption.jsp\n\nPenal Code (2004). Articles 147 and 150). http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/cd/cd004fr.pdf","Articles 147-150 of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Constitution make certain activities corrupt acts criminal, such as bribery and embezzlement...."]
["2012_CI_10",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",10,100,"Corruption is punished by imprisonment of two to ten years and a fine ranging from 200,000 to 2,000,000 francs. Any official who, for himself or for a third party, seeks, approves or receives offers, promises, donations or presents: (1) to refrain from making or postpone an act of duties, fair or not, but not subject to salary. Imprisonment is from one to three years and a fine of 50,000 to 500,000 francs, if the act was not within the remit of the corrupt person, but was however made easier by its function. (2) to obtain or attempt to obtain decorations, medals, distinctions, awards, places, functions, jobs or favorable decisions granted by the public authority, markets, enterprises or other benefits resulting from treaties with public authority or a body under the control of the public authority, thus abusing influence real or supposed that gives it its quality or its mandate. Cf Article 232.\n\nCorruption is punished by imprisonment of three months to one year, for any official who solicits or accepts compensation in cash or in kind for himself or for a third party. Cf. Article 233.","Centre Pulitzer sur la crise de rapports, Côte-d'Ivoire: cacao, de la justice, et la route de la réconciliation, le 7 mai 2012.\nhttp://pulitzercenter.org/projects/ivory-coast-civil-war-crimes-elections-conflict-militias-cocoa-farmers-alassane-ouattara-laurent-gbagbo\n\nChapter 4, Section I, Article 232. The Ivorian Penal Code, Law No 1981/14 of August 31, 1981.","Corruption is punished by imprisonment of two to ten years and a fine ranging from 200,000 to 2,000,000 francs. Any official who, for himself or for a third party, seeks, approves or receives offers, promises, donations or presents: (1) to refrain from making or postpone an act of ..."]
["2012_DJ_10",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",10,100,"Article 200 du Code Pénal réprime l'infraction spécifique de corruption :\n\"Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique ou chargée d'une mission de service public, par une personne investie d'un mandant électif public, un juré, un arbitre ou un expert, de solliciter ou d'agréer, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, des offres ou promesses, des dons ou présents, ou des avantages quelconques, pour l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte de sa fonction, ou facilité par sa fonction, est puni de dix ans d'emprisonnement et de 5 000 000 F d'amende.\nLorsque l'infraction définie à l'alinéa précédent a été commise par un magistrat au bénéfice ou au détriment d'une personne faisant l'objet de poursuites pénales, la peine est portée à quinze ans de réclusion criminelle et à 7 000 000 F d'amende.\"\n\nL'article 200 est inclu dans :\nLIVRE II - LES CRIMES ET DELITS CONTRE LA SURETE ET L'AUTORITE DE L'ETAT\nTITRE II - LES ATTEINTES A L'AUTORITE DE L'ETAT\nCHAPITRE II - LES ATTEINTES A L'ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE COMMISES PAR LES DEPOSITAIRES DE L'AUTORITE PUBLIQUE\nSECTION II - Les manquements à la probité","Anti-corruption Djibouti, lutte contre la corruption à Djibouti\nDécembre 2012.\nhttp://www.anticorruptiondjibouti.com/?language=en\n\nLoi 59/AN/94 du 5 janvier 1995 portant Code Pénal.","Article 200 du Code Pénal réprime l'infraction spécifique de corruption :\n\"Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique ou chargée d'une mission de service public, par une personne investie d'un mandant électif public, un juré, un arbitre ou un e..."]
["2012_EG_10",2012,"EG","Egypt",10,100,"In Egypt, much legislation exists against different forms of corruption, such as the penal code and the legislation against bribery, money laundering, illicit gains, the governmental accounting law as listed in the referred document.\n\nArticles 103-112 of the Penal Code stipulate corruption as a serious offense (misdemeanor) and falls into the category of offences against the public function and the public interest; Article 18 of Law No. 62/1975 covers illegal profit-making; Article 77 of Law No. 47/1978 prohibits civil servants from receiving gifts or rewards for exercising their duties.\n\nThe law no. 80 of 2002 is related to money laundering and includes provisions relating to funds originating from corruption.\n\nArticle 104b of the Penal code refers to non-intentional corruption – i.e. when a public official performs an act of corruption in the discharge of his or her duties “without having the intention” of doing so. Article 107 of the Penal code mentions Bribery as an undue advantage which the Penal Code spells out as being financial or other in nature.","http://jurist.org/paperchase/2011/11/egypt-military-council-issues-anti-corruption-law.php.\n\nPenal code of 1937 - Articles 103-112 criminalize corruption as a serious offense under the crimes against the civil service and public interest.\n\nList of anti-corruption legislations\nhttp://www.arablegalportal.org/financial/legaldocs/anti-corruption/egypt/Egypt-anti-corruption-laws-inforce-en.pdf.","In Egypt, much legislation exists against different forms of corruption, such as the penal code and the legislation against bribery, money laundering, illicit gains, the governmental accounting law as listed in the referred document...."]
["2012_GQ_10",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",10,100,"Articles 178 to 204 of the Criminal Code of Equatorial Guinea lists a number of punishable corruption practices undertaken by public officials against the citizens rights.","Human Rights Watch, \"Equatorial Guinea: DC Meeting Set as Corruption Details Emerge,\"\nJune 15, 2012.\n\nArticle 178 to 204, Criminal Code of Equatorial Guinea, 1963","Articles 178 to 204 of the Criminal Code of Equatorial Guinea lists a number of punishable corruption practices undertaken by public officials against the citizens rights."]
["2012_ER_10",2012,"ER","Eritrea",10,100,"Corruption in the criminal law is defined as an offense against official duties by government officers or by a third party against the public offices.\n\nThe Transitional Penal Law of Eritrea, Proclamation No.1/1991, and Ethiopian Penal Law 1957, Title III; \nChapter I, Offenses Against Official Duties; Article 414, Abuse of Power; Article 422, Appropriation and Misappropriation in the Discharge of Duties; Article 423, Acceptance of Undue Advantage; and Article 425, Corrupt Practices.","UN Report, Monitoring Group on Somlia and Eritrea, Advanced Copy, Letter dated June 27, 2012.\nhttp://www.somaliareport.com/downloads/UN_REPORT_2012.pdf\n\nThe Transitional Penal Law of Eritrea, Proclamation No.1/1991, and Ethiopian Penal Law 1957, Title III; Chapter I, Offenses Against Official Duties; Article 414, Abuse of Power; Article 422, Appropriation and Misappropriation in the Discharge of Duties; Article 423, Acceptance of Undue Advantage; and Article 425, Corrupt Practices.\nThe source cannot be accessed online.","Corruption in the criminal law is defined as an offense against official duties by government officers or by a third party against the public offices...."]
["2012_ET_10",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",10,100,"Under Article 404 (2) of the Penal Code of Ethiopia, soliciting or accepting a bribe by a public servant is stipulated as a criminal offense. Similarly, offering, giving or promising to give by anyone an undue advantage to a public servant to secure for himself an undue advantage is a criminal offense. \n\nUnder Paragraph 3 of the same article, corrupt electoral practices, forgery, money laundering and misrepresentation by a public servant, are also classified as crimes of corruption. \n\nProclamation 433/2005 established an institution charged with the responsibility of fighting against corruption and impropriety. The powers of the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission include investigation and prosecution of the crime of corruption.","Global Voices, \"Ethiopia: Reflecting on Corruption,\" 25 Jan. 2012.\nhttps://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/01/25/ethiopia-reflecting-on-corruption-in-ethiopia/\n\nProclamation No. 433/2005 Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Establishment Proclamation.\n\nCriminal Code of Ethiopia, Articles 404 and 406.\n\nChapter II Crimes Committed by Public Servants against Public Office, Section I - Corruption Crimes Committed by Public Servants in Breach of Trust and Good Faith, Articles 407 and 110.","Under Article 404 (2) of the Penal Code of Ethiopia, soliciting or accepting a bribe by a public servant is stipulated as a criminal offense. Similarly, offering, giving or promising to give by anyone an undue advantage to a public servant to secure for himself an undue advantage i..."]
["2012_GA_10",2012,"GA","Gabon",10,100,"Oui, au Gabon la Loi N°002/2003 du 7 mai 2003, instituant un régime de prévention et de répression de l’enrichissement illicite en République gabonaise, dispose clairement en son Chapitre II : 'De la Répression' dans la Section II (De l’incitation à la corruption) et la Section III (De la corruption passive et du trafic d’influence). On y lit les sanctions encourues en cas de corruption passive ou active.\n\nAussi, Section IV (Du recel et de la complicité), dans l'Article 23 énonce : \n\"Toute personne en rapport avec les auteurs des faits visés par la présente loi qui, en connaissance de cause, aura bénéficié de quelque manière que ce soit des produits, ressources ou autres biens issus de ces faits ou aura fait l’acquisition de ces biens, sera poursuivie pour complicité.\"","CNS News, \"WH louanges que 'leader mondial' président gabonais accusé de corruption,\" 10 Juin 2011.\nhttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/wh-praises-global-leader-gabonese-president-accused-corruption\n\nLoi N°002/2003 du 7 mai 2003, Chapter II, Sections II-IV and Article 23.","Oui, au Gabon la Loi N°002/2003 du 7 mai 2003, instituant un régime de prévention et de répression de l’enrichissement illicite en République gabonaise, dispose clairement en son Chapitre II : 'De la Répression' dans la Section II (De l’incitation à la corruption) et la Section III..."]
["2012_GM_10",2012,"GM","The Gambia",10,100,"Section 86 of the Criminal Code Cap 10:01 Laws of The Gambia 2009 provides for the offense of official corruption. Section 87 provides for the offense of extortion by public officers, Section 88 for public officers receiving property to show favor and Section 90 for abuse of office.\n\nParliament recently passed the Anti-Corruption Commission bill, but the measure awaits assent by the president.","The Point, Gambia suffers drop in TI ranking in corruption report, Dec. 6, 2012.\nhttp://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambia-suffers-drop-in-ti-ranking-in-corruption-report\n\nCriminal Code Cap 10:01 Laws of The Gambia 2009, Sections 86, 87, 88 and 90.","Section 86 of the Criminal Code Cap 10:01 Laws of The Gambia 2009 provides for the offense of official corruption. Section 87 provides for the offense of extortion by public officers, Section 88 for public officers receiving property to show favor and Section 90 for abuse of office..."]
["2012_GH_10",2012,"GH","Ghana",10,100,"Sections 239 and 242 of the Consolidated Criminal Code Act, 1960 (Act 29), proscribe various acts of corruption such as extortion, offering a bribe and receiving a bribe, as illegal. \nArticle 218(e) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana states that the functions of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice shall: \"investigate all instances of alleged or suspected corruption and the misappropriation of public monies by officials and to take appropriate steps, including reports to the Attorney General, resulting from any such investigations.\"","Joy Online, \"Ghana performance declines annual Corruption Perception Index,\" Dec. 5, 2012.\nhttp://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/98294.php\n\nArticle 218(e) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana.\n\nSections 239 and 242 of the Consolidated Criminal Code Act, 1960 (Act 29). \n\nThe Criminal Code (Amendment) Act, 2003 (Act 646).","Sections 239 and 242 of the Consolidated Criminal Code Act, 1960 (Act 29), proscribe various acts of corruption such as extortion, offering a bribe and receiving a bribe, as illegal. \nArticle 218(e) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana states that the functions of the Commission o..."]
["2012_GN_10",2012,"GN","Guinea",10,100,"La corruption est criminalisée en Guinée suivant les dispositions des articles 191, 192, 193 et suivants du Code pénal guinéen.\n\nParagraphe 5 : Corruption\nArticle 191 : - La corruption est une infraction dite passive lorsqu'elle résulte du fait par une personne d'être corrompue, et active lorsqu'elle résulte du fait de corrompre.\n1 - Corruption passive :\n\nArticle 192 : - Sera puni d'un emprisonnement de 1 à 5 ans et d'une amende double de la valeur des promesses agrées ou des choses reçues ou demandées sans que ladite\namende puisse être inférieure à 100.000 francs guinéens, quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour :\n1 - Etant investi d'un mandat électif, fonctionnaire public de l'ordre administratif ou judiciaire, militaire ou assimilé, agent ou préposé d'une Administration publique ou citoyen chargé d'un ministère de service public, faire ou s'abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, juste ou non, mais non sujet à salaire ;\n2 - Etant arbitre ou expert nommé soit par le Tribunal, soit par les parties, rendre une décision ou donné une opinion favorable ou défavorable à une partie ;\n3 - Etant Médecin, Chirurgien, Dentiste, Sage-femme, certifier faussement ou dissimuler l'existence de maladies ou d'infirmité ou un état de grossesse ou fournir des indications mensongères sur l'origine d'une maladie ou infirmité ou la cause d'un décès.\n\nArticle 193 : Sera puni d'un emprisonnement de 1 à 3 ans et d'une amende de 50.000 à 200.000 francs guinéens, ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement, tout commis, employé ou préposé, salarié ou rémunéré sous une forme quelconque qui, soit directement, soit par personne interposée, aura à l'insu et sans le consentement de son patron soit sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, soit sollicité ou reçu des dons, présents, commissions, escomptes ou primes pour faire ou s'abstenir de faire un acte de son emploi. Si les offres, promesses, dons ou sollicitations tendaient à l'accomplissement ou à l'abstention d'un acte qui, bien qu'en dehors des attributions personnelles de la personne corrompue, était ou aurait été facilité par sa fonction ou par le service qu'elle assurait, la peine sera, dans le cas du paragraphe I du premier alinéa de l'article 192, d'un emprisonnement de 1 à 3 ans et d'une amende de 100.000 à 500.000 francs guinéens et dans le cas du paragraphe 2 alinéa 1, d'un emprisonnement de 6 mois à 2 ans et d'une amende de 50.000 à 100.000 francs guinéens, ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement.\n2 - Corruption active :\n\nArticle 194 : - Quiconque, pour obtenir, soit l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte soit une des faveurs ou un des avantages prévus aux articles 192 et 193 aura usé de voies de fait ou menaces, de promesses, offres, dons ou présents ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s'il n'en a pas pris l'initiative sera, que la contrainte ou la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des mêmes peines que celles prévues auxdits articles contre la personne corrompue.","The Guardian, \"La bataille de la Guinée contre la corruption: de quel côté est l'ouest sur?\" Le 15 novembre 2012.\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/15/guinea-corruption-which-side-is-west-on\n\nCode pénal du 31 décembre 1998, article 191 - 192 - 193 - 194. http://www.hcch.net/upload/cp_gn.pdf","La corruption est criminalisée en Guinée suivant les dispositions des articles 191, 192, 193 et suivants du Code pénal guinéen...."]
["2012_GW_10",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",10,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_10",2012,"KE","Kenya",10,100,"Whereas chapter 6 of the constitution on leadership and integrity prohibits corruption, the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, 2003, expressly criminalizes corruption.","Business Daily, \"KPMG report: Kenya rated most corrupt in East Africa,\" Nov. 28, 2012.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/KPMG-report--Kenya-rated-most-corrupt-in-Eat-Africa/-/539550/1632140/-/13762bjz/-/index.html\n\nThe Constitution of Kenya, 2010, Chapter 6, Sections 73-80. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf\n\nAnti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, 2003, Sections 38-50. http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/frames.php","Whereas chapter 6 of the constitution on leadership and integrity prohibits corruption, the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, 2003, expressly criminalizes corruption."]
["2012_LS_10",2012,"LS","Lesotho",10,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_10",2012,"LR","Liberia",10,100,"Corruption in Liberia is a criminal offense. Executive Order #38 of 2012 criminalizes corrupt practices such as conflict of interest, using public offices for personal gains, extortion among others (LACC Act Part II). \n\nPart IX of Executive Order #38 also forbids bribery among other corrupt practices by public officials.","Executive Order #38 2012, Part IX Sections 9.1 & 9.2; Act of LACC 2008, Part V Sections 5.1 & 5.2; (laccliberia.com); \n\nThe Penal Code of Liberia Title 26 Part II Chapter 12 Subchapter 12.50 - 12.53. Link: http://www.fahnbulleh.net/docs/PenalCodeLawsOfLiberia.pdf","Corruption in Liberia is a criminal offense. Executive Order #38 of 2012 criminalizes corrupt practices such as conflict of interest, using public offices for personal gains, extortion among others (LACC Act Part II). ..."]
["2012_LY_10",2012,"LY","Libya",10,0,"The head of a civil society organization focusing on transparency and corruption argues that there are many laws but they are not enough to fight a culture of corruption and malpractice fostered through 42 years of Gadhafi’s dictatorship. For instance, laws cover money laundering but do not cover many other aspects of corruption such as graft.","workers.org, \"Result of U.S.-NATO war on Libya: Corruption, torture, chaos,\" May 21, 2012.\nhttp://www.workers.org/2012/world/libya_0524/\n\nLibyan Penal Code\n\nLaw No. 20 of 1991 regarding the promotion of freedom\n\nLaw No. 2 of 1979 regarding economic crimes\n\nLaw No. 6 of 1985 regarding fighting mediation and nepotism\n\nLaw No. 22 of 1985 regarding the misuse of the position\n\nLaw No. 3 of 1986 regarding \"from where did you get this\"","The head of a civil society organization focusing on transparency and corruption argues that there are many laws but they are not enough to fight a culture of corruption and malpractice fostered through 42 years of Gadhafi’s dictatorship. For instance, laws cover money laundering b..."]
["2012_MG_10",2012,"MG","Madagascar",10,100,"Law  No. 2004 - 030: \"The notion of corruption includes bribery, interference, favoritism, corruption itself and influence peddling, offenses that are dangerously and shamefully widespread, not only within government and public enterprises but also within the sector private, to be called \"national scourge\". \n\nThis law contains 36 items divided into three titles.\n\nThe first title, entitled \"Prevention and Suppression of Corruption,\" is composed of three sections:\nthe first chapter is composed of two items on the declaration of assets;  chapter II concerns the amendments to the Penal Code;  chapter III deals with the effects of corruption offenses.\n\nIn Title II, detailing an institutional framework, there are sections on the role of the Superior Council in the fight against corruption and the Independent Anti-Corruption Bureau; the obligation of confidentiality and secrecy; and provisions on the protection of whistleblowers and witnesses.\n\nOriginal French:\n\"La notion de corruption recouvre la concussion, l’ingérence, le favoritisme, la corruption proprement dite et le trafic d’influence, infractions qui se sont dangereusement et scandaleusement généralisées, non\nseulement au sein des pouvoirs et entreprises publiques mais également au sein du secteur privé, au point\nd’être qualifiées de « fléau national ». \"","Congressional Research Service, \"la crise politique à Madagascar,\" Le 18 juin 2012.\nhttp://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40448.pdf\n\nLOI n° 2004 - 030 sur la lutte contre la corruption\nhttp://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Madagascar/Mada%20-%20Lutte%20anticorruption.pdf","Law  No. 2004 - 030: \"The notion of corruption includes bribery, interference, favoritism, corruption itself and influence peddling, offenses that are dangerously and shamefully widespread, not only within government and public enterprises but also within the sector private, to be ..."]
["2012_MW_10",2012,"MW","Malawi",10,100,"While the Corrupt Practices Act deals with the whole range of issues on corruption, section 24-34 outline specific issues that constitute corrupt practices with penalties in section (35). These include possession of unexplained property, failure to disclose interests by public official, advantage in bidding at actions sales, advantage for procuring withdraw of tenders, advantage for giving assistance in regard to contracts, advantage regarding conduct of meeting through soliciting votes, misuse of public office and abusing the procurement process.","Institute for the Advancement of Journalism, 'Investigating Corruption in Malawi,\" April 2012.\nhttp://iaj.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Investigating-Corruption-in-Malawi_web.pdf\n\nCorrupt Practices Act. Section 3 of 1996 as amended in 2004.\n\nMoney Laundering. Proceeds of Serious Crime and Terrorist Financing Act. Sections 35 and 36 of  2006.\n\nPenal Code. Sections 90-92 as amended in 1995. Sections 93-98 of 1930. Section 99 as amended in 1973. Section 100 of 1930.","While the Corrupt Practices Act deals with the whole range of issues on corruption, section 24-34 outline specific issues that constitute corrupt practices with penalties in section (35). These include possession of unexplained property, failure to disclose interests by public offi..."]
["2012_ML_10",2012,"ML","Mali",10,100,"Les textes juridiques de la bonne gouvernance du Mali indiquent que la corruption demeure généralisée et qu’elle se retrouve notamment au niveau des régies financières (douanes, impôts), réduisant d’autant l’assiette fiscale, lors de la passation des marchés, dans le système judiciaire, mais aussi dans les secteurs sociaux comme la santé ou l’éducation. Elle prend également la forme du clientélisme et intervient dans le domaine du recrutement des personnels étatiques. Par contre le Mali n’a pas de Plan de lutte contre la corruption proprement dit. C’est la Loi n°98 qui régit les relations entre l’administration et les usagers des services publics interdit la corruption. \n\nLe Code de procédure pénal (art.93 et suivants) prévoit des sanctions à l'encontre des fonctionnaires reconnus coupables de corruption. « Les fonctionnaires, leurs commis ou préposés, qui, dans une intention frauduleuse, ordonneront de percevoir et exigeront ou recevront ce qu’ils savent n’être pas dû pour droits, taxes, contributions, revenus, salaires ou traitements seront punis de cinq à dix ans de travaux forcés si la totalité des sommes indûment exigées ou reçues ou dont la perception a été ordonnée excède 50.000 francs. La peine sera de deux à cinq ans d’emprisonnement avec possibilité pour les juges de prononcer l’incapacité d’exercer à jamais un emploi public, lorsque la totalité des sommes indûment exigées ou reçues ou dont la perception a été ordonnée a été égale ou inférieure à 50.000 francs. La tentative de ce délit sera punie comme le délit lui-même ». L’expression de la volonté politique de lutter contre la corruption a trouvé son expression la plus visible dans la création, en 2004, d’une fonction de « Vérificateur Général de la République », empreint du système anglo-saxon. Le Vérificateur agit comme un quatrième pouvoir, il est indépendant dans le choix de ces thèmes de travail. Il a le pouvoir d’enquêter sur les comportements illicites et le pouvoir de saisir directement la justice. Depuis le début de ses activités en 2005, le Vérificateur a saisi la justice déjà à plusieurs reprises.","Al Jazeera, \"La corruption massive ne justifie pas coup d'Etat malien, du\" 31 Mars de 2012.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/2012331124714249529.html \n\nLe Code de procédure pénale du Mali, art.93 et suivants, www.code_penal.ml","Les textes juridiques de la bonne gouvernance du Mali indiquent que la corruption demeure généralisée et qu’elle se retrouve notamment au niveau des régies financières (douanes, impôts), réduisant d’autant l’assiette fiscale, lors de la passation des marchés, dans le système judici..."]
["2012_MR_10",2012,"MR","Mauritania",10,100,"Outre le Code Pénal qui pénalise la corruption dans ses articles 171, 172, 173 et 174, la Mauritanie a ratifié les deux principales conventions relatives, à savoir la convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption et la convention sur la lutte et la prévention de la corruption. Le CNUCC est entré en vigueur le 14 décembre 2005.\n\nNonobstant tout ce dispositif, la corruption demeure répandue.","Article 171 et suivant du code pénal mauritanien (Ordonnance 83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 portant institution d’un Code Pénal)\n\nBTI 2012 | Mauritania Country Report, 2012.\nhttp://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_itao_download/BTI_2012_Mauritania.pdf\n\nInspection Générale d'Etat, Stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption (Note, 2007)","Outre le Code Pénal qui pénalise la corruption dans ses articles 171, 172, 173 et 174, la Mauritanie a ratifié les deux principales conventions relatives, à savoir la convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption et la convention sur la lutte et la prévention de la corruption. ..."]
["2012_MU_10",2012,"MU","Mauritius",10,100,"The Prevention Of Corruption Act 2002 specifically criminalizes corruption in the country. \nThere is also the Financial Intelligence and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2002, which targets corruption and money laundering.","The African Sun Times, \"Least Corrupt Countries in Africa: Botswana, Cape Verde and Mauritius,\" Dec. 5, 2012.\nhttp://africansuntimes.com/2012/12/least-corrupt-countries-in-africa-botswana-cape-verde-and-mauritius/\n\nPrevention of Corruption Act 2002, Financial Intelligence and Anti-Money Laudering Act 2002. Website of the Independent Commission against Corruption. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/legislations.htm\n\nFinancial Intelligence and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2002","The Prevention Of Corruption Act 2002 specifically criminalizes corruption in the country. \nThere is also the Financial Intelligence and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2002, which targets corruption and money laundering."]
["2012_MA_10",2012,"MA","Morocco",10,100,"Two basic texts deal with corruption. First, the Criminal Code (Articles 248 to 256), which governs the repression of corruption and misappropriation of public funds. Section 248 of the Penal Code penalizes the promise of bribery and attempted bribery. \n\nSecond, the anti-money laundering law was adopted in the framework of harmonization of Moroccan law with the provisions of United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC).\n\nLaw 34-10 provides in Article 6 that \"appellate courts include financial crimes sections.\" These sections contain criminal chambers of first instance and appeal with their own parquet, a parquet secretariat and a secretariat of the prosecution.\n\nTo account for the specific crime of corruption and training for judges, particularly in financial matters, the Ministry of Justice has taken two steps. First, it has developed trainings for judges in financial matters. Second, it has restructured the judicial organization within the kingdom to create four Courts of Appeal with \"Financial Centers\" more equipped to judge such crimes.","Penal Code. Published in BO No. 2540 bis 05.06.1963, Ratified 26/11/1962 by Decree No. 1.59.415 of 28 Jumada II-1382.\n\nLaw No. 22-01 of 25 Rajeb 1423 (October 3, 2002) relating to criminal procedure.\n\nLaw No. 43-05 of 28 Rabii I 1428 (April 17 2007) on the fight against money laundering, published in BO No. 5522 of 3 May 2007, page 602.\n\nDecree No. 2-11-445 of 4-11-2011 on clusters of financial courts, published BO no 5995 of 14.11.2011 Arabic version.\n\nLaws 34-10 and 36-10, published in the Official Gazette No. 5975 of September 5, 2011.\n\nProcess Denies Public Funds, Judges Staff, the Weakest Link. The Economist, No. 3738. March 12, 2012. http://www.leconomiste.com/article/892174-proc-s-deniers-publicsformation-des-juges-le-maillon-faible.","Two basic texts deal with corruption. First, the Criminal Code (Articles 248 to 256), which governs the repression of corruption and misappropriation of public funds. Section 248 of the Penal Code penalizes the promise of bribery and attempted bribery. ..."]
["2012_MZ_10",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",10,100,"Corruption in the Mozambican legislature is criminalized as a specific crime. The punishment is regulated by law No. 6 of June 17, 2004, where there is an array of practices explicitly defined as corruption.","NORAD, mozambicains publics initiatives anti-corruption, 2012.\nhttp://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/mozambique/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives.aspx\n\nAnti-Corruption Law, 2004, Articles 1 and 2 [Lei No. 6/2004 de 17 de Junho]. \nhttp://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/Boletim_Republica-24-04.pdf","Corruption in the Mozambican legislature is criminalized as a specific crime. The punishment is regulated by law No. 6 of June 17, 2004, where there is an array of practices explicitly defined as corruption."]
["2012_NA_10",2012,"NA","Namibia",10,100,"Chapter 4 of Anti-Corruption Act No. 8 of 2003 defines corrupt practices at great length. Moreover, the act criminalizes corrupt practices. The definition of the word \"corruptly\" was challenged in the High Court and declared too vague and unconstitutional. However, corrupt practices are still defined in a number of sections in the act, such as Section 36, corrupt acquisition of private interest by public officer; Section 37, corruption in relation to tenders; and Section 38, bribery of public officer.","NORAD, Business Corruption in Namibia, 2012.\nhttp://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx\n\nAnti-Corruption Act No. 8 of 2003, Chapter 4, www.accnamibia.org/pnTemp/downloads_upload/anti_corruption_act.pdf","Chapter 4 of Anti-Corruption Act No. 8 of 2003 defines corrupt practices at great length. Moreover, the act criminalizes corrupt practices. The definition of the word \"corruptly\" was challenged in the High Court and declared too vague and unconstitutional. However, corrupt practice..."]
["2012_NE_10",2012,"NE","Niger",10,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_10",2012,"NG","Nigeria",10,100,"The ICPC Act provides an official definition of corruption in Nigeria as provided by the anti-corruption law, including bribery, fraudulent acquisition of property, fraudulent receipt of property, the use of pecuniary advantage, gratification, influence peddling, insincerity in advice with a view to gaining advantage, less than a full day’s work for a full day’s pay, tardiness and laziness. Failure to report any case of inducement to the appropriate authority is also considered a punishable offense under the law. The act also set up the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). The ICPC was inaugurated on Sept. 29th, 2000. The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) was established in 2004.","Sahara Reporters, \"Nigeria Is 35th Most Corrupt In The World, Says Transparency International 2012 Report,\" Dec. 5, 2012.\nhttp://saharareporters.com/2012/12/05/nigeria-35th-most-corrupt-world-says-transparency-international-2012-report-premium-times\n\n\nCorruption and other Related Offences Act, sections 8-26. Federal Republic of Nigeria (FGN). Abuja: Government Printer. 2000. http://www.nigeria-law.org/Corrupt%20Practices%20and%20other%20Related%20Offences%20Act%202000.htm\n\nFederal Republic of Nigeria (FGN) Economic and Financial Commission Act 2000.","The ICPC Act provides an official definition of corruption in Nigeria as provided by the anti-corruption law, including bribery, fraudulent acquisition of property, fraudulent receipt of property, the use of pecuniary advantage, gratification, influence peddling, insincerity in adv..."]
["2012_RW_10",2012,"RW","Rwanda",10,100,"Section 2 of Law No 23/2003 related to the punishment Of corruption and related offences criminalises in its articles 10-14 the \"trafficking of influence\".\n\nArticle 10:\n\"Whoever will have explicitly or implicitly demanded, indirectly or directly received gifts or any other profit for oneself or for others, or who will have accepted it as a promise in order to render a service within his or her function, mission, mandate or whoever will have used them to do it, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of between 2 and 5 years and a fine ranging from twice to 10 times the value of illicit profit solicited.\"\n \nArticle 11:\n\"Whoever will have explicitly or implicitly demanded, indirectly or directly received gifts or any other illicit profit for oneself or for others or who will have accepted it as a promise in order to accomplish an illegal act or refrain from carrying out his or her duties, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of between 5 years to10 years and a fine ranging from twice to 10 times the value of illicit profit solicited.\"","Law No. 1/2012/OL of May 2, 2012, Organic Law Instituting the Penal Code, Article 633.","Section 2 of Law No 23/2003 related to the punishment Of corruption and related offences criminalises in its articles 10-14 the \"trafficking of influence\"...."]
["2012_ST_10",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",10,100,"The new and first Santomean Penal Code of 2012 states the following on corruption:\nLaw No. 6/2012 (Gazette No. 95, Aug. 6, 2012, São Tomé and Príncipe.)\nChapter IV, Section I (Corruption), Article 452 – Bribes for illicit act: 1. An official who by themselves or through someone else, with their consent or ratification, request or accept, for themselves or for others, no commensurate advantage due to patrimonial advantage or not, or his promise, as consideration for an act or omission contrary to the duties of the office shall be punished with imprisonment from 2 to 6 years. \nArticle 454 – Bribery: 1. Whoever gives or promises the officers, themselves or through an intermediary, patrimonial advantage or not that is not due to the employee, with the purposes stated in the Article 452 shall be punished, as appropriate, with the penalties provided in that provision.\"","Law No. 6/2012. Gazette No. 95, Aug. 6, 2012, São Tomé and Príncipe. Articles 452-454\n\nPortuguese Penal Code from 1886, Portugal.\n Chapter XIII (Crimes of civil servants in the exercise of their functions), Section VII, Article 318 \n“Every public servant who commits the crime of bribe, bribery and corruption, receiving gift or present by himself or through a third party with his/her consent or ratification, to make an act of their duties, if this act is unjust and runs, shall be punished with prison from two to eight years, or alternatively, with the largest temporary imprisonment, and, in both cases, fine equal to a year if this act, however, does not run, will be sentenced in suspension of one to three years, and the same fine.\"","The new and first Santomean Penal Code of 2012 states the following on corruption:\nLaw No. 6/2012 (Gazette No. 95, Aug. 6, 2012, São Tomé and Príncipe.)\nChapter IV, Section I (Corruption), Article 452 – Bribes for illicit act: 1. An official who b..."]
["2012_SN_10",2012,"SN","Senegal",10,100,"Au Sénégal la corruption est considérée comme un délit, conformément aux Articles 105, 159 et 161 du Code pénal. \n\nL'abus de bien public, les crimes organisés et les trafics et le blanchiment sont des délits punissables de peine à la fois pécuniaires et d'emprisonnement. En effet le Code pénal punit dans sa section II «de la forfaiture et des crimes délits des fonctionnaires publics dans l'excercice de leurs fonctions» des détournements, des soustractions et des escroqueries portant sur les deniers publics (paragraphe I) des concussions commises par les fonctionnaires publics et de leur ingérence dans les affaires ou commerces incompatibles avec leur qualité (paragraphe II), de la coruption des fonctionnaires publics et des employés du secteur privé (paragraphe III), de l'enrichissement illicite (paragraphe III bis) des abus d'autorité, des abus d'autorité contre les particuliers, des abus d'autorité contre la chose publique.","Bloomberg Business, \"Senegal’s Sall Tackles Corruption in Bid for Investors,\" June 8, 2012.\nhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-08/senegal-s-sall-tackles-corruption-in-bid-for-investors\n\nCode pénal du Sénégal, 21 juillet 1965 : http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Senegal/Senegal%20-%20Code%20penal.pdf","Au Sénégal la corruption est considérée comme un délit, conformément aux Articles 105, 159 et 161 du Code pénal. ..."]
["2012_SC_10",2012,"SC","Seychelles",10,100,"Penal Code [Chapter 158: Sections 372 to 376 of the]. Proscribed conduct includes:\n• On the part of an agent, accepting or obtaining any gift or consideration;\n• On the part of briber, offering, giving any gift or consideration\n• On the part of the agent, falsifying documents, receipts etc. in order to mislead the principal.\n\nPublic Officers' Ethics Act of 2008 Sections 3 to 19 discuss conflict of interest (Section 8), favoritism (Section 12) and sexual harassment (Section 16).","Penal Code, Chapter 158: Sections 372 to 376. \n\nPublic Officers' Ethics Act of 2008, Sections 3 to 19.","Penal Code [Chapter 158: Sections 372 to 376 of the]. Proscribed conduct includes:\n• On the part of an agent, accepting or obtaining any gift or consideration;\n• On the part of briber, offering, giving any gift or consideration..."]
["2012_SL_10",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",10,100,"The Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, has a chapter specifying various types of corruption offenses. See Chapter 4, Sections 26 to 52 for instance.\n \nSection 26. Corrupt acquisition of wealth.\nSection 27. Possession of unexplained wealth.\nSection 28. Offering, soliciting or accepting advantage.\nSection 29. Using influence for contracts. \n\nThe constitution was amended in 2008 to give powers to the Anti-Corruption Commission to prosecute cases of corruption.","Article 76 (1) of 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone.\n\n1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone (Amendment) Act, 2008.\n\nAnti-Corruption Act, 2008, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf\n\nGovernment of the Republic of Sierra Leone: Regulations on Public Procurement\n(Made Under Section 68 of the Public Procurement Act, 2004), First Edition, 2006.","The Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, has a chapter specifying various types of corruption offenses. See Chapter 4, Sections 26 to 52 for instance.\n ..."]
["2012_SO_10",2012,"SO","Somalia",10,100,"The Penal Code in its Art. 245 states that “A public officer who, for the performance of an act pertaining to his office, receive for himself or for a third party, any sum of money or any other benefit, as a reward which is not due to him, or accept the promise of any sum of money or any other benefit, shall be punished with imprisonment up to three years and with fine from Sh.So 500 to 10,000.”\n\nThe Somali penal code further criminalizes specific corruption offenses including: corruption of a citizen by foreigners; political conspiracy by association; peculation; misappropriation of the prejudice of private persons; peculation by taking advantage of the error of another person; extortion by a public officer; corruption for performing an official act; corruption for performing an act contrary to the duties of office; corruption of a person entrusted with a public service; punishment of persons giving or promising money or other benefit; instigation of corruption; abuse of office in cases not specifically provided for by law; private interest in official acts; disclosure of official secrets; and cheating/fraud.","BBC News, \"Somalia anger at corruption claims in leaked UN report, 17 July 2012.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18878272\n\nSomali Penal Code, Article 245,\nwww.somalilandlaw.com/criminal_law.html","The Penal Code in its Art. 245 states that “A public officer who, for the performance of an act pertaining to his office, receive for himself or for a third party, any sum of money or any other benefit, as a reward which is not due to him, or accept the promise of any sum of money ..."]
["2012_ZA_10",2012,"ZA","South Africa",10,100,"The Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act defines acts of corruption as punishable criminal offenses.","New York Times, \"In South Africa, Lethal Battles for Even Smallest of Political Posts,\" Nov. 30, 2012.\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/world/africa/south-africa-corruption-fuels-battle-for-political-spoils.html\n\nPrevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12, Section 3, 2004,  http://www.info.gov.za/acts/2004/a12-04/index.html","The Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act defines acts of corruption as punishable criminal offenses."]
["2012_SS_10",2012,"SS","South Sudan",10,100,"The Penal Code criminalises a number of practices which constitute corruption. For example:\n  \nArticle 87 of the Penal Code is about public servants taking gratification in respect of an official. Article 88 of the Penal Code criminalises taking bribes or gratification in order to influence a public servant. Article 90 criminalises the practice of offering or giving bribes or gratification to a public servant.  Article 91 criminalises the practice of receiving or giving a bribe or gratification by an agent or employee to show favour or disfavour. Article 92 criminalises any public servant for obtaining valuable thing without consideration from a person concerned in proceeding or business transacted by such public servant.  Article 93 criminalises the offering or giving of something of value without consideration. Article 94 criminalises any third person who profits by bribery or gratification. Article 95 criminalises the practice of a public servant dishonestly receiving money or property not due.","Republic of South Sudan, Penal Code Act, articles 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95.  (2008) .  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf\n\nReuters, \"South Sudan officials have stolen $4 billion: president,\" June 4, 2012.\nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/04/us-southsudan-corruption-idUSBRE8530QI20120604","The Penal Code criminalises a number of practices which constitute corruption. For example:\n  \nArticle 87 of the Penal Code is about public servants taking gratification in respect of an of..."]
["2012_SD_10",2012,"SD","Sudan",10,100,"“1) The State shall enact laws to protect the society from corruption delinquency and social evils and steer the society as a whole towards virtuous social values consistent with religions and cultures of the Sudan. 2) The State shall enact laws and establish institutions to eliminate corruption, inhibit abuse of power and ensure integrity in public life,” Article 16 of the constitution states.\n \n In the Penal Code, chapter 13, Offences by or relating to public servants deal with offenses relating to offering or taking a bride and kickbacks and extortion are addressed:\n Section 128 - “Public Servants taking Gratification in Respect of Official Act”\n Section 129 - “Taking Bribes or Gratification in Order to Influence Public Servant”\n Section 131 - “Offering or Giving Bribery or Gratification to Public Servant”:\n Section 131(A) – “Receiving or Giving Bribery or Gratification by Agent or\n Employee to show Favour or Disfavour”","Sudan Tribune, \"Sudan: Auditor General’s 2012 report reveals increases in embezzlements,\" Nov. 21, 2012.\nhttp://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44609\n\nPart One, Chapter II, Article 16, Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005.\n \n Sudan Penal Code, Chapter 13. (2003) . [Offences by or relating to public servants available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/469e1f0a2.html].","“1) The State shall enact laws to protect the society from corruption delinquency and social evils and steer the society as a whole towards virtuous social values consistent with religions and cultures of the Sudan. 2) The State shall enact laws and establish institutions to elimin..."]
["2012_SZ_10",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",10,100,"The Constitution empowers the Commission on Human Rights and Public Administration to investigate complaints of injustice, corruption, abuse of power in office and unfair treatment of any person by a public officer in the exercise of official duties.\n \n The Prevention of Corruption Order 13 repealed and replaced the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1986. The various kinds of corruption that it proscribes are listed in Part III. Section 20 codifies the common law of bribery, while Section 21 extends this to tender processes. Bribery in the private sector is also criminalized, as is similar conduct in judicial work. Potentially controversial is Section 26, which creates a residual offense on the sole basis of unexplained lifestyle or assets. Its main subsection reads: \"Any person who being or having been a public officer maintains a standard of living above that which is commensurate with his present or past official emoluments; or is in control of pecuniary resources or property disproportionate to his present or past official emoluments; shall, unless he gives a satisfactory explanation to the court as to how he was able to maintain such standard of living or how such pecuniary resources or property came under his control, be presumed to have maintained such standard of living or acquired such pecuniary resources or property as the result of the commission of an offense under Sections 20, 21, 22 or 25 of this part, and shall be guilty of that offense and liable on conviction to the penalty prescribed in relation to that offense.\" Subsection 2 extends this \"presumptive\" offense to \"any person who has no known source of income or who is not known to be engaged in any gainful employment.\n \n The Prevention of Corruption Act 2006 provides for the investigation and punishing of corrupt activities, the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission and to provide for other matters incidental to the prevention of corruption. PART III defines a wide range of corruption activities, including bribery; offense for giving assistance, etc., with regard to contracts and tenders; corrupt transactions by or with public or private bodies; cheating of public revenue and offenses in relation to auctions, among others.\n \n The Swaziland Money Laundering Act 12 of 2001 makes provision for the prevention of money laundering. In Section 3, money laundering is designated as an offense; and in Section 6, the maximum penalty for money laundering is stipulated to be a fine of 25,000 Emalangeni and six years imprisonment. Section 10 creates the supervisory authority undertaken by the Central Bank of Swaziland; and Section 11 spells out how the supervisory authority receives reports from accountable institutions in terms of Section 13 provisions. Section 12 imposes an obligation on accountable institutions to keep business transaction records and comply with supervisory authority requests to enter the premises of these institutions for purposes of inspection. Section 13 mandates an obligation on accountable institutions to report suspicious business transactions.\n \n The Serious Offenses Confiscation of Proceeds Act provides for the confiscation of proceeds from serious offenses.","The Economist, \"Swaziland and its king: Look the other way,\" June 9, 2012.\nhttp://www.economist.com/node/21556626\n\nCrimininal Procedure and Evidence Act. http://www.osall.org.za/docs/2011/03/Swaziland-Criminal-Procedure-and-Evidence-Act-67-of-1938.pdf\n \n Swaziland Money Laundering Act. Swawiland Money Laundering Act \n http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Swaziland/SZ_Money_Laundering_Act.pdf\n \n Swaziland Prevention of Corruption Order No. 19 of 1993 and Prevention of Corruption Act\n http://acc.gov.sz/legislation/Swaziland%20Prevention%20of%20Corruption%20Order%20No%2019%20of%201993.pdf\n \n Swaziland Serious Offenses Confiscation of Proceeds Act\n http://www.issafrica.org/cdct/mainpages/pdf/Terrorism/Legislation/Swaziland/Swaziland%20Serious%20Offences%20Confiscation%20of%20Proceeds%20Act%208%20.pdf","The Constitution empowers the Commission on Human Rights and Public Administration to investigate complaints of injustice, corruption, abuse of power in office and unfair treatment of any person by a public officer in the exercise of official duties...."]
["2012_TZ_10",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",10,100,"The act defines and criminalizes a range of corrupt acts covering private transactions as well as those in the public sector.\n \n Articles 15 (1) to 39 (2) address the following types of corruption:\n Corrupt transactions.\n Corrupt transactions in contracts.\n Corrupt transactions in procurement.\n Corrupt transactions in auctions.\n Corrupt transactions in employment.\n Bribery of foreign public official.\n Use of documents intended to mislead principal.\n Persons obtaining advantage.\n Advantage received on behalf of accused.\n Sexual favour or any other favours.\n Public officials to give accounts of properties.\n Possession of unexplained property.\n Embezzlement and misappropriation.\n Diversion.\n Aiding and abetting.\n Abuse of position.\n Conspiracy.\n Trading in influence.\n Transfer of proceeds of corruption.\n Presumption of corruption.\n False pretence to be an officer.\n Offence of disclosure of identity.\n Freezing of assets.\n Duty to give information.","The Guardian, \"New Africa: the politician fighting corruption in Tanzania,\" Aug. 25, 2012.\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/26/new-africa-january-makamba-tanzania\n\nPrevention and Combating of Corruption Act, 2007","The act defines and criminalizes a range of corrupt acts covering private transactions as well as those in the public sector.\n ..."]
["2012_TG_10",2012,"TG","Togo",10,100,"La corruption est reconnue comme un crime spécifique puni par la loi togolaise. En effet, l'article 208 du code pénal (2008) dispose à son alinéa premier : \"Sera puni de cinq (5) à dix (10) ans de réclusion criminelle et d'une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des choses reçues ou demandées, sans que ladite amende puisse être inférieure à cent mille (100 000) francs CFA : 1. toute personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique ou chargée d'une mission de service public ou investie d'un mandat électif public ou tout agent de l'Etat qui aura sollicité ou agréé, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, des offres, des promesses, des dons, des présents ou des avantages quelconques: a) soit pour accomplir ou s'abstenir d'accomplir un acte de sa fonction, de sa mission ou de son mandat; b) soit pour abuser de son influence réelle ou supposée, en vue de faire obtenir d'une autorité ou d'une administration publique, des distinctions, des emplois, des marchés ou d'autres décisions favorables.\"","Loi n° 2002-002 du 20 février 2002 modifiant l'article 208 de la loi n° 80-01 du 13 août 1980 instituant code pénal. Cf. Code pénal du Togo, édition 2008.\n\nUS Department of State, 2012 Déclaration du climat d'investissement - Togo, Juin de 2012.\nhttp://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191250.htm","La corruption est reconnue comme un crime spécifique puni par la loi togolaise. En effet, l'article 208 du code pénal (2008) dispose à son alinéa premier : \"Sera puni de cinq (5) à dix (10) ans de réclusion criminelle et d'une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des..."]
["2012_TN_10",2012,"TN","Tunisia",10,100,"Code pénal tunisien, article 83 stipule que :\n Toute personne ayant la qualité de fonctionnaire public ou assimilé conformément aux dispositions de la présente loi, qui aura agréé, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, soit pour lui-même, soit pour autrui, des dons, promesses, présents ou avantages de quelque nature que ce soit pour accomplir un acte lié à sa fonction, même juste, mais non sujet à contrepartie ou pour faciliter l'accomplissement d'un acte en rapport avec les attributions de sa fonction, ou pour s'abstenir d'accomplir un acte de sa fonction, auquel il est tenu, est puni de dix ans d'emprisonnement et d'une amende double de la valeur des présents reçus ou des promesses agréées, sans qu'elle puisse être inférieure à dix mille dinars.\n Le tribunal prononce à l'encontre du condamné, par le même jugement, l'interdiction d'exercer les fonctions publiques, de gérer les services publics et de les représenter.","Los Angeles Times, «La corruption est toujours le défi de la Tunisie,\" 10 Juin, de 2012.\nhttp://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/10/opinion/la-oe-chayes-tunisia-corruption-20120610\n\nCode pénal tunisien, article 83 et suite voir le lien : http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/cp/cp1065.htm","Code pénal tunisien, article 83 stipule que :\n Toute personne ayant la qualité de fonctionnaire public ou assimilé conformément aux dispositions de la présente loi, qui aura agréé, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, soit pour l..."]
["2012_UG_10",2012,"UG","Uganda",10,100,"The Anti-Corruption Act 2009 repealed and replaced the Prevention of Corruption Act (Chapter 121, Laws of Uganda), and consequentially amends the Penal Code Act 1950 (Chapter 120, Laws of Uganda), and the Leadership Code Act 2002 that criminalize corruption and form Uganda's legal framework against corruption. Other legal frameworks that criminalize corruption include the Inspectorate of Government Act 2002, the Public Prosecution and Disposal of Public Assets Act 2003, and the Public Finance and Accountability Act 2003. The Leadership Code Act also criminalizes attempted corruption, active and passive bribery, extortion, bribing a foreign public official, and abuse of office. \n \n The Inspectorate of Government Act 2002 classifies corruption as an “[…] abuse of public office for private gain and includes but is not limited to embezzlement, bribery, nepotism, influence peddling, theft of public funds or assets, fraud, forgery, causing financial or property loss, and false accounting in public affairs.” The Anti-Corruption Act 2009 stipulates that those found guilty of corruption may face up to 10 years in prison and a fine of UGX 100 million. \n \n However, some corners have argued that most of the anti-corruption legislation, regulations, and ethics policies that exist do not meet international standards as established in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption.","Al Jazeera English, \"UK suspends Uganda aid over corruption,\" Nov. 17, 2012.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/11/20121117155051480786.html\n\nSection 2 Subsections (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2009.","The Anti-Corruption Act 2009 repealed and replaced the Prevention of Corruption Act (Chapter 121, Laws of Uganda), and consequentially amends the Penal Code Act 1950 (Chapter 120, Laws of Uganda), and the Leadership Code Act 2002 that criminalize corruption and form Uganda's legal ..."]
["2012_ZM_10",2012,"ZM","Zambia",10,100,"Anti-Corruption Commission Act Cap. 91 section (29) sub-section (2) of the laws of Zambia, stipulates that any person who by himself, or by or in conjunction with any other person, corruptly gives, promises or offers any gratification to any public officer, whether for the benefit of that public officer or of any other public officer, as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do, anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any public body is or may be concerned, shall be guilty of an offense. And section 31 sub-section(2) stipulates that any person who, by himself, or by or in conjunction with any other person, corruptly gives, promises or offers any gratification to any person, whether for the benefit of that person or of any other person, as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do, or for having done or forborne to do, anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any private body is or may be concerned shall be guilty of an offense.","Anti-Corruption Act, 2012 [No. 3 of 2012]\nhttp://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/act/2012/3\n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Act Cap. 91, section (29) sub-section (2) and section (31) sub-section (2) of the laws of Zambia.","Anti-Corruption Commission Act Cap. 91 section (29) sub-section (2) of the laws of Zambia, stipulates that any person who by himself, or by or in conjunction with any other person, corruptly gives, promises or offers any gratification to any public officer, whether for the benefit ..."]
["2012_ZW_10",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",10,100,"While corruption is criminalized under Chapter X of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act of 2004, only five elements are criminalized. These are bribery (S170), corruptly using a false document (s171), corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal (s172), corruptly concealing from a principal a personal interest in a transaction (s173), and criminal abuse of duty as a public officer (s174). Offenses that would be considered as corruption under international law, such as acceptance of bribes by foreign and international public officials, trading in influence, illicit enrichment, and the concealment of illicit assets, are not covered under the definition of corruption in Zimbabwe.","The Standard, \"Zimbabwe’s high levels of corruption a cause for concern,\" Dec. 9, 2012.\nhttp://www.thestandard.co.zw/2012/12/09/zimbabwes-high-levels-of-corruption-a-cause-for-concern/\n\nChapter X of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act of 2004.","While corruption is criminalized under Chapter X of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act of 2004, only five elements are criminalized. These are bribery (S170), corruptly using a false document (s171), corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal (s172), corruptly ..."]
["2012_DZ_11",2012,"DZ","Algeria",11,100,"The news story cited does not indicate that there is a law mandating a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported. Rather the news story states that: \n\"Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika has signed a decree organizing the fight against corruption in the country, the Presidency announced. This decree laying out the composition, organization and operating procedures of L'Office central de répression de la corruption (OCRC), was published on the eve of the International Day of United Nations Convention against Corruption on December 9.\n\n\"The text was motivated by the presidential directive of 13 December 2009 instructing the government to implement a series of measures in this area (building instruments to fight against various forms of damage to the economic wealth of the nation, including corruption).'\n\n\"L'Office central de répression de la corruption is responsible for [...] research and investigation of corruption offenses. It will have police officers whose jurisdiction extends throughout Algeria.\"\n\n(English translation from French) This Office is placed under the auspice of the President and cannot be considered as independent.","Analyse détaillée du phénomène de la corruption politique en Algérie: causes, conséquences et des réformes, Mohammed Halim Limam, Université d'Alger, Avril de 2012.\nhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17550912.2012.671999?journalCode=rcaa20#preview\n\nCf: Inspection générale des finances: IGF under the Ministry of Finance -  Audit court and Office central de répression de la corruption (OCRC)\n\nDNA - Dernières nouvelles d'Algérie, Algérie : Bouteflika signe un décret organisant la lutte contre la corruption, 9 December 2011, \nhttp://www.dna-algerie.com/interieure/bouteflika-signe-un-decret-organisant-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-dans-le-pays","The news story cited does not indicate that there is a law mandating a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported. Rather the news story states that: ..."]
["2012_AO_11",2012,"AO","Angola",11,100,"The High Authority against Corruption (HAAC) was established in 1995 and is an independent body with the objective to develop actions of prevention, investigation and participation for the competent entity in order to take penal or disciplinary action against acts of corruption or fraud committed in the exercise of administrative functions.\n\nThe Office of the Ombudsman was established in 2005.\n\nThe Auditor General has legal provisions in place for audit and control systems of public finances.","Republic of Angola Constitution, art. 185.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498.\n\nLaw No. 3/96 of April 5, 1996, Creation of the High Authority Against Corruption.\n\nBusiness Anti-Corruption Portal, http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/angola/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives/\n\nProvedor de Justiça (Ombudsman) Official site http://www.provedor-jus.co.ao/","The High Authority against Corruption (HAAC) was established in 1995 and is an independent body with the objective to develop actions of prevention, investigation and participation for the competent entity in order to take penal or disciplinary action against acts of corruption or ..."]
["2012_BJ_11",2012,"BJ","Benin",11,100,"Au Bénin il existe deux organismes de lutte contre la corruption: l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, et l'Autorité Nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC). \n\nL'observatoire de lutte contre la corruption collabore généralement avec les inspections d'Etat (notamment l'inspection générale d'Etat (IGE), le Front des organisations nationales anticorruption (FONAC) et autres. \nL'Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC)  est créée dans la loi 2001-20 du 12 octobre 2011 mais n'est pas encore installée ni fonctionnelle.","Décret n° 2008-180 du 8 avril 2008 Portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption. Lien non actif\n\nLoi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. (2011). Article 5. http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=25771&t=direct","Au Bénin il existe deux organismes de lutte contre la corruption: l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, et l'Autorité Nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC). ..."]
["2012_BW_11",2012,"BW","Botswana",11,100,"The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime was established by an act of Parliament (Corruption and Economic Crime Act, Section 6).\n\nHowever, according to Art. 22, the \"The Director shall, on or before 31 March in each year, or by such later date as the President may allow, submit to the President a report on the activities of the Directorate in the\nprevious year.\"","Penal Code, Section 99.\n\nCorruption and Economic Crime Act of 1994, Section 6, www.bankofbotswana.bw/assets/uploaded/Corruption%20and%20Economic%20Crime%20Act.pdf","The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime was established by an act of Parliament (Corruption and Economic Crime Act, Section 6)...."]
["2012_BF_11",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",11,100,"La loi portant création de cette institution dit en son article 1 que : « L'Autorité supérieure de contrôle d'État est placée sous l'autorité du premier ministre », qui est le chef de l'exécutif burkinabè. Donc elle dépend du pouvoir exécutif.","La loi n°032-2007/AN du 29 novembre 2007 portant création, attributions, composition et fonctionnement d’une Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat.\n\nManuel de procédures de gestion des dénonciations et des plaintes, ASCE 2011\n\nRapport Général Annuel d’Activités 2011.","La loi portant création de cette institution dit en son article 1 que : « L'Autorité supérieure de contrôle d'État est placée sous l'autorité du premier ministre », qui est le chef de l'exécutif burkinabè. Donc elle dépend du pouvoir exécutif."]
["2012_BI_11",2012,"BI","Burundi",11,100,"In Burundi, the government has set up a number of institutions to fight corruption, such as the Anti-Corruption Brigade, the Anti-corruption Court and the Anti-corruption Office of Prosecutor. But in practice they are not effective.","The Anti-corruption Brigade, established by Law 1/ 27 of April 3, 2006, portant céation, organisation et fonctionnement de la brigade spéciale anti-corruption \n\nParquet Général près la Cour anti-corruption: established by  Law 1/36 of Dec. 13, 2006, portant création de la Cour anti-corruption","In Burundi, the government has set up a number of institutions to fight corruption, such as the Anti-Corruption Brigade, the Anti-corruption Court and the Anti-corruption Office of Prosecutor. But in practice they are not effective."]
["2012_CM_11",2012,"CM","Cameroon",11,100,"Article 2(2) of the law creating the National Anti-Corruption Commission, or CONAC, states that one of the institution's missions is to receive, centralize and exploit all information denouncing corruption reported to it by the public. The public here includes civil servants. Based on the information, CONAC decides whether to carry out investigations to establish the veracity of the allegations and proposed necessary measures to prevent corruption.\n\nMinisterial Anti-Corruption Units, where civil servants can directly report cases of corruption, exist at the level of the ministries and different public institutions. Unfortunately, these units are manned by civil servants appointed by the minister and composed of staff from the ministry, rendering them inefficient and lacking in credibility. Civil servants in most cases prefer reporting corruption directly to CONAC and to a certain extent to the Advocacy and Legal Advice Center of Transparency International Cameroon, set up to assist victims and witnesses to corruption.","National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC), created by Decree No. 2006/088 of March 11, 2006. \n\nNational Agency for the Investigation of Financial Crimes (ANIF), created by Decree No. 2005/187 of May 31, 2005.","Article 2(2) of the law creating the National Anti-Corruption Commission, or CONAC, states that one of the institution's missions is to receive, centralize and exploit all information denouncing corruption reported to it by the public. The public here includes civil servants. Based..."]
["2012_CV_11",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",11,0,"The Organic Law of Public Prosecution, Article 5, states that it is incumbent upon the prosecutor to lead the criminal investigation, even when performed by other entities.","Law 89/VII/2011, Feb. 14, (Organic Law of Public Prosecution), Article 5.","The Organic Law of Public Prosecution, Article 5, states that it is incumbent upon the prosecutor to lead the criminal investigation, even when performed by other entities."]
["2012_CF_11",2012,"CF","CAR",11,0,"La RCA n'a pas une loi spécifique mettant en place un organe indépendant de lutte contre la corruption dans les administrations publiques. Cependant, il faut rappeler que le gouvernement, à travers le Comité National de Lutte contre la Corruption, est en phase d'élaboration de stratégies de lutte contre la corruption d'après les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche. \n\nL'étude sur le Système National d'Intégrité en République Centrafricaine parrainée par le PNUD et Transparency International en 2006, souligne qu'il n'existe pas d'organisme spécialisé de lutte contre la corruption dans n'importe quelle institution nationale. Toutefois, certaines initiatives méritent d'être mises en exergue. Il s'agit d'entre autres:\n-de la ratification par la RCA, début juillet, de deux Conventions de lutte contre la corruption de l'Union Africaine et des Nations Unies;\n-de la création d'un comité interministériel de réflexion sur la corruption;\n-de la réalisation par le PNUD de deux études sur la corruption qui a permis de mettre en lumière l'ampleur du phénomène de la corruption en RCA.","Edmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nFulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire des Elections en RCA, Juriste de Formation, Juillet 2012, Bangui.\n\nPNUD et Transparence International, 2006, Etude sur le Système National d'Intégrité en République centrafricaine, Bangui 2006;","La RCA n'a pas une loi spécifique mettant en place un organe indépendant de lutte contre la corruption dans les administrations publiques. Cependant, il faut rappeler que le gouvernement, à travers le Comité National de Lutte contre la Corruption, est en phase d'élaboration de stra..."]
["2012_TD_11",2012,"TD","Chad",11,100,"A presidential decree from 2005 tasks a special ministerial department (the Ministry of General State Audit and Moralization, now the Ministry of Moralization and Good Governance) with auditing all public services and companies, as well as investigating any case of corruption and mismanagement and bringing those responsible before courts of law.","Ministry of General Oversight, Moralization and Good Governance. Decretn' 696/PR/PM/MCCGEM/2005.\ncf. http://www.ige.dj/documents/Tchad/Decret_n696PRPMMCCGEM2005Tchad.pdf","A presidential decree from 2005 tasks a special ministerial department (the Ministry of General State Audit and Moralization, now the Ministry of Moralization and Good Governance) with auditing all public services and companies, as well as investigating any case of corruption and m..."]
["2012_KM_11",2012,"KM","Comoros",11,100,"La Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) , une autorité administrative indépendante, a été créée spécialement pour assurer la surveillance et le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption.\nElle a notamment pour pouvoir de :\n- 1° exploiter les informations et enquêter sur les faits de corruption (art 11).\n- mener des investigations et des recherches ( art 12).\n- s’introduire dans tous locaux et bâtiments publics et requérir tout Agent et autorité publics quel que soit leur rang dans la hiérarchie pour fournir tout renseignement sur l’organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions au sein du service et produire toute documentation y afférent (Art 12/2).","DECRET N° 11 - 103 / PR du 21 juin 2011 Portant promulgation de la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores., http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-, CHAPITRE IV : COMMISSION NATIONALE DE PREVENTION ET DE LUTTE CONTRE LA CORRUPTION","La Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) , une autorité administrative indépendante, a été créée spécialement pour assurer la surveillance et le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruptio..."]
["2012_CD_11",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",11,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_11",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",11,100,"Article 1 of the Commission de l'Ethique et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CELC) (Commission of Ethics and Anti-Corruption) states that its function is: \n\n(1) To raise awareness of the ethical issues and the fight against corruption;\n(2) To increase the capacity of national institutions to promote integrity;\n(3) To ensure that all national institutions involved in the fight against corruption have adequate operating capacity;\n(4) To investigate violations of ethical values and corrupt activities; and\n(5) To promote transparency in the political parties.","Loi 04/020 du 30 juillet 2004, portant organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission de l'Ethique et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CELC) (Commission of Ethics and Anti-Corruption)), Article 1.\n http://www.droitcongolais.info/files/1159_loi_du_30_juillet_2004_observatoire_nation.pdf","Article 1 of the Commission de l'Ethique et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CELC) (Commission of Ethics and Anti-Corruption) states that its function is: ..."]
["2012_CI_11",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",11,0,"There is no such body.","TITLE I, Section 4, Article 233. The Ivorian Penal Code, Law No 1981/14 of August 31, 1981.","There is no such body."]
["2012_DJ_11",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",11,100,"L'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE) est une institution supérieure de contrôle du secteur public, placée sous l'autorité directe du Premier Ministre. Parmi ses missions figure : l'obligation de rendre compte, la lutte contre la corruption et la promotion de la transparence.\nhttp://www.ige.dj/ \n\nL'inspection générale d’État a, en plus de ses activités générales de contrôle, la compétence de lutte contre la corruption. A ce jour, il n'existe pas de cas de corruption constatée et condamnée par les juridictions.","L'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE), http://www.ige.dj/","L'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE) est une institution supérieure de contrôle du secteur public, placée sous l'autorité directe du Premier Ministre. Parmi ses missions figure : l'obligation de rendre compte, la lutte contre la corruption et la promotion de la transparence...."]
["2012_EG_11",2012,"EG","Egypt",11,100,"The Administrative Control Authority, founded in 1964 by Law No. 54 of 1964, has a legal mandate to detect and combat public sector corruption, including corruption by state-owned companies and companies performing public work.\n\nThe Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA) was established by Law No. 117/1958. The law authorizes the APA to monitor and investigate all civil servants at every level in all ministries and state agencies. www.ap.gov.eg.\n\nThe Illegal Profiting Apparatus (IPA) was established by Law No. 11/1968 and has the mandate to investigate suspected illegal income. Public officials are required to disclose their assets and those of their spouses and children upon gaining office. The IPA receives reports concerning corruption from the general public and from private and public employees.\n\nThe Central Auditing Organization was established by Law No. 129/1960 to monitor the financial and administrative operation of civil service agencies, and companies and banks receiving public funds. The original purpose of the CAO was to assist Parliament in overseeing state finances and civil servants. However, after the passing of Law No. 144/1988, the CAO became subordinate to the president rather than Parliament, to whom the CAO now submits its reports. It does not have the authority to give penalties or turn perpetrators over to the General or Administrative Prosecution Authorities. The result is that the government and public institutions ignore the CAO. The annual reports on government and public institutions' expenditures can be accessed only by a limited number of people.","Law no. 54 of 1964\nhttp://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CEcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.track.unodc.org%2FLegalLibrary%2FLegalResources%2FEgypt%2FAuthorities%2FEgypt%2520Administrative%2520Control%2520Authority.pdf&ei=Gh8hUM2NH4HWtAau9oDwBg&usg=AFQjCNFJEP0tqTBiCBmKi-IcrWIQQaLG4Q.\n\nLaw No. 117/1958.  www.ap.gov.eg.\n\nLaw No. 11/1968.\n\nLaw No. 129/1960. http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/en/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives/.","The Administrative Control Authority, founded in 1964 by Law No. 54 of 1964, has a legal mandate to detect and combat public sector corruption, including corruption by state-owned companies and companies performing public work...."]
["2012_GQ_11",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",11,0,"The National Constitution from November 2011 has a specific provision for such body but this has not been implemented so far. \n\nFurthermore, Article 88 paragraph (q) states that civil servants are requested to report to their superiors any activity which could lead to endangering the State. \n\nOne must report a corrupt practice through the normal judiciary procedure.","Article 115 to 121, Chapter XI, National Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, 2012\n\nArticle 88, Law n° 2/2005, of May 25, on National Civil Servants.","The National Constitution from November 2011 has a specific provision for such body but this has not been implemented so far. ..."]
["2012_ER_11",2012,"ER","Eritrea",11,0,"Usually, an ad hoc committee selected from senior government officials or the Army deals with corruption cases involving high officials.","No such law exists.","Usually, an ad hoc committee selected from senior government officials or the Army deals with corruption cases involving high officials."]
["2012_ET_11",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",11,100,"The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission is the body that is specifically charged with the mandate of receiving reports of alleged public sector corruption. Under Article 7 of the proclamation establishing the commission, the powers of the commission include to investigate and prosecute \"alleged corruption offenses.\"\n\nHowever, the law adds that the Commission shall be accountable to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also nominates the appointment of the Commissioner. Moreover, the Prime Minister is entitled by law to appoint the Deputy Commissioner without seeking the approval of the House of Peoples' Representatives.","Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Proclamation, Articles 7 and 8.","The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission is the body that is specifically charged with the mandate of receiving reports of alleged public sector corruption. Under Article 7 of the proclamation establishing the commission, the powers of the commission include to investigate..."]
["2012_GA_11",2012,"GA","Gabon",11,100,"Oui,  Loi n°3/2003 du 02 juin 2003 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre l’Enrichissement Illicite dans le gouvernement. Cette Commission est l’organisme spécialisé avec la Direction Générale de la lutte contre la Corruption.","Loi n°3/2003 du 02 juin 2003, ordonnances et décrets liés à cette loi.","Oui,  Loi n°3/2003 du 02 juin 2003 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre l’Enrichissement Illicite dans le gouvernement. Cette Commission est l’organisme spécialisé avec la Direction Générale de la lutte contre la Corruption."]
["2012_GM_11",2012,"GM","The Gambia",11,0,"No such body exists, but in mid-2012 the National Assembly passed the Anti-Corruption bill. The proposed law, which awaits approval of the president, provides for the establishment of a commission to deal specifically with public-sector corruption.\n\nThe Office of the Ombudsman deals with administrative malpractice involving public servants. It does not have the specific mandate to deal with public-sector corruption.","No such law exists.","No such body exists, but in mid-2012 the National Assembly passed the Anti-Corruption bill. The proposed law, which awaits approval of the president, provides for the establishment of a commission to deal specifically with public-sector corruption...."]
["2012_GH_11",2012,"GH","Ghana",11,100,"The relevant sections of the Constitution cited here provide for the establishment of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice with three mandates, one being fighting corruption. This commission is independent of the executive branch and reports to Parliament.\n\nHowever, the Constitution also permits Parliament to set up public services other than those listed in the Constitution if it finds it necessary. Based on this, Parliament also enacted a law that provides for the establishment of the Economic and Organized Crime Office also with an anti-corruption mandate.","Articles 216 to 230 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana.\n\nArticle 190 (1d) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana.\n\nThe Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice Act, 1993 (Act 456).\n\nThe Economic and Organized Crime Office Act, 2010 (Act 804).","The relevant sections of the Constitution cited here provide for the establishment of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice with three mandates, one being fighting corruption. This commission is independent of the executive branch and reports to Parliament...."]
["2012_GN_11",2012,"GN","Guinea",11,100,"Il existe une agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) qui relève directement du ministère du contrôle économique et des audits.\n\nIl n'y a pas de loi qui institue la création de cette agence, elle est mise en place par décret du Président de la République.","Entretien avec  Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.","Il existe une agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) qui relève directement du ministère du contrôle économique et des audits...."]
["2012_GW_11",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",11,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_11",2012,"KE","Kenya",11,100,"Pursuant to section 79 of the constitution, the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act establishes the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission as the central agency for handling all matters relating to corruption in the public sector. All persons are expected to report corruption cases or allegations to this commission.","Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act, No. 22 of 2011. Available at http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/frames.php\n\nThe Constitution of Kenya, 2010, Section 79. See http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf\n\nhttp://www.eacc.go.ke/","Pursuant to section 79 of the constitution, the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act establishes the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission as the central agency for handling all matters relating to corruption in the public sector. All persons are expected to report corruption ..."]
["2012_LS_11",2012,"LS","Lesotho",11,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_11",2012,"LR","Liberia",11,100,"The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission is the specific body charged with the responsibility to investigate alleged acts of corruption. An Act to Establish the Liberian Anti-Corruption Commission established the agency.","An Act to Establish the Liberian Anti-Corruption Commission, Aug. 21, 2008. http://www.lacc.gov.lr","The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission is the specific body charged with the responsibility to investigate alleged acts of corruption. An Act to Establish the Liberian Anti-Corruption Commission established the agency."]
["2012_LY_11",2012,"LY","Libya",11,0,"The Diwan Al Mohasaba is the state body that provides for both fighting corruption and auditing public finances. Nevertheless the body is not sufficiently equipped with necessary and specific laws to deal with corruption effectively and is not specifically mandated to receive and investigate corruption allegations.","National Transitional Council Decision No. 35 for 2011 concerning work of inspection and administrative control department, Sept. 29, 2011.\n\nLaw of 1976. \n\nLaw No. 11, 2001.","The Diwan Al Mohasaba is the state body that provides for both fighting corruption and auditing public finances. Nevertheless the body is not sufficiently equipped with necessary and specific laws to deal with corruption effectively and is not specifically mandated to receive and i..."]
["2012_MG_11",2012,"MG","Madagascar",11,100,"The answer to the question is yes, but the result is not guaranteed in the sense that investigations (when they exist), do not lead to trial.\n\nThe Anti-Corruption Independent Bureau (BIANCO) is the specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported. According to the Anti-Corruption Law of September 9, 2004, BIANCO has three main functions, to prevent, to educate and to investigate. It is also responsible for the implementation of the anti-corruption national strategy. In its preventive role, the bureau is responsible for identifying in the legislation, rules and administrative processes that are factors of corruption and submit reforms to address those factors. It also counsels public institutions or officials and recommends measures to prevent corruption.\n\nBIANCO also educates the general public on the dangers of corruption and the need to fight it. In its investigative role, it investigates allegations of corruption.\n\nThere is also the Anti-corruption Judiciary Unit (CPAC) whose duty is to prosecute, investigate and judge cases of corruption in the judiciary that are referred to them, mainly by BIANCO.\n\nThe CPAC is composed of magistrates from the Tribunal and Court of Appeal of Antananarivo including public prosecutors, investigating judges, judges, some police and gendarme officers and secretaries who have been selected for their high level of competence and integrity.\n\nThe law states (in paraphrase) that corruption \"shall be punished by imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years and a fine of 50 million FMG or 10 tapitrisa Ariary 200 million or 40 FMG tapitrisa Ariary, any person holding public authority or of a mission of public service, any person holding an elective public office, any officer, agent or employee of public company who cannot reasonably justify a substantial increase of its assets over its legitimate income. Will incur the same penalties for any person who knowingly possesses illicit goods and resources from individuals detained illegal goods and resources.\n\nProof of the legal origin of the enrichment or resources may be reported by any means.\n\nHowever, an individual can be exempt from prosecution on the basis of this section if the person ... has revealed the facts to administrative or judicial authorities and led to the identification and conviction of the author. The sentence may also order the confiscation in favor of the State, public authorities, public bodies and parastatals of all or part of the property of the condemned up the damage.\"","La Loi n° 2004-4 du 19 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, loi portant modification de certains articles du code pénal notamment dans son article 14 (modification de l’article du code pénal N° 183-1) :","The answer to the question is yes, but the result is not guaranteed in the sense that investigations (when they exist), do not lead to trial...."]
["2012_MW_11",2012,"MW","Malawi",11,100,"The Anti-Corruption Bureau is the overall authority in the fight against corruption in Malawi. All individuals are encouraged to report cases of corruption to this institution, which in turn investigates the cases.","Corrupt Practices Act Cap 7:04 of Feb. 15, 1996, Section 4 (1). Government of Malawi.","The Anti-Corruption Bureau is the overall authority in the fight against corruption in Malawi. All individuals are encouraged to report cases of corruption to this institution, which in turn investigates the cases."]
["2012_ML_11",2012,"ML","Mali",11,100,"La loi N°03-030 du 25 août 2003 institue au Mali un Vérificateur Général, autorité indépendante chargée de la vérification générale. L'une des composantes de sa mission étant « de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des opérations de recettes et de dépenses effectuées par les institutions de la République, les administrations d'Etat, les collectivités territoriales, les établissements publics ou tout autre organisme bénéficiant du concours financier de l'Etat ».\n\nSelon l'Article 11 : Toute personne physique ou morale qui souhaite qu’une structure publique et toutes autres structures bénéficiant du concours financier de l’État fassent l’objet d’une vérification, en saisit le Vérificateur par écrit, en lui donnant les informations nécessaires lui permettant d’effectuer son enquête. Il appartient au Vérificateur Général d’apprécier le caractère sérieux de l’information et de décider de la suite à réserver.","La loi N°03-030 du 25 août 2003 \nwww.maliweb.com, www.lequotidien.sn","La loi N°03-030 du 25 août 2003 institue au Mali un Vérificateur Général, autorité indépendante chargée de la vérification générale. L'une des composantes de sa mission étant « de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des opérations de recettes et de dépenses effectuées par les i..."]
["2012_MR_11",2012,"MR","Mauritania",11,0,"En Mauritanie, il existe effectivement :\n\n- l'inspection Générale d’État: Elle est régie par le décret n° 122 - 2005 du 19 septembre 2005. C'est une institution administrative supérieure de contrôle, directement placée sous la tutelle du Premier ministre. L'IGE est chargée de s'assurer, pour le compte du gouvernement, de la bonne gouvernance et de la bonne gestion des ressources publiques.\n\n-  L'inspection générale des finance: L’Inspection générale des Finances (IGF) de Mauritanie est un organe supérieur de contrôle qui exerce une mission générale de contrôle, d'audit, d'étude, de conseil et d'évaluation en matière administrative, économique et financière. Placée sous l'autorité directe du ministre des Finances, ses interventions couvrent tous les secteurs du domaine public.\nL'Inspection Générale des Finances, outre ses attributions fixées par le Décret N°83.034 du 24 Janvier 1983, est chargé de la vérification des Administrations, établissements et entreprises Publiques rattachés au Département par le présent Organigramme.\n\n- La Cour des comptes:  Régie par la Loi n° 93-19 du 26 Janvier 1993, la Cour des Comptes est l’Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. Son organisation et son fonctionnement ainsi que le statut de ses membres seront fixés par une loi organique (Loi Constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 portant révision de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991)\n\nCependant, ces institutions ne sont habilitées par loi à recevoir ou à enquêter sur les accusations de corruption dans le secteur public.","Décret n° 122 - 2005 du 19 septembre 2005\n\nDécret N°83.034 du 24 Janvier 1983\n\nLoi Constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 portant révision de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991\n\nLoi n° 93-19 du 26 Janvier 1993\n\nLettre ouverte du 9/8/2007 in la Tribune, Libre Expression\n\nVoir les liens ci-après:\n    - www.ige.gov.mr\n\n   - www.cnitie.mr\n\n   - http://www.cdcmr.mr/#","En Mauritanie, il existe effectivement :\n\n- l'inspection Générale d’État: Elle est régie par le décret n° 122 - 2005 du 19 septembre 200..."]
["2012_MU_11",2012,"MU","Mauritius",11,100,"Cases of alleged corruption can be reported to the police and also to the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). ICAC nevertheless has special investigative powers concerning corruption, but its recommendations must go to the director of public prosecutions, who decides on the future course of action to take.\n\nThe Prevention of Corruption Act 2002 specifically mandates the Independent Commission Against Corruption as the body to report alleged cases of corruption, especially by public officials.\n\nHowever, as the Prime Minister has the power to appoint the Director of the board and also determine salaries, the institution can not be considered entirely independent.","Interview with Mr. N. Patten, barrister at law. Port Louis. June 3, 2012.\n\nWebsite of the Independent Commission Against Corruption. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/about.htm\n\nLegislation against corruption, government of Mauritius. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/legislations.htm\n\nThe Prevention of Corruption Act 2002. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/download/PREVENTION%20OF%20CORRUPTION%20ACT%202002.pdf","Cases of alleged corruption can be reported to the police and also to the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). ICAC nevertheless has special investigative powers concerning corruption, but its recommendations must go to the director of public prosecutions, who decides ..."]
["2012_MA_11",2012,"MA","Morocco",11,100,"The Central Anti-corruption Instance, created on March 13, 2007 by the prime minister is responsible for collecting information on corruption. It transmits the confirmed cases to the competent judicial authority.\n\nIt created an online platform called stopcorruption.ma, reserved in a first stage to the denunciations made by people who wish to report acts, attempts to bribe or inducement to corruption, as part of procurement or operations investment relating to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This portal is a secure communication to guarantee the anonymity of the informant. But the body is not independent because it is under the authority of the prime minister.","Decree No. 2-05-1228 of 23 Safar 1428 (March 13, 2007) establishing the Forum of Central Corruption Prevention - BO No. 5514 of 5 April 2007. www.icpc.ma.\n\nAbdeslem Aboudrare, «Stopcorruption.ma»: A cookie against the corrupt, http://www.stopcorruption.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69%3Al-stopcorruptionma-r-un-mouchard-contre-les-corrompus&catid=37%3Aarticles-de-presse&lang=fr.\n\nFirst Portal of Exposing Corruption Entreprendre.ma, November 23, 2010.\nhttp://www.stopcorruption.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68%3Apremier-portail-de-denonciation-de-la-corruption-&catid=37%3Aarticles-de-presse&lang=fr","The Central Anti-corruption Instance, created on March 13, 2007 by the prime minister is responsible for collecting information on corruption. It transmits the confirmed cases to the competent judicial authority...."]
["2012_MZ_11",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",11,100,"The institution is called Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao (Central Office for Combating Corruption). It was created by Law No. 6/2004 of 17 June and is regulated by Decree No. 22/2005 of 22 June. It entered into force on 14 October 2005 -- nearly one year and four months after its creation.","Anti-Corruption Law,  June17, 2004,  Article 19, http://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/Boletim_Republica-24-04.pdf\n\nDecree No. 22 of June 22, 2005.\nhttp://www.pgr.gov.mz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=27&Itemid=15","The institution is called Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao (Central Office for Combating Corruption). It was created by Law No. 6/2004 of 17 June and is regulated by Decree No. 22/2005 of 22 June. It entered into force on 14 October 2005 -- nearly one year and four months af..."]
["2012_NA_11",2012,"NA","Namibia",11,100,"By law, the anti-corruption commission was established by section 2 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 which came into force on April 15 2005. The ACA establishes the commission as an independent body.\n\nThe commission is mandated to: receive or initiate and investigate allegations of corrupt practices; consult, co-operate and exchange information with appropriate bodies or authorities, including bodies or authorities of other countries that are authorised to conduct investigations in relation to corrupt practices;  investigate any conduct of a person employed by a public body or private body which may be connected with or conducive to corrupt practices; enlist and foster public confidence and support in combating corruption.","Constitution of the Republic of Namibia, Chapter 10, The Ombudsman, Articles 89-91.\n\nAnti-Corruption Act, No. 8 of 2003. http://www.accnamibia.org/pnTemp/downloads_upload/anti_corruption_act.pdf.","By law, the anti-corruption commission was established by section 2 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 which came into force on April 15 2005. The ACA establishes the commission as an independent body...."]
["2012_NE_11",2012,"NE","Niger",11,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_11",2012,"NG","Nigeria",11,100,"Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) Act 2000, Section 3, subsections 1-14, establish the commission and itemize its composition, powers and functions.\n\nThe Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) Act 2004. Part I, Sections 1,2,3, and 4 deal with the establishment, composition, tenure and cessation of membership respectively. Part II, Sections 5 and 6, provide for the functions and the commission and special powers of the commission respectively. \n\nThe Code of Conduct Bureau and its twin sister, the Code of Conduct Tribunal, are extra-ministerial departments set up by the federal government under the Code of Conduct Bureau and Tribunal Act, Chapter 56 LFN 1990, and the 5th Schedule, Part 1, and Section 85 of the 1999 Constitution.","Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act 2000. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/Corrupt%20Practices%20and%20other%20Related%20Offences%20Act%202000.htm\n\nEconomic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) Act 2004.\n\nSection 153 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 and Item A of the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) Act 2000, Section 3, subsections 1-14, establish the commission and itemize its composition, powers and functions...."]
["2012_RW_11",2012,"RW","Rwanda",11,100,"The Office of the Ombudsman (investigations) and the National Public Prosecution Authority (investigations and prosecutions) are designated to receive allegations of corruption, although the scope of their work goes beyond the public sector. One of the responsibilities of the ombudsman is to prevent and combat injustice, corruption and other related offenses in public and private administrations (Article 182 of the constitution as amended to date; Article 11 of the law establishing the organization and functions of the Office of the Ombudsman). The National Public Prosecution Authority investigates allegations of corruption and undertakes prosecution if deemed legally relevant.\n\nThe law criminalizes corruption in its Article 633, but is not specific that such crimes should be reported to a particular body. Someone may report suspected corruption to the office of the inspector of government or prosecutor general, but police have the right to investigate and refer the file for prosecution.","Law No. 1/2012/OL of May 2, 2012, Organic Law Instituting the Penal Code.","The Office of the Ombudsman (investigations) and the National Public Prosecution Authority (investigations and prosecutions) are designated to receive allegations of corruption, although the scope of their work goes beyond the public sector. One of the responsibilities of the ombud..."]
["2012_ST_11",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",11,0,"There is not a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported. All crimes, including the ones of alleged public sector corruption, are reported to the Department of Justice.\n\n\"Article 3 of Law number 9/91 – Competency: 1. It is specifically up to the Department of Justice:\na) Represent the state, minors, the disabled, the uncertain and missing at large, in accordance with this law;\nb) Exercise the prosecution;\nc) To perform unofficial heritage workers to defend their social rights;\nd) Direct criminal investigation, promote and coordinate crime prevention;\ne) To monitor the police investigation, without the prejudice the technical and operational autonomy of these entities;\nf) To supervise the constitutionality of laws and regulations;\ng) Oversee the procedural activity of probation officers;\nh) Appeal where the decision is in effect collusion of the parties to defraud or the law has been passed in violation of the law;\ni) Interfere in any proceedings involving public interest as well as in bankruptcy and insolvency;\nj) Ensure that the judicial function is exercised in accordance with the Constitution and laws;\nk) Promote the implementation of court decisions;\nl) To exercise advisory functions, pursuant to this law.\"","Law No. 9/91 – Organic Law of the Department of Justice (Gazette No. 95, Aug. 6, 2012, São Tomé and Príncipe)  \nChapter I (Structure and Functions), Art. 3","There is not a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported. All crimes, including the ones of alleged public sector corruption, are reported to the Department of Justice...."]
["2012_SN_11",2012,"SN","Senegal",11,100,"La loi a créé au Sénégal une commission Nationale contre la Corruption  et la concussion. C'est auprès de cette commission que tous les cas de corruption ou de non transparence doivent être transmis aussi bien par les personnes morales que physiques. D'ailleurs en 2009, quand le Journaliste Abdoulatif Coulibaly, après une enquête, a découvert une gestion non transparente de la Société de La Lotterie Nationale Sénégalaise, il écrit un ouvrage, intitulé, \" La LONASE: Chronique d'un pillage organisé\" qu'il a adressé à cette commission. Elle est chargé d'enquêter sur tous les soupçons de corruption si elle est saisie.\n\nAussi, le code pénal du Sénégal, la loi portant création de l’office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption (OFNAC) a été adopté par les députés sénégalais réunis en séance plénière en décembre 2012. « La corruption est l'une des plus grandes entraves au développement économique et social, un frein à la croissance économique et à l'investissement privé, surtout étranger' », a affirmé Aminata Touré, ministre de la Justice.\n\nSelon elle, l'OFNAC prend le relais de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la non-transparence, la corruption et la concussion (CNLCC) qui n'avait pas assez de pouvoirs pour mener à bien sa mission. C'est ainsi que, affirme encore Mme le ministre, « l'OFNAC va avoir des dispositions plus efficaces avec des pouvoirs d'auto-saisine contrairement à la CNLCC » D'autres éléments innovateurs ont été avancés par Aminata Touré comme les missions d'investigation, la publication directe du rapport annuel de l'OFNAC (alors qu'auparavant il était transmis au Président de la République qui en faisait ce qu'il voulait).\n\nEnfin la loi permet désormais à l'OFNAC de saisir directement le procureur de la République concernant des faits avérés de corruption et de fraude pour déclencher l'action publique. Néanmoins, certains députés se sont interrogés sur le fait de loger l'OFNAC à la présidence de la République. Ce qui risque à leurs yeux d'entraver son indépendance. A la place, ils proposent de rattacher cette structure au ministère de la Promotion de la bonne gouvernance ou à la Cour des comptes.","LOI N°2003- 35 PORTANT CREATION D’UNE COMMISSION NATIONALE DE LUTTE CONTRE LA NON TRANSPARENCE, LA CORRUPTION ET LA CONCUSSION. http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article492","La loi a créé au Sénégal une commission Nationale contre la Corruption  et la concussion. C'est auprès de cette commission que tous les cas de corruption ou de non transparence doivent être transmis aussi bien par les personnes morales que physiques. D'ailleurs en 2009, quand le Jo..."]
["2012_SC_11",2012,"SC","Seychelles",11,100,"Constitution 143.1 (1) states that \"the Ombudsman may\n(a)\ninvestigate an action taken by a public authority or the President, Vice-President, Minister, officer or member of the public authority, being action taken in the exercise of the administrative functions of the public authority in the circumstances specified in subparagraph (2);\n(b)\ninvestigate an allegation of fraud or corruption in connection with the exercise by a person of a function of a public authority.\n[...]\n\nHowever, nowhere does the law establish its independence. The Ombudsman, in fact, reports initially to the executive, which cannot be seen as guaranteeing its independence.","1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles:\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400.","Constitution 143.1 (1) states that \"the Ombudsman may\n(a)\ninvestigate an action taken by a public authority or the President, Vice-President, Minister, ..."]
["2012_SL_11",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",11,100,"The Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, spells out the composition of the Anti-Corruption Commission and the various offenses for which a public officer can be prosecuted for corruption.\n\nThe constitution of 1991 was amended in 2008 to grant the Anti-Corruption Commission the power to prosecute offenses involving corruption.","Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf\n\nConstitution of Sierra Leone (Amendment) Act, 2008.","The Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, spells out the composition of the Anti-Corruption Commission and the various offenses for which a public officer can be prosecuted for corruption...."]
["2012_SO_11",2012,"SO","Somalia",11,100,"The provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012 says there shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission  with the mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector.","Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012. Article 111(c). http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf","The provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012 says there shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission  with the mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector."]
["2012_ZA_11",2012,"ZA","South Africa",11,100,"The Public Protector was established in 1994 by the South Africa's constitution to oversee the public sphere. Under the Chapter 9, section 182 of the constitution, the public protector has “the power to investigate any conduct in state affairs, or in the public administration in any sphere of government that is alleged or suspected to be improper or to result in any impropriety or prejudice; to report on that conduct; and to take appropriate remedial action [...] in order to strengthen and support constitutional democracy in the republic.”\n\nThe government has established an anti-corruption hotline to which acts of corruption can be reported. The hotline number is 0800 701 701. An anti-corruption unit has been established in the Department of Public Service and Administration to deal with corruption in the public sector.","Public Protector (Act 123 of 1994), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1994-023.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), chapter 9, http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng-09.pdf\n\nPublic Service Anti-Corruption Strategy of 2002.\n\nDPAS Anti-Corruption Coordinating Committee, Department of Public Service and Administration, www.dpsa.gov.za/dpsa2g/accc.asp\n\n\"South Africa: New Anti-Corruption Unit to Monitor Public Servants' Offenses,\" Business Day, May 20, 2010.","The Public Protector was established in 1994 by the South Africa's constitution to oversee the public sphere. Under the Chapter 9, section 182 of the constitution, the public protector has “the power to investigate any conduct in state affairs, or in the public administration in an..."]
["2012_SS_11",2012,"SS","South Sudan",11,100,"Article 143 (1) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan provides for establishment of \"an independent commission to be known as the Anti-Corruption Commission.\"","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011. Government of South Sudan.","Article 143 (1) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan provides for establishment of \"an independent commission to be known as the Anti-Corruption Commission.\""]
["2012_SD_11",2012,"SD","Sudan",11,0,"No law creates such an institution.","No such law exists.","No law creates such an institution."]
["2012_SZ_11",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",11,100,"The Anti-Corruption Commission of Swaziland is tasked to combat and prevent corruption. But while the law mandates this commission to receive and invetsigate allegations of public sector corruption, the appointments of its members as provided by law does not make it independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.","The Prevention of Corruption Order, 1993, re-established by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006,\n http://www.acc.gov.sz/legislation/Prevention_of_Corruption_Act%5B1%5D.2006.pdf","The Anti-Corruption Commission of Swaziland is tasked to combat and prevent corruption. But while the law mandates this commission to receive and invetsigate allegations of public sector corruption, the appointments of its members as provided by law does not make it independent fro..."]
["2012_TZ_11",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",11,100,"The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act established the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau in 2007. This replaced the Prevention of Corruption Bureau.\n \n However, Article 59 establishes the Minister to be able to set out specific regulations and thereby to direct the office in its conduct and procedures to be followed. The office is therefore not independent from the executive.\n \"(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the subsection (1), the Minister may by regulations prescribe-\n [...]\n (b) procedures and processes for management of complaints under this Act.\"","Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act, 2007","The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act established the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau in 2007. This replaced the Prevention of Corruption Bureau.\n ..."]
["2012_TG_11",2012,"TG","Togo",11,100,"Un organisme spécialement chargé d'enregistrer les cas de corruption supposée dans le secteur public est prévu par la loi. C'est ce que précise l'Article 2 du décret N°2001-160/PR, modifiant et complétant le décret N°2001-95/PR du 9 mars 2001 portant création d'une Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et le Sabotage Économique: \"La compétence de la commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption et le sabotage économique s'étend à tous les services de l'Etat et des collectivités territoriales, aux services relevant à quelque titre que ce soit de l'Etat ainsi qu'à tous les organismes et institutions bénéficiant de ressources publiques.\"","Décret N°2001-160/PR, modifiant et complétant le decret N°2001-95/PR du 9 mars 2001 portant création d'une Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et le Sabotage Economique.\n Cf. http://www.cac.tg/decret.htm","Un organisme spécialement chargé d'enregistrer les cas de corruption supposée dans le secteur public est prévu par la loi. C'est ce que précise l'Article 2 du décret N°2001-160/PR, modifiant et complétant le décret N°2001-95/PR du 9 mars 2001 portant création d'une Commission Natio..."]
["2012_TN_11",2012,"TN","Tunisia",11,100,"L'article & du décret loi N° 120 du 14 novembre 2011 stipule que \"Ce décret vise à lutter contre la corruption dans les secteurs public et privé, et en particulier le développement des efforts de prévention et de faciliter la détection et de s'assurer que les délinquants sont détectés, de les dissuader et de soutenir l'effort international visant à le réduire et réduire ses effets et de travailler à récupérer les recettes de la corruption.\"\n \n L'article 12 affirme \"est créé un organisme public indépendant appelé l'«Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption» qui jouit de la personnalité juridique et de l'autonomie administrative et financière.\" Cette nouvelle entité sera chargée de coordonner la lutte contre la corruption et de collecter les plaintes.","Projet relatif à la lutte contre la corruption institué par le décret-loi N° 120 du 14 novembre 2011\n Conseil supérieur de lutte contre la corruption et pour la récupération et la gestion des fonds et biens de l’Etat » vient de voir le jour. Il a été institué par le décret 2012-1425 du 31 août 2012.\n \n Loi N° 120 du 14 novembre 2011","L'article & du décret loi N° 120 du 14 novembre 2011 stipule que \"Ce décret vise à lutter contre la corruption dans les secteurs public et privé, et en particulier le développement des efforts de prévention et de faciliter la détection et de s'assurer que les délinquants sont détec..."]
["2012_UG_11",2012,"UG","Uganda",11,100,"The Constitution gives the Inspectorate of Government the mandate to fight corruption and the power to investigate, arrest, prosecute, as well as enforce the Leadership Code of Conduct. Other institutions that have been established by the government at the national and district levels to fight corruption include: the Director of Public Prosecutions, Judicial Service Commission, Anti Corruption Division of the High Court, the Public Accounts Committee in Parliament, the auditor general, Directorate of Ethics and Integrity, Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in police, District Tender Board, District Land Board, Inter Agency Forum.","Article 225 Clause (1) (a) (b) (c) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995.\n \n Article 225 Clause (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995.\n \n Article 230 Clause (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995.\n \n Section 8 Subsection (1) (b) of the Inspectorate of Government Act 2002.\n \n Section 8 Subsection (1) (c) (i) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) of the Inspectorate of Government Act 2002.\n \n Section 8 Subsection (2) of the Inspectorate of Government Act 2002.\n \n Section 14 Subsection (5) of the Inspectorate of Government Act 2002.\n \n Article 120 Clause (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995.\n \n Article 120 Clause (3) (a) (b) (c) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995.","The Constitution gives the Inspectorate of Government the mandate to fight corruption and the power to investigate, arrest, prosecute, as well as enforce the Leadership Code of Conduct. Other institutions that have been established by the government at the national and district lev..."]
["2012_ZM_11",2012,"ZM","Zambia",11,100,"Anti-corruption Commission Act Cap 91 of the laws of Zambia, provides for the establishment of the Anti-corruption Commission as a body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported.\n \n Article 256 of the draft Constitution of Zambia 2012, also provides for the existence of the Anti-corruption Commission as a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported.","Anti-corruption Commission Act Cap 91 of the laws of Zambia, 2012\n \n Article 256 of the draft Constitution of Zambia, 2012","Anti-corruption Commission Act Cap 91 of the laws of Zambia, provides for the establishment of the Anti-corruption Commission as a body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported...."]
["2012_ZW_11",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",11,100,"The Anti-Corruption Commission was established in Section 100 (K) of the Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe. Section 100 (L) of the Constitution outlines the functions of the Zimbabwe Anti-corruption Commission as follows:\n (a) to combat corruption, theft, misappropriation, abuse of power and other improprieties in the conduct of affairs in both the public and private sectors; and\n (b) to make recommendations to the government and to organizations in the private sector on measures to enhance integrity and accountability and to prevent improprieties; and\n (c) to exercise any other functions that may be conferred or imposed on the commission by or under an act of Parliament.\n \n Additional functions and powers of the Zimbabwe Anti-corruption Commission are outlined in the Anti-Corruption Commission Act 13/2004. Functions of the Commission according to the act are:\n (a) to monitor and examine the practices, systems and procurement procedures of public and private institutions; and\n (b) to enlist and foster public support in combating corruption in society; and\n (c) to educate the public on the dangers of corruption in society; and \n (d) to instruct, advise and assist any officer, agency or institution in the elimination or minimization of corruption; and \n (e) to receive and investigate any complaints alleging any form of corruption; and\n (f) to investigate any conduct of any person whom the commission has reason to believe is connected with activities involving corruption; and\n (g) to assist in the formulation of practices, systems and procurement procedures of public and private institutions with a view to the elimination of corrupt practices;\n (h) to advise on ways of strengthening anti-corruption legislation; and\n (i) to recommend to the government that it ratify and domesticate relevant international legal instruments aimed at combating corruption.\n \n The Public Service Regulations define corruption under misconduct. This implies a duty on the part of civil servants to report acts of corruption to the Public Service Commission.","Sections 100 (K), (L) of the Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe.\n \n Anti-Corruption Commission Act 13/2004.\n \n Public Service Regulations SI 1 of 2000.","The Anti-Corruption Commission was established in Section 100 (K) of the Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe. Section 100 (L) of the Constitution outlines the functions of the Zimbabwe Anti-corruption Commission as follows:..."]
["2012_DZ_12",2012,"DZ","Algeria",12,25,"Names are cited in the media, but allegations do not necessarily result in investigations. \n\nThe news story in \"El Watan\" gives the following examples: Ministers, and not least - for energy, fishing and public works - were clearly involved in the business of Bluefin Tuna, Sonatrach scandal and the East-West highway, but were never investigated. The head of the UGTA admitted in court that he had signed a false Khalifa, but the \"autonomous\" justice Belaiz did not deem it necessary to open a judicial inquiry. Similarly, the former CEO of Sonatrach Mohamed Meziane and his accomplices got away with it (two years in prison maximum) while having cost the company millions of dollars. One could cite numerous cases of corruption like this one that have plagued institutions without sponsors being affected. The fact is that even the serious recent revelations by Hocine Malti, the founding member former head of Sonatrach, in a paper entitled \"Fortunes and Misfortunes of Algerian oil\" did not push justice Belaiz to take the initiative to reassure the Algerians.","Media report. El Watan. Dec. 10, 2011, page 4. \"Le pouvoir et la lutte contra la corruption : la supercherie continue...\" (English: \"Power and the fight against corruption: the deception continues...\")\nhttp://www.lematindz.net/news/6555-le-pouvoir-et-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-la-supercherie-continue.html\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 28, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n\" Le pouvoir et la lutte contre la corruption : la supercherie continue…\" , written by the Algerian journalist \" HASSAN MOUALI\" .  \nhttp://www.lematindz.net/news/6555-le-pouvoir-et-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-la-supercherie-continue.html","Names are cited in the media, but allegations do not necessarily result in investigations. \n\nThe news story in \"El Watan\" gives the following examples: Ministers, and not least - for ener..."]
["2012_AO_12",2012,"AO","Angola",12,0,"A published list by the Supreme Audit Court contains the names of prosecuted individuals. They are all junior to middle level civil servants. None of the numerous allegations that regularly appear in the press against senior level politicians and/or civil servants seems to have resulted in investigation.\n\nThe Association for Justice, Peace and Democracy (AJPD), for example, claims to have produced a document in January 2010 to assist the president's \"Zero Tolerance against Corruption,\" as well as judges, prosecutors and the Supreme Audit Court in identifying and prosecuting cases of corruption. This has not resulted in any  prosecutions.","\"Angola's Upcoming Elections, Attacks on the Media, Expression, and Assembly,\" Human Rights Watch, 2012. www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/angola0812ForUpload.pdf.\n\n\"Tribunal de Contas esclarece declarações sobre casos que envolvem gestores públicos,\" Angola Press, Dec. 30, 2011, http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2011/11/52/Tribunal-Contas-esclarece-declaracoes-sobre-casos-que-envolvem-gestores-publicos,175b2da9-3e21-47e2-a1a2-09e621f68c8f.html.\n\n\"AJPD – Relatório revela meandros da corrupção em Angola,\" by Venâncio Rodrigues, O pais, http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?det=26290&id=1929.","A published list by the Supreme Audit Court contains the names of prosecuted individuals. They are all junior to middle level civil servants. None of the numerous allegations that regularly appear in the press against senior level politicians and/or civil servants seems to have res..."]
["2012_BJ_12",2012,"BJ","Benin",12,25,"Aucune allégation de corruption au Bénin contre des personnalités politiques de premier plan n'a été investiguée et jugée. Les allégations de corruption contre des agents publics ont parfois été investiguées par l'Inspection Générale d'Etat ou par le biais de Commission ad hoc, mais aucun procès n'a jamais eu lieu, sauf dans le cas de l'Affaire du SERUM GLUCOSE transformé en sac de sable.\n\nLes allégations de corruption formulées par la presse résultent généralement d'investigations journalistiques menées. Cependant, il n'est pas exclu que certains médias publient sans vérification des informations.\n\nLes dénonciations formulées par les associations anticorruption, notamment le Front des organisations nationales anticorruption (FONAC) se font toujours sur la base d'investigations et de collecte de preuves. Le Vice président du FONAC, Jean Baptiste ELIAS, le rappelle à chacune de ses sorties médiatiques.","Olivier Allocheme, Journaliste, Rédacteur en chef du quotidien l'Evènement Précis, Entretien le 06 août 2012 à Cotonou.\n\nEtienne Badou, Juriste, Chargé de programme à l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, Entretien à Cotonou, siège de l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, le 25 juin 2012. \n\nAdoun, Wilfrid H. et François, K., Awoudo., 2007, Bénin : une démocratie prisonnière de la corruption, Investigations sur des faits et scandales de 1990 à 2006, Dossiers classés tome I, Cotonou : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung/ COPEF, 385p.\n\nEmission Débats Actuels, Sur Golfe Television, Dimanche 29 Juillet 2012 (invité : Jean Baptiste Elias, Vice président et porte-parole du Front des organisations nationales anticorruption).","Aucune allégation de corruption au Bénin contre des personnalités politiques de premier plan n'a été investiguée et jugée. Les allégations de corruption contre des agents publics ont parfois été investiguées par l'Inspection Générale d'Etat ou par le biais de Commission ad hoc, mai..."]
["2012_BW_12",2012,"BW","Botswana",12,75,"Botswana’s anti-corruption body has special powers of investigation, arrest, and search and seizure, and it generally boasts a high conviction rate, according to Freedom House. In 2010, Minister of Justice, Defense and Security Ramadeluka Sereste (also a cousin of President Ian Khama) was charged with corruption and relinquished his post for failing to disclose his position as a shareholder in a company that won a massive defense contract in 2009. Seretse was acquitted of all charges in October 2011 and was reinstated to his post the next day by the president. The Directorate of Public Prosecution intended to file an immediate appeal at year's end. The minister of finance and development planning, Kenneth Mathambo, was also cleared of corruption charges in November. He was accused of having indirect interests in a contractor, Botswana Development Corp. The charges were dropped under circumstances that some viewed as suspicious. There have also been allegations of nepotism against the president, but these have not been investigated.","\"Mathambo’s Acquittal Raises Eyebrows,\" The Voice, Daniel Chida, Dec. 2, 2011, www.thevoicebw.com/2011/12/02/mathambo%E2%80%99s-acquittal-raises-eyebrows/\n\n\"State Calls 44 Witnesses Against Seretse and Co.,\" Bame Piet, Nov. 21, 2012, www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=151&dir=2012/November/Wednesday21\n\nFreedom House, \"Freedom in the World Report 2012,\" www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/botswana\n\n\"Khama Inc: All the President's Family, Friends and Close Colleagues,\" Yvonne Ditlhase, Mail & Guardian, Nov. 2, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-02-00-khama-inc-all-the-presidents-family-friends-and-close-colleagues","Botswana’s anti-corruption body has special powers of investigation, arrest, and search and seizure, and it generally boasts a high conviction rate, according to Freedom House. In 2010, Minister of Justice, Defense and Security Ramadeluka Sereste (also a cousin of President Ian Kha..."]
["2012_BF_12",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",12,50,"En réalité, dans le cadre des injonctions populaires à l’endroit du Gouvernement pour la bonne gouvernance, les accusations de corruption impliquant les cadres supérieurs politiques et instances administratives font l’objet d’investigation et même de poursuite judiciaire. Cependant,  il est fréquent d’observer que ces investigations n’aboutissent pas, ou alors, après condamnation, on remarque que le condamné a été libéré pour des raisons de santé ou sous d'autres allégations, par exemple, pour erreur dans les instructions d’accusation.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU\n\nAssemblée Nationale du Burkina 2012, rapport sur les subventions publiques au secteur de la santé, Commission d’enquête parlementaire, juillet 2012\n\nAssemblée Nationale du Burkina Faso 2012, rapport d’enquête sur les marchés publics, commission d’enquête parlementaire.\n\nASCE 2012, rapport d'activités 2011.","En réalité, dans le cadre des injonctions populaires à l’endroit du Gouvernement pour la bonne gouvernance, les accusations de corruption impliquant les cadres supérieurs politiques et instances administratives font l’objet d’investigation et même de poursuite judiciaire. Cependant..."]
["2012_BI_12",2012,"BI","Burundi",12,25,"In Burundi, the government says that the fight against corruption is one of its priorities. However, in practice, the government has not shown such a commitment. For example, when the chairman of a national NGO denounced the existence of corruption in the Ministry of Justice recruitment processes, the institutions that are expected to fight corruption instead indicted the chairman for \"wrong statements\" and the anti-corruption court sentenced the man and the NGO to pay reparations to the Minister of Justice.","Interview vis e-mail with Faustin Ndikumana, Chair of civil society organization PARCEM, Aug. 6, 2012\n\n\"Burundi : prison ferme pour un militant anti-corruption (Prison for an anti-corruption activist),\" Radio France Internationale, July 26, 2012, http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120726-burundi-prison-ferme-militant-anti-corruption","In Burundi, the government says that the fight against corruption is one of its priorities. However, in practice, the government has not shown such a commitment. For example, when the chairman of a national NGO denounced the existence of corruption in the Ministry of Justice recrui..."]
["2012_CM_12",2012,"CM","Cameroon",12,25,"The rate of investigations into allegations involving senior-level politicians and government officials is very low compared with the number of allegations made by the press and even the Anti-Corruption Commission, or CONAC. In its 2011 report on the state of anti-corruption in Cameroon, the commission accused a good number of officials of misappropriating or improperly accounting for public funds. However, no investigations have been initiated against any of those accused in the CONAC report.\n\nThe investigation and trial of any person on corruption charges depends largely on the volition of the president of the republic. It is believed that those senior government officials held in detention for corruption charges are there because they had political ambitions to succeed the president. Thompson Sama, senior program manager at Transparency International Cameroon, says the law creating the corruption watchdog has placed limitations on the ability of the institution to carry out its tasks effectively. He notes that CONAC lacks the power to prosecute and that it is dependent on the president. Though CONAC in recent years has demonstrated some seriousness in investigating allegations of corruption, he says CONAC's findings are rarely taken up by the State Prosecutor's Office, which is legally empowered to start corruption cases. This, he says, is the case with CONAC's 2011 State of the Fight Against Corruption Report, with its list of public officials who allegedly misappropriated or embezzled public funds.","Interview with Thompson Sama, senior program manager at Transparency International Cameroon, on Sept. 21, 2012.\n\nNational Anti-Corruption Commission, \"Rapport sur l'etat de lutte contre la corruption au Cameroun,\" 2011, available at www.conac-cameroun.net/pdf/1ere_partie.pdf\n\nAlexandre T. Djimeli, \"Opération Epervier II: 56 prersonnalités dans le collimateur d'Amadou Ali,\" Le Messager, Jan. 8, 2011, available at www.cameroun-online.com/actualite,actu-3493.html\n\nDavid Nouwou, \"Cameroun: Opération épervier, de nouvelles arrestations en vue,\". La Nouvelle Expression, June 27, 2007, available at www.cameroun-online.com/actualite,actu-2827.html","The rate of investigations into allegations involving senior-level politicians and government officials is very low compared with the number of allegations made by the press and even the Anti-Corruption Commission, or CONAC. In its 2011 report on the state of anti-corruption in Cam..."]
["2012_CV_12",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",12,50,"Cases of allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants that result in investigation are rare. One reason is the fact that complaint reports are seldom filed. \n\nThe prosecutor's office has taken a reactionary rather than proactive stance in relation to corruption cases. Although by law it should be \"guided by the principles of neutrality and legality\", the fact that the Attorney General's Office is appointed by the government gives politicians some indirect influence over the prosecutor's office. \n\nAllegations of corruption by political office holders and their staff have occurred more frequently in the media and particularly in election periods since there are multiparty elections in Cape Verde from 1991. There are frequent exchanges of accusations of electoral corruption, but the prosecution's response can be considered 'cautious', seeking to avoid entering the field of political dispute, or politicized justice.","\"Land City Hall: Court of St. Vincent condemns four defendants,\"  Expresso das Ilhas, May 17, 2012, http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/terrenos-da-camara-municipal--tribunal-de-sao-vicente-condena-quatro-arguidos.\n\n\"Corruption in the town hall of St. Vincent: Accused become accusers,\" a nação, March 4, 2012, http://www.alfa.cv/anacao_online/index.php/politica/1978-corrupcao-na-camara-de-sao-vicente-acusados-tornam-se-acusadores\n\n\"Gualberto do Rosario is No Longer of the MpD,\" Liberal, March 15, 2008, http://liberal.sapo.cv/noticia.asp?idEdicao=64&id=17646&idSeccao=527&Action=noticia\n\n\"Scandal and blessing,\" by Daniel Benoni, 1996.\n\n\"The Curtain of Millions: The Enacol Case,\" Armindo Ferreira, 2004, http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5697438\n\nInterview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal County, July 2, 2012, Praia City.","Cases of allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants that result in investigation are rare. One reason is the fact that complaint reports are seldom filed. ..."]
["2012_CF_12",2012,"CF","CAR",12,0,"La corruption est reconnue comme étant une infraction en République Centrafricaine. Par conséquent, les auteurs de tels actes devraient être systématiquement sanctionnés. Dans la pratique, cette disposition est rarement appliquée à l'égard des hommes politiques de haut niveau en dépit de pressions de la presse privée. Il importe de préciser qu'en République centrafricaine, la poursuite des Ministres ne peut se faire qu'avec l'accord du Chef de l'Etat. Cette procédure complique la situation dans la mesure où la plupart des Ministres sont souvent issus de la même famille politique que le Chef de l'Etat.\n\nD'après les deux personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, il est difficile de poursuivre les hautes personnalités soupçonnées d'être  corrompues. \n\nCette assertion est confirmée par l'Etude sur le Système National d'Intégrité en mentionnant à titre d'exemple plusieurs exemples: \n-Affaire Zongo Oil ( Un opérateur économique avait payé une patente d'exportation des produits d'hydrocarbures sur la localité de Zongo en RDC. Alors que ces produits ont été écoulés à Bangui), \n-Affaire GUENGOUA (Cette affaire implique un opérateur économique. Une fraude douanière ayant conduit au paiement d'une taxe de 1,5 millions de francs CFA pour le dédouanement de cinq Mercedes importées contre une taxe due de plus de 7 millions)  dans laquelle sont impliqués des hommes d'Affaires, des Ministres et des Directeurs. \n\nRécemment, certains membres du gouvernement sont soupçonnés de détournement des biens publics et corruption, mais ils ne sont jamais interpellés par les instance compétentes.","Fulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observation National des Elections en RCA, Juriste de Formation, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nEdmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juillet 2012, Bangui;","La corruption est reconnue comme étant une infraction en République Centrafricaine. Par conséquent, les auteurs de tels actes devraient être systématiquement sanctionnés. Dans la pratique, cette disposition est rarement appliquée à l'égard des hommes politiques de haut niveau en dé..."]
["2012_TD_12",2012,"TD","Chad",12,50,"Allegations of corruption against senior officials result in investigation, as evident by the high record of the latest investigations in the country. These include investigations against two secretaries general at the president's office, several cabinet members and two mayors of N'Djamena, the capital city. \n\nHowever, Dr Jacques Haroun Kabadi, a former secretary at the presidency was was arrested and jailed for corruption in 2009 has been appointed president of the national assembly in 2011. \n\nIn April 2012, Mahamat Saleh Annadif, former foreign minister and then-secretary general in the office of the president, was arrested for his involvement in a corruption case regarding the management of special presidential project. He was detained for three months and freed in July 2012 on the grounds of procedural vice.\n\nEarlier in 2010, the minister of national education, the secretary general of the government and the secretary of state for finances were arrested, investigated and sentenced for corruption in the procurement of school manuals, while the minister of finances, the minister of public health and the secretary of state in charge of literacy, also under investigation, were released.","Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School, N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nRFI, Au Tchad, le secrétaire général de la présidence inculpé pour corruption, 17 May 2012, http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120417-tchad-arrestation-secretaire-general-presidence-tchad-mahamat-saleh-annadif-corrupt\n\nAfriqueinfos, 25 june, 2011. Tchad : Haroun Kabadi élu président de l'Assemblée Nationale, http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/6/25/brevesdafrique-180905.asp","Allegations of corruption against senior officials result in investigation, as evident by the high record of the latest investigations in the country. These include investigations against two secretaries general at the president's office, several cabinet members and two mayors of N..."]
["2012_KM_12",2012,"KM","Comoros",12,25,"Selon les membres de la Commission anti-corruption, les infractions commises par les hautes personalités (politiciens et grands commis de l’État) sont toujours suivies d'enquêtes, mais les membres de la CNPLC sont tenus au secret professionnel et ne peuvent pas dévoiler de cas précis. \n\nMais il faut dire aussi que malgré la bonne volonté de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption, les investigations ou les poursuites peuvent ne pas avoir lieu si des hauts-fonctionnaires ou hauts dignitaires sont en cause.\n\nAinsi, en février 2012, la CNPLC a déposé une plainte au parquet de Moroni contre un agent de la Police de l'Air et des Frontières qui détournait les taxes perçues sur le visa des étrangers. La Commission a saisi le Ministère de l'intérieur et la DNST (direction de la sécurité du territoire) pour que l'agent en question soit interdit de sortie. Trois jours après la requête déposée par la CNPLC, l'agent incriminé a pu quitter les Comores pour Paris, échappant ainsi à toute investigation.\n\nPar ailleurs, la CNPLC doit encore faire ses preuves car elle suscite beaucoup de scepticisme de la part des politiciens. Dans un interview accordé au Journal Al balad, le Président du parti Mouroua estime par exemple qu'il \"n'existe pas de mesures concrètes en dehors des déclarations des bonnes intentions\".","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni.\n\nJournal Al Watwan,  février 2012 ; \"Lutte contre la corruption, la Commission parle d’une plainte contre un agent de la PAF\", http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=3776 01\n\nJournal Al Balad, 06 avril 2012, Said Abasse Dahalani, Président du Mouroua, \"Le pays est malade de sa justice et de son économie\" http://blog.albaladcomores.com/?s=corruption&x=20&y=9","Selon les membres de la Commission anti-corruption, les infractions commises par les hautes personalités (politiciens et grands commis de l’État) sont toujours suivies d'enquêtes, mais les membres de la CNPLC sont tenus au secret professionnel et ne peuvent pas dévoiler de cas préc..."]
["2012_CD_12",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",12,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_12",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",12,25,"There has never been a serious and independent investigation against senior level politicians and/or civil servants, especially those close to the ruling party. A recent example is that of former Prime Minister Muzito. He was accused of massive corruption through illicit enrichment by National Deputy Gérard Mulumba. The allegations did not lead to formal investigation or prosecution, although a preliminary investigation was started in May 2012.","\"La Prospérité: Muzito en justice contre Gecoco Mulumba!\" Radio Okapi, March 14, 2012\nhttp://radiookapi.net/revue-de-presse/2012/03/14/la-prosperite-muzito-en-justice-contre-gecoco-mulumba/.\n\n\"Le Député Gérard Mulumba Accuse Muzito de Détournement,\" Bsc Infos, March 12 2012.\nhttp://www.bsc-rdc.info/index.php/politiques/75-le-depute-gerard-mulumba-accuse-muzito-de-detournements.\n\n\"Congo Police Investigate Former PM for Corruption,\" Voice of America, May 2012. http://www.voanews.com/content/congo_police_investigate_former_pm_corruption/666388.html.","There has never been a serious and independent investigation against senior level politicians and/or civil servants, especially those close to the ruling party. A recent example is that of former Prime Minister Muzito. He was accused of massive corruption through illicit enrichment..."]
["2012_CI_12",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",12,25,"Allegations of corruption against senior level politicians or civil servants do not necessarily result in investigation or are not fully investigated. Even though in its report, the Prosecutor Koffi confirms that \"there has been a diversion of a portion of the funds,\" he did not designate officials. According to a survey of the Ivorian police and Leigh Day & Co, about 4.65 billion FCFA (over 7 million) has been diverted, which was the compensation paid by the multinational Trafigura, charterer of the ship loaded with waste.","Serge A. Yapo, Gouvernance Analyst, Focal Point Rule of Law and Civil Society, UNDP, Côte d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 4th, 2013\n\n‘Affaire déchets toxiques : L'ancien ministre Adama Bictogo blanchi par la Justice’, AFP, Jul. 2012, available at  ttp://news.educarriere.ci/index.php?page=details&NewsId=pNV9RF610C970P94","Allegations of corruption against senior level politicians or civil servants do not necessarily result in investigation or are not fully investigated. Even though in its report, the Prosecutor Koffi confirms that \"there has been a diversion of a portion of the funds,\" he did not de..."]
["2012_DJ_12",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",12,0,"Les cas de corruption sont rarement poursuivis devant la justice.\n\nPour YAHYA MOUMINE, auditeur au trésor public au sein de la sous direction du ministère de finances, dans le cadre de contrôles effectués de l'utilisation des deniers publics, des malversations sont constatées parfois mais jamais poursuivies et sanctionnées. Il confirme que le cas de personnes politiques mais notamment les directeurs des établissements publics sont rarement inquiétés suite au contrôle qu'il effectue sur l'utilisation des fonds publics. Plusieurs rapports ont soulevé des malversations mais les personnes sont jamais inquiétées parce qu'elles sont protégées par des autorités politiques de premier plan. \n\nIl n'existe pas au niveau national d'expert en corruption. Les compétences nationales sont composées des auditeurs, des inspecteurs et magistrats de la cour des comptes.","Idriss Okieh, enseignant chercheur en économie à l'université de djibouti. Entretien réalisé le 24 juillet 2012.\n\nYAHYA MOUMINE, auditeur au trésor public au sein de la sous direction du ministère de finances. Entretien réalisé le 23 juillet 2012.","Les cas de corruption sont rarement poursuivis devant la justice.\n\nPour YAHYA MOUMINE, auditeur au trésor public au sein de la sous direction du ministère de fin..."]
["2012_EG_12",2012,"EG","Egypt",12,50,"Right after the revolution, in a historical move, high-ranking Egyptians have been investigated on corruption charges. Those include the former Minister of Oil, Finance and former Interior Minister, and former Minister of Information.\n \nThe Supreme Public Funds Prosecution has investigated the former Trade and Industry Minister, the former Tourism Minister and former Housing Minister for illicit gains and abuse of power, encroaching on state-owned properties, graft and embezzling public funds. The three officials are businessmen who were appointed as ministers five years ago. With the lack of a clear law on conflict of interest, and although they are no longer running their businesses by themselves, they are accused of illicit gains as their families are still managing their enterprises. They were banned from traveling and their bank accounts were frozen pending the end of the investigations.  \n\nThe president himself was charged with complicity in improperly facilitating a concession to provide natural gas sales to Israel, and accepting a bribe in return for illicit grants of state-owned land, and with engaging in corrupt real estate contracts with a close business associate. His sons were also accused of illicit gains. However, they were acquitted of all corruption charges. His sons await trial on additional charges of money laundering.\n\nNevertheless, the launching of the investigations into those corruption cases could not take place without the pressure of the popular revolts, million-men marches and several sit-ins against the executive power and the prosecutor to ensure the trial of those officials. Their corruption charges were mostly very selective of very notorious figures for political reasons to silence the people's anger and calm the revolts rather than for genuine anti-corruption purposes.\n\nIn fact, there should have been many more people charged than those that actually were, including all those in public and private entities who facilitated corruption to the point that it can be said that corruption was institutionalized in the country.","Zeinab ElGuindy. 2012. Mubarak's historic trial for murder and corruption: A timeline. Ahram Online. \nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/1/0/43447/Egypt/0/Mubaraks-historic-trial-for-murder-and-corruption-.aspx.\n\nHRW. 2012. Egypt: Mubarak Conviction a Message for Next President. http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/02/egypt-mubarak-conviction-message-next-president\n\nEgypt Independent. 2012. Egyptian military judiciary investigates Air Force corruption case.\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-military-judiciary-investigates-air-force-corruption-case.\n\nCherif Bassiouni. 2012. Corruption Cases Against Officials of the Mubarak Regime. Egyptian American Rule of Law Association\nhttp://www.earla.org/userfiles/file/Bassiouni%20Corruption%20Cases%20Against%20Mubarak_EARLA%20Letterhead%20%28march%202012%29.pdf.","Right after the revolution, in a historical move, high-ranking Egyptians have been investigated on corruption charges. Those include the former Minister of Oil, Finance and former Interior Minister, and former Minister of Information...."]
["2012_GQ_12",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",12,25,"In May 2012, El Pais newspaper denounced that the Deputy Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea received money from a figurehead in Spain. No further investigation was followed in Equatorial Guinea.\n \nThe highest level investigation and prosecution reported by the official website of the government involves a former MP conducted by the dependent anti-corruption office within the executive branch.","El País, Jose Maria Irujo, May 6, 2012, El Viceprimer Ministro de Obiang Recibió Dinero de Presuntos Testaferros en España, http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/05/06/actualidad/1336333106_741259.html\n\nMinistry of Information of Equatorial Guinea, Clemente Ela Ondo Onguene, Continúa el Juicio contra los Implicados en la Trama de Corrupción del Ministerio de Hacienda, June 29, 2012, see: http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=648","In May 2012, El Pais newspaper denounced that the Deputy Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea received money from a figurehead in Spain. No further investigation was followed in Equatorial Guinea...."]
["2012_ER_12",2012,"ER","Eritrea",12,25,"According to the sources, there were allegations of corruption against 11 former members of the National Assembly and senior government officials. There was also a report of a corruption investigation involving Port Authority officials. However, the public rarely knows the result of many of the corruption accusations against high officials. Most of the time, the government-controlled media reporting trials conducted by the Special Court disclose only the accusations and the admissions of the officials.","History and Essential Principles of Rule of Law, Abraham G.Ghiorgis, June 2012.  http://eritreamereb.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html\n\nEritrea Freedom in the World Report 2012, Freedom House, 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea#.VRdGPjvF9Ig","According to the sources, there were allegations of corruption against 11 former members of the National Assembly and senior government officials. There was also a report of a corruption investigation involving Port Authority officials. However, the public rarely knows the result o..."]
["2012_ET_12",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",12,25,"Criminal investigation and prosecution of powerful politicians and civil servants is not common. This is partly because the prosecuting organ is not fully independent and free from political influence. Criminal investigations and prosecution are focused on ordinary civil servants and low ranking politicians.","Interview with a public prosecutor at the Ministry of Justice who wishes to remain anonymous, Addis Ababa, July 6, 2012. \n\nInterview with an employee with the Anti-Corruption Commission who wishes to remain anonymous, Addis Ababa, July 8, 2012.\n\nInterview on Sisay Agena, former editor in chief, Ethiope newspaper, currently in exile, Addis Ababa, June 2011.","Criminal investigation and prosecution of powerful politicians and civil servants is not common. This is partly because the prosecuting organ is not fully independent and free from political influence. Criminal investigations and prosecution are focused on ordinary civil servants a..."]
["2012_GA_12",2012,"GA","Gabon",12,25,"Oui, à condition que la Commission juge recevable et opportune le déclenchement de l’enquête sur la base des preuves fournies.\n\nL’article 26 de la Loi n°2/2003 du 02 juin 2003 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre l’Enrichissement Illicite, stipule « En matière consultative, la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre l’Enrichissement Illicite (CNLEI) est saisie par le Gouvernement, les Commissions parlementaires, les collectivités locales, les organisations professionnelles ou syndicales ou par toute autre organisation non gouvernementale jouissant de la personnalité juridique. ». Par ailleurs, l’article 28 dispose clairement « En matière d’investigation, la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre l’Enrichissement Illicite (CNLEI) est saisie soit de sa propre initiative, soit par le Commissaire du Gouvernement, soit par toute autre autorité administrative ou par toute personne intéressée ». \n\nLe seul problème est le retour d’informations lié au nombre de sanctions, d’emprisonnement ou autres prises sur la base de ces enquêtes. Donc il n’y a aucune lisibilité en termes d’efficience de cette Commission spéciale.\n\nPour qu'un dossier d'investigation sur la corruption fasse l'objet d'une ouverture d'enquête par les Magistrats de la Commission, ils doivent le juger recevable. Or, les critères qui fondent cette recevabilité ne sont pas connus des ONG ou du public qui porte plainte contre personne XY.","\"Pour des mesures concrètes contre la corruption\", l'Union, 9 avril 2012\n\nFocus-group des magistrats de la haute commission, Libreville, Gabon, septembre 2012\n\nL’interview des ONG ayant porté plainte contre les hautes autorités de la République : ONG Afrique Horizons et ONG Brainforest et Mouvement \"ça suffit comme ça\", Libreville, Gabon, juillet 2012","Oui, à condition que la Commission juge recevable et opportune le déclenchement de l’enquête sur la base des preuves fournies...."]
["2012_GM_12",2012,"GM","The Gambia",12,50,"There have been instances in which an investigative panel of Gambian security services has been set up to look into allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants, according to the researcher's anonymous police source.\n\nInvestigations have led to the prosecution of senior politicians in the past. But investigations are not conducted in every case; instead, whistle-blowers end up being charged with giving false information to a public officer. This shows that not all corruption cases are duly investigated and prosecuted. The police is not independent. \n\nAlso, there is no independent body that investigates corruption. An anti-corruption bill was recently passed, has however not yet been signed into effect. This bill is meant to set up a commission, but the office is not yet operational.","Email correspondence with a senior police officer of the Gambia Police Force on Sept. 29, 2012. \n\nU.S State Department report on The Gambia, 2010-2011, pages 16-17, www.state.gov/documents/organization/160123.pdf\n\n\"NDEA Director of Operation Arraigned, Remanded,\"  Fatou Sowe, Daily Observer, July 20, 2012, http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndea-director-of-operation-arraigned-remanded\n\n\"Former SG Ousman Jammeh Jailed,\" Bakary Samateh, The Point, Dec. 27, 2011, http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/former-sg-ousman-jammeh-jailed","There have been instances in which an investigative panel of Gambian security services has been set up to look into allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants, according to the researcher's anonymous police source...."]
["2012_GH_12",2012,"GH","Ghana",12,50,"Allegations of corruption hardly ever result in investigation as the authorities try to shield their own. The government sometimes orders investigations into allegations of corruption against members of the opposition parties, but even in those cases, the affected persons usually find ways of restraining the investigations, such as court injunctions.","Patrick Osei-Kufour, Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, also of Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition (GACC), May 30, 2012.\n\nMaxwell Adjei Ashon, Research Officer, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), June 6, 2012.\n\nCecil Adadevoh, Senior State Attorney, Ministry of Justice and Attorney-General’s Department, Accra, June 15, 2012.  \n\nNicholas Adamtey, Director, Transparency and Accountability Initiative, in an interview at Adam Nana, Kasoa, Accra, June 23, 2012.","Allegations of corruption hardly ever result in investigation as the authorities try to shield their own. The government sometimes orders investigations into allegations of corruption against members of the opposition parties, but even in those cases, the affected persons usually f..."]
["2012_GN_12",2012,"GN","Guinea",12,0,"Aucune enquête indépendante sérieuse n'a été faite ces dernières années pour des allégations de corruption contre des personnalités politiques de premier plan ou des agents.\n\nRécemment, le directeur du Bureau de la trésorerie, Aissatou Boiro, a été tué au cours d'une enquête sur le détournement. Cependant, ce n'est qu'un cas d'un magistrat instructeur d'une allégation.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\n\"Guinea: Ensure Justice in Treasury Chief’s Death,\" Human Rights Watch, November 16 2012. \nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/16/guinea-ensure-justice-treasury-chief-s-death","Aucune enquête indépendante sérieuse n'a été faite ces dernières années pour des allégations de corruption contre des personnalités politiques de premier plan ou des agents...."]
["2012_GW_12",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",12,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_12",2012,"KE","Kenya",12,50,"In practice, corruption scandals tend to be followed up with quick investigations either by the Anti-Corruption Agency or parliamentary committees and the auditor general. However, the investigations have rarely ended with any prosecutions. For instance, the National Hospital Insurance Fund scandal was followed by numerous lines of investigation by parliament and the Efficiency Monitoring Unit in the office of the prime minister, but these are unlikely to end up with any prosecutions.","Politicians Have Turned Parastatals Into Cash Cows -- NCSC. Ally Jamah. The Sunday Standard. May 13, 2012. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000058097&pageNo=1\n\nNew Anti-Graft Team Must Take Job Seriously. Sunday Nation.  May 13, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Editorial/New+anti+graft+team+must+take+job+seriously+/-/440804/1404676/-/74r1co/-/index.html","In practice, corruption scandals tend to be followed up with quick investigations either by the Anti-Corruption Agency or parliamentary committees and the auditor general. However, the investigations have rarely ended with any prosecutions. For instance, the National Hospital Insur..."]
["2012_LS_12",2012,"LS","Lesotho",12,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_12",2012,"LR","Liberia",12,50,"The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) has taken on few cases that one would grade as taking on powerful political interests. Corruption remains endemic but investigations have settled on individuals with little political clout. Public audits implicating powerful individuals do not usually lead to investigations.","Interview with Jasper Cummeh, Senior Policy Adviser, AGENDA, July 20, 2012. Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with James Kingsley, program manager, Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) has taken on few cases that one would grade as taking on powerful political interests. Corruption remains endemic but investigations have settled on individuals with little political clout. Public audits implicating powerful individuals..."]
["2012_LY_12",2012,"LY","Libya",12,25,"Files on high-profile offenders are transferred to the attorney general, who decides whether to bring these accusations to court or to respond to them through administrative procedures.\n\nIn general, judicial authorities seem reluctant to undertake investigations following serious allegations of corruption. \n\nA telling example dates to November 2011. The National Transitional Council's economy and finance committee, which provides oversight over the work of the interim government, submitted an internal report on the activities of the oil and finance ministries, the central bank and the sovereign wealth fund, the Libyan Investment Authority.\n\nThe seven-page report was dated Nov.  27, 2011. It listed a litany of accounting problems, and failures by branches of the government to share information about the cash they were handling. No transparent investigations, let alone prosecution, appear to have ensued.\n\nLikewise for the alleged corruption of four officials from the Ministry of Interior regarding alarm systems bought from a German company called Sircom. The allegations were presented in May 2012, but no investigation appears to have ensued.","Interviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer with the National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission  from May to July 2012.\n\nInterviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly coordinator of justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.\n\nInterviews with Ibrahim Ali, chairman, Libyan Transparency Association,  May 12 and July 21, 2012, Tripoli \n\nReuters, Ali Shuaib and Christian Lowe, May 8, 2012, \"Insight: In muddle of Libya's finances, billions go missing,\" available at http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/08/us-libya-finances-idUSBRE8470E220120508","Files on high-profile offenders are transferred to the attorney general, who decides whether to bring these accusations to court or to respond to them through administrative procedures...."]
["2012_MG_12",2012,"MG","Madagascar",12,0,"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians or civil servants do not result in investigations.\nMost of  allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians or civil servants are made by NGOs or non-state associations. They do not result in investigations by the police. The investigations led by the BIANCO (independent bureau against corruption) are not even accessible on its web site ( www.bianco-mg.org). Most of reported cases to BIANCO do not go in front of the courts.\n\nThere is no overall study for the period 2011-2012 in Madagascar and organization such as Transparency International and BIANCO does not treat seriously these cases. \nTransparency International is just setting ups its  network and there is no report in its website. (http://www.transparency-madagascar.org/accueil.html)\n\nRegarding BIANCO, its boss is an army officer linked to the government. The most updated study you can download from its website (http://www.bianco-mg.org) was set in 2008 (http://www.bianco-mg.org/r-alisations).\nThe coup in 2009 installed an  illegitimate government, and institutions that provided checks and balances were suspended, allowing for generalized corruption.The Groupement des Entreprises de Madagascar  (the most important  business association in Madagascar) accuses the government and its main representatives of  ransoming the private sector.","Razafindrakotoasimbola, le membre du CT arrêté pour avoir distribué de l’argent sur voie publique à Antaninarenina a été relâché hier, suite à son audition au Parquet. L’affaire a été classée sans suitehttp://www.tananews.com/asides/razafindrakotoasimbola-une-affaire-classee-sans-suite/\n\nThe groupement des Entreprises de Madagascar complain about ransoming from high governement officers. http://madahoax.com/le-groupement-des-entreprises-de-madagascar-grogne/\n\nhttp://www.tananews.com/2012/11/double-revelation-sur-sa-situation-a-la-reunion-laffaire-7-fevrier-et-les-tentatives-de-corruprion/\n\n http://www.madagate.com/editorial/communique/2728-madagascar-corruption-bilan-du-bianco-au-mois-doctobre-2012.html","In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians or civil servants do not result in investigations.\nMost of  allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians or civil servants are made..."]
["2012_MW_12",2012,"MW","Malawi",12,25,"Alleged corrupt officials are safe as long as they are in power. For example, the ACB took no action when it was reported that government officials had corruptly bought houses from the Malawi Housing Corporation. This scam involved top government ministers and public officials. Furthermore, it is only after someone is fired from cabinet that corruption allegations are properly followed up, as in the case of Goodall Gondwe and Patricia Kaliati.","MHC K150M House Scam: Buyers Receive Hefty Discounts. T. Chapulapula. The Daily Times. April 18, 2011.\n\nGoodall implicated in $6.8m fertiliser deal, involved company with al-Qaeda ties. Nyasa Times. July 28, 2012. http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/07/28/goodall-implicated-in-6-8m-fertiliser-deal-involved-company-with-al-qaeda-ties/\n\nKaliati, Goodall Gondwe Corruption Cases Come to Fore. Malawi Today. http://www.malawitoday.com/news/125377-kaliati-goodall-gondwe-corruption-cases-come-fore","Alleged corrupt officials are safe as long as they are in power. For example, the ACB took no action when it was reported that government officials had corruptly bought houses from the Malawi Housing Corporation. This scam involved top government ministers and public officials. Fur..."]
["2012_ML_12",2012,"ML","Mali",12,50,"Il y a des efforts politiques des différents gouvernements qui ont succédé à la tête du Mali depuis les années 90 pour lutter contre la corruption. C’est pour cela que les autorités ont émis l’idée de mettre en place la Cour des Comptes devant succéder la Section des comptes et la direction  générale des finances pour assainir l’économie. C'est dans ce sens que des efforts sont entrepris afin de mener des enquêtes sur des allégations de corruption contre des personnalités politiques de premier plan et/ou des agents publics. \n\nMalgré la panoplie d’instruments créés par les autorités, la lutte contre la corruption ne semble véritablement pas déclenchée. Le magistrat Daniel Téssougué, à propos de lutte contre la corruption, déclare que « Le moustique ne fabriquera jamais l’anti-moustique ». Il indique que « La Cellule d’appui aux structures de contrôle de l’administration (CASCA) en passant par le contrôle général des services publics, tous sont des instruments créés par l’Etat pour juguler le fléau de la corruption au Mali. Aussi, l'Institution du Vérificateur général dans notre pays suscite les commentaires les plus divers ». \n\nPar contre selon l’ingénieur Modibo Diakité, membre fondateur de Transparence au Mali, le Vérificateur général a bien sa place dans l'arsenal juridique anti-corruption au Mali. «Il faut noter que la structure a été créée pour renforcer l'arsenal répressif de la corruption au Mali et est une promesse du candidat Amadou Toumani Touré », soutient-il.\n\nEn juin 2011, Ibrahim Oumar Touré, l’ancien ministre malien de la Santé, a été inculpé et placé sous contrôle judiciaire pour détournement des fonds destiné à la lutte contre le Sida.","Entretien avec Daniel Téssougué, magistrat à la cour de justice de Bamako, rencontré le 12 février 2013.\n\nReview de www.maliweb.com, février 2013.\n\nJeune Afrique, 3 Juin 2011, Mali : l'ex-ministre de la Santé inculpé pour détournement de fonds, http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJA20110603121550/","Il y a des efforts politiques des différents gouvernements qui ont succédé à la tête du Mali depuis les années 90 pour lutter contre la corruption. C’est pour cela que les autorités ont émis l’idée de mettre en place la Cour des Comptes devant succéder la Section des comptes et la ..."]
["2012_MR_12",2012,"MR","Mauritania",12,0,"Il n'existe pas encore un organe indépendant chargé d'enquêter et de mener des investigations sur les allégations de corruption. Sous le régime du Président Ould Taya, ses barons n'étaient pas systématiquement inquiétés. Il y a eu finalement des chasses aux sorcières qui a pris la forme de règlement de compte politique et reléguant au second plan les procédures légales. Pis encore, au lieu de jouer la transparence, le pouvoir en place s'attèle à jouant un jeu assez flou et flottant compromettant ainsi sa crédibilité aux yeux de l'opinion.\n\nEn matière de gabegie ou détournement, il faut ajouter que même s'il y a enquête - et c'est légalement le cas -, son efficacité est toujours fonction de facteurs subjectifs. C'est un jeu dans lequel le président de la république a le dernier mot.","BANQUE CENTRALE DE MAURITANIE COMMISSION D’ANALYSE DES INFORMATIONS FINANCIÈRES (CANIF), RAPPORT ANNUEL 2 0 1 2. http://canif.info/uffhgfsm/File/Rapport%20Annuel/RAPPORT%20ANNUEL%20CANIF%202012%20.pdf\n\nMauritanie: Emel 2012, une «nouvelle forme de corruption», selon l’opposition, Alakhbar.com, June 2012. http://www.fr.alakhbar.info/4106-0-Mauritanie-Emel-2012-une-nouvelle-forme-de-corruption-selon-lopposition.html\n\nCorruption : La Mauritanie à la 143ème place selon Transparency, avec une corruption \"plus feutrée,\"\nNoorInfo.com, Juillet 2012. http://www.noorinfo.com/Corruption-La-Mauritanie-a-la-143eme-place-selon-Transparency-avec-une-corruption-plus-feutree_a4644.html","Il n'existe pas encore un organe indépendant chargé d'enquêter et de mener des investigations sur les allégations de corruption. Sous le régime du Président Ould Taya, ses barons n'étaient pas systématiquement inquiétés. Il y a eu finalement des chasses aux sorcières qui a pris la ..."]
["2012_MU_12",2012,"MU","Mauritius",12,100,"There are solid examples and evidence of high-profile cases in which ministers were arrested on corruption cases while still in office, as in the case of Maya Hanoomanjee, former minister of health. There is another case, the arrest and trial of Dr. Sidick Chady, member of the current governing Labour Party, who has been arrested and charged on grounds of corruption. This indicates that high-level officials in the public sector are indeed tried if evidence of corruption is found. Maya Hanoomanjee's case is in court at the moment, whereas Sidick Chady has been found guilty, but he has appealed and the cause is in court.","The following are press articles that provide evidence of the arrest and trial of former ministers Maya Hanoomanjee and Sidick Chady.\n\nAffaire MedPoint: Maya Hanoomanjee arrêtée par l’Icac et conduite au tribunal de Port-Louis. L'express. July 22, 2011. http://lexpress.mu/story/26893-affaire-medpoint-maya-hanoomanjee-arretee-par-l-icac-et-conduite-au-tribunal-de-port-louis.html\n\nAFFAIRE BOSKALIS: Arrestation de l’ex-ministre Siddick Chady. Le Mauricien. June 12, 2012. http://www.lemauricien.com/article/affaire-boskalis-arrestation-l%E2%80%99ex-ministre-siddick-chady\n\nInterview with Mr. N. Patten, barrister at law. June 3, 2012.","There are solid examples and evidence of high-profile cases in which ministers were arrested on corruption cases while still in office, as in the case of Maya Hanoomanjee, former minister of health. There is another case, the arrest and trial of Dr. Sidick Chady, member of the curr..."]
["2012_MA_12",2012,"MA","Morocco",12,25,"Allegations of corruption have resulted in several investigations, but did not necessarily lead to prosecution and corruption remained a problem in all three branches. Investigative bodies face no difficulties in carrying out investigations. However, systemic corruption often leads to inaction vis-a-vis investigated cases. \n\nExceptionally, the years 2011 and 2012 mark a certain break. Several corruption scandals are known by people or officials, or reported by the media. For example, in June 2011, the Minister of Justice had \"said in reply to a question in the House of Representatives, eleven reports of the Auditors Court for the year 2010 are currently being reviewed by the courts.\" Of these, there were reports on the Office National Des Aéroports (ONDA) [National Airport Office] and Credit Immobilier et Hotelier (CIH) [Credit for Real Estate and Hospitality] involving two senior officials. Three control entities worked together on the cases: the general inspectorate of Finance, the Audit Court and the National Brigade of the Judicial Police.\n\nOnce case concerned Mr. Alioua (former minister of employment, government spokesman and CEO of CIH). Auditors Court did its report during 2010. Judicial police did their investigations of malfeasance during seven months (end of 2011 to May 2012). The other case was that of Mr. Benallou (former CEO of the ONDA). The former director general of the National Office of Airports (ONDA) (2003-2010) was arrested on Feb. 2, 2012, following a decision by the judge at the Court of Appeal of Casablanca. Prosecuted for embezzlement of public funds, it had already been placed in custody following a report by the Court of Auditors accused of misappropriation of funds and transfer of assets of the office on his own account. After closing of the police investigation, a justice arrested the two officials for embezzlement in June 2012.","Bladi, Arrestation de l’ex patron de l’ONDA Abdelhanine Benallou. Feb. 9, 2012. http://www.bladi.net/arrestation-abdelhanine-benallou.html.\n\nRamid: To Augod of selective justice in dealing with financial corrupt files. Assabah. July 23, 2012. \n\nNouaydi: Activating accountability after controls Abdul Aziz Nouaydi. Assabah. March 30, 2012. \n\nThe Council Reports are sufficient to trigger follow-ups. Najib Akesbi. Assabah. July 2, 2012.\n\n\"There is no selective justice in handling cases related to corruption.\" Au Fait Maroc Ramid. \nhttp://www.aufaitmaroc.com/maroc/societe/2012/7/23/ramid-il-nexiste-pas-de-justice-selective-dans-le-traitement-des-affaires-liees-a-la-corruption_184998.html\nLast Updated: 23/07/2012 at 16:45\n\n\"The reforms are irrevocable.\" Samir Chaouki, Mustapha Ramid. Aug. 6, 2012.\nhttp://www.lesechos.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24697:mustapha-ramid-lles-reformes-sont-irrevocablesr-&catid=135:mustapha-ramid\n\nAddressing corruption, \"There is no selective justice.\" Le Matin. July 23, 2012.\nhttp://www.lematin.ma/express/Traitement-de-la-corruption-_Il-n-existe-pas-de-justice-selective/169427.htm\n\nEl Mostafa Ramid: \"Trials are open ... more will follow soon\"! L’économiste, No. 3822. July 9, 2012.\nhttp://www.leconomiste.com/article/896366-el-mostapha-ramid-des-proc-s-sont-ouverts-d-autres-suivront-bient-t\n\nLeniency with Corrupt High Level Officials Must End. Morocco World News. July 2012. http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/07/47828/morocco-leniency-with-corrupt-high-level-officials-must-end/\n\n2012 Human Rights Report - Morocco. US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204586.pdf","Allegations of corruption have resulted in several investigations, but did not necessarily lead to prosecution and corruption remained a problem in all three branches. Investigative bodies face no difficulties in carrying out investigations. However, systemic corruption often leads..."]
["2012_MZ_12",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",12,25,"Allegations of corruption are not promptly investigated because the judiciary [this includes courts, prosecutors and PIC (Criminal Investigation Police)] is linked to the executive branch and the Frelimo party. Judicial organs often act on instructions of members of the executive branch and well-placed Frelimo party officials. \n\nThis results in that the actual effectiveness of institutions that are meant to enforce an existing anti-corruption framework, is however not satisfactory. Few cases of corruption are uncovered or effectively investigated.","Baltazar Fael, Mr. Center for Public Integrity (CIP), 28th September 2012, CIP office, Maputo\n\nO Pais. Jose Belmiro. 29th June 2012. A Corrupcao e um problema muito grande e visivel em Mocambique.\nhttp://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/entrevistas/76-entrevistas/20918-a-corrupcao-e-um-problema-muito-grande-e-visivel-em-mocambique.html\n\nU.S. Department of State (2011). Human Rights Report: Mozambique. Washington.","Allegations of corruption are not promptly investigated because the judiciary [this includes courts, prosecutors and PIC (Criminal Investigation Police)] is linked to the executive branch and the Frelimo party. Judicial organs often act on instructions of members of the executive b..."]
["2012_NA_12",2012,"NA","Namibia",12,75,"In 2011, assets of Maj. Gen. Martin Shalli, suspended chief of the Namibian Defense Force, were frozen after an investigation was launched into kickbacks he was alleged to have received  from a company with a contract to supply military equipment to the force. Another case involving top officials relates to an investigation launched by the Anti-Corruption Commission in October 2012 regarding unauthorized expenditure and other administrative practices at Karas Regional Council.","\"Shalli Launches POCA Attack,\" Werner Menges, the Namibian, May 10, 2012,  www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=96802&no_cache=1\naccessed Nov. 22, 2012\n\n\"Corruption Threatens President’s Legacy,\" Namibian Sun, May 16, 2012,\nhttp://sun.com.na/content/editors-corner/corruption-threatens-president%E2%80%99s-legacy","In 2011, assets of Maj. Gen. Martin Shalli, suspended chief of the Namibian Defense Force, were frozen after an investigation was launched into kickbacks he was alleged to have received  from a company with a contract to supply military equipment to the force. Another case involvin..."]
["2012_NE_12",2012,"NE","Niger",12,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_12",2012,"NG","Nigeria",12,25,"This is often done by the police, the EFCC and the ICPC. Nigeria's media is often suffused with reports on such investigations and charges in the court.  Few cases, however, lead to conviction. Corruption and impunity is said to be widespread - the EFCC and ICPC actions are not commensurate with the problem.","2011 Anti-Corruption War in Nigeria: a Lost Battle? Tony Iredia, Tony. Vanguard. Oct. 30, 2011.\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/2011-anti-corruption-war-in-nigeria-a-lost-battle/\n\nAuthority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria. A. Adebanwi. Durham: Carolina Academic Press\nhttp://www.cap-press.com/pdf/2262.pdf, 2012\n\nWhy We Can’t Fight Corruption, By EFCC. Osun Defender. November 2012,  http://www.osundefender.org/?p=71304\n\nAnti-corruption Policies in Nigeria. Discussion Paper, No. 1. David Enweremadu. Lagos: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. November 2010.\nhttp://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/07813.pdf\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 - Nigeria. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204365.pdf","This is often done by the police, the EFCC and the ICPC. Nigeria's media is often suffused with reports on such investigations and charges in the court.  Few cases, however, lead to conviction. Corruption and impunity is said to be widespread - the EFCC and ICPC actions are not com..."]
["2012_RW_12",2012,"RW","Rwanda",12,75,"Some key civil servant and government officials have been prosecuted. Recently, the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Local Government was prosecuted. In the past few years, a minister of state in the Ministry of Education was prosecuted, among many other cases.","\"Rwanda’s Anti-Corruption Journey,\" Frank Kanyesigye, The Sunday Times, Sept. 9, 2012, www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15110&a=12742\n\nMarie Immaculee Ingabire, chairwoman, Transparency International's Rwanda chapter, interviewed Nov. 5, 2012, Kigali.","Some key civil servant and government officials have been prosecuted. Recently, the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Local Government was prosecuted. In the past few years, a minister of state in the Ministry of Education was prosecuted, among many other cases."]
["2012_ST_12",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",12,25,"There is no independent body to investigate allegations of corruption. In São Tomé and Príncipe the Department of Justice conducts such investigations in conjunction with law enforcement agencies.\n\nYes, in fact, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians or civil servants result in investigation. But if anyone lodges a complaint, including cases that do not need a complaint, nothing happens. In São Tomé and Príncipe things do not happen as in other countries, that is, when there is news of a public offense the ministry is obliged to initiate investigations when it is a public crime. Several times there were news of offenses, but the prosecuting authority does not investigate.  \n\nOne of the factors may be the constant complaints or reports of corruption by members of the government without evidence. These usually end up resulting in lawsuits for defamation. So the complaint of corruption is not investigated, but the person denouncing corruption is investigated.","Gabriel Costa, president of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 21, 2012, at his office.\n\nGraça Augusto, member of the Superior Council of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 17, 2012, at her office.","There is no independent body to investigate allegations of corruption. In São Tomé and Príncipe the Department of Justice conducts such investigations in conjunction with law enforcement agencies...."]
["2012_SN_12",2012,"SN","Senegal",12,75,"Il y a des efforts du gouvernement de Macky Sall à lutter contre la corruption, notamment par la mise en place d'un Office national anti-corruption (OFNAC) dont l'objectif principal sera la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions semblables dans le but de renforcer le dispositif stratégique de la gouvernance publique. Pour réussir sa mission le chef de l'Etat a dit que cette structure sera dotée d’importants pouvoirs notamment celui d’auto-saisine pour toute enquête ou investigation qu’il jugera utile. En effet, depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir en mars dernier du président Macky Sall, la justice sénégalaise ne laisse aucun répit à certains anciens dignitaires du régime, soupçonnés de corruption et d'enrichissement illicite ou d'avoir pillé les ressources du pays au détriment du contribuable sénégalais.\n\nCette décision intervient alors d'autres hauts dignitaires de l'ex-régime dont Karim Wade, tout puissant ministre d'Etat et fils de l'ancien président Abdoulaye Wade, ainsi que plusieurs de ces anciens ministres, soupçonnés d'avoir détourné \" d'importantes sommes d'argents lors de leur règne \", continuent de défiler devant les enquêteurs contre l'enrichissement illicite. C'est dans ce contexte qu'un ancien député du Parti démocratique Sénégalais (PDS, actuellement dans l'opposition) et proche de l'ex-président a été arrêté à l'aéroport international de Dakar, de retour de Dubaï, avec en possession de deux chèques d'un montant total de 3 milliards de Francs Cfa (6 millions de dollars US). Ces chèques émanaient, selon des sources proches de l'enquête, de l'ancien président Wade, qui vit actuellement en France et étaient destinés notamment à deux hauts dignitaires de l'ex régime : Samuel Sarr (ancien ministre conseiller financiers de Wade) et Madické Niang (ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères). Ces deux anciens ministres, qui font partie des hauts responsables de l'ex régime, interdits de sortir du territoire sénégalais pour enquête sur leur présumé enrichissement illicite, ont été entendus par la police, avant être libérés.\n\nL'ouverture des enquêtes contre les anciens dignitaires du régime Wade est interprétée comme une chasse aux sorcières déclenchée par le nouveau régime et comme un moyen de masquer son incapacité de satisfaire ses promesses de réduire le coût de la vie et le chômage des jeunes.\n\nPar contre Abdou Aziz Bâ, membre de la commission de lutte contre la corruption pense que la loi doit être corrigée dans le sens de renforcer les prérogatives de la commission afin de lutter plus efficacement contre la corruption. A cet effet, il déclare tout azimut que : « nous ne sommes pas une juridiction et nous n’avons pas le pouvoir d’auto saisie ». Dans la même lancée, il affirme que la commission n’a pas un pouvoir de contrainte ni de décision mais un pouvoir de recommandations. \n\nDans son article de presse Aliou NIANE à travers des dossiers d'enquête révèle des pratiques de corruptions qui ont accompagné la vente de la licence de troisième téléphonie mobile la à SUDATEL. Mais au lieu de s'en prendre aux présumés coupables, les auteurs de l'article et le responsables du journal ont été traduit en justice pour diffamation.\nDans son livre sur la gestion de l'ANOCI, Abdoul Latif Coulibaly, à travers les documents comptables  qu'il a pu obtenir, a montrer que cette agence a fait l'objet de détournements de fonds publics et de corruptions pour cessation de certains marchés de travaux publics. Bien que le livre a créé un véritable débat au Sénégal, la justice n'a pas jugé nécessaire d'interroger les personnes interpelées par le journalistes d'investigation.","Livre de Abdoul Latif Coulibaly \"Comptes et Mécomptes de l'ANOCI\" publié en  Juillet 2011.\n\nArticle de Aliou NIANE dans la Gazette de Septembre 2011 sur la Vente de la licence de SUDATEL","Il y a des efforts du gouvernement de Macky Sall à lutter contre la corruption, notamment par la mise en place d'un Office national anti-corruption (OFNAC) dont l'objectif principal sera la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions semblables dans le but de ren..."]
["2012_SC_12",2012,"SC","Seychelles",12,50,"No allegations have been reported since 2010 and no investigations about senior political figures were found during the research. A 2012 Heritage Foundation Report notes, however:  \"Concerns about government corruption have focused on a lack of transparency in the privatization and allocation of government-owned land. A December 2011 report released by the auditor-general revealed nearly two decades of dysfunction in government finances, including unprofessional bookkeeping, illegal procedures, and embezzlement.\"","Manogate, Michel Has Lost Control, Le Seychellois Hebdo, Vol. 2, No. 23, ISSN: 1659-7281, June 28, 2012\n\nSeychelles Nation, Assembly’s Role in Fight Against Corruption Highlighted, June 9, 2012. http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=27752\n\nThe Republic of Seychelles, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, U.S. Government/Human Rights Seychelles Country Report 2011, http://www.mfa.gov.sc/news.php?content_id=32&news_id=163\n\nHeritage Foundation, 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, Seychelles, http://www.heritage.org/index/country/seychelles\n\nInterview with Mr. Steve Lalande, Chief Executive Officer, Liaison Unit for Non-Governmental Organisations Seychelles, July 4, 2012 at the Orion Mall Offices, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles\n\nInterview with Mr. Marcus Volcy, Founder of Local NGO - COMPASSION, July 8, 2012 at Au Cap, Mahe","No allegations have been reported since 2010 and no investigations about senior political figures were found during the research. A 2012 Heritage Foundation Report notes, however:  \"Concerns about government corruption have focused on a lack of transparency in the privatization and..."]
["2012_SL_12",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",12,75,"The Anti-Corruption Commission decides cases to investigate, and so it is not always certain whether an allegation will result in an investigation. However, the website of the commission and some of its press releases demonstrate that various cases involving senior-level politicians and civil servants are independently investigated.","Lavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nIbrahim Tommy, executive director, Center for Accountability and Rule of Law, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, in his office.\n\nAnonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office.\n\nValnora Edwin, coordinator, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, at the offices of the Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown.","The Anti-Corruption Commission decides cases to investigate, and so it is not always certain whether an allegation will result in an investigation. However, the website of the commission and some of its press releases demonstrate that various cases involving senior-level politician..."]
["2012_SO_12",2012,"SO","Somalia",12,0,"There have been no independent investigations of corruption-related issues in Somalia in the past years.","Anonymous former members of Parliament, interviewed Oct. 18, 2012, Bossaso. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nUNDP Somalia Strengthening Governance and Rule of Law\nin Somalia 2012-2015, United Nations Development Programme,  2012.\nhttp://www.so.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/Project_Documents/Democratic_Governance/UNDP%20Somalia%20Strengthening%20Governance%20and%20Rule%20of%20Law%20in%20Somalia%202012-2015%20web%20%282%29.pdf","There have been no independent investigations of corruption-related issues in Somalia in the past years."]
["2012_ZA_12",2012,"ZA","South Africa",12,75,"Investigations do take place, however, there are delays in undertaking such investigations. Often pressure from civil society results in investigations being started.\n\nThe most prominent corruption investigation involves the now-suspended Police Crime Intelligence Unit head, Richard Mdluli. He is being investigated by the South Africa Police Service and the Public Protector. The decision to investigate Mdluli was made after a protracted campaign by civil society after reports he was involved in corruption stemming from the use of secret funds controlled by his unit. Allegations were not investigated immediately after publication of stories relating to Mdluli's controversial designs. This suggests reluctance to investigate him. \n\nThe public outcry regarding the awarding of police tender resulted in the establishment of a commission of inquiry and the subsequent removal of Bheki Cele as the head of the South African Police Service.","\"Hawks' Mdluli Probe Finds Second Secret Slush Fund,\" Glynnis Underhill, Mail & Guardian, May 4, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-04-mdluli-probe-finds-second-slush-fund\n\n\"Call for New Cele Tender Probe,\" Independent Newspapers (The Mercury), March 26, 2012, www.iol.co.za/news/politics/call-for-new-cele-tender-probe-1.1263489#.UEZ5BFRS6Aw","Investigations do take place, however, there are delays in undertaking such investigations. Often pressure from civil society results in investigations being started...."]
["2012_SS_12",2012,"SS","South Sudan",12,0,"There is frequent talk about the intention to investigate corrupt officials, but there has not been any public information on who has been investigated for corrupt practices. The United Nations Secretary General Representative to South Sudan Hilda Johnson even urged President Kiir in September 2011 to ensure that those who were implicated in corrupt practices were investigated and prosecuted, but still no investigation has publicly been announced.","Prosecute Corrupt Officials, UN Tells South Sudan President Kiir. Julius N. Uma. Sudan Tribune. Sept. 28, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Prosecute-corrupt-officials-UN,40273\n\nKiir Vows to Fight Corruption in South Sudan Government. Sudan Tribune. Sept. 19, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Kiir-vows-to-fight-corruption-in,40193","There is frequent talk about the intention to investigate corrupt officials, but there has not been any public information on who has been investigated for corrupt practices. The United Nations Secretary General Representative to South Sudan Hilda Johnson even urged President Kiir ..."]
["2012_SD_12",2012,"SD","Sudan",12,0,"Many independent sources raised objections and pointed to involvement in corruption by senior-level politicians and civil servants, but no investigations were formally undertaken while these people were still in office.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n Maj. Asif Khan, United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur, interviewed March 12, 2013.","Many independent sources raised objections and pointed to involvement in corruption by senior-level politicians and civil servants, but no investigations were formally undertaken while these people were still in office."]
["2012_SZ_12",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",12,25,"Allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants seldom result in investigation, according to Jabu Matsebula, a communications associate with the United Nations Development Program. Corruption by government officials and politicians has brought the economy to the brink of economic collapse, but there have been no investigations or arrests. In 2011, Minister of Finance Majozi Sithole estimated that R80 million (US $10.6 million) a month was disappearing, amounting to R960 million (US $128 million) annually, yet no government official has been prosecuted.","Interview with Jabu Matsebula, a communications associate with the United Nations Development Program, Nov. 15, 2012. \n \n \"How the country loses E80 million each month,\" by Winile Masinga, the Swazi Observer, Oct. 10, 2011, http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=30792\n \n \"Swaziland: Corruption exceeds social services budget,\" IRIN, Oct. 12, 2011, http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93950/SWAZILAND-Corruption-exceeds-social-services-budget","Allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants seldom result in investigation, according to Jabu Matsebula, a communications associate with the United Nations Development Program. Corruption by government officials and politicians has brought the e..."]
["2012_TZ_12",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",12,50,"Three examples will suffice. Allegations of corruption against ministers and a former prime minister were made by a parliamentary select committee investigating an emergency power purchase deal in 2006 known as Richmond. No prosecutions resulted. Another parliamentary select committee looked at allegations of bribery of MPs by senior officials of the ministry of energy and minerals in June 2011. The investigation led to the permanent secretary of the ministry being suspended and the retirement of the chief secretary. No prosecutions have followed from either case. There have as yet been no cases of grand corruption that have been successfully prosecuted.\n \nThe case against two former ministers and a former permanent secretary for abuse of office, now in the courts, is the exception not the rule.","Corruption Tracker website, \"Taking the lid off energy and minerals ministry’s scandals,\" Sept. 5, 2011 \n http://www.corruptiontracker.or.tz/dev/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=189%3Ataking-the-lid-off-energy-and-minerals-ministrys-scandals&catid=18%3Acurrent-issues-&Itemid=51&lang=en\n \n Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012 \n \n \n NORAD (2011) \"Joint Evaluation of Support to Anti-Corruption Efforts – Tanzania Country Report,\" page xii\n http://www.oecd.org/countries/tanzania/48912823.pdf","Three examples will suffice. Allegations of corruption against ministers and a former prime minister were made by a parliamentary select committee investigating an emergency power purchase deal in 2006 known as Richmond. No prosecutions resulted. Another parliamentary select commit..."]
["2012_TG_12",2012,"TG","Togo",12,50,"Dans la pratique, affirmer que des allégations de corruption contre des personnalités politiques de premier plan et/ou des agents publics ne font l’objet d’aucune enquête, c’est refuser de considérer le minimum d’effort qui est fait ou qui se fait, surtout quand on se réfère au cas de l’ancien maire de la ville de Lomé Amouzouvi Akakpo qui a fait grand bruit à Lomé il n’y a pas longtemps. Toutefois, selon Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ces enquêtes se soldent rarement par des poursuites lorsque cela se justifierait.","Source n°1 : Me Koffigoh Kokou Joseph, Ancien premier Ministre, Avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012.\n \n Source n° 2 : Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, Magistrate. Entretiens des 18 et 26 juillet 2012.","Dans la pratique, affirmer que des allégations de corruption contre des personnalités politiques de premier plan et/ou des agents publics ne font l’objet d’aucune enquête, c’est refuser de considérer le minimum d’effort qui est fait ou qui se fait, surtout quand on se réfère au cas..."]
["2012_TN_12",2012,"TN","Tunisia",12,50,"Il n'y a pas de fortes accusations de corruption contre les décideurs actuels. Les affaires en cours contre les décideurs de l'ancien régime traînent et ne sont pas encore tout à fait traitées. Mais la justice reste dépendante du ministère de la justice - ce qui affaiblit la probabilité de poursuites judiciaires. Un article du journal Kapitalis du 10 novembre 2012 parle de la libération de deux anciens ministres de Ben Ali qui ont été longtemps accusés de corruption : Abderrahim Zouari et Béchir Tekkari, anciens ministres de Ben Ali, qui étaient détenus dans des affaires de corruption, ont été libérés début novembre à la fin de la période légale de détention préventive, en vertu du code des procédures pénales.","- Lire l'article \"Tunisie : avocats et magistrats exigent l'indépendance de la justice\" article du 04/11/2011 Par Jeune Afrique : http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20111104193433/\n \n - Entretien avec monsieur Mohamed Al Ghrib, avocat, Tunis 25 décembre 2012\n \n - Rapport de la fédération internationale des droits de l'homme sur l'indépendance de la justice : http://www.fidh.org/Instrumentalisation-de-la-Justice,8924 12 janvier 2011\n \n - Compte rendu d'un colloque sur les retards de la justice transitionnelle (25 août 2012) : http://www.tap.info.tn/fr/fr/politique/300-politique/31619-la-societe-civile-appelle-a-accelerer-la-promulgation-dune-loi-relative-a-la-justice-transitionnelle.html\n \n - Rapport de l'union européenne sur l'indépendance de la justice\n \n - Un article du journal Kapitalis du 10 novembre 2012 parle de la libération de deux anciens ministres de Ben Ali qui ont été longtemps accusés de corruption :\n http://www.kapitalis.com/63-fokus/12779-tunisie-la-liberation-de-zouari-et-tekkari-inquiete-certains-juges.html","Il n'y a pas de fortes accusations de corruption contre les décideurs actuels. Les affaires en cours contre les décideurs de l'ancien régime traînent et ne sont pas encore tout à fait traitées. Mais la justice reste dépendante du ministère de la justice - ce qui affaiblit la probab..."]
["2012_UG_12",2012,"UG","Uganda",12,25,"Investigations into allegations against senior level politicians are very few. For the few investigations that are initiated, cases remain pending for years or drag on in courts with no resolution. Almost all cases where government has launched investigations against high-level civil servants have dragged out in court with no resolution. \n \nExamples of such cases include that of the former Vice President Gilbert Bukenya who was remanded in prison, but the charges against Bukenya were dropped in November 2011, just days before his trial was to begin. Related to this case, Parliament implicated three Cabinet ministers over allegations of abuse of office and financial loss. The three ministers resigned in October 2011, and their case drags on in court as of August 2012. A fourth Ugandan Cabinet minister resigned in December 2011 amid allegations of stealing government-owned radio transmission equipment and installing it at a private radio station. She was cleared of any wrongdoing and the case ended there. In a separate development in October 2011, a Member of Parliament accused Foreign Affairs Minister Sam Kutesa, Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi and Interior Minister Hilary Onek of taking multimillion-dollar bribes from a United Kingdom-based company, Tullow Oil. In December 2011, Uganda's Constitutional Court halted the Parliament's oil bribery investigation.","\"Muhwezi, Mukula Trial Resumes,” by Anne Mugisha, The New Vision, June 11, 2012, http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=631835&CatID=426.\n \n “Jail for Gilbert Bukenya: 'reward' for the fall guys,” by Ikebesi Omoding, Sunrise, Oct. 6, 2011, \n http://www.sunrise.ug/opinions/letters/3165-jail-for-gilbert-bukenya-qrewardq-for-the-fall-guys.html.\n \n “CSOs Appeal to Practice Zero Tolerance to All Those Implicated in the CHOGM Scandal,” Anti Corruption Coalition Unit press release, Oct. 12, 2011, http://www.accu.or.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=610:press-release&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=2.\n \n “Corruption is Essence of the National Resistance Government in Uganda,” Uganda Democratic Federation, June 29, 2011, http://www.udfed.com/corruption_is_essence_of_NRM_government.html.","Investigations into allegations against senior level politicians are very few. For the few investigations that are initiated, cases remain pending for years or drag on in courts with no resolution. Almost all cases where government has launched investigations against high-level civ..."]
["2012_ZM_12",2012,"ZM","Zambia",12,50,"Some cases are ignored until change of government due to political interests. Senior level politicians or civil servants are only investigated after a change of government or party in power. Those holding critical positions in government are shielded by their party in power. For instance, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) under Rupiah Banda saw a tribunal that was headed by a former minister of Transport and Telecommunication. The report was not followed or taken into consideration and the minister who was found wanting in the report -- Dora Siliya, who breached the law over the sale of Zamtel -- resigned but was reappointed to a more critical ministry, the Ministry of Education. She was only arrested after the change of government when the Patriotic Front (PF) came into power.\n \nThe Zambia Bribe Payers Index 2011 is a summary of a survey report that is published every other year by Transparency International Zambia with the intention of providing an empirical measurement of bribery incidences in the government departments and parastatal sector in Zambia. Survey findings show that 14 percent was the overall Aggregate Index of Bribery for 2011. This shows that an average individual visiting these institutions would have this much of a chance of encountering a bribery situation. Findings show that the most corrupt institutions include the Zambia Police Service-66, Department of National Registration-22, Ministry of Lands-20, the Road Traffic Safety Agency-15, Passport Office-14, Zambia Revenue Authority-12 and Zamtel-2. Regardless of these statistics, investigations of alleged corruption rarely result in prosecutions when they should have done so.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n \nTransparency International Zambia, Bribe Payers Index 2011. \n http://www.tizambia.org.zm.","Some cases are ignored until change of government due to political interests. Senior level politicians or civil servants are only investigated after a change of government or party in power. Those holding critical positions in government are shielded by their party in power. For in..."]
["2012_ZW_12",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",12,25,"The prosecuting authority is often reluctant to prosecute high-profile individuals. This has hampered the work of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) when they do carry out investigations. This is evidenced by a recent row between the ZACC and Attorney-General Johannes Tomana over the arrest of legislators accused of abusing the Constituency Development Fund (CDF). Tomana ordered the commission to halt the investigations and arrests of the accused lawmakers. \n \nTransparency International Zimbabwe (TIZ) noted that the commission’s work might be scuppered by a lack of political will to tackle corruption in the country. As quoted in The Standard newspaper, TIZ's executive director, Mary-Jane Ncube, said the commission was further hamstrung by the fact that it does not have powers to prosecute those it would have arrested. “Its success will depend on the political will of the leadership, which we are still to see,” Ncube said.","\"Who will fight corruption?\" by Lincoln Towindo, March 24, 2012, http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27775:who-will-fight-corruption-&catid=46:crime-a-courts&Itemid=138.\n \n \"Zimbabwe: Corruption dragnet catches small fish,\" by Caiphas Chimhete, The Standard, Feb. 27, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201202271611.html\n \n Parliamentary Monitor Newsletter, published by Parliamentary Monitoring Trust of Zimbabwe, Issue 26, March 14, 2012, http://www.kubatana.net/Html/archive/legisl/120314pmtz.asp?sector=INFTEC&year=0&range_start=1","The prosecuting authority is often reluctant to prosecute high-profile individuals. This has hampered the work of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) when they do carry out investigations. This is evidenced by a recent row between the ZACC and Attorney-General Johannes T..."]
["2012_DZ_13",2012,"DZ","Algeria",13,0,"There is no effective investigation of allegations of corruption whatsoever, according to the people contacted and media reports.\n\nThere is no specific body in charge of fighting corruption in Algeria, with the exception of the judiciary, which is an extension of the Ministry of Justice, thereby and de facto representing the executive branch, and this results in a lack of transparency in the judicial investigations against officials involved in corruption cases.","Media report. El Watan Mercredi. Dec. 14, 2011, page 3.\n\" Une étude de la ligue algérienne de défense des droits de l’homme : Les Algériens craignent de dénoncer la corruption\"\nhttp://www.elwatan.com/archives/rubrique.php?ed=2011-12-14&rub=ew:w:une:actualite\n\nجيلالي حجاج رئيس الجمعية الجزائرية لمكافحة الفساد في حوار لـ “الجزائر نيوز”: عندما يقدم الإعلام الحقائق... فعلى العدالة التحرك\nhttp://www.djazairnews.info/on-the-cover/122-on-the-cover/47513-2012-11-18-20-47-04.html\n\nAlgérie : que cache l’arrestation de Djilali Hadjadj \nhttp://www.afrik.com/article20741.html\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 28, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no effective investigation of allegations of corruption whatsoever, according to the people contacted and media reports...."]
["2012_AO_13",2012,"AO","Angola",13,0,"The High Authority against Corruption has never been established.  Due to the politicization of the judiciary, the Parliament and law enforcement agencies, no public anti-corruption initiative in Angola has proved effective in containing the country's high levels of corruption. Laws are not enforced or are directly contravened at the discretion of the president or other public officials.The ruling party has penetrated the Angolan political system and public administration and critics describe it and its support network as largely self-serving.","Angola Party Politics: Into the African Trend, May 2011, A brief by Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) and Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica (CEIC), http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/4025-angola-party-politics-into-the-african-trend.pdf\n\nJ. Filipe Malakito acusa Casa Militar da Presidência de o ter envenenado, Portal de Angola, http://www.portaldeangola.com/2012/07/j-filipe-malakito-acusa-casa-militar-da-presidencia-de-o-ter-envenenado/, 20 July 2012","The High Authority against Corruption has never been established.  Due to the politicization of the judiciary, the Parliament and law enforcement agencies, no public anti-corruption initiative in Angola has proved effective in containing the country's high levels of corruption. Law..."]
["2012_BJ_13",2012,"BJ","Benin",13,25,"L'Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) vient d'être créée mais n'est pas encore fonctionnelle. Son prédecesseur, l'OLC mène des investigations qui buttent sur le volet judiciaire  et  aucune procédure n'a encore connu son terme.\n\nPar ailleurs, plusieurs discours officiels ont toujours souligné l'inefficacité des institutions de lutte contre la corruption, notamment les inspection générale d'Etat (IGE) et des finances (IGF), etc; celles-ci n'ont pas de pouvoir de sanction. L'IGE est souvent mandatée par le Chef de l'Etat pour mener des contrôles et des audits dans diverses institutions publiques, cependant les résultats ne sont pas rendus publics.","* Emmanuel OPITA, Magistrat, Juge d'Instruction au tribunal de Cotonou, Entretien tenu le 25 juin 2012 au tribunal de Cotonou, Cotonou :\n\n------\n\n* Etienne BADOU, Juriste, Chargé de programme à l'Observatoire de lutte contre la Corruption, Entretien tenu au siège de l'OLC à Cotonou le 25 juin 2012.","L'Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) vient d'être créée mais n'est pas encore fonctionnelle. Son prédecesseur, l'OLC mène des investigations qui buttent sur le volet judiciaire  et  aucune procédure n'a encore connu son terme...."]
["2012_BW_13",2012,"BW","Botswana",13,50,"Botswana’s anti-corruption body has special powers of investigation, arrest, and search and seizure, and it generally boasts a high conviction rate, according to Freedom House. However, despite its diligence, in some cases the court or the president may intervene in favor of the accused.\n\nIn 2010, Minister of Justice, Defense and Security Ramadeluka Sereste (also a cousin of President Ian Khama) was charged with corruption and relinquished his post for failing to disclose his position as a shareholder in a company that won a massive defense contract in 2009. Seretse was acquitted of all charges in October 2011 and was reinstated to his post the next day by the president. The Directorate of Public Prosecution intended to file an immediate appeal at year's end. The minister of finance and development planning, Kenneth Mathambo, was also cleared of corruption charges in November. He was accused of having indirect interests in a contractor, Botswana Development Corp. The charges were dropped under circumstances that some viewed as suspicious.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The annual reports of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime are not always uploaded on its website. The latest available is at www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Department-of-Corruption-and-Economic-Crime-DCEC/Reports--Publications/, for 2007.;","\"Mathambo’s Acquittal Raises Eyebrows,\" The Voice, Daniel Chida, Dec. 2, 2011, www.thevoicebw.com/2011/12/02/mathambo%E2%80%99s-acquittal-raises-eyebrows/\n\nFreedom House, \"Freedom in the World Report 2012,\" www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/botswana\n\n\"State Calls 44 Witnesses Against Seretse and Co.,\" Bame Piet, Nov. 21, 2012, www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=151&dir=2012/November/Wednesday21","Botswana’s anti-corruption body has special powers of investigation, arrest, and search and seizure, and it generally boasts a high conviction rate, according to Freedom House. However, despite its diligence, in some cases the court or the president may intervene in favor of the ac..."]
["2012_BF_13",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",13,75,"L’Autorité  Supérieure du Contrôle d'Etat (ASCE) ayant en son sein un Département de Lutte contre la Corruption  et l’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) sont les instances efficaces de lutte contre la corruption au Burkina Faso. \nL'organisme d’enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public est l'Autorité supérieure du contrôle d'Etat (ASCE). Elle fonctionne normalement et transmet les cas de corruption ou de malversations constatées au Premier Ministre, à la Cour des Comptes,  puis à chaque Ministère concerné qui prend les sanctions relatives.\nEn quelques années, les initiatives d'enquêtes ont été multipliées par dix. Plusieurs institutions ont eu le courage d'engager des enquêtes sur les questions de corruption: l'ASCE, la Cour des Comptes et les Commissions Parlementaires ont produit des rapports d'investigations. A côté de ces institutions publiques, il y a le travail remarquable des journaux spécialisés sur l'investigation comme le Reporter, le Courrier Confidentiel  et l'Evénement.","Herve d'Afriq, \"ODEUR DE DETOURNEMENTS AU MINISTERE DES ENSEIGNEMENTS SECONDAIRE ET SUPERIEUR\", aout 2012, http://www.reporterbf.net/index.php/trajectoire.\n\nHenri Bruno BESSIN, \u000bContrôleur général d’Etat\u000b Autorité supérieure de contrôle d’Etat, \"Thème : coordonner une politique anti-corruption au niveau national : l’exemple du Burkina Faso\" donné lors du séminaire régional sur la Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption du 17 au 19 juillet 2012\nInterview avec M. Mamadou GUIRA, Secrétaire Permanent, Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP), dans son bureau, le mercredi, 6 février 2013 à 9:00 TU\n\nInterview avec M. Ousmane Jean-Pierre SIRIBIE, Contrôleur d’Etat, Secrétaire Général, Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE), dans son bureau, le 4 février 2013, à 11:25 TU","L’Autorité  Supérieure du Contrôle d'Etat (ASCE) ayant en son sein un Département de Lutte contre la Corruption  et l’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) sont les instances efficaces de lutte contre la corruption au Burkina Faso. ..."]
["2012_BI_13",2012,"BI","Burundi",13,25,"In Burundi, the cases of corruption involving high-ranking authorities, senior politicians or important civil servants (big fish) are not adequately investigated by judicial institutions. Instead these institutions are regularly indicting poor people only (small fish), according to Gabriel Rufyiri, the Chair of a national NGO, OLUCOME, in a press conference on Jan. 11, 2012. In a letter to the President dated Jan. 25, 2012, OLUCOME cited several cases of corruption that were never investigated despite its continued reminders. \n\nAccording to the International Crisis Group, the fight against corruption in Burundi is only rhetoric and the nation has a deficit in preventing the recurrence of conflict and the destabilization of peace by not addressing injustice and corruption issues. \n\nAccording to Faustin Ndikumana, the chair of PARCEM, the bodies in charge of investigating cases of corruption lack independence and impartiality.","\"Burundi : La Crise de Corruption (A Deepening Corruption Crisis),\" International Crisis Group, March 21, 2012, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/burundi/185-burundi-la-crise-de-corruption.aspx\n\n\"L’OLUCOME est engagé dans la poursuite du dossier \"cahiers ougandais (OLUCOME is committed to proceeding with the case 'notebooks Uganda'), Jan. 11, 2012, http://www.olucome.bi/olucome.php?article158\n\nInterview via e-mail with Faustin Ndikumana, chair of civil society organization PARCEM on Aug. 6, 2012.","In Burundi, the cases of corruption involving high-ranking authorities, senior politicians or important civil servants (big fish) are not adequately investigated by judicial institutions. Instead these institutions are regularly indicting poor people only (small fish), according to..."]
["2012_CM_13",2012,"CM","Cameroon",13,25,"On Nov. 10, 2011. the National Anti-Corruption Commission, or CONAC, presented its first ever report on the state of corruption in Cameroon for the years 2008 to 2010. \n\nCONAC is gearing a greater part of its activities to successive investigations, according to the report. Its investigations for 2009 on the management of public treasuries revealed the loss of approximately 180 million CFA francs in about 20 offices of government accountants in the Littoral, North West and Centre regions; 8 billion CFA francs of registered deficits in the 10 regions of Cameroon; and a deficit of close to 6 billion CFA francs from other unorthodox practices using public funds.\n\nIn 2009 it also investigated a donor sponsored by the Maize Project at the Ministry of Agriculture and revealed the embezzlement of close to 600 million FCFA earmarked for the project. From Jan. 2 to Dec. 31, 2010, CONAC received 723 complaints and denunciations of acts of corruption. At the end of 2010, 55 cases were left untreated. By the end of 2010, CONAC had investigated and proposed sanctions for 668 corruption-related offenses.\n\nHowever, CONAC's effectiveness is undermined by its lack of powers to prosecute and its need to depend on the State Prosecutor's Office to start legal actions. Also, it is under the aegis of the president of the republic, to whom the institution sends all its report.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: It is important to note that many high-ranking Cameronians are in prison for corruption. ;","Pierre Célestin Atangana, \"Corruption: Le ministre des Travaux publics épinglé par la Conac,\"  Mutations, Nov. 14, 2011, available at www.cameroun24.net/blog/?pg=actu&ppg=1&pp=1&id=3531\n\nFaustin Balla, \"Détournement des fonds publics: la CONAC enquête dans les mairies,\" L’Anecdote, April 2, 2012.\n\nCONAC, \"Rapport sur l’état de la lutte contre la corruption au Cameroun,\" CONAC, Yaoundé, November 2011.\n\nSerge-Lionel Nnanga, \"Corruption La Conac réétudie ses techniques d’investigation,\" La Nouvelle Expression, June 12, 2012.\n\nGildas Mouthé, \"Bonne Gouvernance: La CONAC fait paniquer les détourneurs de fonds publics,\" L'Effort Camerounais (Version Francais), No. 517 (1459), Nov. 23 to Dec. 6, 2011. \n\nDorine Ekwe, \"Corruption: Le Cameroun fait du sur Place,\" Quotidien Mutations, Dec. 10, 2008, available at www.quotidienmutations.info/mutations/nov08/1228912209.php\n\nPauline Biyong, \"Plaidoyer pour rendre plus efficace la lutte contre la corruption au Cameroun: Correspondence addresse au President de la Republique,\" Sept. 18, 2009, available at www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,25533,@,lutte-contre-la-corruption-le-plaidoyer-de-pauline-biyong.html\n\nChristian Tchapmi, \"Corruption: Dynamique Citoyenne deshabille la CONA,\"' Cameroon-Info.net, Dec. 13, 2009, available at www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,25821,@,corruption-dynamique-citoyenne-deshabille-la-conac.html\n\nMe TSAPY, Joseph Lavoisier, \"Corruption et Instruments de lutte: Le regne du formalisme,\" ECOVOX, No. 39, January to June 2008, available at www.cipcre.org/ecovox/eco39/pages/diagnostic_corruption_et_instruments_de_lutte.html\n\nFaustin Balla, \"Détournement des fonds publics: la CONAC enquête dans les mairies,\" L’Anecdote, April 2, 2012.\n\nCONAC, \"Rapport sur l’état de la lutte contre la corruption au Cameroun,\" CONAC, Yaoundé, November 2011.\n\nSerge-Lionel Nnanga, \"Corruption La Conac réétudie ses techniques d’investigation,\" La Nouvelle Expression, June 12, 2012.\n\nGildas Mouthé, \"Bonne Gouvernance: La CONAC fait paniquer les détourneurs de fonds publics,\" L'Effort Camerounais (Version Francais), No. 517 (1459), Nov. 23 to Dec. 6, 2011. \n\nParfait Tabapsi, \"Agriculture : La Conac se saisit du dossier des subventions aux maïsiculteurs,\" Mutations, Dec. 15, 2008, available at www.quotidienmutations.info/mutations/nov08/1229358971.php","On Nov. 10, 2011. the National Anti-Corruption Commission, or CONAC, presented its first ever report on the state of corruption in Cameroon for the years 2008 to 2010. ..."]
["2012_CV_13",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",13,25,"Sources show that the bodies investigating allegations of public sector corruption are not as effective as they could be. The prosecutor has taken a reactionary rather than proactive stance in relation to corruption, not least because it is considered a public crime. \n\nThe other reason is primarily the involvement of opposition political parties. \n\nAlthough the prosecutor, in accordance with Article 5, Paragraph 1, is to  \"institute criminal proceedings guided by the principles of neutrality and legality\", he is appointed by government politicians who may have an indirect influence on the position. This renders the position to be less independent than ideally observed for a position that is in charge of prosecuting corruption cases involving high-level government officials. The appointment is actually executed by the President who is a member of the ruling party which also proposes the name of the prosecutor. \n\nAccusations of corruption and public scandals have been the most effective way to sensitize the public, the few investigations carried out by prosecutors have not. These scandals have taken a broader audience in turbulent periods of national political life as evidenced by some famous cases:\n\n- The alleged corruption in land sales in S. Camara President Vicente where Isaura Gomes was accused publicly by leaders of PAICV, the opposition party of being involved in the case. After the big scandal that provoked at the time, in 2009, and after the investigation and trial of the case in court, the name of the president has not figured among the defendants nor in the sentence recently handed down May 23, 2012.\n\n- The other is the 'scandal of embassy' where Eugênio Inocêncio, Ambassador of Cape Verde in Portugal is accused of corruption by the inspector of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Daniel Benoni after verifying the complaint made public by the embassy official, Dr. Geraldo Almeida. \n\n- Another famous case is the 'scandal of ENACOL' involving former prime minister of Cape Verde Gualberto do Rosario, accused by the PAICV following the elections of 2001, having received two million dollars by the Angolan oil company Sonangol in the process of privatization of ENACOL, Cape Verdean fuel company, money that would never have entered the state coffers. \n\nIn the case of «scandal of embassy», resulting from book 'scandal and blessing' of Daniel Benoni, Cape Verdean anthropologist José Carlos dos Anjos says that «the assumptions 'acts of corruption' weakly embodied in the form of a witness report, and then in a book format are to face the force of enunciation of the Chief Executive of the country that mobilizes a set of institutional bodies such as the prosecution, the courts, state television and police to discredit the complainant and reinforce government authority» (Anjos, 2009: 35).\n\nAs in the case of Isaura Gomes in the «City Hall Scandal», in the «Scandal of Enacol»Gualberto do Rosário always refuted the charges and even today, after the inquiry launched by the prosecution was not possible to prove the charges in court.\nFor Anjos (2004: 28) «the paradox here is that it is unraveling even as the scandal one of the main activities through which the political groups to redraw the face hierarchies and affiliations are instituted, the high corruption remains precariously punishable in Cape Verde».  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The Public Prosecutor's Office is the constitutionally mandated state organ that investigates allegations of public sector corruption. The Public Prosecutor's Office is vested with the exclusive power to institute criminal proceedings in respect of any criminal investigations conducted by the judiciary police.\n\nThe national police investigate minor offences, maintain law and order in the country, and assist the judiciary police in serious investigations on a need basis. But the Public Prosecutor's Office has the final say on the prosecution of any investigations. Often times, however, the work of the Public Prosecutor's Office and other anti-corruption agencies is hampered by lack of or, and, inadequate capacity. ;","Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal, July 2, 2012, Praia City.\n\n\"Sale of Land: Proved corruption in the Municipality of São Vicente,\" A Semana, May 23, 2012, http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article76344\n\n\"Judiciary Police Will Investigate Allegations of Corruption the City Hall of St. Vicente,\" A Semana, April 7, 2009, http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article40454\n\n\"Cape Verde: Inspection of Finance Denounces 'Blue Bag' in the Ministry of Justice,\" Expresso, Sept. 10, 2007, http://expresso.sapo.pt/cabo-verde-inspeccao-de-financas-denuncia-saco-azul-no-ministerio-da-justica=f113589\n\n\"About Political Scandal in Cape Verde,\" Lusotopie, XVI (1), 25-43, José Carlos Anjos, (2009).\n\n\"Scandal and blessing,\" Daniel Benoni, (1996).\n\n\"The Curtain of Millions: The Enacol Case,\" Armindo Ferreira, (2003), http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5697438\n\n\"Survey on Crime and Corruption in Cape Verde: Preliminary Report,\" Afrosondagem, 2006.","Sources show that the bodies investigating allegations of public sector corruption are not as effective as they could be. The prosecutor has taken a reactionary rather than proactive stance in relation to corruption, not least because it is considered a public crime. ..."]
["2012_CF_13",2012,"CF","CAR",13,0,"Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle un organisme spécialisé de lutte contre la corruption en RCA. Le pays dispose d'un Comité National de Lutte contre la Corruption. Celui-ci est en train d'élaborer des stratégies de lutte contre la corruption. \n\nCertes, la lutte contre la corruption est une préoccupation du Gouvernement, mais les conditions idéales et efficaces ne sont pas encore réunies.","-Fulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire National des Elections en RCA, Juriste de Formation, Juillet 2012; Bangui;\n\n-Dieudonné GUEZA, Secrétaire Permanent  à l'Autorité de la Régulation des Marchés Publics et de Délégations des Services Publics, Juillet 2012; Bangui;\n\n-Edmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle un organisme spécialisé de lutte contre la corruption en RCA. Le pays dispose d'un Comité National de Lutte contre la Corruption. Celui-ci est en train d'élaborer des stratégies de lutte contre la corruption. ..."]
["2012_TD_13",2012,"TD","Chad",13,50,"Chad is regularly ranked as one of the most corrupt countries worldwide in a variety of measurements. While it is true that corruption, graft, embezzlement and other offenses are rampant, there has been an interesting development during the period of study:\n\nThe ministry in charge of Moralization and the Promotion of Good Governance, seems to be effective in investigating corruption cases, as attested by the number of senior officials arrested, tried and sentenced for corruption. The government recently launched a special anti-corruption campaign dubbed \"Operation Cobra\" under the supervision of the prime minister as well. Audits are being conducted countrywide and those found guilty of mismanagement are immediately dismissed and placed under investigation.\n\nHowever, while this is progress on the anti-corruption front, it can be assumed with certitude that there are political motives behind the investigations, prosecutions and sackings of the respective high-level ministers and officials.","Chad's anti-graft minister held on corruption charge, Reuters, Feb 20, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/20/ozatp-chad-minister-idAFJOE81J06420120220\n\nBaïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School, N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nDéli Sainzoumi Nestor, Opération Cobra: Constats amers dans le Ouaddaï, 25 July 2012,  http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=3107\n\nAlphonse Dokalyo, Tchad : lancement officiel de l’opération cobra pour la lutte contre la corruption, 23 May 2012, CEFOD, http://www.cefod.org/node/43 \n\nFreedom in the world, Chad, 2011, Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/chad#.U9EY34BdWPo\n\nBertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2012 — Chad Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012, http://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_itao_download/BTI_2012_Chad.pdf","Chad is regularly ranked as one of the most corrupt countries worldwide in a variety of measurements. While it is true that corruption, graft, embezzlement and other offenses are rampant, there has been an interesting development during the period of study:..."]
["2012_KM_13",2012,"KM","Comoros",13,50,"La méthode de travail de la CNPLC consiste à mener des actions de sensibilisation et d'information de la façon la plus large possible pour inciter la population à dénoncer les actes de corruption, et de persuader le citoyen que dénoncer la corruption est un acte de civisme. Elle mène aussi des réunions avec les responsables de l'administration et des sociétés d’État pour amener ces derniers à souscrire à la démarche de la CNPLC. La CNPLC met aussi à disposition du public un numéro vert pour permettre de dénoncer tout acte de corruption dont est témoin le citoyen.\nLa Commission anti-corruption a déjà traité plusieurs cas : Affaires Douanes, Police des frontières/ DNST,  Snpsf, Comores Telecom, … \nMais il est constaté que la gendarmerie et la justice sont plus rapides dans la divulgation des actes de malversation et d'escroquerie.","- Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni\n- Journal Al Watwan, 01 février 2012, \" Lutte contre la corruption, la Commission parle d’une plainte contre un agent de la PAF\" http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=3776; \n- Journal Al Watwan, 24 novembre 2011,  « Composez le 418 et dites : corruption », http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=3608","La méthode de travail de la CNPLC consiste à mener des actions de sensibilisation et d'information de la façon la plus large possible pour inciter la population à dénoncer les actes de corruption, et de persuader le citoyen que dénoncer la corruption est un acte de civisme. Elle mè..."]
["2012_CD_13",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",13,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_13",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",13,0,"Corruption is rampant as confirmed by the UN anti-corruption advisor and acknowledged by the Deputy Director General of the Center for Code of Professional Ethics (PSCO). The Commission of Ethics and Anti-Corruption that investigates allegations of public sector corruption is ineffective. There are no media or international reports on any work of the CEAC during or after the reporting period.","Christophe Rigaud, Corruption: La RDC toujours dans le rouge, Afrikarabia, http://afrikarabia2.blogs.courrierinternational.com/archive/2012/06/21/corruption-la-rdc-toujours-dans-le-rouge.html, 21 juin 2012\n\nRDC: la corruption se poursuit malgré les nouvelles lois anticorruption, selon l'Onu, Radio Okapi, http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/06/19/rdc-la-corruption-se-poursuit-malgre-les-nouvelles-lois-anticorruption-selon-lonu/#.U9FYCI1dW0w, 19 juin 2012\n\nJody Nkashama, Comment lutter contre la corruption dans l'administration publique en RDC, Radio Okapi, http://radiookapi.net/nationale/2012/05/24/comment-lutter-contre-la-corruption-dans-ladministration-publique-en-rdc/#.U9FdfY1dW0w, 24 mai 2012\n\nPanorama de la corruption et de la lutte anti-corruption en République démocratique du Congo (RDC), Transparency International, 2011 http://www.u4.no/publications-2-fr-FR/panorama-de-la-corruption-et-de-la-lutte-anti-corruption-en-republique-democratique-du-congo-rdc/\n\nUNDP, Bureau de l’évaluation, ́Evaluation of the Results of Development Activities DR Congo, May 2012. \nhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&ved=0CGAQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Ferc.undp.org%2Fevaluationadmin%2Fdownloaddocument.html%3Fdocid%3D5756&ei=6YgBUYCvLKPK0wGH7oAo&usg=AFQjCNHffwT7mBAe1JTlyEcWxP45vhchiw&bvm=bv.41248874,d.dmQ","Corruption is rampant as confirmed by the UN anti-corruption advisor and acknowledged by the Deputy Director General of the Center for Code of Professional Ethics (PSCO). The Commission of Ethics and Anti-Corruption that investigates allegations of public sector corruption is ineff..."]
["2012_CI_13",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",13,25,"On July 12, 2012, the Ivorian Prime Minister announced the presentation to the National Assembly a bill in the fight against fraud and corruption. According to Mr. Yapo, there is an ongoing effort to fight corruption. However, bodies that investigate allegations of public sector corruption are not effective.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There is a toll free line for reporting racketeering. So far, no case has been made public following such reports.;","Serge A. Yapo, Governance Analyst, Focal Point Rule of Law and Civil Society, UNDP, Côte d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 4th, 2013\n\nDjénéba Bénédicte KOUASSI-DOSSO, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed : Feb. 1, 2013","On July 12, 2012, the Ivorian Prime Minister announced the presentation to the National Assembly a bill in the fight against fraud and corruption. According to Mr. Yapo, there is an ongoing effort to fight corruption. However, bodies that investigate allegations of public sector co..."]
["2012_DJ_13",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",13,0,"Dans la pratique, l'institution effectue des contrôles pour lutter contre la corruption. En revanche, les cas d’enquête qui aboutissent à l'établissement d'une corruption avérée sont rares. Les personnes interviewées considèrent que l'institution existe sur le papier mais l’ingérence politique l’empêche de faire correctement et indépendamment son travail.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: L’Inspection Générale de l’Etat réalise des rapports sur certains cas de corruption sur mandat et/ou avec l’autorisation du Premier Ministre. De ce fait cette semi-dépendance limite leur capacité d’action. Mais tout le problème réside dans la suite donnée aux conclusions de ces rapports qui généralement ne sont pas suivies pour corriger le problème constaté.;","Interview de Nima Abdi, professeur d’économie droit au lycée d’État de Djibouti, réalisé le 23 juillet 2012.  \n\nInterview de Zeinab Abdillahi, journaliste de la presse écrite à la radio, télévision djibouti (RTD), juillet 2012.","Dans la pratique, l'institution effectue des contrôles pour lutter contre la corruption. En revanche, les cas d’enquête qui aboutissent à l'établissement d'une corruption avérée sont rares. Les personnes interviewées considèrent que l'institution existe sur le papier mais l’ingéren..."]
["2012_EG_13",2012,"EG","Egypt",13,25,"With all the established internal and external anti-corruption mechanisms, Egypt is perceived as having an effective anti-corruption framework. However, affiliated to the executive or judiciary power, the anti-corruption bodies suffer from many weaknesses, especially political interference and the limited involvement of civil society in anti-corruption monitoring and detection. The absence of an information disclosure law granting investigative and prosecuting authorities the power to access information and the inadequacy of the reporting tools to ensure a coherent reporting system protecting whistle-blowers undermines the effectiveness of the anti-corruption bodies.\n  \nThe Administrative Control Authority is responsible for detecting and combating public sector corruption, including corruption by state-owned companies and companies performing public work. However, presidential permission is required to arrest public officials suspected of corruption. Its claims are transferred to the Supreme State Security Court, charged with the prosecution of corruption cases. The ACA investigates and examines public servants' asset disclosures then hands over the suspects to the Illegal Profiting Apparatus. Investigating citizens' complaints of illegal activities by civil servants or published by the media are also its mandate. Also, it lacks the authority to investigate charges of corruption against certain categories of state employees.\n\nThe Illegal Profiting Apparatus is charged with detecting suspected illegal income, based on officials’ asset disclosures, and passes the corruption cases to the relevant authorities for investigation. In cases of no evidence, penalties are imposed on people who report corruption falsely or with bad intentions. For fraudulent cases, perpetrators are passed to the specialized criminal courts.\n\nThe budget and training expenses of those institutions are not clear, except for official reports stating the improvement of the remuneration packages of their officials and the regular offer of training for them. The same applies to their mandates and responsibilities, suffering of duplication and bureaucracy, and their interaction with other investigating agencies.\n\nIn terms of mandates, most of the anti-corruption bodies can conduct studies about corruption cases, try to detect them or control them and receive complaints. The external bodies are more investigative and can prosecute them. The domestic courts are solely responsible for sanctions against the perpetrators.","Marwa Hussein, Egypt audit organisation employees protest against renewal of head's mandate, Ahram, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/23673/Business/Economy/Egypt-audit-organisation-employees-protest-against.aspx, 9 October 2011\n\nGamal Essam El-Din, Egypt local councils remain 'knee-deep' in pre-revolution corruption, Ahram, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/15047/Egypt/Egypt-local-councils-remain-kneedeep-in-prerevolut.aspx, 27 June 2011\n\nAhmed Zaki Osman, Whistleblower interrogated for spilling secrets of carcinogenic wheat, Egypt Independent, http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/whistleblower-interrogated-spilling-secrets-carcinogenic-wheat, 27 June 2011\n\nOECD. 2009. Business Climate Development Strategy: Phase 1 - Policy Assessment - Egypt. \n\nTransparency International. 2009. National Integrity System study - Egypt.\n\nHania Moheeb. 2012. Regulators against corruption. Business Today\nhttp://www.businesstodayegypt.com/index.php?url=news/display/article/artId:456/Regulators-Against-Corruption/secId:3\n\nMohammad Fadel, Public Corruption and the Egyptian Revolution of January 25: Can Emerging International Anti-Corruption Norms Assist Egypt Recover Misappropriated Public Funds?, 52 Harv. Int'l L.J. Online 292 (2011), http://www.harvardilj.org/2011/04/online_52_fadel/.","With all the established internal and external anti-corruption mechanisms, Egypt is perceived as having an effective anti-corruption framework. However, affiliated to the executive or judiciary power, the anti-corruption bodies suffer from many weaknesses, especially political inte..."]
["2012_GQ_13",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",13,0,"In practice there was no anti-corruption body operating in Equatorial Guinea in the period of study during 2011-2012. But in law there were two bodies responsible for prosecuting corruption; the Ethics Commission and the Administrative Attorney. in both bodies the chairs are appointed by the President., however they were ineffective and have not investigated any corruption cases.","Anonymous, civil society expert, Equatorial Guinea, January 2014 [Ammended indicator - interviewee corroborated in 2014 response about the situation in 2012.] \nAnonymous, expert on Good Governance in Equatorial Guinea, January 2014. [Ammended indicator - interviewee corroborated in 2014 response about the situation in 2012.]\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","In practice there was no anti-corruption body operating in Equatorial Guinea in the period of study during 2011-2012. But in law there were two bodies responsible for prosecuting corruption; the Ethics Commission and the Administrative Attorney. in both bodies the chairs are appoin..."]
["2012_ER_13",2012,"ER","Eritrea",13,0,"Usually, investigations are confidential. They are not made public in the media. According to the sources, an exception involved port authorities from 2001 to 2005. The ad hoc investigative committee was composed of the commander of an army, the commander of the naval force and the general manager of a construction company owned by the ruling party. The report exposed many corrupt practices but not the names of the officials who committed the corruption.","Anonymous, high ranking source in the judiciary, june 2012\nAnonymous, expert on the judiciary, june 2012\n\nEritrea Freedom in the World Report 2012, Freedom House, 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea#.VRdGPjvF9Ig\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Usually, investigations are confidential. They are not made public in the media. According to the sources, an exception involved port authorities from 2001 to 2005. The ad hoc investigative committee was composed of the commander of an army, the commander of the naval force and the..."]
["2012_ET_13",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",13,50,"The Anti-Corruption Commission has far-reaching powers ranging from combating corruption through public awareness, preventing corruption and corrupt practices, and investigating suspected corruption. The proclamation establishing the commission also gives the body the investigatory and prosecutorial powers of the police and the public prosecutor, as specified in the Criminal Procedure Code and other laws. According to a survey conducted on the effectiveness of the Ethiopian Anti-Corrpution Commission, there were 403 reported cases of corruption annually, the commission investigated 922 cases during the reporting period, of which 809 cases were handled in court. Sources from the public prosecutor's office and civil society organizations observed that investigation of senior officials is not always effective and is seen to be very sensitive. As a result, corruption remains a problem in Ethiopia.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The number of corruption cases handled by the Anti-Corruption Commission/courts do not necessarily justify the effectiveness of the commission and courts. Particularly, in Ethiopia, where the Independence of the judiciary is questionable, it is not logical to accept the effectiveness of the courts. The same holds true for the Anti-Corruption Commission. These institutions may not make the right decisions.;","Interview with a Ministry of Justice public prosecutor who wishes to remain anonymous, Addis Ababa, June 14, 2012. \n\nInterview with Amaha Bogale, a former prosecutor with the Minstry of Justice, Addis Ababa, June 11, 2012.\n\nInterview with Ruth Solomon, former program officer with the Organization for Social Justice in Ethiopia (OSJE), Addis Ababa, June 14, 2012.\n\nAnti-corruption authorities website, Ethiopia, http://www.acauthorities.org/aca/country/et.  June 2012. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Anti-Corruption Commission has far-reaching powers ranging from combating corruption through public awareness, preventing corruption and corrupt practices, and investigating suspected corruption. The proclamation establishing the commission also gives the body the investigatory..."]
["2012_GA_13",2012,"GA","Gabon",13,50,"La Direction Générale de la Lutte Contre la Corruption (CNLEI) est l'organe habilité à enquêter sur les les cas de corruption publique. Il existe des cas qui sont en instance d'investigation.  Tout recemment ils ont transmis des dossiers au Président de la République. \"Quatre vingt douze dossiers concernant la corruption et l'enrichissement illicite avaient déjà été traités par la commission et attendent d'être soumis à la cour criminelle spéciale réactivée en 2009,\" selon un article. Cependant, jusqu’à ce jour, les sanctions prises contre ces personnes ne sont pas connues.","Interviews des ONG et praticiens (Janvier 2012): ONG Afrique Horizons, http://www.afrique-horizons.org/actualite.html; ONG Croissance Saine Environnement, http://www.croissancesaine.org/rubriques.php?cat=17\n\nGabon Libre (17 juillet 2012). Plus de 90 dossiers de corruption et d'enrichissement illicite ficelés par la CNLCEI, http://www.gabonlibre.com/Gabon-Plus-de-90-dossiers-de-corruption-et-d-enrichissement-illicite-ficeles-par-la-CNLCEI_a17271.html\n\nFrançois Ndjimbi ( 22 février 2012), Enrichissement illicite et peines à géométrie variable, Gabon Review, http://gabonreview.com/blog/enrichissement-illicite-et-peines-a-geometrie-variable/ \n\nReportages sur les vœux au chef de l’Etat en janvier 2012 : Discours du Président de cette commission","La Direction Générale de la Lutte Contre la Corruption (CNLEI) est l'organe habilité à enquêter sur les les cas de corruption publique. Il existe des cas qui sont en instance d'investigation.  Tout recemment ils ont transmis des dossiers au Président de la République. \"Quatre vingt..."]
["2012_GM_13",2012,"GM","The Gambia",13,50,"The creation of the Office of the Ombudsman, the Gambia Competition Commission, and the Gambia Public Procurement Authority (regulating all public procurement agencies), demonstrates the political will to fight corruption. \n\nUnfortunately, \"the rate of bribery and corruption is apparently increasing in The Gambia\" and public corruption is acknowledged to be very high in The Gambia according to sources. The increase in corruption shows the ineffectiveness of these institutions, which was why the government decided to set up a new anti-corruption commission.\n\nThe anti-corruption commission is not yet established, but there have been prosecutions involving senior civil servants. Page 10 of the document \"2012 Investment Climate Statement -- The Gambia\", for example, reports that \"in May 2011, a former permanent secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture was convicted on charges of 'stealing by a person in public service' for fraudulently overpaying his travel per diem entitlement. He was fined 100,000 dalasi ($3,300). In July 2011, a former inspector general of Police was sentenced to life in prison after being convicted of numerous charges including corruption.\" \n\nBased on these cases, there are timely investigations and prosecutions of senior civil servants accused of corruption. However this does does not happen in all cases. The vice chancellor of the University of The Gambia was accused of corruption by a former employee, but to date there has been no investigation, for example.","\"Bribery, Corruption in The Gambia,\" Ousman Marong Tallinding, Daily News, June 4, 2012, http://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/bribery-corruption-in-the-gambia\n\n\"Anti-Corruption Commission Bill Enacted,\" Lamin B. Darboe, The Point, June 29, 2012,  http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/anti-corruption-commission-bill-enacted\n\n\"2012 Investment Climate Statement -- The Gambia,\" Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, U.S. Department of State, June 2012, www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191152.htm#\n\n\"University of The Gambia Vice Chancellor Confirmed as a Corrupt Administrator?\" Gambia News Online, Oct. 30, 2012, http://gambianewsonline.blogspot.fi/2012/10/university-of-gambia-vice-chancellor.html","The creation of the Office of the Ombudsman, the Gambia Competition Commission, and the Gambia Public Procurement Authority (regulating all public procurement agencies), demonstrates the political will to fight corruption. ..."]
["2012_GH_13",2012,"GH","Ghana",13,50,"Both the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) and the Economic and Organized Crime Office (EOCO) are constrained by inadequate resources and lack of prosecutoral powers, thus reducing their effectiveness. \n\nThe two institutions, particularly the Commission for Human Rights and Administration Justice, have investigated several corruption cases. The fact that they have constraints only reduces their effectiveness but does not make them ineffective.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The ineffectiveness can be attributed to inadequate resources, but many ordinary citizens believe that the bigger problem is political interference or  manipulation of the constitutional bodies to investigate corruption. ;","Patrick Osei-Kufour, Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, also of Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition (GACC), May 30, 2012.\n\nMaxwell Adjei Ashon, Research Officer, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), June 6, 2012.\n\nCecil Adadevoh, Senior State Attorney, Ministry of Justice and Attorney-Department, Accra, June 15, 2012.   \n\n\"EOCO indicts former and current gov't officials\", Joy Online, Feb. 2, 2012. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=229080","Both the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) and the Economic and Organized Crime Office (EOCO) are constrained by inadequate resources and lack of prosecutoral powers, thus reducing their effectiveness. ..."]
["2012_GN_13",2012,"GN","Guinea",13,25,"En pratique, les organismes d'enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public sont peu opérationnels. Ils manquent de moyens financiers et surtout de compétences techniques pour mener à bien leurs activités.\n\nL'Agence Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption a régulièrement manqué d'atteindre son objectif qui est de \"coordonner, élaborer et développer une stratégie de lutte contre la corruption, de mener des enquêtes afin de détecter des cas de corruption et de les suivre au tribunal,\" mais ceci est principalement du à l'absence de loi anti-corruption. L'agence travaille actuellement avec d'autres organismes pour appuyer une loi anti-corruption et pour compiler et rassembler des codes sur l'exploitation minière, la santé et l'éducation en un seul document qui sera utilisé pour le projet de loi.","Heinan Goba, Lutte contre la corruption: Aboubacar Sidiki Koulibaly étale son plan de guerre, GuinéeActu.com, http://guineeactu.info/actualite-informations/actualite-informations-generale/848-lutte-contre-la-corruption-aboubacar-sidiki-koulibaly-etale-son-plan-de-guerre-.html, 12 décembre 2011\n\nIbrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\n\"Small steps forward in a lengthy battle,\" Open Society Initiative for West Africa, December 10, 2012. \nhttp://www.osiwa.org/en/portal/newsroom/432/Small-steps-forward-in-a-lengthy-battle.htm","En pratique, les organismes d'enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public sont peu opérationnels. Ils manquent de moyens financiers et surtout de compétences techniques pour mener à bien leurs activités...."]
["2012_GW_13",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",13,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_13",2012,"KE","Kenya",13,50,"The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, and its predecessors, conduct investigations into reported allegations of corruption, but it has not successfully prosecuted corruption case on its own as it lacks the power to prosecute. However, the Commission has forwarded cases for successful prosecution. Over the 2011/12 window the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission received and analysed a total of 5,230 reported cases at its headquarters in Nairobi as well as regional offices in Kisumu, Mombasa, Eldoret, Nyeri and Garissa. The number of relevant reports that fall within the Commission's mandate grew 34% from the previous year 2010/11 financial year.\nThe commission forwarded 89 investigation files to the Directorate of Public Prosecutions out of which 54 recommendations to prosecute were accepted, three were recommended for administrative action and eight for closure. \n\nThe commission has always argued that the office of the attorney general has frustrated the fight against corruption by failing to prosecute even when there was adequate evidence. The AG has argued that KACC has not collected enough evidence to sustain a prosecution in all the files where prosecution did not begin. In this back and forth, the fight against corruption has suffered. The commission has, therefore, tended to be less effective than it could potentially be in the fight against corruption.","New Anti-Graft Team Must Take Job Seriously. Sunday Nation. May 13, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Editorial/New+anti+graft+team+must+take+job+seriously+/-/440804/1404676/-/74r1co/-/index.html\n\nEthics and Anti-Corruption Body: To Prosecute or Not. Samuel Mbithi Kimeu. Transparency International Kenya. 2011. http://tikenya.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=130&Itemid=147\n\nYasin Aila, spokesman EACC, interviewed on September 18, 2013.","The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, and its predecessors, conduct investigations into reported allegations of corruption, but it has not successfully prosecuted corruption case on its own as it lacks the power to prosecute. However, the Commission has forwarded cases for suc..."]
["2012_LS_13",2012,"LS","Lesotho",13,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_13",2012,"LR","Liberia",13,25,"The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission conducts some investigations, but is not effective. It has blamed limited funding and staffing. The LACC said it has investigated 93 cases of corruption, but has forwarded only eight to the Ministry of Justice. Then, only three of the eight cases made it to court.\n\nIn addition, there are concerns that investigations do not look into people close to the presidency. The Minister of Gender and former superintendent of Grand Bassa County, Julia Cassell, and several other national and local officials have been cited in audits over the misapplication of public resources by the General Auditing Commission, but neither the LACC nor President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have acted. \n\nAlso, President Sirleaf has been accused of nepotism; the LACC has also failed to investigate the claims.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: As long as investigation processes against high level politicians are not taken seriously, the investigations cannot be effective either.  The existence of laws seems to be a formality when it comes to investigating and to prosecuting alleged cases of corruption in which senior or high level politicians are involved.;","Interview with James Kingsley, director, Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Sarnyenneh Dickson, program manager, CENTAL, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission conducts some investigations, but is not effective. It has blamed limited funding and staffing. The LACC said it has investigated 93 cases of corruption, but has forwarded only eight to the Ministry of Justice. Then, only three of the eight ca..."]
["2012_LY_13",2012,"LY","Libya",13,25,"The body exists but it conducts weak investigations, and for the few it conducts there are hardly any follow up measures undertaken. Libya lacks an effective judicial system and a capable police force to follow up on initial allegations. Moreover, the state officials deputed to investigate corruption lack specific knowledge and experience to do it.","Interviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer with the National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission  from May to July 2012.\n\nInterviews with Ibrahim Ali, chairman, Libyan Transparency Association,  May 12 and July 21, 2012, Tripoli \n\nFinancial Times, Borzou Daragahi, Feb. 16, 2012, \"Libya: Back to the bad old ways,\" available at http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/55f01408-5885-11e1-9f28-00144feabdc0.html#axzz23bP05afu","The body exists but it conducts weak investigations, and for the few it conducts there are hardly any follow up measures undertaken. Libya lacks an effective judicial system and a capable police force to follow up on initial allegations. Moreover, the state officials deputed to inv..."]
["2012_MG_13",2012,"MG","Madagascar",13,25,"In practice, the agency BIANCO that investigates allegations of public sector corruption is not all effective.\n\nIts head is appointed by the government and he's an military general. There is no protection for those who report allegations of corruption to the agency. So most of the cases reported to BIANCO are linked to petty corruption and do not concern high-level corruption.\n\nUnfortunately, BIANCO does have not the means to act, especially after the 2009 coup: Its main mission is prevention. On its site, in 2010, only 11.4 percent of cases submitted to it are investigated and only half are proposed to the courts. BIANCO has an obligation to report to the president and parliament, both of which were put in power in the 2009 coup.\nAccording to a 2010 World Bank study, BIANCO has been relatively successful in controlling petty corruption, but it has not yet managed to curb grand corruption and has reached its limits where major rents are involved. In August 2011, the head of BIANCO acknowledged that the agency didn't arrest the \"big fishes\" in the rosewood trafficking scandal, but only non-important persons.","BIANCO, JOURNEE INTERNATIONALE DE LA LUTTE CONTRE LA CORRUPTION 2011, http://www.bianco-mg.org/content/journee-internationale-de-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-2011\n\nInterview of Faly Rabetrano, general director of Bianco in  l'express de Madagascar, by Iloniaina, 4 aout 2011, l'expxpress de Madagascar,\" Trafic de bois de rose Le Bianco fait face à des obstacles\", http://www.lexpressmada.com/trafic-de-bois-de-rose-madagascar/26007-le-bianco-fait-face-a-des-obstacles.html\n\nINFORMATION SUR LA LUTTE CONTRE LA CORRUPTION A MADAGASCAR ET SES PROPOSITIONS SUR LES\nPRATIQUES OPTIMALES POUR LUTTER CONTRE LA CORRUPTION, http://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Best%20Practices/madagascar.pdf\n\nBIANCO website, http://www.bianco-mg.org\n\nWorld Bank, Rapport N° 54277-MG\nMADAGASCAR\nRevue de la gouvernance et de l’efficacité du développement\nAnalyse d’économie politique de la gouvernance à Madagascar SYNTHÈSE\nDécembre 2010","In practice, the agency BIANCO that investigates allegations of public sector corruption is not all effective...."]
["2012_MW_13",2012,"MW","Malawi",13,50,"The Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) has the mandate to receive complaints, investigate and prosecute all cases of corruption in Malawi. According to ACB's annual produced in 2011, the ACB received 2,162 complaints over the previous year. Of these, 517 were authorized for investigation, representing 23.91 percent of the total number of complaints. Together with cases carried forward from the previous year, the ACB conducted 634. \n\nAccording to this report, this exceeded ACB's target of 360 investigations; however, 23.91 percent means a lot of reported cases were not investigated. Th ACB notes that shortage of staff due to a lean establishment as well as challenges in mobility contributed to the low number of investigations.\n\nIt should also be noted that out of 634 investigations, 152 were recommended for prosecution, of which 45 were actually prosecuted. Of the 45, 25 concluded with 10 convictions, 12 acquittals and three others discharged. This shows many cases were taken to court. The ACB also cites problems of staffing as a major factor.\n\nBesides the technical challenges facing the investigation, the bureau has faced criticism from the public and the media that it lacks teeth when it comes to investigating high-level politicians and government officials.","Anti-Corruption Bureau Annual Report (2011). Unpublished. Anti-Corruption Bureau. \n\nInterview with investigator, Anti-Corruption Bureau. Sept. 7, 2012 \n\nDFID Assessed ACB's Performance. C. Mpaka. The Daily Times. March 7, 2012. http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php/daily-times/headlines/national/4831-dfid-assessed-acbs-performance.","The Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) has the mandate to receive complaints, investigate and prosecute all cases of corruption in Malawi. According to ACB's annual produced in 2011, the ACB received 2,162 complaints over the previous year. Of these, 517 were authorized for investigation..."]
["2012_ML_13",2012,"ML","Mali",13,25,"Le Mali dispose d'une institution auprès de laquelle les citoyens peuvent signaler des allégations de corruption, mais il y a un déphasage entre ces plaintes et les enquêtes menées par cette structure. Selon Sidi Sosso Diarra, l’organisme chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public fonctionne en partie, mais il ajoute qu’il ne mène pas des enquêtes solides, ce qui fait que la corruption à grande échelle gangrène toutes les sociétés d’Etat  et les administrations au Mali. Daniel Téssougué souligne que les agents chargés de mener les enquêtes n’ont pas le plus souvent la main libre pour travailler et par la suite, eux-mêmes sont corrompus et c’est ce qui est encore plus grave","Entretien avec Sidi Sosso Diarra, responsable de l’organe de lute contre la corruption au Mali, rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Bamako.\n\nEntretien avec Daniel Téssougué, magistrat à la cour de justice de Bamako, rencontré le 12 février 2013.","Le Mali dispose d'une institution auprès de laquelle les citoyens peuvent signaler des allégations de corruption, mais il y a un déphasage entre ces plaintes et les enquêtes menées par cette structure. Selon Sidi Sosso Diarra, l’organisme chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de co..."]
["2012_MR_13",2012,"MR","Mauritania",13,25,"Il y a des cas connus de corruption, tels que le récent appel de marche frauduleux dans le secteur de la santé, fraude dans laquelle était implique Dr. Cheikh Ould Horma, plusieurs ministres de haut rangs ainsi que le chef de l'état lui-même. Bien que les enquêtes aient été menées, elles ont été gardées secrètes et n'ont été divulguées que très récemment. Cela démontre assez clairement que bien qu'il existe une institution pour enquêter sur les cas de corruption, sa capacité a mener des investigations ou a sanctionner les responsables est limitée.","Aziz: gros mensonges et couverture de détournements (Rapport secret de l'IGE), For Mauritania, http://www.fr.for-mauritania.org/259-0-Aziz-gros-mensonges-et-couverture-de-dtournements-Rapport-secret-de-lIGE.html, 31 mars 2012\n\nSaid Rabia, La Mauritanie gangrenée par la corruption: dans l'enfer de la gabegie et des détournements, For Mauritania, http://www.fr.for-mauritania.org/366-0-La-Mauritanie-gangrene-par-la-corruption-dans-lenfer-de-la-gabegie-et-des-dtournements.html, 14 mai 2012\n\nMe Bouhoubeyni : « Les affaires de corruption instrumentalisées par le pouvoir », mai 2012 in MauriMedia.com (Source : Journal algérien El Watan)\n\nFMI, Note conceptuelle conjointe, août 2011 \n\nProjet de stratégie nationale de lutte anti-corruption (Présenté à Bruxelles les 22-23 juin 2010)","Il y a des cas connus de corruption, tels que le récent appel de marche frauduleux dans le secteur de la santé, fraude dans laquelle était implique Dr. Cheikh Ould Horma, plusieurs ministres de haut rangs ainsi que le chef de l'état lui-même. Bien que les enquêtes aient été menées,..."]
["2012_MU_13",2012,"MU","Mauritius",13,75,"While there is evidence of arrests having been made by ICAC of higher-level as well as lower-level officers, when it comes to prosecution, there are more cases of officers with lower functions that have been successfully prosecuted. There is still much doubt as to whether powerful politicians are effectively prosecuted.\n\nNonetheless, powerful politicians such as Maya Hanoomanjee and Sidick Chady have been arrested on allegations of corruption, and their cases are in court at the moment. \n\nThis indicates that ICAC does investigate the allegations of corruption and the cases are then forwarded to the director of public prosecution for legal action.","Interview with Mr. N. Patten, barrister at law. June 3, 2012.\n\nBlog of Mr. Richard Munisamy, which highlights complaints that ICAC ignored. http://weluvmu.wordpress.com/2012/03/05/fighting-corruption-in-icac.  March 2012.","While there is evidence of arrests having been made by ICAC of higher-level as well as lower-level officers, when it comes to prosecution, there are more cases of officers with lower functions that have been successfully prosecuted. There is still much doubt as to whether powerful ..."]
["2012_MA_13",2012,"MA","Morocco",13,0,"No independent agency exists to exclusively investigate allegations of corruption.  That said, government agencies investigating allegations of corruption in the public sector can in some cases be effective. Investigations of the General Inspectorate of Finance (IGF) are highly sought by the administration, parliamentarians and civil society. It is the same for the work of the Court of Auditors. \n\nHowever, neither body has the authority to prosecute, which severely restricts their effectiveness. \n\nFrom April 2011 to April 2012, more than 4,000 corruption cases had been presented to the Ministry of Justice. According to the Minister of Justice, \"The Supreme Council of the Magistracy (CSM) has suspended eight judges imposed sanctions against 44 judges and warned 650 members of the body of the judiciary\" in 2011.\n\nFrom January 1 to October 2012, the Court of Auditors has examined the financial statements of 21 political parties on 35 parties.","Ramid: To Augod of Selective Justice in Dealing with Financial Corrupt Files. Assabah. July 23, 2012.\n\nNouaydi: Activating Accountability After Controls, Abdul Aziz Nouaydi. Assabah. March 30, 2012.\n\nThe Council Reports are sufficient to trigger follow-ups Najib Akesbi. Assabah. July 2, 2012.\n\n\"There is no selective justice in handling cases related to corruption.\" Au Fait Maroc Ramid. July 23 2012,\nhttp://www.aufaitmaroc.com/maroc/societe/2012/7/23/ramid-il-nexiste-pas-de-justice-selective-dans-le-traitement-des-affaires-liees-a-la-corruption_184998.html\n\nSamir CHAOUKI, Les Echos, Mustapha Ramid Says \"The Reforms are Irrevocable.\" Aug. 6, 2012.\nhttp://www.lesechos.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24697:mustapha-ramid-lles-reformes-sont-irrevocablesr-&catid=135:mustapha-ramid\n\nLe Matin, Addressing Corruption \"There is No Selective Justice.\" July 23, 2012. http://www.lematin.ma/express/Traitement-de-la-corruption-_Il-n-existe-pas-de-justice-selective/169427.html\n\nTrials are Open ... More Will Follow Soon! El Mostafa Ramid. L’Economiste. July 9, 2012.\nhttp://www.leconomiste.com/article/896366-el-mostapha-ramid-des-proc-s-sont-ouverts-d-autres-suivront-bient-t","No independent agency exists to exclusively investigate allegations of corruption.  That said, government agencies investigating allegations of corruption in the public sector can in some cases be effective. Investigations of the General Inspectorate of Finance (IGF) are highly sou..."]
["2012_MZ_13",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",13,25,"The Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao (GCCC) has several shortcomings -- particularly considering that it does not have a body of investigators from within the institution. Most of them are hired for a particular task.\n\nThe prosecutors do not know certain matters related to crimes of economic and financial order; have limited knowledge of reading and understanding audit reports; are not experts in computers when need arises to investigate crimes committed using electronic means; have difficulties in investigating crimes of corruption when they involve money laundering, etc. \n\nMr. Fael contends that the public administration is not prepared for this purpose. Many cases are administratively sanctioned but not pursued criminally because the public administration bodies in many cases do not send the \"dossiers\" for its appreciation by the judicial organs, knowing that the same employee may be penalized both civil, criminal or administratively. Also the state inspection service is quite new and still making its way toward having a greater ability of prosecution.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: While in Mozambique there is an institution for fighting corruption, its effectiveness can be questioned. Recently the Minister of Civil Servant claimed that the institution that fight corruption perform less. In the following week the director of the central office for fighting corruption responded that her office would do better job if the executive was providing the institution a budget for investigating corruption cases.  ;","Baltazar Fael, Mr. Center for Public Integrity (CIP), 28th September 2012, CIP Office, Maputo\n\nCanal de Mocambique. Redaccao. 11th May 2012. Eficácia do GCCC depende da aprovação dos novos crimes de corrupção.\nhttp://canalmoz.co.mz/hoje/22684-eficacia-do-gccc-depende-da-aprovacao-dos-novos-crimes-de-corrupcao.html","The Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao (GCCC) has several shortcomings -- particularly considering that it does not have a body of investigators from within the institution. Most of them are hired for a particular task...."]
["2012_NA_13",2012,"NA","Namibia",13,25,"Phanuel Kaapama says the Anti-Corruption Commission is ineffective. He bases his argument on a number of cases the commission lost on technical grounds. Conversely, professor William B. Lindeke says the commission is reasonably effective, considering roles it plays apart from its investigative function. \n\nA number of cases have been investigated and passed on to the prosecutor general but sometimes returned to the commission because the prosecutor general has been dissatisfied with the investigations. Superficial investigations coupled with the lack of political will from the appointing authority to seriously tackle corruption undermine the commission's effectiveness. \n\nThis ineffectiveness should be understood in relation to other entities involved in the fight against corruption. The tardiness of the judiciary, for example, has an impact on the effectiveness of the Anti-Corruption Commission. Also, at times, clear cases of administrative corruption and other practices that require administrative corrective actions linger as government entities expect the commission to deal with issues that can be easily resolved through measures such as disciplinary hearings. The jurisdictional question of who is responsible for what is unclear. The 2010-11 report from the commission is yet to be released.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Some of the highest profile cases predate the Anti-Corruption Act, and a Supreme Court advisory opinion suggested that the Anti-Corruption Commission thus has no jurisdiction in those cases. This leaves a strong public misperception of ineffectiveness in going after the big fish.  Police and prosecutors are also slow and uncooperative at times.;","Phanuel Kaapama, lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nWilliam B. Lindeke, retired professor of political science and senior research associate at the Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nTileni Mongudhi, senior journalist, Insight Namibia, interviewed Nov. 26, 2012.\n\nFrederico Links, editor, Insight Namibia, interviewed Nov. 23, 2012.","Phanuel Kaapama says the Anti-Corruption Commission is ineffective. He bases his argument on a number of cases the commission lost on technical grounds. Conversely, professor William B. Lindeke says the commission is reasonably effective, considering roles it plays apart from its i..."]
["2012_NE_13",2012,"NE","Niger",13,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_13",2012,"NG","Nigeria",13,50,"The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) have investigated and brought up charges in several cases, but the number of convictions being recorded in courts by these specialised agencies is not commensurate with the number of cases they have in court, according to an article by Emmanuel Oladesu in The Nation in July 2012.\nIn 2011, EFCC and ICPC had more than 1,500 cases waiting to be determined in courts, in many cases stalled. Of those cases, no less than 65 involve politically exposed persons, governors, ministers and others.","2011 Anti-Corruption War in Nigeria: a Lost Battle? Tony Iredia, Tony. Vanguard. Oct. 30, 2011.\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/2011-anti-corruption-war-in-nigeria-a-lost-battle/\n\nAuthority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria. A. Adebanwi. Durham: Carolina Academic Press (2012).\nhttp://www.cap-press.com/pdf/2262.pdf\n\nIIs Anti-corruption War on Course? Emmanuel Oladesu. The Nation. July 17, 2012. http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/politics/54102-is-anti-corruption-war-on-course.html\n\nCorruption: Why the EFCC Lost Steam. Simon Ateba. Sept. 13. 2012. PM News.\nhttp://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/09/13/corruption-why-the-efcc-lost-steam/\n\nAnti-corruption Policies in Nigeria. Discussion Paper, No. 1. David Enweremadu. November 2010. Lagos: Friedrich Ebert Foundation.\nhttp://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/07813.pdf\n\nTransparency Internal Anti-corruption Index 2011.","The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) have investigated and brought up charges in several cases, but the number of convictions being recorded in courts by these specialised agencies is not commensurate with the n..."]
["2012_RW_13",2012,"RW","Rwanda",13,75,"The Office of the Ombudsman investigates and makes public its reports on corruption and other forms of injustice. A number of senior Cabinet ministers have been dismissed and prosecuted over corruption, and the country has won international recognition for its successful prosecution of those linked to corruption. Rwanda ranks No. 4 in Africa and No. 1 in the East Africa region in the fight against graft in the recent Transparency International Corruption Index.","Oscar Bahizi, vice rector, Law Development Center, interviewed Nov. 23, 2012.\n\nRwanda's Anti-Corruption Journey, All Africa, BY FRANK KANYESIGYE, 9 SEPTEMBER 2012\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201209090046.html\n\nOffice of the Ombudsman, www.ombudsman.gov.rw/en/complaints.php.  Accessed November 2012.","The Office of the Ombudsman investigates and makes public its reports on corruption and other forms of injustice. A number of senior Cabinet ministers have been dismissed and prosecuted over corruption, and the country has won international recognition for its successful prosecutio..."]
["2012_ST_13",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",13,0,"There is no specific body to investigate allegations of corruption. In São Tomé and Príncipe the Department of Justice conducts such investigations in conjunction with law enforcement agencies. In corruption cases, as in any other types of cases, the same limitations regarding human resources and techniques apply, which hinder all investigations and make these investigations ineffective.","Roberto Raposo, attorney general, Attorneyship, Sept. 21, 2012, at his office.\n\nCarla Castro, State Procecutor, Department of Justice, 21/09/2012, at her office.","There is no specific body to investigate allegations of corruption. In São Tomé and Príncipe the Department of Justice conducts such investigations in conjunction with law enforcement agencies. In corruption cases, as in any other types of cases, the same limitations regarding huma..."]
["2012_SN_13",2012,"SN","Senegal",13,50,"L’organisme chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public fonctionne depuis l’adoption du décret en décembre dernier. Les anciens responsables du PDS (ancien parti au pouvoir) et les anciens ministres sont auditionnés et jugés. Dans ce sens, Amat Danshoko, homme politique, reconnaît que «Depuis l’avènement du président Macky Sall, on assiste à des interpellations. Ce qui est normal, les personnes interpelées, nous les connaissons. Ils marchaient pieds nus au Sénégal. Mais quand Wade est arrivé au pouvoir en 2000, ils sont devenus aujourd’hui des milliardaires. Ce qui n’est pas normal. C’est l’argent du contribuable sénégalais ».\n\nDans son article, Alioune Niane montre que la Cour des Comptes au lieu de se limiter à ses seules investigations devraient aussi prendre en compte les cas de corruptions révélés par la presse. Il montre comment cette institution est incohérente dans sa démarche pour ne pas s'auto-saisir du dossier de l'ANOCI qui a fait l'objet d'un ouvrage d'investigation avec des preuves à l'appui.\n\nDans son interview M SAVANE explique que la Cour des comptes a certes la possibilité d'enquêter mais les textes actuels au Sénégal limitent son champs d'intervention. Il montre aussi que la multiplication des organes de contrôle de gestion des deniers publics est une bonne chose mais disperse les efforts dans la poursuite des présumés corrompus.","Interview avec Vieux Savané, Journaliste  l'Hebdomadaire la Gazette, le 19 Août 2012 à Dakar.\n\nArticle de Alioune NIANE dans l'hebdomadaire la Gazette ° 148 de Février 2012\" Les comptes et mécomptes de l'ANOCI: la justice ne se prononce pas\"","L’organisme chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public fonctionne depuis l’adoption du décret en décembre dernier. Les anciens responsables du PDS (ancien parti au pouvoir) et les anciens ministres sont auditionnés et jugés. Dans ce sens, Amat Dansho..."]
["2012_SC_13",2012,"SC","Seychelles",13,0,"The Public Ethics Commission and the Ombudsman are both deemed to be largely ineffective. \n\nThe Public Ethics Commission has not investigated a single person. All declarations of assets are placed in sealed envelopes and they can only be opened if someone, makes a concrete allegation against the person. No public servant or citizens undertakes to file allegations as it is seen as a wasted exercise which can lead to prosecution for libel or slander instead of leading to results in the fight against corruption.","Interview with Mr. Robert Alexis, Citizen of Seychelles, July 8, 2012 at 11H30\n\nInterviews with Mr. Steve Lalande, Chief Executive Officer, Liaison Unit for Non-Governmental Organisations Seychelles on Wednesday July 4, 2012, at 15H30 at the Orion Mall Offices, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles","The Public Ethics Commission and the Ombudsman are both deemed to be largely ineffective. \n\nThe Public Ethics Commission has not investigated a single person. All declarations of assets ..."]
["2012_SL_13",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",13,50,"Even though most cases of corruption are investigated, they take very long to be concluded. This raises concern, especially from civil society. Under Commissioner Joseph Fitzgerald Kamara, some staff members at the Anti-Corruption Commission have alleged that corruption investigations are selective, among other things.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Generally, performance of the Anti-Corruption Commission improved after passage of the Anti-Corruption Act of 2008, which gave the commission prosecutorial powers and strengthened its investigative powers. The auditor general can also report any evidence of public sector corruption when public accounts are audited. There is the Audit Service Sierra Leone, or ASSL, which conducts audits of public accounts to advise Parliament. But the ASSL does not have enforcement powers. For instance, the 2010 ASSL’s annual report detailed numerous irregularities in procurement and in enforcement of tax regulations. There also have been findings of irregular salary advances and loans to members of Parliament and the disappearance of revenue from state agencies. The Anti-Corruption Commission, especially under Commissioner Joseph Kamara, has been much more aggressive in using its prosecutorial power. There were 28 prosecutions for corruption in October 2011, 60 percent more cases than a year earlier. The state enforces the separation of public and private interests of those in public office. An Asset Declaration Unit was created in 2009 to collect declarations of assets from civil and public officials. During the first phase of the collection exercise, 16,855 declarations were collected. Many observers remain skeptical about whether these declarations include all assets. Moreover, many public officials, including those in high office, ignore the rule without suffering penalties. Declarations that are provided are not regularly available for public scrutiny and verification.;","Ibrahim Tommy, executive director, Center for Accountability and Rule of Law, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, in his office.\n\nValnora Edwin, coordinator, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, at the offices of the Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown.\n \nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.","Even though most cases of corruption are investigated, they take very long to be concluded. This raises concern, especially from civil society. Under Commissioner Joseph Fitzgerald Kamara, some staff members at the Anti-Corruption Commission have alleged that corruption investigati..."]
["2012_SO_13",2012,"SO","Somalia",13,0,"Somalia has no effective body/bodies that can investigate corruption-related issues. Instead of turning to state institutions, many of the powerful (and allegedly corrupt) maintain their private security services that effectively shield them form any possible state investigation or police encounter.","Anonymous, former member of Parliament, interviewed Oct. 10, 2012.\nAnonymous, former member of Parliament, interviewed Oct. 10, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Somalia has no effective body/bodies that can investigate corruption-related issues. Instead of turning to state institutions, many of the powerful (and allegedly corrupt) maintain their private security services that effectively shield them form any possible state investigation or..."]
["2012_ZA_13",2012,"ZA","South Africa",13,75,"The bodies affiliated with the National Anti-Corruption Unit (in the Department of Public Service and Administration) are effective in their individual capacities related to the investigation of corruption accusations. \n\nWhen the country's Special Investigating Unit gets involved in investigations, it often reveals instances of corruption. In an ongoing issue involving the delivery of textbooks, investigations by the unit revealed impropriety of parties involved in the delivery. \n\nThere are challenges for the unit, however. The Portfolio Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development (on Budget Vote 24) reports that the SIU relies on consultants to carry out some of its investigative tasks and that this costs the unit more money than if tasks were done by permanent staff.  The SIU has 668 funded posts, but only 522 filled posts. In a presentation to Parliament in October 2011, the SIU reported  that it was investigating 588 procurement cases with a value of R (rand) 9.1 billion. The unit also was investigating 360 matters relating to conflicts of interest, with a value of R3.4 billion. From April to June 2011, the unit found 43 cases of procurement-related irregularities, valued at R1.4 billion. Further, 45 cases were found to have irregularities related to conflicts of interest, valued at R99 million.","\"SIU Probes Senior Officials in Textbook Shame,\" Jonathan Erasmus, Mail & Guardian, July 6, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-07-05-siu-probes-senior-officials-in-textbook-shame/\n\n\"South Africa Govt Cracks Down on Rampant Corruption,\" China Economic Net, April 1, 2012, http://en.ce.cn/World/Africa/201204/01/t20120401_23209622.shtml\n\nReport of the Portfolio Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development on Budget Vote 24: Justice and Constitutional Development, May 16, 2012.","The bodies affiliated with the National Anti-Corruption Unit (in the Department of Public Service and Administration) are effective in their individual capacities related to the investigation of corruption accusations. ..."]
["2012_SS_13",2012,"SS","South Sudan",13,25,"Anti-corruption commission in South Sudan is not yet effective. It sometimes investigates cases of corruption, but no prosecution takes place, and the results of the investigations are not made public.","South Sudan President Replaces Head of Anti-Corruption Commission. Sudan Tribune. Nov. 11, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article40699\n\nSouth Sudan’s Anti Corruption Commission Claims Recovered over $60 Million. Sudan Tribune. May 26, 2012. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article42718","Anti-corruption commission in South Sudan is not yet effective. It sometimes investigates cases of corruption, but no prosecution takes place, and the results of the investigations are not made public."]
["2012_SD_13",2012,"SD","Sudan",13,25,"Sudan has a poor record of confronting corruption because of its weak administrative setup, wavering political will and blurred distinctions between the state and the ruling party.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n\nMaj. Asif Khan, United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur, interviewed March 12, 2013.","Sudan has a poor record of confronting corruption because of its weak administrative setup, wavering political will and blurred distinctions between the state and the ruling party."]
["2012_SZ_13",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",13,25,"Corruption is endemic, arising from the entitlement culture of the elite, rather than from excessive bureaucratic regulations. The primary legislation is the Prevention of Corruption Act, No. 3, of 2006, which created the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and specified offenses concerning bribery and corruption. There is remarkably little evidence of success by the ACC, with only two cases brought to prosecution. Indeed the ACC does not publish statistics or an annual report.\n \nThe Federation of Swaziland Employers and Chambers Of Commerce stated that corruption is not only a public sector phenomenon, therefore the organization fully supports the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and is also of the view that the private sector has a role to play.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Additional resource:\nCountry Profile on Anti-Corruption Authorities - http://www.acauthorities.org/country/sz;","Swaziland Anti-Corruption Commission,  May 11, 2008, http://www.acc.gov.sz/index.php/investigation. Accessed in September 2012.\n\nFederation of Swaziland Employers and Chambers Of Commerce, Business Agenda 2013-2015, University of the Witwatersrand. http://www.business-swaziland.com/new/images/ba.pdf\n\n\"A short note on telecommunications in the Kingdom of Swaziland,\" Ewan Sutherland, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. January 8, 2012. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1981752\n\n\"All must join to fight corruption,\" the Swaziland Observer, October 3, 2012. http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=36410","Corruption is endemic, arising from the entitlement culture of the elite, rather than from excessive bureaucratic regulations. The primary legislation is the Prevention of Corruption Act, No. 3, of 2006, which created the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and specified offenses conc..."]
["2012_TZ_13",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",13,50,"In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of investigations carried out and the percentage of investigations leading to a prosecution and/or conviction. Nevertheless, the chances of getting caught remain very small. The Kobb and Bofin study states that \"only 1% of all allegations and only 6% of all investigations lead to convictions.\"\n\nOther analysts, such as Claussen and Martinsen see this more positively, stressing the increase in overall investigations out of the PCCB, pointing to \"a major increase in efforts to process corruption cases\", using essentially the same data.","Daniel Kobb and Peter Bofin (2011) \"Tanzanian Institutions of Accountability: a review and assessment,\" unpublished report for Tanzania's Development Partners Group, Good Governance Working Group, pages 36 to 40. \n\nJens Claussen and Mari Martinsen (2011) \"A brief review of corruption in Tanzania,\" a report by the\nNordic Consulting Group for the Royal Norwegian Embassy, Tanzania.","In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of investigations carried out and the percentage of investigations leading to a prosecution and/or conviction. Nevertheless, the chances of getting caught remain very small. The Kobb and Bofin study states that \"..."]
["2012_TG_13",2012,"TG","Togo",13,50,"Selon M. Yaya Abdoulaye, l’organisme chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public est entièrement opérationnel dans la pratique. Pour sa part, Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou est plus nuancé en estimant que quand bien même l’organisme existe, il mène des enquêtes peu solides. Autrement dit, du chemin reste à parcourir pour que cet organisme arrive finalement à faire en sorte que la corruption soit boutée hors du secteur public togolais.","Source n° 1 : Me Koffigoh Kokou Joseph, Ancien premier Ministre, Avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012.\n \n Source n° 2 : M. Yaya Abdoulaye, ancien procureur de la République, magistrat, actuel secrétaire général de la cour suprême du Togo. Entretien du 18 juillet 2012.","Selon M. Yaya Abdoulaye, l’organisme chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public est entièrement opérationnel dans la pratique. Pour sa part, Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou est plus nuancé en estimant que quand bien même l’organisme existe, il mène des enqu..."]
["2012_TN_13",2012,"TN","Tunisia",13,50,"Même si la Cour des comptes peut s'occuper d'affaires de corruption, il ne s'agit pas de sa principale mission. La mise en place du comité indépendant de lutte contre la corruption a pris beaucoup de retard. La justice transitionnelle a également pris beaucoup de retard, ce qui diminue les possibilités de traiter les anciennes dérives. La Commission a élaboré des preuves sur 400 cas, dont il transféré aux tribunaux. Mais selon le membre Amine Ghali, seule une poignée ont été prises par un appareil judiciaire encore largement doté par Ben Ali personnel de l'époque. Par ailleurs, le nouveau président de celle-ci a dénoncé \"le manque des compétences au sein de la commission et il a appelé par conséquent à procéder à la formation des contrôleurs et des personnes spécialisées en la matière.\"","Corruption is still Tunisia's challenge, Sarah Chayes, LA Times, June 10, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/10/opinion/la-oe-chayes-tunisia-corruption-20120610\n\nArticle du journal African Manager du 30/10/2012 : http://www.africanmanager.com/144318.html\n\nCompte rendu d'un colloque sur la justice transitionnelle  03/12/2012 http://www.opendata.tn/actualites/la-justice-transitionnelle-pour-un-processus-participatif-et-consensuel\n\nCompte rendu d'un communiqué de l’Association des Magistrats Tunisien 26 septembre 2012 http://www.lecourrierdelatlas.com/332326092012Tunisie-Justice-transitionnelle-Les-magistrats-tirent-la-sonnette-d-alarme.html","Même si la Cour des comptes peut s'occuper d'affaires de corruption, il ne s'agit pas de sa principale mission. La mise en place du comité indépendant de lutte contre la corruption a pris beaucoup de retard. La justice transitionnelle a également pris beaucoup de retard, ce qui dim..."]
["2012_UG_13",2012,"UG","Uganda",13,25,"Uganda's anti-corruption policy and action is managed by a number of agencies coordinated by the Directorate of Ethics and Integrity and led by the Inspectorate of Government, Directorate of Public Prosecutions, Auditor General's Office, Public Procurement & Disposal of Public Assets Authority, and Criminal Investigation Directorate. Other government agencies involved in fighting corruption include the Anticorruption Division of the High Court, the parliamentary accounting committee, and others under the Inter Agency Forum (Ministry of Internal Affairs, Inspectorate of Courts, Local Government Finance Commission, Uganda Revenue Authority, Ministry of Public Service (Inspectorate), Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Ministry of Local Government (Inspectorate), Public Service Commission, Education Service Commission, Health Service Commission, and Judicial Services Commission).\n\nHowever, the political will to combat corruption at the highest levels of government remains weak, and corruption cases remain pending for years. These anti-corruption agencies have weak investigative capacity, resulting in high rates of case dismissals and lengthy investigative periods. This is attributed to insufficient funding and under-staffing within these agencies that has hindered their ability to carry out anti-corruption measures to fulfill their mandate. The agencies are also sometimes subjected to political and executive influence. \n\nIt is also reported that coordination between the agencies is not well aligned. A number of alleged grand-scale corruption cases have not been fully pursued or cases do not result in prosecution. For instance, in 2004, the solicitor general refused to surrender files on the James Garuga Musinguzi case when asked to do so by the IGG. The IGG had expressed alarm at the amount of compensation awarded by the government to Musinguzi, who was due to receive UShs13 billion (US $7.4 million) as compensation for the confiscation and redistribution of his ranches in Rakai. The IGG wanted to investigate, but the case was handled out of court through an \"amicable arrangement\" between the solicitor general’s office and Musinguzi. Such cases show that the fight against corruption is in the hands of an institution (IGG) whose recommendations are not binding. \n\nFurther, the inspectorate is toothless when it comes to requiring the president to implement the recommendations made. The inspectorate’s record of successful investigations is limited, and the inspectorate itself claims that it faces a number of challenges that include an inability to attract quality staff, a lack of cooperation from partners, court delays, a lack of cooperation from witnesses, intimidation of witnesses, and difficulties getting recommendations implemented.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The Inspectorate of Government, the chief government anti-corruption watchdog, is accused of double standards due its consistent withdrawal of cases already under way to prosecution (which causes fire-smoke of political influence) and losing a number of cases in court due to lack of investigative evidence on cases (rendering it incompetent). See \"IGG clears Amama Mbabazi,\" New Vision, June 21, 2011 (http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/758143) and \"DP says IGG is toothless,\" UGpulse.com (http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/758143), in which a leader of the opposition accuses the IGG of failing to bite the enemy (corruption).;","“Corruption becoming more sophisticated – IGG,” by Raymond Baguma, The New Vision, May 31, 2012, http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/631553-corruption-becoming-more-sophisticated---igg.html\n\n“MPs Accuse IGG of Selective Prosecution,” News at Parliament of Uganda, June 16, 2012, http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=854&Itemid=65\n\n“Uganda is ‘grand seat of corruption’ – Katutsi,” by Edris Kiggundu, The Observer, Sept. 14, 2011, \nhttp://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15060&Itemid=59","Uganda's anti-corruption policy and action is managed by a number of agencies coordinated by the Directorate of Ethics and Integrity and led by the Inspectorate of Government, Directorate of Public Prosecutions, Auditor General's Office, Public Procurement & Disposal of Public Asse..."]
["2012_ZM_13",2012,"ZM","Zambia",13,25,"The fight against corruption ineffective. The officers of the bodies investigating corruption often times display an attitude best described as non-committed, overzealous and ignorant. It does take the agency takes a long time to start investigations into corruption-related allegations. In short, the agency that fights corruption is not serious about its mandate. \n\nCommissions of inquiry are set up to investigate corruption related allegations such as those that investigated issues of National Pensions Scheme Authority (NAPSA), Zamtel and Energy Regulation Board (ERB). Some people are cited in the findings but not investigated. Every year the country loses billions corrupt activities that remain non-investigated.\n\nThe Zambia Bribe Payers Index 2011 is a summary of a survey report that is published every other year by Transparency International Zambia with the intention of providing an empirical measurement of bribery incidences in the government departments and parastatal sector in Zambia. Survey findings show that 14% was the overall Aggregate Index of Bribery for 2011. This shows that an average individual visiting these institutions would have this much of a chance of encountering a bribery situation. Findings show that the most corrupt institutions include the Zambia Police Service-66, Department of National Registration-22, Ministry of Lands-20 and the Road Traffic Safety Agency-15, Passport Offic-14, Zambia Revenue Authority-12, Immigration Department-7 and Zamtel-2. All these are examples of corrupt institutions made available to relevant agencies but they conduct no or harmless investigations.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ),  September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nTransparency International Zambia, Bribe Payers Index 2011.\nhttp://www.tizambia.org.zm. html\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The fight against corruption ineffective. The officers of the bodies investigating corruption often times display an attitude best described as non-committed, overzealous and ignorant. It does take the agency takes a long time to start investigations into corruption-related allegat..."]
["2012_ZW_13",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",13,25,"Recent statistics or reports to illustrate the effectiveness of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) are not available. Media reports indicate that the commission is hampered by limited funding and high staff turnover. It is also not decentralized, so it has limited geographic reach. The commission is further hampered by current legislation which does not give it prosecutorial powers. For instance, in the investigation of the abuse of Constituency Development Funds by some legislators, it was reported in the media that the attorney-general had ordered the commission to cease investigations. This is an illustration of the lack of independence by the ZACC.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: As a result of the lack of prosecuting power and given the high level of political interference reported, it is difficult to consider there being any real chance of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission being effective unless the investigation serves a set of political interests.;","Interview with Nyaradzo Mutonohori, legal officer, Transparency International Zimbabwe, July 31, 2012.\n\n\"Zimbabwe: Paltry Salaries Threaten Anti-Corruption War Commission,\" by Zvamaida Murwira, The Herald, May 16, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201205160786.html\n\n\"Corrupt legislators and officials will be arrested,\" by a Harare24.com staff reporter, March 2012, http://harare24.com/index-id-News-zk-13110.html","Recent statistics or reports to illustrate the effectiveness of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) are not available. Media reports indicate that the commission is hampered by limited funding and high staff turnover. It is also not decentralized, so it has limited geogr..."]
["2012_DZ_14",2012,"DZ","Algeria",14,100,"The Constitution of Algeria, 2008, Article 158: \"Il est institué une Haute Cour de l'Etat pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du Président de la République, des crimes et délits du Chef du Gouvernement, commis dans l'exercice de leur fonction. La composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Haute Cour de l'Etat, ainsi que les procédures applicables, sont fixés par une loi organique.\" http://www.algeria-un.org/default.asp?lang=2&doc=-c2p3§ion=&treaty=\n\nEnglish translation of Article 158: \"There shall be a High Court of State to deal with actions qualifying as high treason committed by the President of the Republic, with the crimes of the Head of Government, committed in the exercise of their functions.  The composition, the organization and the functioning of the High Court of State as well as the applicable procedures are defined by an organic law.\"","Constitution of Algeria, 2008, Article 158. \nhttp://www.algeria-un.org/default.asp?lang=2&doc=-c2p3§ion=&treaty=\n\nCode de procédure pénale, Titre VIII, Les crimes et délits commis par des membres du Gouvernement, des magistrats et certains fonctionnaires, Articles 573 to 581\nhttp://www.cabinet-deramchi.com/doc/codes/code%20de%20procedures%20penales.pdf","The Constitution of Algeria, 2008, Article 158: \"Il est institué une Haute Cour de l'Etat pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du Président de la République, des crimes et délits du Chef du Gouvernement, commis dans l'exercice de leur fonction. La compo..."]
["2012_AO_14",2012,"AO","Angola",14,100,"The Constitution of Angola provides for a criminal immunity protection to the president’s mandate (who is both the head of state and the government under article 108.1.) depending on the nature of the crime. Thus, there are exemptions, such as treason and subordination as stipulated by the constitution. By and large the president enjoys immunity from civil or criminal cases through public prosecution, for other crimes committed while in office but not related to the exercise of his functions, the president may be answerable to the Supreme Court five years after the expiry of his term. Nonetheless, the president remains immune during his tenure. \n\nYet, there is a clear stipulation that allows the President to be investigated if and when there are allegations that speak to Article 127 (1). \n\nThe Constitution, § IV, art. 127:\n\"1. The President is not responsible for acts performed in the exercise of his functions, except in case bribery, treason and crimes defined by this Constitution as imprescriptible and not subject to amnesty.\n2. Sentencing implies removal from office and impossibility of candidacy for another term.\n3. Crimes in the exercise of its functions, the President accountable to the Court Supreme, five years after the end of its mandate.\"\n\nHowever, art. 129 states that the National Assembly must vote to allow any such prosecution to go forward:\n5. The procedures for criminal liability and removal of a President of the Republic from office referred to in the previous points shall observe the following:\na) The initiation of proceedings must be duly justified and shall be the responsibility of the National Assembly;\nb) The proposal to initiate proceedings shall be presented by one third of the Members in full exercise of their office;\nc) The decision shall be approved by a two-thirds majority of Members in full exercise of their office and the respective communication or application for proceedings must afterwards be sent to the Supreme Court or Constitutional Court, as appropriate.","Republic of Angola Constitution, § IV, art. 127 (1, 2 & 3), 129.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498","The Constitution of Angola provides for a criminal immunity protection to the president’s mandate (who is both the head of state and the government under article 108.1.) depending on the nature of the crime. Thus, there are exemptions, such as treason and subordination as stipulate..."]
["2012_BJ_14",2012,"BJ","Benin",14,100,"Au Bénin, la loi ne protège pas le chef de l'état et les hauts fonctionnaires dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Les procédures de mise en accusation, et d'inculpation sont décrites par la Loi organique n°93-013 du 10 août 1999 portant Création de la Haute Cour de justice. \n\n15.7 : La Chambre d’Instruction entend le réquisitoire définitif et prend connaissance des mémoires en réplique des parties. Elle examine les informations recueillies et élabore son rapport hors la présence du Ministère public et des parties.\n15.8 : La Chambre d’Instruction soumet son rapport à l’Assemblée Nationale qui décide s’il y a lieu à mise en accusation.\n15.9 : Pour les besoins de l’Instruction, la Chambre d’Instruction peut prendre un arrêté de mise en détention préventive. Elle peut également ordonner la mise en liberté provisoire si elle estime que la détention préventive n’est plus nécessaire à la manifestation de la vérité.\nElle procède également à tous autres actes qu’elle juge utiles à la manifestation de la vérité selon les règles édictées par le Code de Procédure Pénale et spécialement celles qui assurent les\ngaranties de la défense.\n16.1 : La décision de mise en accusation du Président de la République et des membres du Gouvemement est votée à la majorité des 2/3 des Députés composant l’Assemblée Nationale. Le mode de votation est celui prévu à l’article 186-2 du Règlement intérieur de l’Assemblée Nationale.\n16.2 : Si la mise en accusation est votée, le Président de l’Assemblée Nationale la notifie immédiatement au Procureur Général près la Haute Cour de Justice.\n16.3 : Si la mise en accusation est rejetée, le Président de l’Assemblée Nationale notifie immédiatement la décision de rejet au Président de la République.\n16.4 : Le Président de la République et les membres du Gouvernement sont suspendus de leur fonction en cas de mise en accusation.\n16.5 : En cas de mise en accusation du Président de la République devant la Haute Cour de Justice, son intérim est assuré par le Président de la Cour Constitutionnelle qui exerce toutes les fonctions du Président de la République à l’exception de celles mentionnées aux articles 54 alinéa 3, 58, 60, 101 et 154 de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990.\n17.1 : La Haute Cour de Justice fixe la date de l’audience et en avise le Président de l’Assemblée Nationale. La date est immédiatement publiée dans les organes officiels de l’Etat par les soins du Procureur Général près la Haute Cour de Justice.\n17.2 : La procédure de la Haute Cour de Justice est celle appliquée devant la Cour d’Assises, sous réserve des dispositions contraires de la présente loi. Les infractions d’audience sont réprimées suivant la procédure du flagrant délit.\n17.3 : Les arrêts de la Haute Cour de Justice sont rendus après délibération hors la présence du Ministère public, du Greffier et des parties et doivent être motivés.\n17.4 : En cas de condamnation, l’accusé est déchu de ses charges et de ses décorations ; la Haute Cour de Justice peut également prononcer contre lui la dégradation militaire et civique ainsi que la confiscation totale ou partielle de ses biens\n17.5 : Les décisions de la Haute Cour de Justice ne sont susceptibles d’aucun recours.\n17.6 : L’original des dossiers de la Haute Cour de Justice est conservé par le Greffier en Chef de la Cour Suprême au greffe de ladite Cour. Des copies sont classées aux archives de l’Assemblée Nationale et aux Archives Nationales.","Loi n°90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Articles 135, 136, 137 et 138. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html\n\nLoi organique n°93-013 du 10 août 1999 portant Création de la Haute Cour de justice. http://www.ahjucaf.org/Loi-no93-013-du-10-aout-1999.html","Au Bénin, la loi ne protège pas le chef de l'état et les hauts fonctionnaires dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Les procédures de mise en accusation, et d'inculpation sont décrites par la Loi organique n°93-013 du 10 août 1999 portant Création de la Haute Cour de justice. ..."]
["2012_BW_14",2012,"BW","Botswana",14,0,"Section 41 of the constitution, Protection of President in Respect of Legal Proceedings\n(1) Whilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of President no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his private capacity.","Constitution of Botswana, Section 41, Subsections 1-2.","Section 41 of the constitution, Protection of President in Respect of Legal Proceedings\n(1) Whilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of President no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted..."]
["2012_BF_14",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",14,100,"En ce qui concerne le Président de la République et les membres du Gouvernement, la Haute Cour de Justice est habilitée à se saisir de leurs cas lorsqu’ils sont coupables d’actes répréhensibles par la loi. Les  quatre cinquièmes des voix des députés composant l’Assemblée et ses  deux tiers sont requis respectivement pour leur mise en accusation. Voilà ce que disent les lois du pays. Cependant, rares sont les cas où l'on a procédé à des investigations de corruptions de la part des membres du Gouvernement, et jamais on n’oserait le faire à l’endroit du Président. Mais l'Article 138 indique que l'on pourrait faire des investigations sur ces personnes aussi.","Constitution adoptée par le Référendum du 02 juin 1991, Révisée par les lois N° 002/97/ADP du 27 janvier 1997; N° 003-2000/AN du 11 avril 2000; N° 001-2002/AN du 22 janvier 2002. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Burkina_Faso_2012.pdf","En ce qui concerne le Président de la République et les membres du Gouvernement, la Haute Cour de Justice est habilitée à se saisir de leurs cas lorsqu’ils sont coupables d’actes répréhensibles par la loi. Les  quatre cinquièmes des voix des députés composant l’Assemblée et ses  de..."]
["2012_BI_14",2012,"BI","Burundi",14,100,"According to article 117 of the Constitution of Burundi, \"The President of the Republic can be held accountable for offenses perpetrated during his office tenure only in case of High Treason.\" Article 234 states that high treason can only be \"adjudicated by the High Court of Justice,\" which has never been set up, despite it being established in the Constitution of 2005.\n\nMoreover, according to article 234 of the constitution, only the High Court of Justice has jurisdiction over the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Speaker of the Senate, and the Vice President of the Republic for offenses committed during their mandate. Since the court has not been set up, there is no body with jurisdiction over these offices.","Buruni Constitution, Article 117, 233-236 http://www.chanrobles.com/burundi1.html#.UGt-Ra7J_-Z","According to article 117 of the Constitution of Burundi, \"The President of the Republic can be held accountable for offenses perpetrated during his office tenure only in case of High Treason.\" Article 234 states that high treason can only be \"adjudicated by the High Court of Justic..."]
["2012_CM_14",2012,"CM","Cameroon",14,100,"The 1996 amendment of the constitution provided that the Court of Impeachment has the jurisdiction to try the president of the republic and other officials for high treason and conspiracy against the security of the state. \n\nThe 2008 amendment in a new Article 53 (3) adds that acts committed by the president in pursuance of his duties be covered by immunity and that he not be made to account for them upon leaving office. These acts are provided for in Articles 5, 8, 9 and 10 of the 1996 amended constitution. They spell out mainly the scope of presidential powers and prerogatives, which include defining national policy, overseeing a functional public administration, relating to the legislature, commanding the armed forces, declaring states of emergency or siege, and appointing a government.\n\nArt. 53 (new) reads as follows:\n\"(1) The Court of impeachment shall have jurisdiction, in respect of acts committed in the exercise of their functions to try;\n- The President of the Republic for high treason;\n- The Prime Minister, members of government and persons ranking as such and senior government officials to whom powers have been delegated in pursuance of Articles 10 and 12 above, for conspiracy against the security of the State.\n(2) The President of the Republic shall be indicted only by the National Assembly and the Senate deciding through an identical vote by open ballot and by a four fifth majority of their members.\n(3) Acts committed by the President of the Republic in pursuance of Articles 5, 8, 9 and 10 above shall be covered by immunity and he shall not be accountable for them after the exercise of his functions;\"","Part VII: Court of Impeachment, Article 53 (new) (3) of Law No. 2008/001 of April 14, 2008, to amend and supplement provisions of Law No. 96/6 of Jan.18, 1996, to amend the constitution of June 2, 1972.","The 1996 amendment of the constitution provided that the Court of Impeachment has the jurisdiction to try the president of the republic and other officials for high treason and conspiracy against the security of the state. ..."]
["2012_CV_14",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",14,100,"The Constitution does not specify whether the head of government receives immunity, but it covers all members of the executive.\n\nThe Constitution, in Article 132 says:\n\"1. For crimes committed in the course of their duties, the President is accountable to the Supreme Court.\n2. It is up to the National Assembly to request the Attorney General's Office pursue the prosecution of the President of the Republic, by proposal of twenty-five Representatives approved by a majority of two-thirds of the Members.\n3. The President is suspended from duty from the date of the final judgment of the indictment, and conviction or equivalent means immediate loss of office and removal from office and disqualification to be re-elected.\n4. For crimes committed outside the course of duty, the President is accountable to ordinary courts, after ending his tenure.\"\n\nAbout the head of the government, the prime minister, Article 199  establishes:\n\"1. No member of the Government may be detained or remanded in custody without authorization of the National Assembly, except in cases of flagrante delicto for a crime that is punishable in prison, whose ceiling is more than three years.\n2. Where criminal proceedings against a member of the Government is definitely pronounced, the National Assembly at the request of the Attorney General's Office, shall decide whether the official should or should not be suspended for the purpose of continuing the process. The suspension is mandatory in the case of a crime that is punishable in prison, whose ceiling is more than eight years.\n3. Cabinet members are accountable to the Court of Appeals for crimes committed in office.\"\n\nThe Status of Holders of Political Positions (Law No. 85/III/90 of Oct. 6), Article 3 on immunities states: \n\"Political appointees enjoy the immunities which they are recognized by the Constitution and law, to guarantee their independence and freedom of action in the exercise of their functions.\n Article 14 on crimes of responsibility states: \n\"1. Shall be fixed by special law, the crimes of responsibility that political appointees make the exercise of their functions and the penalties that apply to them and their effects.\n2. The political appointees are civilly and criminally responsible for acts which legalized the practice or exercise of their functions.\"","Constitution, Article 132.\n\nConstitution, Article 199.","The Constitution does not specify whether the head of government receives immunity, but it covers all members of the executive...."]
["2012_CF_14",2012,"CF","CAR",14,100,"En République centrafricaine, le Président de la République bénéficie dans l'exercice de ses fonctions d'une immunité juridictionnelle sauf en cas de haute trahison:\n-Violation de serment;\n-les homicides politiques;\n-l'affairisme;\n-toutes les actions contraires aux intérêts de la Nation. \nDans ces conditions, il pourrait être poursuivi devant la Haute Cour de Justice à la demande de l'Assemblée Nationale ( majorité des députés). C'est un cas qui ne s'est jamais produit en RCA bien que la constitution a été violée à plusieurs reprises et  l'affairisme dénoncé par la presse privée.\n\nAu même titre que le Président de la République, les membres du gouvernement peuvent être attraits devant la Haute Cour de Justice pour les cas de crimes et haute trahison. Cela ne pourrait se faire que sous l'initiative du Procureur  Général ou de l'Assemblée Nationale à la majorité de 2/3. C'est à partir de là que le Président de la République défère, devant la Haute Cour  de Justice, les membres du gouvernement susceptibles  d'être poursuivis.","Constitution de 27 décembre 2004, République Centrafricaine\nhttp://www.sangonet.com/actu-snews/ICAR/Dsp/constitution2004-qmout.html","En République centrafricaine, le Président de la République bénéficie dans l'exercice de ses fonctions d'une immunité juridictionnelle sauf en cas de haute trahison:\n-Violation de serment;..."]
["2012_TD_14",2012,"TD","Chad",14,100,"The High Court of Justice (Article 173 of the Constitution) is tasked with prosecuting the head of state, cabinet ministers and their accomplices in cases of high treason. Treason charges include undermining state institutions, national unity, state secularism, the sovereignty,  the independence and the integrity of the territory. The head of state cannot be investigated or punished for any other crimes while in office.\n\nAs for ministers, they can be held accountable for any criminal offenses committed while in office.","Article 173 of the Constitution (1996). http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","The High Court of Justice (Article 173 of the Constitution) is tasked with prosecuting the head of state, cabinet ministers and their accomplices in cases of high treason. Treason charges include undermining state institutions, national unity, state secularism, the sovereignty,  th..."]
["2012_KM_14",2012,"KM","Comoros",14,100,"En théorie, rien n'empêche à une partie lésée de porter plainte contre le Chef de l'Etat, dans la mesure où le  Code de procédure pénale statue dans son article 1er que : \" l'action publique pour l'application des peines peut être mise en mouvement par les magistrats ou par la partie lésée\".( Code de Procédure pénale, recueil des textes nationaux, Ministère de la Justice, de l'administration pénitentiaire, des affaires islamiques, chargé des relations avec le parlement et les institutions insulaires, ONU Comores, 2011, pages 188 à  449)\n\nL'article 2 renforce ces dispositions en énonçant que \"l'action civile en réparation du dommage causé par un crime, un délit ou une contravention appartient à tous ceux qui ont personnellement souffert du dommage directement causé par l'infraction\" (Code de Procédure pénale, Recueil des textes nationaux, Ministère de la Justice, de l'administration pénitentiaire, des affaires islamiques, chargé des relations avec le parlement et les institutions insulaires, ONU Comores, 2011, pages 188 à  449). \n\nMais l'arsenal juridique des Comores ne prévoit pas la possibilité de poursuivre EXPRESSÉMENT le Chef de l’État en cas de crime ou délit qu'il commet  en cours de mandat ou en dehors de son mandat. Le seul cas prévu est la traduction devant la Cour suprême, siégeant en Haute Cour de Justice ,en cas de haute trahison du Président, du Vice-Président et les membres du gouvernement (Art 30 de la Constitution). A ce titre, il bénéficie donc d'une immunité de juridiction.\n\nPar contre les membres du gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis :\n- s'ils portent atteinte à la liberté individuelle ou aux droits civiques du citoyen. Ils encourent la déchéance civique (Art 105 de la loi n°082/PAF-Loi 95-012/AF portant code pénal)\n\n- s'ils s'immiscent dans l'exercice du pouvoir judiciaire (art 105/2 de la loi n°082/PAF-Loi 95-012/AF portant code pénal);\n\nMais d'un autre côté, on peut prendre le raisonnement inverse : comme ni la Constitution ni les autres textes n'exonèrent le Chef de l’État  d’aucune responsabilité pénale pour les actes répréhensibles qu’il aurait pu commettre dans l’exercice de ses fonctions (en dehors de la haute trahison), on pourrait conclure que le président peut, au terme de son mandat, répondre des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, et ceci devant les juridictions de droit commun.","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 Modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, Art 30. www.Droit-Afrique.com\n\nLoi n°082/PAF-Loi 95-012/AF portant code pénal, 15 mai 1982 et 18 septembre 1995, Art 105, in recueil des textes nationaux, Ministère de la Justice, de l'administration pénitentiaire, des affaires islamiques, chargé des relations avec le parlement et les institutions insulaires, ONU Comores, 2011.\n\nLoi n°082/PAF-Loi 95-012/AF portant code pénal, 15 mai 1982 et 18 septembre 1995, Art 105/2 in recueil des textes nationaux, Ministère de la Justice, de l'administration pénitentiaire, des affaires islamiques, chargé des relations avec le parlement et les institutions insulaires, ONU Comores, 2011.\n\nArt 1 du Code de Procédure pénale, in Recueil des textes nationaux, in recueil des textes nationaux, Ministère de la Justice, de l'administration pénitentiaire, des affaires islamiques, chargé des relations avec le parlement et les institutions insulaires, ONU Comores, 2011, pages 188 à  449. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Code%201970%20de%20procedure%20penale.pdf]\n\n- Art 2 Code de Procédure pénale, in Recueil des textes nationaux, in recueil des textes nationaux, Ministère de la Justice, de l'administration pénitentiaire, des affaires islamiques, chargé des relations avec le parlement et les institutions insulaires, ONU Comores, 2011, pages 188 à  449","En théorie, rien n'empêche à une partie lésée de porter plainte contre le Chef de l'Etat, dans la mesure où le  Code de procédure pénale statue dans son article 1er que : \" l'action publique pour l'application des peines peut être mise en mouvement par les magistrats ou par la part..."]
["2012_CD_14",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",14,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_14",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",14,100,"Article 164 states:\n\n\"The Constitutional Court is the criminal court for the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister with regard to the offenses of high treason, contempt of Parliament, failings in matters of honor and integrity as well as insider crimes and all the other common law offenses committed in the exercise or on the occasion of the exercise of their functions. It is equally competent to try their co-authors and accomplices.\"","Democratic Republic of Congo, Constitution, Article 164. http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/DRC%20-%20Congo%20Constitution.pdf.","Article 164 states:\n\n\"The Constitutional Court is the criminal court for the President of the Republic and the Prim..."]
["2012_CI_14",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",14,100,"The President of the Republic is not responsible for acts accomplished in the exercise of his functions and can only be brought before the High Court of Justice in the case of high treason (Cf. Article 109).\n\nThe High Court is competent to judge the members of the government by reason of acts classified [as] crimes or misdemeanors committed in the exercise of their functions (Cf. Article 110).","TITLE IX, Article 109. The Constitution of Cote d’Ivoire, Law No 2000-513 of August 1, 2000.","The President of the Republic is not responsible for acts accomplished in the exercise of his functions and can only be brought before the High Court of Justice in the case of high treason (Cf. Article 109)...."]
["2012_DJ_14",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",14,100,"L'article 84 de la constitution djiboutienne dispose que: \" la Haute cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale.\n\nLe président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Les membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions et qualifiés crimes ou délits au moment où ils ont été commis. La mise en accusation est votée par scrutin public à la majorité des deux tiers des députés composant l'Assemblée nationale.\n\nLa Haute cour de Justice est liée par la définition des crimes et délits ainsi que par la détermination des peines résultant des lois pénales en vigueur à l'époque des faits compris dans la poursuite\".\n\nCependant il faut noter que la loi organique prévue par la constitution n'a pas été promulguée à ce jour.","La constitution du 15 septembre 1992: Titre IX: de la haute cour de justice\nhttp://www.adi.dj/constitut/constitut_dj.htm","L'article 84 de la constitution djiboutienne dispose que: \" la Haute cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale...."]
["2012_EG_14",2012,"EG","Egypt",14,100,"The 2011 interim Constitution does not provide clear and irrevocable immunity for heads of state. \n\nTwo laws are in place that can be used to prosecute the president and ministers while they are in office. However, they were not put into practice, as they were issued during the unity between Egypt and Syria. A new law was actually under discussion in the Egyptian Parliament, before its suspension by the court.\n\nRegarding illegal profiting, Law 62/1975 states that the head of state and all government officials are required to fill out and submit a regular asset disclosure form once every five years, which includes all of their possessions and those of their spouses and underage children. The asset disclosure forms are reviewed by judicial committees, and a specific body is established for that purpose (the Illicit Enrichment Apparatus) to help the review committees in their function. Presidential candidates are also required to submit an asset disclosure form. \n\nArticle 18 of the same law stipulates that \"every individual who gained, for himself or for someone else, illicit revenue should be punished by imprisonment. The designated authorities confiscate the revenue that the convict gained through illicit means. There is no dismissal of the case if the accused is deceased. The court has the right to summon the immediate family of the accused who benefited from the illicit revenue and demand that they return the revenue.\"\n\nArticle 116 of the Criminal Code states that any public servant who damages the economic reputation of Egypt by abusing his powers is sentenced to a period of imprisonment of one to six years. Moreover, Law 47/1978 prevents state employees from accepting any gifts – by themselves or through intermediaries – for executing their job.  Article 112 of the Penal Code provides that any public servant involved in the embezzlement of public funds by committing forgery on official papers may be sentenced to a term of life in prison. The 1971 constitution, before its suspension, provided powerful sanctions punishing misconduct of executive members, such as Article 85, which offered the possibility of accusing the president of impeachment or criminal offenses, and Articles 159 and 160, which offered the possibility of prosecuting ministers for crimes they commit with sanctions up to life imprisonment.","Interim Constitution 2011, .http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/EG/egypt-interim-constitution-2011/at_download/file\n\nLaw no 247 of 1956 regarding the president and the ministers.\n\nLaw no. 79 of 1958 for the ministers.\n\nLaw no 62 of 1975 combating illicit gain and enrichment \nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/compendium/egypt/related-national-laws/illicitenrichment-jul75-ar.pdf.\n\nLaw 58-1937 art. 112 (Criminal Code of 1937, reformed in 1952) http://www.mohamoon.com/montada/Default.aspx?action=ArabicLaw&ID=20\n\nList of anti-corruption laws applicable to the president and government considered as civil servants\nhttp://www.arablegalportal.org/financial/legaldocs/anti-corruption/egypt/Egypt-anti-corruption-laws-inforce-en.pdf.","The 2011 interim Constitution does not provide clear and irrevocable immunity for heads of state. ..."]
["2012_GQ_14",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",14,0,"Article 34 of the Constitution establishes the immunity of the Head of State during his mandate, and also states that a law will regulate the immunity and privileges after his mandate. \n\nArticle 85 establishes also that the former presidents become members of the Senate automatically after their mandate, keeping their immunity as members of the Senate, while they keep a good reputation and do not engage in any political and social misbehavior.\n\nThere is no specific regulation for the rest of heads of State (Vice President, Prime Minister). Only article 50 paragraph 2 of the Constitution establishes that a law will regulate the criminal and civil responsibilities of the heads of state in general. No laws have been passed so far.","Articles 34, Chapter II, National Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, 2012.\n\nArticle 50, Chapter III, National Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, 2012.\n\nArticle 85, Chapter IV,  National Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, 2012.","Article 34 of the Constitution establishes the immunity of the Head of State during his mandate, and also states that a law will regulate the immunity and privileges after his mandate. ..."]
["2012_ER_14",2012,"ER","Eritrea",14,100,"Chapter 5, Article 43 of the Constitution stipulates, on Immunity from Civil and Criminal Proceedings, that:\n1) Any person holding the Office of the President may not be:\nb) charged with any criminal offense, unless he be impeached and charged under Article 41(6)(a) and (b) hereof.\n\nHowever, Article 41(6) states that the President may be removed from office by two-thirds majority vote of all members of the National Assembly for: violating the Constitution or grave violations of the law; and for conducting himself in a manner which brings the authority or honor of the office of the President in ridicule, contempt and disrepute.\n\nAccording to the article 32 (9) of the Constitution \"Pursuant to the provisions of Sub-Article 6(a) and (b) of Article 41 hereof, the National Assembly, by a vote of two-thirds majority of all its members, shall have the power to impeach and charge the President before the end of his term of office.\" \nArticle 41 (6) provides that \"The President may be removed from office by two-thirds majority vote of all members of the National Assembly for the following reasons: \na) violation of the Constitution or grave violation of the law; \nb) conducting himself in a manner which brings the authority or honour of the office of President into ridicule, contempt and disrepute; \nc) being incapable of performing the functions of his office by reason of physical or mental incapacity.\n\nAccording to article 49 (2) (2) The Supreme Court shall have b) sole jurisdiction of hearing and adjudicating upon charges against a President who has been impeached by the National Assembly pursuant to the provisions of Sub-Article 6 (a) and (b) of Article 41 hereof;","Constitution of Eritrea, ratified on May 23 1997. https://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/Constitution%20of%20Eritrea%20.pdf","Chapter 5, Article 43 of the Constitution stipulates, on Immunity from Civil and Criminal Proceedings, that:\n1) Any person holding the Office of the President may not be:..."]
["2012_ET_14",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",14,100,"No law protects the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office.\n\nArticle 12 of the Conduct and Accountability of Government states:\n\n\"1. The conduct of affairs of government shall be transparent. 2. Any public official or an elected representative is accountable for any failure in official duties.\"\n\nArticle 17 states: \"It has the power to call and to question the prime minister and other federal officials and to investigate the executive’s conduct and discharge of its responsibilities.\"","Proclamation No. 433/2005 Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Establishment, Articles 12 and 17, www.ethiopian-law.com/.../349-federal-ethics-and-anti-corruption-","No law protects the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office...."]
["2012_GA_14",2012,"GA","Gabon",14,100,"Oui, la Constitution de la République Gabonaise le dispose clairement dans son article 78 :\n\n\"La Haute Cour de Justice est une Juridiction d’Exception non Permanente. Elle juge le Président de la République en cas de violation du Serment ou de Haute trahison. Le Président de la République est mis en accusation par le Parlement statuant à la majorité des deux tiers (2/3) de ses membres, au scrutin public.\nPendant l’intersession, le Décret de convocation du Parlement sera exceptionnellement pris par le Premier Ministre.\n\nLe Vice-président de la République, les Présidents et Vice-Présidents des Corps constitués, les membres du Gouvernement et les membres de la Cour constitutionnelle sont pénalement responsables devant la Haute Cour de Justice des actes accomplis dans 1’exercice de leurs fonctions et qualifiés de crimes ou délits au moment où ils ont été commis, ainsi que leurs complices et co-auteurs en cas d’atteinte à la Sûreté de l’Etat (L. 1/97 du 22 avril 1997).\"","Constitution de la République Gabonaise (2003), Article 78.","Oui, la Constitution de la République Gabonaise le dispose clairement dans son article 78 :\n\n\"La Haute Cour de Justice est une Juridiction d’Exception non Permanente. Elle juge le Préside..."]
["2012_GM_14",2012,"GM","The Gambia",14,100,"The president, who is the head of state and government, is immune from criminal proceedings while holding or performing the functions of office in respect to anything done or omitted, whether in official or private capacity (Section 69 (1) of the constitution). \n\nAfter the president leaves office, \"a criminal court shall only have jurisdiction to entertain proceedings against him or her in respect of acts or omissions alleged to have been perpetrated by him or her while holding office as President ff the National Assembly has resolved on a motion supported by not less than two-thirds of all the members that such proceedings are justified in the public interest\" (Section 69 (3) (b) of the constitution).\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 63 of the constitution: \n 63 (3) A person elected as President may at any time during his term of office be removed from office if a no confidence motion is passed in the National Assembly supported by two thirds of the members of the National Assembly.\n67 (1) (a) (b) The President may be removed from office in accordance with this section on any of the following grounds: Abuse of office, willful violation of the oath of allegiance or President’s oath of office, willful violation of any provision of this Constitution, contempt or disrepute of the office of the President or has dishonestly done any act which is prejudicial or inimical to the economy of The Gambia or dishonestly omitted to act with similar consequences.","Section 69 of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia. Section 69 (1) and (3) (b).","The president, who is the head of state and government, is immune from criminal proceedings while holding or performing the functions of office in respect to anything done or omitted, whether in official or private capacity (Section 69 (1) of the constitution). ..."]
["2012_GH_14",2012,"GH","Ghana",14,100,"Article 57(4) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana states that \"The President shall not, while in office as President, be personally liable to any civil or criminal proceedings in court.\" However, within three years of leaving office, the president can be held liable for anything done or not done in his personal capacity before or during his tenure of office.\n\nAlso, the President shall be removed from office where the President as the case may be, has been indicted and convicted by impeachment (not less than one-third of all the members of Parliament) as noted in section 69 of the constitution. \n69 (1) The President shall be removed from office if he is found, in accordance with the provisions of this article: \n(a) Willful violation of the oath of allegiance or constitution \n(b) Conducted himself in a manner disrepute, ridicule or contempt or prejudicial or inimical to the economy or the security of the State.","Article 57(4) (5) (6) and 69 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana.\n\nMaxwell Adjei Ashon, Research Officer, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), June 6, 2012.\n\nNicholas Adamtey, Director, Transparency and Accountability Initiative, at Adam Nana, Kasoa, Accra, Saturday, June 23, 2012.","Article 57(4) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana states that \"The President shall not, while in office as President, be personally liable to any civil or criminal proceedings in court.\" However, within three years of leaving office, the president can be held liable for anything done..."]
["2012_GN_14",2012,"GN","Guinea",14,100,"Les articles 118, 119 et 120 de la constitution guinéenne disposent que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le président et le Premier ministre dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions dans les cas suivants: \n- Le Président de la République en cas de haute trahison;\n- Le Premier Ministre et les autres membres du gouvernement pour crimes et délits.\n\nArticle 118: La haute cour de Justice est compétente pour juger les actes accomplis dans l'exercice ou à l'occasion de leurs fonctions par:\n- Le Président de la République en cas de Haute trahison;\n- Le Premier Ministre et les autres membres du gouvernement pour crimes et délits.\n\nArticle 119: Il y a haute trahison lorsque le président de la République a violé son serment, les arrêts de la Cour constitutionnelle, est reconnu auteur, coauteur ou complice de violations graves et caractérisées des droits  humains, de cession d'une partie du territoire national, ou d'actes attentatoires au maintien d'un environnement sain, durable et favorable au développement.\n\nArticle 120: La mise en accusation est demandée par un dixième des députés. Elle ne peut intervenir que par un vote de l'Assemblée nationale au scrutin secret à la majorité des trois cinquièmes des membres qui la composent.\nCelle-ci peut décider, lorsque le président de la République est mis en accusation, que le président de l'Assemblée nationale exerce sa suppléance jusqu'à ce que la Haute Cour de justice ait rendu son arrêt.\nL'instruction et le jugement ont lieu toutes affaires cessantes.\nLe président de la République, le premier ministre et les membres du Gouvernement, en cas de mise en accusation devant la Haute Cour de justice, sont suspendus de leurs fonctions.\nEn cas de condamnation, ils sont déchus de leurs fonctions.\nEn cas d'acquittement, ils reprennent leurs fonctions.","Constitution Guinéenne. (2010). Articles 118, 119 et 120. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf","Les articles 118, 119 et 120 de la constitution guinéenne disposent que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le président et le Premier ministre dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions dans les cas suivants: ..."]
["2012_GW_14",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",14,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_14",2012,"KE","Kenya",14,100,"Section 143 of the constitution protects the president of Kenya from criminal proceedings while in office. Thus, the president may only be prosecuted at the end of his term in office; According to section 143 (4), this immunity \"shall not extend to a crime for which the President may be prosecuted under any treaty to which Kenya is party and which prohibits such immunity.\"\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 145 of the constitution:\n\n145. (1) A member of the National Assembly, supported by at least\na third of all the members, may move a motion for the impeachment of the Presiden —\n(a) on the ground of a gross violation of a provision of this\nConstitution or of any other law;\n(b) where there are serious reasons for believing that the President has committed a crime under national or international law; or\n(c) for gross misconduct.","The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, Section 143, 145, http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf","Section 143 of the constitution protects the president of Kenya from criminal proceedings while in office. Thus, the president may only be prosecuted at the end of his term in office; According to section 143 (4), this immunity \"shall not extend to a crime for which the President m..."]
["2012_LS_14",2012,"LS","Lesotho",14,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_14",2012,"LR","Liberia",14,100,"Article 61 states: \"The President shall be immune from any suits, actions or proceedings, judicial or otherwise, and from arrest, detention or other actions on account of any act done by him while President of Liberia pursuant to any provision of this Constitution or any other laws of the Republic. The President shall not, however, be immune from prosecution upon removal from office for the commission of any criminal act done while President.\"\n\nHowever, the legislature can initiate impeachment proceedings, as described in article 62 and 43 of the constitution.\n\nArticle 62:\n\"The President and the Vice–President may be removed from office by impeachment for treason, bribery and other felonies, violation of the Constitution or gross misconduct.\"\n\nArticle 43:\n\"The power to prepare a bill of impeachment is vested solely in the House of Representatives, and the power to try all impeachments is vested solely in the Senate. When the President, Vice President or an Associate Justice is to be tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; when the Chief Justice or a judge of a subordinate court of record is to be tried, the President of the Senate shall preside. No person shall be impeached but by the concurrence of two-thirds of the total membership of the Senate. Judgements in such cases shall not extend beyond removal from office and disqualification to hold public office in the Republic; but the party may be tried at law for the same offense. The Legislature shall prescribe the procedure for impeachment proceedings which shall be in conformity with the requirements of due process of law.\"","Article 61 of the Liberian Constitution. Art 61. http://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/const/col1984235/","Article 61 states: \"The President shall be immune from any suits, actions or proceedings, judicial or otherwise, and from arrest, detention or other actions on account of any act done by him while President of Liberia pursuant to any provision of this Constitution or any other laws..."]
["2012_LY_14",2012,"LY","Libya",14,100,"No current law provides for the immunity of heads of state or government.","Libya Constitutional Declaration. 2011. ","No current law provides for the immunity of heads of state or government."]
["2012_MG_14",2012,"MG","Madagascar",14,100,"The new Constitution has been voted in December 2010, but its legitimacy  has been challenged by the very bad conditions of the election. Moreover, a Road map proposed by the SADC seems to replace it, during the  continuing transition period. \n\nThus for the moment there no specific legislation which seriously could  investigate or prosecute any high-ranking government officer. However, there are impeachment provisions, as well as powers given to the High Court. \n\nFrom the Constitution:\nArticle 6.\nThe law is the expression of the general will. It is the same for all, it protects or punishes it requires.\nAll individuals are equal before the law and enjoy the same fundamental freedoms protected by the law, without discrimination based on sex, level of education, wealth, origin, religious belief or opinion.\n Article 131.\nThe President is responsible for acts related to the exercise of its functions in case of high treason, serious violation or repeated violations of the Constitution, breach of his duties patently incompatible with the fulfilling its mandate.\nHe can be impeached by a National Assembly ballot and by a majority of two-thirds of its members.\nIt is justiciable before the High Court of Justice. The indictment may result in the forfeiture of his office.\nArticle 133.\nThe presidents of the parliamentary assemblies, the Prime Minister, other members of the Government and the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court are criminally responsible before the High Court of Justice, the acts relating to the exercise of their functions acts as crimes or offenses at the time they were committed.\nThey can be impeached by the National Assembly acting by public ballot by an absolute majority of its members.\nThe initiative comes from the pursuit of the Prosecutor General of the Supreme Court.\nArticle 134.\nThe presidents of the parliamentary assemblies, the Prime Minister, other members of the Government and the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court are amenable to the ordinary courts for offenses committed outside the exercise of their functions.\nThe initiative comes from the prosecution of the Attorney General at the Court of Cessation.\nIn this case, when there is crime, the court correctional authority is chaired by the president of the court or by a Vice-Chairman if he is prevented.\nThe provisions of the preceding three paragraphs shall also apply to MPs, senators and members of the High Court","Constitution of Madagascar 2010, article","The new Constitution has been voted in December 2010, but its legitimacy  has been challenged by the very bad conditions of the election. Moreover, a Road map proposed by the SADC seems to replace it, during the  continuing transition period. ..."]
["2012_MW_14",2012,"MW","Malawi",14,100,"According to the constitution, a president, who is head of state and government, has immunity from prosecution while in office, and this extends to life after vacating the office for all actions or decisions made in his or her official capacity.  Section 91 (1), (2) and (3) read as follows:\n        \n(1) No person holding the office of President or performing the functions of President may be sued in any civil proceedings but the office of President shall not be immune to orders of the courts concerning rights \nand duties under this Constitution.\n        \n(2) No person holding the office of President shall be charged with any criminal offence in any court during his term of office.\n\n(3) After a person has vacated the office of President, he or she shall not be personally liable for acts done in an official capacity during his or her term of office but shall not otherwise be immune.\n\nHowever, the President or First Vice-President shall be removed from office where the President or First Vice-President, as the case may be, has been indicted and convicted by impeachment as noted in section 86 of the constitution. \n\n86 (2) The procedure for impeachment shall be as laid down by the Standing Orders of Parliament, provided that they are in full accord with the principles of natural justice and that: (a) indictment and conviction by impeachment shall only be on the grounds of serious violation of the Constitution or serious breach of the written laws of the Republic that either occurred or came to light during the term of office of the President or the First Vice-President; (b) indictment on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly in a committee of the whole house; (c) conviction on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of both Chambers.","Republic Of Malawi Constitution, Section 91 (1), (2) and (3). Government of Malawi.","According to the constitution, a president, who is head of state and government, has immunity from prosecution while in office, and this extends to life after vacating the office for all actions or decisions made in his or her official capacity.  Section 91 (1), (2) and (3) read as..."]
["2012_ML_14",2012,"ML","Mali",14,100,"La constitution malienne adoptée par referendum du 12 janvier 1992 et promulguée par décret n°92-073 p-CTSP du 25 février 1992, à son article 95  dispose : « La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les Ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée Nationale pour haute trahison ou à raison des faits qualifiés de crimes ou délits commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions ainsi que leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'Etat. La mise en accusation est votée par scrutin public à la majorité des 2/3 des Députés composant l'Assemblée Nationale. La Haute Cour de Justice est liée par la définition des crimes et délits et par la détermination des peines résultantes des lois pénales en vigueur à l'époque des faits compris dans la poursuite ».","La constitution malienne adoptée par referendum du 12 janvier 1992 et promulguée par décret n°92-073 p-CTSP du 25 février 1992, à son article 95 ; www.gouv.ml/constitution","La constitution malienne adoptée par referendum du 12 janvier 1992 et promulguée par décret n°92-073 p-CTSP du 25 février 1992, à son article 95  dispose : « La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les Ministres mis en accusation devant e..."]
["2012_MR_14",2012,"MR","Mauritania",14,100,"Article 93: \nLe Président de la République est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions en cas de haute trahison. Il ne peut être mis en accusation que par les deux assemblées statuant par un vote identique au scrutin public et à la majorité absolue de leurs membres, et est jugé par la Haute Cour de justice.\nLe Premier ministre et les membres du Cabinet sont pénalement responsables des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions en tant que crimes ou délits alors qu'ils étaient commis. La procédure définie ci-dessus leur est applicable ainsi que leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'État. Dans le cas décrit dans le présent paragraphe, la Haute Cour de Justice est liée par la définition des crimes et la peine comme résultant des lois pénales au moment des actes commis.\n\nL'alinéa 2 stipule notamment que le premier ministre et les membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables pour les crimes et infractions commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions.","Constitution du 20 juillet 1992 (article 93). http://www.ami.mr/fr/index.php?page=Mauritanie-Constitution","Article 93: \nLe Président de la République est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions en cas de haute trahison. Il ne peut être mis en accusation que par les deux assemblées s..."]
["2012_MU_14",2012,"MU","Mauritius",14,100,"Officers of government, including ministers and even the prime minister, are not immune from criminal and civil prosecution.\n\nWhile Article 30 of the Constitution protects the president and vice-president from criminal or civil proceedings regarding their actions in office, this article gives immunity to the heads of state or government as individuals only with respect to an act done in the performance of his function. It does not give immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated, prosecuted or even sued by a private citizen if the head of state or government commits an illegal act and particularly if the act is not in the context of the performance of his functions. Even if the head of state or government takes a decision and an action which he truly believes is in conformity with the law and in line with the authority to perform his function, he may be challenged in a court of law as to the legality of such decision. \n\nChapter 4, Section 30 (A). Privileges and immunities:\n(1) Subject to section 64(5), no civil or criminal proceedings shall lie against the President or the\nVice-President in respect of the performance by him of the functions of his office or in respect of\nany act done or purported to be done by him in the performance of those functions.\n(2) Subject to section 64(5), no process, warrant or summons shall be issued or executed against\nthe President or the Vice-President during his term of office.","Interview with Mr. Nandraj Patten, barrister at law. Basset Chambers, Port Louis. June 3, 2012, in Palmar.\n\nThe Constitution of Mauritius. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=03654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#president","Officers of government, including ministers and even the prime minister, are not immune from criminal and civil prosecution...."]
["2012_MA_14",2012,"MA","Morocco",14,0,"In Morocco, the Constitution stipulates that the king's person is sacred and inviolable. He could not and cannot be held criminal liability. The Constitution of 2011, Article 46, states: \"The King's person is inviolable, and respect is due to him.\" Unlike other officials of the state that enjoy relative immunity, the King enjoys absolute immunity.\n\nArticle 94 of the new Constitution of 2011 does not refer to the High Court of Justice. Article 94 stipulates: \"Members of the Government shall be criminally liable in the courts of the Kingdom for crimes committed in the exercise of their functions. The law determines the procedure for such liability.\" Bill 24-07 calls for a simple examination and a majority vote of not less than 397 MPs out of 595, divided between the two chambers to begin a criminal process against a minister. Even if the majority supports one of its ministers, their votes should be only a part of the deputies' vote, alongside the votes of the opposition.","Constitution, BO No. 56-84; Signed 20-11-2008, Ratified 29 July 2011 by Decree 1-11-91.\n\nOrganic Law No. 24-07 on the High Court of Justice. BO No. 56-84; Signed 20-11-2008, Ratified 20 October 2008 by Decree 1-08-64.","In Morocco, the Constitution stipulates that the king's person is sacred and inviolable. He could not and cannot be held criminal liability. The Constitution of 2011, Article 46, states: \"The King's person is inviolable, and respect is due to him.\" Unlike other officials of the sta..."]
["2012_MZ_14",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",14,100,"According to the constitution of Mozambique, for crimes committed while in office, the president of the republic shall be brought before the Supreme Court. However, as of 3 July 2012, no former head of state in Mozambique has faced justice.\n\nArticle 153 of Chapter I, Title IV of the constitution of Mozambique states the following:\n\nCriminal Responsibility\n1. For crimes committed in the performance of his functions, the President of the Republic shall be tried before the Supreme Court.\n2. For crimes committed outside the performance of his functions, the President of the Republic shall be tried before the ordinary courts, at the end of his term of office.\n3. It shall be incumbent upon the Assembly of the Republic to request that the Attorney General of the Republic institute criminal proceedings against the President of the Republic, upon the recommendation of at least one-third and carried by a majority of two-thirds of the deputies of the Assembly of the Republic.\n4. The President of the Republic shall be suspended from his duties as of the date on which definitive indictment or its equivalent has been passed, and his conviction shall result in his discharge from office.\n5. The Supreme Court, sitting in plenary session, shall deliver its judgment within a maximum period of sixty days.\n6. In the event of a conviction, the President of the Republic shall not be able to stand as a candidate for that office again, nor may he hold any position in a sovereign public office or a local authority.","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique Title IV, Chapter I, Article 153, No 1.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\n\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=206607","According to the constitution of Mozambique, for crimes committed while in office, the president of the republic shall be brought before the Supreme Court. However, as of 3 July 2012, no former head of state in Mozambique has faced justice...."]
["2012_NA_14",2012,"NA","Namibia",14,100,"Article 31 (3) (b) states that \"a civil or criminal court shall only have jurisdiction to entertain proceedings against the head of state in respect of acts of commission or omission alleged to have been perpetrated in his or her personal capacity whilst holding office as President, if Parliament by resolution has removed the President on the grounds specified in this Constitution and if a resolution adopted by Parliament resolving that any such proceedings are justified in the public interest notwithstanding any damage such proceedings might cause to the dignity of the office of President.\"","Article 31 of the Namibian Constitution (1990, as amended 1998 and 2010),\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf","Article 31 (3) (b) states that \"a civil or criminal court shall only have jurisdiction to entertain proceedings against the head of state in respect of acts of commission or omission alleged to have been perpetrated in his or her personal capacity whilst holding office as President..."]
["2012_NE_14",2012,"NE","Niger",14,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_14",2012,"NG","Nigeria",14,100,"The Nigerian Constitution gives the president and vice president (and also the governors of the 36 federal states and their deputies), immunity against civil or criminal charges while in office. However, while the president, vice president, as well as the governors and their deputies, cannot be prosecuted, the constitution does not preclude their investigation. Both the President and Vice-President can also be investiaged and removed by the legislature. \n\nIn addition, Section 52 of the Independent Corrupt Practices Act provides for the appointment of an independent counsel to investigate this category of officers even while they are in office. Section 143 of the Constitution allows for legislative investigation and removal of the holder of the office of President or Vice-President if they are determined to be guilty of gross misconduct in the performance of the functions of their office.\n\nSection 52 of the ICPC act states: \"When an allegation of corruption or anything purporting to contravene any provision of this Act is made against the President or the Vice-President of Nigeria or against any state government or deputy governor, the Chief Justice of the Federation shall, if satisfied that sufficient cause has been shown upon an application on notice supported by an affidavit setting out the facts on which the allegation is based, authorise an independent counsel (who shall be a legal practitioner of not less than fifteen years standing) to investigate the allegation and make a report of his findings to the national assembly in the case of the president or vice-president and to the relevant state house of assembly in the case of the state government or the deputy governor.\"","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Miscellaneous Provisions, Section 308. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1\n\nCorrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act, 2000, Section 52. \nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","The Nigerian Constitution gives the president and vice president (and also the governors of the 36 federal states and their deputies), immunity against civil or criminal charges while in office. However, while the president, vice president, as well as the governors and their deputi..."]
["2012_RW_14",2012,"RW","Rwanda",14,100,"The Organic law n° 01/2004 of 29/01/2004 establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the supreme court in its article 44 stipulates that the Supreme Court has special and exclusive jurisdiction to try, on first and the final degree, the President of the Republic, the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Supreme Court and the Prime Minister for offences committed during their terms of office, whether such offences relate to the exercise of their public duties or their private matters, regardless of whether they are still in or have ceded to hold office. During the time when they are still in their posts, the court also tries them on the first and the last instances on offences they committed before occupying such posts. \n\nThe court also has jurisdiction to try their accomplices.","Constitution of Rwanda 2010, Articles 140 to 160. \nThese articles stipulate proceedings leading to the prosecution of the head of state after approval by both chambers of Parliament.\n\nOrganic law n° 01/2004 of 29/01/2004 establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, chapter 2, article 44. Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/amategekodb.aspx?mode=r&pid=7517&iid=1202&rid=30692473","The Organic law n° 01/2004 of 29/01/2004 establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the supreme court in its article 44 stipulates that the Supreme Court has special and exclusive jurisdiction to try, on first and the final degree, the President of the Republic,..."]
["2012_ST_14",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",14,100,"In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government.  As the Constitution's  Article 74 states: \"Those who hold a political position answer for their political, civil, criminal actions and omissions they commit whilst in office.\"\n\nRelevant additional articles of the constitution include those listed below.\nWith regard to the head of state, article 86 says the following:\n1. For crimes committed during the exercise of his functions the President of the Republic responds to the supreme court of justice.\n2. The national assembly takes the initiative of a criminal process through the proposal of a fifth of the deputies and approval by a majority of two-thirds of the deputies.\n3. The condemnation implies the destitution from office and the impossibility of re-election.\n4. For crimes committed outside the exercise of his functions the President of the Republic responds after the end of his term at the common courts.\nAs far as the criminal responsibility of the government members is concerned, article 115 defines that:\n1. The government member definitively accused of crime committed in exercise of his functions is punishable with a prison term superior than two years is suspended for the purpose of pursuing the case.\n2. In the case of the definitive accusation of a crime punishable with a sentence of up to two years, the national assembly decides if the government member has to be suspended or not for the same purpose.","Constitution, Articles 74, 86 and 115\nwww.tribunalconstitucional.st","In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government.  As the Constitution's  Article 74 states: \"Those who hold a political position answer for their political, civil, criminal actions and omissions they commit whilst in office.\"..."]
["2012_SN_14",2012,"SN","Senegal",14,100,"Les articles 99 et 101  de la constitution du  Sénégal, titre IX : la haute cour de justice du Sénégal stipule dans son article 100 que « La Haute Cour de justice est composée de membres élus par l'Assemblée nationale. Elle est présidée par un magistrat. L'organisation de la Haute Cour de justice et la procédure suivie devant elles sont déterminées par une loi organique », et l’article 101 d’ajouter que «Le Président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il ne peut être mis en accusation que par l'Assemblée nationale, statuant par un vote au scrutin secret, à la majorité des trois cinquièmes des membres les composant ; il est jugé par la Haute Cour de Justice. Le Premier ministre et les autres membres du Gouvernement sont pénalement responsables des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions et qualifiés crimes et délits au moment où ils ont été commis. Ils sont jugés par la Haute Cour de Justice. La procédure définie ci-dessus leur est applicable, ainsi qu'à leurs complices, dans le cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'Etat. Dans les cas prévus au présent alinéa, la Haute Cour est liée par la définition des crimes et délits ainsi que par la détermination des peines, telles qu'elles résultent des lois pénales en vigueur au moment où les faits ont été commis ».","Constitution du 22 janvier 2001. Article 101. http://www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf","Les articles 99 et 101  de la constitution du  Sénégal, titre IX : la haute cour de justice du Sénégal stipule dans son article 100 que « La Haute Cour de justice est composée de membres élus par l'Assemblée nationale. Elle est présidée par un magistrat. L'organisation de la Haute ..."]
["2012_SC_14",2012,"SC","Seychelles",14,100,"According to Art. 54 of the Constitution, the President can be investigated and removed from office through impeachment. Art. 50 establishes that the President assumes both the functions of Head of State and Government.\n\nThe articles read: \n\"54.(1) Where notice in writing signed by not less than half the number of the members of the National Assembly of a motion alleging that the President has committed a violation of this Constitution or a gross misconduct and specifying the particulars of the allegation and proposing that the Constitutional Court investigates the allegations is given to the Speaker, the Speaker shall−\n[...]\n(2)\nWhere a motion under clause (1) is proposed for consideration by the National Assembly, the Assembly shall not debate the motion but the Speaker shall forthwith cause a vote to be taken on the motion and, if the motion is supported by the votes of not less that two-thirds of the number of its members, shall declare the motion to be passed.\n[...]\n(6)\nWhere the Constitutional Court reports to the Speaker that the Court finds that the particulars of an allegation against the President specified in the motion constitute a prima facie case for the removal of the President, the Speaker shall, within ten days after a report is made to the Speaker pursuant to clause(3) (c)−\n[...]\n(7)\nWhere the National Assembly when it meets pursuant to clause (6) resolves by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the number of its members that the finding of the Constitutional Court be adopted, the President shall cease to hold office on the passing of the resolution.","Seychelles Constitution 1993, Article 54 (Removal of President, due to violations of the Constitution and gross misconduct). http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400.","According to Art. 54 of the Constitution, the President can be investigated and removed from office through impeachment. Art. 50 establishes that the President assumes both the functions of Head of State and Government...."]
["2012_SL_14",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",14,100,"Sierra Leone is headed by President who is the head of State and Government. He is appointed by a majority of more than 50% during a periodic election after each five years. The Heads of State and Government is protected in Sierra Leone from any investigation and prosecution while he or she is occupying the position. The 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone in section 48 (4) prevents any civil or criminal proceedings to be instituted against the President while in office in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official or private capacity.\n\nSection 48 of the Constitution of Sierra Leone\n(4) While any person holds or performs the functions of the office of President, no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official or private capacity.\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment as noted in section 51 of the constitution:\n51 (1) If notice in writing is given to the Speaker signed by not less than one-half of all the Members of Parliament of a motion alleging that the President has committed any violation of the Constitution or any gross misconduct in the performance of the functions of his office and specifying the particulars of the allegations and proposing that a tribunal be appointed under this section to investigate those allegations.","Constitution of Sierra Leone, Section 48 (1), 51, 1991.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf","Sierra Leone is headed by President who is the head of State and Government. He is appointed by a majority of more than 50% during a periodic election after each five years. The Heads of State and Government is protected in Sierra Leone from any investigation and prosecution while ..."]
["2012_SO_14",2012,"SO","Somalia",14,100,"The Somali Feder Charter, in its Art. 43, states that \n\n\"(b) The President shall be impeached for the violation of the Charter only if a charge against him or her has been preferred to Parliament.\n\n(c) Where a motion for impeachment of the President is laid before\n Parliament - \n[...]\n(i) An investigation shall be conducted of the charge preferred or the cause of the charge and the President shall have the right to appear and to be represented at such investigation.\n[...]\n(iii) As a result of the outcome of the investigation, such resolution shall be passed and voted by at least two-third majority of the members of Parliament;\n(iv) Such resolution shall have the effect of removing the President from his/her office as from the date on which the resolution is so passed.\"","Somali Federal Charter, Article 43, paragraph c(i).","The Somali Feder Charter, in its Art. 43, states that \n\n\"(b) The President shall be impeached for the violation of the Charter only if a charge agains..."]
["2012_ZA_14",2012,"ZA","South Africa",14,100,"No law in South Africa provides immunity from prosecution for the head of state. The constitution, which is the highest law of the land, does not provide any form of immunity from prosecution.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108, of 1996. http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996.\n\n\"President Can't Be Prosecuted -- Zuma,\" News 24, June 7, 2010, www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/President-cant-be-prosecuted-Zuma-20100607","No law in South Africa provides immunity from prosecution for the head of state. The constitution, which is the highest law of the land, does not provide any form of immunity from prosecution."]
["2012_SS_14",2012,"SS","South Sudan",14,100,"The investigation, impeachment and prosecution of the president while in office are stipulated in Article 103 of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011.\n\nArticle 103 subsection (1) reads “The President shall be immune from any legal proceedings and shall not be charged or sued in any court of law during his or her tenure of Office.\" \n\nOn the other hand, Article 103, subsection (2) states that, “Notwithstanding sub-Article (1) above, in case of high treason, gross violation of this Constitution or gross misconduct in relation to National affairs, the President may be charged before the Supreme Court upon a resolution passed by a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Assembly.”","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011. Government of South Sudan.","The investigation, impeachment and prosecution of the president while in office are stipulated in Article 103 of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011...."]
["2012_SD_14",2012,"SD","Sudan",14,100,"They may be charged before the Constitutional Court if a resolution is approved by three-quarters of all members of the National Legislature.\n  \n In principle, \"the President of the Republic and the First Vice President are immune from any legal proceedings and shall not be charged or sued in any court of law during their tenure of office,\" according to Article 60 of the constitution. \"However, in case of high treason, gross violation of the Constitution or gross misconduct in relation to State affairs, the President or the First Vice President may be charged before the Constitutional Court upon a resolution passed by three-quarters of all members of the National Legislature.\"","Part Five, Chapter I, Article 122, Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005.","They may be charged before the Constitutional Court if a resolution is approved by three-quarters of all members of the National Legislature.\n  ..."]
["2012_SZ_14",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",14,0,"The king is the traditional head of the Swazi state. Therefore the supremacy of the powers of the king in the Constitution appears from his dual role as a traditional leader and as king. Section 10 of the Constitution details how the king is immune from taxation in respect to emoluments or income accrued in his private capacity; and Section 11 spells out immunity granted to the king in legal proceedings/lawsuits. -Section 228 (2) reiterates that the iNgwenyama enjoys the same legal protection and immunity from legal suit or process as the king.\n \n Practice Directive No 4, 2011, issued by the high court of Swaziland mandates that the high court and any other court in the country reject summonses and applications for civil claims against the king or iNgwenyama, King Mswati III. This was a direct response from the chief justice to the summons and applications for civil claims against the king submitted to the high Court by legal practitioners and litigants, and it basically underscores Section 11 of the Constitution. \n \n In July 2012, the high court upheld the right of immunity for the king or iNgwenyama when the office was sued for payment by a Swazi businessman.","The Constitution of Swaziland, Sections 10, 11 and 228 (2), http://aceproject.org/regions-en/eisa/SZ/CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SWAZILAND%202005.pdf\n \n Practice Directive No. 4/2011, http://www.swazilii.org/practice-directive/2011/4 \n \n \"Swazi king given legal immunity,\" by Louise Redvers, Mail and Guardian, July 8, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-07-08-swazi-king-given-legal-immunity","The king is the traditional head of the Swazi state. Therefore the supremacy of the powers of the king in the Constitution appears from his dual role as a traditional leader and as king. Section 10 of the Constitution details how the king is immune from taxation in respect to emolu..."]
["2012_TZ_14",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",14,100,"According to the Constitution, a president cannot be prosecuted for actions he took \"in his capacity as president\" during office unless he has been impeached.\n  \n Article 46 states that \"during the President’s tenure of office in accordance with this Constitution it shall be prohibited to institute or continue in court any criminal proceedings whatsoever against him.\"\n \n However, Article 46A says Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 46 of this Constitution, the National Assembly may pass a resolution to remove the President from office if a motion to impeach the President is moved and passed in accordance with the provisions of this Article. Subject to the other provisions of this Article, no motion to impeach the President shall be moved save only if it is alleged that the President has:\n (a) committed acts which generally violate Constitution or law concerning ethics of public leaders;\n (b) committed acts which contravene the conditions concerning the registration of political parties specified in Article 20(2) of this Constitution; or\n (c) conducted himself in a manner which lowers the esteem of the office of President of the United Republic,\n and no such motion shall be moved within twenty months from the time when a similar motion was previously moved and rejected by the National Assembly.","Constitution of 1997, Article 46 (1-3) Immunity from criminal and civil proceedings \n www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf","According to the Constitution, a president cannot be prosecuted for actions he took \"in his capacity as president\" during office unless he has been impeached.\n  ..."]
["2012_TG_14",2012,"TG","Togo",14,100,"Cette disposition est prévue par la loi, étant donné qu'il est prévu une juridiction spéciale qui doit s'occuper de ces cas. En effet, l'article 127 de la Constitution Togolaise adoptée par référendum du 27 septembre 1992, promulguée le 14 octobre 1992, révisée par la Loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002 et modifiée à son article 52 alinéa 1er par la Loi n° 2007-008 du 07 février 2007 dispose: \"La Haute Cour de Justice est la seule juridiction compétente pour connaître des infractions commises par le Président de la République. La responsabilité politique du Président de la République n'est engagée qu'en cas de haute trahison. La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger les membres du Gouvernement et leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'Etat\". L'article 129 en son alinéa 3 dispose: \"En cas de condamnation, ils sont déchus de leurs charges\". C'est la preuve que dans ce cas de figure, ils ne bénéficient pas d'immunité.","Constitution togolaise de la IVè République de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002. Cf. http://www.icilome.com/togo/const2.asp","Cette disposition est prévue par la loi, étant donné qu'il est prévu une juridiction spéciale qui doit s'occuper de ces cas. En effet, l'article 127 de la Constitution Togolaise adoptée par référendum du 27 septembre 1992, promulguée le 14 octobre 1992, révisée par la Loi n° 2002-0..."]
["2012_TN_14",2012,"TN","Tunisia",14,100,"Dans l'organisation provisoire des pouvoirs, il n'y a pas de précisions concernant l'immunité du chef de l'état. Par contre, selon l'article 8 de l'organisation provisoire des pouvoirs, les membres de l'assemblée constituante ont une immunité. La loi prévoit que l'immunité des députés peut être levée par la constituante. Cet article 8 peut être interprété comme pouvant s'appliquer au chef du gouvernement.\n \n Article 8.\nL’élu de l’Assemblée nationale constituante ne peut être poursuivi, arrêté ou jugé à cause de ses opinions ou suggestions ou activités durant l’exercice de son mandat.\nL’élu de l’Assemblée nationale constituante ne peut être poursuivi, arrêté pour délit ou crime durant sa mandature tant que l’immunité n’a pas été soulevée par l’Assemblée. \nDans le cas d’un flagrant délit, il serait possible de l’arrêter, dans ce cas l’assemblée doit être immédiatement informée, celle-ci peut demander l’arrêt des poursuites","Loi constituante du 16 décembre 2011, Art. 8. https://cerclechercheursmoyenorient.wordpress.com/2012/05/24/tunisie-loi-constituante-n-6-2011-du-16-decembre-2011-relative-a-lorganisation-provisoire-des-pouvoirs-publics/","Dans l'organisation provisoire des pouvoirs, il n'y a pas de précisions concernant l'immunité du chef de l'état. Par contre, selon l'article 8 de l'organisation provisoire des pouvoirs, les membres de l'assemblée constituante ont une immunité. La loi prévoit que l'immunité des dépu..."]
["2012_UG_14",2012,"UG","Uganda",14,100,"In Uganda, the president is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces and the Fountain of Honour. The constitution gives the head of state the privilege not to be prosecuted while in office.\n\n Article 98: \n(4) While holding office, the President shall not be liable to proceedings in any court.\n(5) Civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a person after ceasing to\nbe President, in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity  before or during the term of office of that person; and any period of limitation in respect of any such proceedings shall not be taken to run during the period while that person was President. \n\nNote that Section 183(1) of the Penal Code, 1950, gives the president absolute privilege regarding the publishing of defamatory matter. It states that “The publication of defamatory matter is absolutely privileged, if the matter is published by the President …”\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings (not less than one-third votes of all the members of Parliament) as noted in section 107 of the constitution:\n\n107: (1) The President may be removed from office in accordance with this article on any of the following grounds: (a) abuse of office or willful violation of the oath of allegiance and the presidential oath or any provision of this Constitution; (b) misconduct or misbehavior: (i) that he or she has conducted himself or herself in a manner which brings or is likely to bring the office of President into hatred, ridicule, contempt or disrepute; or (ii) that he or she has dishonestly done any act or omission which is prejudicial or inimical to the economy or security of Uganda.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Article 98 Clause (4) and (5),  and Article 107. \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","In Uganda, the president is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces and the Fountain of Honour. The constitution gives the head of state the privilege not to be prosecuted while in office...."]
["2012_ZM_14",2012,"ZM","Zambia",14,0,"The Constitution of Zambia of 1996 Article 43 clause (2) states that no person holding the office of President or performing the functions of that office shall be charged with any criminal offense or be accountable to the criminal jurisdiction of any court in respect of any act done or omitted to be done during his performance of the functions of that office. Thus, Article 43(2) of the Zambia Constitution grants the President immunity only when he or she is in office. Once the President leaves office, he or she can be prosecuted for crimes except for actions related to the execution of the office of president. However, according to Article 37 of the constitution, the legislature can remove a sitting president through an impeachment process if the President has committed any violation of the Constitution or any gross misconduct.\n\nThere is also precedent for prosecution after leaving office in that former President Chiluba was dragged to court and prosecuted for corruption after he had left office.\n \nThe draft constitution Article 96 clause (2) also protects the president from crimnal prosecution while in office.","Article 43 clause (2) of the Constitution of Zambia of 1996. \n \n Article 96 clause (2) of the draft Constitution of Zambia, 2012. .","The Constitution of Zambia of 1996 Article 43 clause (2) states that no person holding the office of President or performing the functions of that office shall be charged with any criminal offense or be accountable to the criminal jurisdiction of any court in respect of any act don..."]
["2012_ZW_14",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",14,100,"Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity, that is, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for actions accomplished or omitted while in office. \n\nAccording to the constitution:\n\"(1) While in office, the President is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for things done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity.\n(2) Civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a former President for things done and omitted to be done before he or she became President or while he or she was President.\n(3) The running of prescription in relation to any debt or liability of the President arising before or during his or her term of office is suspended while he or she remains in office.\n(4) In any proceedings brought against a former President for anything done or omitted to be done in his or her official capacity while he or she was President, it is a defence for him or her to prove that the thing was done or omitted in good faith.\"\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 97 of the constitution: \n97: (1) The Senate and the National Assembly, by a joint resolution passed by at least one-half of their total membership, may resolve that the question whether or not the President or a Vice-President should be removed from office for (a) serious misconduct; (b) failure to obey, uphold or defend this Constitution; (c) wilful violation of this Constitution; or (d) inability to perform the functions of the office because of physical or mental incapacity; should be investigated in terms of this section.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Section 97, 98, Act 1/2013. \nhttp://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe-news/66967/bill-watch-292013-of-17th.html","Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity, that is, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for actions accomplished or omitted while in office. ..."]
["2012_DZ_15",2012,"DZ","Algeria",15,0,"The High Court that is mandated by the Constitution to investigate and try the head of state and government has never been established. In practice, it is highly unlikely to prosecute the President or the head of state.","Anonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 28, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 28, June 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 28, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. June 28, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The High Court that is mandated by the Constitution to investigate and try the head of state and government has never been established. In practice, it is highly unlikely to prosecute the President or the head of state."]
["2012_AO_15",2012,"AO","Angola",15,0,"Angola is run by a presidential regime where the word of the president is the law. The president appoints all judges and to a large extent determines which cases can be prosecuted. The president of Angola ultimately decides who to prosecute and who should be shielded from the law. \n\nPresident José Eduardo Dos Santos has maintained a veneer of legality in his official discourses against corruption, for example, but attempts by Angolans to have senior officials prosecuted have run into a bureaucratic stalemate. In the Angolan context, the only way that the head of state can be prosecuted would be if that head of state decides to prosecute himself and appoints the judges to do so. Angola has had a single head of state for 35 years.","\"The Next VP and the Legalization of Corruption,\" by Rafael Marquies de Morais, Maka Angola, June 21, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201206220487.html\n\n(2012, January 6) .  Manuel Vicente and Kopelipa in trouble with justice.  Maka Angola  Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2012/01/06/manuel-vicente-e-kopelipa-a-contas-com-a-justica/?lang=en.\nMaka Angola http://makaangola.org/?lang=en https://www.facebook.com/#!/maka.angola.","Angola is run by a presidential regime where the word of the president is the law. The president appoints all judges and to a large extent determines which cases can be prosecuted. The president of Angola ultimately decides who to prosecute and who should be shielded from the law. ..."]
["2012_BJ_15",2012,"BJ","Benin",15,100,"Dans la période d'étude aucune allégation  n'existe contre le président. Dans la pratique, il n'est pas possible de juger un chef de l'Etat en exercice en raison de la lourdeur des procédures, notamment la nécessité que les députés du parlement votent à la majorité des 2/3 la poursuite de la procédure. Le fait d'obtenir le vote du parlement est une décision politique qui ralentit le travail de la justice. De plus, la Haute Cour de Justice est composée des membres de la Cour Constitutionnelle (à l'exception du président), du président de la Cour Suprême et de 06 Députés élus par l'Assemblé nationale. On constate la forte présence d'élus politiques (06 députés) dans cette institution sachant qu'il revient encore au parlement de voter aux 2/3 la poursuite.\n\nAucun président de la République n'a encore été jamais accusé officiellement dans une affaire qui ait nécessité son jugement. Par contre, les accusations et le jugment de hauts fonctionnaires ont eté recensés. \n\nSelon Pulcherie NATABOU, Avocate, au Cabinet d'Avocats Me Paraïso, ''les lois existent et permettent de juger un chef d'Etat ou un membre de son gouvernement devant la Haute cour de justice. C'est le cas de l'ancien ministre Alain François Adihou dans le cadre des fonds de la LEPI ''. Selon Emmanuel OPITA, Magistrat, au Tribunal de Cotonou, \"les ministres et le chef de l'Etat peuvent légalement être jugés par la Haute Cour de Justice. Mais le seul cas connu est celui du ministre Alain François ADIHOU dont la procédure reste bloquée car en attente du vote aux 2/3 des députés de l'assemblée nationale''. \nDans le cas de l'ancien ministre Alain François Adihou, du gouvernement de Mathieu Kérékou, il a passé environ 3 ans en prison pour des accusations liées à la gestion des fonds prévus pour la réalisation de la liste électorale permanente informatisée (LEPI) mais la procédure de jugement est suspendue car attendant le vote des 2/3 des députés à l'assemblée nationale.","Pulcherie NATABOU, Avocate, Entretien le 28 Mai 2012 au Cabinet d'Avocats Me Paraïso, Cotonou.\n\nEmmanuel OPITA, Magistrat, Entretien effectué le 25 Juin 2012 au Tribunal de Cotonou, Cotonou.\n\nArticle de Adrioen Tchomakou dans le quotidien Fraternité du 30 octobre 2006 qui relate les déclarations de Me Kato Atita, avocat du ministre Alain François Adihou.","Dans la période d'étude aucune allégation  n'existe contre le président. Dans la pratique, il n'est pas possible de juger un chef de l'Etat en exercice en raison de la lourdeur des procédures, notamment la nécessité que les députés du parlement votent à la majorité des 2/3 la pours..."]
["2012_BW_15",2012,"BW","Botswana",15,0,"The Constitution (Section 41) grants the president immunity from criminal prosecution for any acts allegedly done or not done by the president, either in his/her official or private capacity. Immunity from civil proceedings applies only to the president's private sphere.\n \nNo specific cases were found within the period of study, but a landmark decision was made in 2009.  The then-secretary general of the ruling Botswana Democratic Party, Gomolemo Motswaledi, sought to set aside the decision by the president (also president of the party) to suspend him from the party. In that case, the High Court ruled that the president was immune from civil proceedings in private matters and dismissed Motswaledi's case.\n\nOn Sept. 3, 2009, there were reports that the ombudsman was investigating the president. In response, the ombudsman vehemently denied ever carrying out any investigation.","\"The Arrogance of Botswana Presidents,\" www.mmegi.bw, Nov. 29, 2012,\nwww.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=329&dir=2012/November/Thursday29\n\n\"Africa's Imperial Presidents: Immunity, Impunity and Accountability,\" Charles Manga Fombad and Enyinna Nwauche, African Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2012, pp. 91-118(28)\nwww.ingentaconnect.com/content/mnp/ajls/2012/00000005/00000002/art00001\n\nMotswaledi v. Botswana Democratic Party and others, 2 2009 2 BLR 284 CA.\n\n\"Ombudsman Denies Investigation of the President,\"\nhttp://prgovbw.blogspot.com/2009/09/ombudsman-denies-investigation-of.html\n\nConstitution of Botswana, Section 41.","The Constitution (Section 41) grants the president immunity from criminal prosecution for any acts allegedly done or not done by the president, either in his/her official or private capacity. Immunity from civil proceedings applies only to the president's private sphere...."]
["2012_BF_15",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",15,0,"Les textes des lois disent que le Président et les membres du Gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis en justice en cas de culpabilité. Cependant, de mémoire d’homme, on n’a assisté à aucun procès de ce genre dans le pays. Personne n’a jusqu'ici osé lever la voix pour réclamer l’accusation du Président en quoi que ce soit. Et même si un autre membre du Gouvernement serait coupable, tout indique qu'il sera gracié puisque, car après tout, il fait partie du camp du Président.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU.\n\nRenlac 2012,  Inventaire des cas de corruption restés impunis de 2006 à 2010. \n\n2) F. Quophy, \"Enquêtes, Contrôle et Justice : L’Etat au piège de la bonne gouvernance\", 10 août 2012, Journal du Jeudi http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article49567.  visite le 17 aout 2012\n\n3) ASCE, Rapport Général Annuel d'Activités 2011. ","Les textes des lois disent que le Président et les membres du Gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis en justice en cas de culpabilité. Cependant, de mémoire d’homme, on n’a assisté à aucun procès de ce genre dans le pays. Personne n’a jusqu'ici osé lever la voix pour réclamer l’accus..."]
["2012_BI_15",2012,"BI","Burundi",15,0,"It is law that the Burundi head of state can be prosecuted only by the High Court of Justice. Yet, the High Court of Justice has not been established, despite being mandated in 2005, which leads to the conclusion that the head of state cannot be prosecuted for offenses committed during his tenure. \n\nThe former Minister of Justice, Ancilla Ntakaburimvo stated on June 9, 2011, that the High Court of Justice, which would have exclusive jurisdiction over head of state and other leaders, would never be set up as it could destabilize political institutions. Moreover, most of high-profile leaders in Burundi, such as the head of state, are protected by the provisional immunity law of Nov. 21, 2003.","\"L’annulation de la condamnation à mort de Pierre Nkurunziza, Président de la République du Burundi: un commentaire de l’arrêt (The cancellation of the death sentence Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi: a review of the judgment),\" by Stef Vandeginste, University of Antwerp, October 2012, http://ideas.repec.org/p/iob/wpaper/2012008.html\n\n\"Les 'intouchables' de Ntakaburimvo ('Untouchables' of Ntakaburimvo),\" Press Iwacu, July 6, 2011,  http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/spip.php?article321","It is law that the Burundi head of state can be prosecuted only by the High Court of Justice. Yet, the High Court of Justice has not been established, despite being mandated in 2005, which leads to the conclusion that the head of state cannot be prosecuted for offenses committed du..."]
["2012_CM_15",2012,"CM","Cameroon",15,0,"The Court of Impeachment that has the jurisdiction to try the head of state and government does not exist. \n\nDuring the research period, the former Prime Minister Ephraim Inoni was detained for investigation on corruption allegations. There are, however, no precedents of heads of state and government being investigated or prosecuted whilst in office.","U.S. State Department's Bureau of African Affairs, \"Background Note: Cameroon,\" Jan. 1, 2012, available at www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm\n\nPress News Africa, \"Policy Cameroon: Opposition Wants the Abolition of the Immunity of President Paul Biya,\" June 7, 2012, available at http://africapressnews.com/policy-cameroon-opposition-wants-the-abolition-of-the-immunity-of-the-president-paul-biya/255/\n\n\"Affaire de l’avion présidentiel: Le silence retentissant d’Ephraïm Inoni\". Cameroon Info. 10 August 2012. http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,36730,@,affaire-de-l-avion-presidentiel-le-silence-retentissant-d-ephraim-inoni.html\n\nValery Ferim, \"Flaws in Africa's Dominant One-Party Democracies: The Case of Cameroon and South Africa,\" Cameroon Journal on Democracy and Human Rights, Vol. 4, No. 1, June 2010.\n\nAlain Blaise Batongue and Jean Francis Belibi, \"Revision de la Constitution: Paul Biya ne veut pas repondre de ses actes,\" Quotidien Mutations, April 7, 2008, available at www.quotidienmutations.info/mutations/2128.php\n\nStéphane Bolle, \"Projet de revision au Cameroun: La Constitution selon Biy,\" La Constitution en Afrique April 8, 2008 available at www.la-constitution-en-afrique.org/article-18563230.html\n\nAlain Didier Olinga, \"La Revision Constitutionelle du 14 avril 2008 au Cameroun,\" Initiatives de Gouvernance Citoyenne, Yaounde, May 2008, available at http://tribunalarticle53.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/14_avril_2008_revision.pdf","The Court of Impeachment that has the jurisdiction to try the head of state and government does not exist. ..."]
["2012_CV_15",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",15,25,"Although, legally, it is possible for the heads of state and government to be prosecuted if found guilty for crimes committed during the course of their duties, in practice, research has not detected any cases since the country's independence to the present. Members of successive governments led by the PAICV and the largest opposition party MPD have accused each other, but the accusations have rarely resulted in formal charges.\n\nTwo exceptional cases were in 2006 and 2008:\n\nFirst, the charge on the day of elections (Jan. 22, 2006) by the head of the government [the prime minister] that the opposition was \"being financed by drug trafficking and organized crime to 'buy votes' in order to defeat the PAICV.\" Given these statements the attorney general's office announced it would investigate the same for configuring a public crime, 'dispensing with the presentation of a formal complaint' by the target, the MPD. But, after six years, is still not known publicly of any official position of the prosecution on the development process.\n\nThe other case involves not the prime minister or president of the republic but the candidate of the PAICV Praia city hall in 2008. He claimed the candidate of the opposing party, MpD, led by Ulisses Correia e Silva, was being funded by drug traffickers. In response, on April, 28, 2008, the MpD at the hands of Elísio Freire, parliamentary leader of the party, gave the prosecutor a criminal complaint against Felisberto Vieira saying that \"it is an opportunity for the prime minister and Felisberto Vieira to clarify public opinion on the charges that link the opposition party to drug money.\"\n\nTherefore, at most one can point to a possible lack of political (and judicial) will to investigate these possible situations.","Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judge of Praia City Tribunal County, 02-07-2012, Praia\n\nRefworld, 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Cape Verde, May 24, 2012.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4fc75ab0c.html\n\nUOL Notícias, Jan. 30, 2006, \"Cape Verde / Elections: Attorney General's Office Moves Forward with Research on Drug Policy\" http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultnot/lusa/2006/01/30/ult611u70214.jhtm\n\nA Semana, April 23, 2008, \"Drug Trafficking: Felisberto Vieira Says 'MpD Put the Cap.' \"\nhttp://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article31777\n\nLiberal, Dec. 5, 2010, George Threw, \"The Holy Face of Jose Maria Neves All the Insults and Injuries Committed by it as: 'Do Not Talk of Ethics, Practice it!'\" http://liberal.sapo.cv/noticia.asp?Action=noticia&id=21564&idEdicao=64&idSeccao=523","Although, legally, it is possible for the heads of state and government to be prosecuted if found guilty for crimes committed during the course of their duties, in practice, research has not detected any cases since the country's independence to the present. Members of successive g..."]
["2012_CF_15",2012,"CF","CAR",15,0,"En République Centrafricaine, on ne peut poursuivre le Président de la République qu'en cas de haute trahison. On entend par trahison:\n-Violation du serment;\n-homicides politiques;\n-affairisme; et\n-toutes actions contraires aux intérêts de la Nation.  \nDans ces conditions, la majorité des députés de la nation pourra demander la mise en place de la Haute cour de Justice afin de se prononcer sur les procédures de poursuite du Chef de l'Etat. Elle sera constituée des députés et des magistrats de haut rang. \n\nEn dépit de ces dispositifs juridiques, la RCA n'a jamais enregistré un cas de poursuite du Chef de l'Etat en Fonction. Pourtant, il y a eu véritablement des cas de trahison tel que l'affairisme. Il ne serait pas facile de poursuivre un Chef de l'Etat en fonction à cause  de la subjectivité qui caractérise les grandes institutions du pays (tribalisme, régionalisme, corruption etc.).","Fulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire National des Elections en RCA, Juriste de Formation, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nEdmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, on ne peut poursuivre le Président de la République qu'en cas de haute trahison. On entend par trahison:\n-Violation du serment;..."]
["2012_TD_15",2012,"TD","Chad",15,25,"Several ministers have been sentenced or are currently under investigation for corruption offenses. No head of state of government has been investigated in the country since independence for crimes committed while in office. \n\nAccording to Articles 78 and 174 of the Constitution, the president of the republic can be prosecuted only in case of high treason. High treason charges include any act undermining the republican form of the state, its unity, its secularism, sovereignty, independence and integrity. These are considered as high treason charges: gross human rights violations, public embezzlement, corruption and drug trafficking. No head of state or government has been prosecuted in the country to date. \n\nHisseine Habre, who was president until 1990, is about to be prosecuted after many years of delay outside the country in Senegal by a special tribunal set up by the African Union. He is being tried for gross human rights violations he allegedly perpetrated while in office. He was arrested in Senegal, where he fled after he was toppled by the current president. Human rights defenders have cast doubts on the willingness of the current president to allow Hisseine Habre to be tried in Chad, as the former was the army's chief of staff.","Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School, N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nRFI, Au Tchad, l'ancien ministre anti-corruption Ahmadaye al-Hassan écroué pour détournement de fonds, 25 February 2012, http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120225-ahmadaye-al-hassan-ancien-ministre-%C3%A9crou%C3%A9-anti-corruption-d%C3%A9tournements-fonds\n\nThe Case Against Hissene Habre. Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/habre-case","Several ministers have been sentenced or are currently under investigation for corruption offenses. No head of state of government has been investigated in the country since independence for crimes committed while in office. ..."]
["2012_KM_15",2012,"KM","Comoros",15,0,"Pour la première fois dans l' histoire des Comores, un parti politique (CRC : Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores) a osé porter plainte en Octobre 2011 contre un ex- chef d’État (Président Sambi) aux fins d'obtenir des éclaircissements sur la manière dont le Président a utilisé les fonds publics durant son mandat. \n\nCette démarche a cependant divisé les juristes. Certains pensent que pendant son mandat, le Président bénéficie d’une immunité et d’un privilège de juridiction. C'est-à-dire qu’il ne peut être poursuivi et traduit devant une juridiction, sauf s’il est accusé de haute trahison. Dans ce cas, il est soumis à un régime dérogatoire au droit commun et ne peut donc être jugé que devant la Cour Suprême officiant en tant que Haute Cour de Justice. Mais comme les textes sont muets au sujet des autres infractions éventuellement commises par le Chef de l’État, on pourrait penser qu'il peut être poursuivi devant le tribunal de droit commun pour les cas autres que la haute trahison. \n\nEn tout état de cause, le sort réservé à cette plainte contre le Président Sambi n'a pas été rendu public.","Interview de Mr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Magistrat, ancien Juge Constitutionnel, ancien Ministre des Finances, 27 mars 2012, Moroni.\n\nInterview de El-Had Said Omar, Directeur de l'Agence Comorienne de Presse HZK, Directeur de la Publication du Journal La Gazette des Comores, 26 mars 2012, Moroni.\n\nComoresdroit, Abdou Elwahab Msa Bacar, 3 Octobre 2011, \"Quid de la recevabilité de la plainte contre l’ex-président Sambi\" http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/725-Quid-de-la-recevabilite-de-la-plainte-contre-l-ex-president-Sambi-.","Pour la première fois dans l' histoire des Comores, un parti politique (CRC : Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores) a osé porter plainte en Octobre 2011 contre un ex- chef d’État (Président Sambi) aux fins d'obtenir des éclaircissements sur la manière dont le Président a utilis..."]
["2012_CD_15",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",15,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_15",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",15,0,"The president and head of state have never been prosecuted, despite the allegations of crimes of murder, theft, etc. Such as allegations that included charges of questionable mining deals made by UK Member of Parliament Eric Joyce.","\"MP exposes $5.5 billion loss to Congolese people through questionable mining deals with BVI ‘shell’ companies,\" press Release from the Office of MP Eric Joyce, Nov. 18, 2011 http://ericjoycemp.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/deal-summary-5-5m-loss-to-congolese-people-through-questionable-mining-deals.pdf.\n\n\"Diminué par une vaste campagne de diabolisation Adolphe Muzito dans la galère,\" 7Sur7, June 14, 2012 http://7sur7.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34000:diminue-par-une-vaste-campagne-de-diabolisation-adolphe-muzito-dans-la-galere.","The president and head of state have never been prosecuted, despite the allegations of crimes of murder, theft, etc. Such as allegations that included charges of questionable mining deals made by UK Member of Parliament Eric Joyce."]
["2012_CI_15",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",15,0,"They generally have immunity. Soro Guillaume, the former prime minister, was alleged to have committed crimes while in office but was protected by law.\n\nCivil and criminal immunity was granted to the members of the National Committee for Public Salvation (CNSP) such as Guei Rober, former Chief of State, and all perpetrators of the events leading to the change of regime in 1999.","Mdm Epke Frederique Julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed: Feb. 2, 2013\n\nU.S. Department of State. Cote d'Ivoire. 2011. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186399.pdf","They generally have immunity. Soro Guillaume, the former prime minister, was alleged to have committed crimes while in office but was protected by law...."]
["2012_DJ_15",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",15,0,"Le pays n'ayant connu que deux présidents, aucun d'entre eux n'a fait l'objet de poursuite pénale dans le cadre de leur fonctions.\n\nDe plus, l'ancien président étant mort, l'actuel n'a pas eu affaire à la justice.\n\nConcernant certains ministres dans le cadre de leurs fonctions, en 1996, ont été condamnés à plusieurs mois en prison et privés de leurs droits civiques pour \"offense\" envers l'ancien chef de l'Etat Hassan Gouled Aptidon:  Moumin Bahdon Farah ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères, Ahmed Boulaleh Barreh ancien ministre de l'Intérieur et de la Défense, Ali Mahamade Houmed ancien ministre de la Jeunesse et de Sports, Ismaël Guedi Hared ancien directeur de cabinet du président Hassan Gouled et Abdillahi Guirreh Rayaleh, ex-membre du comité central du RPP. Ces responsables politiques n'ont pas été jugés par la haute cour de justice. Cette dernière n'est pas encore opérationnelle car la loi organique relative à son organisation et ses compétences n'a pas encore vu le jour.","Ali Farah, député, entretien réalisé le 27 juillet 2012 au bâtiment provisoire de l'assemblée nationale.\n\nAbdoulkader Warsama, ancien ministre et médiateur de la république, entretien réalisé le 27 juillet 2012.\n\nDjibouti, Amnistie en vue pour cinq opposants, http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/EST/djibouti/djiboutimodelepages.htm","Le pays n'ayant connu que deux présidents, aucun d'entre eux n'a fait l'objet de poursuite pénale dans le cadre de leur fonctions...."]
["2012_EG_15",2012,"EG","Egypt",15,25,"In Egypt's history, the trial of the toppled president Hosni Mubarak, his family and the former Ministers of Interior, Tourism, Information, Finance, Industry, Trade, and Housing has been the first attempt to prosecute a president, thanks to the pressure of the revolution of January 25 and all the million-man marches on the Supreme Council of Armed Forces, which was in power after the revolts.\n\nTheir investigation seeks to discover if these individuals are guilty of embezzlement of public funds, abuse of power and illegal profiteering. In addition to those accusations, Mubarak is charged with submitting a forged financial statement that understates his wealth; using his powers to transfer money to foreign bank accounts abroad; as well as inciting the killing of protesters by giving direct orders to the police forces to use live ammunition against demonstrators. The individuals under investigation are banned from traveling abroad or having access to their local and foreign bank accounts.  \n\nIn fact, the anti-corruption provisions (Laws 62/1975 & 47/1978) are barely applied, especially with the lack of a law against conflict of interest in high-ranking government positions. However, the investigation of cases of corruption by top government officials has been increasing -- for example the executive and the advisers of three ministers. The regular asset disclosure form was the main proof used against them. With the growing number of businessmen recruited as ministers and the interference between economic power (private business) and political power (political positions), many signs appeared that ministers were benefiting from their ministerial positions to enhance their businesses, even if they were not really running them. \n\nIn addition, it is usually hard to audit or trace any increase in the wealth of any public official, especially at the top of the executive branch, based on asset disclosure. Those top officials tend to not register their assets, or they register them under different names. In law, nothing forces those top officials to make their assets disclosure publicly accessible. \n\nOn the contrary, Laws 121/1975, 313/956, 100/1971, the law of the Central Auditing Organization (CAO) and presidential decree 472/1979 preserve the government, armed forces and general intelligence documents and records of citizen access. Recently, the Emergency Law (Law 162/1981), which was banning the use or publishing of official documents, was canceled on July 2012. \n\nIn the recent trial of officials of the former regime, the burden of proof of the involvement of Mubarak and his family in all the illicit gains relies on the General Prosecutor and the Illicit Gain Authority. The investigation process to locate the hidden accounts of those officials in foreign banks is very difficult. By mid-2012, the former president was sentenced to life in prison by the Criminal Court, charged as the main perpetrator in issuing orders to kill protesters during the period of January 28-February 11, 2011, while the financial corruption charges were dismissed. His case was appealed before the Court of Cassation by his lawyers.\n\nApparently, the prosecution of the former regime officials seems to be an exception. After the election of Morsi, the first civilian Egyptian president, he decided to retire two high-ranking military leaders of the SCAF, which was in power temporarily after the ouster of Mubarak. Despite the fact that they were accused of assaulting – even murdering – protesters more than once during the interim rule of the SCAF, which lasted for nearly a year and a half following Mubarak's ouster in February 2011, the SCAF went out of power without any prosecution. In addition, the SCAF was also responsible for neglecting its initial role as the guardian of the frontiers after 16 Egyptian border guards were killed in August 2012 by unknown assailants in Egypt's restive Sinai Peninsula. Many doubts also rose over the possibility of considering any investigation request against the military council, without public pressure.","Nada Hussein Rashwan. 2012. Prosecuting Egypt's former SCAF leaders Tantawi, Anan: How realistic is it?\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/50632/Egypt/Politics-/Prosecuting-Egypts-former-SCAF-leaders-Tantawi,-An.aspx.\n\nGeorges Sadek. 2011. Pending Charges Against Former President Mubarak and Potential Legal Ramifications. Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/law/help/hosni-mubarak.php.","In Egypt's history, the trial of the toppled president Hosni Mubarak, his family and the former Ministers of Interior, Tourism, Information, Finance, Industry, Trade, and Housing has been the first attempt to prosecute a president, thanks to the pressure of the revolution of Januar..."]
["2012_GQ_15",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",15,0,"The president had immunity during the reporting period. Furthermore, Human Rights Watch stated in November 2012 that the new constitution will secure immunity of the president after his mandate, since the former presidents will automatically become senate members with immunity.\n\nImmunity is also granted after the mandate.","Human Rights Watch (HRW), November 12, 2011, Equatorial Guinea: A Move to Consolidate Power, http://www.hrw.org/es/node/102925\n\nHoy.es, Gerardo Elorriaga, November 13, 2011, El Reino de Guinea Ecuatorial, http://www.hoy.es/v/20111113/internacional/reino-guinea-ecuatorial-20111113.html\n\nTrust Law, Equatorial Guinea a Move to Consolidate Power, November 12, 2011. http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/equatorial-guinea-a-move-to-consolidate-power","The president had immunity during the reporting period. Furthermore, Human Rights Watch stated in November 2012 that the new constitution will secure immunity of the president after his mandate, since the former presidents will automatically become senate members with immunity...."]
["2012_ER_15",2012,"ER","Eritrea",15,0,"No report claims the president has committed a crime. However, the above sources say the president has not been held accountable since his assumption of power.","U.S. State Department, \"2011 Human Rights Reports: Eritrea,\" May 2012, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186194\n\nInternational Crisis Group, \"Eritrea: the Siege State,\" Sept. 21, 2010, www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa.aspx\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymous. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nConstitution of Eritrea 1997. https://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/Constitution%20of%20Eritrea%20.pdf","No report claims the president has committed a crime. However, the above sources say the president has not been held accountable since his assumption of power."]
["2012_ET_15",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",15,25,"Although there are questions of politicization, there have been instances in which senior government officials have been charged and prosecuted for crimes. Although there is no instance of a head of state who was prosecuted during the reporting period, senior government officials at the regional level have been prosecuted. For instance, the head of one of the regional states, Benishangul Gumuz regional state, Ato Yaregal Aysheshum, was prosecuted and sentenced to imprisonment in early 2012.","Interview with Meron Asmare, public prospector, Ministry of Justice, Addis Ababa, July 17, 2012. \n\nInterview with Mohammed Selamn, journalist and lecturer at Mekkelle University, July 24, 2012.\n\nInterview with Amaha Bogale, former public prospector and legal research expert at the Ministry of Justice, Addis Ababa, July 17, 2012.","Although there are questions of politicization, there have been instances in which senior government officials have been charged and prosecuted for crimes. Although there is no instance of a head of state who was prosecuted during the reporting period, senior government officials a..."]
["2012_GA_15",2012,"GA","Gabon",15,0,"Oui, la Constitution de la République Gabonaise le dispose clairement dans son article 78. Toutefois, ce problème a déjà été évoqué lors de l’accusation des leaders de l’Opposition de tentative de Coup d’Etat contre l’ancien Président de la République Omar Bongo en ces temps là. Le problème de cet article reste son inapplicabilité pour non existence de texte mettant en place le fonctionnement de la Haute Cour de Justice d’une part et pour la pertinence de la saisine de cette Haute Cour pour constater la haute trahison. \n\nDe Mai 2011 à Mai 2012 il n'y a eu aucune allégation ou enquête.","Interview de André Mba Obame, ministre de l'Intérieur de 2006 à 2009, puis brièvement ministre de la coordination et suivi de l'action gouvernementale, à la mi-2009, janvier 2012.\n\nRapports sur les décisions de la cour constitutionnelle sur l'acte de MBA OBAME de janvier 2011","Oui, la Constitution de la République Gabonaise le dispose clairement dans son article 78. Toutefois, ce problème a déjà été évoqué lors de l’accusation des leaders de l’Opposition de tentative de Coup d’Etat contre l’ancien Président de la République Omar Bongo en ces temps là. Le..."]
["2012_GM_15",2012,"GM","The Gambia",15,0,"The Gambia has only had two presidents since its Independence in 1965, so the country has not had much experience with this, the anonymous police source stated. The former president, Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, has never been investigated or prosecuted since leaving office, and there have been no known corruption allegations, investigations or prosecutions of the incumbent president.\n\nThe media report quoting Hamat Bah, the leader of the National Reconciliation Party, confirms even the unwillingness of members of the opposition to prosecute the current leader if he were to leave office.","Email correspondence with a senior police officer of the Gambia Police Force on Sept. 29, 2012. \n\n“'NRP Government Will Not Prosecute President Jammeh,' Hamat Bah Tells Freedom Radio,\" Pa Nderry M’Bai, Raleigh, N.C., Freedom Newspaper, July 27, 2011, www.freedomnewspaper.com/Homepage/tabid/36/mid/367/newsid367/6568/Gambia--Breaking-News--NRP-GOVERNMENT-WILL-NOT-PROSECUTE-PRESIDENT-JAMMEH-HAMAT-BAH-TELLS-FREEDOM-RADIO/Default.aspx","The Gambia has only had two presidents since its Independence in 1965, so the country has not had much experience with this, the anonymous police source stated. The former president, Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, has never been investigated or prosecuted since leaving office, and there..."]
["2012_GH_15",2012,"GH","Ghana",15,0,"In practice, heads of state and government can be prosecuted after leaving office, if found guilty, for crimes they commit while in office. \n\nHowever, no head of state and government has been prosecuted in the last 20 years.","Patrick Osei-Kufour, Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, also of Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition (GACC), May 30, 2012.\n\nMaxwell Adjei Ashon, Research Officer, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), June 6, 2012.\n\nNicholas Adamtey, Director, Transparency and Accountability Initiative, at Adam Nana, Kasoa, Accra, June 23, 2012.","In practice, heads of state and government can be prosecuted after leaving office, if found guilty, for crimes they commit while in office. ..."]
["2012_GN_15",2012,"GN","Guinea",15,25,"En pratique, les chefs d’État et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis, s'il sont reconnus coupables de crimes. Cependant, il faut souligner qu'il n' y a pas eu de cas pareil en Guinée jusqu'ici.\n\nIl y a un effort constant pour enquêter sur le massacre, viols et autres exactions qui ont eu lieu le 28 Septembre 2009, lorsque des membres des forces de sécurité guinéennes ont ouvert le feu sur des dizaines de milliers de partisans de l'opposition pacifique rassemblés dans un stade de Conakry. Toutefois, les juges n'ont pas encore interviewé le président à l'époque et principal suspect, le capitaine Moussa Dadis Camara, même après trois ans d'enquête.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\n\"Guinea: Step Up Efforts to Ensure Justice for Stadium Massacre,\" Human Rights Watch, December 5 2012. http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/05/guinea-step-efforts-ensure-justice-stadium-massacre","En pratique, les chefs d’État et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis, s'il sont reconnus coupables de crimes. Cependant, il faut souligner qu'il n' y a pas eu de cas pareil en Guinée jusqu'ici...."]
["2012_GW_15",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",15,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_15",2012,"KE","Kenya",15,0,"In tandem with the law, no effort has ever been made to investigate or prosecute a sitting president. For instance, cases against former President Moi that occurred when he was president only started to appear in court after his retirement. Similarly, there have been allegations that President Kibaki participated in a meeting at the state house to plan violent acts during the 2007 post-election violence, but the president has never been investigated.","Why Kibaki Won't Cede on ICC CasesEmeka-Mayaka Gekara. Sunday Nation. May 13, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Why+Kibaki+wont+cede+on+ICC+cases++/-/1064/1404808/-/view/printVersion/-/l1x5ms/-/index.html).\n\nRaila Testifies in Case Against Former President Moi. Evelyne Kwamboka. The Standard. Oct. 19, 2011. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/archives/InsidePage.php?id=%202000045205&cid=4&story=Raila%20testifies%20in%20case%20against%20former%20President%20Moi).","In tandem with the law, no effort has ever been made to investigate or prosecute a sitting president. For instance, cases against former President Moi that occurred when he was president only started to appear in court after his retirement. Similarly, there have been allegations th..."]
["2012_LS_15",2012,"LS","Lesotho",15,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_15",2012,"LR","Liberia",15,50,"In the last year, no head of state was investigated and charged for crimes committed whilst in office. \n\nHowever, there is case of a former president being charged for crimes committed whilst in office. Gyude Bryant was charged in 2007 with embezzlement allegedly committed during his term as interim president from October 2003 to January 2006.","Interview with Dan Saryee, executive director, Liberia Democratic Institute, July 10, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Norris Tweah, deputy minister of information, Ministry of Information, July 10, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nRelated to the Guyde Bryant case:\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2007-02-27-voa34-66765717/563999.html\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201404170757.html","In the last year, no head of state was investigated and charged for crimes committed whilst in office. ..."]
["2012_LY_15",2012,"LY","Libya",15,25,"Theoretically, current heads of state or government could be investigated and prosecuted, but the judiciary in Libya is still weak and ineffective. Cases are taken by judicial authorities, but few investigations are conducted.\n\nLooking at the reality in the past year, a few episodes draw a mitigated, albeit overall negative picture regarding the actual investigation of heads of state and government in Libya.\n\nFor instance, three judges were designated by the  National Transitional Council to investigate the death of General Younis, and did investigate all council members as well.  Nevertheless, one of these judges, Hussein Al-Jazwi Al-Obeidi, was killed by unidentified men in June 2012. Following this killing, the Libyan Observatory for Human Rights, a prominent Libyan human rights organization, said in June 2012 that the council was deliberately delaying the investigation of the general's killing.","Interview with Loai Friwan, lawyer and researcher, Audit Bureau (Diwan Al Muhasaba), July 22, 2012, in Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission from May to July 2012.\n\nAfriquejet.com, 22 June 2012, \"Judge investigating General Abdelfettah Younis’s death killed,\" available at http://www.afriquejet.com/judge-investigating-general-abdelfettah-youniss-death-killed-2012062240864.html \n\nLibya-business news, April 20, 2012, \"Libyan prime minister to reshuffle corruption-tainted cabinet,\" available at http://www.libya-businessnews.com/2012/04/20/libyan-prime-minister-to-reshuffle-corruption-tainted-cabinet/","Theoretically, current heads of state or government could be investigated and prosecuted, but the judiciary in Libya is still weak and ineffective. Cases are taken by judicial authorities, but few investigations are conducted...."]
["2012_MG_15",2012,"MG","Madagascar",15,0,"Ravalomanana, the former president, has been sentenced several times in absentia for different accusations, but the aim is to prevent him from running in national elections - the legislation is under the control of the executive.\n\n\"The Judiciary in Madagascar cannot currently play its role as an independent branch of government and ensure proper checks and balances. The President has significant power over the judiciary in general and the Supreme Court (HCC77) in particular. First, he is the guarantor of judicial independence (Article III.1.103 of the constitution). Second, he is the President of the Superior Council of the Magistrate (Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, CSM76) and appoints its magistrate charged with upholding judicial independence and managing the careers of justices. Supreme Court justices have little trust in the CSM and are wary of its role.77 Third, the President of the Republic names three of the nine members of the HCC and has indirect influence over the two other members named by the CSM.78 The President of the Republic also names the President of the HCC. HCC justices serve at the will of the appointing body and can be removed by that body at will or by the president in extreme cases of justice malfeasance.\"\n\nIn August 2012, according to Amnesty international, security forces -- plus the army sent on personal order of Andry Rajoenina -- killed several hundred peasants and burned down villages in the southern part of Madagascar. There is no independent investigation of this affair, nor prosecution against any members of government.","FRANCIS RAMANANTSOA, 2012, Madagascar: Université de toliara - L'impunité comme sujet de mémoire, http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201211061335.html\n\nAmnesty International, 20 novembre 2012, Madagascar. Il faut mettre fin aux massacres et enquêter sur les forces de sécurité, http://www.amnesty.org/fr/news/madagascar-must-end-mass-killings-and-investigate-security-forces-2012-11-20\n\nWord Bank, Rapport N° 54277-MG, MADAGASCAR, Revue de la gouvernance et de l’efficacité du développement, Analyse d’économie politique de la gouvernance à Madagascar, Décembre 2010\nenglish version\nhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMADAGASCARINFRENCH/Resources/ESW_Gouvernance.pdf","Ravalomanana, the former president, has been sentenced several times in absentia for different accusations, but the aim is to prevent him from running in national elections - the legislation is under the control of the executive...."]
["2012_MW_15",2012,"MW","Malawi",15,0,"The president has immunity from prosecution. It has never happened that a sitting head of state was prosecuted. According to Mr. Chinguwo, senior state advocate of the government of Malawi, and legal practitioner Mr, Amuli, there are no cases in which a sitting president has been brought to court. It is worthwhile to note that former President Bakili Muluzi is in court over corruption cases that happened during his tenure as president, and the late Hastings Banda was also prosecuted after leaving office for murder cases committed while still in office.","Interview with P.M. Chinguwo, senior state advocate, government of Malawi. Sept. 7, 2012.\n\nInterview with P. Amuli, legal practitioner, Banet and James law firm. Sept. 7, 2012.","The president has immunity from prosecution. It has never happened that a sitting head of state was prosecuted. According to Mr. Chinguwo, senior state advocate of the government of Malawi, and legal practitioner Mr, Amuli, there are no cases in which a sitting president has been b..."]
["2012_ML_15",2012,"ML","Mali",15,50,"Dans la pratique, les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis s’ils sont reconnus coupables de crimes commis dans l’exercice de leur fonction, jusqu’à déchéance de leur charge. Cependant, il n’existe pas de cas où un président a été poursuivi en cours de mandat.\n\nL’ancient président Moussa Traoré a été jugé en 1993, après sa chute de pouvoir en 1991. Même actuellement des voix s’élèvent pour que le président Toumani Touré, réfugié au Sénégal, soit jugé, car on lui impute d’être responsable de la guerre actuelle au nord du Mali.\n\nCependant, maître Ibrahima  Maiga indique qu’il existe une restriction pour le chef de l’Etat qui n’est poursuivi qu’en cas de haute trahison et les chefs de gouvernement le sont pour tout type d’infraction.","Entretien avec Maître Ibrahima Maigaindique, rencontré à Bamako en février 2013.\n\nNew York Times, \"l'odeur de conflit grandit au Mali», le 23 octobre 2012.\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/world/africa/an-aura-of-conflict-grows-in-a-divided-mali.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2&\n\nL'ancien président Moussa Traoré et son épouse condamnés à mort. Janvier 1999. \nhttp://www.peinedemort.org/document.php?choix=726","Dans la pratique, les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis s’ils sont reconnus coupables de crimes commis dans l’exercice de leur fonction, jusqu’à déchéance de leur charge. Cependant, il n’existe pas de cas où un président a été poursuivi en cours de mandat...."]
["2012_MR_15",2012,"MR","Mauritania",15,0,"Ces procédures ou enquêtes sont requises par la loi, mais dans la pratique, le Président leur échappe. Quant à la tête du gouvernement, tout dépendra de l'attitude du chef de l'Etat à son sujet.\n\nL'arrestation de l'ancien commissaire aux droits de l'homme est une exception, mais il s'agit d'une politique de timbre et de règlement de compte personnel.","Ely Cheikh Ould M'Bareck, Impunité de détournement des deniers publics, 12 juin 2012, http://www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=630572\n\nCNN, \"Dernier bastion de l'esclavage,\" 2012.\nhttp://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/\n\nAim sans frontières, Les 100 personnes qui ont pillé la Mauritanie (2010) , http://rimsf.com/francais-news/571--les-100-personnes-qui-ont-pille-la-mauritanie\n\nCommuniqué de presse sur la détention arbitraire de l'ancien commissaire aux droits de l'Homme","Ces procédures ou enquêtes sont requises par la loi, mais dans la pratique, le Président leur échappe. Quant à la tête du gouvernement, tout dépendra de l'attitude du chef de l'Etat à son sujet...."]
["2012_MU_15",2012,"MU","Mauritius",15,50,"There are cases in which ministers and members of parliament have been arrested for interference in public procurement procedures and conflict of interest or failure to declare interest. There is the case of Maya Hanoomanjee, former minister of health, who was arrested while still minister and released on bail. Maya Hanoomanjee was arrested on Thursday, July 21, 2011, and appeared in court the next day. She was bailed  out for Rs 25,000, with a debt recognition of Rs 100,000, and faced \"an objection to departure.\"\n\nThere is also the case of Pravind Jugnauth, the son of the former president of the Republic of Mauritius, member of parliament and former minister of finance, who was also arrested on Sept. 22, 2011, on corruption charges. He was then released on bail. A former minister, Sidick Chady has been convicted. For the other cases mentioned, charges have not been dropped. The court cases and investigations are ongoing. The president is a figurehead and does not hold executive power. It is the prime minister who is the head of state with power.","Le Defi-Media Newspaper. Mauritius. http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/nos-news/item/3602-retrospective-%E2%80%93-2011--a-year-to-remember.html?tmpl=component&print=1\n\nAl Jazeera, \"Mauritius president announces resignation,\" March 30, 2012.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/20123309833263960.html\n\nArrest of Pravin Jugnauth. Reuters News Africa. http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78L0C320110922\n\nInterview with Mr. Patten, barrister at law.","There are cases in which ministers and members of parliament have been arrested for interference in public procurement procedures and conflict of interest or failure to declare interest. There is the case of Maya Hanoomanjee, former minister of health, who was arrested while still ..."]
["2012_MA_15",2012,"MA","Morocco",15,0,"For the king and the head of government, there has been no change in 2011 and 2012 in relation to questions of immunity. The Constitution of July 2011 devoted the same sacredness of the king, and no new legislation has come to question the immunity of head of government. Moreover, new legislation has given high-ranking military officials immunity.","Democracy in Development, Morocco and Political Reform. Isobel Coleman. Council on Foreign Relations. Feb. 21, 2012. \n\nLegal Immunity for Morocco’s Armed Forces Rings Alarm Bells. Mustapha Ajbaili. Al Arabia News. May 28, 2012.","For the king and the head of government, there has been no change in 2011 and 2012 in relation to questions of immunity. The Constitution of July 2011 devoted the same sacredness of the king, and no new legislation has come to question the immunity of head of government. Moreover, ..."]
["2012_MZ_15",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",15,50,"At no time since independence has a head of state been brought to justice for any crime he has committed. In fact, no crime or irregularity that could be subject of prosecution committed by a president of the republic while in office has been reported. However, it should also be noted that the configuration of current judicial system makes almost impossible any action against president of the republic -- considering that the Supreme Court and the Attorney General offices are run by individuals close to and trusted by the president.\n\nAccording to the Civil Code and the Penal Code, there are a number of criminal and civil penalties applicable to members of the government. The legislation presented in the form of statutes applicable to holders of high government positions strengthened the penalties set out in these codes.\n\nThe constitutional revision of 2004 strengthened the provisions allowing sanctions against the president. Under the 1990 constitution, the president enjoyed immunity from criminal or civil proceedings for unlawful acts committed in performance of his or her duties. The 2004 constitution provides, in turn, that the president can be tried before the Supreme Court for crimes (as defined in Criminal Code and other legislation related) committed during the exercise of his or her duties.\n\nIllegal acts of civil nature committed during the exercise of his or her duties are not explicitly mentioned, although Article 58 of the 2004 constitution establishes the general principle of state liability to pay compensation for any damage caused by illegal acts of its agents during the course of their duties. For acts out of the exercise of his functions, the president enjoys immunity while he remains in office, but he can be tried once he has finished his mandate.\n\nArticle 58 of the 2004 constitution establishes the right to compensation and liability of the state for damages caused by violation of fundamental rights, or unlawful acts committed by state agents during the course of their duties. Implicitly, agents of the state are not liable for damage caused by legal acts. It is difficult to determine what acts are illegal and which can be considered legal. Neither the 2004 constitution nor the law have clarified this principle, which entered into force with the constitution of 1990. Until now, courts have not yet decided or established case law on what constitutes an action as illegal.\n\nNevertheless, in practice, no head of state has been charged or prosecuted for crimes committed while in office.","Baltazar Fael, Mr. Center For Public Integrity. 1st October 2012. Maputo.\n\nRepública de Moçambique. (2012) Relatorio do Governo da Republica de Mocambique nos Termos do Artigo 40 do Pacto. Maputo.","At no time since independence has a head of state been brought to justice for any crime he has committed. In fact, no crime or irregularity that could be subject of prosecution committed by a president of the republic while in office has been reported. However, it should also be no..."]
["2012_NA_15",2012,"NA","Namibia",15,0,"No president has been investigated, prosecuted or charged. Although prosecution of a president in Namibia is highly unlikely, it is conceivable.","Phanuel Kaapama, lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nWilliam B. Lindeke, retired professor of political science and senior research associate at the Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.","No president has been investigated, prosecuted or charged. Although prosecution of a president in Namibia is highly unlikely, it is conceivable."]
["2012_NE_15",2012,"NE","Niger",15,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_15",2012,"NG","Nigeria",15,0,"No Nigerian head of state has been punished for crimes committed while in office, even though there are commissions of inquiry that have indicted some of them. There is no evidence that this is likely to happen in the near future. Section 308 of the 1999 constitution provides immunity that might allow for the possibility of the head of state being susceptible to post-office prosecution, but not while in office.","Babangida's $12.4bn Gulf War Oil Windfall Theft: AGF Asks Court To Hands-off Suit, Claims Okigbo Report Lacks Credibility. Ikechukwu Nnochiri. Vanguard/Sahara Reporters. Nov. 24, 2012.  http://saharareporters.com/news-page/babangidas-124bn-gulf-war-oil-windfall-theft-agf-asks-court-hands-suit-claims-okigbo-repor\n\nDaniel Abia. Odi Massacre: Parties Want Obasanjo Charged with Genocide. Daily Independent, Nov 25 2012. \nhttp://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/odi-massacre-parties-want-obasanjo-charged-with-genocide/\n\nAfrica Ending Impunity for Rights Abuses. Michael Fleshman. Africa Renewal, vol. 20 no 2. p.7. 2007. \nhttp://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/africa-ending-impunity-rights-abuses\n\nSection 308 of the 1999 Constitution.","No Nigerian head of state has been punished for crimes committed while in office, even though there are commissions of inquiry that have indicted some of them. There is no evidence that this is likely to happen in the near future. Section 308 of the 1999 constitution provides immun..."]
["2012_RW_15",2012,"RW","Rwanda",15,50,"There have been no reports that the president has acted unlawfully during the review period, but this is a country where people fear to question the actions of the head of state.","Sheikh Omar Khalfan Bizuru, lecturer, National University of Rwanda, interviewed Oct. 3, 2012, Kigali.\n\nEugene Mutara, veteran journalist, interviewed Dec. 17, 2012, Kigali.","There have been no reports that the president has acted unlawfully during the review period, but this is a country where people fear to question the actions of the head of state."]
["2012_ST_15",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",15,100,"In São Tomé and Príncipe heads of state and government have never been prosecuted because of crimes they committed while in office. No indication was found in this research, that there should have been an indictment or investigation during the period of study.","Roberto Raposo, attorney general, Attorneyship, Sept. 21, 2012, at his office.\n\nCarla Castro, state prosecutor, Department of Justice, Sept. 21, 2012, at her office.","In São Tomé and Príncipe heads of state and government have never been prosecuted because of crimes they committed while in office. No indication was found in this research, that there should have been an indictment or investigation during the period of study."]
["2012_SN_15",2012,"SN","Senegal",15,50,"Les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis s’ils sont reconnus coupables de crimes commis dans l’exercice de leur fonction, jusqu’à déchéance de leur charge. Quand bien même des anciens ministres et responsables du PDS sont poursuivis pour plusieurs délits, jusqu'ici les personnalités poursuivies ne comptent pas l'ancien chef d'état ou de gouvernement, seuls les anciens ministres sont poursuivis. \n\nLa gestion du pays par le PDS de Abdoulaye Wade est désormais passée au crible par la justice sénégalaise. Cheikh Diop, membre de la société civile, estime que les éventuelles mises en examen d'anciens ministre suspectés de détournements ne pourront avoir lieu qu'après les législatives de juillet prochain. « Au sein même du Parti démocratique sénégalais (PDS), les tensions sont palpables. Il ne se passe pas une semaine à Dakar sans qu'une nouvelle affaire ne mette en cause la gestion de l'ancien parti au pouvoir. Mais les Sénégalais désireux que justice soit rendue devront s'armer de patience. Pour l'heure, la gendarmerie et la Direction des investigations criminelles auditionnent d'anciens ministres et hauts fonctionnaires soupçonnés d'enrichissement illicite, sur la base d'une liste établie par les autorités ».\n\nPour Alioune TINE, selon la législation sénégalaise le chef d'Etat ne peut être poursuivi pour des crimes commis sous son magistère mais comme le Sénégal a ratifié le traité de Rome, si la justice sénégalaise ne fait pas son travail, le Tribunal Pénal International peut se saisir du dossier et juger tout président qui serait reconnu coupable.","Alioune TINE de la Raddho du 15 Juin 2012 interviewé sur la redevabilité des  dirigeants, paru dans sud Quotidien n°2467\n\naalco.int, THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE PASSES LANDMARK VERDICT ON THE DUTY OF STATES REGARDING THE PROSECUTION AND EXTRADITION IN BELGIUM V SENEGAL CASE, 2012.\nhttp://www.aalco.int/Belgium%20v%20Senegal%20brief%202012.pdf","Les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis s’ils sont reconnus coupables de crimes commis dans l’exercice de leur fonction, jusqu’à déchéance de leur charge. Quand bien même des anciens ministres et responsables du PDS sont poursuivis pour plusieurs délits, jusqu'i..."]
["2012_SC_15",2012,"SC","Seychelles",15,25,"Most of the court cases are linked to alleged breaches of the Constitution in terms of rights of political parties. There have been no prosecutions of a President in Seychelles.","Ms. Gayethri Murugaiyan, Second Secretary, Treaties Section, Protocol, Treaties and Consular Affairs Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Seychelles Wednesday June 27, 2012 at 08H15 at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs\n\nMrs./Mme Sandra Michel, Director, Treaties and Consular Affairs / Directrice, Traités et Affaires Consulaires, on Wednesday June 27, 2012 at 08H15 at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs\n\nSeychelles Legal Information Institute, accessed June 2012.\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/constitutional-court\n\nThe Seychelles Legal Environment, The Constitutional Court\nhttps://sites.google.com/site/theseychelleslegalenvironment/judiciary/the-constitutional-court","Most of the court cases are linked to alleged breaches of the Constitution in terms of rights of political parties. There have been no prosecutions of a President in Seychelles."]
["2012_SL_15",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",15,0,"The legal position is very clear: Heads of state enjoy immunity while in office, so there is no legal jurisdiction to prosecute.","Lavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.\n\nAnonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office.","The legal position is very clear: Heads of state enjoy immunity while in office, so there is no legal jurisdiction to prosecute."]
["2012_SO_15",2012,"SO","Somalia",15,0,"The Somali head of state or government is not investigated while he is in office. No investigations of the head of state were carried out during this period.","Anonymous university professors and Somali lawyer, interviewed Nov. 8, 2012, Mogadishu.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Somali head of state or government is not investigated while he is in office. No investigations of the head of state were carried out during this period."]
["2012_ZA_15",2012,"ZA","South Africa",15,100,"No head of state has actually been investigated for crimes committed while in office. However, in cases where an investigation is necessary, the law allows anyone to make a complaint to the national director of prosecution. An investigation may then be undertaken. \n\nThere is no law that prohibits investigation of heads of state. In an earlier case, the National Prosecuting Authority decided to drop charges against Jacob Zuma before he became president. The court heard arguments that the decision to cease prosecution should be reviewed by the court and, as the Democratic Alliance argued, Zuma should be prosecuted for alleged involvement in corruption. \n\nThe manner in which the inquest regarding the decision to prosecute Zuma is being handled gives the impression that if the court decides the prosecution should proceed, he will face prosecution as a sitting president. While the case relates to alleged offenses before Zuma became president, there could be the same level and pursuit of prosecution even for crimes committed by a serving president.","Democratic Alliance v. the Acting National Director of Public Prosecution (Case no: 288/11)\n\n\"Opposition Parties Welcome SCA Judgment,\" Independent Newspapers, March 20, 2012, www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/opposition-parties-welcome-sca-judgement-1.1260717#.UEZ3WlRS6Aw\n\nNew York Times, Opinion, \"A Landmark Ruling in South Africa,\" May 14, 2012.\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/opinion/a-landmark-ruling-in-south-africa.html","No head of state has actually been investigated for crimes committed while in office. However, in cases where an investigation is necessary, the law allows anyone to make a complaint to the national director of prosecution. An investigation may then be undertaken. ..."]
["2012_SS_15",2012,"SS","South Sudan",15,50,"Between May 2011 and May 2012, no head of state was prosecuted in South Sudan.","Anti-Corruption Resouce Centre, Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in South Sudan, 2012\nwww.u4.no/publications/south-sudan-overview-of-corruption.../3034\n\nUNDP Annual Report, South Sudan, 2012.\nhttp://www.ss.undp.org/content/dam/southsudan/library/Reports/UNDP-SS-Annual-Report-2012-Web.pdf","Between May 2011 and May 2012, no head of state was prosecuted in South Sudan."]
["2012_SD_15",2012,"SD","Sudan",15,0,"President Omar Hassan al-Bashir was charged by the International Criminal Court with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Despite an international warrant for his arrest, the president was not placed under investigation in his country. Sudan's government informed the Special Rapporteur of its refusal to accept the competence of the International Criminal Court, or the ICC, to investigate cases in the country. Sudan has not cooperated with the ICC.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n Maj. Asif Khan, United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur, interviewed March 12, 2013.\n \n Freedom House, \"Freedom in the World -- Sudan,\" 2012, www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/sudan\n \n \"Omar al-Bashir, Sudan's President, Intends to Step Down in 2015,\" Mohamed Osman, Huffington Post, March 20, 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/20/omar-al-bashir-intends-to-step-down-2015_n_2915194.html","President Omar Hassan al-Bashir was charged by the International Criminal Court with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Despite an international warrant for his arrest, the president was not placed under investigation in his country. Sudan's government informed the Special Rap..."]
["2012_SZ_15",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",15,0,"According to the Constitution, the king and iNgwenyama shall be immune from (a) suit or legal process in any cause in respect of all things done or admitted to be done by him; and (b) being summoned to appear as a witness in any civil or criminal proceeding. The king is also immune from taxation.\n \n Section 169 of the Swazi Constitution provides for restrictions on matters for investigation -- stating that \"the commission shall not, in investigating any matter leading to, resulting from or connected with the decision of a minister, inquire into or question the policy of the government in accordance with which the decision was made.\"\n \nGiven that the King enjoys immunity, and no sitting prime minister has been prosecuted, it is impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.","Constitution of Swaziland, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125409.pdf\n \n \"Professional conduct and judicial accountability: issues and possible enforcement mechanisms,\" \n by Justice Thomas Masuku, International Commission of Jurists, July 28-30, 2011, http://www.icj.org/dwn/database/Masuku_J-ProfessionalConduct&Judicial%20Accountability-Swaziland.pdf \n \n \"Swaziland authorities must end their violent crackdown,\" by Amnesty International, April 13, 2011, http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/swaziland-authorities-must-end-their-violent-crackdown-2011-04-13 \n \n Jan Sithole (in his capacity as Trustee of the National Constitutional Assembly-Trust) and Others v The Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland and Others Civil Appeal No. 35/07 \n \n Jan Sithole (in his capacity as trustee of the National Constitutional Assembly-Trust) and Others v The Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland Civil Appeal No. 50/08 \n \n Khanyakwezwe Mhlanga and Others v The Commissioner of Police and Others Civil Appeal No. 8 of 2008 (SC) \n \n Khanyakwezwe Mhlanga and Others v The Commissioner of Police Commissioner of Police and Others Civil Case Nos. 341/764 of 2007 (HC)","According to the Constitution, the king and iNgwenyama shall be immune from (a) suit or legal process in any cause in respect of all things done or admitted to be done by him; and (b) being summoned to appear as a witness in any civil or criminal proceeding. The king is also immune..."]
["2012_TZ_15",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",15,50,"No head of state has been investigated for corruption in Tanzania as far as is known.","Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012 \n Interview, Philip Connelly, consultant on public policy analysis, Arusha and Dar es Salaam, via Skype, Oct. 19, 2012","No head of state has been investigated for corruption in Tanzania as far as is known."]
["2012_TG_15",2012,"TG","Togo",15,50,"Dans la pratique, les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis s’ils sont reconnus coupables de crimes commis dans l’exercice de leur fonction. Toutefois, comme le font observer Me Koffigoh Joseph et Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, il existe une restriction pour le chef de l’Etat qui n’est poursuivi qu’en cas de haute trahison. Mais pour les chefs de gouvernement, ils sont poursuivis pour tout type d’infraction. A en croire ces mêmes personnes ressources, aucune situation nécessitant la poursuite de chefs d’Etat ne s’est encore produite au Togo. Par contre, selon le site suivant : http://www.republicoftogo.com/Acces-express/Eugene-Koffi-Adoboli-condamne-a-5-ans-de-prison, il y a un cas où un ancien premier Ministre, Adoboli Koffi Eugène a actuellement des démêlés avec la justice togolaise dans une affaire de détournement de fonds.","Source n° 1 : Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, ancien Premier Ministre, avocat. Entretien du 20 août 2012.\n  \n Source n°2 : Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, magistrate entretiens des 18 et 26 juillet 2012 à Lomé.\n \n Source n° 3 : \"La condamnation de l'ancien premier Ministre togolais Eugène Koffi Adoboli\". Cf. http://www.republicoftogo.com/Acces-express/Eugene-Koffi-Adoboli-condamne-a-5-ans-de-prison.","Dans la pratique, les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis s’ils sont reconnus coupables de crimes commis dans l’exercice de leur fonction. Toutefois, comme le font observer Me Koffigoh Joseph et Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, il existe une restriction pour le che..."]
["2012_TN_15",2012,"TN","Tunisia",15,50,"Alors qu'il était en exercice, Ben Ali avait fait passer une loi qui le protégeait de toute poursuite judiciaire. Après la révolution, les procès contre l'ancien président se sont multipliés. Il n'y a pas de procédure possible contre le chef d'Etat. A part Ben Ali, il n'y a pas d'autres cas.","Article de presse (radio france internationale) intitulé : \"Après la fuite, les procès se multiplient en Tunisie\": http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120111-ben-ali-apres-fuite-proces-tunisie-trabelsi-justice 12 janvier 2012\n\nThe Guardian, \"La France en fourrière» les gains mal acquis »de autocrates africains\", le 6 février 2012.\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/06/france-africa-autocrats-corruption-inquiry\n\nLe rapport de human rights watch à propos de Ben Ali parle des procès contre lui pour des actes commis lorsqu'il était président : http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2012/07/05/tunisie-des-failles-dans-un-verdict-d-cisif-contre-ben-ali","Alors qu'il était en exercice, Ben Ali avait fait passer une loi qui le protégeait de toute poursuite judiciaire. Après la révolution, les procès contre l'ancien président se sont multipliés. Il n'y a pas de procédure possible contre le chef d'Etat. A part Ben Ali, il n'y a pas d'a..."]
["2012_UG_15",2012,"UG","Uganda",15,0,"No past president has ever been prosecuted for any crime or abuse of office, and there is no chance of this happening because all of the former presidents are dead now. \n\nRegarding the present president, a number of people, especially those in the opposition, have attempted to sue Yoweri Museveni, but have not yet been successful. It has always been pointed out to whomever tries to indict the president that “pursuant to Clause 4 of Article 98, the president cannot be prosecuted for a criminal offense or sued in a civil action in any court; he can only be challenged in courts of law. \n\nThe aggrieved party in any other civil or criminal matter will have to wait until the end of his term.” Those seeking to indict the president have even called upon the International Criminal Court to intervene, but nothing has come of it. The ICC points out that there is not substantial evidence yet and also pointed out the complaints are mainly raised by those in the opposition, whose interests are suspect.","\"“Opposition MPs Attempt to Boot Museveni,”\n The New Vision, April 6, 2012, http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/629639-opposition-mps-attempt-to-boot-museveni.html.\n \n “Indict Museveni for war crimes – says Lawyer,” by George Murumba, Uganda Correspondent, April 30, 2012, http://www.ugandacorrespondent.com/articles/2012/04/indict-museveni-for-war-crimes-says-lawyer/.","No past president has ever been prosecuted for any crime or abuse of office, and there is no chance of this happening because all of the former presidents are dead now. ..."]
["2012_ZM_15",2012,"ZM","Zambia",15,75,"Heads of state and government in Zambia are sometimes investigated, charged and, if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commited while in office -- but this occurs only when they leave office. Simply put, presidential immunity ends after the holder of the office leaves office. There is precedent in that former president Frederick Chiluba was prosecuted for corruption after he had left office.","Interview: Mr Kapukutula Mwendalubi, Student, Zambia Institute of Advanced Legal Education (ZIALE), August 28, 2012, 02:45 p.m. UNZA Library.\n \n Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.","Heads of state and government in Zambia are sometimes investigated, charged and, if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commited while in office -- but this occurs only when they leave office. Simply put, presidential immunity ends after the holder of the office leaves office...."]
["2012_ZW_15",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",15,50,"The current legal framework makes it lawful for civil or criminal proceedings against a person after he has ceased to be president, in respect of things done or omitted to be done by him before he became president; or things done or omitted to be done by him in his personal capacity during his term of office as president. No sitting president has been investigated or prosecuted.","\"Mugabe loses immunity,\" by Clemence Manyukwe, political editor, Financial Gazette, July 25, 2012, http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/top-stories/13531-mugabe-loses-immunity.html\n \n \"Brit Detectives Close in on Robert Mugabe as They Seek to Interview Henchman in Bristol Next Week,\" by Neil Syson, The Sun, May 26, 2012, http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/4339105/Brit-detectives-close-in-on-Robert-Mugabe-as-they-seek-to-interview-henchman-in-Bristol-next-week.html\n \n \"A Landmark Ruling in South Africa,\" by Peter Godwin, op-ed contributor, New York Times, May 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/opinion/a-landmark-ruling-in-south-africa.html?_r=0\n\nConstitution of Zimbabwe as amended Feb. 13, 2009 (including amendments made by Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment No. 19)\n \n","The current legal framework makes it lawful for civil or criminal proceedings against a person after he has ceased to be president, in respect of things done or omitted to be done by him before he became president; or things done or omitted to be done by him in his personal capacit..."]
["2012_DZ_16",2012,"DZ","Algeria",16,0,"There is no such mechanism in the Algerian legislation.","Anonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There is no such mechanism in the Algerian legislation."]
["2012_AO_16",2012,"AO","Angola",16,100,"No reports from the ombudsman have been made available to the public since Organic Law (Law 4/06 and Law 5/06) established the position and office of the Ombudsman in 2005. The Ombudsman can only make recommendations and can only respond to complaints raised, except in cases of very serious human rights abuses. Some issues can only be addressed with the approval of the president’s office.","Provedor de Justiça (Ombudsman) http://www.provedor-jus.co.ao/\n\nOrganic Law (Law 4/06 and Law 5/06). Unavailable online","No reports from the ombudsman have been made available to the public since Organic Law (Law 4/06 and Law 5/06) established the position and office of the Ombudsman in 2005. The Ombudsman can only make recommendations and can only respond to complaints raised, except in cases of ver..."]
["2012_BJ_16",2012,"BJ","Benin",16,100,"Le Médiateur de la République est habilité à recevoir les plaintes émanant des citoyens sur les litiges qui les opposent aux entités et démembrements de l'administration publique. Dans ce cadre, elle peut recevoir et enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. \n\nSelon Article 8 de la loi créant le Médiateur, \"\"Le Médiateur de la République reçoit les griefs des administrés relatifs au fonctionnement des administrations centrales de  l’Etat, des collectivités décentralisées, des établissements publics et les  étudie afin d’y apporter des solutions équitables. Il suggère au Chef de l’Etat des propositions tendant au fonctionnement normal et à l’efficience \ndes services publics. Il contribue de façon générale à l’amélioration de l’Etat de droit et de la gouvernance administrative.\"\"\n\nL'article 210 du Code de procédure pénale fournit aussi une base légale pour introduire un recours contre un abus de droit effectué par un dépositaire de la force publique, mais cet article n'institue pas un organe spécifique à cette fin.\n\nSelon le Code en son article 210, « toute personne ayant fait l’objet d’une garde à vue ou d’une détention abusive peut, lorsque la procédure aboutit à une décision de non-lieu, de relaxe ou d’acquittement passée en force de chose jugée, obtenir une indemnisation si elle établit qu’elle a subi du fait de sa détention ou garde à vue un préjudice actuel d’une gravité particulière » .\n\nDe plus, le Code indique à l'article 634 que « lorsqu’un officier de police judiciaire est susceptible d’être inculpé d’un crime ou d’un délit qui aurait été commis dans la circonscription où il est territorialement compétent hors ou dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, le procureur de la République saisi de l’affaire présente sans délai la requête à la chambre judiciaire de la Cour Suprême qui procède et statue comme en matière de règlement de juge et désigne la juridiction chargée de l’instruction ou du jugement de l’affaire ».","\"Loi N° 2009-22 du 11 août 2009 instituant le Médiateur de la République. http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Loi_Num_2009-22_DU_11_AOUT_2009_INSTITUANT_LE_MEDIATEUR_DE_LA_REPUBLIQUE_AU_BENIN.pdf\n\nLoi n° 2012-15 portant code de procédure pénale en République du Bénin. (2012). Articles 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 et 634. http://ppja.org/countries/benin/Benin%20CPC.pdf/at_download/file\"\n\nBatonon Serge, Juriste, Vérificateur à la Chambre des comptes, Cour Suprême du Bénin, Entretien le 09 août 2012 à la Cour Suprême, Porto-Novo.\n\nSource anonyme, Policier, Entretien le 6 août 2012 à Cotonou. ","Le Médiateur de la République est habilité à recevoir les plaintes émanant des citoyens sur les litiges qui les opposent aux entités et démembrements de l'administration publique. Dans ce cadre, elle peut recevoir et enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la for..."]
["2012_BW_16",2012,"BW","Botswana",16,0,"Botswana has no specific independent oversight of police misconduct. The Ombudsman Act limits the powers of the ombudsman with respect to investigating the police. The ombudsman is not allowed to investigate “action taken with respect to orders or directions to the […] Police Force.”  There have been calls for an independent police oversight body. According to the Police Act, the Police Council is responsible for receiving complaints made against the police, but it is not an independent body.","Ombudsman Act, 1995. 4(e) http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/84985/94894/F1962826933/BWA84985.pdf\n\nCorruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994.\n\n\"Botswana Needs a Police Ombudsman,\" The Botswana Sun, Aug. 25, 2011, www.themidweeksun.co.bw/archives/2-default/2254-","Botswana has no specific independent oversight of police misconduct. The Ombudsman Act limits the powers of the ombudsman with respect to investigating the police. The ombudsman is not allowed to investigate “action taken with respect to orders or directions to the […] Police Force..."]
["2012_BF_16",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",16,0,"Le statut particulier de la police ne définit pas de cadre de recours ou de plaintes des citoyens face aux déviants ou actes d'abus de pouvoir de la part des policiers.  Il n’y a dans la loi aucune disposition indépendante pour le citoyen lui permettant de dénoncer les actions ou l’inconduite de la police. Cependant, les citoyens ont la latitude de porter plainte contre les policiers au tribunal comme cela a été le cas lorsque les civils ont réagi pour avoir été abusés par un policier, ce qui a, entre autres, conduit aux troubles de mars 2011. Les documents cités en référence ne constituent aucune preuve d’existence de mécanisme servant à  se plaindre des inconduites de la police, mais relatent ce qui caractérise davantage le statut de la police.","1) Statut particulier de la police nationale du Burkina. http://www.police.bf/","Le statut particulier de la police ne définit pas de cadre de recours ou de plaintes des citoyens face aux déviants ou actes d'abus de pouvoir de la part des policiers.  Il n’y a dans la loi aucune disposition indépendante pour le citoyen lui permettant de dénoncer les actions ou l..."]
["2012_BI_16",2012,"BI","Burundi",16,100,"Charges of police abuses can be made to the Ombudsman, the same as charges against any other public official, according to article 6 of the law on Ombudsman.","Law 1 / 05 of April 22, 2009, Revision de Code Penal, article 204 http://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php/Code_P%C3%A9nal_du_Burundi_%28Burundi_Penal_Code%29\n\nLaw 1/03 of Jan. 25, 2010 Organization et Fonctionnement de l'Ombudsman, Article 6, http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Burundi/Burundi-Loi-2010-organisation-Ombudsman.pdf","Charges of police abuses can be made to the Ombudsman, the same as charges against any other public official, according to article 6 of the law on Ombudsman."]
["2012_CM_16",2012,"CM","Cameroon",16,0,"A 2005 decree established a special division on service control at the General Delegation of National Security, but it is not an independent complaints mechanism. The division depends on the director general of police, who is appointed by Cameroon's president. According to Article 2 of the decree, this division is in charge of carrying out investigations (administrative and civil) and also effectively participating in the fight against corruption within the police force. Citizens can report cases of police misconduct to it.","Article 2 of Decree No. 2005/065 of Feb. 23, 2005, relating to the organization and function of the Division on Service Control at the General Delegation of National Security. http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/decret-n-2002003-du-4-janvier-2002-portant-organisation-de-la-delegation-generale-a-la-surete-nati.html","A 2005 decree established a special division on service control at the General Delegation of National Security, but it is not an independent complaints mechanism. The division depends on the director general of police, who is appointed by Cameroon's president. According to Article ..."]
["2012_CV_16",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",16,100,"Article 4 of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship Law states the mission of the commission includes investigation of the assault and other human rights violations which have been brought to the commission's attention or investigated on its own initiative.\n\nThe Cape Verdean parliament adopted in 2003 the basis for the office of Ombudsman, but this has not been implemented; thus, the person who will perform this function has not yet been named.","National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship (Decree-Law No. 38/2004 of October 11, published in the Official Bulletin of the Republic of Cape Verde, Series I, No. 30-11 October 2004). http://www.portaldoconhecimento.gov.cv/bitstream/10961/1582/1/Brochura_Plano_Nacional_de_Accao_Direitos_Humanos.pdf\n\nConstitution, Part II, Title I, Article 21, Ombudsman.","Article 4 of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship Law states the mission of the commission includes investigation of the assault and other human rights violations which have been brought to the commission's attention or investigated on its own initiative...."]
["2012_CF_16",2012,"CF","CAR",16,0,"En RCA, un tel mécanisme n'existe pas encore. \n\nToutefois, les citoyens lésés ou frustrés par les comportements des agents des forces de l'ordre peuvent déposer plainte dans les différentes juridictions civiles pour réclamer justice.\n\nAutrement dit, les agents des forces de l'ordre peuvent devoir répondre de leurs actes devant les juridictions du pays.","Fulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire National des Elections en RCA, Juriste de formation, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nEdmond YAMINDI, Avocat auprès de la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juillet 2012, Bangui;","En RCA, un tel mécanisme n'existe pas encore. \n\nToutefois, les citoyens lésés ou frustrés par les comportements des agents des forces de l'ord..."]
["2012_TD_16",2012,"TD","Chad",16,100,"The office of the ombudsman was created in 1997 to mediate in all conflicts between citizens and public institutions, which would also assist in any police misconduct against citizens. This point was highlighted in the following government report issued by the ministry in charge of human rights and the promotion of liberties to the attention of the UN Human Rights High Commission.","REPONSES RELATIVES AUX POINTS A TRAITER A L’EXAMEN DES DIXIEME A QUINZIEME RAPPORTS PERIODIQUES DU TCHAD LES 17 ET 18 AOUT 2009, cf. http://www.bayefsky.com/issuesresp/chad_cerd_2009_fr.pdf\n\nLaw 09-031 2009-12-11 Establishing the Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic. http://legitchad.cefod-tchad.org/texte/1388","The office of the ombudsman was created in 1997 to mediate in all conflicts between citizens and public institutions, which would also assist in any police misconduct against citizens. This point was highlighted in the following government report issued by the ministry in charge of..."]
["2012_KM_16",2012,"KM","Comoros",16,0,"Aucun mécanisme spécial n'est prévu dans la loi comorienne au cas où un citoyen est victime de bavure policière. Le citoyen peut simplement s'appuyer sur le Code pénal, qui réprime les policiers auteurs d'atteintes à la liberté. \nAinsi, Art.105 du Code pénal stipule que lorsqu’un fonctionnaire public, un agent, un préposé ou un membre du gouvernement, aura ordonné ou fait quelques actes arbitraires ou attentatoires, soit à la liberté individuelle, soit aux droits civiques d’un ou plusieurs citoyens, soit à la Constitution, il sera condamné à la peine de la dégradation civique.","Loi n°95-012/AF du 18 septembre 1995 portant Code pénal (Crimes et délits), http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Code%201981%20penal.pdf\n\nLoi n°83-014 du 3 juin 1983 portant création, organisation, de la Police Fédérale], http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%201983%20police%20federale.pdf [ remplacée par la loi du 1er aout 2010, une loi qui s’est inspirée de la loi N°83-014 du 3 juillet 1983 portant création et organisation de la police fédérale].","Aucun mécanisme spécial n'est prévu dans la loi comorienne au cas où un citoyen est victime de bavure policière. Le citoyen peut simplement s'appuyer sur le Code pénal, qui réprime les policiers auteurs d'atteintes à la liberté. ..."]
["2012_CD_16",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",16,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_16",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",16,0,"Strictly speaking, there is no agency in charge of investigating corruption of law enforcement officials, but a series of offices with some of those functions, depending on the kind of crime or complaint. \n\nArticle 16 of the Constitution states: \"Individual freedom is guaranteed. No one may be prosecuted, arrested or detained in accordance with law and in the manner prescribed. No one shall be harmed, prosecuted or held hostage for charges against others. No one may be prosecuted for an act or omission which did not constitute an offense law in when it was committed and the time of prosecution. Everyone charged with a criminal offense shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty through a final judgment.\n\nArticle 67 of the Penal Code states: \"People shall be punished with imprisonment of one to five years who, through violence, trickery or threats, abducted or kidnapped, arrested or arbitrarily arrested, detained or made to hold any person. When the person abducted, arrested or detained have been subjected to physical torture, the perpetrator shall be punished by imprisonment of five to 20 years. If torture were killed, the culprit is sentenced to life imprisonment or death.\"","Democratic Republic of the Congo Constitution, Article 16. \nCode Penal Congolais, Article 67.","Strictly speaking, there is no agency in charge of investigating corruption of law enforcement officials, but a series of offices with some of those functions, depending on the kind of crime or complaint. ..."]
["2012_CI_16",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",16,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2012_DJ_16",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",16,100,"Aucun texte n'existe pour ce mécanisme spécifique, mais il existe des autorités administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur ou la Commission Nationale de Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) pour assurer la défense des droits des citoyens. \n\nL'Article 1er de la loi portant Médiateur de la République dispose: «autorité indépendante, le Médiateur de la République reçoit, dans les conditions fixées par la présente loi, les réclamations concernant, dans leurs relations avec les administrés, le fonctionnement des administrations de l'État, des institutions décentralisées, des établissements publics et de tout autre organisme investi d'une mission de service public.»\n\nConcernant la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) : «la Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme est un cadre national de concertation entre les acteurs publics concernés par les questions des Droits de l'Homme, d'une part, et les représentants des associations, mouvements et organisations non gouvernementales de protection et promotion des Droits de l'Homme d'autre part. La Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme est un organe consultatif des Droits de l'Homme. Elle œuvre pour la protection et la promotion des Droits de l'Homme.»","Loi n° 51/AN/99/4ème L relative au Médiateur de la République du 21 août 1999. \n\nDécret n°2008-0103/PR/MJAP portant création de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH)","Aucun texte n'existe pour ce mécanisme spécifique, mais il existe des autorités administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur ou la Commission Nationale de Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) pour assurer la défense des droits des citoyens. ..."]
["2012_EG_16",2012,"EG","Egypt",16,100,"Law 109/1971 (The Police Authority Law, Chapter 7), states:\n\n\"A judicial council inside the Ministry of Interior, consisting of high-ranking officials, functions as an internal disciplinary mechanism responsible for investigating any allegations of corruption against the police through the office of the Attorney General.\"\n\nThe National Council of Human Rights is also working as a mechanism to receive any complaints against police brutality. However, he can just initiate investigations and submit reports without any sanctioning powers. \n\nThere are no provisions for an independent whistle-blowing mechanism about misconduct within the police. Sanctions invoked for misconduct range from reduced ranks to the suspension from work or even imprisonment.\n\nAfter the revolution, a new monitoring authority was suggested to be formed to be concerned with laying down general policies to monitor police work, combat the torture and abuse of citizens and ensure the application of international human rights standards. However, it was rejected by the Ministry of Interior.","Law 109/1971 -  the police authority law - chapter 7, http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:54117&q=","Law 109/1971 (The Police Authority Law, Chapter 7), states:\n\n\"A judicial council inside the Ministry of Interior, consisting of high-ranking officials, fun..."]
["2012_GQ_16",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",16,0,"No specific mechanism is foreseen for complaints for police misconduct.","No such law exists. ","No specific mechanism is foreseen for complaints for police misconduct."]
["2012_ER_16",2012,"ER","Eritrea",16,0,"Citizens can formally complain to a higher police body if they encounter misconduct from a lower police office. For example, if station police misbehave, anyone can make a complaint to the respective regional police office. However, there is no independent body to receive complaints. During a trial, the accused can present his complaint to the court if he experienced police torture during the investigation. However, this is not part of a mechanism to report police misbehavior.","No mechanism or formal process exists.","Citizens can formally complain to a higher police body if they encounter misconduct from a lower police office. For example, if station police misbehave, anyone can make a complaint to the respective regional police office. However, there is no independent body to receive complaint..."]
["2012_ET_16",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",16,100,"Citizens may complain to the Ombudsman. Article 6 of the Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of the Institution of the Ombudsman states:\n\n\"The Institution shall have the powers and duties to:\n2. receive, and investigate, complaints in respect of maladministration; \n\nIn regards to who commits maladministration, Article 2 (5) provides:\n“Maladministration” includes acts committed, or decisions given, by executive government organs, in contravention of administrative laws, the labor law or other laws relating to administration; and the police fall within the executive organ.\n\nCitizens may also complain to the Human Rights Commission. According to Articles 6 (4) and 7 of the Human Rights Commission Proclamation No. 210/2000, the commission shall have the powers and duties to undertake investigation, upon complaint or its own initiation, in respect to human rights violations. The commission shall have full powers to receive and investigate all complaints on human rights violations made against any person, save cases brought before the House, the House of the Federation, Regional Council or before the courts of law, at any level.\n\nBoth the Human Rights Commission and Ombudsman are empowered by proclamation.","A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of the Institution of the Ombudsman, Proclamation No. 211 / 2000. http://chilot.me/2011/08/03/proclamation-no-211-2000-establishment-of-the-institution-of-the-ombudsman/\n\nProclamation No. 211/2000: A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of the Institution of the Ombudsman, 2000. http://chilot.me/2011/08/03/proclamation-no-211-2000-establishment-of-the-institution-of-the-ombudsman/","Citizens may complain to the Ombudsman. Article 6 of the Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of the Institution of the Ombudsman states:..."]
["2012_GA_16",2012,"GA","Gabon",16,0,"Selon le Code Pénal Gabonais, Art. 139, l'incoduite policière est punissable. Ledit article stipule que \" Lorsqu’un fonctionnaire ou un officier public, un administrateur, un agent ou un préposé du gouvernement ou de la police, un exécuteur des mandats de justice ou jugements, un commandant en chef ou en sous-ordre de la force publique aura, sans motif légitime, usé ou fait user de violences envers les personnes dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de ses fonctions, il sera puni d’un emprisonnement de un à dix ans et pourra l’être, en outre, d’une amende d’un montant maximum d’un million de francs. \n\nDe plus, le Gabon a établit en décembre 1970 un système de huissiers de justice, par la loi n° 11/70, à travers lequel les citoyens peuvent signaler l'abus de force par la police.","Constitution de la République Gabonaise (2003)\n\nCode Pénal, Loi No. 21/63.  (1963), May 31) .  Livre II (Des crimes et délits contre la chose publique), chapitre IX (Des crimes et délits commis par les fonctionnaires), articles 134–139. \nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/ga/ga026fr.pdf\n\nLoi n° 11/70 du 17 décembre 1970 portant statut des Huissiers de justice (Gabon).\n\nRecherches des rapports des ONG et analyse des textes sur les voies de recours","Selon le Code Pénal Gabonais, Art. 139, l'incoduite policière est punissable. Ledit article stipule que \" Lorsqu’un fonctionnaire ou un officier public, un administrateur, un agent ou un préposé du gouvernement ou de la police, un exécuteur des mandats de justice ou jugements, un c..."]
["2012_GM_16",2012,"GM","The Gambia",16,100,"There is no specific law in place vesting any institution with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. However, the Ombudsman is established to hear citizen complaints, and to investigate those complaints. This does not exclude complaints about police misconduct or abuse of force. \n\nThe Ombudsman Act:\n3.  (1)   In addition to the functions of the Ombudsman under the Constitution, the Ombudsman shall have the following functions -\na.        to investigate complaints of injustice, corruption, abuse of power, maladministration and unfair treatment of any person or a public officer in the exercise of official duties;\n\nb.        to investigate complaints concerning the functioning of the Public Service Commission, the administrative and security organs of the State, the Police Service and Prisons Services in so far as the complaints relate to the failure to achieve a balanced structuring of those services or equal access by all to the recruitment to those services or fair administration in relation to those services.\n\n     (2)  The Ombudsman may, where it is considered desirable, investigate into any matter referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1).","The Ombudsman Act of 1997. Article 3. \nhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theioi.org%2Fdownloads-ioi%2Fflunq%2FOMBUDSMAN%2520ACT.doc&ei=Y5oAVYDpHYa0sATOxoLQBg&usg=AFQjCNGU-RM-7cuMe-TKvCHw6Nf5vCBE-w","There is no specific law in place vesting any institution with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. However, the Ombudsman is established to hear citizen complaints, and to investigate those complaints. This does not exclude complaints about police miscon..."]
["2012_GH_16",2012,"GH","Ghana",16,100,"The Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ), which has an ombudsman mandate, is a constitutional body charged with protecting human rights and addressing issues of administrative injustice. \n\nThe commission is empowered to investigate complaints of breaches of fundamental rights and freedoms, injustice, corruption, abuse of power or unfair treatment of a person by a public official doing his or her job. The commission can also investigate administrative complaints about the functioning of administrative organs of state (including the police). The final arbiter is the judiciary.","Articles 216-218 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.\n\nThe Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) Act, 1993 (Act 456).\n\nThe Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720).","The Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ), which has an ombudsman mandate, is a constitutional body charged with protecting human rights and addressing issues of administrative injustice. ..."]
["2012_GN_16",2012,"GN","Guinea",16,0,"La loi n'a pas prévu de mécanisme spécifique auprès duquel les citoyens signalent les actions ou les manquements de la police. \n\nCependant, les citoyens peuvent porter plainte contre les manquements de la police auprès du procureur de la République.","Mohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.","La loi n'a pas prévu de mécanisme spécifique auprès duquel les citoyens signalent les actions ou les manquements de la police. ..."]
["2012_GW_16",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",16,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_16",2012,"KE","Kenya",16,100,"The Independent Policing Oversight Act, 2011, establishes the Independent Policing Oversight Authority with the objective of holding the police accountable to the public in the performance of their functions as well as ensuring independent oversight of the handling of complaints by the police service. The authority has power to receive and investigate complaints from the public.","The Independent Policing Oversight Act, 2011. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=651.","The Independent Policing Oversight Act, 2011, establishes the Independent Policing Oversight Authority with the objective of holding the police accountable to the public in the performance of their functions as well as ensuring independent oversight of the handling of complaints by..."]
["2012_LS_16",2012,"LS","Lesotho",16,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_16",2012,"LR","Liberia",16,100,"The Human Rights Commission is empowered in Article III (3) to - among other items - receive citizen complaints and act upon them with quasi judicial powers, including issuing subpoenas, investigating and refering cases to the prosecuting agencies on any police or other state forces misconduct or abuse of force, representing citizens and guaranteeing their well-being and their human rights.","Article IV (1) of the Independent Human Rights Commission Act, 2005, http://www.infoliberia.org/doc_download/Independent_National_Commission_on_Human_Rights_of_Liberia_Act_2005.pdf?a4705305cd27e04fb1f66830e7e0ef9d=MTU1\n\n\"Nine Police Officers Suspended, As Alleged Notorious Armed Robber, Gag Rapist Arrested,\"   \nhttp://www.gnnliberia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3435:liberia-nine-police-officers-suspended-as-alleged-notorious-armed-robber-gag-rapist-arrested&catid=34:politics&Itemid=54","The Human Rights Commission is empowered in Article III (3) to - among other items - receive citizen complaints and act upon them with quasi judicial powers, including issuing subpoenas, investigating and refering cases to the prosecuting agencies on any police or other state force..."]
["2012_LY_16",2012,"LY","Libya",16,100,"There is no specific law providing for an independent body or complaints mechanism for citizens to report police action or misconduct, but the new Human Rights Council is an autonomous body, organized under the National Transitional Council that can investigate these cases. The statutes were recently approved and the head office will be based in Tripoli. The tasks for the rights council will be similar to that of a human rights ombudsman while it will organize itself around a set of thematic commissions. It will also undertake to raise awareness of what human rights are, and link international human rights language with Islamic principles (to increase accessibility). The hope is also that the council will function as a national think-tank for the development of human rights. The linkages with civilian groups will be important from the perspective of technical knowledge and sharing.\n\nNOTE: Human rights is a key topic in Libya as it is used to refer both to the abuses of the former regime and alleged abuses by both government and revolutionary forces since February 2011. The Interim Constitution outlines core democratic imperatives: secure the rule of law, secure basic rights and freedoms and confirm Libya’s commitment to international agreements on this matter.  All these references and instruments need to be incorporated in the legal body to have any direct effect in Libya. For the most part, this is not the case at the moment. The Law of Civil Procedures (Article 4.11) stipulates a dualistic approach for legal incorporation by confirming that international treaties are given priority in terms of implementation. Practically this means that any international instrument that is ratified (or recognized if the instrument is accepted via accession) has supremacy over any national legislation already at this outset (and the new Constitution, following the transition, will likely be explicit in this regard). In addition however, when the international treaty would imply certain criminal sanctions (as for example corruption, terrorism, money laundering) the instrument is referenced via necessary supplementary laws.","Interview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nInterviews with Ibrahim Ali, chairman, Libyan Transparency Association,  May 12 and July 21, 2012, Tripoli.\n\nInterview with Hana Gallal, human rights lawyer and professor, Benghazi University, interviewed on March 28, 2012, in Benghazi\n\nEuropean Commission, International Management Group, June 2012, Civil Society and Women’s Rights in Libya","There is no specific law providing for an independent body or complaints mechanism for citizens to report police action or misconduct, but the new Human Rights Council is an autonomous body, organized under the National Transitional Council that can investigate these cases. The sta..."]
["2012_MG_16",2012,"MG","Madagascar",16,0,"No independent complaint mechanism exists, apart from the BIANCO, the independent anti-corruption bureau which does not have any power against the executive.","No independent complaints mechanism exists.","No independent complaint mechanism exists, apart from the BIANCO, the independent anti-corruption bureau which does not have any power against the executive."]
["2012_MW_16",2012,"MW","Malawi",16,100,"Section 128 of the Police Act establishes the independent complaints commission. According to section 129 (a) of this act, the function of the complaints commission is to receive and investigate complaints by the public against police officers and the police service.","Police Act of 2010, Sections 128, 129 (a). Government of Malawi.","Section 128 of the Police Act establishes the independent complaints commission. According to section 129 (a) of this act, the function of the complaints commission is to receive and investigate complaints by the public against police officers and the police service."]
["2012_ML_16",2012,"ML","Mali",16,100,"La Commission nationale des droits de l'homme (CNDH-Mali) est un organisme gouvernemental malien créé par la loi 19 novembre 2009 et le décret du 30 novembre 2009, placée sous la tutelle du ministère de la Justice. La CNDH a pour mission de « contribuer à la promotion et au respect des droits de l'homme par des conseils, des propositions et des évaluations dans le domaine des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales. Elle est indépendante ». Pour mieux travailler, le ministère de la Justice a mis en place une institution spécifique destinée à enregistrer les plaintes afférentes aux violations des droits des civils par la police.","La Commission nationale des droits de l'homme (CNDH-Mali). www.cndh-mali.com","La Commission nationale des droits de l'homme (CNDH-Mali) est un organisme gouvernemental malien créé par la loi 19 novembre 2009 et le décret du 30 novembre 2009, placée sous la tutelle du ministère de la Justice. La CNDH a pour mission de « contribuer à la promotion et au respect..."]
["2012_MR_16",2012,"MR","Mauritania",16,100,"Il existe plusieurs institutions étatiques et de la société civile à travers lesquelles il est possible de faire des recours contre diverses formes d'injustice policière :\n\nAu niveau étatique :\n- Le commissariat aux droits de l'homme et aux relations avec la société civile\n- le médiateur de la République\n- La police des polices\n- La brigade mixte de la gendarmerie\n\nAu niveau de la société civile :\n- La ligue Mauritanienne des droits de l'Homme\n- L'association Mauritanienne des droits de l'Homme\n- Le Forum des Organisations Mauritaniennes des droits de l'homme\n- L'ordre national des avocats.\n\nIl convient de rappeler que le constat de la violation des droits des citoyens a été globalement tel que l'Etat a créé un commissariat en charge des droits de l'Homme en 1998. C'est à cet effet qu'un PLAN NATIONAL D’ACTION POUR LA PROMOTION ET LA PROTECTION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME a été élaboré. Ce document prend en compte les droits des citoyens face aux bavures policières.\n\n-        Promulgation de la nouvelle loi N° 2010-031 abrogeant et remplaçant l'ordonnance N° 015-2006 portant institution de la CNDH\n-        La Déclaration universelle des Droits de l’Homme \n-        Les Principes de Paris \n-        Déclaration de Bamako\n-        Ordonnance n°2006-015 portant  institution  d’une Commission nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH) (abrogée par la loi n° 2010-031)\n-        La Charte africaine des droits de l’Homme et des peuples","REPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE DE MAURITANIE, COMMISSARIAT AUX DROITS DE L’HOMME, A LA LUTTE CONTRE LA PAUVRETE ET A L’INSERTION, PLAN NATIONAL D’ACTION POUR LA PROMOTION ET LA PROTECTION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (1998). http://www.dhnet.org.br/dados/pp/a_pdfmundo/pndh_mauritania.pdf\n\nDiscours du Bâtonnier 2012, Discours du Président de l'ONA 26 avril 2012","Il existe plusieurs institutions étatiques et de la société civile à travers lesquelles il est possible de faire des recours contre diverses formes d'injustice policière :..."]
["2012_MU_16",2012,"MU","Mauritius",16,100,"In 1998, the Protection of Human Rights Act was passed, thus establishing the National Human Rights Commission, with a former judge of the Supreme Court named as chairperson. The law states that:\n\nThe commission may, without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts or the powers conferred on the director of public prosecutions or the appropriate service commission, inquire into any written complaint from any person alleging that any of his or her human rights has been, is being or is likely to be violated by the act or omission of any other person acting in the performance of any public function conferred by any law or otherwise in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public body.\n\nMost of the times, cases are filed at the NHRC and the Complaints Investigation Bureau of the police, the body that investigates complaints lodged against members of the police force and which conducts the inquiry. The Complaints Investigation Bureau, however, remains under the administrative control of the commissioner of police.\n\nThe Complaint Investigation Bureau (C.I.B.) registers complaints against members of the Mauritius Police Force. Cases of complaint against police reported at police stations are referred and transferred to C.I.B. for inquiry. After completion of inquiry, the brief is forwarded to the director of public prosecutions for advice. The Complaints Investigation Bureau works under the supervision of the National Human Rights Commission established under Section 3 of the Protection of the Human Rights Act 1998. This unit nevertheless remains under the administrative control of the commissioner of police.\n\nIn a speech to parliament in 2012 in which he discusses a bill that proposes creating a new Police Complaints Division within the independent National Human Rights Commission, the attorney general criticized the C.I.B. for being under the administrative control of the police and therefore not being independent, stating: \"[T]he police enquires on the police. Severe criticisms have been levelled against such a system.\"\n\n\nQuoting from the parliamentary record (below), the attorney general said:\n\nMr. Speaker, Sir,\n\nAllow me to now turn to the Police Complaints Bill. The essence of this Bill is to provide a framework for the Police Complaints Division of the National Human Rights Commission to operate. This Division will be responsible for the investigation of complaints made against members of the Police Force, other than allegations of corruption and money laundering which are dealt with by the ICAC under the Prevention of Corruption Act.\n\nCurrently, it is the Complaints Investigation Bureau, under the administrative control of the Commissioner of Police, which enquires into complaints made against police officers. In other words, the police enquires on the police. Severe criticisms have been levelled against such a system.\n\nIn fact, as Government back bencher in 2005, I highlighted the problem of the Complaints Investigation Bureau as being judge and party at the same time by way of a Parliamentary Question B/1 and the Hon. Prime Minister stated and I quote:\n\n“I am of the view that this perception of being judge and party at the same time will persist; it has persisted in other countries with the same results. It is important that there should be confidence in the procedures” unquote. Therefore the setting up of a Police Complaints Division separate from the police force is more than welcome.\"","Protection of Human Rights Act, 1998,  Section 4,  http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_country=MUS&p_classification=01.05&p_origin=COUNTRY&p_sortby=SORTBY_COUNTRY\n\nWebsite of the Mauritius Police Force. Section on Complaint Investigation Bureau.\nhttp://www.gov.mu/portal/site/police/menuitem.1df7efc479e28104d0db7010e2b521ca/\n\nU.S. State Department Human Rights Report: Mauritius (2011). http://photos.state.gov/libraries/mauritius/320773/PDF_documents/HRR_Mauritius2011.pdf\n\nSecond reading, speech of the attorney general on ... the Police Complaints Bill (No. XX of 2012).\nwww.gov.mu/portal/goc/webattorney/file/protection.pdf","In 1998, the Protection of Human Rights Act was passed, thus establishing the National Human Rights Commission, with a former judge of the Supreme Court named as chairperson. The law states that:..."]
["2012_MA_16",2012,"MA","Morocco",16,100,"There are no dedicated mechanisms  to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force, but teporting of police misconduct can be done through more than one possible channels, including the Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) or the Ministry of Interior. \n\nThe Penal Code (Articles 225 and 226) and the Statute of Government Staff (Article 13, officials for national security, for example) deal with abuse, appropriate penalties and remedies. Appeals may be sent to court (administrative or criminal). Complaints can be filed at the institution of ombudsman (articles 5 and 6) or the National Council for Human Rights (CNDH). Complaints against corruption should be addressed to the Central Agency of Corruption Prevention (ICPC).\n\nMany citizens do not use the appeal mechanism. International organizations for human rights (DH) often denounce impunity and disrespect of the law.","Ombudsman: Dahir No. 1-11-25 of 17 March 2011 BO No. 5926 of 17-3-2011.\n\nCNDH: Dahir No. 1-11-19 of 1 March 2011 establishing the National Council for Human Rights BO No. 5922 of March 3, 2011.\n\nPenal Code: Dahir approving the text of the Criminal Code Official Bulletin No. 2640 bis of, June 5, 1963, sections 225 and 226.","There are no dedicated mechanisms  to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force, but teporting of police misconduct can be done through more than one possible channels, including the Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) or the Ministry of Interior. ..."]
["2012_MZ_16",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",16,100,"In 2006, the post of the Justice Ombudsman was established in accordance with Article 256 of the constitution. The Law of the Justice Ombudsman defines its function as guaranteeing the rights of all citizens and defending legality and justice. The function of the ombudsman is to examine complaints brought by individuals or groups concerning acts or omissions by public bodies and make recommendations to the appropriate body to take preventive or corrective action. The ombudsman is able to take up cases without a complaint if they amount to serious violations of human rights by members of the public administration. The ombudsman has the authority to carry out investigations into situations surrounding complaints and to institute proceedings relative to these complaints.\n\nThe National Commission of Human Rights (NHRC) is empowered to carry out inquiries into alleged violations by public and private bodies, as well as by individuals. Public authorities will be obliged to cooperate with the NHRC and provide all information required, so long as the provision of such information is not prohibited by law. The NHRC will also be able to call upon the Public Prosecution Service to use legal means to compel an individual to answer questions from the NHRC.","Procuradoria Geral da Republica (Attorney General of The Republic), Constitution of the Republic, Article 256.\nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/constituicao_republica/constituicao.pdf\n\nProvedor de Justica (Justice Ombudsman) , created by  Law No. 7/2006 of 16 August\nhttp://www.atneia.com/atneia/fac/1004047F.pdf?tipo_link=1\n\nNational Human Rights Commission (NHRC) created by Law No. 33/2009 of 22 December\nhttp://www.atneia.com/atneia/fac/1019089F.pdf?tipo_link=1","In 2006, the post of the Justice Ombudsman was established in accordance with Article 256 of the constitution. The Law of the Justice Ombudsman defines its function as guaranteeing the rights of all citizens and defending legality and justice. The function of the ombudsman is to ex..."]
["2012_NA_16",2012,"NA","Namibia",16,100,"The Ombudsman Act chapter 3 also gives the ombudsman authority to investigate the a) alleged or apparent or threatened instances or matters of violations or infringements of fundamental rights and freedoms, abuse of power, unfair, harsh, insensitive or discourteous treatment of an inhabitant of Namibia by an official in the employ of any organ of government (whether national or local), manifest injustice, or corruption or conduct by such official which would properly be regarded as unlawful, oppressive or unfair in a democratic society.\n\nUnder chapter 3 of the Anti-Corruption Act of 2003, section 17, (I), any person may furnish to the commission information in connection with any matter which that person suspects on reasonable grounds concerns or may concern practice. The persons suspected also include police officers.","The Ombudsman, Chapter 10 of the Namibian Constitution, Article 91 (1990, as amended 1998 and 2010),\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf\n\nAnti-Corruption Act, 2003 (Act No.8 of 2003), Government Gazette, August 4 2003","The Ombudsman Act chapter 3 also gives the ombudsman authority to investigate the a) alleged or apparent or threatened instances or matters of violations or infringements of fundamental rights and freedoms, abuse of power, unfair, harsh, insensitive or discourteous treatment of an ..."]
["2012_NE_16",2012,"NE","Niger",16,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_16",2012,"NG","Nigeria",16,100,"The public complaints commission (Nigerian Ombudsman) is an independent organization established by the federal government of Nigeria in 1975 through decree No. 31 of 1975, amended through decree No. 21 of 1979, now cap 377 laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 and re-validated in section 315 (5)  of the 1999 constitution. The National Human Rights commission also intervenes where rights have been violated, including violation by law enforcement agencies.","Cap 377 laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 and re-validated in section 315 (5)  of the 1999 Constitution establishing the Public Complaints Commission Part 1 (1). Section of National Human Rights Act 1995.","The public complaints commission (Nigerian Ombudsman) is an independent organization established by the federal government of Nigeria in 1975 through decree No. 31 of 1975, amended through decree No. 21 of 1979, now cap 377 laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 and re-validated in..."]
["2012_RW_16",2012,"RW","Rwanda",16,100,"The Human Rights Commission commission has in its prerogatives, as mentioned in article 4 of its establishing law, to receive and examine claims relating to human rights violations. This can be upon its own initiative or request. \n\nThis means among other things that citizens can report to the commission any human rights violations. Police misconduct and abuse of force can be one of them. In addition, the commission has to investigate (article 3) and suggest that those who committed human rights violations be prosecuted.","Republic of Rwanda Law No. 04/99.  (1999).  [Establishing the National Human Rights Commission (O.G. n° 6 du 15/03/1999). Modified and completed by Law No. 37/2002 of 31/12/2002 (O.G. n° special of 16/01/200)].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7779&iid=185&rid=2045","The Human Rights Commission commission has in its prerogatives, as mentioned in article 4 of its establishing law, to receive and examine claims relating to human rights violations. This can be upon its own initiative or request. ..."]
["2012_ST_16",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",16,0,"No such law exists. Currently there's not public sector mechanism to report specific cases of police misconduct.\n\nArticle 1 of Law No. 1/2007, regarding the exercise of the right of petition, states: “The right to present petitions, complaints and claims before the competent authority, other than the courts, to demand the restoration of violated rights and in defence of public interest is exercised in accordance to this law.” But there is no specific mechanism in law for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Law No. 1/2007 – Law of the Exercise of the Right of Petition  (Gazette No. 4, Feb. 12, 2007, São Tomé and Príncipe)","No such law exists. Currently there's not public sector mechanism to report specific cases of police misconduct...."]
["2012_SN_16",2012,"SN","Senegal",16,0,"En dehors de recours auprès de la justice, il n'existe aucun mécanisme indépendant pour faire recours des actions de la police.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","En dehors de recours auprès de la justice, il n'existe aucun mécanisme indépendant pour faire recours des actions de la police."]
["2012_SC_16",2012,"SC","Seychelles",16,100,"Complaints of police misconduct and/or abuse of force may be reported to the police commissioner. But the office and mechanism do not qualify as independent or as specifically mandated to investigate without a vested interest.\n\nThe president has complete control over the security apparatus, which includes the national guard, army, presidential protection unit, coast guard, and police. The police commissioner, who reports to the president, commands the unarmed police and the armed paramilitary police mobile unit, which together have primary responsibility for internal security. When necessary, the police are assisted by the army on issues of internal security, as police resources can be limited. The special support unit, a division of the police force, is responsible for crowd and riot control. Corruption within the police force remains a problem. \n\nHowever, the National Human Rights Commission was established by law under the Protection of Human Rights Act in 2009 for better protection and promotion of human rights in Seychelles. Its mandate is to investigate and act upon reports of human rights abuse in the country. The appointment of the chairperson and its members was in accordance with Section 3(9) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 2009 for a four year tenure. The Commission comprises of three members, among them the chairperson of the Commission is the person appointed as the Ombudsman under article 143 (1) and the two other members should be a person who has been a Judge or is a barrister for more than five years standing or a person having knowledge of, or practical experience in matters relating to human rights.\n\nIn 6(1), the act notes the relevant mandate of the Commission, which includes among other things:\n(a) inquire into any written complaint from any person alleging that any of his human rights has been, is being or is likely to be violated by an act or omission of any other person;\n(b) visit any police station, prison or other place of detention under the control of the State to study the living conditions of the inmates and the treatment afforded to them;","1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles, Chapter XIII, 159.(1) \nand (2): \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\nProtection of Human Rights Act, 1999. Art 6. http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/act/2009/3\n\nSeychelles Police Website: http://www.police.gov.sc/\nPenal Code, Cap 158: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidatedact/158.\n\nJuris prudence of misconduct by police, Civil Side No 306 of 2003: \nhttp://www.saflii.org/sc/cases/SCSC/2005/14.html.","Complaints of police misconduct and/or abuse of force may be reported to the police commissioner. But the office and mechanism do not qualify as independent or as specifically mandated to investigate without a vested interest...."]
["2012_SL_16",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",16,100,"All citizens, including the police, are subject to the law that set up the Anti-Corruption Commission. That law makes the commission responsible for investigating and prosecuting corruption.\n\nIn addition, section 7 of the 1997 ombudsman act authorises the office of the ombudsman to \"investigate any administrative act of a prescribed authority\" in respect of which a complaint is made and information received by him, and take appropriate action to remedy, correct or reverse the act complained of through fair, proper and effective means.","Section 1 (1): Interpretations of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2008.\n\nThe Police Code of Conduct creates the internal investigation unit. This document is not online.\n\nThe Ombudsman Act, Part 3, Functions and Administration of Office of the Ombudsman, Section 7, 1997, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1997-2.pdf","All citizens, including the police, are subject to the law that set up the Anti-Corruption Commission. That law makes the commission responsible for investigating and prosecuting corruption...."]
["2012_SO_16",2012,"SO","Somalia",16,100,"\"Whoever suffers damages from acts or omissions in violation of his rights by officials or employees of the State or of public bodies in the performance of their duties shall have the right to obtain compensation from the State or the public bodies concerned,\" Article 40 of the constitution states.\n\nThe law, however, does not mandate a specific body to receive such complaints. \n\nAccording to a source, \"They may pass their complaints from police action or misconduct to the regional court, but these days citizens or all society do not pass their complaints to any regional courts because there are no more justices there they trust.\"","Somali Constitution 1960, Article 40, paragraph 1.\n \nAnonymous police officer, interviewed January 2013, Mogadishu.","\"Whoever suffers damages from acts or omissions in violation of his rights by officials or employees of the State or of public bodies in the performance of their duties shall have the right to obtain compensation from the State or the public bodies concerned,\" Article 40 of the con..."]
["2012_ZA_16",2012,"ZA","South Africa",16,100,"The Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act provides for the establishment of the Independent Police Investigative Directorate, a unit that deals specifically with complaints of police misconduct.","Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act 1, of 2011.","The Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act provides for the establishment of the Independent Police Investigative Directorate, a unit that deals specifically with complaints of police misconduct."]
["2012_SS_16",2012,"SS","South Sudan",16,100,"In law, there is no specific mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Though the Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009, mentions that complaints against police by civilians will be heard, it does not specify who would investigate such cases or the consequences of police misconduct.\n\nArticle 52, Subsection (2) of the police act states: “Complaints against police personnel received through a civilian complaint system, established by regulations, shall be referred to judicial courts subject to the regulations.\n\nHowever, the Constitution does also establish a Human Rights Commission which can investigate complaints of citizens in relation to violation of their rights.  \n\n146: Functions of the Commission\n1. The functions of the Commission shall be to:\na. monitor the application and enforcement of the rights and freedoms enshrined in this Constitution;\nb. investigate, on its own initiative, or on a complaint made by any person or group of persons, against any violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms;","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011. Chapter IV. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf\n\nSouthern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009.\nhttp://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/South%20Sudan/policeact.pdf","In law, there is no specific mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Though the Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009, mentions that complaints against police by civilians will be heard, it does not specify who would investigate such cases or the con..."]
["2012_SD_16",2012,"SD","Sudan",16,100,"There is a National Human Rights Commission Law from 2009. The commission was actually established in 2012. The law consists of 21 articles, only two of which address  the commission's mandate. \n\nArticle 9 of the NHRC law mandates the commission to protect and promote human rights in Sudan. Paragraph 9 (2) (h) clarifies that the commission will receive complaints from individuals and other entities to investigate and take necessary action regarding human rights violations. \n\nArticle 5 also clarifies that the commission shall be independent in the performance of its functions and powers and decision-making, use and manage their money.","National Commission for Human Rights Act of 2009, Article 9, http://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12b/3.htm","There is a National Human Rights Commission Law from 2009. The commission was actually established in 2012. The law consists of 21 articles, only two of which address  the commission's mandate. ..."]
["2012_SZ_16",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",16,0,"The Constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, but complaints about such actions are seldom investigated and mostly justified on the basis of national security. But no law exists to explicitely establish an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.","No such law exists","The Constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, but complaints about such actions are seldom investigated and mostly justified on the basis of national security. But no law exists to explicitely establish an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate poli..."]
["2012_TZ_16",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",16,100,"The role of the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, according to its founding legislation, Section 6 (1) (g), is \"to investigate or inquire into complaints concerning practices or actions by persons holding office in the service of the government, public authorities or other public bodies, including private institutions and private individuals where those complaints allege abuse of power, injustice, unfair treatment of any person, whether complainant or not, in the exercise of their official duties\".","The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance Act, 2001.","The role of the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, according to its founding legislation, Section 6 (1) (g), is \"to investigate or inquire into complaints concerning practices or actions by persons holding office in the service of the government, public authorities or..."]
["2012_TG_16",2012,"TG","Togo",16,100,"La loi a prévu un mécanisme indépendant de plainte permettant aux citoyens de signaler les actions ou les manquements de la police. \n\nIl s’agit de la Commission nationale des droits de l’Homme qui ne reçoit pas, certes, les seules plaintes relatives aux manquements de la police, mais qui reçoit toutes les plaintes afférentes au non respect des Droits de l’Homme. \n\nSelon l’article 152 de la Constitution de la IVe République togolaise, « Il est créé une Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme. Elle est indépendante. Elle n’est soumise qu’à la Constitution et à la Loi. La composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme sont fixés par une loi organique ». \n\nC’est à partir de cette disposition légale que la loi organique 96-12 du 11 décembre 1996 relative à la composition, à l’organisation et au fonctionnement de ladite Commission, modifiée et complétée par la loi organique n° 2005-004 du 9 février 2005 a été décrétée. Elle est dépositaire de toutes les plaintes relatives au non respect des droits de l’Homme aussi bien du côté des forces de l’ordre que de celui des civils. Mais il n'existe aucune institution spécifique destinée à enregistrer les plaintes afférentes aux violations des droits des civils par la police.","La constitution de la IVe République Togolaise de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002. Cf. http://www.icilome.com/togo/const2.asp","La loi a prévu un mécanisme indépendant de plainte permettant aux citoyens de signaler les actions ou les manquements de la police. ..."]
["2012_TN_16",2012,"TN","Tunisia",16,0,"Le décret-loi 8/2011 du 18 Février 2011 a créé la Commission d'établissement des faits, qui a pour objectif de recueillir des preuves et enquêter des cas d'inconduite policière ou de recours abusif à la force par la police.\n\nLa commission a commencé à examiner les cas qui ont eu lieu pendant la révolution (La date du début de la révolution est le 17 décembre, 2010, qui également la date du changement de régime). Pendant cette période, beaucoup de cas d'inconduite policière ont été signalés. Toutefois, cette commission n'a pas de mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de signaler des cas d'inconduites actuels, les seuls cas acceptés sont ceux qui ont eu lieu pendant la révolution. \n\nEn outre, les citoyens peuvent signaler les cas d'inconduite policière directement à la police, comme pour tout autre crime. \n\nIl existe également un Médiateur, mais il n'a pas de mandat spécifique pour recevoir des plaintes contre la police et n'a donc pas un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force.","Le site suivant permet de dénoncer la corruption en ligne : www.anticorruption-idara.gov.tn\n \nDécret-loi cadre n° 2011-120 du 14 Novembre 2011 relatif à la lutte contre la corruption a créé une instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption (article 12 et suite): \n \nDécret-loi cadre n° 2011-120 du 14 Novembre 2011 relatif à la lutte contre la corruption\n \nDécret-loi de la commission nationale d'établissement des faits sur les dépassements commis depuis le 17/12/2010. http://www.investir-en-tunisie.net/pdf/Commission_depassement.pdf\n\nLoi 8/2011 du 18 Février 2011","Le décret-loi 8/2011 du 18 Février 2011 a créé la Commission d'établissement des faits, qui a pour objectif de recueillir des preuves et enquêter des cas d'inconduite policière ou de recours abusif à la force par la police...."]
["2012_UG_16",2012,"UG","Uganda",16,100,"Citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force as provided for under Section 70(1)(2)(3) of the Police Act, 1994. In corruption-related cases, complaints against a police officer can be addressed to the most senior officer in charge of the district or unit to which the accused officer is stationed or to the inspector general. Other complaints related to neglect, nonperformance and misconduct are addressed to a senior police officer.\n\nAs for outside mechanisms, article 51 of the Constitution; establishes the Uganda Human Rights Commission.  Article 53 (1) In the performance of its functions, the commission shall have the powers of a courtto issue summons or other orders requiring the attendance of any person before the commission and the production of any document or record relevant to any investigation by the commission; (b) to question any person in respect of any subject matter under investigation before the commission; (c) to require any person to disclose any information within his or her knowledge relevant to any investigation by the commission; and (d) to commit persons for contempt of its orders.\n\nAccording to Article 52(1) ,The commission shall have the following functions:  (a) to investigate, at its own initiative or on a complaint made by any person or group of persons against the violation of any human right; (b) to visit jails, prisons, and places of detention or related facilities with a view to assessing and inspecting conditions of the inmates and make recommendations; (c) to establish a continuing programme of research, education and information to enhance respect of human rights; (d) to recommend to Parliament effective measures to promote human rights, including provision of compensation to victims of violations of human rights or their families; (e) to create and sustain within society the awareness of the provisions of this Constitution as the fundamental law of the people of Uganda; (f) to educate and encourage the public to defend this Constitution at all times against all forms of abuse and violation; (g) to formulate, implement and oversee programmes intended to inculcate in the citizens of Uganda awareness of their civic responsibilities and an appreciation of their rights and obligations as free people; (h) to monitor the Government’s compliance with international treaty and convention obligations on human rights; and (i) to perform such other functions as may be provided by law.\n\nAccording to section 7 of the Uganda Human Rights Commission Act, Uganda Human Rights Council receives citizens' complaints about their abuse of rights by police and does investigate the police.","The Police Act, 1994, Section 70 (1)(2)(3)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/297/POLICE%20ACT.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Articles 51, 52. \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution\n\nHuman Rights Commission Act, 4/1997, Section 7, http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/400/UGANDA%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%20COMMISSION%20ACT.pdf","Citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force as provided for under Section 70(1)(2)(3) of the Police Act, 1994. In corruption-related cases, complaints against a police officer can be addressed to the most senior officer in charge of the district or unit to which the acc..."]
["2012_ZM_16",2012,"ZM","Zambia",16,100,"There are such mechanisms in which citizens can report the police. Zambia has Police Public Complaint Authority (PPCA), a body which receives complaints from members of the public against the police. There is also a Human Rights Commission which also receives human rights violations committed by the police or any other persons. The ACC also has jurisdiction to investigate police's alleged corrupt activities brought up by members of the public. \n \nIn addition, Zambian citizens can approach the office of the Ombudsman in Zambia to complain about police actions and misconduct. They can also use the courts to seek redress when aggrieved by police officers.The Police Complaints Committee/Authority exists but is not very effective.","\"(1) Zambia Police (Amendment) Act, cap 107, Police Public Complaints Authority, part XA, 57B, complaints authority, 1966, http://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/107\n \n (2) Section 9 of the Human Rights Commission Act, chapter 48, 1997, http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consoli dated-act/48\"","There are such mechanisms in which citizens can report the police. Zambia has Police Public Complaint Authority (PPCA), a body which receives complaints from members of the public against the police. There is also a Human Rights Commission which also receives human rights violation..."]
["2012_ZW_16",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",16,100,"There is no independent complaints mechanism for citizens that is specifically focused on police action or misconduct at law.  However, the Office of the Public Protector has the duty under the Constitution to investigate \n\"(1) Subject to section 108B (7), the public protector may investigate action taken by any officer, person or authority referred to in Subsection (2) in the exercise of the administrative functions of that officer, person or authority in any case where it is alleged that a person has suffered injustice in consequence of that action and it does not appear that there is any remedy reasonably available by way of proceedings in a court or on appeal from a court.\"\n \n Subsection 2 indicates that subject to such exceptions and conditions as may be prescribed by or under an act of Parliament, the provisions of Subsection (1) shall apply in respect of any action taken by the following officers and authorities —\n (a) any ministry or department or any member of such ministry or department; and\n (b) such other persons or authorities as may be prescribed by or under an act of Parliament for the purposes of this paragraph.","Section 108 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe Act. ","There is no independent complaints mechanism for citizens that is specifically focused on police action or misconduct at law.  However, the Office of the Public Protector has the duty under the Constitution to investigate ..."]
["2012_DZ_17",2012,"DZ","Algeria",17,0,"The National Security Inspectorate (inspection générale de la sûreté nationale) can investigate cases of police conduct. Allegations are seldom treated or followed up through investigations.","Anonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. July 3, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 3, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 3, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 3, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 3, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 3, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 3, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 3, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 3, 2012.\n\nEl Watan, page 4. Saturday, Dec. 10, 2011\nEl Watan, page 5. Tuesday, March 6, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The National Security Inspectorate (inspection générale de la sûreté nationale) can investigate cases of police conduct. Allegations are seldom treated or followed up through investigations."]
["2012_AO_17",2012,"AO","Angola",17,0,"There is a serious problem of corruption and abuse of power at all levels of the police. Responses from almost all respondents indicate this, as well widespread conflict of interest, at the center of their concerns regarding the police. Corruption has become endemic within Angolan society and the police are not immune to this. \n\nOfficials engage in corruption with impunity. There have been no prosecutions.","Activist Rafael Marques deposed in Lisbon in case against senior Angolan officials, The Púlico, January 11, 2012, \nhttp://www.publico.pt/sociedade/noticia/activista-rafael-marques-depos-em-lisboa-em-caso-contra-altos-dirigentes-angolanos-1528657 .\n\nUNITA gives \"a few days\" for José Eduardo dos Santos to justify the evidence of crimes (C / AUDIO), Sapo News, March 20, 2013, http://noticias.sapo.mz/lusa/artigo/15899547.html .\n\nUS Department of State, Diplomacy in Action, Angola Report 2012, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186375.pdf\n\nAfrican Police Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF), Leon Kukkuk, Angolan Police Compliance with the SARPCCO Code of Conduct (not yet published).","There is a serious problem of corruption and abuse of power at all levels of the police. Responses from almost all respondents indicate this, as well widespread conflict of interest, at the center of their concerns regarding the police. Corruption has become endemic within Angolan ..."]
["2012_BJ_17",2012,"BJ","Benin",17,0,"Le Bénin ne dispose pas d'un organe chargé de lutter spécifiquement contre les bavures policières et autres cas d'inconduite ou fautes lourdes au sein de la police. Par conséquent, l'on ne saurait parler d'une quelconque efficacité d'un tel système.","Olivier Allocheme, Journaliste, Rédacteur en chef, Quotidien L'Evénement Précis, Entretien le 06 août 2012 à Cotonou. \n\nEtienne Badou, Juriste, Chargé de programme à l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, Entretien à Cotonou, siège de l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption, le 25 juin 2012.\n\nAdoun, Wilfrid H. et François, K., Awoudo (2007). \"Bénin: une démocratie prisonnière de la corruption, Investigations sur des faits et scandales de 1990 à 2006, Dossiers classés tome I, Cotonou Friedrich Ebert Stiftung/ COPEF, 385p. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/benin/05208.pdf","Le Bénin ne dispose pas d'un organe chargé de lutter spécifiquement contre les bavures policières et autres cas d'inconduite ou fautes lourdes au sein de la police. Par conséquent, l'on ne saurait parler d'une quelconque efficacité d'un tel système."]
["2012_BW_17",2012,"BW","Botswana",17,0,"There have been occasional reports of police engaging in abuse to obtain evidence or confessions, but not much is documented in terms of investigation and prosecution of these matters. Without an independent oversight mechanism, it is difficult to track.","\"Body of Suspect Exhumed After Allegations of Police Torture,\" Reuben Pitse, Sunday Standard, May 15, 2012,  www.ibotswana.co.bw/news/local/item/13769-body-of-suspect-exhumed-after-allegations-of-police-torture.html\n\nFreedom House, \"Freedom in the World 2012 -- Botswana,\" June 4, 2012, www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fcc953bc.html","There have been occasional reports of police engaging in abuse to obtain evidence or confessions, but not much is documented in terms of investigation and prosecution of these matters. Without an independent oversight mechanism, it is difficult to track."]
["2012_BF_17",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",17,50,"Ces dernières années, plusieurs policiers ont été radiés des effectifs, donc sanctionnés par les actions du service de l'inspection ou par la justice. Les deux policiers de Koudougou, les 172 agents de police policiers de Ouagadougou ayant participé au pillage et aux violences en février 2011, et plusieurs autres policiers ont été licenciés pour rackets avérés dans les commissariats. Le conseil de discipline du Ministère de l'administration territorial est aussi une instance transitoire pour prendre des sanctions contre les policiers en faute. De plus, les personnes interviewées ont témoigné de cet état des choses.\n\nSelon le rapport 2011 du Département d'État Américain, de nombreux abus commis par les forces de polices et l'armée ont parfois obtenu une réponse appropriée.","Interview avec M. Ousmane Jean-Pierre SIRIBIE, Contrôleur d’Etat, Secrétaire Général, Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE), dans son Bureau, le 4 février 2013, à 11:25 TU\n\nInterview avec M. Nicolas ZERMANE, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son Bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14 :19 TU.\n\nBoureima Ouedraogo, Corruption, impunité et vie chère au Burkina Faso : témoignage d’un divorce entre les institutions et la société, mars 2008, in http://base.afrique-gouvernance.net/fr/corpus_dph/fiche-dph-850.html visite le 21 aout 2012\n\nDébat sur Africa N~ 1: Burkina Faso : amnistie ou impunité pour le Président du Faso, Questions sur l’actualité du 21 juin 2012\n\nMBDHP, RAPPORT SPECIAL SUR LES VIOLATIONS DE DROITS HUMAINS  COMMISES PENDANT LA CRISE SOCIOPOLITIQUE ET MILITAIRE  en 2011, novembre 2011\n\nRapport 2012 sur les Droits de l'Homme - Burkina Faso, http://photos.state.gov/libraries/burkinafaso/25849/PDF/2011HRR.pdf","Ces dernières années, plusieurs policiers ont été radiés des effectifs, donc sanctionnés par les actions du service de l'inspection ou par la justice. Les deux policiers de Koudougou, les 172 agents de police policiers de Ouagadougou ayant participé au pillage et aux violences en f..."]
["2012_BI_17",2012,"BI","Burundi",17,25,"Some magistrates and police officials are indicted and sentenced for corruption, but a high number of cases are not even investigated. According to the 2012 East African Bribery Index, the judiciary in Burundi increased its corruption index score from 49.6 per cent in 2011 to 63.3 per cent in 2012. On the contrary, the police improved from 77.8 in 2011 to  63.3 per cent in 2012.\n\nCorruption perpetrated by law enforcement officials is adjudicated before the Anti-Corruption Court and investigated by the Anti-Corruption Brigade under the supervision of the Prosecutor's office, like all other cases of corruption and related crimes. \n\nDespite the establishment of these institutions, corruption is still widespread in public institutions,  acutely so in the judiciary and police. This was clearly affirmed by an official document, the National Strategy on Good governance and Fight against corruption, which adds that there cases of corruption are often treated with impunity.","\"Burundi : La Crise de Corruption (A Deepening Corruption Crisis),\"   International Crisis Group, March 21, 2012 http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/burundi/185-burundi-la-crise-de-corruption.aspx\n\nStrategie Nationale De Bonne Gouvernance Et De Lutte Contre La Corruption (National Strategy on Good Governance and Fighting Corruption), Oct. 20, 2011, http://www.lagouvernance.fr/Base%20de%20Donn%C3%A9es/Strategie%20de%20la%20Bonne%20Gouvernance%20et%20de%20la%20privatisation.pdf\n\n\"EAC : Uganda tops corruption index, Burundi 4th,\" IWACU journal, Sept. 5, 2012, http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/spip.php?article3597\n\nTransparency International-Kenya, 2012, http://www.tikenya.org","Some magistrates and police officials are indicted and sentenced for corruption, but a high number of cases are not even investigated. According to the 2012 East African Bribery Index, the judiciary in Burundi increased its corruption index score from 49.6 per cent in 2011 to 63.3 ..."]
["2012_CM_17",2012,"CM","Cameroon",17,25,"The effectiveness of the Special Service Control Division of the Police to investigate and prosecute corruption by the police is difficult to ascertain. The division's reports are rarely made public, and the findings are transmitted to the Police Disciplinary Board for action. There have been instances when police officers have been dismissed or suspended for corrupt practices. Eban S. Ebai in his article on the criminal liability of the police in Cameroon mentions the difficulties of investigating and prosecuting police officers. To prosecute a senior member is considered an abomination, and there is a lack of solidarity concerning investigations and prosecutions. Also, it would be extremely difficult to secure the cooperation of a police witness against one of their own in an internal criminal investigation. Such practices definitely contribute to undermine the effectiveness of the Special Service Control Division.","Presidency of the republic, \"Police nationale: des nouvelles sanctions,\" Sept. 17, 2012, available at www.presidenceducameroun.com/news/?lang=fr&mode=newsdetails&id=2599\n\nEban S. Ebai, \"Criminal Liability of the Police in Cameroon: Prospects and Challenges,\" African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, Vol. 5, Nos. 1 and 2 (Fall 2011), available at wwwcf.umes.edu/ajcjs/index.cfm?id=39602\n\nMichel Ferdinand and Pierre Célestin Atangana, \"Sécurité: Sanctions à la police,\" Cameroun Online, March 17, 2011, available at www.africatime.com/cameroun/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=586860&no_categorie= \n\nPierre Célestin Atangana, \"Sécurité: Sanctions à la police,\" Mutations, Yaounde, March 17, 2011.","The effectiveness of the Special Service Control Division of the Police to investigate and prosecute corruption by the police is difficult to ascertain. The division's reports are rarely made public, and the findings are transmitted to the Police Disciplinary Board for action. Ther..."]
["2012_CV_17",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",17,25,"In the last (2012) Afrobarometer/Afrosurvey study (http://www.afrosondagem.cv/), 17 percent of respondents put the National Police at the top of the institutions considered \"most corrupt,\" ahead of the councilors of municipalities who were considered \"most corrupt\" by 12 percent of respondents. For the case of magistrates the perception of corruption is 8 percent. \n\nAlthough the government points out the ongoing measures aimed at putting an end to this image of corruption at the National Police and improving the performance of the police, the absence of a specific body to investigate alleged cases of corruption, including within the police, means that the prosecution has a huge task because it is the only institution legally empowered to investigate and direct the prosecution.  \n\nWith the extinction of the High Authority Against Corruption in 2001 and the non-implementation of the office of the Ombudsman, cases of alleged corruption by law enforcement investigated by prosecutors move slowly. Data on the number of cases of corruption investigated are not available to the public, but our interviewee, Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, says that cases prosecuted are rare.\n\nIn prosecuting police abuses, the justice system has moved slowly, thoughsome cases do move through investigation.","Afrobarometer/Afrosurvey study, http://www.afrosondagem.cv\n\n\"Marisa Morais Said it Would Be Strange Not to Have Corruption in the Police,\" Liberal, April 3, 2012, http://liberal.sapo.cv/noticia.asp?idEdicao=64&id=35553&idSeccao=525&Action=noticia\n\n\"Minister of Internal Administration Concerned about Corruption within the Police,\" Expresso das Ilhas, April 3, 2012, http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/ministra-da-administracao-interna-preocupada-com-a-corrupcao-no-seio-da-policia\n\nInterview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal, July 2, 2012, Praia City.\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 - Cape Verde. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204310.pdf","In the last (2012) Afrobarometer/Afrosurvey study (http://www.afrosondagem.cv/), 17 percent of respondents put the National Police at the top of the institutions considered \"most corrupt,\" ahead of the councilors of municipalities who were considered \"most corrupt\" by 12 percent of..."]
["2012_CF_17",2012,"CF","CAR",17,0,"La République Centrafricaine ne dispose pas d'un organisme spécialisé dans la réception des plaintes des citoyens victimes d'abus policiers. Il n'est donc pas possible de mesurer son efficacité.","Fulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire National des Elections en RCA, Juriste de formation, juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nDieudonné GUEZA, Secrétaire Permanent de l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics et de Délégations des Services Publics en RCA, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","La République Centrafricaine ne dispose pas d'un organisme spécialisé dans la réception des plaintes des citoyens victimes d'abus policiers. Il n'est donc pas possible de mesurer son efficacité."]
["2012_TD_17",2012,"TD","Chad",17,0,"A ministerial department serves as a government focal point in its fight against corruption. Its record of investigating and prosecuting before a court of law senior officials, such as ministers and other key public figures, is higher than it has been in investigating law enforcement officials. The lack of results gives the impression that either law enforcement officials are not involved in corruption practices or they merely benefit from an institutional immunity.","Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School, N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.\n\nChad. Amnesty International report. 2012. http://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/chad/report-2012\n\nTchad : l’impunité toujours de mise. May 10, 2012. http://survie.org/billets-d-afrique/2012/213-mai-2012/article/tchad-l-impunite-toujours-de-mise","A ministerial department serves as a government focal point in its fight against corruption. Its record of investigating and prosecuting before a court of law senior officials, such as ministers and other key public figures, is higher than it has been in investigating law enforceme..."]
["2012_KM_17",2012,"KM","Comoros",17,0,"L'efficacité ne peut encore être mesurée pleinement car la CNPLC est une institution nouvelle qui rencontre ses premières difficultés.\n\nDans la pratique, elle peut être confrontée à une forte coalition entre les membres du corps de la police, et les enquêtes ne peuvent ainsi être menées. Ainsi, en février 2012, la CNPLC a déposé une plainte au parquet de Moroni contre un agent de la Police de l'Air et des Frontières qui détournait les taxes perçues sur le visa des étrangers. La Commission a saisi le Ministère de l'intérieur et la DNST (direction de la sécurité du territoire) pour que l'agent en question soit interdit de sortie. Trois jours après la requête déposée par la CNPLC, l'agent incriminé à pu quitter les Comores pour Paris, échappant ainsi à toute investigation.","Interview de  M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali,  et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption,  Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni.\n\n Journal Al Watwan, 01 février 2012, \"Lutte contre la corruption, la Commission parle d’une plainte contre un agent de la PAF\". http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=3776.","L'efficacité ne peut encore être mesurée pleinement car la CNPLC est une institution nouvelle qui rencontre ses premières difficultés...."]
["2012_CD_17",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",17,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_17",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",17,0,"There is no entity that investigates corruption by law enforcement, and no indication that such investigations are made. \n\nThere are accusations of corruption, including charges against the Republican Guard, the special police tasked with protection of VIPs, including the presidency. \n\nAccording to the Human Rights Watch, 24 people were killed during the election campaigning, mostly supporters of the opposition party.","\"DR Congo: Rein in Security Forces: Tensions Mount Ahead of Election Results,\" Human Rights Watch, Dec. 2, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/02/dr-congo-rein-security-forces.\n\n\"Accusations de corruption dans les conflits fonciers de l’est du Congo,\" By Héritier Maila, Godlieve Uwimana, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, July 19, 2011, http://iwpr.net/fr/report-news/accusations-de-corruption-dans-les-conflits-fonciers-de-l%E2%80%99est-du-con.\n\nOCHA/Equateur, Rapport hebdomadaire au 05 juin 2012 \nhttp://rdc-humanitaire.net/index.php/rapports-tous-les-rapports/rapports-hebdomadaires/2175-ochaequateur-rapport-hebdomadaire-au-05-juin-2012.","There is no entity that investigates corruption by law enforcement, and no indication that such investigations are made. ..."]
["2012_CI_17",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",17,50,"Several cases of arrest by military police were recorded over the past few months and according to Mr. Yapo the existing mechanism (even though not an independent one) can be effective. The U.S. Department, on the other hand, reported that police and security forces often use vehicular checkpoints to extort money from drivers and passengers.","Serge A. Yapo, Governance Analyst, Focal Point Rule of Law and Civil society, UNDP, Côte d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 4th, 2013\n\nMaureen Grisot,',Côte d’Ivoire : la police militaire lutte contre l’insécurité', RFI, Jan. 11, 2012 , available at http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20120111-cote-ivoire-police-militaire-lutte-contre-insecurite\nhttp://news.abidjan.net/p/85493.html\n\nThe bureau of Consular Affairs, Cote d'Ivoire Country Specific Information,U.S Department of State, Aug. 17, 2012, available at http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1094.html","Several cases of arrest by military police were recorded over the past few months and according to Mr. Yapo the existing mechanism (even though not an independent one) can be effective. The U.S. Department, on the other hand, reported that police and security forces often use vehic..."]
["2012_DJ_17",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",17,0,"Aucune institution spécifique n'a été mise en place afin de permettre à la population de dénoncer de cas de corruption. Un policier à la retraite affirme que même les très rares fois où des citoyens dénoncent des cas de corruption, la procédure n'aboutit pas devant la justice faute de preuve. La parole des agents de force de l'ordre est beaucoup plus importante que celle du citoyen. En revanche, il existe un mécanisme général de contrôle. \n\nLes forces de sécurité comprennent : la Force nationale de police qui relève du ministère de l'Intérieur, l'armée et la Gendarmerie nationale qui relèvent du ministère de la Défense, et la Garde républicaine d'élite affectée à la protection du président. La Force nationale de police est chargée de la sécurité intérieure et du contrôle des frontières. La Gendarmerie nationale est chargée de la sécurité extérieure, mais elle remplit aussi certaines fonctions dans le domaine de la sécurité intérieure. Un corps de gardiens de prison est responsable de la sécurité à la prison nationale.\n\nLes forces de sécurité étaient en général efficaces, mais la corruption a constitué un problème dans les trois services, particulièrement dans les grades inférieurs où les soldes sont peu élevées. La gendarmerie est chargée d'enquêter sur les allégations d'exactions de la police, et le ministère de la Justice est chargé des poursuites judiciaires ; toutefois, aucune allégation d'exaction de la police n'a fait l'objet de poursuites pendant l'année (page du rapport joint).","Monsieur Robleh Moustapha, Ancien policier à la retraite, entretien réalisé le 29 juin 2012\n\nMonsieur Eleyeh Abdi, Membre de la commission nationale de droits de l'homme, entretien réalisé le 29 juin 2012.","Aucune institution spécifique n'a été mise en place afin de permettre à la population de dénoncer de cas de corruption. Un policier à la retraite affirme que même les très rares fois où des citoyens dénoncent des cas de corruption, la procédure n'aboutit pas devant la justice faute..."]
["2012_EG_17",2012,"EG","Egypt",17,25,"Despite the existence of an internal council inside the Ministry of Interior to investigate any allegations of corruption against policemen, the mechanism is very weak. Bribes have always been the main enrichment tool for policemen, who argue that, given their low wages, it is their only way to survive. In exchange of a small bribe, they can turn a blind eye to a violation of the law, and for a bigger amount, they can do it for drug trafficking.\n\nPolice corruption has been one of the main causes behind the revolution. However, even after the fall of Mubarak regime, corruption didn't end. Although the former Minister of Interior of the toppled regime was detained just after the fall of Mubarak, and sentenced to life for corruption charges and the murders of protesters, the six top officials who were detained with him were cleared of their charges. Talking about corruption only, even if the top official of the former regime is jailed, it is hard to say that it becomes the rule to arrest corrupt officers. As long as the investigative tool is internal and formed of high-ranking officials, it will never be an effective tool -- the accused are the judges at the same time. \n\nThe Ministry of Interior is rejecting the establishment of a monitoring mechanism to investigate corruption charges against policemen. Police corruption is rising, given the security vacuum, the rise of crimes and the continuing petty corruption. Many reform initiatives for the police authority were suggested to Parliament. New laws adopted included better salaries and facilities for the policemen without any anti-corruption mechanisms to enhance the authority's accountability.","Ethics in Policing. 2012. Egypt's police still in crisis after revolution\nhttp://www.ethicsinpolicing.com/article.asp?id=6415.\n\nDeena Adel. 2011. In Egypt, Police are the Revolution's Greatest Obstacle \nhttp://policymic.com/articles/in-egypt-police-are-the-revolution-s-greatest-obstacle.","Despite the existence of an internal council inside the Ministry of Interior to investigate any allegations of corruption against policemen, the mechanism is very weak. Bribes have always been the main enrichment tool for policemen, who argue that, given their low wages, it is thei..."]
["2012_GQ_17",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",17,0,"There is no agency or institution that investigates and prosecutes corruption of law enforcement officials.","Universal Periodic Review, http://www.upr-info.org: Mid-term Implementation Assessment: Equatorial Guinea, June 2012, http://www.upr-info.org/followup/assessments/session19/equatorial_guinea/MIA-Equatorial_guinea.pdf\n\nHuman Rights Watch: Equatorial Guinea: DC Meeting Set as Corruption Details Emerge, Obiang Should Tackle Corruption, Poverty, and Repression in Oil-Rich Equatorial Guinea, June 2012, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/15/equatorial-guinea-dc-meeting-set-corruption-details-emerge\n\nHuman Rights Watch, Equatorial Guinea  Country Summary, January 2012\nhttp://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/Equatorial%20Guinea_2012.pdf","There is no agency or institution that investigates and prosecutes corruption of law enforcement officials."]
["2012_ER_17",2012,"ER","Eritrea",17,0,"No separate agency or entity investigates corruption by law enforcement officials. Usually, investigations are done by an ad hoc committee or Army or police. It is rare that the final outcome of an investigation is made public, according to sources.","Eritrea Freedom in the World Report 2012, Freedom House, 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea#.VRdGPjvF9Ig\n\nAMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORT 2012\nTHE STATE OF THE WORLD’S HUMAN RIGHTS, Amensty International, 2012. http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/air12-report-english.pdf\n\nPRESS FREEDOM INDEX 2011/2012, Reporters Without Borders, 2012. http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2011-2012,1043.html\n\nAnonymous sources interviews in 2012. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","No separate agency or entity investigates corruption by law enforcement officials. Usually, investigations are done by an ad hoc committee or Army or police. It is rare that the final outcome of an investigation is made public, according to sources."]
["2012_ET_17",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",17,50,"Corruption committed by law enforcement officials, especially police force members, is often investigated and prosecuted. But there are problems with regard to high-ranking police commanders and politically important members of law enforcement, as they are less likely to be investigated and prosecuted.","Interview with Chala Hundee, ethics and anti-corruption officer, Oromia Prison Administration, Adama, June 4, 2012.\n\nInterview with Assesfa Getahun, Oromia Police College, legal adviser and lecturer, Addis Ababa, June 5, 2012.\n\nInterview with Kumneger Girma, Anti-Corruption and Ethics Commission, Addis Ababa, June 16, 2012","Corruption committed by law enforcement officials, especially police force members, is often investigated and prosecuted. But there are problems with regard to high-ranking police commanders and politically important members of law enforcement, as they are less likely to be investi..."]
["2012_GA_17",2012,"GA","Gabon",17,0,"Le cadre légal du système de huissiers de justice est incomplet, ne lui permettant pas d'effectivement remplir son mandat.","The Return of the Opposition in Gabon,  AARON PANGBURN, African Futures, Sept 2012. http://forums.ssrc.org/african-futures/2012/09/07/return-opposition-gabon/\n\nGABON 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT, US State Department, 2012, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204333.pdf\n\nCode Pénal, Loi No. 21/63.  (1963), May 31) .  Livre II (Des crimes et délits contre la chose publique), chapitre IX (Des crimes et délits commis par les fonctionnaires), articles 134–139. \nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/ga/ga026fr.pdf\n\nLoi n° 11/70 du 17 décembre 1970 portant statut des Huissiers de justice (Gabon)","Le cadre légal du système de huissiers de justice est incomplet, ne lui permettant pas d'effectivement remplir son mandat."]
["2012_GM_17",2012,"GM","The Gambia",17,0,"Though there is no agency/entity to investigate and prosecute corruption by law enforcement officers, senior law enforcement officials have been sanctioned. They include Ensa Badjie, former inspector general of police.","\"Fresh Charge Against Ex-IGP Ensa Badjie,\" Bakary Samateh, The Point, March 10, 2011, http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/fresh-charge-against-ex-igp-ensa-badjie\n\n\"2011 State of Human Rights in The Gambia,\" U.S. State Department, pages 17 and 18.\n\n\"Anti-Corruption Commission Soon,\" Daily News, March 21, 2012,\nhttp://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/anti-corruption-commission-soon","Though there is no agency/entity to investigate and prosecute corruption by law enforcement officers, senior law enforcement officials have been sanctioned. They include Ensa Badjie, former inspector general of police."]
["2012_GH_17",2012,"GH","Ghana",17,50,"The Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice is the constitutionally mandated body that investigates corruption by public officers, including law enforcement agencies, and to a large extent, has been very effective.\n\nThe Ghana Police Service also has a body that investigates corruption and other acts of indiscipline by the police; the body, the Police Intelligence and Professional Standards (PIPS) unit, also is to some extent effective.   \n\nHowever, due to various constraints and other factors, there are reservations about the degree of effectiveness of these bodies. Some of the agencies have both material and human resource constraints which often delay the investigations. It is often said that justice delayed is justice denied and this reduces the effectiveness of the relevant agencies. However, the Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice releases the results of its findings to the public through the media.\n\nThere have been cases where an accused person goes to court to restrain the investigating agency from undertaking the investigation. In such a case, the agency cannot continue the investigation unless the court has cleared the case. An example of a delay of this nature is the Vodafone case in which some of the indicted persons went to court to restrain the Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice from investigating the matter.","Patrick Osei-Kufour, Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, also of Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition (GACC), May 30, 2012.\n\nRaymond A. Atuguba, Team Leader, Law and Development Associates (LADA), Okponglo, East Legon, Accra, and Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012. \n\nCecil Adadevoh, Senior State Attorney, Ministry of Justice and Attorney-General’s Department, Accra, June 15, 2012.   \n\nMubarak M. Abbas, Partner, Law Bureau (Attorneys and Consultants), June 12th, 2012.\n\nMaxwell Adjei Ashon, Research Officer, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), June 6, 2012.","The Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice is the constitutionally mandated body that investigates corruption by public officers, including law enforcement agencies, and to a large extent, has been very effective...."]
["2012_GN_17",2012,"GN","Guinea",17,0,"Il n'existe pas d'organisme spécifique chargé d'enquêter sur les actes de corruption commis par les forces de sécurité.","Entretien avec Mohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nDealing with Police Corruption in Guinea, Brendan van Son, Sept 2012. http://www.brendansadventures.com/police-corruption-guinea/\n\nGuinea elections: Clashes as police break up protest, April 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22206069","Il n'existe pas d'organisme spécifique chargé d'enquêter sur les actes de corruption commis par les forces de sécurité."]
["2012_GW_17",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",17,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_17",2012,"KE","Kenya",17,0,"The Independent Policing Oversight Authority is was established through an act of parliament published in November 2011, but is not yet operational. There are reports of police abuse of human rights and general impunity. In some cases, there have been investigations without prosecution, while in others, no known investigation. \n\nWithout the power to prosecute, the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) has not been effective in the fight against corruption. Furthermore, there has been a tendency to install an ineffective anti-corruption team as a cover-up for corruption cases involving prominent personalities or disband the commission whenever its investigations target powerful people. For instance, directors of the predecessor of EACC, the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission, were shown the door in 2011 as investigations closed in on prominent figures implicated in graft.","Have We Given Up the War on Corruption? Pravin Bowry. The Standard. April 11, 2012. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?id=2000055982&cid=588&articleID=2000055982.\n\nDeadlock Looms Over Nominees to Anti-Graft Agency. Alex Ndegwa. The Standard. May 5, 2012. \nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000057705&story_title=Deadlock%20looms%20over%20nominees%20to%20anti-graft%20agency).\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012- Kenya. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204343.pdf","The Independent Policing Oversight Authority is was established through an act of parliament published in November 2011, but is not yet operational. There are reports of police abuse of human rights and general impunity. In some cases, there have been investigations without prosecu..."]
["2012_LS_17",2012,"LS","Lesotho",17,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_17",2012,"LR","Liberia",17,25,"The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission continues to cite the lack of funding and capacity as factors that undermine its ability to effectively investigate acts of corruption. Their ability is especially hampered when the suspected corruption is linked to law enforcement officers.","Interview with James Kingsley, director, Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, July 23, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Sarnyenneh Dickson, Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia, July 23, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 - Liberia. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204346.pdf","The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission continues to cite the lack of funding and capacity as factors that undermine its ability to effectively investigate acts of corruption. Their ability is especially hampered when the suspected corruption is linked to law enforcement officers."]
["2012_LY_17",2012,"LY","Libya",17,0,"Currently the agency investigating and prosecuting corruption by law enforcement is still weak and ineffective, and on the other side, the state has yet to establish control on internal security. Moreover, there is very little control over current, semi-formal law enforcement authorities, such as the Supreme Security Committee.","Interviews with Ibrahim Ali, chairman, Libyan Transparency Association,  May 12 and July 21, 2012, Tripoli.\n\n Interview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.","Currently the agency investigating and prosecuting corruption by law enforcement is still weak and ineffective, and on the other side, the state has yet to establish control on internal security. Moreover, there is very little control over current, semi-formal law enforcement autho..."]
["2012_MG_17",2012,"MG","Madagascar",17,0,"No specific mechanism is in place for citizens to denounce police abuse or corruption, though BIANCO (Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption) can see cases that involve corruption. It was not possible to obtain a specific number of cases reported, but claims of police brutality are not uncommon.","Madagascar 2013 Crime and Safety Report, US State Department, Bureau of Diplomatic security, 2013. https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13597\n\nPoliceman Breaks Pregnant Woman's Leg, Madagascar Express, April 2012, http://madagascar-express.blogspot.com/2012/04/policeman-breaks-pregnant-womans-leg.html","No specific mechanism is in place for citizens to denounce police abuse or corruption, though BIANCO (Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption) can see cases that involve corruption. It was not possible to obtain a specific number of cases reported, but claims of police brutality are not..."]
["2012_MW_17",2012,"MW","Malawi",17,25,"Section 128 of the Police Act establishes the independent complaints commission. However, such mechanism has not been put in place and implemented so far.","ACB Cracks Down on Malawi Police Corruption, 3 Cops Nabbed. The Malawi Democrat. Nov. 19, 2011. http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/acb-cracks-down-on-malawi-police-corruption-3-cops-nabbed/ \n\nACB Arrests Police Officer in Mangochi. Anti-Corruption Bureau, June 2012, Malawi. http://www.anti-corruptionbureau.mw/2012/06/11/acb-arrests-police-officer-in-mangochi/\n\nMalawi Police 2nd Most Corrupt Police in Southern Africa - TI.  M. Jobani. The Malawi Democrat. Jan. 11, 2012. http://www.malawidemocrat.com/national/malawi-police-2nd-most-corrupt-in-southern-africa-ti/\n\nMalawi Governance and Corruption Survey 2010. Center for Social Research.\n\nCombating Corruption in Malawi: An Assessment of Enforcing Mechanisms. M.K. Hussein. Africa Security Review, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2005.","Section 128 of the Police Act establishes the independent complaints commission. However, such mechanism has not been put in place and implemented so far."]
["2012_ML_17",2012,"ML","Mali",17,0,"Il est établi au Mali des commissions chargées d’enquêter sur les actes de corruption et inconduite commis par les forces de l’ordre en vue de les poursuivre, dans la pratique. Il est difficile d’évaluer cette réalité, a expliqué Daouda Cissé, mais de telles commissions existent. Salikou Sanogo d’ajouter que puisque la Commission existante traite des questions de corruption aussi bien des civils que des forces de l’ordre, alors on peut dire que cette institution fonctionne, mais la main sur le frein, car les militaires à leur tête, le capitaine Sanogo, font tout pour que la vérité sur les exactions ne soient pas mises à jour.\n\nIl révèle que c’est la Loi n°98 du 19 janvier 1998 qui régit les relations entre l’administration et les usagers des services publics. Le Code de procédure pénal (art.93 et suivants) prévoit des sanctions à l'encontre des fonctionnaires reconnus coupables de corruption. L’expression de la volonté politique de lutter contre la corruption a trouvé son expression la plus visible dans la création, en 2004, d’une fonction de « Vérificateur Général de la République », empreint du système anglo-saxon. Le Vérificateur agit comme un quatrième pouvoir, il est indépendant du gouvernement et du pouvoir judiciaire, il est indépendant dans le choix de ces thèmes de travail. Il a le pouvoir d’enquêter sur les comportements illicites et le pouvoir de saisir directement la justice. Depuis le début de ses activités en 2005, le Vérificateur a saisi la justice déjà à plusieurs reprises.\n\nSelon le rapport 2011 du Département d'êtat américain sur les droits de l'homme au Mali, de nombreux cas de violations des droits des citoyens, de détention arbitraires par les forces de police ont été repertoriés.","Entretien avec Maître Daouda Cissé, rencontré à Bamako en février 2013. \n\nEntretien avec Salikou Sanogo, homme politique rencontré à Hamdallaye, à Bamako, février 2013.\n\nRapport 2012 sur les Droits de l'Homme - MALI (page 6), http://photos.state.gov/libraries/mali/96825/International%20Report/2012_hrr_mali_fr.pdf\n","Il est établi au Mali des commissions chargées d’enquêter sur les actes de corruption et inconduite commis par les forces de l’ordre en vue de les poursuivre, dans la pratique. Il est difficile d’évaluer cette réalité, a expliqué Daouda Cissé, mais de telles commissions existent. S..."]
["2012_MR_17",2012,"MR","Mauritania",17,0,"L'impunité au sein de la police mauritanienne est une sérieux problème, tel que révélé par le rapport du départment d'État américain. \n\nIl arrive que des personnalités soient arrêtées et emprisonnées par immixtion du pouvoir. Il en est ainsi du cas ci-après :\n\n\"Immixtion. Le 4 décembre, Mohamed Lemine Ould Dadde a comparu devant un juge d’instruction, qui lui a signifié son renvoi devant la cour criminelle. « Le juge n’a fait qu’exécuter la décision prise par le ministre de la Justice, qui a déclaré sur RFI que le magistrat attendait le retour du dossier pour le renvoyer », déclare Me Ebetty, qui dénonce une « immixtion grave dans le système judiciaire ». Pour Abidine Ould El Kheir, ministre de la Justice, tous les droits de l’accusé ont été respectés, et ce sont les demandes répétées de libération provisoire – toutes rejetées – qui auraient retardé la procédure\" (Source : Mauritanie : Mohamed Lemine Ould Dadde, le séquestré de Nouakchott, par Justine Spiegel, in jeuneafrique.com du 25/12/2011).\n\nMais il a toujours été prouvé que ce sont les subalternes qui sont les plus inquiétés dans de pareilles hypothèses.","Me Bouhoubeyni : « Les affaires de corruption instrumentalisées par le pouvoir » du dimanche 6 mai 2012 \n\nEl Watan, La Mauritanie gangrénée par la corruption : dans l’enfer de la gabegie et des détournements, 5 mai 2012, www.avomm.com/La-Mauritanie-gangrenee-par-la-corruption-dans-l-enfer-de-la-gabegie-et-des-detournements_a14900.html\n\n\"La corruption, une guerre perdue d'avance?\" Camara Mamady, Le Rénovateur. \nle-renovateur.com/lutte-contre-corruption-une-guerre-perdue-d’avance\n\nRapport 2012 sur les Droits de l'Homme - MAURITANIE, http://photos.state.gov/libraries/mauritania/231771/PDFs/MAURITANIA-FRE-Final.pdf","L'impunité au sein de la police mauritanienne est une sérieux problème, tel que révélé par le rapport du départment d'État américain. ..."]
["2012_MU_17",2012,"MU","Mauritius",17,50,"While there is evidence of arrests having been made by ICAC of law enforcement officials, when it comes to prosecution, there are more cases of officers with lower functions who have been successfully prosecuted. Police officers have been arrested for bribery and corruption, among other offenses.","Interview with Mr. N. Patten, barrister at law. June 3, 2012, in Port Louis.\n\nUn policier arrêté pour blanchiment d’argent allégué. Le Defi Quotidien. May 22, 2012. http://www.defimedia.info/live-news/item/12499-un-policier-arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-pour-blanchiment-d%E2%80%99argent-all%C3%A9gu%C3%A9.html\n\nUn policier arrêté pour chèque en bois. Le Defi Quotidien. May 16, 2012. http://www.defimedia.info/defi-quotidien/dq-faits-divers/item/12121-un-policier-arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-pour-ch%C3%A8que-en-bois.html","While there is evidence of arrests having been made by ICAC of law enforcement officials, when it comes to prosecution, there are more cases of officers with lower functions who have been successfully prosecuted. Police officers have been arrested for bribery and corruption, among ..."]
["2012_MA_17",2012,"MA","Morocco",17,0,"There is no agency dedicated to the investigation of corruption. However, cases of police brutality are common.","Moroccan minister admits to police brutality, Alakhbar.com, Sept 2012. http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/12616\n\nHuman Rights Defender Brutally Attacked by Moroccan Police, Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights. Nov 2012. http://rfkcenter.org/human-rights-defender-brutally-attacked-by-moroccan-police\n\nMorocco must answer for human rights abuses in Western Sahara\nBrahim Dahane, The Guardian, Nov 2012. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/10/western-sahara-morocco-human-rights-abuses","There is no agency dedicated to the investigation of corruption. However, cases of police brutality are common."]
["2012_MZ_17",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",17,25,"In Mozambique, the institution that prosecutes corruption committed by law enforcement agents is the same that prosecutes civil servants of the public administration -- Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao (GCCC). The body is ineffective however. The GCCC has several shortcomings: It does not have a body of investigators from within the institution, and most of them are hired for administrative tasks or hired on a contractor basis. In addition, most crimes committed by law enforcement agents are covered up by their top management and are therefore rarely prosecuted.","Baltazar Fael, Mr. Center for Public Integrity (CIP), 28 September 2012, CIP Office, Maputo.\n\nCenter for Public Integrity. 2012. Como Acelerar a Reforma Anti-Corrupção. Maputo.\n\nAmnesty International, 2009. “I Can't Believe in Justice Anymore: Obstacles to Justice for Unlawful Killings by Police in Mozambique.” Berlin.","In Mozambique, the institution that prosecutes corruption committed by law enforcement agents is the same that prosecutes civil servants of the public administration -- Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao (GCCC). The body is ineffective however. The GCCC has several shortcoming..."]
["2012_NA_17",2012,"NA","Namibia",17,50,"The body for investigating and prosecuting corruption of law enforcement officials is not a separate one. Regardless of where corruption takes place, the Anti-Corruption Commission has the responsibility for investigating it (in collaboration with other agencies as may be required). The prosecuting authority is the Office of the Prosecutor General. \n\nPhanuel Kaapama believes that the Anti-Corruption Commission is ineffective. He bases his argument on a number of cases that the commission lost on technical grounds. Conversely, professor William B. Lindeke contends that the commission is reasonably effective, considering the roles it plays apart from its investigative function. The latest available report from the commission is for 2009-10. According to the commission, the 2010-11 report is with the printers and not yet ready for the public.","Phanuel Kaapama, lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nWilliam B. Lindeke, retired professor of political science and senior research associate at the Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed Aug. 9, 2012, Windhoek.","The body for investigating and prosecuting corruption of law enforcement officials is not a separate one. Regardless of where corruption takes place, the Anti-Corruption Commission has the responsibility for investigating it (in collaboration with other agencies as may be required)..."]
["2012_NE_17",2012,"NE","Niger",17,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_17",2012,"NG","Nigeria",17,25,"The office of the Inspector General of Police, through the Police Monitoring Unit, is in charge of investigating law enforcement officials but it remains weak. A report on human rights practices compiled by the United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, said that Nigerian police corruption remained rampant, particularly at highway checkpoints, according to AllAfrica.com. \"Police routinely stopped drivers who did not commit traffic infractions, refusing to allow them to continue until they paid bribes. The Office of the Inspector General of Police attempted to strengthen the Police Monitoring Unit, which was charged with visiting police stations to search officers for signs of accepting bribes; however, the unit remained ineffective and made no arrests by year's end,\" the report said.","Nigeria: Police Force Is Corrupt, EFCC Not Sincere -- U.S. Abiodun Oluwarotimi. AllAfrica.com. May 26, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201205270236.html\n\nAnti-Corruption War in Nigeria: a Lost Battle? Tony Iredia. Vanguard. Oct. 30, 2011.\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/2011-anti-corruption-war-in-nigeria-a-lost-battle/\n\nAuthority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria. A. Adebanwi. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. 2012.\nhttp://www.cap-press.com/pdf/2262.pdf\n\nTransparency International Anti-corruption Index 2011.\n\nPolice, Nigeria’s Number One Bribe-takers – Report. Olusola Fabiyi. Punch July 25, 2012. \nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/police-nigerias-number-one-bribe-takers-report/\n\nAnti-corruption Policies in Nigeria. Discussion Paper, No. 1. David Enweremadu. Lagos: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. November 2010. \nhttp://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/07813.pdf","The office of the Inspector General of Police, through the Police Monitoring Unit, is in charge of investigating law enforcement officials but it remains weak. A report on human rights practices compiled by the United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, said that Ni..."]
["2012_RW_17",2012,"RW","Rwanda",17,75,"The National Public Prosecution Authority is effective in its investigative role in that more often than not members of the national security apparatus involved in corruption have been prosecuted and their files sanctioned.","Alain Mukuralinda, spokesman, National Public Prosecution Authority, interviewed Dec. 8, 2012, Kigali.\n\nAlfred Bandora, criminal justice lawyer, interviewed Oct. 3, 2012, Kigali.\n\n\"Man Arrested for Bribing Police Officer,\" The New Times, June 21, 2012,\n\n\"Lawyer Remanded for Forging Court Verdict,\" The New Times, Oct. 4, 2012.\n\n\"Police Officer Arrested Over Graft,\" The New Times, May 13, 2011.","The National Public Prosecution Authority is effective in its investigative role in that more often than not members of the national security apparatus involved in corruption have been prosecuted and their files sanctioned."]
["2012_ST_17",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",17,0,"There is no special entity to investigate crimes of corruption. For crimes committed by law enforcement officials there is a special forum. But this particular forum is not unique to the matter of corruption.\n\nRegarding the effectiveness of the entity or not, the truth is that there are few cases of corruption that have led to convictions. Thus, we can say that the entity that investigates these crimes is not effective. Two members of the Department of Justice and a member of the Criminal Investigation Police form this forum. But as said before, this special forum is not exclusively for corruption issues, so it cannot be called \"anti-corruption\" forum.","Graça Augusto, member of the Superior Council of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 17, 2012, at her office.\n\nAdelino Pereira, attorney, Pereira & Associates, Sept. 18, 2012, at his office.","There is no special entity to investigate crimes of corruption. For crimes committed by law enforcement officials there is a special forum. But this particular forum is not unique to the matter of corruption...."]
["2012_SN_17",2012,"SN","Senegal",17,0,"Étant donné qu’il n’existe aucune institution spéciale chargée d’enquêter sur les actes de corruption commis par les forces de l’ordre en vue de les poursuivre, dans la pratique, il est difficile d’évaluer cette réalité. Maître El Hadj Diouf reconnaît toutefois que l’OFNAC naissante va traiter des questions de corruption aussi bien des civils que des forces de l’ordre.","Interview avec Maître El Hadj Diouf, Janvier 2013\n\nInterview avec le professeur de droit Alioune Badara Fall, mars 2012.","Étant donné qu’il n’existe aucune institution spéciale chargée d’enquêter sur les actes de corruption commis par les forces de l’ordre en vue de les poursuivre, dans la pratique, il est difficile d’évaluer cette réalité. Maître El Hadj Diouf reconnaît toutefois que l’OFNAC naissant..."]
["2012_SC_17",2012,"SC","Seychelles",17,25,"A report by the US State Department notes that: \"The Enquiry Board, a police complaint office, was rarely used. In practice, private attorneys filed complaints or published them in opposition party newspapers Regar and Le Nouveau Seychelles Weekly. Although human rights was included as a core precept in officer training, such training was limited.\"\n\nSeychelles Broadcasting Corporation reported on the launching of an independent inquiry into the death of Mr. Mervin Pierre who passed away while in police detention. The investigation was launched at the request of the President.","United States Department of State, 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Seychelles, May 24, 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fc75a65c.html [accessed 16 June 2012] \n\nSupreme Court of Seychelles Judgment, Republic vs. Nelson Rose, Paul DuBois, 02/22/2011 http://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/supreme-court/2011/76\n\nSeychelles Broadcasting Corporation, Seychelles: President Launches Enquiry [sic] into Death of Mervin Pierre July 27, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfdSXIsgZ9o\n\nSeychelles Reality (SESELWA Unite), Seychelles Human Rights Journalist Faces Trumped Up Charges By State Prosecution, May 2012, http://seychellesreality.blogspot.com/2012/05/seychelles-human-rights-journalist.html\n\nSeychelles Broadcasting Corporation Report [Creole], http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfdSXIsgZ9o","A report by the US State Department notes that: \"The Enquiry Board, a police complaint office, was rarely used. In practice, private attorneys filed complaints or published them in opposition party newspapers Regar and Le Nouveau Seychelles Weekly. Although human rights was include..."]
["2012_SL_17",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",17,50,"The Sierra Leone Police ranked at the top of the corruption index in the newly launched National Public Perception of Corruption Survey Report of the Anti-Corruption Commission. The commission is the body that investigates corruption in the country, including in the police force. However, there has been little prosecution of law enforcement agents for corruption. This is partly because most infractions of the law are reported to the Police's Criminal Investigation Department.","Ibrahim Tommy, executive director, Center for Accountability and Rule of Law, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, in his office.\n\nValnora Edwin, coordinator, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, at the offices of the Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown. \n\n\"Sierra Leone: Police Top Corruption Perception Index,\" Elizabeth Brewah, AfricaNews, April 6, 2011, www.africanews.com/site/list_message/33988\n\n\"Sierra Leone Police Corruption: The Case of Sylvanus Kelly vs Minkailu Kuyateh,\" Foday Morris Ceesay, The Sierra Leone Daily Mail, Dec. 2, 2011, www.sierraleonedailymail.com/archives/3845","The Sierra Leone Police ranked at the top of the corruption index in the newly launched National Public Perception of Corruption Survey Report of the Anti-Corruption Commission. The commission is the body that investigates corruption in the country, including in the police force. H..."]
["2012_SO_17",2012,"SO","Somalia",17,0,"The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not have an agency or entity that investigates and prosecutes corruption committed by law enforcement officials.","Anonymous former member of Parliament and anonymous NGO worker, interviewed Oct. 15, 2012, Bossaso. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nSomaliland Journalists Protest Against Police Brutality, SomalilandPress.com, August 2012.  http://www.somalilandpress.com/somaliland-journalists-protest-against-police-brutality/","The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not have an agency or entity that investigates and prosecutes corruption committed by law enforcement officials."]
["2012_ZA_17",2012,"ZA","South Africa",17,75,"During the last few months police misconduct reports have been prominent. They have included members of the police force taking bribes from an alleged drug dealer. The Independent Police Investigative Directorate has investigated some of the cases, securing the arrest of one of the police officers. \n\nReports of such misconduct are increasing, and the unit is seen addressing the media almost every week on matters relating to such reports. It appears as if the unit is overwhelmed by the increasing number of misconduct reports. \n\nThere is also a growing number of cases of police reportedly using unnecessary force against citizens. In such cases, the unit has been carrying out investigations. Though newly constituted, the unit has thus far demonstrated its ability to investigate reports of police misconduct, particularly charges of assault.","\"IFP Welcomes IPID Arrest,\" All Africa, July 7, 2012, www.ifp.org.za/Releases/070712apr.htm\n\n\"Assault Complaint Laid Against Gauteng Hawks Head,\" SABC News, July 15, 2012, www.sabc.co.za/news/a/8d9c14004bfcbfa4802dad8b30ab6902/Assault-complaint-laid-against-Gauteng-Hawks-head-20121507","During the last few months police misconduct reports have been prominent. They have included members of the police force taking bribes from an alleged drug dealer. The Independent Police Investigative Directorate has investigated some of the cases, securing the arrest of one of the..."]
["2012_SS_17",2012,"SS","South Sudan",17,0,"There is no public information about the investigation done by the anti-corruption commission on corruption committed by law enforcement officials in South Sudan. On its website, the anti-corruption commission's activities outlined for the commission are the following:\n1. SSACC Annual Reports for 2007 and 2008\n2. Declaration of Income, Assets and Liabilities Form\n3. Annual Plan - 2010\n4. Action Plan: 2010 -2014\n5. Strategic Plan: 2010-2014\n\nThese activities do not show anything about the investigation done by the commission on corruption committed by law enforcement officials in South Sudan. In 2011, a new anti-corruption commission head was appointed, perhaps to revitalize the organization which, as of November 2011, failed to produce a single conviction since it was set up in 2006.\n\nWhere there are reports of abuse by police personnel, these are rarely investigated and prosecuted.","Review of Anti-Corruption Commission's website, 2012. http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Independant-Commissions-and-Chambers/Anti-Corruption.html\n\nSouth Sudan Axes Anti-Corruption Chief. News24. Nov. 14, 2011. http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/South-Sudan-axes-anti-corruption-chief-20111114\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 - South Sudan. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204381.pdf","There is no public information about the investigation done by the anti-corruption commission on corruption committed by law enforcement officials in South Sudan. On its website, the anti-corruption commission's activities outlined for the commission are the following:..."]
["2012_SD_17",2012,"SD","Sudan",17,25,"There is no legal mechanism for citizens to report police abuses. \n \nSudan’s auditor-general revealed in November 2012 that the amount of stolen public money increased to more than 175 million Sudanese pounds (SDG) -- about US$40 million -- between September 2011 and August 2012. Despite this, the auditor's office has not been effective in curbing government corruption.","African Economic Outlook, \"Sudan,\" 2012,\n www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/Sudan%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n \n Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.","There is no legal mechanism for citizens to report police abuses. \n \nSudan’s auditor-general revealed in November 2012 that the amount of stolen public money incre..."]
["2012_SZ_17",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",17,25,"According to the African Economic Outlook 2012, there is no up-to-date national strategy on combating corruption. The latest version is still the strategy prepared by the United Nations in 2007 that supported the start of the operations of the Anti-Corruption Commission in 2008. The commission has been facing challenges in its operations, including underfunding and lengthy procedures in the prosecution offices in which the corruption cases are submitted. Indeed, the Anti-Corruption Commission has been without a head since the passing of its Commissioner Michael Mtegha in December 2011. The commission's failures are attributed to what Hamilton Sipho Simelane called in 2012 royal absolutism, in which the royals and political and business elite linked to the royal family are protected from prosecution and continue to engage in corrupt activities.\n\nWhile there were credible reports of police abuse, there is no independent body with the authority to investigate such abuse, and though investigations are claimed, prosecutions are not common.","\"Security forces refuse audit,\" by Samkelo Ngwenya, Times of Swaziland, June 4, 2012, http://www.times.co.sz/News/76155.html \n \n \"The Swazi Monarchy and the Poor Performance of the Swazi Anti-Corruption Agency, 2006–2009,\" by Hamilton Sipho Simelane, Journal of African and Asian Studies, December 2012, jas.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/06/06/0021909612444086\n \n African Economic Outlook Swaziland, 2012, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/southern-africa/swaziland/\n \n Economist Intelligence Unit, Swaziland 3rd Quarter 2012, http://www.reportbuyer.com/countries/africa/country_report_swaziland_3rd_quarter_2012.html\n \n \"Corrupt army generals kill a professional defense force,\" by \n Alpheus Nxomalo, Swazi Observer, Jan. 21, 2011, at http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=20151\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012- Swaziland. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204384.pdf","According to the African Economic Outlook 2012, there is no up-to-date national strategy on combating corruption. The latest version is still the strategy prepared by the United Nations in 2007 that supported the start of the operations of the Anti-Corruption Commission in 2008. Th..."]
["2012_TZ_17",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",17,25,"Reports do not specify particular claims of corruption and do not follow up on claims to see if they have been investigated or not. Secondly, although the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau deals with all corruption cases, including those of the police, it does not break down its publicly available data to allow us to make a judgement call on whether it is effective or not in dealing with police cases. Thus, no aggregate statistics about investigations, complaints or prosecutions are available.\n \n In May 2011, the president mandated that the 2009 National Governance and Corruption Survey report be made public without further delay because it was jeopardizing foreign funding. The 2011 survey report was released in November 2011. Media reports that the activities of the anti-corruption bureau include working with government institutions, helping them take actions to control problems, and helping each to form a department to fight corruption. The agency also teaches ethics from primary to the university level. Media reports state nothing about investigating or prosecuting corruption cases. In fact, PCCB Director General Dr. Hosea stated that his aim is capacity-building within his agency (not convictions or prosecutions of suspected corruption).\n \n There were several reports where the the agency investigated suspected corruption (as prompted from a Wikileaks cable from 2007). However, amidst controversy, the agency found no Tanzanian was involved with corruption and did not pursue full investigation or prosecution. The controversy was that many believed Tanzanians were, in fact, involved in corruption.\n \n In another report, from July 2011, anti-corruption bureau investigated the Independent Power Tanzania Limited for alleged issues of embezzlement of public funds and costs involved in power generation.\n \n A report titled \"The Front Against Corrupt Elements In Tanzania (FACEIT),\" found that the police force is the most corrupt institution in the public sector, then the Judiciary, the land sector and Tanzania Revenue Authority.\n\nIn terms of police abuse, when there are credible allegations, there have been commissions established to investigate. However, in several important instances these did not move to trial. In another instance, it was noted that the investigations was rushed through and completed in two weeks absolving the suspect, rather than given the time usually allotted to a suspicious death investigation.","Jens Claussen and Mari Martinsen (2011), \"A brief review of corruption in Tanzania,\" Nordic Consulting Group for the Royal Norwegian Embassy, Dar es Salaam. \n \n Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012 \n \n Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (2009), National Governance and Anti Corruption Survey, 2009 Report, Volume 3, Public Officials Survey. \n \n Joyce Kabigi, Tanzania Daily News, \"Fresh Move Against Corruption,\" Nov. 19, 2011. http://in2eastafrica.net/fresh-move-against-corruption/\n \n Tom Mosoba, Africa Review, \"Tanzania's President Orders Release of Report on Graft in State Departments,\" May 14, 2011. http://www.africareview.com/News/-/979180/1162384/-/ho2gtxz/-/index.html\n \n IPP Media, Sylivester Domasa, \"Survey: Police, Judiciary, Lands, TRA Most Corrupt,\" Nov. 19, 2011. http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=35538\n \n Daily News, \"No Tanzanian was involved in BAE radar scandal says Edward Hosea of PCCB,\" March 31, 2012.\n \n Mkinga Mkinga, The Citizen, \"Power Company Under Fresh Investigations by Corruption Bureau,\" July 5, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201107060173.html\n \n Stephen Msechu, Global Youth Voices Against Corruption, \"Tanzania's Government Lacks Political Will to Fight Corruption Says Tanzania's Anti-Corruption Boss,\" June 15, 2011 \n http://voices-against-corruption.ning.com/profiles/blogs/tanzanias-government-lacks\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 - Tanzania. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204386.pdf","Reports do not specify particular claims of corruption and do not follow up on claims to see if they have been investigated or not. Secondly, although the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau deals with all corruption cases, including those of the police, it does not break..."]
["2012_TG_17",2012,"TG","Togo",17,25,"Selon Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, étant donné qu’il n’existe aucune institution spéciale chargée d’enquêter sur les actes de corruption commis par les forces de l’ordre en vue de les poursuivre, dans la pratique, il est difficile d’évaluer cette réalité. Toutefois, selon Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, étant donné que la Commission existante traite des questions de corruption aussi bien des civils que des forces de l’ordre, alors on peut dire que cette institution fonctionne, même si c’est au ralenti.","Source n°1 : Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, Ancien premier Ministre, Avocat. Entretien du 20 août, 2012.\n \nSource n° 2 : Mme Ahadzi-Azanledji Justine, Magistrate, entretiens des 18 et 26 juillet 2012.","Selon Me Koffigoh Joseph Kokou, étant donné qu’il n’existe aucune institution spéciale chargée d’enquêter sur les actes de corruption commis par les forces de l’ordre en vue de les poursuivre, dans la pratique, il est difficile d’évaluer cette réalité. Toutefois, selon Mme Ahadzi-A..."]
["2012_TN_17",2012,"TN","Tunisia",17,50,"Une loi de 2011 a créé la \"Commission d'établissement des faits\", mais c'est trés tôt our evaluer quelques resultats. Des cas de brutalité policière ne sont pas rares en Tunisie.","Tunisia urged to investigate police violence against protesters, Amnesty International, April 2012. https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2012/04/tunisia-investigate-police-violence-against-protesters/\n\nTunisian revolution fails to halt police brutality, London Evening Post, Sept 2012. http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/africa/tunisian-revolution-fails-to-halt-police-brutality/\n\nThe Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011 issued on February 18, 2011.","Une loi de 2011 a créé la \"Commission d'établissement des faits\", mais c'est trés tôt our evaluer quelques resultats. Des cas de brutalité policière ne sont pas rares en Tunisie."]
["2012_UG_17",2012,"UG","Uganda",17,25,"Complaints can be made to the Inspector General of Government Office, but the inspectorate’s effectiveness as an accountability mechanism for police is limited. Further, there is no system of monitoring for police misconduct or dealing with allegations of police illegality. \n \n A Human Rights and Complaints Desk was set up by the Inspector General of Police to receive and conduct investigations into complaints of police misconduct. However, it is not easy to assess the effectiveness of the desk because there are no details on the nature of complaints, the officers against whom complaints were made, who conducted the investigation and what the results were. Further, the results of investigations are unknown as the details of how the system works is not made public. In addition, the desk has no branches outside Kampala making it inaccessible to other regions. \n \n The government decided that at the district level, the district police commanders should handle complaints. And because the Human Rights and Complaints Desk is located within the police headquarters and manned by police officers, the public has no confidence in it. Moreover, the Human Rights and Complaints Desk is constrained by limited resources in terms of staffing and infrastructure and lacks the cooperation from police officers. \n \n Complaints of police misconduct can also be taken to court, but the the public is reluctant to make complaints due to technicalities, as well as the long and costly process.","\"Amid Assaults on Press, Uganda Police Promise Reforms,\" by Tom Rhodes, Committee to Protect Journalists East Africa Consultant, June 8, 2012, http://cpj.org/blog/2012/06/amid-assaults-on-press-uganda-police-promise-refor.php.\n \n \"Uganda Police Emerges As Most Corrupt in East Africa,\" Editorial Team, The London Evening Post, Nov. 1, 2011, http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/uganda-police-emerges-as-most-corrupt-in-east-africa/.\n \n “Uganda: Torture, Extortion, Killings by Police Unit,” Human Rights Watch, March 23, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/03/23/uganda-torture-extortion-killings-police-unit.","Complaints can be made to the Inspector General of Government Office, but the inspectorate’s effectiveness as an accountability mechanism for police is limited. Further, there is no system of monitoring for police misconduct or dealing with allegations of police illegality. ..."]
["2012_ZM_17",2012,"ZM","Zambia",17,25,"The Police Complaints Committee/Authority exists and is mandated to receive public complaints against the police. However, it is not very effective.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.","The Police Complaints Committee/Authority exists and is mandated to receive public complaints against the police. However, it is not very effective."]
["2012_ZW_17",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",17,50,"In practice, the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) investigates corruption committed by law enforcement officials. Recently, there have been several reports of investigations of corruption against law enforcement officials. However, the majority of cases involve officials who are low-to-medium level in rank. There are very few high profile investigations. For example, in March 2012, ZACC arrested Detective Assistant Inspector Bekithemba Mkandla and Detective Sgt. Francis Gwashure on allegations of criminal abuse of duty after they allegedly declined to investigate a gold theft report they had received from owners of three mines based in Shurugwi.","Interview with Mr. Farai Chiweshe, former chairperson of Transparency International Zimbabwe (TIZ), Aug. 2, 2012.\n \n \"Zimbabwe ACC: Top cops charged with corruption,\" IACA News, March 28, 2012, http://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/03/28/2012-03-28-top-cops-charged-with-corruption/","In practice, the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) investigates corruption committed by law enforcement officials. Recently, there have been several reports of investigations of corruption against law enforcement officials. However, the majority of cases involve officials ..."]
["2012_DZ_18",2012,"DZ","Algeria",18,0,"The electoral law of 2012 does not provide the requisite guarantees of the independence of the election monitoring agency.","Loi organique n° 12-01 du 18 Safar 1433 correspondant au 12 janvier 2012 relative au régime électoral.\n[http://www.rcd-algerie.org/maj/rcd/download/pdf1213716945Droit_electoral.pdf]","The electoral law of 2012 does not provide the requisite guarantees of the independence of the election monitoring agency."]
["2012_AO_18",2012,"AO","Angola",18,100,"The Electoral Law indicates that the National Electoral Commission (Comissão Nacional Eleitoral CNE) is an independent body (Electoral Law, article 154º, 1). But the law also indicates that the CNE is composed of eleven members: two citizens indicated by the President of the Republic, three members indicated by the majority party, three members by the opposition parties, a judge from the Supreme Court indicated by the court, a representative of the Interior Ministry, and one member of the National Council for Mass Media (Electoral Law, article 156º, 1).\n\nTherefore, all but three members of the CNE are either indicated by the President of the Republic directly or indirectly or by bodies under his control, compromising the independence of the Electoral Commission in practice. \n\nIn law, the independence is guaranteed through the varied appointment process. \n\nThe law furthermore in Article 155 specifies the Election Commissions mandate to review and monitor the procedural safeguarding of the elections. Yet the Commission does not have final authority of decision-making cases - the High Court is the body of appeal for any and all parties or citizens who claim the commission to have not acted with due diligence or in good faith.","Republic of Angola Electoral Law No. 06/05 of 10 August 2005.  (2008) .  Retrieved from  http://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=132.\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, articles 107 (1), http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ao/ao001en.pdf.","The Electoral Law indicates that the National Electoral Commission (Comissão Nacional Eleitoral CNE) is an independent body (Electoral Law, article 154º, 1). But the law also indicates that the CNE is composed of eleven members: two citizens indicated by the President of the Republ..."]
["2012_BJ_18",2012,"BJ","Benin",18,100,"Au Bénin, deux instances sont chargées d'assurer l'integrite du processus électoral: il s'agit de la CENA et de la Cour Constitutionnelle. La CENA est l'organisme mandaté pour l'organisation des élections, tandis que la Cour Constitutionnelle est chargée de la validation et de la proclamation définitive des résultats. \n\nS'agissant de la CENA, la loi précise qu'elle est ''autonome'', ce qui ne la rend pas indépendante des autres pouvoirs. De plus, c'est le gouvernement qui assure son règlement financier. \n\n\nLa loi 2010-33 précise en son article 12 : \"Les élections sont gérées par un organe administratif dénommé Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA). La Commission électorale nationale autonome dispose d'une réelle autonomie par rapport aux institutions de la République (Exécutif, Assemblée Nationale, Cour Constitutionnelle, Cour Suprême, Haute Cour de Justice, Conseil Economique et Social, Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication), sous réserve des dispositions des articles 49, 81 alinéa 2 et 117, 1er et 2ème tirets de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990 et des articles 42, 52 et 54 de la loi n° 91-009 du 04 mars 1991 portant loi organique sur la Cour Constitutionnelle modifiée par la loi du 31 mai 2001. Elle jouit d'une autonomie de gestion de son budget initialement intégré au budget général de l’Etat par le soin du Secrétariat administratif permanent de la Commission électorale nationale autonome (SAP/CENA) conformément aux dispositions des articles 25, 89 et 96 de la présente loi. Le Secrétariat administratif permanent (SAP) assure le relais de la Commission électorale nationale autonome entre deux élections.\nLe Gouvernement fixe par décret, le règlement financier de la Commission électorale nationale autonome et de son Secrétariat administratif permanent.\"\n\nArticle 13 : \"La Commission électorale nationale autonome est composée de onze (11) membres provenant de l’Assemblée Nationale, du Gouvernement et des organisations de la société civile.\nIls sont choisis parmi les personnalités reconnues pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur impartialité, leur moralité, leur sens patriotique et désignées à raison de :\n- un (01) par le Président de la République ;\n- neuf (09) par l’Assemblée Nationale en tenant compte de sa configuration politique ;\n- un (01) par les organisations de la société civile actives depuis au moins cinq (05) ans dans les domaines de la bonne gouvernance et de la démocratie, désigné en leur sein.\n\n\nQuant à la Cour Constitutionnelle, l'article 81 de la Constitution du 11 décembre précise sa souveraineté en son Art. 81. \"La loi fixe le nombre des membres de l'Assemblée nationale, les conditions d'éligibilité, le régime des incompatibilités, les conditions dans lesquelles il est pourvu aux sièges vacants. La Cour constitutionnelle statue souverainement sur la validité de l'élection des députés. Tout membre des Forces armées ou de Sécurité publique qui désire être candidat aux fonctions de député doit au préalable donner sa démission des Forces armées ou de Sécurité publique. Dans ce cas, l'intéressé pourra prétendre au bénéfice des droits acquis conformément aux statuts de son corps\".","Loi 2010-33, portant règles générales pour les élections en République du Bénin. Article 12, 13. http://www.nouvellesmutations.com/?p=5189\n\nLoi 90-32, 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant constitution de la République du Bénin. Article 81, 125. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html","Au Bénin, deux instances sont chargées d'assurer l'integrite du processus électoral: il s'agit de la CENA et de la Cour Constitutionnelle. La CENA est l'organisme mandaté pour l'organisation des élections, tandis que la Cour Constitutionnelle est chargée de la validation et de la p..."]
["2012_BW_18",2012,"BW","Botswana",18,0,"The Commission reports directly to the executive as Art. 65A states that (13) \"The Commission shall on the completion of any election conducted by it, submit a report on the exercise of its functions under the preceding provisions of this section to the Minister for the time being responsible for matters relating to such elections, and that Minister shall, not later than seven days after the National Assembly first meets after he has received the report, lay it before the National Assembly.\" \n\nThe administrative arrangements between the government and the commission have also  given rise to sentiments that the IEC is not sufficiently independent of the government. Some examples cited include the commission's use of government vehicles and the application of public service conditions of employment to IEC staff. Though these may be seen as trivial issues, they have an impact on how the commission is perceived by the public. Because of the administrative arrangements, a number of critics consider the IEC to be an extension of the government. However, there are no recorded incidents in which the IEC has been instructed by the executive on how to carry out its functions.","Independent Electoral Commission of Botswana, www.iec.gov.bw/attachments/057_Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Report_Botswana%20Consolidated_08.03.05_final_UB.pdf","The Commission reports directly to the executive as Art. 65A states that (13) \"The Commission shall on the completion of any election conducted by it, submit a report on the exercise of its functions under the preceding provisions of this section to the Minister for the time being ..."]
["2012_BF_18",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",18,100,"La dénomination même de l’unique structure chargée d'organiser les élections porte en elle son indépendance, voir Titre I, Chapitre I, Article 2: Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI). Cette indépendance est consacrée dans la Constitution et le Code Electoral. Le bureau de la CENI est par exemple élu et non nommé. Le bureau de la CENI est constitué de façon paritaire entre la mouvance présidentielle, l'opposition et la société civile. La loi indique que le président de la CENI doit exclusivement venir de la société civile.\n\nIl est également dit dans le Code que : « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) a pour missions:\n- la constitution, la gestion et la conservation du fichier électoral national; pour ces opérations, la CENI est assistée à sa demande par l’Administration publique dans les conditions définies par décret pris en Conseil des ministres;\n- l’organisation et la supervision des opérations électorales et référendaires.","Titre I, Chapitre 1, Article 2 du Code Electoral. http://www.legiburkina.bf/SitePages/code-electoral.aspx\n\nConstitution du Burkina Faso, Article 154. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Burkina_Faso_2012.pdf","La dénomination même de l’unique structure chargée d'organiser les élections porte en elle son indépendance, voir Titre I, Chapitre I, Article 2: Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI). Cette indépendance est consacrée dans la Constitution et le Code Electoral. Le bure..."]
["2012_BI_18",2012,"BI","Burundi",18,100,"The Constitution of Burundi states that an independent national electoral commission will guarantee the freedom, fairness and independence of the electoral commission. The constitution adds that the national electoral commission will be made up by independent individuals appointed by Presidential Decree after prior approval by the National Assembly and the Senate. \n\nMoreover, the Presidential Decree number 100/76 of March 12, 2012 on Structure and Functioning of the Independent national electoral commission has a number of provisions which reiterate of strengthen the independence of the Commission. Article 3 states that the Commission enjoys Financial and Institutional autonomy. Article 7 states that in before their entry into office, members of the commission will have to swear, before the Parliament and the President of the Republic, that they will organize elections in full independence and impartiality, with full respect of the constitution, the Charter on national Unity and the Law.  Article 12 provides for criminal immunity of members of the Commission during their term.","Burundi Constitution, Articles 89 and 90, http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/bi2005.htm#8  \n\nDecret 100/76 of March 12, 2012 Portant Organisation Et Fonctionnement De La Commission Electorale Nationale Independant (The organization and operation of the National Electoral Commission), Articles 3, 6, 7, and 12:  http://ceniburundi.bi.www20.flk1.host-h.net/IMG/pdf/Loi_Electorale2009.pdf","The Constitution of Burundi states that an independent national electoral commission will guarantee the freedom, fairness and independence of the electoral commission. The constitution adds that the national electoral commission will be made up by independent individuals appointed ..."]
["2012_CM_18",2012,"CM","Cameroon",18,100,"The law creating Elections Cameroon, or ELECAM, clearly vests the institution with the legal powers to organize and manage all elections in Cameroon. In 2011, before the Oct. 9 presidential election, the National Assembly amended the law and removed from ELECAM the role of announcing the election results. The assembly gave this power to the Constitutional Council, though not yet operational, and it was assumed by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, sitting in place for the Constitutional Council, pronounced the results of the 2011 presidential election. This was ascertained from the reports of 2011 presidential election observation missions like Transparency International Cameroon's report and the Commonwealth Election Monitoring Mission Report to Cameroon released on Oct. 15, 2011.","Section 1(2) of Law No. 2006/011 of Dec. 29, 2006, on the organizing and functioning of Elections Cameroon (ELECAM).\n\nSection 4(2) of Law No. 2012/001 of April 19, 2012, relating to the electoral code.","The law creating Elections Cameroon, or ELECAM, clearly vests the institution with the legal powers to organize and manage all elections in Cameroon. In 2011, before the Oct. 9 presidential election, the National Assembly amended the law and removed from ELECAM the role of announci..."]
["2012_CV_18",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",18,100,"According to Articles 11 and 15 of the Electoral Law, the National Electoral Commission is an independent and permanent organ which works with the National Assembly. Moreover, members of the National Electoral Commission are independent, irremovable and not liable for their decisions and votes that express in the exercise of their functions in the same way as magistrates.\n\nIn addition to the National Electoral Commission, the Directorate-General for Electoral Administration exists under the supervision of the government, so it is not a legally independent body:\nArticle 17 of the Decree-Law No. 47/2003 of Nov. 10:\n\"1. The General Direction of Electoral Administration is the Central Office of Electoral Administration, who led the study and technical and administrative support of the electoral process.\n2. The general direction of election administration understands the direction and administration of electoral logistics and management of informatics and electoral registry.\"","Electoral Code, Article 11, 15, (Law No. 56/VII/2010: Amends the Electoral Code approved by Law No. 92/V/99) http://www.dgape.cv/index.php/site-map/legislacao\n\nDecree-Law No. 47/2003 of Nov. 10; http://www.dgape.cv/index.php/site-map/legislacao","According to Articles 11 and 15 of the Electoral Law, the National Electoral Commission is an independent and permanent organ which works with the National Assembly. Moreover, members of the National Electoral Commission are independent, irremovable and not liable for their decisio..."]
["2012_CF_18",2012,"CF","CAR",18,0,"Selon l'article 2 du Decret N°04.145 : La Commission Électorale Mixte Indépendante (CEMI) est chargée en relation avec le Ministère de l’Intérieur, de la préparation, de l’organisation, de la supervision et du contrôle des élections présidentielles, législatives, régionales et municipales, ainsi que des consultations référendaires et d’en assurer la publication des résultats provisoires au vu des procès-verbaux provenant des centres de dépouillement. \nMais, même si le decret dit que la CEMI est autonome, il dit aussi que «elle adopte en conséquence son budget et son Règlement Intérieur qui sont entérinés par Décrets pris en Conseil des Ministres. »\nCEMI est un gage de transparence en raison de la présence des acteurs principaux du processus électoral. Notamment, les partis politiques et la bonne représentation de la société civile qui devrait jouer un rôle de contre poids à la politisation de ladite institution. Elle est constituée de 31 membres dont 10 membres représentants les partis, 10 membres pour la société civile, 10 membres pour l'administration publique et un Président élu par les membres de la Coordination Nationale de la CEMI.","Code éléctoral de la République Centrafricaine (En révision); \n\nDECRET N°04.145, PORTANT ORGANISATION, COMPOSITION ET FONCTIONNEMENT\nDE LA COMMISSION ELECTORALE MIXTE INDEPENDANTE «CEMI», 30 Avril 2004 \nhttp://www.sangonet.com/ActualiteC18/comm-elect-mixte-2004.html","Selon l'article 2 du Decret N°04.145 : La Commission Électorale Mixte Indépendante (CEMI) est chargée en relation avec le Ministère de l’Intérieur, de la préparation, de l’organisation, de la supervision et du contrôle des élections présidentielles, législatives, régionales et muni..."]
["2012_TD_18",2012,"TD","Chad",18,100,"Point 1 of the Aug. 13, 2007 political agreement between the majority and opposition provides for the independence of the National Independent Electoral Commission as well as its financial autonomy. These provisions are further enshrined Law No. 020 of Dec. 19, 2008 creating the commission.","Point 1 of the Aug. 13, 2007 political agreement between the majority and opposition. \n\nLaw No. 020 of Dec. 19, 2008 creating the commission.","Point 1 of the Aug. 13, 2007 political agreement between the majority and opposition provides for the independence of the National Independent Electoral Commission as well as its financial autonomy. These provisions are further enshrined Law No. 020 of Dec. 19, 2008 creating the co..."]
["2012_KM_18",2012,"KM","Comoros",18,100,"La CENI est un organe indépendant de régulation des opérations électorales, ayant un caractère autonome (art 42), et jouissant d'une autonomie de gestion et de décision (Art 43).  Le serment suivant est prononcé à la prise de fonction des membres de la CENI : « Je jure devant Allah, le clément et très miséricordieux, de fidèlement, honnêtement et sans partialité remplir ma mission et d'agir dans l'intérêt général et dans le respect de la loi ». Ce qui, théoriquement, pourrait garantir une indépendance. \nL'Observatoire des élections est une association privée, et dispose de ce fait d'une très grande marge de manœuvre. Le régime juridique des associations privées est très souple ; le contrôle exercé par l'administration (s'il y a lieu) n'est pas contraignant.","LOI N°07-_001 /AU du 14 janvier 2007, portant modification de certaines dispositions  de la loi N° 05-015/AU du 16 octobre 2005, relative à la loi électorale. http://comoresconstitution.skyrock.com/1683550344-Loi-Electorale-apres-Amendement.html\n\nLoi N° 86-006/AF du 30 mai 1986 sur les associations","La CENI est un organe indépendant de régulation des opérations électorales, ayant un caractère autonome (art 42), et jouissant d'une autonomie de gestion et de décision (Art 43).  Le serment suivant est prononcé à la prise de fonction des membres de la CENI : « Je jure devant Allah..."]
["2012_CD_18",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",18,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_18",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",18,100,"Article 211 of the constitution and article 9 of the Organic law  N.10/013 of July 2010 establish the independence of the electoral commission (CENI) that is mandated to orgainze the elections and ensure the regularity of the process of elections and referendum.","1. Loi organique 10/013 du 28 juillet 2010 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante, CENI. \n2. CONSTITUTION DE LA REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 211, www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf.","Article 211 of the constitution and article 9 of the Organic law  N.10/013 of July 2010 establish the independence of the electoral commission (CENI) that is mandated to orgainze the elections and ensure the regularity of the process of elections and referendum."]
["2012_CI_18",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",18,100,"According to the Art. 1 of the law n° 2004-642, the Independent Electoral Commission (CEI) is \"an independent administrative authority given legal personality and financially autonomous.\"   \n\nArt. 3 of the same law states that \"the Independent Electoral Commission ensures the application of the Electoral Code and subsequent texts by administrative authorities, as well as political parties, members of the civil society, candidats and voters. [...] In case of non respect of legislative and reglementary provisions related to elections by an administrative authority, the CEI invites it to compliance and if necessary, seizes higher authorities or competent juristictions who will take a decision without delay.\"","Law Nº 94-438 of  August 16, 1994.\n\nLoi n° 2004-642 du 14 décembre 2004 modifiant la loi n° 2001-634 du 9 octobre 2001 portant composition, organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission Electorale Indépendante –CEI. (2004).  ","According to the Art. 1 of the law n° 2004-642, the Independent Electoral Commission (CEI) is \"an independent administrative authority given legal personality and financially autonomous.\"   ..."]
["2012_DJ_18",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",18,100,"La Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) jouit d’une autonomie de gestion du budget alloué pour chaque échéance électorale. Les membres de la CENI sont choisis parmi les personnalités reconnues pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur impartialité, leur moralité et leur sens patriotique.\nLa CENI dispose d’un Secrétariat administratif (SA).\nElle élabore et adopte son règlement intérieur et élit son Président et ses vice-présidents en son sein.\nLes textes concernant les organisme de gestion des élections sont constamment mis à jour par le gouvernement.\n\nAvant leur prise de fonction, les membres de la CENI sont installés par le Conseil Constitutionnel réuni en audience solennelle. Ils prêtent devant le Conseil Constitutionnel le serment suivant : \" Je jure au nom d’ALLAH de bien remplir fidèlement et loyalement, en toute impartialité et équité les fonctions dont je suis investi, de respecter en toutes circonstances les obligations que m’imposent ma fonction, de garder le secret des délibérations auxquelles j’aurais pris part \".\n\nLes fonctions des membres de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) sont incompatibles avec celles de membre du gouvernement, de membre de l’Assemblée Nationale ou de membre de Conseil Régional.\n\nLes membres de la CENI perçoivent durant leur mandat, une indemnité mensuelle dont le montant est fixé comme suit :\n\t100.000 FD pour le Président\n\t  75.000 FD pour les vice-présidents\n\t  60.000 FD pour les autres membres\n\nCes dispositions s'appliquent aussi pour les membres de la CERI.","Décret portant création de la commission électorale nationale indépendante (Décret n°2002-0198/PR/MID portant composition et fonctionnement de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante du 30 septembre 2002.) \n\nDécret portant création de la commission électorale Régionale indépendante (Décret n°2005-0189/PR/MID Portant composition et fonctionnement de la Commission Électorale Régionale Indépendante (CERI) 19 novembre 2005).\n\nhttp://www.presidence.dj/text2005/decr0189pr05.htm\n\nhttp://www.presidence.dj/LES%20TEXTES/decr0198pr02.htm","La Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) jouit d’une autonomie de gestion du budget alloué pour chaque échéance électorale. Les membres de la CENI sont choisis parmi les personnalités reconnues pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur impartialité, leur moralité et le..."]
["2012_EG_18",2012,"EG","Egypt",18,100,"Constitutional Declaration, Article 28, on Presidential Elections Commission, states:\n\n\"A supreme judicial commission named the ‘President Elections Commission’ will supervise the election of the president republic beginning with the announcement of the opening of candidate nomination and ending with the announcement of the election result. The commission will be composed of the president of the Supreme Constitutional Court as the head, and a membership made up on the president of the Cairo Appeals Court, the most senior deputies of the president of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the most senior deputies of the president of the Court of Cassation and the most senior deputies of the president of the State Council. The Commission's decisions will be final and carry the force law, and will not subject to objections from any party, in the same manner as it is forbidden for the decisions to be stopped or canceled. The purview of Commission will be by law. The Commission will form committees to supervise voting and counting according to the stipulations in Article 39.\n\nDraft legislation for presidential elections will be shown to the Supreme Constitutional Court before being issued to determine the extent of compliance with the constitution. The Supreme Constitutional Court will issue its decision on this matter within 15 days of receiving the draft legislation. If it decides that the text is unconstitutional, more work must be done before the law can be issued. In all cases, the decision of the Court will be obligatory for all authorities of the state, and will be published in the official gazette within three days of being releases.\"\n\nArticle 39 on the Parliamentarian Elections Commission states:\n\"The law determines the conditions that must be met for members of the People's Assembly and Shoura Councils, stipulating electoral and referenda provisions. A supreme commission made entirely of judges will assume the responsibility of supervision elections of referenda, from the determination of electoral schedules to the announcing of election results, all as regulated by law. Voting and the counting of votes will take place under their higher councils, and the decision in the process of choosing them will be undertaken by the supreme commission.\"\n\nArticle 47 of the Constitutional Declaration of 2011 states:\n\"Judges are independent and not subjected to removal. The law regulates disciplinary actions against them. There is no authority over them except that of the law, and it is not permissible for any authority to interfere in their issues or matters of justice.\" \nThus, the new composition of the two commissions includes judges, who are independent and not subject to any other authority. Hence, we can conclude their independence.","Constitutional Declaration, Article 28, 39, 47.\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/EG/Law%20No.%20174%20of%202005%20-%20english.pdf/view","Constitutional Declaration, Article 28, on Presidential Elections Commission, states:\n\n\"A supreme judicial commission named the ‘President Elections Commission’ will supervise the e..."]
["2012_GQ_18",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",18,0,"According to the Elections Laws the National Electoral Junta is composed by a President (the minister of Interior), a Secretary (Secretary General of the Ministry of Interior), 6 magistrates, 6 civil servants, and 1 representative of each party. Except for the party representatives, all other members are appointed by the President. These laws are not available publicly for scrutiny during the period of research. However, the source from Asociacion para la Solidaridad Democratica con Guinea Ecuatorial (ASODEGUE) shows the composition of the National Electoral Commission as established by the law.","Law n° 3/1993 of 12 January, Regulating the Legislative, Local and Referendum Elections.  \n\nLaw n° 15/1995, of 9 June, regulating the Presidential Elections. \nSee: http://www.asodegue.org/octubre2109.htm\n\nAsociacion para la Solidaridad Democratica con Guinea Ecuatorial (ASODEGUE), October 21, 2009, La Junta Electoral Nacional, See: http://www.asodegue.org/octubre2109.htm","According to the Elections Laws the National Electoral Junta is composed by a President (the minister of Interior), a Secretary (Secretary General of the Ministry of Interior), 6 magistrates, 6 civil servants, and 1 representative of each party. Except for the party representatives..."]
["2012_ER_18",2012,"ER","Eritrea",18,100,"Article 58 (1) of the Constitution: \"There shall be an Electoral Commission, operating independently, without interference, which shall, on the basis of the electoral law, ensure that free and fair elections are held and administer their implementation; decide on issues raised in the course of the electoral process; and formulate and implement civic educational programs relating to elections and other democratic procedures.\"\n\nThere is a draft law that was prepared by members of the National Assembly in 2000 but not adopted. After the arrest of 11 members of the assembly and former ministers, the matter has been ignored.","Constitution, ratified in 1997, Chapter VII, Miscellaneous Provisions;\nArticle 58 (1). \nwww.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dd8aa904.html","Article 58 (1) of the Constitution: \"There shall be an Electoral Commission, operating independently, without interference, which shall, on the basis of the electoral law, ensure that free and fair elections are held and administer their implementation; decide on issues raised in t..."]
["2012_ET_18",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",18,100,"Ethiopia's Constitution states: \n\"There shall be established a National Election Board independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial manner free and fair elections in federal and state constituencies. Members of the board shall be appointed by the House of Peoples Representatives upon recommendation of the prime minister. Particulars shall be determined by law.\"\n\nIn law, the Board is accountable to the House of Peoples' Representatives. According to Article 6 of the amended proclamation number 532/1999 E.C, the board has nine members who are nominated by the Prime Minister, and appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives. The composition of the Board Members takes into consideration national diversity, gender representation and includes legal professionals. The proclamation also states that Board Members must be: loyal to the Constitution, non-partisan, professionally competent, and known for their good conduct.","Proclamation No. 532/2007, Amended Electoral Law of Ethiopia \n\nArticle 102 of the Constitution.","Ethiopia's Constitution states: \n\"There shall be established a National Election Board independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial manner free and fair elections in federal and state constituencies. Members o..."]
["2012_GA_18",2012,"GA","Gabon",18,100,"L'article 12 (ordonnance n°0004 /PR/2006 du 22 août 2006) établit :\n\"La Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente est composée d’un bureau désigné pour un mandat de trente mois renouvelable. Le bureau de la Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente comprend : Un président ; Deux vice-présidents ; Un rapporteur général ; Deux rapporteurs ; et Deux questeurs.\"\n\nL’indépendance est assurée, au moins par la loi, car le Président de la CENAP est nommé par la Cour Constitutionnelle. Les membres de cette cour sont tous nommés comme suit, répartis entre les parties : 3 par le Président de l’Exécutif, 3 par le Président de la l’Assemblée Nationale et 3 par le Président du SENAT, tous membres du bureau politique du Parti au Pouvoir. De même, les membres de la CENAP ne peuvent être autonomes et indépendants.\n\nLe président est choisi par la Cour Constitutionnelle parmi les hauts cadres de la Nation reconnus pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur intégrité morale, leur honnêteté intellectuelle, leur neutralité et leur impartialité.","ordonnance n°0004 /PR/2006 du 22 août 2006, Article 12.","L'article 12 (ordonnance n°0004 /PR/2006 du 22 août 2006) établit :\n\"La Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente est composée d’un bureau désigné pour un mandat de trente mois renouvelable. Le bureau de la Commission Electorale Nationale Auto..."]
["2012_GM_18",2012,"GM","The Gambia",18,100,"Section 42 of the Constitution and the Elections Act provide for the establishment of the Independent Electoral Commission.\n\nThe independence of the commission is constitutionally guaranteed by Section 43 (3), which states,\n\"In the exercise of its functions under this Constitution or any other law, the Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\"\n\nThe commission does not, however, deal with cases and such decisions. All cases on the conduct of elections and the registration of voters are dealt with by the courts as seen in Section 100 Elections Decree 78.","Constitution, Sections 42 and 43 (3), and the Elections Act.","Section 42 of the Constitution and the Elections Act provide for the establishment of the Independent Electoral Commission...."]
["2012_GH_18",2012,"GH","Ghana",18,100,"Article 46 of the 1992 Constitution states that \"Except as provided in this Constitution or in any other law not inconsistent with this Constitution, in the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission, shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nAlso, Sections 3 of Act 451 emphasizes the freedom of the Electoral Commission by restating that \"Except as provided in the Constitution or in any other law not inconsistent with the Constitution, in the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nHowever, after election results have been declared, any electoral disputes are dealt with by the security agencies and the courts.","Article 46 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.\n\nSection 3 of the Electoral Commission Act, 1993 (Act 451).","Article 46 of the 1992 Constitution states that \"Except as provided in this Constitution or in any other law not inconsistent with this Constitution, in the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission, shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or aut..."]
["2012_GN_18",2012,"GN","Guinea",18,100,"L'article 132 de la constitution et les articles 1 et 2 du Code Electoral disposent des compétences de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dans le processus electoral. La CENI est dotée de la personnalité juridique et de l’autonomie financière.\n\nArticle 132: La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est chargée de l’établissement et de la mise à jour du fichier électoral, de l'organisation, du déroulement et de la supervision des opérations de vote. Elle en proclame les résultats provisoires.\n\nArticle 1 : Il est créé en République de Guinée conformément aux articles 2 et 132 de la Constitution et à l’article 2 du Code Electoral, une institution dénommée Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), chargée de l’établissement et de la mise à jour du fichier électoral, de l’organisation, du déroulement, de la supervision des opérations de vote et de la proclamation des résultats provisoires. \n\nArticle 2 de la loi organique (Code électoral): \"La commission électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est l'institution chargée de l'organisation de toutes les élections politiques et du referendum en République de Guinée. Elle est techniquement aidée par les départements ministériels concernés par le processus électoral, notamment, le ministère en charge de l'administration du territoire.\nLes cours et tribunaux veillent à la régularité des élections, règlementent le contentieux électoral, et prescrivent toutes mesures qu'ils jugent utiles au bon déroulement des élections.\"","Constitution Guinéenne. (2010). Articles 118, 119 et 120. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf \n\nLoi organique. (2010). L/ 2010/CNT/DU 22 AVRIL 2010 REVISANT LA LOI ORGANIQUE n° 91/012/CTRN PORTANT CODE ELECTORAL MODIFIEE PAR LES LOIS ORGANIQUES N° L93/038/ et L/95/011CTRN du 12/05/1995 RESPECTIVEMENT. http://www.ceniguinee.org/doc/CodeElectoral_91_012_ctrn.pdf","L'article 132 de la constitution et les articles 1 et 2 du Code Electoral disposent des compétences de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dans le processus electoral. La CENI est dotée de la personnalité juridique et de l’autonomie financière...."]
["2012_GW_18",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",18,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_18",2012,"KE","Kenya",18,100,"The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act 2011 grants independence to a commission to handle electoral matters in Kenya. Article 3 and 4 of the act provides for the establishment of an agency to organize and monitor national elections, register citizens as voters, revise voters’ registers, delineate constituency and ward boundaries, settle election disputes emanating from nomination exercises (but not from disputes resulting from declared results) among others.","The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=651).\n\nThe Elections Act, 2011. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=651\n\nElections Observer Group. http://www.elog.or.ke/index.php/about/history","The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act 2011 grants independence to a commission to handle electoral matters in Kenya. Article 3 and 4 of the act provides for the establishment of an agency to organize and monitor national elections, register citizens as voters, revise voters’..."]
["2012_LS_18",2012,"LS","Lesotho",18,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_18",2012,"LR","Liberia",18,100,"Sections 2.1, 2.5 and 2.9 of the New Elections Law (amended on Jan. 29, 2003 and Dec. 23, 2004) guarantees the independence of the National Elections Commission. Section 2.1 discusses the Office of The National Elections Commission generally; section 2.5 discusses party affiliation and the oath; section 2.9 discusses powers and duties.","Libera Elections Law, http://necliberia.org/admin/pg_img/Election%20Law%20Incorporated%202011final.pdf","Sections 2.1, 2.5 and 2.9 of the New Elections Law (amended on Jan. 29, 2003 and Dec. 23, 2004) guarantees the independence of the National Elections Commission. Section 2.1 discusses the Office of The National Elections Commission generally; section 2.5 discusses party affiliation..."]
["2012_LY_18",2012,"LY","Libya",18,100,"The Libyan Interim Constitutional Declaration, Article 30, states that: “The Council [National Transitional Council] shall appoint the National Supreme Commission for elections [High National Electoral Commission (HNEC)].”\n\n“The National Supreme Commission for Elections [HNEC], which shall be reformed by the National Public Conference, shall conduct the public elections under the supervision of the National Judicial authority, the United Nations and the international and regional organizations.”\n\nLaw No. 3 of 2012,  Article 2, establishes that the transitional government \"will establish an independent body called High National Electoral Commission, which will enjoy legal personality, will have an independent budget and will be based in Tripoli with branches across Libya.\" Article 8 of the law provides that the commission elects a president, Article 10 provides that this president has independent administrative and executive power. Article 17 provides that the government will allocate a specific budget to the HNEC.\n\nRegarding elections abroad: \"to maintain the independence of HNEC, assistance from Libyan embassies abroad was limited to the use of their premises by HNEC, to conduct the registration and polling, if needed.\"","Libyan Interim Constitutional Declaration,  Article 30\n\nLaw No. 3 of 2012, Article 2\n \nHigh National Election Commission Press Release, \"Procedures of Out-of-Country Voting,\" June 27, 2012, available at http://hnec.ly/en/modules/publisher/item.php?itemid=82","The Libyan Interim Constitutional Declaration, Article 30, states that: “The Council [National Transitional Council] shall appoint the National Supreme Commission for elections [High National Electoral Commission (HNEC)].”..."]
["2012_MG_18",2012,"MG","Madagascar",18,100,"According to the law , the CNIT, which is a provisional body related to the transition situation, is independent. But it is funded by the government and the appointment of the director is related to government decision.","Law  No. 2012-004 du 01 février 2012","According to the law , the CNIT, which is a provisional body related to the transition situation, is independent. But it is funded by the government and the appointment of the director is related to government decision."]
["2012_MW_18",2012,"MW","Malawi",18,100,"The independence of the electoral commission is guaranteed in section 76 (4) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, which states that:\n       \nThe Electoral Commission shall exercise its powers, functions and duties under this section independent of any direction or interference by other authority or any person.\n\nThe same is reflected in the Electoral Commission Act, especially in Section 6 (1), which reads:\n\nEvery individual member and employee of the Commission shall perform the functions and exercise the powers provided for in this Act independently of the direction or interference of —\n        (a)        any public office;\n        (b)        any organ of the Government;\n        (c)        any political party;\n        (d)        any candidate; or\n        (e)        any person whosoever or organization whatsoever: Provided that for the purpose only of accountability the Commission shall be answerable, and report directly, to the President on the overall fulfillment of the functions and powers of the Commission.\n\nThe provison under this section should be noted. The commission is required to report to the president, which may undermine its independence.","Republic Of Malawi Constitution, Section 76 (4). Government of Malawi.\n\nElectoral Commission Act Cap 2:03, Dec. 31, 1993, Sections S.6 (1) of 2010 Amendment. Government of Malawi.","The independence of the electoral commission is guaranteed in section 76 (4) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, which states that:\n       ..."]
["2012_ML_18",2012,"ML","Mali",18,100,"Aux termes de la loi n° 97-008 du 14 janvier 1997 portant code électoral, l'article 4 stipule que « La CENI a été conçue comme une véritable administration électorale indépendante chargée de l’organisation matérielle de toutes les élections, de leur supervision et leur contrôle (sauf pour les élections présidentielles dont la supervision et le contrôle sont assurés par la Cour constitutionnelle) et de la centralisation et la proclamation des résultats provisoires ». L’article 9 ajoute : « La CENI à laquelle sont conférées l’organisation et la gestion des opérations référendaires et électorales est totalement indépendante. Son indépendance est matérialisée et consacrée légalement par son autonomie administrative et budgétaire. Ses différents démembrements ne relèvent que de sa seule autorité. Elle met à leur disposition les ressources dont ils ont besoin pour le fonctionnement et l’exécution des opérations électorales ».","La loi n° 97-008 du 14 janvier 1997 (article 4)","Aux termes de la loi n° 97-008 du 14 janvier 1997 portant code électoral, l'article 4 stipule que « La CENI a été conçue comme une véritable administration électorale indépendante chargée de l’organisation matérielle de toutes les élections, de leur supervision et leur contrôle (sa..."]
["2012_MR_18",2012,"MR","Mauritania",18,100,"Le dernier alinéa de l'article 87 de la Constitution qui octroie les décisions du conseil constitutionnel de l'autorité de la chose jugée.\n\nL'article premier de la loi portant création de la Commission électorale indépendante (CENI) consacre l'indépendance de ladite Commission. ''Il est créée une autorité administrative indépendante...''","LOI N° 2009- 017DU 05 MARS 2009 portant création de la CENI, Article premier de la loi portant création de la Commission électorale indépendante (CENI)\n\nArrêté n° 2816 du 14 novembre 2006 sur l'observation électorale \n\nConstitution 1991 (articles 81 et suivants sur le Conseil constitutionnel) -Dernier alinéa de l'article 87 de la Constitution qui octroie les décisions du conseil constitutionnel de l'autorité de la chose jugée.","Le dernier alinéa de l'article 87 de la Constitution qui octroie les décisions du conseil constitutionnel de l'autorité de la chose jugée...."]
["2012_MU_18",2012,"MU","Mauritius",18,100,"Section 40 of the constitution guarantees the independence and autonomy of the electoral commissioner in the exercise of his/her functions as well as the independence of the institution.\n\nSection 41 determines the roles of the Electoral Supervisory Commission, which oversees the conduct of elections.","Constitution of Mauritius, Sections 40 and 41 \nhttp://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=4cb54555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#parliament","Section 40 of the constitution guarantees the independence and autonomy of the electoral commissioner in the exercise of his/her functions as well as the independence of the institution...."]
["2012_MA_18",2012,"MA","Morocco",18,0,"There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and referendums are respected.","Loi n° 36-08 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral.\nLoi n° 23-06 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral.\nLoi n°9.97 formant code électoral.","There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and referendums are respected."]
["2012_MZ_18",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",18,100,"Article 135 No. 3 reads: \"The supervision of the registration and elections rests with the National Electoral Commission, independent and impartial body, whose composition, organization, functioning and powers are stipulated by law.\"\n\nElectoral Law No. 20/2002 of 10 October, Chapter 1, Article 2-3 reads:\n“ARTICLE 2(Definition)\nThe National Electoral Commission is an agency of the State, independent, responsible for the direction and supervision of registration and elections and referendums.\n\n“ARTICLE 3 (Nature)\nThe National Electoral Commission is an independent body with full powers public and in the exercise of their functions owes allegiance only to the Constitution and laws.”","Constitution of the Republic, Title V, Article 135, No 3. 2004\nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/constituicao_republica/constituicao.pdf\n\n\nElectoral Law No. 20/2002 of 10 October, Chapter 1, Article 2 and 3.\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/Lei%20n%2020%202002%20de%2010%20de%20Outubro%20de%202002.pdf","Article 135 No. 3 reads: \"The supervision of the registration and elections rests with the National Electoral Commission, independent and impartial body, whose composition, organization, functioning and powers are stipulated by law.\"..."]
["2012_NA_18",2012,"NA","Namibia",18,100,"Even though the Electoral Act, Act No. 24 of 1992 as amended does not explicitly mention an independent commission or independence of the commission, Section 4 (1) mentions the supervision and control of elections in a fair and impartial manner.\n\nArticle 5 states that members of the Commission are appointed by the President and those appointments must be approved by parliament. In its appointment, the Commission cannot be said to be independent from the executive or legislative.","Electoral Act, Act No. 24 of 1992 as amended, Section 4 (1)\nhttp://www.saflii.org/na/other/NAGovGaz/1992/132.pdf","Even though the Electoral Act, Act No. 24 of 1992 as amended does not explicitly mention an independent commission or independence of the commission, Section 4 (1) mentions the supervision and control of elections in a fair and impartial manner...."]
["2012_NE_18",2012,"NE","Niger",18,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_18",2012,"NG","Nigeria",18,100,"Section 158 (1) states that in exercising its power to make appointments or to exercise disciplinary control over persons, the Independent National Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.","Section 158 of the 1999 Constitution.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","Section 158 (1) states that in exercising its power to make appointments or to exercise disciplinary control over persons, the Independent National Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person."]
["2012_RW_18",2012,"RW","Rwanda",18,100,"The commission's independence is guaranteed by the highest law of the land, the constitution, in Article 180.","Constitution of 2003, Article 180.","The commission's independence is guaranteed by the highest law of the land, the constitution, in Article 180."]
["2012_ST_18",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",18,100,"Law number 12/90 establishes the independence of the National Electoral Commission, which works with the National Assembly.\n\n \"Article 2 – National Electoral Commission: 1 – The National Electoral Commission is an independent body and works with the National Assembly.”","Law No. 12/90 – Law of Electoral Commissions, (December 1990, São Tomé and Príncipe), Article 2.","Law number 12/90 establishes the independence of the National Electoral Commission, which works with the National Assembly...."]
["2012_SN_18",2012,"SN","Senegal",18,100,"Au Sénégal, la loi n° 2005-07 du 11 mai 2005 portant création de la Commission électorale nationale autonome (C.E.N.A.) et code électoral du Sénégal mandatent la CENA d'organiser, de contrôler et de superviser les élections.","Loi n° 2005-07 du 11 mai 2005 portant création de la Commission électorale nationale autonome (C.E.N.A.) et code électoral du Sénégal. http://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/loi-creation-cena-2005.pdf","Au Sénégal, la loi n° 2005-07 du 11 mai 2005 portant création de la Commission électorale nationale autonome (C.E.N.A.) et code électoral du Sénégal mandatent la CENA d'organiser, de contrôler et de superviser les élections."]
["2012_SC_18",2012,"SC","Seychelles",18,100,"The appointment procedure does not guarantee the Commission's independence as the five electoral commissioners are appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority. (The Constitutional Appointments Authority consists of a members appointed by the President, the leader of the opposition, and a third member jointly appointed by the President and the leader of the opposition). \n\nRelevant aspects of article 115 state, \n\"(1) There shall be an electoral commission which shall perform the functions conferred upon it by this constitution. \n(2) Subject to this constitution the electoral commission shall not, in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.  \n115.A (1)The commission shall consist of a chairperson and four members all of whom shall be appointed by the president selected from seven candidates of proven integrity and high repute, proposed by the constitutional appointments authority constituted under article 139 of the constitution. \n115.B A person is qualified to be a chairperson and members of the commission if the person is a citizen of Seychelles who− \n(a) is qualified to be registered as a voter; and \n(b) the person is not a candidate of an election under the constitution or is not the president, vice president, minister or a member of the national assembly and not an executive office bearer of a political party. \n115.C(1) The chairperson and the members of the commission shall be appointed for a term of seven years, and may, at the end of a term, be eligible for re-appointment.\n(2) The chairperson may be writing addressed to the president and a member who is not the chairperson, to the Chairperson resign. \n(3) A resignation under clause (2) shall have effect on the date it is last received by any person specified in that clause.\"\n\nThe electoral commissioner is broadly responsible for (constitution 1993, article 116, 118; Political Parties Act, 1991, 2(3), 29): the conduct and supervision of voter registration, the conduct and supervision of elections and referenda, the delimitation of constituencies, the monitoring of election campaigns, and the registration and public financing of political parties.","Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles, June 18, 1993; amended 1994, 1995, 1996 and 2000. Articles 112 to 118, covering the functions of the Electoral Commissioner.\n\nElections Act, 17 of 1995 as amended.\n\nPolitical Parties (Registration and Regulation) Act, 1991 as amended 1995, 1996.","The appointment procedure does not guarantee the Commission's independence as the five electoral commissioners are appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority. (The Constitutional Appointments Authority consists of a members appo..."]
["2012_SL_18",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",18,100,"The independence of the National Electoral Commission is guaranteed by Section 32 (11) of the 1991 constitution, which states that the commission “shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.” \n\nSection 3 of the National Electoral Commission Act, 2002, states that \"By virtue of subsection (11) of section 32 of the Constitution, the Commission is an independent body.\"\n\nThe  Political Parties Registration Commission also is not subject to the control of any person or body in the performance of its duties, according to Section 3 of the Political Parties Act, 2002.","Sections 32 (11) and 33 of the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991).\n\nSection 3 of the National Electoral Commission Act, 2002, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2002-1.pdf\n\nSection 3 of the Political Parties Act, 2002.","The independence of the National Electoral Commission is guaranteed by Section 32 (11) of the 1991 constitution, which states that the commission “shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.” ..."]
["2012_SO_18",2012,"SO","Somalia",18,0,"Somalia has no monitoring agencies because the country has been without an active central government since Mohammed Siad Barre was ousted in 1991.","Anonymous civil society activist, interviewed in Bossaso. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Somalia has no monitoring agencies because the country has been without an active central government since Mohammed Siad Barre was ousted in 1991."]
["2012_ZA_18",2012,"ZA","South Africa",18,100,"The Electoral Commission of South Africa is a Chapter 9 institution. This means that the commission is accountable to Parliament and not to the executive branch of government. Pursuant to the constitutional provision, the Electoral Commission Act 51 of 1996 was passed. It sets the powers and duties of the commission. Chapter 2 of the act states that the commission shall be \"independent and subject only to the Constitution and the Law.\"","Constitution of the South Africa, Chapter 9 Institution. http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/02958_electcomma51.pdf. \n\nElectoral Commission Act 51 of 1996. http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/02958_electcomma51.pdf","The Electoral Commission of South Africa is a Chapter 9 institution. This means that the commission is accountable to Parliament and not to the executive branch of government. Pursuant to the constitutional provision, the Electoral Commission Act 51 of 1996 was passed. It sets the ..."]
["2012_SS_18",2012,"SS","South Sudan",18,100,"Article 195 (1) and (2) establish the independence of the  National Elections Commission:\n\n\"(1) There shall be established an independent commission which shall be known the National Elections Commission.\n\n(2) The Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson, and members of the Commission shall be persons of proven integrity, competence, non-partisan and impartial, and shall be appointed by the President in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and the law.\"","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011, Article 195. Government of South Sudan.","Article 195 (1) and (2) establish the independence of the  National Elections Commission:\n\n\"(1) There shall be established an independent commission which shall be known the National El..."]
["2012_SD_18",2012,"SD","Sudan",18,100,"According to the National Elections Act 2008, \"The Commission shall be financially, administratively, and technically independent, and shall perform its functions and duties independently, impartially and transparently without interference from any body in its affairs, business or functions, or limitation of its powers,\"\n \nHowever, according to the Constitution, in its Art.141 (1) There shall be established, within one month after the adoption of the National Elections Law, a National elections Commission composed of nine independent, competent, non-partisan, impartial and representative personalities to be selected and appointed by the president of the Republic in accordance with Article 58 (2) (c) herein.\"\n \nThe appointment by the president of all its members does not support the Commission's independence.","Part Eight, Article 141, Interim Constitution of the Republic of Sudan of 2005.\n \n National Elections Act of 2008, Sections 5 and 10. Retrieved from http://nec.org.sd/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/09/THE-NATIONAL-ELECTIONS-ACT-2008.pdf","According to the National Elections Act 2008, \"The Commission shall be financially, administratively, and technically independent, and shall perform its functions and duties independently, impartially and transparently without interference from any body in its affairs, business or ..."]
["2012_SZ_18",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",18,100,"The law that establishes the Elections and Boundaries Commission mandates it to organize and monitor elections; per law, its members are appointed by the King on recommendation of the Judicial services Committee. This law does not, however, state that the EBC is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and it is mum on whether the EBC has the right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard. \n \n The Constitution, subsection 90 (1) on the Elections and Boundaries Commission, states: There shall be an independent authority styled the Elections and Boundaries Commission (“the commission”) for Swaziland consisting of a chairperson, deputy chairperson and three other members; the members of the commission shall be appointed by the king on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; a person shall not be appointed member of the commission in which that person is a member of Parliament, is or has been in the last five years actively engaged in politics; is a public officer other than judge of a superior court or magistrate; is an unrehabilitated insolvent; has been convicted of an offense involving dishonesty in any country during the last 10 years.\n \n A person shall be deemed to be “actively engaged in politics” or to have been so engaged during the relevant period or any part of that period where that person is or was at any time during that period a member of the House or a senator; is or was at any time during that period, nominated as a candidate for election to the House or Bucopho Committee; or is or was at any time during that period the holder of an office in any organization that sponsors or supports or has at any time sponsored or supported a candidate for election as a member of the House or Bucopho committee.\n \n The members of the commission shall be appointed for a period not exceeding 12 years without the option for renewal. The chairperson, deputy chairperson and the other members of the commission shall possess the qualifications of a judge of the superior courts or be persons of high moral character, proven integrity, relevant experience and demonstrable competence in the conduct of public affairs.\n \n The functions of the commission shall be to (a) oversee and supervise the registration of voters and ensure fair and free elections at primary, secondary or other level; (b) facilitate civic or voter education as may be necessary in between elections; (c) review and determine the boundaries of tinkhundla areas for purposes of elections; (d) perform such other functions in connection with elections or boundaries as may be prescribed; (e) produce periodic reports in respect of work done.","Swaziland Constitution, Part 1 (c), Regulation of Elections, www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swa5.htm","The law that establishes the Elections and Boundaries Commission mandates it to organize and monitor elections; per law, its members are appointed by the King on recommendation of the Judicial services Committee. This law does not, however, state that the EBC is independent from th..."]
["2012_TZ_18",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",18,100,"The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, Article 74 (1-15), establishes the National Electoral Commission. Article 74 (11) of the Constitution states that \"In discharging its functions in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, the Electoral Commission shall not be obliged to comply with orders or directions of any person or any government department or the views of any political party.\"\n\nThere are also a number of independent monitoring agencies, though these are not established under legislation. These include the Tanzania Election Monitoring Committee (TEMCO) and the Tanzania Civil Society Consortium for Election Observation (TACCEO). The latter deployed 2,000 observers during the October 2010 general election.","Republic of Tanzania, The Constitution of Tanzania (1977), Article 74 (11) http://www.policeforce.go.tz/pdf/REPUBLIC.pdf","The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, Article 74 (1-15), establishes the National Electoral Commission. Article 74 (11) of the Constitution states that \"In discharging its functions in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, the Electoral Commission shal..."]
["2012_TG_18",2012,"TG","Togo",18,100,"L’articles 3 et 6 de la Loi n° 2007 – 012 du 14 juin 2007 portant code électoral établit que : « Il est créé une Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) chargée d'organiser et de superviser les consultations électorales et référendaires.»\n « La CENI est une autorité administrative indépendante. A ce titre, elle dispose de prérogatives de puissance publique. Elle jouit d’une autonomie d’organisation et de fonctionnement ».\n \n Article 11 « La CENI est chargée de d'organiser et de superviser les opérations référendaires et électorales. Elle élabore des textes, actes et procédures devant d'une part, assurer la régularité, la sécurité, la transparence des scrutins et, d'autre part, garantir aux électeurs ainsi qu'aux candidats le libre exercice de leur droit. »","Loi n° 2007 – 012 du 14 juin 2007 portant code électoral.\n www.track.unodc.org/.../Togo/laws/Code%20Electoral%20(2005).pdf\n \n Loi No. 2000-007 du 2000, Code électoral http://www.refworld.org/docid/48ef45822.html","L’articles 3 et 6 de la Loi n° 2007 – 012 du 14 juin 2007 portant code électoral établit que : « Il est créé une Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) chargée d'organiser et de superviser les consultations électorales et référendaires.»..."]
["2012_TN_18",2012,"TN","Tunisia",18,100,"L'article 10 établissant l'ISIE affirme que l'appartenance à cette institution est incompatible avec un certain nombre de hautes responsabilités et fonctions au sein de l’État, au niveau local et régional. De même, les membres de cette institution ne peuvent être candidats. Les membres de l'ISIE ne doivent entreprendre aucune activité qui risquerait de remettre en cause leur indépendance. Toutefois, la nouvelle instance d'organisation des élections n'a pas encore vu le jour.\n  \n\"Article premier – Est créée une instance publique indépendante appelée « l’instance supérieure indépendante pour les élections » qui supervisera les élections d’une assemblée nationale constituante et dont la mission s’achèvera avec l’annonce des résultats définitifs des dites élections.\n \n Art. 4 – L’instance supérieure indépendante pour les élections prépare les élections, les supervise et contrôle les opérations électorales.\"","Adopter des mesures garantissant une instance électorale transparente et indépendante, 28 novembre 2012, http://www.lapresse.tn/06112012/57742/adopter-des-mesures-garantissant-une-instance-electorale-transparente-et-independante.html\n\nLoi no. 2011-27, Avril 18, 2011, Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections. www.legislation-securite.tn/fr/node/30434","L'article 10 établissant l'ISIE affirme que l'appartenance à cette institution est incompatible avec un certain nombre de hautes responsabilités et fonctions au sein de l’État, au niveau local et régional. De même, les membres de cette institution ne peuvent être candidats. Les mem..."]
["2012_UG_18",2012,"UG","Uganda",18,100,"Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Electoral Commission shall be independent and shall, in the performance of its functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.","Article 62 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.\n \n Section 13 of the Electoral Commission Act, Cap 140.","Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Electoral Commission shall be independent and shall, in the performance of its functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority."]
["2012_ZM_18",2012,"ZM","Zambia",18,100,"Article 76 of the Constitution creates the Electoral Commission, and states that it is an autonomous body mandated \"to supervise the registration of voters, to conduct Presidential and Parliamentary elections and to review the boundaries of the constituencies into which Zambia is divided for the purposes of elections to the National Assembly.\"\n \n The Electoral Commission Act establishes in Article 2 that the Commission is impartial and independent. The same article also empowers the Commission to \"adjudicate disputes which may arise from the organisation, administration or conducting of elections and which are of an administrative nature.\"\n \n Section 111 of the Electoral Act states that the Commission has \"powers to facilitate the establishment of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for the management of electoral disputes,\" and section 129 gives it the authority to delineate and regulate the rules of electoral processes.\n \n Further, by section 93 of the same act, only the High Court has the final authority to review and invalidate electoral results. The Commission itself has the mandate to substantively monitor material proceedings or wrong-doings during the elections.\n \n According to Articles 18-20 of the Electoral Commission Act, there is an Electoral Court that shall review the decisions of the Commission, and may also hear appeals of the Commission's decisions \"in so far as such decision[s] relate[s] to the interpretation of any law or any other matter for which an appeal is provided by law.\"\n \n The Commission has the mandate of holding power to account through issuing guidelines and procedures that actors have to adhere to and the Commission is empowered to condemn them when they break the rules, as well as through assisting the courts with necessary information and other corporation in legal cases.","\"Electoral Act of 2006 http://www.elections.org.zm/media/electoral__act_2006.pdf, Article 103, 111, 129 etc.\n \n The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, article 76 (1), page 51, Electoral Commission, http://aceproject.org/eroen/regions/africa/ZM/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%201996.pdf\n \n Electoral Commission Act of 1996, chapter 2, chapter 9 http://www.pprotect.org/legislation/docs/ELECTORAL%20COMMISSION%20ACT%2 051%20OF%201996.pdf (now repealed).\"","Article 76 of the Constitution creates the Electoral Commission, and states that it is an autonomous body mandated \"to supervise the registration of voters, to conduct Presidential and Parliamentary elections and to review the boundaries of the constituencies into which Zambia is d..."]
["2012_ZW_18",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",18,100,"Section 100 (H) of the Constitution sets out provisions to ensure the independence of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission. The Constitution indicates that the state must make adequate and suitable provision, through legislation and other appropriate means, to ensure that the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission is able to exercise its functions under the Constitution efficiently and independently.","Section 100 (H) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 19) Act, 2009.","Section 100 (H) of the Constitution sets out provisions to ensure the independence of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission. The Constitution indicates that the state must make adequate and suitable provision, through legislation and other appropriate means, to ensure that the Zimbabwe..."]
["2012_DZ_19",2012,"DZ","Algeria",19,50,"In Algeria, the inauguration of the National Committee for Monitoring Elections is the prerogative of the Minister of Interior. As a result, the committee is dominated and not independent in its work (it is under the control of the executive power). This has resulted in apparent fraud in parliamentary elections organized by the government on May 10, 2012, in which the chairman of the committee complained to election monitors about the interference in its powers by the executive power.\n\nThe appointments in the national committee to monitor elections are made ​​up of judges and representatives of political parties and also from representatives of civil society organizations. From this standpoint, the appointment in this commission is based on professionalism and party loyalty at the same time.","Algerie Presse Service, Installation de la commission de supervision des élections mardi à Alger, 27 February 2012, http://www.aps.dz/Installation-de-la-commission-de,35160.html\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","In Algeria, the inauguration of the National Committee for Monitoring Elections is the prerogative of the Minister of Interior. As a result, the committee is dominated and not independent in its work (it is under the control of the executive power). This has resulted in apparent fr..."]
["2012_AO_19",2012,"AO","Angola",19,50,"The 17 members of the commission are all well qualified. Their CV's are available with their profiles on the website. They are all legal professionals and many of them are well known and respected figures. However, opposition parties say the commission has been stripped of power and the head of the commission Suzanne Ingles is not only a lawyer, instead of a magistrate court judge as required by law, but is also a prominent member of the ruling party and leader of the party's woman's organization.","List of National Electoral Commision members and CVs: http://www.cne.ao/composicao.cfm\n\n\"Angola's UNITA slams re-appointment of election head,\" Reuters, Jan. 21, 2012, http://af.reuters.com/article/idAFJOE80K00Z20120121\n\n\"Oposição angolana não reconhece vitória do partido do governo,\" by Alexandre Schossler, Deutsche Welt, Sept. 2, 2012, http://www.dw.de/oposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-angolana-n%C3%A3o-reconhece-vit%C3%B3ria-do-partido-do-governo/a-16215376","The 17 members of the commission are all well qualified. Their CV's are available with their profiles on the website. They are all legal professionals and many of them are well known and respected figures. However, opposition parties say the commission has been stripped of power an..."]
["2012_BJ_19",2012,"BJ","Benin",19,25,"Les nominations au sein de la CENA ne lui permettent pas d'assurer son indépendance. Selon nos sources, les rétributions sont en fonction des qualifications professionnelles, mais certains agents pensent parfois que les primes allouées sont ''politiques'', c'est-à-dire ne respectent pas les normes administratives.","Britannicus OGOUBIYI, Chargé de Formation, Secrétariat Administratif Permament de la Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome (SAP/CENA), Entretien le 18 juillet 2012 au SAP-CENA, Cotonou.\n\nOlga DAN, Chef Service Archives, Secrétariat Administratif Permanent de la Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome (SAP/CENA), Entretien le 18 juillet 2012 au Siège du SAP/CENA, Cotonou.","Les nominations au sein de la CENA ne lui permettent pas d'assurer son indépendance. Selon nos sources, les rétributions sont en fonction des qualifications professionnelles, mais certains agents pensent parfois que les primes allouées sont ''politiques'', c'est-à-dire ne respecten..."]
["2012_BW_19",2012,"BW","Botswana",19,75,"The composition of the Independent Electoral Commission, as outlined in constitutional provision (Section 65A), is professional. The commission comprises seven members, led by a chairman and a deputy chairman. As stipulated in Section 65A, the commission chairman shall be a judge of the High Court while the deputy shall be a legal practitioner. The two are appointed directly by the Judicial Service Commission. The Judicial Service Commission also appoints the five other members, from a list recommended by the All-Party Conference.\n \nThe autonomy of those appointed has raised some questions on the basis that they may seek to please those who select them.","African Elections Project, preliminary report of Southern African Development Community (SADC) Electoral Observer Mission to Botswana, by Henrique Banze, deputy minister for foreign affairs and cooperation for Mozambique and head of electoral observer mission for Botswana general elections on Oct. 16, 2009, \nwww.africanelections.org/botswana/features/page.php?news=4401\n\n\"Is the Independent Electoral Commission, Independent?\" Mmegi, Feb. 17, 2009, Vol. 26, No. 25,\nwww.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=10&dir=2009/February/Tuesday17","The composition of the Independent Electoral Commission, as outlined in constitutional provision (Section 65A), is professional. The commission comprises seven members, led by a chairman and a deputy chairman. As stipulated in Section 65A, the commission chairman shall be a judge o..."]
["2012_BF_19",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",19,25,"En principe, la CENI est de composition tripartite. Le camp au pouvoir choisit librement ses représentants, les partis politiques choisissent aussi leurs représentants, de même que la Société Civile. Le gouvernement est censé ne rien dicter et tout simplement entériner la composition de la CENI. \n\nCependant, il est difficile d’assurer que cette institution ne souffre d’aucune interférence politique. Par exemple, la fragilité des pouvoirs de la CENI a été remarquée en ceci : lorsqu'il a fallu prendre des décisions politiques, l'ancien président de la CENI a eu beau résister, il a malheureusement été poussé à la démission malgré lui et certains membres de la Commission.","Peut-on encore faire confiance a la commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) pour l’organisation d’élections libres, sincères et transparentes au Burkina Faso? avril 2009\n\nWadre.org. \"Le président de la CENI pousse à la démission.\" http://wadr.org/fr/site/news_fr/1325/Burkina-Faso--le-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-CENI-pouss%C3%A9-vers-la-sortie.htm?tpl=1444&tpid=29 2011","En principe, la CENI est de composition tripartite. Le camp au pouvoir choisit librement ses représentants, les partis politiques choisissent aussi leurs représentants, de même que la Société Civile. Le gouvernement est censé ne rien dicter et tout simplement entériner la compositi..."]
["2012_BI_19",2012,"BI","Burundi",19,0,"While in principle, the fact that the appointment of members of the electoral commission is made by the President of the Republic after a prior approval by the Parliament could guarantee the independence of the commission, in reality it is not necessarily the case as the parliament today is almost mono-party as most of the opposition members boycotted legislative elections. \n\nDuring the appointment of members of the National Electoral Commission in 2009, in preparation of the 2010 elections, it appeared that there was an attempt to set up an independent electoral commission, with some nominees rejected in favor of consensual choices. Nevertheless, when it came to the elections, the Electoral Commission was deemed to be biased in favor of the ruling political party. \n\nThe independence of an electoral commission depends not only on the appointment process, but also on the capacity of its members to stand firmly for the fairness and objectivity of the elections.","Interview via e-mail with Pacifique Nininahazwe, chair of the civil society umbrella organization Forum pour le Renforcement de la Societe Civile (FORSC), and Executive Director of the COSOME (la Coalition de la Société civile pour l'Observation et le Monitoring des Elections) on Aug. 7, 2012\n\n\"The Road Ahead: Citizen Attitudes about Burundi in the Post-2010 Election Period,\" National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, February 2011. Go to http://www.ndi.org/files/Burundi-focus-group-report-2011-ENG.pdf","While in principle, the fact that the appointment of members of the electoral commission is made by the President of the Republic after a prior approval by the Parliament could guarantee the independence of the commission, in reality it is not necessarily the case as the parliament..."]
["2012_CM_19",2012,"CM","Cameroon",19,25,"Though Elections Cameroon, or ELECAM, was created to be autonomous, the members of the commission are appointed by the president of the republic. In December 2008, the president filled the pioneer commission with a majority of high-profile members of the ruling party, the  Cameroon People's Democratic Movement. (Section 13 of the applicable elections law requires that those appointed as members of ELECAM be independent, neutral and nonpartisan.) Eleven of the 12 original appointees were reputedly CPDM loyalists, according to Freedom House's 2012 Freedom in the World report. Expanded to 18 members in 2011, ELECAM continues to be dominated by CPDM partisans. \n\nThe president of ELECAM, Dr. Fonkam Azu’u Samuel, holds a terminal degree in law. The commission has two religion leaders, Bishop Dieudonné Watio of the Bafoussam Diocese in the West Region and the Rev. Dieudonné Massi Gams, current president of the National Anti-Corruption Commission. There are two lawyers, Justin Ebanga Ewodo, former president of the Cameroon Bar Council, and Christopher Tiku Tambe, the South West Regional head of Cameroon’s National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms. Other commissioners include former civil administrators, a medical practitioner and civil society activist Pauline Biyong, who, unfortunately, was forced to resign when his communication firm was contracted to do Paul Biya's publicity campaign during the 2011 presidential election. Also on the commission are retired university dons Dr. Dorothy Njeuma, who holds a doctorate in zoology, and Professor Pierre Titi Nwel, who is experienced in elections monitoring and management working with the Catholic Peace and Justice Commission. The managing director of the commission, a civil administrator, was until his appointment serving at the Services of the Presidency of the Republic.","Ayah Paul  Abine, \"Cameroon:ELECAM on the Verge of Illegality?\" The Recorder Newsline, Aug. 30, 2012, at http://recorderline.blogspot.com/2012/08/cameroonelecam-on-verge-of-illegality.html\n\nOmer Mbadi Otabela,  \"Alice Nkom :'La Ceci restera le gendarme d’Elecam,'\" La Nouvelle Expression, Sept. 22, 2011.\n\nJoseph Kijem Yuh, ''The Shortcomings and Loopholes of Elections Cameroon (ELECAM) Within the Electoral Dispensations of Cameroon,'' Cameroon Journal on Democracy and Human Rights, Vol.4, No.1, June 2010, at www.cjdhr.org/2010-06/Joseph-Yuh.pdf\n\nClaude Tadjon, \"Cameroun - USA : Matthew Miller (L'attaché de presse de l'ambassade des Etats-Unis à Yaoundé), Nous sommes déçus par la composition de Elecam,'\" Le Jour, Feb. 1, 2009.\n\nJoe Dinga Pefok, ''Ekindi Says Biya Violated the Law Appointing ELECAM Members,'' Postnewsline, Jan. 5, 2009, at www.postnewsline.com/2009/01/ekindi-says-biya-violated-the-law-appointing-elecam-members.html\n\nTazoacha Asonganyi, ''ELECAM Appointments: Wrong Questions and Wrong Answers,'' The Recorder Newsline, Feb. 5 2009, at http://recorderline.blogspot.com/2009/02/elecam-appointments-wrong-questions-and.html\n\nKini Nsom, ''Biya Postpones the Appointment of ELECAM Members,'' Postnewsline, June 30, 2008, at www.postnewsline.com/2008/06/biya-postpones.html","Though Elections Cameroon, or ELECAM, was created to be autonomous, the members of the commission are appointed by the president of the republic. In December 2008, the president filled the pioneer commission with a majority of high-profile members of the ruling party, the  Cameroon..."]
["2012_CV_19",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",19,50,"To a large extent these appointments to the National Election Commission ensure independence. However,  members are elected through agreements between the two major Cape Verdean political parties, PAICV and the MPD. That means each member watches for the political trust of his sponsor, which ultimately affects the autonomy of the body. \n\nAs shown in media reports, after the departure of the president of the national election commission in 2011, the  parties failed to agree on a replacement, with the result that the last presidential elections (in September 2011) took place without a leader of the commission.","Sapo.cv, Sept. 5, 2011, \"Leader of the Largest Opposition Party Calls for the Resignation of Members of the National Electoral Commission\" http://noticias.sapo.mz/lusa/artigo/13010910.html.\n\nExpresso das Ilhas,  April 13, 2011,   \"National Elections Commission: Vicente Rosa Resigns\" http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/comissao-nacional-de-eleicoes--rosa-vicente-pede-demissao.\n\nExpresso das Ilhas Blogspot, Feb. 24, 2011,  \"CNE Will Work without a President During Election Period\"\nhttp://presidenciaiscv2011.blogspot.com/2011/07/cne-vai-funcionar-sem-presidente.html.\n\nRadio Televisão de Cabo Verde Web Page, Feb. 17, 2012, \"The Interview: Interview with Odair Varela\" http://www.rtc.cv/index.php?paginas=47&id_cod=19994.\n\nInterview with Bartolomeu Varela, jurist and academic, former CNE president, Cape Verde University, Aug. 18, 2012, Praia.","To a large extent these appointments to the National Election Commission ensure independence. However,  members are elected through agreements between the two major Cape Verdean political parties, PAICV and the MPD. That means each member watches for the political trust of his spon..."]
["2012_CF_19",2012,"CF","CAR",19,50,"La majorité des membres de la Commission Électorale Mixte Indépendante (CEMI) n'est pas nommée sur la base de qualification professionnelle. Ils sont le plus souvent désignés par leurs partis politiques d'origine en raison de leurs engagements politiques. Autrement dit, ils sont affiliés à des partis politiques. Par conséquent, ils ne sont pas libres. Les partis politiques remplacent systématiquement les représentants qui ne respectent pas leurs consignes. Ce qui explique en partie le caractère dépendant de la CEMI et les éventuelles influences politiques subies par cette dernière. A titre d'exemple, certains membres de la CEMI désignés par leurs partis ont été contraints de démissionner lors des élections de 2011.","Paul SERVICE, Chargé de Communication au Projet Cadre Intégré Renforcé (Presse) du Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, Bangui, Juin 2012;\n\nEdmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République centrafricaine, Bangui, juin 2012","La majorité des membres de la Commission Électorale Mixte Indépendante (CEMI) n'est pas nommée sur la base de qualification professionnelle. Ils sont le plus souvent désignés par leurs partis politiques d'origine en raison de leurs engagements politiques. Autrement dit, ils sont af..."]
["2012_TD_19",2012,"TD","Chad",19,25,"The commission is made up of party representatives rather than electoral experts: 15 chosen by the ruling party and 15 by the opposition. The chairman, the 31st member, is appointed on a consensual basis by the ruling majority and the opposition based on his independence and integrity. However, the fact that commissioners are political appointees does not support their independence from their own parties, as they are under pressure from parties that nominated them to the commission. The situation would be different if they were not political appointees and selected on the basis of electoral experience and expertise.","Justin Gore Doua, country representative for Chad. Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. Dec. 10, 2012.\n\nMassalabaye Tenebaye, chairman. Chadian League of Human Rights. Dec. 10, 2012.\n\nFinal report. European Union Election Observer Mission. Legislative elections in Chad. Feb. 13, 2011. http://www.eeas.europa.eu/eueom/pdf/missions/rapport_final_moe_ue_tchad_270511_fr.pdf\n\n2007 political accord between the majority and democratic opposition on the strengthening of the democratization process in Chad.\n\n2008 law on the creation of the Independent National Electoral Commission.","The commission is made up of party representatives rather than electoral experts: 15 chosen by the ruling party and 15 by the opposition. The chairman, the 31st member, is appointed on a consensual basis by the ruling majority and the opposition based on his independence and integr..."]
["2012_KM_19",2012,"KM","Comoros",19,50,"La nomination des membres de la CENI est effectuée en fonction de la compétence et de la technicité des candidats, et ce quand bien même des candidats choisis peuvent avoir une obédience politique. \n\nC’est le Président de la République qui nomme par décret les 10 membres qui comprend 2 administrateurs représentant le Gouvernement central, une représentante de la société civile, un (1) du  Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature , 3 représentants des îles, 1 représentant de la majorité présidentielle et 1 représentant de l’opposition.\n\nSelon l'art. 54 de la loi électorale, ces membres de la CENI sont des hauts fonctionnaires de l’État détachés auprès de la CENI et nommés en raison de leur bonne moralité, leur compétence  administrative, juridique ou en gestion des opérations électorales,  leur maîtrise de l'outil informatique, et leur niveau d'au moins Bac + 3 ou équivalent. \n\nLa CENI est représentée au niveau de chaque Île autonome par une commission insulaire des élections (CIE) dont les 7 membres sont nommés par  décret du Président de l'île Autonome. Les CIE suivent le même modèle que le CENI,.\n\nConcernant l’Observatoire des élections, lors des primaires de l’élection présidentielle et du 1er tour de l’élection présidentielle du 7 novembre 2010, il a  mobilisé 52 observateurs, qui ont été déployés en 20 équipes sur les îles de Mohéli, Anjouan et de la Grande Comores. \nLa mission a été conduite par le Président de l’Observatoire des éléctions assisté des coordonnateurs de l’association à Anjouan et Mohéli.\n\nComme l’Observatoire est une association privée, le choix des observateurs relèvent exclusivement de ses membres dirigeants, sans interférence externe. Les observateurs disposent de formations spécialisées, portant sur les objectifs de l’observation électorale, le rôle de l’observateur, les règles de conduite de l’observateur, les phases de l’observation (avant le jour du scrutin, le jour des élections et l’après scrutin), les droits et devoirs des observateurs. Il a été rappelé que l’observation a pour objectif notamment d’accroitre la confiance des participants dans le processus électoral, d’encourager l’établissement et la mise en place de règlement et pratiques électorales équitable, de faciliter l’acceptation des résultats et d’identifier les faiblesses du processus électoral et de contribuer a son amélioration. Il a été rappelé aussi aux participants que tout observateur doit faire preuve de transparence, de professionnalisme et de courtoisie lorsqu’il réalise ses missions. L’observateur doit être neutre, impartial, objectif et sans parti pris.","Interview de El-Had Said Omar, directeur de l’Agence de Presse HZK, Directeur de la Publication du Journal La Gazette des Comores, 26 mars 2012, Moroni.\n\n« L’Observatoire des élections forme ses observateurs », 21 décembre 2010, http://www.comores-web.com/article/lobservatoire-des-elections-forme-ses-observateurs.html#more-6469). \n\nJournal Alwatwan, 09 novembre 2010, « Observatoire National des élections, le communiqué note des irrégularités à corriger, des élections acceptables » ,  http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=2749","La nomination des membres de la CENI est effectuée en fonction de la compétence et de la technicité des candidats, et ce quand bien même des candidats choisis peuvent avoir une obédience politique. ..."]
["2012_CD_19",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",19,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_19",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",19,0,"Appointment to the electoral monitoring agency is based on political affiliation. Civil society and international observers have called on the head of the electoral monitoring agency to resign and for a new board to be appointed based on merit and integrity.","\"DRC: For real reform of the CENI,\" by Donatella Rostagno, EurAc, April 16, 2012, http://www.eurac-network.org/accueil.php?lg=en&pg=news&spg=25.\n\n\"RDC : festivités du 51e anniversaire de l’indépendance sur fond de campagne électorale,\" by Ursula Soares, RFI, June 30, 2011, http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110630-rdc-festivites-51e-anniversaire-independance-fond-campagne-electorale.\n\n\"Elections en RDC : Fraudes et crise politique,\" by Camille Dugrand, Actualité africaine, Jan. 6, 2012  http://alternatives-economiques.fr/blogs/giraf/2012/01/05/elections-en-rdc-22-fraudes-et-crise-politique/.","Appointment to the electoral monitoring agency is based on political affiliation. Civil society and international observers have called on the head of the electoral monitoring agency to resign and for a new board to be appointed based on merit and integrity."]
["2012_CI_19",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",19,25,"Eight organizations from the civil society (CEFCI, COFEMCI, COSOPCI, FOSCAO-CI, MIIIDA, RAIDH, WANEP-CI, ADJL) have asked in February 2012 that appointments to the national election monitoring agency be reviewed and be less politically biased so that the participants to the electoral process will have more confidence.","Coulibaly Zie, ‘Processus de réconciliation nationale : Des organisations de la société civile réclament une refonte de la CEI’, Notre voie, Feb. 6, 2012 available at http://news.abidjan.net/h/450920.html\n\nSerge A. Yapo, Governance Analyst, Focal Point Rule of Law and Civil Society, UNDP, Côte d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 4th, 2013\n\nEke Frederique Julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed:Feb. 2, 2013","Eight organizations from the civil society (CEFCI, COFEMCI, COSOPCI, FOSCAO-CI, MIIIDA, RAIDH, WANEP-CI, ADJL) have asked in February 2012 that appointments to the national election monitoring agency be reviewed and be less politically biased so that the participants to the elector..."]
["2012_DJ_19",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",19,25,"Les nominations au sein de l'organisme sont à la discrétion du gouvernement. C'est notamment le ministre de l’intérieur qui les propose.\n\nLe souci est d’intégrer les partis politiques et les représentants des candidats en son sein. L’article 3 énumère la liste des membres du District de Djibouti : trois (3) membres désignés par le gouvernement ; trois (3) membres désignés par le Président de l’Assemblée Nationale en tenant compte de sa configuration politique ; trois (3) magistrats du siège ayant au moins six (6) ans d’expérience professionnelle, élus en assemblée générale des magistrats ; trois représentants de la société civile ; une personne désignée par chaque parti politique régulièrement constitué. Une telle composition constitue un point de discorde dans la mesure où les partis d’opposition disposent d’un nombre de représentants de facto réduit. \n\nLa personne interviewée confirme que les membres de surveillance des élections sont nommés sur instruction du ministère de l’intérieur et peu sont les représentants des partis de l'opposition qui ne sont pas nombreux à cause de leur quota limité par le décret.","Mohamed Abdi, membre de la commission électorale régionale indépendante (CERI) lors des élections locales de janvier et février 2012, entretien réalisé le 15 septembre 2012.\n\nRapport sur la gouvernance an Afrique : \"Rapport national de Djibouti\" réalisé par le Centre de Recherches de l’Université de Djibouti pour le compte de la Commission économique des Nations Unies pour l’Afrique, Addis Abeba, Ethiopies, Octobre 2007.","Les nominations au sein de l'organisme sont à la discrétion du gouvernement. C'est notamment le ministre de l’intérieur qui les propose...."]
["2012_EG_19",2012,"EG","Egypt",19,75,"In law, all the committees responsible for supervising elections should be made up of judges who should be independent.\nThe Supreme Presidential Elections Committee is composed of five commissioners and headed by the president of the Supreme Constitutional Court. Other members include the president of the Cairo Court of Appeals, the most senior deputy of the Office of the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the most senior deputies of the Office of the President of the Court of Cassation and the most senior deputies of the Office of the President of the State Council.\nThe SPEC’s structure also includes a General Secretariat, an interministerial body whose membership is established by the SPEC’s chairperson.\nIn various governorates of the country, the General Election Committees are responsible for supervising all polling stations within their territorial jurisdiction. General Election Committees are composed of judges and members of judicial bodies. \nAll polling stations are headed by a member of the judiciary. Judges also serve as the heads and members of the General Elections Committees at the governorate level. These judges supervise polling stations and the tabulation of results. \nFor parliamentarian elections, the Higher Elections Commission (HEC) is composed of seven serving judges (two most senior deputies of the President of the Court of Cassation; two most senior deputies of the President of the State Council; two most senior Presidents of the Court of Appeals) and will be, ex-officio, led by the chair of the Cairo Court of Appeal. The six members will be selected by the president (currently the SCAF) from among names suggested by the Ministry of Justice. The HEC chair and members cannot be members of other bodies supervising elections or referenda. In case of an impediment, the HEC chair is replaced by the most senior President of the Courts of Appeals (Article 3 bis (c)). If an HEC member suffers an impediment, he or she is replaced by the reserve member for the period of the impediment and the supreme council of the relevant judicial body selects another reserve. \nPolling staff is appointed by the HEC. The HEC shall form an electoral committee in each governorate (hereafter Governorate Election Committees -- GECs), chaired by the head of the Appeals Court, and including members from judicial bodies. \nThe HEC chair establishes a permanent general secretariat headed by one of the deputies of the President of the Court of Cassation or their equivalent. The members of the General Secretariat are an unspecified number of judges; members are selected by the Supreme Judicial Council (or their equivalent from other judicial bodies with the approval of the relevant Supreme Councils), plus representatives of the Ministries of Interior, Communications and Information Technology (CIT) and Local Development as selected by the respective ministers. The HEC determines the Secretariat’s terms of reference and statutes. The HEC chair may request the seconding of civil servants and experts, although the employing organization must continue to pay their salaries.\n\nTherefore, judges are selected to supervise polling stations based on their position and independent status. Few nonjudge personnel could be there to help in the polling process and counting committees, to manage voter lists and the national ID database. Judicial monitoring is a proof of a clean elections process. However, a few incidents of judges or civil servants disqualified for supporting one of the candidates in the presidential runoff were reported.\n\nIf we stick to the question literally, the fact that judges are appointed to the elections monitoring agency supports its independence.","Democracy Reporting International. 2011. Comprehensive Assessment of Egypt's Electoral Framework. 11 July.\n\nIFES. 2011. Elections in Egypt: Structure and Responsibilities of the Higher Elections Commission, and Other Issues Concerning Electoral Operations. IFES Briefing paper.\n\nIFES. 2011. Elections in Egypt: May 23-24 Presidential Election: Frequently Asked Questions. IFES briefing paper. August . http://ifes.org/Content/Publications/White-Papers/2012/~/media/Files/Publications/White%20PaperReport/2012/Elections_in_Egypt_May23-24_Presidential.pdf.\n\nCarter Center. 2012. The Carter Center Releases Preliminary Statement on Second Round of Egypt's Presidential Election. http://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/egypt-prelim-061912.html.\n\nAswat Masreya. 2012. Damietta judge disqualified after accusations of supporting candidate. http://en.aswatmasriya.com/news/view.aspx?id=2a1ab951-5ddb-45b4-9d0e-a21c5680f330.\n\nAswat Masreya. 2012. Day 2: Latest developments of Egypt's presidential run-off. http://en.aswatmasriya.com/news/view.aspx?id=2512d748-6f89-45aa-8aa8-b2c75fce6c22.\n\nSharif Abdul Kuddous. March 2012. Meet the Head of Egypt's Presidential Election Commission.\nhttp://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/4592/meet-the-head-of-egypts-presidential-election-comm.","In law, all the committees responsible for supervising elections should be made up of judges who should be independent.\nThe Supreme Presidential Elections Committee is composed of five commissioners and headed by t..."]
["2012_GQ_19",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",19,0,"Members are from the ruling party, PDGE. The Spanish based association ASODEGUE, contains a short profile of the members of the Electoral Junta. The analysis from 2009 and 2011 elections shows that most of the members of this body are either members of the ruling party or former and current ministers of the government.","Email correspondence with Joseph Kraus, Program & Development Director, EGJustice, January 2013.\n\nPDGE.  (2012) .  El PDGE renueva su Consejo Nacional.  Retrieved from http://archive.is/f1zeu\n\nADODEGUE, November 2009, Una Junta Electoral Nacional hiperpolitizada y nada profesional es una de las principales condiciones para que se produzca un pucherazo, see: http://www.asodegue.org/noviembre0911.htm\n\nASODEGUE, 02-Nov-2009, La Junta Electoral Nacional, una lista inaceptable, see: http://www.asodegue.org/noviembre0209.htm","Members are from the ruling party, PDGE. The Spanish based association ASODEGUE, contains a short profile of the members of the Electoral Junta. The analysis from 2009 and 2011 elections shows that most of the members of this body are either members of the ruling party or former an..."]
["2012_ER_19",2012,"ER","Eritrea",19,0,"No general election has been held since Eritrea's official independence, or a national monitoring election commission established freely.\n\nThe new election commission was appointed by the National Assembly after it received nominations from the president. The election commission is composed of members of the ruling party central council, and its chairman is the former general-secretary of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front and founder of the liberation organization. So, the procedure that was used to appoint the commission does not guarantee its independence.","\"Eritrea: The Silent State,\" K.J. Mullins, Sept. 17, 2011, www.digitaljournal.com/article/311634\n\nAnonymous source interviewed in September 2012. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","No general election has been held since Eritrea's official independence, or a national monitoring election commission established freely...."]
["2012_ET_19",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",19,25,"The National Electoral Board has nine members who are nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the House of Peoples Representatives. The prime minister nominates the board members according to their political loyalty and the Parliament approves it.\n\nAs members of the National Electoral Board are nominated by the prime minster and approved by the Parliament, there is a great deal of suspicion and distrust of the National Electoral Board among the political opposition parties as to the overall independence of the board. One source stated, \"The National Election Board of Ethiopia is a weapon for the ruling party to ensure one-party dominance.\"","Interview with Bereket Abaynh, former Hawasa University lecturer of law, Addis Ababa, June 6, 2012.\n\nInterview with Merera Gudina, renowned opposition political party leader and currently chair of the Political Science and International Relations Department at Addis Ababa University.  \n\nInterview with Theodor Vestal, Oklahoma State University, emeritus professor of political science, June  2011, Addis Ababa.\n\n\"The Case Against Kemal Bedri & National Electoral Board of Ethiopia,\" by Dr. Hagos Kahsay, July 10, 2005, http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Election2005/TheCaseAgainstKemalBedri_&_NEBE_HagosKahsay.htm\n\n\"EU/U.S. Urges End to Ethiopia Violence,\" BBC News, November 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4413798.stm","The National Electoral Board has nine members who are nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the House of Peoples Representatives. The prime minister nominates the board members according to their political loyalty and the Parliament approves it...."]
["2012_GA_19",2012,"GA","Gabon",19,0,"Non, c’est tout le contraire. Il y a eu des élections législatives partielles. Le problème dénoncé est que les membres de la commission électorale doivent être élus par leurs pairs.","Interview président ONG croissance Saine Environnement, août 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nInterview Président Observatoire National Démocratie, août 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nInterview président ONG Gouvernance Démocratie et santé Environnementales, novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nInterview Coordonnateur RENAPS, novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon","Non, c’est tout le contraire. Il y a eu des élections législatives partielles. Le problème dénoncé est que les membres de la commission électorale doivent être élus par leurs pairs."]
["2012_GM_19",2012,"GM","The Gambia",19,0,"Appointments to the Independent Electoral Commission are made by the president. The sources cited show the lack of proper consultation before appointments, which compromises the independence of the commission. As stated in \"Can Gambian Elections Be Described as Free and Fair?\" by P.K. Jarju: \"President Jammeh in total disregard to the constitution has fired three chairmen of the electoral commission and many commission members without informing them [of] the reasons for their removal; neither were they given the right to defend themselves. The chairman and members of the Gambia's electoral body can be seen to be under the control of the country‟s president. They lack job security and operate under a climate of fear and intimidation as the president serves as the chief judge who decides their fate.\" \n\nThe Daily News report states that it is \"indisputable that an appointment to an office like that of a member of an electoral commission should have been done in consultation with all political stakeholders and should have been subjected to confirmation by the National Assembly.\"\n\nMoreover, the \"Commonwealth Expert Team Report on the Gambia Presidential Elections\" states, \"The past removal of Commissioners without due process as constitutionally mandated raises concerns about the IEC's independence.\"","\"IEC Boss Faces Renewed Calls to Resign,\" Daily News, June 1, 2012, http://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/iec-boss-faces-renewed-calls-to-resign\n\nCommonwealth Secretariat, \"Commonwealth Expert Team Report on the Gambia Presidential Elections,\"\nNov. 24, 2011, https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:j9PPbFJlCsAJ:www.thecommonwealth.org/files/244462/FileName/CommonwealthExpertTeamReportTheGambiaPresidentialElection2011.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShvm7lxocFfOI_cMz8z1ZbGC1kpWQ0ihj_F1ahLk9JFYnec1c0qnYBo9MSGe-EZljfuqecw_bcA-aPaUqUeDwTa62bfh75UGTrir6Tc_-XEJM79aeFfkeS_156HvGwFfdR4pkMM&sig=AHIEtbQEhXfjo15CJtqKEQj85N1WYlcZdQ\n\n\"Can Gambian Elections Be Described as Free and Fair?\" P.K. Jarju, Maafanta Newspaper,  (no date, accessed during the period of study), http://p10.hostingprod.com/@maafanta.com/PKJarjuCanGambianElectionsBeFreeandfair.html","Appointments to the Independent Electoral Commission are made by the president. The sources cited show the lack of proper consultation before appointments, which compromises the independence of the commission. As stated in \"Can Gambian Elections Be Described as Free and Fair?\" by P..."]
["2012_GH_19",2012,"GH","Ghana",19,50,"Once the chairman of the Electoral Commission and the deputy chairpersons are appointed, they cannot be removed without justification, ensuring their independence from political interference. \n\nHowever, the initial appointments and subsequent appointments to fill vacancies are made by the president, who is also the leader of the ruling party. This could compromise the chairman and chairpersons' independence as the tendency is to appoint persons who belong to or are perceived to be sympathetic to the ruling party. Specifically, putting the appointments of the commissioners in the hands of the president does not support the independence of the Electoral Commission because it can influence the way they conduct themselves if they feel that the president did them a favor or if they have loyalty to the ruling party.","Edward T. Kareweh, Deputy General Secretary of the General Agricultural Workers Union (GAWU), Ghana Trades Union Congress, June 1, 2012. \n\nIbrahim Akalbila, Coordinator, Ghana Trade and Livelihoods Coalition (GTLC), GTLC Office, June 13, 2012. \n\nAbdul Basit Issah, Development Planning Officer, Local Government Service Secretariat, June 16, 2012. \n\n\"Amadu Sulley sworn in as Deputy Electoral Commissioner,\" Judicial Service of Ghana News, May 10, 2012, http://www.judicial.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=305&Itemid=148\n\n\"NDC's Amadu Sulley now EC boss,\" Modern Ghana, May 4, 2012, http://www.modernghana.com/news/393005/1/ndcs-amadu-sulley-now-ec-boss.html","Once the chairman of the Electoral Commission and the deputy chairpersons are appointed, they cannot be removed without justification, ensuring their independence from political interference. ..."]
["2012_GN_19",2012,"GN","Guinea",19,25,"La commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) est composée de 10 délégués des partis politiques de la mouvance présidentielle, 10 délégués des partis politiques de l'opposition, 3 délégués de la société civile et 2 délégués de l'administration publique. \n\nChaque délégué présent dans la CENI considère qu'il doit défendre vaille que vaille les intérêts du parti qui l'a désigné. \n\nLe parti d'opposition affirme que les nouveaux élus à la commission électorales sont trop partisans et que les nouveaux membres sont trop proches du Président.","Entretien avec Mohamed Bérété, doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Kofi Annan de Conakry, Conseiller juridique du Ministre chargé des travaux publics, consultant indépendant, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry. \n\nLe Soleil, October 31, 2012. \"Guinée : De nouveaux membres de la commission électorale contestés,\" \nhttp://www.lesoleil.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21969:guinee-de-nouveaux-membres-de-la-commission-electorale-contestes&catid=54:politics","La commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) est composée de 10 délégués des partis politiques de la mouvance présidentielle, 10 délégués des partis politiques de l'opposition, 3 délégués de la société civile et 2 délégués de l'administration publique. ..."]
["2012_GW_19",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",19,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_19",2012,"KE","Kenya",19,100,"Unlike the previous electoral commission in which membership represented interests of different political parties, members of the new Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) that was established in 2011 are appointed through an open and competitive process by a selection panel. The selection panel is appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister (this applies until after the first elections under the 2010 Constitution) and with the approval of the National Assembly. The panel is facilitated by the Public Service Commission, which is an independent constitutional body. The selection panel advertises for the positions of the chairperson and members of the commission in newspapers of national circulation. The panel then shortlists candidates, interviews them publicly and submits to the president the best candidates, consisting of three names for chairperson and 13 names for members of the commission. The president nominates from the submitted list the chairperson and eight members and sends his nominees to the National Assembly for vetting and approval. The National Assembly then vets and approves or rejects nominees. Once the National Assembly approves, the president appoints the IEBC, which is a constitutional commission that enjoys security of tenure. In case of rejection, the president can draw other names from the remaining list forwarded by the selection panel. If all the names forwarded to the president by the panel are rejected, the selection panel is required to send fresh names to the president from those shortlisted. The president's list of nominees is required to observe regional and ethnic diversity, and gender balance (at least one-third to be of opposite gender). \n\nThe members of the IEBC appointed through this process meet the required qualifications. For instance, the chairperson is expected to be qualified to hold the office of a high court judge, which the current chairman meets. He holds a bachelor's degree in law and is an advocate of the high court of Kenya. He also previously served as a commissioner on the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission and as chairman of the Interim Independent Electoral Commission (IIEC) that was formed after disbanding the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) that mismanaged the 2007 general elections.","Interview with Ahmed Issack, chairperson of the Independent Electoral Commission of Kenya. July 28, 2012. http://wardheernews.com/public_html/Wareysiyo/Ahmed_Issack/interv_Ahmed_Issack.html\n\nComposition of and Appointment of IEBC Commissioners Should be a Win-Win Situation. Centre for Multiparty Democracy-Kenya. http://www.cmd-kenya.org/files/IEBCSTATEMENT.pdf\n\nKibaki Appoints IEBC Team, Ombudsman. Capital FM. Nov. 9, 2011. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/11/kibaki-appoints-iebc-team-new-ombudsman/\n\nLatest Government Appointments and IEBC Shortlists. Consumers Federation of Kenya. http://cofek.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=710:latest-kenya-government-appointments-and-iebc-shortlists&catid=1:latest-news","Unlike the previous electoral commission in which membership represented interests of different political parties, members of the new Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) that was established in 2011 are appointed through an open and competitive process by a selec..."]
["2012_LS_19",2012,"LS","Lesotho",19,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_19",2012,"LR","Liberia",19,50,"The process of appointment to the electoral body is provided for in law and ensures that most of the individuals appointed are agreeable to political parties and confirmed by the national legislature. \n\nHowever, after elections were held in 2005 and 2011, opposition political parties and civil society actors have stressed the need for reform of the appointment process. The appointment of the chair and members of the elections body by the president, though with the consent of the senate, has given cause for concern that at some point the body might be compromised.  There is much discussion of a process that would make the selection of members more acceptable to all parties and the public.\n\nThe lack of independent control of its budget is also cause for concern. Currently, the body has to file a request with the ministry of finance.  Some stakeholders have called for financial autonomy to be provided the elections body as has been done for the judiciary.","Interview with Nathan P. Garbie, deputy executive director of external affairs, National Elections Commission, Aug. 3, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Dan Saryee, executive director, Liberia Democratic Institute, Aug. 3, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","The process of appointment to the electoral body is provided for in law and ensures that most of the individuals appointed are agreeable to political parties and confirmed by the national legislature. ..."]
["2012_MG_19",2012,"MG","Madagascar",19,25,"The independence of  CENIT is contested by many NGOs, especially the  Alliance des Organisation de la Société Civile, which denounces the influence of the government.","1) Misaina Rakotondratsima, CENIT,   L’AOSC désavoue la société civile, in  l'express de Madagascar, Samedi 10 mars 2012, \n\n2) ALLIANCE DES ORGANISATIONS DE LA SOCIETE CIVILE (AOSC) de Madagascar dénoncent un manque d’indépendance et de transparence du Conseil électoral, 19/03/2012, http://www.ong-ngo.org/fr/alerts/cenit-no-es-independiente/","The independence of  CENIT is contested by many NGOs, especially the  Alliance des Organisation de la Société Civile, which denounces the influence of the government."]
["2012_MA_19",2012,"MA","Morocco",19,0,"There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and referendums are respected.","Loi n° 64-02 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral. http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MA/maroc-loi-64-02-modifiant-et-completant-la-loi-9/view\n\nLoi n°9.97 formant code électoral. http://idpbarcelona.net/docs/recerca/marroc/pdf/ley_electoral.pdf\n\nLoi n° 36-08 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral.","There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and referendums are respected."]
["2012_RW_19",2012,"RW","Rwanda",19,0,"Commissioners, led by a chairman, constitute the agency. The six commissioners are appointed by the government and are known to be loyalists of the dominant Rwandan Patriotic Front, or RPF. A case in point is professor Chrysologue Karangwa, the former chairman who headed the agency from 2003 until 2011. He is a senior member of the RPF. He supervised the 2003 referendum on the constitution and two parliamentary and presidential elections. In all elections, President Paul Kagame won with more than 90 percent of the vote. Kagame is the RPF chairman.","Frank Habineza, president, Democratic Green Party (opposition political party), interviewed Dec. 4, 2012, Kigali.\n\nSteven Rwembeho, journalist, The New Times, interviewed Nov. 23, 2012, Kibungo, Eastern Province, Rwanda.","Commissioners, led by a chairman, constitute the agency. The six commissioners are appointed by the government and are known to be loyalists of the dominant Rwandan Patriotic Front, or RPF. A case in point is professor Chrysologue Karangwa, the former chairman who headed the agency..."]
["2012_ST_19",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",19,50,"The appointments include representatives from various quarters of society: representatives of all political parties and people who have no party sympathy. To make sure no party could claim lack of transparency, every party has its representative in the national election-monitoring agency. There is also a member that has no party loyalties at all to represent those without party affiliations.","João Ramos, media representative, National Electoral Commission, Sept. 18, 2012, at TVS.\n\nAbel Veiga, editor, Téla Nón (online news site), Sept. 19, 2012, in front of the Ministry of Finances.","The appointments include representatives from various quarters of society: representatives of all political parties and people who have no party sympathy. To make sure no party could claim lack of transparency, every party has its representative in the national election-monitoring ..."]
["2012_ZA_19",2012,"ZA","South Africa",19,100,"Parliament's ad hoc committee on nominations submits recommendations on the key positions of  Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson and Chief Electoral Officer at the Independent Electoral Commission. The president then makes appointments based on the recommendations. Suitably qualified candidates are usually appointed, depending also on their integrity. That the president makes the final decision on appointments means that certain candidates may be favored or not favored. Although there is no proof this has happened, it is not implausible. In practice, individuals with relevant qualifications and experience have been appointed. \n\nThe latest appointment at the IEC involved the position of chairperson. President Jacob Zuma announced in November 2011 the appointment of advocate Pansy Tlakula as chairperson, after the retirement of Brigalia Bam. Tlakula is an advocate admitted to the High Court and holds law degrees from the University of Witwatersrand and Harvard University. Tlakula had served within the agency since 2002 as an electoral officer. Her appointment was viewed as retaining someone with the necessary experience for serving on the commission. Before the appointment, the consensus was that the president would appoint based on political considerations. \n\nTogether with that appointment, Terry Tselane was appointed the vice chairperson. Raenette Taljaard was picked as part-time commissioner. Taeljaard has served as a member of Parliament on the ticket of the opposition party Democratic Alliance. She is a lecturer at University of Cape Town and also has had experience at the Helen Suzman Foundation, a policy think tank.","\"Urgent Need to Fill Key IEC Posts,\" Charles Molele, Mail & Guardian, Oct. 21, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-21-urgent-need-to-fill-key-iec-posts\n\n\"Newsmaker – SA’s New Elections Czar,\" City Press, Nov. 13, 2011.","Parliament's ad hoc committee on nominations submits recommendations on the key positions of  Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson and Chief Electoral Officer at the Independent Electoral Commission. The president then makes appointments based on the recommendations. Suitably qualified ..."]
["2012_TG_19",2012,"TG","Togo",19,0,"Selon le rapport de la Mission d’observation de l’UE sur les élections législatives de 2007, la CENI est « composée de 19 membres désignés sur base de critères politiques » (p. 20). Les nominations dans la CENI ne peuvent donc pas favoriser son indépendance. Tout membre de la CENI, selon M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh et M. Ayi Mamavi, est clairement affilié à un parti politique dont il est le représentant. Il y a donc, affirme M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh, une contradiction, dans la pratique, avec l’esprit de la loi, qui voudrait que cet organisme soit indépendant.","Source n°1 : M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh, Président du Centre d’Observation et de Promotion de l’Etat de Droit, le 14 août 2012.\n\nSource n°2 : M. Ayi Mamavi, Journaliste, Membre de l’Observatoire Togolais des Médias (OTM), le 9 août 2012. \n\nSource n°3 : Mission d’observation électorale de l’Union Européenne au Togo, Elections législatives du 14 octobre 2007 : Rapport final, disponible sur http://www.eueom-togo.org/Main/PDF/Rapport_final_MOE_TOGO.pdf","Selon le rapport de la Mission d’observation de l’UE sur les élections législatives de 2007, la CENI est « composée de 19 membres désignés sur base de critères politiques » (p. 20). Les nominations dans la CENI ne peuvent donc pas favoriser son indépendance. Tout membre de la CENI,..."]
["2012_DZ_20",2012,"DZ","Algeria",20,25,"In practice, the national committees to monitor elections suffer a lot of political interference in their activities and face obstacles in remaining transparent and neutral in the monitoring process.\n\nAn illustrative example is when the national committee to monitor the legislative elections decided in March 2012 to freeze (block) their activities because of what it described as inadequate logistics at its disposal to oversee the elections, and because of political interference in their work by hiring people who are not qualified, belonging to the authority in this committee. A relevant statement by the committee was published in the newspaper Khabar.","Le Monde, Algérie : le taux de participation plus élevé que prévu aux législatives, 11 May 2012, http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/05/11/algerie-le-taux-de-participation-plus-eleve-que-prevu-aux-legislatives_1699723_3212.html\n\nEl Moudjahid, Installation de la Commission nationale de supervision des élections (CNSE) : Une garantie de plus de transparence, 29 February 2012,  http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/actualites/24607\n\nAlgerie Presse Service,Installation de la commission de supervision des élections mardi à Alger, 27 February 2012, http://www.aps.dz/Installation-de-la-commission-de,35160.html\n\nI spoke on the phone to three sources on July 8, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 8, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 8, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 8, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","In practice, the national committees to monitor elections suffer a lot of political interference in their activities and face obstacles in remaining transparent and neutral in the monitoring process...."]
["2012_AO_20",2012,"AO","Angola",20,0,"A number of concerns were raised regarding political interference in the election monitoring process: Its members are appointed by the president. The re-appointment of Suzana Ingles as the head of the national election commission was against the law as she is a lawyer and not a magistrate court judge, and cannot be seen as independent as she is a leading member of the MPLA women's organisation, OMA. The MPLA has been accused of stripping the commission of its power.","\"Angola's UNITA slams re-appointment of election head,\" Reuters, Jan. 21, 2012, http://af.reuters.com/article/idAFJOE80K00Z20120121\n\n\"Oposição angolana não reconhece vitória do partido do governo,\" by Alexandre Schossler,  Deautsche Welt, Sept. 2, 2012, http://www.dw.de/oposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-angolana-n%C3%A3o-reconhece-vit%C3%B3ria-do-partido-do-governo/a-16215376","A number of concerns were raised regarding political interference in the election monitoring process: Its members are appointed by the president. The re-appointment of Suzana Ingles as the head of the national election commission was against the law as she is a lawyer and not a mag..."]
["2012_CM_20",2012,"CM","Cameroon",20,25,"There is no clear neutrality and independence from political influence for Elections Cameroon. The U.S.- based Cameroon Center for Democracy and Human Rights also notes in a published policy paper that Cameroon's president has multiple avenues for removing members of the commission who fail to maintain the party line.\n\nIn its report on the 2011 presidential election, Transparency International Cameroon noted that ELECAM failed to assert its full capacity to conduct and master the Cameroon electoral process. The organization asserts that this could be related to the polemics about the designation of ELECAM members and proven cases of ethical lapses within the body and accounted for the fact that 70 percent of registered voters did not deem it necessary to vote -- the majority of whom had not been able to get their voter cards.","Cameroon Center for Democracy and Human Rights, \"Cameroon Not Ready for Transparent Democratic Election on October 9, 2011,\" CCDHR Position Statement, Sept. 26, 2011, available at www.ccdhr.org/press-releases/2011/09-26-CameroonNotReadyforTransparentPresidentialElection.htm\n\nTheodore M. Ndze, ''Appointment of New ELECAM Members: Biya Disappoints Fru Ndi -- Chairman's Proposed Six Names Rejected,'' The Star, July 12, 2011 available at www.icicemac.com/actualite/11195/appointment-new-elecam-members-biya-disappoints-fru-ndi-chairman-s-proposed-six-name\n\nJoseph Kijem Yuh, ''The Shortcomings and Loopholes of Elections Cameroon (ELECAM) Within the Electoral Dispensations of Cameroon,'' Cameroon Journal on Democracy and Human Rights, Vol.4, No.1, June 2010. \n\nJoe Dinga Pefok, ''Ekindi Says Biya Violated the Law Appointing ELECAM Members,'' Postnewsline, Jan. 5, 2009, available at www.postnewsline.com/2009/01/ekindi-says-biya-violated-the-law-appointing-elecam-members.html\n\nTazoacha Asonganyi, ''ELECAM Appointments: Wrong Questions and Wrong Answers,'' The Recorder Newsline, Feb. 5, 2009, available at http://recorderline.blogspot.com/2009/02/elecam-appointments-wrong-questions-and.html\n\nTransparency International Cameroon, \"9 October 2011 Presidential Election: Final Report of the Election Observation Mission,\" March 2012.","There is no clear neutrality and independence from political influence for Elections Cameroon. The U.S.- based Cameroon Center for Democracy and Human Rights also notes in a published policy paper that Cameroon's president has multiple avenues for removing members of the commission..."]
["2012_CD_20",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",20,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_20",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",20,0,"According to the Spanish-based association ASODEGUE, the National Electoral Junta is composed by at least 14 members directly elected by the president, and one member per party, representing each of the 13 registered parties. This structure guarantees that the decisions within this body will always favor the president and the ruling party. \n\nMembers are appointed from the ruling party PDGE because the president of the National Electoral Commission is the Minister of Interior. And most of the members appointed on the last election (2011) by the president were Ministers, MPs, or active members of the ruling party including the brother of the Minister of Interior.","Email correspondence with Joseph Kraus, Program & Development Director, EGJustice, January 2013.\n\nAsociacion para la Solidaridad Democratica con Guinea Ecuatorial (ASODEGUE), Oct 29, 2009, La Junta Electoral Nacional, http://www.asodegue.org/octubre2109.htm\n\nAsociacion para la Solidaridad Democratica con Guinea Ecuatorial (ASODEGUE), Nov. 9, 2011, Una Junta Electoral Nacional hiperpolitizada y nada profesional es una de las principales condiciones para que se produzca un pucherazo, http://www.asodegue.org/noviembre0911.htm","According to the Spanish-based association ASODEGUE, the National Electoral Junta is composed by at least 14 members directly elected by the president, and one member per party, representing each of the 13 registered parties. This structure guarantees that the decisions within this..."]
["2012_ER_20",2012,"ER","Eritrea",20,0,"The only national Electoral Commission, established in 2002, has barely a valid basis to be considered free from political interference. It is composed of the political elite of the country. No national elections have been conducted since the country's official independence in May 1993.\n\nMany times, according to the source, Eritrea's president has declared in the media that an election will not be held in the coming years or decade.\n\nThe president's chief of staff, Yemane Ghebremeskel, said in 2004: \"We have had regional elections before. The electoral commission is handling these elections this time round so that may be the new element in this process. The National Assembly has also mandated the electoral commission to set the date for national elections, so whenever the electoral commission sets the date there will be national elections. It’s not dependent on regional elections, although that might be a very helpful process.\" (Interview with Yemane Gebremeskel, April 1, 2004, www.irinnews.org/Report/49359/ERITREA-Interview-with-Yemane-Gebremeskel-Director-of-the-President-s-Office)\n\nEritrea's National Assembly, which is unicameral, has 150 seats, Term limits were not established. Note: In May 1997, after the adoption of the new constitution, 75 members of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice Central Committee (the old Central Committee of the EPLF); 60 members of the 527-member Constituent Assembly, which was established in 1997 to discuss and ratify the new constitution; and 15 representatives of Eritreans living abroad formed a Transitional National Assembly. That assembly was to serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections for a National Assembly were held. Although only 75 of 150 members of the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters. National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely. (Election in Eritrea, http://africanelections.tripod.com/er.html)","Anonymous source interviewed in April 2012. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nAfrican Elections Database, \"Election in Eritrea,\" Jan. 23, 2011, http://africanelections.tripod.com/er.html.","The only national Electoral Commission, established in 2002, has barely a valid basis to be considered free from political interference. It is composed of the political elite of the country. No national elections have been conducted since the country's official independence in May ..."]
["2012_GN_20",2012,"GN","Guinea",20,50,"Il est fréquent que les représentants des partis politiques au sein de la commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) se comportent en véritables défenseurs de l'intérêt de leurs formations politiques. En septembre 2012, 7 membres de la CENI ont démissionné à la demande de leurs formations politiques d'origine.\n\n\"Le président de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante de Guinée, Bakary Fofana, a dit  mercredi que les élections législatives du pays, longtemps retardées, auront lieu le 12 mai de l'année prochaine.\n\nLa Guinée n'a pas eu d'élections législatives depuis Juin 2002, lors de l'administration du défunt président Lansana Conté.\n\nL'opposition a accusé le gouvernement du président Alpha Condé de préparer une élection frauduleuse.\n\nMamadou Dian Balde, rédacteur en chef de The Independent et journaux démocrates, a dit qu'il n'y a pas eu de réaction immédiate de l'opposition à propos de la nouvelle date.\n\nMais, Baldé dit un leader de l'opposition a dit qu'il veut savoir si la nouvelle date a été décidé par tous les membres des commissions électorales ou unilatéralement par Fofana.\n\n\"L'opposition n'a pas fait une déclaration officielle de l'élection, mais le leader de l'opposition Cellou Dalein Diallo [qui s'est classé deuxième lors de l'élection de 2010] a déclaré aujourd'hui que l'on cherche à savoir si la date a été décidé par l'ensemble des membres de la commission ou si la décision a été prise unilatéralement par Bakary Fofana, \"at-il dit.\n\nBalde a dit qu'il n'est pas sûr que l'opposition accepte la date du 12 mai. Mais, a-t-il dit une critique de l'opposition a fait récemment au sujet de la préparation des élections législatives est l'utilisation par le gouvernement de Waymark, la société d'information en Afrique du Sud-conseil.\"","Entretien avec Mohamed Bérété, doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Kofi Annan de Conakry, Conseiller juridique du Ministre chargé des travaux publics, consultant indépendant, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry. \n\nJames Butty, Voice of America \"Guinea Announces May 2013 Legislative Election Date\". December 13, 2012 http://www.voanews.com/content/guinea-new-parliamentary-election-date/1563975.html","Il est fréquent que les représentants des partis politiques au sein de la commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) se comportent en véritables défenseurs de l'intérêt de leurs formations politiques. En septembre 2012, 7 membres de la CENI ont démissionné à la demande de ..."]
["2012_LY_20",2012,"LY","Libya",20,75,"Overall the High National Electoral Commission was protected from political interference, and worked in close collaboration with the U.N. electoral mission and with the EU election assessment team. Their assessment was positive on its independence. \n\nThe EU report cited notes that \"The Board´s membership is drawn from different professional categories including the judiciary, legal, academia, Civil Society Organizations as well as youth and the diaspora community. Members are appointed by the NTC with the exception of a panel of three Judges at the level of a Counsellor at the Court of Appeal and four members appointed by CSOs, including two women.\" (p.11)","Interview with Duncan Pickard, constitutional specialist, Democracy Reporting International, July 21, 2012, Tripoli\n\nIbrahim Hadia, program manager, Coordination Foundation for the Development of the South / Director of the Media Monitoring Unit, High National Electoral Commission\n\n\nEU Election Assessment Team, Final Report – General National Congress Election, July 7, 2012. http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/english/eueat-libya-2012-final-report_en.pdf","Overall the High National Electoral Commission was protected from political interference, and worked in close collaboration with the U.N. electoral mission and with the EU election assessment team. Their assessment was positive on its independence. ..."]
["2012_MU_20",2012,"MU","Mauritius",20,100,"There is general agreement from the electoral observation missions that have monitored and observed the general elections in Mauritius that elections are carried out in a free and fair manner, orderly with minimal violence, with the rare cases being fights between political agents. Otherwise, voters are able to vote free from any form of intimidation and violence.","EISA Observation Statement Submitted to the Electoral Commission of Mauritius (2010). SADC Electoral Commissions Forum (SADC-ECF):  Available at http://www.eisa.org.za/PDF/mau2010ecf.pdf\n\nEISA 2006 Election Observer Report. Available at http://www.eisa.org.za//PDF/mu05eom.pdf","There is general agreement from the electoral observation missions that have monitored and observed the general elections in Mauritius that elections are carried out in a free and fair manner, orderly with minimal violence, with the rare cases being fights between political agents...."]
["2012_MA_20",2012,"MA","Morocco",20,0,"There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections under the ministry of interior, which is not different from the executive branch. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and referendums are respected.","Loi n° 64-02 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral. http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MA/maroc-loi-64-02-modifiant-et-completant-la-loi-9/view\n\nLoi n°9.97 formant code électoral. http://idpbarcelona.net/docs/recerca/marroc/pdf/ley_electoral.pdf\n\nLoi n° 36-08 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral.","There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections under the ministry of interior, which is not different from the executive branch. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and re..."]
["2012_RW_20",2012,"RW","Rwanda",20,50,"The independence of the National Electoral Commission is legally provided for, but in practice the body is influenced by the political leadership. Many of its leaders are stalwarts of the ruling party, the Rwandan Patriotic Front.","Frank Habineza, president, Democratic Green Party (opposition political party), interviewed Dec. 4, 2012, Kigali.\n \nEugene Mugabo, journalist, Izuba Rirashe, interviewed Nov. 12, 2012, Nyagatare, Eastern Province, Rwanda.","The independence of the National Electoral Commission is legally provided for, but in practice the body is influenced by the political leadership. Many of its leaders are stalwarts of the ruling party, the Rwandan Patriotic Front."]
["2012_SO_20",2012,"SO","Somalia",20,0,"One of the reasons the Somali federal government did not have a national election monitoring agency is that for over two decades, there were no free elections in which all citizens took part. Somali clan leaders select members of Parliament from within clans, and those MPs elect the president of the agency.","Anonymous civil society activist, interviewed Oct. 23, 2012, Bossaso.\n\nAnonymous former member of Parliament, interviewed Oct. 23, 2012, Bossaso.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","One of the reasons the Somali federal government did not have a national election monitoring agency is that for over two decades, there were no free elections in which all citizens took part. Somali clan leaders select members of Parliament from within clans, and those MPs elect th..."]
["2012_TZ_20",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",20,0,"The National Electoral Commission only deals with the management of the election itself and appeals are taken to the courts. \n \nThe Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, Article 74 (1-15), does not guarantee the independence of the commission, as the commissioners are appointed by the president. \n \nThere are a number of independent monitoring agencies that are not established under legislation. These include the Tanzania Election Monitoring Committee (TEMCO) and the Tanzania Civil Society Consortium for Election Observation (TACCEO). The latter deployed 2,000 observers during the October 2010 general election.","Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa, Tanzania Electoral Profile. http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/tan2.htm\n \n Freedom House 2012, \"Countries at the Crossroads: Tanzania\" http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2012/tanzani","The National Electoral Commission only deals with the management of the election itself and appeals are taken to the courts. \n ..."]
["2012_TG_20",2012,"TG","Togo",20,0,"L’organisme national de surveillance des élections, la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante, la CENI, n’est pas du tout protégé des ingérences politiques. Car, comme le note le rapport de la Mission d’observation de l’UE sur les élections législatives de 2007, la CENI est « composée de 19 membres désignés sur base de critères politiques » (p. 20). Donc, selon M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh et M. Ayi Mamavi, sa composition est basée sur les partis politiques : ce sont les partis politiques qui envoient leurs militants pour siéger dans la CENI. La CENI est donc purement politique, puisque les militants y viennent défendre les intérêts de leur parti politique. Ainsi, l’ingérence politique devient, selon M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh, le mode même de fonctionnement de la CENI.","Source n°1 : M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh, Président du Centre d’Observation et de Promotion de l’Etat de Droit, le 14 août 2012.\n \n Source n°2 : M. Ayi Mamavi, Journaliste, Membre de l’Observatoire Togolais des Médias (OTM), le 9 août 2012. \n \n Source n°3 : Mission d’observation électorale de l’Union Européenne au Togo, Elections législatives du 14 octobre 2007 : Rapport final, disponible sur http://www.eueom-togo.org/Main/PDF/Rapport_final_MOE_TOGO.pdf.","L’organisme national de surveillance des élections, la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante, la CENI, n’est pas du tout protégé des ingérences politiques. Car, comme le note le rapport de la Mission d’observation de l’UE sur les élections législatives de 2007, la CENI est «..."]
["2012_DZ_21",2012,"DZ","Algeria",21,100,"The national election monitoring agency released a 30-page report on June 2, 2012, criticizing the May 2012 elections as being \"not credible.\"\n\nAccording to Alakhbar English and Al Arabiya News (the following three paragraphs are direct quotes): \n\"Algeria's May 10 elections were neither credible nor transparent, a multi-party national monitoring commission said on Saturday.\"\n\n\"The polls of May 10, 2012 were marred by numerous excesses and breaches from the beginning of the operation to the end, which have tarnished its probity and transparence,\" said the conclusion of the report read out by Mohamed Seddiki, president of the National Elections Monitoring Commission.\"\n\n\"The commission finds that the elections have lost their credibility.\"","Monitoring body: Algerian elections 'not credible'. Alakhbar English. Saturday, June 2, 2012. \nhttp://english.al-akhbar.com/node/7979\n\nAlgeria's elections not credible: monitoring commission. Al Arabiya News. Saturday, June 2, 2012.\nhttp://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/02/218127.html\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 2, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law. University of Tlemcen. July 2, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The national election monitoring agency released a 30-page report on June 2, 2012, criticizing the May 2012 elections as being \"not credible.\"..."]
["2012_BI_21",2012,"BI","Burundi",21,50,"The National Electoral Commission doesn't have a problem publishing results in a timely manner, but does have a problem dealing with complaints in time. \n\nMoreover, during the 2010 elections, the Commission did not have results by each electoral bureau but rather results at national, provincial and districts level and could not avail the signed observation report by ballot officials. \n\nIn addition, in 2010 elections, unlike in the previous 2005 elections, the Commission did not hold an \"election night\" to count votes. Politicians did not all witness all the vote counting, so they were not convinced of their fairness.","Interview via e-mail with Pacifique Nininahazwe, chair of the civil society umbrella organization Forum pour le Renforcement de la Societe Civile (FORSC), and Executive Director of the COSOME (la Coalition de la Société civile pour l'Observation et le Monitoring des Elections) on Aug. 7, 2012.\n\nInterview via e-mail with Jean Marie Vianney Kavumbagu, a commissioner at the National Independent Human Rights Commission, on Nov. 16, 2012.","The National Electoral Commission doesn't have a problem publishing results in a timely manner, but does have a problem dealing with complaints in time. ..."]
["2012_KM_21",2012,"KM","Comoros",21,75,"Des comptes rendus sont effectués par la  CENI et par les Observateurs, à leur propre convenance.\nUne semaine et demi après la proclamation officielle des résultats du premier tour des élections des gouverneurs des iles et des primaires des présidentielles, la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (Ceni) a tenu une conférence de presse le 19 novembre 2010, à leur siège de Moroni-Hamramba. \n\nPour les élections du 7 novembre et 26 décembre 2010, la CENI devait déposer jusqu’au 27 février 2011 son rapport financier et des activités à la Cour Constitutionnelle et aux structures de l’union et des Iles en charge des élections et cesser ses fonctions collégiales. Le rapport a été déposé au cours d’un atelier d’évaluation tenu du 03 au 05 Mai 2011.\n\nL’observatoire des élections a aussi fait montre de diligence. Pour les élections du 7 novembre, il a publié un communiqué le 09 novembre 2011.\n\nEn 10 ans d'existence, l'Observatoire des élections a fourni près de trente deux (32) rapports d’observation et de sensibilisation.","Journal Alwatwan, Mariata Moussa, « Conférence de presse de la Ceni : “Nous allons essayer de corriger ces erreurs lors du deuxième tour”.   http://dafinemkomori.centerblog.net/1148-processus-electoral-la-ceni-presente-son-rapport-du-7-nov)\n\nJournal Alwatwan, 09 novembre 2010, « Observatoire National des élections, le communiqué note des irrégularités à corriger, des élections acceptables » ,  http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=2749)\n\nComores web, 20 décembre 2010, « L’Observatoire des élections forme ses observateurs », http://www.comores-web.com/article/lobservatoire-des-elections-forme-ses-observateurs.html#more-6469 \n\nComoresdroit, 19 mai 2011, «  Communiqué de la CENI »,  http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/597","Des comptes rendus sont effectués par la  CENI et par les Observateurs, à leur propre convenance.\nUne semaine et demi après la proclamation officielle des résultats du premier tour des électio..."]
["2012_EG_21",2012,"EG","Egypt",21,75,"Based on the presidential elections held during the period of May 24-25, 2012, and the runoff on July 16-17, 2012, the supreme presidential elections committee held a press conference, aired live on state TV, before the elections to explain all the procedures and answer questions. \n\nAt the end of each election day, a press meeting was organized to report on the day’s events, the difficulties faced at polling stations and to answer journalists’ inquiries. After the elections, the announcement of the results was made in another press conference detailing all the voting statistics and problems, as well as the candidates’ rankings. Another conference is held to brief the media on the Egyptian expatriates’ voting process.\n\nThe parliamentarian elections of 2011 witnessed the same press conferences process before, during and after the elections.\n\nBoth monitoring agencies had their own website. The SPEC website featured all the press releases, with an average of five statements per month. They also made available on their website the media and journalists’ rights and obligations to facilitate election coverage. However, the website of the parliamentarian elections committee did not include a special section featuring their press releases and media conferences. Also, their website is in Arabic only, which prevents the international media of following the latest developments.  \n\nAlso, delays were reported in holding the press conference of the announcement of the presidential runoff results, which was planned to be three days after the end of the election days. However, the conference was postponed many times to review all the complaints of the candidates, which gave room for the media to spread rumors about rigging the results.\n\nElections monitoring agencies also have several awareness-raising videos, available on their website and broadcasted systematically on TV to help citizens choose their candidate.\n\nThe SPEC’s chairman has welcomed the presence of international monitors and media to follow up on — rather than officially supervise — the parliamentarian and presidential elections.","Website of the electoral body. http://www.elections.eg/\n\nOfficial website of the supreme presidential elections of 2012 and the press releases sections. http://www.elections.eg/index.php/the-media/media-releases\n\nWebsite of the parliamentarian elections committee of 2011. www.elections2011.eg ","Based on the presidential elections held during the period of May 24-25, 2012, and the runoff on July 16-17, 2012, the supreme presidential elections committee held a press conference, aired live on state TV, before the elections to explain all the procedures and answer questions. ..."]
["2012_ER_21",2012,"ER","Eritrea",21,0,"\"In 2004, regional assembly elections were conducted, but they were carefully orchestrated by the PFDJ and offered no real choice to voters. The PFDJ and the military, both strictly subordinate to President Isaias, are in practice the only institutions of political significance in Eritrea.\" (Freedom House, \"Freedom in the World: Eritrea,\" 2012, www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea)\n\nAccording to the source, the Electoral Commission has been deactivated since it last held regional elections in May 2004. The regional bodies of the central state monitor elections of local administration at the village level.","U.S. State Department, \"2011 Human Rights Reports: Eritrea,\" May 2012.\n\nFreedom House, \"Freedom in the World: Eritrea,\" 2012, www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea\n\nAnonymous source. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","\"In 2004, regional assembly elections were conducted, but they were carefully orchestrated by the PFDJ and offered no real choice to voters. The PFDJ and the military, both strictly subordinate to President Isaias, are in practice the only institutions of political significance in ..."]
["2012_GN_21",2012,"GN","Guinea",21,25,"La Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) rédige des rapports qu'elle publie sur son site internet www.ceniguinee.org. Les rapports sont publiés avec souvent du retard. \n\nIl y a un rapport sur ​​la dernière élection en 2010, mais rien sur le site est daté. Il n'y a pas eu d'élections (présidentielles ou législatives) depuis 2010.","Entretien Mohamed Bérété, doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Kofi Annan de Conakry, Conseiller juridique du Ministre chargé des travaux publics, consultant indépendant, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nCommission Electorale Nationale Indépendante. \"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle 2010\". http://www.presidentielle2010.ceniguinee.org/","La Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) rédige des rapports qu'elle publie sur son site internet www.ceniguinee.org. Les rapports sont publiés avec souvent du retard. ..."]
["2012_LY_21",2012,"LY","Libya",21,50,"The agency itself doesn't release public written reports.\n\nNevertheless, its media arm, the \"Media Center\" is very efficient, and works in collaboration with all major election monitoring and support organizations (U.N., EU, Carter Center, IFES, Shahed), some of which have specific programs and funds to support them. \n\nIt is these organizations that are fed with all available information by the national election commission's staff, who write and publish broadly available reports.","Interview with Duncan Pickard, constitutional specialist, Democracy Reporting International, July 21, 2012, Tripoli\n\nInterviews with Ibrahim Hadia, program manager, Coordination Foundation for the Development of the South / Director of the Media Monitoring Unit, High National Electoral Commission, July 14 and 21, 2012, in Tripoli.","The agency itself doesn't release public written reports.\n\nNevertheless, its media arm, the \"Media Center\" is very efficient, and works in collaboration ..."]
["2012_MG_21",2012,"MG","Madagascar",21,50,"Little can be said yet about the newly created CENIT. Some others organizations such as the CNOE (Comité National d'Observation des Élections) make timely, publicly available reports both during and following an election cycle","1) http://www.kmfcnoe.mg/\n\n2) Valis : Rapport d’observation du KMF/CNOE  « C’est la pire des élections observées », Madagascar Tribune mercredi 24 novembre 2010","Little can be said yet about the newly created CENIT. Some others organizations such as the CNOE (Comité National d'Observation des Élections) make timely, publicly available reports both during and following an election cycle"]
["2012_MA_21",2012,"MA","Morocco",21,0,"There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and referendums are respected.\n\nThe Ministry of Interior has always played a negative role in the elections. Its multiple and varied interventions targeted manipulation of political parties, the creation of administration parties, the handling of electoral boundaries, the negative neutrality, etc. The interior is a ministry of sovereignty in the hands of political power. The appointment of its senior management and its minister still belongs to the royal palace. Several politicians (even in government) require the creation of an independent agency and the end of the Interior Ministry intervention in electoral matters. The power has not yet yielded on this point.\nUnder these conditions, it is difficult to assess this question positively and assign a good score for the Moroccan political regime.","Loi n° 64-02 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral. http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MA/maroc-loi-64-02-modifiant-et-completant-la-loi-9/view\n\nLoi n°9.97 formant code électoral. http://idpbarcelona.net/docs/recerca/marroc/pdf/ley_electoral.pdf\n\nLoi n° 36-08 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 9-97 formant code électoral.","There is no organ whose task is to ensure the smooth running, organizing and monitoring of elections. The Constitutional Council considers whether law enforcement and regulation during elections and referendums are respected...."]
["2012_RW_21",2012,"RW","Rwanda",21,75,"The commission is always on schedule in its release of election results and other reports, such as on voter registration and constituency demarcation.","\"NEC Releases Final Voters’ List,\" The New Times, July 24, 2010, www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14331&a=31701\n\nJean Baptiste Rucibigango, member of Parliament and president of Socialist Labor Party, interviewed Nov. 20, 2012, Kigali.","The commission is always on schedule in its release of election results and other reports, such as on voter registration and constituency demarcation."]
["2012_SO_21",2012,"SO","Somalia",21,0,"Somalia has no national election monitoring agency because the country has been without an active central government since Mohammed Siad Barre was ousted in 1991.\n\nSomali Parliament members decide the time of an election. No system exists for publicly available reports both during and after an election cycle.","Anonymous civil society activist, interviewed Oct. 23, 2012, Bossaso.\n\nAnonymous former member of Parliament, interviewed Oct. 23, 2012, Bossaso.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Somalia has no national election monitoring agency because the country has been without an active central government since Mohammed Siad Barre was ousted in 1991...."]
["2012_ZA_21",2012,"ZA","South Africa",21,100,"The electoral agency releases reports during and after elections. This was demonstrated during the 2011 municipal elections, for which local government election reports were publicly made available. Reports are available on the electoral agency's website. The 2011 annual report covered the 2011 local government election cycle.","IEC's report on the 2011 municipal elections. http://www.elections.org.za/content/About-Us/Reports/\n\n2011 IEC Annual Report. http://www.elections.org.za/content/About-Us/Reports/","The electoral agency releases reports during and after elections. This was demonstrated during the 2011 municipal elections, for which local government election reports were publicly made available. Reports are available on the electoral agency's website. The 2011 annual report cov..."]
["2012_TG_21",2012,"TG","Togo",21,0,"L’organisme national de surveillance des élections au Togo, la CENI, ne rédige pas de rapport d’activités public accessible en temps opportun, ni pendant ni après les cycles électoraux selon M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh. Il n’y a pas de rapport public sur les activités réalisées et les difficultés rencontrées. Habituellement la CENI fait le rapport de ses activités au chef de l’Etat. En réalité, comme on peut le constater dans le rapport de la Mission d’observation de l’UE sur les législatives de 2007, la rédaction de rapport d’activités ne fait pas partie des attributions de la CENI. C’est donc à raison que dans le rapport de la Mission d’observation de l’UE sur les présidentielles de 2010, il est recommandé plus de transparence dans les travaux de la CENI en proposant que: \"Le secrétariat administratif de la CENI devrait prendre en charge la création d’un système d’archives accessible à tous, où l’ensemble des comptes rendu de plénières, des communiqués, des décisions et des notes d’instruction aux présidents des CELI serait consultable\" (p. 64).","Source n°1: M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh, Président du Centre d’Observation et de Promotion de l’Etat de Droit, le 14 août 2012.\n \n Source n°2 : Mission d’observation électorale de l’Union Européenne au Togo, Elections présidentielles de mars 2010 : Rapport final, disponible sur http://www.http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/togo/documents/eu_togo/moeue_togo_2010_rapport_final.pdf.","L’organisme national de surveillance des élections au Togo, la CENI, ne rédige pas de rapport d’activités public accessible en temps opportun, ni pendant ni après les cycles électoraux selon M. Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh. Il n’y a pas de rapport public sur les activités réalisées et les..."]
["2012_DZ_22",2012,"DZ","Algeria",22,50,"There is an absence of neutrality in public and private media; primarily government activity is reported on. The media such as radio, television and news agency are property of the state and managed according to its interests, not according to the interests of all the political parties participating in the elections.\n\nThe media criticizes the political parties a lot, with clear bias.","Anonymous source, journalist. el Khabar. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 2, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 2, 2012.\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\nAlgeria Watch, Elections législatives et communales 2012, http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/pol/election_2012/elections_legislatives_2012.htm\n\nKarima Alloun, Campagne électorale,Les candidats sur la ligne de départ, 15 April, http://www.algerie360.com/algerie/campagne-electoraleles-candidats-sur-la-ligne-de-depart/\n\nAlger Djamel Fniteche, Rapport de la LADDH sur la couverture médiatique de la campagne électorale,Le gouvernement et partis de l’Alliance Présidentielle ont eu la part du lion, 9 May, http://www.algerie360.com/algerie/rapport-de-la-laddh-sur-la-couverture-mediatique-de-la-campagne-electoralele-gouvernement-et-partis-de-l%E2%80%99alliance-presidentielle-ont-eu-la-part-du-lion/\n\nThe title :\" Le FFS accuse\"\nthe author : Ahmed Mallem \nDate of publication : 02-06-2012 ( QUOTIDIEN D'ORAN newspaper)\nhttp://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/pol/election_2012/ffs_accuse.htm","There is an absence of neutrality in public and private media; primarily government activity is reported on. The media such as radio, television and news agency are property of the state and managed according to its interests, not according to the interests of all the political par..."]
["2012_BI_22",2012,"BI","Burundi",22,0,"The ruling party, the CNDD-FDD, has control of the state-owned media, and used it. The Report of the European Union Election Monitoring unit shows that the ruling party received more space and more time on public media during the campaign.\n\nThe national Communication Council (CNC) was supposed to regulate this, but is under the control of the ruling party.\n\nThe President used his position to make a statement every day before each news bulletin during the campaign, in which he was running for re-election.","Interview with Alexandre Niyungeko, journalist at the national Radio, and Chair of the Burundian Journalist Union (UBJ), Aug. 2, 2012. \n\nInterview via e-mail with Pacifique Nininahazwe, chair of the civil society umbrella organization Forum pour le Renforcement de la Societe Civile (FORSC), and Executive Director of the COSOME (la Coalition de la Société civile pour l'Observation et le Monitoring des Elections) on Aug. 7, 2012.\n\nMission D’observation Electorale, Burundi Rapport Final (Election Observing Mission, Burundi Final Report), Union Europeene, October 2010 http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/other/final-report-burundi-2010_fr.pdf","The ruling party, the CNDD-FDD, has control of the state-owned media, and used it. The Report of the European Union Election Monitoring unit shows that the ruling party received more space and more time on public media during the campaign...."]
["2012_CM_22",2012,"CM","Cameroon",22,25,"Political parties' access to state-owned media is skewed in favor of the ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement. The only official media program for political parties in state-owned media is a one-hour political program in which parties represented in the National Assembly are allowed to roll out their political programs to the public with time allocated according to their representation in parliament. Much of the time is allocated to the CPDM party, based on its numerical strength in the National Assembly. This assertion is supported by Transparency International Cameroon's report on the 2011 presidential election.","Transparency International Cameroon, ''09 October 2011 Presidential Election: Final Report of the Election Observation,'' March 2012 at www.ti-cameroon.org/doc/Rapport%20final%20d%27observation_Elections%20prsidentielles_TI-C_eng.pdf\n\nCommonwealth Secretariat, \"Report of the Commonwealth Expert Team: Cameroon Presidential Election 9 October 2011,\" Commonwealth, Oct. 5, 2011.\n\nEdith Wirdze, ''NCC to Ensure Media Access to Political Parties,'' The Post, July 12, 2007, at www.postnewsline.com/2007/07/ncc-to-ensure-m.html","Political parties' access to state-owned media is skewed in favor of the ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement. The only official media program for political parties in state-owned media is a one-hour political program in which parties represented in the National Assembly ar..."]
["2012_CD_22",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",22,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_22",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",22,0,"Opposition parties have very limited access to state owned media.","IREX, 14 March 2012, Equatorial Guinea Media Sustainability Index (MSI), http://www.irex.org/system/files/Africa_MSI_2010_Equatorial%20Guinea.pdf\n\nCommittee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), \"10 Most Censored Countries,\" May 2, 2012.\nhttps://cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php\n\nReporters Without Borders, 27 Nov. 2009, President Dominates State Media Election Coverage, Opposition Invisible, http://en.rsf.org/equatorial-guinea-president-dominates-state-media-27-11-2009,35102.html","Opposition parties have very limited access to state owned media."]
["2012_GH_22",2012,"GH","Ghana",22,50,"There have always been complaints about unfair coverage by the state media of the activities of political parties. Also, the European Union's monitoring report on the 2008 presidential and parliamentary elections (the most recent elections) stated that \"the state-owned television and radio broadcasts failed to provide equal or equitable coverage of the candidates and their parties in line with constitutional provisions.\"\n\nA coalition of CSOs monitoring the abuse of incumbency in Ghana 2012 elections concluded that \"Our report clearly shows that in a number of instances our state-owned media provided more space and coverage for parties other than the ruling party or candidate.\" The coalition commended the state-owned media for this but did not rule out factors that could have led to this such as the number of political activities during the monitoring period of May and June 2012. For example, the presidential candidate of the main opposition party received more coverage than the president who was out of the country for about two weeks seeking medical attention.\n\nThe ruling party usually has the advantage because the president has a presidential press corps that covers all state events and sometimes it is difficult to separate state events from party events, and candidates may take advantage of state events to solicit votes. Some state-owned media practitioners may also, on their own, try to please the ruling party by giving the party's candidates more coverage.\n\nThe report by the coalition of CSOs -- the Ghana Integrity Initiative (GII), the Ghana Anti-Corruption Coalition (GACC) and the Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana) -- was released in August 2012 and focused on the campaigns leading up to the elections in December.","Dzifa Bampoh, Assistant News Editor at the Multi-Media Group Ltd - Joy FM radio station, in an interview in her office at Kokomlemne, Sept. 28, 2012. \n \nEdward T. Kareweh, Deputy General Secretary of the General Agricultural Workers Union (GAWU), Ghana Trades Union Congress, June 1, 2012.\n\n\"First Report on the Monitoring of Abuse of Incumbency Project in Ghana’s 2012 Elections,\" GII, CDD-Ghana and GACC, August 2012, http://www.tighana.org/giipages/giinews.php?idnews=51","There have always been complaints about unfair coverage by the state media of the activities of political parties. Also, the European Union's monitoring report on the 2008 presidential and parliamentary elections (the most recent elections) stated that \"the state-owned television a..."]
["2012_GN_22",2012,"GN","Guinea",22,25,"Le temps de passage sur les médias publics est le même pour tous les partis politiques et les candidats pendant la campagne électorale. \n\nAvant et après la campagne électorale, les partis de l'opposition n'ont pas accès du tout aux médias publics.\n\nLe Conseil national des communications a exprimé ses inquiétudes sur le refus du média géré par l’État pour couvrir les activités du parti d'opposition. La Fondation des Médias pour l'Afrique occidentale note également que les média gérés par l’État guinéen ont tendance à favoriser la couverture du parti au pouvoir.","Entretien avec Mohamed Bérété, doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Kofi Annan de Conakry, Conseiller juridique du Ministre chargé des travaux publics, consultant indépendant, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nIFEX, April 21, 2011. \"Media regulatory body slams state media over unfair coverage of opposition parties,\" http://www.ifex.org/guinea/2011/04/21/opposition_unfair_coverage/","Le temps de passage sur les médias publics est le même pour tous les partis politiques et les candidats pendant la campagne électorale. ..."]
["2012_LY_22",2012,"LY","Libya",22,25,"No, political parties and candidates do not have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.\n\nIndividual candidates were at a disadvantage, since the media outlets privileged covering opinions and agendas of political parties. This is also due to the fact that the political scene is almost entirely different after the Gaddafi regime, and that political parties have an easier task in getting known and recognized than individual candidates do.","Interviews with Ibrahim Hadia, program manager, Coordination Foundation for the Development of the South / Director of the Media Monitoring Unit, High National Electoral Commission, July 14 and 21, 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nInterview with Amena Raghei, researcher on human rights, July 21, 2012. Tripoli.","No, political parties and candidates do not have equitable access to state-owned media outlets...."]
["2012_MU_22",2012,"MU","Mauritius",22,25,"Political candidates do not have equal access to state-owned media outlets in Mauritius. During election time, mainstream political parties have access to state media, especially for electoral broadcasting, and are given access to airtime. However, smaller parties are very unhappy, as they are given very little airtime by the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation. The smaller political parties are particularly marginalized.\n\nMoreover, the local television news also broadcasts government politicians' actions and speeches much more than that of the opposition members who are also members of parliament. As such, the news is politically biased in favor of the governing coalition parties.","Interview with Mr. Azaghen Chenganna, lecturer in media studies and communication, University of Mauritius. July 20, 2012, in Reduit.\n\nInterview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit.","Political candidates do not have equal access to state-owned media outlets in Mauritius. During election time, mainstream political parties have access to state media, especially for electoral broadcasting, and are given access to airtime. However, smaller parties are very unhappy,..."]
["2012_NG_22",2012,"NG","Nigeria",22,50,"The EU report (executive summary) noted that the campaign was vigorous and included the use of social media. All major political parties signed the INEC code of conduct that promoted best practices during the campaign period, but there were reports of obstructions for opposition parties, such as denial of venues and misuse of state resources both at federal and state levels; for example, merging official duties with campaign activities. At some points, INEC had to approach the National Broadcasting Commission to enforce the relevant laws to ensure access to opposition parties.","The Influence of Political Advertising on Nigerian Electorate, Sunny Udeze1 and Uwem Akpan, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, 2013.\nhttp://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JC/JC-04-0-000-13-Web/JC-04-1-000-2013-Abst-PDF/JC-04-1-000-13-Abst-PDF/JC-04-1-049-13-050-Udeze-S/JC-04-1-049-13-050-Udeze-S-Tt.pdf\n\nNigeria Final Report General Elections April 2011. European Union Election Observation Mission. \nwww.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/.../final-report-nigeria2011_en.pdf\n\nNigeria: Coverage -- INEC Moves to Check State Owned Media. Ike Okonta.  ThisDay, March 15, 2011.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201103150830.html\n\nNigeria: Bauchi Opposition Parties Decry Poor Media Coverage. Ahmed Mohammed. Daily Trust, Jan. 4, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201101040550.html\n\nNigeria: Zamfara ANPP Decries Poor Access to State Media. Sadeeq Aliyu. Daily Trust. Jan. 4, 2011.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201101040546.html","The EU report (executive summary) noted that the campaign was vigorous and included the use of social media. All major political parties signed the INEC code of conduct that promoted best practices during the campaign period, but there were reports of obstructions for opposition pa..."]
["2012_RW_22",2012,"RW","Rwanda",22,50,"The Media High Council directed public media houses to accord equal coverage to all candidates during the last presidential elections. However, the electioneering period is one month during which \"opposition\" parties cannot articulate their programs to the electorate. These parties are also cash strapped and unable to sponsor advertisements, even if the public media allowed them. It's as if public media are meant to cover events of the ruling party.","Dr. Alvera Mukabaramba, member of the Forum for Political Parties and president of the Party for Progress and Concord, interviewed Sept. 2, 2012.\n\nFreedom House, Freedom in the World, Rwanda, 2012.\nhttps://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/rwanda#.VR1jaYsh78E\n\n\"MHC Commends Election Media Coverage,\" The New Times, Aug. 27, 2010.\nwww.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?i=14365&a=32949&icon=Print","The Media High Council directed public media houses to accord equal coverage to all candidates during the last presidential elections. However, the electioneering period is one month during which \"opposition\" parties cannot articulate their programs to the electorate. These parties..."]
["2012_SO_22",2012,"SO","Somalia",22,0,"Somalia has no political parties, but candidates get access to private media. That is not true of the state-owned media because those media outlets are run by officials loyal to the president, and they do not allow any other candidates to get access to the state media.","Anonymous civil society activist, interviewed Oct. 25, 2012, Bossaso.\n\nAnonymous former member of Parliament, interviewed Oct. 25, 2012, Bossaso.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Somalia has no political parties, but candidates get access to private media. That is not true of the state-owned media because those media outlets are run by officials loyal to the president, and they do not allow any other candidates to get access to the state media."]
["2012_TZ_22",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",22,25,"The European Union Election Observation Mission noted the fair coverage by the state broadcaster, TBC. The fairness of TBC's coverage was widely commented on at the time. The contract of the broadcaster's then-director general was not renewed after the election. This was widely attributed to TBC's refusal to provide coverage that was slanted to the ruling party's interests. Since then, its coverage has been noticeably pro-government.","Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012\n\nMedia Council of Tanzania (2011) \"State of the Media Report, 2011,\" page 76\n \nEuropean Union Election Observation Mission (2010) \"Tanzania Final Report, General Elections October 2010,\" p 27. \n \n Mathias, Bryceson, \"Serikali Haikumtendea Haki Mhando\" [The government did not treat Mhando justly], published in the daily newspaper Mtanzania, Dec. 23, 2010.","The European Union Election Observation Mission noted the fair coverage by the state broadcaster, TBC. The fairness of TBC's coverage was widely commented on at the time. The contract of the broadcaster's then-director general was not renewed after the election. This was widely att..."]
["2012_ZW_22",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",22,25,"Eight years after the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe declared the monopoly of the state-owned Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corp. (ZBC) unconstitutional, the government still has not awarded an operating licence to any prospective private broadcaster. As a result, ZBC continues to enjoy an illegal monopoly of the airwaves. In an electoral context, public media are strictly mandated to provide non-partisan information about election contestants and to act as an information service with regard to electoral procedure. Public media should not favor one party or candidate over another. In the two elections of March and June 2008, ZBC was blatantly biased in favor of ZANU PF, granting the ruling party a total of 210 hours and 39 minutes’ airtime for its campaigns compared to its coverage of all the other political parties, which only received 16 hours and 44 minutes’ airtime in the March election. In addition, most of this coverage portrayed the opposition in a negative light.\n  \n This overwhelming bias in favor of ZANU PF became even more extreme in the run-up to the June presidential election in which there was a ban on the coverage of all MDC campaigns on the national broadcaster. The few times that ZBC stations referred to the MDC, the party was a target of political vilification. The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, the body responsible for enforcing regulations on media coverage of elections, made no effort to force ZBC to redress this bias and ignored the broadcaster’s unprofessional conduct.\n  \n Section 6 (1) of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (Media Coverage of Elections) Regulations, 2008 states that each of ZBC’s stations “shall allocate four hours of available purchasable time during an election period for election advertisements, which shall be distributed equitably to political parties and candidates […] taking into consideration the number of constituencies being contested by the respective political parties.” However, this regulation was only gazetted on March 7, 2008, just three weeks before the harmonized elections. Until then, ZBC made no attempt to comply with its more fundamental mandate to provide equitable access to the political contestants contained in its public service mandate. As a result, ZBC allowed ZANU PF advertising material to dominate the airwaves until the last three weeks of the election campaign, which eventually saw the appearance of advertising material from opposition parties, most notably the MDC. \n \n Significantly, little known political parties, such as the Zimbabwe Development Party, Multiracial Christian Democrats, Voice of the People and the Zimbabwe Youth Alliance, also received airtime on the broadcaster. While it was true that diverse opinions could now be heard on the national broadcaster during an election campaign, the distribution of airtime among the political parties remained gravely skewed. MMPZ’s monitors noted the fact that ZANU PF still received more coverage than any other party. For example, between March 7th and March 29th, in the three weeks leading to Election Day, ZBC stations awarded ZANU PF 755 minutes of campaign airtime outside their news bulletins (and including paid-for advertisements), as against 310 minutes for the MDC (Tsvangirai) faction, 155 minutes for the MDC (Mutambara) faction and 217 minutes for independent candidate Simba Makoni. Statistically, ZANU PF was awarded 52.5 percent of the available airtime, while the other three parties shared the remaining 47.5 percent, clearly exposing ZBC’s bias in favor of ZANU PF. \n \n The situation from 2008 has not changed significantly, although there has not been an election since then. By-elections in a number of constituencies are coming up and it remains to be seen whether political parties and candidates will have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.","\"Summary report on the national public broadcasting corporation’s prime-time coverage of Zimbabwe’s two national elections in March and June 2008,\" Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe (MMPZ), accessed from www.mmpz.org on Aug. 3, 2012.\n \n Ace Electoral Knowledge Network: Media and Elections, http://aceproject.org, accessed on Aug. 3, 2012.","Eight years after the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe declared the monopoly of the state-owned Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corp. (ZBC) unconstitutional, the government still has not awarded an operating licence to any prospective private broadcaster. As a result, ZBC continues to enjoy an ille..."]
["2012_AO_23",2012,"AO","Angola",23,100,"The law establishes the ethics and obligations of civil servants, terms of eligibility and the processes involved, set guidelines for public tender and creates new entities to oversee public contracting: Gabinete da Contratação Pública (Office of Public Contracting) and a Portal da Contratação Pública (Portal of Public Contracting). \n\nThis law on public procurement establishes the general bases and legal framework relating to public procurement. Public competitive bidding is established as the main mode for procurement - based on estimated contract values and thresholds established by the law. \n\nThe Tendering Decree on Oil Industry No. 48/06 of 1 September 2006 specifies that the operator shall consult with at least three different agencies, and carry out public bidding according to the terms of the remaining paragraphs cited in the sources for all the other situations.","Lei Da Contratação Pública (Public Contracting Bill), 20/10, art. 22, 23, 24, 25 & 26. http://www.cidadao.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=471\n\nRepublic of Angola Tendering Decree on Oil Industry No. 48/06 of 1 September 2006.  (2006) .","The law establishes the ethics and obligations of civil servants, terms of eligibility and the processes involved, set guidelines for public tender and creates new entities to oversee public contracting: Gabinete da Contratação Pública (Office of Public Contracting) and a Portal da..."]
["2012_CM_23",2012,"CM","Cameroon",23,100,"The Law on Public Procurement provides for the advertisement and competitive bidding of all public contracts, except special contracts such as for defense and national security. The law also provides for contracts of mutual agreement, which require no open call for tenders.","Articles 7, 24, 27 and 32 of Decree No. 2004/275 of Sept. 24, 2004, to institute the public contracts code.\n\nSections 3(2), 5 and 6 of Prime Ministerial Order No. 004/CAB/PM of Dec. 30, 2005, relating to the application of the public contracts code.","The Law on Public Procurement provides for the advertisement and competitive bidding of all public contracts, except special contracts such as for defense and national security. The law also provides for contracts of mutual agreement, which require no open call for tenders."]
["2012_CD_23",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",23,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_23",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",23,0,"No law in public procurement could be identified.","No such law exists. ","No law in public procurement could be identified."]
["2012_ER_23",2012,"ER","Eritrea",23,0,"No specific legislation exist on the subject matter.","No specific legislation exist on the subject matter.","No specific legislation exist on the subject matter."]
["2012_GN_23",2012,"GN","Guinea",23,100,"Les articles 3, 18, 19, 20 et 43 du code des marchés publics disposent de la concurrence dans la passation des marchés. \n\nArticle 3 : Les marchés publics peuvent être passés après appel d’offres ou négociés de gré à gré. Ces marchés sont définis respectivement aux articles 18 et suivants et 41 et suivants du présent Code.\n\nArticle 18 : Les prestations qui font l’objet de marchés doivent répondre exclusivement à la nature et à l’étendue des besoins à satisfaire. L’autorité contractante est tenue, avant tout appel à la concurrence, de rédiger le règlement particulier de l’appel à la concurrence ainsi que les pièces particulières indiquant notamment les clauses administratives, juridiques et financières, la description détaillée des prestations ainsi que leur consistance et leurs spécifications techniques. Les prestations doivent être notamment définies par référence soit à des normes homologuées, soit à des spécifications techniques utilisées en Guinée. S’il est dérogé à certaines normes ou spécifications homologuées, il en est fait explicitement mention dans les pièces correspondantes du marché.\n\nArticle 19 : A l’appui des offres et soumissions, faites par les candidats, l’autorité contractante doit exiger :\n1) - Tous documents ou pièces lui permettant d’apprécier la capacité technique des fournisseurs, prestataires de services, entrepreneurs ou industriels, leur solvabilité, la régularité de leur situation [.......]\n\nArticle 20 : Les marchés peuvent être passés soit sur appel d’offres ouvert ou restreint, soit sous forme de marchés négociés de gré à gré.\n\nArticle 43 : Il ne peut être passé des marchés de gré à gré que dans les cas suivants :\n1) - Les fournitures courantes, les denrées ou les services doivent être choisis aux lieux de production ou de stockage en raison de leur nature particulière et de l’emploi auquel ils sont destinés ;\n2) - Les fournitures, prestations de services, travaux ou marchés industriels n’ont fait l’objet, après appel à la concurrence, d’aucune offre ou ont donné lieu à des offres inacceptables bien que toutes les conditions devant assurer la réussite de l’appel à la concurrence aient été remplies ;\n3) - Les fournitures, prestations de service, travaux ou marchés industriels sont décidés comme secrets ou leur exécution doit s’accompagner de mesures particulières de sécurité en vue de la protection de l’intérêt supérieur de l’Etat ;\n4) - L’autorité contractante doit faire exécuter d’urgence, aux lieu et place du titulaire défaillant, les fournitures, prestations de services, travaux ou marchés industriels ;\n5) - Les prestations ne peuvent être exécutées, en raison d’exigences techniques ou de l’existence d’investissements préalables, que par un fournisseur, prestataire de services, entrepreneur ou industriel qui, soit se trouve en situation monopolistique, soit détient à titre exclusif le procédé technologique nécessaire à la réalisation des prestations.\n6) - L’urgence motivée par des circonstances imprévisibles, ne permet pas, pour la livraison des fournitures, de l’exécution des prestations ou travaux, de respecter les délais prévus dans les procédures d’appel à la concurrence ;\n7) - Les besoins ont trait au transport de fonds publics ;\n8) - Les prestations concernent des missions ponctuelles ou spécifiques d’étude ou d’assistance technique, à réaliser par des experts ou consultants individuels ne faisant pas partie de la fonction publique ;\n9) - Les besoins correspondent à des fournitures, prestations ou travaux qui, compte tenu des\ncontraintes techniques et économiques, sont indissociables des fournitures, prestations ou travaux du marché initial et sont au-delà du champ d’application des avenants définis à l’article 95 ci-après du présent Code ;\n10) - Le mode de financement impose le choix du fournisseur, du prestataire de services, de\nl’entrepreneur ou de l’industriel.","Code des marchés publics. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Guinee/Guinee%20-%20Code%20des%20marches%20publics.pdf","Les articles 3, 18, 19, 20 et 43 du code des marchés publics disposent de la concurrence dans la passation des marchés. ..."]
["2012_LY_23",2012,"LY","Libya",23,100,"Resolution 563 of the General People's Committee requires public bidding in all major procurements and applies to all contracts with Libyan government entities or to those which relate to development projects funded by public funds.","Interview with Mazen Tumi, attorney, Tumi Law Firm, July 23, 2012, Tripoli\n\nArticle 30, Resolution 563 of 2007 of the Prime Minister Concerning the Issuance of the executive administrative regulations","Resolution 563 of the General People's Committee requires public bidding in all major procurements and applies to all contracts with Libyan government entities or to those which relate to development projects funded by public funds."]
["2012_MU_23",2012,"MU","Mauritius",23,100,"The Public Procurement Act 2006 requires competitive bidding, and the most competitive bid tends to be awarded the tender/contract .","The Public Procurement Act 2006, Part 5. http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/mof/files/pppactupd.pdf","The Public Procurement Act 2006 requires competitive bidding, and the most competitive bid tends to be awarded the tender/contract ."]
["2012_MA_23",2012,"MA","Morocco",23,100,"The Procurement Code provides in Article 16 for four methods of procurement: the tender (open or restricted), the competition, the negotiated procedure and the order form.\n\nOpen competition notice is published in two national circulation newspapers of which at least one is in Arabic language. It can be brought to the attention alongside competitors in trade publications or other means of advertising. The restricted tender is subject to a circular sent by registered mail with return receipt the same day to all competitors that the client decides to consult.","• Procurement Code, Article 16\n• Decree No. 2-64-072 of 29-03-1965 regulating advertisements and inserts legal, judicial and administrative. B.O. of 07-04-1965. p.402.\n• Circular No. 06-R of 08-10-1965 concerning the regulation of ad insertions and legal, judicial and administrative.\n• Circular No. 22-01-1968 on 2-68-SGG-CAB of legal notices, and rulings.\n• Circular No. 25-99 of 30-09-1999 on Government Procurement, published forward programs. (Arabic document).\n• Letter No. 116 of 11-10-1999 on the application of Article 21 of Decree No. 2-98-482 on government contracts. (Document in Arabic).\n• Letter No. 4-2001 of 14-05-2001 on the creation of a website for the publication of forward programs and the result of public procurement. (Arabic document).\n• Letter No. 0827-CG-DCM from 15-04-2003 on payment of costs of advertising purchase orders. (Arabic document).\n• Article 20 of Decree No. 2-06-388 of 05-02-2007 establishing the conditions and forms of procurement of the State and certain rules relating to their management and their control. BO. No. 5822 of 18-03-2010.''\n• Articles 20 and 49 of Decree No. 2-06-388 of 05-02-2007 establishing the conditions and forms of procurement of the State and certain rules relating to their management and their control. BO. No. 5518 of 19-04-2007. (Arabic Version)","The Procurement Code provides in Article 16 for four methods of procurement: the tender (open or restricted), the competition, the negotiated procedure and the order form...."]
["2012_RW_23",2012,"RW","Rwanda",23,100,"Article 23 of Law No. 12/2007 of March 29, 2007, states: \"The law provides that except where provided otherwise by this chapter, the procuring entity shall apply open competitive bidding to supplies, works, goods, and other services.\"","Law No. 12/2007 of March 29, 2007, Article 23.","Article 23 of Law No. 12/2007 of March 29, 2007, states: \"The law provides that except where provided otherwise by this chapter, the procuring entity shall apply open competitive bidding to supplies, works, goods, and other services.\""]
["2012_SO_23",2012,"SO","Somalia",23,0,"There is no applicable law.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu.","There is no applicable law."]
["2012_TZ_23",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",23,100,"Article 47 of the 2011 law is resolute and states: \"Procuring entities shall, in the execution of their duties, strive to achieve the highest standards of equity, taking into account - a. equity of opportunity to all tenderers; b. fairness of treatment of all parties; and c. the need to obtain the best value for money in terms of price, quality and delivery having regard to set specifications and criteria.\"\n \n Article 63 and 64 stipulate that competitive open bidding is the standard procedure for procurement save for clearly delineated emergency and sole-sourcing procurement.\n \n The cited legislation gives certain exceptions to competitive tendering, such as when suppliers have been pre-qualified, because of an urgency of need, or when local suppliers are required for social reasons.","Public Procurement Act, 2011 Section 64 (1-3).","Article 47 of the 2011 law is resolute and states: \"Procuring entities shall, in the execution of their duties, strive to achieve the highest standards of equity, taking into account - a. equity of opportunity to all tenderers; b. fairness of treatment of all parties; and c. the ne..."]
["2012_TG_23",2012,"TG","Togo",23,100,"Selon les textes, les grands marchés publics sont soumis à une procédure d'appel d'offres. C'est ce que dispose les alinéas 1 et 2 de l'Art. 16 (Types de procédure), de la loi 2009-013 relative aux marchés publics et délégations de service public du 30 juin 2009.\n 1) Les marchés publics et délégations de service public sont attribués après mise en concurrence des candidats potentiels. L'appel d'offres ouvert est la règle. Le recours à tout autre mode de passation doit s'exercer dans les conditions définies par la loi et être autorisé par l'entité chargée du contrôle des marchés publics, après justification de son choix par l'autorité contractante.\n 2) L'appel d'offres est la procédure par laquelle l'autorité contractante choisit l'offre conforme aux spécifications techniques, jugée la meilleure, et dont le soumissionnaire satisfait aux critères de qualification. Cette procédure se conclut sans négociation, sur la base de critères objectifs d’évaluation préalablement portés à la connaissance des candidats dans Ie dossier d'appel d'offres, en rapport avec l'objet du marché et exprimés en termes monétaires.\"","Voir Loi 2009-013 relative aux marchés publics et délégations de service public du 30 juin 2009.","Selon les textes, les grands marchés publics sont soumis à une procédure d'appel d'offres. C'est ce que dispose les alinéas 1 et 2 de l'Art. 16 (Types de procédure), de la loi 2009-013 relative aux marchés publics et délégations de service public du 30 juin 2009...."]
["2012_DZ_24",2012,"DZ","Algeria",24,50,"According to the sources consulted, the criteria for bidding as well as the scope and terms and conditions are not always clear, not always accessible, and not always available to the public with sufficient time for potential bidders to prepare their bids. Not all major contracts regularly follow competitive bidding. There are discretionary decisions during the process and the rules and implementation are transparent and equal for all bidders.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","According to the sources consulted, the criteria for bidding as well as the scope and terms and conditions are not always clear, not always accessible, and not always available to the public with sufficient time for potential bidders to prepare their bids. Not all major contracts r..."]
["2012_BI_24",2012,"BI","Burundi",24,50,"While according to the law major public procurements have to be competitive, except in cases such as military procurement, in practice authorities have creative tactics to escape such principles. In many cases, they split the procurement into many small bids, which do not require public bids. Moreover, some authorities tailor the bids to a specific competitor, and thus limit or hamper the possibility for fair competition, researchers have found.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In a recent case, the concession of the port of Bujumbura. It was sold in violation of procedures because the company that won the market was not even operational, and it belongs to President Pierre Nkurunziza.;","Interview with Ladislas Nzunogera, of the National Public Procurement Directorate, on Aug. 4, 2012\n\n\"Analyse de la transparence dans la gestion des marchés publics: une loi detournee (Analysis of transparency in the management of public procurement: a law roundabout),\" Observaoire de l'Action Gouvernementale, January 2013 http://www.oag.bi/IMG/pdf/Rapport_final_imprime_Analyse_sur_la_transparence_dans_la_gestion_des_marches_publics_au_Burundi_document_du_9_janvier_2013_A5.pdf","While according to the law major public procurements have to be competitive, except in cases such as military procurement, in practice authorities have creative tactics to escape such principles. In many cases, they split the procurement into many small bids, which do not require p..."]
["2012_KM_24",2012,"KM","Comoros",24,0,"Il existe une loi. En général, les marchés publics ne font pas l’objet d’appel d’offres, à cause des mauvaises habitudes dues à l’inexistence de cadre juridique et institutionnel qui a prévalu aux Comores depuis de longues années.  \n\nQuelle que soit la taille du marché, grande ou petite, aucune compétition  n'est souvent de mise. Selon un article paru dans comoresdroit, « C’est dans la passation des marchés publics que l’on connait le plus de gaspillage et de corruption. Les voitures administratives et les équipements informatiques de l’État sont achetées dans l’opacité totale et parfois entre amis, l’acquisition des gros équipements et des sociétés d’état (Groupe électrogène, centrales téléphoniques), l’achat du riz, des hydrocarbures, sont acquis de gré à gré ».","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni\n\nComoresdroit, 22 août 2010, « Il faut renforcer la réglementation de la passation des marchés publics aux Comores », http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/335-","Il existe une loi. En général, les marchés publics ne font pas l’objet d’appel d’offres, à cause des mauvaises habitudes dues à l’inexistence de cadre juridique et institutionnel qui a prévalu aux Comores depuis de longues années.  ..."]
["2012_CD_24",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",24,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_24",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",24,25,"One of most important projects that did not have a competitive bidding process was the construction of Oyala town. The expenses for that construction did not appear in the national budget and therefore were not duly published, as required, to allow competitiveness in bidding on the construction jobs.\n\nConvergencia Para la Democracia Social (CPDS), the opposition party, also showed during parliament debates that the government approved extraordinary budget execution of \"ghost projects\" who never had open, competitive bidding.","Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) Party, October 27, 2011, Crónicas parlamentarias, 2° periodo de sesiones 2011, segunda parte, http://cpds-gq.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=170:cronicas-parlamentarias-2d-periodo-de-sesiones-2011-segunda-parte&catid=8:elecciones-y-parlamento&Itemid=7\n\nEl País, Alvaro de Cózar, 18 July, 2011. http://elpais.com/diario/2011/07/18/internacional/1310940003_850215.html","One of most important projects that did not have a competitive bidding process was the construction of Oyala town. The expenses for that construction did not appear in the national budget and therefore were not duly published, as required, to allow competitiveness in bidding on the..."]
["2012_GH_24",2012,"GH","Ghana",24,50,"Although procurement is generally advertised, single tendering and sole sourcing are still a common feature in Ghana's procurement process. Sources state that there are other factors than merit of proposals that determine the award of contracts. This leads to the conclusion that while there is a law, the law remains often times not implemented.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The fact that single tendering and sole sourcing are still common even though procurement is generally advertised is a sign that a mechanism is in place to let unsupported bids disappear under the table.;","Emmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.  \n\nGhana Integrity Initiative, 2011, Voice of the People Survey (VOPS) (A National Survey of Corruption in Ghana), http://www.tighana.org","Although procurement is generally advertised, single tendering and sole sourcing are still a common feature in Ghana's procurement process. Sources state that there are other factors than merit of proposals that determine the award of contracts. This leads to the conclusion that wh..."]
["2012_LR_24",2012,"LR","Liberia",24,25,"Public procurement is required to use competitive bidding. Many public institutions are in compliance, but there are still entities that fail to comply.  For example, the General Auditing Commission (GAC) found a lack of competitive bidding and other discrepancies in a grant regarding a Japanese oil company to be implemented by the Liberia Petroleum Refining Corporation (LPRC). Cllr.  T. Negbalee Warner resigned as chairman of the board of directors of the LPRC because of the transactions in question.","Interview with Jacob Slewion, Public Procurement and Concessions Commission, July 13, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia. \n\nInterview with Paul Hinneh, program manager, Liberia Democratic Institute, July 13, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\n\"GAC's Audit Report on Japanese Oil Grant - Aminata & Sons Inc. Requested to Pay Back U.S.$5,788,134.01 to GOL,\" The Analyst newspaper, Aug. 30, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201208300771.html","Public procurement is required to use competitive bidding. Many public institutions are in compliance, but there are still entities that fail to comply.  For example, the General Auditing Commission (GAC) found a lack of competitive bidding and other discrepancies in a grant regard..."]
["2012_LY_24",2012,"LY","Libya",24,25,"Only those within the elite who are informed and connected learn about tenders on time. Generally, tenders are either published partly only and/or in no timely manner. \n\nProcurement is indeed an issue for which the U.N. is supporting the Libyan Public Procurement Authority, so to establish a transparent and accountable contract and procurement regime. \n\nTo provide some context on Libya: The new authorities will have to handle an estimated $180 billion worth of contracts inherited from the previous regime, particularly those entered into in relation with the Libyan development program, which has been described as the largest post-war construction effort since the post-World War II German and Japanese programs. \n\nEngineering and construction management firms from around the world were awarded lucrative contracts for the reconstruction of urban areas throughout Libya, specifically including 30 cities with basic infrastructure reconstruction, 41 cities with comprehensive infrastructure reconstruction and the construction of over 500,000 housing units across all urban areas. The program also included a new railways system, airports, water desalination plants and the overhaul of the electricity grid and power generation plants.","Legal Week, Chris Cross and Tarek Eltumi, 2 March 2012, \"After the fall - the challenges of rebuilding Libya's post-Gaddafi legal framework,\" available at http://www.legalweek.com/legal-week/analysis/2156436/fall-challenges-rebuilding-libyas-post-gaddafi-legal-framework\n\nInterview with Mazen Tumi, attorney, Tumi Law Firm, July 23, 2012, Tripoli\n\nUN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya, 1 March 2012, available at http://unsmil.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v_-F2Xr3c9I%3D&tabid=3543&mid=6187&language=en-US","Only those within the elite who are informed and connected learn about tenders on time. Generally, tenders are either published partly only and/or in no timely manner. ..."]
["2012_MU_24",2012,"MU","Mauritius",24,50,"While the Public Procurement Act requires competitive bidding, there is insufficient transparency on the actual process. Moreover, there are cases of abuse, and bribes being given to politicians or managing officials so that a particular bidder was given the tender have been reported to the press. There is the case of the Central Electricity Board, and also the MedPoint clinic scandal, in which the bidding did not follow procedure.","Interview with Mr. Mooneeshwar Ramtohul, former chief agricultural officer, Ministry of Agro-Industry. Aug. 1, 2012, in Curepipe. \n\nInterview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree. University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012.\n\nCEB: Flaws in the Procedures for Allocating Contracts. Business Mega, Aug. 6, 2012. http://business.mega.mu/2012/08/06/ceb-flaws-procedures-allocating-contracts/","While the Public Procurement Act requires competitive bidding, there is insufficient transparency on the actual process. Moreover, there are cases of abuse, and bribes being given to politicians or managing officials so that a particular bidder was given the tender have been report..."]
["2012_NG_24",2012,"NG","Nigeria",24,50,"Tenders in Nigeria appear in daily online in http://tenders.nigeriang.com, which is an important provider of Nigerian tender information, including invitation to contract, business opportunities and government contracts.\n\nNigerian newspapers carry announcements of tenders regularly.\n\nAccording to a study by the Public and Private Development Centre on procuring entities, civil society observers, bidders and contractors, legislators, and the Bureau Of Public Procurement showed that there are cases of inadequate procurement planning, manipulation or misuse of pre-qualification and bid  evaluation procedures, wrongful award of contract, price manipulation, misuse of variation clauses, etc. The study showed further that access to information for both contractors and civil society remains low, even in cases where requests have been made.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Major public procurements at the federal level go through competitive bidding, but due to the federalism structure of governance, the federating states have autonomy in respect of procurement issues. Several states have not passed a public procurement law, and the existing procurement regimen does not mandate competitive bidding processes.;","Implementing the Nigerian Procurement Law Compliance with the Public Procurement Act, 2007: A Survey of Procuring Entities, Civil Society Observers, Bidders and Contractors, Legislators, and The Bureau Of Public Procurement. Abuja: Public and Private Development Centre. 2011.\nhttp://library.procurementmonitor.org/files/Implementing%20the%20Nigerian%20Procurement%20Law.pdf\n\nhttp://tenders.nigeriang.com/.  Accessed 2011.\n\nPHCN Privatisation -- 111Firms Petition FG Over Exclusion. Kayode Ekundayo. Daily Trust, Aug. 5, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201208050429.html","Tenders in Nigeria appear in daily online in http://tenders.nigeriang.com, which is an important provider of Nigerian tender information, including invitation to contract, business opportunities and government contracts...."]
["2012_SO_24",2012,"SO","Somalia",24,0,"Sources state that there is no confidence in the Transitional Federal Government because it is weak in maintaining a functioning state, including fiscal or monetary affairs as well as finance matters. Private companies fear that if they were to accept a government contract that al-Shabab fighters might target their property and employees and that the government cannot protect them. Public Procurement rules and laws are not upheld or adhered to. As a matter of fact, there is no applicable procurement law.","Anonymous member of Parliament, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu.\nAnonymous professor, interviewed in November 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Sources state that there is no confidence in the Transitional Federal Government because it is weak in maintaining a functioning state, including fiscal or monetary affairs as well as finance matters. Private companies fear that if they were to accept a government contract that al-..."]
["2012_ZA_24",2012,"ZA","South Africa",24,50,"Although the law states that competitive bidding is one of the guiding principles in public procurement, there have been instances of non-competitive bidding on major tenders. The Department of Defense's decision to purchase two jets for official travel for the president and the deputy president raised concerns whether an open and competitive procurement process was followed. The decision was subsequently brought to a halt, and the public protector has been requested to investigate. The absence of information in the public arena relating to this procurement suggests that there may have not been competitive bidding to supply the jets. The procurement would have cost R1.99 billion. The media and the opposition parties have exerted pressure on the government to explain the process followed. \n\nAnother procurement case, involving the lease of a building for the South African Police Service, has been criticized because there was no competitive bidding. The public protector's findings on the R600 million Pretoria police headquarters lease has indicated that proper procedures were not  followed. The lease is considered a major contract. The public protector nullified the lease on the basis that it violated procurement laws.\n\nIn 2011, Special Investigating Unit head Willie Hofmeyr reported that he expected to investigate tender corruption worth R20 billions that financial year","\"Premier Admits Widespread KZN Govt Tender Corruption,\" Sherlissa Peters, May 30 2012,\nwww.iol.co.za/dailynews/news/premier-admits-widespread-kzn-govt-tender-corruption-1.1307649\n\n\"No Jet for Zuma as Boeing Deal Collapses,\" Mail & Guardian, July 6, 2012.\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2012-07-06-no-jet-for-zuma-as-boeing-deal-lapses\n\n\"Concerted Efforts to Keep Police Lease,\" Mail & Guardian, December 2011.","Although the law states that competitive bidding is one of the guiding principles in public procurement, there have been instances of non-competitive bidding on major tenders. The Department of Defense's decision to purchase two jets for official travel for the president and the de..."]
["2012_TG_24",2012,"TG","Togo",24,50,"A en croire M. Dovi Yaovi B., dont les propos ont été renchéris par l'honorable Attiogbe Simlpice, des efforts sont faits quant aux marchés civils, étant donné que les normes de l'Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine (UEMOA) l'exigent. Mais la procédure n'est pas toujours suivie pour toutes les commandes militaires.","Source n° 1: Dovi Yaovi B., ergonomiste et socioéconomiste, gestionnaire informatique, consultant indépendant. Entretien du 2 août 2012.\n \n Source n° 2: Attiogbe A. Simplice, député à l'Assemblée nationale, entretien des 8-9 août 2012.","A en croire M. Dovi Yaovi B., dont les propos ont été renchéris par l'honorable Attiogbe Simlpice, des efforts sont faits quant aux marchés civils, étant donné que les normes de l'Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine (UEMOA) l'exigent. Mais la procédure n'est pas toujours ..."]
["2012_DZ_25",2012,"DZ","Algeria",25,100,"In practice, when it comes to the only the results of large public procrement tenders, citizens can access them through newspapers and media websites that publish these results under a mandatory law applicable to all economic operators.\n\nThere is, for instance, the Official Public Procurement Operator Bulletin (BOMOP), which provides access to official results upon registration.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\n\nhttp://widetendering.blogspot.com/\n\nBulletin Officiel des Marchés de l'Opérateur Public. http://www.anep.com.dz/bomop/\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","In practice, when it comes to the only the results of large public procrement tenders, citizens can access them through newspapers and media websites that publish these results under a mandatory law applicable to all economic operators...."]
["2012_BI_25",2012,"BI","Burundi",25,0,"The results of public procurement selection is communicated only to bidders and is not open to the citizens, despite the fact that this is required by the code of public procurement, according to Ladislas Nzunogera, of the National Public Procurement Directorate. This is arguably due to the fact that as of today, there is neither a website or public procurement journal. \n\nThe programme officer for OLUCOME, a civil society organization, also said that only bidders have access to the selection results, but not all citizens.","Interview with Ladislas Nzunogera, of the National Public Procurement Directorate, Aug. 4, 2012\n\nInterview via e-mail with the OLUCOME Executive Secretary, on Aug. 6, 2012","The results of public procurement selection is communicated only to bidders and is not open to the citizens, despite the fact that this is required by the code of public procurement, according to Ladislas Nzunogera, of the National Public Procurement Directorate. This is arguably d..."]
["2012_CM_25",2012,"CM","Cameroon",25,50,"The law on public contracts/procurement provides for the publication of all successful bids after the decision of the tendering board. In practice, the different contracting authorities publish the results of the bids in the official daily newspaper, Cameroon Tribune. Also, the website of the National Public Contracts Regulatory Agency (www.armp.cm/attribut.htm) publishes the results of the bids of the different contracting authorities, as do the different public institutions on their websites. See the example of the Ministry of Water and Energy (www.minee.cm/index.php?page=les-resultats-des-appels-d-offres&hl=fr_FR).","Jean Baptiste Ketchateng, \"Construction du siège de l’ART, on repart de zéro dans l'appel d'offres,\" Cameroon Tribune, July 9, 2012.\n\nJean Baptiste Ketchateng, \"Un nouveau constructeur pour la route Sangmelima-Ouesso,\" Cameroon Tribune, June 26, 2012, at http://cameroon-tribune.cm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68993:un-nouveau-constructeur-pour-la-route-sangmelima-ouesso&catid=2:economie&Itemid=3\n\nMinistry of Water and Energy, \"COMMUNIQUE N° 0000824/12/MINEE/CAB du 21 septembre 2012 portant publication du résultat de l’Appel d’Offres National Ouvert N° 00014/AONO/MINEE/CPM/2012 du 08 août 2012 pour le recrutement d’un consultant en vue de la sensibilisation des populations sur les dangers liés à la détention et à la  manipulation frauduleuses des produits pétroliers. En procédure d’urgence. Financement BIP 2012,\" at www.minee.cm/index.php?page=les-resultats-des-appels-d-offres&hl=fr_FR\n\nDurrel N. Halleson, \"Amplifying Citizens’ Voices: The Role of Civil Society in Promoting Accountability and Transparency in Cameroon’s Public Contract Regime,\" in A New Role for Citizens in Public Procurement, A Transparencia Mexicana Initiative (Forthcoming).","The law on public contracts/procurement provides for the publication of all successful bids after the decision of the tendering board. In practice, the different contracting authorities publish the results of the bids in the official daily newspaper, Cameroon Tribune. Also, the web..."]
["2012_CD_25",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",25,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_25",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",25,0,"Bids are not made available to the public. Neither are government contracts, revenues, budgets, nor awards. \n\nAccording to a 2010 report of the Wolrd Bank in Equatorial Guinea: \"There are no external audit reports, and contract awards are not published, which reduces the government’s accountability to Parliament and citizens and increases opportunities for misappropriation.\" (p. vii) \n\nThe IMF staff report for 2010 on Article IV consultations urges the government to publish the public contracts awards.","Email correspondence with Joseph Kraus, Program & Development Director, EGJustice, January 2013. \n\nMinistry of Commerce of Spain, June 2011,  Commercial and economic report on Equatorial Guinea, http://www.oficinascomerciales.es/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/mostrarDocumento/?doc=4502154\n\nWorld Bank, Jan. 2010, Equatorial Guinea Public Expenditure Review (PER), see: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf\n\nInternational Monetary Fund, April 8, 2010, Staff Report for the 2010 Article IV Consultation, see: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10103.pdf","Bids are not made available to the public. Neither are government contracts, revenues, budgets, nor awards. ..."]
["2012_GH_25",2012,"GH","Ghana",25,75,"The Public Procurement Authority publishes the results of major procurements on its website. It also publishes pending procurements as well as contracts awarded.\n\nAlso, when a competitor is not satisfied with the decision of the procurement entities, he/she can request the results through the courts or the auditors can request it.","Emmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.  \n\nThe official website of the Public Procurement Authority, http://www.ppbghana.org/","The Public Procurement Authority publishes the results of major procurements on its website. It also publishes pending procurements as well as contracts awarded...."]
["2012_GN_25",2012,"GN","Guinea",25,25,"Les résultats des grands appels d'offres publics sont disponibles mais ne sont généralement pas publiés. L'accès à l'information étant difficile, les citoyens ont du mal à consulter ces résultats.","Entretien avec Mohamed Bérété, doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Kofi Annan de Conakry, Conseiller juridique du Ministre chargé des travaux publics, consultant indépendant, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nL'agence des marchés publics n'a pas de site.","Les résultats des grands appels d'offres publics sont disponibles mais ne sont généralement pas publiés. L'accès à l'information étant difficile, les citoyens ont du mal à consulter ces résultats."]
["2012_LY_25",2012,"LY","Libya",25,25,"The information is very difficult to access because little is known about the tenders, which are not widely published. In addition, most of the tender details are only available for a price. Information must be bought to be accessed.","Interview with Mazen Tumi, attorney, Tumi Law Firm, July 23, 2012, Tripoli\n\nInterviews with Sami Khashkusha, professor of political science, University of Tripoli, April, May and July 2012, Tripoli","The information is very difficult to access because little is known about the tenders, which are not widely published. In addition, most of the tender details are only available for a price. Information must be bought to be accessed."]
["2012_MU_25",2012,"MU","Mauritius",25,75,"While the results of bidding, including the reasons and selection are available on the Public Procurement website, not all citizens access this information online and only come to know about the procurement exercise when there is a scandal and the press has reported on it.","Public Procurement Portal website. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/eprocurement/evarpt.jsp\n\nInterview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. July 17, 2012, in Curepipe. ","While the results of bidding, including the reasons and selection are available on the Public Procurement website, not all citizens access this information online and only come to know about the procurement exercise when there is a scandal and the press has reported on it."]
["2012_NG_25",2012,"NG","Nigeria",25,50,"The results of major public procurement bids are available to the public through the news media since such bids are made and conclude with significant media coverage. There are, however, exceptions to the rule, especially where routine contracts are involved (see Public and Private Development Centre report above). \n\nAlso, the Bureau of Public Procurement has a network of NGOs registered to monitor public procurement processes across the country.  There is a website  known as the Procurement Monitoring Observatory where news on procurement is made available.  There is also the tender Nigeria website earlier referred to, with a list of the civil society organization with detailed addresses, including email and phone available on the website. \n\nIn addition, Confabee Ltd provides all tenders available in Nigeria daily online. http://tenders.nigeriang.com \n\nSometimes, the announcements generate a lot of controversy or debate in the media about the fairness of the process, as was the case in the bids for the electricity distribution companies.","Implementing the Nigerian Procurement Law Compliance with the Public Procurement Act, 2007: A Survey of Procuring Entities, Civil Society Observers, Bidders and Contractors, Legislators, and The Bureau Of Public Procurement. Abuja: Public and Private Development Centre. 2011.\nhttp://library.procurementmonitor.org/files/Implementing%20the%20Nigerian%20Procurement%20Law.pdf\n\nNigeria: IBB, Otedola, Elumelu-Backed Groups Win Bids for Power Plants. James Emejo and Mohammed Bello. This Day. Sept. 26, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201209260187.html\n\nPPDC Procurement Observatory Portal. http://www.procurementmonitor.org, accessed during the period of study.\n\nConfabee Ltd. http://tenders.nigeriang.com, accessed during the period of study. \n\nThe Procurement Monitor, http://www.procurementmonitor.org/downloads/101015050624LIST%20OF%20CIVIL%20SOCIETY%20ORGANIZATIONS%20ACCREDITED%20FOR%20PROCUREMENT%20OBSERVATION%20BY%20THE%20BPP%20SECONDEDITION).pdf","The results of major public procurement bids are available to the public through the news media since such bids are made and conclude with significant media coverage. There are, however, exceptions to the rule, especially where routine contracts are involved (see Public and Private..."]
["2012_RW_25",2012,"RW","Rwanda",25,25,"Results of public bidding processes are made available to those who participated in the bidding. It is very rare that an individual citizen can obtain the information.","Julius Kagaba, internal auditor, Ministry of Trade and Commerce, interviewed Dec. 12, 2012, Kigali. \n\nClement Gatete, Cleco Invest, a public works contracting firm, interviewed Nov. 4, 2012, Ruhango, Southern Province.","Results of public bidding processes are made available to those who participated in the bidding. It is very rare that an individual citizen can obtain the information."]
["2012_SO_25",2012,"SO","Somalia",25,0,"Citizens cannot access the result of public procurement bids because there are no bids.\n\nSomalia does not yet have any law governing public procurement and there is no archiving directory for contractual documents dedicated to archiving these documents and making them available to citizens.  where citizens can access these information.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Citizens cannot access the result of public procurement bids because there are no bids.\n\nSomalia does not yet have any law governing public procurement and there is no archiving direc..."]
["2012_TZ_25",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",25,50,"Many public institutions publicize the results of tenders, but this is not a legal requirement. Public authorities publish tenders awarded in the Procurement Journal on a weekly basis, but this is only available as a supplement to the government newspaper Daily News and. Far from all awarded tenders are included.","Interview, William Kitima, consultant, Business Action Against Corruption, Tanzania chapter, Aug. 9, 2012\n \n Tanzania Procurement Journal, Volumes IV-V\n http://ppra.go.tz/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=144","Many public institutions publicize the results of tenders, but this is not a legal requirement. Public authorities publish tenders awarded in the Procurement Journal on a weekly basis, but this is only available as a supplement to the government newspaper Daily News and. Far from a..."]
["2012_ZW_25",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",25,0,"The public cannot easily access decisions of the State Procurement Board (SPB). Revelations from public hearings conducted by the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Budget, Finance and Investment Promotion (June 2012) indicate that there is need for the SPB to decentralize its operations by opening offices in major towns and cities across Zimbabwe. The Tender Board was also accused of deliberately delaying to respond to losing bidders so that they do not contest the outcome, which they should challenge within 15 days. \n \nAt the moment, the board does not have a website. At public hearings, the State Procurement Board was urged to set up a website that will ensure accessibility of tender documents, lists of bidders, and the results of the adjudication process. This will assist in keeping the public well informed on the tender processes and thus enhance transparency and accountability.","Southern African Parliamentary Support Trust, Parliamentary Roundup Bulletin, No. 22, June 1, 2012, http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/legisl/120601sapst.asp?sector=DEMGG&year=2012&range_start=571\n \n \"Eleven bids shortlisted for enlarging Hwange, Kariba plants,\" Reuters, March 2012, http://harare24.com/index-id-News-zk-13616.html","The public cannot easily access decisions of the State Procurement Board (SPB). Revelations from public hearings conducted by the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Budget, Finance and Investment Promotion (June 2012) indicate that there is need for the SPB to decentralize its op..."]
["2012_DZ_26",2012,"DZ","Algeria",26,100,"According Art. 52 of procurement laws : - (Modified) \nare excluded, temporarily or permanently, from procurement bids economic operators :\n\n- Who withdrew from the execution of a contract, under the conditions laid down in Article 125a below;\n- In a state of bankruptcy, liquidation, cessation of activities, judicial settlement or arrangement;\n- Which are the subject of proceedings for a declaration of bankruptcy, liquidation, cessation of activities, judicial settlement or arrangement;\n- Have been the subject of a judgment which has the authority of res judicata and an offense concerning their professional integrity;\n- Which are not in compliance with their tax obligations and incidental;\n- That do not justify their legal deposit accounts;\n- That make a false declaration;\n- Have been the subject of decisions to terminate the exclusive fault, by owners, after depletion procedures prescribed by the law and regulations;\n- Inscribed on the list of prohibited traders to bid for public contracts,provided for in Article 61 of this Decree;\n- National roster fraudsters serious offenders with the laws and tax regulations, customs and trade;\n- Have been the subject of a conviction for serious labor legislation and social security;\n- Foreign awarded contracts that have not complied with the obligation under Article 24 of this Decree.\nThe rules for implementing the provisions of this Article shall be specified by the Minister in of Finance. (1)","Code des marchés publics, réglementation des marchés publics, Décret présidentiel n°10-236 du 7 octobre 2010, modifié par le décret présidentiel n° 12-23 du 18/01/2012 (J.O n° 4 du 26/01/2012, p. 11), Art 52 et 61, (2012). http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FMpublics.pdf\n\nLoi n°06 – 01 du 20 février 2006 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption. http://www.interieur.gov.dz/Dynamics/frmItem.aspx?html=342&s=1\n\nK.S, Les opérateurs accusés seront interdits de soumission, 20 May 2011, http://www.letempsdz.com/content/view/57749/79/\n\nB. Chellali, Nouvelles mesures pour lutter contre la corruption, 12 September 2010, http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/29433\n\n- El Watan, Mardi 13 décembre 2011, page 7.\" Le fichier national des fraudeurs\".","According Art. 52 of procurement laws : - (Modified) \nare excluded, temporarily or permanently, from procurement bids economic operators :..."]
["2012_BI_26",2012,"BI","Burundi",26,100,"Article 144 of the law on public procurement in Burundi clearly states that candidates who would have been found guilty of violating procurement procedures by a court decision or those who would have been excluded from the process by a judicial decision or by the Public Procurement Authority are not allowed to participate in public procurement bids.","Law 1/01 of Feb. 4, 2008 (Procurement Law), Article 144, http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Burundi/Burundi-Code-2008-marches-publics.pdf","Article 144 of the law on public procurement in Burundi clearly states that candidates who would have been found guilty of violating procurement procedures by a court decision or those who would have been excluded from the process by a judicial decision or by the Public Procurement..."]
["2012_KM_26",2012,"KM","Comoros",26,100,"Selon Mr Mouzaoui Amroine, Directeur adjoint de la Commission anti-corruption, le nouveau Code des marchés publics prévoie l'élimination des sociétés condamnées pour corruption si celles ci veulent soumissionner dans de nouveaux appels d'offre. Le texte du nouveau Code des Marches Publics n'est pas encore disponible.","Interview de Mouzaoui Amroine, Commissaire anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 25 juin 2012, Moroni. \n\nLoi N°11-027⁄Au du 29 décembre 2011 sur la passation des marchés publics et délégations des services publics (Code des marchés publics), Article 75 Al.7; Article 182. \n\nArt 31d , DECRET : N°05 -077 /PR  du 01er août 2005 portant Code des Marchés Publics . Indisponible en ligne","Selon Mr Mouzaoui Amroine, Directeur adjoint de la Commission anti-corruption, le nouveau Code des marchés publics prévoie l'élimination des sociétés condamnées pour corruption si celles ci veulent soumissionner dans de nouveaux appels d'offre. Le texte du nouveau Code des Marches ..."]
["2012_EG_26",2012,"EG","Egypt",26,100,"Article 24 states that if any company is found guilty of bribery, its contract is canceled and its name is removed from the listed companies allowed to work with the government.","Bids & Tenders Law No. 89 of 1998\nArticle 24\nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/compendium/egypt/publicprocurement/law-ar.pdf.","Article 24 states that if any company is found guilty of bribery, its contract is canceled and its name is removed from the listed companies allowed to work with the government."]
["2012_GQ_26",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",26,0,"There is no such law in Equatorial Guinea.","No such law exists. ","There is no such law in Equatorial Guinea."]
["2012_GH_26",2012,"GH","Ghana",26,100,"Section 3 (q) and (r) of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), empowers the board to exclude a supplier, contractor or consultant from participation in all public procurement, for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of six years, on any of the grounds specified in Section 32 of the act and compile a list of such companies and make it available to tender entities.\n\nSection 32 of Act 663 empowers a procurement entity to reject a tender, proposal, offer or quotation if the supplier, contractor or consultant that submitted it offers, gives or agrees to give, directly or indirectly, to any current or former officer or employee of the procurement entity or other governmental authority,\n\n(a) a gratuity in any form;\n(b) an offer of employment; or\n(c) any other thing of service or value\n\nas an inducement with respect to anything connected with a procurement entity and procurement proceedings.","Section 13 of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663).\n\nSection 32 of of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663).","Section 3 (q) and (r) of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), empowers the board to exclude a supplier, contractor or consultant from participation in all public procurement, for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of six years, on any of the grounds specified ..."]
["2012_LS_26",2012,"LS","Lesotho",26,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MU_26",2012,"MU","Mauritius",26,100,"The Public Procurement Act provides for disqualification of bidders on grounds of corruption and bribery, among others. The Procurement Policy Office (PPO) is empowered to suspend, debar or disqualify suppliers, consultants and contractors on specific grounds for a period not exceeding five years and as per the procedures defined in the Public Procurement (Suspension and Debarment) Regulations 2008 and Public Procurement (Disqualification) Regulations 2009.","Public Procurement (Suspension and Debarment) Regulations 2008 www.gov.mu/portal/goc/pposite/file/ppoact.pdf \n\nPublic Procurement (Disqualification) Regulations 2009. www.gov.mu/portal/goc/pposite/file/ppoact.pdf \n\nPublic Procurement Office website. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pposite/menuitem.b4a2f4348f35947f58ea4f54a0208a0c/?content_id=db6ba133b7ca2210VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD","The Public Procurement Act provides for disqualification of bidders on grounds of corruption and bribery, among others. The Procurement Policy Office (PPO) is empowered to suspend, debar or disqualify suppliers, consultants and contractors on specific grounds for a period not excee..."]
["2012_MA_26",2012,"MA","Morocco",26,100,"The Decree N° 2-94-223 of 1994 establishes a system preventing delinquent companies from participating in public procurement processes.","Decree No. 2-98-482 on the conditions and forms of procurement of the state. https://www.marchespublics.gov.ma/pmmp/IMG/pdf/1-6.pdf","The Decree N° 2-94-223 of 1994 establishes a system preventing delinquent companies from participating in public procurement processes."]
["2012_RW_26",2012,"RW","Rwanda",26,100,"The articles provide that once a bidder has been found to have delivered shoddy work or engaged in overpricing or other malpractice during the bidding process, the company shall be prohibited from bidding. If the practice is repeated, the company can be permanently barred from participating.","Law No. 12/2007 of March 29, 2007, Regulating Law on Public Procurement, Articles 16 and 18.","The articles provide that once a bidder has been found to have delivered shoddy work or engaged in overpricing or other malpractice during the bidding process, the company shall be prohibited from bidding. If the practice is repeated, the company can be permanently barred from part..."]
["2012_SO_26",2012,"SO","Somalia",26,0,"There is no applicable law.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There is no applicable law."]
["2012_TZ_26",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",26,100,"Companies can be blacklisted for corrupt practices, not meeting the terms of previous procurement contracts or false representation. Firms blacklisted by international organizations are automatically blacklisted from participating in future bids by the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority.\n \n Section 62 (1) states: \"The authority shall have power to blacklist a tenderer for a specified time from participating in public procurement proceedings and notify all procuring entities on such actions.\"\n Article (2) reads: \"A tenderer who has been blacklisted and barred from taking part in public procurement by a foreign country, international organisation or other foreign institutions shall automatically be blacklisted from participating in public procurement in the United Republic.\"","Public Procurement Act, 2011, Section 62 (1-11)\n http://www.ppra.go.tz/attachments/Act/Public_Procurement_Act_2011.pdf","Companies can be blacklisted for corrupt practices, not meeting the terms of previous procurement contracts or false representation. Firms blacklisted by international organizations are automatically blacklisted from participating in future bids by the Public Procurement Regulatory..."]
["2012_TG_26",2012,"TG","Togo",26,100,"Selon les textes, les entreprises condamnées pour violations graves des réglementations sur les marchés publics peuvent être éliminées du processus de participation aux appels d'offre publics à l'avenir. C'est ce que dispose l'article 28 de la loi n° 2009-013 du 30 juin 2009: \"Sans préjudice de sanctions disciplinaires ou des poursuites pénales qui pourraient être exercées à leur encontre, les agents publics convaincus d'avoir violé la réglementation applicable en matière de marchés publics seront sanctionnés par l'autorité dont ils relèvent et selon les procédures applicables en fonction de la gravité des fautes qui leur sont reprochées. La sanction peut aller jusqu'à l'exclusion définitive de toute fonction relative à la passation, au contrôle ou à la régulation des marchés publics et délégations de service public.\"","Voir loi n° 2009-013 RELATIVE AUX MARCHÉS PUBLICS ET DÉLÉGATIONS DE SERVICE PUBLIC. http://www.tresor-togo.org/textpdf/decrets/DECRET_N2009_277_PR_portant_code_des%20marches_et_delegation_de_services_publics.pdf","Selon les textes, les entreprises condamnées pour violations graves des réglementations sur les marchés publics peuvent être éliminées du processus de participation aux appels d'offre publics à l'avenir. C'est ce que dispose l'article 28 de la loi n° 2009-013 du 30 juin 2009: \"Sans..."]
["2012_DZ_27",2012,"DZ","Algeria",27,50,"According to the sources, the law is too new to assess its effectiveness. But recently the media covered a story about the two foreign companies Huawei and ZTE that were excluded for two years from future bidding for charges of corruption.  \n\nOn the other hand, there are cases of companies involved in illegal or suspicious transactions that are, however, not punished by the system because they are owned by senior political and military officials in Algeria and therefore, hold significant political and financial influence.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\n\nZDnet.fr, Huawei et ZTE condamnés pour corruption en Algérie, 8 June 2012,\nhttp://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/huawei-et-zte-condamnes-pour-corruption-en-algerie-39772672.htm\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","According to the sources, the law is too new to assess its effectiveness. But recently the media covered a story about the two foreign companies Huawei and ZTE that were excluded for two years from future bidding for charges of corruption.  ..."]
["2012_BI_27",2012,"BI","Burundi",27,50,"The National Authority for regulating public procurement excludes some companies from competition for a fixed period when it is evidenced that they have violated the regulations. Procurement contracts have been nullified when it was discovered that rules and regulations were violated. For example, a $500 million contract for communications equipment for the presidency, the provinces, the army and Bujumbura airport was cancelled after an outcry of media and civil society that it had been signed in secret. However, there are cases in which violations of procurements rules did not lead to sanctions.","Interview with Ladislas Nzunogera, of the National Public Procurement Directorate, on Aug. 4, 2012\n\n\"Burundi: A Deepening Corruption Crisis,\" International Crisis Group, March 21, 2012, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/burundi/185-burundi-la-crise-de-corruption.aspx","The National Authority for regulating public procurement excludes some companies from competition for a fixed period when it is evidenced that they have violated the regulations. Procurement contracts have been nullified when it was discovered that rules and regulations were violat..."]
["2012_KM_27",2012,"KM","Comoros",27,0,"Les entreprises reconnues coupables de violations des règlements relatifs aux marchés publics continuent de participer aux appels d’offre. Aucune liste noire n'est établie. Le fait peut provenir d'une absence de suivi des dossiers, ou de copinage. \n\nA l’analyse, cette attitude proviendrait d’un certain laxisme qui prévaut au sein de l’administration.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni.\n\nInterview de Toyb Ahmed, Journaliste à Alwatwan, 23 juin 2012, par internet","Les entreprises reconnues coupables de violations des règlements relatifs aux marchés publics continuent de participer aux appels d’offre. Aucune liste noire n'est établie. Le fait peut provenir d'une absence de suivi des dossiers, ou de copinage. ..."]
["2012_CD_27",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",27,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_27",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",27,0,"According to a 2010 World Bank Report: \"There is no procurement regulatory framework, which raises the risks of corruption and the selection of nonoptimal proposals and contractors.\" Therefore, there is no remedy to bar public companies from bidding in future procurement, even if they were found guilty of malpractice. \n\nIn February 2007, a Belgian public infrastructure construction company, Besix, was fined. In 2012, the company was still performing public works in the country.","Jeune Afrique, Muriel Devey, May 14, 2012, Guinée équatoriale - BTP: Oyala, la Folie des Grandeurs, http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/JA2677p086.xml0/architecture-malabo-btp-infrastructureguinee-equatoriale-btp-oyala-la-folie-des-grandeurs.html\n\nAnd the Winner of the Great Global Growth Race is... Equatorial Guinea!, Kauffman Foundation,  3/08/2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/kauffman/2012/03/08/global-innovation-policy/2/\n\nWorld Bank, Jan. 2010, Equatorial Guinea Public Expenditure Review (PER), http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf\n\nJeune Afrique, Jean-Dominique Geslin, Feb. 13, 2007, Tour de Vis Anticorruption, http://developper-jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN11027tourdnoitpu0/Actualite-Afrique--tour-de-vis-anticorruption.html","According to a 2010 World Bank Report: \"There is no procurement regulatory framework, which raises the risks of corruption and the selection of nonoptimal proposals and contractors.\" Therefore, there is no remedy to bar public companies from bidding in future procurement, even if t..."]
["2012_GH_27",2012,"GH","Ghana",27,25,"No company has ever been blacklisted. There has just been one isolated case of a company banned for engaging in corruption in the procurement process. There is no system for blacklisting in place, and as a result the law in this area is ineffective.","Emmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.","No company has ever been blacklisted. There has just been one isolated case of a company banned for engaging in corruption in the procurement process. There is no system for blacklisting in place, and as a result the law in this area is ineffective."]
["2012_LR_27",2012,"LR","Liberia",27,0,"Though the public procurement law calls for debarment of firms and individuals that violate the law, not much is done in this respect. The Procurement Commission indicates that this has been a challenge, especially since the complaints, appeals and review panel has not been constituted.","Interview with Peggy Mathis Meres, executive director, Public Procurement and Concessions Commission, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Paul Hinneh, program manager, Liberia Democratic Institute, July 12, 2012.","Though the public procurement law calls for debarment of firms and individuals that violate the law, not much is done in this respect. The Procurement Commission indicates that this has been a challenge, especially since the complaints, appeals and review panel has not been constit..."]
["2012_LY_27",2012,"LY","Libya",27,25,"On May 2, 2012, Libya’s National Transitional Council  issued Law No. 36 of 2012 entitled ‘The Administration of the Assets and Properties of Some Individuals.’\n\nBy virtue of this law, the assets and properties of 339 entities listed in the attachment to the law, of which the first 260 are individuals and the remaining 79 are companies, including branches of foreign companies, are frozen.\n\nThere has been criticism to this law, which is largely summarized in the article cited. The law established a blacklist for companies and individuals suspected of corruption, and links with the Gadhafi regime. The law provides for the freezing of their assets and the prohibition from participating in future procurement bids, or conducting activity whatsoever.\n\nThis decision doesn't appear to be merely legal but also political, and the severity of the sanctions it entails before any court ruling is widely criticized. In this case, sanctions have been decided before investigation, production of evidence and trial.","Interview with Mazen Tumi, attorney, Tumi Law Firm, July 23, 2012, Tripoli\n\nInterviews with Sami Khashkusha, professor of political science, University of Tripoli, April, May and July 2012, Tripoli\n\nLaw No. 36, May 2, 2012, regarding \"The Administration of the Assets and Properties of Some Individuals\"\n\nLibya Herald, Sami Zaptia, May 2, 2012, \"NTC freezes 338 assets of which 260 are individuals and 78 are companies,\" available at http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=7472 \n\nLibya Herald, Mohamed Tumi, May 29, 2012, \"A legal view on New Law 36,\" available at http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=8093","On May 2, 2012, Libya’s National Transitional Council  issued Law No. 36 of 2012 entitled ‘The Administration of the Assets and Properties of Some Individuals.’..."]
["2012_MU_27",2012,"MU","Mauritius",27,75,"While companies found guilty of violations and fraud can be prosecuted for corruption and bribery, they will be able to bid again. If found guilty and suspended by the Procurement Policy Office (PPO), this will be for a period not exceeding five years and as per the procedures defined in the Public Procurement (Suspension and Debarment) Regulations 2008 and Public Procurement (Disqualification) Regulations 2009.","Interview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. July 17, 2012, in Curepipe.\n\nPublic Procurement website. Accessed 2012 http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pposite/menuitem.b4a2f4348f35947f58ea4f54a0208a0c/?content_id=db6ba133b7ca2210VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD","While companies found guilty of violations and fraud can be prosecuted for corruption and bribery, they will be able to bid again. If found guilty and suspended by the Procurement Policy Office (PPO), this will be for a period not exceeding five years and as per the procedures defi..."]
["2012_NG_27",2012,"NG","Nigeria",27,25,"Public procurement regulations are not effectively enforced in practice, as companies guilty of major violations of procurement regulations are not always blacklisted.\n\nIn a study by the Public and Private Development Centre, it was noted that respondent CSOs, contractors and service providers, and legislators suggest substantial non-compliance with implementation of the Public Procurement Act, 2007. Their rating is as follows: \"satisfactory\" or \"very satisfactory,\" 35 percent; \"not satisfactory\" or \"barely satisfactory,\" 55 percent; and \"indeterminate/don't know,\" 10 percent.","How Govt Agencies Killed $180m Halliburton Bribery Case. Sesan Olufowobi, Ihuoma Chidozie, Lekan Adetayo, Adelani Adepegba and Allwell Okpi. Punch. April 1, 2012.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/how-govt-agencies-killed-180m-halliburton-bribery-case/\n\nANPP: How to Check Contract Inflation. Onyebuchi Ezigbo, ANPP national publicity secretary, Chief Emma Eneukwu. This Day. Sept. 8, 2012.\nhttp://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/anpp-how-to-check-contract-inflation/124385/\n\nJonathan Laments High Cost of Projects. Patrick Ugeh. This Day, Sept. 5, 2012.\nhttp://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/jonathan-laments-high-cost-of-projects/124118/\n\nNigeria: Bureau of Public Procurement, MDAs and Contract Inflation. Olayemi R. Ibrahim. Daily Trust. July 4, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201107040145.html\n\nImplementing The Nigerian Procurement Law. Compliance With The Public Procurement Act, 2007. A Survey Of Procuring Entities, Civil Society Observers, Bidders And Contractors, Legislators, And The Bureau Of Public Procurement. Public and Private Development Centre (PPDC). 2011. http://library.procurementmonitor.org/files/Implementing%20the%20Nigerian%20Procurement%20Law.pdf","Public procurement regulations are not effectively enforced in practice, as companies guilty of major violations of procurement regulations are not always blacklisted...."]
["2012_SL_27",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",27,25,"Sanctions are prescribed by the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, but these have not been imposed.","Anonymous source, professor interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAbu Bakarr Kamara, coordinator, Budget Advocacy Network, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, Freetown.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Sanctions are prescribed by the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, but these have not been imposed."]
["2012_SO_27",2012,"SO","Somalia",27,0,"There is no specifc public procurement law in Somalia and people have little confidence in the finance and procurement processes of the Transitional Federal Government. A system of formal blacklisting does not exist.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There is no specifc public procurement law in Somalia and people have little confidence in the finance and procurement processes of the Transitional Federal Government. A system of formal blacklisting does not exist."]
["2012_TZ_27",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",27,50,"Blacklists are legislated for and produced on the website of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority.\n \nHowever, it is claimed that debarred firms continue to be considered for contracts in some cases, although specific examples were not given.","Interview, William Kitima, consultant, Business Action Against Corruption, Tanzania chapter, Aug. 9, 2012\n \n NORAD (2011), \"Joint Evaluation of Support to Anti-Corruption Efforts, Tanzania Country Report,\" page 111\n http://www.oecd.org/countries/tanzania/48912823.pdf\n \n Public Procurement Regulatory Authority website provides lists of blacklisted firms: http://www.ppra.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=169&Itemid=163 accessed 24 11 12","Blacklists are legislated for and produced on the website of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority.\n ..."]
["2012_ZW_27",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",27,25,"The system of formal blacklists and cooling-off periods is in place, but the system has flaws. Some procurements or companies are not affected by the system, or the prohibitions are sometimes not effective. For instance, the Centre for Public Accountability (CPA) notes in a February 2012 opinion piece that companies blacklisted by the government have found themselves being awarded more contracts by the same government that blacklisted them. No heads have rolled in government despite this grossly suspicious and incompetent way of handling government tenders. \n \nIn a recent example, the chairperson of the Harare City Council procurement board was suspended (to facilitate investigations into procurement procedures at the council) by the Minister of Local Government after a company contracted to deliver water chemicals delivered cyanide to Harare’s Morton Jaffray Waterworks. ","\"Sloppy Tender awarding affects service delivery,\" Centre for Public Accountability (CPA), Feb. 27, 2012, http://www.cpazimbabwe.org.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37:sloppy-tender-awarding-affects-service-delivery&catid=31:news&Itemid=9\n \n \"Harare tenders under probe,\" by Moses Matenga, Newsday, Sept. 24, 2012, http://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/09/24/harare-tenders-under-probe/","The system of formal blacklists and cooling-off periods is in place, but the system has flaws. Some procurements or companies are not affected by the system, or the prohibitions are sometimes not effective. For instance, the Centre for Public Accountability (CPA) notes in a Februar..."]
["2012_BF_28",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",28,25,"La plupart des sociétés minières et des ressources sont des sociétés à capitaux privés. Ce qui fait que les citoyens n'ont pas d’accès direct aux informations financières des sociétés. Par contre en 2008, ORCADE, sur financement de OSIWA, a facilité la mise en place de la coalition Nationale Publié Ce Que Vous payez (PCQVP-BF) affiliée à la coalition internationale Publiez Ce Que Vous Payez afin de sensiblement promouvoir  l’accès des citoyens aux informations financières des sociétés au Burkina Faso. Il faut toutefois reconnaître que nombreuses sont les sociétés privées nationales qui ne lâchent guère leurs rapports financiers aux citoyens qui pourraient en avoir besoin à des fins spécifiques.","1.\tITIE-Burkina Faso, RAPPORT FINAL DE CONCILIATION DES PAIEMENTS DES  SOCIETES MINIERES A L’ETAT ET DES RECETTES PERÇUES  PAR L’ETAT DES DITES SOCIETES POUR L’EXERCICE 2010 \n2.\tEITI, http://eiti.org/files/Burkina-Faso-2010-EITI-Report.pdf. Consulté le 22 aout 2012\n3.\tOrcade, http://www.orcade.org/Mines%20&%20I%20E.html. Consulté le 04 novembre 2012\n4.\tInterview avec M. Garba Aboubakar Diabate, Directeur Administratif et Financier, Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le vendredi 22 février 2013.\n5.\tInterview avec M. Antoine Konditamdé, Inspecteur des Douanes, Coordonnateur National de Lutte Contre la Fraude, le mercredi 13 février 2013 dans son Bureau, à 12:30 TU","La plupart des sociétés minières et des ressources sont des sociétés à capitaux privés. Ce qui fait que les citoyens n'ont pas d’accès direct aux informations financières des sociétés. Par contre en 2008, ORCADE, sur financement de OSIWA, a facilité la mise en place de la coalition..."]
["2012_BI_28",2012,"BI","Burundi",28,0,"Citizen do not have access to public information in general and to financial records of public institutions and companies in particular, according to the Executive Secretary of OLUCOME. This is arguably due to the fact that there is no law or regulation on access to public information. \n\nThe Report of the Burundian Human Rights League ITeka and the International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH) produced and submitted to the African Commission of Human and Peoples' rights enumerates an number of cases where the government harassed journalists and civil society groups that spoke up.","\"Note sur la situation des Droits de l'homme au Burundi (Note on the situation of human rights in Burundi),\" Burundian Human Rights League Iteka and International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), November 2011\n\nInterview via e-mail with the Executive Secretary of OLUCOME, Aug. 6, 2012","Citizen do not have access to public information in general and to financial records of public institutions and companies in particular, according to the Executive Secretary of OLUCOME. This is arguably due to the fact that there is no law or regulation on access to public informat..."]
["2012_TD_28",2012,"TD","Chad",28,0,"The financial information from state companies is not available. In case of audit by the audit chamber of the supreme court, the audit report is not made public.","Mr. Joseph Paningar, adviser. Office of the President, June 14, 2012.\n\nMr. Nelli Djimtolla, programme officer. ligue tchadienne des droits de l'homme. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.","The financial information from state companies is not available. In case of audit by the audit chamber of the supreme court, the audit report is not made public."]
["2012_GQ_28",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",28,25,"In October 2011 the opposition party published the documents presented by the government to the Parliament with the state expenses, including state owned companies, for the first half of 2011. No detailed financial records of the public companies are provided by official sources. \n\nAccording to a 2010 World Bank Report, the Inspector General of Finances (IGF) \"does not use recognized professional auditing norms and in practice does not act as a control for the Treasury and review public accounts.\"","World Bank, Jan. 2010, Equatorial Guinea Public Expenditure Review (PER), http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf\n\nConvergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) Party, National Executive Committee, Oct. 30, 2011, Parlamento – 2ª sesión 2011-Textos del Gobierno, http://cpds-gq.org/attachments/article/177/Textos%20presentados%20por%20el%20Gobierno.pdf","In October 2011 the opposition party published the documents presented by the government to the Parliament with the state expenses, including state owned companies, for the first half of 2011. No detailed financial records of the public companies are provided by official sources. ..."]
["2012_GH_28",2012,"GH","Ghana",28,25,"Only state-owned companies, which are listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange, and financial institutions are required to release their financial statements, which are published in the newspapers. However, these financial records do not provide details, and individual citizens cannot easily access the detailed information from the state-owned companies and financial institutions.","Dzifa Bampoh, Assistant News Editor at the Multi-Media Group Ltd - Joy FM radio station in an interview in her office at Kokomlemne, Sept. 28, 2012. \n\nCharles Ayamdoo, Lawyer and Director of Ant-Corruption in the Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ), in response to questions sent to him by email. The responses were received on Sept. 25, 2012.\n\nEmmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.","Only state-owned companies, which are listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange, and financial institutions are required to release their financial statements, which are published in the newspapers. However, these financial records do not provide details, and individual citizens cannot ea..."]
["2012_GN_28",2012,"GN","Guinea",28,0,"Non, les citoyens n'ont aucun moyen pour accéder aux pièces comptables des entreprises publiques.","Mohamed Bérété, doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Kofi Annan de Conakry, Conseiller juridique du Ministre chargé des travaux publics, consultant indépendant, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nGuinea Conakry ATI Law Available in English, freedominfo.org, Août 2011, http://www.freedominfo.org/2011/08/guinea-conakry-ati-law-available-in-english/","Non, les citoyens n'ont aucun moyen pour accéder aux pièces comptables des entreprises publiques."]
["2012_LY_28",2012,"LY","Libya",28,0,"Financial records of state-owned companies do not appear to be accessible to ordinary citizens.\nAs an example, oil and gas contracts have not traditionally been awarded in an open, competitive or transparent manner. In addition there is a great deal of ambiguity about the composition of Libya’s civil service and private sector enterprises which are largely owned by the government in various sectors – transportation, communication, agriculture, construction, financial services (five of Libya’s six banks are government owned), manufacturing, mining, electricity, gas and water.","DFID, Chris Kiggell, May 23,  2011, \"First ever international Stabilisation Response Team to Libya,\" available at http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Media-Room/Press-releases/2011/First-ever-international-Stabilisation-Response-Team-deployed-to-Libya\n\nInterview with Mazen Tumi, attorney, Tumi Law Firm, July 23, 2012, Tripoli\n\nBerlin: Springer-Verlag Otman, Waniss and Erling Karlberg, 2007, \"The Libyan economy: economic diversification and international repositioning\"","Financial records of state-owned companies do not appear to be accessible to ordinary citizens.\nAs an example, oil and gas contracts have not traditionally been awarded in an open, competiti..."]
["2012_MU_28",2012,"MU","Mauritius",28,25,"In Mauritius, state-owned companies are mainly parastatal bodies. Citizens do not have direct access to the financial statements and accounts of parastatals, although some information is available from the reports of the director of audit.\n\nWhen the state owns shares in companies that are listed on the stock exchange or are registered companies, the financial records are more accessible indirectly because companies are required by the Companies Act to file their returns to the Registrar of Companies.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree. University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012.\n\nInterview with Mr. N. Patten, barrister at law. June 3, 2012, in Port Louis.","In Mauritius, state-owned companies are mainly parastatal bodies. Citizens do not have direct access to the financial statements and accounts of parastatals, although some information is available from the reports of the director of audit...."]
["2012_NG_28",2012,"NG","Nigeria",28,0,"Citizens do not have access to the financial records of state-owned enterprises except those that are published. The Freedom of Information Act could be considered to have granted access, but efforts to secure information on its basis has not been successful. Recently, the \"Daily Trust\" newspaper wrote to request information on a recent recruitment done by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). In its reply, the NNPC insisted that it does not fall into the organization covered by the FOI Act. Similarly, the effort by SERAP to get information on the expenditure of four states on primary education has also not succeeded.","We Are Not Bound By FOI Act – NNPC. Nuruddeen M. Abdallah. Daily Trust,  July 31, 2012.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201207310705.html\n\nFoI Act: SERAP Asks 4 States to Release Details on Pry Education Spending. Abdulwahab Abdulah.  Vanguard. June12, 2011. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/06/foi-act-serap-asks-4-states-to-release-details-on-pry-education-spending/\n\nFreedom of Information Act. Federal Republic of Nigeria. 2011. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/Legislation/LFN/2011/Freedom%20Of%20Information%20Act.pdf","Citizens do not have access to the financial records of state-owned enterprises except those that are published. The Freedom of Information Act could be considered to have granted access, but efforts to secure information on its basis has not been successful. Recently, the \"Daily T..."]
["2012_RW_28",2012,"RW","Rwanda",28,25,"The government has sold the majority of its shares in companies it owned wholly or in which it had a controlling stake. \n\nWith the advent of a stock exchange, companies are required to make full disclosures before listing. However, because state-owned companies are not listed, their financial statements are not public unless the state intends to divest. Even then, access to such information is mostly given to the company intending to participate in the divestiture process.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: For the few remaining state-owned (totally or partly) companies, it is not easy for citizens to access their financial records. These records are rarely posted on their websites. Companies that do post them, do it very irregularly. For example, the latest report of the Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority posted on its website is from 2008. See: www.ewsa.rw/Docs/ANNUAL%20REPORT_2008.pdf;","Gertrude Majyambere, business journalist, The New Times, interviewed Nov. 17, 2012, Kigali.\n \nDias Nyesiga, business journalist, The New Times, interviewed Nov. 15, 2012, Kigali.","The government has sold the majority of its shares in companies it owned wholly or in which it had a controlling stake. ..."]
["2012_SO_28",2012,"SO","Somalia",28,0,"There have been no stated-owned companies in Somalia for the past two decades.","Anonymous member of Parliament, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu.  \n\nAnonymous professor, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There have been no stated-owned companies in Somalia for the past two decades."]
["2012_TZ_28",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",28,50,"Accounts are available in the library of the National Assembly requiring visits, requests for entry, etc. The Standing Committee meetings, where the accounts are discussed, are open to the public, but copies of financial records may not necessarily be made available to the public at such meetings.","Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012  \n\nTaarifa ya Kamati ya Bunge ya Hesabu za Mashirika ya Umma kwa Mwaka wa Fedha Unaoishi Juni 30 2010 [Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Public Organizations Accounts for the Financial Year ending June 30 2010]. Published April 2012, also covers issues for FY ending June 2012. http://www.parliament.go.tz/docs/reports/0b76d-TAARIFA-YA-POAC-2011---FINAL.pdf","Accounts are available in the library of the National Assembly requiring visits, requests for entry, etc. The Standing Committee meetings, where the accounts are discussed, are open to the public, but copies of financial records may not necessarily be made available to the public a..."]
["2012_ZW_28",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",28,50,"Financial records of state-owned companies are accessible to the public to the extent that they are published in local newspapers. However, this is not always timely and the onus is on the public to request information which may not be available. Financial reports are not accessible on the websites of state-owned enterprises that have websites (e.g. Grain Marketing Board). The 2011 U.S. State Department Investment Climate Statement notes that until 2009, most state-owned enterprises did not produce financial accounts on time. Further, of the 76 state-owned enterprises, 44 had not submitted audited financial statements or held annual general meetings over the past five years as required by law.","\"2011 Investment Climate Statement: Zimbabwe,\" U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs, March 2011, http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157388.htm\n\nZimbabwe Grain Marketing Board website, http://www.gmbdura.co.zw. Accessed July 2012. ","Financial records of state-owned companies are accessible to the public to the extent that they are published in local newspapers. However, this is not always timely and the onus is on the public to request information which may not be available. Financial reports are not accessibl..."]
["2012_DZ_29",2012,"DZ","Algeria",29,100,"By law, all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. According to Malek Seraii, in Algeria, all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. This includes defense and secret programs, which may be debated in closed hearings.","Anonymous source, senior executive. Ministry of Finance. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, senior executive. Ministry of Finance. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 9, 2012.\n\nCf; Loi No. 84-17 dated July 7, 1984, which deals with budget law (Lois de Finances). http://www.mf.gov.dz/article_pdf/upl-b310fd0e2f18fe8529920d290f7ced3c.pdf \n\n2008 Constitution. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125825.pdf\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","By law, all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. According to Malek Seraii, in Algeria, all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. This includes defense and secret programs, which may be debated in closed hearing..."]
["2012_BI_29",2012,"BI","Burundi",29,100,"The Parliament approves the annual budget and does have a say in its implementation, including the public procurement. Oversight of the budget execution is done by the Court of Account (Cour des Comptes).","Interview with Ladislas Nzunogera, of the National Directorate for Public Procurement, Aug. 4, 2012\n\nInterview with Christine Ntagwirumugara, Commissioner (Conseiller) in Court of Account (Cour des Comptes) and a former member of Parliament, Aug. 6, 2012","The Parliament approves the annual budget and does have a say in its implementation, including the public procurement. Oversight of the budget execution is done by the Court of Account (Cour des Comptes)."]
["2012_KM_29",2012,"KM","Comoros",29,0,"Selon les commissaires anti-corruption, les dépenses publiques importantes devraient requérir généralement l’approbation législative. Mais dans la pratique, certaines grandes dépenses sont exécutées « hors-budget », c’est à dire en dehors des mécanismes traditionnels de gestion des finances publiques. \n\nAinsi, dans un article paru le 21 juillet 2011 dans Alwatwan, l’auteur estime que « la loi budgétaire continue de prévoir des investissements sans se préoccuper de l’effectivité de leur rentabilité, moins encore de leur utilité ».\n\nPour d'autres, « souvent, le budget n’est pas exécuté ». Le paiement des soldes des fonctionnaires comoriens se fait par exemple avec un financement hors budget, en l’occurrence sur les fonds de la vente de la citoyenneté comorienne aux riches hommes d’affaire du Golfe (la vente de la citoyenneté comorienne est régie par la « loi sur la citoyenneté économique »).\n\nEnfin, l'Assemblée nationale est dominée par la \"mouvance présidentielle\". En conséquence, les députés obéissent généralement aux \"recommandations\" du Gouvernement.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni. \n\nInterview de Mr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Magistrat, ancien Juge Constitutionnel, ancien Ministre des Finances,  27 mars 2012, Moroni. \n\nToyb Ahmed, Alwatwan, « Finances publiques : mettre fin aux incongruités », http://webcomores.centerblog.net/6577714-finances-publiques-mettre-fin-aux-incongruites, 21 juillet 2011","Selon les commissaires anti-corruption, les dépenses publiques importantes devraient requérir généralement l’approbation législative. Mais dans la pratique, certaines grandes dépenses sont exécutées « hors-budget », c’est à dire en dehors des mécanismes traditionnels de gestion des..."]
["2012_EG_29",2012,"EG","Egypt",29,0,"The supervision of the budget process is the responsibility of the legislative authority -- except the defense budget, which remains undisclosed. A specialized committee -- Budget and Planning -- is one of the most powerful committees in the Assembly. It is empowered to study the annual budget proposal submitted by the government to Parliament, as well as other complementary budgets, legislation pertaining to taxation, issues related to fees or fiscal policies such as subsidies, prices and salaries or rewards, and the socioeconomic development plan of the state. This committee is also responsible for studying the Chief Administrative Officer’s regular accounting reports.\n\nIn 2012, the head of the Muslim Brotherhood announced that the military budget will be subject to parliamentary oversight.\n\nThe 2012/13 state budget was approved by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), Egypt's military council, in July 2012.","“Post Response to Questions on Egyptian Fiscal Transparency,” The Telegraph (Egypt), February 15, 2011\nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/egypt-wikileaks-cables/8326880/Post-Response-to-Questions-on-Egyptian-Fiscal-Transparency.html.\n\nTrustLaw, Egypt Islamists Military Will Not Escape Scrutiny, January 20, 2012. http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/egypt-islamists-military-will-not-escape-scrutiny.\n\nMara Revkin, Top News: Parliament Approves Presidential Elections Amendments, Atlantic Council U.S., February 28, 2012. http://www.acus.org/egyptsource/top-news-parliament-approves-presidential-elections-amendments.\n\nSource: Ahram Online. \"Egypt's military council approves 2012/13 state budget\". July 2, 2012. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/46676/Business/Economy/Egypts-military-council-approves--state-budget.aspx","The supervision of the budget process is the responsibility of the legislative authority -- except the defense budget, which remains undisclosed. A specialized committee -- Budget and Planning -- is one of the most powerful committees in the Assembly. It is empowered to study the a..."]
["2012_GQ_29",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",29,25,"There are several examples where the legislature did not approve significant expenditures. For one, according to El Pais Newspaper, the construction of a new town called Oyala did not appear in the national budget.  \n\nIn another instance, in June 2011, the opposition party seated in parliament showed that the new venue to host the African Union meeting was built without legislative consent. According to the government, this venue valued almost USD 770 million, around 20 percent of the national budget. \n\nIn 2011, Convergencia Para la Democracia Social (CPDS) published the execution of the budget (government report) which was later approved by the parliament, where this expense was not detailed. But it can be argued that the expenditure was within the \"investment\" budget line, which represented 80 percent of the budget. Nonetheless, even if it were in the investment section, it was not detailed and shows that government investment programs were not approved by the parliament.","El País, Álvaro de Cózar, July 18, 2012, La Guinea Prohibida, http://elpais.com/diario/2011/07/18/internacional/1310940003_850215.html\n\nConvergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) Party, National Executive Committee, June 27, 2011, Declaración Institucional de CPDS sobre la XVII Cumbre de la Unión Africana de Malabo, http://cpds-gq.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156:declaracion-institucional-de-cpds-sobre-la-xvii-cumbre-de-la-union-africana-de-malabo&catid=4:noticias&Itemid=6\n\nConvergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) Party, National Executive Committee, October 2011, Parlamento – 2ª sesión 2011-Textos del Gobierno, http://cpds-gq.org/attachments/article/175/Textos%20presentados%20por%20el%20Gobierno.pdf \n\nConvergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) Party, October 23, 2011, Crónicas parlamentarias, 2° periodo de sesiones 2011, segunda parte, http://es.scribd.com/doc/70978916/Cronicas-parlamentarias-2%C2%BA-periodo-de-sesiones","There are several examples where the legislature did not approve significant expenditures. For one, according to El Pais Newspaper, the construction of a new town called Oyala did not appear in the national budget.  ..."]
["2012_GH_29",2012,"GH","Ghana",29,75,"In practice, significant public expenditures require legislative approval, but there could be a few expenditures that are not approved by the legislature. For example, there are currently serious problems with the payment of judgment debts. Also one cannot rule out the possibility of the president sometimes using loopholes to cheat the system.\n\nWith regard to judgment debts (court-mandated damages), this refers to debts incurred by the government in respect of court rulings in favor of aggrieved persons and companies, mostly due to the termination of contracts and appointments of employees and other improper actions. Once the courts award these payments, legislative approval is not required in order to effect payment so they escape legislative scrutiny. \n\nThe government can use other provisions of the law to its advantage. For example, when Parliament is not in session, emergency expenditures can be made from the Contingency Fund subject to approval by Parliament once it returns from recess. However, a government can deliberately wait for Parliament to go on recess and undertake a substantial expenditure claiming it was a contingency. This happened a long time ago when an aircraft was bought without legislative approval on the contingency grounds.","Emmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.","In practice, significant public expenditures require legislative approval, but there could be a few expenditures that are not approved by the legislature. For example, there are currently serious problems with the payment of judgment debts. Also one cannot rule out the possibility ..."]
["2012_LR_29",2012,"LR","Liberia",29,100,"All public expenditures are approved by the legislature through budgetary allocations to ministries, agencies and private institutions. In the last two years, there have been no publicized issues in which the executive deviated from the allocations. The executive did not amend the budget without legislative approval.","Interview with Jasper Cummeh, senior policy director, Agenda for Genuine Democratic Alternatives, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Norris Tweah, deputy minister, Ministry of Information, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nLegislature of Liberia, HOUSES PASSES 2011/2012 NATIONAL BUDGET AS SENATE CONCURS. http://legislature.gov.lr/content/houses-passes-20112012-national-budget-senate-concurs","All public expenditures are approved by the legislature through budgetary allocations to ministries, agencies and private institutions. In the last two years, there have been no publicized issues in which the executive deviated from the allocations. The executive did not amend the ..."]
["2012_MR_29",2012,"MR","Mauritania",29,75,"En matière de droit budgétaire, les dépenses publiques doivent être approuvées par le parlement. La Loi n° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux lois des finances (LOLF) en son article 22 dispose entre autres que le parlement:\n- définit les conditions générales de l’équilibre financier et en détermine les voies et moyens;\n- prévoit et autorise la perception des impôts, droits et taxes dont le produit est affecté à l’État ;\n- fixe les masses des grandes catégories de dépenses ;\n- arrête, dans un tableau synthétique, les données générales de l’équilibre financier ;\n- autorise le gouvernement à recourir aux moyens du financement du découvert du Trésor ;\n- arrête la liste des emprunts nouveaux que le gouvernement est autorisé à souscrire pour la réalisation des investissements de l’État et des organismes publics dotés de la personnalité morale.\n\nLe parlement a compétence de voter une loi des finances rectificatives.  Le droit budgétaire mauritanien s'inspire, dans ses grandes lignes, des finances publiques françaises. L'architecture des dépenses publiques obéit encore à une approche basée sur les moyens alors que de nos jours, la budgétisation axée sur les résultats constitue un des fondements des finances publiques. Le débat sur la performance des dépenses publiques est de nos jours de vigueur. Le parlement ne dispose pas de mécanisme destiné à apprécier la qualité des dépenses publiques.","Assemblée nationale : Les députés adoptent la loi de finances 2012 (15/12/2012)\n(v. aussi in http://www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=624261)\n\nAssemblée nationale : Les députés adoptent la loi de finances 2012 in Al Akhbar  du 14.07.2012\n\nMauritanie, rapport annuel conjoint 2007 (Union Européenne).","En matière de droit budgétaire, les dépenses publiques doivent être approuvées par le parlement. La Loi n° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux lois des finances (LOLF) en son article 22 dispose entre autres que le parlement:..."]
["2012_MU_29",2012,"MU","Mauritius",29,75,"Government expenditure are planned and detailed in the budgets of the different ministries. The budgets, including government expenditure, are subject to debate and approval in parliament. The constitution also requires that public expenditure be tabled before the national assembly for scrutiny and approval.\n\nFrom Chapter 10, Sections 105, 106 and 107:\n\n105. Authorisation of expenditure\n\n(1)   The Minister responsible for finance shall prepare and present before the Assembly, before or not later than 30 days after the commencement of each financial year, estimates of the revenues and expenditure of Mauritius for that year.\n\n(2)   The heads of expenditure contained in the estimates for a financial year (other than expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund by this Constitution or any other law) shall be included in a Bill, to be known as an Appropriation Bill, introduced into the Assembly to provide for the issue from the Consolidated Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums for the purposes specified in the Bill.\n\n(3)  Where in any financial year it is found –\n\n(a) that the amount appropriated by the appropriation law for the purposes included in any head of expenditure is insufficient or that a need has arisen for expenditure for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the appropriation law; or\n\n(b) that any money has been expended on any head of expenditure in excess of the amount appropriated for the purposes included in that head by the appropriation law, or for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the appropriation law,\n\na supplementary estimate showing the sums required or spent shall be laid before the Assembly and the heads of expenditure shall be included in a supplementary Appropriation Bill introduced in the Assembly to provide for the appropriation of those sums, or in a motion or motions introduced into the Assembly for the approval of such expenditure.\n\n(4)  Where any supplementary expenditure has been approved in a financial year by a resolution of the Assembly in accordance with subsection (3), a supplementary Appropriation Bill shall be introduced in the Assembly, not later than the end of the financial year next following, providing for the appropriation of the sums so approved.\n\n106. Authorisation of expenditure in advance of appropriation\n\nWhere the Appropriation law in respect of any financial year has not come into operation by the beginning of that financial year, the Minister responsible for finance may, to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, authorise the withdrawal of money from the Consolidated Fund for the purpose of meeting expenditure necessary to carry on the services of the Government until the expiration of 6 months from the beginning of that financial year or the coming into operation of the appropriation law, whichever is the earlier.\n\n107. Contingencies Fund\n\n(1) There shall be such provision as may be prescribed by Parliament for the establishment of a Contingencies Fund and for authorising the Minister responsible for finance, if he is satisfied that there has arisen an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exists, to make advances from that Fund to meet that need.\n\n(2) Where any advance is made from the Contingencies Fund, a supplementary estimate shall be laid before the Assembly, and a Bill or motion shall be introduced, as soon as possible for the purpose of replacing the amount so advanced.","Interview with Mr. Mooneeshwar Ramtohul, former chief agricultural officer, Ministry of Agro-Industry. Aug. 1, 2012, in Curepipe.\n\nThe Constitution of Mauritius, Chapter 10, Sections 105, 106 and 107. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=9a654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#CHAPTERXFINANCE\n\nLE MAURICIEN | 19 DÉCEMBRE, 2012. Adoption de l’Economic and Financial Measures Bill présenté par Xavier-Luc Duval. http://www.lemauricien.com/article/parlement-les-travaux-ajournes-au-26-mars-2013","Government expenditure are planned and detailed in the budgets of the different ministries. The budgets, including government expenditure, are subject to debate and approval in parliament. The constitution also requires that public expenditure be tabled before the national assembly..."]
["2012_NG_29",2012,"NG","Nigeria",29,50,"Although section 80 (3 and 4) states that no revenue shall be withdrawn from the public funds without being authorized by the legislature or without being done in a manner prescribed by the legislature, the executive is notorious for spending without legislative approval. One example involved the scandalous spending on fuel subsidies. The house of representative committee noted that the government spent N 2,5 trillion as of December 2011, amounting to more than 900 percent over the appropriated sum of N 245 billion.","Resolution No. (HR.1/2012). LAID executive summary. Federal Republic of Nigeria House of Representative. Published by N-KATALYST. Report of the Ad-Hoc Committee to verify and determine the actual subsidy requirements and monitor the implementation of the subsidy regime in Nigeria. \n\nFederal House of Reps Fuel Subsidy Report: Save Nigeria Group Sues President Jonathan. Sahara Reporters. May 14, 2012. http://saharareporters.com/news-page/house-reps-report-save-nigeria-group-sues-president-jonathan\n\nPremium Times, December 20, 2012. \"Nigerian Senate passes N4.99 trn 2013 budget.\" http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/112062-nigerian-senate-passes-n4-99-trn-2013-budget.html","Although section 80 (3 and 4) states that no revenue shall be withdrawn from the public funds without being authorized by the legislature or without being done in a manner prescribed by the legislature, the executive is notorious for spending without legislative approval. One examp..."]
["2012_SL_29",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",29,50,"In practice, most public expenditures go through the legislative approval process. Some major health funding and other funds do not. Sources say legislative approval should be the process used, in keeping with the Political Parties Registration Commission Act.","Abu Bakarr Kamara, coordinator, Budget Advocacy Network, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAnonymous respondent, State House, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAnonymous respondent, Treasury Department, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, Freetown.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","In practice, most public expenditures go through the legislative approval process. Some major health funding and other funds do not. Sources say legislative approval should be the process used, in keeping with the Political Parties Registration Commission Act."]
["2012_SZ_29",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",29,50,"Government procurement has been characterized by weak controls on expenditure at the level of line ministries, resulting in budget overruns and accumulation of domestic arrears. Only projects that satisfy the government’s objectives of development are allocated funding. \n \n Generally, the budget is presented and debated in Parliament, voted on and approved, and then the king assents and signs the appropriation bill for its procurement. \n \n Parliament should approve significant expenditures, but this is not always the case. According to the IMF, 2011 was characterized by expenditure overruns, notably on defense, travel allowances, and public investment, the foregoing led to a significant accumulation of domestic arrears and worsened the quality of spending. It must be remembered that the king must approve and can veto legislation passed by Parliament, even the budget. Aspects of the royal expenditures are not subjected to parliamentary approval.","European Union and Swaziland Country Strategy Paper, 2008-2013, www.gfmd.org/en/.../121_dbc14078fd84511dd12d606df4e64304\n \n International Monetary Fund country report on Swaziland, 2012. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1237.pdf","Government procurement has been characterized by weak controls on expenditure at the level of line ministries, resulting in budget overruns and accumulation of domestic arrears. Only projects that satisfy the government’s objectives of development are allocated funding. ..."]
["2012_ZM_29",2012,"ZM","Zambia",29,100,"Most significant government expenditures such as the national budget and the supplementary budget are presented to Parliament by the Minister of Finance to be approved by the legislature.\n \n The Zambian legislature approves all government expenditures. Sometimes even unconstitutional offices are also approved by the legislature. A good example was Parliament's decision to approve the First Lady's allocation of ZMK 1.5 bn for the first time in history of the country. The legislature also approves supplementary budgets for the government in an event of budget overrun. \n \n There is no case study that can be cited under the PF government to prove that significant public expenditures have not been approved by the legislature. This used to happen before the PF government came to power. For instance, in 2011 just before elections took place, the government contracted a freelance journalist named Chanda Chimba III through the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to produce a documentary that aired the achievments of the Rupiah Banda administration and the bad character of then opposition party PF president Micheal Sata (now ruling). It was shown on national television without allowing Parliament to approve the funding. The current PF government has shown commitment in allowing Parliament to approve all significant public expenditures.","Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Interview: Mr. Geoffrey Chongo, Program Manager, Economic Equity and Development Program, Jesuit Center for Theological Reflection (JCTR), Sepember 14, 2012, 08:00 a.m., JCTR offices. \n \n Interview: Mr. Lutangu Ingombe, Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Zambia (UNZA), January 15, 2013, 06:30 p.m., Office.","Most significant government expenditures such as the national budget and the supplementary budget are presented to Parliament by the Minister of Finance to be approved by the legislature.\n ..."]
["2012_DZ_30",2012,"DZ","Algeria",30,100,"By law, the executive budget proposal is required to be published in the Official Gazette (\"La présente loi sera publiée au Journal Officiel de la république algérienne démocratique et populaire.\")\n\nHere are some websites where the budget is published:\n\nhttp://www.mf.gov.dz/\n\nThe Official Gazette \n\nWebsite of the General Secretariat, Republic of Algeria. http://www.joradp.dz/HFR/Index.htm","2008 Constitution, Article 123. http://www.carim.org/public/legaltexts/LE3ALG154_FR.pdf\n\nLoi 84-17, July 7, 1984, relative aux lois de finances: art. 31. http://www.mf.gov.dz/article/14/Autres-Textes/149/Loi-84-17-Juilet-1984-relative-aux-Lois-de-Finances.html","By law, the executive budget proposal is required to be published in the Official Gazette (\"La présente loi sera publiée au Journal Officiel de la république algérienne démocratique et populaire.\")..."]
["2012_BI_30",2012,"BI","Burundi",30,0,"There is no legal requirement in Burundi to publish the Government budget proposal. There is no place for public input. The Public Finance Law, in Article 32, stipulates that the budget is initiated by the government, which submits it to the National Assembly for discussions, amendments if necessary and vote, before sending it to the Senate for approval. There is no call to publish the budget.","Law organique des finances (Public Finance Law), Article 32","There is no legal requirement in Burundi to publish the Government budget proposal. There is no place for public input. The Public Finance Law, in Article 32, stipulates that the budget is initiated by the government, which submits it to the National Assembly for discussions, amend..."]
["2012_KM_30",2012,"KM","Comoros",30,100,"Selon l’ Art.17 de la constitution, le Président de l’Union doit promulguer les lois de l’Union dans les quinze jours qui suivent la transmission au Gouvernement de  la loi définitivement adoptée. Le budget (loi de finances) suit cette règle. La loi de finances est votée  annuellement, et la séance de l’Assemblée de l’Union doit se faire publiquement. La publicité est donc assurée en théorie. En effet, l’ Art.24 de la constitution énonce que les séances de l’Assemblée de l’Union sont en principe publiques, sauf les cas prévus par le Règlement Intérieur de l’Assemblée.","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001, Modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, art 17 et 24. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Constitution%20revisee%202009.pdf","Selon l’ Art.17 de la constitution, le Président de l’Union doit promulguer les lois de l’Union dans les quinze jours qui suivent la transmission au Gouvernement de  la loi définitivement adoptée. Le budget (loi de finances) suit cette règle. La loi de finances est votée  annuellem..."]
["2012_CD_30",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",30,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_30",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",30,100,"The public finance law requires the government to publish the annual budget.","Law Nº 9/2003, of November 13, Regulating the Public Finances of Equatorial Guinea, Title III, Chapter 2.\n\nThere is no mention in neither the 2012 Constitution nor in Law No. 9/2003 any obligation of the publication of the draft or approved government budget.","The public finance law requires the government to publish the annual budget."]
["2012_GH_30",2012,"GH","Ghana",30,0,"The Constitution of Ghana and other relevant laws in the country (cited above) are silent on the publication of the Executive Budget proposal. However, the proposal is published and distributed to Parliament on the day that it is presented to the House.","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. Link: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst13.html\n\nThe Standing Orders of Parliament, November 2004. http://www.parliament.gh/committees/24\n\nFinancial Administration Act, 2003 (Act 654). http://www.ghanaweb.com/law_cms/cm/financial_ACT2003.pdf\n\nFinancial Administration Regulations, 2004, for the Financial Administration Act, 2003 (Act 654). http://www.ghanaweb.com/law_cms/cm/financial_ACT2003.pdf","The Constitution of Ghana and other relevant laws in the country (cited above) are silent on the publication of the Executive Budget proposal. However, the proposal is published and distributed to Parliament on the day that it is presented to the House."]
["2012_LR_30",2012,"LR","Liberia",30,100,"Section 11. Budget Preparation Cycle and Calendar \n1. The President shall submit the Proposed Budget and accompanying documents to the Legislature no later than 2 months before the start of the fiscal year.\n2. The preparation of the National Budget shall conform to the process and time table set forth in Section 11.1 above, which will be further supplemented by a detailed cycle established in a published annual budget calendar in the regulations accompanying this Act. \n\nSection 14. Public Access to the Budget\n1. The Proposed Budget will be made available to the public immediately following its submission to the Legislature.\n2. The Approved Budget will also be available to the public immediately following its publication into handbill. \n\nIn the last six years, much has been accomplished to provide citizens access to the executive's budget proposal. Discussions around the budget process have also increased.","The Public Financial Management Act, Section  11 and 14, http://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/acts/pfma206/","Section 11. Budget Preparation Cycle and Calendar \n1. The President shall submit the Proposed Budget and accompanying documents to the Legislature no later than 2 months before the start of the fiscal year...."]
["2012_LY_30",2012,"LY","Libya",30,100,"Libyan Constitution of 1969, Chapter 9 on Fiscal System, stipulates that the general budget shall be submitted to parliament for examination and approval at least two months before the beginning of the financial year. The budget shall be approved head by head. The beginning of the financial year shall be determined by a law.\n\nThe National Transitional Council Law No. 20 of 2012 on Budget is relevant. Also, the National Transitional Council Law No. 49 of 2012, added a provision to Article VII of Law No. 20 of 2012 on the adoption of the general budget for the year 2012. It also states the obligation to publish in full the budget proposal and the approved budget.","Libyan Constitution of 1969, Chapter 9, Article 159. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan004643.pdf\n\nNational Transitional Council Law No. 20 of 2012 on Budget . Unavailable online.\n\nNational Transitional Council Law No. 49 of 2012. Unavailable online","Libyan Constitution of 1969, Chapter 9 on Fiscal System, stipulates that the general budget shall be submitted to parliament for examination and approval at least two months before the beginning of the financial year. The budget shall be approved head by head. The beginning of the ..."]
["2012_MU_30",2012,"MU","Mauritius",30,0,"There is no formal specific requirement for the budget to be published annually, but in Section 45 of the Constitution, it states that no law made by Parliament shall come in operation unless it has been published in the Government Gazette. Thus, the approved budget act is required to be published. \n\nThis has been the practice of all governments in Mauritius.","Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius  \n• Year passed: 1968 \n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 105 and 45\n• Link to the law(s) if/when available: \nhttp://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/Pages/Finance-and.aspx# CHAPTER X\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf \n\nInterview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. July 17, 2012, in Curepipe.","There is no formal specific requirement for the budget to be published annually, but in Section 45 of the Constitution, it states that no law made by Parliament shall come in operation unless it has been published in the Government Gazette. Thus, the approved budget act is required..."]
["2012_NG_30",2012,"NG","Nigeria",30,0,"Section 48 states that the federal government shall ensure that its fiscal and financial affairs are conducted in a transparent manner and accordingly ensure full and timely disclosure and wide publication of all transactions and decisions involving public revenues and expenditures and their implications for its finances. However, no law (neither the constitution nor the budget law (Appropriation Act)) specifies that both executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.","Section 48 Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007.\nhttp://frc-nigeria.org/Fiscal%20Responsibility%20Act.pdf","Section 48 states that the federal government shall ensure that its fiscal and financial affairs are conducted in a transparent manner and accordingly ensure full and timely disclosure and wide publication of all transactions and decisions involving public revenues and expenditures..."]
["2012_SL_30",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",30,100,"There is a law mandating the publishing of the approved budget, but no law requiring the publication of the proposed budget. The Minister's Budget Statement to Parliament is the only way that the executive's budget proposal can be said to be published, and citizens can obtain it from this source. \n\nSection 23 of the Government Budgeting and Accountability Act states:\nThe budget documents to be laid before Parliament shall include\n(a) a brief statement on the macro-economic conditions of Sierra Leone and the policies contained in the budget speech;\n(b) the medium term expenditure framework budget;\n(c) summary of revenues and expenditures, including the financing of the budget deficit, if any, and, in the case of a budget surplus, how such surplus is to be used.","Section 23 of the Government Budgeting and Accountability Act, 2005. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2005-3p.pdf \n\nFinancial Management Regulations, 2007. http://www.sierralii.org/sl/legislation/statutory-instrument/2007/28","There is a law mandating the publishing of the approved budget, but no law requiring the publication of the proposed budget. The Minister's Budget Statement to Parliament is the only way that the executive's budget proposal can be said to be published, and citizens can obtain it fr..."]
["2012_SO_30",2012,"SO","Somalia",30,0,"There is no applicable law.","Anonymous former ministers, interviewed Jan. 13, 2013, Mogadishu. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There is no applicable law."]
["2012_TZ_30",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",30,0,"There is no law requiring publication of the draft and final budget (meaning making it publicly available). The budget proposal is meant to be made available to members of parliament 21 days before its presentation in the National Assembly, but this is just a requirement under the parliament's Standing Orders, not legislation.","Interview, Irenei Kiria, director of an NGO, Dar es Salaam, Aug. 9, 2012","There is no law requiring publication of the draft and final budget (meaning making it publicly available). The budget proposal is meant to be made available to members of parliament 21 days before its presentation in the National Assembly, but this is just a requirement under the ..."]
["2012_ZW_30",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",30,0,"Once the Minister of Finance has presented the budget before Parliament, Parliament debates and adopts the budget. Standing Order 109 (distribution and publication of bills) notes that in the case of --\n \n (a) a bill introduced on motion, such bill shall be published by the clerk in the Gazette after first reading if the member introducing it so desires and the approval of the speaker has been obtained.\n \n (b) a bill brought up to give effect to a resolution of the House adopting a report from a committee of supply, such bill shall be published by the clerk in the Gazette after first reading at the discretion of the speaker in consultation with the minister concerned.\n \n Section 103 of the Constitution states that ‘when the estimates of expenditure, other than expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Revenue Fund by this Constitution or an act of Parliament, have been approved by the House of Assembly, a bill, to be known as an appropriation bill, shall be introduced into the House providing for the issue from the Consolidated Revenue Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums, under separate votes for the several heads of expenditure approved, to the purposes specified therein.\"\n \n Each fiscal year has its own Finance Act which specifically authorizes the minister to raise revenue through the various tax measures proposed in the national budget. The Appropriation Act stipulates sums of money which ministries are allowed to spend in the ensuing fiscal year.","Section 103 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe; Act 1 of 2009 Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 19) Act, 2009. http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a1ea0df2.html\n \n \"Fiscal Management in Zimbabwe,\" by Gideon Zhou, International Journal of Economics and Business Modeling, ISSN: 0976–531X & E-ISSN: 0976–5352, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp-152-161, http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=37\n \n Standing order 109, House of Assembly Standing Orders, Parliament of Zimbabwe, First Edition 2005.\n \n \"The Senate Standing Orders,\" first edition 2005, Parliament of Zimbabwe,","Once the Minister of Finance has presented the budget before Parliament, Parliament debates and adopts the budget. Standing Order 109 (distribution and publication of bills) notes that in the case of --..."]
["2012_BF_31",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",31,0,"Le gouvernement maintient toujours à l’écart de l’élaboration de son budget le secteur privé et la société civile. Il en a été ainsi pour l’élaboration du budget 2012. Or il est certain que le fait de les impliquer est d’une part la preuve d’une volonté manifeste de transparence et d’autre part, la prise en compte de certaines préoccupations du secteur privé et des populations. Il est unanime que la transparence est un élément primordial d’une bonne gouvernance et donc avantageux aussi bien pour le gouvernement que pour les citoyens. Cependant, le fait de ne pas impliquer les citoyens dans les débats budgétaires n’est pas de nature à prouver sa gestion transparentes des ressources pour le développement socio-économique du pays.","Interview avec M. Garba Aboubakar Diabate, Directeur Administratif et Financier, Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le vendredi 22 février 2013.\n\nInterview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU.\n\nIBP 2011, Open Budget Indice 2010, http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/BF1.pdf\n\nCifoeb, rapport d'étude sur le budget participatif, 2010\n\nCifoeb, 2012, LOI DE FINANCES 2012 : ANALYSE DES GRANDES ORIENTATIONS DU BUDGET DE L’ETAT","Le gouvernement maintient toujours à l’écart de l’élaboration de son budget le secteur privé et la société civile. Il en a été ainsi pour l’élaboration du budget 2012. Or il est certain que le fait de les impliquer est d’une part la preuve d’une volonté manifeste de transparence et..."]
["2012_BI_31",2012,"BI","Burundi",31,0,"Citizens have no framework or room to contribute to the debates and are not even informed on the process. According to Ntagwirumugara, only civil society groups can make comments on the government budget, but not in a formal and recognized process as they are not consulted officially.","Interview with Christine Ntagwirumugara, Commissioner (Conseiller) in Court of Account (Cour des Comptes) and a former member of Parliament. \n\nOpportunities for citizen participation in local governance in Burundi. 2011. http://doras.dcu.ie/16691/","Citizens have no framework or room to contribute to the debates and are not even informed on the process. According to Ntagwirumugara, only civil society groups can make comments on the government budget, but not in a formal and recognized process as they are not consulted official..."]
["2012_KM_31",2012,"KM","Comoros",31,0,"Généralement, ni le citoyen, ni la société civile ne sont consultés dans l'élaboration du budget.\nLes citoyens peuvent apporter une contribution dans les débats budgétaires à travers la presse et les différents blogs qui connaissent un développement remarquable ces dernières années. \n\nLe citoyen contribue aussi aux débats budgétaires en principe par l’intermédiaire des députés élus censés les représenter à l'Assemblée Nationale. Mais cela n'est pas suffisant, car les députés ne consultent  pas les citoyens et ne prennent pas en considération leurs critiques.\n\nAu niveau de l’Assemblée, il existe une séance intitulée  ’’jeudi consacré aux questions orales’’ qui permet aux citoyens comoriens de suivre la prestation des députés de l’Assemblée qui soulèvent le débat sur la gestion des ressources de l’État en particulier les deniers publics. La population suit en amont les réponses des ministres ou directeurs des sociétés de l’État en direct par le biais de l’Ortc (radio et télévision nationale).","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni. \n\nInterview de Mouzaoui Amroine, Commissaire anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 25 juin 2012, Moroni\n\nSite officiel de l’Assemblée de l’Union des Comores, « Le Gouvernement à l’hémicycle : questions orales ». Juin 2012 http://www.auc.km/Q_orale.php?PHPSESSID=3af31aabd3e80f1310b8b3abd7d8f197","Généralement, ni le citoyen, ni la société civile ne sont consultés dans l'élaboration du budget.\nLes citoyens peuvent apporter une contribution dans les débats budgétaires à travers la presse..."]
["2012_EG_31",2012,"EG","Egypt",31,0,"In theory, Egypt does not publish a budget to which citizens can provide input. However, the chairperson of the Budget and Planning Committee declared the intention to hold four meetings daily to discuss the government's budget proposal. The meetings will be attended by NGOs, academics, economic experts and human rights organizations to ensure a wide public participation. However, the suspension of Parliament has prevented the organization of those meetings, so there is not enough assessment of public participation in budget discussions.","“Post Response to Questions on Egyptian Fiscal Transparency,” The Telegraph (Egypt), February 15, 2011\nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/egypt-wikileaks-cables/8326880/Post-Response-to-Questions-on-Egyptian-Fiscal-Transparency.html\n\nInternational Budget Parternship. 2010. Open Budget Index 2010 -- Egypt\nhttp://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/OBI2010-Egypt.pdf\n\nhttp://dar.akhbarelyom.org.eg/issuse/detailze.asp?mag=&field=news&id=73336\nhttp://www.masrawy.com/news/egypt/politics/2012/march/5/4851105.aspx","In theory, Egypt does not publish a budget to which citizens can provide input. However, the chairperson of the Budget and Planning Committee declared the intention to hold four meetings daily to discuss the government's budget proposal. The meetings will be attended by NGOs, acade..."]
["2012_GM_31",2012,"GM","The Gambia",31,0,"National budgets are prepared by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs and sent to parliament for approval. There is no role for citizens in budget debates.","Interview with Cherno Marenah, registrar general at the Attorney General's Chambers and Ministry of Justice (State Law Office), on Aug. 4, 2012, at the Gambia Football House in Kanifing.\n\n\"Pro-PAG Holds Validation Workshop On Pre-Budget Consultations,\" Suwaibou Touray, Foroyaa Newspaper (Serrekunda), Sept. 27, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201210040763.html","National budgets are prepared by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs and sent to parliament for approval. There is no role for citizens in budget debates."]
["2012_GH_31",2012,"GH","Ghana",31,50,"Citizens are invited by the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning to submit their input into the ministry's budget proposals, but few citizens do so. \n\nSeveral citizens offer suggestions to the Ministry of Finance, but what each person proposes is not published. Further, it is not clear what has been accepted and what has been rejected, except for the individuals who know what they proposed. This process is unclear because the deliberation process is not open to the public. \n\nCitizens have an opportunity to offer input into the budget process through the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, through their individual Parliamentarians and through memoranda and personal appearances before the entire Parliament. In practice, some citizens have taken advantage of these opportunities.","Patrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May, 31, 2012.  \n\n\"TUC Makes Input Into 2011 Budget,\" by Samuel Amoako, The Ghanaian Times, Oct. 19, 2010. http://newtimes.com.gh/story/tuc-makes-input-into-2011-budget\n\n\"Private sector makes inputs into 2012 budget,\" by Janet Norteye and Masahudu Ankiilu Kunateh, June 2, 2012. http://www.google.com.gh/local/trader/?utm_source=Matomy&utm_medium=GDN&utm_term=GH-EN&utm_campaign=2000512-CTG-ghanaian-chronicle.com\n\nEmmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June13 , 2012.","Citizens are invited by the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning to submit their input into the ministry's budget proposals, but few citizens do so. ..."]
["2012_LR_31",2012,"LR","Liberia",31,50,"NGOs are given the space to comment on the national budget, but there is not a structured way to accommodate their input. The discretion of legislators is overwhelming and inclusion in budget debates is unpredictable. NGO and citizen involvement with the budget process before it reaches the legislature is limited.","Interview with Sarnyenneh Dickson, program manager, CENTAL, July 12, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with John Kollie, executive director, Liberia Media for Democratic Initiatives, July 13, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","NGOs are given the space to comment on the national budget, but there is not a structured way to accommodate their input. The discretion of legislators is overwhelming and inclusion in budget debates is unpredictable. NGO and citizen involvement with the budget process before it re..."]
["2012_MR_31",2012,"MR","Mauritania",31,25,"Il n'y a pas en Mauritanie une participation directe de la société civile dans le processus d'élaboration du budget. Il existe certes des ONG qui s'intéressent à la problématique de la gestion du budget (ONG 3CM, la Coalition mauritanienne Publiez Ce Que Vous payez, etc.) mais elles n'interviennent qu'en aval pour s'enquérir de la traçabilité des revenus de l'Etat et son utilisation. \n\nSur certaines activités de cette ONG voir http://www.le-renovateur.com/3cm-reseau-d%E2%80%99ong-lutter-contre-corruption-mauritanie.\n\nQuant à la Coalition PCQVP, voir http://publishwhatyoupaymr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=63.","CRIDEM. \"Budget national 2012 : Le saviez-vous ?\". 28 août 2012. http://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=633389\n\nKassataya. \"APPROBATION DU BUDGET 2013 : UNE MAURITANIE DES RICHES SUR LES CENDRES DU POPULISME DÉSUET\". 3 janvier 2013. http://www.kassataya.com/economie/8648-approbation-du-budget-2013-une-mauritanie-des-riches-sur-les-cendres-du-populisme-desuet\n\n\"CRIDEM. \"Budget participatif et gouvernance locale en Mauritanie\". 31 octobre 2012. http://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=635843\n\nLoi n° 2001-02 du 25 janvier 2001 et le décret n° 037-2001 du 03 février 2001 autorisant la ratification de l'Accord de Cotonou\n \nMohamed Saleck OULD BRAHIM, Mode officiel de citation : «Mauritanie, réforme de la société civile et enjeux», Multipol, juin 2007, <http://www.multipol.org>.","Il n'y a pas en Mauritanie une participation directe de la société civile dans le processus d'élaboration du budget. Il existe certes des ONG qui s'intéressent à la problématique de la gestion du budget (ONG 3CM, la Coalition mauritanienne Publiez Ce Que Vous payez, etc.) mais elle..."]
["2012_NA_31",2012,"NA","Namibia",31,25,"Citizens have no clear platform to participate in the budget process, a highly centralized exercise with few if any  comments from the citizenry.\n\nLesley Blaauw contends that \"while the public is generally invited to share their views on any bill before it is passed, the Minister of Finance specifically invites the public, in particular the private sector and academics, to comment on the budget only after it has been tabled [brought up for discussion].\"\n\nThis somewhat negates meaningful participation.","John Nakuta and Vincia Cloete, \"The Justice Sector & the Rule of Law in Namibia,\" Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nLesley Blaauw, \"Accountability and Democracy,\" in (eds.) Bryan M. Sims and Monica Koep's \"Unfinished Business: Democracy in Namibia,\" 2012, IDASA, Pretoria, pp. 74-100.","Citizens have no clear platform to participate in the budget process, a highly centralized exercise with few if any  comments from the citizenry...."]
["2012_RW_31",2012,"RW","Rwanda",31,50,"Though the Finance Ministry encourages citizens to participate in the budgeting process, individual voices matter less. Citizens are not educated on budgeting issues, so when they participate in the process, they do not do so from an informed point of view. Nongovernmental organizations are at times not allowed to engage in civic education because anything to do with the budget also relates to human rights, a turf the government never wants someone to touch.","Basile Bayihiki, member of Parliament, interviewed Dec. 6, 2012, Kigali.\n\nAndrews Kananga, Legal Aid Forum, interviewed Dec. 14, 2012, Kigali.","Though the Finance Ministry encourages citizens to participate in the budgeting process, individual voices matter less. Citizens are not educated on budgeting issues, so when they participate in the process, they do not do so from an informed point of view. Nongovernmental organiza..."]
["2012_SO_31",2012,"SO","Somalia",31,0,"It is difficult for Somali citizens to provide input for budget decisions, as the Government does not provide any mechanisms or opportunities for citizen suggestions. The process is largely controlled by the Ministry of Finance and the Parliament.","Anonymous members of Parliament, interviewed November 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","It is difficult for Somali citizens to provide input for budget decisions, as the Government does not provide any mechanisms or opportunities for citizen suggestions. The process is largely controlled by the Ministry of Finance and the Parliament."]
["2012_TZ_31",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",31,25,"Budget books are regularly published late, usually just a week or so before being debated in the National Assembly. This prevents citizens from having meaningful input into the budget debates. NGOs do their best, particularly in the health, education and agriculture sectors to work with parliamentarians to build their capacity to review budgets. But this process is completely closed to ordinary citizens.\n \n The Opportunities and Obstacles to Development system is rarely used the way it is meant to be used, as a participatory planning tool. In reality, if it is used at all, it is contracted out to consultants or undertaken by under-resourced local government staff who may have consultations with some community members. A plan is then drawn up, which is not available at Village or Street level, and is then put together with other Street/Village plans at Ward level.","\"Viko wapi vitabu vya makadirio ya Bajeti?\" [Where are the budget books?], press release by the Sikika NGO, May 27, 2012. \n http://www.sikika.or.tz/sw/publications/read.php?uid=228\n \n International Budget Partnership (2012) \"Freeing Funds to Meet Priorities and Needs: Sikika’s Campaign to Curb Unnecessary Expenditure in Tanzania, Study No. 8.\"\n http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/LP-case-study-Sikika.pdf","Budget books are regularly published late, usually just a week or so before being debated in the National Assembly. This prevents citizens from having meaningful input into the budget debates. NGOs do their best, particularly in the health, education and agriculture sectors to work..."]
["2012_ZW_31",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",31,50,"Consultation for input into the 2012 budget was done widely by the Ministry of Finance through the Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce; Zimbabwe Council of Tourism; Zimbabwe Textile Manufacturers Association; Retailers Association of Zimbabwe; Chamber of Mines; Zimbabwe Federation of Small Scale Miners Association; Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries; Zimbabwe Farmers Union; Commercial Farmers Union; Bankers Association of Zimbabwe. Civil society organisations also provided input. These included: National Association of NGOs; Southern Africa Parliamentary Support Trust (SAPST); Zimbabwe Women Resource Network. Parliament through relevant portfolio committees also conducted wide consultations at grassroots level. \n \n However, currently CSOs involved in budget tracking have failed to go beyond analysis of the budget proposals as the final allocations to Ministries are classified documents. This makes it difficult for CSOs to demand accountability.","\"The Budgeting process in Zimbabwe,\" by J. M. Mathe, National Association of Non-Governmental Associations (NANGO), Zimbabwe, a conference presentation in South Africa, 2011. \n \n \"Consultations for 2012 Zimbabwe budget begin,\" by Tawanda Musarurwa, Nehanda Radio, Oct. 5, 2011, http://nehandaradio.com/2011/10/18/consultations-for-2012-zimbabwe-budget-begin/","Consultation for input into the 2012 budget was done widely by the Ministry of Finance through the Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce; Zimbabwe Council of Tourism; Zimbabwe Textile Manufacturers Association; Retailers Association of Zimbabwe; Chamber of Mines; Zimbabwe Federatio..."]
["2012_DZ_32",2012,"DZ","Algeria",32,50,"The special committee is called Commission des Finances et du Budget, composed of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties in a roughly equitable distribution. However, the composition shows a dominance of the majority in power, FLN (Front de libération nationale), and the second is RND (Rassemblement National Démocratique), which is very close to the former in its principles.\nAll members of the committee, including opposition party members, are able to fully participate in the activities of the committee and influence the committee roughly to the same extent as any other member of the committee. According to official sources, the heads of ministry submit regular, formal reports of expenses to this committee and where irregularities are discovered, the committee actively carries out investigations.","Anonymous source, senior executive. Ministry of Finance July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, senior executive. Ministry of Finance. July 8, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 8, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 8, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 8, 2012.\n\nAssemblee Populaire National. http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/french/index.htm\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The special committee is called Commission des Finances et du Budget, composed of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties in a roughly equitable distribution. However, the composition shows a dominance of the majority in power, FLN (Front de libér..."]
["2012_BI_32",2012,"BI","Burundi",32,50,"There is a legislative committee with specific mandate to carry out oversight of public funds and finances, the Commission on Public Funds, Finances, Economic Affairs and Planning.  It is made up of 13 legislators. The Public Account Court is a separate body, but reports to the Parliament on the management of public funds. However, neither financial body has enough human and financial resources to carry out the oversight of public funds. This is evidenced by the number of corruption and embezzlement cases that go with no inquiry from these bodies.","Interview with Christine Ntagwirumugara, Commissioner (Conseiller) in Court of Account (Cour des Comptes) and a former member of Parliament.\n\nWebsite of the National Assembly: http://www.assemblee.bi/-Commissions-permanentes-\n\n\"La Cour des Comptes : une garantie pour la transparence et la bonne gouvernance (Court of Auditors: a guarantee of transparency and good governance),\" 3) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), June 18, 2012. Please go to http://www.bi.undp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=421:la-cour-des-comptes-une-garantie-pour-la-transparence-et-la-bonne-gouvernance-&Itemid=206","There is a legislative committee with specific mandate to carry out oversight of public funds and finances, the Commission on Public Funds, Finances, Economic Affairs and Planning.  It is made up of 13 legislators. The Public Account Court is a separate body, but reports to the Par..."]
["2012_KM_32",2012,"KM","Comoros",32,0,"On rencontre une inefficacité dans ce domaine car le rôle de la Commission des finances au niveau de l’Assemblée de l’Union se limite aux travaux préparatoires de l’examen du projet de loi de finances, lorsque celle-ci est présentée par le gouvernement. \n\nSelon les résultats de l'étude PEFA, les suivis de l’exécution du budget et des risques  budgétaires sont de manière générale très faibles. Actuellement, il n’existe qu’une Commission de vérification des comptes mais elle ne fonctionne pas de manière opérationnelle. Les informations financières et budgétaires ne sont pas accessibles au public, mis à part le code général des impôts, le code des douanes, les lois de finances et certains rapports de vérification. Le gouvernement a cependant pour objectif de renforcer les capacités des cadres de la vérification interne et de créer les conditions permettant la vérification externe des finances publiques. \n\nEn théorie l’Assemblée Nationale est dotée des pouvoirs de contrôle appropriés pour exercer une surveillance et une vérification externe efficace. En pratique, elle ne peut opérer aucun contrôle effectif, principalement pour les raisons suivantes : \n-  Elle ne dispose pas de moyens de fonctionnement suffisants qui lui permette d’exercer ses fonctions de surveillance correctement ;  \n-  Le budget est généralement présenté trop tardivement à l’assemblée, si bien que cette dernière ne dispose pas du temps et des ressources humaines nécessaires pour pouvoir argumenter ou proposer des modifications ;  \n-  Lorsque le budget est exécuté, les dépenses ne réalisent en général pas en accord avec les décompositions projetées et le Ministère des Finances est souvent réticent à fournir à l’Assemblée Nationale les explications demandées.","Interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni. \n\nETUDE PEFA, 2008, Analyse de la situation macro-économique et de la gestion des finances publiques et de ses mécanismes de suivi, cadre de mesure de la performance budgétaire, page 2, 3 et 4","On rencontre une inefficacité dans ce domaine car le rôle de la Commission des finances au niveau de l’Assemblée de l’Union se limite aux travaux préparatoires de l’examen du projet de loi de finances, lorsque celle-ci est présentée par le gouvernement. ..."]
["2012_EG_32",2012,"EG","Egypt",32,25,"A Budget and Planning Committee (BPC) exists in the Egyptian People's Assembly to discuss the government's budget proposal, accept or amend it and make the necessary follow-up on its implementation and necessary amendments to achieve the country's policy goals.\n\nHowever, the budget presented by the government to this committee is usually flawed and very technical, inaccessible to ministers of Parliament without a strong economic background.\n\nThe chairperson of the BPC of the last Parliament was a member of the majority party. In a first move, the BCP discussed the financial and management corruption inside the tax authority as well as the NGO crisis which started when security authorities raided the offices of many foreign NGOs, accusing them of working illegally in Egypt.\n\nAccording to news pieces about the BPC, the Ministry of Finance was cooperating with it in terms of sending the budget proposal and attending its meetings. However, the BPC chairperson was complaining that the proposal was very flawed and sent with delays, two months after the deadline, hindering the panel’s opportunity to involve the general public in the budget discussions. \n\nOn another hand, the limited activity period of the Parliament, dissolved after few months of its inauguration, does not provide enough information to assess its efficiency. However, it seems that the balance of power between the executive and the legislative branches is the main factor affecting the performance of the BPC. When the SCAF was in power, the BPC was able to discuss the economic steps of the government, although the documents were vague, and criticize its reform program harshly, but it was limited to few recommendations without real power to enforce them. \n\nAs with the financial irregularities, the private funds crisis, lacking of transparency, between the BCP and the Central Auditing Agency did not bring any positive outcomes. The BCP tried to force the CAO to disclose them and the government to use them as an alternative to any loans of the IMF. However, it did not succeed.","“Post Response to Questions on Egyptian Fiscal Transparency,” The Telegraph (Egypt), February 15, 2011\nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/egypt-wikileaks-cables/8326880/Post-Response-to-Questions-on-Egyptian-Fiscal-Transparency.html.\n\nInternational Budget Partnership. 2010. Open Budget Index 2010 -- Egypt\nhttp://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/OBI2010-Egypt.pdf.\n\nTransparency International. 2009. Study of National Integrity System -- Egypt.\n\nAhram. April 2012. BCP Discussing the Corruption in the Taxes Authority\nhttp://gate.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/13/97/192925/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%88.aspx (Arabic version).\n\nEgypt Independent. 2012. Elections, employee bonuses raise budget deficit\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/elections-employee-bonuses-raise-budget-deficit.\n\nMohamed Khaled. 2012. Egypt’s Parliament Receives New Budget Sunday\nhttp://ns1.alemanawalan.com/en/news/egypt-news/4164-egypts-parliament-to-receive-new-budget-tomorrow.html.\n\nAhram Online. 2012. Egypt maximum wage finally set for July: Official\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/News/41222.aspx.\n\nAhram English. 2012. Egypt budget and planning committee slams Cabinet's IMF-friendly reforms. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/37087/Business/Economy/Egypt-budget-and-planning-committee-slams-Cabinets.aspx.\n\nNadine Marroushi. 2012. Push for corruption-friendly private funds to be included in national budget.\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/push-corruption-friendly-private-funds-be-included-national-budget.","A Budget and Planning Committee (BPC) exists in the Egyptian People's Assembly to discuss the government's budget proposal, accept or amend it and make the necessary follow-up on its implementation and necessary amendments to achieve the country's policy goals...."]
["2012_GQ_32",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",32,0,"Within the Parliament, the Committee for Economy, Commerce, Finance and Budget is in charge of the oversight of the government's budget. \n\nHowever, there is only one opposition member in the parliament and, therefore, only one member in that committee from the opposition. \n\nMeetings of the Parliamentary Committee for Economy, Commerce, Finance and Budget are during the plenary sessions period. This is twice a  year (March and September) for a maximum period of two months. \n\nIn the parliamentary reports of 2011, the opposition party CPDS, described how amendments they tabled were not debated in this commission, as the parliament procedures requests.\n\nA 2010 IMF report said: \"The large over-execution of investment expenditure in 2009 points to weak budgetary control.\"","Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) Party, October 27, 2011, Crónicas parlamentarias, 2° periodo de sesiones 2011, segunda parte, http://cpds-gq.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=170:cronicas-parlamentarias-2d-periodo-de-sesiones-2011-segunda-parte&catid=8:elecciones-y-parlamento&Itemid=7\n\nPoverty and Poor Governance in the Land of Plenty: Assessing an Oil Dividend in Equatorial Guinea, Antony Goldman, Center for Global Development, December 2011, http://www.cgdev.org/doc/Initiatives/Oil2Cash/EG_Goldman_Formatted_Version_Final.pdf\n\nInternational Monetary Fund, April 8, 2010, Staff Report for the 2010 Article IV Consultation, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10103.pdf","Within the Parliament, the Committee for Economy, Commerce, Finance and Budget is in charge of the oversight of the government's budget. ..."]
["2012_GH_32",2012,"GH","Ghana",32,50,"In practice, there exists a Public Accounts Committee of Parliament to provide effective oversight of public funds. The committee is made up of 13 members from the ruling party and 12 from the opposition parties, is chaired by a member of an opposition party, and holds its hearings in public with the media covering them live.\n\nHowever, the effectiveness of this committee is reduced by its inability to enforce its decisions. The decisions are referred back to the executive for implementation, and obviously the president can choose not to implement the committee's decisions.","Emmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.","In practice, there exists a Public Accounts Committee of Parliament to provide effective oversight of public funds. The committee is made up of 13 members from the ruling party and 12 from the opposition parties, is chaired by a member of an opposition party, and holds its hearings..."]
["2012_LR_32",2012,"LR","Liberia",32,50,"The Liberia legislature has public accounts committees in both houses of the legislature that oversee public funds, but these committees are not very effective. They have joined with such groups from other West African countries to form the West Africa Association of Public Accounts Committees to work to build capacity and improve their effectiveness.","Interview with Jasper Cummeh, senior policy advisor, Agenda for Genuine Democratic Alternatives, July 18, 2012.\n\nInterview with Orlind Cooper, program manager, Developmental Media, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\n\"Liberia: Waapac Adopts Nine-Count Resolution\", by Emmanuel Weedee, The Heritage newspaper,  May 4, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201205040598.html","The Liberia legislature has public accounts committees in both houses of the legislature that oversee public funds, but these committees are not very effective. They have joined with such groups from other West African countries to form the West Africa Association of Public Account..."]
["2012_MR_32",2012,"MR","Mauritania",32,75,"Outre les institutions qui s'occupent du controle de la gestion des fonds publics (la cour des comptes, l'inspection Générale d'Etat et l'inspection générale des Finances), il existe au niveau du parlement des commissions qui contrôlent et informent sur la gouvernance des fonds publics (la commission des finances de l'Assemblée Nationale, la commission des comptes, etc.)\n\nDans le cadre de l'Initiative sur la transparence des industries extractives (ITIE), les fonds publics issus de l'exploitation des industries extractives sont actuellement mieux gérés et contrôlés en raison de la collégialité du comité qui a été mis sur pied à cet effet (Etat, société civile et compagnies extractives) et des mécanismes utilisés pour le contrôle des la traçabilité et la divulgation.","CRIDEM. \"Hausse du budget de la défense en Mauritanie\". 20 décembre 2012. http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=637633\n\nMauriMedia. \"Mauritanie : L’Assemblée nationale adopte la loi des finances 2012\". 26 décembre 2011. http://www.maurimedia.com/imprimer_article481.html\n\nRépublique Islamique de Mauritanie, Rapport National sur l'Initiative pour la Transparence des Industries Extractives, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, source :www.cnitie.mr \n\nInitiative pour la Transparence des Industries Extractives, http://www.cnitie.mr\n\nComposition du CNITIE (Décret n° 2006-001 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement du Comité National de l’Initiative sur la Transparence des Industries Extractives, Nouakchott, le 13 Janvier 2006=\n\nDécret 2006 portant création CNITIE (voir ce décret dans le site www.cnitie.mr)","Outre les institutions qui s'occupent du controle de la gestion des fonds publics (la cour des comptes, l'inspection Générale d'Etat et l'inspection générale des Finances), il existe au niveau du parlement des commissions qui contrôlent et informent sur la gouvernance des fonds pub..."]
["2012_MU_32",2012,"MU","Mauritius",32,100,"The Public Accounts Committee is a sessional select committee set up to examine audited accounts as reported by the director of audit and such other accounts laid before the assembly, as the latter may refer to it together with the director of audit’s report thereon. Nine members constitute the committee, with the chairman being a member of the opposition. The PAC is also empowered to send for persons and records, take evidence, and report to parliament from time to time. It has to satisfy itself that disbursements of public funds are as required, as legally provided, and in compliance with regulations. It has also to ensure that cases of negative expenditure and financial irregularities are subject to scrutiny.","Interview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. July 17, 2012, in Curepipe.\n\nRole of the Public Accounts Committee. Government of Mauritius. National Audit Office Website. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/auditsite/menuitem.ef06fd7017a71302b4c3bb4e52a521ca/","The Public Accounts Committee is a sessional select committee set up to examine audited accounts as reported by the director of audit and such other accounts laid before the assembly, as the latter may refer to it together with the director of audit’s report thereon. Nine members c..."]
["2012_NG_32",2012,"NG","Nigeria",32,50,"The house of representatives has separate committees for appropriation; aids, loans and debt management; legislative budget and research; and public accounts. The senate has separate committees for appropriation, finance and public accounts.\n\nThere is a separate committee in each house of the National Assembly on public accounts.  As a rule, a member of the opposition party chairs the committees. Members of the opposition parties are equally represented and apparently have fair chance to participate in the committee‘s activities.  However, the ruling party is usually careful to select a candidate who is pliable from the opposition to head the committee.  Besides, any chair that is considered disloyal to the interest of the ruling party could be removed whenever committees are being reorganized.  There is therefore sufficient incentive to encourage chairs to influence the work of the committee in desired direction by the ruling party.  Okey Muogbo thinks that this is a major means through which the committee independence in hampered.  The executive ministries and agencies submit reports to the auditor general, who presents the report to the Public Accounts Committee of legislature.  The legislature therefore receives and considers the report on expenditures by executive officials in the ministries and departments as presented to it by the auditor general. The committees appear very aggressive in oversight functions, especially in investigating irregularities.  However, the outcome of such investigations leaves everyone in doubt about the effectiveness of the committees. The investigations are either not concluded or when they are concluded, they are not used and are of no consequence.\n\nDescribing the situation, Eze Onyekpere, the lead director of the Centre for Social Justice, Abuja, states that, “The current constitutional auditing function appears to be a frustrating exercise in report writing. The Auditor General of the Federation produces a report which is sent to the Public Accounts Committee of the legislature. The PAC conducts hearings and investigations if necessary, then concludes its deliberations and produces yet another report. What happens to the recommendations in the first and second reports? Available evidence shows that audit recommendations are treated with levity by Ministries, Departments and Agencies. Despite the provisions of the Financial Regulations, there is hardly a follow-up on the recommendations. This sets the stage for the year after year recurrence of the same set of “financial felonies and misdemeanours” by MDAs.\" … \"corrective action appears not to follow individual cases of mismanagement, as the treasury is hardly compensated while those responsible for the violations hardly accept responsibility. This has led to situations of impunity for violations of the laws. Thus, the Nigerian society neither gets guarantees of non-repetition, compensation nor are the offenders ever punished.\"","Corruption: Mark Blames Poor Legislative Oversight, Inefficiency. Uchenna Awom and Chibuzo Ukaibe. Leadership. May 9, 2012. http://www.leadership.ng/nga/articles/24093/2012/05/09/corruption_mark_blames_poor_legislative_oversight_inefficiency.html?quicktabs_3=1 \n\nNational Assembly and Oversight Function: To What Extent? Banji Aluko. Sunday Tribune. April 8, 2012. http://www.tribune.com.ng/sun/the-polity/6904-national-assembly-and-oversight-function-to-what-extent\n\nNigerian Legislature: The Oversight Haram. Anayochukwu Agbo. Tell magazine. July 09, 2012. http://www.tellng.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1575:nigerian-legislature-the-oversight-haram&Itemid=164\n\nFiscal Issues in Constitutional Amendment 2. Eze Onyekpere. Punch. March 12, 2012. http://www.punchng.com/viewpoint/fiscal-issues-in-constitutional-amendment-2/\n\nTelephone interview with Mr. Okey Muogbo, correspondent to National Assembly until November 2012, currently editorial page editor, Nigerian Tribune Newspaper. Dec. 24, 2012.\n\nNational Assembly website. http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/committees.php, accessed December 2012. ","The house of representatives has separate committees for appropriation; aids, loans and debt management; legislative budget and research; and public accounts. The senate has separate committees for appropriation, finance and public accounts...."]
["2012_SL_32",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",32,50,"Parliament has a Public Accounts Committee, which scrutinizes audit reports and makes recommendations. However, its performance is less than satisfactory in examining budgets. The committee's effectiveness is hampered by its limited capacity and by the party loyalty of MPs in the ruling party.","Anonymous respondent, State House, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAnonymous respondent, Treasury Department, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAbu Bakarr Kamara, coordinator, Budget Advocacy Network, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, Freetown.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Parliament has a Public Accounts Committee, which scrutinizes audit reports and makes recommendations. However, its performance is less than satisfactory in examining budgets. The committee's effectiveness is hampered by its limited capacity and by the party loyalty of MPs in the r..."]
["2012_SZ_32",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",32,50,"The Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee and the Auditor General provide oversight and audit functions in relation to the management of public funds. While these bodies play an important oversight role on public finance in the country, they are not as effective as they could be. There are many unreported or unresolved cases of corruption and the misappropriation of funds.","\"Swaziland, Fiscal Adjustment Roadmap, 2010/11-2014/15,\" http://books.google.com/books/about/Fiscal_Adjustment_Roadmap_FAR.html?id=CeJ-kgEACAAJ\n \n \"Swaziland, in Media Law Handbook For Southern Africa,\" by Justine Limpitlaw, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_23503-1522-2-30.pdf?120710123933\n \n \"PAC recovers over E30m ‘lost’ money,\" by Musa Simelane, Times of Swaziland, Aug. 14, 2012, http://www.times.co.sz/News/78636.html (Accessed 28 August 2012)\n \n \"Close down useless Embassies - PAC,\" by Winile Masinga, Swazi Observer, May 9, 2011, http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=24502","The Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee and the Auditor General provide oversight and audit functions in relation to the management of public funds. While these bodies play an important oversight role on public finance in the country, they are not as effective as they could be...."]
["2012_TZ_32",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",32,75,"Standing Orders allow for the establishment of a Public Accounts Committee. Other key finance committees are the Local Authorities Accounts Committee and the Public Organizations Accounts Committee. All three are chaired by opposition members of the Assembly. There are also sector committees, although their capacity and quality of analysis is highly variable. \n \n Reports of the three committees are closely followed in Parliament and by the media. Though they have been greatly empowered by the revised Standing Orders of 2007, they still rely on the drive of their chairpersons. Any power they have is political and not administrative, so it is not unusual for abuses to be identified year after year with little action taken in response. \n \n The report cited (which covers issues into 2011, despite its misleading title) lists a number of problems identified by the committee as well as by the controller and auditor general that have not been addressed across a number of public agencies and corporations. These include financial management and control issues as well as policy recommendations.","Kanuni za kudumu za Bunge, Toleo la 2007 [National Assembly Standing Orders, 2007 edition], Section 113 (11)\n \n \"PM In the Line of Fire\", The Citizen, April 19, 2012. http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/component/content/article/37-tanzania-top-news-story/21655-pm-in-the-line-of-fire.html\n \n Bunge la Tanzania (2011), Taarifa ya Kamati ya Bunge ya Hesabu za Mashirika ya Umma Kwa Mwaka wa Fedha Unaoishia Juni 30, 2010 [National Assembly of Tanzania (2011), Report of the Public Organizations Accounts Committee for the year ending June 30, 2010]\n \n Bofin, Peter (2009) \"Assessment of the Effectiveness of Oversight Bodies in the Health Sector,\" unpublished report for Youth Action Volunteers, pages 4-5","Standing Orders allow for the establishment of a Public Accounts Committee. Other key finance committees are the Local Authorities Accounts Committee and the Public Organizations Accounts Committee. All three are chaired by opposition members of the Assembly. There are also sector ..."]
["2012_ZW_32",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",32,50,"The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is currently chaired by MDC legislator Hon. Webber Chinyadza. The Public Accounts Committee is a post audit committee with a mandate of examining the financial affairs and accounts of government departments and state-owned enterprises, as well as all the reports of the comptoller and auditor-general (CAG). \n \n In 2012, the PAC managed to clear a backlog of audit reports for the financial year 2009 to 2010. The reports were submitted to Parliament by the comptroller and auditor-general in fulfilment of the provisions of the Public Finance Management Act and the Audit Office Act. The committee now has to compile its report and table its findings and recommendations in the House of Assembly. The committee will also make a follow up on the recommendations of the comptroller and auditor-general to monitor whether government departments in question have complied or not.\n \n In March 2012, for example, the committee reviewed the comptroller and auditor-general's management of government vehicles.","\"Public Accounts Committee Examines Value for Money Audit Reports,\" Southern African Parliamentary Support Trust (SAPST), June 2012, http://www.sapst.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:public-accounts-committee-examines-value-for-money-audit-reports&catid=7:news-a-events&Itemid=111\n \n \"Public Accounts Committee must have more teeth,' by John Makamure, Newsday, January 13, 2011, http://www.newsday.co.zw/article/2011-01-13-public-accounts-committee-must-have-more-teeth\n \n \"Motion: Report of the Committee on Public Accounts on the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General on the Management of Government Vehicles by CMED (PVT) LTD,\" Parliament of Zimbabwe, March 20, 2012, http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/30/20_March_2012_38-28.pdf\n \n \"Bill Watch: Coming Up in Parliament This Week,\" SW Radio Africa, http://www.swradioafrica.com/bill-watch-coming-up-in-parliament-this-week/","The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is currently chaired by MDC legislator Hon. Webber Chinyadza. The Public Accounts Committee is a post audit committee with a mandate of examining the financial affairs and accounts of government departments and state-owned enterprises, as well as..."]
["2012_BF_33",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",33,0,"Depuis 2011, l'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d’Etat a élaboré avec la contribution de la Banque Mondiale un manuel des plaintes et dénonciations. En outre, un numéro de téléphone appelé numéro vert (gratuit) a été installé et les agents et usagers des services publiques sont encouragés à faire des dénonciations de cas de corruption en utilisant ce numéro. Cependant, il n'existe pas une loi demandant aux fonctionnaires de dénoncer des cas ou des cas présumés de corruption.","Un manuel de plaintes et de dénonciation a été établi en 2011 pour explique comment dénoncer ou comment se plaindre.\nhttp://www.acauthorities.org/aca/node/342\n\nLoi n° 013/98/AN portant régime juridique applicable aux emplois et aux agents de la Fonction Publique. (28 Avril 1998). Article 23, paragraphe 2. \nhttp://www.concours.gov.bf/documents/loi13-98-AN.pdf\n\nLoi No. 043/96/ADP du 13 Novembre 1996 portant Code Pénal. http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/Penal-Code.pdf","Depuis 2011, l'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d’Etat a élaboré avec la contribution de la Banque Mondiale un manuel des plaintes et dénonciations. En outre, un numéro de téléphone appelé numéro vert (gratuit) a été installé et les agents et usagers des services publiques sont enco..."]
["2012_TD_33",2012,"TD","Chad",33,0,"Law 04/PR/2000 on the fight against corruption was promulgated on Feb. 16, 2000 but does not include any provision requiring civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption.","Law 04/PR/2000. Feb 16, 2000.","Law 04/PR/2000 on the fight against corruption was promulgated on Feb. 16, 2000 but does not include any provision requiring civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption."]
["2012_KM_33",2012,"KM","Comoros",33,0,"La loi relative à la transparence des activités publiques, économique, financière et sociale de l'Union des Comores ne vise pas spécifiquement la dénonciation des actes de corruption, mais astreint le fonctionnaire à signaler tout conflit d'intérêt sous peine de sanction en cas de non déclaration (Art 164- Paragraphe 3- \"Tout conflit d’intérêt doit être immédiatement déclaré auprès de l’autorité hiérarchique\".)","DECRET N° 11 - 103 / PR du 21 juin 2011 Portant promulgation de la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores, Art. 164, Paragraphe 3 (http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-)","La loi relative à la transparence des activités publiques, économique, financière et sociale de l'Union des Comores ne vise pas spécifiquement la dénonciation des actes de corruption, mais astreint le fonctionnaire à signaler tout conflit d'intérêt sous peine de sanction en cas de ..."]
["2012_EG_33",2012,"EG","Egypt",33,0,"No law exists.","N/A","No law exists."]
["2012_GM_33",2012,"GM","The Gambia",33,0,"Chapter 10 of the Criminal Code (Sections 86  to 94) deals with corruption and abuse of office. Offenses addressed in this chapter include official corruption (Section 86), extortion by public officers (Section 87) and abuse of office (Section 90). However, no section in this chapter -- or any other law -- requires civil servants to report alleged cases of corruption.","Chapter 10 (Sections 86 to 94), Criminal Code Cap 10:01 Laws of The Gambia 2009","Chapter 10 of the Criminal Code (Sections 86  to 94) deals with corruption and abuse of office. Offenses addressed in this chapter include official corruption (Section 86), extortion by public officers (Section 87) and abuse of office (Section 90). However, no section in this chapt..."]
["2012_KE_33",2012,"KE","Kenya",33,0,"Whereas the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act is the most appropriate law, there is no provision requiring civil servants to report allegations of corruption; however, all citizens are invited by the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission to report allegations of corruption. The commission has made arrangements for citizens, including civil servants, to report corruption allegations in confidence by telephone, online and in person.","Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act, No. 22, of 2011. http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/frames.php.","Whereas the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act is the most appropriate law, there is no provision requiring civil servants to report allegations of corruption; however, all citizens are invited by the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission to report allegations of corruption. The commis..."]
["2012_LY_33",2012,"LY","Libya",33,0,"There is no such law.","Interviews with Jamal Bennor, civil law judge, Ministry of Justice, July 6, 2012, in Benghazi, and July 16, 2012, in Tripoli. Formerly coordinator of justice of the National Transitional Council, September 2011 to June 2012.\n\nPunishment Law, 1952\n\nEconomic Crime Law, Law No. 2, 1979","There is no such law."]
["2012_MU_33",2012,"MU","Mauritius",33,100,"Section 44 of the Prevention of Corruption Act states: \n\n“Where an officer of a public body suspects that an act of corruption has been committed within or in relation to that public body, he shall forthwith make a written report to the commission.”\n \nFurthermore, Section 43 states that any person (including civil servants) may without disclosing his identity and  orally or in writing, notify the commission or an officer of the existence or possible existence of a corruption offence.\n\nThe commission shall take all steps that may be necessary to facilitate the notification to the commission of the possible existence of an act of corruption.","The Prevention of Corruption Act(PoCA), 2002.\nhttp://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/P/Page%204/PREVENTIONCORRUPTION1.pdf\n\nInterview with Mr. N. Patten, barrister at law. June 3, 2012, in Port Louis.\n\nGovernment of Mauritius, Code of Ethics for Public Officers. www.gov.mu/portal/goc/mcsa/files/Ethics2010.pdf","Section 44 of the Prevention of Corruption Act states: \n\n“Where an officer of a public body suspects that an act of corruption has been committed withi..."]
["2012_NG_33",2012,"NG","Nigeria",33,100,"The current official working definition of corruption in Nigeria as provided by the anti-corruption law includes bribery, fraudulent acquisition of property, fraudulent receipt of property, the use of pecuniary advantage, gratification, influence peddling, insincerity in advice with a view to gaining advantage, less than a full day’s work for a full day’s pay, tardiness and laziness.  Failure to report any case of inducement to the appropriate authority is also considered a punishable offense under the law.\n\nSection 23, subsections 1 and 2 of the corrupt practices act makes it mandatory for public officers to report alleged cases of bribery.","Corruption and other Related Offences Act. Abuja: Government Printer. Federal Republic of Nigeria (FGN) .2000\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","The current official working definition of corruption in Nigeria as provided by the anti-corruption law includes bribery, fraudulent acquisition of property, fraudulent receipt of property, the use of pecuniary advantage, gratification, influence peddling, insincerity in advice wit..."]
["2012_SL_33",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",33,100,"The Anti-Corruption Act specifically requires a public officer who suspects that an act constituting an offense under Part IV, that is, an act of corruption, has been committed or is about to be committed within or in relation to a public body, make a written report to the Anti-Corruption Commission. \n\nCivil Service workers, once appointed, are sure of their posts even if the government changes, except in cases of misbehavior, corruption or gross inefficiency. \n\nThe code states that civil servants are personally and institutionally accountable to the government and the public for their decisions, actions and/or inaction, and shall therefore be as open as possible about them.","Section 77 (1) of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, www.sierraherald.com/anti-corruption-act-2008.htm\n\nCivil Service Code of Conduct.","The Anti-Corruption Act specifically requires a public officer who suspects that an act constituting an offense under Part IV, that is, an act of corruption, has been committed or is about to be committed within or in relation to a public body, make a written report to the Anti-Cor..."]
["2012_SO_33",2012,"SO","Somalia",33,0,"There is no applicable law in Somalia.","Anonymous Somali lawyers, interviewed Oct. 12, 2012, Mogadishu.","There is no applicable law in Somalia."]
["2012_TZ_33",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",33,0,"No such requirement exists.","No such requirement exists.","No such requirement exists."]
["2012_ZW_33",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",33,100,"Section 172 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform Act) of 2004 criminalizes the act of corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal. This can be interpreted as a requirement to report cases of corruption. The section states that (1) Any —\n (a) agent who, having carried out any transaction in connection with his other principal's affairs or business, fails to disclose to the principal the full nature of the transaction;\n (i) intending to deceive the principal or realizing that there is a real risk or possibility that the principal may be deceived; or \n (ii) intending to obtain a consideration knowing or realizing that there is a real risk or possibility that such consideration is not due to him or her in terms of any agreement or arrangement between himself or herself and the principal; or\n (b) person who — \n (i) carries out any transaction with an agent in connection with the affairs or business of the agent's principal; or\n (ii) assists an agent to carry out any such transaction; knowing that the agent does not intend to disclose to the principal the full nature of the transaction; shall be guilty of corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal and liable to a fine up to or exceeding level 14 or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 20 years or both. \n (2) Where an agent agrees or arranges with another person or a person agrees or arranges with an agent not to disclose to the agent's principal the full nature of any transaction which the agent has carried out or will carry out in connection with the principal's affairs or business, and the agent or person so agreed or arranged — \n (a) intending to deceive the principal or realizing that there is a real risk or possibility that the principal may be deceived; or \n (b) intending that the agent should obtain a consideration knowing or realizing that there is a real risk or possibility that such consideration is not due to the agent in terms of any agreement or arrangement between the agent and the principal; \n the competent charge shall be conspiracy to commit the crime of corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal. \n (3) If it is proved, in any prosecution for corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal, that — \n (a) an agent —\n (i) agreed or arranged with another person that the full nature of any transaction should not be disclosed to the agent's principal; or \n (ii) failed to disclose to his or her principal the full nature of any transaction; \n the agent shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to have done so intending to deceive the principal, or to obtain a consideration for himself or herself knowing or realizing that there is a real risk or possibility that such consideration is not due to him or her in terms of any agreement or arrangement between himself or herself and the principal, as the case may be;\n (b) any person agreed or arranged with an agent that the full nature of any transaction should not be disclosed to the agent’s principal, that person shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to have done so intending to deceive the agent's principal; \n (c) any person carried out a transaction with an agent or assisted an agent to carry out a transaction the full nature of which was not disclosed to the agent's principal, that person shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to have known that the agent did not intend to disclose to the principal the full nature of the transaction.\n \n Section 174 (b) of the same act states that \n (1) If a public officer, in the exercise of his or her functions as such, intentionally —\n (a) does anything that is contrary to or inconsistent with his or her duty as a public officer; or \n (b) omits to do anything which it is his or her duty as a public officer to do; \n for the purpose of showing favor or disfavor to any person, he or she shall be guilty of criminal abuse of duty as a public officer and liable to a fine not exceeding level 13 or imprisonment for period not exceeding 15 years or both. \n (2) If it is proved, in any prosecution for criminal abuse of duty as a public officer, that a public officer, in breach of his or her duty as such, did or omitted to do anything to the favor or prejudice of any person, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that he or she did or omitted to do the thing for the purpose of showing favor or disfavor, as the case may be, to that person. \n (3) For the avoidance of doubt it is declared that the crime of criminal abuse of duty as a public officer is not committed by a public officer who does or omits to do anything in the exercise of his or her functions as such for the purpose of favoring any person on the grounds of race or gender, if the act or omission arises from the implementation by the public officer of any government policy aimed at the advancement of persons who have been historically disadvantaged by discriminatory laws or practices.","Prevention of Corruption Act.\nhttp://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/95/PREVENTION_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_9_16.pdf\n \n Section 172 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform Act) of 2004.\nhttp://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/Criminal%20Law%20Code%20Veritas.pdf","Section 172 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform Act) of 2004 criminalizes the act of corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal. This can be interpreted as a requirement to report cases of corruption. The section states that (1) Any —..."]
["2012_BF_34",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",34,0,"Il n'existe pas de loi sur la protection des dénonciateurs, comme il n'existe pas encore de loi spécifique sur la corruption.","Aucune loi de ce type n'existe.\n\nBurkina Faso,  Code de l’information, Loi N°56/93/ADP du 30 décembre 1993, Article 53 sur la protection des sources.\n\nRENLAC 2010, rapport sur l'Etat de la corruption au Burkina Faso.","Il n'existe pas de loi sur la protection des dénonciateurs, comme il n'existe pas encore de loi spécifique sur la corruption."]
["2012_BI_34",2012,"BI","Burundi",34,0,"Citizens are encouraged to report cases of corruption and told they could even get prizes for doing so, but they are also told they will be prosecuted if their declarations are deemed to be wrong. It happened to Juvenal Rududira, a union leader who has fined for denouncing corruption in the Ministry of Justice. \n\nArticle 14 of the Anti-Corruption Law states that anyone found to have made a false accusation may be \"punished with imprisonment from five to ten years and a fine of 500,000 to 1,000,000 francs. If the offender is a legal person, it shall be punished by fine of five million to 10 million francs.\"","No such law exists.\n\nLaw 1/12 of April 18, 2006, Mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions\nconnexes (Prevention and repression of corruption and related offenses), http://justice.gov.bi/spip.php?rubrique69","Citizens are encouraged to report cases of corruption and told they could even get prizes for doing so, but they are also told they will be prosecuted if their declarations are deemed to be wrong. It happened to Juvenal Rududira, a union leader who has fined for denouncing corrupti..."]
["2012_KM_34",2012,"KM","Comoros",34,0,"La loi ne vise pas expressément la protection du fonctionnaire qui a dénoncé un acte de corruption. La protection est plus générale, et ne fait pas de distinctions entre dénonciateurs/fonctionnaires et dénonciateurs/civils. \n\nEn effet, le chapitre VIII statuant sur la protection des dénonciateurs et des témoins stipule en son article 15/1 que \"La Commission de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption veille à ce que l’identité des personnes en cause dans le cadre d’une dénonciation soit protégée, notamment celle ou des dénonciateurs, des témoins et de l’auteur présumé de l’acte de corruption\".","Chapitre VIII- Art 5 du DECRET N° 11 - 103 / PR du 21 juin 2011 Portant promulgation de la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores., http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-","La loi ne vise pas expressément la protection du fonctionnaire qui a dénoncé un acte de corruption. La protection est plus générale, et ne fait pas de distinctions entre dénonciateurs/fonctionnaires et dénonciateurs/civils. ..."]
["2012_EG_34",2012,"EG","Egypt",34,0,"No laws exist to protect whistle-blowers in the public sector. They are even threatened with imprisonment and other penalties such as defamation charges if they report corruption falsely, according to Law No. 2 of 1977.\n\nThe penalty for false or inaccurate reporting of corruption crimes (defamation charges) is no less than six months in prison and a fine of between EGP 100 (US $18) and EGP 500 (US $90). The focus on penalizing misreporting and limiting the whistle-blowing mechanism to a reporting function only discourages citizens from informing the authorities about corruption cases for fear of being imprisoned.","No such law exists.\n\nIllegal enrichment Law no 62 of 1975 - Article 22\nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/compendium/egypt/related-national-laws/illicitenrichment-jul75-ar.pdf.\n\nLaw 2/1977 establishing the illegal profiting apparatus and the penalties on false corruption reporting.","No laws exist to protect whistle-blowers in the public sector. They are even threatened with imprisonment and other penalties such as defamation charges if they report corruption falsely, according to Law No. 2 of 1977...."]
["2012_GM_34",2012,"GM","The Gambia",34,0,"The Gambian Criminal Code criminalizes corruption and abuse of office in Sections 86, 87, 88 and 90, but it contains no legal protections for public-sector whistle-blowers.","No law exists.","The Gambian Criminal Code criminalizes corruption and abuse of office in Sections 86, 87, 88 and 90, but it contains no legal protections for public-sector whistle-blowers."]
["2012_GH_34",2012,"GH","Ghana",34,100,"The Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720), protects all citizens, including civil servants, who report cases of corruption from recrimination or other negative consequences.\n\nSection 12 (1) of the Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720) states: \"A whistleblower shall not be subjected to victimisation by the employer of the whistleblower or by a fellow employee or by another person because a disclosure has been made.\n(2) A whistleblower shall be considered as having been subjected to victimisation if because of making the disclosure, \n(a) the whistleblower, being an employee, is\n(i) dismissed,\n(ii) suspended,\n(iii) declared redundant,\n(iv) denied promotion,\n(v) transferred against the whistleblower's will,\n(vi) harassed,\n(vii) intimidated,\n(viii) threatened with any of the matters set out in subparagraph (i)-(vii), or\n(ix) subjected to a discriminatory or other adverse measure by the employer or a fellow employee, or\n(b) not being an employee, the whistleblower is subjected to discrimination, intimidation or harassment by a person or an institution.\n(3) A whistleblower shall not be considered as having been subjected to victimisation if the person against whom the complaint is directed has the right in law to take the action complained of and the action taken is shown to be unrelated to the disclosure made.\"","1. Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720) Section 12.\nLink: http://www.gapa-gh.org/publications/whitsleblower-act-720-2006-57.pdf","The Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720), protects all citizens, including civil servants, who report cases of corruption from recrimination or other negative consequences...."]
["2012_LR_34",2012,"LR","Liberia",34,0,"A bill to protect whistleblowers has been presented to the national legislature. The Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia (CENTAL) contributed to drafting of the bill.","No such law exists.","A bill to protect whistleblowers has been presented to the national legislature. The Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia (CENTAL) contributed to drafting of the bill."]
["2012_MR_34",2012,"MR","Mauritania",34,0,"Il n'existe pas une loi ou un texte réglementaire qui protège nommément ceux qui dénoncent les corrupteurs et les corrompus. Toutefois, au nom du contrôle citoyen de l'action publique, de la liberté de la presse et de tous autres actes pertinents, des dénonciations sont faites. En cas de litige, il reviendra au demandeur de prouver qu'il a été calomnié par les moyens de fait et de droit comme cela se fait dans une procédure de droit commun.   \n\nVoilà la source de l'affaire SONIMEX: http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=629119","Aucune loi de ce type n'existe.\n\nAffaire SONIMEX : remise des pendules à l’heure, Affaire Dg de la SONIMEX\n\nJournal Houmoum Enass, Limogeage de l’Inspecteur Général de l’Etat , Affaire limogeage de l'Inspecteur d'Etat Horma, 20 juin 2007, www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=9860","Il n'existe pas une loi ou un texte réglementaire qui protège nommément ceux qui dénoncent les corrupteurs et les corrompus. Toutefois, au nom du contrôle citoyen de l'action publique, de la liberté de la presse et de tous autres actes pertinents, des dénonciations sont faites. En ..."]
["2012_NE_34",2012,"NE","Niger",34,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_34",2012,"NG","Nigeria",34,0,"While Nigeria is also a signatory to the African Union Convention on Prevention and Combating Corruption, which provides for such protection, there is no specific law that provides for protection of people who report corruption, including civil servants. The sections referenced in the EFCC and ICPC laws deal with restrictions on disclosure of the identity of witnesses and informants and is not considered effective in protecting whistle-blowers. However, there is a draft whistle-blower/witness protection law that is to be presented to the National Assembly.","No such law exists.\n\nSections 39(1) and 64 of Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act 2000.  \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/Corrupt%20Practices%20and%20other%20Related%20Offences%20Act%202000.htm\n\nThe Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) Act 2004 (as amended).","While Nigeria is also a signatory to the African Union Convention on Prevention and Combating Corruption, which provides for such protection, there is no specific law that provides for protection of people who report corruption, including civil servants. The sections referenced in ..."]
["2012_SL_34",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",34,100,"The Anti-Corruption Act provides for the protection of anyone, including civil servant, who gives information to the commission in confidence that provisions of the law have been violated. Thus, all matters relating to such information shall be privileged and not disclosed in any proceeding before a court, tribunal or other authority.\n\nSection 82\n(1) Subject to subsection (6), where a person\n(a) discloses to the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner or an officer of the Commission that a public officer, body corporate or public body is or has been involved in any act constituting an offence under Part IV; and\n(b) at the time he makes the disclosure, believes on reasonable grounds that the information he discloses may be true and is of such a nature as to warrant an investigation under this Act, he shall incur no civil or criminal liability as a result of such disclosure.\n(2) Subject to subsection (6), where a public officer\n(a) Discloses to his superior officer or to the Commissioner that an act constituting an offence under Part IV may have occurred within the public body in which he is employed; and\n(b) Believes on reasonable grounds that the information is true, he shall incur no civil or criminal liability as a result of such disclosure and no disciplinary action shall be instituted against him by reason only of such disclosure.","Sections 81 to 83 of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2008, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf\n\nCivil Service Code of Conduct.","The Anti-Corruption Act provides for the protection of anyone, including civil servant, who gives information to the commission in confidence that provisions of the law have been violated. Thus, all matters relating to such information shall be privileged and not disclosed in any p..."]
["2012_SZ_34",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",34,0,"There is no law protecting whistle-blowers. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, Forfeiture of Proceeds of Serious Crimes Act, 2001, Electronic Evidence Act, 2001, and Suppression of Terrorism Act, 2008, all lack provisions for protecting whistle-blowers or civil servants who report cases of corruption from recrimination or other negative consequences.","No such law exists.\n\n\"Profile: Swaziland,\" Anti-Corruption Authorities, http://www.acauthorities.org/aca/country/sz","There is no law protecting whistle-blowers. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, Forfeiture of Proceeds of Serious Crimes Act, 2001, Electronic Evidence Act, 2001, and Suppression of Terrorism Act, 2008, all lack provisions for protecting whistle-blowers or civil servants who re..."]
["2012_ZM_34",2012,"ZM","Zambia",34,100,"The Anti-Corruption Act No. 3 of 2012 under section 69 (1) provides that “the Director General shall make such arrangements as are necessary to protect (a) the safety of such witness, expert or victim, or (b) any other person from threats, intimidation or harassment. \n\nThe Public Disclosure (Protection of Whistleblowers) Act No. 4 of 2010 is also in effect. \n\nBoth have good provisions that guarantee the protection of whistle blowers on paper. Section 12 (1) of the Protection of Whistleblowers Act provides that a person may make an anonymous disclosure in accordance with this section and the disclosure is protected by the Act. Subsection 3 of the Act clearly guarantees that the personal information of all persons reporting corruption shall be kept confidential by the investigating authority. Section 19 (1) of the Act further mandates law enforcement agencies to provide progress reports to whistleblowers, in order to keep them abreast of developments in their reported cases.\n\nA weakness of the Act is that it protects the disclosure of information by public officers in their capacities or positions as public officers, but fails to protect citizens who may want to blow the whistle as “victims” of corruption. It is therefore recommended that protection of whistleblowers in Zambia should not be limited to “public officers” but should include all those who blow the whistle against corruption. The ability to determine whether citizens who blow the whistle on corruption are protected in Zambia has yet to be determined, as the new law is yet to be tested in its implementation and application.","Anti-Corruption Act No. 3 of 2012 under section 69 (1). http://www.zambialii.org/files/zm/legislation/act/2012/3/The%20Anti-Corruption%202012.pdf","The Anti-Corruption Act No. 3 of 2012 under section 69 (1) provides that “the Director General shall make such arrangements as are necessary to protect (a) the safety of such witness, expert or victim, or (b) any other person from threats, intimidation or harassment. ..."]
["2012_ZW_34",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",34,0,"At the moment, Zimbabwe does not have specific legislation to deal with the protection of whistle-blowers (whether civil servants or others) in the form of a comprehensive witness protection program. However, Section 14 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act provides for protection from victimization. It states that any person who, without lawful excuse — (a) prevents any other person from giving any information, whether in terms of this act or otherwise, concerning any corrupt practice; or (b) threatens or does any other thing calculated or likely to deter any other person from giving any information, whether in terms of this act or otherwise, concerning any corrupt practice; or (c) does anything calculated or likely to prejudice any other person because that other person has given any information, whether in terms of this act or otherwise, concerning any corrupt practice; shall be guilty of an offense and liable to a fine not exceeding level seven or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or to both such fine and such imprisonment. \n \nThe act (s18) further provides for the promulgation of regulations by the minister that provide better protection from victimization or other prejudice of persons who give information, whether in terms of this act or otherwise, concerning any corrupt practice or other dishonest or unlawful conduct. \n(3) Regulations made in terms of Subsection (1) may provide penalties for contraventions thereof, not exceeding a fine of level seven or imprisonment for a period of one year or both such fine and such imprisonment. there are no regulations in that regard at the moment.\n \nThe Police Act, Chapter 11:10, also provides for protection of informers (these informers may be public servants or otherwise). The police are not compelled to disclose the source of their information.","No laws specifically protect whistle-blowers. However provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act 14/2002 (Chapter 9:16) provide for prevention of victimization.\nhttp://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/95/PREVENTION_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_9_16.pdf\n \n Police Act (Chapter 11:10) (Acts 2/1995, 9/1997 (s.10), 22/2001 and amended by the Criminal law (Codification and Reform) Act 23/2004.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4c45b64c2.html","At the moment, Zimbabwe does not have specific legislation to deal with the protection of whistle-blowers (whether civil servants or others) in the form of a comprehensive witness protection program. However, Section 14 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act provides for protectio..."]
["2012_BF_35",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",35,100,"La loi portant régime juridique applicable aux emplois et aux agents de la fonction publique, encadre les emplois à la fonction publique et interdit du même coup les conflits d'intérêt et autres comportements susceptibles de compromettre le travail des fonctionnaires. \n\nEn son article 9 la loi stipule que «L’accès aux emplois de la fonction publique est ouvert à égalité de droit, sans distinction aucune, à tous les Burkinabè remplissant les conditions requises pour chaque emploi postulé, sous réserve des sujétions propres à certains emplois définis par décret.»\nL'article 12 de cette loi rapelle que c'est le mérite qui prime dans le recutement «le mode commun d’accès aux emplois de la fonction publique est le concours, entendu comme étant le mode de recrutement par lequel des candidats sélectionnés sont soumis à des épreuves à l’issue desquelles ceux reconnus aptes sont classés par ordre de mérite par un jury souverain et déclarés admis, dans la limite des emplois à pourvoir, par l’autorité ayant pouvoir d’organisation des concours.» Par aillleurs les conflits d'intérêt sont interdits à partir de l'article 15 jusqu'à l'article 20.\n\nLe Code pénal en son article 85 stipule que «les délits de vol, escroquerie, abus de confiance, abus de blanc-seing, recel de choses, détournement de deniers publics ou d’objets saisis, extorsion de fonds, filouteries, corruption, concussion, délits relatifs au chèque et infractions en matière de société sont considérés comme un même délit au point de vue de la récidive.»\n\nL'article 154 du Code pénal interdit les détournements de deniers publics, l'article 155 interdit la consussion, les articles 156 à 159 interdisent la corruption et le trafic d'influence, et l'article 160 interdit l'enrichissement illicite.","Loi n° 013/98/AN du 28 avril 1998 régime juridique applicable aux emplois et aux agents  de la Fonction Publique, Articles 9, 16, 19, et 20.\n\nLe Code Pénal, Articles 154 à 156.\nhttp://www.justice.gov.bf/files/Documents%20en%20ligne/Textes%20juridiques/Codes%20et%20Lois/Le_code_pnal_de_1996.pdf\n\nInterview avec M. Ambroise Bakyonon, Chef de Département de la Culture, de la Jeunesse, de l’Education et de l’Emploi, Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le mercredi 13 févier 2013 à 11:18 TU","La loi portant régime juridique applicable aux emplois et aux agents de la fonction publique, encadre les emplois à la fonction publique et interdit du même coup les conflits d'intérêt et autres comportements susceptibles de compromettre le travail des fonctionnaires. ..."]
["2012_CV_35",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",35,100,"The laws and statutes mentioned above cover all public officials. Spanning all the leading figures of the state, the laws and the statutes do not specify only the case of government figures.\n\nCriminal Code of Cape Verde, Article 362 on concept and similarity to official states:\n\"1. To this end the provisions of this Code, the term employee covers:\na) The officials of central and local public administration;\nb) Agents of personalized services of the State and other public authorities;\nc) Who, even provisionally or temporarily, for payment or free of charge, voluntary or mandatory, has been named to play or participate in the performance of an activity of the civil service or administrative tribunal, or in the same circumstances, play roles in public-benefit organizations or participate.\n2. Officials are still equivalent:\na) The managers and owners of the supervisory board and employees of public enterprises and state-owned enterprises;\nb) The judicial magistrates and prosecutors.\"\n\nArticle 365 of the same law regulates trafficking in influence. It states:\n\"1. Who obtains for himself or for a third party, money or other pecuniary advantage or its promise, for using his influence to get public authority decision on tendering, contracts, employment, allowances, commissions or other benefits, shall be punished with imprisonment up to 3 years.\n2. If the decision of the public if you want to be contrary to law or regulations, the penalty is imprisonment from 1 to 5 years.\n3. If the perpetrator is an official, the penalty is 2-8 years.\n4. Whoever, directly or through intermediaries, offer or promises money or other pecuniary advantage to a third party for the purpose indicated in point. 1, shall be punished with imprisonment up to 1 year or fine up to 90 days.\n5. If the decision if you want the public entity is referred to in the. 2, the penalty is imprisonment up to 3 years.\"\n\nThe basic Law of the Civil Service, Law No. 42/VII/2009 includes Article 39 on ethical prohibitions. It states:\n\"b) To obtain an undue advantage, consistent in obtaining or seeking benefits for themselves or others through the use of his position, authority, influence, or appearance of influence;\nc) Carry out political proselytism, consistent in carrying out political activities through the use of his office or through the use of infrastructure, property or public funds for or against political parties, political organizations or candidates;\nd) Making improper use of inside information, consistent participate in transactions and financial transactions, using inside information of the entity they serve or who might have access because of or in the exercise of their functions, as well as allow the improper use of such information to benefit any person.\"\n\nArticle 3 of the Legislative Decree No. 8/97 of 8 May on the disciplinary status of the agents of the civil service states:\n\"f) act with impartiality, fairness and strict political anti-partisanship, in order to create public confidence in the action of the Public Administration; ...\nm) Conduct disciplinary proceedings under the law relating to offenses committed by his subordinates and the superior part that require intervention other authorities; ...\np) Do not ask, do not take advantage of any kind of functions that play and act with independence and impartiality in relation to the interests and particular pressures.\"","Criminal Code of Cape Verde, May 2004, Articles 362 and 365, http://www.mj.gov.cv/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=38&Itemid=66\n\nBasic Law of the Civil Service, Law No. 42/VII/2009, Article 39.\n\nDisciplinary Status of the Agents of the Civil Service, Legislative Decree No. 8/97 of May 8, Article 3.","The laws and statutes mentioned above cover all public officials. Spanning all the leading figures of the state, the laws and the statutes do not specify only the case of government figures...."]
["2012_EG_35",2012,"EG","Egypt",35,0,"According to the suspended Constitution of 1971, no minister has the right to enter into financial transactions with the state. \n\nLaw 47/1978 prevents state employees from accepting any gifts – by themselves or through intermediaries – for executing their job.\n\nThere is a lack of clear laws preventing nepotism in the recruitment of public officials. A clear example is in the State Councils, the highest legal body, where judges have been angered by the “stark violations” regarding State Council appointments for the class of 2009 as 38 sons of judges and 35 sons of police officers were appointed to positions within the legal body, although they had poor academic grades from university. They even called this a regular phenomenon that usually goes unpunished.  The presence of Law 62/1975 is hindered by the absence of an information disclosure law granting the citizens the access to the government information and records. In contrast, there are laws such as Law 121/1975 concerning the use of official documents, Presidential Decree 472/1979 concerning preserving of official documents, Law 313/956 concerning the prohibition of the dissemination of news of the armed forces, and Law 100/1971 concerning general intelligence and preventing the public access to government officials' assets.\n\nIn the suspended Constitution of 1971, Article 81 states:\n“The President is prohibited from exercising any free profession or undertaking any commercial, financial or industrial activity with the State. Additionally, he may not acquire or take on lease any State property, or sell to or exchange with the State any property of his whatsoever.\nArticle 157 deals with issues and activities that are prohibited for any minister to conduct during his office term. \nArticles 159 and 160 describe the process of how to investigate a minister of crimes committed during his tenure. Sanctions are gradual and could reach life imprisonment.\n\nHowever, the marriage between the economic powers and politics recently in the last Cabinet before the fall of Mubarak regime provides evidence that those laws are not applied, given that businessmen were appointed in ministerial positions although they hold family businesses and could benefit from their powers to expand their businesses even if they are not really running them in person.\n\"Law No. 5 of 1991 concerning key civil service jobs in the administration of the State and the public sector changed the promotion system involving selection to the top administrative levels from the grade of the Director General to the Excellent Grade. A higher level permanent committee should be constituted to decide upon the vacancies to higher level positions in each government ministry, department or unit. They must advertise them internally as well as externally through prominent newspaper describing the responsibilities and salary scales and inviting applications. Applicants are to submit details of their qualifications and experience along with a note on their perceptions about the particular job. They are also to appear for an interview with the committee where they will be further asked about their attitude to the proposed job, staff and their plans for better performance. Each position is to have tenure of three years and a candidate can have only two tenures in the same position. While the Law was an important innovation in the recruitment and promotion system of the highest civil service, in practice, the impression is that seniority within the departments plays a major role in getting the job. In view of the absence of salary scales comparable to the private sector and the experience and influence of the applicants from within, this is understandable. \n\nAlso, Law No. 5 is not applicable to the judiciary, universities, scientific and educational research centers, police, diplomatic and consulate services, Central Accounting Agency, Administrative Control Agency and Intelligence Services.\n\nAnyone promoted or selected to higher level managerial positions like Director General, Undersecretary or First Undersecretary should have undergone leadership training at the agency's newly built training center. Some are sent abroad for training and observation studies according to the arrangements with donor agencies. Technical training is conducted by the concerned ministries in their respective institutes as is the case with Ministry of Interior, Foreign Affairs and Defense.\"","Suspended Constitution of 1971 - Article 81\nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=208#.VRnHbZPF-E4\n\nLaw 62/1975 \nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/compendium/egypt/related-national-laws/illicitenrichment-jul75-ar.pdf\n\nPresidential decision no 628 of 1976 amending some provisions\nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/compendium/egypt/related-national-laws/illicitenrichment-aug76-ar.pdf\n\nPresidential decision no 1112 of 1975 - executive regulations\nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/compendium/egypt/related-national-laws/illicitenrichment-nov75-ar.pdf                \nLaw 47 of 1978, Article 77 (Item 14).","According to the suspended Constitution of 1971, no minister has the right to enter into financial transactions with the state. ..."]
["2012_GQ_35",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",35,0,"The Law on the National Central Administration regulates the competencies of the government members (president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, ministers and secretaries general). No provision contains limitation of such appointments.  The senior civil servants law only establishes that selection process through exams and merits. However, no specific provision on conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage is foreseen.","Law nº 1/1995 regulating the National Central Administration of the State.                                                     Law nº 2/2005, of May 9, on National Civil Servants.","The Law on the National Central Administration regulates the competencies of the government members (president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, ministers and secretaries general). No provision contains limitation of such appointments.  The senior civil servants law only est..."]
["2012_GH_35",2012,"GH","Ghana",35,0,"Article 284 of the Constitution states:\n\"A public officer shall not put himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts or is likely to conflict with the performance of the functions of his office.\"\n\nAlso, Article 286 of the Constitution and Act 550 require all public officers, including civil service members and those in the executive branch of government, to declare their assets and liabilities on assumption of office. These provisions seek to restrain public officers from engaging in conflict of interest situations and corrupt acts.\n\nNo further explicit provisions on these topics are mentioned in the law.","Articles 284 and 286 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.\n\nThe Public Office Holders (Declaration of Assets and Disqualification) Act, 1998 (Act 550).","Article 284 of the Constitution states:\n\"A public officer shall not put himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts or is likely to conflict with the performance of the functions of his office.\"..."]
["2012_LR_35",2012,"LR","Liberia",35,0,"Executive Order No. 38 established a code of conduct for officials in the public sector meant to address conflicts of interest.  It is not explicit about nepotism, cronyism, or patronage.\n\nThe national legislature said it will again in 2013 consider the draft proposal of a bill to establish a code of conduct.","The executive order establishing a code of conduct for public officials, http://www.lacc.gov.lr/Code_of_Conduct_Executive_Order.pdf\n\nTitle 32, Liberian Code of Laws Revised, Chapter 5. Misconduct by Public Officers and Employees\nhttp://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/codes/pelslt32lcolr666/\n\nEstablishment of Administrative Code of Conduct for Members of Executive Branch (No. 38), http://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/exec_orders/toc-2012.html","Executive Order No. 38 established a code of conduct for officials in the public sector meant to address conflicts of interest.  It is not explicit about nepotism, cronyism, or patronage...."]
["2012_MR_35",2012,"MR","Mauritania",35,0,"Il n'y a pas de loi qui s'applique à toutes les entités de l'état, mais ll existe ça et là des textes qui régissent ces questions de népotisme, conflits d'intérêts, etc. \nL'article 59 de la loi 2010-044 du 22 juillet 2010 portant code des marchés publics dispose ce qui suit :\n\"Les représentants et membres des autorités contractantes, de l'Administration, des autorités chargées du contrôle et de la régulation des marchés publics et plus généralement, l'ensemble des personnes morales ou physique de droit public et privé, ainsi que toute personnes intervenant, à quelque titre que ce soit, dans la chaine de passation des marchés publics, soit pour le compte d'une autorité contractante, soit pour le compte d'une autorité d'approbation, de contrôle ou de régulation sont soumis aux dispositions législatives et réglementaires prohibant les pratiques frauduleuses et les conflits d'intérêt dans la passation des marchés \".\n\nArticle 173 : Marchés passés, contrôlés et payés en violation des dispositions de la présente loi :\nSans préjudice des sanctions pénales prévues par la réglementation en vigueur, les agents publics responsables de marchés publics passés, contrôlés ou payés en violation des dispositions de la présente loi sont exclus de manière temporaire ou définitive, en fonction de la gravité de la faute commise, de la participation à toute autre procédure de marché, de délégation ou de convention de concession pour le financement, construction,\nexploitation et transfert, et sont passibles des sanctions disciplinaires prévues par les textes en vigueur en matière de comptabilité publique et de statut de la fonction publique sans préjudice des procédures pénales prévues en la matière. Il en est ainsi notamment :\n- des agents publics ayant procédé à un fractionnement des dépenses ;\n- des fonctionnaires ayant des intérêts de nature à compromettre leur indépendance dans une entité soumise au contrôle de leur administration ou en relation contractuelle avec celle-ci (conflit d’intérêt) ;\n- des agents publics qui en l’absence de toute dérogation, passent des marchés, délégations ou conventions de concession avec des entrepreneurs, fournisseurs ou prestataires de services exclus conformément aux dispositions de l’article 175 ci-dessous ;\n- de ceux qui utilisent illégalement des informations confidentielles ;\n- de ceux qui interviennent dans la passation ou l’exécution de marchés, délégations ou conventions de concession, non approuvés par l'autorité compétente ;\n- de ceux qui exerceraient un contrôle partiel et/ou partial de la qualité/quantité des biens et services fournis par le cocontractant au détriment de l’intérêt de l’Administration ;\n- de ceux qui autorisent et ordonnent des paiements après délivrance d'un titre de paiement qui ne correspond pas aux biens ou services effectivement fournis, ou alors que les travaux ne sont pas terminés ou l’ont été de manière non satisfaisante ;\n\nArticle 174 : Irrégularités et actes de corruption\nSans préjudice des sanctions prévues à I’article 173 ci-dessus et des sanctions pénales\nprévues par les lois et règlements en vigueur, les fonctionnaires ou agents publics, auteurs\nd’irrégularités et d’actes de corruption commis dans le cadre de la procédure des marchés\npublics, sont tenus à la réparation des dommages résultant de leurs actes.\nEn particulier :\n- en cas de prévarication, pour l’agent qui se rendant coupable de forfaiture prend,\nsoit en pleine connaissance de cause, soit, par une négligence inadmissible une\ndécision manifestement inéquitable ;\n- en cas de corruption, pour l’agent qui sollicite ou reçoit une rémunération en espèce\nou en nature pour accomplir un acte dans le cadre de ses fonctions officielles, ou bien\npour ne pas agir alors qu'il est obligatoire d’agir ;\n\n- le comptable assignataire est pécuniairement responsable en cas de paiement\nréalisé par ses soins au profit :\n•soit d'un titulaire de marché en violation des dispositions contractuelles ;\n•soit d'une banque ou d'un établissement financier autre que le\nbénéficiaire du nantissement.\n\nSection 2 : Des fautes commises par les candidats, soumissionnaires ou titulaires de\nmarchés, délégations et conventions de concession et de leurs sanctions\nArticle 175 : Inexactitudes délibérées, pratiques frauduleuses et actes de corruption\nSans préjudice des sanctions pénales prévues par les lois et règlements en vigueur, des\ninexactitudes délibérées dans les attestations ou justifications contenues dans une offre, des\npratiques frauduleuses et des actes de corruption peuvent entraîner l'exclusion temporaire\nou définitive de la participation du concessionnaire, délégataire, de l’entrepreneur, du\nfournisseur ou du prestataire de services aux procédures de passation des marchés publics,\ndélégations de service public ou conventions de concession pour le financement, construction,\nexploitation et transfert, en fonction de la gravité de la faute commise (y compris en cas de\ncollusion établie de toute entreprise qui possède la majorité du capital de l'entreprise\naccusée, ou dont l'entreprise accusée possède la majorité du capital), prononcée par\nl’ARMP.\nSauf application de toute autre disposition particulière prévue dans la présente loi, lorsque\nde telles inexactitudes, pratiques frauduleuses et actes de corruption sont constatés soit\npréalablement, soit après notification du marché, de la délégation ou de la concession, l’autorité concédante, délégante ou contractante signataire peut, sans mise en demeure préalable et aux dépens du concessionnaire, délégataire ou titulaire, prononcer en complément de la sanction précitée, et éventuellement de façon cumulative :\n- l’annulation de l’offre et la saisie de la garantie correspondante dans l’hypothèse où\nelle n’aurait pas été prévue par le cahier des charges ;\n- le retrait de leur agrément et/ou de leur certificat de qualification ;\n- la confiscation des cautions versées à titre d’indemnisation pour le préjudice subi ;\n- une sanction à caractère pécuniaire sous la forme d’une amende dont le seuil\nmaximum sera fixé par voie réglementaire ;\n- l’établissement d’une régie, ou la résiliation du contrat, aux frais et dépens du\nconcessionnaire, délégataire ou titulaire.\nLes pratiques frauduleuses visées concernent le fait :\n- d’avoir fourni des informations ou des déclarations fausses ou mensongères, ou\nfait usage d’informations confidentielles dans le cadre de la procédure d’appel\nd’offres, au détriment de l'autorité concédante, délégante ou contractante,\n- d’avoir procédé à des pratiques de collusion entre soumissionnaires afin d’établir\nles prix des offres à des niveaux artificiels et non concurrentiels et de priver l'autorité\nconcédante, délégante ou contractante des avantages d'une concurrence libre et\nouverte (collusion ou entente sur les prix avec des concurrents),\n- procédé à des pratiques visant sur le plan technique à instaurer un fractionnement du\nmarché ou à influer sur le contenu du dossier d’appel d’offres ;\n- d’avoir eu recours à la surfacturation et/ou à la fausse facturation ;\n- participé pendant l’exécution du marché, de la délégation ou de la convention de\nconcession pour le financement, construction, exploitation et transfert, à des actes et\npratiques frauduleuses préjudiciables aux intérêts de l’autorité concédante, délégante\nou contractante, contraires à la réglementation applicable en la matière et\nsusceptibles d’affecter la qualité des prestations ou leur prix ainsi que les garanties\ndont bénéficient ces autorités.\n\nLes actes de corruption visés concernent :\nToute tentative faite par un candidat pour influer sur l'évaluation des offres ou sur les\ndécisions d'attribution, y compris en proposant des cadeaux ou d’autres avantages ;\nTout cadeau, gratification ou commission, offert par le concessionnaire, le délégataire,\nl’entrepreneur, le fournisseur ou le prestataire de services, pour inciter un agent public\nà faire ou à s’abstenir de faire une action donnée dans le cadre du marché, de la délégation\nou de la convention de concession pour le financement, construction, exploitation et transfert, ou pour le récompenser d’avoir agi conformément à ce qui était demandé.\n\nArticle 176 : Liste des exclusions\nChaque autorité concédante, délégante ou contractante doit régulièrement informer\nl’ARMP des manquements graves, commis par des candidats ou titulaires de marché,\ndélégation ou convention de concession pouvant justifier une exclusion temporaire ou\ndéfinitive des marchés publics, délégations ou conventions de concession pour le financement, construction, exploitation et transfert.\n\nPour chaque cas d’espèce, l’ARMP apprécie l’opportunité de l’application d'une telle sanction\nconformément aux dispositions de l’article 175 de la présente loi.\nLa liste des exclusions constamment réactualisée est communiquée à tous les services\nappelés dans chaque administration, à passer des marchés, délégations et conventions\nde concessions et est publiée régulièrement dans le Journal des Marchés Publics et sur le site Internet de l’ARMP.\n\nArticle 177 : Réparation des dommages\nToute personne qui aura subi un dommage résultant d’un acte de corruption ou d’une\nviolation aux dispositions de la présente réglementation est recevable à intenter une action\nen indemnisation contre l’Etat et toute autre personne physique ou morale impliquée, en vue\nd’obtenir la réparation de l’intégralité de ce préjudice, cette réparation pouvant porter sur les\ndommages patrimoniaux déjà subis, le manque à gagner et les préjudices extrapatrimoniaux.\n\nArticle 178 : Nullité des contrats\nTout contrat obtenu, ou renouvelé au moyen de pratiques frauduleuses ou d’actes de\ncorruption, ou à l’occasion de l’exécution duquel des pratiques frauduleuses et des actes de\ncorruption ont été perpétrés est considéré comme entaché de nullité, sauf si l’intérêt public\ns’y oppose.","Loi N° 2010-44 du 22 juillet 2010 portant code des marchés publics:","Il n'y a pas de loi qui s'applique à toutes les entités de l'état, mais ll existe ça et là des textes qui régissent ces questions de népotisme, conflits d'intérêts, etc. \nL'article 59 de la loi 2010-044 du 22 juillet 2010 portant code des marchés publics dispose ce..."]
["2012_MU_35",2012,"MU","Mauritius",35,100,"The PoCA defines conflict of interest as encompassing nepotism and cronyism. Section 13 of the PoCA indicates that:\n\n“Where\n\n1. (a) a public body, in which a public official is a member, director or employee, proposes to deal with a company, partnership or other undertaking in which that public official or a relative or associate of his has a direct or indirect interest; and\n(b) that public official, his relative or associate or both of them hold more than 10 percent of the total issued share capital or of the total equity participation in such company, partnership or other undertaking, that public official shall forthwith disclose, in writing, to that public body the nature of such interest.\n\n2. a public official or a relative or associate of his has a personal interest in a decision which a public body is to take, that public official shall not vote or take part in any proceedings of that public body relating to such decision.\n\nAny public official who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) shall commit an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to penal servitude for a term not exceeding 10 years.”\n\nThe interpretation of Subsection 1 includes nepotism and cronyism in as far as a public official of any grade has to declare his/her interest in procurement and financial transaction, but also for recruitment purposes where a relative or an associate is concerned as an applicant.\n\nPublic competitive recruitment and other safeguards against public sector patronage or nepotism mechanisms are recorded in a variety of laws and are enforced through a variety of bodies. This includes the PSC, DFSC, LGSC, the Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal and the Equal Opportunities Commission.","Sources: Name of the law(s): The Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA)\n• Year passed: 2002\n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 13\n• Link to the law(s) if/when available:\nhttp://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/P/Page%204/PREVENTIONCORRUPTION1.pdf \n\nRegulations:\n1. The Public Service Commission Regulations\nYear : 1967 (with subsequent amendments)\nhttp://psc.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/PSC%20REGULATIONS%20AMD%2018SEP14.PDF\n\n2. The Disciplinary Forces Services Commission Regulations\nYear : 1967 (with subsequent amendments)\nhttp://psc.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/DFSC%20REGULATIONS12SEP14.PDF\n\n3. The Judicial and Legal Service Commission Regulations\nYear : 1967 (with subsequent amendments)\nhttp://attorneygeneral.govmu.org/English/Documents/Constitution/5%20JUDICIALLEGALSERVICECOMMISSIONREGULATIONS.pdf","The PoCA defines conflict of interest as encompassing nepotism and cronyism. Section 13 of the PoCA indicates that:..."]
["2012_NG_35",2012,"NG","Nigeria",35,100,"Part 1 of the fifth schedule of the constitution states that: \"A public officer shall not put himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts with his duties and responsibilities.\" There are other provisions concerning the conduct of public officers in relation to gifts, loan, abuse of powers and membership of secret societies in this part of the constitution.\n\nChapter 3, section 4 of the public service rules prohibits nepotism and any other preferential treatment. In Chaper 2 prescribes the rules for competitive recruitment.","Part 1 of the Fifth Schedule of the 1999 Constitution.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm\n\nSection 04307 and 04432 of the Civil Service Rules 2000.\n\nFederal Government of Nigeria Public Service Rules, 2008 Edition, Chapter 2; Chapter 3 (section 4). http://resourcedat.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/public-service-rules.pdf","Part 1 of the fifth schedule of the constitution states that: \"A public officer shall not put himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts with his duties and responsibilities.\" There are other provisions concerning the conduct of public officers in relation to gifts..."]
["2012_SL_35",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",35,100,"The Anti-Corruption Act addresses conflict-of-interest issues and prescribes how public officers are expected to act in such circumstances. It criminalizes violations and spells out sanctions.  \n\nFurthermore, Section 51 (1) deals with gifts that are solicited or accepted by public officers, such as any gift, fee or personal benefit, as an inducement or reward for anything done or omitted by the public officer in the performance of his/her duties and criminalizes the act and prescribes sanctions.\n\nRegulation 11.4 of the Sierra Leone Civil Service Code, Regulations and Rules, states that acts of misconduct include \"practising nepotism or any other form of favouritism in making recommendations for any appointment or promotion to any post or office within the Civil Service;\"","Sections 42 to 46 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf\n\nSection 51 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008 www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf\n\nGovernment of Sierra Leone: Civil Service Code, Regulations and Rules.","The Anti-Corruption Act addresses conflict-of-interest issues and prescribes how public officers are expected to act in such circumstances. It criminalizes violations and spells out sanctions.  ..."]
["2012_SZ_35",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",35,0,"The Swaziland Prevention of Corruption Act, Section 27, prohibits conflicts of interest, but is not explicit on any other offenses. It reads as follows: (1) A member or an employee of a public body commits corruption when that member or an employee or an immediate member of the family of that member or employee has a direct or indirect interest in any company or undertaking with which that public body proposes to deal, or that member or employee has a personal interest in any decision which that public body is to make, and that member or employee, knowingly fails to disclose the nature of that interest, or votes or participates in the proceedings of that public body relating to that dealing or decision.\n (2) It is a defense to a charge under this section if the person having an interest has first made in writing to the public body the fullest disclosure of the exact nature of interest and has been permitted after that disclosure to take part in the proceedings relating to that dealing or decision.\n \n According to the Swaziland Constitution, government officials may not take positions that might interfere with their official duties.The Integrity Commission, under the Public Administration portfolio, stipulates that officials declare their assets and liabilities to comply with the Constitution. Moreover, the Prevention of Corruption Act provides for a maximum fine of R200,000 (US $28,500) and a 20-year jail term. \n \n The Public Service Charter also contains provisions against conflict of interest and accepting bribery. It is to note, however, that the charter has no legal mandate, but simply provides norms and standards of acceptable behavior in the civil service. It is to be applied to buttress existing anti-corruption laws.\n \n Article 15 of the Swaziland Public Service Charter states: \"A public official confronted with a situation whereby the interest of the state conflicts with any other shall resolve such a conflict in favor of the state. S/he shall either declare the extent of her/his personal involvement in matters to be decided, or ask for authorization at the critical decision-making stages. A public official who knowingly conceals information concerning her/his personal interest in a case shall be guilty of misconduct.\"\n \n Article 16 reads: No public official shall accept any honor, decoration, favor, gift or remuneration from any person or organization, particularly, in which the acceptance can reasonably be construed as impairing, or likely to impair, the good judgment of the official. Any gift received from outside parties should not only be reported to competent authority but also deposited at a place stipulated by the competent authority. Gifts so reported shall be taken and duly receipted. Names of the donors should also be posted on the agency’s bulletin boards, and shall remain posted for as long as the competent authority may decide.","The Swaziland Prevention of Corruption Act. http://acc.gov.sz/index.php/about-acc\n \n Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland. http://www.ide.uniswa.sz/documents/resources/constitution2004.pdf\n \n Swaziland Prevention of Corruption Amendment Act of 2006. http://www.laga-enforcement.org/Portals/0/Documents/Legal%20documents/Africa%20anti-corruption/Swaziland_Prevention%20of%20Corruption%20Amendment%20Act.pdf\n \n Swaziland Public Service Charter\n \n Swaziland, September 2012 Survey on the effectiveness of Anticorruption Authorities\n \n \"Embassy’s petty cash still not accounted for,\" by Musa Hlope, 22 February 2012. http://www.times.co.sz/News/72766.html","The Swaziland Prevention of Corruption Act, Section 27, prohibits conflicts of interest, but is not explicit on any other offenses. It reads as follows: (1) A member or an employee of a public body commits corruption when that member or an employee or an immediate member of the fam..."]
["2012_TZ_35",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",35,100,"The Public Leadership Code of Ethics Act 1995 as amended deals with potential conflict of interest, favoritism in decision making, preferential treatment etc. Section 12 bars public leaders to acquire dishonestly any pecuniary advantage, or extend the same to other associates. Sections 13 and 14 of the same law demands mandatory disclosure where there is conflict interest in a public matter and prohibits such officers from contracting roles where they have proven interest. \n \n Further, the amendments to the Public Service Act were done to provide for a transparent recruitment and deployment process of public servants.","Public Leadership Code of Ethics Act 1995 and Amendment of 2001","The Public Leadership Code of Ethics Act 1995 as amended deals with potential conflict of interest, favoritism in decision making, preferential treatment etc. Section 12 bars public leaders to acquire dishonestly any pecuniary advantage, or extend the same to other associates. Sect..."]
["2012_ZW_35",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",35,100,"The Public Service Regulations and the Procurement Act prevent conflicts of interest and nepotism in the civil service. However, issues of cronyism and patronage in the civil service are rampant, according to Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre (ALAC) reports by Transparency International Zimbabwe. \n \n Practicing nepotism or any form of favoritism in making or recommending any appointment or promotion to any post is prohibited in the public service regulations. The effectiveness of the regulations is questionable as the 2009 report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General revealed disparities in the recruitment processes of a number of ministries including the Ministry of Youth.","Statutory Instrument of 2000 (Public Service Regulations).\n \n Public Service Act, Chapter 16:04, \n Public Service Regulations SI 1/2000.\n \n Special Report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.\n \n Procurement Act.","The Public Service Regulations and the Procurement Act prevent conflicts of interest and nepotism in the civil service. However, issues of cronyism and patronage in the civil service are rampant, according to Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre (ALAC) reports by Transparency Internati..."]
["2012_BF_36",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",36,25,"Il est difficile de déclarer que le travail du fonctionnaire n’est pas influencé par des interférences politiques. Quand bien même on reconnait que ceci ne devrait pas être le cas, les nominations des hauts fonctionnaires se font par le pouvoir politique. \n\nA cause d'une politisation à outrance de l'administration publique, les agents publics ont souvent des difficultés à accomplir correctement leurs devoirs. Les décorations de fin d'années ne sont pas généralement fondées sur l'indépendance et le travail bien fait, mais correspondent à des récompenses politiques données à des amis et membres du parti. En exemple, on citera le cas de l'ancien directeur des douanes qui a été décoré le 11 décembre 2011. Mais il a été arrêté pour corruption et détournement de fonds le 2 janvier  2012, soit en l'espace d’un (1) mois.","Centre pour la Gouvernance Démocratique, 2009, L'administration publique Burkinabe est-elle partisane? Rapport de synthèse. May 2009\n\nLe Pays, Septembre 2011, Député Mahama Sawadogo, \"POLITISATION DE L’ADMINISTRATION  \"La controverse demeurera\". http://lepays.bf/?POLITISATION-DE-L-ADMINISTRATION.","Il est difficile de déclarer que le travail du fonctionnaire n’est pas influencé par des interférences politiques. Quand bien même on reconnait que ceci ne devrait pas être le cas, les nominations des hauts fonctionnaires se font par le pouvoir politique. ..."]
["2012_TD_36",2012,"TD","Chad",36,50,"The legal framework for civil service allows civil servants to be appointed and work without political interference, but the fact that there is a dominant party and no strict separation between the ruling party and the government results in allegations of politically motivated promotion and demotion in the civil service. \n\nThe two sources cited above provide significant relevant and credible information on civil servants' situation in the country. The first one is actually an academic appointed in the prime minister's office, and he insisted on the prevalence of the spoil or patronage system at the detriment of the self-proclaimed merit system in recruiting, appointing, promoting or demoting civil servants. The second source quoted is attached to the president's office, and his claim that he is not being promoted because he does not belong to the president's ethnic group does not only echo the prevailing spoil system suggested by others, but also echoes wider criticisms on a lack of professionalization of the Chadian civil service because of poor recruitment standards and absence of incentives for those civil servants without political and/or ethnic connections. \n\nA third source from unions was consulted to substantiate information received from other informants. \n\nConcerning judicial challenges of politically motivated dismissals, available sources consulted suggest they are very rare: 1) Due to the weakness of the private sector, the state is the only major source of employment in the country. Civil servants are seldom dismissed, and the government endeavors to adhere to the legal framework with regard to dismissals. 2) Most civil servants are recruited for life. Civil service is the most reliable employment and very few people would risk losing their jobs for being independent. They would keep a low profile and if unhappy with their working conditions would resign, assuming that they have better employment alternatives. In any case, they would not be willing to bring the government to court, knowing that the judicial system is not always independent from the executive. 3) Political interference would mostly be exerted through lack of promotion or incentives against those who are regarded as independent from the government or ruling party, rather than dismissal.","Sitack Yombatina Beni Alphonse, director of legislation. Prime minister's office. N'Djamena. Sept. 11, 2012.\n\nJoseph Paningar, attached to the president's office. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.\n\nMichel Barka, general secretary. Free Unions Movement. Dec. 3, 2012.","The legal framework for civil service allows civil servants to be appointed and work without political interference, but the fact that there is a dominant party and no strict separation between the ruling party and the government results in allegations of politically motivated prom..."]
["2012_KM_36",2012,"KM","Comoros",36,0,"Les fonctionnaires sont souvent recrutés sur une base clientéliste (alliés politiques, liens familiaux), et sont par conséquence enclins à suivre une règle de conduite dictée par leurs réseaux d'appartenance (amis politiques ou liens familiaux), perdant ainsi toute indépendance dans leurs actions quotidiennes. Il n'est pas rare que les fonctionnaires soient influencés par des questions politiques ou personnelles. \n\nCela explique les malversations effectuées aux dépens des caisses de l’État, et au profit des fonctionnaires véreux: \"Plusieurs services de l’État facturent des services (hôpitaux, ports, aéroports, justice, immigration, ministères) dont les sommes se comptent en million sans que ces fonds laissent des traces dans le budget et dans les comptes du trésor public\".\n\nCela explique aussi l'accaparement par des hauts politiciens de certaines recettes fiscales : \" En violation des règles budgétaires élémentaires - comme l’universalité budgétaire avec les principes de non affectation et de non compensation-  certains impôts, comme l’IBD versé par certaines sociétés d’États, sont directement affectés au fonctionnement de certains grands services de l’État sans même passer par les comptes du trésor public\".\n\nCela explique enfin l'existence de traitements favorables au profit d'une certaine catégorie de fonctionnaires.\n\nAinsi, en matière de rémunération, \"Il n’est un secret pour personne qu’il existe une fonction publique à deux vitesses, où pendant que le salaire de certains fonctionnaires n’ont pas bougé depuis trente ans, d’autres qui ont eu à occuper des postes de haut niveau (ministres, directeurs ou responsables de services…) profitent de leurs statuts pour se créer des indices et faire des avancements de leurs salaires\".\n\nLe traitement de faveur au bénéfice de particuliers apparaît aussi dans le cas évoqué par l'article ci-après : \"en dépit du nombre incalculable d’arriérés de salaires, certains fonctionnaires qui ont des relations au trésor n’ont aucun arriéré et peuvent même avoir pris des avances sur salaires\". \n\nEnfin, le copinage est plus qu'évident dans l'octroi d'indemnités et d'avantages en nature : \"Le président n’a rien fait pour baisser la grosse facture de la superstructure qui va des indemnités mirobolantes à la distribution des tickets d’essence et des cartes téléphoniques. Sous le régime actuel, il n’y a aucun directeur général, aucun secrétaire général d’une société ou d’un service qui n’est pas flanqué d’un adjoint, avec les conséquences budgétaires que cela engendre\".","Interview de Mr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Magistrat, ancien Juge Constitutionnel, ancien Ministre des Finances, 27 mars 2012, Moroni. \n\nComoresdroit, Abdou elwahab Msa Bacar, Membre fondateur du Syndicat national des enseignants de l’Université des Comores (SNEUC), 25 mars 2011, \"Notre ami le président et les fonctionnaires\", http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/542-","Les fonctionnaires sont souvent recrutés sur une base clientéliste (alliés politiques, liens familiaux), et sont par conséquence enclins à suivre une règle de conduite dictée par leurs réseaux d'appartenance (amis politiques ou liens familiaux), perdant ainsi toute indépendance dan..."]
["2012_EG_36",2012,"EG","Egypt",36,0,"The public sector is characterized by very poor and inhumane remuneration incapable of providing a decent standard of living for people employed in governmental sectors, low productivity and the spread of bribery and corruption practices among its employees. Working in an undemocratic and bureaucratic environment with a very strong executive power monitored by weak legislators, political interference in the work of the civil service is evident, as well as grand and petty corruption.\n\nEven the anti-corruption mechanisms that have been recently launched are heavily controlled by the president and lack any sanctioning powers.\n\nOfficial employment is frozen in the public sector. However, so-called \"temporary\" recruitment -- which usually lasts for long periods -- gives civil servants the opportunity to hire their family members or associates and relatives of high-level government officials. The Egyptian civil service system is thus often characterized by bribery, nepotism, cronyism and patronage. \n\nIn addition, the control of the ruling regime over the civil service bodies led to the exploitation of civil servants for political purposes. For example, small-scale bribes are prevalent in the public sector, as public servants demand them from citizens who seek basic services.\n\nMoreover, promotions and high-ranking positions were usually reserved for loyalists and members of NDP, who will be at the service of their party and protect its interests.","2010. Elections update: Civil servants bribed for votes in Alexandria. Egypt Independent\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/elections-update-civil-servants-bribed-votes-alexandria.\n\nTrustLaw. Anti-corruption profile: Egypt\nhttp://www.trust.org/trustlaw/country-profiles/good-governance.dot?id=8e1e1d1c-acfb-47ca-99f4-5e2b6af183fb.\n\nTransparency International, Anti-Corruption Legislation in Egypt, July 30, 2011. http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/20110730_anti_corruption_legislation_in_egypt.\n\nAhram Online, Egypt Parliamentary Committee Approves Draft Law on Wage Caps, April 8, 2012. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/38794/Business/Economy/Egypt-parliamentary-committee-approves-draft-law-o.aspx.\n\nTrustLaw, Anti-Corruption Views - Will corruption undermine Egypt’s transition? May 9, 2011. http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/blogs/anti-corruption-views/will-corruption-undermine-egypts-transition/.","The public sector is characterized by very poor and inhumane remuneration incapable of providing a decent standard of living for people employed in governmental sectors, low productivity and the spread of bribery and corruption practices among its employees. Working in an undemocra..."]
["2012_GM_36",2012,"GM","The Gambia",36,25,"The work of civil servants in The Gambia is compromised by political interference. \n\nThere is no security of tenure, and all civil servants can have their services terminated by the president. In June 2012, for example, three permanent secretaries were dismissed. No reasons were given, a JollofNews story said. Another story, \"Jammeh Says He Take No Delight In Sacking Minister,\" reported that \"since coming to power in a bloodless coup in July 1994, Mr. Jammeh has hired and fired nearly 200 cabinet ministers and a countless number of civil servants. He has been accused by his opponents and critics of undermining stability and confidence in the country’s civil service.\" The frequent firing of civil servants without explanation shows the level of interference from the Gambian president. \n\nAs a result of such interference and the possibility of civil servants losing their jobs without explanation or due process, most of them publicly display their loyalty to President Yahya Jammeh's government.","\"GMC Joins Calls for Political Reform,\" The Point, Aug. 3, 2012,\nhttp://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gmc-joins-calls-for-political-reform\n\n\"Does One Have to Be a Supporter of the APRC to Be a Permanent Secretary?\" Foroyaa Newspaper, editorial, Jan. 11, 2012, www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/editorial/10258-gambia-news-archive\n\n\"3 Gambian Perm Secs Fired,\" JollofNews, June 27, 2012, \nwww.jollofnews.com/politics/3350-201206273-gambian-perm-secs-fired\n\n\"Jammeh Says He Take No Delight In Sacking Minister,\" P.K. Jarju, JollofNews, Feb. 24, 2012, www.jollofnews.com/archive/3112-20120224jammeh-says-he-take-no-delight-in-sacking-minister","The work of civil servants in The Gambia is compromised by political interference. \n\nThere is no security of tenure, and all civil servants can have their services terminated by t..."]
["2012_LS_36",2012,"LS","Lesotho",36,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_36",2012,"LR","Liberia",36,25,"With the public sector providing many of the jobs in the country, the impact of political influence on civil servants is tremendous. Many civil servants exhibit partisan behavior during working hours and bosses who are members of political party tend to favor their partisans.","Interview with Lawrence Randall, executive director, Liberia Media Center, August 3, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Randall Makor, coordintaor, Gbarnga Integrity Club, July 24, 2012, Gbarnga, Liberia.\n\n\"Liberian President’s Party Members Demand Jobs,\" July 3, 2012, http://www.voanews.com/content/liberias-ruling-unity-party-members-demand-jobs-and-scholarships/1353006.html","With the public sector providing many of the jobs in the country, the impact of political influence on civil servants is tremendous. Many civil servants exhibit partisan behavior during working hours and bosses who are members of political party tend to favor their partisans."]
["2012_MR_36",2012,"MR","Mauritania",36,0,"Les fonctionnaires mauritaniens ne sont pas indépendants parce qu'étant sous la tutelle de l’État. Ils sont affectés sans leur avis avec obligation de rejoindre leur poste de travail et les affectations peuvent être teintés de motivations politiciennes.\n\nLoi n°93-09du 18 janvier 1993 portant statut général des fonctionnaires et agents contractuels de l’État dit, en son article 8, que \"Toute fonctionnaire doit se conformer aux instructions générales et aux ordres individuels écrits ou verbaux (...)\"","Mauritanie: la COD dénonce les pressions sur les fonctionnaires de l'Etat pour le Meeting de l'UPR, 26 juin 2012, www.boolumbal.org/Mauritanie-la-COD-denonce-les-pressions-sur-les-fonctionnaires-de-l-Etat-pour-le-Meeting-de-l-UPR_a9230.html \n\nUn fonctionnaire déferré au Parquet pour refus d’affectation, 12 juin 2012. www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=630554 (Le cridem, Carrefour de la République Islamique de Mauritanie est un site mauritanien indépendant), (Un fonctionnaire déferré au Parquet pour refus d’affectation)  Abou Cissé, 12 juin 2012 \n\nhttp://lauthentic.info/spip.php?article1224 (L'Authentique est un journal indépendant mauritanien). Abou Cissé, (Un fonctionnaire déferré au Parquet pour refus d’affectation) 12 juin 2012","Les fonctionnaires mauritaniens ne sont pas indépendants parce qu'étant sous la tutelle de l’État. Ils sont affectés sans leur avis avec obligation de rejoindre leur poste de travail et les affectations peuvent être teintés de motivations politiciennes...."]
["2012_NE_36",2012,"NE","Niger",36,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_36",2012,"SC","Seychelles",36,25,"There is widespread opinion that a government job means that one must be a supporter of the ruling party. Members of the ruling party display party paraphernalia openly in their offices or play political songs on radio in government-owned cars on official duty.\n\nThe recent election of Parti Lepep Central Committee (CC) raises questions about depoliticising the public service because civil servants serve as executive members of political parties. Five Principal Secretaries now run the risk of being accused of political bias in decisions they make. Merida Delcy (Education), Olsen Vidot (Community Development), Christian Lionnet (Land Use and Habitat), Lise Bastienne (Presidential Affairs) and Edith Alexander (President’s Office Administration). \n\nA report by the U.S. Department of State notes that: \"Academic Freedom and Cultural Events Opposition activists claimed that the government limited academic freedom by reportedly preventing academic professionals from reaching senior positions in academia unless they demonstrated at least nominal loyalty to the People's Party. The government controlled faculty appointments to the Polytechnic and the University of Seychelles. The constitution and law provide for freedom of association; however, civil servants allegedly refrained from participating in opposition party activities for fear of political reprisal. Unlike in previous years, there were no complaints that government officials intimidated or dismissed civil servants who participated in opposition party activities.\"","Seychelles Reality, In House Political Cleansing, March 2012. http://seychellesreality.blogspot.com/2012/03/in-house-political-cleansing-by-james.html\n\nParti Lepep: Who’s In, Who’s Out? Seychelles eNews, February 8, 2012. http://www.seychellesweekly.com/February%208,%202012/pol2_parti_lepep.html\n\nU.S. Department of State, Seychelles. 2010. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160142.pdf","There is widespread opinion that a government job means that one must be a supporter of the ruling party. Members of the ruling party display party paraphernalia openly in their offices or play political songs on radio in government-owned cars on official duty...."]
["2012_SL_36",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",36,25,"Orders from above have always been the complaint by most civil servants in the effective discharge of their duties, according to one of the respondents. The politicians head the ministries and, therefore, control the civil servants who work there. Even though the Civil Service is supposed to be independent and serve every government that assumes power, the president appoints ministers who are the political heads of the ministries and represent the president. Thus, the civil servant cannot do anything with which the minister disagrees.","Anonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office.\n\nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.","Orders from above have always been the complaint by most civil servants in the effective discharge of their duties, according to one of the respondents. The politicians head the ministries and, therefore, control the civil servants who work there. Even though the Civil Service is s..."]
["2012_TN_36",2012,"TN","Tunisia",36,0,"Sous le régime de Ben Ali, les postes et les nominations étaient politisés (voir le rapport sur la corruption en Tunisie ci-dessus cité). Sous le régime d'Ennahdha, ce parti a nommé ses partisans dans plusieurs postes de l'administration. \n\nEn pratique, seules les protestations d'une partie de l'opposition ralentissent cette tendance. Les règles formelles ont été décrites dans la question précédentes. Concernant les pratiques, le rapport de la commission nationale d'investigation (pour ce qui est du régime de Ben Ali) et plusieurs articles de presse (pour ce qui est du régime de la troïka menée par Ennahdha) dénoncent l'interférence des aspects politiques.","- Rapport de la Commission d'Investigation sur la Corruption sous la direction du Professeur Abdelfattah Amor (12/11/2011)\n http://www.businessnews.com.tn/details_article.php?t=525&a=27596&temp=3&lang\n \n - Article de Bouthaina Ghannay publié par Leaders, Subordination et indépendance de l’administration au Pouvoir Politique (Gouvernement), le 24 février 2012: http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/subordination-et-independance-de-l-administration-au-pouvoir-politique-gouvernement?id=7767\n \n - Communiqué du syndicat de la culture et de l'information (18 août 2012): http://www.babnet.net/cadredetail-53268.asp\n \n - Interview donnée par le président de la république au journal français Le Figaro (10 septembre 2012): http://www.espacemanager.com/politique/tunisie-marzouki-avertit-ennahdha-contre-toute-derive-autoritaire.html","Sous le régime de Ben Ali, les postes et les nominations étaient politisés (voir le rapport sur la corruption en Tunisie ci-dessus cité). Sous le régime d'Ennahdha, ce parti a nommé ses partisans dans plusieurs postes de l'administration. ..."]
["2012_ZW_36",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",36,50,"Civil servants at the junior level are generally professional and not necessarily compromised by political interference. \n\n However, there have been instances where directives are given by senior civil servants that are compromised by political interference. For instance, prosecutors and law officers from the Attorney General's Office have on numerous occasions abused a controversial provision of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act by invoking Section 121 to keep accused persons in custody despite the accused having been granted bail by the courts. This practice has had the effect of keeping individuals in custody for a further seven days to allow the state time to appeal the granting of bail. In almost all cases the appeals were either never filed, or were dismissed by the superior courts. Because of this practice, Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights (ZLHR) protested that the section was being used selectively and unlawfully by the Attorney General’s Office against human rights defenders and legitimate political activists in order to persecute these individuals, even where courts have found no evidence that they would pose a threat to the interests of justice, society or the state, if they were to be released on bail. \n \n Further evidence of this is found in the 2012 Amnesty International report which highlights that ''in February, 23 villagers from Nyanga district in Manicaland province, and Douglas Mwonzora, the local MDC-T member of Parliament, were arrested and held in custody. They were accused of public violence following clashes between members of ZANU-PF and the MDC-T. No ZANU-PF members were arrested. The 24 detainees were granted bail, but the state used Section 121 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act (CPEA) to suspend the bail order, and prolonged the detention by a further seven days.\"\n \n The attorney general has proved on a number of occasions that he is not apolitical. In an article in The Standard newspaper on Feb. 5, 2012, he threatened with arrest journalists who continued to question the expiration of the commissioner general of the police's contract and his illegal presence in office. \n \n Evidence of other instances of civil servants' work being compromised by political interference include: a case study from Amnesty International in which, \"Brigadier-General Douglas Nyikayaramba, who in June 2012 caused alarm when he was quoted in the state-controlled Herald newspaper, saying that ZANU-PF and the security forces were one and that the Prime Minister, Morgan Tsvangirai, was a security threat.\"","Interview with Mr. Farai Chiweshe, former chairperson of Transparency International Zimbabwe (TIZ), Aug. 2, 2012.\n \n \"Zimbabwe Attorney General admits abuse of Section 121,\" press release from Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights, Feb. 1, 2010, http://www.sokwanele.com/thisiszimbabwe/archives/5425.\n \n Amnesty International Zimbabwe 2012 country report, http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/zimbabwe/report-2012.\n \n Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act (CPEA).\n \n \"Tomana betrays Zanu PF leanings,\" by The Standard newspaper, Feb. 5, 2012, http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2012/02/05/tomana-betrays-zanu-pf-leanings","Civil servants at the junior level are generally professional and not necessarily compromised by political interference. ..."]
["2012_BF_37",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",37,50,"Fondamentalement, les fonctionnaires sont nommés sur la base des critères de qualification et de compétences. \n\nCependant, dans la mesure où ils sont appelés à collaborer avec le régime au pouvoir, leurs nominations sont souvent à connotation politique du parti au pouvoir. Souvent, c’est la combinaison des critères de compétence et politiques qui est à la base des nominations. Mais parfois, ce sont les critères d’appartenance au parti au pouvoir qui pèsent le plus dans la balance quant à la nomination des fonctionnaires à certains postes administratifs.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU.\n\nLes Afriques, par ALIOU DIONGUE, \"Burkina : nouveau système d’évaluation des fonctionnaires\" http://www.lesafriques.com/gestion-publique/burkina-nouveau-systeme-d-evaluation-des-fonctionn.html?Itemid=308?articleid=6837.\n\nConfédération Générale des travailleurs du Burkina ( CGTB) 2007, DECLARATION SUR LE NOUVEAU SYSTEME D’EVALUATION DES AGENTS DE LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE, avril 2007.","Fondamentalement, les fonctionnaires sont nommés sur la base des critères de qualification et de compétences. ..."]
["2012_BI_37",2012,"BI","Burundi",37,0,"Authorities do not hesitate to appoint and promote on the basis of political activism, researchers have found, corrupting the administration.","\"Analyse de l’indépendance de la magistrature au Burundi : Droit et réalités,\" Observatoire de l' action Gouvernementale (a civil society organization), June 2011\n\n\"Un recensement met en émoi la fonction publique (Burundi census is in trouble),\" Voice of America, April 10, 2012 http://www.lavoixdelamerique.com/content/burundi-ethnicity-fear-146835645/1487497.html\n\n\"Recensement des fonctionnaires des services publics : la Parcem pour, mais nuance,\" Iwacu journal, April 10, 2012 http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/spip.php?article2415\n\n\"Problématique de l’équité dans l’accès à l’emploi public au Burundi : Une question fondamentale de Gouvernance (Issues of equity in access to public employment in Burundi: A fundamental issue of governance),\" research report by Julien Nimubona, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Burundi. 2009. http://www.idec.org.bi/images/PDF/ci_v3_4_Julien.pdf","Authorities do not hesitate to appoint and promote on the basis of political activism, researchers have found, corrupting the administration."]
["2012_KM_37",2012,"KM","Comoros",37,0,"Les fonctionnaires  ne sont pas recrutés/nommés en fonction de critères fondés sur le mérite. Abordant cette question, le site Comores Droit écrit que \"les nominations aux postes stratégiques de l’État au niveau de l’Union et des iles autonomes ne répondent à aucun critère d’intégrité et d’honnêteté\". \n\nMr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Magistrat, ancien Juge Constitutionnel, ancien Ministre des Finances aborde dans le même sens en déclarant que \"Le recrutement des fonctionnaires est basé sur le clientélisme, rarement  par le mérite, et 99% des fonctionnaires s'alignent au pouvoir exécutif.\" \n\nCette affirmation est corroborée par les dires des commissaires anti-corruption qui estiment que le recrutement dans la fonction publique se fait souvent par l'intermédiaire de personnalités amies ou parents. \n\nUne fois recrutées, les personnes qui ont bénéficié de pistons ne se conforment pas à des critères professionnels et objectifs dans leurs prises de décision, mais servent plutôt les intérêts de ceux qui les ont pistonnés. Les commissaires anti-cprruptions interrogés dans le cadre de cette recherche déclarent que \"les marchés publics continuent d’être négociés dans l’opacité. Ainsi, l’exécutif de l’ile autonome de Ngazidja vient d’acquérir à crédit 7 véhicules 4X4 sans appel d’offres, chez un fournisseur ami et sympathisant du mouvement politique du Gouverneur de l’ile, qui a déjà fait l’objet d’une détention provisoire\". \n\nCitant un autre exemple, un commissaire affirme que \"pour sauver leurs postes certains Directeurs ne rechignent pas sur les moyens pour s’attirer les faveurs des nouveaux responsables. Ainsi un Directeur General d’un établissement public en quasi- faillite a-t-il mis à la disposition du Directeur de cabinet de son ministère de tutelle une voiture de la société avec en prime le carburant la société. Puisque l’on parle des véhicules de l'Etat, les fonctionnaires continuent de les utiliser à des fins personnelles. \n\nDans cette période de mariage, ces véhicules servent à transporter les invités aux différents mariages, à acheminer les marchandises, les denrées alimentaires… aux frais du contribuable comorien. Ces véhicules estampillés ADBL, G, CG NG, SIRIKALI, GIAM, NDZ, CC UC, VP AUC…, faute d’entretien et de contrôle, finiront comme les autres milliers de véhicules de l’Etat acquis à prix d’or, à la casse\".","Interview de Mr Abdulmadjid Youssouf, Magistrat, ancien Juge Constitutionnel, ancien Ministre des Finances, 27 mars 2012, Moroni.\n\nInterview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 9 juin 2012, Moroni.\n\nComoresdroit, 11 juillet 2011, \"Lutte contre la corruption : ces pratiques condamnables qui appauvrissent l’Etat\" . http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/661-","Les fonctionnaires  ne sont pas recrutés/nommés en fonction de critères fondés sur le mérite. Abordant cette question, le site Comores Droit écrit que \"les nominations aux postes stratégiques de l’État au niveau de l’Union et des iles autonomes ne répondent à aucun critère d’intégr..."]
["2012_EG_37",2012,"EG","Egypt",37,0,"Privileged connections and nepotism play an essential role in the recruitment and promotion of civil servants in the country. Despite a new promotion law which aimed to limit corruption in the recruitment and promotion processes, it is not enough given the culture of favoritism characterizing the Egyptian public sector. \n\nAlthough it is overstaffed and there is a gradual suspension of public employment, public officials tend to hire their relatives in so-called \"temporary\" positions, which usually last for a very long time. It is a kind of masked unemployment where employment levels exceed the real amount of work that exists; this is related to decreasing levels of production and inefficient delivery of public services. \nMoreover, the regime itself interfered in all key posts, via its security organizations, in order to suppress its rivals and promote its allies (clients and cronies). \n\nThe police forces were usually manipulated during the voting process to control the polling stations and facilitate vote-rigging. They were used before the elections to detain all political dissidents to avoid any strong opposition. The security apparatus was one of the main elements supporting the Mubarak regime and ensuring its survival. \n\n\"Key positions within ministries, universities, local governments and public agencies were subject to scrutiny by state security bodies, and loyalty was often preferred to competence.\" \n\nThe bureaucracy was almost paired with the single ruling party since the 1952 Revolution. Since the Nasser period, party membership has often been a prerequisite, together with security approval or endorsement, for occupying key positions within the bureaucracy.\n\nTherefore, the recruitment and promotion system is very poor, giving more advantages to the senior officials than merit. Ironically, though all its problems, public employment is still facing a big demand due to its short working hours, permanence, steady income, short obligations, minimal responsibility and low competition. In violation of the law, many civil servants — while maintaining their permanent jobs — either seek secondary employment in the private sector, in the Gulf countries or even in the informal sector to reach a higher salary, while undermining the levels of motivation and productivity in their formal public-sector positions.\n\nThe fragile and bureaucratic state apparatus was one of the main authoritarian regime tools to extend the ruling party’s support bases through the expansion of patronage networks. It was also helping in the distribution of leading positions to retired high-ranking officers from the military, intelligence and the police with better access to financial and human resources. Hence, government agencies suffered from fragmentation and lack of cohesion.","Bassem Abo Al-Abass. 2012. Scepticism over Egyptian public jobs bonanza. Ahram English\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/6570/Business/Economy/Scepticism-over-Egyptian-public-jobs-bonanza.aspx.\n\nDr. Maha Dajani. 2012. Private Versus Public Pay. Business Today\nhttp://businesstodayegypt.com/news/display/article/artId:347/Private-Versus-Public-Pay/secId:6/catId:4.\n\nEgyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR). 2012. How Can we save the State Bureaucracy?\neipr.org/en/blog/post/2012/06/10/1433.\n\nJack Shenker. 2010. Egypt's discredited elections blighted by shadow of police violence. The Guardian\nhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/28/egypt-election-police-violence.\n\nHuman Rights Watch. 2010. Egypt: Elections Marred as Opposition Barred from Polls\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2010/11/29/egypt-elections-marred-opposition-barred-polls.","Privileged connections and nepotism play an essential role in the recruitment and promotion of civil servants in the country. Despite a new promotion law which aimed to limit corruption in the recruitment and promotion processes, it is not enough given the culture of favoritism cha..."]
["2012_GM_37",2012,"GM","The Gambia",37,25,"Most civil servants, especially senior civil servants, have party loyalties.\n \nAs the article \"Jammeh Says He Take No Delight In Sacking Minister\" reports:\n\"Since coming to power in a bloodless coup in July 1994, Mr. Jammeh has hired and fired nearly 200 cabinet ministers and a countless number of civil servants. He has been accused by his opponents and critics of undermining stability and confidence in the country’s civil service.\" \n\nThe frequent hiring and firings reported by both of the researcher's sources show that most appointments are not based on professional criteria, but mostly on loyalty to the president and his party.","\"Does One Have to Be a Supporter of the APRC to Be a Permanent Secretary?\" Foroyaa Newspaper, editorial, Jan. 11, 2012, www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/editorial/10258-gambia-news-archive\n\n\"Jammeh Says He Take No Delight In Sacking Minister,\"  P.K. Jarju, JollofNews, Feb. 24, 2012,\n www.jollofnews.com/archive/3112-20120224jammeh-says-he-take-no-delight-in-sacking-minister","Most civil servants, especially senior civil servants, have party loyalties.\n \nAs the article \"Jammeh Says He Take No Delight In Sacking Minister\" reports:..."]
["2012_GH_37",2012,"GH","Ghana",37,50,"Since the National Democratic Congress assumed office in 2009, a number of appointments to the position of chief directors of the civil service from outside the civil service have proven hat such appointments were based on the political affiliation of these people to the ruling party. \n\nThere are other appointments that are also believed to be based on factors other than professional criteria, such as political affiliation and ethnicism in other cases. \n\nThere are at least three appointments to the position of chief directors (in Ghana’s civil service) from outside the civil service, some from the universities.","Patrick Osei-Kufour, Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, also of Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition (GACC), May 30, 2012.\n\nMaxwell Adjei Ashon, Research Officer, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), June 6, 2012.\n\nNicholas Adamtey, Director, Transparency and Accountability Initiative, at Adam Nana, Kasoa, Accra, on June 23, 2012. \n\n\"Don't Politicize Civil Service Appointments,\" by Clement Atagra, The Ghanaian Times, May  6, 2009. www.modernghana.com/news/214701/1/dont-politicise-civil-service-appointments.html","Since the National Democratic Congress assumed office in 2009, a number of appointments to the position of chief directors of the civil service from outside the civil service have proven hat such appointments were based on the political affiliation of these people to the ruling par..."]
["2012_LR_37",2012,"LR","Liberia",37,25,"The Liberian civil service is ineffective as it struggles with the failure to implement laws and regulations governing employment. Despite efforts at reform, the overwhelming pressure for jobs coupled with the lack of adequate skills has led to the dilution of a merit-based approach to one of favoritism, nepotism, and political patronage.\n\nThe Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission criticized the personalizing of public servants, saying the practice of officials taking employees with them when they move to another department can lead to corruption.","Interview with Eddie Jarwolo, executive director, NAYMOTE-Partners for Democratic Development, Aug. 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\n\"Patronage versus Public Service Politics: Which Way Liberians, as the Country Draws Closer to General and Presidential Elections?\" Wilmot A. Reeves, The Perspective, Sept. 28, 2011,  http://www.theperspective.org/2011/0928201101.html\n\n\"LACC Frowns on Personalizing Comptrollers, Procurement Officers at GOL Ministries,\" Front Page Africa, Aug. 4, 2012 http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3818:lacc-frowns-on-personalizing-comptrollers-procurement-officers-at-gol-ministries-agencies&catid=67:news&Itemid=144","The Liberian civil service is ineffective as it struggles with the failure to implement laws and regulations governing employment. Despite efforts at reform, the overwhelming pressure for jobs coupled with the lack of adequate skills has led to the dilution of a merit-based approac..."]
["2012_MR_37",2012,"MR","Mauritania",37,0,"Le tribalisme, l'appartenance ethnique, l'affiliation politique sont malheureusement assez déterminants dans la fonction publique mauritanienne. Des débats parfois houleux se font à travers des forums de discussion et d'échange sur des problèmes politiques, sociaux comme le site www.flamnet.info. \n\nLe Forum Flamnet est le premier forum mauritanien pour la promotion du droit fondamental de la liberté d'expression et de la défense de cette liberté. C'est un forum de discussion ou chacun est libre d'exprimer sa pensée, ses idées, ses croyances, sans restrictions ni censures. C'est un forum de formation et d'information sur la Mauritanie. C'est aussi un espace de diversités culturelles et d´adversité politique et démocratique.","Panapress. \"Les femmes représentent 31% de l'effectif de la Fonction publique en Mauritanie\". 26 août 2012. http://www.panapress.com/Les-femmes-representent-31--de-l-effectif-de-la-Fonction-publique-en-Mauritanie---12-840116-10-lang1-index.html\n\nCRIDEM. \"Augmentation des salaires des fonctionnaires : Le personnel enseignant reste divisé\". 19 septembre 2012. http://cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=634310\n\nAbdoulaye Ba Montréal, Cridem, 31 juillet 2009, Les priorités urgentes auxquelles doivent s’attaquer Aziz et le prochain gouvernement, www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=34603","Le tribalisme, l'appartenance ethnique, l'affiliation politique sont malheureusement assez déterminants dans la fonction publique mauritanienne. Des débats parfois houleux se font à travers des forums de discussion et d'échange sur des problèmes politiques, sociaux comme le site ww..."]
["2012_NE_37",2012,"NE","Niger",37,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_37",2012,"NG","Nigeria",37,50,"The criteria for appointment and evaluation in the civil service are clearly laid down in the civil service rules in great detail. Efforts have been made to reform the federal civil service, with increasing commitment to applying the existing rules. \n\nThe federal civil service commission is the body empowered by the constitution to carry out these responsibilities at the federal government level. Each state has its own civil service commission, but nepotism, cronyism and patronage sometimes occur at all levels. Recently, the wife of the president who has been away from Bayelsa state civil service after her husband became governor several years ago was made a permanent secretary in absentia. This attracted criticisms from segments of the Nigerian population. The impropriety of her appointment points to what goes on in the civil service, as often discussed in the academic literature.","The Nigerian Civil Service and Promotion of Sustainable Human Development: A Critical Analysis. B.O.G. Nwanolue and I.V. Chidubem. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter) vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 12-21. April 2012.\nhttp://www.arabianjbmr.com/pdfs/OM_VOL_1_(9)/2.pdf\n\nJonathan’s Wife Appointment As Perm Sec Shocking – NBA. Success Nwogu and Mike Odiegwu. Punch. July 13, 2012.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/jonathans-wife-appointment-as-perm-sec-shocking-nba/\n\nFederal Republic of Nigeria 2008 Civil Service Rules, rules 020101, 020207, 0202301.\n\nThird Schedule (10 and 11) of the 1999 Constitution \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","The criteria for appointment and evaluation in the civil service are clearly laid down in the civil service rules in great detail. Efforts have been made to reform the federal civil service, with increasing commitment to applying the existing rules. ..."]
["2012_SL_37",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",37,50,"The Human Resource Management Office undertakes staff evaluations, while competitive recruitment is carried out by the Public Service Commission. All applicants go through a transparent recruitment process without any direct government interference.\n \nHowever, in the end, political considerations are significant, especially when the position is a very strategic one or of high importance for a ministry or the government. In many instances, “the orders from above,” without indicating the names of those giving the orders, play an important role.","Anonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office.\n\nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Human Resource Management Office undertakes staff evaluations, while competitive recruitment is carried out by the Public Service Commission. All applicants go through a transparent recruitment process without any direct government interference...."]
["2012_SZ_37",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",37,25,"In practice, civil servants are neither appointed nor evaluated according to professional criteria. For example, in the Tinkundla offices, chiefs loyal to the king mediate local administration. In the Electoral and Boundaries Commission (EBC), the staff appointments are suspect.","\"Civil society contributions to the Universal Periodic Review,\" by The Swaziland Coalition of Concerned Civic Society Organizations, Council of Swaziland Churches and Citizen Empowerment Center, 2011, http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session12/SZ/JS1-JointSubmission1-eng.pdf \n \n \"All must join fight against corruption,\" The Swazi Observer, March 10, 2012, http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=36410\n \n \"Political Commitment to Reform: Civil Service Reform in Swaziland,\" by Willy McCourt, University of Manchester, 2003, www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Document&id=1952\n \n \"The Human Factor in Governance: Findings and Prospects for Development,\" by Willy McCourt, University of Manchester, 2006, http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/research/publications/wp/mid/mid_wp16.htm","In practice, civil servants are neither appointed nor evaluated according to professional criteria. For example, in the Tinkundla offices, chiefs loyal to the king mediate local administration. In the Electoral and Boundaries Commission (EBC), the staff appointments are suspect."]
["2012_ZM_37",2012,"ZM","Zambia",37,0,"Currently, and most previous appointments, are/were based on party lines and family connections. Under Chiluba and Mwanawasa's administration, the phrase \"family tree\" was coined to describe his inclination to appoint most of his relatives and friends in government positions. \n\nHe also appointed a number of senior civil servants such as district commissioners and permanent secretary based on their loyalties to the party. The current administration has made it even worse, hence the coining of a phrase \"family forest.\" Most of the people appointed in senior government positions such as district commissioners, permanent secretaries and diplomatic postings are either cadres or relations to the top leadership of the government. One example of the cadre in government office was Chief Registrar of Societies, Clement Mohammed Andeleki.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Mr Julius Kapembwa, Lecturer-University of Zambia, September 20, 2012, 02:00 p.m. University premises.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Currently, and most previous appointments, are/were based on party lines and family connections. Under Chiluba and Mwanawasa's administration, the phrase \"family tree\" was coined to describe his inclination to appoint most of his relatives and friends in government positions. ..."]
["2012_ZW_37",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",37,25,"Under the Government of National Unity (GNU), appointments to senior positions in the civil service have been somewhat done along political considerations because of the negotiated settlement between the three political parties. Prior to the GNU, appointments were generally done on merit.\n \n Appointments of senior government officials, such as permanent secretaries, ambassadors, provincial governors, the governor of the Reserve Bank, and attorney general have been contentious under the GNU. For instance, the prime minister released a statement on his website denouncing the unilateral appointment of permanent secretaries and ambassadors. In his statement, he noted that \"the announcement of the appointment of permanent secretaries was in contravention of both the Global Political Agreement and the Constitution of Zimbabwe which are clear with regard to senior government appointments.\" He indicated that Article 20.1.7 of the Eighth Schedule in the Global Political Agreement states that: “The parties agree that with respect to occupants of senior government positions, such as permanent secretaries and ambassadors, the leadership in government, comprising the president, the vice presidents, the prime minister and deputy prime ministers, will consult and agree on such prior to their appointments.\"\n \n There were a number of irregularities noted in a civil service audit conducted in 2010-2011. In a February 2012 debate in Parliament, Hon. Mudiwa (MDC) highlighted that the audit revealed that there were 75,273 civil servants without minimal qualifications as required by the Public Service Commission for designated posts. He also noted that 3,593 civil servants who were appointed on or after Jan. 1, 2007, have no verifiable documentation relating to police or medical clearance or appointment letters and appointment forms also in violation of Public Service Regulations. \n \n Further, the Minister of Finance also reported that “between January and May 2012, there was an unlawful increase of about 10,000 employees in the public service, with the Ministry of Defense employing 4,600 personnel since January 2012, and the Ministry of Home Affairs, which has recruited 1,200 personnel without Treasury approval.''","Interview with Mr. Farai Chiweshe, former chairperson of Transparency International Zimbabwe, Aug. 2, 2012.\n \n \"Prime Minister's Statement on Progress of the Transitional Government,\" by Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, http://www.zimbabweprimeminister.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76:prime-ministers-statement-on-progress-of-the-transitional-government-&catid=72:prime-minister-press-releases&Itemid=105\n \n \"Zimbabwe: Army recruits 4,600 illegally,\" by Veneranda Langa, South African Foreign Policy Iniatiative, June 14, 2012, http://www.safpi.org/news/article/2012/zimbabwe-army-recruits-4-600-illegally\n \nParliament of Zimbabwe, Hansard, pg 6-9, Feb, 28, 2012, www.parlzim.gov.zw\n\nPublic Service Regulations.","Under the Government of National Unity (GNU), appointments to senior positions in the civil service have been somewhat done along political considerations because of the negotiated settlement between the three political parties. Prior to the GNU, appointments were generally done on..."]
["2012_BF_38",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",38,0,"La loi relative au statut de la fonction publique accorde des facilités aux agents publics. Cette loi leur permet  de prendre des disponibilités de 6 ans pour travailler dans une entreprise privée à condition qu'il n’y ait pas de conflit d’intérêt entre l’administration, l'entreprise et l'agent concerné. Par ailleurs, il n’est pas permis à l’agent d’exercer une fonction dans le secteur privé dans les 3 ans qui suivent son départ de la fonction publique. Cela est reflété dans la Loi No 13.","Loi N° 013/98/AN du 28 avril 1998 Régime Juridique applicable aux emplois et aux agents de la Fonction Publique, Article 120-123. http://www.google.bf/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CD0QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftrack.unodc.org%2FLegalLibrary%2FLegalResources%2FBurkina%2520Faso%2FLaws%2FPublic%2520Employment%2520and%2520Public%2520Agents%2520Law%2520and%2520Decree%2520%281998%29.pdf&ei=A-U7UuSkM4bR0QXL64HIBQ&usg=AFQjCNHC_yy8MGz9chSs4jUHFHYIuGWNNw&bvm=bv.52434380,d.d2k\n\nLe Code Pénal du Burkina Faso","La loi relative au statut de la fonction publique accorde des facilités aux agents publics. Cette loi leur permet  de prendre des disponibilités de 6 ans pour travailler dans une entreprise privée à condition qu'il n’y ait pas de conflit d’intérêt entre l’administration, l'entrepri..."]
["2012_TD_38",2012,"TD","Chad",38,0,"Articles 18 & 19 of Law 017/PR/2001 on the general status of the civil service only state that civil servants should not be involved in any profit activity and should restrict from engaging in any enterprise that might constitute a conflict of interest as long as they are civil servants.","Articles 18 & 19 of Law 017/PR/2001.","Articles 18 & 19 of Law 017/PR/2001 on the general status of the civil service only state that civil servants should not be involved in any profit activity and should restrict from engaging in any enterprise that might constitute a conflict of interest as long as they are civil ser..."]
["2012_DJ_38",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",38,100,"L'article 203 du Code Pénal prévoit une peine applicable pendant 5 ans suite à la cessation de fonction pour un certain nombre d'opération (conseil, contrat..) :\n\"Est puni de deux ans d'emprisonnement et de 500 000 F d'amende le fait, par une personne ayant été chargée, en tant que membre du gouvernement, fonctionnaire public ou agent ou préposé d'une administration publique, à raison même de sa fonction, soit d'assurer la surveillance ou le contrôle d'une entreprise privée, soit de conclure des contrats de toute nature avec une entreprise privée, soit d'exprimer son avis sur les opérations passées par une entreprise privée, de prendre ou de recevoir une participation par travail, conseil ou capitaux dans l'une de ces entreprises avant l'expiration d'un délai de cinq ans suivant la cessation de cette fonction.\nEst punie des mêmes peines toute participation par travail, conseil ou capitaux, dans une entreprise privée qui possède au moins 30 % de capital de fait avec l'une des entreprises mentionnées à l'alinéa qui précède. Au sens du présent article, est assimilée à une entreprise privée toute entreprise publique exerçant son activité dans un secteur concurrentiel et conformément aux règles du droit privé.\nCes dispositions sont applicables aux agents des établissements publics et des sociétés d'économie mixte dans lesquelles l'Etat détient directement ou indirectement plus de 50 % du capital.\"\n\nLa  Loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L  portant statut général des fonctionnaires dispose dans son article 56 : \n\"Un décret définit les activités privées qu'en raison de leur nature un fonctionnaire qui a cessé définitivement d'exercer ses fonctions ou qui a été mis en disponibilité, ne peut exercer. Il fixe la durée de cette interdiction et les conditions dans lesquelles il peut y être dérogé.\" Par contre, le décret prévu par la loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L n'a pas été promulgué.","Loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L  du 26 juin 1983 portant statut général des fonctionnaires. http://www.presidence.dj/\n\nArticle 203 du Code pénal de 1995. http://www.djibouti.mid.ru/doc/UK.htm","L'article 203 du Code Pénal prévoit une peine applicable pendant 5 ans suite à la cessation de fonction pour un certain nombre d'opération (conseil, contrat..) :\n\"Est puni de deux ans d'emprisonnement et de 500 000 F d'amende le fait, par une personne ayan..."]
["2012_EG_38",2012,"EG","Egypt",38,0,"In the law covering state civil servants, no restrictions were mentioned on civil servants working in the private sector after leaving the government.","Law No. 47/1978 concerning the State Civil Servants\nhttp://kenanaonline.com/files/0033/33967/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%2047.pdf.","In the law covering state civil servants, no restrictions were mentioned on civil servants working in the private sector after leaving the government."]
["2012_GM_38",2012,"GM","The Gambia",38,0,"There are no laws imposing restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving government. There is also no \"cooling off\" period.","No law exists.","There are no laws imposing restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving government. There is also no \"cooling off\" period."]
["2012_LS_38",2012,"LS","Lesotho",38,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_38",2012,"ML","Mali",38,0,"L’Etat malien n’a mis en place aucune disposition ordonnant les agents de l’Etat de ne pas intégrer ou de ne pas se convertir dans un secteur de leur choix. Selon Moussa Samaké, syndicaliste et membre de la Confédération des travailleurs maliens, il n’y a pas un temps déterminé par la législation et aucun texte n’existe au sujet de l’intégration des agents publics dans le secteur privé lorsqu’ils quittent la fonction publique.","Entretien avec Moussa Samaké, syndicaliste et membre de la Confédération des travailleurs maliens, rencontré à Lafiabougou, en février 2013.","L’Etat malien n’a mis en place aucune disposition ordonnant les agents de l’Etat de ne pas intégrer ou de ne pas se convertir dans un secteur de leur choix. Selon Moussa Samaké, syndicaliste et membre de la Confédération des travailleurs maliens, il n’y a pas un temps déterminé par..."]
["2012_MZ_38",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",38,0,"There is no legal restriction preventing civil servants entering the private sector after leaving government. In Mozambique, there are several examples of this -- such as former Prime Minister Mrs. Luisa Diogo, who was appointed CEO of Barclays Bank in 2012. Actually, the president of the republic, Mr. Armando Guebuza, is the flagrant example of this. He has majority shares in various companies, including banks. Neither law nor regulation is available regarding this. Importantly,  the constitution of the republic does not display a single line at this regard.","Republic of Mozambique. Constitution of the Republic. \nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","There is no legal restriction preventing civil servants entering the private sector after leaving government. In Mozambique, there are several examples of this -- such as former Prime Minister Mrs. Luisa Diogo, who was appointed CEO of Barclays Bank in 2012. Actually, the president..."]
["2012_NG_38",2012,"NG","Nigeria",38,0,"The law bars public officials from receiving emoluments from more than one public office. They are, however, allowed to participate in private business on a part-time basis. The law restricts the offices of president, vice president, chief justice of Nigeria, governor and deputy governor of a state from service or employment in foreign companies or foreign enterprises.","No such law exists. \n\nFifth Schedule of the 1999 Constitution. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","The law bars public officials from receiving emoluments from more than one public office. They are, however, allowed to participate in private business on a part-time basis. The law restricts the offices of president, vice president, chief justice of Nigeria, governor and deputy go..."]
["2012_SL_38",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",38,0,"In Sierra Leone, no law prevents civil servants from entering the private sector after leaving the government. The supreme law of the land does not prohibit it, and the Anti-Corruption Act also does not prohibit entry into the private sector after government service.","Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991 (Act No. 6 of 1991).\n\nAnti-Corruption Act, 2008.\n\nCivil Service Code of Conduct.","In Sierra Leone, no law prevents civil servants from entering the private sector after leaving the government. The supreme law of the land does not prohibit it, and the Anti-Corruption Act also does not prohibit entry into the private sector after government service."]
["2012_SZ_38",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",38,0,"No relevant law exists. However, there are prohibitions in the Public Service Charter concerning private sector endeavors by sitting civil service officials, but they are subject to consultation with \"competent institutions.\"","The Swaziland Public Charter Towards a Renewed Commitment to Service, Ethics and Accountability in Government, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN005706.pdf","No relevant law exists. However, there are prohibitions in the Public Service Charter concerning private sector endeavors by sitting civil service officials, but they are subject to consultation with \"competent institutions.\""]
["2012_TZ_38",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",38,0,"Post-employment restrictions are mentioned in the Ethics Act, but only as one of the \"principles\" of the act. It is written that opportunities for personal gain should be \"minimized,\" but that is not defined. \n \n The relevant section of the law states:\n \n (j) in relation to post- employment, that public leaders shall not act, after they leave public office, in such a manner as to bring the service to ridicule or take improper advantage of their previous office, so that possibilities may be minimized of-\n (i) allowing prospects of outside employment to create a real, potential or apparent conflict of interest for public leaders while in public office;\n (ii) obtaining preferential treatment or privileged access to government after leaving public office;\n (iii) taking personal advantage of information obtained in the course of official duties and responsibilities until it becomes generally available to the public; and\n (iv) using public office to unfair advantages in obtaining opportunities for outside employment.","Public Leadership Code of Ethics Act 1995 and 2001 Amendment. Section 6 (j), (i-iv)","Post-employment restrictions are mentioned in the Ethics Act, but only as one of the \"principles\" of the act. It is written that opportunities for personal gain should be \"minimized,\" but that is not defined. ..."]
["2012_ZW_38",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",38,0,"There are no restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving government.","There were no relevant laws found.","There are no restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving government."]
["2012_BF_39",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",39,100,"Selon les lois, tout citoyen du Burkina Faso a le droit de réclamer des informations de la part des instances gouvernementales comme indiqué dans la Constitution du Burkina Faso Titre 1, Article 1, et aussi dans le Code de l’Information, Chapitre 1, Article 1.  \n\nObjet : Rappel des dispositions de la loi n° 56/93/ ADP du 30 décembre 1993 portant code de l’information au Burkina Faso. Le code de l’Information du Burkina Faso, soucieux du droit de nos administrés à l’information, a levé les obstacles administratifs à l’accès des journalistes professionnels à l’information. En rappel, des dispositions de la loi n° 56i93/ADP (J.O. n° 05-l994) stipulent : \nArticle 49 : Dans le cadre de l’exercice de son métier et des attributions qui lui sont conférées, le journaliste professionnel a droit au libre accès aux sources d’information. \nArticle 50 : sous réserve des dispositions de l’article 51 ci-dessous, toute administration centrale ou régionale, toute collectivité publique, service public, toute entreprise à caractère économique, social ou culturel, toute institution nationale, régionale ou locale doit fournir l’information nécessaire aux représentants. attitrés de la presse nationale et étrangère. \nL’information peut être refusée aux journalistes professionnels dans le cas où elle est de nature à :\n. porter atteinte à la sécurité intérieure et extérieure de l’Etat ; divulguer un secret militaire ou économique d’intérêt stratégique ;\n. faire échouer, dévier ou compromettre une enquête ou une procédure judiciaire effectivement en cours ; \n. porter atteinte à la dignité et à la vie privée du citoyen. \nAccordant un grand intérêt à l’application effective des dispositions de la loi sus-citée, je vous invite à veiller à la diffusion de cet important texte dans tous les services relevant de votre département.\n\nMais en réalité, nombreux sont les citoyens qui le ne savent pas, qui ne sont pas conscients de leurs droits et n’auront jamais l’idée d’aller demander des informations qui pourraient les intéresser. Par ailleurs, nombreux aussi sont ceux qui en sont conscients mais n’oseraient pas les réclamer parce qu’ils ont peur qu’on leur prête de mauvaises intentions.","Loi n° 56/93/ ADP du 30 décembre 1993 portant code de l’information au Burkina Faso. \n\nLa Constitution du Burkina Faso, Titre 1, Article 8.\nLe Code de l'Information, Titre 1, Article 1.\n\nCentre de presse Norbert Zongo, MEMORANDUM POUR L’ACCES AUX SOURCES D’INFORMATION, 2008 http://www.sites-media.org/article_burkina.php3?id_article=730 visite le 20 aout 2012\n\nTertus Zongo, Premier Ministre, Circulaire de rappel des dispositions de la loi n° 56/93/ ADP du 30 décembre 1993 portant code de l’Information au Burkina Faso http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article34302,  visite le 20 aout 2012","Selon les lois, tout citoyen du Burkina Faso a le droit de réclamer des informations de la part des instances gouvernementales comme indiqué dans la Constitution du Burkina Faso Titre 1, Article 1, et aussi dans le Code de l’Information, Chapitre 1, Article 1.  ..."]
["2012_TD_39",2012,"TD","Chad",39,0,"Article 27 of the Constitution only mentions freedom of opinion and information. There is no provision at all for citizens to get information from the authorities. Most information is obtained informally.","Article 27 of the Constitution.","Article 27 of the Constitution only mentions freedom of opinion and information. There is no provision at all for citizens to get information from the authorities. Most information is obtained informally."]
["2012_KM_39",2012,"KM","Comoros",39,0,"Il n'existe pas de loi spécifique sur le droit des personnes d'accéder à l'information publique.\n\nUn « droit à l’information plurielle » est expressément consacré par le préambule de la Constitution en son point 9. (Source : Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001, modifié par référendum du  17 mai 2009.). \nPar ailleurs, le Code de l'Information  garantit à la fois :\n- la liberté d'information (le titre premier, Art.1 de la loi n°94-023 du 27 juin 1994 portant code de l’information stipule que la communication audiovisuelle, la publication, l’imprimerie et la messagerie sont libres);\n- le droit à l'information (l' Art.85 de la même loi énonce que \"dans le cadre de l’exercice de son métier, le journaliste professionnel a droit au libre accès aux sources d’information\"). (source: Art 85, Loi n°94-023 du 27 juin 1994 portant code de l’information).\n [La loi de 1994 est  substituée par  la loi 10-009/AU du 29 juin 2010 portant Code de la Communication, qui devient effectif après la cérémonie solennelle de mise en place du Conseil national de la presse et de l'audiovisuel » CNPA, le   mardi 17 avril 2012] \nIl convient aussi de mentionner qu'en matière d'accès à l'information, il n’existe pas de mesures concrètes obligeant l’administration à rendre public les informations. \nA l’occasion de la mise en place du CNPA et une semaine après la censure d’Al Watwan Magazine par le Ministère de l’information, le Chef de l’État a déclaré qu’il ne veut plus « entendre parler de censure et de sanction d’un média de la part du Gouvernement ». Et pourtant, il a signé la semaine dernière le décret remplaçant le Directeur Général d’Al Watwan accusé d’avoir cautionné la publication des articles incriminant les finances publiques dans le mensuel \"Al Watwan Magazine\"du mois d'avril 2012. \n\nUne loi relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière, sociale a été publiée en 2008, mais elle ne vise que l’obligation pour certains fonctionnaires de faire une déclaration de patrimoine. (Source :  Chapitre premier de la loi N° 08-013/AU, relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale, adoptée le 25 juillet 2008, par l’Assemblée de l’Union des Comores). \n\nPar ailleurs, la stipulation constitutionnelle sur le droit du citoyen à l’information n'est pas pleinement effective. Ainsi, en matière d’informations sur le budget par exemple, les remarques contenues dans le document de stratégie des finances publiques montrent clairement que le  droit d’accès à l’information est limité par « l’inexistence de documents comptables normalisés et  des sources d’informations qui sont produites, conservées et diffusées pour les besoins de prises de décision, de la gestion budgétaire et des rapports à établir ». (Source: Document de stratégie de Réforme des Finances publiques 2010-2019, encadré 1: relevé des insuffisances relevées par l’évaluation PEFA, Vice Présidence Chargée du Budget, des Finances et de l’Entreprenariat Féminin, Décembre 2009 (http://www.beit-salam.km/arle.php3?id_article=1420, site officiel de la Présidence de l’Union des Comores).\n\nIl est à noter que l'Union des Comores a ratifié plusieurs conventions et pactes internationaux relatifs aux Droits de l’Homme (source: http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/associations/fcdh.htm, FCDC, Fondation Comorienne des Droits de l'Homme, section d \"d-    discours de son Excellence monsieur le Vice- Président en charge de la Justice et des Droits de l’Homme, 10 juin 2005). \nLa sujétion des Comores à ces traités internationaux est renforcée par la Constitution qui énonce au 4ème point de son préambule que  l'Union des Comores \"marque son attachement aux principes et droits fondamentaux tels qu’ils sont définis par la Charte des Nations Unies, celle de l’Organisation de l’Unité Africaine, le Pacte de la Ligue des États Arabes, la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme des Nations Unies et la Charte africaine des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples, ainsi que les conventions internationales\".\n\nL'engagement le plus récent est matérialisé par la signature par le Gouvernement  Comorien le 25 septembre 2008 des instruments internationaux sur les droits civils et politiques, et ceux sur les droits économique, social et culturel (source: http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=4&subid=A&lang=en).","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001, modifié par référendum du  17 mai 2009, préambule, point 9.\n\nArt 85, loi n°94-023 du 27 juin 1994 portant code de l’information (remplacée par la  loi 10-009/AU du 29 juin 2010 portant Code de la Communication.\n\nChapitre Premier de la loi N° 08-013/AU, relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale, adoptée le 25 juillet 2008, par l’Assemblée de l’Union des Comores \n\nDocument de stratégie de Réforme des Finances publiques 2010-2019, encadré 1: relevé des insuffisances relevées par l’évaluation PEFA, Vice Présidence Chargée du Budget, des Finances et de l’Entreprenariat Féminin, Décembre 2009 (http://www.beit-salam.km/arle.php3?id_article=1420, site officiel de la Présidence de l’Union des Comores.\n\nComoresdroit, 18 avril 2012, mise en place du Conseil National  de la Presse et de l’Audiovisuel , http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/917-","Il n'existe pas de loi spécifique sur le droit des personnes d'accéder à l'information publique...."]
["2012_EG_39",2012,"EG","Egypt",39,0,"Nothing in the suspended constitution of 1971 nor the constitutional declaration of 2011 include anything on freedom of information except the article on public court sessions that can be closed, depending on the judges’ decision.\n\nAlso, no local laws exist to ensure citizens have a right of access to information.\n\nMany laws either hinder citizens' access to information or don't force the government officials to disclose their assets publicly. See: Article 52 of the Egypt Constitutional Declaration of 2011, Law of the Central Bank and the Banking Sector No. 88 of 2003 (Article 73), Capital Markets Law No. 95/ 1992 (Article 6), Criminal law Article 80 D, Law No. 35/1960, Amended Article 4 of Law No. 28/1982, Law No. 12/1999, Civil Servants Act No. 47/1978 (Article No. 77, clause No. 7), Article 10 of the Republic Decree 2915/1964, Article 18 of the Law of the Central Auditing Organization (CAO), Law 121/1975, Presidential Decree 472/1979.","Article 52 of the Egypt Constitutional Declaration of 2011.\n\nLaw of the Central Bank and the Banking Sector No. 88 of 2003 (Article 73).\n\nCapital Markets Law No. 95 - 1992 (Article 6).\n\nCriminal law Article 80 D, Law no. 35/1960.\n\nAmended Article 4 of Law no. 28/1982.\n\nLaw number 12/1999/.\n\nCivil Servants Act no. 47/1978 (Article no. 77, clause no. 7).\n\nArticle 10 of the Republic Decree 2915/1964.\n\nArticle 18 of the Law of the Central Auditing Organization (CAO).\n\nLaw 121/1975.\n\nPresidential Decree 472/1979.","Nothing in the suspended constitution of 1971 nor the constitutional declaration of 2011 include anything on freedom of information except the article on public court sessions that can be closed, depending on the judges’ decision...."]
["2012_GM_39",2012,"GM","The Gambia",39,0,"In Section 25 (1) (a) and Section 25 (f), the constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression and the freedom to petition the executive for the redress of grievances and to resort to the courts for the protection of an individual's rights. \n\nBut access to information is not guaranteed by the constitution or any other legislation.","No law exists on the right to request information from state bodies.","In Section 25 (1) (a) and Section 25 (f), the constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression and the freedom to petition the executive for the redress of grievances and to resort to the courts for the protection of an individual's rights. ..."]
["2012_LS_39",2012,"LS","Lesotho",39,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_39",2012,"LR","Liberia",39,100,"The Freedom of Information Act guarantees citizens the right to access public information.  The Act gives right to 'members of the public to access information held by public authorities and private bodies performing public functions, which is a fundamental human right guaranteed under international human rights law, including regional human rights instruments to which Liberia voluntarily acceded'.","Freedom of Information Act of 2010, http://www.cemesp-liberia.org/foi-act.pdf","The Freedom of Information Act guarantees citizens the right to access public information.  The Act gives right to 'members of the public to access information held by public authorities and private bodies performing public functions, which is a fundamental human right guaranteed u..."]
["2012_MR_39",2012,"MR","Mauritania",39,0,"Il n'existe pas encore une loi mais un projet de loi d'orientation relative à la société de l’information qui, en son article 2 rappelle que la société mauritanienne est \"inclusive\". Est inclusive la société dans laquelle les citoyens ont le droit d'avoir un regard sur les affaires de l’État en demandant, si nécessaire, des comptes aux gouvernants. Mieux encore, la Mauritanie est depuis 2005 membre de l'Initiative sur la transparence des industries extractives (www.eiti.org), initiative  en vertu de laquelle, en matière de gouvernance des ressources extractives (hydrocarbures et mines), l’État et les compagnies doivent, chacun, déclarer aux citoyens les revenus tirés des ressources extractives. Cette Initiative se fonde sur le principe du contrôle citoyen de l'action publique.\n\nDe même, l'article 10 de la constitution constitue la base de départ des libertés publiques et du droit d'accès à l'information. Il existe conséquemment une base juridique par rapport à l'accès à l'information en Mauritanie et son corolaire l'exigibilité de l'information.\n\nArticle 10 de la constitution : \"L’État garantit à tous les citoyens les libertés publiques et individuelles...\"","Grille d’analyse relative au droit d’accès à l’information en Mauritanie,  www.transparencymaroc.ma/uploads/grilles/Grille_mauritanie.pdf\n\nREPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE DE MAURITANIE,  Projet de loi d’orientation relative à la société de l’information, www.modernisation.gov.mr/NR/rdonlyres/09F40A3A-46BE-4616-9440-D95FBA4F3911/0/societeinformation.pdf","Il n'existe pas encore une loi mais un projet de loi d'orientation relative à la société de l’information qui, en son article 2 rappelle que la société mauritanienne est \"inclusive\". Est inclusive la société dans laquelle les citoyens ont le droit d'avoir un regard sur les affaires..."]
["2012_NE_39",2012,"NE","Niger",39,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_39",2012,"SC","Seychelles",39,0,"Article 28 of the constitution is entitled \"Right of access to official information,\" but beyond the constitutional principle there is no access to information law that sets the processes for citizens tor equest and receive information. The Constitution says:\n\n\"(1) The state recognises the right of access of every person to information relating to that person and held by a public authority which is performing a governmental function and the right to have the information rectified or otherwise amended, if inaccurate.\n(2) The right of access to information contained in clause (1) shall be subject to such limitations and procedures as may be prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society including -\n(a) for the protection of national security;\n(b) for the prevention and detection of crime and the enforcement of law;\n(c) for the compliance with an order of a court or in accordance with a legal privilege;\n(d) for the protection of the privacy or rights or freedoms of others.\n(3) The state undertakes to take appropriate measures to ensure that information collected in respect of any person for a particular purpose is used only for that purpose except where a law necessary in a democratic society or an order of a court authorises otherwise.\n(4) The state recognises the right of access by the public to information held by a public authority performing a governmental function subject to limitations contained in clause (2) and any law necessary in a democratic society.\"","1. 1993 Seychelles Constitution: Art. 28, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127610.pdf.","Article 28 of the constitution is entitled \"Right of access to official information,\" but beyond the constitutional principle there is no access to information law that sets the processes for citizens tor equest and receive information. The Constitution says:..."]
["2012_SL_39",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",39,0,"There is no right to information law in Sierra Leone. The Freedom of Information bill has remained in Parliament a long time. Thus, any information obtained from state organizations is given at the discretion of the officers involved.","\"No Action on Sierra Leone FOI Bill as Elections Approach,\" Freedominfo.org, Aug. 27, 2012,\nwww.freedominfo.org/2012/08/no-action-on-sierra-leone-foi-bill-as-elections-approach/\n\n\"Sierra Leone: Freedom of Information Law: Challenges and Prospect,\" John Pa Baimba Sesay, Concord Times (Freetown), July 22, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201107261288.html?viewall=1","There is no right to information law in Sierra Leone. The Freedom of Information bill has remained in Parliament a long time. Thus, any information obtained from state organizations is given at the discretion of the officers involved."]
["2012_SZ_39",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",39,0,"There is no freedom of information law in Swaziland, despite public declarations from the government to enact such a law since 2006. \n \n Laws that restrict access to information include the Official Secrets Act of 1968, the Suppression of Terrorism Act of 2005, the Proscribed Publications Act, the Public Order Act and the 1973 Decree.\n \n When information is requested from public institutions, including government departments, there are stringent screening conditions and bureaucratic barriers to be overcome. Access to such information is not seen as a right but as a privilege. Unorthodox means of information gathering put journalists in danger of violating the law.","\"Government soon to draft long-overdue Freedom of Information Act, says minister,\" Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), May 3, 2006, http://allafrica.com/thread/comment/main/main/pkey/aans:post:200605030735.html\n \n \"Freedom of the Press 2011 - Swaziland,\" Freedom House, Oct. 17, 2011, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e9bec26c.html","There is no freedom of information law in Swaziland, despite public declarations from the government to enact such a law since 2006. \n ..."]
["2012_ZM_39",2012,"ZM","Zambia",39,0,"By law, the current Constitution does not give citizens the right to request public information from state bodies. Freedom of Information bill is not yet passed into law.\n \n Article 37 clause (1) of the draft Constitution of Zambia 2012, states that a citizen has the right of access to information held by the state, and clause (3) says the state has the obligation to publicize any information that is in the public interest.","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Article 20 (1), page 20, Freedom of Expression.\n \n Article 37 clause (1) of the draft Constitution of Zambia gives the right to request public information from state bodies.","By law, the current Constitution does not give citizens the right to request public information from state bodies. Freedom of Information bill is not yet passed into law.\n ..."]
["2012_BW_40",2012,"BW","Botswana",40,50,"When citizens do ask for information, so along as it does not pose a security risk, they usually get it. But with no freedom-of-information law, this is not a given, particularly for the media.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In practice,the  government has an active Internet portal that provides some information to the citizens. However, the information on the government portal is not always updated or comprehensive. For example, the link to the National Assembly does not show the bills under consideration at any particular time.;","\"Botswana Scribes Battle to Access Information,\" Mmegi, May 4, 2012,\nwww.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=42&dir=2012/May/Friday4\n\nFreedom House, \"Freedom in the World 2012 -- Botswana,\" www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/botswana","When citizens do ask for information, so along as it does not pose a security risk, they usually get it. But with no freedom-of-information law, this is not a given, particularly for the media.  ..."]
["2012_BF_40",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",40,0,"La requête d’informations par les citoyens auprès des instances publiques existe. Cependant, elle est très limitée et concerne surtout les informations à titre personnel pour les individus et non pour avoir plus de connaissance de ce qui se passe au sein du gouvernement par rapport au développement socio-économique du pays ou par rapport à la manière dont le gouvernement utilise les ressources du pays. La demande d’informations par les citoyens est limitée parce qu’ils ont peur qu’on leur prête l’intention de vouloir faire une enquête malveillante camouflée sur le gouvernement par rapport à certaines de ses activités.\n\nPar ailleurs, les autorités administratives sont réticentes quand il s’agit de fournir des informations aux citoyens. De tels comportements trahissent leurs intentions de cacher des faits passés ou des projets sombres dans l’avenir.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Il faut également ajouter que la gestion de l'information n'est pas efficace au sein de l'administration. Pour obtenir la moindre information, c'est souvent le parcours du combattant parce les agents du service eux-mêmes n'ont pas l'information et ne comprennent même pas souvent les questions posées. Il faut souvent remonter jusqu'à un haut niveau pour avoir la véritable information, ce qui est souvent très difficile et décourageant.;","1) Sidwaya, Ali TRAORE, décembre 2011 \"Burkina Faso: Accès à l'information - Toujours un casse-tête chinois !: http://www.sidwaya.bf/quotidien/spip.php?page=imprimer&id_article=2077, visite le 20 aout 2012.\n\n2) RTB, Harouna MARE, \"Burkina Faso : E-administration en marche.\" http://www.africafoicentre.org/fr/index.php/centre-des-medias/dernieres-nouvelles/171-burkina-faso-e-administration-en-marche, visite le 20 aout 2012.\n\n3) FOI, 2007 Liberté de l’information Étude juridique comparative par Toby Mendel.","La requête d’informations par les citoyens auprès des instances publiques existe. Cependant, elle est très limitée et concerne surtout les informations à titre personnel pour les individus et non pour avoir plus de connaissance de ce qui se passe au sein du gouvernement par rapport..."]
["2012_TD_40",2012,"TD","Chad",40,0,"Public information records are rarely available for citizen access besides what government departments publish in the official gazette or on their websites. Government information is seldom available as a result of a lack of transparency of government's activities. Records are not available for various reasons: \n1) requested information may not be available at all because there are no well-maintained archives, or people do not value archives and because most government archives were destroyed during the February 2008 rebel attack on N'Djamena, the capital city; \n2) requested information is not released because most government-related information tends to be classified as sensitive; \n3) cumbersome procedures such as authorization from a minister (that would eventually not be granted or denied) limit the prospect of getting information; \n4) government is not required by law to provide public information to journalists, let alone citizens, unlike in other countries.","Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School, N'Djamena. Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nMr. Massalbaye Tenebaye, chairman. Chadian League of Human Rights. Dec. 12, 2012.","Public information records are rarely available for citizen access besides what government departments publish in the official gazette or on their websites. Government information is seldom available as a result of a lack of transparency of government's activities. Records are not ..."]
["2012_DJ_40",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",40,0,"Les demandes d'information publiques des citoyens sont très rarement satisfaites par l'administration. En effet, il n'existe aucune disposition (législative ou réglementaire) spécifique relative à l’accès au documents administratifs. Parfois, la rétention administrative peut concerner même des documents qui doivent obligatoirement être publics comme les lois et les règlements. L’étudiant stagiaire affirme qu'il a du écrire une demande pour pouvoir accéder à un règlement relatif aux avantages des ministres. \n\nDe son coté, le médiateur témoigne de la difficulté des citoyens d'accéder aux documents administratifs. Il souligne l'importance d'élaborer des dispositions précisant les documents consultables ou pas de l'administration, de sorte à ce qu'il n'y ait pas d'abus.\n\nIl n'y a aucun délai légal, l'administration peut ne pas fournir les documents administratifs. En revanche, dans le cadre du contrôle juridictionnel de l'administration, le refus implicite de l'administration peut être attaqué dans le délai de 2 mois.","Interview de Omar Said, Assistant juridique au sein de l'assemblée nationale, réalisé le 15 juin 2012 à l'université de Djibouti.\n\nInterview de Souleiman Miyir, Médiateur de la République de Djibouti, réalisé le 13 mai 2012 dans son bureau.","Les demandes d'information publiques des citoyens sont très rarement satisfaites par l'administration. En effet, il n'existe aucune disposition (législative ou réglementaire) spécifique relative à l’accès au documents administratifs. Parfois, la rétention administrative peut concer..."]
["2012_GA_40",2012,"GA","Gabon",40,0,"Non, car aucune loi ne l’impose. \n\nLes ONG ont même demandé qu'une Loi sur l'accès à l'information soit prise au parlement et que les contrats publics soient mis à disposition des experts de la société civile au Gabon. Le gouvernement et l'administration publique et privée sont sourds aux préoccupations des acteurs non étatiques du Gabon. \n\nCertains Experts de la Société Civile du Gabon à Rio en 2012 ont suggéré une convention régionale pour mettre en œuvre la Convention d’Arrhus dans nos états africains francophones.","Interviews des ONG et praticiens des études d'impact environnementales, septembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\nPrésident de ONG Brainforest et Croissance Saine Environnement et IDRC Africa, novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\nInterviews des membres de la Coordination Nationale sur le principe 10 de la Déclaration de Rio, septembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Non, car aucune loi ne l’impose. \n\nLes ONG ont même demandé qu'une Loi sur l'accès à l'information soit prise au parlement et que..."]
["2012_GN_40",2012,"GN","Guinea",40,25,"La loi sur l'accès à l'information n'a pas été diffusée ni auprès des fonctionnaires de l'administration ni au niveau des citoyens. Donc, elle est mal connue même si elle date d'il y a deux ans. Selon freedominfo.org, \"In a May 2011 report, Reporters Without Borders noted that the ATI law had been promulgated but not published. The group reported “an atmosphere of calm that allows reporters to work unhindered and a renewed vitality in the media following the 2010 presidential election.” However, the group said lack of progress on several media-related matters, including access to information, “raises questions about the intention of President Alpha Conde’s government to consolidate press freedom.”   \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: US Embassy. 2011 Rapport sur les Droits de l'Homme en Guinée. http://french.guinea.usembassy.gov/2011-hr.html;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Guinée: Droit d'accès à l'information publique - Rencontre à Conakry des professionnels de la presse et activistes de la société civile de la sous région . Au cours de ce colloque, il a été démontré que la mise en œuvre du droit à l’accès à l'information en Afrique francophone incluant la Guinée est encore loin d’être accomplie. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201209280004.html;","Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nGuinea Conakry ATI Law Available in English, freedominfo.org, Août 2011, http://www.freedominfo.org/2011/08/guinea-conakry-ati-law-available-in-english/","La loi sur l'accès à l'information n'a pas été diffusée ni auprès des fonctionnaires de l'administration ni au niveau des citoyens. Donc, elle est mal connue même si elle date d'il y a deux ans. Selon freedominfo.org, \"In a May 2011 report, Reporters Without Borders noted that the ..."]
["2012_LR_40",2012,"LR","Liberia",40,25,"Although there exists a Freedom of Information Law, much needs to be done to educate national and sub-national officials about giving citizens access to public information. The veil of secrecy that has plagued information availability has to be broken. An information commissioner has been appointed so that refusal by public officials to release public can be addressed. Citizens are generally not educated on the funcitoning and the processes of the FOI Law.   \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In general, citizens do not even dare to request information because they know that their requests for information would be without response and that they may experience some intimidation or even threat for attempting to access government information. ;","Interview with G. Jasper Cummeh, senior policy adviser of AGENDA and chairperson of Liberia Freedom of Information Coalition, July 23, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Peter Quaqua, president, Press Union of Liberia, Aug. 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","Although there exists a Freedom of Information Law, much needs to be done to educate national and sub-national officials about giving citizens access to public information. The veil of secrecy that has plagued information availability has to be broken. An information commissioner h..."]
["2012_MR_40",2012,"MR","Mauritania",40,50,"Il y a des difficultés pour d'accès à l'information, maisu auss on constate assez souvent que des journalistes font l'objet de répressions. Par example, selon les medias, en 2012 \"sur 12 agressions visant des journalistes, 8 ont été perpétrées par la police, alors que les quatre autres ont été commises par des personnes de milieux syndicalistes et estudiantins\", a fait savoir le Dr Meddou, qui s'exprimait à l' occasion de la célébration, jeudi, de la Journée mondiale de la liberté de la presse.\"","Mauritanie : 12 agressions contre des journalistes enregistrées en 2012, 4 mai 2012, http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2012/5/4/mauritanie-agressions-contre-journalistes-enregistrees-2012-201876.asp\n\nInvestment Climate Statement, Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs, March 2011 http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157322.htm","Il y a des difficultés pour d'accès à l'information, maisu auss on constate assez souvent que des journalistes font l'objet de répressions. Par example, selon les medias, en 2012 \"sur 12 agressions visant des journalistes, 8 ont été perpétrées par la police, alors que les quatre au..."]
["2012_NE_40",2012,"NE","Niger",40,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_40",2012,"NG","Nigeria",40,25,"Access to information in Nigeria has always been poor. with documents disappearing from public institutions so they can't be accessed by citizens and reporters self-censoring their publications for fear or reprisals. Even though a new law enacted in 2011 specifies punishment for denial of free access to information or destruction of public documents (such as fines and jail) and the federal civil service is starting to use technology to facilitate access to information, the implementation and reporting guidelines have not been sufficiently disseminated among government institutions and the wider public, according to a communique issued after a workshop organized by the Nigerian Press Council. Another communique after a training workshop on investigative journalism by the Right to Information Initiative (R2K) noted that that many journalists have not read the FoI Act. The lack of an oversight agency capable of receiving complaints of wrongful denial of access to information was also perceived as a major weakness in the process, as in cases of denial, when citizens' only option is litigation, which can carry prohibitive costs.","Communique on the Freedom of Information Act Workshop organized by the Nigerian Press Council. Mokland Hotel, Otta, Ogun State. Feb. 1-2, 2012. Accessed July 2, 2012. http://presscouncil.gov.ng/news/02-17-2012-365. \n\nCommunique issued at the end of a training workshop for investigative journalists and the press on the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act 2011.\nhttp://www.r2knigeria.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250:right-to-know-translates-the-freedom-of-information-act-foi-2011-and-other-information-and-educational-publications-into-yoruba-and-igbo-languages-&catid=72:release&Itemid=319\n\nNNPC and the FoI Act. Vanguard editorial. Aug. 22, 2012 ·\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/nnpc-and-the-foi-act/\n\nFG Opposes SERAP Over FoI Act. Femi Makinde and Ade Adesomoju.  Punch. March 28, 2012. http://www.punchng.com/news/fg-opposes-serap-over-foi-act/\n\nNigerian FoI Conference Focuses on Implementation. FreedomInfo.org. June 21, 2012.\nhttp://www.freedominfo.org/2012/06/nigerian-foi-conference-focuses-on-implementation/","Access to information in Nigeria has always been poor. with documents disappearing from public institutions so they can't be accessed by citizens and reporters self-censoring their publications for fear or reprisals. Even though a new law enacted in 2011 specifies punishment for de..."]
["2012_SL_40",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",40,25,"Even though citizens can ask for information and may in some limited circumstances get it, this is not too effective because of inadequate structural facilities and technological compilation of data. Sometimes, a response is marred by misconceptions, delays and suspicion. The situation has changed a bit, however, with some civil society organizations and media houses receiving information upon request.","Anonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office.\n\nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Even though citizens can ask for information and may in some limited circumstances get it, this is not too effective because of inadequate structural facilities and technological compilation of data. Sometimes, a response is marred by misconceptions, delays and suspicion. The situa..."]
["2012_SZ_40",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",40,0,"These laws allow officials to use their discretion to censor: the Official Secrets Act of 1968, the Suppression of Terrorism Act of 2005, the Proscribed Publications Act, the Public Order Act. \n\nThere are no freedom of information laws. In 2011, the Open Society Foundation of Southern Africa awarded a grant to the Swaziland chapter of the Media Institute of Southern Africa to start a campaign that advocates for access to information. \n\nThis lack of freedom of information is largely attributed to the absence of a central or \u0091nodal\u0092 agency within government to implement access to information or an independent monitoring body such as an Information Commission with the power to monitor and scrutinize government compliance with access.","\"Freedom of the Press 2011 - Swaziland,\" Freedom House, Oct. 17, 2011, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e9bec26c.html (Accessed 31 August 2012) \n\n\"Laws that restrict access to information,\" by Fanyana Mabuza, Swazi Observer, July 26, 2011,   http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=27785\n\n\"Campaign for Access to Information in Swaziland,\" Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, August 15, 2012.  http://www.osisa.org/media-and-ict/swaziland/campaign-access-information-swaziland \n\n\"Detailed Analysis of the Swaziland Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Bill 2007 and Recommendations for Amendments,\" Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, March 2007. http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ACT/Swaziland/Swaziland%20-%20CHRI%20critique%20of%20the%20Freedom%20of%20Information%20an_.pdf","These laws allow officials to use their discretion to censor: the Official Secrets Act of 1968, the Suppression of Terrorism Act of 2005, the Proscribed Publications Act, the Public Order Act. ..."]
["2012_ZM_40",2012,"ZM","Zambia",40,25,"No Freedom of Information bill yet. Hence, no legal obligation to be given information. It also depends on the type of information sought. If the information has political interest then it is not accessible by citizens. Even if the draft Constitution provides the right to request public information, the draft Constitution is not available in remote rural areas.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ),  September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.","No Freedom of Information bill yet. Hence, no legal obligation to be given information. It also depends on the type of information sought. If the information has political interest then it is not accessible by citizens. Even if the draft Constitution provides the right to request p..."]
["2012_ZW_40",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",40,25,"In practice, are citizen requests for public information effective? To a considerable extent in the past this would be true, but under the Government of National Unity (GNU) civil servants are scared and are reluctant to release even information that should be in the public domain. This makes access to information difficult. In August 2012, Tourism and Hospitality Minister Walter Mzembi re-assigned the permanent secretary in the ministry, Dr. Sylvester Maunganidze, saying he was “disciplined” for issuing an unauthorized statement to Parliament. Maunganidze, a senior civil servant, was re-assigned to a pool of permanent secretaries after telling Parliament that Zimbabwe and Zambia were not ready to host the United Nations World Tourism Organization General Assembly set for August 2013.","Interview with Mr. Farai Chiweshe, former chairperson of Transparency International Zimbabwe, Aug. 3, 2012.\n\n\"We have disciplined Maunganidze, says Minister Mzembi,\" by Takunda Maodza, the Sunday Mail, Aug. 5, 2012, http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30359:we-have-disciplined-maunganidze-says-minister-mzembi&catid=38:local-news&Itemid=131","In practice, are citizen requests for public information effective? To a considerable extent in the past this would be true, but under the Government of National Unity (GNU) civil servants are scared and are reluctant to release even information that should be in the public domain...."]
["2012_BF_41",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",41,50,"Dans la pratique, les citoyens peuvent avoir accès aux procès et documents législatifs en écoutant la radio de l’Assemblée, en regardant la télévision nationale où des informations sont données sur l’Assemblée Nationale, sans oublier les journaux. Par ailleurs, des dispositions pour participer aux débats sont mises en place. Malheureusement, il est difficile pour le citoyen de les suivre au sein de l’Assemblée. De plus, il n'a pas l'information sur les conditions d'accès. Par contre, d'autres moyens de substitution ont été créés, notamment une radio parlementaire qui diffuse tous les travaux des députés. Les commentaires servent d'explication du choix de la note donnée à l'indicateur.\nDes efforts sont effectués concernant la diffusion de l'information législative. Le centre de documentation de l'Assemblée Nationale est disponible pour ce type d'information mais il est vrai que beaucoup reste à faire, notamment en ce qui concerne l'information sur internet.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Les informations concernant les activités du Parlement sont disponibles dans son centre de documentation (au sein même du Parlement) ; d'autres informations le sont sur le site internet de l'Assemblée nationale. La préoccupation qui demeure en plus de l'exhaustivité de l'information est la disponibilité au public des documents à temps.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Des efforts sont effectués concernant la diffusion de l'information législative. Le centre de documentation de l'Assemblée Nationale est disponible pour ce type d'information mais il est vrai que beaucoup reste à faire, notamment en ce qui concerne l'information sur internet. ;","Assemblée Nationale, Guide du député, www.an.bf/Publication/guidedudepute.pdf, visite le 20 août 2012\nPlan de communication de l'Assemblée Nationale\nRadio du parlement burkinabè  http://www.apanews.net/photo/fr/photo.php?id=170999, visite le 20 août 2012\nInterview avec M. Nicolas ZERMANE, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son Bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14 :19 TU.\nInterview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU.","Dans la pratique, les citoyens peuvent avoir accès aux procès et documents législatifs en écoutant la radio de l’Assemblée, en regardant la télévision nationale où des informations sont données sur l’Assemblée Nationale, sans oublier les journaux. Par ailleurs, des dispositions pou..."]
["2012_TD_41",2012,"TD","Chad",41,25,"According to 60.4 of the standing order of the National Assembly, its sessions are open to the public and can be broadcasted. The \"Règlement intérieur de l'Assemblée nationale du Tchad\" refers to the Standing Orders and Rules of the Chad's National Assembly. Parliamentary sessions are open to the public, but legislative documents are not easy to obtain. Newly voted laws are sometimes posted on the website of the office of the president, but nothing is available from the National Assembly's website. The only alternative is to approach the office of the clerk, parliamentary groups or individual MPs to get a copy of legal documents. On another note, the European Union is funding a legal document archive projects where most laws though not the newest ones are available over the internet. \nThe draft budget is not available to the public until the National Assembly enacts it. The government budget is kept secret until the National Assembly votes it. Since there is no provision for the public to access information from any branch of government, most of the information is available informally and unofficially.","Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.\n\nField verification (requests of information at  National Assembly). 2012.\n\nStanding Orders and Rules of the Chad's National Assembly/Règlement intérieur de l'Assemblée nationale du Tchad.\n\nChad Country Profile IBP (attached below). 2009.","According to 60.4 of the standing order of the National Assembly, its sessions are open to the public and can be broadcasted. The \"Règlement intérieur de l'Assemblée nationale du Tchad\" refers to the Standing Orders and Rules of the Chad's National Assembly. Parliamentary sessions ..."]
["2012_DJ_41",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",41,25,"Il existe un site internet de l'assemblée nationale sur lequel on peut trouver les procès verbaux de débats parlementaires. Mais ils sont incomplets et ne concerne que quelques années. \n\nLe journal officiel est consultable gratuitement en ligne sur le site de la présidence de Djibouti.\n\nCependant, tous les textes législatifs et règlementaires ne sont pas présents (par exemple la loi portant Statut Général des Fonctionnaires). Aussi, cet accès en ligne est peu connu de la population, y compris par la minorité qui dispose d'un accès Internet.\n\nA noter que la version papier du Journal Officiel est disponible uniquement dans la capitale.\n\nPar ailleurs, il existe très peu d'action de sensibilisation de la population vis à vis du processus législatif. La très grande majorité méconnait le processus d'élaboration des textes (législatifs règlementaires). L’accès aux documents n'est pas payant, les délais pour obtenir ces documents peuvent être plus ou moins longs. Tout dépend de la nature de la demande  si le document est général, important, sensible. Les délais peuvent varier de 3 semaines à plusieurs mois.\n\nBien que les séances de l'Assemblée Nationale soient publiques, peu de citoyens y assistent.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Les projets du e-government (site internet) et celui de la construction d'un bâtiment destiné aux archives publiques sont en cours et peuvent partiellement répondre à l'accessibilité relative aux documents produits par l'Etat en général. ;","Interview de Abdi Farhan, Journaliste, réalisé le 28 juin 2012. \n\nSite Officiel de la République de Djibouti, Journal Officiel consultable en ligne sur http://www.presidence.dj/ Consulté juin 2012.\n\nL'Assemblee Nationale de Djibouti, http://www.assemblee-nationale.dj/ Consulté juin 2012.","Il existe un site internet de l'assemblée nationale sur lequel on peut trouver les procès verbaux de débats parlementaires. Mais ils sont incomplets et ne concerne que quelques années. ..."]
["2012_EG_41",2012,"EG","Egypt",41,0,"The records of Parliament are available to citizens in Parliament's library but could be hard to be read by the nonspecialized.\n\nHowever, the lack of transparency was one of the main characterizations of Parliament in Egypt either before or after the revolution. Although all Parliament's sessions are broadcasted on official state TV, the committees' sessions are not shown and not accessible by the public, and there is very little information on their discussions and agendas. \n\nDuring the last Parliament, before dissolution, the website of Parliament was not activated, and the members ignored the issue, although they received many calls to reactivate it. Hence, no documents were available on it.\n\nThe printed transcripts of parliamentary debates are available only in the library of Parliament, after almost a month, after a long linguistic editing process. Any sensitive content, once written during the session, can't be removed. However, access to the parliamentarian library is limited to the members of Parliament and their assistants and parliamentarian journalists only. It is usually very complicated to get an approval to get into it. According to the interviewee, the Islamist-oriented Parliament was favoring the journalists affiliated to an Islamist-oriented news agency, giving them easier access to the documents. \n\nThe reports of the specialized committees were not available to the public. Unlike previously, when almost 50 percent of these reports were public, the committees were not spreading their reports, unless external people were invited to attend them. \n\nThe draft laws discussed in Parliament are usually published in the official newspaper, which is accessible to the public for a small fee, though is not widely bought.\n\nTwo other reports were prepared about the Parliament sessions, assessing objectively their achievements and evaluating their financial and legislative performance through a number of indicators. However, during the 2010 and 2011 Parliament, those reports were not available to the public or even to some members of the Parliament, restricted to the use of the parliamentarians affiliated to the ruling party.","Yosra Salah, Political Researcher, Arab Union Department, Egyptian Parliament, 14 November 2012, Cairo, Egypt\n\nChatham House. 2012. Egypt Dialogue Workshop Summary: Egypt's New Parliamentary Politics\nhttp://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptsummary.pdf","The records of Parliament are available to citizens in Parliament's library but could be hard to be read by the nonspecialized...."]
["2012_GM_41",2012,"GM","The Gambia",41,25,"All legislative processes and documents are gazetted and can be obtained at a cost from the Gambia Printing and Publishing Corp. office. Aminata Camara, marketing officer for the printing office, said a copy of legislation passed by the National Assembly is sold for US$6 (about 200 Gambian dalasis). The average monthly salary in The Gambia is D1,500 (about US$50), as indicated in www.travellerspoint.com/guide/Gambia/. It usually takes less than three days for bills and other legislative processes passed into law by the National Assembly to be made available for sale. The score is stated as 25 because the cost of these processes is beyond the reach of many Gambians.","Interview with Cherno Marenah, registrar general at the Attorney General's Chambers and Ministry of Justice (State Law Office), on Aug. 4, 2012, at the Gambia Football House in Kanifing.\n\nTelephone interview with Aminata Camara, marketing officer for Gambia Printing and Publishing Corp., on Sept. 17, 2012.","All legislative processes and documents are gazetted and can be obtained at a cost from the Gambia Printing and Publishing Corp. office. Aminata Camara, marketing officer for the printing office, said a copy of legislation passed by the National Assembly is sold for US$6 (about 200..."]
["2012_LS_41",2012,"LS","Lesotho",41,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_41",2012,"ML","Mali",41,25,"Au Mali a communication des processus et documents législatifs aux citoyens n’est pas toujours assurée. La magistrat Daouda Cissé explique que même si c’est le peuple qui participe d’une manière ou d’une autre à l’élaboration de ces lois, et que réglementairement, il faut 15 jours pour promulguer une loi, il reconnaît que ces dispositions ne sont toujours pas appliquées et que le peuple n’est pas mieux informé ni suffisamment sensibilisé par rapport à ces documents législatifs. Salikou Sanogo de répliquer que même si les lois sont publiées dans le journal officiel du Mali, la divulgation de ce document étant très limitée, la population n’a pas toujours accès aux documents législatifs en question, surtout ceux des campagnes et des milieux ruraux.","Entretien avec Maître Daouda Cissé, rencontré à Bamako en février 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Salikou Sanogo, homme politique rencontré à Hamdallaye, à Bamako.","Au Mali a communication des processus et documents législatifs aux citoyens n’est pas toujours assurée. La magistrat Daouda Cissé explique que même si c’est le peuple qui participe d’une manière ou d’une autre à l’élaboration de ces lois, et que réglementairement, il faut 15 jours ..."]
["2012_MR_41",2012,"MR","Mauritania",41,50,"Dans la pratique, l'accès est très difficile surtout pour les femmes mauritaniennes dont la participation au processus législatif est particulièrement limitée.\n\nLes recommandations ne manquent pas en matière de participation au processus législatif et à l'accès aux documents administratifs. Il convient, à notre sens, d'insister sur la mise en œuvre effective et l'évaluation de cette mise en œuvre afin de mieux jauger le processus de participation et d'accès.","Khadijetou CHEICK OUEDRAOGO, SOS-défis droits des femmes et développement durable en Mauritanie, www.genreenaction.net/IMG/pdf/Khadijetou.pdf. Consulté en 2013. \n\nRéponses aux questionnaires, www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/FAssociation/Responses2012/NHRI/Mauritanie.pdf (Bureau du Haut commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l'Homme, 2012)","Dans la pratique, l'accès est très difficile surtout pour les femmes mauritaniennes dont la participation au processus législatif est particulièrement limitée...."]
["2012_NE_41",2012,"NE","Niger",41,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_41",2012,"SC","Seychelles",41,75,"Documents related to the work of the parliament are readily available online, but bills are often published in the Official Gazette too late for citizens to comment upon. Acts are also published late after their ratification.","1. Website of the Seychelles National Assembly.  Accessed July 2012.\nhttp://www.nationalassembly.sc/\n\n2. Website of the opposition party - Seychelles National Party.  Accessed July 2012.\nhttp://www.snpseychelles.sc/\n\n3. Website of Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU).  Accessed July 2012.\nhttp://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2279.htm","Documents related to the work of the parliament are readily available online, but bills are often published in the Official Gazette too late for citizens to comment upon. Acts are also published late after their ratification."]
["2012_SD_41",2012,"SD","Sudan",41,25,"Citizens can get access to some documents through the National Assembly website. However, these documents are often not updated.","Verification at the National Assembly, www.parliament.gov.sd. Accessed in September 2012. \n\nDr. Richard Lobban, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 12, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.","Citizens can get access to some documents through the National Assembly website. However, these documents are often not updated."]
["2012_SZ_41",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",41,0,"Access to  government information is not guaranteed in Swaziland nor actively promoted. Documents are mostly made public by donors.","\"The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland,\" by Buhle Dube and Alfred Magagula, NYU Law, June 2012, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Swaziland1.htm\n\n\"Countries at the Crossroads in 2011,\" by John Daniel, Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/SWAZILANDFINAL.pdf","Access to  government information is not guaranteed in Swaziland nor actively promoted. Documents are mostly made public by donors."]
["2012_ZM_41",2012,"ZM","Zambia",41,50,"Legislative processes and documents are readily available -- both at a small token fee for the print versions (of legislation and other Parliamentary documents). Most of the documents are also available online for free. While Internet access in Zambia is limited, it is growing, albeit very slowly, so that a proportion of Zambians (and non-Zambians) can readily access legislative documents.\n\nGovernment documents cost K20,000 (Kr 20) on average which is US $4.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ),  September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Legislative processes and documents are readily available -- both at a small token fee for the print versions (of legislation and other Parliamentary documents). Most of the documents are also available online for free. While Internet access in Zambia is limited, it is growing, alb..."]
["2012_BW_42",2012,"BW","Botswana",42,0,"Botswana has no law requiring declaration of assets, including income.","No such law exists.\n\"Study Says Batswana Want Declaration of Assets and Liabilities,\" Oliver Modise, Sunday Standard, Oct. 15, 2012, www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=15288&GroupID=1\n\"DCEC Supports Declaration of Assets by MPs,\" Isaiah Morewagae, Mmegi, May 18, 2012, www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=334&dir=2012/May/Friday18","Botswana has no law requiring declaration of assets, including income."]
["2012_CM_42",2012,"CM","Cameroon",42,100,"The Cameroonian constitution amended in 1996 requires in its Article 66 that the president of the republic and his appointed ministers, elected parliamentarians and other highly appointed officials, including the judiciary, declare their assets. However, implementation of this constitutional provision remains problematic. In 2006, the National Assembly adopted a specific law on the declaration of assets, but the enabling decree to apply the law has not been decreed by Cameroon's president. \n\nThere have been assertions that the president is not ready to apply this provision because its inclusion in the 1996 constitution was meant more to appease the opposition and international donors than to reflect genuine political will by the government to use it as tool to fight widespread illicit enrichment and corruption among senior state officials. \n\nIt had been expected that the effective application of the law on asset declaration would contribute a great deal to restore public confidence in the government because it would demonstrate to the public that most public officials lived within their means.","Article 66 of the amended constitution of 1996.\n\nArticle 2 of Law No. 003/2006 of April 25, 2006, relating to declaration of assets and income.","The Cameroonian constitution amended in 1996 requires in its Article 66 that the president of the republic and his appointed ministers, elected parliamentarians and other highly appointed officials, including the judiciary, declare their assets. However, implementation of this cons..."]
["2012_KM_42",2012,"KM","Comoros",42,100,"Selon l'Article 2 de la Loi sur la transparence, les hautes personnalités publiques \"sont tenues, dans les trois (3) mois qui suivent leur nomination ou leur entrée en fonction, d’adresser ou de déposer au siège de la Commission de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption une déclaration certifiée exacte et sincère de leur situation patrimoniale, ainsi que celle de leurs conjoints et enfants mineurs. Cette déclaration doit être renouvelée annuellement.\nCes dispositions s’appliquent aux :\n- Président de l’Union des Comores ; \n- membres du gouvernement de l’Union \n- Députés (...)","Art. 2, Chapitre 1er \"De la déclaration de patrimoine\", décret N° 11 - 103 / PR du 21 juin 2011 Portant promulgation de la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores., http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-","Selon l'Article 2 de la Loi sur la transparence, les hautes personnalités publiques \"sont tenues, dans les trois (3) mois qui suivent leur nomination ou leur entrée en fonction, d’adresser ou de déposer au siège de la Commission de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption une dé..."]
["2012_EG_42",2012,"EG","Egypt",42,100,"The law requires high-ranking official employees to complete an asset disclosure form, but no laws force them to make it publicly accessible.\n\nLaw 62 of 1975 regarding Illegal Enrichment states:\n\"[T]he head of State and all government officials are required to fill out and submit a regular asset disclosure form once every five years, which includes all of their possessions and those of their spouses and underage children. The asset disclosure forms are reviewed by judicial committees and a specific body is established for that purpose (the Illicit Enrichment Apparatus) to help the review committees in their function. Presidential candidates are also required to submit an asset disclosure form.\"\nMoreover, the Central Auditing Organization is authorized to audit the asset disclosures of legislators at the beginning and at the end of their term, as well as every five years, if they stay in office. Law 62 of 1975 -- illegal enrichment\nMembers of the legislature are required to file asset disclosure forms. According to the aforementioned law (Article 5, items a and b), a judicial committee is formed to investigate asset disclosure forms, helped by the Illicit Enrichment Apparatus, which receives asset disclosure forms and asks for clarifications about complaints. It has the right to ask the Administrative Control Authority to investigate cases of suspected illicit enrichment.","Law 62 of 1975 regarding Illegal Enrichment, , (Article 5 items a and b)\nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/compendium/egypt/related-national-laws/illicitenrichment-jul75-ar.pdf.","The law requires high-ranking official employees to complete an asset disclosure form, but no laws force them to make it publicly accessible...."]
["2012_GM_42",2012,"GM","The Gambia",42,100,"Section 223 of the constitution requires that all public officers, other than members of the public service, the staff of a local government authority or public enterprise or members of a disciplined force, below such position or rank as may be prescribed by or under an act of the National Assembly, submit to the ombudsman a written declaration of all property and assets owned by him or her, and of liabilities owed by him or her, whether directly or indirectly. Section 223 applies to all public officers (including the head of state), except those named above. Section 43 (1) (e) of the constitution gives the Independent Electoral Commission the responsibility to ensure that candidates in elections make full declarations of their assets at the time of nomination. Section 89 (1) (e) of the constitution requires that members of the legislature declare their assets before they are allowed to contest elections.\n\nSection 223 of the constitution provides that public officers shall make a declaration of their assets to the ombudsman within six weeks of taking office, every two years and upon leaving office.","Section 43 (1) (e), 89 (1) (e) and Section 223 of the 1997 Constitution.","Section 223 of the constitution requires that all public officers, other than members of the public service, the staff of a local government authority or public enterprise or members of a disciplined force, below such position or rank as may be prescribed by or under an act of the ..."]
["2012_LS_42",2012,"LS","Lesotho",42,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_42",2012,"LR","Liberia",42,0,"President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf on Jan. 6, 2012 issued an executive order establishing a Code of Conduct for the executive branch, and followed that up on Jan. 27 by filing a declaration of assets with the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission. \n\nThe national legislature, however, continues to delay passing the Code of Conduct that has been under consideration there since 2008. The draft of the bill requires public officers to declare their assets. Executive Order No. 38 which established a code of conduct for members of the executive branch, does not apply to the legislature and judiciary.","Establishment of Administrative Code of Conduct for Members of Executive Branch, \nhttp://www.lacc.gov.lr/public/pdfs/EXECUTIVE_ORDER.pdf, 2012 \n\n\"President Sirleaf Declares Income, Assets, Liabilities,\" Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, Jan. 27, 2012.\nhttp://www.lacc.gov.lr/ellendeclaration_news.html","President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf on Jan. 6, 2012 issued an executive order establishing a Code of Conduct for the executive branch, and followed that up on Jan. 27 by filing a declaration of assets with the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission. ..."]
["2012_MR_42",2012,"MR","Mauritania",42,100,"La loi N° 2007/054 relative à la Transparence financière de la vie publique. Cette loi impose l’obligation de déclaration de patrimoine au président de la République, au Premier ministre, aux membres du gouvernement, aux présidents des chambres parlementaires et leurs questeurs, aux magistrats, secrétaires généraux des départements ministériels, aux chefs d’état-major des armées, de la gendarmerie et de la garde nationale, les chefs de missions diplomatiques et consulaires, les gouverneurs et les directeurs des établissement publics et société d’État.\n\nLa même loi précise dans ce cadre que ''les personnes assujetties à l’obligation de déclaration de patrimoine doivent communiquer à la commission relative à la transparence financière de la vie publique, au moins une fois, tous les deux ans, une déclaration sur l’évolution de leurs patrimoines pendant qu’elles sont en exercice (article 11, alinéa 1)''\n\nLe décret n°2007-207 fixe la composition de la commission de transparence de la vie financière.\n\nUne circulaire est venue préciser les personnes concernées par cette déclaration de patrimoine (Circulaire n°001-2008 du 31/01/2008). L'Article 1 constate que : \"La  présente loi a pour objet de définir le cadre juridique destiné à garantir la transparence financière de la vie publique. Elle institue une obligation de déclaration périodique de patrimoine pour le  président de la République, le Premier ministre, les membres du gouvernement, certains titulaires de mandats électifs et les fonctionnaires de l’Etat désignés  par cette loi\".","Commission pour la transparence financière de la vie publique, Formulaire de déclaration de bien,\n\nDéclaration de biens ou légitimation? Maghreb Intelligence, 15 octobre, 2010\n\nDécret 2007-207 fixant organisation et fonctionnement de cette commission, 3 Décembre 2007  \n\nLe parlement mauritanien, par Mohamed Bouya Ould Nahy in Nouakchott info N°293 du 20 février 2002\n\nLoi N° 2007/054 relative à la Transparence financière de la vie publique \n(Article premier)","La loi N° 2007/054 relative à la Transparence financière de la vie publique. Cette loi impose l’obligation de déclaration de patrimoine au président de la République, au Premier ministre, aux membres du gouvernement, aux présidents des chambres parlementaires et leurs questeurs, au..."]
["2012_NE_42",2012,"NE","Niger",42,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_42",2012,"SC","Seychelles",42,100,"The Public Officers' Ethics Act of 2008, Section 2 states that a public officer is any one in government in any capacity, including the executive, legislative and judiciary and other civil servants. Section 18 states that a public officer shall submit declarations of assets.\n\nMembers of the legislature are required by law to declare their assets and incomes, through the Public Officers' Ethics Act 2008 Part IV Declarations of Income Assets and Liabilities. Members of the Legislature are required to declare their assets, incomes and liabilities to the Public Service Ethics Commission by virtue of section 26(b) and 27 of the Act.\n\n26.       The provisions of this Part shall apply to every person belonging to any one of the following categories or descriptions of persons—\n(a) President, Vice-President, Designated Minister and Ministers;\n(b) Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Leader of Opposition, Leader of Government Business and Members of the National Assembly;\n(c) Constitutional appointees and public officers appointed by the President;\n(d) chairman, directors, members of boards, authorities and commissions;\n(e) such other categories of officers as may be specified by regulations.\n\n27.       (1) Every person to whom this Part applies shall, within three months after the commencement of this Act make, in the form to be prescribed by regulation, a declaration of all that person’s income, assets and liabilities as the date of commencement of this Act to the Commission [...]","The Public Officers' Ethics Act of 2008, Section 2 (Interpretation) and Section 18; Part IV Declarations of Income Assets and Liabilities, sections 26(b) and 27.","The Public Officers' Ethics Act of 2008, Section 2 states that a public officer is any one in government in any capacity, including the executive, legislative and judiciary and other civil servants. Section 18 states that a public officer shall submit declarations of assets...."]
["2012_SL_42",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",42,100,"Section 119 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, states that all public officers, including their spouses and children, are required to declare their assets. Specifically, the section says that \"Every public officer shall within three months of becoming a public officer deposit with the Commission a sworn declaration of his income, assets and liabilities, and thereafter not later than 31st March in each succeeding year that he is a public officer, he shall deposit further declarations of his income, assets and liabilities and also while leaving office.\"","Section 1 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf\n\nSection 119 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf","Section 119 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, states that all public officers, including their spouses and children, are required to declare their assets. Specifically, the section says that \"Every public officer shall within three months of becoming a public officer deposit with t..."]
["2012_SZ_42",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",42,0,"According to the Swaziland Constitution, Section 241, Declaration of Assets and Liabilities: (1) A person who holds an office mentioned in subsection (2) shall submit to the Integrity Commission, a written declaration of all property, assets owned by, or any benefit gained or liabilities owed by the holder of that office whether directly or indirectly (a) within six months after the commencement of the Integrity Commission or before taking office as the case may be; (b) at the end of every two years; and (c) at the end of his term of office.\n \n (2) Sections 240 and 241(1) apply to the holders of the following offices: (a) Prime minister, deputy prime minister and minister; (b) member of the King’s Advisory Council; (c) members of Parliament including the Presiding Officers.\n \n There is no requirement for the king to declare his assets.","Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Section 241, Declaration of Assets and Liabilities, www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swa5.htm\n \n \"Corporate governance disclosure practices by Swaziland public enterprises,\" African Journal of Business Management, June 20, 2012, http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM","According to the Swaziland Constitution, Section 241, Declaration of Assets and Liabilities: (1) A person who holds an office mentioned in subsection (2) shall submit to the Integrity Commission, a written declaration of all property, assets owned by, or any benefit gained or liabi..."]
["2012_ZM_42",2012,"ZM","Zambia",42,0,"\"Article 34 clause (5)b of the Constitution of Zambia, 1991, states that to be elected as head of state, one must make, by statutory declaration which shall be open to public inspection at such time and at such place as may be prescribed by or under an act of parliament, a full declaration of assets and liabilities.\n \nUnder the code of ethics, public officers must disclose their assets and top government officials are liable to the ethics in question. The president is not required to disclose his assets, according to officials at the supreme court, where the filed disclosure forms are kept. \n \nIn addition to the supreme court, other sources also confirmed that the president is not obliged to disclose assets and there are no records that can be found. Article 34(5)(b) of the constitution talks about disclosure by a presidential candidates and does not mention sitting presidents.","Code of Ethics and Conduct of Public Officers (pertaining to public officers' requirement to disclose assets), 2008, Part VII, Article 90 Available online at: http://www.ncczambia.org/media/schedule_ partvii_xiv_xv_xvi_public_service.pdf.\n\nTHE PARLIAMENTARY AND MINISTERIAL CODE OF CONDUCT ACT CHAPTER 16, 10. 1994, http://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/16\neffects) and liabilities of the Officer as at-","\"Article 34 clause (5)b of the Constitution of Zambia, 1991, states that to be elected as head of state, one must make, by statutory declaration which shall be open to public inspection at such time and at such place as may be prescribed by or under an act of parliament, a full dec..."]
["2012_BW_43",2012,"BW","Botswana",43,0,"There is no declaration of assests and liabilities in Botswana. There is no requirement for assets disclosure and members do not disclose their assets. \nEfforts aimed at legislating to support asset declaration have been stalled by the same legislators.","\"Study Says Batswana Want Declaration of Assets and Liabilities,\" Oliver Modise, Sunday Standard, Oct. 15, 2012, www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=15288&GroupID=1\n\nInstitute for Democracy in Africa, \"A Fine Balance: Assessing the Quality of Governance in Botswana,\" Karin Alexander and Gape Kaboyakgosi (eds.), April 2012.\n\n\"DCEC Supports Declaration of Assets by MPs,\" Isaiah Morewagae, Mmegi, May 18, 2012, www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=334&dir=2012/May/Friday18","There is no declaration of assests and liabilities in Botswana. There is no requirement for assets disclosure and members do not disclose their assets. \nEfforts aimed at legislating to support asset declaration have been stalled by the same legisl..."]
["2012_BF_43",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",43,0,"Les déclarations de patrimoine n’existent pratiquement pas au Burkina Faso et lorsqu'elles sont faites, on dit que c’est plutôt confidentiel pour éviter de dire que ces déclarations n’existent tout simplement pas quand bien même les textes de la loi l’exigent. \nJusqu’à présent, la loi n’oblige pas les députés à déclarer leurs biens. Cette situation a amené les autorités et les institutions bilatérales à y voir un peu plus clair et à envisager des stratégies pour y remédier. L’une de ces stratégie consiste à attirer l’attention des députés sur la nécessité de lutter contre la corruption en commençant par la sensibilisation des députés qui sont à l’origine de la formulation des lois dans la perspective de la bonne gouvernance économique de leur pays.","Interview avec M. Oumarou B. Ouedraogo, Avocat au Barreau du Burkina Faso, dans son Cabinet, le 14 février 2013, à 16:45 TU.\n\nInterview avec M. Nicolas ZERMANE, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son Bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14:19 TU.\n\nBurkindi, 2012, Rapport de l’atelier de pilotage Outil d’auto-évaluation pour les parlementaires sur la lutte contre la corruption, février 2012. http://www.gaportal.org/sites/default/files/Rapport%20Burkina%20Auto-Evaluation%20Parlementaire_1.pdf\n\nBurkindi , BAROMETRE (Burkina Faso) sur la contribution des parlementaires dans la lutte contre la corruption, juillet 2012. http://www.gaportal.org/sites/default/files/Rapport%20Burkina%20Auto-Evaluation%20Parlementaire_1.pdf\n\nRenlac, il faut rendre la déclaration de patrimoine effective, 2007.\n\nConseil constitutionnel, Déclarations des biens, le conseil constitutionnel sensibilisé, 2011 http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201112051584.html","Les déclarations de patrimoine n’existent pratiquement pas au Burkina Faso et lorsqu'elles sont faites, on dit que c’est plutôt confidentiel pour éviter de dire que ces déclarations n’existent tout simplement pas quand bien même les textes de la loi l’exigent. ..."]
["2012_TD_43",2012,"TD","Chad",43,0,"Article 74 of the 1996 Constitution states that the president should make a written disclosure of his assets before entering into and leaving office. This statement is sent to the supreme court, and there is no provision saying that this declaration of assets should be made public. Since the adoption of the 1996 Constitution, no declaration of assets whatsoever has been made by the president or any other official before entering and leaving office.\n\nThe lack of effectiveness of asset disclosure for the president and ministers seems not to be a source of concern in the country. It wasn't possible to find any written source, media report or even a statement from opposition parties denouncing such situations.\n\nMembers of the legislature are not requested to disclose their assets, so they don't.","Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Administration School. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.\n\nNelli Djimtolla, Ligue Tchadienne des Droits de l'Homme. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.","Article 74 of the 1996 Constitution states that the president should make a written disclosure of his assets before entering into and leaving office. This statement is sent to the supreme court, and there is no provision saying that this declaration of assets should be made public...."]
["2012_DJ_43",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",43,0,"Il n’existe aucune obligation légale de divulgation du patrimoine des chefs d’État et de gouvernement ou deputés. \n\nLa république de Djibouti a hérité à l'indépendance en 1977 du droit public et privé français, et ces dispositions ont continué, pour certaines, à être appliquées à condition qu'elles ne contredisent pas les mœurs du pays. Exemple : le code civil français a continué à être appliqué à Djibouti. En revanche le droit positif djiboutien n'a pas repris les dispositions concernant la divulgation du patrimoine des membres du gouvernement, du chef de l’État mais aussi des élus. \nMonsieur Ali Daoud s'est présenté sur la liste de l'opposition qui avait perdu aux élections législatives de 2003. Son parti politique : l'Alliance Républicaine pour le Développement (ARD), a déploré lors de campagnes électorales aux élections législatives l'inégalité entre l'équipe sortante et les membres de la liste dont il faisait partie. Il a été notamment question du patrimoine des députés sortants qui n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une législation ou règlementation spécifique. Le députés peuvent même continuer à pratiquer des activités privées. Il en existe beaucoup qui sont responsables des grandes entreprises de construction par exemple.","Ali Mohamed, actuel président de la commission nationale des droits de l'homme et ancien magistrat, entretien réalisé le 29 juillet 2012. \n\nAli Daoud, instituteur et candidat pour la députation sur la liste de l'opposition pour les élections législatives de 2003. Entretien réalisé le 28 juillet 2012. \n\nAncien magistrat et retraité monsieur Souleiman Warsama, entretien réalisé le 29 juillet 2012.\n\nMohamed Guedi, député à l'assemblée nationale, entretien réalisé le 29 juillet 2012.","Il n’existe aucune obligation légale de divulgation du patrimoine des chefs d’État et de gouvernement ou deputés. ..."]
["2012_GA_43",2012,"GA","Gabon",43,50,"Oui, une fiche est remplie par ces personnes et des articles 8, 9 et 10 de la loi confirment ce fait. \n\nLes informations ne sont pas rendues publiques, encore moins quand ces personnes ont fait ces déclarations. Aucune preuve qu'ils l'ont fait existe si ce n'est leur seule parole à la télévision. Certaines personnes nous ont montré leur récépissé de déclaration ; d'autres nous ont juste dit qu'elles avaient effectivement rempli le formulaire envoyé par la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l'Enrichissement illicite.","Interview des membres CNLEI et certains responsables des chefs de services aux conseillers spéciaux de la PR et membres des corps constitués de l’Etat, août 2012, Libreville, Gabon\nFocus-group de quelques responsables du Parlement et du Conseil Economique et Social, août 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nEchanges avec le SG CNLEI dépositaire des déclarations de fortune, 2012, Libreville, Gabon\nEchanges avec deux membres de l'ANIF sur les déclarations de soupçons, septembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Oui, une fiche est remplie par ces personnes et des articles 8, 9 et 10 de la loi confirment ce fait. ..."]
["2012_GM_43",2012,"GM","The Gambia",43,0,"Freedom House's \"Countries at the Crossroads 2012\" states that \"Senior civil servants, along with secretaries, were required to provide accounts of their assets to determine whether they had been acquired illegally. President Jammeh did not submit such an account. Several officials were dismissed from their jobs as a result of the investigations.\"\n\nNo newspaper has ever reported asset disclosures by a National Assembly member. It is widely believed that National Assembly members do not report their assets. If National Assembly members disclosed their assets, as required by law, there are no public records of such disclosures.","Interview with Cherno Marenah, registrar general at the Attorney General's Chambers and Ministry of Justice (State Law Office), on Aug. 4, 2012, at the Gambia Football House in Kanifing.\n\nThorough search/review of newspaper articles by the researcher, August 2012.\n\nFreedom House's report \"Countries at the Crossroads 2012.\"","Freedom House's \"Countries at the Crossroads 2012\" states that \"Senior civil servants, along with secretaries, were required to provide accounts of their assets to determine whether they had been acquired illegally. President Jammeh did not submit such an account. Several officials..."]
["2012_LS_43",2012,"LS","Lesotho",43,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_43",2012,"ML","Mali",43,25,"Puisque les textes de la constitution prévoient des dispositions obligeant les chefs de l’Etat, les ministres et certains responsables des institutions de la République à divulguer leur patrimoine, cela se fait, selon maître Ibrahima N’Diaye. «C’est depuis Alpha Oumar Konaré que cela a été institué », indique-t-il. Par contre Salikou Sanogo trouve que les responsables, y compris le président de la République, ne relatent pas tous leurs biens. Salikou Sanogo indique qu’étant donné que la loi n’a pas pris de dispositions obligeant les députés à divulguer leur patrimoine, dans la pratique, rien n’est fait dans ce sens. Le Magistrat Daouda Cissé de dire que cela fait que les députés s’enrichissent d’une manière démesurée entachée de corruption.","Entretien avec Salikou Sanogo, homme politique rencontré à Hamdallaye, à Bamako. \n\nEntretien avec Maître Daouda Cissé, rencontré à Bamako en février 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Ibrahima N’diaye, homme politique malien, rencontré à Daoudabougou à Bamako, le 12 février 2013. ","Puisque les textes de la constitution prévoient des dispositions obligeant les chefs de l’Etat, les ministres et certains responsables des institutions de la République à divulguer leur patrimoine, cela se fait, selon maître Ibrahima N’Diaye. «C’est depuis Alpha Oumar Konaré que ce..."]
["2012_NA_43",2012,"NA","Namibia",43,25,"The head of state faces no legal requirement to disclose records of his or her interests and assets. The prime minister's situation is different because of his/her capacity as the head of government's business in Parliament. The Register of Members' Interests (for Parliament) is rarely published (three time since independence in 1990, in 2003 and 2009). Once the register is published, it is often incomplete. In fact, it is as good as nonexistent. To get access to the Register of Members' Interests, one needs to go to Parliament because no digital version of it exists.\n\nThe register in the National Assembly lacks effective oversight, and noncompliance is commonplace. But lack of demand from the public may explain the situation. \nThe National Council is doing far better. It has published its Register of Members' Interests with consistency since 2006. \n\nAccess to the Register of Members' Interest in both houses of Parliament can be a problem. One has to go in person to the National Assembly and the National Council, and they are based in the capital, Windhoek.","Institute for Public Policy Research, \"Nothing to Disclose,\" IPPR Anti-Corruption Research Program Paper 2, 2011, www.ippr.org.na/sites/default/files/IPPR%20Research%20Paper%202.pdf\naccessed Aug. 8, 2012\n\nFrederico Links, editor, Insight Namibia, interviewed Aug. 20, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nResearch visit to the National Council, Aug. 16, 2012.\n\nInstitute for Public Policy Research, \"Asset Disclosure in Namibia: The Need for Reform and Enforcement,\" 2012, www.ippr.org.na/sites/default/files/AntiCorr_Paper12%20AssetsInterests.pdf\naccessed Nov. 26, 2012","The head of state faces no legal requirement to disclose records of his or her interests and assets. The prime minister's situation is different because of his/her capacity as the head of government's business in Parliament. The Register of Members' Interests (for Parliament) is ra..."]
["2012_NE_43",2012,"NE","Niger",43,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_43",2012,"SC","Seychelles",43,0,"The 2011 U.S. Department of State Human Rights Report on Seychelles states: \"Although public officials and citizens serving on boards were subject to financial disclosure laws upon taking office, this did not always occur.\"\n\nThe declaration of assets by heads of state and government officials is not effective. The declarations are done in secret and sealed in an envelope. An individual must first make an allegation that the official is corrupt and provide proof before the envelope is opened. The burden of proof is too great for individuals and journalists, so there have been no official contentions about high officers' assets. The procedure is likely to be an impediment to the whole process.","Interview with Mr. Conrad Lablache, Attorney-At-Law, October 31, 2012 at the offices of Pardiwalla Twomey Lablache, Premier Building, Victoria.\n\nInterview with Mr. Marcus Volcy, Founder of Compassion (NGO) on July 8, 2012\n\nU.S. Department of State, 2011 Human Rights Report: Seychelles, May 24, 2012. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186237.htm","The 2011 U.S. Department of State Human Rights Report on Seychelles states: \"Although public officials and citizens serving on boards were subject to financial disclosure laws upon taking office, this did not always occur.\"..."]
["2012_ZA_43",2012,"ZA","South Africa",43,50,"Reports by the Mail & Guardian newspaper and the Institute for Security Studies, a civil society organization, indicate that disclosure records, no matter how inadequate, can be made available to the public. The disclosure is not always accurate. Details may be left out, negligently or intentionally. Thus, disclosure is neither consistent nor comprehensive.\n\nMembers of Parliament do not take the issue of their financial disclosures seriously. In most cases, they do not make full disclosure. African National Congress MP Yolanda Botha was found guilty of not disclosing assets and misleading the Ethics Committee about the true value of the assets.","\"Cope's Dexter Rejects Non-disclosure Allegations,\" Mail & Guardian, March 16, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-16-copes-dexter-rejects-nondisclosure-allegations\n\n\"MPs Probed for Misconduct,\" Andisiwe Makinana, Mail & Guardian, Feb. 10, 2012,\n http://mg.co.za/article/2012-02-10-mps-probed-for-misconduct\n\n\"SA Ethics Bend Under Pressure,\" Information Portal on Corruption and Governance in Africa, Jan. 16, 2012, www.ipocafrica.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=962:sa-ag-unhappy-with-non-compliance&catid=35:corruption-news&Itemid=82\n\n\"All the President's Assets: President Jacob Zuma's Disclosures Raise More Questions Than They Answer,\" Mail & Guardian, July 29, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-07-29-all-the-presidents-assets \n\n\"Zuma Shielded From Private Interests Probe,\" Musa Mohamed, Citizen Newspaper, March 8, 2012, www.citizen.co.za/citizen/content/en/citizen/local-news?oid=263875&sn=Detail&pid=334&Zuma-shielded-from-private-interests-probe","Reports by the Mail & Guardian newspaper and the Institute for Security Studies, a civil society organization, indicate that disclosure records, no matter how inadequate, can be made available to the public. The disclosure is not always accurate. Details may be left out, negligentl..."]
["2012_ZM_43",2012,"ZM","Zambia",43,0,"Presidential candidates are seen on Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation-Television (ZNBC-TV) every election disclosing their respective assets and liabilities at the high court to the chief justice, but there are no mechanisms to ensure that declarations are true or false. Hence, in the process some property is not disclosed. There is no tracking mechanism.\n \nThere are no such declarations in practice because there is no legal obligation. Private Members bill of 2006 that will oblige legislatures to start declaring their assets has not yet been passed into law by parliament. Therefore, currently members of parliament do not declare their assets.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Presidential candidates are seen on Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation-Television (ZNBC-TV) every election disclosing their respective assets and liabilities at the high court to the chief justice, but there are no mechanisms to ensure that declarations are true or false. Hen..."]
["2012_ZW_43",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",43,0,"Zimbabwe does not provide for public disclosure of income and asset declarations for the head of state, President Robert Mugabe. Asset declaration through Parliament (since Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, the head of government, is a member of Parliament) has been inconsistent and largely ineffective according to Philip Muziri, program officer with the Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. \n \n There is no asset disclosure process or requirement for the legislature either. The Constitution of Zimbabwe and the Prevention of Corruption Act as well as the Criminal Code and Law Reform Act all have no provisions for disclosure of assets. The process to disclose assets through the Standing Rules and Orders of Parliament have been minimally effective.","Interview with Philip Muziri, program officer with the Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa (EISA), Aug. 7, 2012, Harare, Zimbabwe.\n \nInterview with Mr. Dickson Mundia, attorney, formerly with the U.S. Embassy, Oct. 11, 2012.\n \n \"U4 Expert Answer: African experience of asset declarations,\" the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, http://www.u4.no/publications/african-experience-of-asset-declarations/","Zimbabwe does not provide for public disclosure of income and asset declarations for the head of state, President Robert Mugabe. Asset declaration through Parliament (since Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, the head of government, is a member of Parliament) has been inconsistent an..."]
["2012_BF_44",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",44,100,"L’Article 7 de la Loi sur le financement des partis politiques oblige  les partis à déposer auprès de la Cour des Comptes un rapport financier sur les subventions reçues.","Interview avec M. Oumarou B. Ouedraogo, Avocat au Barreau du Burkina Faso, dans son Cabinet, le 14 février 2013, à 16:45 TU.\n\nLOI N° 012-2000/AN PORTANT FINANCEMENT DES ACTIVITES DES PARTIS POLITIQUES ET DES CAMPAGNES ELECTORALES\n\nLa Charte des Partis Politiques http://www.matds.gov.bf/index.php/presse-publication/358-loi-nd-032-2001an-portant-charte-des-partis-et-formations-politiques-au-burkina-faso\n\nLOI N° 008-2009/AN PORTANT FINANCEMENT DES PARTIS ET FORMATIONS POLITIQUES ET DES CAMPAGNES ELECTORALES, chapire 2, art. 10 ff. \nhttp://www.ambaburkina-fr.org/le-financement-des-partis-et-formations-politiques-et-des-campagnes-electorales/","L’Article 7 de la Loi sur le financement des partis politiques oblige  les partis à déposer auprès de la Cour des Comptes un rapport financier sur les subventions reçues."]
["2012_TD_44",2012,"TD","Chad",44,0,"There is no requirement for parties to disclose their function. The political parties' act only states that parties are funded through their own resources and via public funding.","The political parties'act: Loi 09-019 2009-08-04 PR/2009 portant Charte des Partis Politiques.","There is no requirement for parties to disclose their function. The political parties' act only states that parties are funded through their own resources and via public funding."]
["2012_DJ_44",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",44,100,"L'article 11 (alinéa 3) de la loi relative aux partis politiques en République de Djibouti dispose que \" Outre les formalités relatives au fonctionnement des associations de droit djiboutien, les partis politiques doivent : déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice écoulé ainsi que l'inventaire de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Ce compte doit faire apparaître que le parti politique ne bénéficie d‘autres ressources que celles provenant des cotisations, dons et legs de ses adhérents et sympathisants nationaux et des bénéfices réalisés à l’occasion des manifestations. En outre, il est tenu de présenter ses comptes annuels au Ministère des Finances et d'être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation. \nUn décret précise les pièces comptables que les partis politiques doivent fournir en application des dispositions du présent article. Ce décret n'a à ce jour pas vu le jour.\n\nEn outre, il existe un décret régissant les subvention de l’État aux partis politiques. Composé de 3 articles, le décret en tant que tel ne mentionne pas les obligations de divulgation des dons publics. 1er du décret  de 1993 dispose que les partis politiques régulièrement constitués peuvent bénéficier de subventions de l'État. Ces subventions, qui seront déterminées par la loi de Finances, seront réparties au prorata du nombre de sièges détenus à l'Assemblée Nationale par les représentants des partis régulièrement constitués qui auront été élus députés.\nLe cadre juridique concernant le mode de financement des partis politiques est obsolète et nécessite un toilettage afin de le mettre en conformité aux dispositions constitutionnelles et législatives d'une part, et aux engagements régionaux et internationaux ratifiés par Djibouti, d'autre part.","Loi n°1/AN/92/2e L du 15 septembre 1992 relative aux partis politiques en République de Djibouti.\n\nDécret n°93-0022/PRE pris en application de la loi n°1/AN/92/2e L relative aux partis politiques en République de Djibouti du 29 mars 1993. \n\nhttp://www.presidence.dj/LES%20TEXTES/loi1an92.htm","L'article 11 (alinéa 3) de la loi relative aux partis politiques en République de Djibouti dispose que \" Outre les formalités relatives au fonctionnement des associations de droit djiboutien, les partis politiques doivent : déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compt..."]
["2012_EG_44",2012,"EG","Egypt",44,100,"Laws regulate public donations to political parties.\n\nSeveral articles in Law No. 40 of 1977 concerning the political party system, amended by Law 177 of 2005, govern this.\n\nArticle 11 states: \"The resources of the party shall be formed of its members’ subscriptions, the financial support it receives from the State, and the donations of Egyptian natural persons, as well as the proceeds of investing its funds in the non-commercial aspects defined in its statute. Investing the party’s funds in issuing newspaper or in exploiting publishing or printing houses, shall not be considered a commercial aspect, in applying the present article, if its basic aim is to serve the party’s purposes. The party may not accept any donation, privilege, or benefit from an alien, a foreign or international entity, or from any juridical person even if it enjoys the Egyptian nationality.\"\n\nArticle (12) of the same law states:\n\"The party’s funds shall not be expended except on its proper purposes and aims according to the rules and procedures compromised in its statute. The party shall deposit its funds in one of the Egyptian banks, and shall hold regular account books comprising the party’s revenues and expenditures according to the rules to be determined in its statute. The Central Audit Agency shall periodically audit the books and documents of the party’s revenues and expenditures account and its other financial affairs, to ascertain the soundness of the party’s resources and legitimacy of its funds expenditure aspects. They party shall enable the Agency to carry out the forgoing. The said Agency shall draw up an annual report on the financial standing and affairs of the party and notify the head of the Political Parties Affairs Committee of such a report.\"\n\nDecree No. 12 of 2011 (amending some articles of Law No. 40 of 1977) regulates the system of political parties and eliminated the mandate for the state to provide financial support to parties. Article 7 of that law states: \"A written notification of the establishment of the party shall be submitted to the Committee on Political Parties described under Article 8 of the law; a list of the names and signatures of 5,000 of its founding members should be attached; the signatures should also be officially ratified. Also to be attached are all party-related documents, particularly the statutes and bylaws, the names of the founding members, the funds raised to establish said party, its sources, and the names of the representatives handling party establishment procedures. Said notification and documents shall be presented to the Committee mentioned in paragraph 1 within 15 days of submission.\"\n\nArticle 4 states: \"The following are the prerequisites for forming and/or maintaining a political party: ... Sixth: A party's principles, goals, methods, organizations, and financing tools and sources shall be made public.\"\n\nArticle 7 states: \"A written notification of the establishment of the party shall be submitted to the Committee on Political Parties described under Article 8 of the law; a list of the names and signatures of 5,000 of its founding members should be attached; the signatures should also be officially ratified.\nAlso to be attached are all party-related documents, particularly the statutes and bylaws, the names of the founding members, the funds raised to establish said party, its sources, and the names of the representatives handling party establishment procedures.\"\n\nResolution 5 of 2007 was issued by the High Election Committee to limit the public financial resources abuse during the Shura Council elections. The most important rules included:\n\"• The expenditure of each candidate should not exceed EGP 100,000 (US $18,000). State buildings and public transportation should not be used in election campaigns.\n• Public funds or funds owned by public corporations and companies are prohibited from any election campaigns.\n• Mosque, church and school premises should not be used as campaign sites.\n• Funds from foreign institutions, countries or agencies are prohibited in election campaigns.\"\n\nLaw No. 38 of 1972 concerning the People’s Assembly also applies (amended as per laws Nos. 16/1974, 109/1976, 14/1977, Decision-laws No. 21/1979, 22/1979, 23/1979, Laws No. 114/1983, 188/1986, Decision-law No. 201/1990, Law No. 13/2000, Decision-law No. 167/2000, Laws No. 12/2002, 175/2005, 149/2009, and Decree-law No. 108/2011). Article 11 of that law states: \"For election campaigning, compliance shall be observed with the provisions of the Constitution, the law, as well as the following rules: \n1. Refraining from exposing sanctity of the private life of any candidate; \n2. Commitment to maintain national unity and abstention from using religious slogans; \n3. Prohibiting the use of state-owned buildings, establishments, and means of transport or those owned by public sector companies, public business sector companies, and companies which the state contributes to their capital, for the purpose of election campaigning; \n4. Prohibiting the expenditure of public funds and the funds of public sector companies, public business sector companies, and companies which the state contributes to their capital, for the purpose of election campaigning;\n5. Prohibiting the use of places of worship, schools, universities and other educational institutions in election campaigns; \n6. Prohibition of receiving funds from abroad, from any foreign person or any foreign or international body or its representative in the country for spending on election campaigns or for payment to voters to abstain from casting their votes or so doing in a particular way.\n\nThe foregoing rules shall be in addition to the rules concerning the means and methods regulating the election publicity, including the maximum limit of expenditure that may not be exceeded in spending on campaigning, and for which a decision shall be issued from the higher elections committee Higher Elections Commission and published in two widely circulated newspapers.\n\nThe concerned governor may order the removal of the posters and all other means of publicity that are used in breach of any provision of the said rules, at the expense of the individual who violated the provision.\nA penalty of confinement to jail for a period of not less than one year and a fine of not less than fifty thousand LE and not exceeding one hundred thousand LE in addition to confiscating the funds received shall be inflicted on whomever breaches the provisions of item 6 of the rules referred to in the present article.\nA penalty of confinement to jail for a period of not less than three months and a fine of not less than five thousand LE and not exceeding twenty thousand LE or either penalty shall be inflicted on whoever violates the other rules referred to herein before.\"\n\nDespite the laws regulating the public donations to the political parties, there is no monitoring process for these rules, and their enforcement is weak, with the absence of penalties or punishment.","Law No. 40 of 1977, amended by law 177 of 2005, Articles 11-12.\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/EG/Law%20No.%2040%20of%201977%20-%20english.pdf/at_download/file.\n\nDecree No. 12 of 2011, Articles 4 and 7.\n\nResolution 5 of 2007, issued by the High Election Committee.\n\nLaw No. 38 of 1972 Concerning The People’s Assembly, amended as per Laws Nos.16/1974, 109/1976, 14/1977, Decision-laws No.21/1979, 22/1979, 23/1979, Laws No.114/1983, 188/1986, Decision-law No.201/1990, Law No.13/2000, Decision-law No.167/2000, Laws No.12/2002, 175/2005, 149/2009, and Decree-law No.108/2011, Article 11.\nhttp://dl.dropbox.com/u/42683471/IFES%20Egypt%20Briefing%20Paper%20October/PA%20Electoral%20Law%20-%20Updated%20with%20Amendments.pdf.","Laws regulate public donations to political parties.\n\nSeveral articles in Law No. 40 of 1977 concerning the political party system, amended by Law 1..."]
["2012_GM_44",2012,"GM","The Gambia",44,100,"Neither the constitution nor the Elections Act provides for disclosure of public donations to political parties.\n\nThere is no law providing for public contributions.","No such law exists.","Neither the constitution nor the Elections Act provides for disclosure of public donations to political parties...."]
["2012_LS_44",2012,"LS","Lesotho",44,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_44",2012,"ML","Mali",44,100,"Selon l'article 25 de l'ordonnance 91-075 portant Charte des Partis politiques, \"L’ensemble des acquisitions des partis politiques au titre de l’aide, des dons et legs, doivent faire l’objet d’une déclaration adressée au ministre chargé de l’Administration territoriale, qui mentionne l’identité des donateurs, la nature et la valeur de ces dons, legs et libéralités\". \n\nLa charte des partis politiques prévoit un financement public des partis par une aide financière de l’État inscrite au budget de l’État à raison de 0,25 % des recettes fiscales29. Cette aide est répartie entre les partis politiques selon plusieurs critères : 15 % des crédits alloués est reversé aux partis ayant participé aux dernières élections générales municipales ou législatives, 40 % est reversé proportionnellement au nombre de députés élu, 35 % est reversé proportionnellement au nombre de conseillers communaux élus, 10 % est reversé proportionnellement au nombre de femmes élues (5 % pour les députées, 5 % pour les conseillères communales). Pour bénéficier de cette aide, les partis doivent remplir certaines conditions : justifier la tenue régulière des instances statutaires du parti ; disposer d'un siège national exclusivement destiné aux activités du parti distinct d'un domicile ou d'un bureau privé ; disposer d'un compte ouvert auprès d'une institution financière installée au Mali ; tenir un inventaire annuel des biens meubles et immeubles et présenter les comptes annuels à la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême au plus tard le 31 mars de chaque année ; justifier d'un compte dont la moralité et la sincérité sont établies par le Rapport de vérification de la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême ; justifier de la provenance de ses ressources financières et de leur utilisation et avoir participé aux dernières élections générales législatives ou communales.\n\nSelon l’homme politique malien Ibrahima N’diaye, au Mali, la répartition de l'aide publique aux partis politiques est souvent connue de tous. Et pratiquement, ce sont les mêmes partis politiques qui ont bénéficié des plus gros montants de l'aide financière de l'Etat. Et le montant du financement de chacun de ces partis a progressé conformément à la nouvelle grille de répartition de l'aide. « En 2012, l'Adema-Pasj se taille une nouvelle fois la part du lion avec près de 400 millions de F Cfa (394 810 644 F Cfa), contre près de 380 millions (379 242 829 F Cfa) lors de la répartition de 2010. L'Union pour la République et la Démocratie ( URD) un peu plus de 257 millions de francs Cfa (257.101.770) F Cfa contre 247 085 969 F Cfa en 2010. Le Rassemblement pour le Mali ( RPM) est passé de 92 810 398 F Cfa en 2010 à 96 344.845 F Cfa cette année. Suivent respectivement le CNID (64 282 869 F Cfa contre 62 041 023 F Cfa), le MPR avec 64 099 949 F Cfa en 2011 contre 61 865 421 F Cfa l'année dernière ».","Loi n°05-047 portant Charte des partis politiques. Adoptée le 18 août 2005. Articles 27 et 30. http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/ChartePartis.pdf\n\nLoi n°06-044/ Portant Loi électorale. Adoptée le 4 septembre 2006. Article 1 et suivant. \n\nOrdonnance 91-075 Charte des Partis politiques, article 25, adoptée 10 octobre 1991, http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/mali/shared/documents/fr/codestextes/1164088846.pdf\n\nEntretien avec Ibrahima N’diaye, homme politique malien, rencontré à Daoudabougou à Bamako, le 12 février 2013.","Selon l'article 25 de l'ordonnance 91-075 portant Charte des Partis politiques, \"L’ensemble des acquisitions des partis politiques au titre de l’aide, des dons et legs, doivent faire l’objet d’une déclaration adressée au ministre chargé de l’Administration territoriale, qui mention..."]
["2012_MR_44",2012,"MR","Mauritania",44,100,"Malgré l'ordonnace n° 91 -024 du 25 juillet 1991 relative aux partis politiques, il est difficile pour le public d'avoir une vue complète sur le financement des partis politiques. Pis encore, l’État mauritanien est dans l'incapacité de contrôler le financement non étatique des partis politiques.\n\nART. 18. - Le fonctionnement, et de façon générale, les activitès des partis politiques\nsont financés par:\n• les cotisations de leurs membres;\n• les dons et legs;\n• les revenus liés à leurs activités;\n• les subventions eventuelles de I'Etat.\n\nART. 19. - Les dons et legs prévus à I'article ci - dessus doivent faire l'objet d'une déclaration auprès du ministre chargé de l'Intérieur, mentionnant les noms de leurs auteurs, leur nature et leur valeur. \n\nART.23. - Les partis politiques doivent,tenir de manière règulière une comptabilité et un inventaire de leurs biens meubles et immeubles. Ils sont tenus de présenter à la demande du ministre chargé de l'intérieur leurs comptes\net de justifier la provenance de leurs ressources financières ainsi que leur utilisation.","Mohamed Ould M'reïzig, le financement des partis politiques en Mauritanie dans le bulletin de l'Association des cours constitutionnelles ayant en partage l'usage de la langue française, bulletin n°6 novembre 2006 ;\n\nORDONNANCE n° 91 -024 du 25 juillet 1991 relative aux partis politiques (Journal Officiel n° 764 du 05 Savar 1412, 15 août 1991. Pages 482-486) ;\n\nPour garantir la transparence du financement des partis politiques en Mauritanie, E-mauritanie.net 2006","Malgré l'ordonnace n° 91 -024 du 25 juillet 1991 relative aux partis politiques, il est difficile pour le public d'avoir une vue complète sur le financement des partis politiques. Pis encore, l’État mauritanien est dans l'incapacité de contrôler le financement non étatique des part..."]
["2012_NE_44",2012,"NE","Niger",44,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_44",2012,"SC","Seychelles",44,100,"According to the Political Parties Act 1991, 3(1), 27, 29:\n\"Parties receive public funding from a fund administered by the Commissioner in proportion to their performance in the previous National Assembly election.\nParties and candidates are not required to disclose the source of funds raised, but must disclose to the Electoral Commissioner amounts received and how funds were expended.\n\n24.(1) A registered political party shall keep proper accounts of all money received and paid by the political party in each year in such manner and form as the Registrar may direct.\n(2) A registered political party shall, before the 31st March of each year, prepare a statement made up to the 31st December of the immediately preceding year of all receipts and expenditures of the political party in that preceding year and of all assets and liabilities of the political party existing on the 31st December of that preceding year.\n(3) A registered political party is not required to disclose in a statement prepared under subsection (2) -\n(a) the source of the receipts of the registered political party; or\n(b) the identity of the person in respect of whom the expenditure was incurred.\n(4) The statement prepared under subsection (2) shall be audited by an auditor appointed by the registered political party.\n\nParties that did not participate in the previous election are entitled to the same payment as the lowest amount received by a party that did participate.\"","Political Parties Act 1991, 3(1), 27, 29.","According to the Political Parties Act 1991, 3(1), 27, 29:\n\"Parties receive public funding from a fund administered by the Commissioner in proportion to their performance in the previous National Assembly election...."]
["2012_SD_44",2012,"SD","Sudan",44,100,"Article 21 (1) of the Political Parties Act of 2007 states:\n The financial resources of a political party shall consist of the following:\n (b) Contributions and donations from individuals, institutions and non-governmental national companies; provided that such contribution and donation shall be declared and registered with the council; \n [...]\n (d) Any support contributed by the government and approved in the general \n budget of the state;\n\nThe law does not specify that political parties have to publish their financial statements, the law does however offer an avenue for citizen or journalist inquiries.","Chapter V (Financial Provisions) , Article 21 (Financial Sources of the Political Party and Expenditure), Political Parties Act 2007.","Article 21 (1) of the Political Parties Act of 2007 states:\n The financial resources of a political party shall consist of the following:\n (b) Contributions and donations from individuals, institutions and non-governmental national ..."]
["2012_SZ_44",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",44,0,"Swaziland is a non-party state as defined in Section 79 of the Constitution. According to the Proclamation 7 of 1973, political parties are illegal in Swaziland. This was not changed by the Constitution of 2005. However, there is a loophole in that freedom of association is allowed and some political parties have managed to use it in court to gain recognition.","The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland \n \n Proclamation No. 7 of April 12, 1973, the banning of political parties.\n \n \"Swaziland: Political party legislation,\" Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa, September 2008, http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swaparties1.htm","Swaziland is a non-party state as defined in Section 79 of the Constitution. According to the Proclamation 7 of 1973, political parties are illegal in Swaziland. This was not changed by the Constitution of 2005. However, there is a loophole in that freedom of association is allowed..."]
["2012_ZM_44",2012,"ZM","Zambia",44,0,"By law, there are no such regulations in the Constitution of Zambia.","In the current Constitution, there are no such regulations.","By law, there are no such regulations in the Constitution of Zambia."]
["2012_BW_45",2012,"BW","Botswana",45,50,"The political parties do not receive public funding and therefore do not report public funding.","There is no political party funding from the state.\n\n\"Why Elections in Botswana Do Not Necessarily Equal Democracy,\" Anna Rabin, Think Africa Press, October 2011, http://thinkafricapress.com/botswana/elections-do-not-equal-democracy\n\nOpen Society Initiative for Southern Africa, \"Who Funds Botswana's Political Parties?\" Ntibinyane Ntibinyane, June 2012, www.osisa.org/hrdb/blog/who-funds-botswanas-political-parties#sthash.98pMdaiC.dpuf","The political parties do not receive public funding and therefore do not report public funding."]
["2012_CF_45",2012,"CF","CAR",45,50,"En République Centrafricaine, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas les fonds public parce qu'ils n'ont pas reçu de fonds du gouvernement.  Il est d'ailleurs difficile qu'ils tiennent leur congrès. Selon l'Etude sur le Système National d'Intégrité en RCA (2006), les partis politiques en RCA évoluent en dehors du cadre juridique qui les régit et sont gangrenés par la corruption. Cette situation est d'autant plus grave qu'ils risquent de produire ces pratiques déviantes auxquelles ils sont accoutumés une fois qu'ils seront au pouvoir.","Fulgence ZENETH, Coordonnateur National de l'Observatoire National des Elections en RCA, Juriste de Formation, Juillet 2012; Bangui;\n\nEdmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juillet 2012, Bangui.\n\nPNUD et Transparence International, Etude sur le système d'intégrité en RCA, 2006.","En République Centrafricaine, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas les fonds public parce qu'ils n'ont pas reçu de fonds du gouvernement.  Il est d'ailleurs difficile qu'ils tiennent leur congrès. Selon l'Etude sur le Système National d'Intégrité en RCA (2006), les partis politi..."]
["2012_TD_45",2012,"TD","Chad",45,0,"There is no threshold regarding public donations to parties, neither does the law require parties to disclose any donation received. The law merely requires parties to refrain from getting external financial support that undermines national independence, integrity and sovereignty. It further states that parties should justify the origin of their funding and account for their use. It also provides for the public funding of political parties. This funding is provided based inter alia on the number of party seats in the National Assembly. \n\nPolitical parties are not required in law to and do not practically justify the origin of their funding and account for their use. The only information available on the origin of party funding is through public funding for political parties. While public funding mostly constitutes the only resources available for the many small and weak opposition parties populating the political space in the country, public funding does not account for the various funding sources that would support the ruling party, most of whom are state resources and businesses. Besides, the law only requires that political parties account for the use of public funding, this before the Supreme Audit institution, but thus far, no mechanism, procedure or framework has been put in place to implement this legal provision. It is therefore impossible to understand a party's sources of funding and expenditure, unless parties themselves willingly decide to release these records. Thus far, this has not been the case.","Follow-up phone interview with Mr. Baidessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National Public Administration School. N'Djamena. Sept. 19, 2012.\n\nMr. Salibou Garba, MP and national chairman. National Democratic Alliance. Dec. 14, 2012.\n\nLoi 09-019 2009-08-04 PR/2009 portant Charte des Partis Politiques.\n\nLoi portant Charte des Partis Politiques, http://www.cefod.org/legitchad/web/texte/2718","There is no threshold regarding public donations to parties, neither does the law require parties to disclose any donation received. The law merely requires parties to refrain from getting external financial support that undermines national independence, integrity and sovereignty. ..."]
["2012_DJ_45",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",45,0,"Malgré l'existence de l'article 11 de la loi du 15 septembre 1992 sur les partis politiques, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas les dons publics. \n\nLes personnes interrogées, adhérents à des partis politiques, confirment que les dons publics sont rares ou quasi inexistants. De plus les partis politiques tolérés par l’État ou qui sont issus du gouvernement n'ont aucun problème pour avoir des subventions. Ces dernières ne sont pas consultables pour le public. \nLe fonctionnaire confirme par ailleurs que le ministère de finances ne reçoit pas les déclarations des partis politiques conformément à l'article 11 de la loi.\n\nComme le décret n'a toujours pas paru, il est difficile d'appliquer les dispositions de l'article 11 de la loi.","Fonctionnaire au ministère des finances de Djibouti, Habib Mohamed, interview réalisée le 16 juin 2012.\n\nMembre du parti politique Parti du développement de Djibouti (PDD), Abdoulkader Houmed, interview réalisée le 26 juin 2012.","Malgré l'existence de l'article 11 de la loi du 15 septembre 1992 sur les partis politiques, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas les dons publics. ..."]
["2012_GA_45",2012,"GA","Gabon",45,0,"Non, les citoyens n'ont pas d’accès car aucune loi n’encadre cela.\n\nBien qu'ils recoivent la dotation de l'État annuellement.","(2011, October 5).  Gabon: Changements fantaisistes au Parti Démocratique gabonais.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=23817\n\nAGP.  (2012, March 9) .  Gabon: Un guide pour les représentants des candidats et des partis politiques.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=24891","Non, les citoyens n'ont pas d’accès car aucune loi n’encadre cela.\n\nBien qu'ils recoivent la dotation de l'État annuellement."]
["2012_KE_45",2012,"KE","Kenya",45,0,"Though the legal framework on financing of political parties is quite clear, it is hardly enforced in Kenya. Consequently, political parties do not annually declare their financial status, let alone the sources of their funds.","Political Party Financing. MZalendo. April 13, 2012. http://www.mzalendo.com/blog/2012/04/13/political-party-financing/\n\nKenya Scores Poorly in Political Cash Rules. Allan Muteti. The Star. Friday, March 30, 2012. http://www.the-star.co.ke/national/national/69295-kenya-scores-poorly-in-political-cash-rules\n\nPolitical Outfits to Enjoy Shs. 430 Million State Funding. Stephen Makabila. The Standard. May 6, 2012. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000057680.","Though the legal framework on financing of political parties is quite clear, it is hardly enforced in Kenya. Consequently, political parties do not annually declare their financial status, let alone the sources of their funds."]
["2012_LS_45",2012,"LS","Lesotho",45,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MU_45",2012,"MU","Mauritius",45,50,"As yet, there is no law or requirement mandating the disclosure of donations made to political parties. Moreover, so far, most donations to political parties come from the private sector or private individuals. The public sector is not mandated to fund political parties.","Interview with Mr. N. Patten, barrister at law. June 3, 2012, in Port Louis.\n\nPolitical Finance data for Mauritius, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) http://www.idea.int/political-finance/country.cfm?id=154 (data from 2011).\n\nEISA-Mauritius: Political party funding. May 2010 \nhttp://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/mauparties2.htm","As yet, there is no law or requirement mandating the disclosure of donations made to political parties. Moreover, so far, most donations to political parties come from the private sector or private individuals. The public sector is not mandated to fund political parties."]
["2012_NE_45",2012,"NE","Niger",45,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_45",2012,"SC","Seychelles",45,0,"The State provides finances to political parties through a 1996 amendment to the Political Parties (Registration and Regulation) Act 1991. The Electoral Commissioner is required to keep account of the fund and submit an annual statement of accounts to the National Assembly (Registration Act 30).\n\nThe accounts submitted do not, however, have to disclose the identities of either the donors of the funds, or of those with whom the expenses have been incurred (Elections Act 94(2)). There is, thus, neither legislation requiring disclosure of funding sources nor any restrictions of either amounts of money that may be taken or expended in campaigning. Nor, yet, are there any restrictions on who may make donations.\n\nMoreover, there is no rigorous application of the law.","Seychelles Nation Speech of President James A. Michel, The New Seychelles Is Ready, Delivered on National Day June 18, 2011\n\nInterview with Mr. Conrad Lablache, Attorney-At-Law, on Friday October 31, 2012, at 11H45 at the offices of Pardiwalla Twomey Lablache, Premier Building, Victoria.\n\nInstitute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Political Finance, Seychelles, May 2012. http://www.idea.int/political-finance/country.cfm?cc=SC","The State provides finances to political parties through a 1996 amendment to the Political Parties (Registration and Regulation) Act 1991. The Electoral Commissioner is required to keep account of the fund and submit an annual statement of accounts to the National Assembly (Registr..."]
["2012_SL_45",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",45,50,"The Political Parties Code of Conduct from the Political Parties Registration Commission is enforced. Some parties are currently filing their returns after the elections of Nov. 17, 2012. The code is to ensure the reporting of political parties' finances, including public donations. However, compliance is only average. Some parties still do not submit audited financial statements.","Anonymous respondent, Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, commission office. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nLavina Banduah, executive director, Transparency International – Sierra Leone, Freetown, interviewed via email questionnaire, Jan. 27, 2013.\n\nAlpheus Koroma, researcher, Accountability Alert, Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 20, 2013, in his office, Freetown.","The Political Parties Code of Conduct from the Political Parties Registration Commission is enforced. Some parties are currently filing their returns after the elections of Nov. 17, 2012. The code is to ensure the reporting of political parties' finances, including public donations..."]
["2012_SZ_45",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",45,0,"There are no provisions for the existence of political parties (Section 79 of the Constitution), nor legislation specific to any of their activities, so their activities are outlawed in practice.","Human Rights Watch. \"World Report 2012: Swaziland\". http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland\n\n\"Swaziland: Political party legislation,\" Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa, September 2008, http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swaparties1.htm","There are no provisions for the existence of political parties (Section 79 of the Constitution), nor legislation specific to any of their activities, so their activities are outlawed in practice."]
["2012_ZM_45",2012,"ZM","Zambia",45,50,"Political parties do not receive public donations.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them","Political parties do not receive public donations."]
["2012_BW_46",2012,"BW","Botswana",46,0,"Political party finances are not regulated in Botswana.","No such law exists.","Political party finances are not regulated in Botswana."]
["2012_BF_46",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",46,0,"La législation en matière de financement privé des partis politiques n'existe pas encore au Burkina Faso. Le parti majoritaire, le CDP, qui tire ses principales ressources auprès des opérateurs économiques dont la plupart sont des grandes entreprises et les partis de l'opposition ne publient pas non plus leurs sources de financement.","Interview avec M. Oumarou B. Ouedraogo, Avocat au Barreau du Burkina Faso, dans son Cabinet, le 14 février 2013, à 16:45 TU.\n\nInterview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU.\n\nCommission Parlementaire  de l'Assemblée Nationale, RAPPORT  GENERAL  DE  LA COMMISSION  AD HOC  SUR  LE  FINANCEMENT  DES PARTIS   POLITIQUES  ET  DES  CAMPAGNES   ELECTORALES  ET  LE  STATUT  DE  L’OPPOSITION ,  avril 2008\n\nFINANCEMENT DES PARTIS L’UDD dénonce une « injustice » Publié le lundi 4 juin 2012 dans le journal le pays.","La législation en matière de financement privé des partis politiques n'existe pas encore au Burkina Faso. Le parti majoritaire, le CDP, qui tire ses principales ressources auprès des opérateurs économiques dont la plupart sont des grandes entreprises et les partis de l'opposition n..."]
["2012_TD_46",2012,"TD","Chad",46,0,"The law only requires parties to refrain from getting external financial support that undermines national independence, integrity and sovereignty. It further states that parties should justify the origin of their funding and account for their use.","Loi 09-019 2009-08-04 PR/2009 portant Charte des Partis Politiques.\n\nLoi portant Charte des Partis Politiques, http://www.cefod.org/legitchad/web/texte/2718","The law only requires parties to refrain from getting external financial support that undermines national independence, integrity and sovereignty. It further states that parties should justify the origin of their funding and account for their use."]
["2012_DJ_46",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",46,0,"Il n'existe aucun texte relatif au don privé des partis politiques. \nEn revanche, il existe une disposition générale de l'article 11 de la loi relative aux partis politiques qui dispose dans son alinéa 3 que les partis politiques doivent déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice écoulé ainsi que l'inventaire de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Ce compte doit faire apparaître que le parti politique ne bénéficie d'autres ressources que celles provenant des cotisations, dons et legs de ses adhérents et sympathisants nationaux et des bénéfices réalisés à l’occasion des manifestations. En outre, il est tenu de présenter ses comptes annuels au Ministère des Finances et d'être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation.  \n\nUn décret précise les pièces comptables que les partis politiques doivent fournir en application des dispositions du présent article.\n\nCe décret n'a pas été publié à ce jour.","Il n'existe aucune disposition spécifique.","Il n'existe aucun texte relatif au don privé des partis politiques. \nEn revanche, il existe une disposition générale de l'article 11 de la loi relative aux partis politiques qui dispose dans son alinéa 3 que les partis politiques doivent déposer chaque anné..."]
["2012_GA_46",2012,"GA","Gabon",46,0,"Non, il n'y a pas de loi.","Il n'existe pas de loi en la matière.\n\nInterviews des ONG et politologues. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Non, il n'y a pas de loi."]
["2012_GM_46",2012,"GM","The Gambia",46,0,"There is no law requiring the disclosure of private donations to political parties.","No law exists.","There is no law requiring the disclosure of private donations to political parties."]
["2012_LS_46",2012,"LS","Lesotho",46,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_46",2012,"ML","Mali",46,100,"La charte des partis politiques du Mali, de la loi n° 05-047/ du 18 aout 2005 portant charte des partis politiques adoptée par l'Assemblée Nationale, à son article 27 dispose : « Les partis politiques sont tenus de déposer au plus tard le 31 mars de chaque année leurs comptes annuels de l'exercice précédent auprès de la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême. Cette juridiction établit au plus tard le 31 décembre de l'année en cours, un rapport annuel de vérification des comptes de l'exercice précédent qui est rendu public. Ce rapport doit faire ressortir le compte général des recettes des activités lucratives du parti et l'état de déclaration des dons, legs et libéralités. La Section des comptes procède à la vérification de la moralité des recettes et des dépenses, ainsi que de la sincérité des comptes du parti. Elle peut exiger toutes justifications et explications nécessaires à l'accomplissement de sa mission. Elle a accès à tous documents, états de caisse et livres journaux. La vérification peut s'étendre à toutes les structures du parti » ; et l’article 28 de stipuler que « Seuls les revenus provenant des activités lucratives des partis politiques sont imposables ». \n\nLes partis politiques peuvent librement recevoir des aides de toute nature dans le cadre de la coopération avec d’autres partis politiques. Ils peuvent également bénéficier de dons et legs de toute personne bienfaisante, physique ou morale. L’ensemble des acquisitions des partis politiques au titre de l’aide, des dons et legs, doivent faire l’objet d’une déclaration adressée au ministre chargé de l’Administration territoriale, qui mentionne l’identité des donateurs, la nature et la valeur de ces dons, legs et libéralités. Le montant des dons et libéralités éventuels de source\nextérieure et destiné à un parti politique ne doit en aucun cas dépasser 20 % du montant total des ressources propres de ce parti.","Loi n° 05-047/ du 18 aout 2005 portant charte des partis politiques adoptée par l'Assemblée Nationale, à son article 27.","La charte des partis politiques du Mali, de la loi n° 05-047/ du 18 aout 2005 portant charte des partis politiques adoptée par l'Assemblée Nationale, à son article 27 dispose : « Les partis politiques sont tenus de déposer au plus tard le 31 mars de chaque année leurs comptes annue..."]
["2012_NA_46",2012,"NA","Namibia",46,0,"No law requires disclosure of private donations to political parties. However, there is a statutory requirement to disclose foreign financing of political parties. Section 46 (1) of the Electoral Act states that \"[n]o political party or other body or institution or any member of such party, body or institution and no other person shall from outside Namibia receive within Namibia, or bring or cause to be brought into Namibia, any money or anything which can be cashed or converted into money, which on the ground of a donation or on any other ground, is intended to be used, or in the discretion of such political party, body, institution, member or other person may be used, to further the interest of any political party or the candidature of himself or herself or any other person who has been nominated or may be nominated as a candidate for any election under this Act, or to canvass or combat any aim or principle of a political party, unless such money is disclosed to the public within such period after having received it and in such manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.\"","Electoral Act, Act No. 24 of 1992 (as amended in 1994, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006 and 2009), Section 46.","No law requires disclosure of private donations to political parties. However, there is a statutory requirement to disclose foreign financing of political parties. Section 46 (1) of the Electoral Act states that \"[n]o political party or other body or institution or any member of su..."]
["2012_NE_46",2012,"NE","Niger",46,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_46",2012,"SC","Seychelles",46,0,"The Electoral Commissioner is expected by law (Registration Act 30) to give a full account of the money spent to the National Assembly. However, the law does not require public disclosure of the source of funding.","Seychelles Nation Speech of President James A. Michel on National Day, The New Seychelles is Ready. June 18, 2011\n\nSeychelles: Electoral system. http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/sey4.htm\n\nhttp://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/seyparties2.htm","The Electoral Commissioner is expected by law (Registration Act 30) to give a full account of the money spent to the National Assembly. However, the law does not require public disclosure of the source of funding."]
["2012_SD_46",2012,"SD","Sudan",46,100,"According to the law, the financial resources of a political party shall consist of the following:\n (b) Contributions and donations from individuals, institutions and non-governmental national companies; provided that such contribution and donation shall be declared and registered with the council.","Chapter V (Financial Provisions), Article 21 (Financial Sources of the Political Party and Expenditure), Political Parties Act 2007.","According to the law, the financial resources of a political party shall consist of the following:\n (b) Contributions and donations from individuals, institutions and non-governmental national ..."]
["2012_UG_46",2012,"UG","Uganda",46,100,"Under the law, every political party or organization shall maintain at its headquarters or national office an accurate and permanent record of private donations to political parties, and that record shall be accessible to any member of the public.","Section 12 Subsection (I) (a) (b) of the Political Parties and Organizations Act, 2005.\n \n Section 12 Subsections (2) (5) of the Political Parties and Organizations Act, 2005.","Under the law, every political party or organization shall maintain at its headquarters or national office an accurate and permanent record of private donations to political parties, and that record shall be accessible to any member of the public."]
["2012_ZM_46",2012,"ZM","Zambia",46,0,"By law, there are no such regulations in the constitution of Zambia.","In the current Constitution, there are no such regulations.","By law, there are no such regulations in the constitution of Zambia."]
["2012_BW_47",2012,"BW","Botswana",47,0,"Political party finances are unregulated, and political parties do not disclose where they get their money. There is speculation that the ruling Botswana Democratic Party, which has been in power since independence in 1966, is financed by the who’s who of the Botswana business world – as well as foreign companies. But in a country where no laws or regulations govern party funding and expenditure, there is no accurate information. Sometimes private individuals and companies are open about their donations to a party, but the parties themselves do not reveal their sources. Smaller parties are said to mostly finance their organizations from membership fees and personal coffers, but again this is not done in a systematic way.","Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, \"Who Funds Botswana's Political Parties?\" Ntibinyane Ntibinyane, June 2012, www.osisa.org/hrdb/blog/who-funds-botswanas-political-parties#sthash.98pMdaiC.dpuf\n\n\"Why Elections in Botswana Do Not Necessarily Equal Democracy,\" Anna Rabin, Think Africa Press, October 2011, http://thinkafricapress.com/botswana/elections-do-not-equal-democracy","Political party finances are unregulated, and political parties do not disclose where they get their money. There is speculation that the ruling Botswana Democratic Party, which has been in power since independence in 1966, is financed by the who’s who of the Botswana business worl..."]
["2012_CF_47",2012,"CF","CAR",47,0,"Normalement, c'est l'Etat qui devrait financer les partis politiques, conformément à l'ordonnance N°05.007 du 5 juin 2005 relative au statut des partis politiques en RCA. Mais, les financements publics (Etat) de ces derniers n'ont jamais été efficaces. Par ailleurs, en raison, de la faible participation financière de leurs adhérents, les partis politiques sont financés en grande partie par leurs leaders et l'extérieur. \n\nL'absence de financement des partis politiques par l'Etat a rendu inefficace les mécanismes de contrôle (cour des comptes et le Ministère de l'intérieur) de ces derniers.  \n\nEn définitive, selon l'étude sur le Système National d'Intégrité, les partis politiques en RCA évoluent  en dehors du cadre juridique qui les régit et sont gangrenés par la corruption. Ce qui signifie que les dossiers des dons aux partis politiques ne sont jamais disponibles.","YAMINDI Edmond, Avocat à la cour, barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Bangui, Mai 2012;\n\nNARBE DEADOUM Prosper, Chef de service(Juriste) au Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, Bangui Juin 2012.","Normalement, c'est l'Etat qui devrait financer les partis politiques, conformément à l'ordonnance N°05.007 du 5 juin 2005 relative au statut des partis politiques en RCA. Mais, les financements publics (Etat) de ces derniers n'ont jamais été efficaces. Par ailleurs, en raison, de l..."]
["2012_CI_47",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",47,0,"There is no such requirement to disclose money publicly donated to political parties. Donations made by members or sympathizers in political parties are neither published nor disclosed by the political parties. The state funds political parties according to their representation in the National Assembly or in the institutions of the Republic.","Kouadio Apollinaire N'guessan, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Feb. 5th, 2013\n\nMichaël-Eric Abledji,  ‘Quel financement des partis politiques en Côte d’Ivoire ?’, Audace institute d’Afrique, Apr. 11, 2012\nhttp://www.audace-afrique.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=322%3Aquel-financement-des-partis-politiques-en-cote-divoire-&catid=42%3Alire-aussi&Itemid=18&lang=fr","There is no such requirement to disclose money publicly donated to political parties. Donations made by members or sympathizers in political parties are neither published nor disclosed by the political parties. The state funds political parties according to their representation in ..."]
["2012_DJ_47",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",47,0,"Comme pour les dons publics, il n'existe que l'article 11 de la loi relative aux partis politiques dans son alinéa 3 qui fait obligation aux partis de déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice écoulé ainsi que l'inventaire de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Ce compte doit faire apparaître que le parti politique ne bénéficie d ‘autres ressources que celles provenant des cotisations, dons et legs de ses adhérents et sympathisants nationaux et des bénéfices réalisés à l’occasion des manifestations. En outre, il est tenu de présenter ses comptes annuels au Ministère des Finances et d'être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation.  \n\nUn décret précise les pièces comptables que les partis politiques doivent fournir en application des dispositions du présent article.\n\nPar ailleurs les dons de personnes à l’étranger constitue pour les partis politiques une cause de dissolution. En effet Article 13 dispose que la dissolution d'un parti politique est prononcée par décret sur rapport du ministre de l'Intérieur :\n1. dans le cas où un parti a reçu directement ou indirectement des subsides de l'étranger ou d'étrangers établis en République de Djibouti.\n\nLes personne interviewées considèrent que cela constitue un manque à gagner pour les partis politiques. Il existe une diaspora djiboutienne importante à l'étranger et qui pourrait faire des dons aux partis politiques.","Abayazid Ali, politicien à la retraite, entretien réalisé le 15 juin 2012.\n\nArrasso Aboubaker, journaliste et présentateur de journal télévisé 15H, entretien réalisé le 15 juin 2012.","Comme pour les dons publics, il n'existe que l'article 11 de la loi relative aux partis politiques dans son alinéa 3 qui fait obligation aux partis de déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice écoulé ainsi que l'inventaire de ses biens meub..."]
["2012_GH_47",2012,"GH","Ghana",47,0,"It was recently reported in the media that for the past three years Ghana's two major political parties, the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and the National Democratic Congress (NDC), have not fulfilled the constitutional requirement to declare their assets and liabilities, including incomes (whether public or individual donations) and expenditures.  Even though it's a constitutional requirement for political parties to annually publish their accounts and the Electoral Commission must enforce it, it has failed to do so thus far.","Patrick Osei-Kufour, Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, also of Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition (GACC), May 30, 2012.\n\nMaxwell Adjei Ashon, Research Officer, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), June 6, 2012.\n\nNicholas Adamtey, Director, Transparency and Accountability Initiative, at Adam Nana, Kasoa, Accra, June 23, 2012. \n\n\"Political parties should publish accounts,\" Joy Online, July 21, 2012, http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201107/68643.php","It was recently reported in the media that for the past three years Ghana's two major political parties, the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and the National Democratic Congress (NDC), have not fulfilled the constitutional requirement to declare their assets and liabilities, including in..."]
["2012_LS_47",2012,"LS","Lesotho",47,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_47",2012,"ML","Mali",47,25,"L’obligation de divulguer les dons privés aux partis politiques n’est pas du tout respectée dans la pratique. Selon les hommes politiques Ibrahima N’diaye et Salikou Sanogo, les dossiers des dons privés aux partis politiques sont rarement disponibles. Ils ajoutent que la charte des partis politiques l’indique aussi bien dans son article 23 où il est écrit : « En plus des revenus liés à leurs activités, les partis politiques peuvent recevoir des dons et legs provenant de personnes physiques. Les partis ne peuvent recevoir des dons et legs provenant des sociétés commerciales, industrielles et de services » et l’article 24 d’ajouter que : « Le montant cumulé des dons, legs et libéralités ne doit en aucun cas dépasser 50 % du montant total des ressources propres du parti politique et doit faire l'objet d'une déclaration adressée à la clôture de l’exercice budgétaire au Ministre chargé de l'Administration Territoriale, avec mention de la nature et de la valeur des dons, legs et libéralités ».","Entretien avec Ibrahima N’diaye, homme politique malien, rencontré à Daoudabougou à Bamako, le 12 février 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Salikou Sanogo, homme politique malien, rencontré à Hamdallaye, à Bamako.","L’obligation de divulguer les dons privés aux partis politiques n’est pas du tout respectée dans la pratique. Selon les hommes politiques Ibrahima N’diaye et Salikou Sanogo, les dossiers des dons privés aux partis politiques sont rarement disponibles. Ils ajoutent que la charte des..."]
["2012_MR_47",2012,"MR","Mauritania",47,25,"Il convient de noter que le contrôle du financement des partis politiques est jusqu'ici inefficace en raison du manque de vision commune de la part des acteurs politiques mauritaniens. \n\nUne recommandation du second rapport (OIF) stipule le renforcement des capacités des parties prenantes en matière d'expertise sur les financement des partis politiques. Autrement dit, pour mieux contrôler ces financements, il convient d'en maîtriser les mécanismes et les sources.","CRIDEM. \"La subvention des partis politiques s’apparente à la gabegie\". 27 Juin 2012. http://cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=631123\n\nNoor Info. \"Subventions aux partis politiques : Aziz ouvre les vannes\". 20 Juin 2012. http://www.noorinfo.com/Subventions-aux-partis-politiques-Aziz-ouvre-les-vannes_a4259.html\n\nRapport sur l'état des pratiques de la démocratie, des droits et des libertés dans l'espace francophone, 2008 (OIF)\n\nOIF, rapport 2008 page 14 (les principales recommandations émises par les missions électorales depuis l'adoption de la déclaration de Bamako;","Il convient de noter que le contrôle du financement des partis politiques est jusqu'ici inefficace en raison du manque de vision commune de la part des acteurs politiques mauritaniens. ..."]
["2012_NE_47",2012,"NE","Niger",47,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_47",2012,"SC","Seychelles",47,0,"The accounts must be audited, but sources of funding and payment details may be kept secret. There are no attempts to submit the accounts for auditing or as reports to the Electoral Commission, and the matter is simply not pursued.","Seychelles Nation Speech of President James A. Michel, The New Seychelles is ready, Delivered on National Day June 18, 2011\n\nInterview with Mr. Conrad Lablache, Attorney-At-Law, on Friday October 31, 2012, at 11H45 at the offices of Pardiwalla Twomey Lablache, Premier Building, Victoria.\n\nInstitute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Political Finance, Seychelles, May 2012. http://www.idea.int/political-finance/country.cfm?cc=SC","The accounts must be audited, but sources of funding and payment details may be kept secret. There are no attempts to submit the accounts for auditing or as reports to the Electoral Commission, and the matter is simply not pursued."]
["2012_SD_47",2012,"SD","Sudan",47,25,"In principle, donations from individuals, institutions and national non-governmental companies are to be declared. However, a system of political patronage undermines the disclosure. In addition, a ban on political parties in the country within a short period of time led to an authoritarian, Islamic single-party state marked by a considerably biased competition among political parties, according to Transparency International.","Transparency international, \"Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Sudan,\" Aug. 22, 2012,\n www.transparency.org/whatwedo/answer/corruption_and_anti_corruption_in_sudan\n \n Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n \"Sudan’s Opposition Parties Threaten to Boycott Elections,\" Mohamed Hilaly, The Niles, March 2013,\n www.theniles.org/articles/?id=1764","In principle, donations from individuals, institutions and national non-governmental companies are to be declared. However, a system of political patronage undermines the disclosure. In addition, a ban on political parties in the country within a short period of time led to an auth..."]
["2012_SZ_47",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",47,0,"Political parties are outlawed.","Human Rights Watch. \"World Report 2012: Swaziland\". http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland\n\n\"Swaziland: Political party legislation,\" Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa, September 2008, http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swaparties1.htm","Political parties are outlawed."]
["2012_ZM_47",2012,"ZM","Zambia",47,0,"There are no such requirements currently in practice.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There are no such requirements currently in practice."]
["2012_BW_48",2012,"BW","Botswana",48,50,"The distinction between state-owned and privately owned media is generally known. For most private media, it is less clear who the individuals are behind the companies.","Freedom House, \"Freedom of the Press 2012 -- Botswana,\" Nov. 2, 2012, www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/509906d428.html\n\nUniversity of New South Wales, Australia, \"Botswana 2012,\" http://arts1091.unsw.wikispaces.net/Botswana+2012#Emerging%20Trends%20in%20Media%20Ownership\n\n\"About Us,\" Sunday Standard, 2012, www.sundaystandard.info/about.php\n\n\"About Us,\" The Monitor, 2009, www.mmegi.bw/?sid=24&dir=2009/February/Monday2","The distinction between state-owned and privately owned media is generally known. For most private media, it is less clear who the individuals are behind the companies."]
["2012_CF_48",2012,"CF","CAR",48,50,"En pratique, les responsables ou les propriétaires des journaux ou d'organes audiovisuels communiquent leurs noms aux institutions chargées de réguler le secteur de la communication et télécommunication en République centreafricaine avant qu'ils soient opérationnels. Le non-respect de cette procédure entraîne la fermeture de l'organe et autres sanctions de grande envergure.","Gervais VOYEMACOA, Chef de Service des Affaires Juridiques et Contentieux, Responsable du Service de Monitoring du Haut Conseil de la Communication, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nPaul Service, Chargé de Communication du Projet Cadre Intégré Renforcé (Presse) du Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","En pratique, les responsables ou les propriétaires des journaux ou d'organes audiovisuels communiquent leurs noms aux institutions chargées de réguler le secteur de la communication et télécommunication en République centreafricaine avant qu'ils soient opérationnels. Le non-respect..."]
["2012_TD_48",2012,"TD","Chad",48,50,"To a certain extent, it is possible to know who owns the media, but not for the public. Article 17 of the law on the media freedom (Loi 10-017 2010-08-31 PR relative au régime de la presse au Tchad) requires that the name of the individual and institution owning the media is disclosed when it is declared before the authorities. This information is not intended for the public, so it wasn't possible to assess it for this research. There is no requirement for disclosing financial records of media companies.","Entretien avec Alphone Dakayo. Tchad et Culture. N'Djamena. Sept. 10, 2012.\n\nE-mail Q&A with Celestin Topona, secretary general. ODEMET, Chad's self-regulatory media organization. Dec. 12, 2012.\n\nField verification, 2012.\n\nLes Etats généraux de la communication du Tchad. Les actes et les communications. N'Djamena, 11-14 mai 2009, Imprimerie du Tchad.\n\nLoi 10-017 2010-08-31 PR relative au régime de la presse au Tchad","To a certain extent, it is possible to know who owns the media, but not for the public. Article 17 of the law on the media freedom (Loi 10-017 2010-08-31 PR relative au régime de la presse au Tchad) requires that the name of the individual and institution owning the media is disclo..."]
["2012_DJ_48",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",48,75,"Les médias (écrits) communiquent publiquement le nom de leur propriétaire en pratique. Ce processus se fait tout simplement par la publication d'un encadré dans le journal lui-même contenant les noms de leur propriétaire.   \n\nCe principe est couramment respecté dans le pays bien que le nombre de journaux  soit très limité.\nDans le journal, il existe un encadré présentant :\n- le siège social du journal\n- immobilisation en francs Djibouti\n- email du journal\n- le nom du directeur de la publication etc.","Ibrahim Haji est responsable au sein de la rédaction du journal la nation, entretien réalisé le 11 mai 2012 au sein des locaux du journal.\n\nMohamed fouad, redacteur en chef du journal le temps, entretien réalisé le 13 mai 2012.","Les médias (écrits) communiquent publiquement le nom de leur propriétaire en pratique. Ce processus se fait tout simplement par la publication d'un encadré dans le journal lui-même contenant les noms de leur propriétaire.   ..."]
["2012_GA_48",2012,"GA","Gabon",48,100,"Les échanges avec ces professionnels de la Communication ont confirmé cela. Tous sont unanimes là dessus.","Interview de 3 membres (Conseillers) du Conseil National de la Communication, novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nInterview des professionnels de la Communication: le Temps, le Nganga, Misamu, Echos du Nord et Nk'u le Messager, Croissance saine Environnement, novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Les échanges avec ces professionnels de la Communication ont confirmé cela. Tous sont unanimes là dessus."]
["2012_KE_48",2012,"KE","Kenya",48,25,"Whereas some media organizations disclose identities of owners, many do not disclose their owners to the public. However, the government has a record of media companies and their owners.","Chairman's Report and Financial Statement for the Year Ended 31st December 2011. The Standard Group Ltd. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/corporate/?pageID=19\n\nAnnual Report and Financial Statements. Nation Media Group. Dec. 31, 2011. http://www.nationmedia.com/docs/NMG_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2011.pdf","Whereas some media organizations disclose identities of owners, many do not disclose their owners to the public. However, the government has a record of media companies and their owners."]
["2012_LS_48",2012,"LS","Lesotho",48,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_48",2012,"ML","Mali",48,50,"L'identité des propriétaires des médias qu'ils soient des individus ou des personnes morales n'est pas toujours connue au Mali car cette information n'est pas publique.  Selon Arouna Kéita, dans la pratique, les propriétaires des médias audiovisuels et écrits ne sont pas toujours publiquement connus, à l'en croire, mais ils influent sur la ligne éditoriale. Pourtant, Ibrahima Fall souligne qu’il suffit d’aller dans l’ours des journaux pour retrouver le nom du propriétaire.","Entretien avec Arouna Kéita, directeur de publication, rencontré le 12 février 2013, à Sabalibougou à Bamako.\n\nEntretien avec Ibrahima Fall, journaliste au quotidien national « l’Essor », rencontré dans la commune V de Bamabo, le 11 février 2013. ","L'identité des propriétaires des médias qu'ils soient des individus ou des personnes morales n'est pas toujours connue au Mali car cette information n'est pas publique.  Selon Arouna Kéita, dans la pratique, les propriétaires des médias audiovisuels et écrits ne sont pas toujours p..."]
["2012_NA_48",2012,"NA","Namibia",48,75,"The Companies Act 61 of 1973, Close Corporations Act of 1988, and the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 requires disclosure of ownership of companies. Such information can be easily obtained from institutions such as the Media Institute of Southern Africa Namibia. \nGenerally, it is publicly known who owns which media outlet in Namibia. Phil ya Nangoloh breaks down Namibia’s mainstream media into two main categories for ownership and control: public media and private media.  Media outlets such NBC TV, Radio and New Era are directly controlled by the government. Privately owned media are predominantly owned and controlled by a white minority (i.e., previously advantaged Namibians) almost to the exclusion of the country’s black majority.","Phil ya Nangoloh, \"Democracy and Namibia's Unrepresentative Media,\" NamRights, May 8, 2012, www.nshr.org.na/index.php?module=News&func=display&sid=1806\naccessed Nov. 26, 2012\n\nFrederico Links, editor, Insight Namibia, interviewed Aug. 20, 2012, Windhoek.","The Companies Act 61 of 1973, Close Corporations Act of 1988, and the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 requires disclosure of ownership of companies. Such information can be easily obtained from institutions such as the Media Institute of Southern Africa Namibia. ..."]
["2012_SN_48",2012,"SN","Senegal",48,50,"Dans la pratique, les propriétaires des médias audiovisuels et écrits ne sont pas toujours publiquement connus. Touefois ils jouent un rôle clé dans la dénition de la ligne éditoriale du média.","Entretien avec Abdoul Latif Coulibaly, journaliste chercheur et actuel ministre, janvier 2013\n\nEntretien avec Souleymane Niang, journaliste, janvier, 2013.","Dans la pratique, les propriétaires des médias audiovisuels et écrits ne sont pas toujours publiquement connus. Touefois ils jouent un rôle clé dans la dénition de la ligne éditoriale du média."]
["2012_SC_48",2012,"SC","Seychelles",48,25,"Only some major media organisations disclose the names of their owners and financial records are not readily available to the public.\n\nFor instance, le Seychellois Hebdo provides  the following information: Parent company, physical address, P.O. Box address, phone number, email, mobile number, Facebook account, fax.\n\nThe Rising Sun provides the following information: Physical address, P.O. Box address, phone number, email, mobile number, fax number.\n\nSeychelles Weekly provides the following information: Physical address, phone number, email, mobile number, fax number, editor's name, website, P.O. Box address.\n\nToday newspaper provides the following information: Parent company, physical address, P.O. Box address, phone number, email, mobile number, fax number, name of managing director.","Le Seychellois Hebdo.\n\nThe Rising Sun.\n\nSeychelles Weekly.\n\nToday (newspaper).\n\nWebsites accessed October 2012. ","Only some major media organisations disclose the names of their owners and financial records are not readily available to the public...."]
["2012_SD_48",2012,"SD","Sudan",48,25,"\"Ownership of media houses is generally not transparent,\" Freedom House states. \"There are no laws requiring the release of ownership information. Many owners refrain from acknowledging their status in order to evade taxes and avoid possible attacks.\"","Freedom House, \"Sudan, Freedom of Press 2012,\"\n http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/sudan\n \n Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.","\"Ownership of media houses is generally not transparent,\" Freedom House states. \"There are no laws requiring the release of ownership information. Many owners refrain from acknowledging their status in order to evade taxes and avoid possible attacks.\""]
["2012_UG_48",2012,"UG","Uganda",48,50,"Generally, the ownership of most media companies in Uganda can be determined online. You can find out who owns the company and shares of the company. Even a visit to the Registrar of Companies’ office can earn one this information, though if more detailed information is required, then there is need to make a formal request in writing stating clear reasons why details are being sought. If the request is granted, one pays UGX25,000, excluding bank charges.\n \n However, even when the request is granted, obtaining access to the information is a rigorous process and lengthy. Moreover, the records may not be accurate. Finally, the process of registering companies in Uganda is not airtight, so a company can be registered in anyone's name."," Uganda Registration Services Bureau, Company Search, http://www.ursb.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=93\n \n \"Uganda: Media Owners, Advertising Agencies Sign Partnership,\" by Justus Lyatuu, The Monitor, June 22, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201106221219.html\n\nFriedrich Ebert Foundation. African Media Barometer. Uganda 2012. http://www.fes-uganda.org/media/pdf/AMB%20Uganda%202012.pdf\n\nMedia Council, “Radio Stations Licensed and Operating In Uganda as At July 7, 2010”\n http://www.mediacouncil.ug/docs/rADIO%20AND%20TELEVISION%20STATIONS%20LICENSED%20IN%20UGANDA%20AS%20of%20july%202010.pdf","Generally, the ownership of most media companies in Uganda can be determined online. You can find out who owns the company and shares of the company. Even a visit to the Registrar of Companies’ office can earn one this information, though if more detailed information is required, t..."]
["2012_BJ_49",2012,"BJ","Benin",49,50,"L'observatoire de déontologie des medias (ODEM) a élaboré un Code de déontologie qu'il vulgarise. La Haute autorité de l'audiovisuel et de la communication (HAAC) tient également des auditions publiques pour sanctionner les dérives de la presse béninoise. Enfin, de nombreux procès en diffamation ont eu lieu et impliquent les journalistes. Au vu de ces procès, on peut soutenir que les acteurs de la presse au Bénin n'exercent pas toujours de façon professionnelle leur métier. Plusieurs sont soupçonnés de corruption, on parle parfois de ''papiers commandés'' notamment en période électorale, de backchichs, et même de chantage et escroquerie de la part de journalistes et contre des responsables de société ou des hommes politiques.\n\nLa HAAC a même interdit de parution (temporairement ou definitivement selon le cas) certains organes de presse et interdit d'exercice des journalistes traînés devant la justice pour chantage et escroquerie...\n------------------\n* Wilfried Leandre Houngbedji, Journaliste, juriste, journaliste d'investigation et auteur, en service au quotidien de service public LA NATION :\n '' Non, les auditions publiques de la HAAC sont là pour le prouver tout comme les condamnations de l'ODEM. Il suffit aussi de faire un tour au Tribunal les vendredis pour se rendre compte du grand nombre de procès en diffamation impliquant des journalistes'', Entretien le 31 mai 2012 au Siège du quotidien la Nation, Cotonou.\n--------------------\n* Gnona AFANGBEDJI, Journaliste, La Nation\n'' Non. Voir auditions publiques de la HAAC ''., entretien le 31 mai 2012, siège du quotidien La Nation à Cotonou","Wilfried Leandre Houngbedji, journaliste, juriste, journaliste d'investigation et auteur, en service au quotidien de service public LA NATION, Entretien le 31 mai 2012 au siège du quotidien la Nation, Cotonou.\n\nGnona AFANGBEDJI, Journaliste, La Nation, Entretien le 31 mai 2012, siège du quotidien La Nation à Cotonou.\n\nCode déontologie de la presse béninoise. http://upmb.org/doc/code-de-deontologie-edition-2012.pdf\n\nPour les décisions de condamnation de l'ODEM, voir le blog de l'ODEM: http://www.over-blog.com/profil/blogueur-563185.html\n\nAgognon W. Gérard et Elieth p. Eyebiyi, A l'épreuve de la liberté de presse: les dilemmes de la presse écrite au Bénin, Paris: éditions Ibidun, 2011.\n\nSintondji, F., 2010. La longue nuit du journalisme : le contre-pouvoir s’est assoupi, Cotonou : éd IRG.\n\nHoungnibo, Herbert & Benjamin Agon, 2010, Le printemps des média au Bénin, Cotonou: Heracles. http://books.google.bj/books/about/Le_printemps_des_m%C3%A9dias_au_B%C3%A9nin.html?id=NOs8twAACAAJ&redir_esc=y)","L'observatoire de déontologie des medias (ODEM) a élaboré un Code de déontologie qu'il vulgarise. La Haute autorité de l'audiovisuel et de la communication (HAAC) tient également des auditions publiques pour sanctionner les dérives de la presse béninoise. Enfin, de nombreux procès ..."]
["2012_BF_49",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",49,50,"Les journalistes burkinabè disposent d'une charte de déontologie journalistique, même si celle-ci est un accord informel qui n'est pas signé par de nombreux journalistes en exercice. Seuls les membres de l'Association des Journalistes du Burkina (AJB) sont tenus à son respect. \n\nCependant, même ceux-ci ont de la peine à se l'approprier dans le quotidien. Dans la presse locale, le terme de Gomgo est régulièrement utilisé pour désigner la petite corruption dite alimentaire pour faciliter le travail de production des journalistes.\n\nCertains journalistes et éditeurs adhèrent aux pratiques professionnelles dans leur métier de journalistes. Cependant, les conditions socio-économiques des journalistes les poussent souvent à faire entorse aux principes d’éthique et de déontologie. Ils peuvent alors s’écarter des règles strictes et succomber à la tentation d’accepter des faveurs de corruption qui leur sont offertes contre des articles propagandistes dans leurs journaux.\n\nLa corruption prend de plus en plus d'ampleur dans le milieu journalistique sous la forme d'une course effrénée au per diem. De plus en plus, la qualité des reportages dépend de la disponibilité de l'organisation à donner un per diem au journaliste. Les journalistes les plus qualifiés des organes de presse ont tendance à aller vers des reportages qui puissent leur assurer un per diem et il arrive que le travail du journaliste soit quelque peu bâclé parce qu'il n'a pas reçu le per diem escompté.","Kindo, B.(12 novembre 2012).  Médias : Les journalistes ne sont pas des « majestés ». L’Express du Faso, Faso.net : http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article51182\n\nMitbkèta, R. (19 novembre 2012). Alain Edouard Traoré: ministre de tutelle ou Père Fouettard ?, Rabi Mitbkèta, L’Observateur, Ouaga.com: http://news.aouaga.com/h/2703.html\n\nConseil Supérieur de la communication, Rapport public 2007, Juin 2008.\n\nAssociation des Journalistes du Burkina, CHARTE DU JOURNALISTE BURKINABE, avril 1990","Les journalistes burkinabè disposent d'une charte de déontologie journalistique, même si celle-ci est un accord informel qui n'est pas signé par de nombreux journalistes en exercice. Seuls les membres de l'Association des Journalistes du Burkina (AJB) sont tenus à son respect. ..."]
["2012_TD_49",2012,"TD","Chad",49,25,"Journalists have a code of conduct, and there also exists an observatory of media code of conduct. A high communication council regulates the overall media environment in the country. The observatory and the council have on several occasions alerted local media outlets on major violations of the code they have been responsible for, including disrespecting private life, damaging reputation and honor, etc. \n\nThere have been some improvements in the observation of professional standards in the country, although the professional media organization Observatoire de la Déontologie et de l’Éthique des Médias au Tchad (ODEMET) has warned various medias on lapses by alerting them of their abuses of the code. Professionalism is lacking in part also because Chad still has no university-level college of journalism.\nOne source on the observation of media code of conduct is drawn from relevant reports and sanctions by the media observatory as reported in the media. The other is from an e-mail discussion with the secretary general of the media professional organization.\nAlerts by the observatory date from September 2012.","Media report on a warning to a media outlet by the media observatory. September 2011. http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article2849 \n\nLes Etats généraux de la communication du Tchad. Les actes et les communications. N'Djamena, 11-14 mai 2012. Imprimerie du Tchad\n\nE-mail Q&A with Celestin Topona, secretary general. ODEMET, Chad's self-regulatory media organization. Dec. 12, 2012.\n\nMedia ethics code. http://www.maisondesmediastchad.org/spip.php?article16. accessed December 2012.","Journalists have a code of conduct, and there also exists an observatory of media code of conduct. A high communication council regulates the overall media environment in the country. The observatory and the council have on several occasions alerted local media outlets on major vio..."]
["2012_DJ_49",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",49,25,"Même si certaines organisations de presse écrite et audio-visuelle s'efforcent de respecter une certaine ligne de déontologie, le manque de variété des reportages ne permet pas de déterminer avec précision l'ampleur de ce respect.\nLa personne interrogée confirme que les journalistes et les rédacteurs en chef observent des pratiques professionnelles strictes dans leurs reportages, mais ajoute qu'il n y a pas beaucoup de reportages qui se font et les journalistes et rédacteurs se contentent de rapporter l'actualité politique du moment: cérémonie d'ouverture d'un centre, pose de la première pierre par le président de la république, etc.\n\nL'une des personnes interrogées est un stagiaire qui a effectué un stage de trois mois au sein de ministère de la communication ainsi que dans l'enceinte du Radio et télévision de Djibouti et a collaboré avec les journalistes dans le cadre de leurs activités sur le terrain. Il constate que les journalistes et les rédacteurs en chef observent des pratiques professionnelles strictes dans leurs reportages.","Ibrahim Haji, entretien le 11 juillet 2012 dans les locaux du journal la Nation.\n\nMohamed fouad, redacteur en chef du journal le temps, entretien réalisé le 13 mai 2012.\n\nDécret n°99-0170/PR/MCC portant statuts et cahier des charges de la\nRadiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti.","Même si certaines organisations de presse écrite et audio-visuelle s'efforcent de respecter une certaine ligne de déontologie, le manque de variété des reportages ne permet pas de déterminer avec précision l'ampleur de ce respect...."]
["2012_GA_49",2012,"GA","Gabon",49,50,"La majorité des organisations médiatiques principales au Gabon, telles que Gabon Télévision, Téléafrica et L'Union ne dispose pas de codes ou normes guidant la profession journalistique. De plus, le Code de Communication (2001) du pays est considéré obsolète, ne prenant pas en compte l'évolution technologique de ces dernières années.","Interviews des journalistes reporter (Gabonnews, Gabonreview, infosgabon), novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nInterviews des membres du Conseil National de la Communication (conseillers), novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nInterview des responsables de chaînes publiques et privées au Gabon (RTG1, TV+,TéléAfrica, Africa N°1), août 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","La majorité des organisations médiatiques principales au Gabon, telles que Gabon Télévision, Téléafrica et L'Union ne dispose pas de codes ou normes guidant la profession journalistique. De plus, le Code de Communication (2001) du pays est considéré obsolète, ne prenant pas en comp..."]
["2012_GM_49",2012,"GM","The Gambia",49,25,"The Gambia Press Union recently adopted a code of conduct for Gambian journalists. Media workers abide by this code in the course of their work, according to Gambia Press Union Director Aloa Ahmed Alota. However, he said, a few violations have arisen from ignorance or indolence, or both.","Journalists Validate GPU Code of Conduct on Reporting Children Issues,\" Amadou Jallow, Daily Observer, July 16, 2012, http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/journalists-validate-gpu-code-of-conduct-on-reporting-children-issues\n\nEmail correspondence with Aloa Ahmed Alota, director of the Gambia Press Union, on Sept. 19, 2012.","The Gambia Press Union recently adopted a code of conduct for Gambian journalists. Media workers abide by this code in the course of their work, according to Gambia Press Union Director Aloa Ahmed Alota. However, he said, a few violations have arisen from ignorance or indolence, or..."]
["2012_LS_49",2012,"LS","Lesotho",49,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_49",2012,"ML","Mali",49,50,"Dans les medias publics et privés, les pratiques professionnelles strictes sont relativement observées. Selon Arouna Kéita, l’autocensure est une pratique courante dans tous les médias pour des raisons qui diffèrent d’un média à un autre, mais que cela se fait voir plus dans les médias d’Etat. Mais avec la guerre, il y a beaucoup de dérive dans les publications, tant de la part des médias d’Etat que de ceux du Privé.","Entretien avec Arouna Kéita, directeur de publication, rencontré le 12 février 2013, à Sabalibougou à Bamako\n\nBarometre des medias Africains. Mali 2012. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. http://www.fesmedia-africa.org/uploads/media/AMB_Mali_2012_.pdf","Dans les medias publics et privés, les pratiques professionnelles strictes sont relativement observées. Selon Arouna Kéita, l’autocensure est une pratique courante dans tous les médias pour des raisons qui diffèrent d’un média à un autre, mais que cela se fait voir plus dans les mé..."]
["2012_NA_49",2012,"NA","Namibia",49,75,"Generally, journalists and editors adhere to professional reporting practices. A code of ethics exists for the media and complaint procedures allow members of the public to register their grievances against the media (Office of the Media Ombudsman, 2012). In its preamble, the code states that \"all members of the media have a duty to maintain the highest professional and ethical standards.\" The code emphasizes accurate reporting.","Frederico Links, editor, Insight Namibia, interviewed Aug. 20, 2012.\n\nCode of Ethics for the Namibian Media,  http://mediaombudsmannamibia.org/downloads/Code_of_Ethics_Namibian_media.pdf\naccessed Aug. 15, 2012","Generally, journalists and editors adhere to professional reporting practices. A code of ethics exists for the media and complaint procedures allow members of the public to register their grievances against the media (Office of the Media Ombudsman, 2012). In its preamble, the code ..."]
["2012_NE_49",2012,"NE","Niger",49,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_49",2012,"SC","Seychelles",49,50,"There is a Code of Conduct for media professionals. It is relatively new as it was developed in May 2012. There have already been complaints that it is being applied unevenly across political divides.","Virtual Seychelles, Seychelles Media Gets New Referee, 2012. http://www.virtualseychelles.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=929:seychelles-media-gets-new-referee&catid=49:miscellaneous&Itemid=89\n\nThe Nation, Commission Walks Media over Ethics Tightrope, May 4, 2012. http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=27404","There is a Code of Conduct for media professionals. It is relatively new as it was developed in May 2012. There have already been complaints that it is being applied unevenly across political divides."]
["2012_SD_49",2012,"SD","Sudan",49,0,"\"Journalists work for low pay, and many freelancers do not earn enough to cover the cost of living. Some analysts believe this has encouraged corruption within the media, with journalists and editors selling coverage to politicians. The confiscation of entire press runs of newspapers appears to have become a favorite tactic of the authorities for intimidating and financially crippling publications. In many cases, no official reason for the confiscation is given,\" according to Freedom House.\nIn addition, freedom of the press deteriorated during 2012, with arrests of journalists and confiscation of \"at least 30 newspaper issues in the first half of 2012, compared with 19 such confiscations in all of 2011,\" according to reports from the Committee to Protect Journalists.","Freedom House, \"Sudan, Freedom of Press 2012,\"\n http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/sudan\n \n Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n\n\"Press freedom deteriorates with intensified campaign to silence critical press,\" Committee to Protect Journalists, 2012. https://www.cpj.org/2013/02/attacks-on-the-press-in-2012-sudan.php","\"Journalists work for low pay, and many freelancers do not earn enough to cover the cost of living. Some analysts believe this has encouraged corruption within the media, with journalists and editors selling coverage to politicians. The confiscation of entire press runs of newspape..."]
["2012_UG_49",2012,"UG","Uganda",49,75,"The Uganda Media Council was established by the Press and Journalist Act of 1995 and is charged with the regulation of the mass media. Under Section 10(1) of the Press and Journalist Act 1995 Cap 105, some of the council’s functions are to: a) To regulate the conduct and promote good ethical standards and discipline of journalists; c) To exercise disciplinary control over journalist, editors and publishers. Section 40 of the Press and Journalist Act stipulates the professional code of ethics for journalists. \n \nHowever, the Uganda Media Council is weak in regulating the conduct of journalists; therefore, there are a few journalists who report without establishing the truth, they accept bribes to publish certain stories, and others fail to separate their opinions from factual news. Further, media in Uganda is commercial-driven, which affects the quality of reporting and professionalism of journalists. \n \nIt is also hard for journalists to be professional and observe ethical standards when they are getting low salaries. And in this age of advanced technology, people who have never studied journalism are developing and publishing content through online news sites and these usually undermine the journalism profession as there is no one to verify or check for facts as well as ensure fairness and accuracy in reporting. Without enough knowledge, technique and training in journalism, some online journalists undermine the basic principles of journalism.","“Uganda Deserves Trained Journalists,” by Mary Karooro Okurut, minister of Information and National Guidance, Uganda Media Centre, \n June 2012, http://www.mediacentre.go.ug/details.php?catId=2&item=1383.\n \n “Most Ugandan Journalists are Failing to Handle Success,” by Joachim Buwembo, May 24, 2012, http://journalism.co.ug/most-ugandan-journalists-are-failing-to-handle-success/.\n \n “Promoting media professionalism in Uganda amidst the current challenges,” Dr. Mwesige, African Centre for Media Excellence (ACME), Nov. 16, 2011, \n http://www.acme-ug.org/news/item/189-promoting-media-professionalism-in-uganda-amidst-the-current-challenges.\n \n “State, media should uphold values,” by U.S. Ambassador Jerry P. Lanier, The New Vision, 2012, http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=630805&CatID=4.\n \n “Commercialization of Media Affecting Professional Journalism-Media Practitioners,”\n by Patience Atuhaire, Uganda Radio Network, July 7, 2009, http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=22710.\n \n “The Functions of the Media Council in Uganda in the Promotion and Protection of Professional, Independent and Pluralistic Media” a paper by John Mary Waliggo (Rev. Prof.) discussed at a workshop organized by Ford Foundation, March 27, 2007, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediacouncil.ug%2Fdocs%2FTHE%2520FUNCTIONS%2520OF%2520THE%2520MEDIA%2520COUNCIL%2520IN%2520UGANDA%2520IN%2520TH1.doc&ei=y7jpULKJEojE2gWP54GoBQ&usg=AFQjCNFO259wiJQO_tvmsOczTqhc-HWTjQ.","The Uganda Media Council was established by the Press and Journalist Act of 1995 and is charged with the regulation of the mass media. Under Section 10(1) of the Press and Journalist Act 1995 Cap 105, some of the council’s functions are to: a) To regulate the conduct and promote go..."]
["2012_ZM_49",2012,"ZM","Zambia",49,50,"Not all of the journalists and/or media houses act professionally at all times. There is a lot of information doctoring along the way, because situations exist in which the same story from one person would be published in different versions in different print media such as The Post, Zambia Daily Mail and Times of Zambia. Not all journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting in this country. \n \n A journalist of an unnamed media institution argued that journalists employed by private media institutions adhere to professional ethics as compared to those employed in government media institutions.","Interview: Mr. Francis Mwale JK, Legal Analyst, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), September 13, 2012, 09:00 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Journalist, September 19, 2012, 09:00 a.m. Media institution offices.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Not all of the journalists and/or media houses act professionally at all times. There is a lot of information doctoring along the way, because situations exist in which the same story from one person would be published in different versions in different print media such as The Post..."]
["2012_BW_50",2012,"BW","Botswana",50,100,"Section 195 of the Penal Code states:\nAny publication of defamatory matter concerning a person is unlawful within the meaning of this Division, unless\n(a) the matter is true and it was for the public benefit that it should be published; or\n(b) it is privileged on one of the grounds hereafter mentioned in this Division.","Botswana Penal Code of 1964, Section 195, Definition of Unlawful Publication.","Section 195 of the Penal Code states:\nAny publication of defamatory matter concerning a person is unlawful within the meaning of this Division, unless..."]
["2012_CF_50",2012,"CF","CAR",50,100,"La loi n° 05.002 relative à la liberté de communication, par ses articles 19 et 20 autorisent les journalistes à diffuser les informations vérifiées. Cela signifie que les journalistes peuvent livrer les informations dont les sources sont vérifiées dans le but de changer une mauvaise pratique au sein de la société même si de telles informations sont susceptibles de nuire à l'image d'une personnalité. \nToutefois, la loi accorde le droit de réponse à l'intéressé visé par ces informations au cas où il jugerait ces informations non vérifiées.","Loi n°05.002 du 22 février 2005 relative à la liberté de la Communication en République Centrafricaine, article 2 alinéa 2;\n\nGervais VOYEMACOA, Chef de Service des Affaires Juridiques et du Contentieux, Responsable du Service de Monitoring du Haut Conseil de la Communication, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","La loi n° 05.002 relative à la liberté de communication, par ses articles 19 et 20 autorisent les journalistes à diffuser les informations vérifiées. Cela signifie que les journalistes peuvent livrer les informations dont les sources sont vérifiées dans le but de changer une mauvai..."]
["2012_CI_50",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",50,0,"According to the law n°2004-643, article 72, newspapers and periodicals can be seized under legal process if it offenses or insults the President of the Republic, Prime Minister, heads of institutions, etc. \n\nArticle 73 of the same law stipulates that the \"dissemination of information, even if it is accurate, is prohibited if it relates to secrets of national defense and security, endangers the stability of the national currency, is a legal case not yet made public or relates to prohibitions concerning minors.","Loi n° 2004-643 du 14 décembre 2004 portant régime juridique de la presse. (2004). Articles 72, 73, 82 et 85.","According to the law n°2004-643, article 72, newspapers and periodicals can be seized under legal process if it offenses or insults the President of the Republic, Prime Minister, heads of institutions, etc. ..."]
["2012_DJ_50",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",50,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi spécifique en la matière. Cependant, l'article 9 du code civil relatif au respect de la vie privée protège les personnalités publiques et interdisant la divulgation d’informations, même si elles sont exactes.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi spécifique en la matière. Cependant, l'article 9 du code civil relatif au respect de la vie privée protège les personnalités publiques et interdisant la divulgation d’informations, même si elles sont exactes."]
["2012_GA_50",2012,"GA","Gabon",50,0,"Les dispositions dans lesquelles un journaliste ne peut être reconnu coupable qu'en cas de malveillance avérée (publication d'une histoire me3me lorsque le journaliste sait qu'elle était fausse ou n'a pas cherché à verifier la véracité) n'existent pas dans le pays. \n\nCertaines dispositions du Code de la Communication et du Code Pénal garantissent ce droit.\nLoi n° 12/2001 du 12 décembre 2001 Portant code de la communication audiovisuelle, cinématographique et écrite en République gabonaise :\n\nArticle 26 .- L'objectivité doit être la seule règle dans la manière de rendre compte des informations.\nLorsque l'orientation d'un organe de presse privé change et heurte la conscience du journaliste, celui-ci peut rompre le contrat qui le lie à cette entreprise, sans dommage pour ses indemnités.\n\n Article 27 .- Le journaliste professionnel n'est pas tenu de révéler ses sources d'information en dehors des cas prévus par la loi. \n\nArticle 28 .- Tout journaliste est responsable de ses écrits et de ses sources d'information. Il doit s'assurer que l'information qu'il diffuse est juste et exacte et éviter d'exprimer des commentaires et des conjectures sur des faits non vérifiés. Il lui est également interdit :\n- l'insinuation malveillante,\n- la calomnie,\n- l'injure,\n- l'altération des documents,\n- la déformation des faits,\n- la falsification par déformation, sélection ou infidélité,\n- le mensonge. \n\nArticle 29 .- Toute inexactitude ou erreur sur les faits ainsi que toutes les omissions doivent être rectifiées dès la prochaine parution ou émission. Le journaliste doit s'assurer que les rectifications et les excuses sont suffisamment mises en valeur.\nUn droit de réponse doit être accordé aux intéressés. Aucun commentaire ne doit être ajouté au droit de réponse. \n\nArticle 30 .- Les informations, photographies et illustrations doivent être obtenues uniquement par des moyens honnêtes et légaux. \n\nArticle 31 .- Le journaliste doit respecter la dignité, l'intimité, les droits et le bien-être des autres citoyens. À ce titre, il est tenu de respecter la vie privée des personnes. Article 32 .- Le journaliste doit veiller en permanence au respect de la propriété intellectuelle et s'abstenir du plagiat. Il doit citer les confrères dont il reproduit le texte ou une illustration.\nToute infraction aux dispositions de l'alinéa ci-dessus est sanctionnée par celles des articles 325 et 326 du code pénal.\n\nLoi N°21/63 du 31 mai 1963 (mise à jour novembre 1994)Portant code pénal","Code de la Communication, articles 26-30, 2001. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Gabon/Gabon%20-%20Code%20de%20la%20communication.pdf","Les dispositions dans lesquelles un journaliste ne peut être reconnu coupable qu'en cas de malveillance avérée (publication d'une histoire me3me lorsque le journaliste sait qu'elle était fausse ou n'a pas cherché à verifier la véracité) n'existent pas dans le pays. ..."]
["2012_KE_50",2012,"KE","Kenya",50,100,"The Defamation Act, 2009, protects accurate reporting on public officers in their official capacity, but it has been criticized for shielding leaders' private lives from the media, as it is difficult to prove certain allegations. As a result, whenever influential individuals sue the media for defamation, they are almost guaranteed of a substantial amount of money in damages.\n\nArticle 35.(1) of the Media Act 2007 says that \"the media shall, in a free and independent manner and style, inform the public on issues of public interest and importance in a fair, accurate and unbiased manner whilst distinctly isolating opinion from fact and avoiding offensive coverage of nudity, violence and ethnic biases\".\n\nThe Civil Procedure Act requires an applicant to prove malice. Rule 7 part 3 of the Act says\n(3) Where in an action for libel or slander the plaintiff alleges that the defendant\nmaliciously published the words or matters complained of, he need not in his plaint give\nparticulars of the facts on which he relies in support of the allegation of malice; but if the\ndefendant pleads that any of those words or matters are fair comment on a matter of\npublic interest or were published upon a privileged occasion and the plaintiff intends to\nallege that the defendant was actuated by express malice, he shall file a reply giving\nparticulars of the facts and matters from which the malice is to be inferred.         \n \nRule 10 (1)(b) of the Act also defines treatment of malice in case pleadings\n(b) where a party pleading alleges any condition of the mind of any person, whether any\ndisorder or disability of mind or any malice, fraudulent intention or other condition of\nmind except knowledge, particulars of the facts on which the party relies.","1. Civil Procedures Act  2010, Article 35, http://www.kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/151-CIVIL_PROCEDURE_RULES__2010.pdf.\n\n2. Media Act 2007. This law become operational in 2007 and was revised in 2009. http://www.mediacouncil.or.ke/jdownloads/Media%20Laws/media_act_2007_and_rules_of_procedure..pdf.\n\n\n3. Defamation Act 2009. http://www.kenyalaw.org/Downloads/Acts/Defamation%20Act%20(Cap.36).pdf","The Defamation Act, 2009, protects accurate reporting on public officers in their official capacity, but it has been criticized for shielding leaders' private lives from the media, as it is difficult to prove certain allegations. As a result, whenever influential individuals sue th..."]
["2012_MW_50",2012,"MW","Malawi",50,0,"The Republic of Malawi Constitution, section 36, expressly guarantees freedom of the press to report and publish news. In principle this includes accurate news that may not be in favour of public figures.\n\nHowever, section 4 of the Protected Flag, Emblems, and Names Act of 1967 states that \"any person who does any act or utters any words or publishes calculated to or liable to insult, ridicule or to show disrespect to or with reference to the president shall be liable to a fine of £1,000 and to imprisonment for two years\". What is very vague and ultimately restrictive to journalists is what constitutes ridiculing, insulting, or showing disrespect to the president. Consequently such legislation is very limiting of what can be accurately reported about the presidency.\n\nMore restriction is defined by the penal code which criminalises defamation. According to section 61, it is an offense to publish or utter something the affects the reputation of foreign dignitaries such as ambassadors and princes. \n\nSections 200-201 of the code extend the defamatory law to all other persons in the country by stating that: \"Any person who, by print, writing, painting, effigy, or by any means otherwise than solely by gestures, spoken words, or other sounds, unlawfully publishes any defamatory matter concerning another person, with intent to defame that other person, shall be guilty of the misdemeanour termed ‘libel’. \n\n\"Defamatory matter is matter likely to injure the reputation of any person by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or likely to damage any person in his profession or trade by an injury to his reputation. It is immaterial whether at the time of the publication of the defamatory matter the person concerning whom such matter is published is living or dead\". \n\nThese sections mean that reporting news that threatens the reputation of anyone including public figures is an offence.","1.  Protected Flag, Emblems and Names Act, Section 4,  of 1967. \n\n2.  Constitution of the  Republic of Malawi, Section 36, of 1994.\n\n3. Penal Code, Section 200-201 of 1930, Section 61 of 1965.","The Republic of Malawi Constitution, section 36, expressly guarantees freedom of the press to report and publish news. In principle this includes accurate news that may not be in favour of public figures...."]
["2012_ML_50",2012,"ML","Mali",50,100,"Les journalistes maliens ne peuvent être condamnés qu'en cas de malveillance avérée ou de diffamation. Le code du régime de la presse et du délit au Mali indique dans la Section 2, intitulé délits contre l’autorité et la chose publique : Article 36 : L'offense par les moyens énoncés à l'article 33 à la personne du Chef de l'Etat de la République du Mali est punie d'emprisonnement de trois mois à un an et d'une amende de 50.000 à 600.000 francs ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement »\n\nArticle 37 : La publication, la diffusion ou la reproduction, par quelque moyen que ce soit, de nouvelles fausses, de pièces fabriquées, falsifiées ou mensongèrement attribuées à des tiers lorsque, faite de mauvaise foi, elle aura troublé la paix publique, sera punie d'un emprisonnement de onze jours à six mois et d'une amende de 50.000 à 150.000 francs ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement. Les mêmes faits seront punis d'un emprisonnement de onze jours à six mois et d'une amende de 50.000 à 150.000 francs lorsque la publication ou la reproduction faite de mauvaise foi, sera de nature à ébranler la discipline ou le moral des forces armées et de sécurité ».\n\nLa section 3 intitulée : Délits contre les personnes, indique à l’article 38 : «Toute allégation ou imputation qui porte atteinte à l'honneur ou à la considération de la personne ou du corps auquel le fait est imputé est une diffamation. La publication directe ou par voie de reproduction de cette allégation ou de cette imputation est punissable même si elle est faite sous forme dubitative ou si elle vise une personne ou un corps non expressément nommés, mais dont l'identification est rendue possible par les termes du discours, des cris, menaces, écrits ou imprimés. Toute expression outrageante, terme de mépris ou invective qui ne renferme l'imputation d'aucun fait est une injure. »","Le code du régime de la presse au Mali, articles 36 et 37, www.gouv.ml/Presse","Les journalistes maliens ne peuvent être condamnés qu'en cas de malveillance avérée ou de diffamation. Le code du régime de la presse et du délit au Mali indique dans la Section 2, intitulé délits contre l’autorité et la chose publique : Article 36 : L'offense par les moyens énoncé..."]
["2012_NA_50",2012,"NA","Namibia",50,0,"There is no law that guarantess for this right. \n\nArticle 21 of the Namibian Constitution, which spells out various fundamental freedoms, states that \"all persons shall have the right to: (a) freedom of speech and expressions, which shall include freedom of the press and other media.\" \n\nSubclause 2 of the same article states that \"The fundamental freedoms referred to in Sub-Article (1) hereof shall be exercised subject to the law of Namibia, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the rights and freedoms conferred by the said Sub-Article, which are necessary in a democratic society and are required in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of Namibia, national security, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offense.\"","Article 21 (1) (a) and (2) of the Namibian Constitution (1990, as amended 1998 and 2010),\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf","There is no law that guarantess for this right. \n\nArticle 21 of the Namibian Constitution, which spells out various fundamental freedoms, states..."]
["2012_SN_50",2012,"SN","Senegal",50,0,"Le Sénégal a un nouveau Code de la presse. Les associations professionnelles de journalistes, de patrons de presse, ainsi que toutes les structures et institutions de régulation et d’auto-régulation, comme le Comité pour le respect de l’éthique et de la déontologie (Cored), l’Agence de régulation des postes et des télécommunications (Artp) se préparent à assurer le contrôle de l’application de la réglementation sur la communication écrite et audiovisuelle.  L’article 2 du code de la presse stipule que « L’organe de presse doit tenir compte de circonstance d'influence ou de considérations de nature à compromettre l'exactitude ou l'objectivité de l'information, elle ne doit en aucune circonstance passer sous contrôle de droit ou de fait d'un groupement politique, idéologique ou économique. Elle développe son action et son organisation en vue de fournir de façon régulière et sans interruption, une information exacte ». De plus, le code pénal du Sénégal ajoute : «Les manœuvres et actes de nature à compromettre la sécurité publique ou à occasionner des troubles politiques graves, à enfreindre les lois du pays, seront punis d’un emprisonnement de trois ans au moins et de cinq ans au plus et d’une amende de 100 000 à 1 500 000 francs».\nLe même article ajoute que « tout individu qui aura reçu, accepté, sollicité ou agréé des dons, présents, subsides, offres, promesses, ou tous autres moyens, en vue de se livrer à une propagande de nature à compromettre la sécurité publique ou à occasionner des troubles politiques graves, à jeter le discrédit sur les institutions politiques ou leur fonctionnement, ou à inciter les citoyens à enfreindre les lois du pays, sera puni d’un emprisonnement d’un an au moins et de cinq ans au plus ».","Constitution du 22 janvier 2001.  Articles 9, 10 et 11. http://www.gouv.sn/-Constitution-du-Senegal-.html","Le Sénégal a un nouveau Code de la presse. Les associations professionnelles de journalistes, de patrons de presse, ainsi que toutes les structures et institutions de régulation et d’auto-régulation, comme le Comité pour le respect de l’éthique et de la déontologie (Cored), l’Agenc..."]
["2012_SL_50",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",50,100,"Sections 29 and 30 of the Public Order Act of 1965 made it legal to report accurate information on public figures, and journalists can only be convicted if they publish material with a malicious intent.\n\nArticle 30)\nNo person shall be criminally liable for the publication of a defamatory matter in the following cases—\n[...]\nb) where the defamatory matter constitutes, in whole or in part a fair report, for the information of the public, of any proceeding of any Court, whether preliminary or final; or of any public proceeding of any body constituted or authorised to hold such proceeding, by any Act or Order or of any public meeting so far as the public is concerned in the matter published if, in every case the publication is made without express malice to the person defamed; or\nc) where the publication is for the information of the public at the request of any Minister or public officer, or where the defamatory matter is any notice or report issued by a department of Government or public officer, for the information of the public, and where in every such case the publication is made without express malice to the person defamed; or\n[...]\ne) where the defamatory matter consists of fair comment upon the public conduct of any person in public affairs, or upon the public conduct of any person employed in the public service in the discharge of his public duties, or upon the character of any such persons so as it appears by such conduct; or\n[...]\n\nWhile the criminal libel provisions make it an offense to criticize and/or expose public officials, a case currently at the Supreme Court, as cited above, seeks to repeal the law.","Sections 26 and 27 of the Criminal and Seditious Libel of the Public Order Act 1965.\n\nEmmanuel Saffa Abdulai, \"Sierra Leone Freedom of Expression: Criminal and Seditious Libel Laws Challenge at the Supreme Court,\" Oct, 7, 2012, http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/foisl/message/41518","Sections 29 and 30 of the Public Order Act of 1965 made it legal to report accurate information on public figures, and journalists can only be convicted if they publish material with a malicious intent...."]
["2012_SZ_50",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",50,0,"Quality of reporting would be contingent on access to information. There is no right of access to public information in the Constitution. \n \n Kings and their mothers are given immunity and protection in the Constitution. It is understood that this immunity extends to criticism of the king.","Swaziland Constitution, www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swa5.htm\n \n \"The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland - Media Freedom,\" by \n Buhle Dube and Alfred Magagula, NYU Law, June 2012, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/Globalex/Swaziland1.htm#media\n \n \"Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Swaziland,\" \n United Nations General Assembly, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/NoteNHRIS.aspx","Quality of reporting would be contingent on access to information. There is no right of access to public information in the Constitution. \n ..."]
["2012_ZM_50",2012,"ZM","Zambia",50,100,"The article on freedom of expression guarantees the freedom of the press, under clause (2), stating that the law shall not make any provision that derogates from freedom of the press.\n \n Clause 1 grants citizens the freedom to express themselves, including imparting and communicating ideas and information, without interference.\n \n The law does not make any further specifications. Courts trying defamation cases however have required the accuser to prove malice through evidence provided. Examples of these cases are found in SATA v Post Newspapers Ltd (1995) and in a case from 2002, where the law suit was dropped, as the government was not able to prove malice in a case where journalists were misled by sources.","The Zambian Constitution, 1996, Protection of Freedom of Expression, Article 20, Pages 20 & 21, http://www.unza.zm/zamlii/const/1996/partiii.htm#20\n \n The case of SATA v Post Newspapers Ltd [1995] ZMHC 1 (13 February 1995); http://www.zambialii.org/zm/judgment/high-court/1995/1 \n \n Defamation and Insult laws: Overview of the practice in SADC, SADC Overview, Zambia, Case from 2002, Retreived from: http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/tools/def-campaigns-sadc-overview.pdf","The article on freedom of expression guarantees the freedom of the press, under clause (2), stating that the law shall not make any provision that derogates from freedom of the press.\n ..."]
["2012_BW_51",2012,"BW","Botswana",51,50,"The government occasionally censors or otherwise restricts news sources or stories that it finds undesirable. In March 2011, \"higher authorities\" withdrew a story from the Daily News about the government's 1 million pula ($150,000) donation to Japan after that country's earthquake and tsunami, claiming the information would be detrimental to the government's image during the public workers' strike in spring 2011. \n\nRecently one of the country's newspapers failed to publish its weekly edition after its government-affiliated printer refused to produce the broadsheet, which had a story implicating businessman and ruling party official Satar Dada.","Freedom House, \"Freedom of the Press 2012 -- Botswana,\" Nov. 2, 2012, www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/509906d428.html  \n\nMedia Institute of Southern Africa, \"Botswanan Weekly's Independence Threatened by Printer's Refusal to Publish,\" Jan, 28, 2013, www.ifex.org/botswana/2013/01/28/patriot_printing/","The government occasionally censors or otherwise restricts news sources or stories that it finds undesirable. In March 2011, \"higher authorities\" withdrew a story from the Daily News about the government's 1 million pula ($150,000) donation to Japan after that country's earthquake ..."]
["2012_CF_51",2012,"CF","CAR",51,50,"L'article 13 de la Constitution du 27 décembre 2004 dispose : \"la liberté d'informer, d'exprimer et diffuser ses opinions par la parole, la plume et l'image, sous réserve du respect des droits d'autrui, est garantie\". Cette disposition est renforcée par la loi N°05.002 du 22 février 2005 relative à la liberté de la communication en RCA. \n \n En pratique, il n'y a pas de censure sur les écrits en ligne. Cela se confirme par l'existence de plusieurs blogs appartenant à des centrafricains vivant en RCA et ailleurs dans lesquels on note de multiples commentaires sur la situation socio-économique, politique et des critiques du pouvoir en place.\n \n Néanmoins, en ce qui concerne l'autocensure, selon Freedom House, certains journalistes ont fait face à des harcélements et menances par les autorités et surtout ceux travaillant pour les médias gouvernmentaux ont continué d'exercer l'autocensure en 2011.","Gervais VOYEMACOA, Chef de Service des Affaires Juridiques, Responsable de Monitoring du Haut Conseil de la Communication de la République Centrafricaine, juillet 2012, Bangui.\n\nPaul Service, Chargé de Communication au Projet Cadre Intégré Renforcé du Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, octobre 2012, Bangui.\n \nUn nouvel article sur le blog centrafrique-presse.over-blog.com; http://www.sozowala.com.\n \nFreedom House, Freedom of the Press 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/central-african-republic#.VT_vQ61Vikp","L'article 13 de la Constitution du 27 décembre 2004 dispose : \"la liberté d'informer, d'exprimer et diffuser ses opinions par la parole, la plume et l'image, sous réserve du respect des droits d'autrui, est garantie\". Cette disposition est renforcée par la loi N°05.002 du 22 févrie..."]
["2012_TD_51",2012,"TD","Chad",51,50,"There is no government restraint in publishing corruption-related stories. There is no press censorship in the country, though according to Freedom House 2012 report, \"officials periodically threatened to shut down newspapers or fine journalists for 'irresponsible' reporting.\" \n\nThe constitution only prohibits propaganda of an ethnic, regionalist or religious nature that affects national unity or the secular nature of the state. According to the 2011 U.S. State Department Chad Country Report on Human Rights Practices, some journalists and publishers practice self-censorship. Eléyakim Dokpane Vananbyl, the deputy president of the Chadian Journalists Union, elaborated more on the above, suggesting that the fear of being harassed, intimated or sentenced will result in sometimes preventing or deterring journalists or media outlets from releasing very sensitive information they may have, including information pertaining to corruption cases. Another area of concern is availability of information. For him, the most pressing challenge is not on prior-censorship but on unavailability of information, as no provision exists obliging government officials to release information to the media. Jean-Claude Nekim referred to his one-year suspended sentence in September 2012 after publishing information denouncing corrupt practices of local government authorities. He also added that a controversial bill introduced by the government was rejected by the National Assembly. The bill provided for government censorship of \"sensitive\" information. For him, censorship is rather subtle. Journalists can publish whatever information they can source on allegations of corruption but should be ready to face the consequences of any governmental reaction.","Eléyakim Dokpane Vananbyl, deputy president. Chadian Journalists Union. N'Djamena. Dec. 27, 2012.\n\nJean-Claude Nekim, publication director. N'Djamena Bi-Hebdo, a prominent Chadian newspaper. N'Djamena. December 27, 2012.\n\nFreedom House Report 2012. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/chad\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices: Chad. U.S. State Department. 2011. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186179\n\nLes Etats généraux de la communication du Tchad. Les actes et les communications. N'Djamena, du 11 au 14 mai 2009. Imprimerie du Tchad","There is no government restraint in publishing corruption-related stories. There is no press censorship in the country, though according to Freedom House 2012 report, \"officials periodically threatened to shut down newspapers or fine journalists for 'irresponsible' reporting.\" ..."]
["2012_DJ_51",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",51,0,"Il n'existe pas de censure expresse mise en place par le gouvernement, mais l'on pourrait plutôt parler d'auto-censure sur des sujets tels que la corruption, comme les institutions chargées du contrôle qui ne veulent pas \"déranger\" les institutions publiques de l’État, les médias aussi s'auto-censurent dans leur articles. \n\nMohamed Issa est journaliste depuis 20 ans à la radio et télévision Djibouti (RTD) et affirme qu'aucun cas de corruption n'a fait l'objet de publication et n'a été commenté dans ses émissions radio. Le journaliste affirme que les rapports sur la corruption sont en principe publiés mais pas régulièrement. Et quand c'est publié, le journal ne reprend que l'interview du responsable de l'institution.\n\nLe journaliste confirme qu'il n y a pas non plus d'articles écrits dans le journal du pays et dénonçant des cas de corruption. Les directeurs de rédaction censurent les écrits ou publications pouvant informer le public de cas de corruption. Le directeur de la Radio télévision de Djibouti est nommé sur décret au conseil des ministres. D'ailleurs Monsieur Kadar Diraneh (un universitaire nommé en 2010 à ce poste par un ancien ministre) a été démis de ses fonctions en septembre 2012 sans aucun motif apparent. Ce directeur n'a pas voulu exécuter les instructions de son ministre de tutelle. Pourtant, la Radio télévision de Djibouti est un 'Établissement disposant de l'autonomie financière et de la personnalité morale. Il est régi par les règles de droit public dans ses relations avec l'État et est réputé commerçant dans ses rapports avec les tiers (article 2 du Décret n°99-0170/PR/MCC portant statuts et cahier des charges de la Radiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti).","Aden Oumar, journaliste à la presse écrite, entretien réalisé le 26 mai 2012.\n\nMohamed Issa, journaliste à la radio et télévision de Djibouti, animateur de l’émission hebdomadaire en français. Entretien réalisé 28 mai 2012. \n\nRapport de l'inspection générale d’État 2006.","Il n'existe pas de censure expresse mise en place par le gouvernement, mais l'on pourrait plutôt parler d'auto-censure sur des sujets tels que la corruption, comme les institutions chargées du contrôle qui ne veulent pas \"déranger\" les institutions publiques de l’État, les médias a..."]
["2012_GA_51",2012,"GA","Gabon",51,0,"Les pouvoirs publics vont jusqu’à emprisonner et licencier les personnes qui se livrent à la diffusion d’informations contre le pouvoir. Certains journalistes et responsables de syndicats (Mairie) sont emprisonnés pour avoir revendiqué leurs droits hauts et forts.","Interview avec :\nPrésident du ROLBG en octobre 2012\nPrésident du Journal Nku'u le messager en octobre 2012\nPrésident Directeur de Publication du Nganga et du Temps en octobre 2012\nPrésident du Journal \"Endzombolo\"","Les pouvoirs publics vont jusqu’à emprisonner et licencier les personnes qui se livrent à la diffusion d’informations contre le pouvoir. Certains journalistes et responsables de syndicats (Mairie) sont emprisonnés pour avoir revendiqué leurs droits hauts et forts."]
["2012_KE_51",2012,"KE","Kenya",51,50,"Normally, the government does not censor newspaper publications, but there have been occasional raids on media houses allegedly preparing to publish corruption scandals. For instance, in September 2011, there was a raid on the Nairobi Law Monthly, which had all the hallmarks of one carried out by “hired goons,” and it resonated with the 2006 raid on the offices of the Standard newspapers and the Kenya Television Network. During the 2 a.m. raid, guards were beaten and office equipment like computers vandalized at the magazine’s offices in Nairobi’s Parklands area. The publication was allegedly working on a comprehensive story about the Kenya Revenue Authority, but there was no evidence to link the raid to any story or any individual.","MP Condemns Raid on Publishing Firm. Alphonce Shiundu. Daily Nation. Friday, Sept. 5, 2011. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/MP+condemns+raid+on+publishing+firm/-/1064/1233246/-/49ron7/-/index.html).\n\n\"Curse or Blessing? Radio Industry Chews over Technological Changes.\" Cosmas Butunyi. Daily Nation. Aug. 5, 2011. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/1214242/-/10h6cwiz/-/index.html).","Normally, the government does not censor newspaper publications, but there have been occasional raids on media houses allegedly preparing to publish corruption scandals. For instance, in September 2011, there was a raid on the Nairobi Law Monthly, which had all the hallmarks of one..."]
["2012_LS_51",2012,"LS","Lesotho",51,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_51",2012,"ML","Mali",51,75,"Les restrictions pré-publication contre les médias sont rares, mais elles existent au Mali. Selon Daouda Diallo, la publication des affaires de corruption ne fait l’objet d’aucune censure préalable (avant publication). \n\nSelon Malick Camara, la presse écrite malienne n’est effectivement pas soumise à l’autorisation préalable des pouvoirs publics avant leur publication et cela peut se dire aussi des publications en ligne. Par exemple, le quotidien privé malien « l’Indépendant »  a publié et mis en ligne, le 04 février 2013, un article dans lequel est cité le nom des militaires qui ont commis des exactions à Gao, au nord du Mali, alors que l’enquête n’a pas encore donné les noms exacts des personnes mises en cause.","Entretien avec Malick Camara, journaliste, rencontré à Lafiabougou à Bamako, le 13 février 2013.\n\nBarometre des medias Africains. Mali 2012. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. http://www.fesmedia-africa.org/uploads/media/AMB_Mali_2012_.pdf","Les restrictions pré-publication contre les médias sont rares, mais elles existent au Mali. Selon Daouda Diallo, la publication des affaires de corruption ne fait l’objet d’aucune censure préalable (avant publication). ..."]
["2012_NA_51",2012,"NA","Namibia",51,100,"No censorship of corruption-related stories has been recorded. Newspapers and research institutes freely publish corruption-related stories.","Naita Hishoono, program manager, Namibia Institute for Democracy, interviewed Aug. 14, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nGraham Hopwood, executive director, Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed, Aug. 13, 2012, Windhoek.\n\n\"Corruption Perceived as Very High,\" Catherine Sasman, the Namibian, April 11, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201204110392.html\n\n\"Police, Prisons Most 'Corrupt,'\" Toivo Ndjebela, New Era, April 11, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201204110325.html","No censorship of corruption-related stories has been recorded. Newspapers and research institutes freely publish corruption-related stories."]
["2012_SN_51",2012,"SN","Senegal",51,75,"Les médias sénégalais ne font face à aucune restriction visant à censurer leur contenus au préalable. Selon Souleymane Niang, journaliste, la publication des affaires de corruption ne fait l’objet d’aucune censure préalable (avant publication). Le Baromètre des médias africains note, dans le même sens, que « la presse écrite sénégalaise n’est effectivement pas soumise à l’autorisation préalable des pouvoirs publics avant leur publication ». Et cela peut se dire aussi des publications en ligne. Par exemple, le quotidien privé sénégalais « Sud Quotidien », comme tous les autres journaux du Sénégal et sur la toile Internet, met en ligne des dossiers de corruption. C’est le  cas des interpellations actuelles des anciens ministres du Parti démocratique sénégalais (PDS) qui sont soupçonnés et incriminés pour enrichissement illicite et corruption.","Interview de Souleymane Niang, journaliste, janvier 2013, Dakar.\n\nLe Baromètre des médias africains, 2012. http://fesmedia-africa.org\n\n\"Comptes et mécomptes de l'ANOCI\" de Abdoul Latif Coulibaly (lien non disponible)","Les médias sénégalais ne font face à aucune restriction visant à censurer leur contenus au préalable. Selon Souleymane Niang, journaliste, la publication des affaires de corruption ne fait l’objet d’aucune censure préalable (avant publication). Le Baromètre des médias africains not..."]
["2012_SC_51",2012,"SC","Seychelles",51,25,"There is self-censorship for fear of prosecution as government officials readily sue media houses. The government does not have access to pre-publications for media houses that are not under its control. It does control the following papers: Nation (daily), People (weekly) and Isola Bella (monthly).\n\nThe Seychelles Media Commission (SMC) set the code of conduct which is meant to set standards for the media industry through self-regulation, still determined in undermining the dedication of many well intentioned journalists who are determined to find the good stories, to tackle the issues that concern every Seychellois and to give voice to what needs to be said.\n\nSeychelles Weekly notes, \"The Michel Administration has its ways of restricting information, by engaging solely with government financed media (SBC and Nation) or pro-Parti Lepep media houses. Critical media are often shut out of official press conferences and are only privileged to propaganda style press releases from the state public relations machinery. Meanwhile, media professionals from the privileged side of the divide far too often restrict themselves in self-censorship. Information is often ‘official’ and one-sided, with the Seychellois community’s views remaining unknown.\"","Seychelles Nation: Assembly Committee Stresses Need for Responsible Media, May 4, 2012. www.nation.sc/index.php?art=27388\n\nSeychelles Nation: Workshop to Draft Code of Conduct for Seychelles Media, April 26, 2012. http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=27318\n\nLe Seychellois Hebdo, Seychelles Weekly, The Media Should Be Free to Report the Community's Views, May 4, 2012. http://www.seychellesweekly.com/May%2013,%202012/pol3_the_media_should.html\n\nFreedom House, Freedom of the Press 2011, Seychelles, October 17, 2011, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e9bec2d24.html","There is self-censorship for fear of prosecution as government officials readily sue media houses. The government does not have access to pre-publications for media houses that are not under its control. It does control the following papers: Nation (daily), People (weekly) and Isol..."]
["2012_SD_51",2012,"SD","Sudan",51,0,"Freedom House called for \"the immediate release of Sudanese journalist and human rights activist, Faisal Mohamed Salih, who was arrested by the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) on Tuesday, May 8, outside his home in Khartoum. Mr. Salih was arrested after two weeks of daily harassment by security personnel since his appearance [on] Al-Jazeera channel on April 19th, where he criticized the Sudanese government.\"\n \nThe interim constitution provides for freedom of thought and expression, but this is respected only on a rhetorical level by those in power.\n\nFreedom House's \"Freedom of the Press 2012\" ranked Sudan No. 170 out of 197 countries assessed. ","Freedom House, \"Freedom House Calls for Release of Sudanese Journalist,\" May 8, 2012,\n www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-calls-release-sudanese-journalist\n \n Dr. Richard Lobban, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 12, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.","Freedom House called for \"the immediate release of Sudanese journalist and human rights activist, Faisal Mohamed Salih, who was arrested by the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) on Tuesday, May 8, outside his home in Khartoum. Mr. Salih was arrested after two weeks ..."]
["2012_UG_51",2012,"UG","Uganda",51,25,"Generally, government censorship of publications on corruption-related stories is minimal, what is actually censored are publications that are considered a threat to national security. For instance, government is not usually tolerant of criticism of government policies and practices and political dissent. But even publication houses have a high degree of self-censorship; otherwise they risk their licenses being revoked.","“Uganda: Media Houses in Self-censorship, Says New Report,” by Sarah Tumwebaze, In2EastAfrica, May 3, 2012, http://in2eastafrica.net/uganda-media-houses-in-self-censorship-says-new-report/\n \n “Western Countries Push for Media Freedom in Uganda at UN Review,” by Grace Natabaalo, African Center for Media Excellence, Oct. 13, 2011, http://www.acme-ug.org/news/item/164-western-countries-push-for-media-freedom-in-uganda-at-un-review\n \n “Journalists angry at Shs 3bn media blitz,”\n by Michael Mubangizi, The Observer, Nov. 21, 2011, http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15973:journalists-angry-at-shs-3bn-media-blitz&catid=34:news&Itemid=59","Generally, government censorship of publications on corruption-related stories is minimal, what is actually censored are publications that are considered a threat to national security. For instance, government is not usually tolerant of criticism of government policies and practice..."]
["2012_BJ_52",2012,"BJ","Benin",52,100,"Au Bénin, il existe un âge minimal de responsabilité pénale qui est de 13 ans. Emmanuel OPITA, Magistrat, Juge d'Instruction au tribunal de Cotonou précise que ''La responsabilité pénale aujourd'hui est à 13 ans selon le code de la famille, le code pénal et le code de procédure pénale ''. \n\nVoici ce que dit le Code de procédure pénale en son article 655 : « La juridiction pour enfants prononcera contre un mineur de moins de treize ans, suivant le cas, des mesures de protection, d’assistance, de surveillance ou d’éducation qui sembleront appropriées ».\n\n« Tout mineur de quinze à dix huit ans, lorsque les circonstances paraissent l’exiger, peut faire l’objet de détention provisoire lorsqu’il commet une infraction criminelle. »\n\n« Lorsque les circonstances l’exigent, elle prononce à l’égard d’un mineur de plus de quinze ans une condamnation pénale. »","Loi n° 2012-15 portant code de procédure pénale en République du Bénin. (2012). Article 652. http://lebeninoisindigne.com/?page=actualites&type=dossiers&id=bf8229696f7a3bb4700cfddef19fa23f\n\nLoi N° 2002 - 07 Portant Code des personnes et de la famille, Article. 459 et 540. http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afw/benin/benin_family_code.htm","Au Bénin, il existe un âge minimal de responsabilité pénale qui est de 13 ans. Emmanuel OPITA, Magistrat, Juge d'Instruction au tribunal de Cotonou précise que ''La responsabilité pénale aujourd'hui est à 13 ans selon le code de la famille, le code pénal et le code de procédure pén..."]
["2012_BW_52",2012,"BW","Botswana",52,100,"In Botswana, the age of criminal responsiblity is 14 years old. According to article 82 of the Children's Act 2009, \"A child under the age of 14 years shall not be presumed to have the capacity to commit a criminal offence unless it can be proved that at the time of committing the offence the child had capacity to know that he or she ought not to do so.\n(2) The relevant date for determining the age of a child who is alleged to have committed an offence shall be the date of the alleged offence\n\nSection 13. Immature age\n(1) A person under the age of eight years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission.\n(2) A person under the age of 14 years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission unless it is proved that at the time of doing the act or making the omission he had capacity to know that he ought not to do the act or make the omission.\n(3) A male person under the age of 12 years is presumed to be incapable of having carnal knowledge.","Republic of Botswana, Penal Code of 1964, General Rules of Criminal Responsibility, Section 13, Subsections 1-3, www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Botswana/BW_Penal_Code.pdf\n\nThe Children's Act 2009. http://www.aclr.info/images/stories/uploader/Publication_files/Acts/Botswana_Children_Act_08_of_2009.pdf","In Botswana, the age of criminal responsiblity is 14 years old. According to article 82 of the Children's Act 2009, \"A child under the age of 14 years shall not be presumed to have the capacity to commit a criminal offence unless it can be proved that at the time of committing the ..."]
["2012_CF_52",2012,"CF","CAR",52,100,"En République Centrafricaine, l'âge minimal de la responsabilité  pénale est 14 ans d'après l'article 9 du Code pénal de 2010.\n\nArt.9 : Lorsqu’un mineur de moins de 18 ans aura commis une infraction, il sera déféré au juge des enfants qui informera avec tous les pouvoirs du juge d’instruction et pourra ensuite : \n- soit condamner le mineur aux peines portées par le présent code, \n- soit le condamner à une peine inférieure dont le minimum sera celui de peines de simple police ; \n- soit ne prononcer aucune condamnation et prendre toutes mesures qu’il jugera utiles pour assurer l’amendement du mineur et sa rééducation.\nToutefois, le mineur âgé de moins de 14 ans ne pourra faire l’objet que de mesures de rééducation dans les conditions fixées par une loi particulière.","LOI N°10.001 PORTANT CODE PENAL CENTRAFRICAIN , Article 9, 2010.\n\nEdmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nAugustin KONGATOUA, Conseiller auprès de la cour Constitutionnelle de la République Centrafricaine, Maître de Conférence à l'Université de Bangui, juillet 2012, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, l'âge minimal de la responsabilité  pénale est 14 ans d'après l'article 9 du Code pénal de 2010...."]
["2012_CI_52",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",52,100,"According to Article 116 of the penal code (1995), \"The acts committed by a child at or under the age of 10 years are unlikely to qualify for prosecution. \nMinors 10 to13 years will be put under protective measures, support, supervision and education required by law. The mitigating circumstance or acquittal of minority benefits for minors16 and 18yearsas provided by the Code of Criminal Procedure. In terms of crime and offense, the mitigating factor In terms of offense, excludes any custodial sentence and allows the judge to not impose a reprimand.","TITLE I, Section I, Article 116. The Ivorian Penal Code, Law No 1981/14 of August 31, 1981.","According to Article 116 of the penal code (1995), \"The acts committed by a child at or under the age of 10 years are unlikely to qualify for prosecution. \nMinors 10 to13 years will be put under protective measures, support, supervision and education..."]
["2012_ET_52",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",52,100,"Article 52 of the Criminal Code states that children who have not attained the age of 9 years shall not be deemed to be criminally responsible. \n\nWhere a crime is committed by a child, appropriate steps may be taken by the family, school or guardianship authority.","Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Section II - Infants and Juvenile Delinquents, Article 52. http://abyssinialaw.com/uploads/criminal%20code%20of%20ethiopia2004.pdf","Article 52 of the Criminal Code states that children who have not attained the age of 9 years shall not be deemed to be criminally responsible. ..."]
["2012_GA_52",2012,"GA","Gabon",52,100,"Selon le Chapitre XIII sur 'De la minorité pénale' dans l'article 56: \n\n\"Lorsqu’un mineur de treize ans se sera rendu coupable de faits qualifiés crime ou délit, il sera déféré au président du tribunal qui pourra prononcer par ordonnance soit la remise de l’enfant à ses parents, à son tuteur, à la personne qui en avait la garde ou à une personne digne de confiance, soit son placement dans une institution ou un établissement public ou privé d’éducation ou de formation professionnelle, ou dans un établissement médical. Ces mesures pourront être rapportées ou modifiées dans les mêmes formes.\"","Loi N°21/63 du 31 mai 1963 (mise à jour novembre 1994) Portant code pénal : âge de 13 ans. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=266824","Selon le Chapitre XIII sur 'De la minorité pénale' dans l'article 56: \n\n\"Lorsqu’un mineur de treize ans se sera rendu coupable de faits qualifiés crime ou délit, il s..."]
["2012_KE_52",2012,"KE","Kenya",52,100,"Section 14 of the Penal Code provides that:\n\"(1) A person under the age of eight years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission.\n\n(2) A person under the age of twelve years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, unless it is proved that at the time of doing the act or making the omission he had capacity to know that he ought not to do the act or make the omission.\n\n(3) A male person under the age of twelve years is presumed to be incapable of having carnal knowledge.\"","The Penal Act, Chapter 63 of the Laws of Kenya, Section 14. http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/frames.php","Section 14 of the Penal Code provides that:\n\"(1) A person under the age of eight years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission...."]
["2012_MR_52",2012,"MR","Mauritania",52,100,"Ordonnance n°2005-015 portant protection pénale de l’enfant, Article 2. - L'enfant âgé de moins de sept ans est présumé irréfragablement n'avoir pas la capacité d'enfreindre la loi pénale, cette présomption devient réfragable pour les enfants âgés de sept ans révolus. Néanmoins, les enfants dont l’âge se situe entre sept et quinze ans ne peuvent être soumis qu’à des mesures de protection.\n\nL'âge minimum est donc 7 ans.","1) Ordonnance n° 2005-015 portant protection pénale de l'enfant\n2) Code pénal 1983","Ordonnance n°2005-015 portant protection pénale de l’enfant, Article 2. - L'enfant âgé de moins de sept ans est présumé irréfragablement n'avoir pas la capacité d'enfreindre la loi pénale, cette présomption devient réfragable pour les enfants âgés de sept ans révolus. Néanmoins, le..."]
["2012_NA_52",2012,"NA","Namibia",52,100,"The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Namibia is 7 years old. \n\nChildren as young as 12 can be imprisoned. In an attempt to remedy this situation, the Child Care and Protection Bill provides for prevention and early intervention services. The bill has not been passed yet.","African Child Forum, \"Age of Criminal Responsibility in Africa,\"\nwww.africanchildforum.org/site/index.php/programmess/the-child-law-center/childrens-rights-in-the-juvenile-justice-system/175-age-of-criminal-responsibility-in-africa.pdf \n\nChildren Status Act, 2006, www.parliament.gov.na/acts_documents/119_children_status_act_6_of_2006.pdf\n\nCriminal Code and Amendments. www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwenam.htm#Administrative%20/%20Public%20Law\n\nLotta N. Ambunda and Willard T. Mugadza, \"The Protection of Children's Rights in Namibia: Law and Policy,\" AusAID, May 2012.","The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Namibia is 7 years old. \n\nChildren as young as 12 can be imprisoned. In an attempt to remedy this situation, the Child C..."]
["2012_NE_52",2012,"NE","Niger",52,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_SC_52",2012,"SC","Seychelles",52,100,"While the age of criminal responsibility is 7 years old (Penal Code), the Children Act makes many references to the age of 14 as a baseline for handling children who offend.\n\nPenal Code, Section 15 states: A person under the age of seven years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission. A person under the age of twelve years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, unless it is proved that at the time of doing the act or making the omission he had capacity to know that he ought not to do the act or make the omission.\n\nA male person under the age of twelve years is presumed to be incapable of having carnal knowledge.\n\nThe Children Act (2004), Chapter 28, Article 94.(1) states: Notwithstanding any other written law, no child under 14 years of age shall be sentenced to imprisonment.","Penal Code, Section 15, http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158\n\nAfrican Child Forum, Children's Rights in the Juvenile Justice System, 2011. http://www.africanchildforum.org/site/index.php/programmess/the-child-law-center/childrens-rights-in-the-juvenile-justice-system/175.html\n\nThe Children Act (2004) Chapter 28 (1982) as amended by Act 4 of 1998","While the age of criminal responsibility is 7 years old (Penal Code), the Children Act makes many references to the age of 14 as a baseline for handling children who offend...."]
["2012_SD_52",2012,"SD","Sudan",52,100,"According to the 2nd periodic report: CRC/C/65/Add.17, Dec. 6, 2001:\n \"Article 8 of the Sudanese Penal Code of 1991 stipulates that criminal responsibility applies only to those who are legally obliged to fulfill the precepts of the law and are also capable of exercising free choice. Article 9 provides that a minor who has not attained maturity is not deemed to have perpetrated an offense. The measures of care and reform stipulated in the code must, however, be applied in the case of all such persons older than 7 years, as the court deems fit. Accordingly:\n (b) Article 3 stipulates that “a mature person” means any person showing the unmistakable physical signs of proof that he has reached puberty, which could apply to a person having attained 15 years of age. Any person having attained 18 years of age is considered mature, even if he shows no such signs of maturity;\n (c) Pursuant to Article 3, a child is not considered responsible for a criminal act, although he is subject to the measures of care stipulated in Article 47, pursuant to which the court may apply such measures to a young suspect who was over 7 and under 18 years of age at the time of perpetration of the criminal offense, as well as reform measures intended to improve and correct behavior.\"\n \n The Child Act of 2010 defines a child as under 18 and sets the minimum age of criminal responsibility at 12.","Article 8 of the Sudanese Penal Code of 1991.\n \n 2nd periodic report: CRC/C/65/Add.17, Dec. 6, 2001.\n www.right-to-education.org/country-node/524/country-minimum","According to the 2nd periodic report: CRC/C/65/Add.17, Dec. 6, 2001:\n \"Article 8 of the Sudanese Penal Code of 1991 stipulates that criminal responsibility applies only to those who are legally obliged to fulfill the precepts of the law and are also capable..."]
["2012_UG_52",2012,"UG","Uganda",52,100,"Section 88 of the Children Act, 1996, stipulates that the minimum age of criminal responsibility shall be 12 years. Uganda ratified the main international treaties, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and based on this passed the Children Act in 1996 and adopted the act on Aug. 1, 1997.","Section 88 of the Children Act, 1996 (Chapter 59)","Section 88 of the Children Act, 1996, stipulates that the minimum age of criminal responsibility shall be 12 years. Uganda ratified the main international treaties, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and based on this passed the Children Act in 1996 and adopted th..."]
["2012_ZM_52",2012,"ZM","Zambia",52,100,"Penal Code Cap. 87 Section (14) of the laws of Zambia, (1) stipulates that a person under the age of eight (8) years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission. Immature age. (2) stipulates that a person under the age of twelve (12) years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, unless it is proved that at the time of doing the act or making the omission he had capacity to know that he ought not to do the act or make the omission. (3) stipulates that a male person under the age of twelve (12) years is presumed to be incapable of having carnal knowledge.","Section 14.1 of the penal code, part I, chapter 87 of the Laws of Zambia, 1931 (Amended by No. 20 of 1953) http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/87","Penal Code Cap. 87 Section (14) of the laws of Zambia, (1) stipulates that a person under the age of eight (8) years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission. Immature age. (2) stipulates that a person under the age of twelve (12) years is not criminally responsible fo..."]
["2012_BW_53",2012,"BW","Botswana",53,100,"Sections 36 to 50 of the Children's Act deal with children's courts, children needing protection, children in conflict with the law and those appearing as witnesses. It stipulates the nature of court proceedings and who is permitted to sit in these proceedings in order to protect the children.\n\n36. \n(1) For the purposes of this Act, every magistrate’s court shall be a children’s court.\n(2) A children’s court shall adjudicate any matter involving —\n(a) the holding of an investigation in respect of a child alleged to be in need of protection;\n(b) an application for a protection order;\n(c) an application for foster care or adoption;\n(d) the neglect, ill-treatment, abuse or exploitation of a child;\n(e) the hearing and determination of charges against children aged between 14 and 18 years;\n(f) the removal or abduction of a child from Botswana; and\n(g) any other matter which may be conferred upon it by this Act or any other law.","Children's Act of 2009, Section 36 to 50,  www.aclr.info/images/stories/uploader/Publication_files/Acts/Botswana_Children_Act_08_of_2009.pdf","Sections 36 to 50 of the Children's Act deal with children's courts, children needing protection, children in conflict with the law and those appearing as witnesses. It stipulates the nature of court proceedings and who is permitted to sit in these proceedings in order to protect t..."]
["2012_CF_53",2012,"CF","CAR",53,100,"L'article 9 du Code pénal centrafricain précise les procédures d'incarcération des mineurs de moins de 18 ans.","Constitution du 27 décembre 2004, 6 articles, République Centrafricaine;\n\nLOI N°10.001 portant Code Pénal de la République Centrafricaine, Article 9;\n\nConvention relative aux droits de l'enfant le 23 mai 1992, ratifiée par la RCA;  \n\nConvention n°182 de l'OIT le 28 juin 2000 sur les pires formes de travail des enfants, ratifiée par la RCA;  ","L'article 9 du Code pénal centrafricain précise les procédures d'incarcération des mineurs de moins de 18 ans."]
["2012_CI_53",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",53,100,"Parliament provided for the creation of three specialized courts for the treatment of records of minors: children's judges are competent to try offenses in the Council Chamber committed by minors younger than 18 years old when the seriousness of the facts does not justify the intervention of the juvenile court; the juvenile court is competent to try serious offenses committed by minors under the age of 18 years and for crimes committed by minors of 16 years of age. It is composed of the judge, child and two assessors chosen by order of the Minister of Justice. CF. Article 756-764 of the code of criminal procedure.","Article 756-764, the code of Penal procedure, Law n ° 69-371 of August 12, 1969.","Parliament provided for the creation of three specialized courts for the treatment of records of minors: children's judges are competent to try offenses in the Council Chamber committed by minors younger than 18 years old when the seriousness of the facts does not justify the inter..."]
["2012_DJ_53",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",53,100,"Il a fallu attendre 2010 pour que le gouvernement djiboutien mette en place un juge des enfants par la loi de 2010 précitée. En effet, l'article 6 dispose que : Le juge des enfants est compétent pour connaître les contraventions et délits commis par les mineurs âgés de moins de 18 ans.\nIl est également compétent pour ordonner toute mesure utile lorsque le mineur de moins de 18 ans est en danger. Il est juge d'instruction en matière criminelle.\n\nEn revanche, la législation djiboutienne n'a pas mis en place, comme c'est le cas dans d'autres pays, une autorité administrative indépendante, chargée de défendre et promouvoir les droits des enfants comme le prévoit la convention internationale.","Loi n°79/AN/10/6ème L du 22 avril 2010 modifiant la Loi n°52/AN/94/3ème L portant création d’une Cour d’Appel et d’un Tribunal de Première Instance.\n\nRatification de la convention internationale des droits de l'enfant en 1990.\n\nLoi n°33/AN/09/6ème L du 21 février 2009 portant adhésion à la Charte Africaine des Droits de l'enfant et de deux protocoles additionnels à la CDE.\n\nLien internet et version électronique: http://www.justice.gouv.dj/LESTEXTESDEBASESDELAJUSTICE.pdf","Il a fallu attendre 2010 pour que le gouvernement djiboutien mette en place un juge des enfants par la loi de 2010 précitée. En effet, l'article 6 dispose que : Le juge des enfants est compétent pour connaître les contraventions et délits commis par les mineurs âgés de moins de 18 ..."]
["2012_GA_53",2012,"GA","Gabon",53,100,"Oui. Le décret n°0806/PR du 25 novembre 2010 portant promulgation de la Loi n°39/2010 portant régime judiciaire de protection des mineurs. La loi institue un régime dérogatoire de droit commun en matière de détention préventive et de minorité pénale. Cependant, cette réforme de la législation n’ait pas inclus un régime de peines alternatives à la privation de liberté pour les mineurs. (art. 2, 10 et 16).\n\nPar exemple, la loi ne fixe pas :\na) des mesures alternatives dans le système de justice de mineurs en conflit avec la loi ;\nb) des mesures pour veiller à ce que la détention des mineurs ne se fasse qu’en dernier ressort et pour la période la plus courte possible ;\nc) des mesures pour veiller aussi à ce que les mineurs privés de liberté jouissent de toutes les garanties juridiques et que la séparation soit garantie entre le mineurs condamnés et les adultes, les hommes et les femmes et les prévenus et les condamnés, satisfaisant l’Ensemble des règles minima des Nations Unies concernant l’administration de la justice pour mineurs (Règles de Beijing) adoptée par l’Assemblée générale dans sa résolution 40/33 du 29 novembre 1985 et aux principes directeurs des Nations Unies pour la prévention de la délinquance juvénile (Règles de Riyad) adoptée par l’Assemblée générale dans sa résolution 45/112 du 14 décembre 1990.","Décret n°0806/PR du 25 novembre 2010 portant promulgation de la Loi n°39/2010.\n\nComité Contre la Torture, Observations Finales du Rapport Initial de Gabon, adoptées par le Comité lors de sa quarante-neuvième session (29 octobre - 23 novembre 2012), (CAT/C/SR.1127), le 20 novembre 2012.","Oui. Le décret n°0806/PR du 25 novembre 2010 portant promulgation de la Loi n°39/2010 portant régime judiciaire de protection des mineurs. La loi institue un régime dérogatoire de droit commun en matière de détention préventive et de minorité pénale. Cependant, cette réforme de la ..."]
["2012_KE_53",2012,"KE","Kenya",53,100,"The Children Act 2001 spells out the terms and procedures of handling court proceedings involving children. \n\nArticle 73 of the Act says there shall be courts to be known as Children’s Courts constituted in accordance with the provisions of this section for the purpose of:\n(a) conducting civil proceedings on matters set out under Parts III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XIII of the Act;\n(b) hearing any charge against a child, other than a charge of murder or a charge in which the child is charged together with a person or persons of or above the age of eighteen years; \n(c) hearing a charge against any person accused of an offence under this Act;\n(d) exercising any other jurisdiction conferred by this or any other written law; \nProvided that -   \n(i) reference to subordinate courts of any class, in the First Schedule to the Criminal Procedure Code, shall include a Children’s Court; \n(ii) the Chief Justice may, by notice in the Gazette, appoint a magistrate to preside over cases involving children in respect of any area of the country;  \n(iii) where in the course of any proceedings in a Children’s Court it appears to the court that the person charged, or to whom the proceedings relate, is over eighteen years of age, or where in the course of any proceedings in any court other than a Children’s Court it appears to the court that the person charged or to whom the proceedings relate, is under eighteen years of age, nothing in this section shall prevent the court, if it thinks fit, from proceeding with the hearing and determination of the case; \n(vi) where any conviction or sentence made or passed by a court other than a Children’s Court is appealed against or is brought before the High Court for confirmation or revision and it appears that the person convicted was at the time of the commission of the offence under eighteen years of age, the High Court shall have power to substitute for the conviction a finding of guilty in accordance with section 196 and substitute for the sentence an order under section 125(2) of this Act. \n\nArticle 74 says a Children’s Court shall sit in a different building or room, or at different times, from those in which sittings of courts other than Children’s Courts are held, and no person shall be present at any sitting of a Children’s Court except –\n(a) members and officers of the court; \n(b) parties to the case before the court, their advocates and witnesses and other persons directly concerned in the case;\n(c) parents or guardians of any child brought before the court;\n(d) bona fide registered representatives of newspapers or news agencies; (e) such other persons as the court may specially authorise to be present. \n\nArticle 75 says where in any proceedings in relation to an offence against or by a child, or any conduct contrary to decency or morality, a person who, in the opinion of the court, is under eighteen years of age is called as a witness, the court may direct that all or any persons, not being members or officers of the court, or parties to the case or their advocates, shall be excluded from the court. \n\nArticle 76 says: \n(1) Subject to section 4 where a court is considering whether or not to make one or more orders under this Act with respect to a child it shall not make the order or any other orders unless it considers that doing so would be more beneficial to the welfare of the child than making no order at all. \n(2) In any proceedings in which an issue on the upbringing of a child arises, the court shall have regard to the general principle that any delay in determining the question is likely to be prejudicial to the welfare of the child.  \nSitting\n3) Where the court is considering whether or not to make an order with regard to a child, it shall have particular regard to the following matters -  \n (a) the ascertainable feelings and wishes of the child concerned with reference to the child’s age and understanding;\n (b) the child’s physical, emotional and educational needs and in particular, where the child has a disability, the ability of any person or institution to provide any special care or medical attention that may be required for the child;  \n(c) the likely effect on the child of any change in circumstances; \n(d) the child’s age, sex, religious persuasion and cultural background; \n(e) any harm the child may have suffered, or is at risk of suffering;  \n(f) the ability of the parent, or any other person in relation to whom the court considers the question to be relevant, to provide for and care for the child; \n(g) the customs and practices of the community to which the child belongs; \n(h) the child’s exposure to, or use of drugs or other psychotropic substances and, in particular, whether the child is addicted to the same, and the ability of any person or institution to provide any special care or medical attention that may be required for the child;  (i) the range of powers available to the court under this Act.  \n(4) The court may, if it considers it imperative for the proper determination of any matter in issue before it, of its own motion or upon application, call any expert witness it shall deem appropriate to provide assistance to the court, and the expenses of any such witness shall be determined by the court and shall be defrayed out of moneys provided by Parliament.  \n(5) In any proceedings concerning a child, whether instituted under this Act or under any written law, a child’s name, identity, home or last place of residence, school shall not, nor shall the particulars of the child’s parents or relatives, any photograph or any depiction or caricature of the child, be published or revealed, whether in any publication or report (including any law report) or otherwise. \n(6) Any person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (5) commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or to both.\n\nArticle 191 specifies ways in which a child offender may be punished. One of such ways includes being placed in a probation hostel. The Act furthermore states that no child shall be subject to corporal punishment.","1. The Children Act 2001. Article 73-76 and 191. . https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/a24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142/95bcf642e7784b63c1257b4a004f95e8/$FILE/Children%27s%20Act.pdf","The Children Act 2001 spells out the terms and procedures of handling court proceedings involving children. ..."]
["2012_MW_53",2012,"MW","Malawi",53,100,"Court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses. The procedures for children in courts are provided for under the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act, which provides for guidelines on arrest; age determination; preliminary inquiries; diversion; legal representation; establishment of a separate court system for children; detention places pending trial in safety homes; and detention after trial in reformatory centres.\n\nSection 89: In addition to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code or of any other written law, relating to the arrest of a child, a police officer or any person arresting the child or the person who appears to be a child shall- \na) have due regard to the observance of the principle of the best interests of the child as well as the general welfare of the child; and \nb) make the arrest in accordance with the guidelines set out under this division.\n\nSection 127 of the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act orders the state to provide a child with legal representation financed by government. This ensures that the child has legal representation even when she or he cannot afford it.\n\nThe same act, in section 132, establishes Child Justice Courts to ensure that children are tried within a friendly system, not the regular courts of law.","Child Care and Protection Justice Act of 2010: Section 88, 89 (2), 127, 132\nhttp://www.malawilii.org/mw/legislation/act/2010/22","Court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses. The procedures for children in courts are provided for under the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act, which provides for guide..."]
["2012_ML_53",2012,"ML","Mali",53,100,"Au Mali, en matière pénale, il existe des procédures adaptées aux enfants dans le système judiciaire. L'article 14 de la Loi 02-062 portant Code de protection des enfants dispose que «l'enfant placé dans une institution éducative de protection ou de rééducation, au sens de l'article 65 du présent code, ou mis dans un lieu de détention, a droit à la protection sanitaire, physique et morale. Il a aussi droit à l'assistance sociale et éducative tout en considérant son âge, son sexe, ses potentialités et sa personnalité.» \nL'article 77 de cette loi stipule que «la protection judiciaire de l'enfant est assurée par les juridictions pour mineurs. Les juridictions pour mineurs sont : \n- le juge des enfants. \n- le tribunal pour enfants. \n- la chambre spéciale des mineurs de la cour d'appel. \n- la cour d'assises des mineurs. \n\nAu Mali, les procédures judiciaires et les conditions d'arrestation prennent en considération les besoins des enfants, qu'ils soient accusés, victimes ou témoins","Loi n°01-081 du 24 avril 2001 portant sur la minorité pénale et institution des juridictions pour mineurs, \n\nOrdonnance 02-062 portant Code de protection de l'enfant, article 1, 14, 55, 67 et suivant, adopté le 05 juin 2002, http://codes.droit.org/cod/civil.pdf","Au Mali, en matière pénale, il existe des procédures adaptées aux enfants dans le système judiciaire. L'article 14 de la Loi 02-062 portant Code de protection des enfants dispose que «l'enfant placé dans une institution éducative de protection ou de rééducation, au sens de l'articl..."]
["2012_NA_53",2012,"NA","Namibia",53,100,"Section 158A of the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, Act No. 24 of 2003 provides for special arrangements for vulnerable witnesses, including children. These arrangements include: (a) The relocation of the trial to another location while the evidence of the vulnerable witness is being heard; (b) The rearrangement of the furniture in a court room, or the removal from or addition of certain furniture or objects to or from the court room, or a direction that certain persons sit or stand at certain locations in the court room.\n\nThe Children’s Act (No. 33 of 1960) still remains the main child rights law in the country. \n\nHowever, as stated in the Namibia Institute for Democracy's 2011 publication, there are \"still significant gaps in dealing with children in the criminal justice system. The Child Justice Bill has not been tabled in Parliament for more than seven years. There is also an over-reliance on the 1977 Criminal Procedure Act, which still falls short of addressing the challenges of children in conflict with the law.\"","Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, Act No. 24 of 2003, Section 158A,\nwww.parliament.gov.na/acts_documents/55_act_24.sep.pdf\n\nAfrican Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, African Child Policy Forum, \"Harmonization of Children’s Laws in Namibia,\" May 2012, www.acerwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/English-ACERWC-Namibia-Harmonisation-of-Laws-on-Children.pdf\n\nOliver C. Ruppel and Lotta N. Ambunda, \"The Justice Sector & the Rule of Law in Namibia: Framework, Selected Legal Aspects and Cases,\" Namibia Institute for Democracy and the Human Rights and Documentation Center, May 2011, www.nid.org.na/pdf/publications/Framework%20Book%20Final%2026_05_11.pdf","Section 158A of the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, Act No. 24 of 2003 provides for special arrangements for vulnerable witnesses, including children. These arrangements include: (a) The relocation of the trial to another location while the evidence of the vulnerable witness is b..."]
["2012_SN_53",2012,"SN","Senegal",53,100,"L'article 566 du Code de procédure pénale fixent les procédures de jugement et de détention des mineurs au Sénégal. Il stipule que:  « Les mineurs de dix-huit ans auxquels est imputée une infraction qualifiée crime ou délit ne sont pas déférés aux juridictions pénales de droit commun et ne sont justiciables que des tribunaux pour enfants. Lorsque seule l’année de naissance du mineur est connue, il est présumé né le 31 décembre de ladite année. »\n\nLes dispositions relatives à la détention des enfants sont prévues par le Code de procédure pénale en son paragraphe 8 (dispositions applicables aux mineurs)","Loi 65-61 du 21 juillet 1965 portant code de procédure pénale modifié (CPP). Article 566. \nwww.justice.gouv.sn/droitp/CPP.PDF‎","L'article 566 du Code de procédure pénale fixent les procédures de jugement et de détention des mineurs au Sénégal. Il stipule que:  « Les mineurs de dix-huit ans auxquels est imputée une infraction qualifiée crime ou délit ne sont pas déférés aux juridictions pénales de droit comm..."]
["2012_SS_53",2012,"SS","South Sudan",53,100,"Article 11 of the Penal Code, 2008 says that juveniles who committed offenses should be \"detained in a reformatory school or other establishment for the purpose for a term which shall not be less than two or more than five years.\"","Government of South Sudan. The Penal Code Act, 2008. The Southern Sudan Gazette, No. 1, Volume I. Feb. 10, 2009.","Article 11 of the Penal Code, 2008 says that juveniles who committed offenses should be \"detained in a reformatory school or other establishment for the purpose for a term which shall not be less than two or more than five years.\""]
["2012_SD_53",2012,"SD","Sudan",53,100,"Juveniles have special treatment and legal procedures in Sudan, according to Sudan Child Act of 2010. Articles 55 and 56 state that an investigation with chlidren should be in front of their guardian or their lawyers or psychological specialist. Article 58 states that children shouldn't be jailed with adults and not for more than a week. Article 59 states that there should be special waiting places for children to stay during investigation periods.","Republic of the Sudan. Sudan Child Act of 2010.","Juveniles have special treatment and legal procedures in Sudan, according to Sudan Child Act of 2010. Articles 55 and 56 state that an investigation with chlidren should be in front of their guardian or their lawyers or psychological specialist. Article 58 states that children shou..."]
["2012_UG_53",2012,"UG","Uganda",53,100,"The Village Executive Committee Court is the lowest unit with administrative, legislative and judicial powers on behalf of the central government and it is closest to the people. The Children Act built on this structure and adapted it to hear cases of children in conflict with the law in a way that was compliant with the United Nations Convention for the Rights of the Child and other international standards which call for state parties to establish laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically concerning justice for children. \n \n The village court is designated by the act as the court for minor but common charges, such as theft, assault and criminal trespass. This court cannot imprison or order corporal punishment. The village court can order compensation, restitution, apology, caution and a six-month guidance order. There are also some village courts that order the performance of community service. \n \n The village court is intended to address problems associated with the cumbersome court system and in handling children in conflict with the law involve the community, use the local language, be speedy, accessible and more understandable. Lawyers are not allowed to participate as that would complicate the proceedings. The courts operate in an informal manner, which makes the proceedings non-intimidating for the child involved. The village courts also can be convened at any time, which offers some degree of flexibility. \n \n In addition to the village court, the law also requires that every district should have family and children courts in which children in conflict with the law are supposed to be tried, including those giving evidence and here too child-friendly procedures are supposed to be followed.","Section 92 Subsections (1) (8) of the Children Act 1996, Cap 59 of the Laws of Uganda.\n \n Section 6 Subsections (2) (9) of the Executive Committees (Judicial Powers) Act.\n \n Section 16 Subsection (1) (c) (d) (e) (f) of the Children Act 1996, Cap 59 of the Laws of Uganda.\n \n Section 101 of the Children Act 1996, Cap 59 of the Laws of Uganda.\n \n Section 102 Subsection (1) of the Children Act 1996, Cap 59 of the Laws of Uganda.\n \n Section 102 Subsection (2) (a) (b) (c) of the Children Act 1996, Cap 59 of the Laws of Uganda.","The Village Executive Committee Court is the lowest unit with administrative, legislative and judicial powers on behalf of the central government and it is closest to the people. The Children Act built on this structure and adapted it to hear cases of children in conflict with the ..."]
["2012_BJ_54",2012,"BJ","Benin",54,75,"Il existe des cabinets d'instruction pour les enfants (mineurs), qui appliquent les procédures définies par l'Ordonnance n°69-23/PR/MJL du 10 juillet 1969 relative au jugement des infractions commises par les mineurs de dix huit ans.\n\nLe rapport du Département d'État Américain mentionne des violations dures et fréquentes des droits des enfants dans les prisons ainsi que d'une violence continue contre les enfants.","AKPO Euloge, Magistrat, Président du Tribunal de Première Instance d’Abomey-Calavi,  Entretien le 23 juillet 2012 au Tribunal de Première Instance d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi\n\nEdouard ZAVONON, Juriste, Greffier du Cabinet des Mineurs, Tribunal de Première Instance d'Abomey-Calavi, Entretien le 23 juillet 2012 au Tribunal de Première Instance d'Abomey-Calavi.\n\nUS Dept. of State, Benin 2011, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186377.pdf","Il existe des cabinets d'instruction pour les enfants (mineurs), qui appliquent les procédures définies par l'Ordonnance n°69-23/PR/MJL du 10 juillet 1969 relative au jugement des infractions commises par les mineurs de dix huit ans...."]
["2012_CV_54",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",54,50,"As can be seen in \"Situation Analysis of Children and Adolescents in Cape Verde 2011,\" from the year 2009 to 2011, 15 education measures were implemented, 11 institutional and three non-institutional. Children under the control of the state (found in conflict with the law/incarcerated) – following the provisions of Legislative Decree 02/2006 – were on average 14 years old, and the youngest of them was 12. The vast majority of these children were imprisoned for theft, but there are cases of sexual assault, rape and bodily insults. Five of the children admitted during the two-year period, three were in a closed regime and two semi-open regime. Seven of the children were under careful guard, two in closed regime (pages100-103). \n\nAccording to the interviews, it is not easy to collect statistical data on this issue, as the institutions involved rarely produce reports, nor do they disclose or publicize the ones that are produced.\n\nOver the years, Cape Verde has adopted several legal mechanisms for the protection and defense of the rights of children and adolescents, first enshrined in the Constitution, but also in the Family Code (now extinct), the Penal Code, the Civil Code and the Cape Verdean Labor Code. \n\nWith the publication of the \"Law of the Child and Adolescent\" in 2013, it is expected that the situation will change. Furthermore, the draft law is nearing completion and approval. This standard will define the fundamental rights and establish its protection system, involving and blaming the state and society as a whole in implementing policies on health, education, social security and assistance, special protection and promotion of rights and freedoms in favor of integral development of children and adolescents. \n\nAlso, the country has ratified the main international conventions on the protection of rights of children and adolescents, in particular, the International Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the World Declaration on Survival, Protection and Development of Children; Convention No. 138 of the International Labor Organization regarding the minimum age for admission to employment, Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labor, as well as the Hague Convention concerning the protection of children and cooperation in  intercountry adoptions.","Interview with Redy Lima, sociologist, academic and child/youth rights activist, Aug. 27, 2012, Praia.\n\nInterview with Zelinda Cohen, president of national commission for human rights and citizenship, Aug. 30, 2012, Praia.\n\nInterview with Judge Julio Sanches Afonso, judicial magistrate of the District Court of Praia, Feb. 11, 2012, Praia.\n\n\"Law of the Child and Adolescent should be implemented in early 2013,\" Expresso das Ilhas, Aug. 8, 2012, http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/lei-do-estatuto-da-crianca-e-adolescente-deve-ser-implementada-no-inicio-de-2013.\n\n\"Statute of Children and Adolescents officially delivered today,\" A Semana, Aug. 7, 2012, http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article79139.\n\n\"Cape Verde prepares law on status of child and adolescent,\" Panapress, Nov. 25, 2011, http://www.panapress.com/Cabo-Verde-elabora-lei-sobre-estatuto-da-crianca-e-do-adolescente---3-807050-50-lang4-index.html.\n\n\"Situation Analysis of Children and Adolescents in Cape Verde,\" UNICEF, 2011, http://www.un.cv/files/crianca2011.pdf.","As can be seen in \"Situation Analysis of Children and Adolescents in Cape Verde 2011,\" from the year 2009 to 2011, 15 education measures were implemented, 11 institutional and three non-institutional. Children under the control of the state (found in conflict with the law/incarcera..."]
["2012_CF_54",2012,"CF","CAR",54,50,"En dépit de l'existence des instruments juridiques et des dispositions institutionnelles mises en place en faveur de l'enfant, on note toujours un certain nombre de faillis dans la prise en compte des besoins juridiques des enfants en République Centrafricaine, surtout l'applicabilité des instruments juridiques élaborés au niveau national et la ratification des conventions à l'échelle internationale. \n\nLes causes résultent  entre autres de la faiblesse des institutions en charge des enfants, surtout le manque de moyens d'actions et la non-appropriation de ces instruments par un grand nombre de la famille, surtout les femmes.\n\nLe «Rapport Humanium\" sur la mise en œuvre des droits des enfants cite la République centrafricaine à mettre en œuvre insuffisamment protections de l'enfant dans tous les domaines.","Edmond YAMINDI, Avocat à la cour, Barreau de la République Centrafricaine, juin 2012, Bangui;\n\nMarie-Madeleine KOYANGBO, Assistante à l'Université de Bangui, Juin 2012, Bangui.\n\nHumanium, Report on Children rights implementation, 2011\nhttp://www.humanium.org/en/central-african-republic/","En dépit de l'existence des instruments juridiques et des dispositions institutionnelles mises en place en faveur de l'enfant, on note toujours un certain nombre de faillis dans la prise en compte des besoins juridiques des enfants en République Centrafricaine, surtout l'applicabil..."]
["2012_CI_54",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",54,25,"According to Child Rights International, there are pervasive failings within the justice system, noting that “limited progress has been achieved in establishing a functioning system of juvenile justice throughout the country.” In particular, there are a small number of juvenile justice courts, judges and social workers; the poor conditions for children held in detention facilities; the low minimum age of criminal responsibility; the lack of a right for children to be heard in legal proceedings; and the absence of rehabilitation and reintegration programs for children in conflict with the law.","Innocent Kouakou, Jurist and Fiscalist ,AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Jan. 30, 2013\n\nEke Frederique Julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed: Feb. 2, 2013\n\nChildren's Rights International Network, General overview of Côte d'Ivoire's national legal provisions on children's rights, July 2012 http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?ID=28968","According to Child Rights International, there are pervasive failings within the justice system, noting that “limited progress has been achieved in establishing a functioning system of juvenile justice throughout the country.” In particular, there are a small number of juvenile jus..."]
["2012_GA_54",2012,"GA","Gabon",54,0,"Le décret n°0806/PR du 25 novembre 2010 portant promulgation de la Loi n°39/2010 portant régime judiciaire de protection des mineurs existe, mais malheureusement souvent on ne tient pas compte des besoins particuliers des enfants.\n\nLes cas sur les mineurs sont très rares, car, seuls quelques jeunes ont été arrêtés pour délinquance ou abus sexuel. En fait, les cas ont été renvoyés en jugement car la prison pour la détention des mineurs n'est pas encore achevée.","GABON: CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN THE UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW (SECOND CYCLE), Child Rights International Network, October 23, 2012\n\nGabon: Human Rights Report. U.S. State Department. 2012. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204333.pdf\n\nInterview avec des magistrats de la Cour Criminelle en novembre 2012\n\nInterview avec des professeurs de droit privé et public à l'université en novembre 2012\n\nInterview avec deux Avocats du barreau en novembre 2012\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Le décret n°0806/PR du 25 novembre 2010 portant promulgation de la Loi n°39/2010 portant régime judiciaire de protection des mineurs existe, mais malheureusement souvent on ne tient pas compte des besoins particuliers des enfants...."]
["2012_KE_54",2012,"KE","Kenya",54,50,"Though the Children's Court makes special arrangements to accommodate their needs, there are equally cases when the friendly provisions provided in law are not effected. For instance, children under the age of 18 have been confined in adult cells in various police stations across the country. There are also cases in which children have accompanied their mothers to court and even to jail in cases that do not involve them but their mothers.","Court to Hear Babies Theft Case at Foster Home. Nation Correspondent. Daily Nation. Sept. 8, 2011. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Court+to+hear+babies+theft+case+at+foster+home/-/1056/1232810/-/wtnhcnz/-/index.html\n\nJailing Children in Adult Cells Faulted. Nation Corrspondent. Sunday Nation. May 13, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Jailing+children+in+adult+cells+faulted++/-/1056/1405102/-/k7398oz/-/index.html\n\nChild Moves Judge to Free Woman. Pamela Chepkemei. Daily Nation. Feb. 22, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Child+moves+judge+to+free+woman/-/1056/1333004/-/hlet0d/-/index.html","Though the Children's Court makes special arrangements to accommodate their needs, there are equally cases when the friendly provisions provided in law are not effected. For instance, children under the age of 18 have been confined in adult cells in various police stations across t..."]
["2012_LS_54",2012,"LS","Lesotho",54,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ML_54",2012,"ML","Mali",54,25,"Il existe à Bamako et dans les grandes villes comme Gao, Sikasso, Ségou, Kayes, des juridictions spécialisées pour mineurs. Dans les communautés où il n’y en a pas, il existe néanmoins des juges chargés par ordonnance de la cour d'appel de jouer le rôle de juge pour enfants et qui sont donc appelés, à cette fin, à apporter les services juridiques adéquats. \n\nSamba Traoré ajoute que le Mali dispose d'un bon arsenal juridique et ratifie également bien des textes juridiques internationaux en matière de procédures judiciaires adaptées aux enfants. Mais selon le professeur de droit Ibrahima Bengalis, il y a très peu d’applications effectives ou un manque de suivi dans l’application. Il relève par exemple que non seulement le séjour des enfants à la Brigade pour mineurs n’est pas souvent productif (à cause du manque de personnel qualifié ou insuffisamment formé et outillé), mais qu’à l’intérieur du pays les structures juridiques d’accueil des mineurs font souvent défaut.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Bengalis, professeur de droit, rencontré le 12 février 2013, à l’Université de Bamako.\n\nEntretien avec Samba Traoré, juriste rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Lafiabougou à Bamako.","Il existe à Bamako et dans les grandes villes comme Gao, Sikasso, Ségou, Kayes, des juridictions spécialisées pour mineurs. Dans les communautés où il n’y en a pas, il existe néanmoins des juges chargés par ordonnance de la cour d'appel de jouer le rôle de juge pour enfants et qui ..."]
["2012_NA_54",2012,"NA","Namibia",54,50,"Despite child-friendly and vulnerable-witnesses procedures in the courts, the country lacks an integrated juvenile justice system to deal with issues such as the locking up of young offenders with older inmates. In terms of statutory provisions, Namibia has a comprehensive system of children’s rights. \n\n\"However, from a procedural perspective, there is still room for improvement. This applies to reporting processes as well as to the question of complaints in cases of violations of children’s rights\" (Ruppel and Ambunda). Also, Namibia has a critical shortage of social workers.","Social worker (requested anonymity), interviewed Aug. 15, 2012, Windhoek. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n\"Critical Shortage of Social Workers in Namibia,\" Placido Hilukilwa, Namibian Sun, Sept. 24, 2012, \nwww.namibiansun.com/content/national-news/critical-shortage-social-workers-in-namibia\naccessed Nov. 27, 2012\n\nOliver C. Ruppel and Lotta N. Ambunda, \"The Justice Sector & the Rule of Law in Namibia: Framework, Selected Legal Aspects and Cases,\" Namibia Institute for Democracy and the Human Rights and Documentation Center, www.nid.org.na/pdf/publications/Framework%20Book%20Final%2026_05_11.pdf","Despite child-friendly and vulnerable-witnesses procedures in the courts, the country lacks an integrated juvenile justice system to deal with issues such as the locking up of young offenders with older inmates. In terms of statutory provisions, Namibia has a comprehensive system o..."]
["2012_SN_54",2012,"SN","Senegal",54,50,"Il existe au Sénégal, en matière de justice pour mineurs, une juridiction spécialisée pour mineurs ; ailleurs, là où une telle juridiction spécialisée n'existe pas, les juges sont néanmoins chargés par ordonnance de la cour d'appel de jouer le rôle de juge pour enfants et sont donc appelés, à cette fin, à apporter les services juridiques adéquats. Maître Mabaye Jacques Ndiaye ajoute que le Sénégal dispose de bien d’arsenal juridique et a ratifié également bien des textes juridiques internationaux en matière de procédures judiciaires adaptées aux enfants. Mais il y a très peu d’applications effectives ou un manque de suivi dans l’application. Il relève par exemple que non seulement le séjour des enfants à la Brigade pour mineurs n’est pas souvent productif (à cause du manque de personnel qualifié ou insuffisamment formé et outillé), mais qu’à l’intérieur du pays les structures juridiques d’accueil des mineurs font souvent défaut.","Entretien avec Maître Mabaye Jacques Ndiaye, janvier 2013, Dakar\n\nEtat des lieux de la justice des mineurs. 4 décembre 2013. http://www.africanchildinfo.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=6186:s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal--etat-des-lieux-de-la-justice-des-mineurs&lang=en#.VGne1_nF-AU","Il existe au Sénégal, en matière de justice pour mineurs, une juridiction spécialisée pour mineurs ; ailleurs, là où une telle juridiction spécialisée n'existe pas, les juges sont néanmoins chargés par ordonnance de la cour d'appel de jouer le rôle de juge pour enfants et sont donc..."]
["2012_SC_54",2012,"SC","Seychelles",54,50,"The Child Rights International Network recommends establishing effective procedures and mechanisms to receive, monitor and investigate complaints on ill-treatment and abuse of children, including sexual abuse, through a child-sensitive inquiry and judicial procedure, including the protection of the right to privacy of the child (Slovakia).\n\nFurther information on Seychelles' implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) states:\n\"[T]he Family Tribunal ... has had beneficial outcomes such as reduced waiting time and trauma for families concerned, but feels that more efforts could be made to make the austere premises of the Family Tribunal more child friendly. The Family Tribunal is currently housed in very cramped and crowded premises with no privacy. Deliberations are conducted in the presence of other clients. Many criticisms have in the past been leveled at the overbearing and authoritative attitude of the Chair and the intimidating behavior of some lawyers towards children. Secondly, although statistics quoted in the report are impressive, a more thorough analysis would also help to reveal how many of the 18,696 cases dealt with by the Family Tribunal over the last four years have been satisfactorily resolved in the ‘best interest of the child.’ Such evaluations are currently missing.\"","Child Rights International Network, Recommendation: A - 100.45. May 4, 2011. http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=26135\n\nChild Rights International Network, Coalition of Children and Youth NGOs, Together We Can Do Better for Children of Seychelles, January 2, 2011. http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=25396\n\nChild Rights International Network, Seychelles Alternative Report to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, March 2011. http://www.crin.org/docs/Seychelles_CCYN_CRC_Report.pdf\n\nNetherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht School of Law, SIM. 2002. http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/fe005fcb50d8277cc12569d5003e4aaa/668b931d7d0ff6e941256c5d0048f9cc?OpenDocument","The Child Rights International Network recommends establishing effective procedures and mechanisms to receive, monitor and investigate complaints on ill-treatment and abuse of children, including sexual abuse, through a child-sensitive inquiry and judicial procedure, including the ..."]
["2012_SD_54",2012,"SD","Sudan",54,25,"According to the researcher's sources: \"While acknowledging some significant progress towards the promotion and protection of human rights by the Sudanese government, the U.N. independent expert stressed that significant challenges still remain. As a result, many children have been denied their basic rights even in areas such as Khartoum and children are often victim of sexual abuse and punishment.\"","Human Rights Watch, \"Sudan: Civilians Describe Toll of Attacks,\" Dec. 11, 2012, www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/11/sudan-civilians-describe-toll-attacks\n \n Save the Children, \"A Study on Children’s Protection Mechanisms in Sudan,\" 2011, \n http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/content/library/documents/study-children%E2%80%99s-protection-mechanisms-sudan","According to the researcher's sources: \"While acknowledging some significant progress towards the promotion and protection of human rights by the Sudanese government, the U.N. independent expert stressed that significant challenges still remain. As a result, many children have been..."]
["2012_UG_54",2012,"UG","Uganda",54,25,"Although the Village Executive Committee Court is meant to play a central role in the administration of juvenile justice legislation, these courts are constrained by their lack of training on the law and on juvenile justice issues. The government acknowledges that the Family and Children Courts cannot function properly due to inadequate funding, poor transportation facilities and under-staffing. \n \n In the Family and Children Courts, children charged with lesser offenses are supposed to be defended by a probation and social welfare officer, but these are rarely trained for courtroom litigation. Moreover, because there is often only one probation and social welfare officer per court, there are often considerable delays of case hearings as well as many children facing trials without representation. For example, in Fort Portal the children have access to lawyers, in Gulu the staff of the Remand Home act as the children’s advocates, in Naguru NGOs offer legal representation for children who have committed petty and non capital offenses through the Legal Aid Clinic of the Law Development Centre, in Mbale the staff work hand in hand with paralegals who come and assist them. \n \n There is still need for the government to secure funding for the establishment of Family and Children Courts in every district as required by law as well as training for staff that handle children in conflict with the law. However, the Justice Law and Order Sector Program is working on improving the capacity of the Family and Children Courts and ensuring that Local Council Court members have legal training or sufficient knowledge of the law.\n \n As of March 2012, juveniles in Uganda who commit minor crimes will be referred to local, religious and traditional leaders.","“Local Council Courts Fail To Handle Children Cases,” by Emmanuel Kajubu, Uganda Radio Network, Feb. 14, 2012, http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=40300.\n \n \"Uganda: Alternative Justice for Juvenile Offenders,\" by Joseph Elunya, Radio Netherlands Worldwide, March 23, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201203230929.html.\n \n “Juvenile Detention in Uganda,” by Marianne Moore, Review of Ugandan Remand Homes and the National Rehabilitation Centre, October 2010, http://www.africanprisons.org/documents/Juvenile-Detention-in-Uganda-October-2010.pdf .","Although the Village Executive Committee Court is meant to play a central role in the administration of juvenile justice legislation, these courts are constrained by their lack of training on the law and on juvenile justice issues. The government acknowledges that the Family and Ch..."]
["2012_BJ_55",2012,"BJ","Benin",55,100,"L'article 166 du code du travail fixe à 14 ans l'âge minimal pour l'emploi: \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise avant l’âge de 14 ans.\"\n\nSelon Monsieur Michel KISSI, Enseignant, Syndicaliste, 1er Secretaire Général Adjoint de la Confédération Générale des Travailleurs du Bénin (CGTB), dans la fonction publique, régie par le Statut Général des Agents permanents de l'Etat ou Loi n°89-006 du 26 fevrier 1986, l'âge minimal de recrutement est l'âge la majorité, c'est à dire 18 ans.\n\nDans le secteur informel, le travail des enfants est autorisé à partir de l'âge de 14 ans selon les Conventions du BIT (Bureau international du Travail).","Loi 98-004 portant code du Travail au Benin, Article 166. www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Benin/B%E9nin%20-%20Code%20du%20travail.pdf\n\nLoi 86-013 du 26 février 1986.\n\nDécision-loi 89-006 du 12 avril 1989 modifiant et complétant la Loi 86-013 du 26 février 1986. \n\nMichel KISSI, Enseignant, Syndicaliste, 1er Secretaire Général Adjoint de la Confédération Générale des Travailleurs du Bénin (CGTB), Cotonou, Bourse du travail le 31 mai 2012.","L'article 166 du code du travail fixe à 14 ans l'âge minimal pour l'emploi: \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise avant l’âge de 14 ans.\"..."]
["2012_BW_55",2012,"BW","Botswana",55,100,"Section 107 of the Employment Act prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15 in any capacity whatsoever.","Employment Act, Chapter 47:01, Section 107, www.elaw.co.za/african%20legislation/Botswana/labour_issues.pdf","Section 107 of the Employment Act prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15 in any capacity whatsoever."]
["2012_CF_55",2012,"CF","CAR",55,100,"Selon le code du travail en son article 259, l'âge minimal d'admission à l'emploi en RCA est fixé à 14 ans.","Loi n°09.004 portant Code du Travail de la République  centrafricaine. (2009). Article 259.\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126771.pdf\n\nLoi n°099.016 modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions de l'ordonnance n°93.008 du 14 juin 1993 portant le Statut général de la Fonction Publique centrafricaine;\n\nAnselme GASSA, Directeur de la formation et du perfectionnement aux Affaires  Sociales au Ministère des Affaires Sociales, de la Solidarité et de la Famille.","Selon le code du travail en son article 259, l'âge minimal d'admission à l'emploi en RCA est fixé à 14 ans."]
["2012_CI_55",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",55,100,"L'article 23.8. de la loi portant code du travail stipule que \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans une entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de 14 ans, sauf dérogation édictée par voie réglementaire."," Loi n° 95-12 du 12 janvier 1995 portant Code du travail en Côte d'Ivoire. (1995). Articles 12.4, 12.5 et 23. Repéré à: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/39815/64951/F95CIV01.htm","L'article 23.8. de la loi portant code du travail stipule que \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans une entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de 14 ans, sauf dérogation édictée par voie réglementaire."]
["2012_ET_55",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",55,100,"Article 89 of Proclamation No. 377/2003, Subsections 1 - 5, state:\n\n\"(1) For the purpose of this proclamation, “young worker” means a person who has attained the age of 14 but is not over the age of 18 years. \n(2) It is prohibited to employ persons under 14 years of age. \n(3) It is prohibited to employ young workers which, on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endangers the life or health of the young workers performing it. \n(4) The minister may prescribe the list of activities prohibited to young workers which shall include in particular: \n     a) work in the transport of passengers and goods by road, railway, air and internal waterway, docksides and warehouses involving heavy weight lifting, pulling or pushing or any other related type of labor; \n     b) work connected with electric power generation plants, transformers or transmission lines; \n     c) underground work, such as mines, quarries and similar works; \n     d) work in sewers and digging tunnels. \n(5) The provisions of sub-article (4) of this article shall not apply to work performed by young workers following courses in vocational schools that are approved and inspected by the competent authority.\"","Proclamation No. 377/2003 Labor Proclamation, Article 89,  http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/327/Proclamation%20No%20377_2003%20-%20Labour%20Proclamation.pdf","Article 89 of Proclamation No. 377/2003, Subsections 1 - 5, state:\n\n\"(1) For the purpose of this proclamation, “young worker” means a person who has attained the ..."]
["2012_GA_55",2012,"GA","Gabon",55,100,"L'article 177 du Code du travail du Gabon (Loi no 3/94 du 21 Novembre 1994) stipule que les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise avant l'âge de 16 ans, sauf dérogation accordée par décret pris sur proposition conjointe des ministres du Travail, de la Santé publique et de l'Education nationale, en tenant dûment compte des circonstances et des tâches qu'ils peuvent être appelés à effectuer.\n\nArt.6 : \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés à des travaux qui ne sont pas appropriés à leur âge, à leur état ou à leur condition, ou qui les empêchent de recevoir l’instruction scolaire obligatoire, sauf dé- rogations prévues en application de la présente loi.\" \n\nArticle 82: \"Peut être apprenti toute personne âgée de 16 ans au moins. Toutefois, des dérogations pourront être accordées par le ministère de l'Éducation nationale pour les jeunes de 14 à 16 ans.\nNul ne peut recevoir des apprentis mineurs s'il n'est âgé de 21 ans au moins.\"\n\nArticle 177: \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise avant l'âge de 16 ans, sauf dérogation édictée par décret pris sur proposition conjointe du ministre chargé du Travail, du ministre chargé de la Santé publique et du ministre chargé de l'Éducation nationale, compte tenu des circonstances et des tâches qui peuvent leur être demandées.\"\n\nArticle 178: \"L'inspecteur du travail peut requérir l'examen des femmes, des enfants et des adolescents jusqu'à l'âge de 18 ans, et pour les travaux qui présentent des risques élevés pour leur santé jusqu'à l'âge de 21 ans au moins, par un médecin agréé en vue de vérifier si le travail dont ils sont chargés n'excède pas leurs forces.\"","L'article 177 du Code du travail du Gabon (Loi no 3/94 du 21 Novembre 1994)","L'article 177 du Code du travail du Gabon (Loi no 3/94 du 21 Novembre 1994) stipule que les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise avant l'âge de 16 ans, sauf dérogation accordée par décret pris sur proposition conjointe des ministres du Travail, de la Santé publiq..."]
["2012_KE_55",2012,"KE","Kenya",55,100,"The Constitution of Kenya in article 260 defines an adult as an individual who has attained the age of 18 years. \n\nHowever, the Employment Act, 2007, prohibits the employment of children under the age of 16 in industrial undertakings unless they are under apprenticeship or training purposes. Consequently, the minimum age for employment in an industrial undertaking in Kenya is 16 years.","The Employment Act, 2007, Sections 56 and 57. http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/frames.php.","The Constitution of Kenya in article 260 defines an adult as an individual who has attained the age of 18 years. ..."]
["2012_MW_55",2012,"MW","Malawi",55,100,"The Employment Act, Chapter 55:01 of Laws of Malawi, in Section 21 (1) reads:\n      \nSubject to subsection (2), no person under the age of fourteen shall be employed or work in any public or private agricultural, industrial or non-industrial undertaking or any branch thereof.\n\nIn general terms, the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act prohibits engagement of children in any form of work for the benefit of others. It states in Section 82 (c):\n\nNo person shall [...] force a child into providing labour for the income of a parent, guardian or any other person.","Employment Act Cap 55:01, Sept. 1, 2000, Section 21 to 24. Government of Malawi.\n\nChild Care, Protection and Justice Act of July 29, 2010, Section 82 (c). Government of Malawi.","The Employment Act, Chapter 55:01 of Laws of Malawi, in Section 21 (1) reads:\n      \nSubject to subsection (2), no person under the age of fourteen shall be employed or work in an..."]
["2012_MZ_55",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",55,100,"The Labour Law, in its articles 22-25 stipulates that the minimum age for formal employment is 18 years. However, the law has an exception for young aduts, of 15 years, to work in specified sectors other than the public sector. Working for the public sectors is strictly controlled. Labour inspectors follow a wide range of procedures to control and check the applicability of labour laws, which includes parents’ consent and medical testing for anyone working between the age of 15 and 18.","Labor Law No. 23/2007 of 1 August, Section II, Article 22; Subsection I, Article 23, 24, 25.\nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/trabalho/Lei_do_Trabalho.pdf","The Labour Law, in its articles 22-25 stipulates that the minimum age for formal employment is 18 years. However, the law has an exception for young aduts, of 15 years, to work in specified sectors other than the public sector. Working for the public sectors is strictly controlled...."]
["2012_NA_55",2012,"NA","Namibia",55,100,"Section 3 of Act 11 of 2007 addresses \"Prohibition and restriction of child labor.\" It states:\n\n(1)        A person must not employ, or require or permit, a child to work in any circumstances prohibited in terms of this section.\n\n(2)        A person must not employ a child under the age of 14 years.\n\n(3)        In respect of a child who is at least aged 14, but under the age of 16 years, a person\n(a)        must not employ that child in any circumstances contemplated in Article 15 (2) of the Namibian Constitution;\n(b)        must not employ that child in any circumstances in respect of which the Minister, in terms of subsection \n(5) (a), has prohibited the employment of such children;\n(c)        must not employ that child in respect of any work between the hours of 20h00 and 07h00; or\n(d)        except to the extent that the Minister by regulation in terms of subsection (5) (b) permits, must not employ that child, on any premises where \n(i)        work is done underground or in a mine;\n(ii)        construction or demolition takes place;\n(iii)        goods are manufactured;\n(iv)        electricity is generated, transformed or distributed;\n(v)        machinery is installed or dismantled; or\n(vi)        any work-related activities take place that may place the child's health, safety, or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development at risk.\n\n(4)        In respect of a child who is at least aged 16 but under the age of 18 years, a person may not employ that child in any of the circumstances set out in subsection (3) (c) or (d), unless the Minister has permitted such employment by regulation in terms of subsection (5) (c).\n\n(5)        The Minister may make regulations to\n(a)        prohibit the employment of children between the ages of 14 and 16 at any place or in respect of any work;\n(b)        permit the employment of children between the ages of 14 and 16 in circumstances contemplated in subsection (3) (d), subject to any conditions or restrictions that may be contained in those regulations;\n(c)        permit the employment of children between the ages of 16 and 18 in circumstances in subsections (3) (c) or (d), subject to any conditions or restrictions that may be contained in those regulations.\n\n(6)        It is an offense for any person to employ, or require or permit, a child to work in any circumstances prohibited under this section and a person who is convicted of the offense is liable to a fine not exceeding N$20 000, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding 4 years or to both fine and imprisonment.\n\nArticle 15 of the constitution provides for the protection of children from economic exploitation and prohibits employment of children to perform work that is likely to be hazardous or interfere with their education or harmful to their physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. In terms of this article, children are people under the age of sixteen. Moreover, sub-clause 3 of the same Article prohibits the employment of children under the age of fourteen in any factory or mine, save under conditions and circumstances regulated by an act of Parliament.","Article 15 of the Namibian Constitution (1990, as amended 1998 and 2010),\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf\n\n\nLabor Law, Act 11 of 2007, Section 3, www.namibia-law.com/content.php?menuid=71","Section 3 of Act 11 of 2007 addresses \"Prohibition and restriction of child labor.\" It states:..."]
["2012_SN_55",2012,"SN","Senegal",55,100,"Le code du travail du Sénégal dans son article 145 stipule : « Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de quinze ans, sauf dérogation édictée par arrêté du Ministre chargé du Travail, compte tenu des circonstances locales et des tâches qui peuvent leur être demandées. Un arrêté du Ministre chargé du Travail fixe la nature des travaux et les catégories d’entreprises interdits aux jeunes gens et l’âge limite auquel s’applique l’interdiction ».","Loi n°97-17 du 1er décembre 1997 portant Code du Travail. Article 145.\nwww.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/847/Code%20du%20travail.pdf‎","Le code du travail du Sénégal dans son article 145 stipule : « Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de quinze ans, sauf dérogation édictée par arrêté du Ministre chargé du Travail, compte tenu des circonstances locales et de..."]
["2012_SS_55",2012,"SS","South Sudan",55,100,"The Child Act (2008) establishes 14 as the minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors). \n\n-Article 25 (1) states that “Every child has the right to be protected from exposure to economic exploitation and child labour.”\n-Article 25 (2) states that, “For the purposes of this section, 'child labour' includes—\n(a) work and activities related to mining and quarrying;\n(b) portage of heavy loads and storage;\n(c) heavy agricultural labour;\n(d) construction work;\n(e) work in industrial undertakings;\n(f) work in places where heavy machines are used;\n(g) work in places such as bars, hotels and places of entertainment, where a person may be exposed to immoral behaviour;\n(h) work in electricity, gas, sanitary and water works;\n(i) service with the police, prison or military forces;\n(j) night work which constitutes work between the hours of six o’clock in the evening to six o’clock in the morning;\n(k) driving or touting in vehicles;\n(l) herding which jeopardizes the interest of the child;\n(m) any type of sexual work; and\n(n) tobacco production and trafficking.\"\n\n-Article 25 (3) states that, “Subject to the provisions of section 25 (2), the minimum age for the admission of a child to a paid employment shall be fourteen years.\"\n\n-Article 25 (4) states that, “The minimum age for the engagement of a child in light work shall be twelve years which constitutes work that is not likely to be harmful to the health or development of the child and does not affect the child’s attendance at school or the capacity of the child to benefit from school.\"","Republic of South Sudan.  Child Act.  (2008).","The Child Act (2008) establishes 14 as the minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors). ..."]
["2012_TN_55",2012,"TN","Tunisia",55,100,"Selon l'artcle 53, \"les enfants de moins de 16 ans ne peuvent être employés dans toutes les activités régies par le présent code, sous réserve des dispositions spéciales prévues par ce code.\"\n\nLes articles 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 du code du travail tunisien limitent l'âge, les heures et les conditions pour l'emploi de jeunes de moins de 18 ans. ","Code du travail, 2010. http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/ct/Ct1045.htm","Selon l'artcle 53, \"les enfants de moins de 16 ans ne peuvent être employés dans toutes les activités régies par le présent code, sous réserve des dispositions spéciales prévues par ce code.\"..."]
["2012_UG_55",2012,"UG","Uganda",55,100,"Section 32 (1) of the Employment Act, 2006, stipulates that a child under the age of 12 years shall not be employed in any business, undertaking or workplace. Subsection 2 states that a child under the age of 14 years shall not be employed in any business, undertaking or workplace, except for light work carried out under supervision of an adult aged over 18 years, and which does not affect the child’s education. The shortcoming is that the law does not define what \"light work\" constitutes.","Section 32 (1) (2) (3) of the Employment Act, 2006.","Section 32 (1) of the Employment Act, 2006, stipulates that a child under the age of 12 years shall not be employed in any business, undertaking or workplace. Subsection 2 states that a child under the age of 14 years shall not be employed in any business, undertaking or workplace,..."]
["2012_BW_56",2012,"BW","Botswana",56,50,"No current statistics are available to show the extent of child labor in the formal sector. Some studies have indicated underreporting of child labor. The most recent study by UNICEF on child work and child labor is based on statistics from 2005-06. Most of the child labor cases reported in \"2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -- Botswana\" were in agriculture and the informal sector.","UNICEF Botswana Country Office 2011, \"Child Work & Child Labor in Botswana: Analysis of Results From the 2005/06 Labor Force Survey,\" http://blog.datadrivendetroit.org/files/2012/05/Child_Labour_report_final.pdf\n\nU.S. Department of State, \"2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -- Botswana,\" May 24, 2012, www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fc75ab6c.html [accessed 5 March 2013]","No current statistics are available to show the extent of child labor in the formal sector. Some studies have indicated underreporting of child labor. The most recent study by UNICEF on child work and child labor is based on statistics from 2005-06. Most of the child labor cases re..."]
["2012_CF_56",2012,"CF","CAR",56,0,"En pratique, l'âge minimum d'admission dans l'emploi formel est respecté en République Centrafricaine. Cependant il ne l'est pas dans le secteur informel où les enfants  travaillent, soit dans les champs, dans les boutiques, chez les particuliers comme des domestiques, des musiciens, des démarcheurs etc. \n\nCette situation est la conséquence de l'inexistence d'une politique sociale consistante et de l'application des lois régissant le marché du travail et l'extrême pauvreté qui caractérise le pays. La plupart de ces enfants sont des orphelins dont les parents sont des victimes du VIH/SIDA et des multiples crises politico-militaires que le pays a connues, d'après les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche. \n\nIl est difficile, à l'heure actuelle, de donner avec exactitude le nombre d'enfants qui travaillent, dans la mesure où ces enfants sont recrutés dans les conditions officieuses. Il n'y a pas encore eu d'études consacrées à la situation des enfants employés en RCA. Cette situation doit interpeller le gouvernement et les organisations de défense des droits des enfants. Il faut ajouter que la véritable cause du travail précoce des enfants en RCA réside dans la pauvreté extrême qui caractérise le pays (DSRP 1 et 2).","Anselme GASSA, Directeur de la Formation et du perfectionnement aux Affaires sociales au Ministère des Affaires Sociales, de la Solidarité et de la Famille, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nFreddy MIABE, Coordonnateur National des Ressources Humaines, SOS, Villages d'Enfants Centrafrique, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","En pratique, l'âge minimum d'admission dans l'emploi formel est respecté en République Centrafricaine. Cependant il ne l'est pas dans le secteur informel où les enfants  travaillent, soit dans les champs, dans les boutiques, chez les particuliers comme des domestiques, des musicien..."]
["2012_CI_56",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",56,25,"According to Mr. Kouakou, strict controls prevent employment of kids in formal economy. However, the absence of the Ivorian authority in the northern part of the country make it difficult to ensure this procedure is adhered to. According to the Washington Times report, child labor is endemic in the cocoa farms and has been a problem even in the Nestle supply chain.","Innocent Kouakou, Jurist and Fiscalist, AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013.\nEke Frederique Julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed:bFeb. 2, 2013.\nKouadio Apollinaire N'guessan, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Feb. 4, 2013.\nDale Youngbee, March 2012 Côte d'Ivoire and Ivorian Government: Leader in child labor, abuse and trafficking, Washington Times\nhttp://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/rights-so-divine/2012/mar/18/real-trafficker-chocolate-slavery/","According to Mr. Kouakou, strict controls prevent employment of kids in formal economy. However, the absence of the Ivorian authority in the northern part of the country make it difficult to ensure this procedure is adhered to. According to the Washington Times report, child labor ..."]
["2012_DJ_56",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",56,50,"En principe la population active ne compte pas de travailleurs n’ayant pas atteint l’âge minimum légal. Ces travailleurs qui n'ont pas atteint l'age minimum se retrouvent dans le secteur informel. Commerce familial par exemple, ou bien parmi les enfants de rue (étrangers pour la plupart).\nEt comme l'indique le rapport précité : \n\"Ceci encourage le travail des enfants djiboutiens. Dans cette tranche d'âge, on retrouve des enfants vivant ou travaillant dans la rue. C'est le cas des enfants :\n- cireurs de chaussures dans les rues,\n- quémandeurs dans les rues,\n- serveurs ou serveuses,\n- portefaix,\n- vendeurs ou vendeuses, etc.\"\n\nDans la pratique, on remarque aussi des pratiques courantes dans les entreprises familiales (restaurant, boutiques de vêtements) où les enfants tiennent par exemple les boutiques en tant que vendeur ou vendeuse.","Mohamed Ali, Entretien réalisé le 20 juillet 2012. (Chercheur ayant travaillé sur le rapport précité; il s’intéresse à la problématique de la pauvreté notamment chez les jeunes. Il dénonce la mendicité des jeunes dans la rue.)\n\nLa pauvreté et les disparités chez les enfants à Djibouti: Recherche menée dans le cadre de l’Étude mondiale sur la pauvreté et les disparités chez les enfants (UNICEF), 2009.","En principe la population active ne compte pas de travailleurs n’ayant pas atteint l’âge minimum légal. Ces travailleurs qui n'ont pas atteint l'age minimum se retrouvent dans le secteur informel. Commerce familial par exemple, ou bien parmi les enfants de rue (étrangers pour la pl..."]
["2012_GA_56",2012,"GA","Gabon",56,0,"Non, car certaines nationalités et certaines activités prennent des enfants à un âge très bas : la traite des enfants faite par les africains de l’ouest. Aujourd’hui, il y a de nouveaux petits métiers (laveurs de voiture, chargeurs de voitures, pousseurs de brouettes au marché, vendeurs de journaux à la criée, vendeuses à la sauvette, etc.).\n\nLes statistiques sur l'emploi ne sont pas publiées encore, moins des statistiques sur l'économie informelle qui emploie le plus ces enfants.","Interview au Marché avec des commerçantes en octobre et novembre 2012\n\nInterview avec deux conseillers juridiques en droit du travail à l'ONG RENAPS en octobre 2012\n\nCertains rapports de l'Inspection Générale du Travail\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Non, car certaines nationalités et certaines activités prennent des enfants à un âge très bas : la traite des enfants faite par les africains de l’ouest. Aujourd’hui, il y a de nouveaux petits métiers (laveurs de voiture, chargeurs de voitures, pousseurs de brouettes au marché, ven..."]
["2012_KE_56",2012,"KE","Kenya",56,25,"There are a number of laws that protect children from abuse and unprotected labour, but these laws are not strictly enforced, with the result that the laws on child labor tend to be abused. There are reports that child labor is increasing in some parts of the country, like Meru.","New Study on Law and Child Labour in Kenya. Philip Wairire. Jan. 23, 2012. http://consolationafrica.wordpress.com/2012/01/23/new-study-on-law-and-child-labour-in-kenya/.\n\nChild Labour on the Increase in Meru. Tony Ndung'u Karomo. News24 Kenya. Feb. 21, 2012 http://kenya.news24.com/MyNews24/Child-labour-on-the-increase-20120221.","There are a number of laws that protect children from abuse and unprotected labour, but these laws are not strictly enforced, with the result that the laws on child labor tend to be abused. There are reports that child labor is increasing in some parts of the country, like Meru."]
["2012_MW_56",2012,"MW","Malawi",56,25,"The state of child labor is reported high by most studies. According to the U.S. Department of State, about a third of Malawi's children are engaged in one form of labor activities or another. UNICEF estimates that 26 percent of children in Malawi are employed.\n\nAll these reports and the labor experts interviewed point to the role the tobacco industry plays in child labor. Malawi is said to be ranking highest in child labor because of the tobacco industry. There have not been cases of prosecution of tobacco industry controllers for child labor. According to Mr. Chinguwo, a labor analyst, the culprits take advantage of the absence of national identification and argue that they employ only those who cite adult age and that they have no way of proving otherwise.","Malawi President Call for End to Child Labour in Tobacco Industry. F. Mzumara. Nyasa Times. March 26, 2012. http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/03/26/malawi-president-call-for-end-to-child-labour-in-tobacco-indutsry/\n\n2012 Trafficking in Persons Report - Malawi. United States Department of State. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fe30cb19.html \n\nInterview with P. Chinguwo, labor analyst. July 19, 2012.\n\ninterview with P. Amuli, legal practitioner, Barnet and James law firm. July 19, 2012.\n\n2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Malawi. United States Department of State. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4da56daca9.html\n\nChildren Exposed to Hazardous Work in Malawi. M. Kateta. 2012. http://www.mywage.com/main/women-and-work/children-and-work/malawi-children-exposed-to-hazardous-work","The state of child labor is reported high by most studies. According to the U.S. Department of State, about a third of Malawi's children are engaged in one form of labor activities or another. UNICEF estimates that 26 percent of children in Malawi are employed...."]
["2012_ML_56",2012,"ML","Mali",56,25,"Le respect de l'âge minimal est diversément respecté selon les secteurs d'activité. Selon Kadidja Kéita et Diana Afoussatou Thiero, magistrat, l’âge minimum légal de travail est respecté dans l’économie formelle. Kadidja Kéita, qui s’occupe d’une ONG d’aide à la femme et aux enfants, il y a l'exploitation des enfants par les marabouts qui les force à mendier. Elle ajoute que certaines filles sont exploitées comme des domestiques et maltraitées par des tiers ou des parents poches qui les amènent en ville. Elle relève aussi qu’il y a quelquefois des pratiques illégales, non seulement dans les entreprises privées mais aussi dans les services de l’Etat. Et ces pratiques illégales sont souvent le fait du népotisme. Mais si cela persiste, selon elle, c’est surtout parce que l’inspection du travail au Mali n’a véritablement pas les moyens et la possibilité de faire son travail. L’Etat, avec certaines ONG, font des efforts afin de mettre fin à ce phénomène qui persiste toujours au Mali.","Entretien avec Kadidja Kéita, responsable d’ONG, rencontrée à Hamdallaye, à Bamako, le 13 février 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Diana Afoussatou Thierno, magistrat, rencontrée à Hamdallaye, à Bamako, le 13 février 2013. ","Le respect de l'âge minimal est diversément respecté selon les secteurs d'activité. Selon Kadidja Kéita et Diana Afoussatou Thiero, magistrat, l’âge minimum légal de travail est respecté dans l’économie formelle. Kadidja Kéita, qui s’occupe d’une ONG d’aide à la femme et aux enfant..."]
["2012_NA_56",2012,"NA","Namibia",56,0,"Research findings of the Namibian government and the U.S. Department of Labor suggest that child labor is a serious problem in Namibia. The problem is more pronounced in the agricultural sector and disproportionately affects rural children. According to the Labor Resource and Research Institute, child labor is rampant in Namibia. This is particularly the case in the northern regions, where children are employed as farmworkers to look after cattle and goats. The International Labor Organization, a U.N. agency, expressed its concern regarding child labor in Namibia in 2011.","\"Child Labor a Namibian Reality,\" Irene !Hoaës, New Era, May 16, 2011, www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=38744\naccessed Nov. 23, 2012\n\n\"More Than 200 0000 Children Work in Namibia,\" Francios Olivier, Namibian Sun, June 14, 2011, www.namibiansun.com/node/11878\naccessed Nov. 23, 2012","Research findings of the Namibian government and the U.S. Department of Labor suggest that child labor is a serious problem in Namibia. The problem is more pronounced in the agricultural sector and disproportionately affects rural children. According to the Labor Resource and Resea..."]
["2012_SN_56",2012,"SN","Senegal",56,0,"Le respect de l'âge minimum sur le marché de l'emploi varie selon que l'on soit dans le secteur public ou privé. Selon l’administrateur civil, Jean-Marie Dieudhiou, l’âge minimum légal de travail est respecté dans l’économie formelle. Cependant, Alassane Kane, syndicaliste, relève qu’il y a quelquefois des pratiques illégales, non seulement dans les entreprises privées mais aussi dans les services de l’Etat. Et ces pratiques illégales sont souvent le fait du népotisme.\n\n--- \nMais au Sénégal, il y a ce qu’on appelle « l’esclavagisme moderne », où les responsables d’atelier sillonnent les villages pour recueillir les enfants de 8 à 10 ans chez des parents proches pour les amener à Dakar pour en faire des esclaves. Selon les dernières statistiques de l’UNICEF à Dakar, si ce sont des garçons, ils deviennent apprentis forcés, si ce sont des filles, des domestiques dans les maisons. C’est vrai que l’Etat, avec des ONG, font des efforts afin de mettre fin à ce phénomène qui persiste toujours au Sénégal. Il faut ajouter à cela la mendicité des enfants de moins de 6 ans aux marabouts dégradant davantage la situation d’emploi des enfants au Sénégal. Selon les derniers chiffres, plus de 500 000 enfants mendient au Sénégal pour les marabouts.","Interview de Jean-Marie Dieudhiou, l’administrateur civil, janvier 2013, Dakar\n\nInterview de Alassane Kane, syndicaliste, janvier 2013, Dakar","Le respect de l'âge minimum sur le marché de l'emploi varie selon que l'on soit dans le secteur public ou privé. Selon l’administrateur civil, Jean-Marie Dieudhiou, l’âge minimum légal de travail est respecté dans l’économie formelle. Cependant, Alassane Kane, syndicaliste, relève ..."]
["2012_SS_56",2012,"SS","South Sudan",56,25,"Guarcello and colleagues (2011) found that the employment rate of children age 10 to 14 years is 78.1 percent in South Sudan. There have been government discussions working on reducing child labor.","Labour Market in South Sudan. L. Guarcello, S. Lyon, and F.C. Rosati. Working Paper. December 2011.\n\nGovernment Urged to Tackle Child Labour. Justin Ada, Joseph and Almour Ango. Government of South Sudan. March 14, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201203141074.html\n\nChild Labor Prevailing; Teachers Needed. Mission Network News. June 2012. http://www.mnnonline.org/article/17302","Guarcello and colleagues (2011) found that the employment rate of children age 10 to 14 years is 78.1 percent in South Sudan. There have been government discussions working on reducing child labor."]
["2012_SD_56",2012,"SD","Sudan",56,25,"The minimum age of employment in the formal economy is not adhered to. African Economic Outlook reports: \"Since the 1990s there has been a boom in the informal sector and a proliferation of smaller employers; an estimated 60% of the workforce is directly engaged in the informal sector. As a result, labor codes are not consistently applied.\"\n \n Nearly one-third of children between ages 10 and 14 in Sudan work, according to the Child Labor Coalition.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n African Economic Outlook, \"Sudan,\" 2012,\n www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/Sudan%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf","The minimum age of employment in the formal economy is not adhered to. African Economic Outlook reports: \"Since the 1990s there has been a boom in the informal sector and a proliferation of smaller employers; an estimated 60% of the workforce is directly engaged in the informal sec..."]
["2012_UG_56",2012,"UG","Uganda",56,50,"No comprehensive study has been conducted to establish the number of working children in Uganda (though a recent report by the Bureau of Statistics shows that more than half of the children aged 5-17 in Uganda were working). There are no clear details on whether they are in the formal sector, but reports show that a large number of children are employed in the agricultural sector, especially on commercial and large agricultural farms to minimize costs, as well as in the fishing sector in which they are exposed to hazardous work, abuse and exploitation. \n \n There are institutions responsible for enforcing child labor laws and policies and these include the National Council of Children, the Child and Family Protection Unit within the police, the Industrial Court, and the Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development. These institutions have always pointed out that they are not very vigilant in carrying out their duties, citing financial constraints. In addition to this, documentary reviews show that the Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development conducted training sessions for staff, local leaders, and district labor inspectors to equip them with skills in reporting on child labor issues at the local level. Besides, the government has coordinated its efforts to stop child labor through the National Steering Committee on Child Labor, which included representatives of the Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development, the Ministry of Education and Sports, the Ministry of Local Government, the Federation of Uganda Employers, the National Organization of Trade Unions (NOTU), NGOs, journalists, and academics. \n \n However, due to lack of funds and logistical support, district labor officials have not conducted child labor inspections since 2004. The government organized a number of child labor awareness workshops, disseminated printed information, and sponsored radio and television discussions to educate the public on child labor issues. The government also cooperated with the International Labor Organization, foreign governments, and NGOs on several initiatives to combat child labor, including the education and reintegration of children into their communities. Several human rights NGOs continued programs to remove children from hazardous work situations. Generally, if the law on minimum age is not adhered to, then the situation is still moderate in the formal employment sector.","“Child labor fight not just for tobacco firms,” by Diana Apio-K, The Observer, June 10, 2012, http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19186:child-labour-fight-not-just-for-tobacco-firms&catid=37:guest-writers&Itemid=66.\n\nNATIONAL ACTION PLAN, ON ELIMINATION OF THE WORST FORMS  OF CHILD LABOUR IN UGANDA\n2012/13 - 2016/17, published June 2012. \nhttp://www.unicef.org/uganda/NAP_Uganda_June_2012.pdf\n\n2009/2010 Uganda National Household Surveys Report,” Working Children, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, http://www.ubos.org/UNHS0910/chapter11_working%20children.html.","No comprehensive study has been conducted to establish the number of working children in Uganda (though a recent report by the Bureau of Statistics shows that more than half of the children aged 5-17 in Uganda were working). There are no clear details on whether they are in the for..."]
["2012_BJ_57",2012,"BJ","Benin",57,100,"Les travailleurs sont libres dans la réalité pour s'organiser en syndicats. L'Etat n'empêche pas en tant que tel la création des syndicats. Il existe parfois une multitude de syndicats dans un même secteur, comme par exemple dans le secteur de l'enseignement.\n\nDe nombreuses centrales syndicales existent aussi et fédèrent les syndicats de base qui s'affilient à elles.","GOHOUNGO Eugene, Enseignant, Directeur Exécutif de ADVOCACY ONG, entretien le 31 mai 2012 à la Maison de la Sociéte Civile, Cotonou\n\nHOUNGUEVOU Paul, Inspecteur du travail, Premier Secrétaire adjoint de la Centrale des Syndicats autonomes (CSA Benin), Entretien le 06 Juin 2012 à la Bourse du travail (siège des syndicats béninois)","Les travailleurs sont libres dans la réalité pour s'organiser en syndicats. L'Etat n'empêche pas en tant que tel la création des syndicats. Il existe parfois une multitude de syndicats dans un même secteur, comme par exemple dans le secteur de l'enseignement...."]
["2012_CV_57",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",57,75,"The first trade union in the country created after independence is the National Union of Workers of Cape Verde - Trade Union Confederation (UNTC-CS). This organization was politically aligned with PAICV, the ruling party in the 1990s (when it was created). When the single-party political scene opened for more parties, another trade union opened a platform: Cape Verdean Confederation of Free Trade Unions (CCSL). The CCSL is politically close to the main opposition party called the MPD. \n\nThese two confederations have converged on the major concerns that have afflicted workers, and key partners for social dialogue. In the absence of legal barriers to a workers' organization, the main limitations are financial. As a poor country, only 25 percent of the workforce is in a union. People are unwilling to give up a part of their low salary to pay their dues to the unions.","\"Praia: 'We Went to the Semi-Finals and Now We're Going to Strike,'\" A Semana, June 1, 2012, http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?.article76857&var_recherche=Procurar&ak=1\n\nJournal Digital, May 23, 2012, \"Cape Verde: Prime Minister Considers That There is No General Reason to the General Manifestation,\" http://jornaldigital.com/noticias.php?noticia=30789\n\nInterview with Zelinda Cohen, president of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship, Aug. 30, 2012, Praia City.","The first trade union in the country created after independence is the National Union of Workers of Cape Verde - Trade Union Confederation (UNTC-CS). This organization was politically aligned with PAICV, the ruling party in the 1990s (when it was created). When the single-party pol..."]
["2012_CF_57",2012,"CF","CAR",57,75,"Les citoyens sont libres de se syndiquer pourvu qu'ils respectent les lois et les règlements du pays. On peut ajouter que ces différents syndicats sont actifs pour l'instant. A titre d'illustration supplémentaire, récemment le syndicat des enseignants avait enclenché la grève qui a poussé le gouvernement à négocier les conditions posées avant la rentrée académique 2011-2012.\n\nIl a été toutefois constaté dans un rapport du Département d'Etat américain que le gouvernement centraficain a exercé l'influence sur des dirigeants de certaines organisations de travailleurs, même si celles ci sont censées être indépendantes des partis politiques et du gouvernement.\n\nLe droit Syndical est garanti par l'article 10 de la Constitution du 27 décembre 2004. C'est ainsi que le gouvernement  a reconnu légalement les six centrales syndicales qui défendent les intérêts et les droits des travailleurs. A titre d'exemple:\n-Confédération Chrétienne des Travailleurs de Centrafrique (CCTC) ;\n-Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique (CNTC) ;\n-Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique (CSTC) ;\n-Organisation des Syndicats Libres des Secteurs Publics, Parapublics et Privés (OSLP) ;\n-Union Générale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique (UGTC) ;\n-Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique (USTC).","Sylvain GRESSITI, Cadre au Ministère du Tourisme et ancien Cadre au Ministère de la Fonction Publique, de la Prévoyance Sociale et du Travail, octobre 2012, Bangui.\n\nBarnabé ZARA, Cadre au Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, octobre 2012.\n\nRapport sur les Droits de l'Homme 2012, Département d'Etat Américain. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204312.pdf","Les citoyens sont libres de se syndiquer pourvu qu'ils respectent les lois et les règlements du pays. On peut ajouter que ces différents syndicats sont actifs pour l'instant. A titre d'illustration supplémentaire, récemment le syndicat des enseignants avait enclenché la grève qui a..."]
["2012_CI_57",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",57,25,"During the review period, trade union leaders faced difficulties, including harassment and illegal arrests. Trade unionists were targeted during the post-electoral violence in 2011 based on their presumed support for one side or the other, as was the case with the general secretary of the trade union centre DIGNITE and countless other union activists. Basile Mahan Gahé, general secretary of the national trade union center Dignité, was kidnapped from his Abidjan home on April 26, 2011 and held without charges. In the labor code there are no guarantees that unions will be recognized, which further weakens and undermines trade unions.","Djénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013.\n\nKouadio Apollinaire N'guessan, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Feb. 4, 2013.\nAIP,‘Grève des secteurs santé et éducation : le gouvernement dénonce une violation des textes’, Agence Ivoirienne de presse, Feb. 6, 2013, available at http://news.abidjan.net/h/450976.html\n\nInternational Trade Union Confederation, 2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights - Côte d'Ivoire, 6 June 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fd88957a.html [accessed 14 February 2013]","During the review period, trade union leaders faced difficulties, including harassment and illegal arrests. Trade unionists were targeted during the post-electoral violence in 2011 based on their presumed support for one side or the other, as was the case with the general secretary..."]
["2012_ET_57",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",57,25,"Members of the National Teachers Association (NTA) faced harassment and surveillance, as their organization continues to be denied recognition. The government still interferes in trade union affairs, and unions have reported strong anti-union attitudes by Chinese employers.","The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), \"Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights, 2012,\" http://survey.ituc-csi.org/Ethiopia.html?lang=en\n\n\"Ethiopian Trade Union Country Report,\" by Assefa Bersoufekad, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Foundation, November 2003, Addis Ababa.\n\nInterview with Abdi Wassa, lecturer at the Department of Political Science, Addis Ababa University, July 30, 2012.","Members of the National Teachers Association (NTA) faced harassment and surveillance, as their organization continues to be denied recognition. The government still interferes in trade union affairs, and unions have reported strong anti-union attitudes by Chinese employers."]
["2012_GW_57",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",57,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_57",2012,"KE","Kenya",57,50,"The Constitution of Kenya provides for the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining. Consequently, workers in Kenya are free to organize themselves into trade unions and actively get involved in public debates. In the recent past, workers' industrial strikes have been commonplace due to this freedom to organize. However, some intimidation exists, as workers have been dismissed for joining unions, and a few striking workers were arrested.","Port Workers' Union on the Warpath Over Deal. The Standard. May 13, 2012. See http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000058141&story_title=Port%20workers%E2%80%99%20union%20on%20the%20warpath%20over%20deal\n\nCOTU Calls Strike as State Rises Workers' Pay by 13 Percent. Luke Amani. The Standard. May 2, 2012. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000057432&story_title=Cotu%20calls%20strike%20as%20State%20raises%20workers%E2%80%99%20pay%20by%2013%20per%20cent\n\nTeachers Vow to Strike for Cash. Aggrey Mutambo. Daily Nation. May 27, 2012 http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Teachers+vow+to+march+for+cash+/-/1056/1414778/-/fe54koz/-/index.html\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 - Kenya. United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204343.pdf","The Constitution of Kenya provides for the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining. Consequently, workers in Kenya are free to organize themselves into trade unions and actively get involved in public debates. In the recent past, workers' industrial strikes..."]
["2012_MW_57",2012,"MW","Malawi",57,50,"Trade unions exist and operate in the country. There are no restriction to the formation of trade unions besides the bureaucratic bottlenecks associated with registration of other bodies, including business companies. \n\nThe challenge is in respecting the rights of the trade unions. There are many cases of violations of the rights of trade union members. The leaders of trade unions are targeted by employers for their actions in advancing the workers' rights.","Interview with P. Chinguwo, labor analyst. July 19, 2012.\n\nBTI 2012 — Malawi Country Report. Bertelsmann Stiftung. http://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Malawi.pd\n\n2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Malawi. United States Department of State. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4da56daca9.html\n\nReport for WTO General Council Review of the Trade Policies of Malawi, 2010. International Trade Union Confederation. http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Microsoft_Word_-_28_May_-_Malawi_CLS_FINAL__2_-20100531120125.pdf","Trade unions exist and operate in the country. There are no restriction to the formation of trade unions besides the bureaucratic bottlenecks associated with registration of other bodies, including business companies. ..."]
["2012_MZ_57",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",57,75,"Workers in Mozambique have the freedom to join the trade union in their respective field. Certain limitations to the right to strike exist but they do not generally intimidate or deter unions. \n\nThe OTM-CS (Organization of Mozambican Workers- Central Trade Union) is established in all 11 provinces of the country. As of June 2012, the total number of people affiliated with the trade union movement is up to 288,293. Currently the country has the following trade unions:\n\nNational Trade Union of Workers of Ports and Railways (SINPOCAF).\nNational Trade Union of Workers in Textile Industry, Clothing, Leather and Footwear (SINTEVEC).\nNational Trade Union of Workers of the Metallurgical Industry, Energy and Metalworking (SNTIME).\nNational Union of Food and Beverage Industry Workers (SINTIAB).\nNational Trade Union of Workers of the Merchant Marine and Fisheries (SINTMAP).\nUnions Workers National Agro-forestry and livestock (SINTAF). \nNational Trade Union of Workers of Civil Aviation and Communication (SINAC).\nNational Unions of Employees of Commerce, and Insurance Services (SINECOSSE).\nNational Trade Union of Workers of the Chemical Industry, Rubber, Paper and Graphics (SINTIQUIGRA).\nNational Trade Union of Workers of the Cashew Industry (SINTIC).\nNational Trade Union of Workers in the Sugar Industry (Sintia).\nNational Trade Union of Bank Employees (SNEB)\nNational Unions of Professionals Stowage and Crafts Correlative (SINPEOC).\nNational Public Service Unions (SINAFP).","Anibal Lucas, Mr. Ministry of Labor. 3 October 2012. Maputo\n\nO Pais. Readaccao. 1 July 2011. “Direcção do SINTESP acusa governo de interferência no sindicalismo.” \nhttp://comunidademocambicana.blogspot.com/2011/07/direccao-do-sintesp-acusa-governo-de.html\n\nA Verdade. Redaccao. 28 April 2011. “Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Precisa-se.”\nhttp://www.verdade.co.mz/tema-de-fundo/35-themadefundo/19165-sindicato-dos-trabalhadores-precisa-se","Workers in Mozambique have the freedom to join the trade union in their respective field. Certain limitations to the right to strike exist but they do not generally intimidate or deter unions. ..."]
["2012_ST_57",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",57,100,"Yes, there is no restriction in this regard. All workers in all areas, whether public or private, are free to organize into trade unions, and they do it with no fear.","Aurélio Silva, secretary general, State Workers Union, Oct. 5, 2012, at Passante coffeeshop.\n\nTeotónio Menezes, president, Union of Journalists and Technicians of the Media, Oct. 5, 2012, at TVS.\n\nFreedom in the World 2011 - São Tomé and Príncipe. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/s-o-tom-and-pr-ncipe#.VI5zJyvF-AU","Yes, there is no restriction in this regard. All workers in all areas, whether public or private, are free to organize into trade unions, and they do it with no fear."]
["2012_SC_57",2012,"SC","Seychelles",57,25,"The workers' unions have never recovered from the problems of the one party state era. There is practically no active workers' union right now, despite the fact that workers have the right to organize themselves.\n\nAccording to the most recent U.S. Department of State report, between 15 and 20 percent of the workforce was unionized, but collective bargaining rarely occurred. And, although the law prohibits anti-union discrimination, there were unofficial reports that such discrimination occurred.","U.S. Department of State, 2011 Human Rights Report: Seychelles, 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Published May 8, 2012. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186237.htm\n\nFreedom House: Freedom in the World - Seychelles 2011. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/seychelles\n\nInternational Labor Organization, Worker's Organizations Seychelles Report. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/program/dwcp/download/seychelles.pdf\n\nU.S. Department of State, 2011 Human Rights Report: Seychelles, 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Published May 24, 2012. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186237.htm","The workers' unions have never recovered from the problems of the one party state era. There is practically no active workers' union right now, despite the fact that workers have the right to organize themselves...."]
["2012_SD_57",2012,"SD","Sudan",57,0,"Workers have no freedom of association. \"Trade unionists outside the pro-government trade unions live under constant fear and do not dare denounce inhumane work conditions,\" the \"2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights\" says. \"Independent trade unionists are not able to participate in international trade union meetings for fear of reprisal when they return home. Accurate information about the numbers of trade unionists in prison and their whereabouts is difficult to obtain. The official Sudan Workers’ Trade Union Federation (SWTUF) is used as part of the government’s strategy to control workers in order to ensure a regular flow of oil.\"","International Trade Union Confederation, \"2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights -- Sudan,\" June 6, 2012, www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,ITUC,,SDN,,4fd88925a,0.html\n \n \"Al Bashir to Address African Trade Union Tomorrow,\" Zuleikha Abdul Raziq, Sudan Vision, Feb. 2, 2013,\n http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=219010","Workers have no freedom of association. \"Trade unionists outside the pro-government trade unions live under constant fear and do not dare denounce inhumane work conditions,\" the \"2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights\" says. \"Independent trade unionists are not able..."]
["2012_UG_57",2012,"UG","Uganda",57,25,"The law allows workers, except for \"essential\" government employees, including police, military and management level officials, to form and join independent unions, but all unions must be registered either under the National Organization of Trade Unions or the Confederation of Trade Unions. The law allows unions to conduct their activities without interference. Union officials estimated that more than 1.2 million workers were potential union members, but only 300,000 workers were paid-up members. The law criminalizes any effort by an employer to obstruct the right of association. \n \n However, the government does not effectively enforce this provision and labor activists claimed certain companies continued to bar employees from joining unions, including Dot Services and Cementers and Multiplex (both road construction companies); Mansons, a clearing, forwarding and transport company; West Nile Rural Electrification Co.; BIDCO Uganda Ltd., an edible oil company; Mukwano Manufacturing Industries; Kawere Coffee Ltd; Kibimba Rice Scheme; Roko; Uganda Cement; as well as several other construction companies, supermarkets, and private universities. \n \n Labor issues are acute, with frequent workers’ rights abuses being reported, but the National Organization of Trade Unions, workers representatives in Parliament, and many other unions representing workers are politically compromised and too weak to bargain with the government for improvement of workers’ conditions. Besides, the divisions between trade unions need to be resolved to allow for the effective protection of workers.","“Labor Unions in Uganda, a Threat to Workers’ Rights,” by blogger Vincent Nuwabaga, May 13, 2012, http://vnuwagaba.blogspot.com/2012/05/labour-unions-in-uganda-threat-to.html.\n \n “Conflicts in Labor Unions Raise Alarms,” by Wambi Michael, Uganda Radio Network, March 16, 2011, http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=32204.\n \n “Trade Unions,” Commonwealth Network Uganda, http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/civil-society/africa/uganda/trade_unions/\n http://www.commonwealth-of-nations.org/Uganda/Organisations/Trade_Unions.\n \n “Republic of Uganda: African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) Country Review Report No. 7,\" January 2009, p. 172, http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/Uganda%20Country%20Report.pdf","The law allows workers, except for \"essential\" government employees, including police, military and management level officials, to form and join independent unions, but all unions must be registered either under the National Organization of Trade Unions or the Confederation of Trad..."]
["2012_BJ_58",2012,"BJ","Benin",58,50,"Le respect des droits de l’homme et du droit du travail par les entreprises est garanti par la loi, notamment le code du travail, le statut général des agents permanents de l'Etat et la constitution du 11 décembre 1990. En général, les droits de l'homme sont respectés dans les entreprises.\n\nQuant aux droits du travail, ils sont parfois violés dans les entreprises, notamment privées, comme par exemple les licenciements abusifs. Dans le secteur public, la non transparence de certains concours et le flou dans les procédures d'avancement constituent quelques violations contre les travailleurs. Les syndicats des travailleurs dénoncent souvent des violations et quelques discriminations relatives aux salaires trop bas par exemple, ou à l'empêchement de constituer des syndicats dans les entreprises privées. Les entreprises publiques ont généralement plusieurs syndicats chacune.","Mehdi MAMA YARI, Attaché des services financiers, Assistant du ministre du travail, Ministère de la fonction publique et du Travail, Entretien le 17 juillet 2012 au Ministère de la fonction publique et du Travail/Cabinet du ministre, Cotonou.\n\nPerpétue DJIDJOHO, Administrateur du travail, Directrice du Service des Normes du travail, Ministère de la fonction publique et du travail, Entretien le 18 juillet 2012 à la Direction des Normes du Travail, Cotonou.\n\nMichel KISSI, Enseignant, Syndicaliste, Premier Secrétaire Général Adjoint de la Confédération générale des travailleurs du Bénin (CGT), Entretien à la Bourse du travail le 31 mai 2012.\n\nDiane SODABE, Inspecteur du travail, Direction Générale du travail, Entretien le 08 juin 2012 à la DGT/DNT, Cotonou.","Le respect des droits de l’homme et du droit du travail par les entreprises est garanti par la loi, notamment le code du travail, le statut général des agents permanents de l'Etat et la constitution du 11 décembre 1990. En général, les droits de l'homme sont respectés dans les entr..."]
["2012_BW_58",2012,"BW","Botswana",58,50,"Several labor violations have been reported in the the private sector, and even more in the public sector. The concrete products company Kwena Rocla dismissed 71 of its 170 employees Feb, 21, 2012, for going on strike over working conditions three days earlier. The company also discontinued the contracts of 24 casual employees, \"many of whom had worked for it for more than a year, and some of whom were owed a lot of back pay, up to 14 years in some cases,\" according to the International Trade Union Confederation's  \"2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights -- Botswana.\"\n\nMany owners of bus companies refused to acknowledge the bus drivers union, and some went on to dismiss any employees who had joined the union. There were also unfair dismissals of union leaders in the postal services sector.","International Trade Union Confederation, \"2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights -- Botswana,\" June 6, 2012, www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fd889602d.html\n\n\"The Trade Dispute Act and the Employment Act of Botswana,\" Mpho Ngwako, www.mmegi.bw blogs, Sept. 9, 2012, www.mmegi.bw/blogs.php?sid=10&aid=41","Several labor violations have been reported in the the private sector, and even more in the public sector. The concrete products company Kwena Rocla dismissed 71 of its 170 employees Feb, 21, 2012, for going on strike over working conditions three days earlier. The company also dis..."]
["2012_CF_58",2012,"CF","CAR",58,0,"Les entreprises ne respectent pas à 100% les droits des travailleurs en dépit de l'existence des lois et des conventions ratifiées, et de certains avantages  qui leur sont accordés en termes d'exonérations fiscalo-douanières et autres. \n\nEn effet, en République Centrafricaine, les entreprises qui réalisent des investissements de plus 100 000 000 FCFA et  qui prennent l'engagement d'investir une bonne partie dans la formation du capital humain, bénéficient en revanche des avantages tels que cités précédemment. Mais, dans la réalité, les droits de leurs travailleurs sont bafoués (paiement de salaire en deçà du travail fourni, non déclaration de certains salariés à l'Office de Sécurité Sociale, recrutement dans les conditions floues etc.) sous les yeux  impuissants de l'inspection du travail. De même, la Direction Générale de la Commission Nationale des Investissements (DGCNI), qui devrait  évaluer périodiquement les engagements de ces entreprises, ne le fait pratiquement pas. Ce qui laisse le champ libre aux entreprises de piétiner les lois de la République. Toute cette situation se justifie par la corruption qui caractérise le milieu professionnel centrafricain.\n\nLes abus sont multiple:\n-Paiement des salariés en deçà du travail fourni;\n-Licenciement en violation du texte régissant le marché du travail:\n-Recrutement dans des conditions non prévues par le texte en vigueur;\n-Non déclaration de certain personnel à l'Office de Sécurité Sociale.","Daniel DIBOY (Juriste de formation), Directeur des Etudes Juridiques à la Direction Générale de la Commission Nationale des Investissements(Organisme Chargé d'agréer les entreprises en ce qui concerne les bénéfices de la Charte des Investissements en RCA) au Ministère de Commerce et de l'Industrie; 2012\n\nJeanine DEKOYO, Direction des Etudes d'impact socio-économique à la Direction Générale de la Commission Nationale des Investissements, 2012","Les entreprises ne respectent pas à 100% les droits des travailleurs en dépit de l'existence des lois et des conventions ratifiées, et de certains avantages  qui leur sont accordés en termes d'exonérations fiscalo-douanières et autres. ..."]
["2012_CI_58",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",58,50,"In practice, there are not enough mechanisms in place to ensure labor rights are protected, especially in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire. The 300 labor inspectors reportedly accepted bribes so this undermines the protection of labor rights. Sugar company workers in the north recently raised public outcry against what they viewed as a violation of their contract terms after working for 10 years with temporary job status.","Djénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013.\n\nEke Frederique Julienne, Jurist, Association of Women Judges, date interviewed: Feb. 2, 2013.\n\nInnocent Kouakou, Jurist and Fiscalist ,AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Jan. 30, 2013","In practice, there are not enough mechanisms in place to ensure labor rights are protected, especially in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire. The 300 labor inspectors reportedly accepted bribes so this undermines the protection of labor rights. Sugar company workers in the north re..."]
["2012_ET_58",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",58,50,"Most private sector companies fail to respect some provisions of the labor proclamations and often human rights standards, especially unlawful termination of contract, denial of benefits and overtime payments. \n\nFor instance, at the legal aid center in Oromia region, most labor cases (165 out of 182 labor cases in the year 2011) were brought against private companies that allegedly denied employees their monthly salary, annual leave, benefits, overtime payment and other similar benefits.","Interview with Sebele Ayalew, Organization for Social Development, Addis Ababa, June 1, 2012.\n\nInterview with Yamrot Henok, attorney, Addis Ababa, June 3, 2012.\n\nInterview with Shemilis Abebe, legal aid officer for Oromia region Legal Aid Center, Access to Justice project at Center for Human rights, Addis Ababa, June 4, 2012.","Most private sector companies fail to respect some provisions of the labor proclamations and often human rights standards, especially unlawful termination of contract, denial of benefits and overtime payments. ..."]
["2012_GA_58",2012,"GA","Gabon",58,25,"Oui, ces différents droits sont reconnus à travers le code du travail et les conventions collectives, mais partiellement respectés du fait de nombreuses plaintes introduites par les employés à l’encontre des entreprises pour des motifs de licenciements abusifs : cas du secteur forestier.\nTrop de plaintes sont sans cesse enregistrées auprès des ONG et syndicats.","ONG Afrique Horizons sur les Droits de l'Homme Président Alain Moupopa, 2012\n\nCGSL président Bernard NTOUGHE, 2012 \n\nRapports ONG et interviews syndicats (ONG Afrique Horizons, CGSL, USAP, SEENA, CONASYSED), fevrier 2012\n\nKPMG, Profil Pays Gabon, 2012.\nhttp://www.kpmg.com/Africa/en/KPMG-in-Africa/Documents/Gabon.pdf\n\n ","Oui, ces différents droits sont reconnus à travers le code du travail et les conventions collectives, mais partiellement respectés du fait de nombreuses plaintes introduites par les employés à l’encontre des entreprises pour des motifs de licenciements abusifs : cas du secteur fore..."]
["2012_KE_58",2012,"KE","Kenya",58,50,"Though laws/regulations are in place to ensure that corporations recognize and observe human rights and labor laws, some corporations in Kenya still do not abide by them. For instance, what is going on in flower firms is tantamount to discrimination that is in contravention of the Constitution of Kenya (2010) and the International Labour Law (ILO) conventions. Though women are entitled to pay while on the three-month maternity leave, some of these firms stop women's salaries once they proceed on such leave until they resume duty. Consequently, women now resort to taking shorter period of maternity leave in order to earn the salary that they desperately need to maintain their families. Moreover, some of these firms pay women less than what they pay men for doing the same work.","Irony of Labour Rights in the Flower Industry. Florence Sipalla. Reject: A Bimonthly Newspaper by the Media Diversity Centre, Issue 061, May 1-15, 2012. http://mdcafrica.org/documents/reject/Reject_061.pdf\n\nNot So Rossy in the Ailing Flower Sector. David Njagi. Reject: A Bimonthly Newspaper by the Media Diversity Centre, Issue 061, Page 4, May 1-15, 2012. http://mdcafrica.org/documents/reject/Reject_061.pdf","Though laws/regulations are in place to ensure that corporations recognize and observe human rights and labor laws, some corporations in Kenya still do not abide by them. For instance, what is going on in flower firms is tantamount to discrimination that is in contravention of the ..."]
["2012_MW_58",2012,"MW","Malawi",58,50,"The legal framework for protection of workers includes the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, Employment Act and Labour Relations Act. However, there are some violation of the rights of workers by corporations. For example, visits to some corporations -- the recent one being to a fertilizer manufacturing company in Lilongwe -- found that workers had not any protective wear as required in hazardous conditions.\n\nThe International Trade Union Confederation, in the survey on Violations of Trade Union Right for 2012, lists a lot of labor law violations in Malawi, many of which target the leadership of the workers union. \n\nAccording to a labour analyst, Mr. P. Chinguwo, the problem can largely be explained by loose inspection practices.","Interview with P. Chinguwo, labor analyst. July 19, 2012.\n\nMinister Urges for Respect of Labour Laws. P. Pemba. Weekend Nation. 2012. http://mwnation.com/national-news-weekend-nation/6162-minister-urges-for-respect-of-labour-laws\n\nFertilizer Factory Workers Cry Foul. G. Matonga. Daily Times. June 1, 2012. http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php/daily-times/headlines/national/6708-fertiliser-factory-workers-cry-foul\n\nReport for WTO General Council Review of the Trade Policies of Malawi. International Trade Union Confederation. 2010. http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Microsoft_Word_-_28_May_-_Malawi_CLS_FINAL__2_-20100531120125.pdf\n\nMinister Urges for Respect of Labour Laws. P. Pemba. Weekend Nation. 2012. http://mwnation.com/national-news-weekend-nation/6162-minister-urges-for-respect-of-labour-laws\n\nFertilizer Factory Workers Cry Foul. G. Matonga. Daily Times. June 1, 2012. http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php/daily-times/headlines/national/6708-fertiliser-factory-workers-cry-foul\n\n2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights - Malawi. International Trade Union Confederation. June 6, 2012. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fd8893a28.html\n\n2011 Human Rights Reports: Malawi. U.S. Government. 2012. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186215.htm\n\nEmployment Diagnostic Analysis on Malawi. D. Durevall and R. Mussa. 2010. http://www.ilo.org/wucmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_policy/@cepol/documents/publication/wucms_143247.pdf","The legal framework for protection of workers includes the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, Employment Act and Labour Relations Act. However, there are some violation of the rights of workers by corporations. For example, visits to some corporations -- the recent one being t..."]
["2012_MZ_58",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",58,50,"On 18 May 2012, Head of State Armando Guebuza turned against foreign investors accused of violating labor law in force in the country and sealed off the action of the unions in their companies.\n\nForeign investors, in particular, are accused of expelling workers without just reason, the practice of abuse and mistreatment of Mozambicans, which ends labor disputes degenerating into poorly resolved disputes due to lack of appropriate regular labor inspection.","Mozambique News Agency. Redaccao. 18 May 2012. “Guebuza insurge-se contra os investidores que não respeitam as leis moçambicanas.”\n\nU.S. Department of State, 2012 Investment Climate Statement - Mozambique, 2012.\nhttp://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191204.htm\n\nA Verdade. Redaccao. 28 April 2011. “Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Precisa-se.”\nhttp://www.verdade.co.mz/tema-de-fundo/35-themadefundo/19165-sindicato-dos-trabalhadores-precisa-se","On 18 May 2012, Head of State Armando Guebuza turned against foreign investors accused of violating labor law in force in the country and sealed off the action of the unions in their companies...."]
["2012_NA_58",2012,"NA","Namibia",58,50,"Employee health, safety and welfare are addressed in Chapter 4 of the Labor Act, Act No. 11 of 2007 and its subsequent amendments. The Labor Inspectorate Division of the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare is responsible for enforcing Labor Act provisions that relate to work and the protection of workers from unfair labor practices. But implementation of the measures is wanting. Reports of labor law violations in Namibia, especially in the construction industry, occur regularly. Most, if not all, violations relate to conditions of employment and safety standards. \n\nChinese construction companies are implicated most of the time, though they are not the only ones. Robin Sherbourne argues that \"Chinese companies now regularly win key public and private sector contracts despite ample evidence that they regularly and knowingly flout Namibian labor and social security laws.\"\n\nInstances of child labor in the farming sector have been reported, according to the U.S. State Department human rights report. No hard data are available regarding the prevalence of this, partly because it is difficult to gain access to the farms.","U.S. Department of State, \"2011 Human Rights Reports: Namibia,\" May 24, 2012, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186225.htm\n\n\"Construction Safety Compromised,\" Merja Iileka, Namibian Sun, May 10, 2012,  www.namibiansun.com/content/national-news/construction-safety-compromised\naccessed Nov. 21, 2012\n\n\"Chinese Firms Ripping Off Namibians -- Union,\" Ellanie Smit, Namibian Sun, Oct. 30, 2012, www.namibiansun.com/content/national-news/chinese-firms-ripping-namibians-union\naccessed Nov. 21, 2012","Employee health, safety and welfare are addressed in Chapter 4 of the Labor Act, Act No. 11 of 2007 and its subsequent amendments. The Labor Inspectorate Division of the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare is responsible for enforcing Labor Act provisions that relate to work and t..."]
["2012_SN_58",2012,"SN","Senegal",58,50,"Le code du travail du Sénégal oblige les entreprises et tous les employeurs de respecter certains droits qui y sont énoncés, mais son application intégrale pose parfois problème parce que souvent des organisations syndicales fustigent le non-respect de certaines dispositions de ce code et souvent la corruption des inspecteurs du travail chargés de veiller au respect du code est pointée du doigt par les travailleurs.\n\nDans le cadre de son travail de Master, Ousmane NIANG montre que la législation du travail au Sénégal est très bien écrite mais le problème principal qui est l'origine de la précarité des travailleurs réside dans son application par les employeurs. Souvent, les entreprises au Sénégal n'appliquent pas les lois en vigueur et certaines bénéficient de la complicité des Inspecteurs du Travail qui sont décriés comme des corrompus pour bafoués les droits des travailleurs. La violation de ces droits va du non-respect de la sécurité et de la santé des travailleurs, aux horaires de travail et salaires appliqués. Il montre aussi que beaucoup d'entreprises violent le code du travail dans les contrat de travail parce que dans certaines, on retrouve des travailleurs qui ont des contrats à durée déterminée qui sont renouvelés plusieurs fois.\n\nMais, au Sénégal, dans la pratique, les droits de l'homme et le droit du travail ne sont pas toujours reconnus et respectés par les entreprises car les institutions de défense de ces droits ne sont pas pleinement opérationnelles, ni efficaces, à en croire le syndicaliste Cheikh Diop. Par contre le code du travail à son article 135 ordonne : « Dans tous les établissements visés à l’article L.3 la durée légale du travail ne peut excéder 40 heures par semaine. Toutefois dans les exploitations agricoles, les heures de travail sont fixées à 2352 heures par an. Dans cette limite, un arrêté du Ministre chargé du travail fixera la durée légale hebdomadaire selon les saisons. Les arrêtés fixent notamment l’aménagement et la répartition des horaires de travail dans un cycle donné, les dérogations permanentes ou temporaires applicables dans certains cas et pour certains emplois, les modalités de récupération des heures de travail perdues et les mesures de contrôle ». S'agissant d’un autre syndicaliste, Mamadou Diop, il est tout aussi nuancé dans son appréciation en précisant que le droit au travail n'est garanti qu'à une catégorie de Sénégalais. A cela s’ajoute un certain laxisme de l’Etat qui n’entreprend et ne fait aucune pression sur les directeurs de sociétés, surtout privées, afin qu’ils respectent les droits des travailleurs.","Entretien avec Cheikh Diop, le syndicaliste, janvier 2013, Dakar\n\nEntretien avec Mamadou Diop, le syndicaliste, janvier 2013, Dakar\n\nMémoire de Master II de Ousmane NiANG en droit du Travail  sur la précarité du travail au Sénégal soutenu en aout 2012 à la Faculté de Droit de l'Université Gaston BERGER de Saint-Louis du Sénégal","Le code du travail du Sénégal oblige les entreprises et tous les employeurs de respecter certains droits qui y sont énoncés, mais son application intégrale pose parfois problème parce que souvent des organisations syndicales fustigent le non-respect de certaines dispositions de ce ..."]
["2012_SS_58",2012,"SS","South Sudan",58,25,"Corporations do not recognize and uphold human rights of workers. The government is concerned that working hours, overtime, unfair termination of contracts and tax levied on terminal benefits are not respected by employers in South Sudan, but labor laws are still not enacted.\n\nIn August 2012, South Sudanese working in the UN within South Sudan even protested against their working conditions. (http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article43565)","New Employment Guidelines for South Sudan. Gabriel Mayom. Gurtong. May 29, 2012. http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/7064/New-Employment-Guidelines-for-South-Sudan.aspx\n\nSouth Sudan: Govt to Improve Working Conditions. Alnour Ango and Simon Alnour & Owaka. All Africa. April 30, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201205010199.html","Corporations do not recognize and uphold human rights of workers. The government is concerned that working hours, overtime, unfair termination of contracts and tax levied on terminal benefits are not respected by employers in South Sudan, but labor laws are still not enacted...."]
["2012_TN_58",2012,"TN","Tunisia",58,50,"La révolution a conduit à ce que le personnel de plusieurs entreprises se comporte de façon relativement violente pour améliorer ses conditions professionnelles. L'amélioration du respect des droits des travailleurs est le résultat des pressions de ceux-ci.\n \n - Selon la soumission de Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND), le forum pour les sciences sociales (Tunisia), et le centre pour les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels (Tunisia)) au \"High Commissioner for Human Rights\" (l'office du haut commissaire pour les droits) à la 13ème session de la revue périodique universelle droits économiques et sociaux en Tunisie (tenu entre le 21 mai et le 4 juin 2012) : la législation tunisienne concernant le recrutement est très flexible alors que la législation pour le licenciement est trop rigide. Ceci conduit les entreprises à détourner la législation en faisant appel à des accords informels avec les employés. Sur un autre plan, la compensation payée par l'entreprise pour licencier un ouvrier est assez faible (17 semaines de salaires) en comparaison à une année d'indemnisation pour les autres pays de la région MENA. Ceci reflète une régression dans les droits et protections qui se retrouvent dans les accords internationaux de l'OIT.\n \n - Selon l'accord de 2010 concernant les pratiques des droits humains (Lien http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160078.pdf) : \"le code du travail fournit un salaire minimal \". Le corps des inspecteurs du travail est constitué de 380 inspecteurs. Ils inspectent chaque grande entreprise au moins une fois tous les deux ans. Le gouvernement a souvent des difficultés à faire respecter le salaire minimal. Surtout dans le secteur informel."," - Interview de monsieur Hosni Ghali ancien vice président du centre des jeunes dirigeants de Tunisie, Tunis, dimanche 11 novembre 2012\n\n- Submission to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session13/TN/JS1_UPR_TUN_S13_2012_JointSubmission1_E.pdf\n \n - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011, United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor: \n http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186663.pdf\n \n","La révolution a conduit à ce que le personnel de plusieurs entreprises se comporte de façon relativement violente pour améliorer ses conditions professionnelles. L'amélioration du respect des droits des travailleurs est le résultat des pressions de ceux-ci...."]
["2012_UG_58",2012,"UG","Uganda",58,25,"Some employers in Uganda do not comply with labor laws. The trade unions are weak and rarely recognized by employers. Workers who have expressed their interests through their unions on matters such as discontent over poor working conditions and low wages have often been suppressed by employers who are also usually supported by the government. \n \n Media reports show that investors in Uganda for the most part totally disregard human rights and this is attributed to the secrecy regarding the details of investment agreements between government and investors. \n \n There is little available information on the terms and conditions for labor. Workers’ rights have been sacrificed in favor of foreign investment and the liberal economy.","“Former Workers Sue Kyambogo University Over Dismissal,” by Job Bwire, The New Vision, July 2, 2012.\n \n “COFTU Calls for Strike on Monday,” by Tom Malaba, Uganda Radio Network, June 2, 2012, http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=42762\n \n “Do Employers Value Paternity Leave?”, by Steven Tendo, Daily Monitor, Feb. 3, 2012, http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Jobs+++Career/-/689848/1318916/-/11verar/-/index.html\n \n “Unions Raise Alarm on Female Workers’ Rights,” by Lominda Afedraru, Daily Monitor, Sept. 23, 2011, http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Jobs+++Career/-/689848/1240964/-/11e13sy/-/index.html","Some employers in Uganda do not comply with labor laws. The trade unions are weak and rarely recognized by employers. Workers who have expressed their interests through their unions on matters such as discontent over poor working conditions and low wages have often been suppressed ..."]
["2012_BJ_59",2012,"BJ","Benin",59,100,"Selon nos sources, dans les faits, il est possible de créer une association directement auprès des structures décentralisées de l'Etat (comme les préfectures situées dans chaque département),  tout comme directement au ministère de l'Intérieur.\n\nNos sources confirment que l'on peut créer au Bénin au nom du principe d'association et dans la pratique réelle des partis, associations, ou autres groupes, y compris la création d'un parti politique ou la déclaration comme opposant à un regime politique en place.","* Jean-Claude DOSSA, Journaliste, Chef Rubrique Société, quotidien l'Evénement Précis, Entretien le 03 juin 2012, siège du quotidien L'Evenement Precis, Cotonou :\n--------\n\n*HOUNGUEVOU Paul, Inspecteur du travail, en service à la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, premier Secrétaire adjoint de la Centrale des Syndicats autonomes (CSA Benin), Entretien le 06 juin 2012 à la Bourse du travail, cotonou :\n----------------","Selon nos sources, dans les faits, il est possible de créer une association directement auprès des structures décentralisées de l'Etat (comme les préfectures situées dans chaque département),  tout comme directement au ministère de l'Intérieur...."]
["2012_CV_59",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",59,75,"Freedom House, an international NGO, reported that Cape Verdeans enjoy religious, academic, assembly and association freedom. Systematic evaluations have found Cape Verde's freedoms to align closely with freedom indices from other sources. \n\nSome structural weaknesses still erode the freedom of association if only slightly. As sources indicate, this has to do directly with the excessive dependence on civic and cultural funding and the growing politicization of all spheres of society mainly from the two major political parties, the PAICV and MPD. Overall, civic and associational activity outside the influence of these parties is very residual. \n\nHowever, following the example of the Arab Spring, one must keep in mind that online civic activism has increased in Cape Verde, especially on social networking platforms. For example, there was a demonstration against the electricity company, ELECTRA, which was convened via the social networking platform Facebook.","\"Freedom House: Cape Verde Serves as a Model in Respect for Freedom,\" A Semana, May 19, 2011, http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article64351&ak=1\n\n\"Program Contracts: Study Shows Deficits in Cape Verde,\" Expresso das Ilhas, July 7, 2011, http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/contratos-programa--estudo-aponta-defices-em-cabo-verde\n\nInterview with NGO representative, Avelino Bonifácio Lopes, economist and president of NGOs Platform, Aug. 23, 2012, Praia City.\n\nInterview with Zelinda Cohen, president of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship, Sept. 30, 2012; Praia City.\n\n\"Organizing demonstration against ELECTRA,\" Facebook, http://www.facebook.com/events/205074696227882/","Freedom House, an international NGO, reported that Cape Verdeans enjoy religious, academic, assembly and association freedom. Systematic evaluations have found Cape Verde's freedoms to align closely with freedom indices from other sources. ..."]
["2012_CG_59",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",59,50,"Political parties are particularly vulnerable to government harassment, according to the Bertelsmann Transformation Index. The government has applied repressive measures against opposition groups and has left little space for public protest. \n\nOpposition groups include Jean Pierre Bemba’s Liberation Movement of Congo (MLC), Etienne Tshisekedi’s Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social (UDPS) and, Union Nationale Congolaise (UNC) of Vital Kamhere. The Bas Congo-based politico-religious movement Bundu Dia Kongo (BDK) was blocked from registering as a political party.   \n\nPierre Jacques Chalupa, an opposition candidate to the parliamentary and provincial elections  in Kinshasa, was arrested. Chalupa is well known in Kinshasa and heavily contested the results of the elections. Several people believe that Chalupa was arrested as a result of his political activities.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See Sung Un Kim \"DRC urged to prevent rights violations linked to electoral process\" http://jurist.org/paperchase/2011/11/drc-urged-to-prevent-rights-violations-linked-to-electoral-process.php; see \" UN  REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS JOINT HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS DURING THE PRE-ELECTORAL PERIOD IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO\" http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ZR/UNJHRO_HRElectionsReport_en.pdf;","\"Congo, DR Country Report for 2012,\" Bertelsmann Transformation Index, http://www.bti-project.de/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Congo%20DR.pdf\n\n\"RDC: les opposants dénoncent l’acharnement » du pouvoir contre leurs partisans,\" Radio Okapi, May 8, 2012, http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/05/08/rdc-les-membres-de-lopposition-denoncent-lacharnent-du-pouvoir-contre-leurs-partisans/","Political parties are particularly vulnerable to government harassment, according to the Bertelsmann Transformation Index. The government has applied repressive measures against opposition groups and has left little space for public protest. ..."]
["2012_CI_59",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",59,50,"According to Mdme Kouassi-Dosso, since Gbagbo’s era, in practice, there is a limitation to freedom of association. In practical examples, the use of military power to dissemble gatherings aimed at raising issues against the government has been employed.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/c%C3%B4te-divoire\n\"The Constitution protects the right to free assembly, but it is often denied in practice. Under Ouattara, security forces targeted former Gbagbo supporters, or even those who share the same ethnic group as his supporters, forcing them to stay under ground or in exile. While it is unlikely that Ouattara ordered these attacks, they went unpunished. An initial coordinated effort by FPI party members and Gbagbo supporters to demonstrate in October 2011 was prevented by the government for fear of violence, but a second attempt near the end of the month was permitted and was carried out peacefully. Freedom of association improved in 2011, with international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) able to operate more freely than they were under the Gbagbo administration, particularly as the violence dissipated. Domestic NGOs also began to speak out and operate regularly and were not directly targeted. (...) Côte d’Ivoire’s political rights rating improved from a 7 to a 6 as a result of Alassane Ouattara, the president-elect, finally assuming office in April 2011 after deposing former President Laurent Gbagbo, who refused to relinquish power after losing the presidential election in November 2010.\";","Serge A. Yapo, Governance Analyst, Focal Point Rule of Law and Civil Society, UNDP, Côte d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 4, 2013\n\nDjénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013","According to Mdme Kouassi-Dosso, since Gbagbo’s era, in practice, there is a limitation to freedom of association. In practical examples, the use of military power to dissemble gatherings aimed at raising issues against the government has been employed.  ..."]
["2012_ET_59",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",59,25,"In Ethiopia, citizens are sometimes able to associate freely and to form any kind of organization or association as it is enshrined in Ethiopia's Constitution. But after the enactment of the 2009 NGO proclamation there have been incidents that severely limited the right of association of groups.","\"U.N. Rights Chief says NGO Restrictions Undermine Human Rights,\" by Katherine Getty, Jurist, April 26, 2012, http://jurist.org/paperchase/2012/04/un-rights-chief-says-ngo-restrictions-undermine-human-rights.php\n\nInterview with Selam Abraha, program officer at the Friedrich Elbert Stiftung Foundation, Addis Ababa, June 12, 2012.","In Ethiopia, citizens are sometimes able to associate freely and to form any kind of organization or association as it is enshrined in Ethiopia's Constitution. But after the enactment of the 2009 NGO proclamation there have been incidents that severely limited the right of associat..."]
["2012_GW_59",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",59,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MW_59",2012,"MW","Malawi",59,50,"The freedom of association has been under threat, especially from 2011, when Malawians started expressing anger at the political and economic governance of the country. The president ordered that no person should be allowed to demonstrate unless he or she pays a deposit of 2 million Malawi kwacha (approximately U.S. $12,200 in 2011).  At the climax, there was crackdown on demonstrations that resulted in the shooting death of 20 civilians. The new leadership of President Joyce Banda has publicly said that this will not be repeated, but it is yet to be seen whether it will keep its word.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: It is true the late President Bingu wa Mutharika's regime tried to suppress freedom of association, but it is also worth pointing out that the decree requiring demonstrators to pay a K2 million deposit fee was never really enforced. A more relevant example would be the shooting to death of demonstrators during the July 2011 demonstrations, as well as the various attempts to block other demonstrations by using the courts to issue injunctions against demonstrators.;","BTI 2012 — Malawi Country Report. Bertelsmann Stiftung. http://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Malawi.pdf\n\nUS Condemns Malawi Security Forces for use of Force. Malawi Democrat. July 21, 2011. http://www.malawidemocrat.com/national/us-condemns-malawi-security-forces-for-use-of-force/\n\nAlternative Report for the Review of Republic of Malawi by the Human Rights Committee. CHHR. 2011. http://chrr.ultinets.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/CHRR-submission-to-the-Human-Rights-Commitee.pdf\n\n2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Malawi. United States Department of State. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4da56daca9.html","The freedom of association has been under threat, especially from 2011, when Malawians started expressing anger at the political and economic governance of the country. The president ordered that no person should be allowed to demonstrate unless he or she pays a deposit of 2 millio..."]
["2012_ML_59",2012,"ML","Mali",59,75,"Il n'ya aucune entrave à la liberté d'association au Mali. Selon Kassoum Tapo, cette liberté est autorisée et reconnue par les citoyens maliens. L’article 233 du code du travail indique que : « Les personnes exerçant la même profession, des métiers similaires ou des professions connexes concourant à l’établissement de produits ou services déterminés, peuvent constituer librement un syndicat professionnel ». Et Idrissa Bâ, administrateur civil d’ajouter que l’article 20 de la constitution de la République malienne l’indique aussi dans son article 20 : « La liberté syndicale est garantie. Les syndicats exercent leurs activités sans contrainte et sans limite autres que celles prévues par la loi. »","Entretien avec Idrissa Bâ, administrateur civil, rencontré à Sogoniko, dans la ville de Bamako, février 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Kassoum Tapo, homme politique malien rencontré à Djikoroni à Bamako, février 2013.","Il n'ya aucune entrave à la liberté d'association au Mali. Selon Kassoum Tapo, cette liberté est autorisée et reconnue par les citoyens maliens. L’article 233 du code du travail indique que : « Les personnes exerçant la même profession, des métiers similaires ou des professions con..."]
["2012_NA_59",2012,"NA","Namibia",59,50,"In the Democracy Index for Namibia 2012, editors Bryan M. Sims and Monica Koep conclude that participation in governance and civil life, which includes freedom of association, is low. The index gives a score of \"5\" to Namibia for the extent to which people feel free to associate with others to influence government and the extent to which government encourages or discourages people to associate freely. A \"5\" is defined as stable but insufficient.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The ruling party pressures its members to keep their participation within the party, which limits participation in civil society. There is also a limited number of employment opportunities, which keeps citizens from taking risks in public activity.  Government and the ruling party have taken action against some people who left to form other parties.\n\nAfrobarometer results show strong support for freedoms such as speech and association.;","Bryan M. Sims and Monica Koep (Eds.), \"Unfinished Business: Democracy in Namibia,\" 2012, IDASA, Pretoria.\n\nPhil ya Nangolo, \"Political Freedom and Democracy,\" in (eds.) Bryan M. Sims and Monica Koep's \"Unfinished Business: Democracy in Namibia,\" 2012, IDASA,  Pretoria.","In the Democracy Index for Namibia 2012, editors Bryan M. Sims and Monica Koep conclude that participation in governance and civil life, which includes freedom of association, is low. The index gives a score of \"5\" to Namibia for the extent to which people feel free to associate wi..."]
["2012_SN_59",2012,"SN","Senegal",59,50,"C’est la liberté d’association qui a facilité l’indépendance du Sénégal en avril 1960. C’est une chose acquise depuis le temps de la colonisation. Elle est autorisée et reconnue par les citoyens. La constitution dans son article 12 le souligne : « Tous les citoyens ont le droit de constituer librement des associations, des groupements économiques, culturels et sociaux ainsi que des sociétés, sous réserve de se conformer aux formalités édictées par les lois et règlements. Ce droit ne peut être limité que par la loi. Les groupements dont le but ou l'activité seraient contraires aux lois pénales ou dirigés contre l'ordre publique sont prohibés. » \n\nToutefois, Mamadou Mbodj, de la RADDHO, trouve que parfois la liberté d’association rencontre des difficultés ; surtout lorsque les autorités soupçonnent cette association de politiques ou toute autre : «Le gouvernement de Wade n’avait pas voulu donner le récépissé à l’association des jeunes « Yen a marre » et ce ne sont pas les seules, certaines associations comme celles des anciens travailleurs de Ama Sénégal avait posé des problèmes pour leur création »,a-t-il indiqué.","Entretien avec Mamadou Mbodj, RADDHO, janvier 2013, Dakar.\n\nRapport BIT sur le travail au Sénégal, 2012. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201309251610.html","C’est la liberté d’association qui a facilité l’indépendance du Sénégal en avril 1960. C’est une chose acquise depuis le temps de la colonisation. Elle est autorisée et reconnue par les citoyens. La constitution dans son article 12 le souligne : « Tous les citoyens ont le droit de ..."]
["2012_SS_59",2012,"SS","South Sudan",59,75,"South Sudanese citizens are able to associate freely as part of civil society. Associations range from student to community-based associations.","First South Sudan Civil Society Convention. Gurtong. Aug. 3, 2011. http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5533/categoryId/120/First-South-Sudan-Civil-Society-Convention.aspx\n\nSouth Sudan Women Want Input in the Transitional Constitution. Sudan Tribune. May 15, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-women-want-input-in,38909","South Sudanese citizens are able to associate freely as part of civil society. Associations range from student to community-based associations."]
["2012_SD_59",2012,"SD","Sudan",59,0,"Freedom of assembly is restricted in Sudan, as reported by Freedom House: \"In January and February 2011, a series of demonstrations broke out in Khartoum and other cities against the government’s economic austerity measures, some of them inspired by the revolutions in North Africa. The government responded harshly, beating protesters and arresting more than 100 people. At least one person was killed. Police used tear gas to break up a similar demonstration in Khartoum in September.\"  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See also Amnesty International Public Statement Index: AFR 54/036/2011, Nov. 11, 2011.;","Freedom House, \"Sudan, Freedom in the World 2012,\" \nwww.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/sudan\n\nDr. Richard Lobban, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 12, 2013.","Freedom of assembly is restricted in Sudan, as reported by Freedom House: \"In January and February 2011, a series of demonstrations broke out in Khartoum and other cities against the government’s economic austerity measures, some of them inspired by the revolutions in North Africa...."]
["2012_UG_59",2012,"UG","Uganda",59,50,"The government generally respects the right to freely associate, and Ugandans are free to join or participate in any groupings as long they are constitutionally allowed. However, there are proposed legislative restrictions on freedom of assembly and association and this is mainly targeted toward political associations. For example, Statutory Instrument No. 53 of the Police Act, which came into effect in September 2007 places restrictions on meetings of more than 25 people.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: At the moment, there is minimal healthy freedoms of association and public gathering, apart from restricted political activity. This is especially true in Kampala. As reported in a 2012 Human Rights Watch report, \"Uganda: Draft Public Order Law Would Violate Rights\" (http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/11/uganda-draft-public-order-law-would-violate-rights), a draft bill gives broad discretionary power to the Ugandan police to permit or disallow any “public meeting.” The draft bill defines such meetings as any gathering of more than three people in any public place where, for example, the “failure of any government, political party, or political organization” is discussed. In all instances, organizers of such gatherings would be required to inform police in advance that a gathering is to take place, or face criminal sanction. If the draft law were to be passed, any spontaneous peaceful demonstration of more than three people would be a criminal act, Human Rights Watch and the Foundation for Human Rights Initiative said.;","“Do Ugandans have the right to walk?”, by Patience Akumu, The Observer, April 24, 2011, http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13139:do-ugandans-have-the-right-to-walk&catid=34:news&Itemid=59\n\n“Uganda left out of ‘Open Government’ club,” Uganda Correspondent, Nov. 14, 2011, http://www.ugandacorrespondent.com/articles/2011/11/uganda-left-out-of-%E2%80%98open-government-club/\n\n“Uganda criticized over public order bill,” by Josephine Maseruka and and Cecilia Okoth, The New Vision, Dec. 8, 2011, http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/314705-Uganda-criticized-over-public-order-Bill.html\n\n“Freedom not for one group,” by William K. Ngabu, The New Vision, March 21, 2012, http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/629689-Freedom-not-for-one-group.html","The government generally respects the right to freely associate, and Ugandans are free to join or participate in any groupings as long they are constitutionally allowed. However, there are proposed legislative restrictions on freedom of assembly and association and this is mainly t..."]
["2012_BJ_60",2012,"BJ","Benin",60,100,"Au Bénin, le gouvernement ne crée aucun obstacle aux ONG. Les ONG peuvent naitre sans contraintes et fonctionner dans l'espace public sans risque de la part du gouvernement. Les ONG ne font pas l'objet de harcèlement de la part de l'Etat. Leur financement n'est pas contrôlé par le gouvernement : les ONG fonctionnement librement.","Antoinette FAKAME-DADJO, Enseignante, Vice Présidente de l'ONG RIFONGA, Cotonou, 31 Mai 2012, Entretien au  Siège du RIFONGA\n\nJean-Pierre DEGUE, Sociologue, Chargé de Programme, ONG SOCIAL WATCH BENIN, Entretien le 31 Mai 2012 au Siège de Social Watch benin, Cotonou.\n\nJean Claude DOSSA, Journaliste, Chef d'Edition, Quotidien L'EVENEMENT PRECIS, Entretien au Siege du journal L'evenement Precis, Cotonou, le 03 Juin 2012.\n\nExtrait du mémoire de Marcel Coffi H. DJIHOUN titré  '' Développement local participatif dans un contexte de décentralisation : bilan de l'expérience SNV-Bénin dans le cadre de l'appui au renforcement de capacité des communes de Cobly et de Boukoumbé dans l'Atacora-Ouest'', Mémoire de DESS/Développement et Gestion de projet, Institut Universitaire du Bénin - .\n2007.  : http://www.memoireonline.com/07/09/2231/m_Developpement-local-participatif-dans-un-contexte-de-decentralisation--bilan-de-lexp13.html","Au Bénin, le gouvernement ne crée aucun obstacle aux ONG. Les ONG peuvent naitre sans contraintes et fonctionner dans l'espace public sans risque de la part du gouvernement. Les ONG ne font pas l'objet de harcèlement de la part de l'Etat. Leur financement n'est pas contrôlé par le ..."]
["2012_CV_60",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",60,100,"According to the president of NGOs Platform, between May 2011-May 2012 there were no cases where the government created obstacles for existing NGOs or put in place barriers for establishing new NGOs. \n\nThe 2012 UN report was positive, reporting that non-governmental organizations existed, and that the country had “done its work” in the area of human rights.\n\nFrom 1987 with the publication of the Law no. 28/III/87 of 31 December, which regulates the exercise of freedom of association, \"the citizens of legal age in the enjoyment of their civil rights may freely and without prior authorization, build associations.\" This means that no Cape Verdean over 18 years of age needs to ask permission of  the government to create an association of non-political nature.","\"Cape Verde One of Rare African Countries to Have Achieved Global Development,\" U.N. General Assembly\nHR/CT/746, March 21, 2012. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/hrct746.doc.htm\n\nInterview with Avelino Bonifácio Lopes, economist, president of NGOs Platform, Aug. 23, 2012, Praia","According to the president of NGOs Platform, between May 2011-May 2012 there were no cases where the government created obstacles for existing NGOs or put in place barriers for establishing new NGOs. ..."]
["2012_CF_60",2012,"CF","CAR",60,100,"La constitution du 27 décembre 2004 dans son article 12 stipule que \"tous les citoyens ont le droit de constituer librement des associations, groupement, sociétés et des établissements d'utilité publique sous réserve de se conformer aux lois et règlements\". En outre, deux autres lois renforcent la liberté d'association et de création des ONG en RCA. \n\nPar ailleurs, le Ministère de l'Intérieur travaille avec détermination en ce qui concerne la liberté d'association. Ce qui sous-tend qu'il n y a pas d'entraves administratives dans les procédures. Bien au contraire, le gouvernement  et les partenaires au développement encouragent la création des ONG et des associations afin qu'elles lui prêtent la main forte dans la lutte contre la pauvreté.","Freddy MIABE, Coordonnateur National des Ressources Humaines, SOS, Village d'Enfants (ONG), Octobre 2012, Bangui;\n\nAnselme GASSA, Directeur de la Formation et du perfectionnement aux affaires sociales au Ministère des Affaires Sociales, de la Solidarité et de la Famille, Juillet 2012; Bangui.","La constitution du 27 décembre 2004 dans son article 12 stipule que \"tous les citoyens ont le droit de constituer librement des associations, groupement, sociétés et des établissements d'utilité publique sous réserve de se conformer aux lois et règlements\". En outre, deux autres lo..."]
["2012_CI_60",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",60,25,"Since Gbagbo’s era, most NGOs are politicized, especially those in the field of governance or human rights. As such, the ones who are linked to the former regime don’t have the freedom to operate. At the present, creating new NGOs in the field of governance attracts serious attention from the government compared to others in other sectors. As a result, only a few local NGOs are operating in the area of governance and human rights.","Innocent Kouakou, Jurist and Fiscalist ,AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Jan. 30, 2013\n\nDjénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013\n\nEke Frederique julienne, Jurist, Association women judges, date interviewed:Feb. 2, 2013","Since Gbagbo’s era, most NGOs are politicized, especially those in the field of governance or human rights. As such, the ones who are linked to the former regime don’t have the freedom to operate. At the present, creating new NGOs in the field of governance attracts serious attenti..."]
["2012_ET_60",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",60,25,"The government of Ethiopia has a policy of weakening independent NGOs, especially those working in the area of human rights advocacy and democracy. Government critics like Getachew Metafirai also argue that the survival of NGOs in most cases depends on the funds and the resources they receive from overseas. \n\nThe NGOs also challenge human rights abuses in Ethiopia and expose the government’s shortcomings. In practice, the 2009 NGO law weakens NGOs by prohibiting funding from abroad for human rights and democratization advocacy work in Ethiopia. The government policy of putting stringent control, administrative hurdles and intimidation continues. Thus, the current policy and legal environment is not conducive for establishing new NGOs.","Interview with Gil Long, Active Learning Center, currently working as a researcher in the NGO sector adaptation on the Civil Society and Charity Organizations Proclamation in Ethiopia, May 20, 2012, Addis Ababa. \n\nU.S. Department of State, 2011 Ethiopian Human Rights Report, Aug. 2, 2012, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186196#wrapper  \n\nInterview with Maniyawkal Mekenon, former director of the Organization for Social Justice in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Aug. 2, 2012.","The government of Ethiopia has a policy of weakening independent NGOs, especially those working in the area of human rights advocacy and democracy. Government critics like Getachew Metafirai also argue that the survival of NGOs in most cases depends on the funds and the resources t..."]
["2012_GW_60",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",60,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_60",2012,"KE","Kenya",60,75,"There is the NGOs Coordination Board, a government agency that registers and regulates NGOs in Kenya in accordance with the Non-Governmental Organizations Co-ordination Act, 1990. The NGOs themselves have formed the NGOs Council to facilitate self-regulation. The NGOs Coordination Board and the NGOs Council work closely to provide a conducive environment for the establishment and operation of NGOs in Kenya. This is evidenced by the recent participation of NGOs in the drafting of the Public Benefits Organizations (PBO) Bill, 2012, which is before parliament for enactment. This bill seeks to align the NGO sector with the new constitution. It will also ensure good governance by bringing different NGOs under different umbrella groups as opposed to the current situation in which the NGO council governs all civil society organizations, with the result that the council has been riddled with factionalism. The bill also allows NGOs to have income generating activities as opposed to over-reliance on donor funding, as long as proceeds are ploughed back to the organization.","NGOs Oppose Withdrawals of Bill. Peter Ng'etich. Daily Nation. Thursday, May 24, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/NGOs+oppose+withdrawal+of+Bill/-/1056/1413068/-/ybwoel/-/index.html\n\nKenya: NGOs Oppose Githae Plan to Tax Churches, By Mathews Ndanyi, allAfrica: http://allafrica.com/stories/201206191375.html\n\nThe Non-Governmental Organizations Coordination Act, 1990. http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/frames.php","There is the NGOs Coordination Board, a government agency that registers and regulates NGOs in Kenya in accordance with the Non-Governmental Organizations Co-ordination Act, 1990. The NGOs themselves have formed the NGOs Council to facilitate self-regulation. The NGOs Coordination ..."]
["2012_MW_60",2012,"MW","Malawi",60,75,"With the reigns of power changing hands from Mutharika to Banda, the political environment for NGOs has changed. In 2011, the relationship between the government and NGOs, especially those in the human rights sector, was very tense. Some offices and houses of NGO leaders were petrol bombed. This was because the NGOs were critical of the DPP regime's political and economic leadership. Mutharika appointed an NGO board to regulate the conduct of NGOs, which was aimed at further stifling the NGOs. Other NGOs working in issues like environment and social work did not face the same hostility.\n\nHowever, things have changed significantly and drastically since Banda assumed the presidency. It may be too soon -- 100 days -- to make conclusive judgment, but so far the NGOs, new and old, have a conducive environment.","BTI 2012 — Malawi Country Report. Bertelsmann Stiftung. http://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Malawi.pdf\n\nWhy CONGOMA rejected Mutharika’s appointed NGO Board. F. Mzumara. Nyasa Times. March 13, 2012. See Link: http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/03/13/why-congoma-rejected-mutharika%E2%80%99s-appointed-ngo-board/\n\nMalawi Situation Worries UN, Ntaba Defends ‘War cry’ Speech. C. Kufa. Nyasa Times. March 5, 2012. See Link: http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/03/05/malawi-situation-worries-un-ntaba-defends-%E2%80%98war-cry%E2%80%99-speech/","With the reigns of power changing hands from Mutharika to Banda, the political environment for NGOs has changed. In 2011, the relationship between the government and NGOs, especially those in the human rights sector, was very tense. Some offices and houses of NGO leaders were petro..."]
["2012_MZ_60",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",60,50,"The government does not create barriers or difficulties either to existing NGOs or for those wishing to run activities in the country. It is important to stress that once permission is granted to a certain NGO to operate, it’s necessary that it meets a complementary role of government initiatives. Indeed, the activities to be implemented must comply with the government's programs, especially in the fields of education, health, water supply and transfer knowledge and technology.\n\nAccording to a U.S. human rights report on Mozambique in 2011, during the period under review, NGOs operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. The activities of foreign NGOs have been subject to government regulation. Some foreign NGOs and religious groups reported that regular registration took several months. The government, in general, maintained good relations with human rights NGOs, including local NGOs such as LDH, and international NGOs such as CARE and Save the Children, and was willing to work with them. However, some NGOs were concerned about increased government requirements for registration, especially of foreign NGOs operating in the country, having alleged that the government intended to avoid duplication of efforts.","Marcos Chissano, Mr. People Service International. 4 October 2012. Maputo \n\nU.S. Department of State (2012). “Relatorio dos Direitos Humanos -- Mocambique 2011.” Washington\nhttp://portuguese.maputo.usembassy.gov/hr.html","The government does not create barriers or difficulties either to existing NGOs or for those wishing to run activities in the country. It is important to stress that once permission is granted to a certain NGO to operate, it’s necessary that it meets a complementary role of governm..."]
["2012_ST_60",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",60,100,"There is not any obstacle to the creation of non-government organizations  or for those that already exist. Rather, there is a greater lack of control of the activities and accounts of all NGOs.","Maria Odete Aguiar, president, NGOs Federation of São Tomé and Príncipe (FONG STP), Oct. 5, 2012, at the group's headquarters.\n\nCarlos Delfim Neves, president, NGO Skool Dance, Oct. 5, 2012, at his office.","There is not any obstacle to the creation of non-government organizations  or for those that already exist. Rather, there is a greater lack of control of the activities and accounts of all NGOs."]
["2012_SN_60",2012,"SN","Senegal",60,75,"Au Sénégal, il n’existe aucune restriction dans l'établissement d'ONG et aucune disposition n'existe pour limiter le droit de constituer une ONG.","Entretien avec Alioune Tine de la RADDHO, janvier 2013, Dakar.\n\nRépublique du Sénégal. COMMENT CREER UNE ONG AU SENEGAL. (2011 paru sur www.angarra.info). http://www.servicepublic.gouv.sn/index.php/demarche_administrative/faq/2/55\n\nDécret N° 96 103 modifiant le Décret 89 775 du 30 \njuin 1989 Fixant les modalités d’intervention des \nOrganisations Non Gouvernementales (ONG). http://www.servicepublic.gouv.sn/assets/textes/D-fixant-mod-interv-ong.pdf","Au Sénégal, il n’existe aucune restriction dans l'établissement d'ONG et aucune disposition n'existe pour limiter le droit de constituer une ONG."]
["2012_SS_60",2012,"SS","South Sudan",60,75,"In the 2011 annual report, NGOs expressed their happiness with how the government of South Sudan cooperated with them in their work. However, indirect obstacles do exist. Lacher (2012) stated that NGOs and donors face patronage-like instruments in the decentralized administration of South Sudan.","South Sudan NGO Forum, 2011 Annual Report. 2011. http://southsudanngoforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/South-Sudan-NGO-Forum-2011-Annual-Report.pdf\n\nSouth Sudan: International State-building and its Limits. Wolfram Lacher. SWP Research Paper. German Institute for International and Security Affairs. 2012. http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2012_RP04_lac.pdf","In the 2011 annual report, NGOs expressed their happiness with how the government of South Sudan cooperated with them in their work. However, indirect obstacles do exist. Lacher (2012) stated that NGOs and donors face patronage-like instruments in the decentralized administration o..."]
["2012_TN_60",2012,"TN","Tunisia",60,50,"Une nouvelle réglementation régissant la création des associations a été mise en place. Elle est basée sur le principe de la déclaration. Les activités des associations de la société civile ont beaucoup évolué après la promulgation du décret loi du 24 septembre 2011 relatif aux associations. L’article premier du secret loi dispose que : « Ce décret loi garantit la liberté de constitution, d’adhésion et d’exercice au sein des associations mais aussi la consolidation du rôle des composantes de la société civile, développe et protège son indépendance ».","- Interview du professeur Lotfi Gammoudi, secrétaire général de l'association nouvelle chance, Tunis, 6 novembre 2012.\n\n- Entretien avec Monsieur Wissem Khrouf, expert comptable, à propos de la création des associations en Tunisie, Tunis, 20 décembre 2012.\n \n - Etude \"L’ÉTAT DES SOCIÉTÉS CIVILES EN TUNISIE, EN ALGÉRIE, AU MAROC ET EN ÉGYPTE ET LEURS RAPPORTS AUX POUVOIRS PUBLICS EN TRANSITION\" réalisée par Meriem Ben Lamine, Khadidja Guebache-Mariass, Clement Steuer, Giacomo Morabito, Sébastien Boussois, publiée le 12 novembre 2012 :\n http://www.medea.be/2012/11/letat-des-societes-civiles-en-tunisie-en-algerie-au-maroc-et-en-egypte/\n \n - Nouvelle réglementation relative à la création des associations","Une nouvelle réglementation régissant la création des associations a été mise en place. Elle est basée sur le principe de la déclaration. Les activités des associations de la société civile ont beaucoup évolué après la promulgation du décret loi du 24 septembre 2011 relatif aux ass..."]
["2012_AO_61",2012,"AO","Angola",61,0,"Throughout 2012, there were widespread reports of intimidation, assaults and arbitrary detention of activists and NGO workers. No deaths were reported.","Committee to Protect Journalists, Angola report, http://cpj.org/CPJ.Angola.report.pdf\n\n\"ONG's manifestam sérias preocupações com processo eleitoral em Angola,\" TSF Radio Noticais, Aug. 18, 2012, http://www.tsf.pt/PaginaInicial/Internacional/Interior.aspx?content_id=2725343&tag=Aministia%20Internacional\n \nhttp://photos.state.gov/libraries/angola/209911/Reports/angola-pt-final.pdf\n\n\"Human Right Watch - Angola: Campanha de Intimicao Para Parar Protesto,\" Quintas de Debate, April 11, 2011, http://quintasdedebate.blogspot.com/2011/03/human-rights-watch-angola-campanha-de.html","Throughout 2012, there were widespread reports of intimidation, assaults and arbitrary detention of activists and NGO workers. No deaths were reported."]
["2012_BJ_61",2012,"BJ","Benin",61,100,"Aucun employé du secteur des ONG n'a été tué, emprisonné, menacé ou soumis à un interrogatoire en période récente. Mme Antoinette FAKAME-Dadjo, Enseignante, Vice présidente du réseau d'ONG RIFONGA affirme qu'elle n'a ''pas eu connaissance de ces cas et ne crois pas qu'il y en ait eu''.\n\nDe son coté, Jean PIERRE DEGUE, Sociologue, Chargé de Programme, SOCIAL WATCH BENIN aborde dans le même sens et déclare qu'à sa connaissance \"aucun employé d'une ONG n'a été assassiné, ni agressé. Cependant on observe des cambriolages, des accusations gratuites''.\n\nCette information est confirmée par Jean claude DOSSA, Journaliste, Chef Rubrique ''Société'' au Quotidien l'EVENEMENT PRECIS qui déclare qu'aucun de ces cas ne s'est produit à sa connaissance.","Antoinette FAKAME-DADJO, Enseignante, Vice-présidente du réseau d'ONG  RIFONGA, Cotonou, Siège de RIFONGA BENIN, le 31 mai 2012.\n\nJean PIERRE DEGUE, Sociologue, Chargé de Programme , SOCIAL WATCH BENIN, Interview au siège de Social Watch le 31 mai 2012, Cotonou.\n\nJean claude DOSSA, Journaliste, Chef Rubrique ''Société'' au Quotidien l'EVENEMENT PRECIS, entretien au siège du journal L'Evénement Précis le 03 Juin 2012, Cotonou.","Aucun employé du secteur des ONG n'a été tué, emprisonné, menacé ou soumis à un interrogatoire en période récente. Mme Antoinette FAKAME-Dadjo, Enseignante, Vice présidente du réseau d'ONG RIFONGA affirme qu'elle n'a ''pas eu connaissance de ces cas et ne crois pas qu'il y en ait e..."]
["2012_CV_61",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",61,100,"No NGO employees have been killed, imprisoned or physically harmed.","\"2011: The Year in Review,\" Expresso das Ilhas, Jan. 1, 2012, http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/2011--o-ano-em-revista\n\nInterview with Avelino Bonifácio Lopes, economist, president of NGOs Platform, Aug. 23, 2012, Praia City.","No NGO employees have been killed, imprisoned or physically harmed."]
["2012_CG_61",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",61,0,"The members of NGOs, activists, human rights are frequently arrested, threatened and killed each year in  the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to a U.S. State Department report, \"Officials have used an array of regulations and laws to restrict free speech and suppress political criticism, including bringing criminal charges against journalists and shutting down broadcast operations. Several journalists were charged under the DRC's repressive criminal defamation laws in 2011. Of note was the month-long sentence handed down in June to Freddy Mulumba Kabwaya, managing director of one of Kinshasa's largest private daily newspapers, Le Potentiel, for defamation against a leading politician. Journalists were also subject to a range of vague anti-state charges. For instance, Dédé Ilunga, a reporter for Radio Océan, was held for 17 days in September as a result of his criticisms of the government.\"\n\nOn 1 and 2 February 2011, the president and vicepresident of the Association africaine de défense des droits de l’homme (ASADHO) were threatened with death following a press conference, during which they denounced the constitutional reform and political intolerance of the Government towards the political opposition.","Freedom House, Freedom of the Press 2012, Nov. 2, 2012, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/509906d328.html.\n\nReport of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Jan. 13, 2012 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/19session/A-HRC-19-48_en.pdf","The members of NGOs, activists, human rights are frequently arrested, threatened and killed each year in  the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to a U.S. State Department report, \"Officials have used an array of regulations and laws to restrict free speech and suppress po..."]
["2012_ET_61",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",61,75,"In the year 2011, there were no reports of arrests and killings of NGO staff members, but the NGO sector and its staff is in a constant state of harassment, fear and self-censorship.","Interview with Mebratu Tessema, program officer, Civil Society Task Force, an ad hoc group of CSOs, Addis Ababa, Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nInterview with Seife Ayalew, Center for Human Rights, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, July 28, 2012.","In the year 2011, there were no reports of arrests and killings of NGO staff members, but the NGO sector and its staff is in a constant state of harassment, fear and self-censorship."]
["2012_GA_61",2012,"GA","Gabon",61,0,"Les ONG regroupées au sein du Mouvement « ça suffit comme ça » subissent en permanence des intimidations, des menaces, restriction de voyages, écoutes téléphoniques, exclusion des appels d’offres soumissionnés par eux.","Focus-group des représentants desONG et associations présentes au ROLBG, en octobre 2012\n- Président du ROLBG\n- Président Mouvement \"ça suffit comme ça\"\n- Représentants d'étudiants enfermés et responsables d'ONG\n- Représentants de syndicalistes de la Mairie enfermés en prison\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Les ONG regroupées au sein du Mouvement « ça suffit comme ça » subissent en permanence des intimidations, des menaces, restriction de voyages, écoutes téléphoniques, exclusion des appels d’offres soumissionnés par eux."]
["2012_KE_61",2012,"KE","Kenya",61,100,"The media in Kenya are relatively free to report any case of murder, especially of an employee of an NGO. That no such reports exists in the media, either in print or electronic, is evidence that no NGO employee has been murdered in the line of duty in the last year. \n\nReports of journalists being killed were, however, reported in December 2010 and 2009, when journalist investigating police corruption were killed. Press suppression and violence against journalists represent fairly isolated events in recent Kenyan history rather than the norm, according to  Singer.","Daily Nation. http://www.nation.co.ke/page/search/DailyNation/-/1148/1148/-/view/asSearch/-/r4tvx4z/-/index.html\n\nThe Standard. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?searchtext=NGO+employee+killed&searchbutton=SEARCH\n\nHow Free is Kenya Press. Ron Singer. August 2011. http://www.opendemocracy.net/ron-singer/how-free-is-free-press-in-kenya","The media in Kenya are relatively free to report any case of murder, especially of an employee of an NGO. That no such reports exists in the media, either in print or electronic, is evidence that no NGO employee has been murdered in the line of duty in the last year. ..."]
["2012_MW_61",2012,"MW","Malawi",61,0,"The year 2011 and beginning of 2012 will be remembered as a period of probably the most hostile government-civil society relations in Malawi's democratic era. Civil society leaders were threatened and arrested as the Mutharika administration accused them of conspiring with opposition parties and international agents to overthrow the regime. The arrests included Habib Osman, Ben Mkandawire and Billy Mayaya for demonstrating when the country was hosting a summit of a regional group, COMESA. The offices of Institute for Policy Interaction, whose leader, Rafiq Hajat, was critical of the government, were burnt down. Some houses owned by the activists were also attacked with petrol bombs. \n\nNo one was reported killed. A student of the University of Malawi's Polytechnic was murdered during this period. The circumstances of his death attracted criticism of the government as it is alleged that he was murdered by government agents for his involvement with civil society who were organizing demonstrations.\n\nWith the change of leadership, after the death of Mutharika (in April 2012), the atmosphere has changed.","Interview with M. Mazinga, national programs coordinator, Catholic Development Commission (CADECOM). July 18, 2012. \n\nAn Appraisal: Government – Civil Society Dialogue. B. Mayaya. The Lamp, 2011.\n\nIt’s All Very Scary. S. Nhlane. Malawi News. Oct. 1-7, 2011. \n\nChasowa had 8-man hit list. P. Pemba. The Weekend Nation. Oct. 22,  2011.","The year 2011 and beginning of 2012 will be remembered as a period of probably the most hostile government-civil society relations in Malawi's democratic era. Civil society leaders were threatened and arrested as the Mutharika administration accused them of conspiring with oppositi..."]
["2012_MZ_61",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",61,100,"During the period under review, drawing from the interview conducted, and the U.S. embassy report, as well as from an informal interview conducted with with a researcher from the Human Rights League, who wants to remain anonymous, there was no single report relating to killings or imprisonment of any NGO employee.  Likewise, no newspaper reported anything in regards to this particular issue.","Marcos Chissano, Mr. People Service International. 4 October 2012. Maputo \n\nEmbaixada dos Estados Unidos da America, 2012. “Relatório dos Direitos Humanos -- Moçambique 2011.” Maputo\nhttp://portuguese.maputo.usembassy.gov/hr.html\n\nAnonymous, Human Rights League, October 2012.  Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","During the period under review, drawing from the interview conducted, and the U.S. embassy report, as well as from an informal interview conducted with with a researcher from the Human Rights League, who wants to remain anonymous, there was no single report relating to killings or ..."]
["2012_NA_61",2012,"NA","Namibia",61,100,"No killing, harassing, imprisoning or physical harming of an NGO employee was recorded in the past year.","Naita Hishoono, program manager, Namibia Institute for Democracy, interviewed Aug. 14, 2012, Windhoek.\n\nGraham Hopwood, executive director, Institute for Public Policy Research, interviewed, Aug. 13, 2012, Windhoek.","No killing, harassing, imprisoning or physical harming of an NGO employee was recorded in the past year."]
["2012_SN_61",2012,"SN","Senegal",61,100,"Au cours des 12 derniers mois, aucun employé d'ONG n'a été l'objet d'arrestation, d'interrogatoire ou de menace. Il n'existe aucune preuve qu'il ait eu un seul cas au Sénégal au cours de la peride couverte par la recherche.","Entretien avec Alioune Tine de la RADDHO, janvier 2013, Dakar.\n\n2012 Rapport des Droits Humains - Sénégal; http://photos.state.gov/libraries/senegal/323264/pdf/senegal_hrr_2012.pdf","Au cours des 12 derniers mois, aucun employé d'ONG n'a été l'objet d'arrestation, d'interrogatoire ou de menace. Il n'existe aucune preuve qu'il ait eu un seul cas au Sénégal au cours de la peride couverte par la recherche."]
["2012_SS_61",2012,"SS","South Sudan",61,50,"The Government is generally supportive and cooperate with NGOs. However, on August 20, 2011 police officers beat the chief human rights officer for UNMISS after he refused to let police officers search his luggage at a hotel in Juba. The UNMISS official, who told reporters that he was beaten, kicked, and punched, was hospitalized for five days before being sent abroad for further medical treatment. Four police officers involved in the attack were stripped of their ranks and given extra work for seven days.","Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011. United States Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2011. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/187907.pdf\n\nFreedom House. South Sudan Freedom in the World 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/south-sudan#.VRnECZPF9uQ","The Government is generally supportive and cooperate with NGOs. However, on August 20, 2011 police officers beat the chief human rights officer for UNMISS after he refused to let police officers search his luggage at a hotel in Juba. The UNMISS official, who told reporters that he ..."]
["2012_TN_61",2012,"TN","Tunisia",61,50,"L'association des femmes démocrates et la ligue des droits de l'homme ont été harcelées et menacées par des militants du parti au pouvoir. Il y a des clivages interassociatifs correspondant à des clivages de la société tunisienne.","- Communiqué de l'association des femmes démocrates et de la ligue des droits de l'homme (16 janvier 2012): http://femmesdemocrates.org/2012/01/16/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC/\n \n- COWI (mars, 2012), rapport diagnostic de la société civile tunisienne\n \n- Conférence de Monsieur Anouar Moalla, expert, Tunis, 9 décembre 2012","L'association des femmes démocrates et la ligue des droits de l'homme ont été harcelées et menacées par des militants du parti au pouvoir. Il y a des clivages interassociatifs correspondant à des clivages de la société tunisienne."]
["2012_UG_61",2012,"UG","Uganda",61,50,"Since last year, media reports have continued to report harassment and repression of staff of NGOs advocating for the rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) groups. For instance, in June 2012, police forces raided an LGBT workshop in Kampala and detained about 20 human rights defenders, including members of the NGO staff organizing the workshop. A report by Human Rights Watch also said that Ugandan police and Resident District Commissions are intimidating civil society activists seeking to expose and condemn allegations of government corruption.","“Ugandan women strip to protest assault,” Al-Jazeera, April 23, 2012, http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/ugandan-women-strip-protest-assault-0022184.\n \n “Police Arrest Women Activists for Storming DPP's Office,” by Nixon Ssegawa, ChimpReports.com, May 15, 2012, http://www.chimpreports.com/index.php/news/4531-breaking-drama-as-daring-women-storm-dpp-s-kampala-office.html.\n \n “Sixteen anti-corruption advocates interrogated; journalists harassed,” Human Rights Watch/IFEX, Feb. 11, 2011, http://www.ifex.org/uganda/2011/02/11/activists_journalists_harrassed/.","Since last year, media reports have continued to report harassment and repression of staff of NGOs advocating for the rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) groups. For instance, in June 2012, police forces raided an LGBT workshop in Kampala and detained about 20 h..."]
["2012_BJ_62",2012,"BJ","Benin",62,100,"Aucune ONG n'a été fermée, et aucune ONG n'a été harcelée par le gouvernement au moyen de requêtes administratives fantaisistes, d'enquêtes ou de sanctions injustifiées au cours de l'année dernière en représailles pour son travail. \n\nMme Antoinette FAKAME DADJO, Enseignante, Vice Présidente de RIFONGA BENIN affirme qu'il \"n'y a pas eu de ces cas là à ma connaissance.''\nJean-Pierre AGUEGUE, Sociologue, Chargé de programme à SOCIAL WATCH BENIN, aborde dans le même sens en affirmant qu'\"il n'y a pas eu de ces cas à ma connaissance. Cependant si le gouvernement devait normalement jouer son rôle par rapport au pire, alors là, beaucoup d'ONG seront déjà fermées.''\nQuant à Jean-Claude DOSSA, Journaliste, Chef Rubrique Société, Quotidien L'EVENEMENT PRECIS il affirme\" ne pas être informé de pareils cas probables. ''","Antoinette FAKAME DADJO, Enseignante, Vice Présidente de RIFONGA BENIN, entretien au Siège de Rifonga, Cotonou, le 31 mai 2012\n     \nJean-Pierre AGUEGUE, Sociologue, Chargé de programme à SOCIAL WATCH BENIN, entretien au Siège de Social Watch, Cotonou, le 31 mai 2012.\n\nJean-Claude DOSSA, Journaliste, Chef Rubrique Société, Quotidien L'EVENEMENT PRECIS, Entretien au siège du quotidien L'Evénement Précis à Cotonou, le 03 juin 2012.","Aucune ONG n'a été fermée, et aucune ONG n'a été harcelée par le gouvernement au moyen de requêtes administratives fantaisistes, d'enquêtes ou de sanctions injustifiées au cours de l'année dernière en représailles pour son travail. ..."]
["2012_CV_62",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",62,100,"According to the president of the NGOs Platform, in 2011 none of these organizations have been harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues. However, a desk review revealed a lack of official data statistics about the number of NGOs closed last year and the reasons for closure. \n\nNotably, lack of regulation and criteria, e.g., the access to central and municipal public resources allows political actors that govern public institutions to influence the activities of NGOs, in particular by political actors, especially at election times. This is also an evidence of the Cape Verdean NGOs strong dependence - and therefore instrumentalization and politicization - on state public funding in a context of global official development aid reduction.","\"2011, the year in review,\" Expresso das Ilhas, Jan. 1, 2012,  http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/2011--o-ano-em-revista.\n\n\"Program contracts: study shows deficits in Cape Verde,\" Expresso das Ilhas, July 7, 2011, http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/contratos-programa--estudo-aponta-defices-em-cabo-verde.\n\n\"Veiga: 'Government has been executing a strategy of financial suffocation to the municipalities of the MpD,'\" Forcv, Sept. 19, 2011, http://www.forcv.com/politics/4157-veiga-governo-vem-executando-uma-estrategia-de-sufoco-financeiro-aos-municipios-do-mpd.\n\nInterview with Avelino Bonifácio Lopes, economist, president of the NGOs Platform, Aug. 23, 2012, Praia City.","According to the president of the NGOs Platform, in 2011 none of these organizations have been harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues. However, a desk review revealed a lack of official data statistics about the number of NGOs closed last year and ..."]
["2012_CG_62",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",62,25,"In May, private TV station Radio Télé Kin Malebo (RTKM) had its offices closed and its signal suspended for not paying about $850,000 in taxes; similarly, five community and faith-based radio stations were shut in November – one week before the elections – for allegedly failing to pay license fees of $15,000. Domestic human rights NGOs were particularly vulnerable to harassment, arbitrary arrest and detention, and other abuses by government.","\"Rapport 2011- L’état de la liberté de la presse en RDC. JED en appelle à un état d’urgence pour sauver la liberté de la presse et exige la dissolution du CSAC,\" Congo Tribune, Dec. 29, 2011,\nhttp://congotribune.com/rapport-2011-letat-de-la-liberte-de-la-presse-en-rdc-jed-en-appelle-a-un-etat-durgence-pour-sauver-la-liberte-de-la-presse-et-exige-la-dissolution-du-csac/\n\nGuide des Libertes Publiques, Open Society Southern Africa , 2012 http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/osisa_-_guide_des_libertes_publiques.pdf\n\nFreedom House, Freedom of the Press 2012, Nov. 2, 2012, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/509906d328.html.","In May, private TV station Radio Télé Kin Malebo (RTKM) had its offices closed and its signal suspended for not paying about $850,000 in taxes; similarly, five community and faith-based radio stations were shut in November – one week before the elections – for allegedly failing to ..."]
["2012_CI_62",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",62,100,"According to Mrs. Kouassi-Dosso and Mr. Kouakou, NGOs in Cote D’Ivore have a special status and are not often required to produce official statement with regards to their financial accounts. \n\nNo NGOs have been harrassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-regulated issues. (Cf. Law N° 60-315, Sept. 21, 1960). According to article 159 of the code of customs, associations and NGOs benefit from an exemption from import customs tax and an exemption from tax on corporations when they have the recognition of public utility. However, business activities made by these organizations are taxable. The association becomes taxable on all of its activities when commercial revenues have a predominant share in total revenues.","Innocent Kouakou, Jurist and Fiscalist, AVOCATS CONSEILS ASSOCIES, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013\n\nDjénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013","According to Mrs. Kouassi-Dosso and Mr. Kouakou, NGOs in Cote D’Ivore have a special status and are not often required to produce official statement with regards to their financial accounts. ..."]
["2012_ET_62",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",62,50,"The newly enacted Civil Societal and Charities Proclamation has put undue pressure on local NGOs with multiple reporting procedures and restrictions on their source of funding. Because of this, NGOs are reducing their areas of operation and their staff numbers. The newly enacted NGO proclamation has given the Charities and Civil Societies Agency extended authority and mandate to either close or revoke the license and suspend the operation of an NGO. \n\nFor instance, in November 2012, the Heinrich Böll Foundation, an NGO promoting democracy and human rights, is leaving Ethiopia in protest against restrictions on its activities. According to a statement from the foundation, \"The closure of the office in Ethiopia is a sign of protest by the foundation against the ongoing restrictions on civil rights and freedom of speech.\"\n\nMoreover, NGO directors and financial officers face continuous harassment in the form of complicated financial reporting, as well as tightening controls on budgets, expenditures, revenue generation and multiple reporting. They fear criminal responsibility and closure. \n\nOverall, although a lot of NGOs may be closed as a function of discriminatory practices, the official data from the Agency will show failure to comply with the laws of the country.  Many NGOs attempt to keep quiet not to be put on the radar of the authorities.","Interview with Bethelim Worku, finance officer, Organization for Social Development, Addis Ababa, June 3, 2012.\n\nInterview with Selamawit Terfe, independent consultant on good governance and human rights, Aug. 30, 2012.\n\nThe International Center for Non-Profit Law, Ethiopia NGO Law Monitor, http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/ethiopia.html, accessed  August 2012.","The newly enacted Civil Societal and Charities Proclamation has put undue pressure on local NGOs with multiple reporting procedures and restrictions on their source of funding. Because of this, NGOs are reducing their areas of operation and their staff numbers. The newly enacted NG..."]
["2012_GW_62",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",62,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_62",2012,"MG","Madagascar",62,25,"According to Amnesty International's 2012 report, several NGOs have been harassed or closed for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues. In general, there is a restrictive environment in the country:\n– Privately owned media outlets and those believed to have links with the opposition were targeted by the High Transitional Authority.\nAccording to the Minister of Communication, 80 media outlets were notified of suspension in August after their licenses were declared illegal. Some media outlet owners and journalists denounced what they called the politically motivated decision. It was not clear whether the suspensions remained in place at the end of the year. This has been confirmed by Reporters Sans Frontieres\n– The Fahazavana radio station, which belongs to a Protestant church, is still closed.\n– The  director of Radio Free FM, Lalatiana Rakotondrazafy, and her collaborator True Razarapiera, were in custody at the gendarmerie Betongolo in Antananarivo since May 2, 2012. They seek refuge at the embassy of South africa, fearing to be arrested. \nThose radio stations (Free FM and Radio Fahazavana) had criticized the current regime and belong to the opposition. The two radio stations were closed.\n\nArbitrary arrests and detention were common. In some cases, lawyers assisting or defending perceived or real opponents to the transitional authority were themselves subject to arrest and detention amounting to harassment and intimidation and denial of the right to legal counsel for their clients. On 28 February, Rolland Stephenson Ranarivony, lawyer for a member of the Reformed Protestant Church of Madagascar, was arrested and detained by officials from the Territory Security Directorate (DST) when he arrived to inquire about the situation of his client held in Antananarivo. He was released later that day after the president of the Malagasy Bar Association publicly complained about his arrest and detention.\n\nDozens of perceived or real opponents to the High Transitional Authority remained detained without trial, some since 2009. Rakotompanahy Andry Faly, a former intern at the Malagasy Broadcasting System radio station, remained in detention despite his serious medical condition and repeated requests to be granted bail that were turned down by authorities. Andry Faly had been arrested with three other MBS staff in Antananarivo in June 2009 by members of the National Joint Commission of Inquiry (CNME), a security body especially created by HAT. In July 2011, he was transferred to the clinic of the Antanimora central prison in Antananarivo where he remained at the end of the year. He was among 18 detainees who went on a hunger strike in 2010, calling on the authorities to expedite their trial.","Dr Juvence Ramasy, University of Toamasina, June 10, 2012\n\nDr Marson Francis, University of Toamasina , June 10, 2012\n\nAmnesty International, 2012 report on Madagascar http://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/madagascar/report-2012#section-82-9\n\nReporters without Borders, 212, Madagascar, 11 NOVEMBRE 2012, PRESSIONS JUDICIAIRES ET ADMINISTRATIVES : LA PRESSE MALGACHE À NOUVEAU HARCELÉE,  http://fr.rsf.org/madagascar-pressions-judiciaires-et-11-11-2012,43669.html\n\nNO intimidation reported by:\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012\nUnited States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor\nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204349.pdf\n\nFreedom House 2013\nhttps://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/madagascar#.VR3pu5PF_tE","According to Amnesty International's 2012 report, several NGOs have been harassed or closed for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues. In general, there is a restrictive environment in the country:..."]
["2012_MW_62",2012,"MW","Malawi",62,75,"There is no NGO that was reported closed or harassed for regulatory or tax-related reasons. The reported case relates to the financing of NGOs and occured when the president called on NGOs to be transparent with the sources and use of their funds instead of accusing government of lacking transparency when it does not account for their funding to the public. His speech was criticized by the civil society, as it was viewed as an attempt to stifle the NGOs. No action was taken by government, even after the president's speech however.","Interview with M. Mazinga, national programs coordinator, Catholic Development Commission (CADECOM). July 18, 2012. \n\nMalawi’s President Calls for NGOs to be More Transparent. L. Masina. VOANEWS, Feb. 5, 2012. http://www.voanews.com/content/malawis-president-calls-for-ngos-to-be-more-transparent-138777259/151652.html","There is no NGO that was reported closed or harassed for regulatory or tax-related reasons. The reported case relates to the financing of NGOs and occured when the president called on NGOs to be transparent with the sources and use of their funds instead of accusing government of l..."]
["2012_MZ_62",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",62,100,"No reports have been made on this subject during the period under review.","Marcos Chissano, Mr. PSI -- People Service International. 4 October 2012. Maputo\n\nEmbaixada dos Estados Unidos da America, 2012. “Relatório dos Direitos Humanos -- Moçambique 2011.”\nhttp://portuguese.maputo.usembassy.gov/hr.html","No reports have been made on this subject during the period under review."]
["2012_ST_62",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",62,100,"No NGOs have ever been harassed or closed  for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues. In fact, although some NGOs provide accounts of their activities through the annual report of the Federation of NGOs of São Tomé and Príncipe, there are still some NGOs that do not do that. But the state also does not pressure these NGOs to do it.","Maria Odete Aguiar, president, NGOs Federation of São Tomé and Príncipe (FONG STP), Oct. 5, 2012, at the group's headquarters.\n\nCarlos Delfim Neves, president, NGO Skool Dance, Oct. 5, 2012, at his office.","No NGOs have ever been harassed or closed  for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues. In fact, although some NGOs provide accounts of their activities through the annual report of the Federation of NGOs of São Tomé and Príncipe, there are still some NGOs that do not do that...."]
["2012_ZA_62",2012,"ZA","South Africa",62,100,"South Africa has had no reports of formal harassment of NGOs in the past year. In fact, new NGOs have formed as older ones have shut down for reasons such as scarcity of donor funding.","Media reports do not show any indication of NGOs being harassed or being forced to close because of unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues.\n\nHuman Rights Watch. \"World Report 2012: South Africa\". http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-south-africa\n\nFreedom House. South Africa Freedom in the World 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/south-africa#.VRm7nZPF9uQ","South Africa has had no reports of formal harassment of NGOs in the past year. In fact, new NGOs have formed as older ones have shut down for reasons such as scarcity of donor funding."]
["2012_SS_62",2012,"SS","South Sudan",62,100,"From May 2011 to May 2012, no records show any NGO harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues, suggesting that no NGOs were harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues in South Sudan during the period.","Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011. United States Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2011. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/187907.pdf\n\nFreedom House. South Sudan Freedom in the World 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/south-sudan#.VRnECZPF9uQ","From May 2011 to May 2012, no records show any NGO harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues, suggesting that no NGOs were harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues in South Sudan during the period."]
["2012_TN_62",2012,"TN","Tunisia",62,100,"La fiscalité ne semble pas être une source de harcèlement pour les associations.","- Interview de Monsieur Kobbi, ancien magistrat et professeur de droit à Tunis (Tunis le 1 décembre 2012)\n \n- Rapport de Human Rights Watch (2012) : http://www.hrw.org/fr/world-report-2012/tunisie","La fiscalité ne semble pas être une source de harcèlement pour les associations."]
["2012_AO_63",2012,"AO","Angola",63,0,"The Constitution  does not have a specific provision to protect the indigenous peoples of the country.","No laws exist. ","The Constitution  does not have a specific provision to protect the indigenous peoples of the country."]
["2012_CV_63",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",63,100,"According to the Constitution, Part II on Fundamental Rights and Duties, General Principles, article 24, \"all citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law, no one can be privileged, benefited or harmed, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty on the basis of race, sex, ancestry, language, origin, religion, social conditions and economic or political or ideological convictions\".","Constitutional Provisions, Title II (Rights, Freedoms and Guarantees): Chapter I (the rights, freedoms and individual guarantees). http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5bd0.html","According to the Constitution, Part II on Fundamental Rights and Duties, General Principles, article 24, \"all citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law, no one can be privileged, benefited or harmed, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty on the basis..."]
["2012_CF_63",2012,"CF","CAR",63,100,"Dans la mise en œuvre des droits de l'Homme, la RCA a consacré dans le préambule de la constitution du 27 décembre 2004, la protection des plus faibles, notamment les personnes vulnérables et les minorités.  Il convient d'ajouter que le gouvernement a lancé le processus de ratification de la convention 169 de l'OIT et vient de mettre en chantier un projet de loi portant la protection des peuples autochtones en République Centrafricaine. Il en est de même pour l'adhésion à la Déclaration des Nations-Unies sur les peuples autochtones. Il faut dire qu'il y a de multiples actions en cours en faveurs des peuples autochtones. Cela témoigne la volonté politique du gouvernement de respecter les droits des peuples autochtones et de soigner leur image aux yeux du monde.","Constitution du 27 décembre 2004, République Centrafricaine; http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cf2004.htm\n\nLoi N°08.022 du 17 octobre 2008 portant code forestier (cette loi implique les peuples autochtones dans la gestion forestière en République Centrafricaine; cité par le rapport des Nations Unies sur la situation des droits de l'Homme en RCA,  2009). http://cf.chm-cbd.net/implementation/loisnation/legislation-forestiere/codeforestier.pdf","Dans la mise en œuvre des droits de l'Homme, la RCA a consacré dans le préambule de la constitution du 27 décembre 2004, la protection des plus faibles, notamment les personnes vulnérables et les minorités.  Il convient d'ajouter que le gouvernement a lancé le processus de ratifica..."]
["2012_CI_63",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",63,100,"Article 2 of the Constitution of 2000 provides that all human beings are born free and equal before the law in Côte d'Ivoire. Article 17 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination based on sex, political, religious or philosophical opinions, in the taking up or pursuit of jobs.   \n\nThese provisions are supplemented by articles 195 to 201 of the penal code that punish racial, religious discrimination or violations of religious freedom. Section 17 of the Constitution says everyone has the right to freely choose profession or employment. Access to public or private jobs is equal for all. Discrimination in access or exercise of rights of employment, gender, political, religious or philosophical opinions is prohibited.","TITLE I, Article 2. The Constitution of Cote d’Ivoire, Law No 2000-513 of August 1, 2000. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126832.pdf","Article 2 of the Constitution of 2000 provides that all human beings are born free and equal before the law in Côte d'Ivoire. Article 17 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination based on sex, political, religious or philosophical opinions, in the taking up or pursuit of jobs.  ..."]
["2012_ET_63",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",63,100,"The Ethiopia Constitution guarantees the right to equality, the right to language, the right to culture, the right to religion and importantly the right to self-determination including the establishment of a self-government unit (Articles 25, 27 and 39). \n\nArticle 39 \n\"(1). Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an unconditional right to self-determination, including the\nright to secession.\n(2) Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the right to speak, to write and to develop its own language; to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and to preserve its history.\n(3)  Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the right to a full measure of self-government which includes the right to establish institutions of government in the territory that it inhabits and to equitable representation in state and Federal governments.\"\n\nArticle 54 (3). \"Members of the House, on the basis of population and special representation of minority Nationalities and Peoples, shall not exceed 550; of these, minority Nationalities and Peoples shall have at least 20 seats. Particulars shall be determined by law.","Articles 11, 25, 27 and 39 of the Constitution and the Preamble. http://www.selamta.net/Downloads/Ethiopian%20Constitution.htm ","The Ethiopia Constitution guarantees the right to equality, the right to language, the right to culture, the right to religion and importantly the right to self-determination including the establishment of a self-government unit (Articles 25, 27 and 39). ..."]
["2012_GW_63",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",63,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_63",2012,"KE","Kenya",63,100,"Whereas the Bill of Rights in Chapter Four of the Constitution of Kenya protects the rights of ethnic minorities as well, there are specific articles in the constitution that provide for the participation of ethnic minorities in politics and governance.","The Constitution of Kenya, 2012, Articles 56, 91 (1) e, 100 (d), 174 (e) and Chapter 4, among others. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf.","Whereas the Bill of Rights in Chapter Four of the Constitution of Kenya protects the rights of ethnic minorities as well, there are specific articles in the constitution that provide for the participation of ethnic minorities in politics and governance."]
["2012_MW_63",2012,"MW","Malawi",63,100,"The right of all, including ethnic minority, to be treated equally is provided in section 20 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. It states:\n       \n\"Discrimination of persons in any form is prohibited and all persons are, under any law, guaranteed equal and effective protection against discrimination on grounds of race, [...] ethnic or social origin, [...] or other status or condition.\"","Republic Of Malawi Constitution Section 20 (1), Amendment of 2010. Government of Malawi. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf","The right of all, including ethnic minority, to be treated equally is provided in section 20 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. It states:\n       ..."]
["2012_MZ_63",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",63,100,"Article 35 (\"Principle of Universality\") of the Constitution states: \"All citizens are equal before the law, and they shall enjoy the same rights and be subject to the same duties, regardless of color, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social position, the marital status of their parents, their profession or their political preference.\"\n\nArticle 39 (\"Acts Against National Unity\") of the Constitution states: \"All acts intended to undermine national unity, to disturb social harmony or to create divisions or situations of privilege or discrimination based on color, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social position, physical or mental ability, the marital status of one’s parents, profession or political preference, shall be punished in terms of the law.\"\n\nArticle 44 (\"Duties Towards One’s Fellow Beings\") of the Constitution states: \"All individuals shall have the duty to respect and consider their fellow beings without any form of discrimination whatsoever, and to maintain relations with them aimed at promoting, safeguarding and strengthening respect, mutual tolerance and solidarity.\"\n\nArticle 52 (\"Freedom of Association), subsection 3, of the Constitution states: \"Armed associations of a military or paramilitary nature, as well as associations that promote violence, racism, xenophobia or pursue aims that are against the law, shall be prohibited.\"\n\nAlso, Article 9 of the Constitution can imply a guarantee of protection of linguistic minorities by enhancing and promoting the development of national languages by declaring that: \"The State values the national languages as educational and cultural heritage and promote their development and use increasing as languages of our identity.\"","Constitution of the Republic. Article 35, 39, 44, subsection 3.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","Article 35 (\"Principle of Universality\") of the Constitution states: \"All citizens are equal before the law, and they shall enjoy the same rights and be subject to the same duties, regardless of color, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social p..."]
["2012_ST_63",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",63,100,"São Tomé and Príncipe is a very small island where there is a mixture of many cultures and races. So this issue of ethnic minorities is dissipated a bit. That’s why the Santomeans are unaware that, despite the fact that there are no ethnic minorities, there are small groups of people who identify themselves with a particular culture, customs and language. This is the case of Cape Verdeans who came to the country in the 20th century as contractors. In terms of planning strategies, both in terms of education and communication, this group is not taken into account. Therefore, the Cape Verdean community ends up being excluded. However, there was an exception recently in the awareness campaign that the government made for the Census, which included all the languages spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe.","Article 15 of the Constitution (provides for the principle of equality). http://www.parlamento.st/Legisl/leg%20Constit/Frames_legisl_constit.htm","São Tomé and Príncipe is a very small island where there is a mixture of many cultures and races. So this issue of ethnic minorities is dissipated a bit. That’s why the Santomeans are unaware that, despite the fact that there are no ethnic minorities, there are small groups of peop..."]
["2012_SN_63",2012,"SN","Senegal",63,100,"La Constitution sénégalaise stipule, dans son premier article, que « La République du Sénégal est une démocratie politique, économique et sociale. Elle assure l'égalité devant la loi de tous les citoyens, sans discrimination d'origine, de race, de sexe, de religion. Elle respecte toutes les croyances. » Dans le même sens, l’article 5 de la Constitution établit que « Tout acte de discrimination raciale, ethnique ou religieuse, de même que toute propagande régionaliste pouvant porter atteinte à la sécurité intérieure de l'Etat ou à l'intégrité du territoire de la République sont punis par la loi ». Même si cela est prévu dans la constitution, il faut reconnaître que certaines ethnies minoritaires, comme les Manjack, les Makagne, les Pounuon, les Socé et les Bassari entre autres dans la région du Sud de Sénégal, s’identifient aux autres groupes majoritaires. Par exemple, un Bassari à Dakar ne parle que le Wolof, majoritaire.","Constitution du 22 janvier 2001. Préambule et article 1. www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf‎","La Constitution sénégalaise stipule, dans son premier article, que « La République du Sénégal est une démocratie politique, économique et sociale. Elle assure l'égalité devant la loi de tous les citoyens, sans discrimination d'origine, de race, de sexe, de religion. Elle respecte t..."]
["2012_SS_63",2012,"SS","South Sudan",63,100,"The Constitutional protections are comprehensive. Articles 14 and 33 of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 mention equality of all ethnic groups before the law in South Sudan.\n\nArticle 14 states that \"All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to the equal protection of the law \nwithout discrimination as to race, ethnic origin, colour, sex, language, religious creed, political opinion, birth, locality or social status.\"\n\nArticle 33 states that “Ethnic and cultural communities shall have the right to freely enjoy and develop their particular cultures. Members of such communities shall have the right to practice their beliefs, use their languages, observe their religions and raise their children within the context of their respective cultures and customs in accordance with this Constitution and the law.”","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011. Government of South Sudan.","The Constitutional protections are comprehensive. Articles 14 and 33 of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 mention equality of all ethnic groups before the law in South Sudan...."]
["2012_TN_63",2012,"TN","Tunisia",63,100,"Les lois tunisiennes protègent les minorités religieuses et intellectuelles. L'article 6 de la constitution de 1959 stipule que \"Article 6. - Tous les citoyens ont les mêmes droits et les mêmes devoirs. Ils sont égaux devant la loi.\"","- Article de l'AFP sur les atteintes aux minorités religieuses (29 mars 2012): http://www.slateafrique.com/84773/slogans-antisemites-les-juifs-tunisiens-exhortent-les-autorites-reagir\n \n - L'article 6 de la constitution de 1959","Les lois tunisiennes protègent les minorités religieuses et intellectuelles. L'article 6 de la constitution de 1959 stipule que \"Article 6. - Tous les citoyens ont les mêmes droits et les mêmes devoirs. Ils sont égaux devant la loi.\""]
["2012_AO_64",2012,"AO","Angola",64,50,"Ethnicity is not a contentious issue in Angola and there is no real need for government intervention.\n\nAbout 3,500 San live in the sparsely populated southern provinces of Angola. They have very limited political participation, but this has increased as a local NGO works to improve communication in collaboration with the local government. The Constitution does not foresee a specific policy or law to protect the indigenous peoples of the country.\n\nAccording to a Freedom House article by Carrie Manning,  professor and chair of the Department of Political Science at Georgia State University, \"Since the end of the civil war, ethnic identity has not been the basis of systematic discrimination, political tension, or violence. Instead, pastoral groups and nomads, who make up less than 6 percent of the population, face widespread discrimination and do not participate in politics of the state.\"","U.S. Department of State, Diplomacy in Action, Angola Report 2012, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186375.pdf\n\n\"Countries at the Crossroads: Angola,\" by Carrie Manning, 2012, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola#.VRgdkDvF9Ig\n\nInternational Work Group for Indigenous Affars, --, Indigenous peoples in Angola, 2010, http://www.iwgia.org/regions/africa/angola","Ethnicity is not a contentious issue in Angola and there is no real need for government intervention...."]
["2012_BJ_64",2012,"BJ","Benin",64,50,"Les terminologies ''Minorité'', ''Ethnique'' et ''Minorité ethnique'' n'existent pas dans la Constitution béninoise encore moins dans le vécu des populations. Il existe des ethnies mais pas de minorité en tant que telle. \nAu Bénin, tous les citoyens sont égaux, aux termes de la loi 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990.","Donatien Gbaguidi, Journaliste, Chef d'édition au quotidien l'Evénement Précis, Cotonou le 03 juin 2012.\n\nPaul HOUNGUEVOU, Inspecteur du travail, 1er Secrétaire adjoint de la Centrale des Syndicats autonomes (CSA BENIN), Entretien à la Bourse du travail, Cotonou le 06 juin 2012.\n\nFlorian KANGNI, Juriste, Collaborateur à l'Etude de Maître Denise EHOUZOU GNAGNITO, Notaire, Entretien au cabinet de Maître Denise EHOUZOU GANGNITO, Cotonou le 31 mai 2012.","Les terminologies ''Minorité'', ''Ethnique'' et ''Minorité ethnique'' n'existent pas dans la Constitution béninoise encore moins dans le vécu des populations. Il existe des ethnies mais pas de minorité en tant que telle. ..."]
["2012_CV_64",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",64,50,"Since there are no ethnic minorities in Cape Verde, the focus is on foreign nationals and/or immigrants. Apart from constitutional guarantees, the Cape Verdean state is giving steps recently, though still modest, in protecting the rights of immigrants. For example, on Dec. 19, 2011 - as part of the commemoration of the International Day of Migration, December 18, which marks the adoption of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families by the United Nations General Assembly Nations - is inaugurated the immigration coordination unit (ICU) aimed at coordination, integration and monitoring of policies and initiatives related to immigration. This is one of the results of work undertaken by the Interministerial Commission to Study the Bases of Proposition and Immigration Policy (CIMI), which ran from 2009 to 2010.","Online Journal, A Nação, Dec. 20, 2011, \"Cape Verde already has a Coordination Unit of Immigration,\" http://www.alfa.cv/anacao_online/index.php/economia/1501-cabo-verde-ja-dispoe-de-uma-unidade-de-coordenacao-da-imigracao.\n\nInterview with Zelinda Cohen, president of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship, Aug. 30, 2012, Praia City.","Since there are no ethnic minorities in Cape Verde, the focus is on foreign nationals and/or immigrants. Apart from constitutional guarantees, the Cape Verdean state is giving steps recently, though still modest, in protecting the rights of immigrants. For example, on Dec. 19, 2011..."]
["2012_CG_64",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",64,50,"In the Democratic Republic of Congo, there are more than 350 ethnic groups. All these ethnic groups are minorities and have lived together for many years. Minority groups are not denied civic rights as a matter of government policy, but some measure of discrimination exists in parts of the country.  For example, in North Kivu and South Kivu, the Congolese nationality of Rwandophone minorities continue to be questioned by ethnic majority groups.\n\nThe country has a population of between 200,000 and 500,000 Pygmies (Twa, Mbuti, Aka, and others), believed to be the country’s original inhabitants. The government did not effectively protect their civil and political rights, and societal discrimination against them was widespread.","\"Congo, DR Country Report for 2012,\" Bertelsmann Transformation Index, http://www.bti-project.de/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Congo%20DR.pdf\n\n\"La protection des minorités ethniques en République\ndémocratique du Congo,\" by Balingene Kahombo, Université de Kinshasa, 2011\nhttp://www.the-rule-of-law-in-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/La-protection-des-minorites-ethniques-en-Republique-democratique-du-Congo-Entre-rupture-et-continuite-des-o.pdf\n\nHuman Rights Report for Democratic Republic of Congo, RENADHOC, 2011 http://www.iccnow.org/documents/Rapport_Annuel_2011_sur_la_situation_globale_des_DH_en_RDC_RENADHOC_Mars_2012.pdf","In the Democratic Republic of Congo, there are more than 350 ethnic groups. All these ethnic groups are minorities and have lived together for many years. Minority groups are not denied civic rights as a matter of government policy, but some measure of discrimination exists in part..."]
["2012_ER_64",2012,"ER","Eritrea",64,25,"\"The Kunama people, one of Eritrea’s nine ethnic groups, reportedly face severe discrimination. They are viewed with suspicion for having backed a rival group to the EPLF during the war of independence and for resisting attempts to integrate them into national society. Members of the Afar ethnic group have also been targeted. Several hundred Afars were arrested during 2010, according to Human Rights Watch. Sexual minorities face legal and social discrimination due to the criminalization of same-sex sexual conduct.\" (Freedom House, \"Freedom in the World: Eritrea,\" 2012, www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea)\n\nIn practice, there is no direct or official practice of discrimination by the government, according to the source. Complaints from an ethnic group usually come after seizure of its ancestral land by the government or redistribution of its areas to other ethnic groups. However, this is largely the result of the government's policy on a specific issue such as land, the source said, not discriminatory behavior toward ethnic minorities. \n\nAccording to the source, the government does not have a mechanism to suppress the rights of ethnic minorities in a systematic way, although there is a contention that ethnic minorities are underrepresented in government offices.\n\nThe government has addressed some minority rights, like the mother-tongue primary education system in which ethnic groups can educate their children in their mother tongues at the primary level. However, other rights, like political representation, have yet to be actively pursued, though there is limited representation in certain high offices, according to the source.","U.S. State Department, \"2011 Human Rights Reports: Eritrea,\" May 2012, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186194\n\n\"Eritrea to Begin Evacuating Citizens from South Sudan,\" TesfaNews.net, Dec 2013, http://www.tesfanews.net/eritrea-to-begin-evacuating-citizens-from-south-sudan/\n\nAnonymous source. 2012. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","\"The Kunama people, one of Eritrea’s nine ethnic groups, reportedly face severe discrimination. They are viewed with suspicion for having backed a rival group to the EPLF during the war of independence and for resisting attempts to integrate them into national society. Members of t..."]
["2012_ET_64",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",64,50,"Although Ethiopia's Constitution guaranteed a wide range of rights for minorities, the Constitution also instituted an ethnic-based federal system in which particular regions are assigned to particular ethnic groups. The result of this has been the creation of new dynamics and dimensions of ethnic division and discrimination against minorities and non-indigenous groups within federal units of the federation. Some of the historically and economically marginalized communities, such as pastoral communities and small, hunter-gatherer groups, continue to suffer socio-economic marginalization. \n\nAccording to Haileyesus Taye's paper (cited above in Sources), the trend of practical implementation of minority-related issues such as language use in education at primary level, in the media and culture and self-governance and representation at the federal level for territorially concentrated ethnic groups in their designated areas as their “homeland” is a commendable start in the right direction.","Interview with Hassen Mohammed, lecturer at Mekkelle University, School of Law and Governance, June 29, 2012.\n\nInterview with Solomon Ayele, senior researcher, Institute of Security Studies, Addis Ababa, Aug. 3, 2012.\n\n\"Issues of Minority Rights in the Ethiopian Federation,\" by Haileyesus Taye, April 2012, http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/Working_Paper_59_Final.pdf\n\n\"Ethiopia: Violations of the rights of the disadvantaged ethnic groups protected by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,\" the Advocates for Human Rights, 48th session of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, April 30 – May 18, 2012, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/ngos/AHR_Ethiopia_CESCR48.pdf\n\n\"Oromia-Ethopia Violations of the Rights of Disadvantaged Nations Protected by U.N.’s ICESCR,\" Gadaa, April 12, 2012, http://gadaa.com/oduu/13352/2012/04/12/oromia-ethiopia-violations-of-the-rights-of-disadvantaged-nations-protected-by-uns-icescr/","Although Ethiopia's Constitution guaranteed a wide range of rights for minorities, the Constitution also instituted an ethnic-based federal system in which particular regions are assigned to particular ethnic groups. The result of this has been the creation of new dynamics and dime..."]
["2012_GW_64",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",64,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_64",2012,"MG","Madagascar",64,0,"In the Madagascar political culture, the defense of ethnic identity is related to political tribalism. According to law, each individual has equal rights. Ethnic minorities such as the Pakistanis or the Chinese communities exist as such very informally. There are some ethnic conflicts, and in practice the protection of minorities (ethnic, religious, sexual, disabled) is insufficient.","Freedom House, Countries at the Crossroads 2011, Madagascar, Nov.10, 2011, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ecba64ac.html [accessed Jan. 12, 2013]\n\n\"The Fear Factor in Madagascar,\" Thomas Friedman, NYT.com, Dec 2013. http://thomasfriedmanopedgenerator.com/The%2BFear%2BFactor%2Bin%2BMadagascar%2Bad6abc\n\nErwan Corbic, Madagascar, le dilemme fédéraliste, analysis by Groupement pour les droits des minorités\nhttp://gdm.eurominority.org/www/gdm/67-2002-05-gdm.asp","In the Madagascar political culture, the defense of ethnic identity is related to political tribalism. According to law, each individual has equal rights. Ethnic minorities such as the Pakistanis or the Chinese communities exist as such very informally. There are some ethnic confli..."]
["2012_MA_64",2012,"MA","Morocco",64,50,"In Morocco, there is no segregation or racism on the basis of ethnicity, so the term \"ethnic minorities\" has another connotation. Isolated rural areas with stagnant economy are isolated compared with marketing channels and national exchange and in relation to political participation and public services. This situation is perceived as triple culturally, socially and economically. These \"ethnic minorities\" in fact include a majority of Moroccan Amazigh and Arabic. The political system or economic and social model of \"development\" cannot ensure their economic, social and cultural rights. It cannot defend the marginalized urban whatever their \"ethnicity.\" Some authors refer to \"socially precarious political stabilization.\"\n\nMigrants rights are not respected or protected. For example, a UNHCR refugee card may not be recognized by the police.\n\nSub-Saharan migrants suffer breach of their human rights. There are a lot of European pressures. But African migrants are not consider an ethnic minority. Moreover, Morocco is a country of transit. These migrants are looking to immigrate to Europe. Permanent sub-Saharan workers are treated as Moroccan workers.","Annual Report 2011-2012. Moroccan Association of Human Rights.\n\nAnnual Report 2011. L'Organisation Marocaine des Droits Humains.\n\nAnnual Report 2011. Moroccan League for the Defense of Human Rights.\n\nAnnual Report 2011. Amnesty International.\n\nAnnual Report 2011. Human Rights Watch Social Report 2011. Democratic Labor Organization (ODT).\n \nMorocco: A Socially Precarious Political Stabilization. http://www.cjb.ma/122-les-chercheurs-du-cjb-dans-les-medias/1835-maroc-une-stabilisation-politique-socialement-precaire-1835.html\n\nConstitution 2011.","In Morocco, there is no segregation or racism on the basis of ethnicity, so the term \"ethnic minorities\" has another connotation. Isolated rural areas with stagnant economy are isolated compared with marketing channels and national exchange and in relation to political participatio..."]
["2012_MZ_64",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",64,100,"Although ethnolinguistic diversity has been one source of tension in the country, the government protects all minority ethnolinguistic groups in the country. To date there is no evidence of discrimination towards a given group. In fact, the Freedom House report mentions that ethnic tension is lower in Mozambique relative to other countries in Africa, but there nonetheless remains a regional divide between ethnolinguistic groups residing in the southern and the central and northern regions.","Ana Loforte, Dr. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Eduardo Mondlane University. 3 October 2012. Maputo\n\nFreedom House (2011). “Countries at the Crossroads: Mozambique.”\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/mozambique","Although ethnolinguistic diversity has been one source of tension in the country, the government protects all minority ethnolinguistic groups in the country. To date there is no evidence of discrimination towards a given group. In fact, the Freedom House report mentions that ethnic..."]
["2012_ST_64",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",64,25,"São Tomé and Príncipe is a very small island where there is a mixture  of many cultures and races. So this issue of ethnic minorities is dissipated a bit. That’s why the Santomeans  are unaware that, despite the fact that there are no ethnic minorities, there are small groups of people who identify themselves with a particular culture, customs and language. This is the case of Cape Verdeans who came to the country in the 20th century as contractors. In terms of planning strategies, both in terms  of education and communication, this group is not taken into account. Therefore, the Cape Verdean community ends up being excluded. However, there was an exception  recently in the awareness campaign that the government made for the Census, which included all the languages spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe.","Helena Afonso, professor, University Lusíadas, Oct. 10, 2012, University Lusíadas.\n\nMariam Masini, vice president, Santomean Association of Women Lawyers, Sept. 20, 2012, at her office.","São Tomé and Príncipe is a very small island where there is a mixture  of many cultures and races. So this issue of ethnic minorities is dissipated a bit. That’s why the Santomeans  are unaware that, despite the fact that there are no ethnic minorities, there are small groups of pe..."]
["2012_SS_64",2012,"SS","South Sudan",64,25,"The government in South Sudan does not yet protect the rights of minorities effectively. A recent example is the attack on Murle people by thousands of Lou Nuer youth in January 2012. The government was helpless in its attempt to try to protect the Murle minority against the Nuer majority.","Urgent Measures Needed to Protect All Ethnic Groups After Recent South Sudan Attacks, MRG. Mohamed Matovu. Minority Rights Group. Jan. 5, 2012. http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=11147\n\nAccounts Emerge in South Sudan of 3,000 Deaths in Ethnic Violence. Jeffrey Gettleman. The New York Times. Jan. 5, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/06/world/africa/in-south-sudan-massacre-of-3000-is-reported.html?_r=0","The government in South Sudan does not yet protect the rights of minorities effectively. A recent example is the attack on Murle people by thousands of Lou Nuer youth in January 2012. The government was helpless in its attempt to try to protect the Murle minority against the Nuer m..."]
["2012_TN_64",2012,"TN","Tunisia",64,50,"La montée en puissance de l'islamisme est lié au fait que les juifs reçoivent de multiples harcèlements. Les juifs tunisiens réclament une protection contre la montée des extrémistes : http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2012/11/12/feature-03"," - Article de Monia Ghanmi publié par le 2012-11-12 par le journal \"Magharebia\" Les Juifs tunisiens réclament une protection face aux extrémistes,\" Nov 2012. \n http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2012/11/12/feature-03\n\n\"Peace and Conflict 2012,\" The Center for International Development\nand Conflict Management (CIDCM), 2012. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/pc/executive_summary/exec_sum_2012.pdf","La montée en puissance de l'islamisme est lié au fait que les juifs reçoivent de multiples harcèlements. Les juifs tunisiens réclament une protection contre la montée des extrémistes : http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2012/11/12/feature-03"]
["2012_UG_64",2012,"UG","Uganda",64,50,"The Ugandan government is not effectively protecting the civil and political rights of ethnic minorities. For instance, the Batwa were the original inhabitants of land used by the government in 1992 to establish Mgahinga National Park, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, and Echuya Central Forest Reserve. They were displaced and prevented from hunting and gathering and often suffered food shortages. \n \n But the government has put in place policies to promote and protect the rights of ethnic minorities. In a March 2011 report by State Minister for Gender and Culture Rukia Nakadama, she points out that whereas government had taken long to settle issues of the indigenous minority groups, plans were under way to address their plight. \n \n Unfortunately, the government has failed to clearly and effectively express its intentions and reasons to the concerned groups (the ethnic minority groups and the activist groups). Specifically, the government has failed to put in place practical mechanisms to address the challenges faced by ethnic minorities in a consultative manner with all stakeholders. \n \n Nakadama added that for such communities to fully benefit from government programs, they must vacate the protected areas and be integrated in other communities. Although some of those communities have agreed to vacate the forests and national parks, many are still adamant that government programs cannot be accessed there. Besides, many of the ethnic minority groups are also migratory in nature and therefore miss out on many government programs due to their constant movements.\n \n Ms. Jolly Kemigabo, the country manager for Minority Rights Group International, says that forests are the traditional homelands for the ethnic minority groups and government must consult them before moving the ethnic minority groups because they have been there for generations. Many other activist groups still continue to petition Parliament to recognize the rights of minority groups to preserve their cultural values. What is lacking is a consultative forum where all stakeholders (government, activist groups, ethnic minorities, cultural leaders) are involved in finding lasting solutions to the problems of ethnic minority groups that include the increasing competition for natural resources in their areas, the effects of climate change, poverty and underdevelopment.","\"Batwa Reap from Forest They Left 20 Years Ago,\" by Robert Muhereza, Daily Monitor, June 30, 2012, http://in2eastafrica.net/batwa-reap-from-forest-they-left-20-years-ago/ .\n \n “Ethnicity and Human Rights in Uganda: A Desk Study of Human Rights Issues faced by Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Groups,” by Allen Asiimwe, Victor Agaba, Zahara Nampewo, Avid Development Ltd., April 2012, http://www.globalrights.org/site/DocServer/Ethnicity_and_Human_Rights_in_Uganada___A_Desk_Study_of_.pdf?docID=13763.\n \n “2010 Human Rights Report: Uganda,” U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, April 8, 2011, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154375.htm.\n \n “Minority Tribes Petition Parliament Speaker,” UGPulse, June 10, 2008, http://www.ugpulse.com/uganda-news/government/minority-tribes-petition-parliament-speaker/5865.aspx\n \n “Ethnic Minorities in Uganda: Universal Periodic Review Joint Submissions for Uganda,” Human Rights Council, Minority Rights Group International, March 14, 2011, p.2, http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session12/UG/JS6-JointSubmission6-eng.pdf\n \n “Minority groups want recognition,” by Al-Mahdi Ssenkabirwa, Daily Monitor, March 7, 2011, http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1120346/-/c4223mz/-/index.html","The Ugandan government is not effectively protecting the civil and political rights of ethnic minorities. For instance, the Batwa were the original inhabitants of land used by the government in 1992 to establish Mgahinga National Park, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, and Echuya ..."]
["2012_BJ_65",2012,"BJ","Benin",65,100,"Les articles 23 et 26 de la Constitution protège les citoyens contre toute discrimination basée sur la religion. \n\n\"Art. 23. - Toute personne a droit à la liberté de pensée, de conscience, de religion, de culte, d'opinion et d'expression dans le respect de l'ordre public établi par la loi et les règlements. L'exercice du culte et l'expression des croyances s'effectuent dans le respect de la laïcité de l'Etat. Les institutions, les communautés religieuses ou philosophiques, ont le droit de se développer sans entraves. Elles ne sont pas soumises à la tutelle de l'Etat. Elles règlent et administrent leurs affaires d'une manière autonome.\n\nArt. 26. - L'Etat assure à tous l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction d'origine, de race, de sexe, de religion, d'opinion politique ou de position sociale. L'homme et la femme sont égaux en droit. L'Etat protège la famille et particulièrement la mère et l'enfant. Il veille sur les handicapés et les personnes âgées.\"","Loi N° 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Articles 23 et 26. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html","Les articles 23 et 26 de la Constitution protège les citoyens contre toute discrimination basée sur la religion. ..."]
["2012_CV_65",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",65,100,"Despite being primarily a country dominated by the Christian religion, particularly the Catholic Church, the country's legislative framework ensures religious freedom of other religious faiths, not only by national but also professed by immigrant communities.\n\nArticle 49 of the Constitution states:\n\"1. It is inviolable freedom of conscience, religion and worship, all having the right, individually or collectively, to profess a religion or not, have a religious belief of his choice, participate in acts of worship and express their faith freely and disseminate his doctrine or belief, provided that does not harm the rights of others and the common good.\n2. No one may be discriminated against, persecuted, prejudiced, deprived of rights enjoyed or exempted from duties because of their faith, religious belief or practice.\n3. Churches and other religious communities are separate from the state and are independent and free to organize and carry out their own activities and are considered partners in promoting social and spiritual development of the Cape Verdean people.\n4. It guarantees freedom of religious teaching.\n5. It guarantees freedom of religious assistance in hospitals, health care, prisons, as well as within the armed forces, under the law.\n6. It recognized the churches' right to use the media to carry out their activities and purposes, in accordance with law.\n7. It ensured protection of places of worship and symbols, badges and religious rites, being forbidden to mock or ridicule.\n8. It is guaranteed the right to conscientious objection, in accordance with law.\"","Constitutional Provisions, Article 49 (Freedom of conscience, religion and worship). http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6160","Despite being primarily a country dominated by the Christian religion, particularly the Catholic Church, the country's legislative framework ensures religious freedom of other religious faiths, not only by national but also professed by immigrant communities...."]
["2012_CG_65",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",65,100,"Article 13 of the Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution states:\n\n\"No Congolese person may, in matters of education or access to public functions or any other matter, be subject to any discriminatory measure, whether it results from a statute or from a measure of the executive, on the ground of his/her religion, family origin, social condition, residence, views or political convictions, or membership of a certain race, ethnicity, tribe, cultural or linguistic minority.\"","Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution, Article 13 http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/DRC%20-%20Congo%20Constitution.pdf","Article 13 of the Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution states:\n\n\"No Congolese person may, in matters of education or access to public functions or any other m..."]
["2012_CI_65",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",65,100,"Freedom of thought and expression, including freedom of conscience, and of religious or philosophical opinion, are guaranteed to all, subject to respect for the law, the rights of others, national security and public order. Cf. Article 9 of the Constitution.","TITLE I, Article 2. The Constitution of Cote d’Ivoire, Law No 2000-513 of August 1, 2000. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6479","Freedom of thought and expression, including freedom of conscience, and of religious or philosophical opinion, are guaranteed to all, subject to respect for the law, the rights of others, national security and public order. Cf. Article 9 of the Constitution."]
["2012_ET_65",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",65,100,"Article 25 of the Ethiopian Constitution's Preamble, The Right to Equality, states:\n\n\"All persons shall be equal before the law and shall be entitled to equal protection of the law without any discrimination whatsoever. All persons shall be entitled to equal and adequate guarantees without distinction of any kind such as race, nation, nationality, color, sex, language, religion, political or social origin, property, birth or other status.\"\n\nArticle 27 states:\n\n1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include the freedom to hold or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the freedom, either individually or in community with others, and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. \n2. Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of Article 90, believers may establish institutions of religious education and administration in order to propagate and organize their religion. \n3. No one shall be subject to coercion or other means, which would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief of his choice. \n4. Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up their children, ensuring their religious and moral education in conformity with their own convictions. \n5. Freedom to express or manifest one’s religion or belief may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, peace, health, education, public morality or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure the independence of the state from religion.","The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 1995. http://abyssinialaw.com/uploads/1.pdf","Article 25 of the Ethiopian Constitution's Preamble, The Right to Equality, states:\n\n\"All persons shall be equal before the law and shall be entitled to equal protection of the la..."]
["2012_GW_65",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",65,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_65",2012,"MG","Madagascar",65,100,"Constitution of the IVth Republic, Article 8\n\n \"Les nationaux sont égaux en droit et jouissent des mêmes libertés fondamentales protégées par la loi sans discrimination fondée sur le sexe, le degré d'instruction, la fortune, l'origine, la race, la croyance religieuse ou l'opinion\".\n\"The citizens are equal in front of the law and enjoy the same fundamental freedoms protected by the law without discrimination based on sex, level of education, wealth, origin, race, religious belief or opinion.\"","Constitution de la IV ème République (Décembre 2010), Article 8. http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm\n ","Constitution of the IVth Republic, Article 8\n\n \"Les nationaux sont égaux en droit et jouissent des mêmes libertés fondamentales protégées pa..."]
["2012_MW_65",2012,"MW","Malawi",65,100,"The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, which provides for equality and prohibits any form of discrimination, also takes care of religious affiliation. It states in section 20 that:\n        \nDiscrimination of persons in any form is prohibited and all persons are, under any law, guaranteed equal and effective protection against discrimination on grounds [...] religion, [...] or other status or condition.\n\nSection 33 of the constitution also recognizes that \"every person has the right to freedom of [...] religion [...] .\"","Republic of Malawi Constitution, Section 20 (1) of Amendment of 2010. Source: Government of Malawi. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9197","The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, which provides for equality and prohibits any form of discrimination, also takes care of religious affiliation. It states in section 20 that:\n        ..."]
["2012_MZ_65",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",65,100,"Article 54 (\"Freedom of Conscience, Religion and Worship\") of the Constitution explicitly guarantees citizens the freedom of religion and worship. Article 54 states:\n\n1. All citizens shall have the freedom to practice or not to practice a religion.\n2. Nobody shall be discriminated against, persecuted, prejudiced, deprived of his or her rights, or benefit from or be exempt from duties, on the grounds of his faith or religious persuasion or practice.\n3. Religious denominations shall have the right to pursue their religious aims freely and to own and acquire assets for realizing their objectives.\n4. The protection of places of worship shall be ensured.\n5. The right to conscientious objection shall be guaranteed in terms of the law.\n\nAccording to Article 35 (\"Principle of Universality\") of the Constitution of the republic, citizens are equal before the law, and they shall enjoy the same rights and be subject to the same duties regardless of religion. (Article 35 states: \"All citizens are equal before the law, and they shall enjoy the same rights and be subject to the same duties, regardless of color, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social position, the marital status of their parents, their profession or their political preference.\")\n\nArticle 39 (\"Acts Against National Unity\") of the Constitution states: \"All acts intended to undermine national unity, to disturb social harmony or to create divisions or situations of privilege or discrimination based on color, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social position, physical or mental ability, the marital status of one’s parents, profession or political preference, shall be punished in terms of the law.\"\n\nArticle 44 (\"Duties Towards One’s Fellow Beings\") of the Constitution states: \"All individuals shall have the duty to respect and consider their fellow beings without any form of discrimination whatsoever, and to maintain relations with them aimed at promoting, safeguarding and strengthening respect, mutual tolerance and solidarity.\"\n\nArticle 52 (\"Freedom of Association), subsection 3, of the Constitution states: \"Armed associations of a military or paramilitary nature, as well as associations that promote violence, racism, xenophobia or pursue aims that are against the law, shall be prohibited.\"\n\nArticle 71 (\"Use of Computerized Data\"), subsection 1, of the Constitution states: \"The use of computerized means for recording and processing individually identifiable data in respect of political, philosophical or ideological beliefs, of religious faith, party or trade union affiliation or private lives, shall be prohibited.\"","Constitution of the Republic. Article 54.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","Article 54 (\"Freedom of Conscience, Religion and Worship\") of the Constitution explicitly guarantees citizens the freedom of religion and worship. Article 54 states:..."]
["2012_ST_65",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",65,100,"Article 27 of the Constitution stipulates: \n\nArticle 27 – Freedom of Awareness, Religion and Cult: 1. The freedom of awareness, religion and cult is inviolable. 2. Nobody will be chased, deprived of rights or exempt from obligations or civil duties based on their religious conviction or practice.\n\n\"Article 212 - 1. Whoever a) Found or constitute an organization or develop activities that incites discrimination, hatred or violence, racial or religious, or to encourage, or\nb) Participate in the organisation or the activities referred to in the preceding paragraph or assist them, including the financing thereof; shall be punished with imprisonment for 1-8 years.\n2. Whoever, in a public meeting, in writing intended for dissemination by any means or media:\na) provoke acts of violence against a person or group of persons because of their race, colour, ethnic or national origin, or religion, or\nb) defame or injure person or group of persons because of their race, colour, ethnic or national origin or religion, including the denial of war crimes or crimes against peace and humanity;\nwith intent to incite racial or religious or encouraging, is punished with imprisonment for 1-5 years. (penal code).","National Constitution  (Dec. 15, 1975, São Tomé and Príncipe) Part II – Fundamental Rights and Social Order, Title II – Personal Rights, Article 27. http://www.parlamento.st/Legisl/leg%20Constit/Frames_legisl_constit.htm\n\nLaw number 6/2012 Penal Code. Paragraphs (1-2) of Article 212.","Article 27 of the Constitution stipulates: \n\nArticle 27 – Freedom of Awareness, Religion and Cult: 1. The freedom of awareness, religion an..."]
["2012_ZA_65",2012,"ZA","South Africa",65,100,"The right to exercise one's choice of religion is guaranteed in the constitution.\n\nSection 9(3) of the constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, conscience and belief, among other grounds. \n\nSection 15 specifically takes a look at the issue of religious freedom (\"everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion\") while section 31 notes that \"persons belonging to a cultural, religious or linguistic community may not be denied the right, with other members of that community to enjoy their culture, practice their religion and use their language; and to form, join and maintain cultural, religious and linguistic associations and other organs of civil society\".\n\nVarious national laws make reference to the right to religious freedom, including the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act. The law, which was passed in 2000, notes that \"neither the state nor any person may unfairly discriminate against any person\" (section 6). Section 8 says that no person may be discriminated on based on religion.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (Act 4 of 2000),  www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000.","The right to exercise one's choice of religion is guaranteed in the constitution.\n\nSection 9(3) of the constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, conscience..."]
["2012_SS_65",2012,"SS","South Sudan",65,100,"The Transitional Constitution and the Penal Code provide protection against discrimination based on religious beliefs.\n\nArticle 23, which falls under the Transitional Constitution, guarantees the religious rights of all South Sudanese.  Article 23 states “The following religious rights are guaranteed by this Constitution: \n(a) the right to worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to establish and maintain places for these purposes; \n(b) the right to establish and maintain appropriate faith-based, charitable or humanitarian institutions; \n(c) the right to acquire, possess and own movable and/or immovable property and make, acquire and use the necessary articles and materials related to the rites or customs of religion or belief; \n(d) the right to write, issue and disseminate religious publications; \n(e) the right to teach religion or beliefs in places suitable for these purposes; \n(f) the right to solicit and receive voluntary financial and other contributions from individuals, private and public institutions; \n(g) the right to train, appoint, elect or designate by succession appropriate religious leaders called for by the requirements and standards of any religion or belief; \n(h) the right to observe days of rest, celebrate holidays and ceremonies in accordance with the precepts of religious beliefs; and \n(i) the right to communicate with individuals and communities in matters of religion and beliefs at national and international levels.”\n\nChapter 15 of the Penal Code deals with offenses relating to religion. Section 201 of the Penal Code, which prohibits insulting or inciting contempt of religious creed, states that “Whoever by any means publicly insults or seeks to incite contempt of any religion in such a manner as to be likely to lead to a breach of the peace, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or with a fine or with both.”\n\n-Section 202 of the Penal Code stipulates punishment for abuse of religious beliefs and noble beliefs. It states that “Whoever abuses religious or noble spiritual beliefs for political exploitation or with the intention to incite or promote feelings of hatred, enmity or discord among religious communities or commits an act intended or is likely to cause the same, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or with a fine or with both.”","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011. Government of South Sudan.\n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Penal Code Act.  (2008) .  Retrieved from http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf","The Transitional Constitution and the Penal Code provide protection against discrimination based on religious beliefs...."]
["2012_TN_65",2012,"TN","Tunisia",65,100,"Article 6 de la constitution de 1959 stipule que - Tous les citoyens ont les mêmes droits et les mêmes devoirs. Ils sont égaux devant la loi.","Constitution of the Tunisian Republic  1959. http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Tunisiaconstitution.pdf","Article 6 de la constitution de 1959 stipule que - Tous les citoyens ont les mêmes droits et les mêmes devoirs. Ils sont égaux devant la loi."]
["2012_AO_66",2012,"AO","Angola",66,25,"Instances of religious discrimination are very isolated. The government generally enforced these protections. However, the (relatively small) Muslim community claimed they could not practice Islam freely because the government does not recognize Islam and selectively intervenes to close mosques, schools, or community centers.","\"2011 International Religious Freedom Report - Angola,\" U.S. Department of State, July 30, 2012,  http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/502105e05a.html\n\n\"THE ROLE OF THE RELIGIOUS LIBERTY COMMISSION ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN ANGOLA (1975-2012),\" Fernando Caldeira da Silva, 2012. \nhttp://www.academia.edu/7999358/THE_ROLE_OF_THE_RELIGIOUS_LIBERTY_COMMISSION_ON_RELIGIOUS_FREEDOM_IN_ANGOLA_1975-2012_\n\n\"2010 International Religious Freedom Report - Angola,\" U.S. Department of State, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168386.htm","Instances of religious discrimination are very isolated. The government generally enforced these protections. However, the (relatively small) Muslim community claimed they could not practice Islam freely because the government does not recognize Islam and selectively intervenes to ..."]
["2012_CM_66",2012,"CM","Cameroon",66,75,"Religious freedom is permitted in Cameroon, and in the last decade Cameroon has witnessed a proliferation of churches and all types of religious sects. Apart from a reported isolated case in 2009 in the Far-North Region where animists destroyed Christian temples and chapels in villages in the Mayo Kani Division when Christians opposed their members taking part in animist rituals, Cameroon enjoys a high level of religious tolerance. The incident was reported in the Ministry of Justice's 2010 Human Rights Report. During the study period for this indicator, there has not been any reported instance of religious conflict or discrimination based on  religion to allow a court to initiate prosecution procedures. Even when someone is discriminated against because of religious beliefs, it is hard to believe that citizens would report such incidents to the courts for prosecution, except for violent confrontations and then the legal charge would be for the violence rather than religious discrimination.","Loïc Le Pape, \"Diversity and Development in North Cameroon,\" Journées d’études organisées par Le Groupe de Recherche sur les Dynamiques Sociales et Politiques (GREDYSOP) en partenariat avec l’Association pour le Développement du Sahel et l'Environnement (ADESE), May 31, 2011.\n\nCAMEROON 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT, US State Department, 2012. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/208338.pdf\n\nMinistry of Justice, \"Report on Human Rights in Cameroon in 2009,\" Yaounde, October 2010.\n\nBernard-Raymond Guimdo, \"Reflexion sur les assises juridiques de la liberte religieuse au Cameroun,\" Les Cahiers de Droit, Vol. 40, No. 4, December 1999, pp. 791-819.","Religious freedom is permitted in Cameroon, and in the last decade Cameroon has witnessed a proliferation of churches and all types of religious sects. Apart from a reported isolated case in 2009 in the Far-North Region where animists destroyed Christian temples and chapels in vill..."]
["2012_CV_66",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",66,75,"No specific office is mandated to deal with religious discrimiantion. No cases of religious discrimination were found, either investigated or prosecuted in the courts.","Interview with Zelinda Cohen, president of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship, Aug. 30, 2012.\n\nInterview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal, July 2, 2012, Praia City.","No specific office is mandated to deal with religious discrimiantion. No cases of religious discrimination were found, either investigated or prosecuted in the courts."]
["2012_CG_66",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",66,0,"Religion plays an important role in the Congolese public life. Instances of religious discrimination are not effectively prosecuted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and there is no regard for investigating such cases.","\"L’Eglise catholique est-elle entrée en rébellion contre le pouvoir en place?\" by Umba Ilunga, digitalcongo, Jan. 27, 2012, http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/80956\n\n\"Cardinal Mosengwo trahi le peuple Congolais en choisissant de monnayer son silence à Kabila,\" Dec. 4, 2011, http://banamikili.skyrock.com/3050360301-Cardinal-Mosengwo-trahi-le-peuple-Congolais-en-choisissant-de-monnayer.html","Religion plays an important role in the Congolese public life. Instances of religious discrimination are not effectively prosecuted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and there is no regard for investigating such cases."]
["2012_ER_66",2012,"ER","Eritrea",66,25,"Eritrea has four government-sanctioned religions: Orthodox Christian Church, Islam, Catholic Church and Lutheran Church. Other Protestant religions or sects are not allowed. No formal prosecution takes place if non-sanctioned movements/religions experience discrimination, according to sources. If discriminatory comments are made about sanctioned religions, the office of the public prosecutor establishes a prosecution file to address the issue legally. The source indicated it was difficult to know how many such prosecutions were conducted during the review period, but usually they are infrequent.","Amnesty International, \"Annual Report 2011: The State of the World's Human Rights,\" covers 2010, www.amnesty.org/en/annual-report/2011\n\nFreedom House, \"Freedom in the World: Eritrea,\" 2012, www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea","Eritrea has four government-sanctioned religions: Orthodox Christian Church, Islam, Catholic Church and Lutheran Church. Other Protestant religions or sects are not allowed. No formal prosecution takes place if non-sanctioned movements/religions experience discrimination, according..."]
["2012_GN_66",2012,"GN","Guinea",66,50,"La Guinée est un pays laïc. Plus de 80% de sa population est musulmane. En Guinée, il n'existe pas de discrimination basée sur la religion. Toutes les religions vivent en harmonie. La tolérance religieuse est une réalité de tous les jours.\n\nIl n'y avait aucun cas de discrimination religieuse pour l'année 2011. En général, les groupes religieux cohabitent pacifiquement en Guinée.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\n\"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011,\" Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2011.\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?dlid=192719#wrapper","La Guinée est un pays laïc. Plus de 80% de sa population est musulmane. En Guinée, il n'existe pas de discrimination basée sur la religion. Toutes les religions vivent en harmonie. La tolérance religieuse est une réalité de tous les jours...."]
["2012_GW_66",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",66,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MW_66",2012,"MW","Malawi",66,50,"In the recent past there have been no cases of religious discrimination of citizens against one another. According to Kamchedzela, a professor of law at the University of Malawi, the prominent cases of religious discrimination were in the year 2000. Then, a student at Blantyre Secondary School complained that the school was violating her religious right not to cut her hair. The matter was dealt with by the office of the ombudsman, who ordered only that the student should be allowed to practice her religion without interference.   \n\nOne of the recent cases, in 2011, involved the leaders of Association of Secular Humanists, who accused a bus company of discrimination. He was forced off the bus by the police after causing chaos in a bus as he attempted to disrupt prayers offered by one preacher who had entered the bus to do part of his work. He threatened to take the bus company to court but he did not. \n\nAnother group that continues to fight for religious freedom is that of Rastafarian belief, who have been appealing to be allowed to legally take marijuana. They argue this is part of their religion, but being in possession of marijuana is illegal in Malawi.\n\nBeside this, there are no reported cases of religious discrimination among citizens.","Malawi’s Secular Humanism Leader Contemplates Suing Bus Operator. Maravi Express. 2011. http://www.maraviexpress.com/5.html\n\nInterview with G. Kamchedzela, professor of law, University of Malawi. July 19, 2012.\n\n2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Malawi. United States Department of State. April 8, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4da56daca9.html","In the recent past there have been no cases of religious discrimination of citizens against one another. According to Kamchedzela, a professor of law at the University of Malawi, the prominent cases of religious discrimination were in the year 2000. Then, a student at Blantyre Seco..."]
["2012_MZ_66",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",66,50,"Mozambique is a secular state and, therefore, the state is above any religion or creed. In the period under review (May 2011-May 2012) in Mozambique, there are no reports or evidence of religious discrimination, considering that all religions registered at the Ministry of Justice have the same rights and obligations under the law of religious confessions, which regulates the action of the churches in Mozambique. There is no evidence or news on religious discrimination cases.","Ana Loforte, Dr. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Eduardo Mondlane University. 3 October 2012. Maputo.\n\nU.S. Department of State (2012). “International Religious Freedom Report for 2011.” Washington\nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/171627.pdf","Mozambique is a secular state and, therefore, the state is above any religion or creed. In the period under review (May 2011-May 2012) in Mozambique, there are no reports or evidence of religious discrimination, considering that all religions registered at the Ministry of Justice h..."]
["2012_ST_66",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",66,0,"Religious discrimination exists at the school level, for example, when working with children, teachers often feel affected when a child is Adventist and only sings the hymn of their religion and their religious beliefs do not allow them to sing other hymns. There are many school activities (celebration of Christmas, Easter, Carnival) in which some children do not participate because of their religion. In law, religious discrimination is a crime, but in practice there are no complaints. There isn't a specific office where citizens who feel discriminated can go to.","Célia Pósser, lawyer, Pósser & Associates, Sept. 20, 2012, at her office.\n\nCristina Paço d’Arcos, president, Child and Youth Foundation, Sept. 20, 2012, at foundation headquarters.","Religious discrimination exists at the school level, for example, when working with children, teachers often feel affected when a child is Adventist and only sings the hymn of their religion and their religious beliefs do not allow them to sing other hymns. There are many school ac..."]
["2012_SN_66",2012,"SN","Senegal",66,100,"Selon Fatoumata Gueye, il n’y a pas aujourd’hui, au Sénégal, des cas avérés de discrimination religieuse. Ce qui fait qu’il n’y a donc pas, en pratique, de poursuites pour discrimination religieuse.","Entretien avec Fatoumata Gueye, janvier 2013, Dakar.\n\nRapport International 2012 sur la liberté religieuse au Sénégal. US Embassy. http://photos.state.gov/libraries/senegal/323264/pdf/irf2012sn_fr.pdf","Selon Fatoumata Gueye, il n’y a pas aujourd’hui, au Sénégal, des cas avérés de discrimination religieuse. Ce qui fait qu’il n’y a donc pas, en pratique, de poursuites pour discrimination religieuse."]
["2012_SS_66",2012,"SS","South Sudan",66,25,"From May 2011 to May 2012, there had been no instances of religious discrimination officially reported (by the government) or prosecuted in South Sudan; however, the leader of Sudan’s mainstream Islamic Salafi faction accused the government of waging an increasingly hostile campaign against the faction's creed in February 2012.","S. Sudan Religious Group Says Targeted by Government. Sudan Tribune. Feb. 25, 2012. http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-religious-group-says,41708 \n\nJustice Minister Reinforces Secular Nature of South Sudan. Sudan Tribune. Sept. 6, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Justice-Minister-reinforces,40054\n\nInternational Religious Freedom Report for 2011, South Sudan. U.S. Department of State.  http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper","From May 2011 to May 2012, there had been no instances of religious discrimination officially reported (by the government) or prosecuted in South Sudan; however, the leader of Sudan’s mainstream Islamic Salafi faction accused the government of waging an increasingly hostile campaig..."]
["2012_TN_66",2012,"TN","Tunisia",66,25,"En pratique, les juifs et les athées sont harcelés voire menacés. Le gouvernement laisse faire (notamment sur une radio islamique assez écoutée) les accusations et menaces proférées envers des minorités.","- Article de Rafael Haddad, \"Quel avenir pour les Juifs tunisiens ?\" Article paru dans l’Arche, N°636, février 2012: http://laregledujeu.org/haddad/2012/02/10/77/quel-avenir-pour-les-juifs-tunisiens/\n \n - Article du journal Saphir News du 9 janvier 2012: http://www.saphirnews.com/Ennahdha-rassure-les-juifs-de-Tunisie-Chalghoumi-enfonce-le-clou_a13732.html\n \n - Colloque sur la communauté juive en Tunisie :\n http://www.dar-eldhekra.com/index.php/darna/mouvements-forts-a-travers-ecrits-travaux-de-recherches/18-seance-inaugurale-du-colloque-sur-la-communaute-juive-de-tunisie\n \n - Article de SlateAfrique sur \"Comment la Tunisie s'est vidée de ses juifs\"\n http://www.slateafrique.com/90909/la-crise-de-bizerte-sonne-le-depart-des-juifs-de-tunisie-israel","En pratique, les juifs et les athées sont harcelés voire menacés. Le gouvernement laisse faire (notamment sur une radio islamique assez écoutée) les accusations et menaces proférées envers des minorités."]
["2012_AO_67",2012,"AO","Angola",67,0,"LGBT is not specificaly mentioned but the constitution recognizes equality of all citizens.","Angolan Constitution 201 (Constituição da República de Angola), Article 21, http://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=413","LGBT is not specificaly mentioned but the constitution recognizes equality of all citizens."]
["2012_BJ_67",2012,"BJ","Benin",67,0,"Au Bénin, aucune loi n'existe pour interdire la discrimination sur la base exclusive de l'orientation sexuelle. \n\nD'une manière générale, l'article 26 de la constitution stipule que \"L'Etat assure à tous l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction d'origine, de race, de sexe, de religion, d'opinion politique ou de position sociale. L'homme et la femme sont égaux en droit. L'Etat protège la famille et particulièrement la mère et l'enfant. Il veille sur les handicapés et les personnes âgées.\"\n\nIl faut préciser que la problématique  Lesbien, gay, Bisexuel, Transsexuelle (LGBT) ne fait pas partie des réalités sociologiques ''officielles'' ou ''normatives'' du pays.\n\nPar exemple dans le Code des personnes et de la famille (Loi N° 2002 – 07 Portant Code des personnes et de la famille), seul le mariage monogamique est reconnu (Article 143) ce qui suppose qu'il n'y a pas de possibilité de reconnaissance d'union entre lesbiens, gays et transsexuels.","Loi 90-32 portant constitution de la République du Bénin, Article 26. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html\n\nLoi N° 2002 – 07 portant code de la famille, Article 143. http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afw/benin/benin_family_code.htm","Au Bénin, aucune loi n'existe pour interdire la discrimination sur la base exclusive de l'orientation sexuelle. ..."]
["2012_CV_67",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",67,0,"The constitutional system of Cape Verde advocates equality between people, but not explicitly with respect to sexual orientation. \n\nArticle 24 of the Constitution, on the principle of equality, states: \"All citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law, no one may be privileged, benefited or harmed, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty on the basis of race, sex, ancestry, language, origin, religion, social conditions and economic or political or ideological convictions.\"\n\nArticle 29 on the right to liberty states:\n\"1. It is the inviolable right to freedom.\n2. Are guaranteed personal freedoms of thought, expression and information, association, religion, worship, creation of intellectual, artistic and cultural manifestation and the others enshrined in the Constitution, in general international law or conventional, received in domestic law, and the law.\"","Constitutional Provisions, Article 24 (Principle of equality) and Article 29 (Right to Liberty). http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6160","The constitutional system of Cape Verde advocates equality between people, but not explicitly with respect to sexual orientation. ..."]
["2012_CG_67",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",67,0,"Article 176 pf the Penal Code states: \"Whoever publicly outrages morality by actions which offend modesty [homosexual acts], shall be punished with imprisonment from eight days to three years and a fine of 25-1000 zaires or one of these penalties.\"","Code Pénal Congolais, Décret du 30 janvier 1940 tel que modifié et complété à ce jour, mis à jour au 30 novembre 2004, Article 176. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/RDC/RDC%20-%20Code%20penal%20MAJ%202004.pdf","Article 176 pf the Penal Code states: \"Whoever publicly outrages morality by actions which offend modesty [homosexual acts], shall be punished with imprisonment from eight days to three years and a fine of 25-1000 zaires or one of these penalties.\""]
["2012_ER_67",2012,"ER","Eritrea",67,0,"Homosexuality is not protected by law. The Penal Law of Eritrea punishes anyone who is found to practice homosexuality with imprisonment.","Transitional Penal Code Article 600 (1). http://www.refworld.org/docid/49216a0a2.html","Homosexuality is not protected by law. The Penal Law of Eritrea punishes anyone who is found to practice homosexuality with imprisonment."]
["2012_ET_67",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",67,0,"There is no law that protects the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people in Ethiopia.\n\nHomosexual acts are illegal in Ethiopia.  The Criminal Code states the following:\n\nArticle 629.- Homosexual and other Indecent Acts.: Whoever performs with another person of the same sex a homosexual act, or any other indecent act, is punishable with simple imprisonment.\n\nAccording to Article 630, the punishment is simple imprisonment for not less than one year, or, in certain grave or other cases, rigorous imprisonment not exceeding fifteen years.","Revised Criminal Code (2004). Section II.- SEXUAL DEVIATIONS Article 629-630. http://abyssinialaw.com/uploads/criminal%20code%20of%20ethiopia2004.pdf","There is no law that protects the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people in Ethiopia...."]
["2012_GW_67",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",67,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_67",2012,"MG","Madagascar",67,0,"Constitution of Madagascar de la IVème République (décembre 2010), Article 6, says:\n\"All individuals are equal before the law and enjoy the same fundamental freedoms protected by the law, without discrimination based on sex, level of education, wealth, origin, religious belief or opinion. The law favors the equal access and participation of women and men in public positions and functions in the field of political, economic and social.\"\n\nAccording to article 331 of the Penal Code, one can be punished for a prison sentence or a fine for an act that is \"indecent or against nature\" with an individual of his own sex and below the age of 21.","Constitution of Madagascar  de la IVème République (décembre 2010)\nTitre premier. Des principes fondamentaux. Article 6.\n\nCode Pénal (2003). Art 331. http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/les%20codes/CODE%20PENAL.pdf","Constitution of Madagascar de la IVème République (décembre 2010), Article 6, says:\n\"All individuals are equal before the law and enjoy the same fundamental freedoms protected by the law, without discrimination based on sex, level of education, wealth, origin, religious b..."]
["2012_MA_67",2012,"MA","Morocco",67,0,"In the Law Regarding Same-sex Sexual Activity, Article 489 of the Penal Code of Morocco criminalizes “lewd or unnatural acts with an individual of the same sex.” Same-sex sexual activity is illegal in Morocco and can be punished with anything from six months to three years of imprisonment and a fine of 120 to 1,200 MAD.","Penal Code, article 489.  (1963) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/Code%20Penal.ht","In the Law Regarding Same-sex Sexual Activity, Article 489 of the Penal Code of Morocco criminalizes “lewd or unnatural acts with an individual of the same sex.” Same-sex sexual activity is illegal in Morocco and can be punished with anything from six months to three years of impri..."]
["2012_MZ_67",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",67,0,"The Constitution of Mozambique guarantees equality before the law in Article 35, but does not expressly mention sexual orientation.  \n\nHowever, this provision is not expressly constructed as a closed list declaration and Article 43 requires that rights in the Constitution be interpreted in harmony with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This provision invokes, at least implicitly, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) as an interpretative instrument, meaning that a formal equality reading would infer that sexual orientation was protected by Article 35 of the Constitution.\n\nIn fact, it is sometimes claimed that homosexuality is banned under Mozambican law. Homosexuality, as such, is not mentioned in the country’s penal code, although the vague phrase \"practices against nature\" does appear. Articles in the code which some have interpreted as criminalizing gays are in fact aimed at \"vadios,\" a Portuguese word best translated as \"vagrants.\" Furthermore, at Mozambican independence in 1975, the country did not inherit any specific ban on same-sex relations -- just the normal prohibitions on indecent exposure, and the vague mentions of \"acts against nature.\"","Republic of Mozambique. Constitution of the Republic. Title III, Chapter I, Article 35.","The Constitution of Mozambique guarantees equality before the law in Article 35, but does not expressly mention sexual orientation.  ..."]
["2012_ST_67",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",67,0,"No specific law protects LGBT citizens against discrimination, though it should be noted that in 2011, the government of Sao Tomé and Príncipe agreed to decriminalize same-sex relations.\n\nHowever, same sex marriage is not legal because is not explicitly established in the Article 2 of the Family Law. This article states that the marriage is \"the free union among man and woman (...)\".","No such law exists.\n\nThe Family Law no. 2/77, Title I, Chapter I, Section I, article 2, paragraph 1","No specific law protects LGBT citizens against discrimination, though it should be noted that in 2011, the government of Sao Tomé and Príncipe agreed to decriminalize same-sex relations...."]
["2012_ZA_67",2012,"ZA","South Africa",67,100,"Section 9(3) of the Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, among other grounds. Section 6(1) of Employment Equity Act (1998) also prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.\n\nThe Civil Union Act of 2006 gives gays and lesbians the right to marry. The law states that any person who is not already married may enter into a civil union, marriage, or life-partnership. With this law, South Africa became the fifth country in the world, and the first in Africa to legalise same-sex marriage. \n\nThe Sexual Offences and Related Matters Amendment Act, which was passed in 2007, changed the age for consensual sex for both heterosexual and homosexual sex to 16. Previously, straight people had to be 16 to have sex while the age for gays and lesbians stood apparently at 19.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.\n\nEmployment Equity Act (1998).\n\nThe Civil Union Act, 2006 (Act No. 17 of 2006), http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/03720_civilunionact17.pdf.\n\nCriminal Law - Sexual Offences and Related Matters (No. 32 of 2007), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=77866.","Section 9(3) of the Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, among other grounds. Section 6(1) of Employment Equity Act (1998) also prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation...."]
["2012_TG_67",2012,"TG","Togo",67,0,"Selon l’article 88 du code pénal togolais : «Sera puni d’un emprisonnement d’un à 3 ans et d’une amende de 100 000 à 500 000 francs quiconque aura commis un acte impudique ou contre nature avec un individu de son sexe. »","Loi n°80-1 du 13 août 1980 instituant Code pénal. (1980). Article 88.","Selon l’article 88 du code pénal togolais : «Sera puni d’un emprisonnement d’un à 3 ans et d’une amende de 100 000 à 500 000 francs quiconque aura commis un acte impudique ou contre nature avec un individu de son sexe. »"]
["2012_TN_67",2012,"TN","Tunisia",67,0,"Il n'existe pas de loi qui protège des homosexuels en Tunisie.","Code Pénal (2005). Article 230.","Il n'existe pas de loi qui protège des homosexuels en Tunisie."]
["2012_AO_68",2012,"AO","Angola",68,0,"LGBT rights in Angola are very limited. Homosexuality was against the law in Angola in colonial times under Portuguese law. Homosexuality is considered \"an offence against the public moral.\" Because they are an invisible population, gays are ignored in government health planning. “There are not enough gays to worry about” according to an official. \n \nAccording to the website GobalGayz.com: \"In 2006, the non-governmental organization Acção Humana (Human Action) tried to develop a prevention programme for gay men. The idea was to encourage the use of condoms, combat discrimination and advocate for human rights. 'We wanted a project implemented by gays themselves as educating peers who would get in contact with other gay people at night clubs, bars and beaches,' explained Acção Humana Coordinator, Pombal Maria. The organization managed to recruit 14 men who were given preliminary training, but the initiative lost steam due to a lack of resources. In 2007, when the NGO presented a proposal for a similar program to donors, they rejected it on the basis that there were not enough homosexuals in Angola to justify the project.\"","\"Gay Life in Angola,\" by Richard Ammon, Globalgayz.com,  Feb. 19, 2012, https://www.indabaplatform.com/indaba/surveyAnswer.do?questionid=2382&horseid=2171&assignid=12187&action=surveyCreate.do&returl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indabaplatform.com%2Findaba%2FsurveyCreate.do%3Ftoolid%3D6%26tasktype%3D6%26horseid%3D2171%26assignid%3D12187\n\nUnited States Department of State, \"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012\". http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204298.pdf\n\n\"Angola: Invisible and vulnerable,\" PlusNews, June 19, 2008  http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=788","LGBT rights in Angola are very limited. Homosexuality was against the law in Angola in colonial times under Portuguese law. Homosexuality is considered \"an offence against the public moral.\" Because they are an invisible population, gays are ignored in government health planning. “..."]
["2012_CM_68",2012,"CM","Cameroon",68,0,"Cameroonian law outlaws sexual relationships between people of the same sex. Those suspected of same-sex relationships are subjected to public harassment, and little is done by the government to protect their rights, even during their arrests and detentions. The Human Rights Watch  report of 2010 on decriminalizing homosexuality in Cameroon describes instances in which the government failed to protect the human rights of some of those accused of being homosexual. A press release by Amnesty International urging Cameroon to overhaul its laws criminalizing gay relations cites the example of Jean-Claude Roger Mbede, who was arrested in March 2011 by members of the Secretary of State for Defense security service after arranging to meet a male acquaintance. However, in 2006 the courts jailed a newspaper publisher for defamation of a government minister who was named on a list of 50 people the newspaper said were gay.","Mathieu Brancourt, \"L’homophobie rafle tous les suffrages au Cameroun,\" Seronet, Sept. 27, 2011, at www.seronet.info/article/l%E2%80%99homophobie-rafle-tous-les-suffrages-au-cameroun-42145 \n\nRedaction Bonaberi.com, \"Cameroun: L'UE accorde 300 millions contre l'homophobie -- L'Union Européenne va financer un pacte de protection des minorités sexuelles au Cameroun; une idée qui ne plaît pas à tout le monde,\" Jan. 13, 2011, at www.bonaberi.com/ar,cameroun_l_ue_accorde_300_millions_contre_l_homophobie,8153.html\n\nBark Biiga, \"Justice Camerounaise: L'homophobie' a encore eu la main lourde,\" Nov. 24, 2011, at http://grat.over-blog.com/article-justice-camerounaise-l-homophobie-a-encore-eu-la-main-lourde-89680656.html\n\nLudovic Ladǒ, \"L’homophobie populaire au Cameroun,\" Cahiers d'études africaines 2011/4 (No, 204).\n\nHuman Rights Watch, \"Criminalizing Identities: Rights Abuses in Cameroon Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity,\" November 2010, at www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cameroon1010web.pdf\n\nHuman Rights Watch, \"Cameroon: Same-Sex Relations Bring Attacks, Arrests: Government Should Decriminalize Consensual Activity, Protect LGBT Rights,\" press release, Nov. 4, 2010, at www.hrw.org/print/news/2010/10/28/cameroon-same-sex-relations-bring-attacks-arrests","Cameroonian law outlaws sexual relationships between people of the same sex. Those suspected of same-sex relationships are subjected to public harassment, and little is done by the government to protect their rights, even during their arrests and detentions. The Human Rights Watch ..."]
["2012_CD_68",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",68,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_68",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",68,0,"The law does not discriminate on sexual orientation, however, stigmatization and social rejection exists, and the government does very little to combat discrimination. \n\nDuring the review of Equatorial Guinea at the Human Rights Council, the government accepted the following recommendation: \"To strengthen mechanisms for ensuring awareness and implementation of international human rights obligations, including (...) persons of minority sexual orientation and gender identity, etc.\"","United States Department of State, May 24, 2012, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 Equatorial Guinea, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper\n\nRichard F Ramsay - African Sexual Minorities & Gender Variant Resources Homosexuality - Gay - Lesbian - Bisexual - Transgender - Transsexual - Same-Sex Sex University of Calgary Home Page Gabon & Equatorial Guinea' available at http://www.ucalgary.ca/sw/ramsay/africa/gabon-equatorial-guinea.htm, accessed during the period of research. \n\nUnited Nations Human Rights Council, 6th Universal Periodic Review, March 19, 2009, Equatorial Guinea, see: http://arc-international.net/global-advocacy/universal-periodic-review/e/equatorial-guinea","The law does not discriminate on sexual orientation, however, stigmatization and social rejection exists, and the government does very little to combat discrimination. ..."]
["2012_ET_68",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",68,0,"Since homosexuality is socially and culturally rejected and legally proscribed, instances of discrimination against LGBT people are not discouraged and not likely to be prosecuted.","\"Gay community blooming in Ethiopia,\" a blog post by Daniel Berhane, Sept. 22, 2011,  http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/09/22/wikileaks-gay-community-booming-in-ethiopia/\n\ninterview with Awetu Semisso, a processor in USAID's Governance and Democratization Office, June 3, 2012.\n\n\"Sexual Minorities & HIV Status,\" Ethiopia Individual Documents Since 2000, AsylumLaw.org, http://www.asylumlaw.org/legal_tools/index.cfm?category=327&countryID=233\n\n\"Homosexuality in Ethiopia,\" GlobalGayz.com, Jan. 1, 2009, http://www.globalgayz.com/africa/ethiopia/homosexuality-in-ethiopia/","Since homosexuality is socially and culturally rejected and legally proscribed, instances of discrimination against LGBT people are not discouraged and not likely to be prosecuted."]
["2012_GW_68",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",68,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_68",2012,"MG","Madagascar",68,0,"In practice, instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens are not prosecuted and society is generally conservative on the matter.\n\nThe penal code provides for a prison sentence of two to five years and a fine of two to 10 million Ariary ($900 to $4,500) for acts that are “indecent or against nature with an individual of the same sex under the age of 21.” There were reports of official abuses occurring at the community level, such as administrative officials denying health services to transgender persons or breaking confidentiality agreements, although no cases have ever been pursued in court.\n\nThere was general societal discrimination against the LGBT community during the period of study. Sexual orientation and gender identity were not widely discussed in the country, with public attitudes ranging from tacit acceptance to violent rejection, particularly of transgender sex workers. Local NGOs reported that most organizations that worked with the LGBT community did so as health service providers, often in the context of their work to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS. LGBT sex workers frequently were targets of aggression, including verbal abuse, stone throwing, and even murder. In recent years, awareness of “gay pride” increased through positive media exposure, but general attitudes have not changed. LGBT phenomenon is not very visible socially.\n\nDiscrimination against LGBT is not prosecuted as such, but when it occurs as discrimination against a citizen.","RÉALITÉS JURIDIQUES ET SOCIALES DE L’HOMOSEXUALITÉ ET DE LA TRANSSEXUALITÉ DANS LES PRINCIPAUX PAYS D’ORIGINE DES NOUVEAUX ARRIVANTS AU QUÉBEC, Guide d’information 2e édition, Direction des politiques et programmes de relations interculturelles Septembre 2011, http://www.quebecinterculturel.gouv.qc.ca/publications/fr/divers/GUI_InfoHomosexualiteTranssexualite_FIN.pdf\n\nInterview, Association des Gays et Lesbiennes de Madagascar - 15 juillet 2012.","In practice, instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens are not prosecuted and society is generally conservative on the matter...."]
["2012_MW_68",2012,"MW","Malawi",68,0,"In Malawi, same-sex relations are a criminal offense. As such, there cannot be issues of discrimination for LGBTs. The implication is, no one can seek redress at any forum for being discriminated on grounds of actions that are criminal in Malawi's laws. \n\nDespite pardoning a gay couple who had been sentenced to prison, President Mutharika led the verbal assault on homosexuals. He described them as \"worse than dogs.\" Mutharika's pardon of the gay couple was due to international pressure.\n\nPresident Joyce Banda has publicly declared her wish to have the penal code section that criminalizes homosexuality reviewed. This, however, has met resistance from the largely conservative public. She has been accused of making Malawi a \"donor fearing nation\" instead of a God-fearing nation, as Malawians usually describe the country. The argument is that Malawians do not want the law reviewed, and the president is being driven by Western countries.","Malawi Rage Against UK’s Pro-Gay Aid Strings. T. Chiumia. Nyasa Times. Oct. 31, 2011. http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2011/10/31/malawi-rage-against-uk%E2%80%99s-pro-gay-aid-strings/\n\nAlternative Report for the Review of Republic of Malawi by the Human Rights Committee. CHHR. 2011. http://chrr.ultinets.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/CHRR-submission-to-the-Human-Rights-Commitee.pdf\n\nAmnesty International Annual Report 2012 - Malawi. Amnesty International. 2012. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fbe392850.html\n\nGay Couple Convicted in Malawi. B. Bearak. 2010. ttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/world/africa/19malawi.html?_r=1&src=me","In Malawi, same-sex relations are a criminal offense. As such, there cannot be issues of discrimination for LGBTs. The implication is, no one can seek redress at any forum for being discriminated on grounds of actions that are criminal in Malawi's laws. ..."]
["2012_MZ_68",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",68,0,"It is sometimes claimed that homosexuality is banned under Mozambican law. Homosexuality, as such, is not mentioned in the country’s penal code, although the vague phrase \"practices against nature\" does appear. Article in the code which some have interpreted as criminalizing gays are in fact aimed at \"vadios,\" a Portuguese word best translated as \"vagrants.\" Furthermore, at Mozambican independence in 1975, the country did not inherit any specific ban on same-sex relations -- just the normal prohibitions on indecent exposure, and the hopelessly vague mentions of \"acts against nature.\"","AllAfrica. Paul Fauvet, 2 February 2011. “Mozambique: The Nation, Gays and UN Human Rights Bodies.”\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201102030029.html\n\nMozambique News Agency. 9 March 2011. “Mozambique says homosexual sex legal but activists want clarity.”\nhttp://madikazemi.blogspot.com/2011/03/mozambique-says-homosexual-sex-legal.html","It is sometimes claimed that homosexuality is banned under Mozambican law. Homosexuality, as such, is not mentioned in the country’s penal code, although the vague phrase \"practices against nature\" does appear. Article in the code which some have interpreted as criminalizing gays a..."]
["2012_ST_68",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",68,25,"In 2011, the government voted to decriminalize same-sex relations although homophobia still threads through the culture. The nation is also one of the 66 signatories to the Joint Statement on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. Therefore, the government sentiment towards LGBT individuals suggests that there has been a shift in thinking, although there has been a failure to enact the promised legal protections related to decriminalization.","Roberto Raposo, attorney general, Attorneyship, Sept. 21, 2012, at his office.\n\nCarla Castro, state prosecutor, Department of Justice, Sept. 21, 2012, at her office.","In 2011, the government voted to decriminalize same-sex relations although homophobia still threads through the culture. The nation is also one of the 66 signatories to the Joint Statement on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. Therefore, the government sentiment ..."]
["2012_ZA_68",2012,"ZA","South Africa",68,50,"In a recently finalized case, the prosecutions authority secured a conviction of 18 years against four men accused of stoning, kicking and stabbing to death Zoliswa Nkonyana just metres from her home in 2006. The 19-year-old had lived openly as a lesbian. \n\nThe prosecution follows a rise in the so-called corrective rape phenomenon in which women living openly as lesbians are targeted and raped. \n\nIn response to the growing intimidation and number of targeted crimes committed against openly lesbian and gay people, a national task team was established in 2011 to tackle the problem. Much still needs to be done, since such cases may go unreported because of the fear of stigma that is attached to sexual orientation in South Africa.","\"Task Team Set Up to Table Homophobic Attacks,\" Mail & Guardian, Yadhana Jadoo, May 14, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-04-task-team-set-up-to-tackle-homophobic-attacks/\n\n\"Opening Spaces to Challenge Prejudice,\" Mail & Guardian, May 17, 2012,\n http://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-17-opening-spaces-to-challenge-prejudice\n\n\"Hate Crimes in South Africa,\" Background Paper, Hate Crimes Working Group, October 2010.","In a recently finalized case, the prosecutions authority secured a conviction of 18 years against four men accused of stoning, kicking and stabbing to death Zoliswa Nkonyana just metres from her home in 2006. The 19-year-old had lived openly as a lesbian. ..."]
["2012_SS_68",2012,"SS","South Sudan",68,0,"From May 2011 to May 2012, there had been no instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens reported in South Sudan. Thus, it is not clear how the court would deal with discrimination if reported, since being gay is seen as a foreign practice in South Sudan. However, there's a strong rejection of homosexuality in the country, including statements by the president saying that homosexuality won't be accepted in the country.","South Sudan: Youth Object to Same-Sex Marriage. Sudan Tribune. April 27, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201204300172.html\n\nWorld's Newest Country Will Criminalize Gays. Star Observer. July 25, 2011. http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2011/07/25/worlds-newest-country-will-criminalise-gays/57626\n\nHomosexuality Will Not Be Tolerated, Says South Sudan President. Sudan Tribune. July 31, 2012.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35815","From May 2011 to May 2012, there had been no instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens reported in South Sudan. Thus, it is not clear how the court would deal with discrimination if reported, since being gay is seen as a foreign practice in South Sudan. However, there's a s..."]
["2012_TN_68",2012,"TN","Tunisia",68,0,"Il n'y a pas d'actions pour faire face à ces discriminations qui semblent s'aggraver.","- Article du journal tetu (article de Habibou Bangré lundi 13 février 2012) : http://www.tetu.com/actualites/international/tunisie-quand-le-ministre-des-droits-de-lhomme-assimile-les-homos-a-des-pervers-21038/10\n \n - Article du journal suisse 360°(26 oct. 2011 par François Touzain) \"Les homosexuels ont le droit d'exister\"\n http://360.ch/blog/magazine/2011/10/les-homosexuels-ont-le-droit-dexister/","Il n'y a pas d'actions pour faire face à ces discriminations qui semblent s'aggraver."]
["2012_AO_69",2012,"AO","Angola",69,0,"In law, men and women have equal rights in all respects. Article 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at work, in property and in social security. Article 110 establishes equal rights to the family home in case of divorce.\n\nBut according to a study published by \"customary law is still prevalent in Angola, and issues related to family and property rights are \ntreated according to traditionally accepted rules, which typically have a discriminatory approach towards  women. Customary practices determine women’s access to endowments such as land. \"","Codico da Familia (1988), Articles 3, 110 http://www.jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Angola/C%D3DIGO%20DA%20FAM%CDLIA.pdf","In law, men and women have equal rights in all respects. Article 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at work, in property and in social security. Article 110 establishes equal rights to the family home in case of divorce...."]
["2012_CM_69",2012,"CM","Cameroon",69,100,"The preamble of the 1996 constitution recognizes the right of everyone to property, without distinction by race, religion, sex or beliefs. It further specifies that \"the nation protects and encourages the woman.\" The legal texts on the land and tenurial aspects do not discriminate between men and women. However, Cameroon’s complex land legislation and its customary land practices make women’s access to land, right to property ownership and control of land difficult. For example, under customary law, traditional local leaders (fon, lamido) serve as trustees and land administrators. Individual families receive rights to use land, and rights are heritable generally through the male line.\n \nArticle 1 of Law No. 74/1 of July 6, 1974, regulates in a noncategorical way land appropriation by all Cameroonians by stating that the government guarantees to all persons physical or moral possessing lands in property, the right to enjoy it and to deal with it freely. Moreover, the conditions and procedures for acquiring land titles are identical for men and women, as decree No. 76/165 of April 27,1976, confirms in setting the conditions for title. A woman wishing to get a title must complete the same procedures and the same conditions as a man. No judicial disposition, legislation, or statutes forbid women to own land.","Preamble of the 1996 amended constitution and Article 65 of the constitution, including the preamble as an integral part of the constitution.\n\n1974 land ordinance.","The preamble of the 1996 constitution recognizes the right of everyone to property, without distinction by race, religion, sex or beliefs. It further specifies that \"the nation protects and encourages the woman.\" The legal texts on the land and tenurial aspects do not discriminate ..."]
["2012_CV_69",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",69,100,"Constitutional provisions on the right to private property (Article 69) state:\n\"1. It's guaranteed to everyone the right to private property and its transmission in life or death, according to the Constitution and the law.\n2. It is guaranteed the right to inheritance.\n3. The requisition or expropriation for public purposes can only be made based on the law and always upon payment of just compensation.\"\n\nThe constitutional system of Cape Verde is not explicit in the defense of equal property rights for women and men. Other laws such as the civil, criminal, labor or industrial property code have the same character: neutral, without a positive discrimination in relation to women.","Constitution, Article 69, Right to Private Property.","Constitutional provisions on the right to private property (Article 69) state:\n\"1. It's guaranteed to everyone the right to private property and its transmission in life or death, according to the Constitution and the law...."]
["2012_CG_69",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",69,0,"According to Article 450, the woman can sue in civil matters, acquire, dispose of property only with the authorization of the husband. If the husband refuses to allow his wife, the district court may give permission.  The husband's authorization may be general, but it still retains the right to revoke it.","Loi 87.010 DU 1er AOUT 1987, Family Code, Article 450. http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/DRC/drc_family_1987_fr.pdf","According to Article 450, the woman can sue in civil matters, acquire, dispose of property only with the authorization of the husband. If the husband refuses to allow his wife, the district court may give permission.  The husband's authorization may be general, but it still retains..."]
["2012_ER_69",2012,"ER","Eritrea",69,100,"Since land ownership belongs only to the state under the same proclamation, 58/1994, citizens have only the right to use land. They are not allowed to transfer, sell or buy land in Eritrea. Article 4, Right to Land\n1) Every citizen shall have the right to use land.\n2) The right to use land shall be enjoyed by all Eritrean citizens irrespective of their sex, faith, and race equally with no discrimination.","Land Proclamation No. 58/1994, Chapter 2, Section A, Article 4, Right to Land\nwww.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Eritrea/Legislation/Land%20Proclamation%20No%2058%201994.pdf","Since land ownership belongs only to the state under the same proclamation, 58/1994, citizens have only the right to use land. They are not allowed to transfer, sell or buy land in Eritrea. Article 4, Right to Land..."]
["2012_GN_69",2012,"GN","Guinea",69,100,"La constitution ainsi que le Code foncier et domanial guinéen guarantissent les droits des tous à la propriété et au foncier sans distinction de sexe. \n\nArticle 8 de la constitution: Tous les êtres humains sont égaux devant la  loi. Les hommes et les femmes ont les mêmes droits. \nNul ne doit être privilégié ou désavantagé en raison de son sexe, de sa naissance, de sa race, de son ethnie, de sa langue, de ses croyances et de ses opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses. \n\nCode foncier et domanial guinéen Article 1: L'État, ainsi que les autres personnes physiques et morales privées, peuvent être titulaires du droit de propriété sur le sol et les immeubles qu'il porte, et l'exercer selon les règles du Code civil et celles du présent Code. (1)\n\nArticle 2: Le droit de propriété confère à son titulaire la jouissance et la libre disposition des biens qui en sont l'objet, de la manière la plus absolue. Il s'exerce dans le respect des limitations imposées par l'intérêt général ou celles prévues par les dispositions légales.","Article 8 de la constitution du 7 mai 2010. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf \n\nArticles1 et 2 du code foncier et domanial. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Guinee/Guinee%20-%20Code%20foncier.pdf","La constitution ainsi que le Code foncier et domanial guinéen guarantissent les droits des tous à la propriété et au foncier sans distinction de sexe. ..."]
["2012_GW_69",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",69,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_69",2012,"MG","Madagascar",69,100,"Although the law does not discriminate between men and women in land law regarding ownership, in many parts of Madagascar  custom does not grant women the right to inherit from their parents, especially in land matters.\n\n2010, Constitution  \nart 34\nL'Etat garantit le droit de propriété individuelle. Nul ne peut en être privé sauf par voie d'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique et avec une juste et préalable indemnité.\n\n L'Etat assure la facilité d'accès à la propriété foncière à travers des dispositifs juridiques et institutionnels appropriés et d'une gestion transparente des informations foncières.\n\n\"The State guarantees the right to private property. No one may be deprived thereof except by expropriation for public purposes and with just compensation in advance.\n\n\"The State ensures the ease of access to land through appropriate legal and institutional arrangements and transparent management of land information.\"","Constitution, Article 34. \nhttp://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm\n\nL'Etat garantit le droit de propriété individuelle. Nul ne peut en être privé sauf par voie d'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique et avec une juste et préalable indemnité.\nL'Etat assure la facilité d'accès à la propriété foncière à travers des dispositifs juridiques et institutionnels appropriés et d'une gestion transparente des informations foncières.\n\n2) l’ordonnance 60-146 du 03 octobre 1960 relative au régime foncier ne fasse pas de discrimination entre la femme et l’homme en matière de droit foncier.","Although the law does not discriminate between men and women in land law regarding ownership, in many parts of Madagascar  custom does not grant women the right to inherit from their parents, especially in land matters...."]
["2012_MA_69",2012,"MA","Morocco",69,0,"In law the right to property is the same for both sexes. However, discrimination exists in tribal representatives, as well as the Ministry of the Interior. The \"soulalyates\" women are excluded from the benefit of the land after the death of their fathers or husbands or ignored when sharing lots of collective land.","Constitution 2011.\n\nA New Place for Women. TV 5. July 2009. http://www.tv5.org/cms/chaine-francophone/info/Les-dossiers-de-la-redaction/mohammed-6/p-3878-Maroc-L-avancee-des-droits-des-femmes.htm\n\nMorocco - The New Constitution, a Step Forward for Women's Rights. Printemps Féministe pour la Démocratie et l'Egalité. July 12, 2011. http://pfdemaroc.wordpress.com/\n\nWomen Magistrates, Police Officers, Bus Drivers. Printemps Féministe pour la Démocratie et l'Egalité.  May 5, 2011. http://pfdemaroc.wordpress.com/\n\nPetition: Soulaliyates. One Million Signatures for Equal Male/Female in Morocco. \nhttp://www.causes.com/causes/610564-un-million-de-signatures-pour-l-egalite-femme-homme-au-maroc/actions/1639073\n\nThe Fruit of over Twenty Years of Activism. Interview with Khadija Errebbah, president of the Women's Democratic Association of Morocco in Casablanca. Report Radio Télévision Belge Francophone. July 25, 2009.\n\nThe New Constitution, a Big Step towards Recognition of Women's Rights. Hasnaa el Akkani. Maghreb Arabe Presse (MAP). June 28, 2011.","In law the right to property is the same for both sexes. However, discrimination exists in tribal representatives, as well as the Ministry of the Interior. The \"soulalyates\" women are excluded from the benefit of the land after the death of their fathers or husbands or ignored when..."]
["2012_RW_69",2012,"RW","Rwanda",69,100,"Article 29 of the constitution states: \"Every person has the right to private property, whether personal or owned in association with others. Private property, whether individually or collectively owned, is inviolable.\nThe right to property may not be interfered with except in public interest, in circumstances and procedures determined by law and subject to fair and prior compensation.\" Other laws that recognize and protect women’s rights to own and inherit land include the Inheritance and Succession Law (1999) and the Land Law (2005).\n\nOrganic Law No. 08/2005 determining the use and management of land in Rwanda. \nArticle 4:  \"Any person or association with legal personality has the right over the land and to freely exploit it as provided for by this organic law in article 5 and 6.  Any discrimination either based on sex or origin in matters relating to ownership or possession of rights over the land is prohibited. The wife and the husband have equal rights over the land.\"","Constitution of 2003, Article 29.\nRwanda : The Inheritance and Succession Law (1999), \nRwanda Land Law (2005)","Article 29 of the constitution states: \"Every person has the right to private property, whether personal or owned in association with others. Private property, whether individually or collectively owned, is inviolable...."]
["2012_ST_69",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",69,100,"Article 15 of the  Constitution grants women the same rights as men. There is not a specific law about equal land ownership rights with men, but as it is stated in the Constitution that citizens are equal before the law and enjoy the same rights, it can be assumed that women have equal land ownership rights to men, in law.\nPersonal Rights, Article 15. Equality Principles: \"1. Citizens are equal before the law, enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of origin, race, sex, political affiliation, religious belief or philosophical belief.\n2. Women are equal to men in rights and duties, being assured total participation in political, economic, social and cultural life.","National Constitution  (Dec. 15, 1975, São Tomé and Príncipe) Part II – Fundamental Rights and Social Order, Title II – \"","Article 15 of the  Constitution grants women the same rights as men. There is not a specific law about equal land ownership rights with men, but as it is stated in the Constitution that citizens are equal before the law and enjoy the same rights, it can be assumed that women have e..."]
["2012_ZA_69",2012,"ZA","South Africa",69,100,"The constitution of South Africa provides that \"no one may be deprived of property except in terms of law of general application.\" The property clause (Section 25) prohibits discrimination in property-holding on the basis of sex, among other grounds. Section 25 of the constitution, read together with Section 9(1), forbids bias against women in property rights.\n\nAt least two existing laws protect gender equality, including women's rights to access / ownership of land. Section 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act (passed in 1998) states that “a wife in a customary marriage has, on the basis of equality with her husband, and subject to the matrimonial property system governing the marriage, full status and capacity, including the capacity to acquire assets and to dispose of them; to enter into contracts and to litigate in addition to any rights and powers that she might have”. This is important: in the old South Africa, black women were not allowed to own land or assets.  Section 8 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (passed in 2000) stipulates that “no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including […] the system of preventing women from inheriting family property […] any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men […] any policy or conduct that unfairly limits access of women to land rights, finance, and other resources.”","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996).\n\nRecognition of Customary Marriages Act (Act 120 of 1998), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70656\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (Act 4 of 2000),  www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000.","The constitution of South Africa provides that \"no one may be deprived of property except in terms of law of general application.\" The property clause (Section 25) prohibits discrimination in property-holding on the basis of sex, among other grounds. Section 25 of the constitution,..."]
["2012_TG_69",2012,"TG","Togo",69,100,"La constitution de la IVe République, dans son article 11, consacre l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme : « Tous les êtres humains sont égaux en dignité et en droit. L’homme et la femme sont égaux devant la loi ». Et dans son article 27, la Constitution établit que « le droit de propriété est garanti par la loi ». La nature de la propriété a donc peu d’importance devant la loi. De même, le code des personnes et de la famille, dans son article 400, considère qu’en cas de succession, « la loi ne considère ni la nature ni l’origine des biens. La terre étant un bien ou une propriété, tout citoyen togolais, sans distinction de sexe, peut en être propriétaire.","Constitution de la IVe République Togolaise de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002.\n Ordonnance N° 80-16 du 31 janvier 1980 portant code des personnes et de la famille","La constitution de la IVe République, dans son article 11, consacre l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme : « Tous les êtres humains sont égaux en dignité et en droit. L’homme et la femme sont égaux devant la loi ». Et dans son article 27, la Constitution établit que « le droit de pr..."]
["2012_DZ_70",2012,"DZ","Algeria",70,100,"According to a Freedom House report, \"under Article 37 of the family code, each spouse retains his or her own property upon marriage, and they can agree to hold their new property in common or determine their respective shares through stipulations in the marriage contract or a separate document. Household properties in dispute upon divorce are divided according to rules specified under Article 73. The law entitles husbands to keep property that is “for exclusive male use,” and wives to keep exclusively “female” items, without specifying how such items are to be defined. While men are automatically granted the “male” objects, in practice judges may arbitrarily require women to prove that they bought the “female” items over which they claim ownership.\"","2008 Constitution, Article. 29.\n\nOrdonnance n°° 75--58 du 26 septembre 1975 portant code civil,, modifiée et complétée,  Art 34, 674, 1975. http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FCivil.pdf\n\nCode de la famille (2005), Loi n°°84--11 du 09 juin 1984 portant code de la famille, modifiée et complétée, Art 37, 1984. http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FFam.pdf\n\nhttp://old.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/section/246.pdf","According to a Freedom House report, \"under Article 37 of the family code, each spouse retains his or her own property upon marriage, and they can agree to hold their new property in common or determine their respective shares through stipulations in the marriage contract or a sepa..."]
["2012_BJ_70",2012,"BJ","Benin",70,100,"L'article 1 du Code des personnes et de la famille stipule : « Toute personne humaine, sans distinction aucune, notamment de race, de couleur, de sexe, de religion, de langue, d’opinion politique ou de toute autre opinion, d’origine nationale ou sociale, de fortune, de naissance ou de toute autre situation, est sujet de droit, de sa naissance à son décès. Tout le monde bénéficie donc du droit à la propriété non foncière sans distinction de sexe. L'égalité des droits à la propriété non foncière (véhicules, actifs financiers, etc.) en faveur des femmes est garantie parce qu’aucune loi ne l'interdit.\n\nLes articles 22 et 26 de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990 garantissent le droit de propriété à toute personne, donc indifféremment du sexe.\n\nArt. 22. - Toute personne a droit à la propriété. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d'utilité publique et contre juste et préalable dédommagement.\n\nArt. 26. - L'Etat assure à tous l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction d'origine, de race, de sexe, de religion, d'opinion politique ou de position sociale. L'homme et la femme sont égaux en droit. L'Etat protège la famille et particulièrement la mère et l'enfant. Il veille sur les handicapés et les personnes âgées.","Loi N° 2002-07 portant Code des personnes et de la famille. (2004). Article 1. http://www.consulat-benin.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Code-des-personnes-et-de-la-Famille.pdf\n\nLoi 90-32 portant constitution de la République du Bénin, Articles 22 et 26. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html","L'article 1 du Code des personnes et de la famille stipule : « Toute personne humaine, sans distinction aucune, notamment de race, de couleur, de sexe, de religion, de langue, d’opinion politique ou de toute autre opinion, d’origine nationale ou sociale, de fortune, de naissance ou..."]
["2012_CV_70",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",70,100,"Cape Verde's Constitution, Article 69 on the right to private property, states:\n\"1. It's guaranteed to everyone the right to private property and its transmission in life or death, according to the Constitution and the law.\n2. It is guaranteed the right to inheritance.\n3. The requisition or expropriation for public purposes can only be made based on the law and always upon payment of just compensation.\"\n\nThe constitutional system of Cape Verde is not explicit in the defense of equal property rights for women and men, beyond stating that everyone is guaranteed such rights. Constitutional hermeneutics do not consider this necessary because a consistent interpretation can always be done with great reasonableness.","Constitution, Article 69 on Right to Private Property.","Cape Verde's Constitution, Article 69 on the right to private property, states:\n\"1. It's guaranteed to everyone the right to private property and its transmission in life or death, according to the Constitution and the law...."]
["2012_CG_70",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",70,0,"There is a presumption in favor of the husband for managing property in the context of marriage: Article 490 of the Family Code: \"Whatever the matrimonial regime governing spouses, wealth management and mutual esteem is presumed to be entrusted to the husband. \"","Article 490 of the Family Code (1987). http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/DRC/drc_family_1987_fr.pdf\n\nDemocratic Republic of Congo Constitution (2006), Article 14.","There is a presumption in favor of the husband for managing property in the context of marriage: Article 490 of the Family Code: \"Whatever the matrimonial regime governing spouses, wealth management and mutual esteem is presumed to be entrusted to the husband. \""]
["2012_ER_70",2012,"ER","Eritrea",70,0,"Article 23 of the Constitution on the Right to Property states:\n1. Subject to Provisions of Sub-article 2 of this article, any citizen shall have the right, anywhere in Eritrea, to acquire and dispose of property, individually or in association with others, and to bequeath the same to his heirs or legatees.\n2. All land and all natural resources below and above the surface of the territory of Eritrea belong to the State. The interests citizens shall have in land shall be determined by law. \n\nHowever, sharia law is still effective in family and succession matters as an option for Muslims. Sharia law gives preference to men over women when it comes to nonland property.","Constitution; Chapter III, Fundamental Rights, Freedoms and Duties; Article 23.\nwww.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dd8aa904.html","Article 23 of the Constitution on the Right to Property states:\n1. Subject to Provisions of Sub-article 2 of this article, any citizen shall have the right, anywhere in Eritrea, to acquire and dispose of property, individually or in association with ot..."]
["2012_ET_70",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",70,100,"Article 35 (7) of the Ethiopia Constitution states: \n\"Women shall have the right to acquire, administer, control, enjoy and dispose of property. They shall, in particular, have equal rights with men regarding the use, transfer, administration and control of land. They shall enjoy the same rights with men with respect to inheritance.\"","Article 35 of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Constitution.","Article 35 (7) of the Ethiopia Constitution states: \n\"Women shall have the right to acquire, administer, control, enjoy and dispose of property. They shall, in particular, have equal rights with men regarding the use, transfer, administratio..."]
["2012_GW_70",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",70,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_70",2012,"MG","Madagascar",70,100,"Madagascar laws guarantee gender equality in property and ownership. However, although the ordinance 60-146 of October 3, 1960 relating to land does not discriminate between women and men in matters of land rights, in many parts of Madagascar the customs do not grant women the right to inherit from their parents, especially in land matters.\n\n2) 2010, Constitution  \nart 34\nL'Etat garantit le droit de propriété individuelle. Nul ne peut en être privé sauf par voie d'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique et avec une juste et préalable indemnité.\n\n L'Etat assure la facilité d'accès à la propriété foncière à travers des dispositifs juridiques et institutionnels appropriés et d'une gestion transparente des informations foncières.\n\n\"The State guarantees the right to private property. No one may be deprived thereof except by expropriation for public purposes and with just compensation in advance.\n\n\"The State ensures the ease of access to land through appropriate legal and institutional arrangements and transparent management of land information.\"","Constitution of the IV Republic (2010) Article 34. \nhttp://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm","Madagascar laws guarantee gender equality in property and ownership. However, although the ordinance 60-146 of October 3, 1960 relating to land does not discriminate between women and men in matters of land rights, in many parts of Madagascar the customs do not grant women the righ..."]
["2012_MA_70",2012,"MA","Morocco",70,100,"The Constitution, the Commercial Code and corporate laws do not discriminate between men and women.","A New Place for Women. TV 5. July 2009. http://www.tv5.org/cms/chaine-francophone/info/Les-dossiers-de-la-redaction/mohammed-6/p-3878-Maroc-L-avancee-des-droits-des-femmes.htm\n\nMorocco - The New Constitution, a Step Forward for Women's Rights. Printemps Féministe pour la Démocratie et l'Egalité. July 12, 2011. http://pfdemaroc.wordpress.com/\n\nWomen Magistrates, Police Officers, Bus Drivers. Printemps Féministe pour la Démocratie et l'Egalité.  May 5, 2011. http://pfdemaroc.wordpress.com/\n\nPetition: Soulaliyates. One Million Signatures for Equal Male/Female in Morocco. \nhttp://www.causes.com/causes/610564-un-million-de-signatures-pour-l-egalite-femme-homme-au-maroc/actions/1639073\n\nThe Fruit of over Twenty Years of Activism. Interview with Khadija Errebbah, president of the Women's Democratic Association of Morocco in Casablanca. Report Radio Télévision Belge Francophone. July 25, 2009.\n\nThe New Constitution, a Big Step towards Recognition of Women's Rights. Hasnaa el Akkani. Maghreb Arabe Presse (MAP). June 28, 2011.","The Constitution, the Commercial Code and corporate laws do not discriminate between men and women."]
["2012_MZ_70",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",70,100,"There's a constitutional principle that women and men have equal rights.\nArticle 36:\n(Principle of gender equality)\nThe man and woman are equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural.\n\nArticle 82 of the constitution, numbers 1 and 2, mentions that the state recognises and guarantees the right of property regardless of gender. Expropriation can only take place because of necessity, utility or public interest, defined in terms of the law and there shall be fair compensation.","Constitution of the Republic.  Article 36 and 82. 2004.\nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/constituicao_republica/constituicao.pdf","There's a constitutional principle that women and men have equal rights.\nArticle 36:\n(Principle of gender equality)..."]
["2012_ST_70",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",70,100,"There is not a specific law about equal non-land property, but as it is stated in the Constitution  citizens are equal before the law, and enjoy the same rights, men and women. We can assume women have equal non-land property right to men, in law.","National Constitution  (Dec. 15, 1975, São Tomé and Príncipe) Part II – Fundamental Rights and Social Order, Title II – Personal Rights, Article 15.","There is not a specific law about equal non-land property, but as it is stated in the Constitution  citizens are equal before the law, and enjoy the same rights, men and women. We can assume women have equal non-land property right to men, in law."]
["2012_ZA_70",2012,"ZA","South Africa",70,0,"Section 25 of the constitution (property clause) states that \"No one may be deprived of property except in terms of law of general application, and no law may permit arbitrary deprivation of property.\" The law affords equality in property rights and prohibits discrimination in property-holding on the basis of gender, among other grounds. The provision refers to property in general, including that which is not land.\n\nAt least two existing laws protect gender equality, including women's rights to access to/ownership of property. Section 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act (passed in 1998) states that “a wife in a customary marriage has, on the basis of equality with her husband, and subject to the matrimonial property system governing the marriage, full status and capacity, including the capacity to acquire assets and to dispose of them; to enter into contracts and to litigate in addition to any rights and powers that she might have”. This is important: in the old South Africa, black women were not allowed to own land or assets.  \n\nSection 8 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (passed in 2000) stipulates that “no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including … the system of preventing women from inheriting family property … any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men … any policy or conduct that unfairly limits access of women to land rights, finance, and other resources\".","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.\n\nRecognition of Customary Marriages Act (Act 120 of 1998), www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70656.\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (Act 4 of 2000),  www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000.","Section 25 of the constitution (property clause) states that \"No one may be deprived of property except in terms of law of general application, and no law may permit arbitrary deprivation of property.\" The law affords equality in property rights and prohibits discrimination in prop..."]
["2012_TG_70",2012,"TG","Togo",70,100,"La Constitution de la IVe République, en établissant que « l’homme et la femme sont égaux devant la loi » (article 11) et que « le droit de propriété est garanti par la loi » (article 27), reconnait donc l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme en matière de droits de propriété. Les femmes ne subissent, en droit, aucune discrimination en raison de leur sexe.","La Constitution de la IVe République Togolaise de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002. cf. http://www.icilome.com/togo/const2.asp","La Constitution de la IVe République, en établissant que « l’homme et la femme sont égaux devant la loi » (article 11) et que « le droit de propriété est garanti par la loi » (article 27), reconnait donc l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme en matière de droits de propriété. Les fem..."]
["2012_TN_70",2012,"TN","Tunisia",70,100,"Il n'y a pas de loi limitant le droit de la femme relatif à l'accès à la propriété non-foncière.","Article de Islam laïque du 11 janvier 2007 (Plaidoyer pour l’égalité dans l’héritage, en Tunisie) :\n http://islamlaique.canalblog.com/archives/2007/01/11/3670473.html","Il n'y a pas de loi limitant le droit de la femme relatif à l'accès à la propriété non-foncière."]
["2012_AO_71",2012,"AO","Angola",71,100,"Men and women have equal rights under the law.  Article 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at work, in property and in social security. The code makes no specific reference to inheritance but the majority of articles stress the equality of women and men before the law.","Codico da Familia, Articles 3, http://www.jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Angola/C%D3DIGO%20DA%20FAM%CDLIA.pdf","Men and women have equal rights under the law.  Article 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at work, in property and in social security. The code makes no specific reference to inheritance but the majority of articles stress the equality ..."]
["2012_CM_71",2012,"CM","Cameroon",71,0,"The Supreme Court judgment of 1993 in the matter of Zamcho Florence Lum vs. Chibikom and others recognized the right of a female child to inheritance. The judgment was based on the premise of Section 15 of the Southern Cameroon High Court Law of 1955, which sanctioned the application of post-1900 English statutes in matters of probate, divorce and matrimonial causes. The 1925 Administration of Estate Act is applicable in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon, thereby making it possible for the female child to succeed in the absence of the male child. The French Civil Code applicable in Cameroon provides that the right to succession is opened to all by death. This means that women have rights to inheritance equal to those of men.\nHowever, at the level of customary law, women still face restrictions due to traditions. In some tribes, women are excluded with respect to the allocation of inherited land.","Preamble of 1996 amended constitution.\n\nSections 11 and 27 of the 1955 Southern Cameroon High Court Law.\n\nArticle 718 of the civil code.\n\nSection 18(3)b of Law No. 2006/15 of Dec. 29, 2006, on judicial organization in Cameroon\n\nJudgment No. 14/L of 4 February 1993 between Zamcho Florence Lum vs. Chibikom Peter and Others, of the Supreme Court.","The Supreme Court judgment of 1993 in the matter of Zamcho Florence Lum vs. Chibikom and others recognized the right of a female child to inheritance. The judgment was based on the premise of Section 15 of the Southern Cameroon High Court Law of 1955, which sanctioned the applicati..."]
["2012_CD_71",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",71,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_71",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",71,100,"Article 758 of Law 87-010 states:\n\na) If children or one child of the decedent died before him and they left descendants, they are represented by them in succession.\n\nb) The surviving spouse, parent, sibling or siblings consanguineous or uterine form the second category of heirs of the estate and are three distinct groups.\n\nWhen the father and mother of the deceased or one of them died before him, but their parents or one of them are still alive, they are to succeed in their place.\n\nWhen the brothers and sisters of the deceased or one of them died before him, but they left descendants, they are represented by them in succession.\n\nc) wives and paternal or maternal aunts are the third category of heirs of the estate. When waves and paternal or maternal aunts of the deceased or one of them died before him, but they left descendants, they are represented by them in succession.\n\nThere is no distinction between male and female heirs.","Loi 87-010 du 1er août 1987, Article 758.\nhttp://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Code%20de%20la%20famille/LIVREIVSUCCESSIONSLIBERALITES.htm","Article 758 of Law 87-010 states:\n\na) If children or one child of the decedent died before him and they left descendants, they ar..."]
["2012_ER_71",2012,"ER","Eritrea",71,0,"The Transitional Civil Law states in its Art. 837 that \"The sex, age, nationality of the heir shall not affect in any way the ascertainment of his rights to the succession.\"\n\nThe Transitional Civil Law of Eritrea was inherited from the civil law of Ethiopia, which came into force in 1960. Largely, it has remained the main source of civil law for Eritrea, with minor amendment by Proclamation No. 1/1991.\n\nCustomary land laws are still in place in certain areas of the country. Land Administrative bodies, the decision making authorities under the Land Reform Proclamation (1994 10.1), consist of local members, who may hold to customary views. Succession then tends to move along patrilineal lines, with daughters and sisters only claiming a share where there is no male issue (FAO).","Transitional Civil Law of Eritrea, amended by Proclamation 1991; Book II, Family and Succession; Title V, Succession; Chapter 1, Devolution of Successions; Paragraph 2, Capacity to Succeed;\nArticle 837, Sex, Age, Nationality of Heir\nThe sex, age, nationality of the heir shall not affect in any way the ascertainment of his rights to the succession. \nhttp://books.google.ch/books?id=qoc-AQAAIAAJ&q=Civil+Code+of+the+Empire+of+Ethiopia&dq=Civil+Code+of+the+Empire+of+Ethiopia&source=bl&ots=0KzfBhyu1n&sig=EffO7jNUBh7aviz__SPTkNXL9_Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gyFcUOuyIOr-4QSv3oG4DQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ","The Transitional Civil Law states in its Art. 837 that \"The sex, age, nationality of the heir shall not affect in any way the ascertainment of his rights to the succession.\"..."]
["2012_GN_71",2012,"GN","Guinea",71,0,"Article 8: Tous les êtres humains sont égaux devant la  loi. Les hommes et les femmes ont les mêmes droits.  Nul ne doit être privilégié ou désavantagé en raison de son sexe, de sa naissance, de sa race, de son ethnie, de sa langue, de ses croyances et de ses opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses.\n\nArticle 488 : Tous les descendants germains ou consanguins, filles ou garçons, ont un droit égal à la succession de leur père.\n\nArticle 489 : Les descendants germains ou utérins, filles ou garçons, ont un droit égal à la succession de leur mère.","Article 8 de la constitution du 7 mai 2010. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf \n\nCode civil guinéen du 16 février 1983, Articles 488 et 489. http://www.hcch.net/upload/cc_gn.pdf","Article 8: Tous les êtres humains sont égaux devant la  loi. Les hommes et les femmes ont les mêmes droits.  Nul ne doit être privilégié ou désavantagé en raison de son sexe, de sa naissance, de sa race, de son ethnie, de sa langue, de ses croyances et de ses opinions politiques, p..."]
["2012_LY_71",2012,"LY","Libya",71,0,"Sharia law provides for detailed and complex calculations of inheritance shares. Woman may inherit from their father, mother, husband or children and, under certain conditions, from other family members. However, their share is generally smaller than that to which men are entitled. Daughters, for example, inherit only half as much as sons. If there are no children, the wife of the deceased inherits one quarter, and if there is only a daughter she inherits half while the other half goes to her uncle. In some cases, women cede their inheritance rights to their brothers, partly to ensure that they will then receive financial support if they do not marry, or become divorced or widowed. \n\nLibya ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) on May 16, 1989. However upon ratification, Libya made reservations to CEDAW articles 2 and 16 as described below:\n• Article 2 of the Convention shall be implemented with due regard for the peremptory norms of the Islamic Sharia relating to determination of the inheritance portions of the estate of a deceased person, whether female or male.\n• The implementation of paragraph 16 (c) and (d) of the Convention shall be without prejudice to any of the rights guaranteed to women by the Islamic Sharia.","Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Law,   May 16, 1989\n\nInterview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nInternational Federation for Human Rights, 2012, \"Libya: Women and the Arab Spring,\" available at http://arabwomenspring.fidh.net/index.php?title=Libya\n\nUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) 2005, ‘Islam, land & property research series’, Paper 6: Islamic inheritance laws and systems, p.11, available at www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/3546_3490_ILP%206.doc","Sharia law provides for detailed and complex calculations of inheritance shares. Woman may inherit from their father, mother, husband or children and, under certain conditions, from other family members. However, their share is generally smaller than that to which men are entitled...."]
["2012_MG_71",2012,"MG","Madagascar",71,0,"According to article 16 of the inheritance law (Law No. 68-012 of 04 July 1968), no distinction is made between the sexes in determining an inheritor. \n\nHowever, according to article 83 of the same law the co-heritors may agree that a female inheritor receives her part of the inheritance in the form of money.","La loi relative aux successions\nL’article 83 de la loi n° 68-012 du 04 juillet 1968, \nhttp://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20la%20Famille/3.pdf","According to article 16 of the inheritance law (Law No. 68-012 of 04 July 1968), no distinction is made between the sexes in determining an inheritor. ..."]
["2012_MA_71",2012,"MA","Morocco",71,0,"Women do not yet have the same inheritance rights because of religious proscriptions.","Morocco.  Family Code, articles 342 and 343.  (2004).","Women do not yet have the same inheritance rights because of religious proscriptions."]
["2012_RW_71",2012,"RW","Rwanda",71,0,"Though laws to protect women's right to inherit property exist, this right has been violated, especially in villages. In 1999, the Inheritance and Marital Property law gave women and their daughters the right to inherit property from their husbands and fathers.This law advanced women's legal position, which, until that point was only protected by the 1992 Family Code that formally designated men as the heads of households and only vaguely outlined women's legal position in relation to marriage, divorce, and child custody.\n\nThe succession law came to change what custom and traditions had put in place. As a patriarchal society, in Rwanda it was believed that only sons can inherit land and other things when the father dies. It was normally the older son who would inherit. It meant that even if a boy is the last born among many girls, he would be the one to inherit and girls would not be considered. If there were more than one son, the older would take over and things would be equally shared among sons when each of them reached maturity. The succession law came to change this and also gave the same right to girls or daughters to inherit properties, among them land.This law gives the same rights to girls and boys to inherit from their parents.","Constitution of 2003, Article 29.\nRwanda the Inheritance and Marital Property law of 1999\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Succession Law No.  22/99.  (1999) .  Retrieved from http://www.migeprof.gov.rw/IMG/pdf","Though laws to protect women's right to inherit property exist, this right has been violated, especially in villages. In 1999, the Inheritance and Marital Property law gave women and their daughters the right to inherit property from their husbands and fathers.This law advanced wom..."]
["2012_ZA_71",2012,"ZA","South Africa",71,0,"Though the constitution provides for equal treatment of the law, regardless of gender and sex, for example,  Section 39(3) states that the \"Bill of Rights does not deny the existence of any other rights or freedoms that are recognized or conferred by common law, customary law or legislation to the extent that they are consistent with the Bill.\" The constitution recognizes customary law and provisions of customary law concerning inheritance should not be inconsistent with the Bill of Rights.\n\nThe promulgation of the Reform of Customary Law of Succession and Regulation of Related Matters Act (11 of 2009) is another step to strengthen the inheritance rights of women who are married under customary law. This is in line with changing social circumstances and also the constitutional provision for equal protection of the law.\n\nAt the same time, Section 8 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (passed in 2000) stipulates that “no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including […] the system of preventing women from inheriting family property […] any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men […] any policy or conduct that unfairly limits access of women to land rights, finance, and other resources”.","Constitution of Republic of South Africa.\n\nRecognition of Customary Marriages Act, 120 of 1998.\n\nReform of Customary Law of Succession and Regulation of Related Matters Act 11, 2009.\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (Act 4 of 2000),  www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000.","Though the constitution provides for equal treatment of the law, regardless of gender and sex, for example,  Section 39(3) states that the \"Bill of Rights does not deny the existence of any other rights or freedoms that are recognized or conferred by common law, customary law or le..."]
["2012_SS_71",2012,"SS","South Sudan",71,0,"According to Article 16 (5) of the TCRSS, women shall \"share in the estates of their deceased husbands together with any surviving legal heir of the deceased.\" The surviving legal heir here is understood to be any surviving person in a family.","The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011, Article 16. Government of South Sudan.","According to Article 16 (5) of the TCRSS, women shall \"share in the estates of their deceased husbands together with any surviving legal heir of the deceased.\" The surviving legal heir here is understood to be any surviving person in a family."]
["2012_TN_71",2012,"TN","Tunisia",71,0,"L'aticle 103 du code du statut personnel affirme que les femmes participeront selon le principe que les hommes héritent du double de ce que la femme hérite. Malgré les revendications de certaines associations féministes, la religion musulmane (ou en tout cas la lecture majoritaire de celle-ci) s'oppose à cette égalité.","L'article 103 du code du statut personnel affirme que les femmes participeront selon le principe que les hommes héritent du double de ce que la femme hérite.","L'aticle 103 du code du statut personnel affirme que les femmes participeront selon le principe que les hommes héritent du double de ce que la femme hérite. Malgré les revendications de certaines associations féministes, la religion musulmane (ou en tout cas la lecture majoritaire ..."]
["2012_AO_72",2012,"AO","Angola",72,100,"Men and women have complete equality in marriage under the law. No discrimination is inherent in the law. Article 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at work, in property and in social security. Article 97 establishes equal divorce petition rights. Articles 97-111 reinforces this equality in all the legal aspects of divorce, including the justification for divorce and responsibility to seek reconsiliation. Only Article 103 places a limitation to petition rights. It states that the husband cannot seek to divorce a pregnant woman for the period of the pregnancy and one year afterwards, without the consent of that woman.","Codico da Familia, Articles 3, 97,  98-111 http://www.jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Angola/C%D3DIGO%20DA%20FAM%CDLIA.pdf","Men and women have complete equality in marriage under the law. No discrimination is inherent in the law. Article 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at work, in property and in social security. Article 97 establishes equal divorce petiti..."]
["2012_CM_72",2012,"CM","Cameroon",72,0,"Article 230 of the French Civil Code of Nov. 5, 1830, applicable in Cameroon, states clearly that a wife could on the basis of her husband’s infidelity request a divorce. This right is equally recognized for the man in Article 229 of the civil code. The civil code provides no conditions on the divorce petition right. \n\nBut under Article 361 of the Cameroon Penal Code, a man could divorce his wife on the basis of adultery, including the possibility of punishment of two to six months in jail or a fine of 25,000 francs (US$50) to 100.000 francs (US$100) while the woman’s right to have the man punished for a similar act is diluted. For it to be proved that the man committed adultery, the act must have taken place in the couple's residence and on the conjugal bed.","Article 361 of the Cameroon Penal Code.\n\nArticles 49, 70, 213, 108 and 215 and 230 of the civil code.","Article 230 of the French Civil Code of Nov. 5, 1830, applicable in Cameroon, states clearly that a wife could on the basis of her husband’s infidelity request a divorce. This right is equally recognized for the man in Article 229 of the civil code. The civil code provides no condi..."]
["2012_CV_72",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",72,100,"The Constitution's Article 47 on marriage and affiliation states that spouses have equal rights and civil and political duties.","Constitution, Article 47 on Marriage and Affiliation.","The Constitution's Article 47 on marriage and affiliation states that spouses have equal rights and civil and political duties."]
["2012_CG_72",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",72,100,"Article 549 of the Family Code states that either spouse may initiate a divorce.","Loi 87.010 DU 1er AOUT 1987, Chapter 3 de la Dissolution du Mariage (Section 3) Article 549.","Article 549 of the Family Code states that either spouse may initiate a divorce."]
["2012_ER_72",2012,"ER","Eritrea",72,0,"Usually, a couple who wants a divorce selects four family members as arbitrators, two from each side, and the fifth one jointly as mediator. The court has the role of registering the divorce and the power to hear appeals in terms of legal errors.\n\nArticle 66 of the Transitional Civil Code states that \"A petition for divorce may be made to the family arbitrators either by the two spouses jointly or by one of them\".","Transitional Civil Law of Eritrea, amended by Proclamation 1991; Book II, Family and Succession; Title IV, Bonds and Relationships by Consanguinity and by Affinity; Chapter 6, Dissolution of Marriage; Section 1, Causes of Dissolution of Marriage;\nArticle 666, Petition for Divorce\n1) A petition for divorce may be made to the family arbitrators either by the two spouses jointly or by one of them. \nhttp://books.google.ch/books?id=qoc-AQAAIAAJ&q=Civil+Code+of+the+Empire+of+Ethiopia&dq=Civil+Code+of+the+Empire+of+Ethiopia&source=bl&ots=0KzfBhyu1n&sig=EffO7jNUBh7aviz__SPTkNXL9_Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gyFcUOuyIOr-4QSv3oG4DQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ","Usually, a couple who wants a divorce selects four family members as arbitrators, two from each side, and the fifth one jointly as mediator. The court has the role of registering the divorce and the power to hear appeals in terms of legal errors...."]
["2012_GN_72",2012,"GN","Guinea",72,0,"En Guinée les femmes ne jouissent pas des mêmes droits de divorce que les hommes en vertu du code civil guinéen. \nArticle 341 : Le mari pourra demander le divorce pour cause d’adultère de sa femme.\nArticle 342 : La femme pourra demander le divorce pour cause d'adultère de son mari, lorsqu’il aura entretenu sa concubine au domicile conjugal.\nArticle 343 : La femme pourra encore demander le divorce pour défaut de paiement de la dot.\nArticle 344 : Le Juge pourra, en outre, prononcer le divorce à la demande de l’un des époux pour sévices, refus persistant d’accomplir les devoirs conjugaux, atteinte à la dignité du conjoint, ou pour toute violation grave et renouvelée des devoirs et obligations nés du mariage.","Article 341, 342, 343 et 344 du code civil guinéen. http://www.hcch.net/upload/cc_gn.pdf","En Guinée les femmes ne jouissent pas des mêmes droits de divorce que les hommes en vertu du code civil guinéen. \nArticle 341 : Le mari pourra demander le divorce pour cause d’adultère de sa femme...."]
["2012_GW_72",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",72,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_72",2012,"MG","Madagascar",72,100,"According to Law No. 2007- 022 on marriage:\n Chapitre VIII de la Dissolution du Mariage, Article  66 -\nWhen a spouse has seriously breached the obligations and reciprocal duties of spouses arising from the marriage, and that failure has rendered intolerable continued cohabitation, the other party can seek divorce under the jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance. (English translation of French original)\n\n(Actual wording in French: \"Lorsqu’un des époux a gravement manqué aux obligations et devoirs réciproques des époux résultant du mariage, et que ce manquement a rendu intolérable le maintien de la vie commune, l’autre époux peut  demander  le divorce au Tribunal de Première Instance compétent.\") \n\nThe women even have the rights to stay separated from their husband for a certain span of time, which is not considered as a permanent divorce. In traditional laws (which occur in rural areas, for instance), polygamy and repudiation is allowed.","LOI n° 2007- 022 relative au mariage et aux régimes matrimoniaux\n1) Chapitre VIII de la Dissolution du Mariage\nArt. 66 - \nhttp://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/womenrights/madagascar.marriage.07.pdf","According to Law No. 2007- 022 on marriage:\n Chapitre VIII de la Dissolution du Mariage, Article  66 -\nWhen a spouse has seriously breached the obligations and reciprocal duties of spouses arising ..."]
["2012_MA_72",2012,"MA","Morocco",72,100,"The reform of the Family Code (Moudawana) in 2004 sets forth the following: the minimum age of marriage for girls is 18 years; the right of divorce by mutual consent; polygamy is possible with the permission of the judge; and a woman can marry without the permission of her father.","Family Code, Book 2, Title 4-8.","The reform of the Family Code (Moudawana) in 2004 sets forth the following: the minimum age of marriage for girls is 18 years; the right of divorce by mutual consent; polygamy is possible with the permission of the judge; and a woman can marry without the permission of her father."]
["2012_RW_72",2012,"RW","Rwanda",72,100,"Both spouses have equal rights to initiate a divorce under circumstances including extramarital tendencies, family abandonment, physical assault and sexual starvation.\n\nThe country's family law is drawn from both legislative and customary forms of marriage.","Rwanda Civil Code Book 1/Law No. 42/ 27/10/1988 Articles 237 to 295,\nhttp://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4230/2314.pdf?sequence=1","Both spouses have equal rights to initiate a divorce under circumstances including extramarital tendencies, family abandonment, physical assault and sexual starvation...."]
["2012_ST_72",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",72,100,"According to article 53 of the Familly Law, \"Any spouse, indistinctly, may sue for divorce.\"","Family Law No. 2/77 (Sept. 28, 1977 São Tomé and Príncipe)  Chapter III, Section IV,   Article 53","According to article 53 of the Familly Law, \"Any spouse, indistinctly, may sue for divorce.\""]
["2012_ZA_72",2012,"ZA","South Africa",72,0,"The right to equal protection of the law as provided in the constitution's Section 9(1) invalidates as unconstitutional any law that does not guarantee women's rights to petition for divorce.\n\nSection 10 of the Divorce Courts Amendment Bill (1997) adds that “divorce courts shall have jurisdiction [...] relating to the nullity of a marriage and relating to a divorce between persons [...]\". This includes all person respective of gender as this bill emphasises the constitutional right to gender equality.  \n\nIn many traditional courts, women are inferior to man in the sense that they are not allowed to represent themselves or even speak during proceedings. Constitutional rights with regards to gender equality will be undermined by traditional rules with regards to for instance women's right to inheritance, employment, ownership of property and land.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.\n\nDivorce Courts Amendment Bill (1997), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=71699.","The right to equal protection of the law as provided in the constitution's Section 9(1) invalidates as unconstitutional any law that does not guarantee women's rights to petition for divorce...."]
["2012_TG_72",2012,"TG","Togo",72,0,"Le code des personnes et de la famille établit dans son article 119 que « le divorce peut être prononcé à la demande de l’un des époux ou à leur demande conjointe ». Il n’y a donc pas, en droit moderne, de discrimination des femmes en raison de leur sexe. Par contre, dans le droit coutumier, il est clairement reconnu la répudiation de la femme par l'homme. Cf. l'article 18 de la Convention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes: le Togo, le rapport initial et les deuxième, troisième, quatrième et cinquième rapports périodiques des États parties, sur CEDAW/TGO/1-5, la CEDAW, New York, NY. Par ailleurs, aussi bien dans le droit moderne que coutumier, la polygamie est acceptée alors que la polyandrie ne l'est pas. \n Par contre, dans le droit coutumier, il est clairement reconnu la répudiation de la femme par l'homme.","Ordonnance N° 80-16 du 31 janvier 1980 portant code des personnes et de la famille.\n http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm p.40, 12.","Le code des personnes et de la famille établit dans son article 119 que « le divorce peut être prononcé à la demande de l’un des époux ou à leur demande conjointe ». Il n’y a donc pas, en droit moderne, de discrimination des femmes en raison de leur sexe. Par contre, dans le droit ..."]
["2012_DZ_73",2012,"DZ","Algeria",73,0,"According to the amended family code (2005), the mother has the authority to act as the guardian of their children in the father’s place under certain circumstances, if for example the father is absent. In the case of divorce, the mother has the right to guardianship over her children if she has custody of them. A mother may be granted custody of her sons until they reach the age of 10 and of her daughters until they reach the age of marriage. However, there are different conditions for women: the custody for the sons can be extended to the age of 16 only if the mother has not remarried.","Family Code (2005), book two, chapters 1 and 2.\n[Pp. 12-13: http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FFam.pdf]\n[Pp. 12-13: http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/images/stories/dossier/Codes/code_famille.pdf]\n\nSee also page 2 of [http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Algeria-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf]\n\"Guardianship and custody rights. The amended family code (2005) grants the mother the authority to act as the guardian of their children in the father’s place under certain circumstances if for example the father is absent. In the case of divorce, the mother has the right to guardianship over her children if she has custody of them. A mother may be granted custody of her sons until they reach the age of 10 and of her daughters until they reach the age of marriage.\"","According to the amended family code (2005), the mother has the authority to act as the guardian of their children in the father’s place under certain circumstances, if for example the father is absent. In the case of divorce, the mother has the right to guardianship over her child..."]
["2012_AO_73",2012,"AO","Angola",73,100,"Introduction to the law recognises equal rights to children both inside and outside of marriage. \nArticle 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at work, in property and in social security. A number of articles reinforces equal rights to various aspects of guardianship of children including name, providing a home, education, financial support.","Codico da Familia (1988), Articles 3, 109, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143 http://www.jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Angola/C%D3DIGO%20DA%20FAM%CDLIA.pdf","Introduction to the law recognises equal rights to children both inside and outside of marriage. \nArticle 3 of the Codico da Familia establishes equality of women and men in the family, at wor..."]
["2012_CM_73",2012,"CM","Cameroon",73,0,"Article 47 of the Civil Status Registration Ordinance of 1981 provides that parental power over children born out of wedlock shall be jointly exercised by the mother and the father with whom the affiliation was legally established. In case of disagreement, it shall be exercised by the parent who has effective custody of the child, except should the judge decide otherwise. Article 141 of the civil code gives the mother legal guardianship of the child in the case of the father's death. \nCertain communities, such as the Bamiléké in the Western Region or the Muslims, give the right to custody only to men.","Preamble of the 1996 amended constitution.\n\nArticle 47 of Ordinance No. 81–02 of June 29, 1981, on civil status registration in Cameroon.\n\nArticles 141-143 and 389 of the civil code of Nov. 5, 1830.","Article 47 of the Civil Status Registration Ordinance of 1981 provides that parental power over children born out of wedlock shall be jointly exercised by the mother and the father with whom the affiliation was legally established. In case of disagreement, it shall be exercised by ..."]
["2012_CD_73",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",73,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_73",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",73,0,"The main body of legislation regulating marital rights dates to 1960. The civil code of 1960 does not recognize divorce, but provides for separation rights and lists the procedures required for a woman to demand custody of children after a marriage is declared void. In terms of custody, the legislation gives precedence to men over women.\n\nAccording to the civil code of 1960, title IV (“On marriage”), section 5 (“On the effects of declaring the nullity of marriage and the separation of spouses”), article 67 states that a woman can petition the court to be separated from her husband. Woman can ask for her marriage to be declared void and demand custody of children less than 7 years old. According to article 68, the court will then determine which parent retains custody. Once the marriage is declared void, article 70 gives custody to the father of boys older than 7, while girls will remain in the custody of their mother. \n\nArticle 211 is another instance in the civil code of 1960, which has been interpreted to provide preference to men in terms of custody of minors. In the event of death of their parents, the custody of minors can be claimed first by their paternal grandfather. Second in custody rights would be the paternal grandmother. Precedence is thus clearly in the male line of ascent and descent.\n\nEquatorial Guinea still applies the Código Civil (civil code) inherited from Spain at independence in 1968. The Código Civil is a modified text that came into effect in Spain and its overseas provinces on 23 July 1960. It is based on a royal decree from 24 July 1889. For legal purposes, however, the Código Civil is still in effect.\n\nFurthermore, despite the commitments made by Equatorial Guinea under the CEDAW the government has not passed a Family Law, a violence against women law and a plan to prevent violence against women.\n\nIn addition, Equatorial Guinea has a dual legal system based on the co-existence of civil and customary law (\"derecho consuetudinario\"). Customary law may also regulate marital rights (including custody of children), and in many instances has taken precedence over civil law. \n\nCustomary law is based on the traditions of ethnic groups living on the islands of Bioko, Annobon and Corisco, or those living on the mainland of Mbini (Río Muni). It is applied by the Bubi ethnic group, indigenous to the island of Bioko, or by the Fang group, which constitutes a majority on the mainland. Both communities have a patriarchal social structure that gives precedence to men in the custody of minors once a marriage is declared void.\n\nCustomary marriages and the rights deriving from it, are nearly the rule in Equatorial Guinea. Most marriages and child custody derive from customary law, which grants husband and the husband family all rights over women. Children from a marriage belong to the family of the father until they reach adulthood, while children born outside a marriage belong to the family of the mother and the father does not have any obligations towards the children.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Civil Code, 1960, Title IV, Articles 67-74, 211-212, [“Real decreto de 24 de julio de 1889 por el que se publica el Código Civil”, Modificación publicada el 23 de Julio de 1960\"].  http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=8&Itemid=74 ","The main body of legislation regulating marital rights dates to 1960. The civil code of 1960 does not recognize divorce, but provides for separation rights and lists the procedures required for a woman to demand custody of children after a marriage is declared void. In terms of cus..."]
["2012_ER_73",2012,"ER","Eritrea",73,0,"Article 681, Section 1, of the Transitional Civil Law of Eritrea, amended by Proclamation 1991, states:\n1) The custody and maintenance of children born of marriage shall be regulated having regard solely to the interest of such children.\n2) Unless there be a serious reason for deciding otherwise, the children shall be entrusted to their mother up to the age of five years.\n\nEritrea is still using the Ethiopian civil laws of 1960 with regard to family law. The country has yet to issue its own family law. Second, women are more entrusted with the guardianship of children until the age of 5. They have equal rights to guardianship during marriage. In divorce, the court gives guardianship to women until children reach age 5.\n\nHowever, Sharia law courts govern family matters, including guardianship, for Muslim families (Civil Code 1991), and is disposed towards men in regards to child custody.","Transitional Civil Law of Eritrea, amended by Proclamation 1991; Book II, Family and Succession; Title IV, Bonds and Relationships by Consanguinity and by Affinity; Chapter 6, Dissolution of Marriage; Section 1, Causes of Dissolution of Marriage; Article 681.\n\nCivil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia, http://books.google.ch/books?id=qoc-AQAAIAAJ&q=Civil+Code+of+the+Empire+of+Ethiopia&dq=Civil+Code+of+the+Empire+of+Ethiopia&source=bl&ots=0KzfBhyu1n&sig=EffO7jNUBh7aviz__SPTkNXL9_Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gyFcUOuyIOr-4QSv3oG4DQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ","Article 681, Section 1, of the Transitional Civil Law of Eritrea, amended by Proclamation 1991, states:\n1) The custody and maintenance of children born of marriage shall be regulated having regard s..."]
["2012_GN_73",2012,"GN","Guinea",73,0,"En Guinée, concernant la garde des enfants, il est difficile de dire si tel ou tel parent est avantagé ou pas. La garde des enfants de moins de sept (7) ans est confiée à la mère, quand le divorce est prononcé. Mais lorsque l'enfant a sept ans révolus, la garde est confiée au père. Et si la garde reste à la mère, le père est dans l'obligation de payer une pension alimentaire à la mère pour le bien-être de l'enfant.\n\nArticle 359 : Sauf accord spécial entre les parties, les enfants dès qu’ils auront atteint l’âge de sept ans, seront confiés à leur père. Dans le cas où la mère a la garde de l’enfant, le père est tenu de contribuer à l'entretien du mineur.","Code civil guinéen. (1968). Articles 359, révisés en 1996. \nhttp://www.hcch.net/upload/cc_gn.pdf","En Guinée, concernant la garde des enfants, il est difficile de dire si tel ou tel parent est avantagé ou pas. La garde des enfants de moins de sept (7) ans est confiée à la mère, quand le divorce est prononcé. Mais lorsque l'enfant a sept ans révolus, la garde est confiée au père...."]
["2012_MG_73",2012,"MG","Madagascar",73,100,"In law (Loi No. 2007- 022 relative au mariage et aux régimes matrimoniaux), women have equal rights to guardianship of children. \n\nEnglish translation from French original:\nArticle 76: Child custody is vested in accordance with the best interests of the children while taking into account the views of capable children.\nA social survey is mandatory before the parent who has custody is designated.\nArticle 77: The Tribunal may, in the interests of the children or some of them, assign guardianship to either one or both parents, or to a third person.\nThe right of guardianship is subject to the discretion of the judge who decides according to the best interests of the children.\nArticle 78:  The benefits that children derive from their father and mother, either by law or by the contract of marriage, are not affected by the divorce.\n\nActual wording in French:\nArticle 76 - La garde des enfants est dévolue conformément à leur intérêt \nsupérieur tout en tenant compte de l’avis des enfants capables de discernement.  \n Une enquête sociale est obligatoirement diligentée avant que ne soit désigné le parent qui en aura la garde. \nArticle 77 - Le Tribunal peut ordonner, même d’office, dans l’intérêt \nsupérieur des enfants que tous ou quelques uns d’entre eux soient confiés soit à l’un ou l’autre des parents, soit à une tierce personne. \n L’exercice du droit de visite est soumis à l’appréciation du Juge qui statue selon l’intérêt supérieur des enfants. \nArticle 78 - Les avantages, que les enfants tiennent de leurs père et mère, soit par la loi, soit par le contrat de mariage, ne sont pas modifiés par le divorce.","Loi No. 2007- 022 relative au mariage et aux régimes matrimoniaux\nCHAPITRE VIII DE LA DISSOLUTION DU MARIAGE\nArt. 76 - \nArt. 77 -\nArt. 78 - \nhttp://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/womenrights/madagascar.marriage.07.pdf","In law (Loi No. 2007- 022 relative au mariage et aux régimes matrimoniaux), women have equal rights to guardianship of children. ..."]
["2012_MA_73",2012,"MA","Morocco",73,100,"In case of divorce, custody of children goes to the mother, then the father, then the maternal grandmother. The child must be guaranteed decent housing and support.\n\nThis priority seems culturally based and accepted. It does not mean that arrangements between spouses are not allowed, but the default is that the mother has custody rights before the father.","Family Code, Book 3, Title 2.","In case of divorce, custody of children goes to the mother, then the father, then the maternal grandmother. The child must be guaranteed decent housing and support...."]
["2012_MZ_73",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",73,100,"The Family Law in its Article 313 mentions that in case of divorce, judicial separation or de facto separation, and parental power exercised by agreement of the parents is subject to homologation of the court. Failing such agreement, the court decides the fate of the child entrusting the custody to a parent in the best interests of the child.\n\nThe constitution in the articles cited mentions that all citizens are equal before the law and enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, independently of color, race, sex, origin, place of birth, religion, profession or political option. It also indicates that man and woman are equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life.","Constitution of the Republic. Title III, Chapter I, Article 35, 36. 2004\n\nFamily Law No. 10/2004 of 25 August, Chapter II, Section IV, Article 313.\nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/adminCivil/lei%20da%20familia.pdf","The Family Law in its Article 313 mentions that in case of divorce, judicial separation or de facto separation, and parental power exercised by agreement of the parents is subject to homologation of the court. Failing such agreement, the court decides the fate of the child entrusti..."]
["2012_ST_73",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",73,100,"Women are granted custody of the children if they were under the care of both parents at the time of the disagreement, but different custody arrangements are possible if needed.\n\n2. In equal conditions and in principle as a general rule, it is stipulated that the children will be under guard of the parent with whom they were at the time of the disagreement, and with the mother if they were under guard of both parents, except, in all cases, if specific reasons calls for another solution.\"","Family Law No. 2/77 (Sept. 28, 1977 São Tomé and Príncipe)  Chapter III, Article 89, Section II  (Guardianship, care and the relationship between parents and children)   \"","Women are granted custody of the children if they were under the care of both parents at the time of the disagreement, but different custody arrangements are possible if needed...."]
["2012_ZA_73",2012,"ZA","South Africa",73,0,"Section 6(3) of Divorce Act 70 of 1979 states that the court may \"grant to either parent the sole guardianship (which shall include the power to consent to the marriage of the child) or the sole custody of the minor, and the court may order that, on the predecease of the parent to whom the sole guardianship of the minor is granted [...] \" \n\nThe constitutional provision for equal protection of the law, Section 9(1), ensures that even though the court can exercise discretion in granting guardianship that it does not discriminate on the the basis of gender.\n\nIn many traditional courts, women are inferior to man in the sense that they are not allowed to represent themselves or even speak during proceedings.","Divorce Act 70 of 1979.\n\nConstitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996).","Section 6(3) of Divorce Act 70 of 1979 states that the court may \"grant to either parent the sole guardianship (which shall include the power to consent to the marriage of the child) or the sole custody of the minor, and the court may order that, on the predecease of the parent to ..."]
["2012_TG_73",2012,"TG","Togo",73,100,"L’article 233 du code des personnes et de la famille établit que « l’autorité parentale est un ensemble de droits et d’obligations que la loi accorde ou impose aux père et mère relativement à la personne et aux biens de leurs enfants mineurs, non émancipés en vue de l’accomplissement de leurs devoirs de garde, de surveillance et d’éducation ». Et l’article 241 qui fixe les conditions de perte des droits de garde interpelle au même titre le père et la mère.\n La garde des enfants est en général confiée à la femme jusqu’à l’âge de sept ans (Ordonnance n°80-16 du 31 janvier 1980 portant Code des personnes et de la famille, article 142). Sur demande, ils peuvent être confiés soit au mari, soit à une tierce personne. Âgés plus de sept ans, le tribunal les remettra en fonction de l'intérêt d'enfant, aux soins de leur père, ou de leur mère, ou d’une tierce personne. La garde peut aussi être attribuée à la demande amiable de l’un des deux époux.\n Cette disposition est confirmée par l'article 151 de la Loi portant modification de l'ordonnance n°80-16 du 31 janvier 1980 portant Code des personnes et de famille.","Ordonnance N° 80-16 du 31 janvier 1980 portant code des personnes et de la famille.\n\nLoi du 29 juin 2012 portant modification de l'ordonnance n° 80-16 du 31 janvier 1980 portant Code des personnes et de la famille. (2012). Article 151","L’article 233 du code des personnes et de la famille établit que « l’autorité parentale est un ensemble de droits et d’obligations que la loi accorde ou impose aux père et mère relativement à la personne et aux biens de leurs enfants mineurs, non émancipés en vue de l’accomplisseme..."]
["2012_TN_73",2012,"TN","Tunisia",73,100,"Le droit tunisien distingue la garde physique de l'enfant et les prérogatives de la tutelle (exercice de l'autorité parentale). Avant la loi de 1993, toutes les décisions concernant l'enfant étaient la responsabilité du père. Depuis, si le père est en principe le tuteur de l'enfant, la tutelle de la mère est exercée, quand elle a la garde de l'enfant après le divorce, à l'égard de voyager, d'étudier et de gérer les affaires financières (article.67 du code du statut personnel). Cependant, une femme peut en effet avoir besoin d'un juge des tutelles pour obtenir un passeport au nom de son enfant. Le juge peut donner à la mère les devoirs de tutelle si le père ne peut exercer, s'il y a une évidence de mauvaise conduite dans son rôle, s'il n'arrive pas à remplir ses responsabilités, s'il n'est pas connu, et pour toute autre cause portant préjudice à l'intérêt de l'enfant. En cas de divorce la garde de l'enfant est accordée à l'un des parents en fonction de son intérêt.","Code du statut personnel (1956): http://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Statut_personel_Fr.pdf","Le droit tunisien distingue la garde physique de l'enfant et les prérogatives de la tutelle (exercice de l'autorité parentale). Avant la loi de 1993, toutes les décisions concernant l'enfant étaient la responsabilité du père. Depuis, si le père est en principe le tuteur de l'enfant..."]
["2012_AO_74",2012,"AO","Angola",74,100,"There are no specific laws, but also no restrictions.","There do not appear to be specific laws regarding this.","There are no specific laws, but also no restrictions."]
["2012_CM_74",2012,"CM","Cameroon",74,100,"The preamble of the 1996 amended constitution provides that every person has the right to settle in any place and to move about freely, subject to the statutory provisions concerning public law and order, security and tranquillity. This provision is enforceable by virtue of Article 65 of the constitution, which makes the preamble part and parcel of the constitution.\n\nn order to leave the house, women have to receive permission from their spouse. They may be accompanied by an emissary of the spouse. Some Muslim men only allow their wives to leave the house after sunset. While these cases are increasingly rare, they do still exist across the country.","Preamble of the 1996 amended constitution.","The preamble of the 1996 amended constitution provides that every person has the right to settle in any place and to move about freely, subject to the statutory provisions concerning public law and order, security and tranquillity. This provision is enforceable by virtue of Article..."]
["2012_CD_74",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",74,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_74",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",74,100,"There are no discriminatory laws regarding the free movement of women in Congo DRC. \n\nHowever, Article 448 of Law 87-010 states: \"The woman must obtain her husband's permission for all legal acts in which it undertakes to perform a service that is in person.\"","Loi 87-010 portant Code de la Famille (1987), Article 448.","There are no discriminatory laws regarding the free movement of women in Congo DRC. \n\nHowever, Article 448 of Law 87-010 states: \"The woman must obtain her husband's permission for..."]
["2012_ER_74",2012,"ER","Eritrea",74,100,"8) Every citizen shall have the right to move freely throughout Eritrea or reside and settle in any part thereof.\n\nHaving the above provision in the constitution, the Eritrean immigration authority asks the permission of either spouse before the other wants to move outside the country. This is not gender-based discrimination, but a way to control the existence or continuity of the family.","Constitution (1997), Chapter III, Article 19, Freedom of Conscience, Religion, Expression of Opinion, Movement, Assembly and Organization \n www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dd8aa904.html","8) Every citizen shall have the right to move freely throughout Eritrea or reside and settle in any part thereof...."]
["2012_GN_74",2012,"GN","Guinea",74,100,"Il n'existe pas de loi particulière limitant le déplacement des femmes en Guinée. Selon l'article 6 de la constitution, \"l'être humain a droit au libre développement de sa personnalité. Il a droit à la vie et à l'intégrité physique et morale ; nul ne peut être l'objet de tortures, de peines ou de traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants. Nul n'est tenu d'exécuter un ordre manifestement illégal.\"\n\nArticle 10 : Tous les citoyens ont le droit de manifestation et de cortège. Le droit de pétition est reconnu à tout groupe de citoyens. Tous les citoyens ont le droit de former des associations et des sociétés pour exercer collectivement leurs droits et leurs activités politiques, économiques, sociales ou culturelles. Tous les citoyens ont le droit de s'établir et de circuler sur le territoire de la République, d'y entrer et d'en sortir librement.","Article 6 et 10 de la constitution du 7 mai 2010. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf","Il n'existe pas de loi particulière limitant le déplacement des femmes en Guinée. Selon l'article 6 de la constitution, \"l'être humain a droit au libre développement de sa personnalité. Il a droit à la vie et à l'intégrité physique et morale ; nul ne peut être l'objet de tortures, ..."]
["2012_LY_74",2012,"LY","Libya",74,0,"There are no legal restrictions on women’s freedom of movement and there is no specific protection of this right, but societal norms can limit their right to move freely, especially in the evenings or in rural areas where social norms are more conservative. In general, while there is no legal requirement for women to get their husband or male guardian’s permission to secure a passport or travel independently, social conventions mean that women do not travel alone or without the permission of their husbands or families.  \n\nIn addition, it is difficult for women to travel on their own within Libya, as most hotels will not accept unaccompanied women. It is also socially unacceptable for an unmarried or divorced woman to live on her own. An attempt to introduce legal restrictions on the freedom of movement of women outside the country in 2007 caused public outcry and was overturned.\n\nIn this, as in many cases in Libya, social norms are more powerful and restrictive than laws. De facto, social norms assume a de jure character and women's right to tavel is restricted through customary law.","Personal Status Law, 1984, Chapter 6.\n\nInterview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nWomen’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, Alison Pargeter (2010) Libya, in Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin, eds., New York, NY: Freedom House (2010), available at http://www.freedomhouse.org","There are no legal restrictions on women’s freedom of movement and there is no specific protection of this right, but societal norms can limit their right to move freely, especially in the evenings or in rural areas where social norms are more conservative. In general, while there ..."]
["2012_MG_74",2012,"MG","Madagascar",74,100,"In law, women have the right to independent travel.\n\nAccording to the Constitution of the Fourth Republic (December 2010) \"Titre II. Des libertés, des droits et des devoirs des citoyens. Sous-titre premier. Des droits et des devoirs civils et politiques,\" Article 12:\n\nEvery Malagasy citizen has the right to leave the country and to re-enter under the conditions set by law.\nEveryone has the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Republic in accordance with the respect of the rights of others and the requirements of the law.\n\n(English translation of French original)\n\n(Actual wording in French: \"Tout ressortissant malagasy a le droit de quitter le territoire national et d'y rentrer dans les conditions fixées par loi. Tout individu a le droit de circuler et de s'établir librement sur tout le territoire de la République dans le respect des droits d'autrui et des prescriptions de la loi.\")","Constitution of the IV Republic, décembre 2010\nTitre II. Des libertés, des droits et des devoirs des citoyens. \nSous-titre premier. Des droits et des devoirs civils et politiques.\nArticle 12. \nhttp://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg.htm","In law, women have the right to independent travel.\n\nAccording to the Constitution of the Fourth Republic (December 2010) \"Titre II. Des libertés, ..."]
["2012_MA_74",2012,"MA","Morocco",74,100,"The right to travel is granted to women. It also provides new rights to trade, work and function travels, etc. \nThe Constitution of 2011 enshrines equality between men and women. The laws and administrative regulations on travel show no segregation against women. Before the new family code, Moudawana (Ex Family Code ) stated the husband's permission to travel. Thus, to obtain a passport, a married woman needed to have a husband's permission. This is no longer a case.","Constitution 2011\n\nFamily Code. (2004). Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/civil/Code%20de%20la%20famille%20Maroc%20Texte.htm","The right to travel is granted to women. It also provides new rights to trade, work and function travels, etc. \nThe Constitution of 2011 enshrines equality between men and women. The laws and administrative..."]
["2012_RW_74",2012,"RW","Rwanda",74,100,"Article 16 of the 2003 constitution states: \"All human beings are equal before the law. They shall enjoy, without any discrimination, equal protection of the law.\" This enshrined equality extends to every quarter of life, including freedom of movement. No single piece of legislation addresses independent travel by women, but what is a right for men is also a right for women.","Constitution of 2003, Article 16.","Article 16 of the 2003 constitution states: \"All human beings are equal before the law. They shall enjoy, without any discrimination, equal protection of the law.\" This enshrined equality extends to every quarter of life, including freedom of movement. No single piece of legislatio..."]
["2012_SO_74",2012,"SO","Somalia",74,100,"Constitutional Article 11, paragraph 2 says:\n(a) Every citizen shall have the right to leave the territory of the State\n(b) and to return thereto.","Somali Constitution, 1960, Article 11, paragraph 2.","Constitutional Article 11, paragraph 2 says:\n(a) Every citizen shall have the right to leave the territory of the State\n(b) and to return thereto."]
["2012_ZA_74",2012,"ZA","South Africa",74,100,"The constitution guarantees equal protection of the law and prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. Women have equal protection in exercising their right to travel within and outside the country. Any law that would prohibit women from traveling freely would be deemed unconstitutional.\n\nSection 21 (\"freedom of movement and residence\") stipulates that \"everyone has the right to freedom of movement; everyone has the right to leave the republic; every citizen has the right to enter, to remain in and to reside anywhere in, the republic.\"","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 106 of 1996, Section 9(1) and 21.","The constitution guarantees equal protection of the law and prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. Women have equal protection in exercising their right to travel within and outside the country. Any law that would prohibit women from traveling freely would be deemed uncon..."]
["2012_TG_74",2012,"TG","Togo",74,100,"La Constitution établit en son article 11 que « l’homme et la femme sont égaux devant la loi » et en son article 22 qu’ « aucun togolais ne peut être privé du droit d’entrer au Togo ou d’en sortir ». Il n’y a donc pas, du point de vue de la loi fondamentale du Togo, de restrictions faites aux femmes quant à leur liberté de circulation ou de voyage.","La Constitution de la IVe République Togolaise de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002. Cf. http://www.icilome.com/togo/const2.asp [en anglais: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=200885].","La Constitution établit en son article 11 que « l’homme et la femme sont égaux devant la loi » et en son article 22 qu’ « aucun togolais ne peut être privé du droit d’entrer au Togo ou d’en sortir ». Il n’y a donc pas, du point de vue de la loi fondamentale du Togo, de restrictions..."]
["2012_DZ_75",2012,"DZ","Algeria",75,100,"According to the Labor Law:\n\nArticle 17: \"Any provision within a collective convention or agreement or a labour contract that establishes discrimination of any kind with respect to work, on the basis of age, sex, social or matrimonial situation, family relationships, political conventions, union membership, shall be null and void.\" \n\nArticle 142 imposes fines on those who violate Article 17, including imprisonment for repeat offenses: \"The signing of a collective agreement or a collective labor agreement whose provisions are likely to lead to discrimination between workers in terms of employment, remuneration and working conditions as well as provided for in Article 17 of this law shall be punished by a fine of 2,000 to 5,000 AD. In case of recidivism, the penalty is from 2,000 to 10,000 Da and an imprisonment of three days or one of these penalties.\" \n\nArticle 84 (equal pay for men and women): \"Any employer is held to ensure for a work of equal value, the equal pay between the workers without any discrimination.\" \n\nThere are also various positive provisions in law for women in terms of employment (maternity leave, early retirement, right to social insurance for female workers, etc). See comments section for more details.\n\nAccording to a report from EUROMED: \n\n\"Algerian Labour legislation offers women legal protection and a guarantee against any form of discrimination, particularly in relation to access to employment, wages and career development. (...) The legislation also sets out the provision that men and women shall receive equal pay for equal work and equal levels of qualifications. \u0093“Any employer is held to ensure for a work of equal value, the equal pay between the workers without any discrimination\u0094”, states article 84 of law 90-11 of April 21, 1990. The same applies to equal access to training and promotion. Such law also requires the employer to register his/her workers, failure to do so, will mean employers are liable to punishment. Female workers have the right to social welfare on the basis of their contributions.\"","Articles 17, 84 and 142. Labour Relations Act [LRA], Act No. 90-11 of April 21, 1990, as last amended Order No. 97-02 of Jan. 11, 1997. (Loi no 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 relative aux relations de travail, telle que modifiée par l'ordonnance no 97-02 du 11 janvier 1997.)\n[http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Algerie/Algerie%20-%20Relations%20de%20travail.pdf; http://www.ilo.org/dyn/eplex/termmain.showCountry?p_lang=en&p_country_id=104]\n\nEUROMED's report titled \"Analysis of the Economic Situation of Women in Algeria. [http://www.euromedgenderequality.org/image.php?id=143]","According to the Labor Law:\n\nArticle 17: \"Any provision within a collective convention or agreement or a labour contract th..."]
["2012_BI_75",2012,"BI","Burundi",75,100,"Article 25 of the Constitution of Burundi recognizes the right to employment to all citizens and urge to create conditions that make the right real in practice.\n\nArticle 73 of the Labor Code stipulates the equal salary for employees of the same qualification, regardless of their origin, sex or age. Article 122 of the same law guarantees to pregnant employees maternity leave of a minimum of 12 weeks and stipulates that pregnancy cannot be considered as a cause of contract breach.","Burundi Constitution, Article 25, http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/bi2005.htm#8\n\nLabor Code (1993), Articles 73 and 122. http://tagumjoel.com/document/c_t/ct_burundi.pdf","Article 25 of the Constitution of Burundi recognizes the right to employment to all citizens and urge to create conditions that make the right real in practice...."]
["2012_CM_75",2012,"CM","Cameroon",75,0,"Article 74(1) of the 1981 Civil Status Registration Ordinance states that a married woman may exercise a trade different from that of her husband's. However, the husband may object in the interest of the marriage or their children. The wife can turn to a court 10 days after her husband's decision to prevent her from working to object to any such decision. The court's decision shall be rendered free of charge and be made only after the parties have been heard. The preamble of the constitution provides that every person shall have the right and the obligation to work.","Preamble of the 1996 amended constitution. \n\nArticle 74(1) of Ordinance No. 81–02 of June 29, 1981, on the Cameroon civil status registration. http://www.minfopra.gov.cm/textes/REPARATIONS/ORDONNANCE%20N%C2%B0%2081-002%20%20du%2029%20J.pdf","Article 74(1) of the 1981 Civil Status Registration Ordinance states that a married woman may exercise a trade different from that of her husband's. However, the husband may object in the interest of the marriage or their children. The wife can turn to a court 10 days after her hus..."]
["2012_KM_75",2012,"KM","Comoros",75,100,"La Loi n°84-108 portant Code du travail interdit à tout employeur de prendre en considération, la race, la couleur, le sexe, la religion, l’opinion publique, l’ascendance nationale ou l’origine sociale pour arrêter ses décisions en ce qui concerne l’embauche, l’emploi, la formation et le perfectionnement professionnel, la rémunération et l’octroi d’avantages sociaux, la répartition du travail, les mesures de discipline et de congédiement. (art 2)","Loi n°84-108 portant Code du travail, art 2. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1537/Comores%20-%20Code%201984%20du%20travail.pdf","La Loi n°84-108 portant Code du travail interdit à tout employeur de prendre en considération, la race, la couleur, le sexe, la religion, l’opinion publique, l’ascendance nationale ou l’origine sociale pour arrêter ses décisions en ce qui concerne l’embauche, l’emploi, la formation..."]
["2012_ER_75",2012,"ER","Eritrea",75,100,"The Labor Law establishes in its Article 23 \"(4) an employee's race, color, nationality, sex, religion, lineage, pregnancy, family responsibility marital status, political orientation or social status.\" as non-legitimate grounds for the termination of the contract of employment.\n\nFurthermore, Article 65 establishes that:\n\"(1) Women may not be discriminated against as regards opportunity or treatment in employment and remuneration, on the basis of their sex.\n(2) The Minister may, where a woman complains against discrimination pursuant to sub-Article (1) hereof, decide whether there is discrimination on the basis of her sex. The Minister may, where he decides there is discrimination, order the employer concerned to rectify the situation.\n(3) The woman or employer may appeal against the decision of the Minister to the High Court within fifteen days from the day they receive a copy of the decision.\"","Labor Law of Eritrea, Proclamation No. 118/2001 \n(www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/493/TheLabour/ProclamationEritrea/118/2001.pdf); \nTitle IV, Termination of Contract of Employment;\nChapter 1, General, Article 23.\n\nChapter 4, Working Conditions for Women and Young Employees; Section 1. Equal Opportunity or Treatment of Women and Maternity Protection and Benefits; Article 65.","The Labor Law establishes in its Article 23 \"(4) an employee's race, color, nationality, sex, religion, lineage, pregnancy, family responsibility marital status, political orientation or social status.\" as non-legitimate grounds for the termination of the contract of employment...."]
["2012_GN_75",2012,"GN","Guinea",75,100,"Les articles 8 et 20 de la constitution guinéene ainsi que l'article 59 et 63 du code du travail garantissent aux femmes des opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail. \n\nArticle 8: Tous les êtres humains sont égaux devant la  loi. Les hommes et les femmes ont les mêmes droits. Nul ne doit être privilégié ou désavantagé en raison de son sexe, de sa naissance, de sa race, de son ethnie, de sa langue, de ses croyances et de ses opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses. \n\nArticle 20 de la constitution: Le droit au travail est reconnu à tous. L'État crée les conditions nécessaires à l'exercice de ce droit. Nul ne peut être lésé dans son travail en raison de son sexe, de sa race, de son ethnie ou de toutes autres causes de discrimination […].\n\nCode du travail:\nArticle 59 : La femme salariée a le droit de suspendre le contrat de travail pendant une période qui commence six semaines avant la date présumée de l’accouchement et se termine huit semaines après la date de celui-ci. Il est, de toute façon, interdit d’employer des femmes en couches dans les six semaines qui suivent leur délivrance.\nQuand l’accouchement a lieu avant la date présumée, la période de suspension du contrat de travail peut être prolongée jusqu’au terme des quatorze semaines de suspension du contrat auxquelles la salariée a droit.\nSi un état pathologique attesté par certificat médical comme résultant de la grossesse ou des couches le rend nécessaire, la période de suspension du contrat est augmentée de la durée de cet état pathologique sans pouvoir excéder au total huit semaines avant la date présumée de l’accouchement et dix semaines après la date de celui-ci.\n\nArticle 63 : Au cours du congé de maternité ou du congé non rémunéré, l’employeur ne peut résilier le contrat de travail de la salariée que s’il justifie d’une faute grave de l’intéressée non liée à l’état de grossesse ou de l’impossibilité où il se trouve, pour un motif étranger à la grossesse, à l’accouchement ou à la maternité, de maintenir ledit contrat.\nLe contrat de travail irrégulièrement résilié continue à produire ses effets. Le Tribunal du\nTravail ou la juridiction saisie doit condamner l’employeur à réintégrer la salariée dans son emploi ou, à défaut de réintégration, à payer à celle-ci une indemnité correspondant\nà deux années de salaire.","Article 8 de la constitution du 7 mai 2010. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf ","Les articles 8 et 20 de la constitution guinéene ainsi que l'article 59 et 63 du code du travail garantissent aux femmes des opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail. ..."]
["2012_GW_75",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",75,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_MG_75",2012,"MG","Madagascar",75,100,"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace, but in practice equality is far from implemented, especially in terms of wages.\n\nAccording to the Constitution of December 2010 (Sous-titre II. Des droits et des devoirs économiques, sociaux et culturels) \nArticle 27.\nWork and training are a right for all citizens and a duty. Access to public service is open to all citizens without any conditions other than ability and skills. However, recruitment in the public service may be subject to quota per district for a period whose duration and modalities will be determined by law.\nArticle 28.\nNo one may be prejudiced in his work or in his employment because of sex, age, religion, opinions, origins, membership of a trade union or political beliefs.\n(English translation of French original)\n\n(Actual wording of French original: \"Article 27. Le travail et la formation professionnelle sont pour tout citoyen un droit et un devoir. L'accès aux fonctions publiques est ouvert à tout citoyen sans autres conditions que celles de la capacité et des aptitudes. Toutefois, le recrutement dans la fonction publique peut être assorti de contingentement par circonscription pendant une période dont la durée et les modalités seront déterminées par la loi. Article 28. Nul ne peut être lésé dans son travail ou dans son emploi en raison du sexe, de l'âge, de la religion, des opinions, des origines, de l'appartenance à une organisation syndicale ou des convictions politiques.\")\n\nIn addition, a 2005 law (loi N° 004-2005 du 10 mai 2005 portant Politique Nationale de l’Emploi et le document cadre de la Politique nationale de l’emploi) stipulates that employment is a fundamental right for every individual who has reached working age regardless of gender, appearance, religion, opinion, origin, parentage, fortune, political belief or membership of a trade union.","Constitution décembre 2010\nSous-titre II. Des droits et des devoirs économiques, sociaux et culturels\nArticle 27 et 28. \nhttp://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg.htm\n\n La loi N°004-2005 du 10 mai 2005 portant Politique Nationale de l’Emploi \nhttp://www.ilo.org/public/french/region/afpro/antananarivo/pdf/pne.pdf","In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace, but in practice equality is far from implemented, especially in terms of wages...."]
["2012_MA_75",2012,"MA","Morocco",75,100,"Labor legislation from 2004 allows the principle of non-discrimination based on gender, employment, salary, promotion and other benefits to be in effect with respect to employment. Thus, it has become common to see women alongside men in all areas, especially in the public service: magistrates, police anti-gangs, private bus drivers, butchers, etc.\n\nSince 1996 women have been able to run open trade freely without the consent of their husbands or fathers. This was an initiative of King Hassan II. Reform of the Labor Code in 2005 further expanded the principle of equality between men and women.","The New Labor Code 2004, printed in the Official Bulletin No. 5210. May 6, 2004.\n\nDahir No. 1-03-194 of 14 rejeb 1424 (11 September 2003) promulgating\nof Law No. 65-99 on the Labour Code. http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/9A951844-BCA6-4468-9EFD-7460E229E00F/0/codedetravail.pdf\n\nMoroccan Royalty, Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle, Study to Improve Knowledge of Gender Social Security System. March 29, 2012. http://www.pnud.org.ma/pdf/vacances/TDR-MAR2012_029.pdf \n\nReport of National Situation Analysis: Women's Human Rights and Gender Equality Programme Euromed Gender Equality. femmeswww.euromedgenderequality.org / ... /% 20Analysis_Report_ Location ...","Labor legislation from 2004 allows the principle of non-discrimination based on gender, employment, salary, promotion and other benefits to be in effect with respect to employment. Thus, it has become common to see women alongside men in all areas, especially in the public service:..."]
["2012_RW_75",2012,"RW","Rwanda",75,100,"The constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, states in its article 37 that “Persons with the same competence and ability have a right to equal pay for equal work without discrimination.” \n\nArticle 12 of the law regulating labour in Rwanda states that \"It shall be forbidden to directly or indirectly make any discrimination aiming at denying the worker the right to equal opportunity or to the salary especially when the discrimination is based upon the following:\n1. Race, color, or origin;\n2. sex, marital status or family responsibilities;\n3. religion, beliefs or political opinions;\n4. social or economic conditions;\n5. country of origin;\n6. disability;\n7. previous, current or future pregnancy;\n8. any other type of discrimination.\"\n\nIn addition, the gender equality law requires that women fill at least 30 percent of decision-making positions in government bodies.","Article 12 of Law No. 13/2009 of May 27, 2009.\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf","The constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, states in its article 37 that “Persons with the same competence and ability have a right to equal pay for equal work without discrimination.” ..."]
["2012_ST_75",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",75,100,"Women have equality with men in opportunity and treatment in access to employment and work. The law No. 6/92 states in its article 137: \n\"General Principles: 1. Women equality with men in opportunity and treatment in access to employment and work is guaranteed.\"\n\nArticle 139 states that women cannot be fired or demoted as a result of pregnancy, and are entitled to the entire salary even in the maternity leave.\n\nThe state also signed other agreements and conventions for the promotion of women's rights:\n- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW 1979)\n- Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993)\n- Beijing Platform for Action (1995)","Law No. 6/92   (Gazette No. 12,  June 11, 1992, São Tomé and Príncipe)  \nChapter VIII (women's work), Articles 137 and 139\"","Women have equality with men in opportunity and treatment in access to employment and work. The law No. 6/92 states in its article 137: \n\"General Principles: 1. Women equality with men in opportunity and treatment in access to empl..."]
["2012_ZA_75",2012,"ZA","South Africa",75,100,"Section 23(1) of the constitution states that \"everyone has the right to fair labor practices.\" Further, Section 9(1) of the constitution provides that everyone has the right to equal protection of the law. The Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 states that \"every employer must take steps to promote equal opportunity in the workplace by eliminating unfair discrimination in any employment policy or practice.\"\n\nThe Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act also stresses the equality of women when it comes to finding employment. Section 8 states that \"no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including ... any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men ... any policy or conduct that unfairly limits access of women to land rights, finance, and other resources ... the systemic inequality of access to opportunities by women as a result of the sexual division of labour\".\n\nPregnant workers are entitled to at least 4 consecutive months of maternity leave based on Legislation in Section 25, Basic Conditions of Employment Act.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Section 9(1), Section 23(1).\n\nEmployment Equity Act 55 of 1998.\n\nBasic Conditions of Employment Act 2002. http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/legislation/acts/basic-conditions-of-employment/Amended%20Act%20-%20Basic%20Conditions%20of%20Employment.pdf","Section 23(1) of the constitution states that \"everyone has the right to fair labor practices.\" Further, Section 9(1) of the constitution provides that everyone has the right to equal protection of the law. The Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 states that \"every employer must take ..."]
["2012_TG_75",2012,"TG","Togo",75,100,"La Constitution de la IVe République reconnait, dans son article 37, « à chaque citoyen le droit au travail et s’efforce de créer les conditions de jouissance effective de ce droit ». Et « nul ne peut être lésé dans son travail en raison de son sexe… ».\n \n L'article 3 du Code du travail indique que toute discrimination directe ou indirecte en matière d'emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, on entend notamment toute distinction, exclusion ou préférence fondée sur le sexe.\n \n L'article 60 stipule que le licenciement pour cause de maternité est abusif.b","La Constitution de la IVe République Togolaise de 1992, révisée par la loi n° 2002-029 du 31 décembre 2002. Cf. http://www.icilome.com/togo/const2.asp [en anglais: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=200885]\n \n Loi n° 2006-010 du 13 décembre 2006 portant Code du travail. (2006). Articles 3 et 60.","La Constitution de la IVe République reconnait, dans son article 37, « à chaque citoyen le droit au travail et s’efforce de créer les conditions de jouissance effective de ce droit ». Et « nul ne peut être lésé dans son travail en raison de son sexe… »...."]
["2012_DZ_76",2012,"DZ","Algeria",76,25,"In practice, Algerian women have become more present in the labor market than men. The latest figures and statistics show that the percentage of women in the total labor force has exceeded 55 per cent. We can mention several reasons for this trend:\n1 - women accept salaries that are not accepted by men and this is what gives them advantage when seeking employment.\n2 - Women are more serious and productive than men and this also plays in their favor\n3- In recent years, the number of women in Algeria exceeded 50 per cent of total population, which has an effect in the professional sphere as well.\nAccording to human rights activist called WAHIBA MEHDI, the number of women in professional life is on the rise, even though customs and traditions point to a masculine society.\nShe confirmed that before, some positions were not available to women in Algeria, such as driving taxis and buses, the police and the gendarmerie, construction, road works, education, health, etc.\n\nHowever, According to The World Economic Forum, which publishes a map of gender inequality in the world, Algeria is among the last countries in the reduction of inequalities. It is placed 120th out of 135 countries.\n\nThis classification is part of the \"Global Gender Gap Report\" (report on gender differences) which ranks countries according to their capacity to reduce gender inequality in four main areas: health and survival, access to education, political participation and economic equality. Algeria is lagging behind, especially in the economic field. Inequalities between men and women in this area are still very wide, with Algeria ranking 131st in the field.","Anonymous Source, Journalist, El Watan, interviewed 10 June 2012\nAnonymous Source, Journalist, El Khabar, interviewed 10 June 2012\nAnonymous Source, Journalist, La Voie de l'Oranie, interviewed 10 June 2012\n\n Anonymous Source, civil society representative, interviewed 10 June 2012\nAnonymous Source, civil society representative, interviewed 10 June 2012\nAnonymous Source, civil society representative, interviewed 10 June 2012\n\nhttp://www.weforum.org/issues/global-gender-gap\n\nAnonymous Source, government official, interviewed 10 June 2012\nAnonymous Source, government official, interviewed 10 June 2012\n\nReprésentation accrue des femmes au sein de la nouvelle APN: l’UE y voit une “belle avancée”, 28 May, http://www.algerie360.com/algerie/representation-accrue-des-femmes-au-sein-de-la-nouvelle-apn-lue-y-voit-une-belle-avancee/","In practice, Algerian women have become more present in the labor market than men. The latest figures and statistics show that the percentage of women in the total labor force has exceeded 55 per cent. We can mention several reasons for this trend:..."]
["2012_AO_76",2012,"AO","Angola",76,50,"Only 45 percent of Angolans are economically active. Of these, 54 percent are women involved in farming and 3 percent in non-farming, 85 percent of women head of households are employed in informal sector.\n\nWomen’s participation in other sectors of the economy is as follows: industry, 17 percent; construction, 11 percent; formal commerce, 25 percent; commercial agriculture and fishing, 26 percent. In the “non-production” sectors: community services, 28 percent; education and science, about 36 percent; culture and art, 49 percent; public administration, 29 percent; health care services, about 42 percent. Both the government and civil society recognizes that a lot more effort is needed to achieve greater equality in the work place and improve the benefits available to those in formal employment, both women and men.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: I agree with the score. This is re-affirmed by a 2004 CEDAW report:\nThe representative indicated that in the field of employment some discriminatory attitudes towards young women existed in private enterprises. Despite a non -discriminatory labour law, the public sector was comprised of 60 percent men and 40 per cent women. Unemployment rates were higher among women, and women worked predo minantly in the informal sector where they operated their own businesses. http://www.iwraw-ap.org/committee/angola.htm;","\"Defendida mais oportunidade de acesso da mulher ao mercado de emprego,\" Angop, Nov. 16, 2011, http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/pt_pt/noticias/sociedade/2011/10/46/Defendida-mais-oportunidade-acesso-mulher-mercado-emprego,78975560-779d-468a-8bfb-c303df528cc2.html\n\nWorld Economic Forum, Gender Gap Index 2011, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR11/Angola.pdf\n\nAn Overview of Women’s Work and Employment in Angola Decisions for Life MDG3 Project Country Report No. 2, http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Country_Report_No2-Angola_EN.pdf, published June 2011\n\nRepublic of Angola General Labour Law No. 2/00 of 11 February of 2000.  (2000) .  Retrieved from http://www.sme.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=248:general-labor-law-of-angola&catid=68:legislation&Itemid=141&lang=en","Only 45 percent of Angolans are economically active. Of these, 54 percent are women involved in farming and 3 percent in non-farming, 85 percent of women head of households are employed in informal sector...."]
["2012_CM_76",2012,"CM","Cameroon",76,50,"During a workshop in Douala to present Cameroon's ranking on the Women’s Economic Opportunity Index 2012, it was revealed that women in Cameroon still cannot fully exercise their rights in businesses and some jobs. The index placed Cameroon at 114 in the overall rankings of 128 countries. Cameroon ranked 30th on a list of 39 lower-middle-income countries and 14th out of 21 sub-Saharan Africa countries. Women's access to employment is hindered in Cameroon by the lack of a law prohibiting sexual harassment. The “right of the boss,” which gives him nearly complete impunity to sexually harass female subordinates, is a severe problem for Cameroonian women and represents a clear violation of their rights. Also. female job seekers are often victims of sexual harassment. In most cases, a woman’s application for a job can be easily turned down if she does not yield to advances from men in charge of recruitment.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Though the General Rules and Regulations Governing the Public Service establish the principle of equality and access for all to the labor market and related benefits without discrimination as to gender, the promotion of women with equal skills as men to senior positions remains poor, regardless of the grade in question.;","l'Institut National de la Statistique du Cameroun, Femmes et hommes au cameroun en 2012: une analyse situationnelle de progress en matière de genre, http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/JIF/MINPROFF_Femmes_Hommes_Cameroun_28_02_2012.pdf, 28 fevrier 2012\n\nChristopher Jator, \"Women’s Economic Opportunity Index 2012: Cameroon Low on the Overall Ranking,\" Cameroon Tribune, May 7, 2012.\n\nProfessor Abena Ondoa, \"Acces et participation des femmes et des filles a l'education, a la formation, a la science et a la technologie, y compris pour la promotion de l'egalite d'acces au plein emploi et a un travail decent,\" declaration at the 55th session of the Commission of the Condition of the Women, New York, Feb. 24, 2011, at www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw55/statements/Cameroon.pdf","During a workshop in Douala to present Cameroon's ranking on the Women’s Economic Opportunity Index 2012, it was revealed that women in Cameroon still cannot fully exercise their rights in businesses and some jobs. The index placed Cameroon at 114 in the overall rankings of 128 cou..."]
["2012_CD_76",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",76,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_76",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",76,50,"The report of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) regularly describes all measures taken to tackle inequalities and injustices such as salary differentials based on gender. The response from the Government was that no measures were taken since the law already states that men and women are entitled to same salary wages. Therefore the government believes that the problem does not exist. \n\nEarly pregnancy is a cause of dropout from schools. Two schools in the main cities help girls return to school after pregnancy.","United Nations, Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women, May 25, 2012, Lista de cuestiones y preguntas en relación con el examen de los informes periódicos  Guinea Ecuatorial, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/53/CEDAW-C-GNQ-Q-6-Add1_sp.pdf\n\nUnited Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, April 14, 2011, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=CEDAW/C/GNQ/6","The report of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) regularly describes all measures taken to tackle inequalities and injustices such as salary differentials based on gender. The response from the Government was that no measures were..."]
["2012_ER_76",2012,"ER","Eritrea",76,50,"Women hold senior governmental positions, including four ministerial posts. The government has made attempts to promote women’s rights with laws requiring equal educational opportunity, equal pay for equal work and penalties for domestic violence. Women have equal opportunities to benefits allocated to them under the law, for example in regard to medical benefits. \n\nHowever, traditional societal discrimination against women persists in the countryside. Barriers keep women from jobs traditionally held by men. The parental responsibility of women is still assumed to be the modus operandi. In order to affect behavioral change, the state and private employers would have to start executing and implementing the existent laws.   \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See also http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACN443.pdf for more information on the types of sectors in which women dominate, including unskilled and informal sectors.;","U.S. State Department, \"2011 Human Rights Reports: Eritrea,\" May 2012, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186194\n\nResearch paper for workshop presentation, Tesfay Haile, \"Gender Policy and Laws: Women Rights in the Eritrean Context,\" May 30,2011.\n\nFreedom House, \"Freedom in the World: Eritrea,\" 2012, www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea","Women hold senior governmental positions, including four ministerial posts. The government has made attempts to promote women’s rights with laws requiring equal educational opportunity, equal pay for equal work and penalties for domestic violence. Women have equal opportunities to ..."]
["2012_GN_76",2012,"GN","Guinea",76,25,"Dans la pratique, les femmes n'ont pas accès à l'emploi au même taux que les hommes. En plus, la plupart des postes à responsabilité sont occupés par les hommes. \nPour résoudre le problème de représentativité des femmes aux instances de prise de décision, l’article 104 du code électoral stipule que « chaque conseil de district ou de quartier doit réserver, le tiers au moins, de ses membres aux femmes ».\n\nAussi, les listes candidates aux élections communales et législatives doivent « comporter, au moins, un quota de 30% de femmes », quota qui doit se refléter dans l’ordre d’inscription pendant l’établissement desdites listes. (Articles 116 et 130).\n\nMalheureusement, ces dispositions ne sont pas encore respectées.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There are several barriers to gender equality in the workplace, from lower paid to legal restriction on certain jobs deemed too dangerous.\n\nUS Embassy. 2011 Rapport sur les Droits de l'Homme en Guinée. http://french.guinea.usembassy.gov/2011-hr.html;\n||\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Committee on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (2005) ‘Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Guinea’, Combined Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/GIN/4-6, CEDAW, New York, NY. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws39.htm p. 31;","Mariama Ciré Keïta, Présidente de l'Association Guinéenne pour l’Implication des Femmes dans le Processus Electoral et la Gouvernance (AGUIFPEG), 10 novembre 2012, Bureau de la Fondation swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nSalmana Diallo, Membre du conseil national des organisations de la société civile guinéenne, 7 novembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation swisspeace","Dans la pratique, les femmes n'ont pas accès à l'emploi au même taux que les hommes. En plus, la plupart des postes à responsabilité sont occupés par les hommes. \nPour résoudre le problème de représentativité des femmes aux instances de prise de décision, l..."]
["2012_LY_76",2012,"LY","Libya",76,25,"Despite the government’s official stance on women’s employment, which welcomes diversity in their choice of profession, women continue to work predominantly in fields that are traditionally associated to them, such as education, health services, and secretarial or cleaning work. Furthermore, Libyan men often prefer that their female family members work in jobs that do not entail mixing with the opposite sex. They also prefer that women not work too far from the home, further limiting the options available to female professionals. Women also often impose self-restrictions because of social pressure. \n\nIn reality, women are often paid less than men for doing the same job. It is still difficult for women to attain high-ranking positions in their professional life, and both men and women often exhibit resistance to the idea of women holding positions of authority over men. Even within fields that are traditionally associated with women, senior jobs tend to be awarded to men. In spite of the large numbers of women who work in the higher education sector, only a few attain the level of professor or lecturer (During the 2007–08 academic year at Sebhau University, for example, there were 51 male and no female Libyan professors or associate professors, and 92 male but only 11 female lecturers).  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There are also some legal restrictions that appear to affect women's workforce presence in practice. Under the Labor Law, women are prohibited from working in ‘difficult or dangerous’ jobs and from working at night. See http://genderindex.org/country/libya#_ftn82. ;","Interview with Issraa Murabit, vice president, Voice of Libyan Women (a  Libyan NGO), July 22, 2012, Tripoli \n\nInterview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nInterview with Amena Raghei, researcher on human rights at a major international non-governmental organization, July 21, 2012, Tripoli\n\nNew York, NY: Freedom House; Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, Alison Pargeter (2010) Libya, in Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin, eds.(2010) Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, available at http://www.freedomhouse.org","Despite the government’s official stance on women’s employment, which welcomes diversity in their choice of profession, women continue to work predominantly in fields that are traditionally associated to them, such as education, health services, and secretarial or cleaning work. Fu..."]
["2012_MU_76",2012,"MU","Mauritius",76,50,"While men and women have equal rights in Mauritius and women are increasingly taking employment in the labor market, there are still large numbers of women who remain at the lower ends and are not being promoted. This is especially pertinent in the private sector, where there are very few women at managerial levels. Moreover, there is a much higher rate of unemployment among women in Mauritius in spite of high levels of education, indicating some gendered form of injustice in the labor market. In the government sector, there are more women in senior positions, at 37 percent.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nGender Statistics Mauritius. 2011. http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei980/ESIWeb(2003).pdf","While men and women have equal rights in Mauritius and women are increasingly taking employment in the labor market, there are still large numbers of women who remain at the lower ends and are not being promoted. This is especially pertinent in the private sector, where there are v..."]
["2012_MA_76",2012,"MA","Morocco",76,50,"There has been great progress in men and women's equality, but attitudes still play a role as a brake. Women in the labor force make up just 28 percent. There is a significant salary gap, and Moroccan women on average earn 40 percent less than men with similar degrees and positions.\n\nAccording to the annual survey on employment by the High Commission for Planning (HCP), the situation of women worsened in 2011. HCP's report states that: \"The largest decreases in unemployment rates were recorded in urban areas among men (-0.8 points) and without a degree (-1.1 points). Conversely, in these urban areas, the unemployment rate has increased significantly among women (+1.4 point), graduate level (+1.5 points) and those aged 15-24 years (+0.9 points ).\"\n\nTwenty-one women's rights advocacy NGOs submitted the following employment-related conclusions to the high Commissioner for Human Rights (Geneva, March 2012): \"The protection of women's right to work is limited by the survival of the gaps and deficits application of the Labour Code (despite the reform and integration of the principle of non-discrimination) and the Penal Code (criminalizing sexual harassment).\"\n\nIt is not without interest to resume the survey figures HCP 2009 (published in 2010), in the absence of other recent data. Thus, in 2009 there were 19.1 percent of Moroccan families that were supported by women. Age varies between 30 and 59 years, and 86.3 percent have no qualification.","Double Violation of Dignity for Women Agricultural Workers. Said Khairuddin. June 17, 2012. http://manssiyate.com/index.php/interview/item\n\nThe Advance of Rights of Women. http://www.tv5.org/cms/chaine-francophone/info/Les-dossiers-de-la-redaction/mohammed-6/p-3878-Maroc-L-avancee-des-droits-des-femmes.htm\n\nReport of the Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice. Mission to Morocco. United Nations. June 19, 2012. \n\nOne Million Signatures for Equal Male/Female in Morocco. Hatim Lahlou, petition. Soulaliyates. April 2, 2012. \nhttp://www.causes.com/causes/610564-un-million-de-signatures-pour-l-egalite-femme-homme-au-maroc/actions/1639073\n\nHasnaa El Akkani, (MAP) Maghreb Arabe Presse, The New Constitution, A Big Step Towards Recognition of Women's Rights. June 28, 2011.\n\nBackground of the High Commission to Plan about the Situation in the Labour Market in 2011.\n\nMoroccan Women in the Workplace. Lisa E. Laskaridis. Morocco World News. Sept. 7, 2011.  http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/09/8883/moroccan-women-in-the-workplace/","There has been great progress in men and women's equality, but attitudes still play a role as a brake. Women in the labor force make up just 28 percent. There is a significant salary gap, and Moroccan women on average earn 40 percent less than men with similar degrees and positions..."]
["2012_RW_76",2012,"RW","Rwanda",76,50,"The constitution stipulates that women should have at least 30 percent representation in various public and private institutions. Women get paid maternity leave of 90 days, which they can extend to six months as unpaid leave. They also get equal promotion and training opportunities to advance their career growth. But there are labor regulations that work in their disfavor.","Jacqueline Kamanzi, Public Service Commission, interviewed Dec. 4, 2012, Kigali.\n \nEric Manzi, Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda (a federation of trade unions), interviewed Nov. 28, 2012, Butare, Southern Province, Rwanda.\n\nAnnet Kazaire, human resource manager, The New Times Publications, interviewed Dec. 7, 2012, Kigali.","The constitution stipulates that women should have at least 30 percent representation in various public and private institutions. Women get paid maternity leave of 90 days, which they can extend to six months as unpaid leave. They also get equal promotion and training opportunities..."]
["2012_SO_76",2012,"SO","Somalia",76,0,"Discrimination begins at home because parents send their sons to school while daughters work in the home. In employment, private companies give priority to men because most Somali women have less education than men.\n \nThe Somali Transitional Federal Government does not focus on discrimination against women in the workplace.","Fatime Ilmi, Somali activist, interviewed in October 2012, Hargeisa.\n\nSahal Ali, activist in Hargeisa, interviewed in October 2012.","Discrimination begins at home because parents send their sons to school while daughters work in the home. In employment, private companies give priority to men because most Somali women have less education than men...."]
["2012_TZ_76",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",76,50,"Women's participation in the formal sector is limited. Traditional gender expectations and roles limit opportunities for recruitment and advancement. There are widespread reports of sexual harassment and sexual corruption in the workplace. For example, one newspaper reported that an education official demanded sex from a female teacher in return for a transfer.\n\nRegarding equality in the workplace, few statistics or reports reflecting 2011 or 2012 are available. However, information available suggests that there is inequality, and women do not have the same economic opportunities as men. One report lauded women in the tourism industry who created a professional association called the Women in Tourism Tanzania Chapter as a way to address their issues. \n\nAt a launch event for the Global Report on Women in Tourism, an effort by the United Nations World Tourism Organizations, Tanzania attendees discussed tourism's potential for promoting gender equality while at the same time examining current challenges to gender equality in the sector. A well-known female Tanzanian entrepreneur named Zainab Ansell stated, \"Women in Tanzania, like in any developing country, face great challenges when creating companies and becoming entrepreneurs\" (Lanka, December 2011). She also discussed difficulty in obtaining loans and licenses, something women rarely do.\n\nAnother report (January 2012) discussed the difficulties for female journalists in Tanzania, including harassment, poor education and male domination that block women from working in Tanzania's media.\n\nHowever, another report (November 2011) discussed that women are able to pursue the employment opportunities they want, based on one woman's experience as a tour guide at the Grumeti Game Reserve.\n\nAs required by law, women may be granted up to 84 days of maternity leave with or without pay (the employer's choice). Paternity leave may be granted for three days in a thirty-six month leave cycle.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Please also see the Social Institutions Gender Index:\nTanzania offers paid maternity leave to employed women for up to 84 days (12 weeks), financed by a national social security fund.[57] However, the large number of women employed in the informal sector and as unpaid agricultural workers means that they are not eligible for maternity and other social security benefits.[58]\nhttp://genderindex.org/country/tanzania;","Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012  \n\n\"Gender Equality in Tanzania: Beyond Political Struggles,\" The Guardian Reporter, Aug. 20, 2011\n\nMasembe Tambwe, \"Tanzania: Women in Tourism Sector Launches Association,\" Tanzania Daily News, May 3, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201205030038.html?viewall=1\n\nAngela Henshall, Doha Centre for Media Freedom, \"Trying times for female journalists in Tanzania,\" Jan. 25, 2012. http://www.dc4mf.org/en/content/trying-times-female-journalists-tanzania\n\nJames Lanka, Tanzania Daily News, \"Zainab Ansell - Women Must Work Hard in Business,\" Dec. 14, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201112150410.html\n\nU.S. Department of State (2011) \"Tanzania Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2011\"\n\nAfricaPay.org, \"Maternity/Paternity Leave,\" Dec. 17, 2011. http://www.africapay.org/tanzania/home/labour-law/maternity-paternity-leave\n\nBeldina Nyakeke, The Citizen, \"Tanzania: A Daring Woman in Men's Territory,\" Nov. 26, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201111280070.html","Women's participation in the formal sector is limited. Traditional gender expectations and roles limit opportunities for recruitment and advancement. There are widespread reports of sexual harassment and sexual corruption in the workplace. For example, one newspaper reported that a..."]
["2012_ZM_76",2012,"ZM","Zambia",76,50,"The number of women's movements just shows that women do not have an equal access in the workplace with men. Maybe it is because of issues of production, especially in the mines and in transport sector, in which employers prefer men to women. \n\nMaternity leave is not favored in production industries such as in mining sector because when a woman goes for maternity leave production would slow down. Hence, the preference for men who do not need such leave. There are no statistics for the period under study.\n\nThe retirement age for women is also lower than that of men and in some companies women are paid less than men.","Interview: Mr. Brian Banda, Program officer, Faith and Justice Program, Jesuit Center for Theological Reflection (JCTR), September 14, 2012,  09:00 a.m., JCTR offices.\n\nInterview: Ms. Hope Mubanga, Programs Manager, Foundation for Democratic Process (FODEP), September 13, 2012, 11:30 a.m., FODEP offices.\n\nInterview: Anonymous, Advocate, Law Association of Zambia (LAZ), September 12, 2012, 11:30 a.m., Institution's office. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The number of women's movements just shows that women do not have an equal access in the workplace with men. Maybe it is because of issues of production, especially in the mines and in transport sector, in which employers prefer men to women. ..."]
["2012_AO_77",2012,"AO","Angola",77,75,"Gender equality is a priority for the government of Angola, according to the  minister of Family and Women Promotion, Genoveva Lino. With the implementation of policies and programmes focussed on gender,   women in decision making positions increased to 28 percent in the government.\n\nPrior to elections in 2012: Ministers: Total 29, women 2 (6.8%); Vice Ministers: Total 49, Women 9 (18%)\n\nAa the result of elections in August 2012: Ministers: Total 25, women 6 (24%); Vice Ministers, Total 27; Women 4 (14.8%)  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Angola also ranks among the best countries in Africa with regard to women's representation in Parliament: http://www.cmi.no/news/?1041=womens-representation-in-african-parliaments;","2012 list of ministers, http://www.governo.gov.ao/Organismos.aspx?op=M\n\n2012 list of Vice Ministers, http://www.governo.gov.ao/Organismos.aspx?op=VM\n\n\"Gender equality is Angolan government priority,\" United Nations Development Programme,  March 3, 2012, http://mirror.undp.org/angola/news224.htm\n\n\"Angola Country Gender Profile 2008,\" African Development Bank, African Development Fund, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2008-210-EN-ANGOLA-COUNTRY-GENDER-PROFILE.PDF","Gender equality is a priority for the government of Angola, according to the  minister of Family and Women Promotion, Genoveva Lino. With the implementation of policies and programmes focussed on gender,   women in decision making positions increased to 28 percent in the government..."]
["2012_CM_77",2012,"CM","Cameroon",77,50,"The level of gender consideration in appointments to the national Cabinet is shown in a statement provided by the Cameroon Minister of Women Empowerment and the Family at the 54th Session of the Commission of the Status of Women on the 15-year review of the implementation of the 1995 Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action. For instance, from 1995 to 2010, the percentage of women in ministerial positions barely improved, from 7.41 to 9.68. Of the 68 ministerial appointments in 2010, only 4 women were appointed at Cabinet Ministry level out of 32 Ministers. 12.5 per cent of the Cabinet consists of women.  \n\nThe President of the Republic of Cameroon Mr. Paul Biya, on December 9, 2011 formed a cabinet of sixty members and out of the sixty member cabinet, only nine women were appointed. Six as full ministers (ministres pleins), one as deputy minister (ministre délégué) and two as secretaries of state  (secrétaires d’Etat).  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There are some discrepancies in the statistics that exist, which may be due to who is counted as a minister or holding a ministerial position:\nAccording to U.N .Women, Cameroon ranked 54 out of 96 globally in terms of ministerial representation by women. Seven out of a total of 50 ministers, or 14 per cent, were women. www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnmap12_en.pdf \nAccording to Make Every Woman Counrt, there were six women ministers out of a total of 55 (www.makeeverywomancount.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2005:cameroon-2011-presidential-election-for-the-first-time-two-women-were-candidates-in-the-2011-presidential-election&catid=69:political-participation-a-election-monitoring&Itemid=170).\n\nAll of these figures represent less than 15 per cent representation,","Adeline Tchouakak, Nadège Christelle Bowa and Marie-Noëlle Guichi, \"Gouvernance misogyne: Dix ans, huit ministres femmes (dossier)\" Le Messenger, Dec. 21, 2011.\n\nDécret n°2011/410 du 09 décembre 2011 Nomination du Gouvernement, at www.cameroun-online.com/actualite,actu-16722.html\n\nCameroun : liste des nouveaux membres du gouvernement (Samedi 10 décembre 2011) http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/12/10/afrique-centrale-192616.asp\n\nInnocent Chia, \"The Biya Government: Old Wine in New Skin ... Women Still Relegated to Sinecure,\" The Postnewsline, Dec. 16, 2011, at www.postnewsline.com/2011/12/the-biya-government-old-wine-in-new-skinwomen-still-relegated-to-sinecure.html\n\nAbena Ondoa, \"Statement at the 54th Session of the Status of Women 15 Year Review of the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action 1995,\" New York, March 2, 2010.\n\nRaul B. Kassea, \"Gender, Politics and Democratisation in Cameroon,\" doctoral dissertation, July 2006, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Psychology.","The level of gender consideration in appointments to the national Cabinet is shown in a statement provided by the Cameroon Minister of Women Empowerment and the Family at the 54th Session of the Commission of the Status of Women on the 15-year review of the implementation of the 19..."]
["2012_CD_77",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",77,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_77",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",77,25,"The DR Congo has only three women among 36 cabinet members and the Parity Law between Man and women has not been adopted in the national assembly. While there are attempts to increase the number of women in political parties, women still face several barriers, including education and sexual violence.","\"RDC: Matata Ponyo publie un gouvernement de 36 membres,\" Radio Okapi, April 29, 2012,\nhttp://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/04/29/rdc-matata-ponyo-publie-gouvernement-de-36-membres/\n\n\"DR Congo: Women Candidates Needed,\" by Badylon K. Bakiman, IPS, Oct. 28, 2011 http://www.ipsnews.net/2011/10/dr-congo-women-candidates-needed/\n\nIRIN, September 2011, DRC: Women politicians “key to promoting rights”\nhttp://www.irinnews.org/Report/93645/DRC-Women-politicians-key-to-promoting-rights\n\n\"Le contexte du genre en RDC,\" UNDP http://www.cd.undp.org/info.aspx?idcontent=9","The DR Congo has only three women among 36 cabinet members and the Parity Law between Man and women has not been adopted in the national assembly. While there are attempts to increase the number of women in political parties, women still face several barriers, including education a..."]
["2012_ER_77",2012,"ER","Eritrea",77,75,"Eritrea's government is committed to sustainable participation by women in the country's political life. Four of the 18 government ministries (about 22 percent) are led by women. They are occupying the posts of Minister for Tourism, Justice, Health and Labor. Since independence, women have been at the ministerial level, but there have neve been more women than a total of four. There is no strategic plan or policy ensuring the nomination of women to the Cabinet. The process is controlled by the president who selects Ministers  based on   \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The current government was widely credited for promoting gender justice during the era of its liberation struggle (when it was a liberation movement before 1991). Compared to that achievement, the strides made in the post-era are negligible. Only a small number of women are currently assuming high-ranking government offices. A considerable slide to traditional patriarchal conservatism has occurred in the post-independence era. See for example, Daniel Mekonnen and Mirjam van Reisen, “The Role of Women in Post-Conflict Transformation in the Horn of Africa: A Case Study of Eritrea,” a paper submitted to the 10th Annual International Horn of Africa Conference on “The Role of Women in Promoting Peace and Development in the Horn of Africa,” Sept. 23-25, 2011, Lund, Sweden.;\n||\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The figure of four ministers represents 17 percent of the parliament. U.N. Women ranks Eritrea 33rd in the world: www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnmap12_en.pdf;","U.S. State Department, \"2011 Human Rights Reports: Eritrea,\" May 2012, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186194\n\nResearch paper for workshop presentation, Tesfay Haile, \"Gender Policy and Laws: Women Rights in the Eritrean Context,\" May 30, 2011.","Eritrea's government is committed to sustainable participation by women in the country's political life. Four of the 18 government ministries (about 22 percent) are led by women. They are occupying the posts of Minister for Tourism, Justice, Health and Labor. Since independence, wo..."]
["2012_GN_77",2012,"GN","Guinea",77,50,"La parité n'est pas prise en compte lors des nominations dans les ministères. A titre d'illustration, le dernier remaniement ministériel montre à suffisance le degré de marginalisation des femmes dans les instances de prise de décision. Sur 35 ministres que comprend ce nouveau gouvernement, seulement 5 sont des femmes, soit pratiquement 15%.","Mariama Ciré Keïta, Présidente de l'Association Guinéenne pour l’Implication des Femmes dans le \nProcessus Electoral et la Gouvernance (AGUIFPEG), 10 novembre 2012, Bureau de la Fondation swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nSalmana Diallo, Membre du conseil national des organisations de la société civile guinéenne, 7 novembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation swisspeace","La parité n'est pas prise en compte lors des nominations dans les ministères. A titre d'illustration, le dernier remaniement ministériel montre à suffisance le degré de marginalisation des femmes dans les instances de prise de décision. Sur 35 ministres que comprend ce nouveau gouv..."]
["2012_LY_77",2012,"LY","Libya",77,25,"When the National Transitional Council  was established in February 2011, there was only one woman member, in charge of legal affairs and women. In November 2011, the council announced a new Cabinet, including two women out of 28 posts: Fatima Hamroush, minister of health, and Mabrouka Sherif, minister of social affairs. The professional qualities of these female representatives has been questioned by (female) members of the Libyan civil society, also in that it was believed by some that they were appointed because they were unlikely to speak up and act in favour of women’s rights. \n\nWomen in Libya have generally been excluded from politics. The association of the political arena as a promiscuous and inappropriate space for women has been carried on from adverse experiences under the previous regime. These perceptions are generally shared across society, including women’s buy-in to political gender norms, discouraging and limiting involvement in political and decision-making roles. The present transitional period is an opportunity of entry for women, their assumption of leadership roles; and equitable and fair representation in the political sphere and future policy-making.","International Federation for Human Rights, 2012, \"Libya: Women and the Arab Spring,\" available at http://arabwomenspring.fidh.net/index.php?title=Libya\n\nAlaa Murabit, Voice of Libyan Women (a Libyan NGO), March 26, 2012, Tripoli\n\nInterview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nEuropean Commission, International Management Group, June 2012, \"Civil Society and Women’s Rights in Libya\"\n\nHuman Rights Watch, Feb. 27, 2006, \"Libya: A Threat to Society? Arbitrary Detention of Women and Girls for 'Social Rehabilitation',\" available at http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11468/section/1","When the National Transitional Council  was established in February 2011, there was only one woman member, in charge of legal affairs and women. In November 2011, the council announced a new Cabinet, including two women out of 28 posts: Fatima Hamroush, minister of health, and Mabr..."]
["2012_MG_77",2012,"MG","Madagascar",77,75,"In the current government, out of 35 ministers only nine are women (25.7 percent).\n\nWomen represent 26.47 percent of the Malagasy government, 18 percent of the Superior Council of the Transition (Upper House), 12 percent of the Transition to Congress (lower house), and 26.31 percent at the National Independent Electoral Commission transition (CENIT).\n\nDisparities in educational attainment between men and women are significant. In 1998, the literacy rate was 47.7 percent for women and 55.6 percent for men. All these factors have a negative impact on the rights and empowerment of women and on their participation in leadership positions in political life.\n\nAmong those women appointed inside the government, more than 70 percent are 35 years old or older.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Disagree;\nCOMMENTS: The statistics are confirmed by  UN Women: http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnmap12_en.pdf. However, if significant is considered 40 percent, then Madagascar's 26.5 percent representation suggests the need for a higher score. Madagascar was ranked 29th in the world according to the UN Women's analysis.;\nSUGGESTED ANSWER: 50;","Afriquinfos, Mardi 1 mai 2012 ,  Madagascar : l'objectif de 30% pour l'attribution des postes de responsabilités aux femmes en 2012 est encore loin.\nhttp://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2012/5/1/madagascar-lobjectif-pour-lattribution-postes-responsabilites-femmes-2012-encore-loin-201662.asp\n\nGasy.net, Mardi, 22 Novembre 2011,  membres du gouvernement:9 femmes dans l'équipe, http://gasy.net/presse/31-les-nouvelles/85023-les-membres-du-gouvernement9-femmes-dans-lequipe.html?directory=3\n\nL’express de Madagascar, Jeudi 31 mars 2011\nhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/4881/brigitte-rasamoelina-madagascar/22217--la-parite-homme-femme-a-ete-ignoree-.html\n\nLa Violence contre les Femmes à Madagascar\nRapport sur la mise en œuvre du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques\n\n « La parité homme-femme a été ignorée »\nLa présidente du parti Ampela manao politika donne son avis sur le nouveau gouvernement, par Fano Rakotondrazaka","In the current government, out of 35 ministers only nine are women (25.7 percent).\n\nWomen represent 26.47 percent of the Malagasy government, 18 percent of the Superior Council o..."]
["2012_MA_77",2012,"MA","Morocco",77,0,"Women are elected to parliament, but it is clear that the current government elected under the new Constitution has only one female. The irony is that she nominated for the position by PJD, the Islamist party, a traditionally conservative party. Other coalition parties (right liberal, former communists and populist) have brought no women in government.\n\nThe declarations and laws promote the integration of women and adopt the principle of \"positive segregation,\" but in practice there are contradictions and slow inclusion of women. In elections, parties have complied with the quota of 33 percent women. The motto is: \"The third perspective of 50%.\" But the government elected in November 2011 shocked everyone because there is only one woman minister out of a total of 46, or 2.17 percent. The irony is that it was proposed by PJD, the Islamist party, traditionally taxed conservative. Other coalition parties have no women in government.","Benkirane government, unfair to the woman and the Sahara. Lakome.com. Jan. 3, 2012.\nhttp://lakome.com/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/78-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/11298-2012-01-03.html\n\nMoroccan Women in the Workplace. Lisa E. Laskaridis. Morocco World News. Sept. 7, 2011.  http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/09/8883/moroccan-women-in-the-workplace/\n\nA new place for women. http://www.tv5.org/cms/chaine-francophone/info/Les-dossiers-de-la-redaction/mohammed-6/p-3878-Maroc-L-avancee-des-droits-des-femmes.htm","Women are elected to parliament, but it is clear that the current government elected under the new Constitution has only one female. The irony is that she nominated for the position by PJD, the Islamist party, a traditionally conservative party. Other coalition parties (right liber..."]
["2012_RW_77",2012,"RW","Rwanda",77,100,"By law, women have to occupy 30 percent of the positions in all public offices. Women constitute 56 per cent of the Chamber of Deputies.","Oda Gasinzigwa, chief gender monitor, interviewed Nov. 21, 2012, Rwamagana, Eastern Province, Rwanda. \n\nFred Mwasa, journalist, Kigali Today, interviewed Nov. 16, 2012, Nyagatare, Eastern Province.","By law, women have to occupy 30 percent of the positions in all public offices. Women constitute 56 per cent of the Chamber of Deputies."]
["2012_SO_77",2012,"SO","Somalia",77,25,"Appointments to the national Cabinet do not take gender into consideration. Of the 18 Cabinet members, only one is a woman (5.5%). She is Asho Osman Aqil, minister for women and family affairs.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Although gender is not particularly taken into consideration in the appointment of Cabinet members, the current government has appointed two women out of a pared-down Cabinet of 10 ministers. For the first time in the country's history, a female foreign minister has been appointed by the current government of Prime Minister Abdi  Farah Shirdon. ;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There have been changes in the government in November 2012  (www.somaligov.net/The%20Ministries.html) and now the figures may be different if we consider the short Cabinet (10 in total) or large (30 in total). But the score should remain the same because the presence of women is the exception, and decisions are made by male-only or overwhelmingly male-dominated bodies.;","Fatime Ilmi, activist in Hargeisa, interviewed October 2012.\n\nSahal Ali, activist in Hargeisa, interviewed October 2012.","Appointments to the national Cabinet do not take gender into consideration. Of the 18 Cabinet members, only one is a woman (5.5%). She is Asho Osman Aqil, minister for women and family affairs.  ..."]
["2012_ZA_77",2012,"ZA","South Africa",77,100,"The ruling African National Congress party has adopted a policy position dubbed the \"50/50\" ratio, with the aim to ensure equitable representation for women in the Cabinet. Since it is the party's prerogative to deploy its members to the Cabinet, the party has insisted that it is guided by this principle. In practice, there has been deliberate efforts to ensure that women are appointed to Cabinet positions. Women make up 41 percent of the Cabinet. Five of the nine provincial premiers are women.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: UN Women reports that 14 out of 35 ministerial positions are held by women, amounting to 40 percent, www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnmap12_en.pdf ;","\"The Big Read: A Lousy Land for Women,\" Phumla Matjila, Times Live, June 19, 2012, www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/commentary/2012/06/19/the-big-read-a-lousy-land-for-women\n\nANC Gender Paper, Policy Discussion Document, March 2012, http://www.anc.org.za/docs/discus/2012/gendery.pdf","The ruling African National Congress party has adopted a policy position dubbed the \"50/50\" ratio, with the aim to ensure equitable representation for women in the Cabinet. Since it is the party's prerogative to deploy its members to the Cabinet, the party has insisted that it is g..."]
["2012_TG_77",2012,"TG","Togo",77,75,"La stratégie nationale d’intégration du genre a pour objectifs « le renforcement des capacités des femmes et la lutte contre l'inégalité des rapports sociaux entre les sexes (…) et la prise en compte du genre de manière transversale dans tous les secteurs par toutes les Institutions de la République, les organisations de la société civile, le secteur privé, etc. » (p. 5). Mais, comme le dit le député Simplice A. Attiogbe, il n’y a actuellement que 7 femmes ministres sur les 30 que compte le gouvernement togolais, soit 23,33%.","Source n°1 : Ministère des affaires sociales et de la promotion de la femme, Stratégie nationale d’intégration du genre dans les politiques et programmes au Togo, Juillet 2006. \n Source n°2 : Présidence de la République du Togo, Décret portant composition du gouvernement, Lomé, le 31 juillet 2012, disponible en ligne sur : http://www.presidencetogo.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2061&Itemid=32 \n Source n°3 : Simplice A. Attiogbe, député à l'Assemblée nationale, le 9 août 2012.","La stratégie nationale d’intégration du genre a pour objectifs « le renforcement des capacités des femmes et la lutte contre l'inégalité des rapports sociaux entre les sexes (…) et la prise en compte du genre de manière transversale dans tous les secteurs par toutes les Institution..."]
["2012_DZ_78",2012,"DZ","Algeria",78,100,"A third of women have been elected to the highest branch of the judiciary (10 out of 30=33.3%). The number of judges in Algeria more than 4200 as the number of female judges around 2000 according to superior official working now in the Algerian Ministry of Justice (the official declined to be named). According to the ex-minister of justice Tayeb Belaiiz, the number of judges has reached 4,299 in July 2011, with 39.45 percent of women, and in respect of the implementation of the five-year program (2010-2014) of the justice sector (http://www.aps.dz/4-299-magistrats-en-exercice-dont.html).","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 10, 2012.\nhttp://www.aps.dz/4-299-magistrats-en-exercice-dont.html\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 10, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 10, 2012.\n\nAlgerie360, Justice : dix femmes présidentes de tribunaux administratifs sur les 30 installées, 20 December, http://www.algerie360.com/algerie/justice-dix-femmes-presidentes-de-tribunaux-administratifs-sur-les-30-installees/","A third of women have been elected to the highest branch of the judiciary (10 out of 30=33.3%). The number of judges in Algeria more than 4200 as the number of female judges around 2000 according to superior official working now in the Algerian Ministry of Justice (the official dec..."]
["2012_BI_78",2012,"BI","Burundi",78,50,"Women representation in the judiciary is very weak. A research carried out by the civil society organization OAG shows that only one of 17 prosecutors are women, and only three of 17 high court presidents are women (17.6%). No woman is president of any of the three Courts of Appeal. Of 54 high-ranking judges and prosecutors, only nine (16.6 percent) are women. \n\nA woman activist, Alphonsine Bigirimana, said that the judiciary is becoming more and more masculine as leadership positions which were held by women before are now being allocated to men. This is the case of the Minister of Justice, the assistant Minister, the President of the Supreme Court, the Director of Judicial Organization and the President of the Administrative Court of Bujumbura. \n\nThere is no strategy or policy aimed at reducing or eradicating the imbalance.","Interview via e-mail with Alphonsine Bigirimana, Program Coordinator for the Association des Femmes Juristes du Burundi on Aug. 31.\n\n\"Burundi: une faible representation de la  Femme dans les Organes de prises de decision (A low representation of women in decision-taking bodies),\" Observatoire de l'Action Gouvernementale (OAG), March 2012","Women representation in the judiciary is very weak. A research carried out by the civil society organization OAG shows that only one of 17 prosecutors are women, and only three of 17 high court presidents are women (17.6%). No woman is president of any of the three Courts of Appeal..."]
["2012_CM_78",2012,"CM","Cameroon",78,50,"Generally, women as of November 2009 represented 28.12 percent (203) of magistrates out of 722 in Cameroon. In the judiciary as a whole, there are 1,157 people in decision-making positions. Of this number, 215, or 18.5 percent, are women.","Gender Empowerment and Development, \"Beijing +15: The Reality of Cameroon and the Unfinished Business -- Assessing the Implementation of the Beijing Platform of Action in Cameroon,\" Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Cameroon, July 2010, at http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/kamerun/08018.pdf\n\nJoachim Arrey, \"Assessing Cameroon’s Commitment to Gender Equity and Women Empowerment,\" The Entrepreneur newspaper, Dec. 26, 2009, at www.langaa-rpcig.net/+Assessing-Cameroon-s-Commitment-to+.html\n\nEconomic Commission for Africa, \"African Women’s Report 2009: Measuring Gender Inequality in Africa -- Experiences and Lessons From the African Gender and Development Index,\" UNECA Addis Ababa, 2009, www.uneca.org/eca_resources/publications/books/awr/AWR09_FIN.pdf","Generally, women as of November 2009 represented 28.12 percent (203) of magistrates out of 722 in Cameroon. In the judiciary as a whole, there are 1,157 people in decision-making positions. Of this number, 215, or 18.5 percent, are women."]
["2012_CD_78",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",78,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_78",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",78,0,"The highest position in the judiciary such as the President of the constitutional court and the Supreme Court or the Attorney General are held by men. The Supreme Court did not have any female judges. \n\nThe latest report from the government to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) report (2011), shows that by the end of 2009 there were 27 women magistrates, judges or court clerks out of 145.","Ministry of Information of Equatorial Guinea, November 2, 2011, Una Comisión Oficial de la Corte Suprema de Justicia Recorre la Región Continental, http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=2045\n\nMinistry of Information of Equatorial Guinea, November 23, 2011, Entrega de los Resultados del Referéndum al Presidente de la República, http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=2118\n\nUNDP Millennium Development Goals Reports, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Sept. 2009, II National Report on Millennium Development Goals, http://web.undp.org/africa/documents/mdg/equatorialguinea_2009.pdf \n\nUnited Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women, April 14, 2011, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the \nElimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=CEDAW/C/GNQ/6\n\nInternational Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics 2012, Jan. 1, 2012, http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnmap12_en.pdf","The highest position in the judiciary such as the President of the constitutional court and the Supreme Court or the Attorney General are held by men. The Supreme Court did not have any female judges. ..."]
["2012_GH_78",2012,"GH","Ghana",78,25,"There are currently four women members of the Supreme Court out of 14 members, and the chief justice is a woman (28.6%).\n\nEven though women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary, there is no comprehensive strategy to address the gender representation in the judiciary.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at Departments of African and Education Studies, University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.","There are currently four women members of the Supreme Court out of 14 members, and the chief justice is a woman (28.6%)...."]
["2012_GN_78",2012,"GN","Guinea",78,50,"Les femmes sont peu représentées au plus haut niveau du système judiciaire guinéen. Leur effectif cumulé est inférieur à 30% à la cour suprême, dans les chambres judiciaires et au parquet général.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.","Les femmes sont peu représentées au plus haut niveau du système judiciaire guinéen. Leur effectif cumulé est inférieur à 30% à la cour suprême, dans les chambres judiciaires et au parquet général."]
["2012_LY_78",2012,"LY","Libya",78,25,"Women have been eligible to become judges since 1981, although they remain underrepresented in the judiciary. The first female judge was appointed in 1991, and in 2006 there were an estimated 50 female judges. Women are free to work as lawyers, public prosecutors, and case administrators, and their representation in the legal profession is increasing.\n\nOnly two female judges (out of 40) have been appointed to the Supreme Court. One reason is simply that only women who have graduated from law school in the 1980s could qualify today for the Supreme Court, but only few women went to law school then. \n\nAlthough the government claims to have eliminated gender-based discrimination under Libyan legislation, women remain treated unequally and face discrimination within the judiciary due to social attitudes and prevailing cultural values, while legislation designed to protect women is often not implemented in practice. Moreover, women are often treated as minors under the guardianship of their fathers or other male relatives, a cultural and in some cases legal reality that has remained unaltered in recent years.","International Federation for Human Rights, 2012, \"Libya: Women and the Arab Spring,\" available at http://arabwomenspring.fidh.net/index.php?title=Libya\n\nInterview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nWomen Democracy Watch, Amal Suleiman Mahmoud al-Obeidi, Oct. 29, 2006, \"Signs of Political Reform and Their Impact on Women's Empowerment Policies\" in Libya: An Exploratory Study, available at http://www.womendw.org/nimages/doc12.doc","Women have been eligible to become judges since 1981, although they remain underrepresented in the judiciary. The first female judge was appointed in 1991, and in 2006 there were an estimated 50 female judges. Women are free to work as lawyers, public prosecutors, and case administ..."]
["2012_MU_78",2012,"MU","Mauritius",78,100,"The statistics show that women comprise 39 percent of the members of the judiciary, whereas men make up 61 percent. While this is a significant figure, parity has not yet been achieved.\n\nThere are six women judges out of 19  at the level of the supreme court, which is 31.5% at the highest level.","Central Statistical Office. Gender Statistics 2011. http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei980/ESIWeb(2003).pdf","The statistics show that women comprise 39 percent of the members of the judiciary, whereas men make up 61 percent. While this is a significant figure, parity has not yet been achieved...."]
["2012_NE_78",2012,"NE","Niger",78,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_ST_78",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",78,25,"In 2012, four women were appointed to the First Instance Court. In all councils and in higher organisms, the presence of women is almost nonexistent and now also at the legislature. Although there is a resolution that stipulates that women are entitled to occupy 30 percent of the seats in the legislature, there are only two female high court judges out of 9 (and the aforementioned 4 female judges in the First Instance Court).","Graça Augusto, member of the Superior Council of the Bar, Bar Association, Sept. 17, 2012, at her office.\nMariam Masini, vice president, Santomean Association of Women Lawyers, Sept. 20, 2012, at her office.","In 2012, four women were appointed to the First Instance Court. In all councils and in higher organisms, the presence of women is almost nonexistent and now also at the legislature. Although there is a resolution that stipulates that women are entitled to occupy 30 percent of the s..."]
["2012_ZA_78",2012,"ZA","South Africa",78,50,"The Constitutional Court, the highest court in the land, includes only two women among its 10 judges. It is reported that among the country's 237 judges, only 67 are women. The High Courts had, in January 2012, six females out of 23 judges.","\"Women Judges Tops Agenda,\" Dianne Hawker, Independent Online, May 13, 2012.\n\n\"Civil Society Calls for Permanent Appointment of Black Woman Judge on the Constitutional Court Bench,\" Women's Legal Center, June 4, 2012.","The Constitutional Court, the highest court in the land, includes only two women among its 10 judges. It is reported that among the country's 237 judges, only 67 are women. The High Courts had, in January 2012, six females out of 23 judges."]
["2012_TG_78",2012,"TG","Togo",78,25,"Selon M. Yao Enyonam Kpogo, il existe une stratégie globale d’intégration des femmes dans les hautes sphères de prise de décision, mais au niveau du système judiciaire togolais, les femmes sont faiblement représentées. Le Rapport national de l’Evaluation de la mise en œuvre de la plate-forme mondiale de Beijing, note également que la représentation des femmes dans le système judiciaire togolais est très faible : en 2004, le Conseil Suprême de la Magistrature comptait 9 membres dont 1 femme, la Cour Constitutionnelle 7 membres dont aucune femme. Aujourd’hui, en 2012, la Cour Constitutionnelle du Togo, compte 9 membres dont 1 femme. Par ailleurs, on peut lire sur le site du Ministère de la Justice que le barreau du Togo est composé en 2012 de 130 avocats dont 17 femmes.","Source n°1 : M. Yao Enyonam Kpogo, Directeur Général du Développement Social, le 24 août 2012.\n \n Source n°2 : Ministère des affaires sociales, de la promotion de la femme et de la Protection de l’enfance, « Evaluation de la mise en œuvre de la plate-forme d’action mondiale de Beijing. Beijing + 10. Rapport national », Avril 2004. Disponible sur http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/responses/TOGO-French.pdf.\n \n Source n°3 : Cour Constitutionnelle, « Présentation des membres », octobre 2010, www.courconstitutionnelle.tg.\n  \n Source n°4 : Ministère de la Justice, « les professions judicaires », en ligne sur http://justice.gouv.tg/2_orgajudic/index_prof_jud.htm#magistrats.","Selon M. Yao Enyonam Kpogo, il existe une stratégie globale d’intégration des femmes dans les hautes sphères de prise de décision, mais au niveau du système judiciaire togolais, les femmes sont faiblement représentées. Le Rapport national de l’Evaluation de la mise en œuvre de la p..."]
["2012_DZ_79",2012,"DZ","Algeria",79,75,"The league table of women's representation in parliament by country places Algeria 27th in the world, with 30.2 percent of parliamentarians (146 out of 482) in the lower chamber (the People's National Assembly) being women (May 2012 election). However, in the upper chamber (the Council of the Nation), only 5.1 percent (7 out of 136) are women (December 2009 election, though note that only two-thirds are directly elected, with the other third appointed by the president). \n\nThus, nearly a third of MPs, there are 68 women necessarily FLN, more than 21 women RND and some 15 women from the Green Alliance. Ranked 5th after the FFS, the PT, which won 20 seats, half attributed to women, or 10 seats. The increase in female representation in parliament has been made possible thanks to the recent enactment of a law requiring political parties to have a rate of 30 to 40% of candidates in their electoral lists.\n\nAccording to the same source, this law claimed by some old combatantes, officers, parliamentarians and representatives of civil society, paving the way for a \"transitional measure\" intended to give greater visibility of women in elected assemblies, while correcting \"a situation of de facto inequality.\" Today, thanks to this legislation, we can be proud to have female representation in parliament that exceeds that of many European countries (France, Portugal, Austria, Italy, Bulgaria ...) and be almost the same level as Germany (32.2 percent women) and be far, far away from other Arab countries.","Interparliamentary Union. \"Women in National Parliaments\". http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm\n\nActualité DZ. \"Avec 146 femmes à la nouvelle APN : L’Algérie se place au sixième rang mondial\", 26 July 2012,  http://www.lactualite-dz.info/Avec-146-femmes-a-la-nouvelle-APN-L-Algerie-se-place-au-sixieme-rang-mondial_a1947.html\n\nAlgerie Presse Service, \"La femme algérienne a réussi à s’imposer dans tous les domaines\", 7 March 2012, http://www.aps.dz/La-femme-algerienne-a-reussi-a-s.html\n\nThree journalists: El Watan, El Khabar, La Voie de l'Oranie. June 10, 2012\n\nThree academics: Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 10, 2012","The league table of women's representation in parliament by country places Algeria 27th in the world, with 30.2 percent of parliamentarians (146 out of 482) in the lower chamber (the People's National Assembly) being women (May 2012 election). However, in the upper chamber (the Cou..."]
["2012_AO_79",2012,"AO","Angola",79,100,"Members of Parliament: total 220, Women 82 (37%).","Angolan parliament website. http://www.parlamento.ao/web/guest/deputados-e-grupos-parlamentares/deputados/lista#http://www.parlamento.ao/glue/AN_Navigation.jsp?","Members of Parliament: total 220, Women 82 (37%)."]
["2012_CM_79",2012,"CM","Cameroon",79,50,"There  are  25  women  in  parliament  from  the  2007  elections out of a total of 180 (13.8%), according to a report by Gender Empowerment and Development in collaboration with the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Cameroon. All  these women  belong  to  each  of  the  21  committees  that  are  in  parliament,  but  only  two lead committees – the cultural and finance committees.","Adeline Tchouakak, Nadège Christelle Bowa and Marie-Noëlle Guichi, \"Gouvernance misogyne: Dix ans, huit ministres femmes (dossier),\" Le Messenger, Dec. 21, 2011.\n\nGender Empowerment and Development, \"Beijing +15: The Reality of Cameroon and the Unfinished Business - Assessing the Implementation of the Beijing Platform of Action in Cameroon,\" Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Cameroon, July 2010, at http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/kamerun/08018.pdf\n\nIPU, \"Women in Parliament in 2007: The Year in Perspective,\" Inter-Parliamentary Union at www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmn07-e.pdf\n\nJoachim Arrey, \"Assessing Cameroon’s Commitment to Gender Equity and Women Empowerment,\" The Entrepreneur newspaper, Dec. 26, 2009, at www.langaa-rpcig.net/+Assessing-Cameroon-s-Commitment-to+.html\n\nEconomic Commission for Africa, \"African Women’s Report 2009: Measuring Gender Inequality in Africa -- Experiences and Lessons From the African Gender and Development Index,\" UNECA Addis Ababa, 2009, at www.uneca.org/eca_resources/publications/books/awr/AWR09_FIN.pdf","There  are  25  women  in  parliament  from  the  2007  elections out of a total of 180 (13.8%), according to a report by Gender Empowerment and Development in collaboration with the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Cameroon. All  these women  belong  to  each  of  the  21  committees..."]
["2012_CD_79",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",79,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_79",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",79,25,"Among the 100 members of parliament in Equatorial Guinea, there are only 10 women.","United Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women, April 14, 2011, Consideration of reports under article 18 of the Convention on the \nElimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, see:  http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=CEDAW/C/GNQ/6\n\nUNDP MDG Reports, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Sep-2009, II National Report on Millennium Development Goals, see: http://web.undp.org/africa/documents/mdg/equatorialguinea_2009.pdf\n\nUnited Nations, Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 8-Jul-2004, Customs, traditions remain obstacles to women’s rights in Equatorial Guinea, see: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/wom1452.doc.htm","Among the 100 members of parliament in Equatorial Guinea, there are only 10 women."]
["2012_ER_79",2012,"ER","Eritrea",79,0,"Affirmative action, including reserving seats for women in elected legislative bodies at all levels, is ensured by the relevant laws and the policy of 30 percent reserved seats for women was respected and duly applied. However, the legislative body of the government deactivated in 2002 (http://reliefweb.int/report/eritrea/eritrea-national-assembly-session-underway).","Research paper for workshop presentation, Tesfay Haile, \"Gender Policy and Laws: Women Rights in the Eritrean Context,\" May 30,2011.\n\nU.S. State Department, \"2011 Human Rights Reports: Eritrea,\" May 2012, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186194","Affirmative action, including reserving seats for women in elected legislative bodies at all levels, is ensured by the relevant laws and the policy of 30 percent reserved seats for women was respected and duly applied. However, the legislative body of the government deactivated in ..."]
["2012_GN_79",2012,"GN","Guinea",79,75,"Depuis décembre 2008, la Guinée est dans une période de transition malgré qu'elle s'est dotée d'un président démocratiquement élu en novembre 2010.\nLe conseil national de la transition (CNT) joue toujours le rôle de parlement en attendant la tenue des élections législatives dont la date n'est pas encore fixée. \nLe CNT est certes présidé par une femme depuis sa création en début d'année 2010, mais il est composé de 35 femmes sur 155 membres, soit moins de 23%. Les femmes ne sont pas à égalité avec les hommes au sein de cette instance.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Béavogui, Magistrat, conseiller chargé de communication au ministère de la justice, Membre de la commission constitutionnelle du Conseil National de la Transition (CNT), Membre du comité national d'audit, 17 août 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nInter Parliamentary Union. \"Women in national parliaments\". http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm","Depuis décembre 2008, la Guinée est dans une période de transition malgré qu'elle s'est dotée d'un président démocratiquement élu en novembre 2010.\nLe conseil national de la transition (CNT) joue toujours le rôle de parlement en attendant la ..."]
["2012_LY_79",2012,"LY","Libya",79,25,"The first and only operating legislature during the study period was the National Transitional Council, in which female representation was extremely low, but not absent. When the council was established in February 2011, there was only one woman member (out of 80), Dr. Salwa Fawzi El-Deghali, in charge of legal affairs and women. She resigned. \n\nThe originally drafted electoral law was to include a 10 percent quota for women, however this figure was deemed to be too low by civil society. Upon adoption of the electoral law, a quota was not included, but provisions were made to ensure that all proportional seats would adopt a \"zebra\" alternative system whereby women were to be included on the party lists both horizontally and vertically. \n\nApproximately 1,200 candidates registered to run for the 80 proportional seats, of which 540 (45 percent) were women under the zebra system. Due to the lack of women candidates and inadequate financial resources and the relative guarantee of some of these women winning a proportional seats, only 85 women registered to become independent candidates. Of these candidates, 51 are registered in Benghazi and Tripoli.\n\nIn results for the General National Congress elections on July 7, 2012, women won 33 out of the 200 available seats. This means that women will make up 16.5 percent of the governing body that will replace Libya’s National Transitional Council. These results and the ensuing General National Congress (Parliament) are outside of the period under consideration, but this information is a reference to give an idea of the trajectory that the evolution of this particular indicator may follow.","Gender Concerns International, July 2012, \"Marginal Victory for Women in Libya’s GNC Elections,\" http://genderconcerns.org/article.php?id_nr=3406&id=Marginal%20Victory%20for%20Women%20in%20Libya%27s%20GNC%20Elections\n\nGender Concerns International, July 9, 2012, General National Congress Election, Libya 2012: Gender Election Monitoring (GEM) Mission, Libya. Preliminary Statement, http://www.genderconcerns.org/article.php?id_nr=3370&id=Preliminary%20Statement-GEM%20Mission%20Libya-9%20July%202012","The first and only operating legislature during the study period was the National Transitional Council, in which female representation was extremely low, but not absent. When the council was established in February 2011, there was only one woman member (out of 80), Dr. Salwa Fawzi ..."]
["2012_MU_79",2012,"MU","Mauritius",79,75,"Mauritius has improved the representation of women in parliament, but the figures are still very low, at 18.8 percent in the 2010 general election. As such, women are still not significantly represented in parliament, and Mauritius is very far from the 30 percent critical mass of women.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nMauritius: Women's representation in the National Assembly. EISA. May 2010. http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/mauwomenrepresent.htm\n\nInter Parliamentary Union. \"Women in national parliaments\". http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm","Mauritius has improved the representation of women in parliament, but the figures are still very low, at 18.8 percent in the 2010 general election. As such, women are still not significantly represented in parliament, and Mauritius is very far from the 30 percent critical mass of w..."]
["2012_MA_79",2012,"MA","Morocco",79,50,"Parliament elected on Nov. 25, 2011 is composed of 395 members, including 65 women, or 16.46 percent of the total.\n\nThis is an improvement over 2007, when parliament sat only 35 women, or 10 percent of total members. Discourse on gender and equality is too strong compared to the progress on the ground. In fact, there is no strategy or plan of translating principles into action. The only noticeable achievement is in the the election process. \n\nThese figures are a very low representation of half of the Moroccan population. At the international level, the classification drawn up by the Inter-Parliamentary Union on Oct. 31, 2011 indicates that Morocco occupies the 99th position out of 187 countries, behind several similar countries or societies assumed (wrongly by Moroccans) more conservative than ours. This is the case of Mauritania, which occupies the 46th place. In October 2012, Morocco was ranked 82nd out of 150 countries. It was exceeded by Algeria (28) Tunisia (39), Iraq (45), etc.\n\nIn 2011, the new Constitution preamble speaks of equality of opportunity, respect for human dignity and the rule of international conventions. Article 19 states that the state shall put in place mechanisms to achieve gender equality.\n\nThere are two lists of candidates for the legislature. First, the Specific List Constituency includes men and women according to their party affiliation. Second, each party must submit a national list that includes only women. Thus, after many years of segregating women, Morocco has opted for affirmative action. Women may therefore be present on both lists.","Women in National Parliaments Situation as of Oct. 31, 2012. Inter-Parliamentary Union.\nhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm.\n\nMoroccan Constitution. Dahir of 29 July 2011 1-11-91 promulgating the text of the constitution. General Secretariat of Government. Directorate of Printing Official.\n\nA new place for women. http://www.tv5.org/cms/chaine-francophone/info/Les-dossiers-de-la-redaction/mohammed-6/p-3878-Maroc-L-avancee-des-droits-des-femmes.htm.\n\nOne million signatures for Equal Male/Female in Morocco. Petition. Soulaliyates. \nhttp://www.causes.com/causes/610564-un-million-de-signatures-pour-l-egalite-femme-homme-au-maroc/actions/1639073.\n\nThe new constitution, a big step towards recognition of women's rights. Hasnaa El Akkani. 11:40. (MAP) Maghreb Arabe Presse. June 28, 2011.","Parliament elected on Nov. 25, 2011 is composed of 395 members, including 65 women, or 16.46 percent of the total...."]
["2012_RW_79",2012,"RW","Rwanda",79,100,"In the country's Parliament, 56 percent of the members are women. It is the Parliament with the highest number of women in the world. In fact, the speaker of the lower chamber is a woman.","Emmanuel Karake, parliamentary news reporter, The New Times, interviewed Dec. 3, 2012, Kigali.\n \nYvone Mukayisenga, member of Parliament, interviewed Dec. 9, 2012, Kigali.","In the country's Parliament, 56 percent of the members are women. It is the Parliament with the highest number of women in the world. In fact, the speaker of the lower chamber is a woman."]
["2012_SO_79",2012,"SO","Somalia",79,25,"Women have 12 percent of the Somali legislature in the transitional government.","Fatime Ilmi, activist in Hargeisa, interviewed October 2012.\n\nSahal Ali, activist in Hargeisa, interviewed October 2012.","Women have 12 percent of the Somali legislature in the transitional government."]
["2012_TZ_79",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",79,100,"The number of directly elected MPs who are women amounts to just 20, or 8.3 percent of the 239 elected seats. In addition, there are 102 \"Special Seats\" reserved for women, who are nominated by the president. This gives women more than 34 percent of the seats in the National Assembly. (There are 16 more seats in the Assembly, allocated to delegates from Zanzibar, other presidential appointees, and the attorney general.)","Website of the UNDP in Tanzania, accessed Aug. 6, 2012 http://www.tz.undp.org/esp/gender.asp \n \n Website of the National Assembly of Tanzania, accessed Aug. 6, 2012 http://parliament.go.tz/index.php/home/pages/6","The number of directly elected MPs who are women amounts to just 20, or 8.3 percent of the 239 elected seats. In addition, there are 102 \"Special Seats\" reserved for women, who are nominated by the president. This gives women more than 34 percent of the seats in the National Assemb..."]
["2012_TG_79",2012,"TG","Togo",79,25,"Selon le député M. Simplice A. Attiogbe, il n’y a pas de représentation significative des femmes dans l’Assemblée nationale togolaise. Et cet avis est confirmé par le Rapport statistique de l’année parlementaire 2011 (pp. 3-4) : 8 femmes sur les 81 députés à l’Assemblée nationale, soit 9,87%.","Source n°1 : Simplice A. Attiogbe, député à l'Assemblée nationale, le 9 août 2012.\n \nSource n°2 : Assemblée Nationale du Togo, Rapport statistique de l’année parlementaire 2011, Janvier 2012, disposnible sur http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/IMG/pdf/STATISTIQUE_2011.pdf.","Selon le député M. Simplice A. Attiogbe, il n’y a pas de représentation significative des femmes dans l’Assemblée nationale togolaise. Et cet avis est confirmé par le Rapport statistique de l’année parlementaire 2011 (pp. 3-4) : 8 femmes sur les 81 députés à l’Assemblée nationale, ..."]
["2012_DZ_80",2012,"DZ","Algeria",80,50,"Some efforts are made by the government for the protection of intellectual property in Algeria. The National Office for Copyright and Related Rights (ONDA) states in its 2011 activity report that 75.857 units of material was seized, which is a 212% decrease compared to the previous years. ONDA interventions had also gone back by 22% compared to 2010. Of the seized material, audio discs amount to 66%, video programs 33% and audio cassettes 1%.\n \nHowever, intellectual property protection remains a challenge in Algeria. The latest data released in 2012 by Microsoft shows that \"software piracy in Algeria reached 83% in 2010, 84% in the last five years,\" and in the Ministry of Justice, 99 percent of the computers use pirated software.  Piracy is punishable by imprisonment, but the protection of computer equipment in Algeria against piracy \"is a utopia,\" according to journalistic publications.","ONDA Activity Report 2011. http://www.onda.dz/Rapport-2011.asp\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 10, 2012.\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nLiberte, Logiciels informatiques : Le taux de piratage en Algérie a atteint 84% en 2011, 9 June 2011, http://www.algerie360.com/algerie/logiciels-informatiques-le-taux-de-piratage-en-algerie-a-atteint-84-en-2011/\n\nAlgerie-dz.com, Le piratage de logiciels en Algérie demeure impuni, 27 April 2009, http://www.algerie-dz.com/article16972.html\n\nPresque tous les logiciels piratés en Algérie, 13 April 2012, http://www.europe1.fr/International/Presque-tous-les-logiciels-pirates-en-Algerie-1036061/","Some efforts are made by the government for the protection of intellectual property in Algeria. The National Office for Copyright and Related Rights (ONDA) states in its 2011 activity report that 75.857 units of material was seized, which is a 212% decrease compared to the previous..."]
["2012_BI_80",2012,"BI","Burundi",80,0,"Despite the existence of intellectual property rights laws and the creation of the Office for the Protection of intellectual Property rights, these rights are non-existent in Burundi and there is a strong need to sensitize the artists on their rights and to provide them with legal aid services. So far, no one has been punished for violating intellectual property rights, yet they are perpetrated on a daily basis and are known by Burundian authorities.","Statement of the president of Burundian Association for the Protection of the Intellectual Property on the Word Day on Intellectual property on April 26, 2012.  http://www.netpress.bi/spip.php?article5259\n\n\"La protection des droits d’auteurs, un combat qui reste à mener au Burundi (The protection of authors' rights, a struggle that remains to be done in Burundi),\"  IWACAU journal, Oct. 31, 2012 http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/spip.php?article4025.","Despite the existence of intellectual property rights laws and the creation of the Office for the Protection of intellectual Property rights, these rights are non-existent in Burundi and there is a strong need to sensitize the artists on their rights and to provide them with legal ..."]
["2012_KM_80",2012,"KM","Comoros",80,0,"La protection de la propriété industrielle et intellectuelle n'est pas très active aux Comores. \nL’Union des Comores est membre de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OMPI) et a adhéré à la plupart des conventions internationales en la matière. Les questions relatives à la propriété intellectuelle sont  gérées par le bureau de la Propriété intellectuelle au sein de la Direction nationale de l’industrie au Ministère de l’énergie, des mines, de l’industrie et de l’artisanat. Un projet de décret de création d’un Office comorien de la propriété intellectuelle sous la tutelle du ministère de l’industrie, ainsi qu’un Bureau comorien des droits d’auteur sous la tutelle du ministère de l’éducation nationale sont en cours. \nDans ce domaine, le pays souffre d’un manque considérable de capacités techniques et humaines. Des actions vigoureuses devraient être  prises pour endiguer la contrefaçon. Elle provient essentiellement des pays asiatiques  via Dubaï  et porte essentiellement sur les produits vestimentaires et l’électronique. Les contrôles aux frontières sont insuffisants ou font totalement défaut et il n’y a pas de coordination entre les douanes et le ministère de l’industrie. Par contre les produits pharmaceutiques génériques, sont bien contrôlés ; ils ne peuvent être commercialisés qu’après contrôle de la pharmacie centrale. En ce qui concerne la norme qualité une coopération a été initiée au niveau régional avec la, cette coopération doit être renforcée et associer davantage le ministère de l’industrie.\nIl faut noter que Les Comores  ne figurent pas dans le rapport de l’OMPI 2011, ni dans la rubrique « Demandes de titres de propriété intellectuelle» qui retracent le dépôt de marques, brevet, dessins et  modèles industriels, modèles d’utilité, (page 22), ni dans la rubrique «demandes internationales (système du PCT) et enregistrements internationaux (systèmes de Madrid et de La Haye), (page 25).\nLe fait de ne pas être répertorié par l'OMPI semble indiquer le manque de dynamisme en matière de protection de propriété intellectuelle.\nLe manque d’effectivité dans la pratique des organismes de propriété intellectuelle est illustré par le fait que l’office comorien de la propriété intellectuelle n’est pas opérationnel à ce jour. Seon la gazette des Comores du 4 septembre 2012, « l’office comorien de propriété intellectuelle a été mis en place par un décret présidentiel signé le 26 novembre 2010. Trois ans après, on attend la nomination de conseil d’administration, et les techniciens planchent en attendant sur les préparatifs du statut du personnel, cadre organique, le plan d’action et le programme d’activité à soumettre au conseil d’administration pour validation ».\nEn matière de propriété industrielle, un rapport du CNUCED publié en Avril 2011 note l’absence de contrôle efficace exercé aux frontières sur les produits de contrefaçon, notamment vestimentaires et électroniques en provenance d’Asie, du fait de capacités humaines et techniques encore très limitées. Le rapport cite qu’en revanche, les produits pharmaceutiques, dont la vente nécessite une autorisation préalable de mise sur le marché, sont beaucoup mieux contrôlés.\nHadji Chaabani, juriste à l’Agence Nationale de Promotion des Investissements, confirme que les organismes de propriété intellectuelle et industrielle existent mais ne sont pas opérationnels.","Interview par internet de Hadji Chaabani, juriste à l’Agence Nationale de Promotion des Investissements,  15  décembre 2012\n\nInterview par internet de Firozali Dramsi, Président de l’OPACO-Organisation Patronale des Comores- 15 décembre 2012\n\nInterview de  M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali,  et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption,  Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 19 décembre 2012, Moroni\n\nUnion des Comores, décembre 2007, « Etude diagnostique de l’intégration commerciale », p 62. http://www.enhancedif.org/documents%20FR/DTIS%20french%20documents/french/Comores_EDIC_Dec07_fr.pdf\n\n\n« Guide de l’investissement aux Comores, opportunités et conditions, 2011 », Nations Unies, New York et Genève, Avril 2011, CNUCED,  P.34, http://unctad.org/fr/docs/diaepcb2011d4_fr.pdf\n\nOMPI, 2011, Propriété intellectuelle : faits et chiffres de l’OMPI 2011, http://www.scribd.com/doc/87010262/Propriete-Intellectuelle-Faits-et-Chiffres-de-l-OMPI-2011#download\n\nL.I.M.A., La Gazette des Comores, 4 septembre 2012, http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article195\n\nNotes\n1) L'Agence Nationale de Promotion des Investissements ou ANPI est une agence gouvernementale sise à Moroni, capitale des Comores.\n2) L'OPACO, Organisation Patronale des Comores est l'association regroupant les patrons d'entreprise aux Comores. Son siège est à Moroni, capitale des Comores.","La protection de la propriété industrielle et intellectuelle n'est pas très active aux Comores. \nL’Union des Comores est membre de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OMPI..."]
["2012_CD_80",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",80,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_80",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",80,25,"According to the head of the national scientific research center, authors' intellectual property in Equatorial Guinea is not \"well protected.\" No action on intellectual or industrial property protections has been reported recently. \n\nA 2012 report from the Autonomous Region of Murcia (Spain) says that Intellectual Property rights are in general respected in Equatorial Guinea; however, selling of pirate DVDs and CDs is common.","WIPO. \"International Patent Filings Set New Record in 2011\". Annex 5. March 5, 2012. http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2012/article_0001.html\n\nInstituto de Fomento, Region de Murcia, 2012, Informe Guinea Ecuatorial 2011, http://www.impulsoexterior.com/COMEX/servlet/MuestraArchivo?id_=2_7779\n\nMinistry of Information of Equatorial Guinea, Patricio Meñe Micha Abeme, July 31, 2010, Leandro Mbomio Recuerda que los Artistas Nacionales aún no Disfrutan de sus Derechos de Autor, http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=733","According to the head of the national scientific research center, authors' intellectual property in Equatorial Guinea is not \"well protected.\" No action on intellectual or industrial property protections has been reported recently. ..."]
["2012_GM_80",2012,"GM","The Gambia",80,50,"As stated by the attorney general, The Gambia has made significant efforts in the area of intellectual property. Not only is the legal framework in place, but The Gambia has ratified a host of IP-related treaties. Specific achievements registered in this area include clearing the heavy backlog of intellectual property publications in the gazette, automating the country’s intellectual property records, increasing the visibility of the country’s Intellectual property laws to the world through the Internet, and obtaining agreement from the World Intellectual Property Organization to assist The Gambia in formulating an intellectual property policy in 2012.  \n\nDespite these achievements, \"enforcement of these regulations and treaties is sometimes inadequate due to a lack of resources and expertise,\" according to the U.S. State Department 2012 report on Gambia's investment climate. Thus, even though the legal framework exists, the laws on patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights are not actively enforced because the government lacks the resources and expertise, hence the score of 50. The Gambia has not yet ratified the WIPO Internet treaties.","\"'Gambia Is Gearing Up for Intellectual Property Policy Formulation,' Says Justice Minister,\" Abdou Aziz Saho, Foroyaa Newspaper, Jan. 23, 2012, www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/national-news/10314-gambia-news-archive\n\n\"2012 Investment Climate Statement -- The Gambia,\" Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, U.S. Department of State, June 2012, www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191152.htm#\n\nWIPO Resources, \"Gambia: IP Laws and Treaties,\" www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=GM, accessed August 2012","As stated by the attorney general, The Gambia has made significant efforts in the area of intellectual property. Not only is the legal framework in place, but The Gambia has ratified a host of IP-related treaties. Specific achievements registered in this area include clearing the h..."]
["2012_LY_80",2012,"LY","Libya",80,0,"There is no single state agency enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights. Some specific offices exist within ministries, but they neither investigate nor enforce the laws and international agreements. \n\nThe Economic Development Board, a state agency created in 2007 to provide guidance and recommendations for the economic development of Libya and the effectiveness of its institutions, recommended the unification of laws on trademark, copyright and intellectual property, and the creation of a single enforcing body. But this project has not seen the light yet. \n\nIn general, at this stage the government’s ability to enforce the law is weak. For instance, it is estimated that half the medication available on the Libyan market is counterfeit.","Interview with Honeida  al-Guery, civil law judge at the Appellate Court of Tripoli, July 2012, in Tripoli.\n\nInterviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer in the department of shadow economy, National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission  from May to July 2012.\n\nAGIP, Oct. 20, 2010, \"Libya Issues New Trademarks Law\" available at http://www.agip.com/News.aspx?id=1735&group_key=news&keywords=libya&lang=en","There is no single state agency enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights. Some specific offices exist within ministries, but they neither investigate nor enforce the laws and international agreements. ..."]
["2012_MG_80",2012,"MG","Madagascar",80,25,"The government is taking action but it is insufficient (see Radio France Internationale, November 3, 2012, Madagascar: first major operation for anti-piracy brigade).\n\nThe authorities do not have the means nor the will to fight against infringement of laws regarding copyright and so on. From time to time police arrest street vendors of illegal DVDs in the capital. But the selling of illegal CDs and DVDs happens all over the markets across Madagascar. According to interviews, some artists even feed the illegal trade because they are able to avoid paying government taxes this way."," Radio France Internationale, 03 November 2012, \"Madagascar: first major operation for anti-piracy brigade\":\nhttp://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20121103-madagascar-premiere-operation-envergure-pour-brigade-anti-piratage-\n\nOffice Malgache de la Propriété Industrielle. Rapport d'activités 2012. http://www.omapi.mg/docs/RAPPORT_ACTIVITE_OMAPI_2012.pdf\n\n Violation de droits d’auteur: vers une législation plus répressive 27/04/2010, http://www.madonline.com\n\nSite de l'Office malgache de la propriété intellectuelle (OMAPI). http://www.omapi.mg/\n\n Interview by Bodoharilala Ramiadantsoa of Madame Clarisse Rasoloharimalala Sahondraharisoa (Voanio band lead singer) in her home cité béryl rose Tamatave Madagascar in April 2009, quoted in her thesis \"La transition du yéyé au protest song à Madagascar de 1958 à 1972\", Université de Toamasina, Université du Havre.\n\nMinistries decision against \"pirating,\"  ARRETE INTERMINISTERIEL : 12226 / 2006 Fixant des mesures renforçant la lutte contre la contrefaçon des œuvres littéraires et artistiques\n","The government is taking action but it is insufficient (see Radio France Internationale, November 3, 2012, Madagascar: first major operation for anti-piracy brigade)...."]
["2012_MA_80",2012,"MA","Morocco",80,25,"Industrial property -- as stipulated in the first article of Law 17-97 on the protection of industrial property of intangible assets -- includes technical creations such as patents; decorative designs, such as designs and industrial models; and distinctive signs such as brands, trade names, designations of origin and geographical indications.\n\nIn practice, no sector is spared by the infringement. Morocco, a country with open and developed commercial relationships, cannot escape this global phenomenon. You can find everything -- spare parts for cars; movie and song CDs or DVDs; Arabic books; sports items such as T-shirts, sneakers, hats, etc.; and textiles, etc. -- in violation of intellectual property laws.\n\nWidespread corruption among merchants, vendors, shopkeepers, printers and controllers does not end the phenomenon. Upstream, counterfeiting is an organized crime, as workshops and factories engage in the counterfeiting. The action of the state to protect industrial property and fight piracy and counterfeiting is episodic. It takes the form of campaigns with arrests, trials and general media hubbub, which then sink into oblivion.\n\nIn May 2011, HP representatives declared at the World Intellectual Property Day that Morocco is among the countries where the manufacture and distribution of printing supplies and other illicit merchandise is widespread.","Morocco: Counterfeiting does not spare the art sector. 12 April 2012. http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/9967/maroc-contrefacon-n-epargne-secteur-l-art.html.\n\nCounterfeits: Morocco, Eldorado false. Fatimazahraa Rabbaj. La Nouvelle Tribune. May 9, 2012. http://www.lnt.ma/high-tech/contrefacons-le-maroc-eldorado-du-faux-38539.html\n\nA blow to the economy and a threat to the health. Counterfeiting in Morocco, a business that pays and injurious. 17 January 2011. http://www.lopinion.ma/def.asp?codelangue=23&id_info=18749&date_ar=2011-1-18\n\nThe fight against trademark counterfeiting in Morocco what perspective? Nabila Ben Ali. University Sidi. \n\nMohammed Ben Abdellah - Fez-- Graduate Diploma approffondies (DESA). 2008.\nhttp://www.memoireonline.com/04/10/3267/m_La-lutte-contre-la-contrefaon-des-marques-au-Maroc-quelle-perspective0.html\n\nMoroccan Office of Industrial Property site: http://www.ompic.ma/\n\nLaw No. 17-97 on the Protection of Industrial Property (as amended and supplemented by Law 31-05).\n\nDecree for the implementation of Law No. 17-97, relative to the Protection of Industrial Property, (as amended and supplemented by Law 31-05).","Industrial property -- as stipulated in the first article of Law 17-97 on the protection of industrial property of intangible assets -- includes technical creations such as patents; decorative designs, such as designs and industrial models; and distinctive signs such as brands, tra..."]
["2012_RW_80",2012,"RW","Rwanda",80,50,"The government tends not to become involved in policing patent rights. When individuals think their intellectual property rights have been violated, they can petition the courts. Usually, this is civil litigation, but the penalties are high.\n \nAlthough laws are in place, media reports show that copyright and trademark transgressions occur. Houses with unlawful multiplication of music/film DVDs and CDs are increasing in Kigali City and other urban centers.","Calvin Mitali, commercial lawyer, interviewed Dec. 5, 2012, Kigali.\n\nJohn Kimanuka, private lawyer, interviewed Dec. 7, 2012, Kigali.\n\nDoing Business in Rwanda. \"Umuco wo kunakira no kwigana ibihangano by’abandi ukwiye gucika burundu\". 30 August 2012. www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/umuco-wo-kunakira-no-kwigana-ibihangano-by-abandi-ukwiye-gucika-burundu.html","The government tends not to become involved in policing patent rights. When individuals think their intellectual property rights have been violated, they can petition the courts. Usually, this is civil litigation, but the penalties are high...."]
["2012_SO_80",2012,"SO","Somalia",80,0,"The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not implement any national strategy to enforce intellectual property rights.","Anonymous member of Parliament interviewed Nov. 6, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nAnonymous professor, interviewed Nov. 6, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not implement any national strategy to enforce intellectual property rights."]
["2012_ZA_80",2012,"ZA","South Africa",80,100,"In a raid in Johannesburg in January 2012, police confiscated counterfeit goods. \n\nWhile the government actively enforces patent laws by ensuring that violations are dealt with through prosecution or confiscation of goods, traders are seen on the streets selling counterfeit goods, including DVDs, musics CDs, and clothing. The phenomenon is growing, which indicates the goods continue to be produced in the country and also imported in contravention of patent laws and customs laws. In most cases, the violation of patent rights are dealt with through private litigation between concerned parties. \n\nA patent rights case is under way involving medication. A particular case involves a dispute over Docetaxel. The case was heard in the Supreme Court of Appeal.","\"Johannesburg Raids Net R7 Million in Fake Goods,\" News 24, Jan. 13, 2012.\n\nFix the Patent Laws. \"South Africa’s Intellectual Property Policy: process for public consultation?\". Feburary 14, 2012. http://www.fixthepatentlaws.org/?p=116\n\nAventis Pharma SA v. CIPLA Life Sciences, Supreme Court of Appeal (Case No.: 138/12).","In a raid in Johannesburg in January 2012, police confiscated counterfeit goods. \n\nWhile the government actively enforces patent laws by ensuring that violations are dealt with ..."]
["2012_TG_80",2012,"TG","Togo",80,25,"Dans la pratique, les pouvoirs publics ne protègent pas toujours les brevets, droits d'auteurs et marques déposées ainsi que d'autres droits de propriété intellectuelle. À en croire M. Dovi Yaovi B., Le Butodra (Bureau togolais du droit d'auteur) et l'Institut national pour la Propriété Intellectuelle du Togo (INPIT) sont laxistes dans l'application de la loi sur la propriété intellectuelle et le droit d'auteur. Du point de vue de l'honorable Attiogbe Simplice, quand bien même l'Organisation africaine pour la propriété intellectuelle existe, ses recommandations ne sont pas toujours appliquées au Togo. Par ailleurs, en 2011, le Directeur général du Butodra, Idrissou Traoré Aziz, dans un entretien relayé sur le site http://www.togoportail.net/BUTODRA-et-20-ans-apres, (consulté le 15 janvier 2013) a déclaré qu'au Togo, \"la guerre contre la piraterie et la contrefaçon est loin d’être gagnée\". Cette déclaration corrobore l'argument ci-dessus avancé.","Source n° 1: Dovi Yaovi B., ergonomiste et socioéconomiste, gestionnaire informaticien, consultant indépendant, entretien du 2 août 2012.\n\nSource n° 2: Attiogbe A. Simplice, député à l'Assemblée nationale, entretien du 8-9 août 2012.","Dans la pratique, les pouvoirs publics ne protègent pas toujours les brevets, droits d'auteurs et marques déposées ainsi que d'autres droits de propriété intellectuelle. À en croire M. Dovi Yaovi B., Le Butodra (Bureau togolais du droit d'auteur) et l'Institut national pour la Prop..."]
["2012_DZ_81",2012,"DZ","Algeria",81,0,"During the review period, the Algerian government and parliament did not consult the private sector on tax or other government schemes. Such decisions are the prerogative of the President and the Council of Ministers, who present the tax-related bills to parliament, which in turn will vote on all laws.","Anonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 10, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil servant. Ministry of Finance. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, civil servant, Ministry of Finance. June 10, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, private sector representative. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, private sector representative. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, private sector representative. June 10, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n\"Dispositif de soutien à l’investissement : Le FCE suggère un réaménagement des textes\". 19 janvier 2012. \nhttp://ouada-yazid.over-blog.com/article-dispositif-de-soutien-a-l-investissement-le-fce-suggere-un-reamenagement-des-textes-97442466.html","During the review period, the Algerian government and parliament did not consult the private sector on tax or other government schemes. Such decisions are the prerogative of the President and the Council of Ministers, who present the tax-related bills to parliament, which in turn w..."]
["2012_BI_81",2012,"BI","Burundi",81,50,"The Board of Directors of the Burundian Revenue Authority includes private sector representatives. However, there are only a few Board members, so they could hardly represent the interests of all segments of the private sector. \n\nMoreover, the Revenue Authority is not the one that elaborates or adopts the taxation law; this is the role of political institutions, namely the government and the legislative bodies. While the government has consulted the private sector in the preparation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (CSLP II), there is no political culture to consult other stakeholders in the legislative processes, including in the taxation laws.","\"Burundi: Évaluation ex post de la mise en oeuvre de programmes sur longue période (Evaluation of the long-term relationship between Burundi and the IMF),\" Fonds Monétaire International (International Monetary Fund), June 29, 2011.http://www.imf.org/external/french/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11269f.pdf\n\nSecretariat Permanent De Suivi Des Reformes Economiques Et Sociales (sp/refes), Cadre Strategique De Croissance Contre La Pauvrete Rapport Synthese Des Consultations Du Secteur Prive (Economic Reforms and Social  Strategic Framework of Growth from The Private Sector Consultations), April 2011\nhttp://www.bi.undp.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=602&Itemid=211","The Board of Directors of the Burundian Revenue Authority includes private sector representatives. However, there are only a few Board members, so they could hardly represent the interests of all segments of the private sector. ..."]
["2012_CM_81",2012,"CM","Cameroon",81,25,"Cameroon has an Inter-Ministerial Tax Reform Commission, established by Prime Ministerial Order No. 095/CAB/PM of Oct. 12, 1994. In the commission's deliberations in 2008 and in preparation for new reforms in the tax system, the private sector was invited to participate. These reforms were supposed to take effect in 2011, but the private sector through the Cameroon Entrepeneur Association (GICAM) expressed concern that the issues it raised during the 2008 meeting were not taken into consideration by the government. These included bureaucratic bottlenecks and constant harassment by tax agents. With the institution of the Cameroon Business Forum, the concerns of the private sector relating to tax and other business-related government revenue schemes such as customs are expected to be taken into consideration. The Climate Business Survey for Cameroon for 2011 by GICAM indicated that about 24 percent of importers said they spent an average of one week to clear their goods from customs at the Douala Seaport compared with 13 percent in 2006. The non-consideration of the private sector in tax reform or any government revenue plan was reiterated by Andre Fotso, president of the Cameroon Entrepeneur Association, in an interview with the local private newspaper La Nouvelle Expression on March 8, 2012. He indicated the association's dissatisfaction with the implementation of the 2011 tax reforms.","Hervé B.Endong, \"André Fotso: ‘La mise en œuvre des réformes adoptées 2011 s’est faite dans un rythme moins satisfaisant,’\" La Nouvelle Expression, March 8, 2012.\n \nMarion Obam, \"Olivier Behle: Nous plaçons ce second mandat sous le signe de la continuité,\"  Mutations, Dec 20, 2011, at http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201112201492.html\n\nIdriss Linge, \"Réforme fiscale: Le scepticisme de certains patrons camerounais,\" Journal du Cameroun.com, Feb, 21, 2011, at www.journalducameroun.com/article.php?aid=8075\n\nGICAM, \"Etude sur le Climat des Affaires au Cameroun (BCS 2011) – Dossier de Presse.\"\n \nHerve B. Endong, \"Loi de Finances 2010: Le GICAM parle enfin,\" La Nouvelle Expression, Dec. 1, 2010.\n \nGovernment of Cameroon, \"Growth and Employment Strategy Paper: Reference Framework for Government Action over the Period 2010-2020,” August 2009.","Cameroon has an Inter-Ministerial Tax Reform Commission, established by Prime Ministerial Order No. 095/CAB/PM of Oct. 12, 1994. In the commission's deliberations in 2008 and in preparation for new reforms in the tax system, the private sector was invited to participate. These refo..."]
["2012_CD_81",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",81,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_81",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",81,0,"The legislative process is very opaque, laws are not duly tabled in the parliament for debate, as denounced by the opposition party CPDS regarding the constitutional reform. There is very limited room for input in the legislative process neither outside nor inside the parliament in general. Results could not surface any news on consults on, for example, chambers of commerce for any legislative processes.","Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) Party, National Executive Committee, 21 Feb. 2012, La Reforma Constitucional del Presidente Obiang Nguema una Cadena de Engaños, http://cpds-gq.org/attachments/article/198/La_reforma_del_Presidente_Obiang_Nguema.pdf\n\nWorld Bank. Doing Business Report 2012. http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2012\n\nNo evidence of consultations found within the period of study.","The legislative process is very opaque, laws are not duly tabled in the parliament for debate, as denounced by the opposition party CPDS regarding the constitutional reform. There is very limited room for input in the legislative process neither outside nor inside the parliament in..."]
["2012_GH_81",2012,"GH","Ghana",81,25,"As part of the budget process, government often meets representatives of the private sector, especially with regards to tax policies. \n\nHowever, this seems to have relaxed as in the past three years no consultations have been held with the private sector. There is also often more focus on the international companies and how to attract foreign direct investment with multilateral agencies dictating policies.","Charles Ayamdoo, Lawyer and Director of Ant-Corruption in the Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ), Sept. 25, 2012.\n\nEmmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nOsei Boeh-Ocansey, Former Executive Director and current Member of the Private Enterprise Foundation, interviewed Oct. 1, 2012, in the office of the Ghana Integrity Initiative.","As part of the budget process, government often meets representatives of the private sector, especially with regards to tax policies. ..."]
["2012_GN_81",2012,"GN","Guinea",81,50,"Le secteur privé est associé dans la définition des lois de finances initiales et rectificatives. L’État s'appuie sur le secteur privé dans le cadre de la mobilisation des ressources à travers le paiement des taxes et redevances.","Entretien avec Mohamed Bérété, doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Kofi Annan de Conakry, Conseiller juridique du Ministre chargé des travaux publics, consultant indépendant, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nAfrican Economic Outlook. Guinée 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2013/PDF/Guin%C3%A9e%20-%20Perspectives%20%C3%A9conomiques%20en%20Afrique.pdf","Le secteur privé est associé dans la définition des lois de finances initiales et rectificatives. L’État s'appuie sur le secteur privé dans le cadre de la mobilisation des ressources à travers le paiement des taxes et redevances."]
["2012_LY_81",2012,"LY","Libya",81,25,"Overall, the tax system in Libya is not geared towards considering the interests of the private sector. Rather, the official tax regime was geared towards high taxation and income redistribution (except for the members of the regime).\n\nThis is likely to change since the end of the Gadhafi regime, but the government, overwhelmed by more pressing problems, has not undertaken this task yet.\n\nTraditionally, in Libya the private sector has almost completely been intertwined with the State. The development of a private sector was actively discouraged, including the outlawing of small private businesses at one point during the Gadhafi regime. The state owned most commercial enterprises, and businesses were monopolized by loyal friends and family members. This ownership pattern is repeated in all sectors of the economy, including agriculture and manufacturing, while the oil industry was managed by the National Oil Corporation. As a result, taxation only makes up a fraction of the Libyan national income.\n\nThe interests of the private sectors are starting to be considered only now, and at the same time the sector is starting to develop, unhampered by pervasive state control, expropriations, and lack of freedoms.\n\nAs stated in the IHS Country Intelligence Report, \"The recent unrest in Libya has reduced the government's ability to enforce tax regulations throughout the country. Libya's tax laws had been expected to undergo reforms in coming years as the government sought to attract investments outside the oil and gas sector, although by regional standards rates were still expected to remain high. However, the future of these reforms is now uncertain due to the fall of the Qadhafi regime and the holding of democratic elections, with the new government likely to introduce sweeping changes. The Qadhafi regime was committed to the redistribution of wealth and the rate of personal taxation in Libya has traditionally been high.\n In general, tax regulations are not interpreted consistently and practices are liable to change with little or no notice. In recent years, however, as part of its efforts to attract higher levels of foreign investment and liberalise the economy, the former government adopted new tax laws and pursued further reforms to clarify the tax structure and administration process. It is likely that the new government will broadly continue this trend. Tax reform was not a priority for the interim administration led by the Transitional National Council (TNC), and the new government appointed by the National Congress will be tasked with clarifying Libya’s future tax plans.\"","Mercy Corps, The Governance Network, August 2011, \"Beyond Gaddafi: Libya’s Governance Context\"\n\nIHS, Global Insight, August 2012, Country Intelligence Report\n\nS. Tekbali, lawyer and program fellow at the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, personal communication, November 28, 2011.","Overall, the tax system in Libya is not geared towards considering the interests of the private sector. Rather, the official tax regime was geared towards high taxation and income redistribution (except for the members of the regime)...."]
["2012_MU_81",2012,"MU","Mauritius",81,100,"There are common meetings with private sector officials represented by the Joint Economic Council and the Mauritius Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and the Mauritius Employers Federation, among others. These bodies also participate in the pre-budget consultations with the Ministry of Finance.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nConsultations pré budgétaires - Xavier Duval : Les dépenses constituent un des défis du budget. Star. Sept. 10, 2012. http://www.starpress.info/actualites/item/2028-consultations-pr%C3%A9-budg%C3%A9taires-xavier-duval---les-d%C3%A9penses-constituent-un-des-d%C3%A9fis-du-budget.html","There are common meetings with private sector officials represented by the Joint Economic Council and the Mauritius Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and the Mauritius Employers Federation, among others. These bodies also participate in the pre-budget consultations with the Ministr..."]
["2012_NG_81",2012,"NG","Nigeria",81,50,"There's insufficient information available to taxpayers on tax compliance requirements, which has created uncertainty for the private sector and multiple taxation by government at all levels, which negatively impacted the investment climate in Nigeria, particularly during the process of tax reform and the decision to develop a national tax policy. Businesses are not always consulted.","National Tax Policy Guidelines and Rules. Ifueko Omoigui-Okauru. Vanguard. May 12, 2012.\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/05/national-tax-policy-guidelines-and-rules/\n\nThe Roles of Service Delivery and Good Governance in Institutionalization of Taxation in Nigeria: An Analytical Perspective. Festus O. Egwaikhide and Elijah A. P. Udoh. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, vol.12. 2012.   \nhttps://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume12/3-Organization-Excellent-and-Self-Assessment.pdf\n\nNigerian President Launches New Tax Policy. Voice of Nigeria. April 6, 2012.\nhttp://www.voiceofnigeria.org/Nigeria/Nigerian-President-launches-new-national-tax-policy.html\n\nNational Tax Policy Guidelines and Rules. Vanguard. May 7, 2012. Http://Www.Vanguardngr.Com/2012/05/National-Tax-Policy-Guidelines-And-Rules/","There's insufficient information available to taxpayers on tax compliance requirements, which has created uncertainty for the private sector and multiple taxation by government at all levels, which negatively impacted the investment climate in Nigeria, particularly during the proce..."]
["2012_RW_81",2012,"RW","Rwanda",81,50,"Before it reviews any tax matter, the government consults widely. Sometimes it does not include the wishes of the business sector, partly because the sector is not organized into a powerful lobby group.","Emmanuel Habineza, tax accountant, interviewed Nov. 13, 2012, Kigali.\n \nJames Buyinza, communication office, Rwanda Revenue Authority, interviewed Dec. 2, 2012, Rusumo.","Before it reviews any tax matter, the government consults widely. Sometimes it does not include the wishes of the business sector, partly because the sector is not organized into a powerful lobby group."]
["2012_SO_81",2012,"SO","Somalia",81,0,"The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not have a centralized taxation system and only collects taxes from sea- and airports. The government controls only few part of the country and most the territory is controlled by al-Shabab fighters.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed Nov. 6, 2012, Mogadishu. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nThe Guardian. \"Somalia's private sector can help rather than hinder development\". May 23, 2012. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/may/23/somalia-private-sector-development","The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not have a centralized taxation system and only collects taxes from sea- and airports. The government controls only few part of the country and most the territory is controlled by al-Shabab fighters."]
["2012_TZ_81",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",81,25,"The budget formulation process, through which taxes and other sources of government revenue are determined, is done with minimal participation of the public, civil society organizations or public representatives. Private sector input is at best industry specific and very often is effectively company specific. For example, the Tanzania Private Sector Foundation proposed in May 2012 that the government reduce the Value Added Tax rate to 16 percent from 18 percent to ease the burden on taxpayers and encourage compliance. The proposals were subsequently submitted to the task force at the Treasury."," Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012 \n \n Faraja Mgwabati, Tanzania Daily News, \"Private Sector Appeals for Lower VAT Rate,\" April 13, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201204130072.html\n \n In2EastAfrica Reporter, In2EastAfrica, \"Tanzania Private Sector Advocates for More Investments on Family Planning,\" March 16, 2012. http://in2eastafrica.net/tanzania-private-sector-advocates-for-more-investments-on-family-planning/\n \n Emmanuel Onyango, at his blog, \"TPSF Proposes Cutes in Value-Added Tax Rates,\" May 7, 2012. http://eonyango.blogspot.com/2012/05/tpsf-proposes-cuts-in-value-added-tax.html\n\nInternational Budget Partnership Open Budget Questionnaire, Tanzania, September 2009, Questions 67-70I","The budget formulation process, through which taxes and other sources of government revenue are determined, is done with minimal participation of the public, civil society organizations or public representatives. Private sector input is at best industry specific and very often is e..."]
["2012_ZW_81",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",81,50,"The African Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD) notes that the interaction between the government and the business sector and other sectors through budget consultations is considered very effective. The appointment of the Tax Steering Committee, on which the Ministry of Finance, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority and the private sector are represented has extended the scope of the private sector contribution. The committee has been involved in the revision of the Income Tax Act and of tax rates to \"level the playing field\" and remove or limit tax concessions. AFRODAD further notes that dialogue with the informal sector has lagged behind.","\"What has tax got to do with development? A critical look at Zimbabwe’s Tax System,\" African Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD), 2011, \n http://www.eurodad.org/uploadedfiles/whats_new/reports/zimbabwe%20tax%20system-web[1].pdf\n \n \"Post Chamber: Govt urged to review mining tax regime,\" The Herald, June 7, 2012, http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2012/06/07/post-chamber-govt-urged-to-review-mining-tax-regime/","The African Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD) notes that the interaction between the government and the business sector and other sectors through budget consultations is considered very effective. The appointment of the Tax Steering Committee, on which the Ministr..."]
["2012_DZ_82",2012,"DZ","Algeria",82,50,"On the website of the National Statistics Office (ONS), there is unemployment data from 2009 and 2010 available. At the time of the research (2012), the data for 2011 was not available yet.","EMPLOI & CHÔMAGE AU 4ème TRIMESTRE 2010, http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/emploi_chomage_2010.pdf\n\nEMPLOI & CHÔMAGE AU 4ème TRIMESTRE 2009, http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/emploi_chomage_2009.pdf\n\nAlgeria news newspaper.\nhttp://www.djazairnews.info/on-the-cover/122-on-the-cover/45696-2012-10-10-19-54-58.html\n\nEchorouk daily newspaper.\nhttp://www.echoroukonline.com/ara/articles/126858.html","On the website of the National Statistics Office (ONS), there is unemployment data from 2009 and 2010 available. At the time of the research (2012), the data for 2011 was not available yet."]
["2012_BI_82",2012,"BI","Burundi",82,0,"Youth employment is not explicitly one of the priority research areas of the National Office of Statistic (ISTEEBU), according to Statistician Engineers Didier Ndarusanze and Frederic Kanyugu. ISTTEBU's limited resources focus on living conditions, health care, education and nutrition, Ndarusanze said.\n\nHowever, the website of the ISTEEBU does have a survey report on employment from 2008 in which the unemployment rate disaggregated by age groups can be found.","Interview via e-mail with Didier Ndarusanze, Statistician Engineer, formerly in the National Office of Statistics of Burundi  (ISTEEBU), July 23, 2012\n\nInterview with Frederic Kanyugu, Statistician Engineer with Family Health International, an international NGO, July 17, 2012.\n\nInstitut de Statistiques et d'Etudes Economiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU), Enquetes Emploi (employment surveys), 2008, http://www.isteebu.bi/index.php/publications/rapports-d-enquetes\nhttp://www.isteebu.bi/images/enquetes/enqute%20123.pdf","Youth employment is not explicitly one of the priority research areas of the National Office of Statistic (ISTEEBU), according to Statistician Engineers Didier Ndarusanze and Frederic Kanyugu. ISTTEBU's limited resources focus on living conditions, health care, education and nutrit..."]
["2012_CF_82",2012,"CF","CAR",82,25,"Le gouvernement, à travers le Ministère du Plan et de l'Economie, notamment l'Institut National de Statistique et des Etudes Économiques, collecte et publie les statistiques sur le chômage des jeunes. Mais  il convient de souligner que ces statistiques ne représentent pas la situation totale des jeunes de la RCA dans la mesure où ces études sont  menées dans une partie du pays.  Bon nombre des études souligne que la population centrafricaine est composée à plus de 50% de jeunes. Mais, force est de constater qu'il manque des opportunités en raison de la vulnérabilité de l'économie nationale d'après les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche. \n\nL'Institut National de Statistique ne dispose pas à l'heure actuelle d'un site de manière particulière du fait qu'il dépend du Ministère du plan et de l'économie. C'est ce Ministère qui en dispose. Celui-ci est une institution phare du gouvernement dans la mesure où il pilote les grands projets du pays. C'est dans son sein qu'on trouve la Coordination de pilotage de Document Stratégique de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP).","Frankys PAKE, Statisticien au Ministère du Plan et de l'Economie, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nBrice DAMAS, Statisticien au Ministère du Plan et de l'Economie, Juillet 2012, Bangui.\n\nSite du Ministère du Plan et de l'Economie qui coiffe l'Institut National de Statistique: www.minplan-rca.org","Le gouvernement, à travers le Ministère du Plan et de l'Economie, notamment l'Institut National de Statistique et des Etudes Économiques, collecte et publie les statistiques sur le chômage des jeunes. Mais  il convient de souligner que ces statistiques ne représentent pas la situat..."]
["2012_GQ_82",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",82,0,"The National Directorate for statistics website does not provide this information on a periodic basis. The last information available on unemployment belongs to the 2001 national census. \n\nAccording to a 2010 World Bank report, \"Often information about a key matter was unavailable, or when available, its coverage, quality and usefulness was limited. This was particularly evident for social indicators and population.\"","Ministry of Planning, Directorate of Statistics, July 29, 2012 (date accessed) Indicadores Demograficos, see: http://www.dgecnstat-ge.org/\n\nWorld Bank, Jan. 2010, Equatorial Guinea Public Expenditure Review (PER), http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf","The National Directorate for statistics website does not provide this information on a periodic basis. The last information available on unemployment belongs to the 2001 national census. ..."]
["2012_ER_82",2012,"ER","Eritrea",82,0,"A preliminary study and statistical report on youth unemployment was done in 2010, but it was not publicized or otherwise made available to the public. \n\nThe Office of National Statistics collected and published information on inflation, the census, income, food prices, infrastructure and other subjects until 2005, according to sources. The sources say the office has not published any data on youth unemployment in 2011. In general, according to the sources, the office has not made public any statistical data since 2005.","Anonymous sources interviewed in 2012. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","A preliminary study and statistical report on youth unemployment was done in 2010, but it was not publicized or otherwise made available to the public. ..."]
["2012_GN_82",2012,"GN","Guinea",82,0,"Les statistiques sur le chômage des jeunes ne sont pas collectées et publiées par le Gouvernement. Ce sont très souvent des estimations que l'on fait sur des bases peu objectives.\n\nLe site de l'Institut National de la Statistique n'a aucun rapport sur ​​le chômage des jeunes, et il semble que le site est rarement mis à jour avec de nouvelles informations.","Entretien avec Sékou 2 Sylla, Professeur de droit à la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université de Sonfonia, Coordinateur du centre d'éducation civique et électoral de Kindia, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nVérification sur le site de l'Institut National de la Statistique: http://www.stat-guinee.org/","Les statistiques sur le chômage des jeunes ne sont pas collectées et publiées par le Gouvernement. Ce sont très souvent des estimations que l'on fait sur des bases peu objectives...."]
["2012_LY_82",2012,"LY","Libya",82,0,"Unemployment figures are not known exactly and no figures are available for Libya after 2004, when it stood at 30 percent. With a median age close to 25 years, Libya currently has an estimated 20 percent unemployment rate, according to government census figures. Juxtaposed with the very high number of foreign workers, many of whom earn more than employed Libyans, an examination of refitting the domestic workforce is an effort worth pursuing.\n\nInefficient allocation of resources, limited ability of nationals to work for foreign companies (given that schools and universities moved away from an English curriculum in the 1980s), violation of mandatory quotas for Libyan employees by foreign firms, an overstaffed public sector, and isolation of the domestic industrial sector in past years have led to a high overall unemployment rate.","Mercy Corps, The Governance Network, August 2011, \" Beyond Gaddafi: Libya’s Governance Context,\" available at http://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/capacity_to_govern-libya_26_aug_2011.pdf\n\nIHS, Global Insight, August 2012, Country Intelligence Report \n\nCIA, The World Fact Book, Libya, July 31, 2012, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html","Unemployment figures are not known exactly and no figures are available for Libya after 2004, when it stood at 30 percent. With a median age close to 25 years, Libya currently has an estimated 20 percent unemployment rate, according to government census figures. Juxtaposed with the..."]
["2012_MU_82",2012,"MU","Mauritius",82,100,"The Central Statistical Office collects and publishes labor statistics, including on youth. Although the report does not directly mention youth unemployment, it has statistics for the activity rate according to age group, which would include indicating whether youth are employed.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree. University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012.\n\nAnnual Digest of Labour Statistics. http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/file/DigestLabour2011.pdf\n\nYouth Unemployment in Mauritius. Nawsheen Hosenally. January 2012. http://nawsheenh.blogspot.com/2012/01/youth-unemployment-in-mauritius.html","The Central Statistical Office collects and publishes labor statistics, including on youth. Although the report does not directly mention youth unemployment, it has statistics for the activity rate according to age group, which would include indicating whether youth are employed."]
["2012_MA_82",2012,"MA","Morocco",82,75,"High Commission Plan (HCP) gives more statistical information on unemployment. It prepares regular surveys and publishes the results. The official organ of Statistics in Morocco works with standards set by the International Labour Office (ILO). It adopts two definitions (strict and large).\n\nThe strict definition adopted by Morocco (and many underdeveloped countries) does not take into account temporality. Thus, those who are discouraged and are not really looking for a job are not counted as unemployed.\n\nSimilarly, a small, informal vendor, is not recorded as unemployed or job seeker. According to statistical approaches and methods, the figures differ between those of the Department of finances and the Moroccan Centre of the Economy (CMC).\n\nThus, some of the information published by the HCP is subject to challenges by national observers. By contrast, in its 2011 report BAM adopts the HCP’s rate, based on two investigations: annual (from a representative sample of 60,000 households) and quarterly (representative sample of 15,000 households). All Moroccans of working age who have no job, but who are looking for work and willing to work, are considered unemployed.","Haut Commissariat au Plan, Royaume du Maroc, Centre National de Documentation. Haut Commissariat au Plan, Morocco, National Documentation Centre.\nhttp://www.hcp.ma/Taux-de-chomage_r72.html.\n\nBank Al Maghrib: Rapport Annuel Exercice 2011 chapitre emplo pp. 39-46 ; Tableaux statistiques pp. 246-247. Bank Al Maghrib: Annual Report FY 2011 pp emplo chapter. 39-46, pp. Statistical Tables. 246-247\nhttp://www.hcp.ma/Emploi_r67.html\n\nHow is the Unemployment Rate Calculated in Morocco. Salah Agueniou. La Vie Éco. Jan. 18, 2012. http://www.lavieeco.com/news/economie/comment-est-calcule-le-taux-de-chomage-au-maroc-21159.html","High Commission Plan (HCP) gives more statistical information on unemployment. It prepares regular surveys and publishes the results. The official organ of Statistics in Morocco works with standards set by the International Labour Office (ILO). It adopts two definitions (strict and..."]
["2012_RW_82",2012,"RW","Rwanda",82,0,"Three subsequent surveys by the national statistics office on household living standards found that the biggest change in employment rate was among young people, up to age 24. Their employment rate decreased from 77.1 percent in 2000 to 63.7 percent in 2010. This can result in more school enrollment, which has continuously increased during the past 10 years.\n\nEvery five years, the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda collects and publishes the Integrated Households Economic Conditions Survey. So far, three surveys have been conducted; the latest was for 2010 and published in 2011. The survey has a youth component.","Herve Kagimbura, National Institute of Statistics, interviewed Nov. 13, 2012, Kigali.\n \nNational Institute of Statistics, \"Employment Rate, Higher for Women Than Men in Rwanda,\" http://statistics.gov.rw/publications/article/employment-rate-higher-women-men-rwanda\n\nhttp://microdata.statistics.gov.rw/index.php/catalog/36","Three subsequent surveys by the national statistics office on household living standards found that the biggest change in employment rate was among young people, up to age 24. Their employment rate decreased from 77.1 percent in 2000 to 63.7 percent in 2010. This can result in more..."]
["2012_SO_82",2012,"SO","Somalia",82,0,"Somalia has had no office of national statistics for the past two decades. A U.N. Development Program report states: \"The unemployment rate for youth at 67% [is] one of the highest rates in the world; women lose out more, with unemployment rates at 74%, compared to men at 61%.\"","Field verification.\n\nU.N. Development Program, \"Somalia Human Development Report 2012: Empowering Youth for Peace and Development,\" www.so.undp.org/shdr/Documents/Somalia%20Human%20Dev%20Factsheet.pdf","Somalia has had no office of national statistics for the past two decades. A U.N. Development Program report states: \"The unemployment rate for youth at 67% [is] one of the highest rates in the world; women lose out more, with unemployment rates at 74%, compared to men at 61%.\""]
["2012_TZ_82",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",82,25,"The most recent unemployment figures, which include a breakdown for youth unemployment, come from the Integrated Labor Force Survey 2006. Subsequent figures are estimates using the 2006 figures as a base. The next Integrated Labor Force Survey is planned for 2013.","National Bureau of Statistics website, accessed Aug. 9, 2012 \n http://nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=186:unemployment-estimates-for-the-year-2011&catid=51:statistics&Itemid=12\n \n \"Tanzania Unemployment Rate Drops by 1 per cent in Five Years,\" article in Business Times, Dec. 16, 2011. \n http://www.businesstimes.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1597:-tanzania-unemployment-rate-drops-by-1-per-cent-in-five-years&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=57","The most recent unemployment figures, which include a breakdown for youth unemployment, come from the Integrated Labor Force Survey 2006. Subsequent figures are estimates using the 2006 figures as a base. The next Integrated Labor Force Survey is planned for 2013."]
["2012_TG_82",2012,"TG","Togo",82,25,"Selon M. Dovi Yaovi B., dont les propos sont confirmés par l'honorable Attiogbe Simplice, dans la pratique, il n'existait pas de chiffres officiels réels sur le chômage des jeunes jusqu'en 2012. Les informations afférentes émanent souvent des chercheurs de l'Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) et des travaux des universitaires.","Source n° 1: Dovi Yaovi B., ergonomiste et socioéconomiste, gestionnaire informaticien, consultant indépendant, entretien du 2 août 2012.\n \n Source n° 2: Attiogbe A. Simplice, député à l'Assemblée nationale, entretien du 8-9 août 2012.","Selon M. Dovi Yaovi B., dont les propos sont confirmés par l'honorable Attiogbe Simplice, dans la pratique, il n'existait pas de chiffres officiels réels sur le chômage des jeunes jusqu'en 2012. Les informations afférentes émanent souvent des chercheurs de l'Institut National de la..."]
["2012_DZ_83",2012,"DZ","Algeria",83,0,"The National Statistics Office does not have any poverty data on its website.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.","The National Statistics Office does not have any poverty data on its website."]
["2012_BI_83",2012,"BI","Burundi",83,25,"Poverty is manifold and there are several publications on poverty but none is from the National Office of Statistics (ISTEEBU), said Statistician Engineer Didier Ndarusanze. ISTEEBU is planning to start a \"permanent survey on the livelihood of Burundian households,\" which would include statistics on poverty, he added. \n\nISTEEBU published in 2009 a report that analyzed the evolution of welfare and poverty of rural households in Burundi, using data for 1998-2007 to estimate the effect of civil war on household consumption.","Interview via e-mail with Didier Ndarusanze, Statistician Engineer, formerly in the National Office of Statistics of Burundi  (ISTEEBU), July 23, 2012\n\nInstitut de Statistiques et d'Etudes Economiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU), Survey on welfare and poverty in rural Burundi, November 2009, http://www.microconflict.eu/news/isteebu_report_en.pdf","Poverty is manifold and there are several publications on poverty but none is from the National Office of Statistics (ISTEEBU), said Statistician Engineer Didier Ndarusanze. ISTEEBU is planning to start a \"permanent survey on the livelihood of Burundian households,\" which would inc..."]
["2012_KM_83",2012,"KM","Comoros",83,0,"Des travaux concernant l’état de pauvreté aux Comores ont été effectués mais ils ne sont ni réguliers ni précis. Ces travaux sont: RGPH 1991, EBC 1995, EDS 1996, Enquêtes qualitatives sur la pauvreté de 1997; MICS 2000, Enquête sur la perception de la pauvreté aux Comores (EPP, 2002), RGPH 2003, RGA 2004 et Enquête intégrale auprès des ménages (EIM, 2004).  « Les investigations statistiques d’appréhension de la pauvreté et du progrès social manquent de continuité dans leur programmation dans le temps et restent basées sur des méthodologies différentes avec une qualité des données diversement appréciable. Le personnel réalisant les enquêtes et les interprétations de ces enquêtes ont besoin d’un renforcement des capacités pour le suivi de la pauvreté et des conditions de vie des ménages. \n\nLa Stratégie Nationale de Développement de la Statistique (SNDS) 2010-2014 dans son axe 3 , volet production statistique, préconise l’utilisation de 22,3% du coût de la production statistique des Comores dans l’étude du suivi des conditions de vie de la ménage et de la pauvreté. \nMais la mise en œuvre de la stratégie prend, semble-t-il, du retard.","Ministère des Finances, du Budget et du Plan,  22 novembre 2007, « Projet de Stratégie Nationale de Développement de la Statistique (SNDS 2008-2012) », page 16. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SCBINTRANET/Resources/239410-1137077049744/COM_NSDS.pdf)\n\nDirection nationale de la statistique, Non daté, « Pourquoi faut-il des statistiques fiables pour le développement des Comores ? ». http://www.paris21.org/sites/default/files/COMOROS_whystats_fr.pdf","Des travaux concernant l’état de pauvreté aux Comores ont été effectués mais ils ne sont ni réguliers ni précis. Ces travaux sont: RGPH 1991, EBC 1995, EDS 1996, Enquêtes qualitatives sur la pauvreté de 1997; MICS 2000, Enquête sur la perception de la pauvreté aux Comores (EPP, 200..."]
["2012_CD_83",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",83,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_83",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",83,0,"The National Directorate for statistics website does not provide this information on a regular basis. The last information available on poverty belongs to the 2001 National Census where only information on access to housing and education was provided.\n\nThe website was last updated in 2005.","Ministry of Planning, Directorate of Statistics, July 29, 2012 (date accessed) Indicadores Demograficos, http://www.dgecnstat-ge.org/\n\nWorld Bank, Jan. 2010, Equatorial Guinea Public Expenditure Review (PER), http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf","The National Directorate for statistics website does not provide this information on a regular basis. The last information available on poverty belongs to the 2001 National Census where only information on access to housing and education was provided...."]
["2012_GH_83",2012,"GH","Ghana",83,0,"The Ghana Statistical Service conducts a number of surveys that provide specific and regular statistics on poverty. These include the Demographic and Health Survey (1993, 2008), the Ghana Living Standards Survey (every 5 years) and the Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (1997, 2003), as well as Household and Population Census conducted every 10 years. \n\nThere is a National Data Archive (NADA) website that publishes various data, including the National Housing and Population Census. The National Housing and Population Census contains a lot of information, including poverty data for the population. There was a delay in the 2010 Census, so the NADA website does not contain information from the 2010 Housing and Population Census. However, the data provided in the census is also gathered by the other sources.","Emmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.\n\nGhana - Population and Housing Census 2000, published by Ghana Statistical Service, Population Data Analysis Reports, National Data Archive (NADA), http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/nada/index.php/catalog","The Ghana Statistical Service conducts a number of surveys that provide specific and regular statistics on poverty. These include the Demographic and Health Survey (1993, 2008), the Ghana Living Standards Survey (every 5 years) and the Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (1997, 2..."]
["2012_LR_83",2012,"LR","Liberia",83,0,"The Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) has done only the poverty assessment of 2008 and this report has contributed to poverty interventions by the Liberian government, especially its poverty reduction strategy. \n\nA report by the International Monetary Fund from July 2011 states the LISGIS was supposed to release statistics in September 2011, but they are still not available on the LISGIS website. The only statistics available are links to international organizations' reports.","Interview with Dehpue Y. Zuo, project manager, Liberia Microeconomic Policy Analysis Capacity Building Project (LIMPAC), Aug. 4, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nLiberia participatory Poverty Assessment Final Report, August 2008, Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services, www.lr.undp.org/Documents/RecentPublic/PPA_report.pdf\n\nInternational Monetary Fund, Country Report No. 11/214, Liberia: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, July 2011. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11214.pdf","The Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) has done only the poverty assessment of 2008 and this report has contributed to poverty interventions by the Liberian government, especially its poverty reduction strategy. ..."]
["2012_LY_83",2012,"LY","Libya",83,0,"Libya lacks statistics on its population and figures are not known by central and local government. The last official census is that of 2006. Both WHO and UNICEF have confirmed this weakness as they undertake a nationwide assessment on health facilities.","European Commission, International Management Group, June 2012, Civil Society and Women’s Rights in Libya\n\nInterviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer in the department of shadow economy, National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli.","Libya lacks statistics on its population and figures are not known by central and local government. The last official census is that of 2006. Both WHO and UNICEF have confirmed this weakness as they undertake a nationwide assessment on health facilities."]
["2012_MU_83",2012,"MU","Mauritius",83,0,"The Central Statistical Office does not collect poverty data regularly. The current poverty statistics are based on the poverty analysis of 2006/2007. According to the central statistics office, it does not have a poverty line but measures relative poverty based on the census and survey data.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nPoverty statistics compiled by the Central Statistics Office. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/cso/menuitem.dee225f644ffe2aa338852f8a0208a0c/?content_id=6dda3f48c654c010VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD\n\nDigest of Social Security Statistics 2010. Central Statistical Office. http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/report/natacc/socsec10/socsec10.pdf","The Central Statistical Office does not collect poverty data regularly. The current poverty statistics are based on the poverty analysis of 2006/2007. According to the central statistics office, it does not have a poverty line but measures relative poverty based on the census and s..."]
["2012_NG_83",2012,"NG","Nigeria",83,50,"The National Bureau of Statistics publishes several survey reports that contain data on poverty. These can be located on its website and is available in print. They are used by scholars and the media frequently.","Socio-Economic Statistics in Nigeria. National Bureau of Statistics. Abuja. 2011.\n\nGeneral Household Survey in Nigeria. National Bureau of Statistics. Abuja. 2011.\nwww.nigeriastat.gov.ng","The National Bureau of Statistics publishes several survey reports that contain data on poverty. These can be located on its website and is available in print. They are used by scholars and the media frequently."]
["2012_SL_83",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",83,0,"According to the Statistics Sierra Leone Web page, the last poverty data were compiled based on the 2004 household survey. In the annual statistics digest, there is no poverty data available since that year.","Anonymous respondent, State House, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAnonymous respondent, Treasury Department, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAbu Bakarr Kamara, coordinator, Budget Advocacy Network, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, Freetown.\n\nGovernment of Sierra Leone, Statistics Sierra Leone, www.statistics.sl/","According to the Statistics Sierra Leone Web page, the last poverty data were compiled based on the 2004 household survey. In the annual statistics digest, there is no poverty data available since that year."]
["2012_SO_83",2012,"SO","Somalia",83,0,"Somalia has had no office of national statistics for the past two decades.\n \nA U.N. report in 2012 states that 73 percent of Somalis live on less than US$2 a day and that approximately 43 percent of Somalia's population lives below the poverty line. Poverty in Somalia is more pronounced in rural areas than in urban regions.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed Nov. 6, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nUNDP: Somalia Human Development Factsheet. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/HDR/Arab%20States/HDR-Somalia-Factsheet-2012-E.pdf\n\nFinance Maps of the World: Poverty in Somalia. finance.mapsofworld.com/economy/somalia/poverty.html","Somalia has had no office of national statistics for the past two decades.\n \nA U.N. report in 2012 states that 73 percent of Somalis live on less than US$2 a day and that ..."]
["2012_UG_83",2012,"UG","Uganda",83,25,"The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) conducts surveys to generate poverty statistics to measure the trends and incidence of poverty in the country, but they are not regular. For example, poverty statistics for Uganda are based on the 2002 Census data and data from 2004 and 2007. UBOS points out that availability of such information has long been a challenge. Currently, Household (Socio-economic) and National Service Delivery Surveys are undertaken between two and five years.","“Uganda Bureau of Statistics - Sector Strategic Plan for Statistics - 2007-2012,” p.9-23, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/PNSD/UBOS%20SSPS.pdf.\n \n UBOS Statistical Achives, Poverty, http://www.ubos.org/index.php?st=pagerelations2&id=37&p=related%20pages%202:Poverty%20.\n \n “Digital Maps Based on Spatial Trends of Poverty and Inequality in Uganda: 2002-2005,” Uganda Bureau of Statistics, http://www.ugandaclusters.ug/PVRTY-INQLTY/1.0%20Introduction.html.","The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) conducts surveys to generate poverty statistics to measure the trends and incidence of poverty in the country, but they are not regular. For example, poverty statistics for Uganda are based on the 2002 Census data and data from 2004 and 2007. ..."]
["2012_DZ_84",2012,"DZ","Algeria",84,50,"The \"Algérie en Quelques Chiffres\" editions, published (bi)-annually since 2001, contain some data on infrastructure such as transport, telecommunications, energy, etc.","Editions Algérie en Quelque Chiffres. http://www.ons.dz/-L-Algerie-en-Quelques-Chiffres-.html\n\nhttp://www.ons.dz/-Transports-non-routiers-.html\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil servant. ONS. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil servant. ONS. July 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. July 9, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The \"Algérie en Quelques Chiffres\" editions, published (bi)-annually since 2001, contain some data on infrastructure such as transport, telecommunications, energy, etc."]
["2012_BI_84",2012,"BI","Burundi",84,0,"The statistics office (ISTEEBU) publishes on its websites a number of statistics, but the only data are related to infrastructure involve transportation and telecommunications.","Interview via e-mail with Didier Ndarusanze, Statistician Engineer, formerly in the National Office of Statistics of Burundi  (ISTEEBU), July 23, 2012\n\nInstitut de Statistiques et d'Etudes Economiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU),  www. isteebu.bi. accessed in July 2012. ","The statistics office (ISTEEBU) publishes on its websites a number of statistics, but the only data are related to infrastructure involve transportation and telecommunications."]
["2012_CM_84",2012,"CM","Cameroon",84,25,"The only infrastructure statistics readily available publicly from the National Institute of Statistics are on the telecommunications and transportation sectors. Unfortunately, these statistics are very limited. They do not provide much detail. For instance, the statistics on the transportation sector focus on the evolution of the traffic volume on Cameroon’s railway between 1996 and 2000 but not on the quantity or quality of the railway network. The National Institute of Statistics, thanks to an African Development Bank measure, is implementing a program to get statistics on Cameroon's infrastructure. The following are the concerned sectors: water, energy, post and telecommunications, transportation, enterprise reform, governance as well as quality of service and budget flux. The statistics will be collected every two years, and the 2012 statistics will be for 2010 and 2011.","Division des statistiques économiques et sociales (ESTA.1), \"Programme de connaissance de l’infrastructure en Afrique,\" Bulletin No. 1, March 2011.\n\nInstitut National de la Statistique, \"50 Ans de la statistique au Cameroun\", INS, October 2010.\n\nInstitut National de la Statistiques, \"Statistiques structurelles --  Le réseau routier par province en 2000,\" available at www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Statistiques/Transport/reseauroutier.htm","The only infrastructure statistics readily available publicly from the National Institute of Statistics are on the telecommunications and transportation sectors. Unfortunately, these statistics are very limited. They do not provide much detail. For instance, the statistics on the t..."]
["2012_CD_84",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",84,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_84",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",84,0,"The National Directorate for Statistics website does not provide this information. The website was last updated in 2005.","Ministry of Planning, Directorate of Statistics, July 29, 2012 (date accessed) Indicadores Demograficos, http://www.dgecnstat-ge.org/\n\nWorld Bank, Jan. 2010, Equatorial Guinea Public Expenditure Review (PER), http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf","The National Directorate for Statistics website does not provide this information. The website was last updated in 2005."]
["2012_GH_84",2012,"GH","Ghana",84,0,"The Ghana Living Standards Survey is published every five years and includes information on infrastructure, but it is not detailed. It is only the Population and Housing Census, conducted every 10 years, that provides statistics on infrastructure, but sometimes, as is the current case, there are delays in the census, leading to delays in publication of the results.","Emmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.","The Ghana Living Standards Survey is published every five years and includes information on infrastructure, but it is not detailed. It is only the Population and Housing Census, conducted every 10 years, that provides statistics on infrastructure, but sometimes, as is the current c..."]
["2012_GN_84",2012,"GN","Guinea",84,25,"L'institut national des statistiques ne dispose pas de moyens suffisants et adéquats lui permettant de faire son travail. Il dispose souvent de statistiques anciennes qui ne sont pas mises à jour faute de moyens.\n\nLe site de l'Institut National de Statistiques n'a aucun rapport sur ​​les infrastructures, et il semble que le site est rarement mis à jour avec de nouvelles informations.","Entretien avec Sékou 2 Sylla, Professeur de droit à la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université de Sonfonia, Coordinateur du centre d'éducation civique et électoral de Kindia, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nWebsite of the Institut National de la Statistique: http://www.stat-guinee.org/. consulté en septembre 2012.","L'institut national des statistiques ne dispose pas de moyens suffisants et adéquats lui permettant de faire son travail. Il dispose souvent de statistiques anciennes qui ne sont pas mises à jour faute de moyens...."]
["2012_LY_84",2012,"LY","Libya",84,25,"Formerly known as National Corporation for Information and Documentation, the Libyan Office of National Statistics depends directly on the cabinet of the Prime Minister. \n\nNo active website was found, but civil servants confirmed that the office regularly gathers data and produces national statistics.\n\nNevertheless, Libya seriously lacks statistical information on most fields, and an efficient body that centralizes the function of gathering and distributing national statistics.\n\nThe IMF recommends that compilation of national statistics should take place under the umbrella of an independent agency with a view to improving the coverage, quality, and timeliness of statistics.","International Monetary Fund, May 4, 2012, \"Libya - Staff Visit Concluding Statement,\" available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2012/050412.htm \n\nInterviews with Khaled Aljazwi, lawyer in the department of shadow economy, National Economic Development Board, April 22, July 20 and July 22, 2012, Tripoli. Was seconded to the legal office of the High National Electoral Commission  from May to July 2012.","Formerly known as National Corporation for Information and Documentation, the Libyan Office of National Statistics depends directly on the cabinet of the Prime Minister. ..."]
["2012_MU_84",2012,"MU","Mauritius",84,100,"The Central Statistics Office provides some data on infrastructure (ICT, tourism and construction) and available data are from 2011 or 2012.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nAnnual Digest of Statistics 2011. Central Statistical Office. http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Pages/Construction.aspx","The Central Statistics Office provides some data on infrastructure (ICT, tourism and construction) and available data are from 2011 or 2012."]
["2012_NG_84",2012,"NG","Nigeria",84,50,"Several statistical documents on infrastructure are produced by the National Bureau of Statistics. Some of these or their summaries are available on the NBS website. The statistics are often not comprehensive and have been questioned by several government officials and academics, including the former adviser to the president on the economy and former governor of the Central Bank, Charles Soludo.","Transport Statistics. National Bureau of Statistics, accessed August 2012\nwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/29\n\nHousing, Building and Construction Statistics, accessed August 2012.\nwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/12\n\nCommunication Statistics. National Bureau of Statistics, accessed August 2012.\nwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/30\n\nDo You Believe Nigeria’s Statistics. Chukwuma Charles Soludo. This Day. Aug. 6, 2012. http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/do-you-believe-nigeria-8217-s-statistics-/121658/","Several statistical documents on infrastructure are produced by the National Bureau of Statistics. Some of these or their summaries are available on the NBS website. The statistics are often not comprehensive and have been questioned by several government officials and academics, i..."]
["2012_RW_84",2012,"RW","Rwanda",84,50,"The National Institute of Statistics compiles data on infrastructure, but it is not exhaustive. Most of the data dwell on utilities and electricity. There is less information on the state of roads. Yet such data are essential for evidence-based policy and decision making and for better support for policy implementation, monitoring of progress and evaluation of outcomes and impacts of development initiatives such as the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, the country's development blueprint.","National Institute of Statistics, http://statistics.gov.rw/publications/eicv-3-thematic-report-utilities-and-amenities. accessed in November 2013\n\nNational Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, http://statistics.gov.rw/publications/statistical-yearbook-2011. accessed in November 2013","The National Institute of Statistics compiles data on infrastructure, but it is not exhaustive. Most of the data dwell on utilities and electricity. There is less information on the state of roads. Yet such data are essential for evidence-based policy and decision making and for be..."]
["2012_SO_84",2012,"SO","Somalia",84,0,"Most of the country is controlled by al-Shabab fighters rather than by the federal government. This prevents the government from collecting and publishing data related to infrastructure. Such information was not gathered or published during this research period.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed Nov. 6, 2012, Mogadishu.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Most of the country is controlled by al-Shabab fighters rather than by the federal government. This prevents the government from collecting and publishing data related to infrastructure. Such information was not gathered or published during this research period."]
["2012_TZ_84",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",84,100,"The National Bureau of Statistics does not collect data on infrastructure. Such data is available from relevant ministries and agencies such as the Ministry for Infrastructure Development, and the Tanzania National Roads Agency, the Tanzania Airports Authority, the Tanzania Ports Authority.","Website of the Tanzania National Roads Agency, accessed Aug. 9, 2012\n http://www.tanroads.org/ \n \n Website of the Ministry of Transport, accessed Aug. 9, 2012\n http://www.mot.go.tz/\n \n Website of the Tanzania Ports Authority, accessed Aug. 9, 2012\n http://www.tanzaniaports.com/","The National Bureau of Statistics does not collect data on infrastructure. Such data is available from relevant ministries and agencies such as the Ministry for Infrastructure Development, and the Tanzania National Roads Agency, the Tanzania Airports Authority, the Tanzania Ports A..."]
["2012_ZW_84",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",84,50,"There is a national agency responsible for collecting and publishing statistics, the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). It collects varied statistics including a compendium of statistics every two years (latest copy available is 2005, facts and figures which should be produced annually (latest copy is from 2010) and quarterly digests of statistics (latest copy available is from June 2012). Statistics include information on the following sectors: transport (air and rail), agriculture, construction, mining, construction, electricity generation and manufacturing and production. \n  \n A 2011 report by the International Monetary Fund stated that data collection procedures by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) included “serious shortcomings that significantly hamper surveillance” on macroeconomic statistics that in turn makes it more difficult to evaluate central government policies. \n \n For example, under the agricultural/environmental sector statistics, \n \n • Agricultural Development Authority (ADA) Estates statistics should be produced ad-hoc, however latest copy available is from 2001. \n • Crop Production (Agriculture & Livestock Survey) should be produced annually, however, the latest copy available is from 2003.\n • Agricultural Production on Large Scale Commercial Farms statistics should be produced annually; however, the latest copy available is from 2001.\n • Agricultural Production on Small Scale Commercial Farms statistics should be produced annually, however the latest available copy is from 2002.\n • Agricultural Production on Resettlement Areas should be produced annually; however, the latest available copy is from 2003.\n • Agricultural Production on Communal Land Irrigation Schemes should be produced annually; however, the latest available copy is from 2002.\n • Census of Registered Poultry Producers should be produced annually; however, the latest available copy is from 2003.\n • Census of Deciduous Fruit Growers should be produced annually; however, the latest available copy is from 2002.\n • Production Account of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing should be produced annually; however, latest copy available is 2002.\n • Environmental Statistics should be produced every three years; however, latest copy available is from 2010.","The Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency digest for the first, second and third quarters 2012, www.zimstat.co.zw\n \n \"Zimbabwe: 2011 Article IV Consultation,\" International Monetary Fund, IMF Country Report No. 11/135, April 2011, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11135.pdf\n \n First Annual Medium Term Plan (MTP) Implementation Progress Report 2012, Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion (MEPIP), www.mepip.gov.zw","There is a national agency responsible for collecting and publishing statistics, the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). It collects varied statistics including a compendium of statistics every two years (latest copy available is 2005, facts and figures which should be p..."]
["2012_DZ_85",2012,"DZ","Algeria",85,50,"According to the sources and the media reports, around 60 percent of the roads are in a bad state, even though 72% of roads are tarred. \n\nDuring the review period, the Minister of Public Works announced that the maintenance of roads, previously largely neglected, will be at the heart of Algeria's development plans. He also stated that the costs of road maintenance amount to 20 billion DA. Between 2005 and 2009, around 1 billion dollars were invested in improving road conditions.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 10, 2012.\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nFayçal Abdelghani, Algérie: Routes et autoroutes seront entretenues progressivement: 150 milliards de dinars pour tout refaire, 29 July 2011, http://www.yenoo.be/news/maghreb/algerie-routes-et-autoroutes-seront-entretenues-progressivement-150-milliards-de-dinars","According to the sources and the media reports, around 60 percent of the roads are in a bad state, even though 72% of roads are tarred. ..."]
["2012_BI_85",2012,"BI","Burundi",85,25,"Burundi has a road network length of 12,322 kilometers. However, only 7 percent of the roads can be used in all seasons. In addition, Burundi does not have railroads. According to a report of the African Development Group, in the past five years, the donor community has stepped up levels of support for rehabilitation of the national road network, but this report adds that while much has been accomplished, a large part of the road network has not yet been rehabilitated.\n\nEmery Ndayishimiye, a taxi driver, said that in the last 5 years, the road network has been significantly improved both in Bujumbura and the countryside. But road construction seems to have been corrupted, he added, giving as an example the road connecting Gitega and Ruyigi; pointing out it is completely torn up only five years after it was built.","Investment Guide, 2012, Infrastructure and Logistics General Information http://www.investburundi.com/general-information1\n\nIMF. \"IMF Renews Support for Burundi's Economic Reforms\". January 24, 2012. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/car012312a.htm\n\nAfrican Review. \"Saudi fund boost for Burundi-Rwanda road\". October 15, 2012. http://www.africanreview.com/construction-a-mining/roads/saudi-fund-boost-for-burundi-rwanda-multinational-road\n\n\"An Infrastructure Action Plan for Burundi: Accelerating Regional Integration,\" African Development bank group, September 2009 http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/burundi/:","Burundi has a road network length of 12,322 kilometers. However, only 7 percent of the roads can be used in all seasons. In addition, Burundi does not have railroads. According to a report of the African Development Group, in the past five years, the donor community has stepped up ..."]
["2012_KM_85",2012,"KM","Comoros",85,50,"Le réseau routier aux Comores comprend (i) 412 kilomètres de routes nationales réparties sur les trois îles de l’Union. La plupart ont une largeur de  3,50 mètres, ce qui est insuffisant lors des croisements ; (ii) des routes régionales et rurales qui relèvent de la compétence des autorités de chaque île; et (iii) des voies urbaines. Le réseau routier est nettement plus dense sur la Grande Comore que sur les autres îles. Le trafic est très dense au sein des agglomérations urbaines, en particulier à Moroni ; il l’est beaucoup moins au niveau inter–urbain, à la fois en raison du nombre relativement faible de véhicules en circulation dans les villages et à cause du mauvais état du réseau. \n\nLe site web de l'Ambassade de France aux Comores confirme ainsi que \"le réseau routier existe, mais le pays ne bénéficie d’aucun programme d’entretien de route, et ce sont les bailleurs de fonds internationaux qui planifient les interventions liées aux infrastructures routières\". (Sources : Site web de l’Ambassade de France aux Comores, « 41km de route construit par les Comores », La France en Union des Comores, 29 juin 2012, http://ambafrance-km.org/41-kilometres-de-route-construits).\n\nIl faut noter à propos de la densité du réseau routier que les statistiques sont différents selon les institutions qui fournissent les documents. \nSelon un document CNUCED (Conférence des Nations Unies sur le Commerce et le développement) d’Avril 2011, le réseau routier est relativement développé en Grande Comores, mais moins dense à Anjouan et Mohéli. Il comprend, en dehors du réseau urbain, des routes nationales (412 km), régionales et rurales reliant les différentes agglomérations et villages. Les routes sont néanmoins insuffisamment entretenues du fait, entre autres, des difficultés de financement par l’État et du partage de compétences avec les autorités des îles concernant l’entretien du réseau. Des travaux de réfection ainsi qu’une remise aux normes, notamment sur la largeur des routes, restent à entreprendre. (source : « Guide de l’investissement aux Comores, opportunités et conditions, 2011 », Nations Unies New York et Genève, Avril 2011, CNUCED, P.15, http://unctad.org/fr/docs/diaepcb2011d4_fr.pdf).\n\nPour la Chambre de Commerce des Comores, le réseau routier comorien compte environ 553 km de routes bitumées dans un état assez dégradé, et de 240 km de routes et pistes en terre, certaines devenues quasi impraticables. Le réseau routier est mal entretenu, faute de moyens et d’un personnel qualifié. (source : Site de l’Union des Chambres de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Agriculture des Comores, 14 décembre 2012, http://www.uccia-comores.com/economie/les-infrastructures/les-infrastructures.html).","Comoresonline, 10 mars 2012, « Le Chef de l’Etat, s’est entretenu avec l’Emir du Qatar ». http://www.comoresonline.net/2012/03/le-chef-de-letat-sest-entretenu-avec.html\n\nSite web de l’Ambassade de France aux Comores, « 41km de route construit par les Comores », La France en Union des  Comores, 29 juin 2012, http://ambafrance-km.org/41-kilometres-de-route-construits\n\n« Guide de l’investissement aux Comores, opportunités et conditions, 2011  », Nations Unies New York et Genève, Avril 2011, CNUCED,  P.15, http://unctad.org/fr/docs/diaepcb2011d4_fr.pdf)\n\nSite de l’Union des Chambres de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Agriculture des Comores, 14 décembre 2012, http://www.uccia-comores.com/economie/les-infrastructures/les-infrastructures.html).","Le réseau routier aux Comores comprend (i) 412 kilomètres de routes nationales réparties sur les trois îles de l’Union. La plupart ont une largeur de  3,50 mètres, ce qui est insuffisant lors des croisements ; (ii) des routes régionales et rurales qui relèvent de la compétence des ..."]
["2012_EG_85",2012,"EG","Egypt",85,25,"Road networks are dense in the country, with a high rural accessibility, compared to the population density, and extend over 54,000 km serving the large urban areas. That is above the MENA average. Egypt has been allocating large sums to develop its road networks, representing 0.7% of its GDP, which helped in decreasing road tolls. \n\nRoad traffic injuries are a leading cause of deaths and hospitalization in Egypt. A survey estimated that road traffic crashes represented 62.9% of injury-related deaths and 34% of nonfatal injuries (World Health Organization, 2011).\n\nThe decentralization of road authorities and the engagement of the private sector through BOT deals, as well as bottom-up reforms, has helped. The responsible agency, the General Authority for Roads, Bridges & Land Transport, is supervising all planning, construction, operating, maintenance and safety works for main roads and bridges, covering about 25,000 km, while the rest is under the responsibility of the local administration and the Ministry of Housing. But, the GARBLT is working inadequately, and roads are “crumbling apart.” \n\nRoad safety regulations are not enforced, raising the dangers in addition to the growing congestion with the increasing car ownership and the heavy population density. Moreover, the maintenance of roads was neglected, with very small investment allocated to it, representing 0.15% of GDP. A package of investment in coastal roads was introduced in 2007, representing 0.7% of the GDP.","World Bank. 2011. Poor Places, Thriving People: How The MENA Can Rise Above Spatial Disparities. \n\nEgypt: A National Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020. World Health Organization, WHO-EM/HLP/069/E, 2011. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:u0UWuh3hVQcJ:www.emro.who.int/dsaf/dsa1229.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgbniVBey-_iHVyhodxgvhR-LtQfHaPMjv2W4na5_kbT-h-TSkKgLkM5stHEZ4qge1nhryD_pDpylOW1osvFmcusArq6hf_LpdWrztO7xfFviX7mMUTNwi_gZR2BfBIkaIrluLR&sig=AHIEtbQxfdzokPuzG_0--ig8pprFPzkBXg\n\nWHO. \"Improving road safety in Egypt\", 1 July 2012. http://www.emro.who.int/media/news/improving-road-safety-egypt.html\n\nOECD. 2010. Business Climate development strategy\nhttp://www.oecd.org/daf/privatesectordevelopment/46341635.pdf","Road networks are dense in the country, with a high rural accessibility, compared to the population density, and extend over 54,000 km serving the large urban areas. That is above the MENA average. Egypt has been allocating large sums to develop its road networks, representing 0.7%..."]
["2012_GQ_85",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",85,50,"The government of Equatorial Guinea has invested in infrastructure, mainly in roads connecting all major province capitals. \nAccording to the African Economic Outlook, \"In 2011, public works contributed 4.6 percent to GDP. Between 2000 and 2010 there was a clear improvement in transport and telecommunications. Roads between main towns and in urban centers were modernized. ... About 80 percent of total budgetary spending was devoted to capital expenditure in 2007-11, two-thirds of it in the area of road infrastructure.\" \nBy 2010, it was expected that the government will keep investing in infrastructure, including roads and its maintenance. Reports from 2011 confirm that roads are being constructed.","Government of Equatorial Guinea, Aug 20, 2011, The President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea has visited the districts of Evinayong and Acurenam, http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=1835\n\nComunidad de Murcia, 2011, El sector de la Construccion y Materiales en Guinea Ecuatorial, http://www.impulsoexterior.com/COMEX/servlet/MuestraArchivo?id_=2_7742\n\nAfDB, OECD, UNDP, UNECA, 2012 , 2012 African Economic Outlook: Equatorial Guinea, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/Equatorial%20Guinea%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n\nMinistry of Communications of Equatorial Guinea, Infrastructures, http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=131&lang=en, accessed during the research period. \n\nInternational Monetary Fund, April 8, 2010, Staff Report on Article IV Consultation on Equatorial Guinea, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10103.pdf","The government of Equatorial Guinea has invested in infrastructure, mainly in roads connecting all major province capitals. \nAccording to the African Economic Outlook, \"In 2011, public works contributed 4.6 percent to G..."]
["2012_GH_85",2012,"GH","Ghana",85,50,"Road networks exist between virtually every town and the cities, but there is still need for more and the existing ones are not adequately maintained. \n\nNii Koi Kumah, Deputy Minister of Roads and Highways, announced in May 2012 that the government had earmarked GH907 million as the 2012 budgetary allocation for the road sector. There is ongoing work to improve the Bus Rapid Transit system in Ghana. However, a project to take place in 2011 called the Eastern Corridor Roads Project was never finished.","Edward T. Kareweh, Deputy General Secretary of the General Agricultural Workers Union (GAWU), Ghana Trades Union Congress, June 1, 2012. \n\nEmmanuel Kuyole, Regional Coordinator, Revenue Watch Institute, June 13, 2012.\n\nAbdulai Darimani, Environment Program Officer, Third World Network (TWN), Africa Secretariat, June 7, 2012.\n\nEmelia Derkyi, Financial Controller, Attorney-General's Department, June 13, 2012.\n\nPatrick Apoya, Former Executive Secretary of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS) and now a Development Consultant, Asylum Down, Accra, May 31, 2012.  \n\n\"Government Earmarks GH907 Million for Road Sector,\" Ghana Web, March 15, 2012.  http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=232775\n\n\"Ghana's BRT Road Infrastructure Project on Course,\" The Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport,  May 18, 2012. http://www.ciltgh.org/news/ghana_s_brt_road_project__infrastructure_on_course\n\n\"$1.8 Billion Eastern Corridor Roads Project Dead,\" Modern Ghana, Sept. 7, 2011. http://www.modernghana.com/news/349293/1/18bn-eastern-corridor-roads-project-dead.html","Road networks exist between virtually every town and the cities, but there is still need for more and the existing ones are not adequately maintained. ..."]
["2012_LR_85",2012,"LR","Liberia",85,50,"In the last five years, the government has made tremendous efforts to rehabilitate primary and secondary roads in across the country. According to the Ministry of Public Works, there are over 823 km of national primary roads across the country. Secondary roads, they note, are yet to be designated with route numbers and other features that will make them easily distinguishable from the primary roads. \n\nAccording to the CIA World Factbook of 2000: Total roadways, 10,600 km; paved, 657 km; unpaved, 9,943 km.\n\nThe Liberian government has signed contracts for the rehabilitation of many roads across the country. The Monrovia-Buchanan highway is being rehabilitated under funding from the World Bank (Urban and Rural Infrastructure Rehabilitation Project. The Monrovia-Ganta road rehabilitation project is being undertaken with funding from the Liberia Road Asset Management Project and the World Bank.","Interview with Eddie Jarwolo, executive director, National Youth Movement for Transparent Elections, Aug. 3, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with James Afif Jaber, county development officer, Margibi County, Aug. 3, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nLiberia Road Asset Management Project (LIBRAMP), World Bank, June 7, 2011. http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P125574/liberia-road-asset-management-project-libramp?lang=en\n\nCIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html","In the last five years, the government has made tremendous efforts to rehabilitate primary and secondary roads in across the country. According to the Ministry of Public Works, there are over 823 km of national primary roads across the country. Secondary roads, they note, are yet t..."]
["2012_MR_85",2012,"MR","Mauritania",85,25,"La Mauritanie dispose officiellement d'un réseau routier de 5139 km mais il y a des problèmes sérieux d'entretien. Mieux encore, ce réseau est insuffisant car beaucoup de localités sont inaccessibles. D'où leur enclavement avec tout ce que cela comporte comme conséquences. Des programmes de réhabilitation de routes sont en cours avec l'appui de certains bailleurs (BAD, union européenne, etc)","La Mauritanie dispose d’un réseau routier long de 5139 km. 30 avril 2012. http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=628909; \n\nAdoption de projet de lois dont un sur l'extension de la mission de l'Etablissement National d'Entretien Routier ('ENER), in l'Authentic, décembre 2012\n\nLa Mauritanie dispose d’un réseau routier long de 5139 km, CRIDEM du 30 avril 2012 \n\nDélégation de l'union européenne en Mauritanie, Reconstruction de la route Nouakchott Rosso , premier allotissement, http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/mauritania/projects/list_of_projects/22437_fr.htm\n\nMauritanie: L'ENER reçoit une médaille de New Millenium Award,  Mai 2011 in All Africa http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201105161201.html","La Mauritanie dispose officiellement d'un réseau routier de 5139 km mais il y a des problèmes sérieux d'entretien. Mieux encore, ce réseau est insuffisant car beaucoup de localités sont inaccessibles. D'où leur enclavement avec tout ce que cela comporte comme conséquences. Des prog..."]
["2012_NA_85",2012,"NA","Namibia",85,100,"The general consensus is that Namibian road networks are among the best on the continent, notwithstanding some rural-urban disparities in maintenance. \"The majority of towns and communities can be reached by a network of quality gravel trunk, main and district road networks\" (Embassy of the Republic of Namibia, Washington, D.C., 2012). Namibia has a total road network of more than 64,189 kilometers (39,885 miles), including 5,477 km of tarred roads that link the country to Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The custodian of the roads network is the Roads Authority of Namibia.","Roads Authority of Namibia, \"Road Surface Type Distribution 2010: Namibia,\"  www.ra.org.na/images/stories/documents/roadcat1.pdf   \n\nGovernment Portal, Republic of Namibia, www.grnnet.gov.na/. Accessed Aug. 21, 2012\n\nAll Africa. \"Namibia: Roads Authority Expands Road Network\". December 6, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201212060327.html\n\nEmbassy of Namibia in Washington D.C., www.namibianembassyusa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=99 \n\nRoads Authority of Namibia, www.ra.org.na/index.php. Accessed Aug. 21, 2012","The general consensus is that Namibian road networks are among the best on the continent, notwithstanding some rural-urban disparities in maintenance. \"The majority of towns and communities can be reached by a network of quality gravel trunk, main and district road networks\" (Embas..."]
["2012_RW_85",2012,"RW","Rwanda",85,50,"Roads between cities generally are in a good state and well maintained. However, some roads connecting cities are in a horrible condition, and detours are needed to reach some cities because other roads that may connect these cities are not paved. The government is trying to address this issue and has started a project to build a road connecting cities in the western province.","Republic of Rwanda, FER Work Progress Report, July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011. \n\nMurenzi Donatien, director, Murenzi Supply Co., Public Works Division, interviewed Dec. 17, 2012, Kiramuruzi, Eastern Province, Rwanda.\n\nAgutamba, \"K.  Sick workers, bad roads to hurt Rwanda’s competitiveness\". September 10, 2012.  The Rwanda Focus.  Retrieved from http://focus.rw/wp/2012/09/sick-workers-bad-roads-to-hurt-rwandas-competitiveness-report/ ","Roads between cities generally are in a good state and well maintained. However, some roads connecting cities are in a horrible condition, and detours are needed to reach some cities because other roads that may connect these cities are not paved. The government is trying to addres..."]
["2012_SO_85",2012,"SO","Somalia",85,25,"Somalia's road network has been destroyed during the civil war the past two decades and maintenance of road conditions have been challenging due to the limited control of the government over the territory.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed Nov. 3, 2012, Mogadishu. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSomaliland Press. \"Somaliland: Road accidents exacting a toll\". October 9, 2012. http://www.somalilandpress.com/somaliland-road-accidents-exacting-a-toll/","Somalia's road network has been destroyed during the civil war the past two decades and maintenance of road conditions have been challenging due to the limited control of the government over the territory."]
["2012_TZ_85",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",85,75,"Tanzania has a road network of 44,400 kilometers, of which 4,330 kilometers is paved. Of the unpaved network, 31 percent is classified as being in good condition, and 38 percent in fair condition. Of the paved network, 70 percent is classified as being in good condition, and 25 percent in fair condition. \n \nThe road network throughout the country and at all levels – from village roads to national routes – are being improved and that maintenance has improved.","African Development Bank Infrastructure Data Bank (2008), cited in Society for International Development (2012) State of East Africa Report, 2012. \n\nThe Guardian. \"Exciting future of Tanzania's largest city must include better roads\". 20 December 2012. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/dec/20/future-tanzania-largest-city-roads\n \nCommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. \"Annual Bulletin of Infrastructure Statistics 2012\". http://www.trademarksa.org/publications/comesa-annual-bulletin-infrastructure-statistics-2012","Tanzania has a road network of 44,400 kilometers, of which 4,330 kilometers is paved. Of the unpaved network, 31 percent is classified as being in good condition, and 38 percent in fair condition. Of the paved network, 70 percent is classified as being in good condition, and 25 per..."]
["2012_TG_85",2012,"TG","Togo",85,25,"Selon Dovi Yaovi B., dans la pratique, en termes d'existence de réseaux routiers entretenus reliant les villes, on peut dire que très peu d'efforts sont faits par les pouvoirs publics. Les initiatives de ces dernières années sont surtout concentrées sur Lomé. L'honorable Attiogbe Simplice le dit à sa manière: \"Il suffit de sortir un peu de Lomé pour s'en apercevoir: les réseaux routiers ne sont pas entretenus\".","Dovi Yaovi B., ergonomiste et socioéconomiste, gestionnaire informaticien, consultant indépendant, entretien du 2 août 2012 (actualisé le 8 novembre 2012).\n \nAttiogbe A. Simplice, député à l'Assemblée nationale, entretien des 8-9 août 2012.\n\n Xinhua. (5 octobre 2012). « Togo : un besoin financier de 37 milliards de FCFA pour l’entretien du réseau routier en 2013 ». Afriquuinfos. Repéré à http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2012/10/5/togo-besoin-financier-milliards-fcfa-pour-lentretien-reseau-routier-2013-210916.asp.","Selon Dovi Yaovi B., dans la pratique, en termes d'existence de réseaux routiers entretenus reliant les villes, on peut dire que très peu d'efforts sont faits par les pouvoirs publics. Les initiatives de ces dernières années sont surtout concentrées sur Lomé. L'honorable Attiogbe S..."]
["2012_DZ_86",2012,"DZ","Algeria",86,50,"According to sources and the reports listed above, the situation is alarming. However, no accidents or crashes have been reported recently. It should be noted that there is a lot of concern among passengers and pilots altogether about monitoring safety for air transport, even though in recent years the Algerian government has adopted new schemes for the development of the air transport system through the purchase of new aircraft and establishing tires specializing in the field of air transport security and abroad.","Le Transport eAerien en Algerie: Le bricolage qui dure, août 2011. http://www.reflexiondz.net/LE-TRANSPORT-AERIEN-EN-ALGERIE-Le-bricolage-qui-dure_a13398.html\n\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 10, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 10, 2012.\n\nStratégie : les défis d'Air Algérie, novembre 2010. http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2601p121-122.xml0/algerie-angola-congo-tchadstrategie-les-defis-d-air-algerie.html\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","According to sources and the reports listed above, the situation is alarming. However, no accidents or crashes have been reported recently. It should be noted that there is a lot of concern among passengers and pilots altogether about monitoring safety for air transport, even thoug..."]
["2012_BI_86",2012,"BI","Burundi",86,50,"Responsibility for civil aviation in Burundi rests with the Civil Aviation Authority (formerly Regie des Services Aeronautiques), which has primary responsibility for safe and effective operation of flights and air communications. It is an autonomous public agency under the authority of the Ministry of Transport, Post and Communications.\n\nHowever, people question the efficiency of the mechanism since at least four times airplanes flew back due to a power cut at the International Airport of Bujumbura, including on the May 18, 2011, when an Airbus of Brussels Airlines returned to make a full landing.","\"East Africa: Regional Civil Aviation Safety Agency Gets New Home,\" Allafrica.com, Sept. 21, 2012.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201209220250.html\n\n\"La sécurité de l’aéroport de Bujumbura de nouveau au cœur des débats.(Security Bujumbura airport again at the heart of the debate),\" Net press, May 27, 2011 http://www.netpress.bi/spip.php?article4718\n\n\"Logistics Capacity Assessment, 2008,\" UNICEF Supply Division, p.32 dlca.logcluster.org/BDI/country-profile/annexes/burundi-lca\n\nICAO. Safet Report 2012. http://www.icao.int/safety/Documents/ICAO_SGAS_2012_final.pdf","Responsibility for civil aviation in Burundi rests with the Civil Aviation Authority (formerly Regie des Services Aeronautiques), which has primary responsibility for safe and effective operation of flights and air communications. It is an autonomous public agency under the authori..."]
["2012_KM_86",2012,"KM","Comoros",86,50,"Depuis 2004, les Comores sont memnre de l'Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar (ASECNA). Les mesures de sécurité à l’aéroport de Moroni ont été récemment renforcées. Les bagages allant en soute sont contrôlés à l’aide d’un scanner installé dans les années 1990, opéré à la fois par la Brigade des Douanes, la Sécurité Aéroportuaire et la Brigade vanille, tandis que les bagages à main sont vérifiés à l’aide d’un scanner mis en service en 2006 et opéré par la Douane et la Police de l’Air et des Frontières.\nPar contre, il n'existe pas de scanner dans les hangars, ce qui entraîne la réticence des compagnies aériennes à embarquer des marchandises à partir des Comores.\nPar ailleurs, les abords de l’aéroport ont été clôturés et les entrées/sorties des personnes sévèrement contrôlés. Des badges sont attribués à chaque employé, avec différents niveaux d’habilitation, ainsi qu’aux visiteurs.  \nCinq services administratifs différents s’occupent de la sécurité au niveau de l’aéroport : la Brigade des Douanes de l’aéroport, la Police de l’Air et des Frontières (PAF), la Brigade de la Gendarmerie Territoriale et Aérienne (BGTA), la Sécurité Aéroportuaire et, à la demande de l’ASECNA, la société de gardiennage Securicom. La multiplication des services de sécurité présents à l’aéroport et leurs sureffectifs entraînent inévitablement des incidents de compétence entre les services et un manque d’efficacité. Il y aurait lieu de délimiter davantage les attributions de chacun de ces services, de ne permettre que les contrôles de la part des agents de la Douane et de la PAF et d’unifier le commandement. Les contrôles gagneraient en efficacité tout en réduisant les coûts. \nDes formations ont été dispensées au personnel comorien. Il en est ainsi de la formation en imagerie radioscopique organisée à l'Aéroport international Moroni prince Said Ibrahim à Hahaya, qui a permis aux agents chargés de la sureté de distinguer et de déceler tous les engins, armes et produits non autorisés à bord des avions.\nLes données fournies par le gouvernement de l’Union des Comores en décembre 2007 (cf ci-dessus) ainsi que l’article de Mlimadji paru le 22 janvier 2009 sur la sureté aéroportuaire sont globalement pertinentes. \nCes informations sont reprises presque d’une façon intégrale par la Chambre de Commerce dans son site web mis à jour en décembre 2012 :\n« l’installation en 2004 de l’ASECNA (Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar) se traduit par un renforcement des mesures de sécurité à l’aéroport international Moroni Prince Said Ibrahim (AIMPSI), avec l’installation d’équipement de détection, et des aménagements sécuritaires, notamment un scanner pour le fret, exigé par les compagnies internationales. Les aéroports secondaires de Mohéli et d’Anjouan souffrent toujours d’un manque d’équipements de navigation (météo, radiocommunications, etc.), manque de balisage des pistes, manque de sécurité incendie, etc. Ils devraient être dotés des mêmes équipements sécuritaires… D’importants travaux ont été réalisés pendant ces dernières années. La piste a été refaite, offrant toutes les garanties de la navigation aérienne. Ces travaux de revêtement devraient également s’effectuer sur les deux autres îles. Des nouveaux équipements de navigation aérienne ont été installés grâce à la coopération française. Une nouvelle aérogare construite par la République populaire de Chine a été inaugurée. (…)Beaucoup reste à faire sur le plan de la gestion et de la coordination des différents services aéroportuaires (…) ». (Source : Site web de l’Union des Chambres de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Agriculture des Comores, décembre 2012, http://www.uccia-comores.com/economie/les-infrastructures/les-infrastructures.html). \nDe même, un rapport des Nations Unies paru en Avril 2011 fournissent les mêmes informations que les documents élaborés en 2007 par le Gouvernement Comorien et l’article de Mlimadji de 2009 : « d’importants travaux de remise à niveau et de développement de l’aéroport international de Moroni ont été entrepris dans le cadre de la politique gouvernementale visant à promouvoir le tourisme et à accroître les capacités d’accueil. Une nouvelle aérogare a été construite et les dispositifs de sécurité ont été renforcés ». (source : « Guide de l’investissement aux Comores, opportunités et conditions, 2011 », Nations Unies, New York et Genève, Avril 2011, CNUCED, P.34, http://unctad.org/fr/docs/diaepcb2011d4_fr.pdf).\nEn tout état de cause, le Gouvernement comorien s’engage à faire des Comores parmi les pays à sécurité aérienne assurée, comme il a été mentionné lors de célébration à Moroni de la journée internationale de l’Aviation Civile le 7 décembre 2012. (source : Mohamed Youssouf, La Gazette des Comores, 10 décembre 2012, http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article412)\nDans cette optique, l’aviation civile comorienne dispose de l’appui de la coopération française depuis 2011. Selon le site de l’ambassade de France à Moroni, les formations suivantes ont été dispensées aux Comores en 2011 : \nMAI 2011 : Gestion de la sûreté\nJUILLET 2011 : Gestion de crise \nNOVEMBRE 2011 : Exercices de gestion de crises\nY ont participé plus de 60 stagiaires comoriens, provenant des trois îles, issus des aéroports d’Anjouan, de Mohéli, de l’AIMPSI (Aéroport International Moroni Prince Saïd Ibrahim) et de l’ANACM (Agence Nationale de l’ Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie). En 2012, les formations dispensées aux Comores ont été les suivantes :\nAVRIL 2012 : Sûreté du frêt\nNOVEMBRE 2012 : Inspecteurs nationaux\nNOVEMBRE 2012 : Imagerie radioscopique\nNOVEMBRE 2012 : Formateur en imagerie radioscopique.","Site web  de l’Union des Chambres de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Agriculture des Comores,  décembre 2012, http://www.uccia-comores.com/economie/les-infrastructures/les-infrastructures.html\n\nGuide de l’investissement aux Comores, opportunités et conditions, 2011 », Nations Unies, New York et Genève, Avril 2011, CNUCED,  P.34, http://unctad.org/fr/docs/diaepcb2011d4_fr.pdf\n\nMohamed Youssouf, La Gazette des Comores, 10 décembre 2012, http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article412\n\nSite web de l’Ambassade de France à Moroni, « Ouverture de la session de formation consacrée à l’imagerie radioscopique », 20 novembre 2012, http://www.ambafrance-km.org/Ouverture-de-la-session-de\n\nUnion des Comores, décembre 2007, « Etude diagnostique de l’intégration commerciale », p 83 \nhttp://www.enhancedif.org/documents%20FR/DTIS%20french%20documents/french/Comores_EDIC_Dec07_fr.pdf\n\nMlimadji, 22 janvier 2009, « Sureté aéroportuaire. Pour une plus grande sécurité dans les aéroports comoriens », http://mlimadji.skyrock.com/2262725835-Surete-aeroportuaire-Pour-une-plus-grande-securite-dans-les-aeroports.html","Depuis 2004, les Comores sont memnre de l'Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar (ASECNA). Les mesures de sécurité à l’aéroport de Moroni ont été récemment renforcées. Les bagages allant en soute sont contrôlés à l’aide d’un scanner installé da..."]
["2012_CD_86",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",86,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_86",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",86,25,"National airports are managed by Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne (ASECNA), an African air security agency that follows international standards. However, as of April 2012, \"All air carriers certified by the authorities with responsibility for regulatory oversight of Equatorial Guinea\" were banned within the EU because it was not found to be in conformity with the necessary technical elements and requirements prescribed by the applicable international safety standards.","Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne (ASECNA), July 27, 2012 (accessed), Representations, http://www.asecna.aero/asecna_representations.html\n\nThe Flying Margouilla, July 27, 2012 (accessed), The Margouilla's Advice on Nightstopping in Malabo, http://sebgrandclem.e-monsite.com/pages/the-margouilla-s-hot-nightstops/the-margouilla-s-advice-on-nightstopping-in-equatorial-guinea/the-margouilla-s-advice-on-nightstopping-in-malabo.html\n\nEuropean Union, European Commission: Mobility and Transport, July 27, 2012 (accessed), List of airlines banned within the EU, http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/safety/air-ban/doc/list_en.pdf","National airports are managed by Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne (ASECNA), an African air security agency that follows international standards. However, as of April 2012, \"All air carriers certified by the authorities with responsibility for regulatory oversight o..."]
["2012_GH_86",2012,"GH","Ghana",86,75,"There is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport although there is need for improvement with the increasing air transport services in the country. The size and location of the only international airport is a threat in itself to air transport and needs to be examined.  \n\nThere is a potential threat as the size of air traffic is increasing and the runway appears inadequate. Even the location of the airport, that is, in a densely populated area, is potentially dangerous. In June 2012, an aircraft ran off the runway and into road traffic, killing about 10 people in a moving truck. However, this has been the only crash for quite a long time, but the potential for danger needs to be addressed.\n\nGenerally, the Civil Aviation Authority is effective in preventing any such incidents from happening, by activity including sweeping the runways every day with a runway sweeper and organizing quarterly Foreign Object Debris Walks.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Ghana has demonstrated commendable efforts to put in a place an airport operation and monitoring system which reflects the increased density of air traffic. However, as stated in the comments of the lead researcher, the location of the airport itself needs to be examined. Cleary stated, there will be the need to relocate the airport in the long run to handle increasing air traffic.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Consider adding the World Bank report on infrastructure in Ghana as additional reference:\nhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/Ghana_country_report_2011.01.pdf;","\"Director General Of Ghana Civil Aviation Authority Says Kotoka International Airport Is One Of The Safest In The Sub-Region,\" Ghana Broadcasting Corp. http://www.gbcghana.com/new/index.php?id=1.926999\n\n\"Plane Crashes Trotro, Kills 12 At Hajj Village,\" Daily Guide Newspaper, June 4, 2012, http://www.dailyguideghana.com/?p=50301\n\n\"Civil Aviation Works Pick Foreign Objects from Airport,\" Ghana Business News, Jan. 11, 2012. http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/01/11/civil-aviation-works-pick-foreign-objects-from-airport/","There is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport although there is need for improvement with the increasing air transport services in the country. The size and location of the only international airport is a threat in itself to air transport and needs to be examine..."]
["2012_LR_86",2012,"LR","Liberia",86,25,"There were no reported accidents during the reporting period. \n\nThe Liberia Civil Aviation Authority offered training to employees and sought a partnership with U.S. air transportation experts. Despite these steps, in practice, the air transport monitoring system still requires substantial work. There is still no comprehensive emergency plan, and because there have been no crashes, emergency preparedness has not been tested.  Liberia does not operate an airline, flights are conducted by the United Nations within Liberia. \n\nConcerns with safety led Air France to suspend its flights to Monrovia in May 2012, citing the poor quality of the runway. Liberia's ownership of its air transport system must be cited as particularly low in the area of local capacity to maintain services. The sector is indirectly still severely hampered by the former conflict.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: World Bank Report on Liberia Infrastructure: \nhttp://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-5597;","\"U.S. Airport Builders Visit Liberia, Have Expertise to Design and Build Modern …\", Liberian Times, May 22, 2012. http://theliberiantimes.com/?p=8830\n\nInterview with Jero H. Mends-Cole, group manager, Safety & Technical Services, Aug. 5, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\n\"Big Boast For Liberia Civil Aviation Authority, \" by Emmanuel Weedee, The Heritage newspaper, Sept. 5, 2011. http://heritageliberia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=457:-big-boast-for-liberia-civil-aviation-authority-&catid=52:general-news\n\n\"Grounded Due to Poor Runway: Air France Liberia Flights Temporarily Suspended,\" Frontpage Africa, May 06, 2012; http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/businesstech/marketfinance/3094-grounded-due-to-poor-runway-air-france-liberia-flights-temporarily-suspended-.html\n\n\"TSA and the Liberia Civil Aviation Authority Partner to Enhance Aviation Security,\" press statement issued by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Transportation Security Administration,  Aug. 30, 2010.","There were no reported accidents during the reporting period. \n\nThe Liberia Civil Aviation Authority offered training to employees and sought a partnership wi..."]
["2012_LY_86",2012,"LY","Libya",86,25,"There is a regulatory agency for monitoring safety, but there are still problems with functioning. For example, there is no monitoring of the ground handling procedures, no control over the vehicles circulating on the airport tarmac, and no control of the validity of pilot licenses and airplane registration documents. Nonetheless, there is a safety monitoring system for air transport, and the agency is making efforts to comply with international regulations.\n\nOverall, the institutions and laws exist, as well as a national organization, the Libyan Civil Aviation Authority. But the problem lies at the level of implementation and enforcement of regulations. Since the end of the revolution in September 2011, the authorities have been slow to ensure that Libyan civil aviation is up to European standards, but efforts are being made.\n\nDuring the revolution, militias sometimes interfered with airport operations. The main airport in the country, Tripoli international airport, came under the  control of a powerful militia from Zintan in August 2011, and operations were stopped more than once by protests. After nearly eight months, the airport was finally handed over to the transitional authority on April 20, 2012. \n\nAccording to an announcement made on April 10, 2012, by the prime minister's office, the airport of Sabha reopened for business. The airport of Ghadames was officially declared open on the May 5, 2012, and the government announced the resumption of two weekly flights between Tripoli and Ghadames. \n\nTripoli International Airport is well-served by international carriers, although not all have resumed services due to ongoing security concerns. International flights also operate from Benghazi International airport. \n\nLibyan air carriers were banned from operating in the EU in March 2011 after the Libyan minister of transport acknowledged that the Libyan aviation safety system was not conforming to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards. He asked for the exclusion of Libyan air carriers from European airspace after the crash of an Afriqiyah Airways Airbus jet in Tripoli in 2010. \n\nAlmost all aircraft maintenance is carried out on Libyan aircraft with Lufthansa Technique, Air France or other European companies. \n\nThus, the safety ban has rather to do with the slow pace of civil aviation authority to address findings that remained unresolved since an ICAO audit carried out in 2007.","IHS, Global Insight, August 2012, Country Intelligence Report \n\nNational Post, Ali Shuaib and Ayman Al-Sahli, June 4, 2012, \"Libya flights cancelled as militia gunmen surround planes at Tripoli airport,\" available at http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/06/04/libya-flights-cancelled-as-militia-gunmen-surround-planes-at-tripoli-airport/ \n\nInterview with Abdelkarim Namssi, pilot, Afriqiya Airways, Dec. 25, 2012, Tripoli \n\nBBC, June 4, 2012, \"Libyan government regains control of Tripoli airport,\" available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18324501\n\nEuropean Union, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 295/2012, April 3, 2012, in Official Journal of the European Union (4/04/2012), para. 24-31, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:098:0013:0035:EN:PDF\n\nLibya Herald, \"Libyan Carriers Still Banned from EU Skies,\" Dec. 19, 2012, available at\nhttp://www.libyaherald.com/2012/12/19/libyan-carriers-still-banned-from-eu-skies/","There is a regulatory agency for monitoring safety, but there are still problems with functioning. For example, there is no monitoring of the ground handling procedures, no control over the vehicles circulating on the airport tarmac, and no control of the validity of pilot licenses..."]
["2012_MU_86",2012,"MU","Mauritius",86,100,"There have been no records of irregularities at the level of safety at the airport. Mauritius is a democracy, and any such incidents are immediately reported in the press. A November 2012 report by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration confirms there's a safety monitoring system for air transport, regulated by law and fully functioning. No incidents were found during the May 2011-May 2012 period of study of the African Integrity Investigation.\n\nThe Airports of Mauritius Ltd. works closely with the Department of Civil Aviation, specialized units of the Mauritius Police Force and other law-enforcing agencies, as well as private security companies to ensure the safety and security of air transport. Civil aviation is regulated by law (the Civil Aviation Act 1974 and Civil Aviation Regulations 2010).","Nov 2012 Report. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ifim/country_info/.../MU.pdf\n\nAirports of Mauritius Ltd., Safety and Security website. http://aml.mru.aero/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=34\n\nCivil Aviation Department - Mauritius. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/cad/menuitem.059e04185af64a49b581b61c79b521ca/\n\nICAO. State of Global Aviation Safety 2011. http://www.icao.int/safety/Documents/ICAO_State-of-Global-Safety_web_EN.pdf","There have been no records of irregularities at the level of safety at the airport. Mauritius is a democracy, and any such incidents are immediately reported in the press. A November 2012 report by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration confirms there's a safety monitoring system..."]
["2012_NG_86",2012,"NG","Nigeria",86,50,"In a recent interview on recurrent plane crashes in Nigeria with Fani Kayode, Ex-avaiation minister,  by Jide Ajani, the Minister was quoted as saying: \"What it tells you is that our skies are no longer safe and that we have gone back to the pre-2006 level of degeneration and rot when it comes to aviation and air safety in Nigeria. It tells you that since 2007, something has gone very wrong and there has been a slow but systemic dismantling of all the standards, reforms and measures that we put in place to save the lives of our fellow Nigerians and to improve the quality of aviation and flying in our country when we were there. It tells you that someone is not doing his or her job in the way that it should be done or with the firmness, discipline and commitment that is needed for Nigerian aviation.\"\n\nThis is despite other assessments that classify Nigeria's air safety system as adequate.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Suggest section on air transport of World Bank report on Nigeria's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective.\nhttp://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-5686\n\nAs highlighted by the report, Nigeria is one of the few countries in Africa whose safety standards support direct flights to the United States. In August 2010, Nigeria became one of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Cape Verde, Ethiopia and South Africa) whose safety oversight is considered good enough for the United States to allow direct flights by Nigerian carriers from Nigeria to the United States. By passing the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) program audit, Nigeria proved itself after a deliberate and determined effort.;","Why Air Crash Reports are Never Released By Fani-Kayode, Ex-Aviation Minister. Vanguard. Jide Ajani. June 10, 2012.  http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/why-air-crash-reports-are-never-released-by-fani-kayode-ex-aviation-minister-2/\n\nWhy So Many Planes Crash in Nigeria. Heather Murdock. Global Post. June 8, 2012. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/nigeria/120606/plane-crash-human-remains-recovery","In a recent interview on recurrent plane crashes in Nigeria with Fani Kayode, Ex-avaiation minister,  by Jide Ajani, the Minister was quoted as saying: \"What it tells you is that our skies are no longer safe and that we have gone back to the pre-2006 level of degeneration and rot w..."]
["2012_SL_86",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",86,50,"Sierra Leone is one of the countries whose registered airlines cannot operate within the European Union because of unsatisfactory safety standards. However, the country has a functional Civil Aviation Authority, and there are efforts to upgrade the airports.","Anonymous respondent, State House, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAnonymous respondent, Treasury Department, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, Freetown.\n\nAbu Bakarr Kamara, coordinator, Budget Advocacy Network, interviewed Jan. 25, 2013, Freetown.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Sierra Leone is one of the countries whose registered airlines cannot operate within the European Union because of unsatisfactory safety standards. However, the country has a functional Civil Aviation Authority, and there are efforts to upgrade the airports."]
["2012_SO_86",2012,"SO","Somalia",86,25,"Air transportation is monitored in some parts of Somalia. SKA Air and Logistics monitors Mogadishu international airport and provides the necessary equipment to oversee the airport's civil aviation system.","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed Nov. 4, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nMohammed Abdullah, Five Forty's East Africa representative in Mogadishu, interviewed Nov. 5, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Air transportation is monitored in some parts of Somalia. SKA Air and Logistics monitors Mogadishu international airport and provides the necessary equipment to oversee the airport's civil aviation system."]
["2012_TZ_86",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",86,50,"Questions were raised about flight information management between air traffic control authorities and pilots that may have contributed to a fatal crash in October 2011. The investigation into the report has not yet been made available. \n\nMore recently in August 2012, the radar at Julius Nyerere International Airport was not functioning for two weeks. This is the third time that this has happened in the past six years. \n\nGiven the regularity with which the radar at the country's main international airport breaks down, one can conclude that that air safety monitoring is not effective.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: According to a  2010 World Bank report \"Tanzanians Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective,\"  air safety is a major concern. As reported in the document, the country's air safety level is classified as FAA category II. The FAA’s IASA program applies to countries with direct flights into the United States. A country with a rating of category I is considered to have a high enough standard in oversight to allow direct flights, while a category II country is not allowed in any way to increase existing capacity (though if flights already exist, they may continue). At present, 106 countries have IASA audits, and 17 have received the category II rating. Of those 17, six are African countries, including Tanzania, from a total of 10 African countries that have gone through the audit. Particular safety problems that stand out in Tanzanian air transport are regularly scheduled commercial services on unpaved runways and failure to use radar in the airports. \n\nhttp://www.infrastructureafrica.org/system/files/Tanzania%20Country%20Report.pdf;","\"Small plane crashes in Arusha, kills co-pilot,\" article in Daily News, Oct. 21, 2011 \nhttp://www.dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=24745\n\n\"Arusha crash blamed on “inept air traffic control mechanism,”\" article in ETurbo News, Oct. 23, 2011, by Dr. Woflgang H. Thome, http://www.eturbonews.com/25944/arusha-crash-blamed-inept-air-traffic-control-mechanism\n\n\"The truth about defective radar,\" article in the IPP Media Gerald Kitabu, Aug. 19, 2012 http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php/=/httivery/?l=44924","Questions were raised about flight information management between air traffic control authorities and pilots that may have contributed to a fatal crash in October 2011. The investigation into the report has not yet been made available. ..."]
["2012_ZW_86",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",86,25,"There is a Civil Aviation Authority with a mandate including monitoring the safety of civil aviation. According to Africa Development Bank's Zimbabwe report in 2011, air traffic control infrastructure in Zimbabwe is deficient. Closely related to traffic surveillance is the capability for aircraft to  communicate with ground controllers. The lack of adequate surveillance raises questions about search and rescue operations. Zimbabwe's Civil Aviation Authority has embarked on a modernization program for the air navigation system.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See:\nWorld Bank Report, \"Zimbabwe's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective, 2011,\"\nhttp://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-5816;","Africa Development Bank (AFDB) Zimbabwe Report, Chapter 11: Civil Aviation Industry, 2011, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/13.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%2011.pdf\n\nMandate of Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe, Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe (CAAZ) website www.caaz.co.zw. Accessed July 2012.","There is a Civil Aviation Authority with a mandate including monitoring the safety of civil aviation. According to Africa Development Bank's Zimbabwe report in 2011, air traffic control infrastructure in Zimbabwe is deficient. Closely related to traffic surveillance is the capabili..."]
["2012_BF_87",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",87,0,"Les intérêts des populations à faibles revenus ne sont pas pris en compte dans les politiques de bien-être et de sécurité sociale du Gouvernement. Seuls les intérêts des salariés ou des fonctionnaires sont pris en compte. Cependant, selon nos interlocuteurs, des mesures récentes ont été adoptées pour la Sécurité du Secteur Informel. Toutefois, il est demandé à ceux qui le peuvent de contribuer à cette caisse dans la perspective de leur pension ou retraite, sans un appui significatif du gouvernement.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU (Temps Universel).\n\nInterview avec M. Ambroise Bakyonon, Chef de Département de la Culture, de la Jeunesse, de l’Education et de l’Emploi, Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le mercredi 13 févier 2013 à 11:18 TU\n\nRichard Gerster, 2010 Le développement rural au Burkina Faso : davantage de sécurité, moins d’exode  http://www.gersterconsulting.ch/docs/budget-support/erfa/f/burkinafaso/artikel_burkina_landwirtschaft_f_b.pdf visite le 22 aout 2012","Les intérêts des populations à faibles revenus ne sont pas pris en compte dans les politiques de bien-être et de sécurité sociale du Gouvernement. Seuls les intérêts des salariés ou des fonctionnaires sont pris en compte. Cependant, selon nos interlocuteurs, des mesures récentes on..."]
["2012_BI_87",2012,"BI","Burundi",87,50,"The rural populations are sometimes consulted during the process of formulation of government policies, said Emmanuel Nshimirimana, chair of the environmental group Biraturaba (which means, \"It is also our business\"). He gave as examples the work on Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper II (PRSPII) and the Districts Development Plans (PCDC).\n\nHowever, he added, there are still many policies which are designed with no consultation of rural or even civil society. These include education, in the tax legislation and the choice of priority projects. The consultation which happens during the PRSP and the PCDC are seen as a smokescreen.","Interview via e-mail with Emmanuel Nshimirimana, chair of the environmental group Biraturaba, Aug. 3, 2012\n\n\"Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty in Burundi,\" International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), March 2012\nwww.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/burundi.pdf","The rural populations are sometimes consulted during the process of formulation of government policies, said Emmanuel Nshimirimana, chair of the environmental group Biraturaba (which means, \"It is also our business\"). He gave as examples the work on Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper..."]
["2012_KM_87",2012,"KM","Comoros",87,50,"La totalité des politiques et programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté aux Comores ont été axées sur les différentes activités du monde rural (agriculture, pêche et élevage), secteur où il existe le plus de pauvres aux Comores. Le cadre de référence actuel pour la lutte contre la pauvreté est le plan d’action 2010-2014 qui a suivi la démarche participative à travers des Groupes techniques sectoriels (GTS). \nMais selon les résultats d’une enquête parue en octobre 2012 : « une grande majorité des femmes (comoriennes) vivent en milieu rural, et aucune stratégie ou mesure axée spécifiquement sur la lutte contre la pauvreté et la discrimination qui frappent ces femmes n’a été mise en place, et leur possibilité de participer aux décisions prises au niveau local, ne sont pas garantis.  \nLa démarche retenue pour la confection du document a reposé sur les quatre principes suivants :  \n•  Une stratégie élaborée suivant une approche participative qui a permis d’associer les populations et les principaux acteurs de la société civile et du secteur privé dans la définition des axes stratégiques de lutte contre la pauvreté ; \n•  Une stratégie élaborée de manière progressive qui s’est appuyée sur les informations existantes  et sur le dialogue et les échanges à travers des ateliers régionaux et nationaux et  des tables rondes. La stratégie a été bonifiée et mise à jour à l’aide des données récentes sur les conditions de vie des ménages ; \n•  Une stratégie qui a ciblé les potentiels de croissance, en particulier les sphères économiques des groupes vulnérables et pauvres de manière à réduire la pauvreté de façon durable sans pour autant négliger les dimensions sociales essentielles qui ont été identifiées ; \n•  Une stratégie transversale qui a permis  une forte intégration de l’environnement macroéconomique et des politiques et programmes sectoriels de manière à mieux saisir les dimensions qui caractérisent la pauvreté et proposer des interventions novatrices qui  s’attaquent aux multiples  causes qui entravent la croissance et la réduction de la pauvreté.   \nLe plan d’action 2006-2009 a suivi la même démarche participative. À travers des Groupes Techniques Sectoriels (GTS), les  experts sectoriels des îles provenant de différents horizons ont  contribué à la détermination des priorités et à l’élaboration du présent document.  \n\nIl faut noter qu’avant ce document, plusieurs politiques et stratégies sectorielles ont été proposées et mise en œuvre par les gouvernements successifs, avec l’appui des partenaires au développement. On peut citer entre autres : (i) l’adoption et l’opérationnalisation de la stratégie agricole(1991, BM et FAO) suivi des projets et programmes tels que : le Projet Appui à la Micro Entreprise, (AMIE, PNUD 1997) ; le Projet d’Appui à la Nouvelle Stratégie Agricole des Comores de 1991 à 1997 ; le projet de développement rural intégré Nord et Est de Ndzuwani de 1991 à 1995, (FED) ; le projet Appui aux petits producteurs de Nioumakélé de 1992 à 1998 (FIDA) ; Le projet de Développement des Cultures Vivrières et d’Appui Semencier de 1998 à 2004 (FED); le projet DECVAS (UE) et AIEB (FIDA) ; l’avènement des systèmes de petits crédits décentralisé MECKS (FIDA) et SANDUK (coopération française) ; le projet Pilote des Services Agricoles de 2000 à 2004 (FIDA/BM) ; le SNAC (syndicat national des agriculteurs comoriens)  depuis 1998 sur les filières maraîchères (Coopération Française) ; l’AAIDA (Agence Arabe pour l’Investissement et le Développement Agricole) de 2008 pour la production in vitro des plantes de bananier ; le Projet Don FIDA à ACTIV (Association Comorienne des Techniciens et Infirmiers Vétérinaires) qui a continué les acquis du FIDA dans le Nioumakélé et qui a initié l’insémination artificielle des bovins ; Les Projets caprins financés par le PDLC (2004) à Mwali et Ndzuwani ; le Programme d’Appui au Développement de l’Elevage aux Comores de VSF/Belgique (Vétérinaires Sans Frontière) avec ACTIV (1998-2005) ; le projet d’Appui à la Santé Animale de l’Agence Arabe pour l’Investissement et le Développement Agricole 2009 ; le Projet d’Appui aux Filières de rente de 1998 à 2000 (UE) ; la Maison des Epices de 2002 à 2009 (UE) ; le commerce équitable (AVSF et FIDA), 2008 ; le Projet de Développement de la Pêche artisanale de 1992 à 1995 (FED) ; formation technique, fabrication d’embarcation en fibres de verre ; Ecole de pêche de Ndzuwani (don du Japon) ; accord de pèche entre l’Union Européenne et les Comores depuis 1989 ; Le Programme National de Développement Humain Durable (PNDHD) du FIDA (2008-2013) et le Projet PREDIVAC) (2007).","Rapport OMD 2012: Évaluation des progrès accomplis en Afrique dans la réalisation des objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement, http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/english/MDG%20Regional%20Reports/Africa/MDG%20Report%202012_FRE.pdf\n\nRapport OMD 2011: Évaluation des progrès accomplis en Afrique dans la réalisation des objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement \nhttp://web.undp.org/french/africa/documents/2011.pdf\n\nRapport National sur le Développement Humain (2010): Cohésion Sociale et Développement Humain\nhttp://www.km.undp.org/content/dam/comoros/docs/5%20rndh_10.pdf\n\nObservations finales sur le rapport unique valant rapport initial et deuxième à quatrième rapports périodiques des Comores, adoptées par le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination à l’égard des femmes, à sa cinquante-troisième session, tenue du 1er au 19 octobre 2012, Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes, Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination à l’égard des femmes, Nations Unies, CEDAW/C/COM/CO/1-4 (NON DATEE)","La totalité des politiques et programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté aux Comores ont été axées sur les différentes activités du monde rural (agriculture, pêche et élevage), secteur où il existe le plus de pauvres aux Comores. Le cadre de référence actuel pour la lutte contre la pau..."]
["2012_EG_87",2012,"EG","Egypt",87,0,"Although Egypt is always maintaining a discourse prioritizing the interests of poor people, poverty is not explicitly addressed in national policies. The country suffers from the lack of an institution or an agency responsible for overcoming poverty. Hence, there are no mechanisms targeting the participation of the rural community in policy-making.\n\nIt is usually the responsibility of many ministries through their anti-poverty programs (Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Manpower, etc.). Despite the adoption of pro-rural communities’ programs based on community participation -- such as the Shurouk program, launched in 1994 -- they failed to institutionalize genuine community-based participatory development which resulted in the continuation, if not aggravation, of poverty in Egypt.\n\nWhile the government and municipalities focus on numbers and policies reflecting progress in their anti-poverty efforts, local communities concentrate on qualitative indicators conveying a different image and requiring different policies.\n\nMoreover, local councils which should voice the interests of poor people were controlled by the former ruling party, the National Democratic Party. After the revolution, those local councils were dissolved, and elections have not been implemented yet to assess their performance. Their highly centralized character and lack of financial and technical skills would hinder any real community participation in the policy-making process.\n\nAccording to an architect who was deeply involved in many government projects aiming to increase the participation of the disadvantaged, the local councils were used in the formulation of government policies as indicating that these government plans reflected local people’s opinion. However, those local councils were usually unrepresentative and did not voice the real needs of the people. In other instances, government officials were just ignoring people's needs and pretending that housing policies incorporate issues that are too technical for people to understand and have a clear opinion about them. In other terms, they were not making any effort to simplify the housing policies to facilitate any real public participation in shaping their policies.","Heba AlLaithy & Naglaa ElEhwany. 2001. Poverty, Employment and Policy Making in Egypt\nhttp://www1.aucegypt.edu/src/wsite1/Pdfs/ILO-report.pdf\n\nNazly Amr Abdel Azim. 2012. Dealing with Urban Poverty: The Case of Ezbet Bekhit, Manshiet Nasser. AUC Egypt\nhttp://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/2814/Thesis_Nazly%20Amr%20Abdel%20Azim.pdf?sequence=1\n\nYousry & Mekkawy. 2003. On Poverty Alleviation in the Age of Globalization.\nhttp://i3.makcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir//231013/files//2012/03/on-poverty-alleviation-in-the-age-of-globalization.pdf\n\nAnonymous. Architect and social activist, Megawra Hub, 29 October 2012, Cairo, Egypt \n\nCairo From Below. http://cairofrombelow.org/cairo2050/\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Although Egypt is always maintaining a discourse prioritizing the interests of poor people, poverty is not explicitly addressed in national policies. The country suffers from the lack of an institution or an agency responsible for overcoming poverty. Hence, there are no mechanisms ..."]
["2012_GA_87",2012,"GA","Gabon",87,0,"Même si certain bailleurs de fonds consulte les bénéficiaires ou parties prenantes sur le terrain pendant la phase d'identification de projets, il n'existe pas au Gabon de mécanismes mis en oeuvre par les instances dirigeantes qui permettent aux populations rurales de donner leurs inputs ou de contribuer au développement des politiques.","Interviews ONG et agents ruraux:\nPrésident du RENAPS interviewé en novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\nPrésident de l'ONG SOS Consommateurs en novembre 2012, Libreville, Gabon\n\n\"Rural population in Gabon\", Trading economics, 2012, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/gabon/rural-population-wb-data.html\n\nBanque Africaine de Développement, Rapport sur le Projet d’Appui à la Réhabilitation des Infrastructures Rurales, Août 2011. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Gabon%20-%20Projet%20d%27appui%20%C3%A0%20la%20r%C3%A9habilitation%20des%20infrastructures%20rurales.pdf","Même si certain bailleurs de fonds consulte les bénéficiaires ou parties prenantes sur le terrain pendant la phase d'identification de projets, il n'existe pas au Gabon de mécanismes mis en oeuvre par les instances dirigeantes qui permettent aux populations rurales de donner leurs ..."]
["2012_GN_87",2012,"GN","Guinea",87,25,"La société civile guinéenne est rarement associée dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques aussi bien au niveau national, sectoriel ou local. \n\nAu niveau des collectivités locales, les communautés à la base sont souvent associées dans le processus de formulation des plans de développement local mais leurs préoccupations ne sont pas suffisamment prises en compte.\n\n\"En dépit de sa grande richesse minérale, la Guinée est l'un des pays les plus pauvres du monde. Le pays se classe 178e sur 187 pays classés par le Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD) Indice de développement humain en 2011. Plus de la moitié de la population vit en dessous du seuil de pauvreté, et environ 20 pour cent vivent dans l'extrême pauvreté. L'insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition chez les enfants sont monnaie courante. Selon une enquête menée par le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance (UNICEF) et du Programme alimentaire mondial (PAM) en 2008, 40 pour cent des enfants guinéens de moins de cinq ans souffrent de malnutrition chronique.\n\nDans les années 1990, le pays a connu une période de stabilité et de croissance économique, tirée principalement par l'exploitation minière et l'agriculture, qui a conduit à une amélioration sensible des niveaux de pauvreté. Depuis 2000, toutefois, la Guinée a été frappé par une série de crises politiques, sociales et de gouvernance, ce qui entraîne une détérioration de la situation socioéconomique. Les incursions, les tensions et les réfugiés ont débordé sur les pays voisins en difficulté de la Sierra Leone, le Liberia et la Côte d'Ivoire. Cette instabilité, combinée à une faible gouvernance, a découragé les investisseurs.\n\nLa situation a entraîné des conséquences graves pour les Guinéens les plus pauvres et les plus vulnérables. L'augmentation de l'insécurité alimentaire et et la pauvreté a alimenté les tensions sociales dans le pays de 2006 à 2008.\n\nEnviron 67 pour cent des Guinéens vivent dans les zones rurales, et le plus pratique l'agriculture de subsistance sur de très petites parcelles. La pauvreté est particulièrement marquée dans ces régions, où environ 63 pour cent des gens sont pauvres, contre 30 pour cent de la population urbaine.\n\nLa productivité est faible parce que les agriculteurs ont peu d'accès à l'information, les nouvelles technologies, les infrastructures de base et les services financiers ruraux. Et il y a peu de possibilités de génération de revenus autre que l'agriculture. Malgré certains progrès réalisés dans l'amélioration des conditions de la population rurale, il y a encore un énorme écart entre la disponibilité des services de base - tels que la santé, l'éducation et l'eau potable - dans les zones rurales par opposition aux zones urbaines.\n\nL'incidence de la pauvreté rurale varie considérablement selon les régions, mais la Haute Guinée est la région la plus pauvre et l'une des régions les plus sèches du pays. Ici, le taux de pauvreté atteint plus de 67 pour cent. De vastes zones sont couvertes par la savane sèche, où les moyens de subsistance sont particulièrement précaires et les services de base et les infrastructures quasi inexistantes.\n\nLes femmes et les jeunes sont parmi les membres les plus vulnérables de la population rurale. Les femmes assument des rôles différents au sein de l'agriculture, de la production et de la transformation à petite échelle commerce - de plus en plus afin que les hommes et les jeunes partent à la recherche du travail ailleurs. Mais alors qu'elles sont légalement reconnues comme égales aux hommes, les femmes rurales sont toujours défavorisées de nombreuses façons. Elles continuent à être victimes de discrimination sociale et culturelle. En conséquence, elles ont un accès limité aux intrants agricoles, aux conseils techniques, à l'amélioration des technologies, à la propriété foncière et à la prise de décision.\n\nSeulement 14 pour cent des femmes adultes savent lire et écrire, contre 46 pour cent des hommes. Ce faible niveau d'éducation des femmes rurales influe directement sur leur capacité à accéder à l'information, aux services de vulgarisation agricole et aux besoins de production. Lorsque la propriété ou l'utilisation des terres est concernée, les hommes habituellement revendiquent des droits prioritaires et héréditaires.\n\nLes jeunes représentent près de la moitié de la population de Guinée, la formation d'un groupe marginalisé qui est particulièrement vulnérable à la pauvreté. Ils sont durement touchés par le chômage et le sous-emploi, ce qui les poussent à quitter les zones rurales et, dans certains cas, dans la délinquance. L'agriculture de subsistance traditionnelle offre peu d'intérêt pour les jeunes ruraux de rester et de poursuivre les mêmes moyens de subsistance que leurs parents.\"","Entretien avec Salmana Diallo, membre du conseil national des organisations de la société civile guinéenne, 7 novembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry. \n\nRural Poverty Portal: \"Rural poverty in Guinea\", 2012, http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/fr/country/home/tags/guinea\n\nAfrican Development Bank. \"Country Strategy Paper 2012-2016\". http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Guinea%20-%20CSP%202012-16.pdf","La société civile guinéenne est rarement associée dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques aussi bien au niveau national, sectoriel ou local. ..."]
["2012_LY_87",2012,"LY","Libya",87,25,"There are no specifically targeted policies, and mechanisms for consultation of stakeholders for the formulation of policy are yet to be developed.\n\nIn general, Libya provides very broad subsidies. The IMF reports that heavy reliance on untargeted subsidies should give way to a cost-effective social protection framework. Today’s subsidies affect consumption and production patterns as well as the allocation of resources, with negative implications for the government budget, expenditure composition, and private-sector development. Subsidy reform is, however, difficult to implement in the absence of a social safety net to shield low-income households. For now, there are no methods to improve targeting of low-income or rural households, such as categorical or geographical application, or linking benefits to a self-targeting work program or schooling requirement.","Columbia University, Najla Abdurrahman, August 2012, \"Hopeful signs emerge in Libya,\" available at http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/2012731132420473906.html\n\nInternational Monetary Fund, Ralph Chami and Ahmed Al-Darwish, 2012, \"Libya beyond the revolution: challenges and opportunities\" available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/dp/2012/1201mcd.pdf","There are no specifically targeted policies, and mechanisms for consultation of stakeholders for the formulation of policy are yet to be developed...."]
["2012_MU_87",2012,"MU","Mauritius",87,100,"There is no real divide between urban and rural regions and populations in Mauritius, given the small size of the country, but there are village councils that represent the interests of the villages on the island.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nComparative Polical Studies. \"Welfare Policy Expansion in Botswana and Mauritius\". August 21, 2012. http://cps.sagepub.com/content/45/12/1483.abstract\n\nAssistant Chief Executive Village Councils. Black River District Council website. http://brdc.mu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Itemid=98","There is no real divide between urban and rural regions and populations in Mauritius, given the small size of the country, but there are village councils that represent the interests of the villages on the island."]
["2012_NG_87",2012,"NG","Nigeria",87,25,"According to Dr. Olaniyan, there are no particular general social safety nets in Nigeria for low-income rural populations.  There are, however, specific ones for workers in the formal sectors, both public and private sectors. A social protection policy for the poor was drafted in 2004 but never implemented.  It was driven by the National Planning Commission as part of the requirement for the debt relief sought from the Paris and London clubs. The policy eventually found expression in the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS).  Following the document, the government established the contributory pension scheme and the national health insurance scheme.  Both schemes were top-down and elitist policies designed for government workers and the organized private sector and did not have provisions for rural populations to make inputs.   In the blueprint there are rooms for intervention to assist the rural poor, but the corresponding effort has never materialized because of inter-agency rivalries and conflicts among the office of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the National Planning Commission and  the National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP).  The recent expression of such an attempt to cater to the rural poor is through the World Bank-Sponsored Conditional Cash Transfer programme (COPE) being implemented by NAPEP. It gives N5000.00 to 500 people per month per state.\n\nSimilarly, in a lecture delivered on social security on Oct. 29, 2012 at Banquest Hall of Airport Hotel, Professor Adele Jinadu gave the following as available social security/safety nets in Nigeria: (i) the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), (ii) the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP), (iii) the Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES), (iv) the Capacity Enhancement Scheme (CES), (v) the Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS), (vi) the Farmers’ Empowerment Programme (FEP), (vii) the Capacity Acquisition Programme (CAP), (vii) the National Directorate for Employment (NDE), (viii) the Presidential Initiatives on Rice Production, Processing and Export, (ix) the Village Economic Development Solution, and (x) the Conditional Cash Transfer.  He noted that these, among several other programs, have cost the country huge budgetary expenditures without addressing the massive problem of the structural and social security deficits. He assessed the situation to include “structural violence, in the special sense it is used to describe gnawing and yawning poverty or social injustice and institutionalized inequities, with some of the worst social indicators in the world, made all the more unconscionable when juxtaposed against excessive, even criminal wealth in a few hands.”  He argues that the gap between the theory and practice of social security and its appalling state in the country is shown in the low ranking of the country in the various UNDP human development indexes. The annual UNDP Human Development Index provides a composite measure of three basic dimensions of human development in health, education and income. For example, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI) for 2011 ranks Nigeria 157 out of 187 countries with comparable data. Indeed, Nigeria’s HDI of 0.459 is below the African regional average of 0.463 for 2011.","Interview with Dr. Lanre Olaniyan, senior lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Ibadan.  He has been also been a consultant to NAPEP.  Ibadan, Nigeria. Dec. 24, 2012.\n\nSocial Security: Taking The Lives Of Nigerians Seriously. 5th Annual Law and Social Development Lecture. Jinadu L. Adele. Delivered under the auspices of Bamidere Aturu & Co. Banquet Hall, Airport Hotel, Lagos, Nigeria. Oct. 29, 2012.","According to Dr. Olaniyan, there are no particular general social safety nets in Nigeria for low-income rural populations.  There are, however, specific ones for workers in the formal sectors, both public and private sectors. A social protection policy for the poor was drafted in 2..."]
["2012_RW_87",2012,"RW","Rwanda",87,25,"The government rarely takes into account the views of the poor. It develops policies such as free medical insurance for the poor and free education for poor children. Whether the beneficiaries think this is right for them is immaterial. Poor Rwandans sometimes say they would be better served if programs helped them to become self-reliant.","Janet Mbabazi, social welfare officer, Nyagatare Cell office, interviewed Nov. 17, 2012, Eastern Province, Rwanda.\n \nPascal Baransaritse, executive secretary, Kabasengerezi Cell, interviewed Dec. 15, 2012, Kigali.\n\n\"Policy Framework for Social Cohesion\", Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, July 2012. file:///Users/sunmin/Downloads/Policies%20for%20Social%20Cohesion.pdf\n\nAn Analysis of Umuganda: the Policy and Practice of Community Work in\nRwanda. September 2012. http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10413/8964/Uwimbabazi_Penine_2012.pdf?sequence=1\n\nMinistry of Local Government, 2000, National Decentralization Policy.","The government rarely takes into account the views of the poor. It develops policies such as free medical insurance for the poor and free education for poor children. Whether the beneficiaries think this is right for them is immaterial. Poor Rwandans sometimes say they would be bet..."]
["2012_SO_87",2012,"SO","Somalia",87,0,"No mechanism enables low-income rural populations to take part in policy formulation because the federal government controls few parts of the country. Most of the country is controlled by al-Shabab fighters/","Anonymous member of Parliament and anonymous professor, interviewed Nov. 6, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nAbdi Mohamed, NGO worker in Mogadishu, interviewed Nov. 6, 2012. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","No mechanism enables low-income rural populations to take part in policy formulation because the federal government controls few parts of the country. Most of the country is controlled by al-Shabab fighters/"]
["2012_TZ_87",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",87,50,"There are well articulated ways for social organization at the local level, with elected representatives at the sub-village, village and district level. However, these are often bypassed or ignored, particularly where large-scale investment is concerned. These are supposed to be the channels for expressing District Development Plans, but in reality they are based on little consultation and are often considerably revised at the district level. \n \n On occasion, key government policy initiatives are informed by widespread community level participation but this is rare. An example is the process to develop the Village Land Act and the Land Act of 1999.","Interview, Philip Connelly, consultant on public policy analysis, Arusha and Dar es Salaam, via Skype, Oct. 19, 2012\n \n Interview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012","There are well articulated ways for social organization at the local level, with elected representatives at the sub-village, village and district level. However, these are often bypassed or ignored, particularly where large-scale investment is concerned. These are supposed to be th..."]
["2012_ZW_87",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",87,50,"The interests of low income rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies in the period under review. Policies introduced include the indigenization and economic empowerment policy under which community share ownership trusts were established to benefit local people. \n \n Dr. Gideon Zhou and Mr. Zvoushe Hardlife note in their report, \"Public Policy Making in Zimbabwe: A Three Decade Perspective,\" that \"These are schemes meant for broad-based participation in the shareholding of businesses by communities living in and around areas where mining and tourism companies are exploiting natural resources. However, these trusts have courted controversy in many ways. For example, empowerment establishments, such as these trusts, have been dominated by men, from leadership to general membership, leaving women and the youths on the sidelines, especially in terms of benefits accruing from projects done under the schemes.\"\n \n The report, \"Preserving the Future: Social Protection Programs for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Zimbabwe,\" further notes that other policies intended to cushion inter alia rural populations from the high cost of living and improve the quality of life for orphans and vulnerable children include: Basic Educational Assistance Module (BEAM), child adoption, institutional grants, free treatment orders and National Action Plan (NAP) for orphans and vulnerable children. Free treatment orders are a waiver or voucher issued to indigent persons to facilitate access to intermediate and tertiary health services, such as are found at provincial or national hospitals or other specialist facilities. The fund is for the provision of free medical services to the economically deprived children and adults unable to pay for their medical expenses. The health institutions receive block grants from the Ministry of Labor and Social Services to settle claims for all assisted treatment orders redeemed at the Department of Social Services to facilitate health delivery for the very poor. \n \n The National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Phase II, 2011-2015, implemented with support from the Child Protection Fund, integrates action to help families cope with risks and shocks including: cash transfers to the poorest families. Under this mechanism, child-headed households; grandparent-headed households; households with large numbers of dependents and those with chronically ill or persons living with disabilities will be cushioned with social cash transfers of up to US $25 per month, per household, to enable families to meet immediate needs for food and health care. Other mechanisms include education assistance through the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM).The National Action Plan II, led by the Ministry of Labor and Social Services, aims to reach more than 80,000 households. However, there have been challenges in access to BEAM for some rural populations. For instance, Newsday reported in 2012 that there were allegations that BEAM (meant to benefit orphans and vulnerable children) was also benefiting the children of teachers and other connected people while many orphans and children from poor families failed to attend school.","Interview with Priscilla Kurisa, social worker, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Oct. 11, 2012, Harare.\n \n \"Public Policy Making in Zimbabwe: A Three Decade Perspective,\" by Dr. Gideon Zhou and Mr. Zvoushe Hardlife, University Of Zimbabwe Department of Political and Administrative Studies, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 8, April 2012, http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_8_Special_Issue_April_2012/26.pdf\n \n \"Preserving the Future: Social Protection Programs for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Zimbabwe,\" by Tawanda Masuka, Richard Gamuchirai Banda, Vincent Mabvurira and Rangarirai Frank, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 12, June 2012, http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_12_Special_Issue_June_2012/9.pdf\n \n \"Zimbabwe launches 1st national scale cash grant program for children and families,\" The United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), Sept. 27, 2011, http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/media_59910.html\n \n \"Zimbabweans starved of information,\" by Zibusiso Dube, News Day, Sept. 5, 2012, http://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/09/05/2012-09-05-zimbabweans-starved-of-information/","The interests of low income rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies in the period under review. Policies introduced include the indigenization and economic empowerment policy under which community share ownership trusts ..."]
["2012_DZ_88",2012,"DZ","Algeria",88,50,"According to interviews with community representatives from low-income rural populations, Algerian law allows them to organize into collective groups. However, they remain under the control and management of the government.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, civil society representative. June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, private sector representative. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, private sector representative. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, private sector representative. June 12, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","According to interviews with community representatives from low-income rural populations, Algerian law allows them to organize into collective groups. However, they remain under the control and management of the government."]
["2012_BI_88",2012,"BI","Burundi",88,50,"The sociopolitical environment is not conducive to citizens collective action, responsibility or ownership. However, the freedom of association has generally been respected during the period of study.","Interview via e-mail with Emmanuel Nshimirimana, chair of the environmental group Biraturaba, Aug. 3,  2012 \n\n\"Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty in Burundi,\" International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), March 2012 www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/burundi.pdf\n\n2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Burundi, RefWorld, April 2013. http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6e5818.html","The sociopolitical environment is not conducive to citizens collective action, responsibility or ownership. However, the freedom of association has generally been respected during the period of study."]
["2012_KM_88",2012,"KM","Comoros",88,100,"Le tissu associatif  est très développé aux Comores. Chaque village a une ou plusieurs associations  qui sont à la base d’une série d’initiatives dans de nombreux domaines. Ces associations sont nées, très souvent, sous l’impulsion des habitants pour mener bénévolement des actions culturelles, sanitaires, environnementales, musicales, etc.\nIl existe une forme d’association traditionnelle, qui  assure pour ses membres des fonctions multiples : sociales, culturelles, économiques et politiques. On peut regrouper les associations de villages en quatre catégories :\n1. Les associations coutumières sont des cercles de partage dont les membres manifestent leurs liens de solidarité lors des événements coutumiers et familiaux liés au cycle de la vie: mariages, naissances, circoncisions. Ce sont les midji pour les hommes et les matchama et itifaki pour les femmes. A Moroni, l'itifaki réunit les femmes d'un sous quartier, quelques pâtés de maisons bordant les deux côté une ruelle.\n2. Les associations d'intérêt économique mranda. Les membres se réunissent pour cultiver  le champ d'un de leurs, ou pour accomplir d'autres travaux.\n3. Les associations d'animation : elles assurent l'organisation matérielle, artistique des festivités pour leurs membres et moyennant de l'argent pour des non membres.\n4. Les associations religieuses : ce sont les confréries, les fidèles des mosquées ou les groupements des élèves et des écoles coraniques.\n5. Les associations déclarées : ce sont des sociétés reconnues officiellement et qui fonctionnement sur des statuts et des règlements intérieurs selon des lois héritées de la loi française de 1901 sur les associations. Ce sont les mouvements de jeunes, scout, sociétés sportives, musicales, associations culturelles. \n\nLa profusion des associations s’explique en partie par le fait que l’accès aux services publics n’est pas garanti partout sur l’ensemble du territoire national. Les droits élémentaires, tels que l’accès à la santé ou à  l’éducation ne sont pas garantis notamment pour les couches les plus pauvres de la population. Démoralisées et lassées par l’inefficacité de l’administration publique, les communautés urbaines et rurales se retournent vers les mouvements associatifs qui s’imposent désormais comme des acteurs incontournables du développement économique et social. Les partenaires internationaux semblent s’y accommoder. \nLes risques d’exclusion totale ou d’indigence sont plus élevés parmi  la population extrêmement pauvre, dont la majorité est la population rurale. Pour cette catégorie, les  risques d’exclusion saisonnière, temporaire et partielle sont plus élevés.\nOn  assiste  alors, à l’essor de toute une série d’organismes du secteur associatif  qui fournit une part, de plus en plus variée, de prestations sociales à  la population. Ces associations déploient  une  activité intense dans divers domaines, environnement, santé, éducation, formation professionnelle, crédit, promotion de l’artisanat, de l’agriculture vivrière, de la pêche, etc.  Sous  la  pression  du  public  et  des  organismes d’aide au développement, elles reçoivent de l’État certaines délégations de pouvoirs et prennent des initiatives de développement. \nSur le plan de la coopération avec les bailleurs de fonds, la stratégie agricole élaborée a comme conditions d’accompagnement l’encouragement et le soutien à l’initiative privée (qu’elle soit entrepreneuriale ou associative), afin d’augmenter les capacités d’absorption nationale de l’Aide Publique au Développement. \nLe mot d’ordre est  de s’appuyer au maximum sur les entités civiles  et privées renforcées, pour une meilleure distribution des aides apportées. Désormais, qu’il  s’agisse de la stratégie nationale ou des projets des bailleurs internationaux, l’association est souvent  le point d’orgue des actions du développement.\nLa pertinence des observations citées dans ces articles a été confirmée par différents responsables. Mr Dramsi Firozali, Président de l’Organisation patronale des Comores confirme que les ruraux pauvres peuvent s'organiser librement sans interférence avec le gouvernement. (source Firozali Dramsi, Président de l’OPACO-Organisation Patronale des Comores- : interview par internet du 15 décembre 2012). \nMr Hadji Chabani reconnaît aussi que « le regroupement en association est très enraciné dans la société comorienne, et les activités de ces associations formées librement pallient pour beaucoup les lacunes des services publics dans beaucoup de domaines. (source : Hadji Chaabani, juriste à l’Agence Nationale de Promotion des Investissements, Interview par internet du 15 décembre 2012).","Firozali Dramsi, Président de l’OPACO-Organisation Patronale des Comores- : interview par internet du 15 décembre 2012.\n\nHadji Chaabani, juriste à l’Agence Nationale de Promotion des Investissements, Interview par internet du 15 décembre 2012.\n\nRAPPORT NATIONAL SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN, Cohésion sociale et développement humain en Union des Comores, 2010, pp 57, 72,- 73,74, http://www.km.undp.org/doc/rndh_10.pdf\n\nHéron Raphaëlle, Stagiaire FIDA aux Comores, 5 janvier 2010, «  Le tissu associatif comorien :   La société civile pour une meilleure exécution du développement agricole: Forces et faiblesses, relation avec les financeurs »., pp.4-5,  http://www.inter-reseaux.org/ressources-thematiques/article/le-tissu-associatif-comorien","Le tissu associatif  est très développé aux Comores. Chaque village a une ou plusieurs associations  qui sont à la base d’une série d’initiatives dans de nombreux domaines. Ces associations sont nées, très souvent, sous l’impulsion des habitants pour mener bénévolement des actions ..."]
["2012_EG_88",2012,"EG","Egypt",88,25,"Motivated by the rising power of the people during the Revolution of January 25 and the formation of many independent trade unions given the absence of state powers, many independent unions were created by low-income rural people in Egypt to organize themselves and defend their rights, just by voluntary registration. Fifty people could form an independent union and just inform the government of their names. \n\nThey were even able to defend their rights and impose their own vision. For example, the sugar cane farmers created their own trade union after the revolution and were able to protest against the prices imposed on them by the government and refused to sell their product until the government increases the price to cover their expenses and provide them with a real profit. The price increased by 60%. Hence, they could be recognized as a powerful player in the political process. However, their impact is seasonal and exceptional according to their needs and the degree of openness of the political environment.\n \nAfter the arrival of Mohamed Morsi, the new Islamist president, the Muslim Brotherhood started to control the collective movements formed by low-income people in rural areas. A new draft law by the Muslim Brotherhood is now under discussion, imposing more barriers on the creation of independent trade unions.\n\nEven in the new draft constitution, the Muslim Brotherhood is calling for scrapping the farmers’ quota in Parliament.  \n\nAs is the case for many African countries, cooperatives in Egypt were established, organized and controlled by the state. Since the 1960s, they were the government’s tool to promote and implement its policies in rural areas, mainly in the agriculture sector. \n\n\"The apex of cooperative structure in Egypt is the General Cooperation Union (GCU). The structure involves the membership of five main federations which are: Agriculture, Fishery, Housing, Consumer and Production. Each one is under the supervision of a specific ministry.\"\n\nDominated by the government, the GCU can block, dissolve or obstruct the activities of any cooperatives whenever they like. The agriculture cooperative movement is suffering from the oppression of the Ministry of Agriculture. In addition, they are facing very complicated administrative bodies to implement new co-ops. The registration of a new cooperative requires a foundation contract including the date and place of issuing the contract, the name of the society, the area of service, type, and purposes of the society and the value of paid capital. Names of founders, their residential areas and occupations, and a bank statement that indicates certificates depositing the paid capital must be presented.\n\nThe cooperation law prohibits establishing more than one agricultural cooperative in one village, which seizes farmers’ liberty to form a cooperative that can serve them better.","Jano Charbel. 2011. Egypt’s Farmers Ready For Independent Organizing. http://www.thenewsignificance.com/2011/06/23/jano-charbel-egypts-farmers-ready-for-independent-organizing/\n\nKhaled Badawy, Director of Rural Studies Center, 19 November 2012, Cairo, Egypt\n\nMENA Solidarity Network. 2012. Egypt: “Trade union rights are our way to social justice.” http://menasolidaritynetwork.com/2012/11/14/egypt-trade-union-rights-are-our-way-to-social-justice-new-leaflet/\n\nM. Abdel Aal. 2007. Rural Responses to Globalization in Egypt\nhttp://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/2875/M%20%20Aal%20report.pdf?sequence=2","Motivated by the rising power of the people during the Revolution of January 25 and the formation of many independent trade unions given the absence of state powers, many independent unions were created by low-income rural people in Egypt to organize themselves and defend their rig..."]
["2012_GQ_88",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",88,25,"Although various associations for women in rural areas have appeared thanks to USAID assistance programs, the creation of associations is still very difficult in Equatorial Guinea, according to various Human Rights reports such as the US Department of State Human Rights Report for Equatorial Guinea. No cases intentional obstacles were identified firing the period of study, but neither required support (additional to USAID's).","US Department of State, 2011, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Equatorial Guinea, see: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186191\n\nUnited Nations, CEDAW, October 24, 2012, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/equatorialguinea_t4_cedaw_53_2012_adv.pdf\n\nNEPAD, FAO; Gobierno de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial,  2005, Apoyo a la implementación del ------NEPAD–CAADP CP/EQG/2904 (i). Perfil de Proyecto de Inversión Bancable. Programa de Implementación del Plan Nacional de Inversión a Medio Plazo en Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural 2005, see:  ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/ae612s/ae612s00.pdf","Although various associations for women in rural areas have appeared thanks to USAID assistance programs, the creation of associations is still very difficult in Equatorial Guinea, according to various Human Rights reports such as the US Department of State Human Rights Report for ..."]
["2012_GH_88",2012,"GH","Ghana",88,50,"Some civil society mobilization and advocacy organizations have created conditions for low income rural populations to mobilize and demand their rights and attention from duty bearers. The relevant state institutions, such as agricultural extension and advisory services, also provide various services to the rural populations, who are mainly farmers.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, CAMFED Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.\n\nAgricultural Extension and Advisory Services Worldwide: Africa, Ghana, https://sites.google.com/a/worldwide-extension.org/public/\n\n\"Urban Water and Sanitation in Ghana: How Local Action is Making a Difference,\" Human Settlements Working Papers Series: Water and Sanitation - 25, International Institution for Environment and Development (IIED), 2010. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10586IIED.pdf","Some civil society mobilization and advocacy organizations have created conditions for low income rural populations to mobilize and demand their rights and attention from duty bearers. The relevant state institutions, such as agricultural extension and advisory services, also provi..."]
["2012_LR_88",2012,"LR","Liberia",88,100,"There is a proliferation of groups at all levels of the country and these groups operate for various objectives and have access to national and local officials.","Interview with Jonathan Yiah, program manager, Sustainable Development Institute, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Joseph Jimmy Saikatuah, program manager, Search for Common Ground, July 23, 2012.","There is a proliferation of groups at all levels of the country and these groups operate for various objectives and have access to national and local officials."]
["2012_MR_88",2012,"MR","Mauritania",88,25,"Outre certains blocages administratifs (lourdeurs administratives), et malgré la volonté des populations en milieu rural de s'organiser en vue de mener des actions pour leur bien-être, il y a, surtout au Sud et sud-est de la Mauritanie, des blocages imputables à l'Etat. La réforme agraire de 1983 n'a pas arrangé les choses ; les problèmes inter-ethniques sont venus enfoncer la situation.","Programme de prévention et de résolution des conflits fonciers en Mauritanie, Isselmou Ould Abdel kader, consultant, FONADH/ SOS esclave, mai 2011;\n\nFreedom in the World 2012. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/mauritania#.VKrv4IrF9uQ\n\nOrdonnance 83-127 du 5 juin 1983 portant réorganisation foncière et domaniale en Mauritanie, Journal officiel n°592-593 du 29/06/1983.","Outre certains blocages administratifs (lourdeurs administratives), et malgré la volonté des populations en milieu rural de s'organiser en vue de mener des actions pour leur bien-être, il y a, surtout au Sud et sud-est de la Mauritanie, des blocages imputables à l'Etat. La réforme ..."]
["2012_MU_88",2012,"MU","Mauritius",88,100,"There is no real divide between urban and rural areas and the populations. Moreover, the constitution provides for freedom of association. As such, citizens in rural and urban regions are free to form associations. There have been no reports of government intervention in associations.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\n2011 Human Rights Report - Mauritius. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2012). http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186222.htm","There is no real divide between urban and rural areas and the populations. Moreover, the constitution provides for freedom of association. As such, citizens in rural and urban regions are free to form associations. There have been no reports of government intervention in associatio..."]
["2012_NG_88",2012,"NG","Nigeria",88,75,"Nigerian low-income groups still largely depend on traditional informal cooperative self-help activities such as \"Onwe-oru,\" \"Ajo,\" \"Garaya,\" \"Adalci,\" \"Oowe\" and \"Esusu.\" They have not been absorbed into the regulated microfinance sector. These traditional forms of organization are still very popular with rural women.  For many, these cooperatives remain the only source of funds for low-income rural populations . This is in spite of the establishment of Cooperative Development Act and Agricultural and Cooperative Development Bank. These institutions were established in the 1970s  to help the rural poor to better organize and pool resources for self-help.\n\nThere are several programs designed by government especially with donor support to help low-income rural populations organize into autonomous associations for collective action. These include the various FADAMA programs and the Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Programme (LEEMP) that have been ongoing in several states. These programs organize villages into groups so that they can collaborate as they carry out development programs in various sectors.  The programs are based on the Community Driven Development (CDD) model that requires that projects actively include beneficiaries in their design and management. Resources are given to Ward Development Committees to implement micro-projects cutting across all key sectors of health, education, transport and water in the wards. Community participation is operated during needs assessments, prioritization, preparation and implementation of projects using appropriate participatory rural appraisal tools and other CDD strategies.\n\nThe goal is to allow poor people to have more control over development programs and make the disbursement of development funds more responsive to the need of the people, to improve the delivery of public goods and services. Reports from such experiences claim that such programs have strengthened the civic capacities of communities by nurturing the organizations that represent the rural poor. There have been reports that LEEMP, for instance, has engendered demands for more services by the communities.  Many of them have requested for specific interventions under the LEEMP program. There is also a series of activities by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) that focus on low-income rural communities and associations such as traditional organizations, peer groups, women’s groups and producers’ unions organized by crops that allow stakeholders to freely decide what action to take and take responsibility for initiatives that affect their lives. However, Dr. Olaniyan is of the view that despite these reports, most of these interventions suffer from elite capture.  He insists that village meetings may be held regularly; they are, however, guided and called under the authority of the village head, who exercises enormous power. He believes the structure of asset ownership and disbursement of funds relate in a manner that make it difficult for the rural poor to benefit.  For truly poor people, attendance at meetings means the cost of not going to the farm, plus the cost of transport and time spent, in addition to the bureaucracy they have to deal with in order to access loans, make such challenges really daunting.  Thus, the processes do not encourage autonomous associations.  Poor people need easy assistance to be able to stabilize before being able to take meaningful and sustainable initiatives. \n\nProfessor Janice Olawoye argues that government does not seem to appreciate the capacity of rural dwellers to organize for self-help.  She says the government treats all rural communities as if they are all the same.  It sometimes does not recognize the fact that rural communities vary in terms of their social structure and organizational forms, just as they differ in geography and occupational orientation. When the government intervenes, it tasks rural dwellers to form new groups rather use existing forms of organization in the rural areas, thereby rendering the process ineffective.  There is this one-size-fits-all approach, which is not working.","Interview with Dr. Lanre Olaniyan, senior lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Ibadan.  He has been also been a consultant to NAPEP.  Ibadan, Nigeria. Dec. 24, 2012.\n\nNigeria’s Agricultural Policy: Seeking Coherence Within Strategic Frameworks. Mathilde Douillet and Fanny Grandval. Development Rural.  February 2011. http://www.inter-reseaux.org/revue-grain-de-sel/51-special-issue-nigeria/article/nigeria-s-agricultural-policy\n\nInterview with Professor Janice Olawoye, professor of rural sociology, Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry,  University of Ibadan. Jan. 14, 2013.","Nigerian low-income groups still largely depend on traditional informal cooperative self-help activities such as \"Onwe-oru,\" \"Ajo,\" \"Garaya,\" \"Adalci,\" \"Oowe\" and \"Esusu.\" They have not been absorbed into the regulated microfinance sector. These traditional forms of organization ar..."]
["2012_SL_88",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",88,50,"According to the report \"Collective Action in Diverse Sierra Leone Communities,\" \"Many basic public goods are provided through local collective action and the outcomes that we study – road maintenance, communal labor, self-help groups, control of crime and school infrastructure – are important determinants of rural Sierra Leoneans’ households’ well-being and thus worthy objects of study,\" Page 36. However, this is largely limited to some jurisdictions.\n\nThe government and other institutions highly encourage rural communities to form cooperatives and other associations for community development. According to one of the respondents, many rural communities now have community projects, cooperatives and other associations to work for their welfare and interests.","Memunatu Pratt, department head, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n \nHarriet Turay, head, the 50/50 Group, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n\nRachel Glennerster, Edward Miguel and Alexander Rothenberg, \"Collective Action in Diverse Sierra Leone Communities,\" September 2012, http://emlab.berkeley.edu/~emiguel/pdfs/miguel_sl-ethnic.pdf","According to the report \"Collective Action in Diverse Sierra Leone Communities,\" \"Many basic public goods are provided through local collective action and the outcomes that we study – road maintenance, communal labor, self-help groups, control of crime and school infrastructure – a..."]
["2012_SZ_88",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",88,50,"There are currently more than 30 farmer associations in Swaziland, in addition to those which include farmers on SNL land. Associations are instrumental in developing the industry and assisting small-holder farmers with advice and expertise.\n \n Swazi farmers may be inhibited from investing in their land for fear of losing it. Under traditional land tenure arrangements, chiefs traditionally have the power to withdraw land rights. Insecurity of property rights over land can be important deterrents to productivity-enhancing investments.","US Embassy in Swaziland. \"Concern Over Increasing Infringements on Freedom of Assembly in Swaziland\". April 17, 2012. http://swaziland.usembassy.gov/pr041712.html\n\nFreedom House. Swaziland Freedom in the World 2012. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/swaziland#.VRjPtZPF9uQ\n\nSwaziland Sugar Association home page, http://www.ssa.co.sz/\n \n \"Implementing and Coordinating Agricultural Research and Training in the SADC region,\" \n http://www.sadc.int/fanr/agricresearch/icart/inforesources/ICARTNewsletterNo2.pdf\n \n \"Reducing poverty through shared growth,\" World Bank, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20204768~menuPK:435735~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html","There are currently more than 30 farmer associations in Swaziland, in addition to those which include farmers on SNL land. Associations are instrumental in developing the industry and assisting small-holder farmers with advice and expertise...."]
["2012_TZ_88",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",88,50,"Low-income rural populations are free to organize into producer groups. However, they can be restricted in their freedom to operate through administrative hurdles to regulation or by their capture by local political elites.","Brian Cooksey (March 2012), \"Patronage Politics and Projects: The Political Economy of Agricultural Policy in Tanzania\"\n http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Futureagriculture/FAC_Working_Paper_040.pdf\n \n Lei Pan and Luc Christiaensen (May 2011) \"Who Is Vouching for the Input Voucher? Decentralized Targeting and Elite Capture in Tanzania,\" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5651\n http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/05/05/000158349_20110505084157/Rendered/PDF/WPS5651.pdf","Low-income rural populations are free to organize into producer groups. However, they can be restricted in their freedom to operate through administrative hurdles to regulation or by their capture by local political elites."]
["2012_ZW_88",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",88,50,"There is an enabling policy environment that allows low income rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action. \n \nThe Co-operative Societies Act enjoins the state to adopt a policy on cooperatives whose broad aims are:\n • to enable the people of Zimbabwe to achieve economic power and through this power achieve control of socio-economic institutions;\n • to eliminate the exploitation of man by man.\n \nIn December 2011, the vice president made a statement supporting the formation of cooperatives which are run in a transparent manner as these can be critical vehicles for socio-economic development. Small to Medium Enterprises and Cooperative Development Minister Sithembiso Nyoni said the co-operative movement is growing and plans are under way to open a co-operative bank if the sector is given adequate support. \n \nThere has been controversy regarding the Community Share Ownership schemes which are generally administered by local chiefs (who are the custodians of the trustees). There have been allegations of looting of funds (see Zimbabwe Independent newspaper article). As Mutsa Chasi, author of \"How Zimbabwe's Natural Resources Can Provide Pathways Out of Poverty,\" notes, \"With such schemes there are potential risks of conflict between the beneficiaries and the executing administrative structures, inequity issues, possible elite capture by the community leaders and influential people in society who may manipulate the benefits, as well as lack of transparency from the mining company and the trustees.\"","\"Moving Zimbabwe forward: An evidence-based policy dialogue initiative-pathways out of poverty for Zimbabwe\" Institute of Environmental Studies (IES), University of Zimbabwe, conference report, 2011. \n \n \"Zimbabwe government in full support of cooperatives,\" Bulawayo 24, Dec. 14, 2011, http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-10193-article Zimbabwe+Government+in+full+support+of+cooperatives+.html\n \n \"Share ownership trust funds looted,\" by Elias Mambo, Zimbabwe Independent, Oct. 5, 2012, http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2012/10/05/share-ownership-trust-funds-looted/\n \n \"How Zimbabwe's Natural Resources Can Provide Pathways Out of Poverty,\" by Mutsa Chasi, conference paper presented at the Moving Zimbabwe Forward Annual International Conference \"Pathways Out of Poverty for Zimbabwe,\" 2011.","There is an enabling policy environment that allows low income rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action. \n ..."]
["2012_BF_89",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",89,75,"Le Ministère de l’Agriculture et ses Services Annexes sont les institutions principales chargées de la Sécurité Alimentaire au Burkina Faso. Il y a par ailleurs d’autres Instances, notamment la Société Nationale de Gestion des Stocks (SONAGES) et le Comité National des Secours d'Urgence (CONASUR) qui apportent leur concours à la Sécurité Alimentaire dans le pays, sans oublier de nombreuses Organisations Communautaires de Base (OCB) en milieu rural. Ces institutions existent bel et bien et leur contribution réelle a été confirmée par la personne qui a été interviewée, même si elles souffrent un peu d’une certaine faiblesse institutionnelle qui ne leur permet pas d’être pleinement opérationnelles dans l’exécution de leur tâche.","Interview avec Dr Alice Gisèle SIDIBE-ANAGO, Chargée de Mission, Chef de Département de l’Economie Rurale et de l’Environnement, au Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le 15 février, à 17:17 TU.\n\nDéfis Sud n° 99- Bimestriel - février, mars 2011. Entre viabilité et vulnérabilité: Le dispositif national de sécurité alimentaire au Burkina Faso \n\nProgramme Alimentaire Mondiale. \"Rapport d'évaluation approfondie sur la sécurité alimentaire des ménages en situation d'urgence\". Avril 2012. http://www.wfp.org/content/burkina-faso-evaluation-approfondie-securite-alimentaire-april-2012","Le Ministère de l’Agriculture et ses Services Annexes sont les institutions principales chargées de la Sécurité Alimentaire au Burkina Faso. Il y a par ailleurs d’autres Instances, notamment la Société Nationale de Gestion des Stocks (SONAGES) et le Comité National des Secours d'Ur..."]
["2012_CV_89",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",89,75,"The National Agency for Food Safety (ANSA) has the mission \"to contribute to ensuring food security of the country, the best conditions of quantity, quality and price.\" This agency benefits from adequate staffing, sufficient budget, and the political independence necessary to fulfill its mandate.","Interview with João de Pina, economist, National Institute of Statistics, Aug. 28, 2012, Praia City.\n\nOpen Data for Cabo Verde. \"Cabo Verde Food Security by Food Crops/Items - Cerials\". June 2012. http://caboverde.opendataforafrica.org/adkzrjf/cabo-verde-food-security-by-food-crops-items-cerials\n\n\"Japan Provides Food Aid to Cape Verde in the Amount of 270 Thousand Crowns,\" National Agency for Food Security website, http://www.ansa.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89:japao-concede-ajuda-alimentar-a-cabo-verde-no-valor-de-270-mil-escudos&catid=1:timas&Itemid=38 and http://www.ansa.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12&Itemid=42","The National Agency for Food Safety (ANSA) has the mission \"to contribute to ensuring food security of the country, the best conditions of quantity, quality and price.\" This agency benefits from adequate staffing, sufficient budget, and the political independence necessary to fulfi..."]
["2012_CD_89",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",89,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_GQ_89",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",89,50,"The Ministry of Agriculture manages food security through National Programs. During the last years, various programs have been implemented, most of them assisted by international organizations, with limited success.","Ministry of Information of Equatorial Guinea,  Clemente Ela Ondo Onguene, 19-Jul-2012,  Apertura del seminario sobre seguridad alimentaria, see: http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=2839\n\nSeminar on Food Security July 2012 - http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=2839\n\nEquatorial Guinea Launches Seminar to Improve Food Security - http://equatorialguineainfo.blogspot.com/2012/07/equatorial-guinea-launches-seminar-to.html\n\nEquatorial Guinea Ministry of Agriculture Program Targets Food Security - http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-ministry-of-agriculture-program-targets-food-security-133876658.html\n\nEquatorial Guinea Ministry of Agriculture promotes food security program - http://egagriculture.com/guinea-ecuatorial-ministerio-de-agricultura-promueve-programa-de-seguridad-alimentaria/\n\nLa Gaceta de Guinea Ecuatorial, Patricio Meñe Micha Abeme, Jan-2006, El pesa, sin peso y en agonía, see: http://www.lagacetadeguinea.com/099/04.html","The Ministry of Agriculture manages food security through National Programs. During the last years, various programs have been implemented, most of them assisted by international organizations, with limited success."]
["2012_GH_89",2012,"GH","Ghana",89,75,"The Ministry of Food and Agriculture is the government agency that has responsibility to ensure that there is food security, and it is doing this through some policy initiatives such as the Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP) and the Rural Enterprises Project.\n\nThe government of Ghana in 2008 introduced fertilizer subsidies to farmers. This has since continued to the point where during the reporting period the government was subsidizing about 43.3 percent of the cost of fertilizer to farmers.\n\nThe government has also distributed tractors to help farmers plow their fields.\n\nThese initiatives are working well, although there are problems, such as the smuggling of fertilizers to nearby Burkina Faso where the price is much higher, and more tractors are needed.","\"Ghana: SADA Commissions 100 Mahindra Tractors ... For Distribution to Farmers,\" by Edmond Gyebi, The Chronicle, June 22, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201206240229.html\n\nAgnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.\n\n\"Ghana gov't pledges 63 million USD on 2012 fertilizer subsidies,\" English.news.cn, June 5, 2012. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-06/05/c_131631033.htm","The Ministry of Food and Agriculture is the government agency that has responsibility to ensure that there is food security, and it is doing this through some policy initiatives such as the Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP) and the Rural Enterprises Project...."]
["2012_LR_89",2012,"LR","Liberia",89,50,"The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for food security and works through its Food Security and Nutrition Division. The division works with communities across Liberia to assess their accessibility to sources of food and its affordability when available. The division faces logistical inadequacies that undermine its effectiveness. Accessibility to the Southeast of the country is challenging as roads are deplorable during the rainy season, which runs for half of the year. According to Hassan Kiawu, the division conducts surveys and also liaise with international organizations that provide food assistance to Liberia. He noted that one of the surveys indicated that the Southeastern region of Liberia was food insecure.","\" Limits of Cash Crop Production in Liberia's Food Security Strategy,\" by Geepu Nah Tiepoh, The Perspective website, March 12, 2012, http://www.theperspective.org/2012/0301201201.html\n\nInterview with Hassan Kiawu, media consultant, Ministry of Agriculture, July 27, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for food security and works through its Food Security and Nutrition Division. The division works with communities across Liberia to assess their accessibility to sources of food and its affordability when available. The division faces logi..."]
["2012_LY_89",2012,"LY","Libya",89,100,"The Libyan Ministry of Economy keeps large reserves of the main staples (in Tripoli the depot is in Tajoura) under the “Price Stability Fund,” which prevents food shortages and large price fluctuations.\n\nUntil 2011, the Libyan government had an extensive social protection and price subsidy system in place (which was used in the past to negate the need for salary rises). It includes subsidized food staples, housing and energy, while health and education services are free of charge. The World Food Program reports that the proportion of the government budget devoted to subsidies was about 5 percent of budget and the amount was projected to increase five-fold between 2005 and 2010.\n\nThe impact of subsidies on food and livelihoods is hard to measure due to lack of data and transparency in the system.  \n\nThe Wealth Distribution Programme (WDP) was devised in 2008 with the aim of distributing oil revenues through a citizen’s fund, in order to: (i) help meet their basic needs, and (ii) provide special allowances to poor families of at least three members without any income or a monthly income less than LD200 (US$150) in 2010. These families, as well as persons who receive basic pension allocations, would also benefit from a portfolio program that generates annual dividends, and they are entitled to advances to cover housing, health care, food, vocational education and training, transportation and other such expenses.  \n\nThe Economic and Social Development Fund (ESDF) was also established in 2006 to alleviate poverty among those in the lowest income bracket, as well as diversify the economy and create sustainable economic growth. The ESDF is mandated to invest earmarked funds in various private sector projects (about 65 percent of funds) and social sector services projects (about 32 percent). Revenues generated by the investments are then distributed to Libyans within the lowest income bracket.\n\nThe extent to which the WDP was effectively implemented, its coverage and the scale of the transfers, are unclear however. Similarly, information on the number of actual beneficiaries of the ESDF and size of transfers is unavailable. However, a large portion of these various subsidies is believed to be captured by the better off, as the subsidy mechanism has become an inclusive tool of wealth distribution, not limited to the most vulnerable. \n\nMigrants are not entitled to subsidized food and have to pay full market prices.\n\nOverall, in light of diminished fiscal and external buffers, today the Libyan authorities face significant short-term challenges. While responding to urgent social demands remains a priority, ensuring macroeconomic stability and maintaining investor confidence require greater policy coordination among various institutions. A peaceful political transition, underpinned by commitment to good governance and the rule of law, is essential to securing economic progress and food security.","International Monetary Fund, Ralph Chami and Ahmed Al-Darwish, 2012, \"Libya beyond the revolution: challenges and opportunities,\" available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/dp/2012/1201mcd.pdf\n\nInterviews with Sami Khashkusha, professor of political science, University of Tripoli, April, May and July 2012, Tripoli\n\nWFP and FAO, April 2011, \"Food Security in Libya, an Overview,\" available at http://foodsecuritycluster.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=223390&groupId=120482&folderId=236523&name=DLFE-11376.pdf","The Libyan Ministry of Economy keeps large reserves of the main staples (in Tripoli the depot is in Tajoura) under the “Price Stability Fund,” which prevents food shortages and large price fluctuations...."]
["2012_MU_89",2012,"MU","Mauritius",89,75,"The Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security with its parastatal, the Food and Agricultural Research Council, are the dedicated bodies working toward food security in Mauritius.  The State Trading Corporation also ensures food security by ensuring that the country has sufficient basic food commodities, including, rice, flour and pulses.\n\nThere have been no major complaints on staffing and finance in these departments, but they are not totally independent, and the Minister of Agriculture oversees final decisions.","Interview with Mr. Mooneeshwar Ramtohul, former chief agricultural officer, Ministry of Agro-Industry. Aug. 1, 2012, in Curepipe. \n\nGovernment Portal. \"Agriculture Minister underlines Role of Cooperatives to Ensure Food Security\". October 12, 2012. http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Agriculture-Minister-underlines-Role-of-Cooperatives-to-Ensure-Food-Security.aspx\n\nFood Security Strategy 2008. Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/moa/menuitem.c9c2cca091f5d3b8adbea610a0208a0c/","The Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security with its parastatal, the Food and Agricultural Research Council, are the dedicated bodies working toward food security in Mauritius.  The State Trading Corporation also ensures food security by ensuring that the country has sufficient..."]
["2012_NG_89",2012,"NG","Nigeria",89,50,"The major institution for ensuring food security has been a series of presidential task forces on food security.  The latest, which was inaugurated on May 14, 2012 by President Jonathan was the Presidential Agricultural Transformation Implementation Council (PATIC).  The council is chaired by President Jonathan and coordinated by the minister for Agriculture and Rural Development, Akinwumi  Adesina.  The minister is to oversee the implementation of the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA). Members of PATIC include leading entrepreneurs Aliko Dangote and former President Olusegun Obasanjo, owners of some of the largest agricultural enterprises in the country; Kanayo Nwanze, president of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); and American economist and Columbia professor Jeffrey Sachs are also members of this council.  ATA is the brainchild of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development aimed at tackling unemployment, creating wealth (over N300 billion in farmers’ incomes) through the creation of at least 3.5 million agricultural jobs, and ultimately achieving food security in Nigeria. \nThe primary objective of the ATA is value adding, a much-needed development in the agricultural sector. The focus is on the value chains of 10 crops: cassava, rice, sorghum, cotton, cocoa, oil palm, tomato, onion, soya beans and maize, as well as livestock and fisheries. While the 3.5 million jobs are projected to be generated in the first five value chains, many more are promised as programs in the other chains kickoff. Another objective, self-sufficiency, is to be achieved by curtailing the importation of home-grown crops like rice, wheat and sugar, for which Nigeria spent a total of over N1 trillion in the year 2010 alone.\n\nOlanrewaju quotes the minister for Agriculture and Rural Development, Akinwumi Adesina: \"as part of the Federal Government of Nigeria's effort to revamp the agriculture sector, ensure food security, diversify the economy and enhance foreign exchange earnings, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development embarked on a Transformation Agenda with a focus on the development of agricultural value chains. The transformation action plan is focused on key aspects of value chains, including the provision and availability of improved inputs (seed and fertilizer), increased productivity and production, as well as the establishment of staple crop processing zones. It also addresses reduction in post-harvest losses, improving linkages with industry with respect to backward integration, as well as access to financial services and markets. The Transformation Agenda targets rural communities particularly women, youth and farmers associations, as well as improving rural institutions and infrastructure.”\n\nHe added that the transformation agenda would target the creation of over 3.5 million jobs for the youth from the rice, cassava, sorghum, cocoa and cotton value chains, with many more jobs to come from other value chains under implementation. The implication of this is that more youths would be engaged in agricultural activities.\n\n“The programme aims to provide over N300billion (US$ 2 billion) of additional income in the hands of Nigerian farmers. Over N60 billion (US$ 380 million) is to be injected into the economy from the substitution of 20 per cent of bread wheat flour with cassava flour. We would have enabled Nigeria to be food secure by increasing production of key food staples by 20 million tons: Rice: 2 million metric tons: Cassava: 17 million metric tons and Sorghum: 1 million metric tons,” he said.\n\nThe minister, speaking on what the government was doing to ensure provision of credit, said, “We are working with the Central Bank of Nigeria on the introduction of the Nigeria Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) to de-risk agricultural financing and mitigate against the impact of natural disasters on losses of agricultural investments by  facilitating low-interest credit to farmers through commercial banks and the liberalisation of the insurance sector to increase farmers access to cost effective agricultural insurance schemes in the country. We have just negotiated the first deal to tune of N1.7 billion to provide single digit interest financing for cassava dried cheap exporters to mop up excess cassava from the farmers.”\n\nSimilalry, writing on the celebration of the World Water Day celebration on March 22 and World Water Week between August 26 and 31, Obande 2012 notes that the Minister for Water Resources, Mrs. Sarah Ochekpe said that the federal government would expedite action on the ongoing rehabilitation of 57 irrigation projects across the country to ensure food security. “The issues surrounding water and food security are enormous, as they are  critical elements for human existence. Therefore, in Nigeria, the Ministry of Water Resources plans to harness the potential of the country’s irrigation facilities to ensure food security. For a start, we have already identified 57 irrigation projects across the country for the Federal Government’s investment. These are critical facilities that we must pay attention to; certainly, we cannot achieve food security without irrigation development. All irrigation facilities are already being prepared for either rehabilitation or further development. For those that we have not fully developed, we are making efforts to develop them; for those that need rehabilitation, we are already working on them.\"\n\nOchekpe further stressed that when the irrigation facilities were fully operational, about 3 million jobs would be created nationwide for young Nigerians who had passion for agriculture. However, Prof. Paul Marley, the managing director of the Upper Niger River Basin Development Authority, underscored the need for a proper synergy between the federal and state ministries of water resources and agriculture to boost the country’s food security. He stressed that the Ministry of Water Resources had the capacity for promoting irrigated agriculture, adding that rain-fed agriculture was not enough to enhance food production in the country.","Food Insecurity: Rescuing Nigerians from the Pangs of Hunger. Sulaimon Olanrewaju. Nigerian Tribune.  June 11, 2012.\nhttp://tribune.com.ng/index.php/features/42281-food-insecurity-rescuing-nigerians-from-the-pangs-of-hunger\n\nShedding Light on the Agricultural Transformation Agenda. Tukeni Obasi. Business Day. Aug. 30, 2012.    http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/analysis/commentary/43583-shedding-light-on-the-agricultural-transformation-agenda\n\nAttaining Water and Food Security In Nigeria. Kate Obande. The Tide. Oct. 8, 2012. http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2012/10/08/attaining-water-and-food-security-in-nigeria/","The major institution for ensuring food security has been a series of presidential task forces on food security.  The latest, which was inaugurated on May 14, 2012 by President Jonathan was the Presidential Agricultural Transformation Implementation Council (PATIC).  The council is..."]
["2012_SL_89",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",89,75,"The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security is assigned this responsibility. It is reported that with the increased national security in Sierra Leone, the agricultural sector now contributes more than 40 percent of the country's gross domestic product. Furthermore, the country's Agenda for Change (2008-2012) has declared agricultural development and food security as the foundations for the country’s economic growth and poverty reduction. The agricultural sector accounted for about 45 percent of GDP in 2011 and employed nearly two- thirds of the working population. The sector received 10 percent of budgetary resources in 2010 to support its efforts to commercialize and privatize agricultural development and provide incentives for doing that.","Memunatu Pratt, department head, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n \nHarriet Turay, head, the 50/50 Group, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n\nThe World Bank, \"Catching People Before They Fall: Social Safety Nets Take Center Stage,\" \nhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22632052~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html\n\nTransparency Sierra Leone, \"Agriculture: Effecting Change at the Grassroots,\" www.transparencysierraleone.gov.sl/content/agriculture-effecting-change-grassroots","The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security is assigned this responsibility. It is reported that with the increased national security in Sierra Leone, the agricultural sector now contributes more than 40 percent of the country's gross domestic product. Furthermore, the ..."]
["2012_SO_89",2012,"SO","Somalia",89,0,"No system controls food security in Somalia. Some Somali business people import expired food or medicine and  then sell it in markets without control from the government.","Anonymous Somali businessmen and anonymous member of Parliament, interviewed Nov. 8, 2012, Mogadishu. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \nAgriculture and Food Security. 2012. http://www.agricultureandfoodsecurity.com/content/1/1/2","No system controls food security in Somalia. Some Somali business people import expired food or medicine and  then sell it in markets without control from the government."]
["2012_TZ_89",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",89,50,"Tanzania's public service is focused on agricultural development (production and marketing) rather than food security (access for all to enough food) per se. In terms of budget allocations, the government allocates approximately 7 percent of its budget to agriculture related work. This is below the 10 percent target of the 2003 Maputo Declaration of the African Union.","Interview, Philip Connelly, consultant on public policy analysis, Arusha and Dar es Salaam, via Skype, Oct. 19, 2012\n \n \"ONE’s first petition in Africa delivered to President Kikwete in Tanzania,\" report on ONE website, March 1 2012, accessed Aug. 6, 2012\n http://www.one.org/africa/blog/category/events/maputo-declaration/\n\nWorld Food Programme. \"Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis - Tanzania 2012\". http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp259830.pdf","Tanzania's public service is focused on agricultural development (production and marketing) rather than food security (access for all to enough food) per se. In terms of budget allocations, the government allocates approximately 7 percent of its budget to agriculture related work. ..."]
["2012_ZW_89",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",89,50,"The Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Agricultural Development and the Department of Social Welfare have a mandate to ensure food security. However, both have been faced with a number of challenges including funding. One of the challenges that the Ministry of Agriculture notes is that it has funding shortages for the irrigation resuscitation program. The Ministry of Agriculture has noted that most irrigation systems in the country required redesigning and rehabilitation to suit operational needs of farmers. \n \n According to the United Nations, the 2012 cereal harvest was 1,076,772 metric tons – one-third lower than last year. Factors that have affected food security in the country in 2012 include erratic rainfall and dry spells, limited access to agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers, a reduction in the planted area, poor farming practices and inadequate crop diversification.","\"1.6 million people will need food assistance in Zimbabwe next year – UN report,\" Commercial Farmers Union (CFU), July 27, 2012, http://www.cfuzim.org/index.php/newspaper-articles-2/agriculture/2816-1-6-million-people-will-need-food-assistance-in-zimbabwe-next-year-un-report\n \n \"Irrigation remains a pipe dream,\" The Herald, July 12, 2012, http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46711:irrigation-remains-a-pipe-dream&catid=42:features-news&Itemid=134\n \n \"Preliminary Analysis of the 2011/2012 Agricultural season,\" Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Zimbabwe, www.acwg.co.zw, accessed Jan. 5, 2013.","The Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Agricultural Development and the Department of Social Welfare have a mandate to ensure food security. However, both have been faced with a number of challenges including funding. One of the challenges that the Ministry of Agriculture n..."]
["2012_BF_90",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",90,50,"Le Ministère de la Jeunesse, de la Formation Professionnelle  et de l’Emploi est l’instance chargée d’apporter son soutien à l’Intégration socio-économique, à la participation et à l’épanouissement de la jeunesse au Burkina Faso. Par ailleurs, le Conseil National de la Jeunesse réunit chaque année autour du Président du Faso plusieurs délégations de jeunes pour discuter de leur encadrement, de leur promotion et de leur participation au processus de leur propre développement et de celui de la nation Burkinabè. Cependant, tout cela reste bien modique par rapport à l'envergure de la problématique que constituent l'intégration socio-économique et la participation des jeunes.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU.\n\nInterview avec Dr Alice Gisèle SIDIBE-ANAGO, Chargée de Mission, Chef de Département de l’Economie Rurale et de l’Environnement, au Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le 15 février 2013, à 17:17 TU. \n\nMinistère de la Jeunesse, de la Formation Professionnelle et de l'Emploi. Consulté en février 2013. www.mje.gov.bf","Le Ministère de la Jeunesse, de la Formation Professionnelle  et de l’Emploi est l’instance chargée d’apporter son soutien à l’Intégration socio-économique, à la participation et à l’épanouissement de la jeunesse au Burkina Faso. Par ailleurs, le Conseil National de la Jeunesse réu..."]
["2012_BI_90",2012,"BI","Burundi",90,50,"According to the former Minister of Youth, Sports and Culture, Jean Jacques Nyenimigabo, it is a big achievement at the 50th anniversary of independence that Burundi has a Minister of Youth, a Youth Policy and the National Agency for Youth Employment.\n\nHowever, interviews with other stakeholders indicate that the National Youth Policy is still under development and yet to be published. While Burundi has taken a number of measures to ensure universal primary education and to enhance secondary education (building new schools, making primary education free), there are no concrete measures taken to ensure that young people finishing secondary or university education can find employment.\n\nThis is a huge problem in a country where in the past youth has been a victim of political  manipulations and used in conflict as combatants.","Interview via e-mail with Anne Bariyuntura, Programme Officer,  Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population (United Nations Population Fund, or UNFPA), Burundi, Nov. 14, 2012 \n\"50 ans après d’indépendance du Burundi : un bilan sportif et culturel jugé positif par le ministre Nyenimigabo (50 years after independence of Burundi: an assessment sporting and cultural judged positive by the Minister Nyenimigabo), Iwacu journal, April 7, 2012, http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/spip.php?article3335\n\nInterview via e-mail with attorney Janvier Bigirimana, member of a civil society organization working on the integration of youth interests in government policies, Nov. 11, 2012\n\n\"Decret N°100/92 Du 31 Mai 2010 Portant Creation, Organisation Et Fonctionnement D’une Agence Burundaise Pour L’emploi Des Jeunes (Decree establishing Burundian Agency For Employment Of Youth), May 31, 2010, http://www.presidence.bi/spip.php?article535","According to the former Minister of Youth, Sports and Culture, Jean Jacques Nyenimigabo, it is a big achievement at the 50th anniversary of independence that Burundi has a Minister of Youth, a Youth Policy and the National Agency for Youth Employment...."]
["2012_KM_90",2012,"KM","Comoros",90,0,"Il n’existe pas encore de politique nationale sur la jeunesse aux Comores. La tâche d'élaborer cette politique est confiée au ministère de l’éducation nationale, de la recherche, de la culture, et des arts, qui prend en charge la jeunesse et les sports. La lettre de mission de ce ministère est de: (i) finaliser et valider la politique nationale de la jeunesse ; (ii) élaborer un Plan directeur pour la mise en œuvre d’activités favorables à l’épanouissement de la jeunesse ; (iv) mettre en place un Conseil national de la jeunesse ; (v) soutenir les initiatives constructives pour la jeunesse. \nLa jeunesse comorienne ressent une marginalisation des jeunes par la classe politique du pays. Le représentant des Comores au Forum de concertation des jeunes Africains sur le développement de l'éducation en Afrique, Silim Madi Attoumani, a déclaré à l’Agence Panafricaine de Presse en 2011  que « la classe politique comorienne est très frileuse avec la jeunesse du pays qu’elle considère plus comme une menace qu’un atout. Aux Comores, nous n’avons même pas de ministère spécifiquement dédié à la jeunesse. Nous sommes sous la tutelle d’un commissariat qui n’a ni ressources humaines ni moyens financiers. Cela traduit l’estime dans laquelle le pouvoir tient sa jeunesse». Président de la Fédération des acteurs pour le développement économique de l’île de Mohéli (FADESIM), M. Attoumani a indiqué que la jeunesse n’est jamais associée aux décisions importantes qui engagent l’avenir des trois grandes îles qui composent le pays. «La jeunesse est tantôt contournée, tantôt utilisée par le pouvoir politique. Les jeunes qui tentent d’émerger sont soit neutralisés soit récupérés par le pouvoir politique. Nous sommes des laissés-pour-compte», a-t-il poursuivi.","Afrique jet, 21 novembre 2011, « Comores : la jeunesse déplore sa marginalisation par la classe politique », http://www.afriquejet.com/comores-jeunesse-2011102125572.html\n\nAl Watan. \"Discours de Mme Siti Kassim, Ministre de l'Emploi à la 101eme session de la Conférence Internationale du Travail\". 09 juin 2012. http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php/index.php?home=actu.php&title=Discours-de-Mme-Siti-Kassim-Ministre-de-l-Emploi-A-la-101eme-session-de-la-ConfA-rence-Internationale-du-Travail&actu_id=4118\n\nPrésidence de l’Union des Comores, non daté, « Lettre de mission adressée par le Chef de l’Etat à Monsieur Mohamed Issimaïla, Ministre de l’Education Nationale, de la Recherche, de la Culture, des Arts, chargé de la jeunesse et des Sports », http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=1586).","Il n’existe pas encore de politique nationale sur la jeunesse aux Comores. La tâche d'élaborer cette politique est confiée au ministère de l’éducation nationale, de la recherche, de la culture, et des arts, qui prend en charge la jeunesse et les sports. La lettre de mission de ce m..."]
["2012_EG_90",2012,"EG","Egypt",90,50,"Youth constituted a main component of many national policies and programs to ensure their inclusion in the society. Namely, in 2000, a national youth plan for the millennium was drafted; in 2003-2004, the National Democratic Party designed the \"National Youth Policy\"; and finally, a National Council for Youth was established in 2005 by the republican decree # 425 to develop and implement a plan for youth and the mobilization of human and financial resources to disseminate a youth culture -- in addition to a new decree on 2009 to regulate the establishment of new youth councils. The latter formulated a unified and integrated document stating the national policy for human development of youth in the following sectors: employment, political participation, education, health, culture, population, mass media, social welfare, social and volunteer works, environment, sports and recreation, studies and research. This policy should be translated into legislation and regulations to define all youth activities. The national council should also initiate and sponsor all youth activities and create a database to register them.\n\nOn another note, in 2003, a National Action Plan on youth employment (NAP) was developed by Egypt, after becoming one of the lead countries of the Secretary-General’s Youth Employment Network (YEN) – a partnership between the United Nations, the World Bank and the ILO, after a comprehensive process involving many stakeholders. The NAP process in Egypt started in February 2006 with a Capacity Building Workshop organized by ILO, GTZ and the YEN Secretariat under the leadership of the Ministry of Manpower and Migration of Egypt. The meeting was instrumental in initiating a dialogue among the main NAP stakeholders. Two bodies responsible for the development of the NAP were established: (i) the NAP Steering Committee (NAPSC), that is composed of some 25 decision-makers from different ministries, employers’ and workers’ organizations and other key stakeholders, and is responsible for strategic and political oversight of the NAP; and (ii) the NAP Technical Commission (NAP-TC), that is composed of some 15 technical experts from selected institutions including the social partners and youth groups, and is responsible for drafting and finalizing the NAP in consultation with and for submission to the NAP-SC. The NAP was finally launched on 2009 to increase youth employment and provide decent and productive jobs for young people, who join the labor market every year.\n\nHowever, all those documents were not fully practiced; the National Youth Council's role was limited to establishing new youth centers and organizing capacity building workshops and general meetings discussing youth challenges without a real youth participation in their activities or a concrete impact on them. \nA youth housing project subsidized by the government was initiated by the Mubarak regime in 1996 and ended in 2000 to provide disadvantaged youth with housing units. However, in practice, the built units were granted to those close to the regime.\n\nNo remarkable progress could be seen in youth issues, and the Revolution of January 25, led by youth, could be seen as the main proof of the failure of all those policies and institutions to address the roots of the youth problems and the failure of these policies and institutions to integrate the youth into society. \n\nRecently, a new youth minister, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood party, has been appointed, and the Ministry of Youth updated its website by noting that a new youth policy is under preparation for the period of 2013-2017 -- with the objectives of empowering youth politically, economically and socially.","Asiem ElDafrawy. 2012. No \"Facebook Revolution\" -- But an Egyptian Youth We Know Little About\nhttp://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2012_RP06_ass.pdf\n\nAhram Online. 2011. Swan Lake vs slums: Egypt faces housing challenge. May\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/3/0/11156/Business/0/Swan-Lake-vs-slums-Egypt-faces-housing-challenge.aspx\n\n2012. The Mubarak Youth Housing Project: How Government intervention can help young people own homes\nhttp://ujenzibora.com/nahinga/2012/10/the-mubarak-youth-housing-project-how-government-intervention-can-help-young-people-own-homes/\n\nDoaa Abulmagd. 2011. Public Housing and Public Housing Policies in Greater Cairo\nhttp://www.enhr2011.com/sites/default/files/Paper-%20ABOUELMAGD%20Doaa-%20WS09.pdf\n\nUNDP. 2010. National Human Development Report-Youth in Egypt: Building our future. http://www.undp.org.eg/Portals/0/NHDR%202010%20english.pdf\n\nILO & MOMM. 2010. Egypt: Youth Employment National Action Plan 2010-2015 (Summary). http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/cairo/downloads/nap_e.pdf\n\nAbdElhay, Tohamy. Studies on youth policies in the Mediterranean partner countries: Egypt. EuroMed Youth III Programme\n \nNational Council of Youth. Egypt. http://www.alshabab.gov.eg/ (official website)","Youth constituted a main component of many national policies and programs to ensure their inclusion in the society. Namely, in 2000, a national youth plan for the millennium was drafted; in 2003-2004, the National Democratic Party designed the \"National Youth Policy\"; and finally, ..."]
["2012_GM_90",2012,"GM","The Gambia",90,50,"Youth unemployment, which stands at 40 percent, presents a major challenge. As African Economic Outlook notes,  the government has set up programs such as the Gambia Priority Employment Program 2007-11 and the National Employment Policy 2010-14 to promote the creation of employment opportunities for the young. The new Program for Accelerated Growth and Employment, to be implemented in 2012-15 also aims to reduce poverty and unemployment.\n\nThe Gambia also has the National Youth Council, the National Youth Service Scheme and  the Ministry of Youth and Sports.\n\nDespite the said initiatives, \"youth unemployment is estimated at over 40%, three times higher than amongst other adults. Young workers are employed in low-quality jobs and in high levels of informality,\" according to African Economic Outlook.\n\nIt continues: \"This high rate of youth unemployment is explained by many factors such as skills mismatch and the weak links between the educational system and the requirements of the labor market. Youth face a very difficult transition from school to work and very low levels of education and training, and many of those who do receive high-quality education and training choose to emigrate.\n\n\"In addition, the significant rate of early drop-out (especially in rural areas), failure to change the approach of young job-seekers towards self-employment mainly because of restrictions in access to finance and the limited extent of the market as The Gambia’s formal employment sector, which is very small, employing just over 10% of the labor force, are factors that have contributed to increase youth unemployment in The Gambia.\"","\"UNDAF, Gov’t of The Gambia Holds Joint Annual Review 2007-2011,\"\nJan. 27, 2012, http://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/undaf-govt-of-the-gambia-holds-joint-annual-review-2007-2011\n\nAfrican Economic Outlook, \"Gambia,\" www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/west-africa/gambia/, accessed August 2012.","Youth unemployment, which stands at 40 percent, presents a major challenge. As African Economic Outlook notes,  the government has set up programs such as the Gambia Priority Employment Program 2007-11 and the National Employment Policy 2010-14 to promote the creation of employment..."]
["2012_GH_90",2012,"GH","Ghana",90,50,"The Youth Policy seeks to support the integration and participation of youth in national socio-economic development processes. The National Youth Employment effort is an initiative that launched in 2006 by the then Kuffuor administration to provide both employment and skills training to the numerous unemployed youth in Ghana. The current government has continued the program. However, it is not adequately implemented and initiatives aimed at integrating the youth into national development processes are largely limited in coverage and sometimes politicized. The program provides only temporary employment and the beneficiaries are expected to migrate to full employment. Due to the large numbers of unemployed youth, it is difficult to get all of them involved, and there is a perception that the program is being politicized.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.\n\nNational Youth Policy of Ghana: Towards an Empowered Youth Impacting Positively on National Development, Ministry of Youth and Sports, August 2010. http://www.ghana.gov.gh/documents/nypolicy.pdf\n\n\"Building the Effectiveness of Ghana's Youth Services,\" Youth Employment Network Newsletter, Issue No. 29, November 2011. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/yen/resources/newsletter/29.htm","The Youth Policy seeks to support the integration and participation of youth in national socio-economic development processes. The National Youth Employment effort is an initiative that launched in 2006 by the then Kuffuor administration to provide both employment and skills traini..."]
["2012_LR_90",2012,"LR","Liberia",90,25,"Many national strategies, such as the poverty reduction strategy and the national capacity building strategy, identify the need to address youth problems as critical to ensuring socio-economic stability.  Restive youths threaten to undermine the socio-economic stability of society. There is need to address high unemployment and low quality of skills amongst youths. \n\nYouth-led institutions such as the Federation of Liberia Youths (FLY) are under-funded. They advocate for youth upliftment, but are often co-opted by public officials and are usually conflicted by political party affiliation of key leaders, a situation that has undermined their credibility.","Interview with Jerry Tarbolo, former secretary general, Federation of Liberian Youths, June 30, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\n\"Liberia Youth Fragility Assessment,\" by Gary Walker, Jane C. Millar Wood, and Eric Allemano, USAID/Liberia, April 2012, pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ258.pdf","Many national strategies, such as the poverty reduction strategy and the national capacity building strategy, identify the need to address youth problems as critical to ensuring socio-economic stability.  Restive youths threaten to undermine the socio-economic stability of society...."]
["2012_MR_90",2012,"MR","Mauritania",90,50,"Il existe une stratégie définissant la politique nationale de la jeunesse adoptée en conseil des ministres depuis le 3 mars 2004 qui se propose de créer les conditions favorables à la participation des jeunes au processus économique et social. \n\nLa Confejes a, de son côté, développé des programmes allant dans le sens de la promotion socioéconomique des jeunes dans les pays qui lui sont affiliés dont la Mauritanie.\n\nDe même, une Agence nationale de promotion de l’emploi des jeunes (ANAPEJ), créée depuis janvier 2005 pour contribuer à la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale de l’emploi, en vue de favoriser l’épanouissement économique, social et culturel des populations cible.\n\nL'inadaptation des formations et le manque de corrélation entre la demande et l'offre font que les résultats escomptés n'ont pas été atteints. C'est la raison pour laquelle le chômage continue à gagner du terrain chez lez jeunes.\n\nEn tout état de cause, les informations les plus récentes attestent la récurrence de la politique de la jeunesse en Mauritanie.","Noorinfo. \"Le rêve politique de la jeunesse mauritanienne a t il été avorté\". November 2011. http://www.noorinfo.com/Le-reve-politique-de-la-Jeunesse-mauritanienne-a-t-il-ete-avorte_a1360.html. \n\nCRIDEM. \"Où est passé l’argent de l’Anapej ?\". 25 Avril 2012. http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=628706\n\nANAPEJ in http://www.entreprendre-mediterranee.com/pays/anapej.htm.\n\nPleinrim. \"Emploi des jeunes: Début en Mauritanie d'une rencontre régionale\". 15 Juin 2011. http://www.pleinrim.info/2011/06/emploi-des-jeunes-debut-en-mauritanie-dune-rencontre-regionale/\n\nStratégie nationale de la jeunesse, mars 2004  \n\nBilan détaillé du programme II promotion de la jeunesse in rapport du Secrétaire Général de la CONFEJES 2008.","Il existe une stratégie définissant la politique nationale de la jeunesse adoptée en conseil des ministres depuis le 3 mars 2004 qui se propose de créer les conditions favorables à la participation des jeunes au processus économique et social. ..."]
["2012_NE_90",2012,"NE","Niger",90,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_90",2012,"NG","Nigeria",90,75,"The first national youth policy was done in 2001.  The second came in 2009.  The thrust of the policy is to mainstream youth issues into the economic reform agenda, including medium- and long-term development planning, value reorientation and social transformation and other development initiatives of government. It is designed to address the need to create opportunities and strategies for addressing the challenges facing young.  Since the 1980s, every Nigerian government has had several youth-oriented programs. There is the National Youth Service Corps, established in 1973. In general, there is the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), Family Support Programme (FSP), the National Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) and the Vision 2020-20. Skill acquisition is a major plank of the employment generation policy thrust of the Nigerian government.  Others include the Small-scale Enterprise Programme (SSE), Rural Employment Promotion Programme (REP) and Special Public Works Programme (SPWP), Bank of Industry (BOI) and the Small and Medium.","Jonathan Launches Job Creation Scheme For 3,600 Youths. Daniel Idonor. Vanguard. Oct. 11, 2011.\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/jonathan-launches-job-creation-scheme-for-3600-youths/ \n\nEntrepreneurship and Youth Unemployment In Nigeria: The Missing Link Global. C.G.E. Salami. Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 11 Issue 5, pp. 21-26. 2011.\n\nSecond National Youth Policy Document of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 2009. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Youth/Nigeria/Nigeria_YouthPolicy.pdf","The first national youth policy was done in 2001.  The second came in 2009.  The thrust of the policy is to mainstream youth issues into the economic reform agenda, including medium- and long-term development planning, value reorientation and social transformation and other develop..."]
["2012_SL_90",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",90,75,"The National Youth Commission has been established to work for the socioeconomic integration and the participation of youth. This is supported by the National Youth Employment Scheme and similar programs. An example of youth employment programs is a memorandum of understanding between the commission and the Ministry of Youth Employment and Sports signed  with the U.N. Development Program. It will provide program interventions to benefit more than 500 youths in business development services and the establishment of youth resource centers in Makeni, Bo and Kenema.","\"National Youth Commission Brief on Youth Development Programming,\" Sierra Express Media, May 2012, www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/40069\n\nMemunatu Pratt, department head, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n \nHarriet Turay, head, the 50/50 Group, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n\nBernadette French, assistant head, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, at the CGG offices, Freetown.\n\nCharles Lahai, executive director, Sierra Leone Youth Empowerment Organization, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the SLYEO office, Freetown.\n\nNgolo Katta, national coordinator, Center for Coordination of Youth Activities, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the CCYA office.","The National Youth Commission has been established to work for the socioeconomic integration and the participation of youth. This is supported by the National Youth Employment Scheme and similar programs. An example of youth employment programs is a memorandum of understanding betw..."]
["2012_SS_90",2012,"SS","South Sudan",90,25,"Between May 2011 and May 2012, there is no evidence that South Sudan had specific national policies that support the socio-economic integration and participation of youth. \n\nIt is, however, encouraging to note that the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports in the national government initiated a plan to curb youth unemployment in August 2012. \n\nMultiple international institutions and donor organizations are working on issues of youth engagement and employment in South Sudan.","S. Sudan Initiates Plan to Curb Youth Unemployment. Julius N. Uma. Sudan Tribune. Aug. 12, 2012. http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article43554\n\nGovernment of South Sudan, UN/RSS Discuss Youth Employment. Justin Jada Joseph and Alnour Ango. \nOct. 19, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201110210148.html\n\nUNDP South Sudan, Creating Opportunities for Youth Employment in Sudan. August 2012.\n\nMDG Achievement Fund (MDG-F), Youth, Employment and Migration, Sudan: Creating Opportunities for Youth Employment in Sudan\n\nMarc Sommers and Stephanie Schwartz. US Institute of Peace, Publications. Dowry and Division Youth and State Building in South Sudan. November 2011. http://www.usip.org/publications/dowry-and-division-youth-and-state-building-in-south-sudan","Between May 2011 and May 2012, there is no evidence that South Sudan had specific national policies that support the socio-economic integration and participation of youth. ..."]
["2012_ZW_90",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",90,50,"According to its website, the Ministry of Youth Development, Indigenization and Empowerment has the mandate of economically empowering the youth and facilitating their participation in the mainstream economy. The major drive behind the youth empowerment initiative is recognition that the empowerment of young people must be an integral part of the sustainable human development paradigm. It is against this background that the ministry has engaged various financial institutions to ensure that the youth participate effectively in the mainstream economy as a way to combat the youth unemployment scourge the country is facing. Facilities availed include the CBZ Bank Limited Youth Empowerment Facility, the CABS Youth empowerment facility and the Meikles Youth Empowerment Facility. \n \n Critics have argued that youth empowerment is indeed a political issue. Further, youth are yet to benefit from the land reform program. The government has yet to display visible commitment toward the provision of land to youths.","Youth Empowerment, Ministry of Youth Development, Indigenization and Empowerment, http://www.mydie.gov.zw/index.php/en/growers\n \n Southern Institute of Peace-building and Development Southern Journal Peace Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, edited by Samuel Maruta, April 2012, http://www.sipd-zw.org/sites/default/files/SPRJv1.1%202012_0.pdf\n\nInternational Labor Organization. \"The youth and unemployment in Zimbabwe\". March 2012. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-addis_ababa/---sro-harare/documents/statement/wcms_227249.pdf\n\n The National Youth Policy: Zimbabwe, Sept. 30, 2000, http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Youth/Zimbabwe/Zimbabwe_National_Youth_Policy.pdf","According to its website, the Ministry of Youth Development, Indigenization and Empowerment has the mandate of economically empowering the youth and facilitating their participation in the mainstream economy. The major drive behind the youth empowerment initiative is recognition th..."]
["2012_DZ_91",2012,"DZ","Algeria",91,50,"There are many institutions and non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens, called in Algeria \"DIAR EL-RAHMA\" which means in English \"Houses of pity.\" These houses are reserved for older people who need help, food, housing, etc. (http://diarerrahma.org). However, not all those in need are reached by these programs.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, government official. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, government official. June 12, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nGovernment study report: The Algerian government has a program destined to assist the elderly. The legal framework is drafted in the law: \n\nDécret exécutif n° 12-113 du 14 Rabie Ethani 1433 correspondant au 7 mars 2012 fixant les conditions de placement ainsi que les missions,\nl\u0092organisation et le fonctionnement des établissements spécialisés et des structures d\u0092accueil des personnes âgées. Official Gazette N°16, March 21, 2012, page 4.\n\nLesoirdalgerie.com, LOI SUR LA PROTECTION DES PERSONNES ÂGÉES-\nLes textes d’application prochainement promulgués, Juillet 2012.\nhttp://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2012/07/03/article.php?sid=136282&cid=2\n\nInfo Algerie, Personnes âgées Plaidoyer pour la prise en charge à domicile, undated.\nhttp://m.presse-dz.com/readart.php?id=9861\n\nPlus de 3,7 millions de retraités en Algérie. El-annabi. http://www.el-annabi.com/archive-actualite/article.php3?id_article=5141","There are many institutions and non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens, called in Algeria \"DIAR EL-RAHMA\" which means in English \"Houses of pity.\" These houses are reserved for older people who need help, food, housing, etc. (http://diarerrahma.org). However, not a..."]
["2012_BI_91",2012,"BI","Burundi",91,25,"According to the Executive Secretary of the Association Pour l'Assistance aux Personnes Agees (AAPA), there is no government social safety net for the assistance of elderly. The only support that these people get is from NGOs and local associations, said Euralie Nibizi, a trade unionist. She added that there is no specific compensation of elderly, only former employees who can get a small and insufficient retirement compensation.","Interview with the Executive Secretary of the Association pour l'Assistance aux Personnes Agees (AAPA), July 31, 2012\n\nInterview via e-mail with Euralie Nibizi, a trade unionist, Aug. 6, 2012","According to the Executive Secretary of the Association Pour l'Assistance aux Personnes Agees (AAPA), there is no government social safety net for the assistance of elderly. The only support that these people get is from NGOs and local associations, said Euralie Nibizi, a trade uni..."]
["2012_KM_91",2012,"KM","Comoros",91,25,"Aucun filet de sécurité organisé par le Gouvernement n’est identifié. C’est la diaspora comorienne à l'étranger qui, avec les transferts de l’ordre de 35.000.000 USD par an, fournissent un filet de sécurité à la famille pour leurs besoins essentiels.\nPar ailleurs, le rôle de la famille est prépondérant en matière de solidarité sociale. «Chaque famille est un maillon d’une communauté qui veille sur ses membres (…) ». Ce tissu social très développé aux Comores, constitue un filet de sécurité et de cohésion sociale indéniable.\nPar contre aucun privilège n’est octroyé par l’État aux personnes âgées, selon le journaliste Toyb Ahmed. Les retraités de sector formel peuvent recevoir un pension, mais pas ceux dans le sector informel.","Interview de Toyb Ahmed, journaliste à Alwatwan, 23 juin 2012, interview par internet. \n\nProgramme unique Nations Unies Union des Comores 2010-2012, p 11, \nhttp://www.km.one.un.org/pages/documentation/documentation/nationaux/doc/programme_unique/SNU_%20Comores_Programme%20Unique_narrative.pdf\n\nComores-droit. \"La protection sociale en Afrique est aux Comores\". July 11, 2012. http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/1010-La-protection-sociale-en-Afrique-et-aux-Comores\n\nRAPPORT NATIONAL SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN, Cohésion sociale et développement humain en Union des Comores, 2010, p 37, http://www.km.undp.org/doc/rndh_10.pdf)","Aucun filet de sécurité organisé par le Gouvernement n’est identifié. C’est la diaspora comorienne à l'étranger qui, avec les transferts de l’ordre de 35.000.000 USD par an, fournissent un filet de sécurité à la famille pour leurs besoins essentiels...."]
["2012_EG_91",2012,"EG","Egypt",91,50,"The pension system of Egypt is considered as one of the largest systems in the region, covering 70% to 90% of the labor force and more than half of those over 60 years old. Two institutions were established to manage the system; the Government Employee Pension Fund manages the civil servants’ scheme, while the Public and Private Enterprises employee pension fund manages the public and private employees’ scheme. The benefit calculation takes into consideration the history and earnings of each individual, based on the defined-based principle.  \n\nHowever, the system failed to achieve long-term fiscal sustainability, with rising deficits of net collected contributions to cover expenditures on pension benefits. The high coverage and replacement rate demanded a prohibitive contribution which encourages leakage from the formal labor market. The system suffered from inefficient administration, unequal distribution, lack of transparency and inability to meet the needs of the various beneficiaries. Even the new system would shift the financial burden of risk management from the government to the individuals.\n\nThe low and decreasing pensions along with the increasing cost of living and the targeting and limited resources do not offer an affordable system for aging people. As the pensions are not raised in accordance with inflation rates, the needs of the individual are not satisfied. In addition, low wages led to a sharp decrease in the real purchasing power of social insurance benefits, especially for the insured.\n\nThe long-term shortage of the system in funding, the increasing borrowing of the central government, the low nominal rates of return and the increasing financial rates with the increase in life expectancy rates and the limited investment alternatives of the trust funds threaten the financial situation of this system.\n\nFour laws regulate the pension system in Egypt and cover the elderly: \n- Law 79 of 1975 (Mandatory) covering government employees and public and private business sector workers against old-age, disability, death, work injury, and maternity risks.\n- Law 108 of 1976 (Mandatory) covering the private sector employers and the self-employed.\n- Law 112/1980 (and Sadat Pension) (Mandatory) covering casual workers.\n- Law 50/1978 (Optional) for Egyptians working abroad.\nA fifth law was introduced to Parliament in 2010 to increase the retirement age from 60 to 65, providing all citizens with a basic pension of 15% of the national average annual salary at age 65, regardless of whether they were subscribed to social security.\n\nAlso, the Ministry of Finance is responsible of enforcing social insurance legislation as per presidential decree No. 422 of 2005, substituting the ministry of social insurance and heading the National Pensions Management Authority, supervising government insurance funds. A pension investment board and a higher pension committee board were formed, including ministers of finance, labor, investment and social solidarity to monitor the performance of the system.","International Database of Cultural Policies. 2011. Egypt/ 5.1 General legislation. September 2011  \nhttp://www.worldcp.org/egypt.php?aid=514\n\nPopulation Council. \"Social Protection in Egypt: A Policy Overview\", September 2012. http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/wp/mena/23.pdf\n\n2010. Egypt: Pension Reform Could Create Individual Pension Accounts, Increase Retirement Age. Towers Watson. 2010. http://www.towerswatson.com/research/2414\n\nUnited Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Population aging. http://egypt.unfpa.org/english/Staticpage/e82b3581-f41b-4e13-889a-c5b22aecac85/Population_Ageing.aspx","The pension system of Egypt is considered as one of the largest systems in the region, covering 70% to 90% of the labor force and more than half of those over 60 years old. Two institutions were established to manage the system; the Government Employee Pension Fund manages the civi..."]
["2012_GQ_91",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",91,25,"There is a social security institute which only covers workers. The government's 2009 report on Millennium Development Goals recognized that the National Security System in place (INSESO) is the only existent social safety institution and does not reach the majority of the population.","African Economic Outlook.  (2012) .  Equatorial Guinea, UNDP, AfDB, OECD, UNECA, 2012.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Equatorial%20Guinea%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n\nSocial Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, Equatorial Guinea, Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, 2011: http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/africa/equatorialguinea.pdf\n\nUNICEF; Overseas Development Institute, Aug-2008, La protección social y los niños en Africa Occidental y Central Estudio de Caso: Guinea Ecuatorial, see: http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_3797_unicef_odi_case_study_Eq_Guinea_SP.pdf\n\nEquatorial Guinea, Sep-2009, II Informe Nacional sobre Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, see: http://web.undp.org/africa/documents/mdg/equatorialguinea_2009.pdf","There is a social security institute which only covers workers. The government's 2009 report on Millennium Development Goals recognized that the National Security System in place (INSESO) is the only existent social safety institution and does not reach the majority of the populati..."]
["2012_GH_91",2012,"GH","Ghana",91,50,"There is the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) that provides an income, though grossly inadequate, to employees who retire from active service. The National Health Insurance Scheme also provides some assistance and even exemptions for certain categories of citizens, including the aged and indigent. However, the paucity of the support and its coverage leaves much to be desired.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, CAMFED Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.   \n\n\"Social Protection Schemes in West and Central Africa: A Propoals for Renewal - Draft,\" Sidya Ould El Hadj and Medou Diakhate. http://www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/westcentralafrica.pdf\n\n\"Executive Brief - Ghana: Effects of the financial crisis on vulnerable households,\" World Food Programme, follow-up study February-March 2010. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp220031.pdf","There is the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) that provides an income, though grossly inadequate, to employees who retire from active service. The National Health Insurance Scheme also provides some assistance and even exemptions for certain categories of citize..."]
["2012_LR_91",2012,"LR","Liberia",91,0,"There is no social safety net for the elderly in Liberia. Much of the assistance to elderly is provided by non-governmental organizations. Sustainability is a challenge.","Interview with Archie Bawo, property rights officer, Tetra Tech ARD, July 13, 2012, Kakata, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Korto Williams, country director, ActionAid Liberia, July 17, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","There is no social safety net for the elderly in Liberia. Much of the assistance to elderly is provided by non-governmental organizations. Sustainability is a challenge."]
["2012_MR_91",2012,"MR","Mauritania",91,50,"Il existe un régime de sécurité sociale qui couvre les personnes âgées en leur versant des pensions vieillesse ouverts à partir de 60 ans pour les hommes et 55 ans pour les femmes et concerne les travailleurs salariés, y compris les travailleurs temporaires et occasionnels. \n\nIl convient quand même de souligner que les orientations de l'Etat mauritanien au profit des personnes âgées ne sont pas concrètement pertinentes. En conséquence, les personnes âgées qui ne disposent pas de pensions vivent de solidarité des proches.\n\nConcernant la pension retraite, il y a eu une extension de cette pension sur la veuve et les héritiers du retraité en vertu d'une nouvelle réforme intervenue en 2012 (Voir référence en pièce jointe). Il y a eu une extension des avantages des personnes retraitées même après leur décès. D'où une amélioration du régime des retraités en Mauritanie.\n\nLes anciens combattants ont aussi connu une harmonisation de leurs pensions retraite en vertu d'une nouvelle loi française de 2011 portant décristallisation complète des pensions civiles et militaires. \n\nNB: CLEISS (Centre des Liaisons Européennes et Internationales de Sécurité Sociale).\n\nLe FNUAP (Fonds des Nations Unies pour la population) essaye de faire en Mauritanie le plaidoyer des activités internationales consacrées aux personnes âgées à travers la célébration de la Journée internationale des personnes âgées.","Le régime mauritanien de sécurité sociale, 2011 in http://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_mauritanie.html\n\nAgence Française du Développement. CADRE D’INTERVENTION SECTORIEL CADRE D’INTERVENTION SECTORIEL SANTE ET PROTECTION SOCIALE SANTE ET PROTECTION SOCIALE 2012-2014. http://www.afd.fr/webdav/shared/PORTAILS/SECTEURS/SANTE/pdf/Cadre_intervention_AFD_Sante_et_Protection_sociale.pdf","Il existe un régime de sécurité sociale qui couvre les personnes âgées en leur versant des pensions vieillesse ouverts à partir de 60 ans pour les hommes et 55 ans pour les femmes et concerne les travailleurs salariés, y compris les travailleurs temporaires et occasionnels. ..."]
["2012_MU_91",2012,"MU","Mauritius",91,100,"The government of Mauritius, through the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions, provides for universal basic pensions for the elderly. A safety net for the elderly therefore exists in Mauritius, and the universal pension scheme has been functioning effectively since its implementation. Basic old-age pension (universal): The monthly value of the pension increases with age. The monthly amounts are 3,146 rupees for ages 60 to 89, 9,357 rupees for ages 90 to 99, and 10,621 for ages 100 and older.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nMinistry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions Website, Benefits section.\nhttp://www.gov.mu/portal/site/ssnssite/menuitem.5f8fae2d471a980e8f77861084d521ca/\n\nSocial Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, 2011. http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/africa/mauritius.html","The government of Mauritius, through the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions, provides for universal basic pensions for the elderly. A safety net for the elderly therefore exists in Mauritius, and the universal pension scheme has been functionin..."]
["2012_NG_91",2012,"NG","Nigeria",91,25,"Although there is a pension program for retirees, there has been no program targeted at the elderly.  However, on March 8, 2012, a bill to create a national social agency with the responsibility to care for the elderly was introduced. The bill was entitled \"A Bill for an Act to establish the National Social Agency charged with the responsibility to, for among other things, provide financial assistance to elderly persons in Nigeria and for related matters.” The bill was sponsored by Sen. Oluremi Tinubu.  Another bill was considered with it. The bill sought to establish a national social welfare commission sponsored by Sen. Domingo Obende.","Senate Mulls Financial Succour for Elderly Persons. National Mirror. March 27, 2012.\nhttp://nationalmirroronline.net/index.php/politics/35272.html\n\nOverseas Development Institute. \"Social protection in Nigeria. Mapping programmes and their effectiveness\". February 2012. http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7582.pdf\n\nSocial Security Bill Scales Second Reading. Ibrahim Babangishiri, Asma’u Baikie and Oluwaseun Omole. The Mace, (n.d.).\nhttp://www.themaceonline.com/senate-news/321-social-security-bill-scales-second-reading-","Although there is a pension program for retirees, there has been no program targeted at the elderly.  However, on March 8, 2012, a bill to create a national social agency with the responsibility to care for the elderly was introduced. The bill was entitled \"A Bill for an Act to est..."]
["2012_SL_91",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",91,25,"In 2010, the World Bank provided support to 19 countries new to the safety nets portfolio, including Sierra Leone. Moreover, the World Food Program and other U.N. agencies have supported the country in implementation of its Agenda for Change (2008-2012). The agenda gives priority to agricultural and infrastructure development and improved social services, including social protection, food security and productive social safety nets.\n\nThe Transformation Index BTI 2012 makes note of a rudimentary public social insurance system, the National Social Security and Insurance Trust, or NASSIT. The trust covers some costs associated with old age, disability, survivorship (e.g., orphans), work injury, sickness and maternity. However, most of the welfare programs depend largely on international support. For the elderly, only those fully paid meet the NASSIT requirements enjoy its support.","Memunatu Pratt, department head, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n \nHarriet Turay, head, the 50/50 Group, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n\nBernadette French, assistant head, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, at the CGG offices, Freetown.\n\nThe World Bank, \"Catching People Before They Fall: Social Safety Nets Take Center Stage,\" http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22632052~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html\n\nWorld Food Program, \"Sierra Leone: Overview,\" www.wfp.org/countries/sierra-leone/overview\n\nTransformation Index BTI 2012, \"Sierra Leone Country Report,\" www.bti-project.org/countryreports/wca/sle/","In 2010, the World Bank provided support to 19 countries new to the safety nets portfolio, including Sierra Leone. Moreover, the World Food Program and other U.N. agencies have supported the country in implementation of its Agenda for Change (2008-2012). The agenda gives priority t..."]
["2012_SZ_91",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",91,25,"There is a pension system, but it's only for government employees. The potential for an effective social safety system for the elderly in Swaziland continues to be hampered by inefficiency in delivery systems and inherent uncertainty on government funding following the implementation of the austerity centric Fiscal Adjustment Roadmap.","\"Swaziland Government suspends pensions,\" IRIN, March 22, 2011, http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92263/SWAZILAND-Government-suspends-pensions\n \n \"Swaziland: Will Social Services Continue?\" IRIN, October 2011, http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93981/SWAZILAND-Will-social-services-continue\n \n \"Swaziland Old Age Grant Assessment,\" by Jennifer Orr, Katharine Vincent and Tracy Cull, HelpAge International, 2010, http://www.helpage.org/what-we-do/social-protection/swaziland-old-age-grant-impact-assessment/","There is a pension system, but it's only for government employees. The potential for an effective social safety system for the elderly in Swaziland continues to be hampered by inefficiency in delivery systems and inherent uncertainty on government funding following the implementati..."]
["2012_TZ_91",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",91,0,"There is no non-contributory pension. There is a policy of free health care for those more than 60 years old at public health facilities, but in practice this is not funded nor implemented.","Interview, Irenei Kiria, director of an NGO, Dar es Salaam, Aug. 9, 2012\n \n Interview, Elector Kilusungu, board member, Tanzania Association of Social Workers, Oct. 18, 2012.","There is no non-contributory pension. There is a policy of free health care for those more than 60 years old at public health facilities, but in practice this is not funded nor implemented."]
["2012_ZW_91",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",91,50,"Social safety nets for the elderly have been significantly eroded over the last decade, as indicated by several media reports. The Ministry of Labor and Social Services is the government arm mandated with the welfare of vulnerable groups of society, such as the elderly through the provision of social services including the Cash Transfer Program and health assistance. Several policies have also been introduced, including Public Assistance - a means-tested program in which the elderly access monthly maintenance allowances, Health Assistance - the elderly access health assistance at government and other designated referral centers; Burial Assistance - for those without relatives and Harmonized CashTransfer. Private Voluntary Organizations, such as HelpAge Zimbabwe, have been critical in supporting government efforts to protect the elderly.\n \n The Lower House of Assembly in July 2012 passed the Older Persons Bill, legislation aimed at ensuring the welfare of the elderly community in Zimbabwe, 10 years after it was first introduced. During public hearing consultations on the bill, citizens called for government to provide universal pensions, health assistance and support in terms of food provision and orphan care.","\"More needs to be done to address the plight of the elderly,\" by Sithokozile Hlahla, Manica Post, Jan. 26, 2012, http://www.manicapost.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25291:more-needs-to-be-done-to-address-the-plight-of-the-elderly&catid=42:features-news&Itemid=134\n \n \"Older Persons Bill Adopted by Zimbabwe Parliament,\" Protracted Relief Program (PRP), quarterly newsletter, July 2012, http://www.prpzim.info/resources/July%20PRP%20newsletter_draft%20ek.pdf\n \n \"Elderly Women in Zimbabwe Forced to Live in Poverty,\" by Chumile Jamela, Safe World for Women, Zimbabwe, Global Press Institute, July 2011, http://www.asafeworldforwomen.org/womens-rights/wr-africa/wr-zimbabwe/1298-elderly-women-in-zimbabwe-forced-to-live-in-poverty.html\n \n \"Elderly Battle as Government Promises Help But Cannot Pay,\" by David Chidende, The Zimbabwean, March 14, 2012, http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/news/zimbabwe/57003/elderly-battle-as-government-promises.html\n \n \"COPAC challenges the elderly,\" by Fungi Kwaramba, The Zimbabwean, Jan. 23, 2012, http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/news/zimbabwe/55770/copac-challenges-the-elderly.html\n \n \"More Needs To Be Done to Address the Plight of the Elderly,\" by Sithokozile Hlahla, Manica Post, Jan. 26, 2012, http://www.manicapost.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25291:more-needs-to-be-done-to-address-the-plight-of-the-elderly&catid=42:features-news&Itemid=134#.UMkD13Pjk9U","Social safety nets for the elderly have been significantly eroded over the last decade, as indicated by several media reports. The Ministry of Labor and Social Services is the government arm mandated with the welfare of vulnerable groups of society, such as the elderly through the ..."]
["2012_BF_92",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",92,25,"La Caisse Autonome de Retraite des Fonctionnaires  (CARFO) et la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS) s’occupent seulement des fonctionnaires d’état et des employés du secteur privé. Mais il n’existe pas une telle institution pour les employés du secteur informel, ni pour les cultivateurs en milieu rural au Burkina Faso. Le fonctionnaire est donc privilégié en termes d'accès aux  soins primaires de santé, alors que les personnes dans l'informel sont incapables de travailler en raison d'une maladie permanente ou temporaire ou d'un problème de santé.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU \n\nInterview avec Dr Alice Gisèle SIDIBE-ANAGO, Chargée de Mission, Chef de Département de l’Economie Rurale et de l’Environnement, au Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le 15 février 2013, à 17:17 TU.","La Caisse Autonome de Retraite des Fonctionnaires  (CARFO) et la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS) s’occupent seulement des fonctionnaires d’état et des employés du secteur privé. Mais il n’existe pas une telle institution pour les employés du secteur informel, ni pour le..."]
["2012_TD_92",2012,"TD","Chad",92,50,"A national insurance company and provident fund exists in the country tasked inter alia with compensating for illness/poor health. Its operational challenges include weak collection capacities and lack of/poor compensation abilities. Current statistics from the Health Department are not available.","Mr. Joseph Paningar, adviser. Office of the President. June 14, 2012.\n\nMr. Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National School of Public Administration. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.","A national insurance company and provident fund exists in the country tasked inter alia with compensating for illness/poor health. Its operational challenges include weak collection capacities and lack of/poor compensation abilities. Current statistics from the Health Department ar..."]
["2012_KM_92",2012,"KM","Comoros",92,0,"Une politique nationale de solidarité a été récemment élaborée, mais non encore mise en œuvre. L’atelier de validation de cette  politique nationale de solidarité, tenu en mai 2012,  a identifié les principaux problèmes :\n- L’absence d’une politique nationale de solidarité ; \n- L’absence d’un organigramme opérationnel et de ressources suffisantes de la direction nationale de la solidarité ; \n- L’absence d’un cadre législatif de la solidarité qui constitue un handicap sérieux pour la promotion des actions de solidarité ; \n- Le manque d’une structure de coordination de l’aide ; \n- L’absence de système de prise en charge des indigents qui, induit une iniquité notamment dans l’accès aux soins de santé. \n\nSelon Toyb Ahmed, \"le Gouvernement comorien ne dispose pas de moyens pour assurer un filet de sécurité social pour les maladies\".\n\nIl existe un « Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS) » lancé en 2010. Ce plan s’est traduit par le renforcement des districts sanitaires, la décentralisation effective dans la gestion des activités et l’approvisionnement en médicaments essentiels.\nIl existe aussi quelques hôpitaux et dispensaires : au niveau de la capitale, on trouve l’hôpital de référence national El Marouf. Les îles disposent de Centres Hospitaliers Régionaux (CHR). Au niveau périphérique, on dénombre l7 districts sanitaires dont 7 en Grande-Comore, 7 à Anjouan et 3 à Mohéli. Parmi ces districts, 2 sont couverts par des Centres médicaux ; 13 chirurgicaux (CMC) à Anjouan et Ngazidja et 3 par des Centres médicaux urbains (CMU) au niveau de chaque île. Ces districts sont appuyés par un réseau de dispensaires de santé des Armées, le dispensaire CARITAS de la Mission Catholique, un service privé en pleine expansion et 49 postes de santé périphériques. (source : la santé aux Comores, http://www.lescomores.com/economie/sante.php)\n\nLes intentions du gouvernement sont exposées dans la politique nationale de santé (voir ci-dessus). Mais il n'existe pas de filet de sécurité spécifique (voir commentaires initiaux).","Interview de Toyb Ahmed, journaliste à Alwatwan, 23 juin 2012, interview par internet.\n\nComoresdroit, 18 mai 2012, « Comores : la politique nationale de solidarité a été validée »,  http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/958-","Une politique nationale de solidarité a été récemment élaborée, mais non encore mise en œuvre. L’atelier de validation de cette  politique nationale de solidarité, tenu en mai 2012,  a identifié les principaux problèmes :..."]
["2012_EG_92",2012,"EG","Egypt",92,50,"The social insurance system in Egypt is regulated by the law of 1959 (enabling provisions) and 1964 for public- and private-sector employees. The current law 1975 (Social Security Act promulgated by Act No. 79) targets civil servants and public- and private-sector employees.\nThe Ministry of Health and Population (http://www.mohp.gov.eg) provides general supervision of the system. The National Organization for Social Insurance and the minister of Social Affairs and Insurance administer the Private and Public Sector Fund, and the Social Insurance Government Sector Fund administers contributions and cash benefits. \nSix different social protection schemes exist in Egypt targeting different employed groups and covering a diversity of risks.\nFor the health/illness risks, a comprehensive scheme offers free health care, sickness pay of 75% of the employed regular income for 50 days, financed by the National Social Insurance Organization and administered by the National Health Insurance Organization. Permanent employees of the state, public and private sectors (some 50 percent of the labor force), who are required to enroll with the General Social Insurance Scheme are covered, but their dependents are not included.\nMembers of the professional associations and employees of foreign and some large Egyptian companies are covered by a private social insurance system offering a better medical treatment at a similar contribution rate.\nFor workers abroad, their social insurance scheme does not include any health insurance coverage.\nHigh-ranking employees usually get contracts of private companies offering better medical treatment for a higher premium. \nThe most advantageous insurance system is the one offered to the army and the top bureaucracy against all kinds of social risks by the Collective Social Security Systems, which are noncontributory and outside the NSIO’s responsibility -- run by some of the ministries and financed through general taxes.    \nIn 1993, a new insurance program was introduced for registered students known as the Student Medical Insurance Program (SMIP), financed by a mix of individual premiums paid by enrolled students (LE 4 per child), a special earmarked cigarette tax of 10 piastres per packet, and a contribution from general revenue of LE 4 per child. Children who are not going to school, typically those from the poorest families, are not covered.\nHowever, the public health care system is very weak and unfair, covering a very small percentage of Egyptians while the majority prefer the private companies or the NGO clinics that offer better medical service. The upper classes are serviced by private hospitals, and the army is treated by their own exclusive hospitals. The lower classes have to refer to the free NSIO health care facilities, including outpatient clinics and large urban-based hospitals, and providing a mix of inpatient and outpatient care, subsidized by the state and working with their own capital. Those facilities were built since the 1950s without regular maintenance and proper equipment. In the rural areas, those facilities are usually staffed with untrained and poorly paid physicians and technicians, lacking the basic equipment. Usually, patients are forced to pay for every additional service. In most cases, poor people have to refer to private clinics or charity clinics to get good medical treatment.      \nIn general, there is a lack of awareness on the importance of being insured in Egypt against the future's risks. Also, there is a mistrust against the social insurance systems in Egypt, perceived as ineffective and corrupt. In addition, others don't know about their right to insurance and, hence, don't claim it.\nWith the absence of a good monitoring system, some of those employed in private companies are not enrolled for insurance.\nOn another note, as the employed salaries are very weak, and their contributions are calculated based on it, the social insurance's returns are not sufficient to satisfy their needs. \nThe focus of the social insurance system on the quantity and the coverage led to an inequitable system and the deterioration of the quality of the offered services. \nIn 2007, a new public health care plan was announced in order to provide all citizens with full health insurance coverage by 2011. A health insurance fund should be founded for uncovered poorer families -- along with the development, modernization and construction of 4,500 local health care centers devoted to providing basic health care services. \n\nIn general, Egypt has a welfare system, assuming the full employment of all Egyptians. However, a large percentage of the society is working in precarious jobs or working in the informal sector without any social protection. Although 40% of the population is formed of youth, a demographic gift, the high unemployment rate among them adds to the unprotected population and increases the deficiency of the social safety net. \nThe most marginalized category is the rural poor women, who must go through a lengthy and bureaucratic process via the tribunals to prove their eligibility for social protection. \nThe health policies in Egypt showed a real success in combating infectious diseases and diseases of poverty, driven by the international direction and sufficient foreign donations. However, during the 2000s, other diseases requiring costly treatment such as cancer started to spread among the poor, in addition to the regeneration of diseases with no prevention mechanisms, which led to the collapse of the whole health system. \n\nThe lack of information and monitoring mechanisms decreases the efficiency of the ministry, as does the absence of an inclusive and global vision for all the process.\nEven the ongoing discussions in the constitution-making committee do not provide such a vision. The suggestion of establishing a socioeconomic council, without any concrete mandate to protect the socioeconomic rights and set social justice in the country, is very pessimistic. The social safety net has no clear objectives to eradicate poverty and improve the poor's well-being. It is just limited to giving them conditional cash transfers or social pensions, based on their salaries as an indicator. The salary will remain an inaccurate indicator not reflecting the real needs and capabilities of those disadvantaged categories. \nA new law was issued in 2010, just before the revolution, to improve the system. However, it has not been implemented. Officials are not even discussing any other law to reform it. The minister is just adapting the management with the ongoing and deep problems of the system, with no solutions. They are not even trying to cooperate with civil society to implement better strategies, fearing any external pressures of them, or refusing any external donations.","Hania Sholkamy. AUC professor, Social Research Center, 18 November 2012. Cairo, Egypt\n\nPopulation Council. \"Social Protection in Egypt: A Policy Overview\", September 2012. http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/wp/mena/23.pdf\n\nISSA/IOPS/OECD Complementary and Private Pensions Database\nhttp://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Africa/Egypt/Scheme-Description/%28id%29/102828\n\nRavi P. Rannan-Eliya. Claudia Blanco-Vidal. A.K. Nandakumar. The Distribution of Health Care Resources in Egypt: Implications for Equity: An Analysis Using a National Health Accounts Framework\nhttp://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-81.PDF\n\nSocial Insurance Law No. 79 of 1975. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_isn=35092\n\nHealth of Nations: Egypt country profile.\nhttp://www.healthofnations.com/countries/profile/egypt#policy-overview","The social insurance system in Egypt is regulated by the law of 1959 (enabling provisions) and 1964 for public- and private-sector employees. The current law 1975 (Social Security Act promulgated by Act No. 79) targets civil servants and public- and private-sector employees...."]
["2012_GM_92",2012,"GM","The Gambia",92,25,"The first and second sources acknowledge the dearth of data to establish the nature of working conditions. The lack of institutional capacity and resources also means there is only one fully operational body, the Injuries Compensation Fund, administered by the Social Security and Housing Finance Corp., which provides compensation only for industrial injuries. Population growth also makes it difficult for the government to develop and implement social insurance and safety net programs to cushion risks that include ill health, disability and work-related injuries. \n\nLamin Sanyang, a nurse at Serrekunda Hospital in Kanifing, indicated that when a civil servant is affected by illness or poor health, the worker is given sick leave not to exceed one year. If it exceeds that period, the civil servant is asked to leave his or her employment. However, he said, subject to the General Orders and the Financial instructions of the government, during the sick leave the civil servant is entitled to salary but not allowances.","Interview with Lamin Sanyang, a nurse at Serrekunda Hospital in Kanifing, on Sept. 17, 2012.\n\nThe National Employment Policy and Strategies 2010-2014,\n www.gcc.gm/downloads/STRATEGIES2010-2014.pdf, Page 21\n\nProgram for Accelerated Growth and Employment 2012-2015,  www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/gambia/documents/about_us/page_2012_2015_en.pdf, Page 108","The first and second sources acknowledge the dearth of data to establish the nature of working conditions. The lack of institutional capacity and resources also means there is only one fully operational body, the Injuries Compensation Fund, administered by the Social Security and H..."]
["2012_LS_92",2012,"LS","Lesotho",92,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_92",2012,"LR","Liberia",92,0,"Poor citizens in Liberia are not compensated for poor health. Generally, the government does little to take care of the social welfare of the poor.","Interview with Jonathan Yiah, Sustainable Development Institute, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Paul Hinneh, program manager, Liberia Democratic Institute, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","Poor citizens in Liberia are not compensated for poor health. Generally, the government does little to take care of the social welfare of the poor."]
["2012_MA_92",2012,"MA","Morocco",92,25,"The RAMED is a coverage mechanism. The state estimates that it covers 2.8 million absolute poor (income less than 3,767 dirhams per year) and 5.7 million relative poor (annual income between 3,767 and 5,650 dirhams). In rural areas, the differentiation is made according to various criteria (farm land operated, livestock, poultry, farm equipment and transport, etc.). Poor citizens pay an annual fee of 120 dirhams per year, a stake to 19 percent funding for the delivery RAMED, which requires a total budget of 2.7 billion dirhams a year.\n\nSeveral criticisms have been leveled against this system since it began in March 2012 in Casablanca. In several places poor people protested against the administrative burdens and favoritism. The main criticism is the low ceiling of eligibility (5,650 dirhams = a quarter of the minimum wage) and the budget that gives 318 dirhams per beneficiary per year. That is equivalent to the price of just two antibiotic boxes.\n\nL’Entraide Nationale (National Mutual) is another social policy player managed by associations. It welcome seniors as well as kids, single mothers, the disabled and the mentally ill into charitable houses. However, several scandals of embezzlement and abuse have been reported.  The Ain Chok charitable house in Casablanca was a great scandal. But it is not a program designed to take care of the unemployed due to permanent or temporary illness or health condition.","The RAMED is widespread today. The Economist, No. 3739. March 13, 2012.\n\nMorocco: Seniors - Need medical care and adequate socioeconomic. Meryem Rkouak. Oct. 1, 2011. \nhttp://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201110031305.html.\n\nThe lack of social control Larabi Jaïdi. La Vie Economique. June 21, 2012. www.lavieeco.com.\n\nPerceptions of older people in their lives. Case of the Muslim Association of Charity of Meknes. Mohammed Amar, National School of Agriculture of Meknes, Morocco. Morocco March 17-19, 2011. http://www.ceped.org/cdrom/meknes/spipb446.html?article55.","The RAMED is a coverage mechanism. The state estimates that it covers 2.8 million absolute poor (income less than 3,767 dirhams per year) and 5.7 million relative poor (annual income between 3,767 and 5,650 dirhams). In rural areas, the differentiation is made according to various ..."]
["2012_NG_92",2012,"NG","Nigeria",92,25,"There is no agency with a clear mandate to compensate citizens for illness or poor health.\n\nThe board of the Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF) was inaugurated in January 2012. The NSITF exists to provide social security protection and safety nets for all Nigerians against deprivations and income insecurity in accordance with national and international laws, conventions and world best practice. It is to ensure effective implementation and administration of the Employee Compensation Act 2010. The Employee Compensation Act (ECA), 2010 replaces the Workmen’s Compensation Act, CAP 470, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990. Unlike the 1990 act, it has elaborate provisions for payment of cash and non-cash compensation to all employees in both the public and private sectors who suffer from occupational diseases or sustain injuries from accident at the workplace or in the course of employment. The scheme covers all persons captured in the definition of employee in the Employees’ Compensation Act, 2010, except members of the armed forces, adding that the employee, under the scheme, includes self-employed, part-time, temporary and casual workers.","FG Inaugurates NSITF Board -- Olojeme Emerges Chairman, Omar, Ajaero Members. Soji-Eze Fagbemi. Nigerian Tribune Jan. 31, 2012. http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/labour-today/35210-fg-inaugurates-nsitf-board-olojeme-emerges-chairman-omar-ajaero-members\n\nControversial Compensation for Ill-fated Drug Trial Africa. Maikano Muhammad. Africa Science Technology and Innovation (AfricaSTI). Aug. 15, 2011. http://www.africasti.com/health-news/maikano-muhammad-africasti-new-york","There is no agency with a clear mandate to compensate citizens for illness or poor health.\n\nThe board of the Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF) was inaugurated in January 2012. ..."]
["2012_SL_92",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",92,25,"According to the Transformation Index BTI 2012 there is a basic social insurance system, the National Social Security and Insurance Trust, or NASSIT. The trust covers some costs associated with old age, disability, survivorship (e.g., orphans), work injury, sickness and maternity. However, most of the welfare programs depend largely on international support. For the elderly, only those fully paid up to meet the NASSIT requirements enjoy its support.","Memunatu Pratt, department head, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n \nHarriet Turay, head, the 50/50 Group, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n\nBernadette French, assistant head, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, at the CGG offices, Freetown.\n\nTransformation Index BTI 2012, \"Sierra Leone Country Report,\" www.bti-project.org/countryreports/wca/sle/","According to the Transformation Index BTI 2012 there is a basic social insurance system, the National Social Security and Insurance Trust, or NASSIT. The trust covers some costs associated with old age, disability, survivorship (e.g., orphans), work injury, sickness and maternity. ..."]
["2012_SO_92",2012,"SO","Somalia",92,0,"The Somali Transitional Federal Government is too weak to provide compensation for illness. The government could not afford to pay regular salaries to its workers.","Anonymous Somali businessmen, interviewed Nov. 6, 2012, Mogadishu. \nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nHassan Ali, member of Banadir regional administration in Mogadishu, interviewed Jan. 13,  2013.","The Somali Transitional Federal Government is too weak to provide compensation for illness. The government could not afford to pay regular salaries to its workers."]
["2012_TZ_92",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",92,25,"The National Health Insurance Fund is a contributory scheme that only some workers can use. Targeted policies for special groups, such as children under 5, care for pregnant women or the elderly are not funded adequately to be effective.","Interview, Irenei Kiria, director of an NGO, Dar es Salaam, Aug. 9, 2012\n \n Interview, Elector Kilusungu, board member, Tanzania Association of Social Workers, Oct. 18, 2012.","The National Health Insurance Fund is a contributory scheme that only some workers can use. Targeted policies for special groups, such as children under 5, care for pregnant women or the elderly are not funded adequately to be effective."]
["2012_ZW_92",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",92,50,"All primary care clinics have at least one primary care nurse. The Village Health Worker program is back on course. The Village Health Workers (VHWs) are the most common community health worker in rural areas where they are usually the service provider in the prevention of locally endemic conditions, treatment of simple conditions and disease surveillance. However, the Assessment of Primary Health Care in Zimbabwe (2009) found that less than half of households have access to a VHW in their wards and existing VHWs are no longer being supplied with basic medicines since clinics do not even have sufficient stock for their own use. \n \nAs a policy measure, the Medium Term Plan (MTP) mentions that one of the strategies to be employed to increase access and health care utilization should be the promotion of health insurance schemes. Health insurance provides financial protection when need for health care utilization actually arises. Government owns around 70 percent of health facilities in the country, while the private sector owns about 30 percent. Most workers in the country cannot afford private hospitals and clinics, so they are cared for at state and mission hospitals and clinics, which are less expensive. \n \nThe Premier Service Medical Aid Society (PSMAS) is an example of a state health insurance system. Civil servants have access to state insurance only if they are government employees. Premier Service Medical Aid Society is a state-funded scheme and is mainly prioritized for civil servants and low income persons. Employees with this insurance can access all government hospitals and clinics without having to spend large amounts of money upfront. However, it has been criticized because public medical service providers are often unable to pay their debts. This hampers efforts to procure drugs for the health sector. This impacts proper health care for employees with low incomes.\n \nThe Ministry of Health and Child Welfare strategy notes that there has been gross under-utilization of public sector institutions, due to non-functionality of the health care system for various reasons. To protect the poor and lower the infant mortality rate, the government promotes national immunization and child health days. These national campaigns have resulted in increased immunization coverage for selected antigens. Further, the occurrence of vaccine preventable conditions has fallen to insignificant levels.","Ministry of Health and Child Welfare National Health Strategy for Zimbabwe 2009-2012, http://www.mohcw.gov.zw\n \n Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT), The 2010-11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2010-11 ZDHS). \n \n \"Accelerating progress toward the Millennium Development Goals Report,\" Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe Health Sector Investment Case (2010-2012), March 2010, http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/Health_Investment_Case_Report.pdf\n \n \"Healthcare: Top priority,\" The Herald, Aug. 31, 2011, http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19887:healthcare-top-priority&catid=39:opinion-a-analysis&Itemid=132","All primary care clinics have at least one primary care nurse. The Village Health Worker program is back on course. The Village Health Workers (VHWs) are the most common community health worker in rural areas where they are usually the service provider in the prevention of locally ..."]
["2012_BF_93",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",93,0,"Au Burkina Faso, quand on est licencié, que ce soit dans la fonction publique ou dans le secteur privé, on reçoit une indemnité de licenciement basée sur l’ancienneté, et puis c’est tout. On ne reçoit pas d’allocation de chômage qui couvrirait quelques mois avant d’être finalement et définitivement suspendue. Cela ne se fait pas au Burkina Faso.","Interview avec M. Ambroise Bakyonon, Chef de Département de la Culture, de la Jeunesse, de l’Education et de l’Emploi, Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le mercredi 13 févier 2013 à 11:18 TU\n\nInterview avec M. François-Xavier Bambara, Chargé de Mission, Chef du Département des Infrastructures Economiques et de l’Entreprise, dans son Bureau, le 14 février 2013 à 11:05 U.","Au Burkina Faso, quand on est licencié, que ce soit dans la fonction publique ou dans le secteur privé, on reçoit une indemnité de licenciement basée sur l’ancienneté, et puis c’est tout. On ne reçoit pas d’allocation de chômage qui couvrirait quelques mois avant d’être finalement ..."]
["2012_BI_93",2012,"BI","Burundi",93,0,"In Burundi, there is no social compensation for unemployment. Jobless people are not identified, and there is no system in place to do that.","Interview with Euralie Nibizi, trade unionist, Aug. 6, 2012.\n\nInterview with Christine Ntagwirumugara, Commissioner (Conseiller) in Court of Account (Cour des Comptes) and a former member of Parliament, Aug. 6, 2012.","In Burundi, there is no social compensation for unemployment. Jobless people are not identified, and there is no system in place to do that."]
["2012_KM_93",2012,"KM","Comoros",93,0,"Le Gouvernement comorien ne dispose pas de moyens pour l’assurance chômage. \nDe tout temps, les jeunes comoriens sont obligés de compter sur eux-mêmes pour affronter le problème de chômage. Le représentant des Comores au Forum de concertation des jeunes Africains sur le développement de l'éducation en Afrique, Silim Madi Attoumani, Président du FADESIM (Fédération des acteurs pour le développement économique de l’île de Mohéli), a déclaré à l’Agence Panafricaine de Presse en 2011  que : « Abandonnée par la classe politique, la jeunesse comorienne s’est organisée pour relever ses défis tels que la création d’emplois, l’accès au micro crédit, l’accès à l’école, à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement. « Rien que pour la FADESIM, nous avons regroupé 50 associations de jeunes qui interviennent dans les secteurs de l’éducation, de la santé, du micro crédit. Nous jouons un rôle d’intermédiaires techniques et financiers auprès des jeunes car nous sommes convaincus que la jeunesse est la colonne vertébrale d’une nation », a dit M. Attoumani. Il a par ailleurs loué le partenariat entre la jeunesse comorienne et des organismes internationaux, assurant que cela a permis de renforcer les capacités de jeunes entrepreneurs à monter des projets. « Depuis la création de notre fédération, en 2007, nous avons réussi à faire entrer de nombreux jeunes Comoriens dans la vie active. Nous avons aidé d’autres à bâtir une réelle expertise et à envisager d’excellentes expériences professionnelles. Nous, jeunes Comoriens, sommes déterminés à continuer à compter sur nous-mêmes», a ajouté le président de la FADESIM.\n\nLa stratégie de lutte contre le chômage aux Comores repose sur le \" Projet d’appui à la pérennisation de la paix par la promotion de l’emploi des jeunes et des femmes aux Comores\" (Aprojec), soutenu par le BIT et lancé en août 2010. Il s’appuie notamment sur la création de partenariats stratégiques entre le secteur privé et les fédérations des jeunes et des femmes.","Interview de Toyb Ahmed, journaliste à Alwatwan, 23 juin 2012, (interview par internet).\n\nAfrique jet, 21 novembre 2011, « Comores : la jeunesse déplore sa marginalisation par la classe politique », http://www.afriquejet.com/comores-jeunesse-2011102125572.html\n\nPerspectives économiques en Afrique 2012, Comores 2012, page 12, © BAfD, OCDE, PNUD, CEA, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Comores%20Note%20de%20pays%20PDF.pdf","Le Gouvernement comorien ne dispose pas de moyens pour l’assurance chômage. \nDe tout temps, les jeunes comoriens sont obligés de compter sur eux-mêmes pour affronter le problème de chômage. Le représentant des Comores au Forum de concertation des jeunes Africains s..."]
["2012_EG_93",2012,"EG","Egypt",93,50,"Public and private sector permanent employees and civil servants are eligible for unemployment benefits of 60% of their last salary for 28 weeks, according to the comprehensive social security comprehensive scheme funded by the government.   \nAs mentioned in the earlier question, the same 1975 law regulates the social security system. \nThe eligibility criteria include six months of contributions, including the three consecutive months before unemployment. The insured must be able and willing to work and registered with and report regularly to the manpower office. Unemployment must not be the result of voluntary leaving, misconduct, or the refusal of training or a suitable job offer.\nThe Ministry of Finance supervises the system, while the National Organization for Social Insurance for the Private and Public Sector Fund administers it.\nHowever, no more than 16% of those entitled are covered. From 2001 to 2007, 330 people received benefits. Also, unemployment benefits are not offered to workers abroad, temporary, seasonal, and casual workers; family labor; household workers; civil servants; employees older than age 60; self-employed persons; and artisans, or even provided by the private companies. The majority of private sector workers are uninsured according to the insurance system.  In addition, dismissed workers are not entitled to unemployment compensation. \nMany reasons are behind this almost nonexistent scheme. The lack of public awareness about unemployment benefits, the restrictive eligibility conditions, and the complexity of documenting a “just-cause” firing decision, as well as the overall layoff risk among covered open-ended contract employees are weakening the system. A recent reform of social insurance, helped by the World Bank’s technical advice, reviewing the unemployment scheme, was submitted to Parliament during the first semester of year 2010. The reform introduces unemployment insurance savings accounts (UISA), whereby employers deposit a specified fraction of the worker’s earnings in a special savings account on a regular basis. Upon separation, workers can make withdrawals from their savings accounts as they deem fit.\nHowever, existing labor market regulations, extremely protective towards regular open-ended jobs, could undermine the positive impacts of this new reform, in terms of wider coverage. In general, a reform should be in parallel with a reform in employment protection legislation, especially in relation to dismissal laws and procedures.","The Report Egypt 2011. Oxford Business Group. 2011\n\nWorld Bank. 2012. Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Pension Schemes in a Changing Pension World: Volume 1: Progress, Lessons, and Implementation\n\nSocial Insurance Law No. 79 of 1975.\nhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_isn=35092\n\nISSA/IOPS/OECD Complementary and Private Pensions Database, accessed November 2012\nhttp://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Africa/Egypt/Scheme-Description/%28id%29/102828\n\nDiego Angel-Urdinola and Amina Semlali. 2010. Labor Markets and School-to-Work Transition in Egypt: Diagnostics, Constraints, and Policy Framework. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27674/1/School_to_work_trantion_in_Egypt .pdf\n\nhttp://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session7/EG/CTUWS_UPR_EGY_S07_2010_CenterforTradeUnionsandWorkersServices.pdf","Public and private sector permanent employees and civil servants are eligible for unemployment benefits of 60% of their last salary for 28 weeks, according to the comprehensive social security comprehensive scheme funded by the government.   ..."]
["2012_GM_93",2012,"GM","The Gambia",93,0,"No national institutions and/or programs compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment. Unemployment, especially among young people, is a big challenge for the government. This is the reason, as seen on Page 108 of the first source, it is trying to develop and implement social insurance and safety net programs. These plans are yet to be made concrete, thus the 0 score. \n\nFurthermore, as seen on Page 17 of the second source, because of the lack of safety nets for the unemployed, many jobless youths in recent years have resorted to mass illegal migration to Europe. Many times, they have endangered their lives by hazardous travel, and some have perished on land or at sea.","Program for Accelerated Growth and Employment 2012-2015, Page 108, www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/gambia/documents/about_us/page_2012_2015_en.pdf\n\nThe National Employment Policy and Strategies 2010-2014, Page 17,\n www.gcc.gm/downloads/STRATEGIES2010-2014.pdf","No national institutions and/or programs compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment. Unemployment, especially among young people, is a big challenge for the government. This is the reason, as seen on Page 108 of the first source, it is trying to develop and implement social..."]
["2012_GH_93",2012,"GH","Ghana",93,0,"There are some initiatives that may cover unemployed persons, but these are intended for poor families. Although unemployed persons are generally poor, the payments do not provide compensation for unemployment.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Though social safety net programs have increased over the last two decades all over in Africa, most of these are targeted at reducing poverty by basically providing employment opportunities but not necessarily giving jobless workers unemployment benefits.\n\nSource: http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/04/30/social-safety-nets-on-the-rise-in-africa-world-bank/\nDate of access: Nov. 21, 2012;","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, CAMFED Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.   \n\n\"Social Protection Schemes in West and Central Africa: A Propoals for Renewal - Draft,\" Sidya Ould El Hadj and Medou Diakhate. http://www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/westcentralafrica.pdf\n\n\"Executive Brief - Ghana: Effects of the financial crisis on vulnerable households,\" World Food Programme, follow-up study February-March 2010. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp220031.pdf","There are some initiatives that may cover unemployed persons, but these are intended for poor families. Although unemployed persons are generally poor, the payments do not provide compensation for unemployment.  ..."]
["2012_LR_93",2012,"LR","Liberia",93,0,"Unemployment compensation does not exist in Liberia.","Interview with Jonathan Yiah, program manager, Sustainable Development Institute, July 18, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Prince Korvah, Assitant Minister, Ministry of Labour, July 21, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","Unemployment compensation does not exist in Liberia."]
["2012_MR_93",2012,"MR","Mauritania",93,25,"La politique de lutte contre le chômage en Mauritanie a été assez mal ficelée. Outre le PNUD (Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement), la Banque Africaine de Développement en train d'appuyer l'Etat dans le cadre d'une action sur la croissance et l'emploi en Mauritanie qui donnera lieu à des études  qui seront finalisées dès la fin du mois de décembre prochain.\n\nIl existe aussi des institutions créées pour faciliter l'insertion des diplômés chômeurs. Il en est notamment de l'ANAPEJ (Agence National de l'Emploi des Jeunes), des PROCAPEC (Caisse populaires d'épargne et de crédit) de la Caisse de Dépôt et de développement (CDD) ainsi que d'autres programmes sectoriels.","Bakari Guèye pour Magharebia à Nouakchott – 12/12/12. Le secteur des mines soutient la création d'emplois en Mauritanie.  http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2012/12/12/feature-04 \n\nSite du patronat mauritanien (UNPM): www.unpm.mr Consulté en decembre 2012\n\nMauritanie : le taux de chômage reste toujours élevé, Confédération générale des employeurs de Mauritanie, Juin 2010 (http://cgtm.org/spip.php?article213&lang=ar);\n\nMohamed Fouad Barrada. le 12/07/2010 Le chômage en Mauritanie, La Tribune n°509 via http://barrada.unblog.fr/  \n \nMohamed Abderrahmane. 25 sepetembre 2012. MAURITANIE, La pierre taillée pour lutter contre le chômage urbain. Repéré à http://ipsinternational.org.","La politique de lutte contre le chômage en Mauritanie a été assez mal ficelée. Outre le PNUD (Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement), la Banque Africaine de Développement en train d'appuyer l'Etat dans le cadre d'une action sur la croissance et l'emploi en Mauritanie qu..."]
["2012_NE_93",2012,"NE","Niger",93,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_93",2012,"NG","Nigeria",93,0,"Compensation for unemployment  does not exist in Nigeria. The unemployed have had to depend on family members.  For those who do not have access to family resources, the situation can be dicey indeed.  Hence in Nigeria there is talk of diseases or sickness being attributable to poverty.  However, on March 8, 2012, a bill to create a national social agency with the responsibility to care for the elderly was introduced. The bill  was entitled “A Bill for an Act to establish the National Social Agency charged with the responsibility to, for among others things,  provide financial assistance to elderly persons in Nigeria and for related matters.” The bill was sponsored by Sen. Oluremi Tinubu. \n\nAnother bill was considered together with it.  The bill sought to establish a national social welfare commission sponsored by Sen. Domingo Obende.  The bills are being taken together to provide safety nets for both the young unemployed and the elderly who can no longer work. \n\nThe USA Social Security Administration, Office of Retirement and Disability Benefits notes that \"No statutory benefits are provided. The Pension Reform Act of 2004 provides enabling legislation for the National Social Insurance Trust Fund to introduce a social insurance program for unemployment benefits. No scheme has been implemented to date.\"  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See also:\nNigeria: Haunted by Corruption. http://luckyosagie.wordpress.com/\nand\nAddressing State Failure in Nigeria: Recommendations for a Policy Shift. http://nidprodev.org/newsevents/news/181-addressing-state-failure-in-nigeria-recommendations-for-a-policy-shift. ;","As Senate Knits Safety Net For Aged Folks. Uchenna Awom. Leadership. April 1, 2012.\nhttp://www.leadership.ng/nga/articles/20884/2012/04/01/senate_knits_safety_net_aged_folks.html\n\nSocial Security Bill Scales Second Reading. Ibrahim Babangishiri, Asma’u Baikie and Oluwaseun Omole. The Mace (n.d.). http://www.themaceonline.com/senate-news/321-social-security-bill-scales-second-reading-\n\nSocial Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, 2011: Nigeria. USA Social Security Administration, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy. \nhttp://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/africa/nigeria.html","Compensation for unemployment  does not exist in Nigeria. The unemployed have had to depend on family members.  For those who do not have access to family resources, the situation can be dicey indeed.  Hence in Nigeria there is talk of diseases or sickness being attributable to pov..."]
["2012_SL_93",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",93,0,"The National Social Security and Insurance Trust is a contribution scheme from which only contributors, mainly the employed, can benefit. No social safety net is available to compensate for unemployment in the country.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See also:\n\"Country Profile: Sierra Leone,\" Economic Policy Research Institute,  http://epri.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/43-SierraLeone.pdf\n\nAfrican Economic Outlook, \"Sierra Leone,\" www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/Sierra%20Leone%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf;","Memunatu Pratt, department head, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n \nHarriet Turay, head, the 50/50 Group, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in her office.\n\nBernadette French, assistant head, Campaign for Good Governance, interviewed Jan. 29, 2013, at the CGG offices, Freetown.","The National Social Security and Insurance Trust is a contribution scheme from which only contributors, mainly the employed, can benefit. No social safety net is available to compensate for unemployment in the country.  ..."]
["2012_SZ_93",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",93,0,"Although Swaziland's National Development Strategy - Vision 2022 commits to addressing deficiencies in the labor market, it is too broad, failing to detail what it will do in terms of unemployment benefits. Currently, there is no unemployment benefits scheme maintained by the Government. \n\nIn reality, a radically declining economy, protracted food insecurity and inadequate social safety nets mark the status quo. The ILO's Decent Work Agenda and other donor-led projects are instrumental in providing some form of protection. But these are often inadequate given that a wage earner may support an average of six dependents in extended families as a result of the impact of HIV/AIDS.","\"Swaziland Decent Work Country Program, 2010-2014,\" International Labor Organization,  http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/pretoria/pdf/swazilanddwcp.pdf\n\n\"Finally - SNPF becomes a pension scheme,\" Swazi Observer, Feb. 18, 2012, http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=35615","Although Swaziland's National Development Strategy - Vision 2022 commits to addressing deficiencies in the labor market, it is too broad, failing to detail what it will do in terms of unemployment benefits. Currently, there is no unemployment benefits scheme maintained by the Gover..."]
["2012_ZM_93",2012,"ZM","Zambia",93,25,"There is no social safety net for unemployment in Zambia. \n\nThe Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission (CEEC) is an institution or program seeking to compensate citizens for unemployment, but it faces a significant challenge of unequal access. Especially for those citizens who are unemployed and possess certain skills that would be empowered. Because of this challenge, the CEEC is seen to empower those who are very educated and are able to write project proposals. Hence, CEEC is said to be biased toward those who are educated and unemployed compared to those who are not educated and unemployed and do have certain skills. \n\nOtherwise, there is no social grant to compensate for unemployment and the money from CEEC is a loan and not a grant.","Interview: Anonymous, Programs officer, September 18, 2012, 04:00 p.m., Restaurant.\n\nInterview: Ms. Diana Ngula, Program officer, Information Management and Communication, Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR). September 17, 2012, 03:00 p.m., CSPR officers. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no social safety net for unemployment in Zambia. \n\nThe Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission (CEEC) is an institution or program seeking to co..."]
["2012_ZW_93",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",93,25,"Due to the economic crisis experienced over the last decade, social protection programs by the Ministry of Labor and Social Services (MOLSS) collapsed in absence of public funding. \n\nHowever, since 2009, there has been a deliberate effort to revamp these programs. The World Bank in partnership with the ministry is piloting a labor intensive public works program, designed to provide temporary employment opportunities to unemployed people in Zimbabwe, while at the same time building community assets supportive of productive activities.\n\nNevertheless, Zimbabwe faces significant rates of unemployment.","World Bank Integrated Safeguards Datasheet. July 2012, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/08/01/000001843_20110808091120/Rendered/PDF/Integrated0Saf0et000Appraisal0Stage.pdf\n\n\"Zimbabwe: Unemployment Blamed On Poor Resource Allocation,\" The Herald, Feb. 9, 2012, http://allafrica.com/stories/201202090121.html\n\nWorld Food Program, Zimbabwe 2012 Facts and Figures, http://www.wfp.org/sites/default/files/Zim%20Fact%20Sheet%2011%20April%202012.pdf","Due to the economic crisis experienced over the last decade, social protection programs by the Ministry of Labor and Social Services (MOLSS) collapsed in absence of public funding. ..."]
["2012_BF_94",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",94,25,"Les interviews, les liens sur la toile, les rapports du parlement sur les subventions publiques sont les preuves palpables de la disponibilité d’informations sur les dépenses que fait le gouvernement relatives à la santé en utilisant les subventions. Globalement, ces informations se trouvent aussi dans le rapport que soumet le gouvernement sur le budget  et son utilisation, le tout publié dans le journal officiel. \nToutefois le profane aura difficilement accès à ces informations dans la mesure où leur traçabilité est difficile et que ces rapports sont formulés dans des termes sophistiqués. Par ailleurs les agents de l’administration publique font souvent rétention d’information à tel point que le Premier ministre Tertius Zongo a sorti une note circulaire pour rappeler l'obligation de fournir l'information surtout aux journalistes qui en font la demande.","Interview avec M. Oumarou B. Ouedraogo, Avocat au Barreau du Burkina Faso, dans son Cabinet, le 14 février 2013, à 16:45 TU.\n\nInterview avec M. Nicolas ZERMANE, Juriste, Enseignant d’Université, Chef du Département des Affaires Politiques, Diplomatiques et Institutionnelles (DAPDI), dans son Bureau, le jeudi 14 février 2013 à 14:19 TU.","Les interviews, les liens sur la toile, les rapports du parlement sur les subventions publiques sont les preuves palpables de la disponibilité d’informations sur les dépenses que fait le gouvernement relatives à la santé en utilisant les subventions. Globalement, ces informations s..."]
["2012_TD_94",2012,"TD","Chad",94,0,"Information on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants is not available, like most information on government expenditures.","Mr. Joseph Paningar, adviser. Office of the President. June 14, 2012.\n\nMr. Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National School of Public Administration. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.","Information on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants is not available, like most information on government expenditures."]
["2012_DJ_94",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",94,0,"Le public (organisations de la société civile, médias et citoyens particuliers) ne peut pas obtenir d’informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé. Ces informations sont même parfois considérées à tort comme confidentielles et lorsqu'elles sont demandées par le public ou les employés des ministères concernées, ces derniers reçoivent un refus. Il n'existe aucun mécanisme obligeant l’État à rendre publiques ces informations et pour la plupart le public ne cherche pas à obtenir de telles informations.","Amine Mohamadou, chef de service administratif à l’hôpital de Balbala, entretien réalisé le 6/8/2012.\n\nOumar Dini, membre de la société civile, entretien réalisé le 7/8/2012.","Le public (organisations de la société civile, médias et citoyens particuliers) ne peut pas obtenir d’informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé. Ces informations sont même parfois considérées à tort comme confidentielles et..."]
["2012_ER_94",2012,"ER","Eritrea",94,0,"Sources report that they do not possess any publication or printed report on the issue and that they have never seen any. The Ministry of Health has not published information on the spending and distribution of health grants since at least 2002, the sources said. Furthermore, they mentioned that many activities related to awareness promotion and ministry activities regarding tasks carried out with donor partners are reported. But information about the spending and distribution of health grants is not published.","Anonymous sources. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nTesfa News. \"Eritrea Approved Budget, Mapped out Action Plans for 2012\". 21 December 2011. \nhttp://www.tesfanews.net/eritrea-approved-budget-and-mapped-out-action-plans-for-2012/#czOjy17Lge8B9uvk.99","Sources report that they do not possess any publication or printed report on the issue and that they have never seen any. The Ministry of Health has not published information on the spending and distribution of health grants since at least 2002, the sources said. Furthermore, they ..."]
["2012_GM_94",2012,"GM","The Gambia",94,75,"Health constituted 12.7 percent of The Gambia's annual budget for 2012. This means health comes second, only after education. It should be noted that The Gambia is highly dependent on external aid to finance development projects, especially in the health sector.\n\nNotwithstanding, information is readily available on the spending of health-related grants. The minister of finance is constitutionally required to bring before the National Assembly the financial statement of the government for approval before the start of a new fiscal year. This has always been done and is covered by the national TV and radio stations and the private print and electronic media. The budget speech too is available for sale after the event (the price for the 2012 budget speech was D150, about US$5).\n\nThe Ministry of Finance has also a website, which periodically reports on how the 2012 budget, including health-related expenditure, has performed.","\"2012 Budget Presented,\" Musa Ndow and Aji Fatou Faal, Daily Observer, Dec. 19, 2011, http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/2012-budget-presented\n\nBudget speech 2012, http://mof.gov.gm/images/stories/fruit/budgetspeech2012.pdf","Health constituted 12.7 percent of The Gambia's annual budget for 2012. This means health comes second, only after education. It should be noted that The Gambia is highly dependent on external aid to finance development projects, especially in the health sector...."]
["2012_GH_94",2012,"GH","Ghana",94,75,"The Ministry of Health and the Ghana Health Service are part of the public services and are included in the annual budget of the country and report on their expenditures, just as other state agencies do.\n\nIn Ghana, each ministry produces its \"Annual Estimates\" following the approval of the Annual National Budget. These Annual Estimates are very detailed and provide information on all costs centers. This includes the Ministry of Health. However, due to their comprehensiveness, these documents are so bulky that they are distributed only to the relevant agencies and can be obtained only with difficulty due to the cost of production.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) Ghana, East Legon, Accra, in a questionnaire completed and submitted on June 6, 2012.","The Ministry of Health and the Ghana Health Service are part of the public services and are included in the annual budget of the country and report on their expenditures, just as other state agencies do...."]
["2012_GN_94",2012,"GN","Guinea",94,0,"Les informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé ne sont pas faciles à obtenir. Ces informations sont détenues par quelques personnes privilégiées qui ne les partagent pas facilement.","Entretien avec Mohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nAfriquinos. \"L'accès aux soins de santé de la reproduction reste encore un défi non négligeable en Guinée (ministre)\". 11 juillet 2012. http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2012/7/11/lacces-soins-sante-reproduction-reste-encore-defi-negligeable-guinee-%28ministre%29-206173.asp","Les informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé ne sont pas faciles à obtenir. Ces informations sont détenues par quelques personnes privilégiées qui ne les partagent pas facilement."]
["2012_GW_94",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",94,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_94",2012,"KE","Kenya",94,75,"There are financial accountability mechanisms for the public on government spending on health through regular publication of financial expenditure reports, Ministry of Health budgets, expenditure documents, periodic newsletters, website reports, national health accounts, health facility budgets and the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee (PAC). However, most of this information is not available at the health facility level to ease public access to it. Furthermore, PAC reports are released two to three years later, thereby raising concerns whether these reports reach the public in time to influence and inform accountability.","The Kenya Health Sector Integrity Study Report, 2011. Transparency International -- Kenya.  http://www.gtzkenyahealth.com/blog3/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/TI%20Health%20report.pdf\n\nViewing the Kenyan Health Sector Through an Equity Lens: Implications for Universal Coverage. Jane Chuma and Vincent Okungu. International Journal of Equity Health. Oct. 22, 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129586/)\n\nKPMG. Budget Brief Kenya 2012. http://www.kpmg.com/eastafrica/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/KPMG_Kenya_Budget_Brief_2012.pdf","There are financial accountability mechanisms for the public on government spending on health through regular publication of financial expenditure reports, Ministry of Health budgets, expenditure documents, periodic newsletters, website reports, national health accounts, health fac..."]
["2012_LS_94",2012,"LS","Lesotho",94,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_94",2012,"LR","Liberia",94,0,"Despite having an access-to-information law in place, many government agencies do not have the infrastructure to effectively provide information.  Information related to government health-related grants are known through budgetary appropriations and solicitations of bids, but expenditure and distribution information is usually not provided to the public in a coherent manner.  The Ministry of Health website (http://www.moh.gov.lr) provides some information, but not much in relation to expenditure and distribution of government health-related grants.","Interview with John Kollie, Liberia Media Democratic Initiatives, July 1, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Harold Aidoo, Liberia Democratic Initiative, July 1, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nMinistry of Health. http://www.mohsw.gov.lr/. Accessed July 2012. ","Despite having an access-to-information law in place, many government agencies do not have the infrastructure to effectively provide information.  Information related to government health-related grants are known through budgetary appropriations and solicitations of bids, but expen..."]
["2012_LY_94",2012,"LY","Libya",94,25,"Few public facilities have adequately skilled staff, and there is limited access to information or communications about health-related grants. A referral system between the various institutions dealing with health, education and social affairs and other state services is also lacking.","U.S. Department of State, April 8, 2011, \"Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2010, Libya,\" available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154467.htm\n\nEuropean Commission, International Management Group, June 2012, Civil Society and Women’s Rights in Libya","Few public facilities have adequately skilled staff, and there is limited access to information or communications about health-related grants. A referral system between the various institutions dealing with health, education and social affairs and other state services is also lacki..."]
["2012_MG_94",2012,"MG","Madagascar",94,75,"In practice, information is available on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants. It is published in the Official Journal, as loi des finances (Finance Act).\n\nAccording to the Constitution, the Finance Act has to be acknowledged by parliament each year and the government is accountable to the legislature. But because of the coup in 2009,  parliament is not elected, even though it voted the budget and controlled the executive theoretically.\n\nThe information on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants is available via the media, according to Tahina Andrianjafy, directeur général de la centrale d’achat de médicaments et de matériel pour les établissements publics. But the current government is building new hospitals using uncontrolled funds and without respecting at all the legal procedures. The unelected parliament cannot do anything about this situation.","Loi des finances 2011, http://www.primature.gov.mg/webfiles/BM_LF2011.pdf\n\nLoi des finances 2012, http://www.primature.gov.mg/index.php/item/1296\n\nInterview of Tahina Andrianjafy, directeur général de la centrale d’achat de médicaments et de matériel pour les établissements publics. Radio France Internationale, 05 avril 2012\n\n AfDB Provides US $1 Million Grant for Rehabilitation of Social Infrastructure in Madagascar, Aug. 29, 2012, http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/afdb-provides-us-1-million-grant-for-rehabilitation-of-social-infrastructure-in-madagascar-9645/","In practice, information is available on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants. It is published in the Official Journal, as loi des finances (Finance Act)...."]
["2012_MW_94",2012,"MW","Malawi",94,50,"Malawi has a system whereby inflows into the health sector are traced. Through National Health Accounts, the Ministry of Health provides information on health financing. According to Mr. Mazalale, a health economist at the Ministry of Health, the launch for the latest update of the national health accounts was scheduled for July 2012. This will involve a discussion forum by various stakeholders in the academia, the civil society and foreign development partners. However, it should be noted that the circulation of such information is limited.","Interview with J. Mazalale, health economist, Ministry of Health. July 16, 2012.\n\nGovernment Portal on Ministry of health. Accessed July 2012. https://www.malawi.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=22\n\nHealth Financing in Malawi: Evidence from National Health Accounts in International Health and Human Rights. E. Zere. 2010. 10: 27. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/10/27","Malawi has a system whereby inflows into the health sector are traced. Through National Health Accounts, the Ministry of Health provides information on health financing. According to Mr. Mazalale, a health economist at the Ministry of Health, the launch for the latest update of the..."]
["2012_ML_94",2012,"ML","Mali",94,50,"Selon, Soumaila Cissé, il est possible d’obtenir des informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé auprès du Ministère de la santé, des directions nationales et régionales de la santé, de la direction de la planification, des bureaux des différents partenaires au développement, comme le PNUD, L’OMS et le Fonds Mondial. Mais il faut noter, selon le docteur Ahmadou Koné de l’hôpital Gabriel Touré de Bamako, que ces informations ne sont pas souvent publiées dans les journaux ni dans les prospectus, ni sur des sites internet dédiés à cet effet. Mais que le gouvernement s’efforce de créer des points focaux au Mali, pour les comptes de santé.","Entretien avec Soumaila Diakité, député à l’assemblée nationale, rencontré à Djikoroni, le 13 février 2013 à Bamako.\n\nEntretien avec Docteur Ahmadou Koné de l’hôpital Gabriel Touré de Bamako, rencontré dans son bureau à l’hôpital, le 13 février 2013.","Selon, Soumaila Cissé, il est possible d’obtenir des informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé auprès du Ministère de la santé, des directions nationales et régionales de la santé, de la direction de la planification, des b..."]
["2012_MR_94",2012,"MR","Mauritania",94,75,"Les données existent en matière de dépense de santé.\n\nReférence : La dépense publique santé (DPS), toutes sources confondues et toutes  institutions confondues, est passée de 10,8 milliards d'UM à 27, 4 milliards en 2010, soit une variation annuelle très forte de 20,5% durant cette période. La dépense moyenne de santé par habitant 6171 UM en 2010 et représente 2,8% du PIB. En 2010, la part de la santé dans les dépenses de l'Etat représentait 10,7%.","Ministère de la Santé. PLAN NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT SANITAIRE 2012-2020. http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/country_docs/Mauritania/plannationaldveloppementsanitaire2012-2020.pdf\n\nStatistiques de la Santé en Mauritanie. 2012. http://www.who.int/countries/mrt/fr/\n\nAnalyse de situation secteur de santé en Mauritanie, rapport 2011\n\nLes dépenses de santé par habitant in http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMTendanceStatPays?langue=fr&codePays=MRT&codeTheme=3&codeStat=SH.XPD.PCAP","Les données existent en matière de dépense de santé.\n\nReférence : La dépense publique santé (DPS), toutes sources confondues et toutes  institutions..."]
["2012_MU_94",2012,"MU","Mauritius",94,50,"While some information is available on health expenditure, especially aggregate statistics, detailed information on individual components of health expenditure is not always available. Some of this information remains confidential and is covered by the Official Secrets Act. Civil servants are bound by the Official Secrets Act and cannot divulge confidential matters happening at work to the press or public.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nInterview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. July 17, 2012, in Curepipe. \n\nOfficial Secrets Act: ce qu’elle cache. Le DefiMedia. Nov. 26, 2012. http://www.defimedia.info/defi-quotidien/dq-societe/item/282-official-secrets-act--ce-qu%E2%80%99elle-cache.html","While some information is available on health expenditure, especially aggregate statistics, detailed information on individual components of health expenditure is not always available. Some of this information remains confidential and is covered by the Official Secrets Act. Civil s..."]
["2012_MA_94",2012,"MA","Morocco",94,50,"Useful information for citizens to follow public affairs is not always available. Budget information is available each year in the Finance Act. It is published on the website. However, the cost per project and grants is not available. It is considered confidential. \n\nAn officer or inspector of the same department can access this information only if ordered to do so.\n\nThe parliament became aware of this issue only during the review of the Finance Act. It took a parliamentary commission of inquiry to clarify the issue of drug prices. Since the publication of the report of this committee two years ago, the recovery of the situation is still not achieved, despite the willingness of the minister. This shows the strength of pressures and lobbies.\n\nThe new Constitution recognized the right of access to information, but it remains a statement of principle. There is no law on access to information. Pending the implementation of the constitutional principle, citizens, journalists and civil society can’t always be informed.","Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Population: Achievements, limitations and prospects. www.hcp.ma/file/103103/.\n\nHealth: Vision 2020. Ministry of Public Health. http://www.sante.gov.ma/Vision/Sante-Vision% 202020.pdf\n\"Together\" A program of health education service. \"By the way\" 24/02/2011.\n\nLouardi Club of The Economist Health: New Governance Code. The Economist, No. 3839, Aug. 2, 2012.\n\nMedical assistance scheme: How it works. The Economist. No. 3741. March 15, 2012.\n\nEl Ouardi Confirms a Deficit of 7000 Doctors and 9000 Nurses. Al Ahdath al Maghribia. May 2, 2012.\n\nThe Minister of Health Discovered a Serious Lack of Personnel and Equipment. Al Massae, No. 1744. May 3 2012-08-21.\n\nWHO pin the LesEchos.ma10 Morocco in April 2012.","Useful information for citizens to follow public affairs is not always available. Budget information is available each year in the Finance Act. It is published on the website. However, the cost per project and grants is not available. It is considered confidential. ..."]
["2012_MZ_94",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",94,75,"Data on the allocation and distribution of spending of grants derived from cooperation partners is available. What makes this process transparent is the fact that at the Ministry of Health and provincial Directorates of Health, there are offices of representatives of the ministry funding partners that oversee application and management of the funds that are allocated to the various programs.","FDC & UNICEF (2011). “Informes Orcamentais: Sector da Saude.” Maputo\n\nO Pais. Redaccao. 1 July 2011. “A Nossa Saude Nao Vai Bem!”\nhttp://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/economia/38-economia/14929-a-nossa-saude-nao-vai-bem.html\n\nAction for Global Health and German Foundation for World Population (2011). “Health spending in Mozambique: The Impact of Current Aid structures and Aid Effectiveness.”","Data on the allocation and distribution of spending of grants derived from cooperation partners is available. What makes this process transparent is the fact that at the Ministry of Health and provincial Directorates of Health, there are offices of representatives of the ministry f..."]
["2012_NA_94",2012,"NA","Namibia",94,50,"Information on health-related grants is generally available through budget documents published by the government on an annual basis. The Ministry of Health and Social Services falls under \"Vote 13\" in the national budget, and the breakdown of allocations for health-related issues is provided in the Medium Term Expenditure Framework. The Government Accountability Report, among the budget documents published annually, gives a breakdown and narrative of how money is spent by all government entities, including the Ministry of Health and Social Services.\n\nComprehension of this information may be impeded by a citizen's education level. Citizens may also lack access to the Internet or government offices, where the information can be obtained.","Republic of Namibia, Medium Term Expenditure Framework, 2012-13 to 2014-15.\n\nGovernment Accountability Report, 2011,  www.mof.gov.na/Budget%20Documents/budget%202011/budget%20new/Government%20Accountability%20Report.pdf","Information on health-related grants is generally available through budget documents published by the government on an annual basis. The Ministry of Health and Social Services falls under \"Vote 13\" in the national budget, and the breakdown of allocations for health-related issues i..."]
["2012_NE_94",2012,"NE","Niger",94,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_94",2012,"NG","Nigeria",94,50,"Some of these grants are published in the newspapers. Some, like those from National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA), are also advertised on the Internet. Some fliers are also distributed occasionally to health institutions. But the grants run jointly with international organizations like the MacArthur Foundation, the Global Fund and the Society for Family Health are better announced and competitive. These are more available to CSOs and individuals.","Interview with Dr. Godson Ana, acting head, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Centre for Sustainable Development Suite, Bodija Ibadan. Aug. 6, 2012.\n\nTelephone interview with Dr. Okeychuwkwu Ogah, Commission for Health, Abia State. Nov. 27, 2012.","Some of these grants are published in the newspapers. Some, like those from National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA), are also advertised on the Internet. Some fliers are also distributed occasionally to health institutions. But the grants run jointly with international organizatio..."]
["2012_RW_94",2012,"RW","Rwanda",94,75,"Government allocations to the health sector can be tracked to the end user. As indicated in the Ministry of Health's annual report, information on the appropriation of grants, the form of pharmaceuticals and which hospitals money went to can be seen. Delivery systems enable anyone to track the grants.","Ministry of Health, Annual Report, October 2011, http://moh.gov.rw/english/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/MoH-annual-report-2010-2011.pdf\n\nIrene Nambi, communication officer, Rwanda Health Communication Center. Interviewed December 2012","Government allocations to the health sector can be tracked to the end user. As indicated in the Ministry of Health's annual report, information on the appropriation of grants, the form of pharmaceuticals and which hospitals money went to can be seen. Delivery systems enable anyone ..."]
["2012_ST_94",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",94,0,"No, there is not. The information on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants is not available to the public.","Edlena Barros, journalist, RTP África, Sept. 19, 2012, at RTP África.\n\nAbel Veiga, editor, Téla Nón (online news site), Sept. 19, 2012, in front of the Ministry of Finances.\n\nSustainable Development Knowledge Department (2011). \"Sao Tome and Principe commits to increase the percentage of the general budget for health from 10% to 15% in 2012\". https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=1006&menu=1348&nr=1104","No, there is not. The information on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants is not available to the public."]
["2012_SN_94",2012,"SN","Senegal",94,50,"Au Sénégal, les citoyens n'ont accès aux informations budgétaires et aux dépenses des hôpitaux ou des cliniques. Le rapport de l'ONG Kinkéliba en février 2012 sur les soins de santé au Sénégal dénonce le manque de transparence dans la gestion du système de santé au Sénégal. Elle souligne que depuis la réforme du système sanitaire au Sénégal les hôpitaux sont devenus autonomes ; il n'existe aucune transparence dans la gestion des fonds alloués aux structures sanitaires et il est impossible pour les citoyens d'accéder à l'information quand ils le désirent.\n\nMais selon le docteur Mamadou Ngom, il est possible d’obtenir des informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé auprès du Ministère de la santé, des directions nationales et régionales de la santé, de la direction de la planification, des bureaux des différents partenaires au développement, comme le PNUD, l’OMS et le Fonds Mondial. Il faut aussi noter que ces informations sont souvent publiées dans les journaux, dans les prospectus, sur des sites internet dédiés à cet effet.","Entretien avec le docteur Mamadou Ngom, janvier 2013, Dakar. \n\nRapport de l'ONG Kinkéliba en février 2012 sur les soins de santé au Sénégal (Lien non disponible)","Au Sénégal, les citoyens n'ont accès aux informations budgétaires et aux dépenses des hôpitaux ou des cliniques. Le rapport de l'ONG Kinkéliba en février 2012 sur les soins de santé au Sénégal dénonce le manque de transparence dans la gestion du système de santé au Sénégal. Elle so..."]
["2012_SC_94",2012,"SC","Seychelles",94,100,"Information on health-related spending is readily available either in official reports or in seminars which address this issue. The information is also posted online on the Ministry of Health website.","The National AIDS Spending Assessment Study 2011, Ministry of Health Study supported by UNAIDS consultants. http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/ce_SC_Narrative_Report[1].pdf\n\nInterview with Ms. Rosie Bistoquet, Director Family Health and Nutrition Program, Ministry of Health, June 12, 2012 at the Ministry of Health\n\nMinistry of Health, http://www.health.gov.sc/. Accessed June 2012. ","Information on health-related spending is readily available either in official reports or in seminars which address this issue. The information is also posted online on the Ministry of Health website."]
["2012_SL_94",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",94,50,"The Ministry of Health and Sanitation produces reports on the distribution and spending of health-related grants. These are not in the public domain, except for reports included in the monthly statement of the country's public accounts. Cost and distance, as well as the format of these monthly statements limit access by the public to these reports.","Charles Lahai, executive director, Sierra Leone Youth Empowerment Organization, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the SLYEO office, Freetown.\n\nNgolo Katta, national coordinator, Center for Coordination of Youth Activities, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the CCYA office.\n\nMinistry of Health and Sanitation. accessed January 2013. http://health.gov.sl/\n\nSave the Children. \"SIERRA LEONE HEALTH AND SANITATION BUDGET TRACKING 2012\". https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/sierra-leone-health-and-sanitation-budget-tracking-2012\n\nAmnesty International, \"Out of Reach: The Cost of Maternal Health in Sierra Leone,\" 2009,\nhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:iIBkQ_Wc2toJ:www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR51/005/2009/en/9ed4ed6f-557f-4256-989f-485733f9addf/afr510052009eng.pdf+out+of+reach+the+cost+of+maternal+health+in+sierra+leone&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiQnXs5L32X1SVZV4Y_w6TLMO0lwsuacwTG03GbUtdfcro5ukwNuKq22r2CKOUOZchhKjw0WvtedJqsTUmkCy1SoGSCepBJ32SuhJSTKYTxA0vKyiqgYGse4WTsea4kXiUVIYx3&sig=AHIEtbSgKWqI5PjVsPRkuh5lzdCofaqvhw","The Ministry of Health and Sanitation produces reports on the distribution and spending of health-related grants. These are not in the public domain, except for reports included in the monthly statement of the country's public accounts. Cost and distance, as well as the format of t..."]
["2012_SO_94",2012,"SO","Somalia",94,0,"Citizens have no access to information on the distribution and spending of government health-related budgets. Due to the extensive period of conflict in Somalia, most health infrastructure is in poor condition. The Somali Transitional Federal Government also lacks the resources and the country lacks the stability for a public awareness campaign.","Anonymous Somali businessmen, interviewed Nov. 9, 2012, Mogadishu. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nMohamed Ali, director, Hodan District health care center, interviewed Dec. 15, 2012, Mogadishu.","Citizens have no access to information on the distribution and spending of government health-related budgets. Due to the extensive period of conflict in Somalia, most health infrastructure is in poor condition. The Somali Transitional Federal Government also lacks the resources and..."]
["2012_ZA_94",2012,"ZA","South Africa",94,100,"Budget documents in South Africa detail spending on health. The documents are made available to nongovernmental organizations and the general media. The 2012 budget provides  R12.3 billion for health expenditures in the next three years. \n\nThe National Treasury also makes available to the public the Estimates of National Expenditure on health, which details expenditure on salaries, primary health care and hospital maintenance, for example. The information is comprehensive and clear.","2012 Medium Term Budget Policy Statement, National Treasury.\n\n2013 Estimate of National Expenditure (Health), National Treasury. http://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/national%20budget/2013/ene/FullENE.pdf","Budget documents in South Africa detail spending on health. The documents are made available to nongovernmental organizations and the general media. The 2012 budget provides  R12.3 billion for health expenditures in the next three years. ..."]
["2012_SS_94",2012,"SS","South Sudan",94,50,"The information on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants is available in South Sudan but it is out of reach of the general public. Those who have easy access to it include academics and journalists. The researchers from Oxford University, for example, were able to trace the information from 2008 to 2011, the year in which they carried out the research.\n\nInternational donors have support health campaigns.","Health care financing in South Sudan. Sarah Fox and Alex Manu. Final Report. Oxford Policy Management. January 2012. http://www.opml.co.uk/sites/opml/files/HF%20report%20South%20Sudan.pdf \n\nS. Sudan's Health and Nutrition Campaign Dispels Food Insecurity Fears. Sudan Tribune. May 27, 2012. http://www.sudantribune.com/S-Sudan-s-health-and-nutrition,42684\n\nEuropean Commission, Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department (ECHO), COSV in South Sudan. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFpRIB6VpU","The information on the distribution and spending of government health-related grants is available in South Sudan but it is out of reach of the general public. Those who have easy access to it include academics and journalists. The researchers from Oxford University, for example, we..."]
["2012_SD_94",2012,"SD","Sudan",94,0,"Generally, government spending information is obsolete or not available. Most reports on Sudan say there is a need to improve overall data collection capabilities.","Transparency International, \"Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Sudan,\" Aug. 22, 2012, www.transparency.org/whatwedo/answer/corruption_and_anti_corruption_in_sudan\n \n \"Corruption Index 2012 From Transparency International: Find Out How Countries Compare,\" The Guardian 2012, www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/dec/05/corruption-index-2012-transparency-international","Generally, government spending information is obsolete or not available. Most reports on Sudan say there is a need to improve overall data collection capabilities."]
["2012_SZ_94",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",94,25,"Generally, the right of access to information is not guaranteed in Swaziland. Audits carried out by government departments do not habitually make their reports public. Information on grants might be available in donor audit reports.","\"Auditing the auditor: the Global Fund investigation of grants to Swaziland shows a 'cultural divide',” by James Hall, Consultancy Africa, Feb. 2, 2012, http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=942:auditing-the-auditor-the-global-fund-investigation-of-grants-to-swaziland-shows-a-cultural-divide-&catid=61:hiv-aids-discussion-papers&Itemid=268\n\nMinistry of Health. http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&id=267&Itemid=403\n\nSouthern Africa Litigation Centre. \"SWAZILAND: THE CRITICAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF SWAZILAND’S BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2012/13\", 15 March 2012. http://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2012/03/15/swaziland-the-critical-health-implications-of-swazilands-budgetary-allocations-for-fiscal-year-201213/\n\nJoint Universal Periodic Review Submission: Swaziland, http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session12/SZ/JS4-JointSubmission4-eng.pdf","Generally, the right of access to information is not guaranteed in Swaziland. Audits carried out by government departments do not habitually make their reports public. Information on grants might be available in donor audit reports."]
["2012_TZ_94",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",94,0,"Thus far in Tanzania no Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys have been undertaken. Experience indicates that such data, particularly on expenditures, is very difficult to access. The Poverty and Human Development Report 2011 cites research indicating that access to information about transfers and expenditure is very limited, particularly at district and sub-district level, where most facilities are located.","Interview, Irenei Kiria, director of an NGO, Dar es Salaam, Aug. 9, 2012\n \n United Republic of Tanzania, \"Poverty and Human Development Report,\" May 2011, p 99\n http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/Poverty_and_Human_Development_Report_2011.pdf","Thus far in Tanzania no Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys have been undertaken. Experience indicates that such data, particularly on expenditures, is very difficult to access. The Poverty and Human Development Report 2011 cites research indicating that access to information about..."]
["2012_TG_94",2012,"TG","Togo",94,25,"Selon, M. Tossou Atchrimi, il est possible d’obtenir des informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé auprès du Ministère de la santé, des directions nationales et régionales de la santé, de la direction de la planification, des bureaux des différents partenaires au développement, comme le PNUD, L’OMS et le Fonds Mondial. Mais il faut noter que ces informations ne sont pas souvent publiées dans les journaux ni dans les prospectus, ni sur des sites internet dédiés à cet effet. Car, il n’y a pas de point focal au Togo, pour les comptes de santé. Le premier (et le seul) exercice des comptes nationaux de santé est réalisé, avec l’appui de l’OMS, en 2005 pour l’année 2002.","M. Tossou Atchrimi, Maître-assistant (CAMES) en sociologie de la santé et des organisations, enseignant-chercheur à l’Université de Lomé, le 15 août 2012. \n\nOMS Togo, Comptes nationaux de santé. Togo, http://www.who.int/nha/country/tgo/fr/index.html. Consulté en août 2012. \n\nAfriquinos. \"Togo : Un budget d'Etat 2013 en augmentation de près de 200 milliards de francs Cfa rapport à 2012\". 31 décembre 2012. http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2012/12/31/togo-budget-detat-2013-augmentation-pres-milliards-francs-rapport-2012-215368.asp","Selon, M. Tossou Atchrimi, il est possible d’obtenir des informations sur la répartition et les dépenses des subventions gouvernementales en matière de santé auprès du Ministère de la santé, des directions nationales et régionales de la santé, de la direction de la planification, d..."]
["2012_TN_94",2012,"TN","Tunisia",94,50,"L'ensemble du budget de l'Etat est disponible sur internet : http://www.leaders.com.tn/uploads/FCK_files/file/Budget%20de%20l'Etat%202012.pdf\n Ce budget n'est pas disponible dans les institutions de santé. La consultation de ce budget présuppose un accès internet et de ne pas être analphabète. Le public peut obtenir des informations sur les budgets des différents ministères en suivant les publications dans certains journaux (notamment le journal officiel), mais l’accès à cette information n'est pas toujours facile et aisé et il n'y a pas un réel effort de vulgarisation et de diffusion des chiffres.","- Vérification du budget de l'Etat sur internet : http://www.leaders.com.tn/uploads/FCK_files/file/Budget%20de%20l'Etat%202012.pdf\n \n - Article du journal La Presse du 1/11/2012 : http://www.lapresse.tn/01112012/57505/le-budget-2013-enregistrera-une-augmentation-de-45.html","L'ensemble du budget de l'Etat est disponible sur internet : http://www.leaders.com.tn/uploads/FCK_files/file/Budget%20de%20l'Etat%202012.pdf\n Ce budget n'est pas disponible dans les institutions de santé. La consultation de ce budget p..."]
["2012_UG_94",2012,"UG","Uganda",94,50,"Information on allocation and spending of health care grants is available to the public through various channels, but like all public institutions accessibility comes with a high cost in terms of time and finances. Information is scanty, not well detailed and oftentimes not useful as the health care sector does not keep good records. \n \n Further, adequate public accounts are not available and some information on spending, especially that found on the Internet, is based on field surveys carried out by various institutions on health centers. Sometimes a comparison between findings of these research studies and official data has glaring discrepancies that brings doubt to official data. A report written by Ritva Reinikka and Emmanuel Ablo, “Evidence from Public Spending on Education and Health in Uganda,” shows that problems with the flow of public funds to the health sector have to do largely with governance and a lack of accountability, thus affecting availability of reliable information.","“Health Budgeting in Uganda: A reality Check,\" p.22-23, by Moses Muwonge, Anne Alan Sizomu, Martha Songa, Mona Herbert, Baale Samuel, Matthias Brucker, Healthy Action, Publisher: German Foundation for World Population (DSW) in partnership with Reproductive Health Uganda (RHU), 2010, http://www.healthy-action.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Studies_and_reports/Uganda/HealthyAction_budget_study_Uganda_FINAL_25April2011.pdf.\n \n “Status Report on the Global Fund Grants in Uganda,” p7-13, 28, Ministry of Health, April 2011, \n http://health.go.ug/mohweb/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/global-fund-status-report-final.pdf.\n \n “Health Spending In Uganda - The Impact of Current Aid Structures and Aid Effectiveness,” Country Briefing 1, by Sibylle Koenig and Belinda Atim, DSW / Action for Global Health, April 2010, http://www.actionforglobalhealth.eu/fileadmin/AfGH_Intranet/AFGH/Publications/PolicyBriefing1_Final1_LoRes_02.pdf\n \n “Funding the promise: monitoring Uganda's health sector financing from an HIV/AIDS perspective,” African Health Science, Makerere Medical School, October 2009, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877291/.","Information on allocation and spending of health care grants is available to the public through various channels, but like all public institutions accessibility comes with a high cost in terms of time and finances. Information is scanty, not well detailed and oftentimes not useful ..."]
["2012_ZM_94",2012,"ZM","Zambia",94,50,"Information on allocation and spending of health care grants on cancer, measles, malaria, cholera, condoms and male circumscion are made available to the public through CSOs, media and individual citizens. But the mechanisms or forums through which they are available may be out of reach to some individuals and citizen groups. \n \n Public access may require a visit to a specific government office that is inconvenient to most citizens. In addition, the information may not be presented in an easy way to understand or in a non-technical format.","Interview: Ms. Diana Ngula, Program officer, Information Management and Communication, Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR). September 17, 2012, 03:00 p.m., CSPR officers. \n \n Interview: Anonymous, Programs officer, September 18, 2012, 04:00 p.m., Restaurant. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Information on allocation and spending of health care grants on cancer, measles, malaria, cholera, condoms and male circumscion are made available to the public through CSOs, media and individual citizens. But the mechanisms or forums through which they are available may be out of ..."]
["2012_ZW_94",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",94,50,"Information on allocation and spending of health care grants is made available to the public, but with great difficulty. Much of the information may not be available. \n \n According to a report by Health Systems 2020, financing for health services in Zimbabwe has been deeply affected by the country’s recent economic difficulties. Requests for information have to be directed to the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare and this usually involves going to the office in the capital city of Harare and lodging a formal request as the reports are not readily available on ministry's website. There is a lot of budget assistance from donor organizations due to the economic crisis in most cases the aid grant is paid directly into the projects (see the Department for International Development report)."," United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Brown Bag dialogue series, Jan-March 2012, www.undp.org.zw\n \n Department for International Development Report 2011, www.oecd.org/countries/zimbabwe/49091963.pdf\n\nRepublic of Zimbabwe. THE ZIMBABWE HEALTH SECTOR INVESTMENT\nCASE (2010 – 2012). http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/Health_Investment_Case_Report.pdf\n\nHealth Systems 2020, Zimbabwe Health System Assessment 2010, www.healthsystems2020.org\n \n","Information on allocation and spending of health care grants is made available to the public, but with great difficulty. Much of the information may not be available. \n ..."]
["2012_DZ_95",2012,"DZ","Algeria",95,50,"A combination of punctual awareness raising campaigns and activities of medical caravanes ensured during the review period that information on health issues reached the Algerian public. The government funded at least one public health campaign as the Ministry of Health launched a campaign on \"Youth and Health\" to inform the public on the prevention of hypertension, diabetis and renal failure. Anti-flu vaccination campaigns were also carried out through pharmacies and health facilities and were effective in informing and reaching a great number of potential beneficiaries.","Anonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, government official. Ministry of Health. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, government official. Ministry of Health. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, government official. Ministry of Health. June 12, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nPublic awareness campaigns sponsored by government on health education, accessed June 2012:\n\nCampagne de sensibilisation « Jeûne et santé » : Eviter les complications aux malades chroniques. July 25, 2011. http://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/24563\n\nVaccination contre la grippe: vrai engouement au sein des populations à risque. October 29, 2012. http://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/80222\n\nLa Caravane Médicale à Draâ El-Kaïd: Plus de 800 consultations - See more at: http://bejaia-aujourdhui.com/2012/05/la-caravane-medicale-a-draa-el-kaid-de-800-consultations/#sthash.1Flm9cVh.dpuf\n\nSanté-Algérie  Portail d'Information, de Documentation et de Communication, http://www.sante.dz/ and http://www.sante.dz/Dossiers/direction-prevention/accueil-prevention.html","A combination of punctual awareness raising campaigns and activities of medical caravanes ensured during the review period that information on health issues reached the Algerian public. The government funded at least one public health campaign as the Ministry of Health launched a c..."]
["2012_AO_95",2012,"AO","Angola",95,75,"The Ministry of Health only has a record of a campaign that promotes hand washing during the period of study. Since 2002, the Government has been committed to measures leading to the reduction of maternal-infant death and control of great endemics like malaria, tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis and HIV/Aids.\n\nIn 2007, the Ministry of Health introduced a health promotion program at primary school level in co-operation with the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries and signed an extension of this program in 2009 to last until 2012.","Pravda.ru, --, Angola: Programa da Saúde Escolar, 30 May 2007, http://port.pravda.ru/cplp/angola/30-05-2007/17370-angolasaude-0/\n\"Angola: Government Pledges Continued Modernisation of Health, Education,\" \nAllAfrica, April 7, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201104080002.html\n\nComunidade Dos Países De Língua Portuguesa (Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries), Plano Estratégico De Cooperação Em Saúde (Strategic Plan for Health Co-operation) 2009‐2012 \n\nMinistry of Health Official website, http://www.minsa.gov.ao/TodaAgendaPublica.aspx","The Ministry of Health only has a record of a campaign that promotes hand washing during the period of study. Since 2002, the Government has been committed to measures leading to the reduction of maternal-infant death and control of great endemics like malaria, tuberculosis, trypan..."]
["2012_BJ_95",2012,"BJ","Benin",95,100,"Les actions de sensibilisation et communication sont nombreuses. Elles passent par des animations sur sites, des spots télévisés, des émissions radio et télédiffusées, des affiches posées dans les villes, etc. Le gouvernement appuie ces actions dans le cadre de plusieurs programmes de lutte (contre le sida, contre le paludisme, contre d'autres maladies, etc), à l'occasion de journées (de vaccination contre la poliomyélite, contre le tabagisme, etc.) mais généralement ces actions sont appuyées techniquement et financièrement par les organismes internationaux, UNICEF, OMS et les ONG internationales ou nationales.","Armand Modeste Houndjrebo, Médecin de santé publique, (epidemiologiste), Chef Service SRPS, Direction nationale de la santé publique, ministère de la santé, Entretien tenu le 08 juin 2012 au Ministère de la santé/SRPS, Cotonou.\n\nMontcho Aizan, Administrateur de l'Action Sociale, Chef Service du Service Social Hospitalier du Centre national hospitalier Hubert Koutoukou Maga (CNHU-HKM), Entretien tenu le 25 juin 2012 au CNHU-HKM, Cotonou.","Les actions de sensibilisation et communication sont nombreuses. Elles passent par des animations sur sites, des spots télévisés, des émissions radio et télédiffusées, des affiches posées dans les villes, etc. Le gouvernement appuie ces actions dans le cadre de plusieurs programmes..."]
["2012_BW_95",2012,"BW","Botswana",95,75,"Botswana has one of the highest HIV rates in the world. As a result, most of the government's health initiatives are targeted at reducing infection or raising awareness about the disease. The infant and adult male circumcision campaign is among promotions that have been sponsored by the government through the National AIDS Coordinating Agency.\n\nAnother is the aggressive public health and information campaign against HIV/AIDS that focuses on the number 0 — as in zero new HIV infections by 2016 by raising awareness through the education system. A curriculum is titled \"Living, Skills for Life: Botswana’s Window of Hope.\" A collaboration between the Education Development Center and the Botswana Ministry of Education, the materials are being rolled out to every school in the country.","\"Botswana’s Infant Circumcision Campaign,\" Ann Kim, PRI's \"The World,\" October 2011, www.theworld.org/2011/10/botswana-infant-circumcision-campaign/\n\nEducation Development Center, \"A Window of Opportunity in Botswana: Education Is the Key to Reducing HIV Infection Rates in One of the Most Affected Countries in the World,\" July 2012,\nwww.edc.org/newsroom/articles/window_opportunity_botswana","Botswana has one of the highest HIV rates in the world. As a result, most of the government's health initiatives are targeted at reducing infection or raising awareness about the disease. The infant and adult male circumcision campaign is among promotions that have been sponsored b..."]
["2012_BF_95",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",95,50,"Les pouvoirs publics par le truchement du Ministère de la Santé font des efforts louables pour la sensibilisation des populations en matière de santé. On note les campagnes de sensibilisation qui ont lieu sur les radios et télévisions d'Etat, les spots publicitaires en plus des micro-programmes de santé diffusés en français et dans les langues nationales du Burkina Faso. Ces campagnes de sensibilisation portent sur la vaccination, la méningite, la poliomyélite, la malaria, le VIH/SIDA et la planification familiale, etc. Cependant, l'éducation et la sensibilisation en matière de santé requièrent des efforts constants et presque quotidiens et la sensibilisation dans les mass media est faite de façon sporadique et surtout lors de certaines épidémies et vaccinations. Beaucoup d'efforts restent à faire pour éduquer les populations à plus d'hygiène et de santé.","Interview avec M. Ambroise Bakyonon, Chef de Département de la Culture, de la Jeunesse, de l’Education et de l’Emploi, Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 11:18 TU\n\nRTB: Radio Télévision du Burkina Faso. Sur ces chaînes et bien d'autres, des micro programmes sur la santé sont diffusés régulièrement. Actuellement il passe en boucle le spot sur comment éviter le choléra\n\nwww.rtb.bf\n\nhttp://www.sante.gov.bf/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=342:chronique-cholera&catid=50:information&Itemid=18\n\nhttp://www.sante.gov.bf/","Les pouvoirs publics par le truchement du Ministère de la Santé font des efforts louables pour la sensibilisation des populations en matière de santé. On note les campagnes de sensibilisation qui ont lieu sur les radios et télévisions d'Etat, les spots publicitaires en plus des mic..."]
["2012_BI_95",2012,"BI","Burundi",95,100,"There are government-sponsored campaigns to end malaria and diabetes as well as a campaign to stop the illegal commercialization of medicines. There are also campaigns to deal with HIV/AIDS, cholera and other illnesses. However, these campaigns are disparate and not coordinated.","\"Clôture de la campagne 'Ecoliers contre le paludisme', à Cibitoke (End of the campaign 'Schoolchildren against malaria' in Cibitoke),\" Iwacu journal, July 7, 2012, http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/spip.php?article3145\n\n\"Burundi : campagne de mobilisation pour lutter contre le commerce illicite des medicaments (Burundi: mobilization campaign to fight against the illicit trade in drugs:),\" Afriquinfos news website, Nov. 25, 2011, http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/11/25/afrique-centrale-191512.asp\n\n3) Arib News, \"Burundi: semaine de sensibilisation contre le Diabete\": See http://www.arib.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5798:","There are government-sponsored campaigns to end malaria and diabetes as well as a campaign to stop the illegal commercialization of medicines. There are also campaigns to deal with HIV/AIDS, cholera and other illnesses. However, these campaigns are disparate and not coordinated."]
["2012_CM_95",2012,"CM","Cameroon",95,75,"The government regularly launches public health awareness campaigns, such as the ongoing cholera campaign with TV and radio spots, as well as posters, after an outbreak of cholera in 2010. There have also been public health campaigns on polio with the nationwide vaccination of children, malaria, AIDS and avian flu. However, these campaigns are not followed up with concrete government action to limit the damage from these outbreaks.","Géraud Bablon, \"Project Overview of Health Campaign and Competition: Building Malaria Prevention,\" Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria, June 21,, 2012 at www.cameroon-coalition-malaria.org/news/00113.html\n\nVictorine Biy, \"Gov’t on a Free Vaccination Campaign,\" Cameroon Tribune,  Oct. 27, 2010,  at http://allafrica.com/stories/201010270872.html\n\nIreneaus Chia Chongwain, \"Child De-worming Campaign Kicks Off in Cameroon\" L'Effort Camerounais, March 2, 2007, at www.leffortcamerounais.com/2007/03/child_deworming.html","The government regularly launches public health awareness campaigns, such as the ongoing cholera campaign with TV and radio spots, as well as posters, after an outbreak of cholera in 2010. There have also been public health campaigns on polio with the nationwide vaccination of chil..."]
["2012_CV_95",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",95,75,"Health education was seasonally included in government public awareness campaigns. However, since the dengue epidemic that struck the country in 2009, programs have been strengthened for better health education in all sectors of society, particularly the media. The government often announces public health campaigns. For example, in June 2011, the government announced that a campaign to eliminate mosquitoes that transmit dengue and malaria would commence in July 2011. In March 2012, the government announced and launched the National Vaccination Campaign against Polio.","\"Pro-Health: Health Magazine of Santiago Norte Health Region,\" Ministry of Health, 2012, http://www.governo.cv/ \n\n\"Campanha Nacional de Vacinação contra a Poliomielite arranca a 23 de Março,\" Radio Educativa, March 15, 2012, http://www.radioeducativa.cv/index.php?paginas=21&id_cod=358\n\n\"Governo realiza campanha para eliminação de mosquitos transmissores da dengue e paludismo em julho,\" by Sapo Noticiás, June 8, 2011, http://noticias.sapo.mz/lusa/artigo/12658960.html\n\n\"Atelier of Strengthening the Education Sector to Improve the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Young People in Cape Verde,\" Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, Sept 2012. http://www.mesci.gov.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=113:atelier-de-reforco-do-sector-da-educacao-para-melhorar-a-saude-sexual-e-reprodutiva-dos-jovens-de-cabo-verde&catid=34:noticias\n\n\"World Health Organization Supports Cape Verde in the Fight Against Dengue Epidemic,\" Expresso das Ilhas, Nov. 11, 2009, http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/pt/noticias/go/oms-apoia-cabo-verde-na-luta-contra-epidemia-de-dengue","Health education was seasonally included in government public awareness campaigns. However, since the dengue epidemic that struck the country in 2009, programs have been strengthened for better health education in all sectors of society, particularly the media. The government often..."]
["2012_CF_95",2012,"CF","CAR",95,75,"La constitution du 27 décembre 2004, dans son article 6, stipule que \"l'Etat a le devoir de veiller sur la santé physique et morale de la famille\". Dans ces conditions, le gouvernement a amorcé entre autres, les actions suivantes dans le cadre des campagnes à l'Education à la santé:\n-l'Information, l'éducation et la communication sur les maladies sexuellement transmissibles et principalement le VIH/SIDA ainsi que le paludisme;\n-L'organisation de campagnes de vaccination et distribution de moustiquaires imprégnées. \n\nLe Ministère de la Santé dispose de tranches d'animation à la Radio Nationale. Pendant, cette tranche, les animateurs (personnels de la Santé) abordent tous les aspects liés à la santé. Autrement dit, la sensibilisation sur la question hygiénique, le VIH/SIDA, la Tuberculose, la poliomyélite etc. Il en est le même dans le cas de radios privées (Ndeke Luka, Néhémie, Notre-Dame, Scar etc.).\n\nL'une des personnes interrogées qui d'ailleurs anime une émission à la radio intitulée' Commerce et la lutte contre la pauvreté', il existe une tranche d'animation accordée au Ministère de la Santé et Population à la Radio Nationale s'appelle ' Magazine de la Santé\".\n\nPar ailleurs, il y a une publicité à la Radio qui porte sur la campagne contre la poliomyélite (enfant de 0 à 5 ans) et qui démarre ce mois-ci.\n\nIl est difficile d'affirmer que le gouvernement mène des compagnes sur Internet. Toutefois, il a pu être affirmé que  Radio Ndeka luka diffuse simultanément ses programmes sur Internet.","Paul Service (Journaliste), Chargé de Communication au Projet Cadre Intégré Renforcé du Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, octobre 2012, Bangui\n\nAnselme GASSA, Directeur de la Formation et du perfectionnement aux Ministère des Affaires Sociales, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","La constitution du 27 décembre 2004, dans son article 6, stipule que \"l'Etat a le devoir de veiller sur la santé physique et morale de la famille\". Dans ces conditions, le gouvernement a amorcé entre autres, les actions suivantes dans le cadre des campagnes à l'Education à la santé..."]
["2012_TD_95",2012,"TD","Chad",95,50,"Many public awareness campaigns are conducted by the government with support from the United Nations and the donor community, but the government's strategy seems not to be effective, as attested by the country's health profile. Health indicators in Chad are among the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Maternal mortality stands at 191 per 1,000 live births, with 76 percent of women delivering without qualified assistance.  The risk of maternal mortality is heightened by precocious and intense fertility (6.3 children on average per women and 15- to 19-year-old girls contributing to 15 percent of national pregnancies), etc.","Country Health profile: Chad. World Health Organization. http://www.afro.who.int/en/chad/country-health-profile.htm ([accessed on Aug. 1, 2012.)\n\nVerification on the Health Ministry. http://www.sante-tchad.org 2012.\n\nMr. Joseph Paningar, adviser. Office of the President. June 14, 2012.","Many public awareness campaigns are conducted by the government with support from the United Nations and the donor community, but the government's strategy seems not to be effective, as attested by the country's health profile. Health indicators in Chad are among the lowest in Sub-..."]
["2012_KM_95",2012,"KM","Comoros",95,50,"L’État met en œuvre un Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS), à travers lequel l’éducation sanitaire fait appel à des stratégies de développement de communication qui s’articulent autour de l’architecture institutionnelle des Comores. Le dispositif communicationnel comprend au niveau national une Direction de l’Education Sanitaire, de l’Action Socio-Sanitaire  (DEPSASS) et au niveau insulaire des chargés de programme Information Education Communication (IEC). La principale mission de ces structures est d’élaborer et de mettre en œuvre les stratégies d’éducation formelle et informelle, et l’information de la population sur les problèmes de santé dont ceux en rapport avec l’environnement. Le volet formation/sensibilisation occupe une place de choix dans le Plan Nationale de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS). \nIl faut noter que la réforme du système de santé est lancée au milieu des années 90 avec comme orientation stratégique la santé pour tous. Le plan national de développement sanitaire-perspectives en 2015 (PNDS) met l’accent sur la participation communautaire comme stratégie permettant d’assurer la santé pour tous et considère le district sanitaire comme la pièce maîtresse du développement sanitaire.\nMais l’accès à l’éducation sanitaire de base, à travers  les canaux institutionnels, demeure faible. Les programmes gouvernementaux restent ponctuels. En l’absence d’un leadership fort de l’administration publique, ce sont les associations de développement, les ONGs et les communautés locales qui développent régulièrement des campagnes d’éducation relative à un environnement favorable à la santé. Ces campagnes consistent  en des émissions dans les radios et télévisions locales, des causeries et débats dans les villages, des articles de journaux… Dans leurs actions, il est souvent question des problèmes d’hygiène et d’assainissement du milieu. La collecte, le transport et l’élimination des déchets ménagers est la thématique de base des séances de communication. Des associations telles que le Croissant Rouge et  le Réseau National Femme et Développement organisent des formations et des campagnes de sensibilisation sur le paludisme, la malnutrition ou l’hygiène de base.\nSelon le Président de l’Organisation Patronale des Comores, rien n’est effectué dans le domaine de l’éducation sanitaire. Ce sont plutôt les organismes non-gouvernementaux qui font des sensibilisations, ou encore les associations villageoises qui œuvrent au niveau des hôpitaux, dispensaires ou maternités. (source : interview par internet de Firozali Dramsi, Président de l’OPACO-Organisation Patronale des Comores, Moroni, 15 décembre 2012).\nPour Hadji Chaabani, le système d’information sanitaire étatique est faible. Le financement public pour des campagnes en éducation sanitaire est inexistant, mais par contre il existe au ministère de la santé une direction de l’Education de la santé. La radio nationale et des radios locales produisent des programmes d’éducation sanitaire, mais sans le financement gouvernemental. ( source : Hadji Chaabani, juriste à l’Agence Nationale de Promotion des Investissements, Moroni, Interview par internet du 15 décembre 2012).\nIl faut noter que le système de communication n'est pas si développé ici comme dans les pays développés, malgré tout le Gouvernement s'y implique selon ses faibles moyens à travers des sensibilisations, des ateliers et si nécessaire une coopération avec les organisations privées. (source : interview de M. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali, et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 19 décembre 2012, Moroni).","Firozali Dramsi, Président de l’OPACO-Organisation Patronale des Comores- interview par internet, 15 décembre 2012.\n \nHadji Chaabani, juriste à l’Agence Nationale de Promotion des Investissements,  Moroni, interview par internet, 15  décembre 2012.\n \nM. Mouzaoui Amroine, Mlle Fatouhia Ali,  et M. Bakar Nomane Mohamed, Commissaires anti-corruption,  Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), interview par internet du 19 décembre 2012, Moroni.  \n \nAhmed Ouledi, Kamaliddine Afraitane,  2007, « EDUCATION RELATIVE A L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET A LA SANTE », page 5, http://coiarpege.org/downloads/symposium/actes/ErE_sante_comores_actes.pdf)\n \nPNUD, Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement, Revue de mi-parcours, Décembre 2009,page 52,  http://www.km.undp.org/doc/omd_09.pdf\n \nAhmed Ouledi, Kamaliddine Afraitane,  2007, « EDUCATION RELATIVE A L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET A LA SANTE », page 5, http://coiarpege.org/downloads/symposium/actes/ErE_sante_comores_actes.pdf).","L’État met en œuvre un Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS), à travers lequel l’éducation sanitaire fait appel à des stratégies de développement de communication qui s’articulent autour de l’architecture institutionnelle des Comores. Le dispositif communicationnel compre..."]
["2012_CD_95",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",95,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_95",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",95,50,"There are several national health campaigns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including ones on the eradication of polio, HIV/AIDS and family planning.","Bandundu- lancement de la campagne de distribution des moustiquaires - La prosperité May 29, 2012 \nhttp://www.laprosperiteonline.net/show.php?id=10836&rubrique=Societe\n\nPour une lutte accélérée contre le Vih/sida au Bas-Congo - ACP, December 28, 2011\nhttp://www.congoforum.be/fr/congodetail.asp?subitem=40&id=183606&Congofiche=selected\n\n\"Nsele - Sensibilisation de la population sur la planification familiale,\" by Yves Kadima, Le Phare, Nov. 30, 2012, http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201212030456.html\n\n\"Campagne de dépistage volontaire du SIDA dans la zone de santé de Dibindi,\" Office of the President, DR Congo, Dec. 28, 2012, http://www.presidentrdc.cd/spip.php?article96","There are several national health campaigns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including ones on the eradication of polio, HIV/AIDS and family planning."]
["2012_CI_95",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",95,100,"The government is aware that there are deficiencies in health education and public awareness. \nAccording to Mr. N'guessan, the government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health education.  The Minister of Public Health regularly does awareness campaigns against AIDS and tobacco consumption. For example, on November 08, 2012, some representatives of the governments in conformity with Decree No. 2012-980 of October 10, 2012, banned smoking in public places and public transport. Awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco is high. In addition, there are HIV/AIDS awareness initiatives.","Diarrassouba Sory, ‘‘Présentation des grandes orientations de l`action sanitaire’\", Le nouveau reveil, Feb 2, 2013, available at http://news.abidjan.net/h/450632.html\n\nKouadio Apollinaire N'guessan, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Feb. 5, 2013\n\nIvorian Government, LUTTE CONTRE LE TABAGISME PASSIF: N’DRI YOMAN ANNONCE LA CAMPAGNE DE SENSIBILISATION A LA MESURE D’INTERDICTION DE FUMER DANS LES LIEUX PUBLICS, Ivorian Goverment  portal, Nov. 11, 2012, available at http://www.gouv.ci/actualite_1.php?recordID=2943","The government is aware that there are deficiencies in health education and public awareness. \nAccording to Mr. N'guessan, the government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health educa..."]
["2012_DJ_95",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",95,75,"L’éducation à la santé est régulièrement intégrée dans les programmes de sensibilisation de l’opinion publique. Bien que soutenus par le gouvernement, il n’existe pas de motivation principale autre que la santé des citoyens.\n\nLes ateliers, séminaires, débats et autres programmes menés au cours de l'année 2012 ont porté sur l'information, la sensibilisation au sujet des maladies telles que l'Hépatite, le Choléra, la Tuberculose, le VIH Sida, Paludisme, mais aussi la promotion du Don du Sang, du Lavage des mains, campagne de lutte anti-vectorielle, atelier de formation au secourisme.\n\nEn outre, le ministère de la Santé a mis en place une Caravane médicale.","Ali Mahamoud, Chef du Programme \"Paludisme\" au sein de la Direction des Programmes de Santé Prioritaires (DPSP), Ministère de la Santé, interview réalisée le 05/08/2012.\n\nZarah Youssouf, Directrice de la Maternité Dar el Hanan, 30/8/2012.","L’éducation à la santé est régulièrement intégrée dans les programmes de sensibilisation de l’opinion publique. Bien que soutenus par le gouvernement, il n’existe pas de motivation principale autre que la santé des citoyens...."]
["2012_EG_95",2012,"EG","Egypt",95,75,"Many campaigns were launched in partnership with the government and international donors and organizations such as USAID and UNICEF to raise public awareness on health issues such as female genital mutilation or after the spread of a dangerous disease such as avian flu.\n\nOther campaigns were temporary to tackle a certain issue for a determined period.\n\nHowever, campaigns under the patronage of the executive power usually receive more press coverage and public attention as part of the propaganda for the ruling regime. Few campaigns were working consistently against certain diseases such as hepatitis, breast cancer or childhood cancer. And certain diseases such as HIV don't receive enough attention from the government due to political and social constraints. Hence, the government rarely supports awareness campaigns for such diseases.","Mamdouh Wahba & Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi. 2012. The Need for Reproductive Health Education in Schools in Egypt\nhttp://www.prb.org/pdf12/reproductivehealth-education-egypt.pdf\n\nWebsites reviewed 2012:\n\nBCFE. Egypt race for the cure. http://www.bcfe.org/en/view.asp?SecID=117\n\nUSAID/Egypt. Health. http://egypt.usaid.gov/en/programs/Pages/health.aspx\n\nEgypt Launches Five-Year National Campaign Against HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C Among Children. http://www.thebody.com/content/art38885.html\n\nEIPR. Combating HIV/AIDS related stigma in Egypt. http://eipr.org/sites/default/files/reports/pdf/stigma_report_en.pdf","Many campaigns were launched in partnership with the government and international donors and organizations such as USAID and UNICEF to raise public awareness on health issues such as female genital mutilation or after the spread of a dangerous disease such as avian flu...."]
["2012_GQ_95",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",95,50,"The government in collaboration with associations sponsors health education programs, particularly for HIV/AIDS and malaria. In July 2011, the government sponsored a campaign to fight maternal and newborn mortality. Also in June 2011, a campaign was sponsored to fight HIV transmission mother to child.","Ministry of Information, Sarilusi Tarifa King, July 13, 2011, Campaña de Aceleración sobre la Reducción de la Mortalidad Materna y Neonatal, http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=1743\n\nMinistry of Information, Sarilusi Tarifa King, June 1, 2011, Continúa en Malabo la Campaña contra la Transmisión del VIH/SIDA de la Madre al Niño, http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=1611\n\nEmail correspondence with Joseph Kraus, Program & Development Director, EGJustice, January 2013. \n\nAfrican Economic Outlook, Equatorial Guinea, 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/central-africa/equatorial-guinea/","The government in collaboration with associations sponsors health education programs, particularly for HIV/AIDS and malaria. In July 2011, the government sponsored a campaign to fight maternal and newborn mortality. Also in June 2011, a campaign was sponsored to fight HIV transmiss..."]
["2012_ER_95",2012,"ER","Eritrea",95,75,"The Ministry of Health was not willing to provide the researcher with documents on the issue without an official letter from a competent body of government or an educational institution. However, the government does include health education in its awareness program as means of prevention. The country has registered good results in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (agreed to at a U.N. summit), especially in child and maternal health and communicable diseases. \n\nA source provided two brochures used for awareness by the National Blood Transfusion Service, a department of the Ministry of Health. The first was jointly sponsored by the government and donors like the World Health Organization; the second, only by the government. Most of the time, according to the source, the government uses the media to campaign against malaria and HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, as well as for mother and child health safety. For example, an Eritrean film recently broadcast for about a year on  Eritrean television and sponsored by the Ministry of Health was shown every week to the public. The aim was to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and infant mortality. The movie's title, \"Hiwet,\" in Tigringa means \"Life.\" However, some health education campaigns are not regularly sponsored by the government. For example, campaigns against malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases usually are sponsored by foreign funds.\n\nAnother source indicated that government sponsorship is mostly generated from the Ministry of Health in cooperation with international partners. However, no exact figure is given, although a substantial amount of the money is allocated to health campaign awareness.","Anonymous sources interviewed in 2012. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Ministry of Health was not willing to provide the researcher with documents on the issue without an official letter from a competent body of government or an educational institution. However, the government does include health education in its awareness program as means of prev..."]
["2012_ET_95",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",95,75,"The Ministry of Health, which is part of the government, sponsors various programs on TV and radio that constitute public awareness campaigns on health education. Some of the popular campaigns include the importance of  breast feeding, health care attendance during delivery, adverse impacts of harmful traditional practices, early detection and treatment of TB, and condom use to avoid HIV infection. These and similar health education campaigns are presented either as full-fledged programs with experts invited or as commercials. At the end and beginning of these programs, the sponsoring institution, the Ministry of Health and its partners (usually development partners such as the United Nations or donors) are acknowledged. The Ministry of Health has a dedicated directorate/department for this.","Interview with Edeget Habete, public health education officer, Ethiopia Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Aug. 3, 2012.\n\nInterview with Dr. Fekade Selasse, lecturer and resident doctor, Black Lion Hospital, Addis Ababa, Aug. 2, 2012.\n\nInterfview with Dr. Bezunesh Amare, public health expert, former employee of the World Health Organization in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Aug. 3, 2012.","The Ministry of Health, which is part of the government, sponsors various programs on TV and radio that constitute public awareness campaigns on health education. Some of the popular campaigns include the importance of  breast feeding, health care attendance during delivery, advers..."]
["2012_GA_95",2012,"GA","Gabon",95,50,"Oui, certaines, car les partenaires au développement participent également à leurs programmes. Cela se fait avec le Concours de la société civile.","\"Campaign against HIV / AIDS in Libreville\", Gabonews, November 29, 2012, Libreville, http://en.gabonews.com/health/items/campaign-against-hiv-aids-in-libreville.html \n\n\"Les partenaires de l'éthique au Gabon\", Ecner, http://www.cner-gabon.org/cner/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50:les-partenaire-de-lethique-au-gabon  \n\nRapports activités PNUD, OMS, UNICEF, 2012\nInterviews ONG, 2012\nEnquêtes sur la santé, 2012","Oui, certaines, car les partenaires au développement participent également à leurs programmes. Cela se fait avec le Concours de la société civile."]
["2012_GM_95",2012,"GM","The Gambia",95,100,"A significant portion of National Health Policy 2011-2015 is devoted to health education and promotion. The newspaper article \"SSHFC Joins the Fight Against Non-Communicable Diseases\" shows that public institutions also play an important part in health education without any political motivation.","National Health Policy 2011-2015, www.moh.gov.gm/images/stories/healthpolicy2011-2015.pdf\n\n\"SSHFC Joins the Fight Against Non-Communicable Diseases,\" Bintou KB Janneh, Daily Observer, July 10, 2012,  http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/sshfc-joins-the-fight-against-non-communicable-diseases","A significant portion of National Health Policy 2011-2015 is devoted to health education and promotion. The newspaper article \"SSHFC Joins the Fight Against Non-Communicable Diseases\" shows that public institutions also play an important part in health education without any politic..."]
["2012_GH_95",2012,"GH","Ghana",95,75,"Health-related campaigns in Ghana are made through the media as well as at health facilities. These are frequent and continuous and target HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, sexual and reproductive health, maternal health and “hand washing with soap” and inoculation against childhood killer diseases. Those activities that take place at public events are reported in the media. \n\nThe Ghana AIDS Commission, a state health agency, advertises a lot about the disease both on television and radio. There are public education campaigns in the rural communities by the health workers.   \n\nAn example of CSO work on health in Ghana can be seen on the Ghana Health and Education Initiative website http://ghei.org/programs/health-programs.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.   \n\n\"A Brief Look at Effective Health Communication Strategies in Ghana,\" by Megan A. Prilutski, Strategic Communications, Elon University, 2010.","Health-related campaigns in Ghana are made through the media as well as at health facilities. These are frequent and continuous and target HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, sexual and reproductive health, maternal health and “hand washing with soap” and inoculation against childhood..."]
["2012_GN_95",2012,"GN","Guinea",95,75,"Les campagnes d'éducation à la santé sont beaucoup soutenues par l’État à travers ses structures déconcentrées au niveau local. La plupart du temps, ces campagnes sont financées par des bailleurs de fonds étrangers ou les ONG et l’État met à disposition les compétences et la logistique moyennant paiement de prime au personnel employé.","Mohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nWorld Health Organization Global Task Force on Cholera Ccontrol, last update: 11 july 2013, Cholera Country Profile: Guinea. http://www.who.int/cholera/countries/CountryProfileGuinea2013.pdf","Les campagnes d'éducation à la santé sont beaucoup soutenues par l’État à travers ses structures déconcentrées au niveau local. La plupart du temps, ces campagnes sont financées par des bailleurs de fonds étrangers ou les ONG et l’État met à disposition les compétences et la logist..."]
["2012_GW_95",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",95,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_95",2012,"KE","Kenya",95,75,"Health education is regularly included in government-sponsored public health awareness programs without any political motivation beyond the health of the nation. However, the government does not set adequate funds for public health awareness campaigns, with the result that the government depends on donor funding to provide health education. Be that as it may, there is significant progress in the provision of health education in the country.","IntraHealth International - New Project to Strengthen Health Education and Training in Kenya Launches. April10,  2012. http://www.intrahealth.org/page/-new-project-to-strengthen-health-education-and-training-in-kenya-officially-launches\n\nKENYA: Major measles vaccine campaign planned. October 2012. http://www.irinnews.org/report/96455/kenya-major-measles-vaccine-campaign-planned\n\nA Rare Success Story from Kisii in the Fight Against Malaria. Robert Nyasato. The Standard. April 16, 2009. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=1144011688&story_title=A-rare-success-story-from-Kisii-in-the-fight-against-malaria","Health education is regularly included in government-sponsored public health awareness programs without any political motivation beyond the health of the nation. However, the government does not set adequate funds for public health awareness campaigns, with the result that the gove..."]
["2012_LS_95",2012,"LS","Lesotho",95,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_95",2012,"LR","Liberia",95,25,"Awareness on health is driven mostly by international and local non-governmental organizations.  Occasionally, the government sponsors campaigns on health matters.","Interview with Justin Clarke, news editor, Daily Observer, July 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Thomas Quaye, consultant, Development Consultants, July 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","Awareness on health is driven mostly by international and local non-governmental organizations.  Occasionally, the government sponsors campaigns on health matters."]
["2012_LY_95",2012,"LY","Libya",95,0,"There have not been any substantial government health campaigns seen in Libya to date. In fact, there are no effective channels for rolling out public education campaigns.\n\nSome campaigns have taken place, but they have been the product of civil groups or local administrations.","USAID Office of Transition Initiatives, Altai Consulting, March 2012, \"A Rapid Assessment of the Media Landscape in Libya\"\n\nEuropean Commission, International Management Group, June 2012, \"Media in Libya\"","There have not been any substantial government health campaigns seen in Libya to date. In fact, there are no effective channels for rolling out public education campaigns...."]
["2012_MG_95",2012,"MG","Madagascar",95,50,"In practice, the government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health education. It is backed by international organizations and NGOs. But because of the lack of international funding since the coup of 2009, the government's involvement in such campaigns is far reduced.","Le fond des Etats unis pour la population, Campagne de sensibilisation sur la prévention des grossesses précoces \ndu 14 novembre au 5 décembre 2011, http://madagascar.unfpa.org/7BillionCampagneSRA.htm\n\n Ministry of public health, 2012,  Campagne d’élimination du tétanos Vendredi, 23 Mars 2012 09:55 - Mis à jour Mardi, 24 Avril 2012 13:53, http://www.sante.gov.mg/index.php/tetanos.html","In practice, the government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health education. It is backed by international organizations and NGOs. But because of the lack of international funding since the coup of 2009, the government's involvement in such campaigns is far reduced."]
["2012_MW_95",2012,"MW","Malawi",95,100,"The Ministry of Health has the responsibility and regularly holds awareness and education programs on health matters. It is a well-institutionalized system. Within the ministry, there is an institution known as the Health Education Unit under the Directorate of Preventive Health Services, which organizes these programs across the country. Current nationwide campaigns include the National Hand Washing Campaign aimed at reducing the outbreaks of diarrhea and related waterborne diseases, and malaria prevention campaigns.","Interview with J. Mazalale, health economist, Ministry of Health. July 16, 2012.\n\nAbout Preventive Health Service. Government of Malawi. http://www.malawi.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=135, accessed July 2012\n\nNational Hand Washing Campaign Launched. Y. Samanyika. Malawi Environmental Health Association. 2011. http://www.malawieha.org/node/40","The Ministry of Health has the responsibility and regularly holds awareness and education programs on health matters. It is a well-institutionalized system. Within the ministry, there is an institution known as the Health Education Unit under the Directorate of Preventive Health Se..."]
["2012_ML_95",2012,"ML","Mali",95,50,"L'état malien mène des campagnes de sensibilisation sanitaires. Selon le docteur Ahmadou Koné de l’hôpital Gabriel Touré de Bamako et Maimouna Kanté, les campagnes d’éducation à la santé sont effectivement soutenues par l’Etat. Il y a même, note le docteur Ahmadou Koné, au niveau de la Direction nationale de la santé, un service qui en est chargé, le service Information Education Communication. Mais il faut noter que la part de la santé dans le budget national est en deçà des normes OMS (inférieure à 15 %), la grande partie des financements venant des partenaires. Ce qui fait que le soutien de l’Etat aux campagnes d’éducation à la santé est bien plus institutionnel que financier.","Entretien avec Docteur Ahmadou Koné de l’hôpital Gabriel Touré de Bamako, rencontré dans son bureau à l’hôpital, le 13 février 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mamadou Kanté, inspectrice d’éducation, inspecteur de pédagogie à la direction de l’éducation, rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Bamako","L'état malien mène des campagnes de sensibilisation sanitaires. Selon le docteur Ahmadou Koné de l’hôpital Gabriel Touré de Bamako et Maimouna Kanté, les campagnes d’éducation à la santé sont effectivement soutenues par l’Etat. Il y a même, note le docteur Ahmadou Koné, au niveau d..."]
["2012_MR_95",2012,"MR","Mauritania",95,50,"La Mauritanie a créé un Secrétariat Exécutif National de lutte contre le VIH SIDA et apporte son appui à certaines ONGs nationales qui travaillent sur ce créneau surtout pour l'exécution du cadre stratégique de lutte contre le VIH SIDA ainsi que d'autres programmes exécutés sur le terrain.\n\nAvec l'appui des partenaires (OMS, FNUAP, UNICEF, etc.) , la Mauritanie appuie certaines ONGs nationales pour l'exécution d'actions relatives à la lutte contre:\n- le tabagisme\n- le maladies tropicales (surtout le paludisme)\net la célébration de journées de sensibilisation sur des questions de santé.\n\nPar ailleurs, la Mauritanie a créé le Secrétariat Exécutif National de Lutte contre le SIDA (SENLS) qui coordonne, avec l'appui de quelques partenaires au développement ainsi que la participation d'ONGs nationales, les actions de sensibilisation sur cette pandémie.\n\nL'Etat appuie également des Soirée de sensibilisation sur la santé mentale avec la participation d'ONGs implantées dans certains quartiers périphériques.\n\nLe choix du score 50 se justifie par le fait que des efforts restent à faire même s'il y a eu des réalisations en matière d'éducation pour la santé.","Alimentée par un nouveau financement, la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA s'améliore en Mauritanie. Par Jemal Oumar pour Magharebia à Nouakchott – 09/08/11\n\nSites web accedés Dec 2012:\n\nSite web du Ministère de la santé: http://www.sante.gov.mr/msas/index\n\nSWAA Mauritanie in http://www.sante.gov.mr/msas/index\n\nCadre stratégique de lutte contre les IST/ VIH-SIDA en Mauritanie 2003/2007","La Mauritanie a créé un Secrétariat Exécutif National de lutte contre le VIH SIDA et apporte son appui à certaines ONGs nationales qui travaillent sur ce créneau surtout pour l'exécution du cadre stratégique de lutte contre le VIH SIDA ainsi que d'autres programmes exécutés sur le ..."]
["2012_MU_95",2012,"MU","Mauritius",95,100,"Mauritius does indeed sponsor various health education campaigns though the Ministry of Health. There are also health education programs broadcast by the national television station, and health-related discussions on radio stations. These include topics such as nutrition, non-communicable diseases, diabetes, cancer, etc.","Interview with Mrs. Vedalini Bhadain, senior magistrate. July 17, 2012, in Curepipe. \n\nMauritius to launch healthy eating drive, May 14, 2012, http://www.africareview.com/News/Mauritius-to-launch-healthy-eating-drive/-/979180/1405584/-/m6kjhpz/-/index.html\n\nMinistry of Health Mauritius website. www.health.gov.mu","Mauritius does indeed sponsor various health education campaigns though the Ministry of Health. There are also health education programs broadcast by the national television station, and health-related discussions on radio stations. These include topics such as nutrition, non-commu..."]
["2012_MA_95",2012,"MA","Morocco",95,50,"The study of the Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (HPC) opens with this sentence: \"Morocco does not have an explicit population policy. Elements of the current policy are scattered among different departments.\"\n\nThe evolution in this field has been very slow. Within the context of ambitious post-independence plans, Morocco rapidly embarked on a Child Health Protection (PSE) policy. The failure of these reforms in 1960, however, had such a profound impact that the activities around the health of the mother began to be standardized only from 1972, following the political crisis of the regime. \n\nThe programs implemented by the Ministry of Public Health (MSP), in collaboration with UNFPA, were integrated into the projects and project components' “information and communication on health and family planning.” The State acceptance of the family planning policy has led to the assignment of a host of health education in all provinces.\n\nThereafter and until today, there have been activities and campaigns for several diseases and several population targets, especially children in schools. In particular, some of the activities are organization of awareness campaigns; the broadcast on radio and television programs on health; sponsoring partnership with the private sector; and partnerships with civil society associations.\n\nHowever, it is clear, given the inadequacy of the budget granted to MSP, that the situation in this field worsens due to the many cases of corruption and poor governance - both at the expense of benefits and provision of services. Becuase of such situation, the current health minister was forced to increase checks and audits.\n\nThe World Health Organization's 2012 ranking placed Morocco as one of 57 countries in the world with alarming health coverage.","Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Population: Achievements, limitations and prospects. www.hcp.ma/file/103103/.\n\nHealth: Vision 2020. Ministry of Public Health. http://www.sante.gov.ma/Vision/Sante-Vision% 202020.pdf.\n\n\"Together,\" A program of health education service. By the way. Feb. 24, 2011.\n\nLouardi Club of The Economist Health: New Governance Code. The Economist, No. 3839. Aug. 2, 2012.\n\nMedical assistance scheme: How it works. The Economist, No. 3741. March 15, 2012.\n\nEl Ouardi Confirms a Deficit of 7000 Doctors and 9000 Nurses. Al Ahdath al Maghribia. May 2, 2012.\n\nThe Minister of Health Discovered a Serious Lack of Personnel and Equipment. Al Massae, No. 1744. May 3 2012-08-21.\n\nWorld Health Organization pin the LesEchos.ma10 Morocco in April 2012.","The study of the Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (HPC) opens with this sentence: \"Morocco does not have an explicit population policy. Elements of the current policy are scattered among different departments.\"..."]
["2012_MZ_95",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",95,75,"The Ministry of Health, despite a low budget allocation from the General Budget of the State, has enjoyed the support of bilateral and multilateral partners aimed at financing various health programs that include the component of health awareness campaigns directed at prevention of various diseases through public talks, vaccination campaigns, etc.","Avaliação Conjunta Anual do Desempenho do Sector de Saúde, 2011. Ministerio da Saude. 2 April 2012. Maputo\nhttp://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/fileadmin/uploads/ihp/Documents/Country_Pages/Mozambique/ACA_XI_Relatorio%20final_02Abril12.pdf\n\nCanalmoz. Redaccao. 9 May 2012. “MISAU dispõe de 100 milhões de dólares para combater raiva, tinha, elefantíase e lepra.”\nhttp://www.canalmoz.co.mz/hoje/22664-misau-dispoe-de-100-milhoes-de-dolares-para-combater-raiva-tinha-elefantiase-e-lepra.html","The Ministry of Health, despite a low budget allocation from the General Budget of the State, has enjoyed the support of bilateral and multilateral partners aimed at financing various health programs that include the component of health awareness campaigns directed at prevention of..."]
["2012_NA_95",2012,"NA","Namibia",95,75,"Namibia observes most international health awareness days. Health education efforts are undertaken by the Ministry of Health and Social Service, and health awareness campaigns are conducted on radio and television and in the print media. The ministry works with development partners such as the UNAIDS and the United Nations Population Fund. Research has shown that health education is mostly geared toward HIV/AIDS, though  communities need to be educated about more health problems. \n\nMoreover, a need to design appropriate school health education interventions has been identified. Health education is part of the syllabi for seventh through ninth grades in Namibia.","Ministry of Health and Social Services, \"Health and Social Services Review 2008,\" Windhoek, www.africanhealthleadership.org/wp-content/uploads/MOHSSHealthReview1.pdf \naccessed Aug. 21, 2012\n\nLaunch of Namibia's 16th National Immunization Days Campaign (May 30, 2012),  http://appablog.wordpress.com/2012/05/30/launch-of-namibias-16th-national-immunization-days-nids-campaign/  accessed Nov. 26, 2012\n\nMinistry of Education, www.moe.gov.na/st_syllabi.php\naccessed Aug. 21, 2012","Namibia observes most international health awareness days. Health education efforts are undertaken by the Ministry of Health and Social Service, and health awareness campaigns are conducted on radio and television and in the print media. The ministry works with development partners..."]
["2012_NE_95",2012,"NE","Niger",95,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_95",2012,"NG","Nigeria",95,75,"The various governments sponsor public awareness campaigns on radio and television and in newspapers.  These are in the form of drama, adverts radio, television and newspapers. They also organize rallies and road shows. Government collaborates with local and international NGOs in this regard. The campaigns cover issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, TB, polio, cholera, measles, child trafficking and reproduction health issues in general.","Avert, Nigeria 2012 - Statistics on AIDS, http://www.avert.org/hiv-aids-nigeria.htm\n\nMandate, Vision and Achievements of the Federal Ministry of Information. Labaran Maku. May 22, 2012.\nhttp://fmi.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Federal-Ministry-of-Information-Achievement.pdf  \n\nNAPTIP and UNICEF Launch a N35 Million Public Awareness Campaign on Child Trafficking. Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria. Sept. 27, 2007.\nhttp://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_2220.html","The various governments sponsor public awareness campaigns on radio and television and in newspapers.  These are in the form of drama, adverts radio, television and newspapers. They also organize rallies and road shows. Government collaborates with local and international NGOs in t..."]
["2012_RW_95",2012,"RW","Rwanda",95,75,"A department at the Ministry of Health is charged with mobilizing citizens on diseases like HIV and hepatitis and with promoting awareness of communicable diseases in general. There are other initiatives at the community level to mobilize citizens on matters such as hygiene.","\"Take Charge of Your Life and Go for Cancer Tests,\" Kiki Kaliati, Oct. 13, 2012, www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15068&a=12499\n\n\"New HIV/AIDS Campaign Targets Varsity Students,\" Jean Pierre Bucyensenge, The New Times, Oct. 10, 2012, www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=59370&i=15141","A department at the Ministry of Health is charged with mobilizing citizens on diseases like HIV and hepatitis and with promoting awareness of communicable diseases in general. There are other initiatives at the community level to mobilize citizens on matters such as hygiene."]
["2012_ST_95",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",95,75,"In São Tomé and Príncipe, there is no awareness of a national program covering all areas. Usually, its partners finance the awareness campaigns on health education promoted by the government. In São Tomé and Príncipe, these kinds of campaigns are executed through projects from state agencies or NGOs. For example, to battle malaria the government has the Program of the Fight against Malaria, run by the National Center for Endemics and financed by the Republic of China (Taiwan). Another case is the National Program for the Fight Against AIDS funded by the World Bank and also the Solid Waste Project, funded by the European Union.","Alzira Rosário, coordinator, Program of fight against Malaria, Oct.10, 2012, National Endemics Center.\n\nEkeneide Santos, mayor, Town Council of Água-Grande, Oct. 10, 2012, Town Hall.","In São Tomé and Príncipe, there is no awareness of a national program covering all areas. Usually, its partners finance the awareness campaigns on health education promoted by the government. In São Tomé and Príncipe, these kinds of campaigns are executed through projects from stat..."]
["2012_SN_95",2012,"SN","Senegal",95,75,"Dans le cadre du Plan National de Développement Sanitaire du Sénégal, le Gouvernement place l'information au centre du dispositif sanitaire du pays. C'est à la suite de ce document et l'importance pour le gouvernement d'accompagner toutes les organisations qui travaillent sur l'information et l'éducation sanitaire que l'Etat a mis sur place le Service National d'éducation pour la Santé.\n\nInterrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, M Mansour DIOP déclare que leur structure travaille avec toutes les organisations qui interviennent dans l'information sanitaire en leur fournissant des supports pédagogiques ou des appuis financiers pour l'organisation de leurs manifestations.\n\nSelon le docteur Ngom, les campagnes d’éducation à la santé sont effectivement soutenues par l’Etat du Sénégal. Il y a même, au niveau de la Direction nationale de la santé un service qui en est chargé, le service Information Education Communication (IEC). Mais il faut noter que la part de la santé dans le budget national est en deçà des normes OMS (inférieure à 20%), la grande partie des financements venant des partenaires. Ce qui fait que le soutien de l’Etat aux campagnes d’éducation à la santé est bien plus institutionnel que financier.","Entretien avec Mansour DIOP chargé de la communication au niveau du Service National de l'Education pour la Santé à Dakar le 14 juillet 2012. \n\nEntretien avec le docteur Mamadou Ngom, janvier 2013, Dakar. \n\nPlan National de Développement Sanitaire du Sénégal. http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/library/R242_MOH_SENEGAL_2009_NatlHealthPlan_09_18.pdf","Dans le cadre du Plan National de Développement Sanitaire du Sénégal, le Gouvernement place l'information au centre du dispositif sanitaire du pays. C'est à la suite de ce document et l'importance pour le gouvernement d'accompagner toutes les organisations qui travaillent sur l'inf..."]
["2012_SC_95",2012,"SC","Seychelles",95,100,"The government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health education. In particular, there are national campaigns to prevent and treat HIV/AIDs. Campaigns are done in Creole, French and English.","National AIDS Council (2010)\nNational Policy on the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS and STIs 2010\n\nNational AIDS Council (2010)\nNational Strategic Framework on HIV and AIDS and STIs 2012-2016\n\nMs. Rosie Bistoquet\nDirector Family Health and Nutrition Programme\nMinistry of Health \nInterview conducted on Tuesday June 12, 2012 at 10H30 at the Ministry of Health","The government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health education. In particular, there are national campaigns to prevent and treat HIV/AIDs. Campaigns are done in Creole, French and English."]
["2012_SL_95",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",95,50,"The Ministry of Health and Sanitation has been carrying out health campaigns, such as the National Malaria Control Program. During the campaign, more than 3 million long-lasting, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (LLINs) were distributed to households in Sierra Leone with a national target of one net for two people. Household ownership of at least one LLIN increased from 33 percent in 2010 to 87 percent in June 2011, use among children younger than 5 increased from 44 percent to 73 percent and use among pregnant women increased from 47 percent to 77 percent.\n\nThe government concentrated on malaria because the malaria-caused death situation became very alarming -- and could have been addressed much earlier. Other critical health issues such HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, meningitis and cholera were not effectively and appropriately addressed in awareness-raising campaigns.","Charles Lahai, executive director, Sierra Leone Youth Empowerment Organization, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the SLYEO office, Freetown.\n\nNgolo Katta, national coordinator, Center for Coordination of Youth Activities, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the CCYA office.\n\nMinistry of Health and Sanitation, \"Sierra Leone LLIN Universal Access Campaign: Post-Campaign Ownership and Use Survey,\" June 2011","The Ministry of Health and Sanitation has been carrying out health campaigns, such as the National Malaria Control Program. During the campaign, more than 3 million long-lasting, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (LLINs) were distributed to households in Sierra Leone with a nationa..."]
["2012_SO_95",2012,"SO","Somalia",95,0,"The Somali Transitional Federal Government lacks the resources and the country lacks the stability for a public awareness campaign.","Anonymous Somali businessmen, interviewed Nov. 7, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nMohamed Ali, director, Hodan District health care center, interviewed Dec. 15, 2012, Mogadishu.","The Somali Transitional Federal Government lacks the resources and the country lacks the stability for a public awareness campaign."]
["2012_ZA_95",2012,"ZA","South Africa",95,100,"Among the public health awareness campaigns partially sponsored by the National Department of Health is the TV drama series \"Soul City.\" The department also funds the 2012 National Communication Survey undertaken as part of the Soul City initiative to assess the reach of health communication initiatives across nine provinces in South Africa. \n\nThe Department of Health 2012 Estimate of National Expenditure reports on the number of awareness campaigns promoting the realization and protection of the rights of women, children and people with disabilities.","Soul City Institute, \"The 3rd National HIV Communication Survey, 2012 to Launch in February,\" www.soulcity.org.za/news/the-3rd-national-hiv-communication-survey-2012-to-launch-in-february\n\n\"HIV Awareness Campaigns Paying Off,\" Voice of America, July 24, 2012.\n\n\"TB Awareness Roadshow,\" The New Age, 2012, www.thenewage.co.za/47208-1017-53-TB_awareness_roadshow","Among the public health awareness campaigns partially sponsored by the National Department of Health is the TV drama series \"Soul City.\" The department also funds the 2012 National Communication Survey undertaken as part of the Soul City initiative to assess the reach of health com..."]
["2012_SS_95",2012,"SS","South Sudan",95,50,"The information available is that the government in South Sudan sponsors public awareness campaigns on HIV/AIDS education mainly because that is what it takes as the priority in health, but this campaign is not regular.\n\nInternational donors have supported health campaigns.","South Sudan HIV/AIDS Commission (SSAC) Launches the 2011 HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign. Government of South Sudan. SSAC. Sept. 28, 2011. http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/news/press/mainColumnParagraphs/01119/content_files/file/Press%20release%20Awareness%20Campaign0001.pdf\n\nJuba Urges to Prioritize Anti-HIV/Aids Campaign: VP Machar. Sudan Tribune. Oct. 1, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Juba-urges-to-prioritize-anti-HIV,40298\n\nEuropean Commission, Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department (ECHO), COSV in South Sudan. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFpRIB6VpU\n\nS. Sudan's Health and Nutrition Campaign Dispels Food Insecurity Fears. Sudan Tribune. May 27, 2012. http://www.sudantribune.com/S-Sudan-s-health-and-nutrition,42684","The information available is that the government in South Sudan sponsors public awareness campaigns on HIV/AIDS education mainly because that is what it takes as the priority in health, but this campaign is not regular...."]
["2012_SD_95",2012,"SD","Sudan",95,50,"For World Health Day 2012 in Sudan, the World Health Organization launched a year-long campaign on the theme of aging and health. The slogan for the campaign was “Good health adds life to years,\" with a focus on how good health can help older men and women lead full and productive lives and be a resource for their families and communities.","World Health Organization, \"Sudan Launches Aging and Health Campaign,\" World Health Organization, 2012, \n www.emro.who.int/sdn/sudan-infocus/ageing-health-campaign.html\n \n U.N. Development Program, \"Strengthening Health Systems in Sudan,\" Nov. 26, 2012,\n http://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/strengthening-health-systems-sudan","For World Health Day 2012 in Sudan, the World Health Organization launched a year-long campaign on the theme of aging and health. The slogan for the campaign was “Good health adds life to years,\" with a focus on how good health can help older men and women lead full and productive ..."]
["2012_SZ_95",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",95,50,"In Swaziland, many health programs are donor-funded, and so too are the awareness programs which cover treament and prevention of the illnesses that are the targets of the campaign. \n \n For example, in the Comprehensive Mitigation Plan for the Swaziland Health, the HIV/AIDS and TB Project states: \"The government of Swaziland is committed to finance approximately 20 percent of the total cost estimate of the implementation of the mitigation plan. The proposed project will finance the remaining 80 percent.\"","\"AIDS and ignorance thrive as Swaziland struggles for funds to fight disease,\" by David E. Smith, Guardian, April 11, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/apr/11/aids-ignorance-swaziland-struggles-funds\n \n Comprehensive Mitigation Plan for the Swaziland Health, HIV/AIDS and TB Project, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/9E3514E8F61D4B30852577B50070D788-Full_Report.pdf\n \n \"Adult circumcision campaign fails in AIDS-plagued Swaziland,\" by Alex Duval Smith, Global Post, July 5, 2012, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/health/120704/swaziland-hiv-aids-adult-circumcision-campaign?page=0,1","In Swaziland, many health programs are donor-funded, and so too are the awareness programs which cover treament and prevention of the illnesses that are the targets of the campaign. \n ..."]
["2012_TZ_95",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",95,100,"There are a wide range of public health campaigns run by the government on issues such as TB, HIV and AIDS, malaria, disability etc. For example the government undertook a campaign to eradicate malaria and raise awareness about vaccination and prevention.","Interview, Irenei Kiria, director of an NGO, Dar es Salaam, Aug. 9, 2012\n \n\"Design, implementation and evaluation of a national campaign to distribute nine million free LLINs to children under five years of age in Tanzania\" http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/73\n \nInterview, Philip Connelly, consultant on public policy analysis, Arusha and Dar es Salaam, via Skype, Oct. 19, 2012","There are a wide range of public health campaigns run by the government on issues such as TB, HIV and AIDS, malaria, disability etc. For example the government undertook a campaign to eradicate malaria and raise awareness about vaccination and prevention."]
["2012_TG_95",2012,"TG","Togo",95,50,"Selon M. Tossou Atchrimi et le Dr Koffi Messan Kouami, les campagnes d’éducation à la santé sont effectivement soutenues par l’Etat togolais. Il y a même, note M. Tossou Atchrimi, au niveau de la Direction nationale de la santé, un service qui en est chargé, le service Information Education Communication (IEC). Mais il faut noter que la part de la santé dans le budget national est en deçà des normes OMS (inférieure à 15%), la grande partie des financements venant des partenaires. Ce qui fait que le soutien de l’Etat aux campagnes d’éducation à la santé, selon M. Tossou Atchrimi et le Dr Koffi Messan Kouami, est bien plus institutionnel que financier.","Source n°1 : M. Tossou Atchrimi, Maître-assistant (CAMES) en sociologie de la santé et des organisations, enseignant-chercheur à l’Université de Lomé, le 15 août 2012.\n  \n Source n°2 : Dr Koffi Messan Kouami, Médecin Pédiatre, Clinique de l’Espérance de Lomé, le 24 août 2012.","Selon M. Tossou Atchrimi et le Dr Koffi Messan Kouami, les campagnes d’éducation à la santé sont effectivement soutenues par l’Etat togolais. Il y a même, note M. Tossou Atchrimi, au niveau de la Direction nationale de la santé, un service qui en est chargé, le service Information ..."]
["2012_TN_95",2012,"TN","Tunisia",95,50,"Sur le site du ministère de la santé, il est fait référence à une enquête selon laquelle \"50% des internautes ont eu connaissance des campagnes de prévention anti-tabac en Tunisie, parmi eux 46% les trouvent efficaces (l’enquête a coïncidé avec le lancement de la dernière campagne anti-tabac), grâce à des explications claires, mais elles restent « pas convaincantes sur le fond » (49%) et « pas assez répétées » (39%) pour 36% des internautes non convaincus de leur efficacité\" et que \"71% des internautes tunisiens sont bien et très bien informés des risques liés au tabagisme.\"\n \n Au mois de novembre 2012, un programme d'éducation et de prévention du diabète a été concocté, à l'occasion de la journée mondiale du diabète (14 novembre), par les Laboratoires Novo Nordisk Tunisie, spécialisés dans le traitement du Diabète, et ce en partenariat avec la Direction des soins de santé de base: http://www.sante-tunisie.com/evenement-scientifique-470.htm -\n Il y a de nombreuses campagnes souvent financées par des laboratoires pharmaceutiques. L'éducation à la santé n'est pas régulièrement intégrée dans les programmes.\n La Tunisie dispose d'un Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Emergentes : http://www.onmne.tn/fr/presentation.php?id_rub=1&id=106","- Interview avec Imed Ben Ghorbal, professeur de médecine à la faculté de Tunis, Tunis 25 Décembre 2012\n\n- Entretien téléphonique avec Chihab Achour, médecin et délégué médical, Tunis 25 décembre 2012\n\n - Synthèse des Résultats de l'enquête en ligne sur le tabagisme : http://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/msp/resultat_enqutte.html\n \n - Campagne à l'occasion de la journée mondiale du diabète : http://www.sante-tunisie.com/evenement-scientifique-470.htm\n \n - Site du croissant rouge tunisien : https://www.croissantrougetunisien.org/Activites/Pages/Sant%C3%A9.aspx\n \n - Site de l'Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Emergentes : http://www.onmne.tn/fr/presentation.php?id_rub=1&id=106","Sur le site du ministère de la santé, il est fait référence à une enquête selon laquelle \"50% des internautes ont eu connaissance des campagnes de prévention anti-tabac en Tunisie, parmi eux 46% les trouvent efficaces (l’enquête a coïncidé avec le lancement de la dernière campagne ..."]
["2012_UG_95",2012,"UG","Uganda",95,25,"Uganda still faces limited public awareness health education service delivery approaches to all communities although a review of the Health Sector Strategic Plan III - 2010/11-2014/15 shows that health education is among the four priority areas. Health education public awareness campaigns are usually conducted after an outbreak of an epidemic, when it is too late to contain them. The analysis identified health promotion and education as one of the most cost-effective approaches to contain the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, injuries, disabilities and mental health problems. \n \n However, public awareness campaigns on health education are constrained by lack of trained health educators and inadequate funding; for instance the 2009/10 budget allocated only 11 percent to the health sector. Deficiencies in the national health policy awareness and knowledge have increased the incidents of diseases and over 80 percent of all diseases in Uganda can be ascribed to ignorance. Documentary reviews also show that even at the district level implementation of health education is not a priority. \n \n The Ministries of Health and Education plus other stakeholders are planning to incorporate health education in the primary school curricula and to ensure that all schools are properly equipped to provide health education and health promotional activities, but this is still in the pipeline. The majority of public awareness campaigns on health education are sponsored by non-government organizations, and these mainly target specific areas of their interest.","“Health Sector Strategic Plan III - 2010/11-2014/15,” Ministry of Health, http://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/uganda-health-sector-strategic-plan-iii-201011-201415\n \n “Luweero District to Launch Sensitizing Campaign on how to fight Ebola,”\n Uganda Picks, May 27, 2011, http://www.ugandapicks.com/2011/05/luweero-district-to-launch-sensitizing-campaign-on-how-to-fight-ebola.html\n \n “Lack of Funds Hinders HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaigns in Kabarole,” by Emmanuel Kajubu, Uganda Radio Network, Feb. 2, 2012, http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=39988","Uganda still faces limited public awareness health education service delivery approaches to all communities although a review of the Health Sector Strategic Plan III - 2010/11-2014/15 shows that health education is among the four priority areas. Health education public awareness ca..."]
["2012_ZM_95",2012,"ZM","Zambia",95,100,"In practice, the government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health education. National television has aired a lot of health-related campaigns on the fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, condom use, male circumcision, measles and cancer to mention a few. Also, health personnel visit communities with their respective drama groups to heighten awareness about health matters. Government commitment is reflected in the National Human Development Report (NHDR-Zambia) for 2011 on page 67. This is made possible with the help of increased external funding from donors. \n\nFor example, since 2007, IntraHealth International has partnered with the Zambian government and other stakeholders to increase access to high-quality HIV counseling and testing services and to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission. In November 28, 2012, IntraHealth International launched a new project to expand HIV counseling and lesting in Zambia which is now running. The HIV Testing and Counseling Project will bring high-quality services to selected urban and rural populations in Zambia.\n\nAccording IntraHealth International these program has trained over 300 lay counselors to advise clients living with HIV about the importance of adhering to their antiretroviral medication, how to avoid transmission or re-infection with HIV or other sexually transmitted infections, and the proper use of condoms. Counselors also assist HIV positive couples to make informed decisions about family planning and pregnancy. Provided HIV testing, counseling, and prevention services for over 400,000 people via the lay counselors; all clients that test positive are referred for care and treatment.","Interview: Ms. Diana Ngula, Program officer, Information Management and Communication, Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR). September 17, 2012, 03:00 p.m., CSPR officers. \n\nInterview: Mr. Lutangu Ingombe, Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Zambia (UNZA), January 15, 2013, 06:30 p.m., Office.\n \nIntrahealth International, “More and Better HIV Services Coming to Zambia,\" January 23, 2013, http://www.intrahealth.org/page/more-and-better-hiv-services-coming-to-zambia-\n\nInterview: Anonymous, Programs officer, September 18, 2012, 04:00 p.m., Restaurant. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n \nNational Human Development Report-2011. page 67","In practice, the government sponsors public awareness campaigns on health education. National television has aired a lot of health-related campaigns on the fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, condom use, male circumcision, measles and cancer to mention a few. Al..."]
["2012_ZW_95",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",95,75,"The Ministry of Health has been very active in sponsoring public awareness campaigns on health education. These include campaigns on HIV/AIDS prevention (through the National AIDS Council), circumcision, blood transfusion, malaria, TB, cholera, typhoid, etc.","Ministry of Health and Child Welfare audio dampaigns, http://www.mohcw.gov.zw/index.php/about-the-ministry/all-downloads/cat_view/53-audio-campaigns\n \n \"Zimbabwe Starts Campaign in an Attempt to Reduce Maternal Mortality,\" Press TV, April 23, 2012, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/237708.html\n\nBBC News. \"Zimbabwe's MPs to be circumcised in bid to fight HIV\", June 22, 2012. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18549968","The Ministry of Health has been very active in sponsoring public awareness campaigns on health education. These include campaigns on HIV/AIDS prevention (through the National AIDS Council), circumcision, blood transfusion, malaria, TB, cholera, typhoid, etc."]
["2012_DZ_96",2012,"DZ","Algeria",96,100,"Algeria has a centralized curriculum that is defined at a national level by the Ministry of Education and implemented in all the schools nationwide.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 12, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, government official. Education Ministry. June 12, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, government official. Education Ministry. June 12, 2012.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nDescription of the education system in Algeria, Académie Grenoble, accessed June 2012. http://www.ac-grenoble.fr/ien.annecy1/IMG/Description_systeme_algerien.pdf","Algeria has a centralized curriculum that is defined at a national level by the Ministry of Education and implemented in all the schools nationwide."]
["2012_AO_96",2012,"AO","Angola",96,100,"The Education Law establishes a standardized education curriculum, even though this does not apply to the the large number of private institutions. Some of these are termed by Chatham house as \"cowboy types.\"","\"Education in Angola: Partnership Opportunities for the UK,\" by Emanuel Gomes and Markus Weimer, Chatham House, May 2011, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/19414_0511pp_gomes_weimer.pdf\n\nEducation in Angola: Opportunities for theUK, Chatham House, Emanuel Gomes and Markus Weimer,\nMay 2011. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/19414_0511pp_gomes_weimer.pdf\n\nLei de Bases do Sistema de Educação (Law on the Education System), Articles 4, 15, 61, 63, 65, June 13, 2001, http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Angola/Angola_Lei_de_educacao.pdf","The Education Law establishes a standardized education curriculum, even though this does not apply to the the large number of private institutions. Some of these are termed by Chatham house as \"cowboy types.\""]
["2012_BJ_96",2012,"BJ","Benin",96,100,"Au Bénin il existe un programme scolaire standardisé, approuvé selon un processus en bonne et due forme. Les programmes sont élaborés par des techniciens sur l'impulsion des gouvernants et ne sont pas changés au gré de chaque gouvernement. Généralement les bailleurs de fonds et partenaires (USAID, UNESCO, CAMES, etc.) assistent également à leur élaboration.\n\nAu niveau de l'enseignement primaire, le programme en vigueur est dénommé ''Nouveau programme d'études (NPE).\nAu niveau de l'enseignement secondaire, le programme en vigueur est dénommé ''Approche par compétence (APC).\nAu niveau de l'enseignement supérieur, les programmes enseignés sont conformes aux normes du CAMES ( Conseil africain et malgache de l'enseignement supérieur).\n\nCes différents programmes sont en vigueur sur toute l'étendue du territoire et validés par l'Etat. C'est dans leur mise en oeuvre qu'il peut y avoir de légères disparités en raison des grèves d'enseignants, des problèmes de matériels scolaires, etc. Ceci ne remet pas en cause les programmes existants et leur légitimité et uniformité.","Jean-Claude Hounmènou, Professeur d’université en psychologie, Ecole normale supérieure, directeur adjoint (ENS), Entretien le 19 juillet 2012, ENS, Porto-Novo.\n\nGansa Bruno, Inspecteur de l’enseignement primaire, Conseil des activités éducatives du Benin (CAEB) ONG, Formateur au CAEB, Porto-Novo, Entretien le 08 août 2012 à Adjarra.","Au Bénin il existe un programme scolaire standardisé, approuvé selon un processus en bonne et due forme. Les programmes sont élaborés par des techniciens sur l'impulsion des gouvernants et ne sont pas changés au gré de chaque gouvernement. Généralement les bailleurs de fonds et par..."]
["2012_BW_96",2012,"BW","Botswana",96,100,"A standardized policy exists, guided by the Revised National Policy on Education. The revised policy calls for the review of the primary curriculum (Recommendations 17-19), introduction of the Three-Year Junior Secondary Program by 1996 (Recommendations 28 and 29.a) and the diversification of the junior secondary curriculum (Recommendation 32).","Ministry of Education, \"Curriculum Blueprint: Ten Year Basic Education Program,\" accessed Oct 2012. www.moe.gov.bw/fileadmin/templates/docs/Blueprint_-_primary1.pdf \n\nBotswana - Educational System—Overview, StateUniversity.com. http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/186/Botswana-EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW.html\n\nRevised National Policy on Education, 1994.","A standardized policy exists, guided by the Revised National Policy on Education. The revised policy calls for the review of the primary curriculum (Recommendations 17-19), introduction of the Three-Year Junior Secondary Program by 1996 (Recommendations 28 and 29.a) and the diversi..."]
["2012_BF_96",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",96,100,"Il y a un curriculum éducationnel standardisé au Burkina Faso au niveau national qui est valide sur toute l’étendue du territoire. Ce système est donc unique et applicable partout au Burkina Faso. Cependant, ces dernières années, suite au développement désordonné des écoles coraniques, les responsables islamiques se sentent motivés pour revendiquer la reconnaissance de ces écoles coraniques.","Interview avec M. Youssouf Ouattara, Administrateur Civil, Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, Ancien Directeur du Bureau National des Evaluations Environnementales, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Ancien Secrétaire Général du Conseil Economique et Social, Ancien Commissaire à la Réforme et à la Modernisation de l’Administration, Ancien Directeur de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Effectifs, Ancien Directeur du Personnel de l’Etat, dans son Bureau, au Ministère de  l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 8:45 TU.\n\nSites web accedés février 2013:\n\nSite du Ministère de l'éducation nationale\nhttp://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/\n\nSite du Ministère des enseignements secondaires et supérieurs\nwww.mess.gov.bf/\n\nLoi d'Orientation de l'Education 2007. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Burkina%20Faso/BurkinaFasoLoi_0132007.pdf","Il y a un curriculum éducationnel standardisé au Burkina Faso au niveau national qui est valide sur toute l’étendue du territoire. Ce système est donc unique et applicable partout au Burkina Faso. Cependant, ces dernières années, suite au développement désordonné des écoles coraniq..."]
["2012_BI_96",2012,"BI","Burundi",96,100,"A standardized education curriculum is contained in a booklet available in the Bureau of Technical Education (BEET), Bureau of Secondary Education (BEPES), or Bureau of Primary Education (BEPB). Currently this curricula is being revised.","\"A Regional Exploration of Pathways Toward Harmonization of Math & Science Curriculum in the East African Community,\" World Bank, September 2011. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/11/15/000386194_20111115233228/Rendered/PDF/655070WP00PUBL0ion0discussion0paper.pdf \n\nInterview via e-mail with Euralie Nibizi, trade unionist, Aug. 6, 2012","A standardized education curriculum is contained in a booklet available in the Bureau of Technical Education (BEET), Bureau of Secondary Education (BEPES), or Bureau of Primary Education (BEPB). Currently this curricula is being revised."]
["2012_CM_96",2012,"CM","Cameroon",96,100,"Cameroon's uniqueness is demonstrated in its education system, which has two distinct systems of education from the pre-nursery to the post-secondary level. They are the French and English education systems. This distinctiveness is witnessed in the organization of school certificate examinations, with the Office de BACC responsible for all the exams of the French system and the GCE Board responsible for organizing examinations in the English system. The government has created bilingual schools in an attempt to \"harmonize\" the systems, but the result has been that these schools continue to function distinctively though found in the same building and under the same school administration.","Christopher Ambe Shu, \"Cameroon’s Educational System Needs New Curriculum,\" The Recorder Newsline, July 14, 2011.\n\nFather Peter A. Foleng, SD ,“Media Education Knocking at the Door of the Cameroon School Curriculum (Part I),” leffortcamerounais.com, Nov. 4, 2011.\n\nFather Peter A. Foleng, SD, “Media Education Knocking at the Door of the Cameroon School Curriculum (Part III),” leffortcamerounais.com, Nov. 21, 2011.\n\nMinistère de l'Education Nationale, \"La structure du système éducatif Camerounais,\" at www.camexamen.com/index.php?cat=documents/systeme-educatif-camerounais\n\nDrs. Peter Alange Abety and Peter Tambi Agborchem, \"The English and French Educational Sub System Literary Curricula as Influential Factors of Students' Academic Performance in African Literature in Cameroon Universities: The Case of University of Yaounde 1,\" paper presented at the 27th annual conference of the Association for Educational Assessment in Africa in Yaounde, Cameroon, Aug. 24-28,  2009.\n\nLéon Bertrand Ngouo, \"La recherche de l’excellence dans le système éducatif camerounais,\" Revue des sciences de l'éducation, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1995, pp. 353-370, at www.erudit.org/revue/rse/1995/v21/n2/031790ar.pdf\n\nJoseph Bomda, \"Journée de l'orientation scolaire au Cameroun, une messe de plus?\" Journal du Cameroun, Oct. 20, 2009, at www.journalducameroun.com/article.php?aid=3045","Cameroon's uniqueness is demonstrated in its education system, which has two distinct systems of education from the pre-nursery to the post-secondary level. They are the French and English education systems. This distinctiveness is witnessed in the organization of school certificat..."]
["2012_CV_96",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",96,100,"According to research in primary and secondary education, national curricula have been defined uniformly through the curricula, course programs, manuals and evaluation systems. \n\nIn higher education, the current legislation (Law of the Education, Legal Regime of Higher Education Institutions and Legal Framework of Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education) establishes the main objectives for higher education. Each institution of higher education approves its curricular plans and courses files, which are subject to government supervision for the assessment and accreditation of these courses.","\"Prospects and Challenges of Current Educational Policy and Curriculum in Cape Verde,\" by Bartolomeu Varela, 2012, http://bartvarela.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/perspectivas-e-desafios-actuais-da-polc3adtica-educativa-e-curricular-em-cabo-verde1.pdf\n\n\"List of Manuals of Secondary Education - Academic Year 2012/2013,\" Ministry of Education and Sports, http://www.minedu.gov.cv/; http://www.minedu.gov.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=6&view=finish&cid=174&catid=6&m=0\n\n\"Statistical Yearbook 2010-2011,\" Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, \nhttp://www.mesci.gov.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=2&lang=pt and http://www.mesci.gov.cv/images/estatistica.pdf\n\nInterview with Bartolomeu Lopes Varela, lecturer/professor in education, Cape Verde University, Sept. 13, 2012, Praia City.","According to research in primary and secondary education, national curricula have been defined uniformly through the curricula, course programs, manuals and evaluation systems. ..."]
["2012_CF_96",2012,"CF","CAR",96,75,"La RCA dispose d'un programme National de l'Education. Il est élaboré par les Ministères en charge de l'Education, de l'Enseignement Technique et de l'Enseignement Supérieur. Cependant, il n'y a que le secteur privé qui ne dispose pas d'un programme cohérent et unique. Autrement dit, chaque école privée est libre dans l'élaboration de son programme. Pourtant, les écoles privées sont reconnues et enregistrées par les services compétents de l'Etat. C'est ce qui laisse à dire en partie que la RCA ne dispose pas d'un programme National de l'Education qui prend en compte le public et le privé.","Noël ENDJIMONDJI, Chef de Service de l'Enseignement du fondamental 2 au Ministère de l'Education National et de l’alphabétisation, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nFreddy MIABE, Coordinateur National des Ressources Humaines et du Développement Organisationnel, SOS Village d'Enfants Centrafrique, Assistant à l'Université de Bangui, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","La RCA dispose d'un programme National de l'Education. Il est élaboré par les Ministères en charge de l'Education, de l'Enseignement Technique et de l'Enseignement Supérieur. Cependant, il n'y a que le secteur privé qui ne dispose pas d'un programme cohérent et unique. Autrement di..."]
["2012_TD_96",2012,"TD","Chad",96,50,"The government has embarked in an education sector reform program inter alia through the creation of a National Curricula Centre so as to have a standardized curriculum all over the country. Progress has been very slow and the education system in the country has not improved since. The National Curricula Centre was to develop new and adequate school manuals, elaborate and experiment new curricula and produce new manuals in French and Arabic. The government is striving to promote bilingualism by ensuring teaching in Arabic and French. \n\nAccording to the United Nations Development Programme, just 36.5 percent of all children of school-going age are enrolled in school in Chad. This places Chad among one of the least-advanced countries in this area, ranked 163rd by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics in 2010/2011. Government spending on education represents just 2 percent of national GDP, which is one of the lowest levels in the world. In stark terms, just 10.4 percent of the state’s 2012 general budget was committed to education. Most schools also remain seriously under-resourced in terms of both infrastructure and access. Some schools have no classrooms and students take their lessons on the floor under straw covers or shelters made from millet stems.","Dr. Kodi Mahamat, director. National Institute of Education. N'Djamena. Dec. 14, 2012.\n\nEducation in Chad: In a State of Decline. Kagbe Rachel. Nov. 13, 2012. http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/kagbe-rachel/education-in-chad-in-state-of-decline (accessed on Dec. 29, 2012)","The government has embarked in an education sector reform program inter alia through the creation of a National Curricula Centre so as to have a standardized curriculum all over the country. Progress has been very slow and the education system in the country has not improved since...."]
["2012_KM_96",2012,"KM","Comoros",96,100,"La politique du Gouvernement comorien consiste à  donner aux enfants une  formation générale de base sur laquelle ils construiront leur développement personnel. Cette formation est adaptée aux multiples besoins des sociétés contemporaines, et elle prend en compte les évolutions économiques, technologiques, sociales et culturelles du pays ainsi que celles de son environnement régional et international. \nCes programmes d’éducation sont uniformes et standardisés, mais présentent quand même des lacunes. Les États généraux de l’éducation en 1994 ont permis de rénover le système éducatif. Mais l’on constate quand même que les programmes en vigueur ne sont pas élaborés selon l’approche curriculaire. \nSelon un document de l'Unesco, les programmes consistent uniquement en une énumération des connaissances à acquérir à chaque niveau d’enseignement en prenant soin d’énoncer les objectifs spécifiques visés dans chaque chapitre à étudier et à la détermination  du temps à consacrer à chacun d’eux. Les manuels de référence sont également indiqués, mais ils ne sont pas dans leur grande majorité conformes aux programmes tant dans leur contenu que dans l’approche méthodologique. \nDes réformes sont donc apparues nécessaires, et en 2010, les programmes scolaires à tous les niveaux de l’enseignement élémentaire ont été révisés à partir de l’introduction de l’Approche Pédagogique par les Compétences (APC). Il s’agissait, dans un contexte où l’éducation doit jouer un rôle très important dans le développement économique et social du pays, d’adapter les programmes d’enseignement aux besoins éducatifs de la population.\nAprès les réformes dans le secondaire, des nouveaux programmes d’enseignement sont élaborés et tous les établissements d’enseignement secondaire collège et lycée sont dotés de ces nouveaux programmes dans toutes les disciplines. Cependant, les élèves ne disposent pas de manuels dans le public. Les salles spécialisées et le matériel didactique approprié font défaut. Ce qui détériore de plus en plus le niveau des élèves.\nLe document de l’UNESCO de 2010 est le document de fond le plus récent accessible au public sur internet, et qui décrit le caractère du programme d’éducation aux Comores. Même le site officiel du Gouvernement de l’Union des Comores ne mentionne pas le programme scolaire aux Comores, mais se contente de décrire le système éducatif comorien (voir « l’éducation aux Comores, site officiel du Gouvernement de l’Union des Comores, http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=36). \nDe même, le texte de référence qu’est le Plan Directeur de l'Education 2010-2015 ne livre pas en détail les programmes scolaires aux Comores. Le plan Directeur est plutôt un document de stratégie et de politique générale pour le développement du secteur éducatif comorien à l’horizon 2015. Ce programme bénéficie de l’appui financier du Système des Nations Unies, en vue d’atteindre les objectifs de l’Education Pour Tous (EPT) et des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement à l’horizon 2015. \nEn dépouillant les articles de journaux, on peut conclure que la mise en œuvre d’un programme unique pour tout le système éducatif est en cours de réalisation aux Comores. Une révision des programmes au niveau national, pour toutes les matières, est planifiée et est prévue s’ effectuer par étape. Cette révision a commencé par l’édition d’ un manuel d’histoire des classes de 6è et 5è. Selon le Secrétaire général du ministère de l’éducation nationale, ces livres répondent aux définitions de nouveaux programmes d’histoire pour le collège et le lycée dans le cadre d’une opération globale de révision de tous les programmes d’enseignement du secondaire, premier et second cycle, avec l’appui du Programme d’appui au secteur éducation aux Comores (PASEC), financé par l’Union européenne. (source : Ahmed Ali Amir, journal Al-Watwan, 08 août 2012, « Les manuels d’Histoire et de géographie des classes de 6ème et 5ème bientôt entre les mains des enseignants », http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&title=Les-manuels-d-histoire-et-de-geographie-des-classes-de-6eme-et-5eme-bientot-entre-les-mains-des-enseignants&actu_id=4298).","\"L’éducation aux Comores\", décembre 2012, site officiel du Gouvernement de l’Union des Comores, http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=36)\n\nAhmed Ali Amir, journal Al-Watwan, 08 août 2012, « Les manuels d’Histoire et de géographie des classes de 6ème et 5ème bientôt entre les mains des enseignants », http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&title=Les-manuels-d-histoire-et-de-geographie-des-classes-de-6eme-et-5eme-bientot-entre-les-mains-des-enseignants&actu_id=4298\n\nUNESCO, Novembre 2010, Données mondiale de l’éducation, VII. Edition 2010/2011, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Comoros.pdf\n\nComoresweb, 20 juillet 2010, « Diagnostic de l’enseignement élémentaire »,  http://www.comores-web.com/article/diagnostic-de-lenseignement-elementaire.html#more-4267\n\nComoresweb, 21 juillet 2010, « Diagnostic de l’enseignement secondaire premier cycle », 21 juillet 2010, http://www.comores-web.com/article/diagnostic-de-lenseignement-secondaire-premier-cycle.html#more-4289","La politique du Gouvernement comorien consiste à  donner aux enfants une  formation générale de base sur laquelle ils construiront leur développement personnel. Cette formation est adaptée aux multiples besoins des sociétés contemporaines, et elle prend en compte les évolutions éco..."]
["2012_CD_96",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",96,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_96",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",96,50,"There is a standardized education curriculum for all national education institutions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. But due to armed conflicts, schools in some areas cannot follow the academic calendar or programs.\n\nInternational organizations help create curriculum. For example, the VVOB initiated a program for technical and agricultural curriculum. The VVOB stated:\n\n\"The educational system in the DR Congo is weak: there is a lack of teachers, the teaching profession is underappreciated and underpaid, and there is a shortage of didactical materials and customized learning methods. The budget of the Ministry of Education is too limited to support schools financially. For this reason the operational costs of schools are mostly on charge of the parents. Nevertheless, the Congolese government is making progress in the educational sector. Since 2010 primary education is free, with the exception of the cities of Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. Moreover, plans have been made to increase teacher salaries. The Ministry is counting on the international community to supplement the budget in order to close the deficit that will arise from this measure. Besides the financial deficit, there is a clear need for permanent training and support of school management and teachers. The Ministry developed a five-year strategy in which the continuous training of the educational staff is an important aspect.\"","\"L’Administration centrale de l’Esu décidée à s’intégrer dans le processus de Bologne,\" Digital Congo, May 11, 2011 http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/79465\n\nEducation en RD Congo, UNESCO, 2010-11, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.pdf\n\n\"DR Congo - Strengthening Primary and Technical Agricultural Education,\" VVOB, 2011 http://www.vvob.be/vvob/en/programmes/dr-congo","There is a standardized education curriculum for all national education institutions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. But due to armed conflicts, schools in some areas cannot follow the academic calendar or programs...."]
["2012_CI_96",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",96,100,"From age 0 to university level, the Ministry of Education is collaborating with the Ministry of Science and Technology to develop policies. Cote d'Ivoire has a standardized education curriculum. Recently at the tertiary level, the system was changed from Maitrise to LMD in order compete to other educational system worldwide.","Djénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013\n\nKouadio Apollinaire N'guessan, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Feb. 5, 2013","From age 0 to university level, the Ministry of Education is collaborating with the Ministry of Science and Technology to develop policies. Cote d'Ivoire has a standardized education curriculum. Recently at the tertiary level, the system was changed from Maitrise to LMD in order co..."]
["2012_DJ_96",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",96,100,"Il existe un programme scolaire standardisé, appliqué de manière uniforme dans tout le territoire. Ce programme s'appuie notamment sur des manuels scolaires conçus par le CRIPEN (Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale).\n\nLe programme scolaire couvre désormais toute la scolarité, de l'école élémentaire jusqu'au baccalauréat. En effet, la session 2012 du bac était la dernière organisée à Djibouti selon le modèle français. Cependant, les partenariats subsistent avec les services du rectorat de Bordeaux.","M. Mahdi Mahamoud Issé, Inspecteur Général de l’Éducation Nationale, interview réalisée le 04/08/12.\n\nMme Rahma Mohamed Hersi, Conceptrice de manuels de Français pour l’Enseignement de Base, Membre de la commission d’évaluation des manuels scolaires au CRIPEN (Centre de Recherche d'Information et de Production de l'Education Nationale), interview réalisée le 04/08/12.\n\nChristian Bouquet, Universitaire à Bordeaux 3, ex-conseiller culturel à Djibouti et président du jury du bac djiboutien, interview réalisée le 12 juillet 2012.","Il existe un programme scolaire standardisé, appliqué de manière uniforme dans tout le territoire. Ce programme s'appuie notamment sur des manuels scolaires conçus par le CRIPEN (Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale)...."]
["2012_EG_96",2012,"EG","Egypt",96,75,"Two education systems exist in Egypt: the state-approved curricula and the religious education of AlAzhar University, independent of the Ministry of Education. A standardized Egyptian curriculum exists in public schools. \n\nHowever, private and international schools, under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, offer their own curriculum -- besides state education -- of better quality and enabling the students to meet the needs of the labor system. Three types of private schools can be found: ordinary schools, like the government ones but offering better facilities; language schools, providing most of the government curriculum in English, and adding French or German as a second language, with higher fees; and religiously oriented private schools, sponsored by the Muslim Brotherhood movement, especially in the western delta region, offering different curricula -- but the government tries usually to control them by imposing new management and teachers.\n\nOther private schools, sponsored by foreign institutions, teaching most classes in English, French or German, offer the possibility of attaining an American high school diploma, a French baccalauréat or a German Abitur, etc., but through high tuition fees.\n\nTechnical education is also offered through three- and five-year programs, in three different fields: industrial, commercial and agricultural. Vocational secondary education is also provided in paramedical (three years) and tourism and hotel-keeping schools (both of three- and five-year). \n\nExperimental schools were founded in 2000-2001, in partnership with the World Bank, to offer curricula in English language, similar to the best private schools, and hiring well-qualified administrative and educational staff as well as carefully selected students. \n\nA system of committees, at the state level, formed of professional experts, experienced teachers, consultants and supervisors, determine curriculum guidelines for every subject, officially released by the Supreme council of Pre-University Education, and implemented by every governorate. The curricula of every education phase is usually reviewed and developed consistently.\n\nHence, the standardized education system is not shared nationwide. Rather, the standardized curriculum is limited to public schools, while a wide array of semi-public and private schools have different curricula. As mentioned in a UNESCO report, not all the curriculum documents or subjects from the early childhood level to 12th grade are standards-based. The curriculum development process is fragmented.","Loveluk, Louisa. 2012. Education in Egypt: Key Challenges. Chatham House.\nhttp://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf\n\nSobhy, Hania. 2012. “The De-Facto Privatization of Secondary Education in Egypt: A Study of Private Tutoring in Technical and General Schools,” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, Vol. 42, Issue 1, 2012.  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057925.2011.629042\n\nElSayed, Nadine. July 2011. Unlearning Our Lessons. Egypt Today\nhttp://www.egypttoday.com/article/artId:280/Unlearning-Our-Lessons/secId:4/catId:37\n\nUNESCO. 2012. World Data on Education. www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Egypt.pdf","Two education systems exist in Egypt: the state-approved curricula and the religious education of AlAzhar University, independent of the Ministry of Education. A standardized Egyptian curriculum exists in public schools. ..."]
["2012_GQ_96",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",96,50,"There is a standardized curriculum. In general, the number of years of primary education is established with the same criteria, but the contents may differ from one school to another.","Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting, Equatorial Guinea: Rich Country, Poor Schools, Feb 2012 \nhttp://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/equatorial-guinea-education-system-economy-funding-institutional-support\n\nWorld Bank, Report No. 51656-GQ, Equatorial Guinea Public Expenditure Review (PER), January 2010. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf\n\nInterview with a National University Professor, Aug. 5, 2011\n\nLa Gaceta de Guinea Ecuatorial, Bernardino Ndze Biyoa. March 2006, Un Sistema Educativo Pintado de Ocre, http://www.lagacetadeguinea.com/101/05.html","There is a standardized curriculum. In general, the number of years of primary education is established with the same criteria, but the contents may differ from one school to another."]
["2012_ER_96",2012,"ER","Eritrea",96,100,"The education curriculum is standardized. It was issued in 2003 after reforms to the working curriculum to include vocational and up-to-date courses like information technology. The curriculum serves the entire country. According to the source, the national curriculum was introduced despite shortages of skilled manpower to effectively use it.","Anonymous source interviewed in 2012. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nIMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT, ERITREA EDUCATION SECTOR INVESTMENT PROJECT, World Bank, Feb 2012. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/28/000333038_20120328010002/Rendered/PDF/ICR20250P070270IC0disclosed30260120.pdf\n\nEritrea: National Education Curriculum Policy, February 2003, Asmara.","The education curriculum is standardized. It was issued in 2003 after reforms to the working curriculum to include vocational and up-to-date courses like information technology. The curriculum serves the entire country. According to the source, the national curriculum was introduce..."]
["2012_ET_96",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",96,100,"According to my informants, the Ethiopian Ministry of Education has constantly been engaging with educational institutions throughout the country to standardize the curriculum. For instance, there is a formal procedure and mechanism at the ministry level to standardize the educational curriculum. This is made through a national workshop of higher education curriculum standardization. The process of standardization of curriculum has been a work in progress in the year 2011-2012. \n\nThe websites of the British International School in Addis Ababa and St. Matthew's school confirm that there is an Ethiopian National Curriculum through grade 12.","\"Critical Perspectives on NGOs and Educational Policy Development in Ethiopia,\" by Thashika Pillay, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences (2010), http://www.japss.org/upload/4%20-%20JAPSS%20Pillay.pdf\n\nInterview with Fekede Ttuli, educational researcher, Addis Ababa, July 11, 2012.\n\nBritish International School Addis Ababa, For Parents, http://www.bisaddis.com/for-parents\n \nInterview with Hiruye Daniel, Institute of Paelo Environment and Paleo Anthropology, Mekkelle University, Addis Ababa, Sept. 28, 2012.\n\nInternational Bureau of Education, The Development of Education, National Report of Ethiopia, Ethiopian National Agency for UNESCO, March 2001, www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Ethiopia.pdf\n\nSt. Matthews School, Addis Ababa, http://www.stmattsaddis.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=169:library&catid=42:programmes&Itemid=112","According to my informants, the Ethiopian Ministry of Education has constantly been engaging with educational institutions throughout the country to standardize the curriculum. For instance, there is a formal procedure and mechanism at the ministry level to standardize the educatio..."]
["2012_GA_96",2012,"GA","Gabon",96,50,"L’Institut Pédagogique National (IPN) a la charge de concevoir et valider les programmes et horaires, mais l'inspection générale n'a pas de budget important de fonctionnement encore moins d'investissement.  Son budget est faible et la loi de finances est la seule source de vérification. Une grande insuffisance de curricula non validés pour l’enseignement technique et professionnel rend son action inefficace.\n\nUne réfome du secteur d'éducation est en cours depuis 2010 et en mai 2010, les Etats Généraux ont produit une feuille de route afin d'améliorer la qualité de l'éducation dans les milieux urbains et ruraux. Il a également été décidé que la science, l'informatique et les langues seront intégrées dans le curriculum à une stade plus tôt.","Etats généraux : \nde l'éducation, de la formation, et de la recherche en 2011.\n\nEncyclopedia of the Nations, \"Gabon - Education\", 2012, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Gabon-EDUCATION.html","L’Institut Pédagogique National (IPN) a la charge de concevoir et valider les programmes et horaires, mais l'inspection générale n'a pas de budget important de fonctionnement encore moins d'investissement.  Son budget est faible et la loi de finances est la seule source de vérifica..."]
["2012_GM_96",2012,"GM","The Gambia",96,100,"Gambia Education Policy 2004-2015 makes significant references to curriculums developed at the senior secondary school level, in agricultural studies, in science and technology, etc.\n\nPoncelet Ileleji, who has been involved in the education field since 1996, said in response to an email query that \"The Gambia Educational system is standardized based on a national set of curriculums applicable to all six regions of the country. The Ministry of Basic & Secondary Education and the curriculum unit work directly with the following institutions to set the curriculums.\n\nNamely:\n\n1. The West African Examination Council (The Gambia is part of the West African Examination Council, which comprises countries in West Africa that are part of the commonwealth, namely Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone).  It is responsible for setting the curriculum for the grade 9 Basic Junior Examinations and grade 12 Senior Secondary Examinations that are applicable and done in the member West African countries.\n\n2.  Gambia College (responsible for all teacher training in The Gambia, both Primary Teachers Certificate and Higher Teachers Certificate).\"","Gambia Education Policy 2004-2015, Page 35\nwww.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/policy-documents/116-educationpolicy2004-2015/download.html\n\nEmail correspondence with Poncelet O. Ileleji, who has published and attended conferences globally on information and communications technology, education and development, on Sept. 16-17, 2012.","Gambia Education Policy 2004-2015 makes significant references to curriculums developed at the senior secondary school level, in agricultural studies, in science and technology, etc...."]
["2012_GH_96",2012,"GH","Ghana",96,100,"The Curriculum Development Division of the Ghana Education Service (GES), the education service provider, plans and implements a national curriculum for all pre-tertiary institutions.\n\nAll tertiary institutions, including private universities, have a standardized education curriculum that meets both national and international standards. Each tertiary institution has to be accredited by Ghana's Accreditation Board based on institution meeting these standards.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED), Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.","The Curriculum Development Division of the Ghana Education Service (GES), the education service provider, plans and implements a national curriculum for all pre-tertiary institutions...."]
["2012_GN_96",2012,"GN","Guinea",96,75,"Le programme éducatif est standardisé au niveau national et les épreuves d'examen sont les mêmes pour toutes les écoles du pays, qu'elles soient publiques ou privées.\n\n\"Une délégation se rendra dans la ville de Conakry, en Guinée, entre le 24 janvier et le 6 février, afin de susciter l'intérêt de futurs élèves.\n\nLe recrutement à l'international se veut une solution pour contrer rapidement les besoins de main-d’œuvre qualifiée auprès des entreprises de la région et maintenir l'offre de formation des centres de formation professionnelle.\"","Entretien avec Mohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry. \n\n\"Les commissions scolaires veulent recruter à l'étranger\", Le Quotidien, 10 janvier 2013, http://www.lapresse.ca/le-quotidien/actualites/201301/10/01-4610168-les-commissions-scolaires-veulent-recruter-a-letranger.php","Le programme éducatif est standardisé au niveau national et les épreuves d'examen sont les mêmes pour toutes les écoles du pays, qu'elles soient publiques ou privées...."]
["2012_GW_96",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",96,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_96",2012,"KE","Kenya",96,100,"With the exception of universities, all educational institutions in Kenya use national standardized curricula. The Kenya Institute of Education prepares national syllabi for preschool education, primary education, secondary education, teacher training education, special needs education, post-school, technical, business education, non-formal education (NFE) and adult and continuing education (ACE). These curricula are standardized and followed by all schools and respective tertiary educational institutions in Kenya.","KIE Seeks Full Control of School Curricula. Nation Reporter. Daily Nation. Jan. 22, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/KIE+seeks+full+control+of+school+curricula+/-/1056/1312174/-/pw7c31/-/index.html\n\nSecondary School Curriculum to be Digitized. Benjamin Muindi. Daily Nation. May 3, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Secondary+school+curriculum+to+be+digitised+/-/1056/1398708/-/caymasz/-/index.html\n\nEducation Curriculum Should Feature All Kenyan Tribes, says NCIC. Joel Okwayo. The Standard. July 2, 2012. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?id=2000041881&cid=4&articleID=2000041881","With the exception of universities, all educational institutions in Kenya use national standardized curricula. The Kenya Institute of Education prepares national syllabi for preschool education, primary education, secondary education, teacher training education, special needs educa..."]
["2012_LS_96",2012,"LS","Lesotho",96,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_96",2012,"LR","Liberia",96,50,"The Ministry of Education has a standardized education curriculum, but it has found it difficult to ensure that it is used at the national and sub-national level. Most private schools tend to follow their own curriculum and the Ministry does not have the resources and will to effectively monitor the education sector.","Interview with Mannis H. Barclay, executive director, Liberia Education for All Technical Committee, July 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Zeogar Jaynes, President, Liberia Economic Journalists Association, July 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","The Ministry of Education has a standardized education curriculum, but it has found it difficult to ensure that it is used at the national and sub-national level. Most private schools tend to follow their own curriculum and the Ministry does not have the resources and will to effec..."]
["2012_LY_96",2012,"LY","Libya",96,50,"Overall, there is a national standardized curriculum for education, although it is not certain that it is followed.\n\nAfter the revolution, in fall 2011, a provisional and unofficial curriculum was put together. Currently, the Ministry of Education is drafting new programs, which are much needed. There are reports that teachers in schools throughout the country may modify the official curriculum on their own initiative.","Interview with Thuraya el-Gadamsi, judge on Libya High Court, Aug. 6, 2012, in Tripoli\n\nInterview with Wedad el-Gadamsi, office for  special needs students in the Ministry of Education and Learning, Aug. 6, 2012, in Tripoli\n\nInterview with anonymous source from an Intergovernmental Organization, expert on youth and education, July 23, 2012, Tripoli.\n\nInterview with Erin Mone, country director, Save the Children, May 2012, Tripoli","Overall, there is a national standardized curriculum for education, although it is not certain that it is followed...."]
["2012_MG_96",2012,"MG","Madagascar",96,50,"In theory, there is a standardized education curriculum either at national or state level, but in practice and due to the political crisis following the 2009 coup, it is not implemented equally over the country. For instance 63 percent of the teachers in the primary school are recruited and paid by the associations of the parents (FRAM). They do not have an initial good training. They teach especially in the rural areas. In poor parts of the island, the parents could not afford paying normally well-trained teachers so the education curriculum is not implemented correctly.\n\nArticle 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar provides that \"the State organizes public education which is free and accessible to all. Primary education is compulsory for all.\" But in practice, poor rural areas do not have access to this education at the same level as some rich urban areas. Thus according to a World Bank survey, the bad results in primary schools occur in food-short regions (Anosy Androy Atsimo-Atsinanana, Vatovavy Fitovinany) and in areas of difficult access and poor road network (Melaky, Ihorombe, Betsiboka Atsimo Andrefana). Enrollment disparities between different regions exist in secondary school as in the primary level. In 2007, as an illustration, the enrollment rate of the second cycle of basic education ranged from 9 percent in the region of Androy to 70 percent in the region of Diana. This is partly due to the fact that standardized curriculum is not implemented equally.","Afriqinfo, 21 juillet 2011, Madagascar : la pauvreté et la déscolarisation constituent un cercle vicieux,http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/7/24/brevesdafrique-183235.asp\n\nOrganisation des Nations Unies pour la science et la culture (UNESCO), Madagascar 2010-2011. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Madagascar.pdf\n\nMarc RAKOTONANDRASANA, MADAGASCAR, Enseignants recrutés sans formation initiale, from LA PROFESSIONNALISATION DES ENSEIGNANTS DE L’EDUCATION DE BASE : LES RECRUTEMENTS SANS FORMATION INITIALE Séminaire international : 11-15 juin 2007.","In theory, there is a standardized education curriculum either at national or state level, but in practice and due to the political crisis following the 2009 coup, it is not implemented equally over the country. For instance 63 percent of the teachers in the primary school are recr..."]
["2012_MW_96",2012,"MW","Malawi",96,100,"The education system in Malawi is centralized. Across the country, there is a standard curriculum. The Malawi Institute of Education (MIE), which started its operations in 1982, oversees all works of curriculum development, coordination, evaluation and research. It is a a government sub-vented organization that was established by Order, Government Notice No. 60, 1979 under Education Act (CAP.30.01).","Malawi Institute of Education. Nkhoma. 2012. http://www.osisa.org/education/malawi/malawi-institute-education-mie\n\nIntroducing Malawi Institute of Education. Malawi Institute of Education. 2012. http://www.mielibrarynews.blogspot.com/2008/03Introducing-Malawi-Institute-of-html\n\nMalawi Education Sector Policy and Investment Framework. Government of Malawi. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Malawi/Malawi%202000-2012%20Policy%20Framework.pdf","The education system in Malawi is centralized. Across the country, there is a standard curriculum. The Malawi Institute of Education (MIE), which started its operations in 1982, oversees all works of curriculum development, coordination, evaluation and research. It is a a governmen..."]
["2012_ML_96",2012,"ML","Mali",96,100,"Selon l’inspecteur de pédagogie Issac Diarra, il existe au Mali un programme scolaire standardisé au niveau national et dans chaque matière d’enseignement. Les Données mondiales de l’éducation. 7ème  édition 2010/11. Mali, élaboré par l’UNESCO-BIE, note également que « l’ensemble des contenus des programmes de formation [au Mali] est défini au niveau des ministères chargés de l’éducation. Le système est donc caractérisé par une homogénéité des programmes de l’enseignement primaire à la fin de l’enseignement secondaire ». Et au niveau de chaque circonscription pédagogique, il y a des inspecteurs de l’éducation qui exercent un contrôle pédagogique et administratif sur les enseignants.","Entretien avec Issac Diarra, inspecteur de pédagogie à la direction de l’éducation, rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Bamako.\n\nMali: Scaling up of Quality Educators programme, Education International, July 2012. http://www.ei-ie.org/en/news/news_details/2227","Selon l’inspecteur de pédagogie Issac Diarra, il existe au Mali un programme scolaire standardisé au niveau national et dans chaque matière d’enseignement. Les Données mondiales de l’éducation. 7ème  édition 2010/11. Mali, élaboré par l’UNESCO-BIE, note également que « l’ensemble d..."]
["2012_MR_96",2012,"MR","Mauritania",96,25,"Il y a de vrais problèmes de standardisation du système éducatif mauritanien car en plus de l'éducation formelle (bilingue et arabisante), il existe un système éducatif informel (mahadras, école coranique traditionnelles) disposant d'un programme qui ne répond pas forcément au programme normal.\n\nUne réforme tendant à harmoniser tout le système éducatif national est actuellement en cours.\n\nIl existe des programmes étrangers privés ainsi que le programme français rattaché à l'éducation nationale française.\n\nLes problèmes soulevés dans le Plan cadre des Nations Unies pour l’aide au développement de la Mauritanie 2012-2016 attestent que la situation actuelle de l'éducation n'est pas harmonisé, d'une part. De l'autre, il y a des actions préalables à envisager pour réussir cette harmonisation.","Mauritanie : Réformes dans le secteur éducatif. Janvier 2012. http://www.afrik.com/article24581.html\n\nPartenariat Mondial pour l'éducation. \"Education Sector Plan 2012 - 2014. Mauritania\". http://www.globalpartnership.org/fr/content/mauritanie-programme-national-de-developpement-du-secteur-educatif-2011-2020\n\nUNESCO. \"L’éducation pour tous. Rapport régional 2012 pour les Etats arabes\". Novembre 2012. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/ED_new/pdf/ARB_FR_01.pdf\n\nCRIDEM. \"Rentrée scolaire 2012-2013 : Déjà des problèmes\". Septembre 9, 2012. http://www.cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=634488","Il y a de vrais problèmes de standardisation du système éducatif mauritanien car en plus de l'éducation formelle (bilingue et arabisante), il existe un système éducatif informel (mahadras, école coranique traditionnelles) disposant d'un programme qui ne répond pas forcément au prog..."]
["2012_MU_96",2012,"MU","Mauritius",96,100,"The state schools in Mauritius follow a standardized curriculum, as all students write a common exam at the end of primary school and at secondary level. The British system has been adopted, in which students write exams prepared by the University of Cambridge, namely O and A level. As such, the curriculum is largely standardized by the common exams.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit.\n\nMinistry of Finance and Economic Development, Digest of Education Statistics, 2012.  http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/edu2012.pdf\n\nPrimary Curriculum Framework, Ministry of Education and Human Resources, November 2009. \n\nSecondary Curriculum Framework, Ministry of Education and Human Resources, November 2009. ","The state schools in Mauritius follow a standardized curriculum, as all students write a common exam at the end of primary school and at secondary level. The British system has been adopted, in which students write exams prepared by the University of Cambridge, namely O and A level..."]
["2012_MA_96",2012,"MA","Morocco",96,50,"Overall, the programs of public education are standardized at the national level. Opportunities for regional adaptations have been introduced. They are the same for all schools in the region. The glaring inequality remains at the degree examinations (sixth grade, ninth grade and baccalaureate). Students in public schools take the same examination with those of private education, while each has its own programming.\n\nSimilarly, the rating system is not controlled. Private school students get education scoring disproportionately high (sometimes they buy notes and scoring), while those of the public have true notes, therefore are normally lower.","Education was managed outside the government of Prime Minister El Fassi. Interview in \"Assabah.\" March 5, 2012.\n\nMorocco: Students Demand Education Reform, Global Voices, Aug 2012. http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/08/10/morocco-internet-helps-students-mobilize-for-change/\n\nUNICEF Annual Report 2012 for Morocco - MENA. http://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Morocco_COAR_2012.pdf\n\nLes réformes de l’éducation à la croisée des chemins dans la région Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION/0,,contentMDK:21635989~menuPK:282423~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:282386,00.html.\n\nUn parcours non encore achevé: La réforme de l’éducation au MENA. Bq Mle\nhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/EDU_Summary_FRE.pdf\n\nAn overview of the education system the National Education Ministry. 2006. www.unaoc.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Plan-of-Morocco.pdf\n\nObjectives Evaluation of “EPT'' (Education for All) in Morocco 2000-2006. National Education Ministry. 2006.\nhttp://www.men.gov.ma/sites/fr/SiteCollectionDocuments/Evaluation-EPT_fr.pdf","Overall, the programs of public education are standardized at the national level. Opportunities for regional adaptations have been introduced. They are the same for all schools in the region. The glaring inequality remains at the degree examinations (sixth grade, ninth grade and ba..."]
["2012_MZ_96",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",96,100,"The Mozambique national education system, which integrates three subsystems -- namely primary, basic, and secondary levels and technical education -- runs a single curriculum designed and approved by the Ministry of Education through the council of ministers.","Noticias. Redaccao. 13 March 2012. “Qualidade da educação em Moçambique: Colapso ou Desafio?”\nhttp://www.recac.org.mz/por/Actividades/Noticias/Qualidade-da-educacao-em-Mocambique-Colapso-ou-Desafio-1\n\nFox, L., Santibanez, L., Nguyen, V. and Pierre, A. (2012) “Education Reform in Mozambique: Lessons and Challenges.” World Bank","The Mozambique national education system, which integrates three subsystems -- namely primary, basic, and secondary levels and technical education -- runs a single curriculum designed and approved by the Ministry of Education through the council of ministers."]
["2012_NA_96",2012,"NA","Namibia",96,100,"The National Curriculum for Basic Education is the official policy for teaching, learning and assessing. This curriculum is under review to overhaul the education sector, as per the recommendations of the 2011 National Education Conference. More than 50 recommendations were made (see the Namibian article cited above).","\"Basic Education to Be Overhauled,\" Catherine Sasman, the Namibian, April 24, 2012, www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=96254&no_cache=1 \n\n\"Points of Consensus Reached at Education Conference,\" Catherine Sasman, the Namibian, July 5, 2011, http://allafrica.com/stories/201107100118.html\n\nMinistry of Education's National Institute for Educational Development, \"The National Curriculum for Basic Education,\" 2010, www.nied.edu.na/images/National%20Curriculum%20for%20Basic%20Education%20Jan10.pdf ","The National Curriculum for Basic Education is the official policy for teaching, learning and assessing. This curriculum is under review to overhaul the education sector, as per the recommendations of the 2011 National Education Conference. More than 50 recommendations were made (s..."]
["2012_NE_96",2012,"NE","Niger",96,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_96",2012,"NG","Nigeria",96,100,"In Nigeria, three national regulatory agencies are statutorily empowered to assure quality in the higher education system. These are the National Universities Commission (NUC), established in 1964; the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), established in 1977; and the national Commission for Colleges of Education, established  in 1989.  For instance, the NUC sets minimum academic standards (MAS); minimum content load is specified for the curriculum. Core courses that must be passed regardless of which university the student attends are specified as part of this minimum curriculum content.  The expectation is that universities will add to this minimum to further enrich their curriculum.  The NUC carries out regular accreditation of universities by evaluating their program against the set of minimum standards. For other levels, we have the National Commission for Polytechnics, National Business and Technical Education Board (NABTEB) and the Nigerian Educational Research Council (N.E.R.C.).\n\nThese bodies regularly review the curriculum of schools and provide new curriculum at regular intervals. The last curriculum for both basic education and senior secondary schools was done in 2007. These are national bodies, and their guidelines and curriculum apply to all educational institutions in Nigeria, public and private.","Trends and Issues on Curriculum Review in Nigeria and the Need for Paradigm Shift in Educational Practice. Ibiwumi. A. Alade. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 2 (5): 325-333. 2011.\nhttp://jeteraps.scholarlinkresearch.org/articles/Trends%20and%20Issues%20on%20Curriclum%20Review%20in%20Nigeria%20and%20the%20Need%20for%20Paradigm%20Shift%20in%20Educational%20Practice.pdf\n\n\"An Overview of Educational Issues in Nigeria: Thoughts and Reflections,\" B. A. Adeyemi, O. A. Oribabor and B. B. Adeyemi, 2012. http://nau.edu/uploadedFiles/Academic/COE/About/Projects/An%20Overview%20of%20Educational%20Issues%20in%20Nigeria.pdf\n\nNational Policy on Education (Revised). Federal Ministry of Education (FME) 2010. Lagos: Government Press, accessed  July 2012, \nFifty Years of Higher Education In Nigeria: Trends In Quality Assurance. Peter Okebukola. Presented at the International Conference on the Contributions of Nigerian Universities to the 50th Independence \n\nAnniversary of Nigeria. Sept. 27-29, 2010. \nhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publiclectures/Final-Okebukola-AVCNU-50-Years%20of%20Higher%20Ed.pdf\n\nSenior Secondary School Curriculum: Government SS 1-3, Nigerian Educational Research and Development. Federal Ministry of Education (FME) 2007.","In Nigeria, three national regulatory agencies are statutorily empowered to assure quality in the higher education system. These are the National Universities Commission (NUC), established in 1964; the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), established in 1977; and the nati..."]
["2012_RW_96",2012,"RW","Rwanda",96,100,"Curricula are developed by the National Curriculum Development Center according to criteria relevant to the needs and aspirations of Rwandan society. The center aims for education that will produce children who are critical, well informed, self-reliant and competitive in local, regional and international labor markets. However, the quality of education in Rwanda is low compared with that in neighboring countries. Well-to-do parents prefer to take their children to Uganda and Kenya.","Edward Byaruhanga, scholarships clerk, Rwanda Education Board, interviewed Dec. 12, 2012, Kigali.\n\nApollo Munanura, head, Human Capital and Institutional Development Unit at Rwanda Development Board, interviewed Dec. 15, 2012, Kigali.\n\nEdward Rurabingwa, Education Development Center, interviewed Nov. 9, 2012, Kigali.","Curricula are developed by the National Curriculum Development Center according to criteria relevant to the needs and aspirations of Rwandan society. The center aims for education that will produce children who are critical, well informed, self-reliant and competitive in local, reg..."]
["2012_ST_96",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",96,100,"There is a standardized curriculum with exception of  private schools that follows the education curriculum of another country. For example, that is the case of IDF - Diocesan Training Institute João Paulo II, which follows the Portuguese curriculum.","Interview Helena Afonso, professor, University Lusíadas, Oct. 10, 2012, University Lusíadas.\n\nInterview Óscar Baía, president, Human Rights Association, Oct. 11, 2012, at TVS.","There is a standardized curriculum with exception of  private schools that follows the education curriculum of another country. For example, that is the case of IDF - Diocesan Training Institute João Paulo II, which follows the Portuguese curriculum."]
["2012_SN_96",2012,"SN","Senegal",96,100,"Dans le Programme Décennal pour l'Education et la Formation (PDEF), le gouvernement du Sénégal y définit sa politique éducative et de formation pour tous les niveaux. Avec l'appui des bailleurs de fonds, le Sénégal a initié ce programme qui est actuellement la ligne directrice du système éducatif sénégalais. Il définit les curriculum et les matières qui doivent être enseignés  à tous les niveaux scolaires au Sénégal aussi bien dans l'enseignement public que dans le privé.\n\nInterrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, M Ngarry FALL explique que le gouvernement du Sénégal dispose d'un même programme d'enseignement pour tous le pays selon les niveaux. Il précise que les inspecteurs d'Académie disposent au niveau de chaque région d'une équipe composée de différents inspecteurs d'éducation de spécialités qui sont chargés aussi bien dans les écoles publiques que privées de veiller au respect de ce programme.","Interview avec Ngary FALL, Inspecteur d'Académie de la Région de Saint Louis, le 25 septembre 2012 à Saint-Louis. \n\nProgramme  Décennal pour l'Education et la Formation du Gouvernement du Sénégal réalisé par le gouvernement du Sénégal en 2008. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Senegal/Senegal%20PDEF-EPT.pdf","Dans le Programme Décennal pour l'Education et la Formation (PDEF), le gouvernement du Sénégal y définit sa politique éducative et de formation pour tous les niveaux. Avec l'appui des bailleurs de fonds, le Sénégal a initié ce programme qui est actuellement la ligne directrice du s..."]
["2012_SC_96",2012,"SC","Seychelles",96,100,"Curricular reform was initiated in the primary and secondary school with the launching of the National Curriculum Framework and the Ministry has been concerned with implementing strategies to improve the quality of education.  The School Improvement Programme (SIP), aimed at improving pupils’ performance by introducing and implementing development planning in schools, has been functioning since 1995.  The Quality Assurance Service set up in 1999 to support the internal evaluation of schools (which originated from SIP) and carry out external evaluation of schools is yet another indication of the Ministry’s commitment to high standards and to increase the effectiveness of the education system.","Opportunities lost: The impact of grade repetition and early school leaving, Global Education Digest 2012, UNESCO. http://www.reading.org/Libraries/international/unesco-global-education-digest-2012.pdf\n\nAccountability of primary schools in the Seychelles : a stakeholder analysis, PhD thesis, University of Warwick, Veronique Figaro, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55488/\n\nWebsites consulted:\n\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.mfa.gov.sc/content.php?content_id=55\n\nSeychelles Egovernment website\nhttp://www.egov.sc/GovernmentAgencies/Ministry/minEducation.ASPX\n\nEducation Act of 2004 (act 13 of 2004) in Part 2: Sections 3 to 16, which focus on powers of the Minister of Education (Section 5), Management of State Primary and Secondary schools (Section 9). http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/68\n\nNational Curriculum Framework, 2001. www.education.gov.sc/menu_files/CurriFramework.PDF\n\nSouthern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality, Member Countries: Seychelles, http://www.sacmeq.org/education-seychelles.htm","Curricular reform was initiated in the primary and secondary school with the launching of the National Curriculum Framework and the Ministry has been concerned with implementing strategies to improve the quality of education.  The School Improvement Programme (SIP), aimed at improv..."]
["2012_SL_96",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",96,75,"The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology has prepared a standard curriculum for the country's education system. This is based on the standardized West African Senior School Certificate Examination.","Charles Lahai, executive director, Sierra Leone Youth Empowerment Organization, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the SLYEO office, Freetown.\n\nNgolo Katta, national coordinator, Center for Coordination of Youth Activities, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the CCYA office.","The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology has prepared a standard curriculum for the country's education system. This is based on the standardized West African Senior School Certificate Examination."]
["2012_SO_96",2012,"SO","Somalia",96,0,"Somalia has no standardized curriculum at the national level, but there are curricula from different countries that most schools use. The national curriculum lost out during the civil war in the country.","Anonymous Somali professors, interviewed Nov.10, 2012, Mogadishu.\n\nMahamed Muhiyadin, former sports and youth minister, interviewed Nov. 7, 2012.","Somalia has no standardized curriculum at the national level, but there are curricula from different countries that most schools use. The national curriculum lost out during the civil war in the country."]
["2012_ZA_96",2012,"ZA","South Africa",96,100,"The Department of Education determines the national education curriculum and also the assessment policy statements for public schools. The assessment standards and curriculum are approved formally in the same manner as other legislation. The curriculum is implemented across the country. South Africa's education curriculum has undergone major overhauls since 1994, after the collapse of the apartheid system in the country.","National Policy Pertaining to the Program and Promotion Requirements of the National Curriculum Statement, Department of Basic Education, 2011.\n\n\"South Africa’s Education System Faces Huge Challenges,\" Voice of America, Feb. 22, 2012, www.voanews.com/content/south-africas-education-system-faces-huge-challenges-140157193/161485.html\n\n \"South Africa: Grappling With Curriculum 'Relevance,'\" Sharon Dell, University World News, Aug. 28, 2011,\nwww.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110826194153395","The Department of Education determines the national education curriculum and also the assessment policy statements for public schools. The assessment standards and curriculum are approved formally in the same manner as other legislation. The curriculum is implemented across the cou..."]
["2012_SS_96",2012,"SS","South Sudan",96,25,"There is a minimum standardized education curriculum at the national and state levels in South Sudan. South Sudan Minimum Standards for Education Emergencies came out in March 2012. It outlines minimum standards. The maximum standard curriculum will take time to be put in place and operational in South Sudan.","South Sudan Minimum Standards for Education Emergencies. Neil Adams. Juba: South Sudan, Education Cluster South Sudan, 2012. http://www.ineesite.org/uploads/files/resources/South_Sudan_Minimum_Standards_4th_copy.pdf\n\nSouth Sudan Education Cluster Annual Review 2011. http://www.protectingeducation.org/sites/default/files/documents/ssce_annual_review_2011.pdf","There is a minimum standardized education curriculum at the national and state levels in South Sudan. South Sudan Minimum Standards for Education Emergencies came out in March 2012. It outlines minimum standards. The maximum standard curriculum will take time to be put in place and..."]
["2012_SD_96",2012,"SD","Sudan",96,75,"There is a standardized education curriculum either at the national or the state level. Education is based on the \"permanence of human nature, religious values and physical nature,\" according to the Ministry of Education. There is a Muslim curriculum in all schools, colleges and universities consisting of two parts: an obligatory, and an optional course of study. The essential elements of the obligatory course are drawn from the Quran and the recognized books of the hadith.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 12, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n\nUNICEF Annual Report 2012 for Sudan, MENA. http://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Sudan_COAR_2012.pdf\n\nSetting the Scene, The Status of the Education Sector in Sudan, The World Bank, January 2012. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/9780821388570_CH01\n\nMinistry of Education, Government of Sudan, www.sudan.net/education.php","There is a standardized education curriculum either at the national or the state level. Education is based on the \"permanence of human nature, religious values and physical nature,\" according to the Ministry of Education. There is a Muslim curriculum in all schools, colleges and un..."]
["2012_SZ_96",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",96,50,"The National Curriculum Council is tasked with developing and designing the curriculum and syllabus for all the primary and secondary schools. The major thrust in the 2010/2011 curriculum introduced by the Ministry of Education was a shift from a \"white collar curriculum\" to one that promotes entrepreneurship- and thus the introduction of \"practical\" subjects. Practical arts were introduced from grade 3. According to the World Data on Education 2011 Report, the policy shift was uneven in its implementation, causing confusion.","\"World Data On Education: Swaziland,\" UNESCO, 2010/11, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Swaziland.pdf\n \nSWAZILAND: Teachers’ strike highlights crumbling education system, IRIN Africa, June 2012. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95758/swaziland-teachers-strike-highlights-crumbling-education-system\n\nThe struggle to keep Swaziland's primary schools free, The Guardian, Feb 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/feb/19/swaziland-primary-schools-free-struggle\n\nExams Council of Swaziland, http://www.examscouncil.org.sz","The National Curriculum Council is tasked with developing and designing the curriculum and syllabus for all the primary and secondary schools. The major thrust in the 2010/2011 curriculum introduced by the Ministry of Education was a shift from a \"white collar curriculum\" to one th..."]
["2012_TZ_96",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",96,100,"The curriculum for each level of preschool, primary and ordinary and advanced levels of secondary education follow a standardized curriculum, though differences apply to public and private schools.","Interview, Irenei Kiria, director of an NGO, Dar es Salaam, Aug. 9, 2012.\n \nInterview with Brian Cooksey, researcher: governance, investment and agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 22, 2012.","The curriculum for each level of preschool, primary and ordinary and advanced levels of secondary education follow a standardized curriculum, though differences apply to public and private schools."]
["2012_TG_96",2012,"TG","Togo",96,100,"Selon M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, il existe au Togo un programme scolaire standardisé au niveau national. Et ce programme est standardisé au niveau national dans chaque matière d’enseignement. Les Données mondiales de l’éducation. 7e édition 2010/11. Togo, élaboré par l’UNESCO-BIE, note également que « l’ensemble des contenus des programmes de formation [au Togo] est défini au niveau des ministères chargés de l’éducation. Le système est donc caractérisé par une homogénéité des programmes de l’enseignement primaire à la fin de l’enseignement secondaire ». Et au niveau de chaque circonscription pédagogique, il y a des inspecteurs de l’éducation qui exercent un contrôle pédagogique et administratif sur les enseignants.","Source n°1 : M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, Maître de conférences (CAMES), enseignant chercheur à l’Université de Lomé, le 15 août 2012.\n \nSource n°2 : UNESCO-BIE, Données mondiales de l’éducation. 7e édition 2010/11. Togo, version révisée, novembre 2010, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/.","Selon M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, il existe au Togo un programme scolaire standardisé au niveau national. Et ce programme est standardisé au niveau national dans chaque matière d’enseignement. Les Données mondiales de l’éducation. 7e édition 2010/11. Togo, élaboré par l’UNESCO-BIE, ..."]
["2012_TN_96",2012,"TN","Tunisia",96,100,"Les programmes nationaux sont standardisés et sont disponibles sur le web. Le site du gouvernement [http://www.education.gov.tn/index.php?id=1119] donne les programmes nationaux et standardisés qui sont enseignés au niveau national.","Article de Omar Tiss Publié par le Journal Tunisie Numérique le 24 juin 2011; http://www.tunisienumerique.com/le-systeme-lmd-confronte-des-diffucultes-dapplication-en-tunisie/49495\n moi-même en tant que président de la commission nationale des sciences de gestion, chargée de définir les programmes nationaux de l'enseignement des sciences de gestion.\n \nTunisia: Strikes to improve education system and teachers’ status, Education International, 23 May 2012. http://www.ei-ie.org/en/news/news_details/2170\n\nLes Programmes Enseignés au Niveau National Sont Ici: http://www.education.gov.tn/index.php?id=1119\n ","Les programmes nationaux sont standardisés et sont disponibles sur le web. Le site du gouvernement [http://www.education.gov.tn/index.php?id=1119] donne les programmes nationaux et standardisés qui sont enseignés au niveau national."]
["2012_UG_96",2012,"UG","Uganda",96,100,"The National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) was established by statute and the functions of the center are, among others:\n a) To investigate and evaluate the need for syllabus revision and curriculum reform at primary, secondary, tertiary levels of education, in pre-school and post-school education and in teacher education.\n b) To initiate new syllabuses, revise existing ones, carry out curriculum reform, research testing and evaluation to bring and improve syllabuses for school and college courses.\n c) To provide consultancy services to institutions on matters relating to curriculum\n h) To organize and conduct courses in curriculum development for persons required to participate in curriculum development work.\n i) To hold seminars and conferences on curriculum development projects and problems.\n j) To collect, compile, analyze and abstract statistical information on curriculum and matters related thereto\n k) To publish and market syllabuses, teacher’s manuals, textbooks, bulletins, digests, periodicals or other written materials concerning curriculum and other matters related thereto\n l) Disseminate and promote general and other better knowledge and understanding of new curricula, teaching methods and teaching aids.\n \n Recently there has been the implementation of the Uganda primary school curriculum, i.e., Volume One and Volume Two, as a way to improve the quality of education. Up to 130,000 copies of each of Volumes One and Two, of the syllabus and teachers’ guides were printed and distributed to schools in 2002/03 through the Instructional Materials Unit. Alongside this, curricula for the other levels of education, i.e., secondary, teacher education, BTVET and higher education are also in place. The various curricula are being adopted by the relevant institutions. However, there was little ownership of the new primary curriculum among schools, and so it was not wholeheartedly supported when introduced. When it was launched, at least four subjects lacked adequate learning and teaching materials. Further, the curriculum is still academically rigorous, but it is relevant for the children and for the national vision of development. It is aimed at producing schoolchildren at all levels who are adequately equipped with practical skills and knowledge that can make them employable and productive members of society. It is also in due consideration of the current trends of social needs in the wake of technological advances and requirements and that education is still the basis for white-collar employment. Several interventions are in place to ensure quality in primary school education and these include: a new timetable to address reading and writing, entry age (6+ years), district performance targets, putting books in the hands of learners, and use of local language in primary one to primary four.","Uganda - Improving learning in Uganda (Vol. 2) : Problematic curriculum areas and teacher effectiveness : insights from national assessments,The World Bank, Feb 2013.  http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17406408/uganda-improving-learning-uganda-vol-2-3-problematic-curriculum-areas-teacher-effectiveness-insights-national-assessments\n\n“UWEZO Faults Uganda's Vernacular Curriculum,” by Halima Athumani, Uganda Radio Network, Aug. 16, 2011, http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=36129.\n\n“Curriculum Support Materials from NCDC Uganda,” National Curriculum Development Centre, http://uganda.elimu.net/Secondary/Uganda/UCSE_Student(o)/Curriculum_Support_Materials.htm.\n \n “A Case Study on the Impact of UPE on the Quality of Basic Education in Uganda,” Ministry of Education and Sports, http://www.education.go.ug/upe.htm#_Toc42669674.","The National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) was established by statute and the functions of the center are, among others:\n a) To investigate and evaluate the need for syllabus revision and curriculum reform at primar..."]
["2012_ZM_96",2012,"ZM","Zambia",96,100,"Yes, there is a standardized education curriculum, approved in a due formal process. For instance, all pupils have to learn their respective local language as a subject at school from grade one to nine.","Interview: Ms. Diana Ngula, Program officer, Information Management and Communication, Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR). September 17, 2012, 03:00 p.m., CSPR officers. \n \nInterview: Anonymous, Programs officer, September 18, 2012, 04:00 p.m., Restaurant.","Yes, there is a standardized education curriculum, approved in a due formal process. For instance, all pupils have to learn their respective local language as a subject at school from grade one to nine."]
["2012_ZW_96",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",96,100,"Zimbabwe's curriculum is centralized and is determined by subject panels of teachers, education officers, and representatives from the teachers' association, universities, churches, and other stakeholder groups. The Curriculum Development Unit (CDU) within the Ministry of Education and Culture coordinates the subject panels. Schools have discretionary powers to select appropriate materials within the CDU-recommended and -approved materials. Elementary school curriculum includes mathematics, English, agricultural and environmental science, physical education, social studies, moral and religious education, music, crafts and art, and the indigenous languages (Ndebele and Shona). Indigenous tribal languages of the Kalanga, Tonga, Shangaan, Venda, and Nambya are taught during the first three years of elementary education within their communities. \n \nThe ministry is currently reviewing the curriculum with a view to improving it and bringing it in line with global trends. Recently, the minister revealed that Zimbabwe’s education curriculum was last comprehensively reviewed in 1986. The government has embarked on a curriculum review process to try and transform the system and embrace the use of information communication technologies in schools. The minister said he will be presenting a five-year plan to the Cabinet and he hopes by the year 2015 the ministry will have implemented a comprehensive change of curriculum for both primary and secondary schools.","\"Education as top priority in Zimbabwe,\" Kubatana blog, Feb. 29, 2012, http://www.kubatanablogs.net/kubatana/?p=7992\n\nIs Zimbabwe's education sector on the road to recovery?, IRIN News, Jan 2013. http://www.irinnews.org/report/97324/is-zimbabwe-s-education-sector-on-the-road-to-recovery\n \nZimbabwe Educational System overview - School, Primary, Curriculum, and Development - State University.com, http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1709/Zimbabwe-EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW.html#ixzz23bQNQTCQ\n\nMinistry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture Zimbabwe, http://www.moesac.gov.zw/index.php/home\n ","Zimbabwe's curriculum is centralized and is determined by subject panels of teachers, education officers, and representatives from the teachers' association, universities, churches, and other stakeholder groups. The Curriculum Development Unit (CDU) within the Ministry of Education..."]
["2012_DZ_97",2012,"DZ","Algeria",97,50,"The access to education is free for everyone, girls and boys, rural and urban population, south and north, east and west. Education has always been free in Algeria and open to all segments of society: urban and rural alike, with scholarship for the needy to make education accessible to everyone between ages 6 and 16.\n\nDespite such efforts, a certain gap continues to exist. Although Algeria generally compares favorably in education with the average of lower-middle income countries, disparities continue to be important between urban and rural areas, as well as across regions within the country.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous Source, government official. Ministry of Education. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, government official. Ministry of Education. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous Source, government official. Ministry of Education. June 9, 2012.\n\nhttp://www.ac-grenoble.fr/ien.annecy1/IMG/Description_systeme_algerien.pdf\n\nLe système éducatif: des efforts soutenus pour un enseignement de qualité. Algerie Presse Service. July 18, 2012. http://www.aps.dz/Le-systeme-educatif-des-efforts.html\n\nAlgeria: Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20208487~menuPK:435735~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The access to education is free for everyone, girls and boys, rural and urban population, south and north, east and west. Education has always been free in Algeria and open to all segments of society: urban and rural alike, with scholarship for the needy to make education accessibl..."]
["2012_AO_97",2012,"AO","Angola",97,25,"Not everyone can equally access the educational system in Angola. According to UNICEF, the access ratio to secondary schools was five to one for boys and girls. Also, the population of the richest quintile had 15 times more access than the poorest part of the population.","\"Education in Angola: Partnership Opportunities for the UK,\" by Emanuel Gomes and Markus Weimer, Chatham House, May 2011, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/19414_0511pp_gomes_weimer.pdf\n\n\"Educação procura qualidade do ensino,\" by Joaquim Aguiar, Jornal de Angola, Aug. 6, 2012, http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/14/18/educacao_procura_qualidade_do_ensino\n\nAll Africa. \"Angola: Unicef Recognises Improvement in Access to Primary Education\". May 30, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201205301079.html \n\nUnicef. Angola Education in emergencies and post-crisis transition. June 2012. http://www.educationandtransition.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/2011_Angola_EEPCT_report.pdf","Not everyone can equally access the educational system in Angola. According to UNICEF, the access ratio to secondary schools was five to one for boys and girls. Also, the population of the richest quintile had 15 times more access than the poorest part of the population."]
["2012_BJ_97",2012,"BJ","Benin",97,50,"Au Bénin, il y a un accès équitable au niveau de l’enseignement primaire, notamment avec les politiques de gratuité qui permettent l'exonération des frais de scolarité pour tous les enfants, sans aucune discrimination de sexe, race, âge, etc.\n\nAu niveau de l'enseignement secondaire, l’accès équitable a commencé avec la gratuité dans les classes de 6e et 5e et sera progressivement élargie aux autres classes du secondaire. Par ailleurs, dans les classes non encore gratuites, le montant payé par les filles est inférieur à celui des garçons donc il y a discrimination positive pour augmenter le maintien des filles dans l'enseignement secondaire.\n\nA l’université, les frais d’inscription ne sont plus payés depuis quelques années par les étudiants sans bourse et secours universitaires. Seuls les étudiants boursiers paient : il y a donc un début d'accès équitable.\n\nLes différents régimes politiques ont favorisé l'accès à l'éducation, notamment depuis 2006 avec le début des politiques de gratuité. Mais il reste encore à renforcer les infrastructures, les enseignants et les subventions aux écoles publiques.","Jean-Claude Hounmènou, Professeur d’Université en psychologie, Ecole normale supérieure, directeur adjoint (ENS), Entretien le 19 juillet 2012, ENS, Porto-Novo.\n\nGansa Bruno, Inspecteur de l’enseignement primaire, Conseil des activités éducatives du Bénin (CAEB) ONG, Formateur au CAEB, Porto-Novo, Entretien le 08 août 2012 à Adjarra.","Au Bénin, il y a un accès équitable au niveau de l’enseignement primaire, notamment avec les politiques de gratuité qui permettent l'exonération des frais de scolarité pour tous les enfants, sans aucune discrimination de sexe, race, âge, etc...."]
["2012_BW_97",2012,"BW","Botswana",97,75,"Education in Botswana's public schools is free, and this makes it available to all citizens up to the tertiary level. The language of instruction is Setswana, which is the first language of the majority of the population.\n\nIt has been reported that the San people face difficulty in education access, mostly because of their remote locations and language barriers. Children with special needs have also faced problems in being integrated into the education system because teachers are ill-equipped to provide the support they need.","Sage Open, \"Inclusive Education for Learners With Disabilities in Botswana Primary Schools,\" Sourav Mukhopadhyay, et al., June 2012, http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/2/2/2158244012451584\n\nOpen Society Initiative for Southern Africa, \"Increasing Access to Education for San Children in Settlements of Ghanzi District in Botswana,\" November 23, 2011. www.osisa.org/education/botswana/increasing-access-education-san-children-settlements-ghanzi-district-botswana#sthash.iKplm5uf.dpuf","Education in Botswana's public schools is free, and this makes it available to all citizens up to the tertiary level. The language of instruction is Setswana, which is the first language of the majority of the population...."]
["2012_BF_97",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",97,50,"Tous les enfants du Burkina, selon la loi, ont un équitable accès à l'éducation comme l'indique la Constitution, Chapitre 4, Article 27. Cependant, tous les enfants ne peuvent pas se permettre d’aller dans les écoles de meilleure qualité à cause de la situation économique de leurs parents. Seuls les enfants des parents aisés peuvent fréquenter ces écoles. Ceux dont les parents sont pauvres ne le peuvent pas.","Ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Alphabétisation (MENA) du Burkina Faso, Secrétariat général, Direction des études et de la planification. (2012). Bulletin statistique de l’éducation de base. n°01_2012 : http://www.depmeba-bf.org/data/bulletin/bulletin_n°01_2012.pdf\n\nMinistère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Alphabétisation (MENA) du Burkina Faso, Direction de la promotion de l'éducation des filles (DPEF). (2 octobre 2012). Éducation des filles et des femmes. Ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Alphabétisation \n\nPEDDEB: Programme de développement de l'enseignement de base\n\nLOI 013/96/ADP PORTANT LOI D’ORIENTATION DE L’EDUCATION.6","Tous les enfants du Burkina, selon la loi, ont un équitable accès à l'éducation comme l'indique la Constitution, Chapitre 4, Article 27. Cependant, tous les enfants ne peuvent pas se permettre d’aller dans les écoles de meilleure qualité à cause de la situation économique de leurs ..."]
["2012_BI_97",2012,"BI","Burundi",97,25,"In Burundi, by 2005-2006, there was a 67 percent gap between the gross enrollments of the most schooled and the least schooled province in the country (141 percent against 74 percent). The same disparities prevail between rural and urban environments.\n\nWith regards to gender balance, if the schooling rates for girls have steadily improved in Burundi over this decade, the national averages would tend to hide regional and rural-urban differences. On the whole, deeply embedded parental attitudes towards girls’ education still constitute a major obstacle to overcome, particularly among rural populations. On the other hand, due to a number of socio-cultural and economic factors, the completion rates tend to be far lower for girls than for boys. Hence, significant gender gaps continue to prevail at the secondary and tertiary levels. Only 29 percent of all high school final students are girls and 25 percent of university students.\nAccording to Hermenegilde Rwantabagu of the University of Burundi, despite the adoption of the free primary education measure, orphans, children from destitute families  and streets children are still disadvantaged with regard to school attendance given the side costs that many cannot afford and the appalling conditions in which they live. On the whole, poverty, homelessness and malnutrition constitute, a major obstacle to the achievement of education for all.\n\nFinally, but not the least, according to Rwantabagu, the rate of schooling among the Batwa community remains very low: 13 percent and 3 percent, respectively, for primary and secondary education. As far as higher education is concerned, the representation of Batwa youth is almost non-existent.","\" Providing Primary Education For All In A Post-conflict Context: The Case Of Burundi,\" by Hermenegilde Rwantabagu, University of Burundi, 2011 http://www.cfbt.com/evidenceforeducation/pdf/Rwantabagu%20-%20Providing%20Primary%20Education%20in%20Burundi.pdf \n\n« Rapport d’évaluation technique du plan sectoriel de développement de l’évaluation et de la formation (PSDEF) 2012-2020 », en vue de son endossement au partenariat mondial pour l’éducation par les partenaires techniques et financiers, 10 juillet 2013. http://www.globalpartnership.org/media/Misc./Burundi/Burundi%20Rapport%20devaluation%20du%20PSDEF%20VF%2020%2007%2012.pdf\n\n“Problems and Prospects in the Education of a Marginal Minority: The Case of Batwa Community in Burundi,”  by Hermenegilde Rwantabagu, University of Burundi, 2009, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15595690902762134","In Burundi, by 2005-2006, there was a 67 percent gap between the gross enrollments of the most schooled and the least schooled province in the country (141 percent against 74 percent). The same disparities prevail between rural and urban environments...."]
["2012_CM_97",2012,"CM","Cameroon",97,50,"The preamble of the constitution guarantees the right to education, but the implementation of this right remains problematic despite a presidential decree in 2000 that guaranteed free access to public primary schools. Poor governance and problems with the timely allocation of financial and material resources have led most primary schools to collect compulsory Parent Teacher Association (PTA) fees from parents before enrolling their children in public primary schools. \n\nA recent World Bank report on the governance and management of the education sector in Cameroon said problems that implicitly could affect the equitable access to education include the lack of transparency in the functioning and performance of schools, irregular and inefficient teachers, the lack of material and human resources, and the heavy administrative and bureaucratic bottlenecks inherent in the management of the educational system with grave consequences for student results.","\"Améliorer l’éducation au Cameroun en agissant à la fois sur l’offre et la demande,\" World Bank, Yaoundé, April 11, 2012.\n\nBernard Tchami, \"Enseignement privé :La rentrée scolaire 2012-2013 perturbée,\" La Nouvelle Expression, Aug. 23, 2012. \n\nWorld Bank, \"Cameroon: Governance and Management in the Education Sector,\". March 2012\n\nUNICEF, \"UNICEF Responds to a Child Survival and Education Crisis in Eastern and Northern Cameroon,\" UNICEF Humanitarian Update, June 4, 2008,, at www.unicef.org/french/infobycountry/files/Cameroon_HAU_june.pdf\n\nTransparency International Cameroon, \"Mapping Transparency and Integrity Deficits in Primary Education in Cameroon,\" Transparency International Cameroon, 2011\n\nDjoyou Kamga, \"Realizing the Right to Primary Education in Cameroon,\" Center for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, 2010\n\nRev. Dr. Yufanyi Evaristus, \"What Policies Do We Have for Education in Cameroon? (Part Three)\", L'Effort Camerounais (English version), Oct. 29, 2010, at www.leffortcamerounais.com/2010/10/what-policies-do-we-have-for-education-in-cameroon.html\n\nInnocent Fozing, \"Gratuité de l’enseignement fondamental au Cameroun :\nréalité, implication budgétaire et impact sur le développement de l’éducation,\" Revue de l’Association Francophone Internationale de Recherche Scientifique en Education, No. 2 (2009), pp. 3-20.","The preamble of the constitution guarantees the right to education, but the implementation of this right remains problematic despite a presidential decree in 2000 that guaranteed free access to public primary schools. Poor governance and problems with the timely allocation of finan..."]
["2012_CV_97",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",97,75,"The data indicates that there is a very high proportion (nearly 100 percent) access in primary/basic education, which is essentially mandatory and free, and a high proportion (75 percent) in secondary education. Secondary education, while not free, benefits from programs that support school social action (support for school supplies, payment of tuition, transportation to school, student residences, etc.). But access to higher education is less equitable (50 percent), as the cost of training cannot be supported by all households, despite state aid.","Interview with Bartolomeu Lopes Varela, lecturer/professor in education, Cape Verde University, Sept. 13, 2012, Praia City.\n\n\"Prospects and Challenges of Current Educational Policy and Curriculum in Cape Verde,\" by Bartolomeu Varela, 2011, http://bartvarela.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/perspectivas-e-desafios-actuais-da-polc3adtica-educativa-e-curricular-em-cabo-verde1.pdf\n\n\"Cape Verdean Foundation of Student Welfare - FICASE,\" Ministry of Education and Sports, Aug. 26, 2010,  http://www.minedu.gov.cv/\n\n\"Yearbook of Education: 2010-2011,\" Directorate General of Planning, Budget and Management, Service Research, Planning and Cooperation - Ministry of Education and Sports, http://www.minedu.gov.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=68&view=finish&cid=156&catid=5&m=0\n\n\"Highlights of Education: 2010-2011,\" Directorate General of Planning, Budget and Management, Service Research, Planning and Cooperation - Ministry of Education and Sports, http://www.minedu.gov.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=68&view=finish&cid=154&catid=5&m=0","The data indicates that there is a very high proportion (nearly 100 percent) access in primary/basic education, which is essentially mandatory and free, and a high proportion (75 percent) in secondary education. Secondary education, while not free, benefits from programs that suppo..."]
["2012_CF_97",2012,"CF","CAR",97,50,"L'article 7 de la constitution centrafricaine  du 27 décembre 2004 garantit le droit à  l'éducation et la gratuité de l'enseignement dans les écoles publiques. De même, le gouvernement Centrafricain a souscrit à la Déclaration Mondiale sur l’Éducation. Il a élaboré un plan d'Action de l’Éducation pour tous (2003-2015) conformément aux recommandations des États Généraux de l’Éducation et de la Formation qui prend en compte les besoins spécifiques des filles et des femmes. Il s'est inscrit aussi dans la logique de l'attente des OMD en matière de l'accès à l'Education et de l'égalité entre les filles et les garçons. \n\nEn matière d’éducation nationale, le gouvernement entend assurer une couverture éducative globale et un enseignement complet de qualité, y compris pour les autres niveaux, à tous les enfants des deux sexes, quelque soit leur milieu de résidence; de développer l’enseignement technique et professionnel et la professionnalisation des filières de l’enseignement supérieur. De ce fait, il envisage d’ici 2015 de : (i) relever le taux net de scolarisation de 6% ; (ii) augmenter le taux d’achèvement de 6% ; (iii) relever le taux brut de l’enseignement fondamental 2 et secondaire de 4 points ; (iv) créer dix (10) centres de formation technique et professionnelle ; et (v) assurer la professionnalisation des filières de 90% des établissements de l’enseignement supérieur et rendre opérationnelle la réforme LMD à l’Université de Bangui. \n\nConformément à la vision et aux objectifs définis, le gouvernement entend amener le budget de l’éducation à 20% des dépenses de l’État pour pouvoir mettre en oeuvre une stratégie visant à améliorer la qualité de l’enseignement et à accroître la capacité d’accueil du système dans son ensemble de 2008 à 2020.","Freddy MIABE, Coordinnateur des ressources humaines,  village d'Enfants SOS (ONG), Octobre 2012, Bangui;\n\nNoël ENDJIMONDJI, Chef de Service de l'Enseignement du Fondamental 2 au Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de l'Alphabétisation, juillet 2012;\n\nDocument Stratégique pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP2), 2011-2015, République Centrafricaine, 2011, Bangui.","L'article 7 de la constitution centrafricaine  du 27 décembre 2004 garantit le droit à  l'éducation et la gratuité de l'enseignement dans les écoles publiques. De même, le gouvernement Centrafricain a souscrit à la Déclaration Mondiale sur l’Éducation. Il a élaboré un plan d'Action..."]
["2012_TD_97",2012,"TD","Chad",97,50,"The country lags behind in the education sector, with huge disparities in access to education between rural and urban areas, rich and poor households, and boys and girls. The donor-supported education sector reform project has been striving to address and redress these persistent inequalities.","Mr. Joseph Paningar, adviser. Office of the President. June 14, 2012.\n\nMr. Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National School of Public Administration. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.\n\nMr. Nelli Djimtolla, teacher and program officer. ligue tchadienne des droits de l'homme. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.","The country lags behind in the education sector, with huge disparities in access to education between rural and urban areas, rich and poor households, and boys and girls. The donor-supported education sector reform project has been striving to address and redress these persistent i..."]
["2012_KM_97",2012,"KM","Comoros",97,50,"L’accès à l’éducation est théoriquement équitable, dans tous les niveaux du système éducatif. Mais le souci d’amélioration devant les imperfections du système a amené à des réformes successives.\nA-        Education équitable dans tous les niveaux du système éducatif\n1)         Au niveau de l’école coranique communautaire : \nCe type d’école est une institution séculaire très fortement implantée dans le pays ; chaque village en possède au moins une. La mission de cette école est de dispenser un enseignement religieux visant à renforcer la culture et la religion islamiques. Cette institution entièrement autonome, est une initiative du maître qui accueille les enfants chez lui et qui fixe lui-même son organisation en dehors de toute hiérarchie. L’enfant peut y séjourner à partir de 3 ans jusqu’à l’âge de sa majorité « spirituelle ». Les langues d’enseignement sont le shikomori et l’arabe. Le dernier recensement scolaire opéré en 1999 fait état de 2500 écoles coraniques (Palashios) abritant 96752 élèves tous âges confondus dont 49% de filles.\n2)        Au niveau de l’enseignement élémentaire :\nCet enseignement gratuit et obligatoire s’adresse aux enfants de 6 à 12 ans pour une durée de 6 ans. Il comprend 6 niveaux d’enseignement organisés en trois cycles : cours préparatoire première et deuxième année (CP1 et CP2), cours élémentaire première et deuxième année (CE1 et CE2) et cours moyen première et deuxième année (CM1 et CM2). Depuis la promulgation de la Loi d’Orientation en janvier 1995, l’âge officiel d’entrée au CP1 est passé de 7 à 6 ans. \nIl faut noter que dans beaucoup d’écoles, la demande d’éducation se fait sentir mais, faute de capacités d’accueil suffisante, les enfants en âge légal d’admission à l’école sont refusés d’admission : ce qui pose le problème de l’application stricte de la Loi d’Orientation sur l’éducation qui stipule une scolarisation à partir de 6 ans et un enseignement obligatoire jusqu’à 14 ans.  \n3)        Au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire premier cycle (collège)\nL’accès à l’enseignement secondaire premier cycle se fait par concours. \nL’enseignement est dispensé dans deux types établissements, publics et privés, les établissements publics étant communément appelés collèges ruraux (CR). Ces établissements constituent la seule structure d’accueil des enfants de 12 à 16 ans admis au concours d’entrée en 6ème. La répartition des collèges ruraux est la suivante : 5 à Mwali, 12 à Ndzuwani et 24 à Ngazidja. Soit au total 41 collèges ruraux au niveau de l’Union des Comores. Ce premier cycle du secondaire est organisé en deux sous cycles de deux ans chacun : cycle d’observation (6ème et 5ème) et cycle d’orientation (4ème et 3ème). \n4)        Au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire deuxième cycle (lycée)\nL’enseignement général comporte une série littéraire (A) et deux séries scientifiques (C et D). On peut noter l’existence de la série G au lycée de Moroni. Cet enseignement est assuré par dix lycées publics (1 à Mwali, 5 à Ndzuwani et 4 à Ngazidja) et par 53 établissements privés sur l’ensemble du territoire. Ces établissements accueillent les élèves de la seconde, première et terminale de 16 à 19 ans ayant obtenu une moyenne supérieure ou égale à 10/20 de la classe de troisième.\nLe taux brut de scolarisation est significativement bas. Au niveau national, il est de 35,7%, repartis comme suit : 41,6% à Mwali, 41,5% à Ngazidja et 27,7 % à Ndzouani.\n\nEn ce qui concerne la scolarisation, on observe des disparités d'accès selon les îles et le sexe. En outre, près de 38 % des enfants scolarisés n'achèvent pas le cycle primaire en partie à cause du taux élevé de redoublement, se situant entre 26% et 31% en 2003. En ce qui concerne la scolarisation, on observe des disparités d'accès selon les îles et le sexe. \nEnfin les handicapés (sourds, muets, aveugles…) sont exclus du système éducatif, du fait des problèmes techniques. Seuls certains handicapés moteurs fréquentent le milieu scolaire. \n5)        L’Université et l’enseignement technique et professionnel.\nL’Université est de création récente, et ne compte qu’un peu plus d’un millier d’étudiants. Quant aux écoles techniques et professionnelles, elles sont de fréquentation moindre car les élèves comoriens s’orientent beaucoup plus vers la formation généraliste.\nB-        Des anomalies et des réformes engagées\nLes imperfections de ce système ont conduit à des réformes récentes. Il en est ainsi de la réforme de l’organisation du préscolaire qui consiste à passer de la formule 3+3 ans (trois années d’éducation parentale et trois années d’éducation préscolaire), à 4+2 ans. La diversification de l’offre de formation a été élaborée dans le secondaire. Il y a eu également la gestion et maîtrise des flux des élèves au sein du cycle (les redoublements), et entre les cycles, notamment la transition du primaire jusqu’à l’enseignement supérieur.  \nCertaines disparités dans l’accès à l'éducation peuvent parvenir du fait que les fournitures scolaires pour les élèves sont entièrement à la charge des parents, ce qui crée des handicaps entre les enfants. Les manuels scolaires sont en nombre insuffisants à tous les niveaux, surtout dans les lycées. Du fait que les manuels ne soient pas conçus et édités sur place, ils ne répondent pas aux finalités et aux orientations du système éducatif.\nDans le cadre des initiatives phares du SNU Comores,  la priorité est donnée à l’accès à une éducation de base de qualité pour tous les enfants en âge de scolarité obligatoire (c’est-à-dire de 6 à 14 ans). Le droit à  l’éducation pour tous trouve des points d’entrée dans toutes les actions retenues dans le domaine éducatif. A cet effet, le projet « amélioration de l’accès à l’éducation dans les  zones cibles à faible scolarisation » a été parmi les projets financés dans le cadre du Fonds Unique en 2010. Le coût total du projet a été de 500 000 USD dont 300 000 USD du Fonds Unique. Exécuté par l’UNESCO et l’UNICEF, ce projet a permis d’effectuer l’étude de faisabilité du RESEN.\nEn conclusion, il faut cependant noter que l’analyse des performances du système scolaire  révèle que le taux net  de scolarisation est faible dans toutes les îles, en particulier en milieu rural et que les filles sont moins scolarisées que les garçons. Cela découle en  partie du manque de salles de classe dans les trois îles, en particulier à Ngazidja et Ndzuwani et de l’incapacité des familles démunies à faire face aux frais liés à la scolarité des enfants.","Présidence de l’Union des Comores, Site officiel, mis à jour Juin 2012, « l’éducation aux Comores », http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=36)\n\nridjacenterblog, 16 juin 2012, « De nouvelles réformes dans le système éducatif Comorien », http://ridja.centerblog.net/). \n\nONU Comores, Rapport 2010 du Programme unique, mdtf.undp.org/document/download/6921, p 24","L’accès à l’éducation est théoriquement équitable, dans tous les niveaux du système éducatif. Mais le souci d’amélioration devant les imperfections du système a amené à des réformes successives...."]
["2012_CD_97",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",97,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_97",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",97,0,"Nearly half of all Congolese children, some 3 million, are out of school. However, low-income and female populations are proportionally less educated than men. For example, a 2012 Brookings report stated that the North Kivu population, where internal conflict takes place, \"has among the highest levels of education deprivation in the country. But, the conflict appears to have had relatively minor effects on males from the wealthiest  households, while the poor in general and poor females in particular have been hit very hard.\"","Save the Children, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2012.\nhttp://www.savethechildren.org.uk/where-we-work/africa/democratic-republic-congo\n\nKevin Watkins, Brookings, The Power of Circumstance: A New Approach to Measuring Educational Inequality, January 2012.\nhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/measuring%20educational%20inequality%20watkins/01_measuring_educational_inequality_watkins\n\nAccess to Quality Basic Education in DR Congo, by Catalina Torrente and John Lawrence Aber, New York University, 2011 http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/media/users/eez206/OPEQ/OPEQ_Baseline_Report_EGRA_EGMA_2011_FINAL.pdf\n\nUNICEF report on children in DR Congo, 2011 http://www.unicef.org/spanish/hac2011/files/HAC2011_4pager_DRC_4pager.pdf","Nearly half of all Congolese children, some 3 million, are out of school. However, low-income and female populations are proportionally less educated than men. For example, a 2012 Brookings report stated that the North Kivu population, where internal conflict takes place, \"has amon..."]
["2012_CI_97",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",97,25,"The impact of the civil war and the 2011 post-election crises in Côte d'Ivoire created further inequality of access to education, and the increased number of internally displaced persons created unequal access to education.","Kouadio Apollinaire N'guessan, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Feb. 5, 2013\n\nDjénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013","The impact of the civil war and the 2011 post-election crises in Côte d'Ivoire created further inequality of access to education, and the increased number of internally displaced persons created unequal access to education."]
["2012_DJ_97",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",97,50,"Le système éducatif national est ouvert à tous dans les mêmes conditions. Il n’existe pas de discrimination en raison du sexe, de l’ethnie ou de la religion. Selon la loi d'orientation de 2000, l'enseignement primaire disposant les apprentissages de base est garanti à tous et est obligatoire.\n\nLe taux brut de scolarisation dans l'enseignement primaire de base est passé de 37% à 72% entre 1999 et 2007, grâce aux politiques gouvernementales dans ce domaine, notamment la loi 96/AN/00 portant orientation du système éducatif djiboutien du 10 juillet 2000.\n\nCependant, malgré les progrès réalisés, les disparités de genre observées persistent au primaire et progressent au fur et à mesure que l’on monte vers les niveaux supérieurs. Ainsi, pour 2006-07, la part des filles dans les effectifs scolaires qui est initialisée à une valeur de 46,5% dans le primaire, se situe à 41,7% dans le moyen et approche 38% dans le secondaire.\n\nCes moyennes nationales cachent par ailleurs des disparités régionales relativement marquées. Ainsi, pour ne parler que du primaire, les filles constituent 48% de la population scolaire du primaire de la région de Djibouti lors qu’elles ne forment que 40% des effectifs totaux des écoles primaires des régions de Dikhil et d’Obock.","Abdoulaziz Guedi, inspecteur à l'éducation nationale, interview réalisée 7/6/2012\nLe système éducatif djiboutien, Diagnostic sectoriel et perspectives pour la politique éducative, Avril 2011, Agence Française de Développement.\n\nProgramme Unicef à Djibouti \" Éducation de base et égalité de genre\",  http://www.unicef.org/djibouti/french/education.html\n\nDonnées mondiales de l'éduction, Unesco, 7e édition, 2010-2011. Version révisée 2012. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002163/216364f.pdf","Le système éducatif national est ouvert à tous dans les mêmes conditions. Il n’existe pas de discrimination en raison du sexe, de l’ethnie ou de la religion. Selon la loi d'orientation de 2000, l'enseignement primaire disposant les apprentissages de base est garanti à tous et est o..."]
["2012_EG_97",2012,"EG","Egypt",97,25,"Although education is a compulsory right guaranteed by the state to all, the education system is suffering from inequity and is unable to provide underprivileged youths with equal opportunities. The quality of schooling differs from urban to rural areas. The poor usually have low enrollment rates, leave school early or register in majors that have second-rate learning and labor market outcomes. Their schools usually suffer from poor educational facilities, unqualified teachers and overcrowded classes, which all negatively affect the quality of the education offered. The more children of poor areas advance in the education system, the less they are present. According to UNDP, “27% of young people aged 18-29 do not complete basic education, 17% have dropped out of school before completing basic education and 10% have never enrolled in school.” The middle and upper classes have better chances of entering higher education.  \n\nA gender dimension is also present. Girls have less chance to enroll in schools than boys (80% never enroll in school) and are more likely to drop out of school (52% of dropouts are girls), especially in rural areas (65% of dropouts in rural areas are girls). In universities, the rural poor tend to enroll in two-year institutions or technical secondary school. Universities are frequented more by the urban classes.\n\nIn terms of finance, private schools and universities with higher tuition fees tend to offer a better quality of education and better learning equipment to those who can afford it, which makes them more qualified to meet the needs of the labor market. Even in state schools, to improve their skills, extra classes with extra charges are offered to the students who can afford them. Private tutoring is the outcome of the poor quality of the formal education system: It fills the educational gaps of state schooling. Hence, students whose parents can't afford private tutoring find themselves in a disadvantaged position. \n\nSimilarly, the social inequity is clear in the presence of many private universities offering highly developed education, compared to the public universities subsidized by the state which have very limited financial resources devoted to R&D and to the maintenance of university facilities.","Louisa Loveluk. 2012. Education in Egypt: Key Challenges. Chatham House.\nhttp://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf\n\nBryce Stucki, Collegiate Times, Women’s Education in Egypt is Mystifying, November 30, 2011. http://www.collegiatetimes.com/stories/18906/womens-education-in-egypt-is-mystifying\n\nMichael Gunn, Ahram Online, Egypt, Middle East Gender Gap Is Hampering Economic Growth: Latest World Bank Report, September 19, 2011. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/21654/Business/Economy/Egypt,-Middle-East-gender-gap-is-hampering-economi.aspx\n\nUNDP. 2010. Egypt Human Development Report 2010.","Although education is a compulsory right guaranteed by the state to all, the education system is suffering from inequity and is unable to provide underprivileged youths with equal opportunities. The quality of schooling differs from urban to rural areas. The poor usually have low e..."]
["2012_GQ_97",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",97,50,"Fulfillment of key socioeconomic rights, such as the right to education and basic healthcare, remained poor, despite significant oil revenues and the country's small population, according to the 2012 World Report on the country. There's a gender gap in access to education, but no recent statistics were found during the period of study.","2012 World Report: Equatorial Guinea. Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/equatorial-guinea\n\nQuandl: Equatorial Guinea - Education Data, from multiple data sources via Quandl. 2011 and 2012 https://www.quandl.com/c/equatorial-guinea/equatorial-guinea-education-data\n\nPulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting, Equatorial Guinea: Rich Country, Poor Schools, Feb 2012 \nhttp://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/equatorial-guinea-education-system-economy-funding-institutional-support","Fulfillment of key socioeconomic rights, such as the right to education and basic healthcare, remained poor, despite significant oil revenues and the country's small population, according to the 2012 World Report on the country. There's a gender gap in access to education, but no r..."]
["2012_ER_97",2012,"ER","Eritrea",97,75,"Access to the education system is almost the same for all the country's ethnic groups, according to sources. The challenges arise from financial and skilled-manpower constraints and limited incentives for teachers. Some of the ethnic groups live in remote areas and in very harsh conditions. They sometimes lack good access to education because of the shortage of skilled teachers who can instruct them in their mother tongue at the elementary school level. But the sources said equity in access to the education system is well guaranteed in policy and practice.","Anonymous sources. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nBTI Eritrea Country Report 2012.\nhttp://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/BTI_2012_Eritrea.pdf\n\n\"The Eritrean Education Sector: Progress And Challenges,\" Aug, 20 2010, Shabait.com\n\nDepartment of Business Studies, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Ravinder Rena, \"Education in Eritrea: Developmental Challenges,\" journal thesis, page 8, June 2008,  www.ijsre.com/Vol,%201_1_-Rena.pdf","Access to the education system is almost the same for all the country's ethnic groups, according to sources. The challenges arise from financial and skilled-manpower constraints and limited incentives for teachers. Some of the ethnic groups live in remote areas and in very harsh co..."]
["2012_ET_97",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",97,50,"Despite improvement, a UNESCO report states that women do not have equal access to education. Whereas 85 percent of boys enroll in primary education, only 80 percent of girls enroll in primary education. In secondary education, 39 percent of boys and 30 percent of girls enroll. A media report quoted the Education Ministry spokesperson stating that Ethiopia is set to achieve primary school enrollment equality in 2015.\n\nFekide Tutli, educational researcher, Ambo University, and Kendenh Endege of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies at Addis Ababa University argue that the university admission system is unfair because government officials and civil servants oftentimes are allowed to join post gradate education without taking an exam and proper screening.","Interview with Fekide Tutli, educational researcher, Ambo University, Addis Ababa, June 20, 2012. \n\nInterview with Kendenh Endege, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University, Sept. 28, 2012.\n\n\"Gender Discrimination in Education: The violation of rights of women and girls,\" Global Campaign for Education, February 2012.\n\n\"Gender Discrimination in Education: The Violation of Rights of Women and Girls,\" by Heather Donald, Global Campaign for Education, April 14, 2012.\n\nUNESCO Global Partnership for Girls’ and  Women’s Education  - One Year On, Fact Sheet, Ethiopia, 2012. http://www.unesco.org/eri/cp/factsheets_ed/ET_EDFactSheet.pdf\n\nEthiopia's Progress in Education, ONE, July 27, 2011, http://www.one.org/livingproof/en/article/ethiopias-progress-in-education/\n\n\"Ethiopia Set to Achieve Universal Primary Education by 2015,\" VOA News, Feb. 8, 2012, http://www.voanews.com/content/ethiopia-set-to-achieve-universal-primary-education-by-2015-139051809/159579.html","Despite improvement, a UNESCO report states that women do not have equal access to education. Whereas 85 percent of boys enroll in primary education, only 80 percent of girls enroll in primary education. In secondary education, 39 percent of boys and 30 percent of girls enroll. A m..."]
["2012_GA_97",2012,"GA","Gabon",97,100,"Il y a un accès équitable à l'éducation. Par exemple, selon l’analyse du Document de Stratégie du Pays, le taux de scolarisation à l’école primaire était a 94, 7% en 2010, atteignant une quasi parité (le taux était à 92.44% en 2005 et 88.38% en 1990).","Country Strategy Paper 2011/2015. African Development Bank Group. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Gabon%20-%202011-2015%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper.pdf\n\nPrésidence. \"BILAN SEMESTRIEL 2012 SUR L'ÉDUCATION ET LES BOURSES\". 14 août 2012. http://www.presidentalibongo.com/le-projet-de-societe/tribune/bilan-semestriel-2012-sur-l-education-et-les-bourses\n\nRapport sur les OMD 2012. http://ea.au.int/ar/sites/default/files/MDG%20Report%202012_FRE.pdf","Il y a un accès équitable à l'éducation. Par exemple, selon l’analyse du Document de Stratégie du Pays, le taux de scolarisation à l’école primaire était a 94, 7% en 2010, atteignant une quasi parité (le taux était à 92.44% en 2005 et 88.38% en 1990)."]
["2012_GM_97",2012,"GM","The Gambia",97,75,"An education specialist stated:\n\"Equity exists in the Gambia educational system. Enrollment at all three tiers of the Gambia educational system is based on equity. Girls' education has tremendously improved across all aspects of the Gambia educational system, and primary school education is free in all public primary schools in The Gambia. The educational system has been developed to adequately cater for the rural populace, with children in rural areas having access to a school less than 10KM from their settlements.\" \n\nThe Gambian government has recorded considerable progress in realizing the policies set out for education. This is corroborated by Poncelet O. Ileleji's response to the effect that \"The Gambia is still among the most advanced countries in the region in terms of enrollment and completion indicators at all education levels.”","Email correspondence with Poncelet O. Ileleji, an education specialist based in The Gambia since 1996, on Sept. 16-17, 2012. He has published and attended numerous conferences globally on information and communications technology, education and development.\n\nAfrican Development Bank. \"Assessing the Returns to Education in the Gambia\". Working Paper. Feburary 2012. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/WPS%20No%20145%20Assessing%20the%20Returns%20to%20Education%20in%20the%20Gambia%20SS.pdf\n\nGambia Education Policy 2004-2015, pages 10 to 11, www.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/policy-documents/116-educationpolicy2004-2015/download.html ","An education specialist stated:\n\"Equity exists in the Gambia educational system. Enrollment at all three tiers of the Gambia educational system is based on equity. Girls' education has tremendously improved across all as..."]
["2012_GH_97",2012,"GH","Ghana",97,50,"There are gross inequalities in education across the southern regions, some of which are better endowed than others. Urban schools have better resources, and men are more represented in all programs -- rural or urban -- especially so in the physical sciences. Poverty is also a constraining factor, such that more women (and men) attend school in urban areas.\n\nThe paper by Bernardin Senadza provides some practical evidence regarding the education sector in Ghana. The findings of the paper include: evidence of \"gender and spatial inequality in education in Ghana. In particular, the three northern regions have lower education attainment as well as higher education Gini coefficients compared to the rest of the country. The paper finds evidence of intra-gender and intra-spatial inequalities in education attainment in Ghana, with females contributing proportionately more to the within-inequality component of the education Gini. The paper also finds a positive correlation between poverty incidence and education inequality.\"","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.   \n\n\"Education Inequality in Ghana: Gender and Spatial Dimensions,\" by Bernardin Senadza, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 39, Issue 6, 2012, research paper, University of Ghana. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=17047936","There are gross inequalities in education across the southern regions, some of which are better endowed than others. Urban schools have better resources, and men are more represented in all programs -- rural or urban -- especially so in the physical sciences. Poverty is also a cons..."]
["2012_GN_97",2012,"GN","Guinea",97,50,"L'accès à l'éducation est équitable en Guinée. Il faut relever que certaines zones rurales n'ont pas d'infrastructures scolaires adéquates et suffisantes. Dans les zones urbaines, on assiste à une prolifération d'écoles privées dont l'enseignement est relativement plus qualitatif que dans les écoles publiques. L'accès à ces écoles privées très convoitées n'est pas à la porté des plus démunis.","Entretien avec Mohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nFonds Monétaire International. \"Guinée —Rapport de mise en œuvre de la stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté. Rapport d’avancement annuel\". Avril 2012. https://www.imf.org/external/french/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1261f.pdf\n\nGuinea: A Socioeconomic Assessment of Well-Being and Poverty\nhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20204458~menuPK:435735~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html","L'accès à l'éducation est équitable en Guinée. Il faut relever que certaines zones rurales n'ont pas d'infrastructures scolaires adéquates et suffisantes. Dans les zones urbaines, on assiste à une prolifération d'écoles privées dont l'enseignement est relativement plus qualitatif q..."]
["2012_GW_97",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",97,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_97",2012,"KE","Kenya",97,75,"Every person in Kenya (including residents who are not citizens) can access the national educational system without discrimination. The government has made significant progress in attaining the Millennium Development Goal on Education, with a 2010 report showing literacy levels in the country are now at 83 percent. According to the 2010 Kenya Progress Millennium Development Goal (MDG) report, education enrollment tops the pack, with the net primary enrollment ratio up 25 percent from 68 percent in 2000 to 93 percent in 2009. However, there are still some challenges in realizing equal access to education, such as a lack of adequate teachers, poor educational facilities, and a lack of educational facilities for people with disabilities, among others.","The Deaf Need Equal Access to Education, Kenya Told. Wambui Ndonga. Sept. 19, 2011. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/09/the-deaf-need-equal-access-to-education-kenya-told/\n\nEducation in Kenya Scores Big on MDGs. Capital FM. July 13, 2011. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/07/education-in-kenya-scores-big-on-mdgs/\n\n\"Kenyan children to gain from global education initiative\". An article by Herbling David, published by the Business Daily newspaper on November 14, 2012. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Kenyan-children--to-gain-from-global-education-initiative-/-/539546/1620320/-/9ult4w/-/index.html.","Every person in Kenya (including residents who are not citizens) can access the national educational system without discrimination. The government has made significant progress in attaining the Millennium Development Goal on Education, with a 2010 report showing literacy levels in ..."]
["2012_LS_97",2012,"LS","Lesotho",97,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_97",2012,"LR","Liberia",97,25,"In practice, access to education is not equitable. Gender issues exist: Boys have better access to education in the local or rural areas of the country and girls are still denied access to education despite girls education being indicated as a national priority. Cultural beliefs that require girls to attend tribal ceremonies \"Sande\" where they are circumcised and have to drop out of school is also an issue.","Interview with Mannis H. Barclay, executive director, Liberia Education for All Technical Committee, July 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Zeogar Jaynes, president, Liberia Economic Journalists Association, July 2, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.","In practice, access to education is not equitable. Gender issues exist: Boys have better access to education in the local or rural areas of the country and girls are still denied access to education despite girls education being indicated as a national priority. Cultural beliefs th..."]
["2012_LY_97",2012,"LY","Libya",97,50,"The Office for Educating and Including Special Needs Students in the Ministry of Education and Learning, guarantees that both disabled and gifted are allowed access. Before, special needs student didn’t have a place in the school. But over the past two years, and especially in last year, more than 100 were inserted only in Tripoli. These included students with Down syndrome, students with disability, blind students, difficulties in learning. \n\nThe problem is for pre-scholar access (kindergarten): it is very low, therefore many families cannot find a kindergarten for their children. Moreover, there is concern over the effective access to education for children of migrant workers and displaced persons. There is uncertainty about the guarantees of access to education to immigrants and to the population of IDPs in the country (over 100,000 people, depending on the reference date).\n\nNo discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity or religion is reported.","Interview with Thuraya el-Gadamsi, judge on Libya High Court, Aug. 6, 2012, in Tripoli\n\nInterview with Wedad el-Gadamsi, office for  special needs students in the Ministry of Education and Learning, Aug. 6, 2012, in Tripoli\n\nInterview with Erin Mone, country director, Save the Children, May 2012, Tripoli\n\nInterview with anonymous source from an Intergovernmental Organization, expert on youth and education, July 23, 2012, Tripoli. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The Office for Educating and Including Special Needs Students in the Ministry of Education and Learning, guarantees that both disabled and gifted are allowed access. Before, special needs student didn’t have a place in the school. But over the past two years, and especially in last..."]
["2012_MG_97",2012,"MG","Madagascar",97,25,"In practice, there is no equitable access to education. In the primary schools, bad results are common in a food-short regions (Anosy Androy Atsimo-Atsinanana, Vatovavy Fitovinany) and in areas of difficult access and poor road network (Melaky, Ihorombe, Betsiboka Atsimo Andrefana) according to a 2010 UNESCO survey. The same phenomenon occurs in the secondary system. Add to that, more than 60 percent of the teachers are paid by the parents. So in poor regions teachers are badly paid. So there is a kind of financial discrimination.","Madagascar : baisse importante de la scolarisation des enfants, selon l'Unicef, http://www.rfi.fr/auteur/rfi, samedi 17 mars 2012\n\nInterview with Rahanivoson Roselyne, specialist on education and former  university teacher, in her home, Antananarivo,  2012\n\n Afriqinfo, 21 juillet 2011, Madagascar : la pauvreté et la déscolarisation constituent un cercle vicieux,http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/7/24/brevesdafrique-183235.asp\n\n UNESCO, ld Data on Education Données mondiales de l’éducation Datos Mundiales de Educ, IBE/2010/CP/WDE/MG, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Madagascar.pdf","In practice, there is no equitable access to education. In the primary schools, bad results are common in a food-short regions (Anosy Androy Atsimo-Atsinanana, Vatovavy Fitovinany) and in areas of difficult access and poor road network (Melaky, Ihorombe, Betsiboka Atsimo Andrefana)..."]
["2012_MW_97",2012,"MW","Malawi",97,25,"According to the World Bank, Malawi's education system is one of the most elitist education system. That is, only a few rise to the high levels of the education systems and these few utilize the larger share of education resources. The World Bank also notes that there is gap in access to education based on incomes, with most poor families finding it difficult to access education. In addition to economic fact, regional differences exist. Education planner Mr. Kasitomu gives a similar assessment. He adds that the economic and human resource investment is biased toward the urban at the expense of the rural, thereby limiting upward mobility in the education system for the rural poor.\n\nDespite this being the state of the system, there are no deliberate policies that segregate certain groups of people in the system. The policies make the education system open to all. Thus the issues of access to education remains a contentious matter.\n\nOne on the most important arguments in the issues of access to education in Malawi in the past two years has been over the quota system of selecting students into institutions of higher learning. This involved selecting students in proportion to populations of their districts of origin. The Mutharika Administration introduced this system in 2010, arguing that people from the northern region of the country monopolize space in the tertiary education. This was viewed as aimed at marginalizing the northerners because he was from the southern region. When Banda assumed the presidency following the sudden death of Mutharika, she announced the abolition of the system.","nterview with M. Kasitomu, education planner and education secretary, Blantyre Synod. July 28, 2012.\n\nInterview with M. Kuse, senior education planner, Ministry of Education, South East Education Division. July 28, 2012.\n\nQuota System, Oppressive Laws to be Abolished - JB. F. Ngalauka and L. Kalimanjira. Nyasa Times. May 18, 2012. http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/05/18/Quota-stystem-oppressive-laws-to-be-abolished-JB/\n\nJB Held for Abolishing University Quota System. W. Mwale. Zodiak Online. May 19, 2012. http://zodiakmalawi.com/zbs malawi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5007:jb-hailed-for-abolishing-university-quota-system&catid=41:top-headlines&Itemid=97\n\nThe Education System in Malawi. World Bank Working Paper No.182. World Bank. 2010. http://www.scribd.com/doc/28593572/The-Education-System-in-Malawi","According to the World Bank, Malawi's education system is one of the most elitist education system. That is, only a few rise to the high levels of the education systems and these few utilize the larger share of education resources. The World Bank also notes that there is gap in acc..."]
["2012_ML_97",2012,"ML","Mali",97,50,"Les dispositions constitutionnelles garantissent un accès équitable à tous à l'éducation, et selon Issac Diarra, l’accès équitable à l’enseignement est assuré en pratique au Mali. Et cela repose sur les principes suivants : la laïcité (il n’y a pas de renvoi d’école publique en raison des convictions religieuses), l’obligation (l’accès à l’éducation scolaire est obligatoire et l’Etat organise des campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation dans ce sens), la gratuité (la gratuité de l’enseignement est effectivement appliquée dans les écoles publiques), la disponibilité (un effort est fait par l’Etat dans le sens de la disponibilité, non seulement par la création des écoles dans toutes les localités, mais aussi par la reconnaissance et la nationalisation des Ecoles de développement d’Initiative locale et l’équité genre (l’équité genre est effectivement appliquée dans la mesure ou le système éducatif est basée sur la mixité, et que l’Etat encourage et fait la promotion de l’éducation de la fille). Il y a toutefois, note Maimouna Kanté qu’au Mali, des disparités en matière de disponibilité des ressources publiques allouées à l’éducation, car la mentalité n’a pas encore changé à cause de la religion. « La jeune fille est toujours mal vue lorsqu’elle va à l’école. Certains parents pensent que l’école est un lieu de débauche. Parfois les filles à l’école sont mariées de force à un homme très âgé. Il y a aussi le poids de la culture qui joue un rôle négatif sur le taux de scolarisation de la jeune fille au Mali », indique-t-elle.","Entretien avec Issac Diarra, inspecteur de pédagogie à la direction de l’éducation, rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Bamako. \n\nEntretien avec Mamadou Kanté, inspectrice d’éducation, inspecteur de pédagogie à la direction de l’éducation, rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Bamako","Les dispositions constitutionnelles garantissent un accès équitable à tous à l'éducation, et selon Issac Diarra, l’accès équitable à l’enseignement est assuré en pratique au Mali. Et cela repose sur les principes suivants : la laïcité (il n’y a pas de renvoi d’école publique en rai..."]
["2012_MR_97",2012,"MR","Mauritania",97,50,"L’accès universel à l'éducation n'est pas encore garanti malgré les programmes ambitieux de l'Etat ainsi que les actions envisagées depuis plusieurs années.\n\nToutefois, il convient de noter des progrès quantitatifs. Des progrès sont à faire en termes qualitatif et d'équité afin que l'accès à l'éducation soit le même pour tous en évitant une discrimination à l'encontre des filles.","Mauritanie : Réformes dans le secteur éducatif. Janvier 2012. http://www.afrik.com/article24581.html\n\nPartenariat Mondial pour l'éducation. \"Education Sector Plan 2012 - 2014. Mauritania\". http://www.globalpartnership.org/fr/content/mauritanie-programme-national-de-developpement-du-secteur-educatif-2011-2020\n\nUNESCO. \"L’éducation pour tous. Rapport régional 2012 pour les Etats arabes\". Novembre 2012. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/ED_new/pdf/ARB_FR_01.pdf\n\nMauritania - Statistiques, http://www.unicef.org/french/infobycountry/mauritania_statistics.html\n\nBOULAYE LADJI DIAKITE, Financement de l'éducation en Mauritanie, \nUniversité de Nouakchott - maitrise en sciences economiques, http://www.memoireonline.com/10/09/2828/m_Financement-de-leducation-en-mauritanie4.html, 2009","L’accès universel à l'éducation n'est pas encore garanti malgré les programmes ambitieux de l'Etat ainsi que les actions envisagées depuis plusieurs années...."]
["2012_MU_97",2012,"MU","Mauritius",97,75,"With free education in Mauritius, which is also compulsory at primary level, all children have equitable access to education in practice. However, schooling is not equitable despite accessibility. The curriculum and pedagogy employed is not equitable, and many students from deprived economic backgrounds drop out at the end of primary school with very poor literacy skills.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nEducation Ministers must ‘raise the game’ of education across the Commonwealth, at every age level: UK Minister to tell Commonwealth Education Ministers Meeting. Commonwealth Advisory Bureau. Aug. 9, 2012. http://www.commonwealthadvisorybureau.org/news/news-single-item/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=541&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=458&cHash=26947ee8e295c6dd9dc8e1e2383e771b","With free education in Mauritius, which is also compulsory at primary level, all children have equitable access to education in practice. However, schooling is not equitable despite accessibility. The curriculum and pedagogy employed is not equitable, and many students from deprive..."]
["2012_MA_97",2012,"MA","Morocco",97,75,"There are no legal or planned or direct barriers to access a public school, but there are indirect barriers (economic, social, etc.).\n\nAll individuals, including non-citizen residents, can access the national educational system under the same conditions. There is no discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity or religion. There is support given for those less likely to be able to access education.","Education was managed outside the government of Prime Minister El Fassi. Interview in \"Assabah.” March 5, 2012.\n\nUNESCO. Maroc - Données Mondiale de l'éducation VII Ed. 2010/2011. Version révisée Avril 2012. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002164/216443f.pdf\n\nArabsthink. \"Education au Maroc et en Algérie : vers l’émergence d’un débat national?\".  August 28, 2012. http://arabsthink.com/2012/08/28/education-au-maroc-et-en-algerie-vers-lemergence-dun-debat-national/\n\nAn overview of the education system the National Education Ministry. 2006. www.unaoc.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Plan-of-Morocco.pdf\n\nObjectives Evaluation of “EPT'' (Education for All) in Morocco 2000-2006. National Education Ministry. 2006.\nhttp://www.men.gov.ma/sites/fr/SiteCollectionDocuments/Evaluation-EPT_fr.pdf","There are no legal or planned or direct barriers to access a public school, but there are indirect barriers (economic, social, etc.)...."]
["2012_MZ_97",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",97,50,"The strategic plan of education points to equitable access to education as the main objective. It is important to mention that the education system has primary, secondary, technical, vocational and higher levels. These systems are not equal -- and if one wants to find out the equitable access to the whole system, it is necessary to get accurate statistical data of the whole system, which is dispersed.\n\nNevertheless, Mozambique still lacks equal access -- which is aggravated by widespread corruption practices at various levels of the educational system.","Denise Malauene, Ms. Ministry of Education. 2 October 2012. Ministry of Education, Maputo\n\nFox, L., Santibanez, L., Nguyen, V. and Pierre, A. (2012). “Education Reform in Mozambique: Lessons and Challenges.” World Bank.","The strategic plan of education points to equitable access to education as the main objective. It is important to mention that the education system has primary, secondary, technical, vocational and higher levels. These systems are not equal -- and if one wants to find out the equit..."]
["2012_NA_97",2012,"NA","Namibia",97,50,"Namibia has made significant strides in access to education since independence. However, challenges still exist for minorities and vulnerable groups. The Education for All Plan of Action 2002-2015 alludes to the serious concern about educational access for San, Ovahimba and farmworkers' children. \n\nEquity is another major hurdle in the Namibian education system. Resources are inequitably distributed between urban and rural schools, with the urban schools faring better. There are also intra-urban inequalities, with erstwhile exclusive white schools invariably having abundant resources. This can be attributed to the pre-independence legacy, to use the language of the EFA Plan of Action document.","Government of Namibia, Namibia’s Fourth National Development Plan, 2012/13 to 2016/17, National Planning Commission, Windhoek, www.npc.gov.na/docs/NDP4_Main_Document.pdf \n \nDr. Hertha Pomuti, director, National Institute for Educational Development, interviewed Aug. 21, 2012, Okahandja.\n\n\"More Access Needed,\" Denver Kisting, the Namibian, Nov. 25, 2011, www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2011/november/article/more-access-needed/\n\nGovernment of Namibia, Education for All National Plan of Action 2002–2015,  http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Namibia/Namibia%20EFA%20NPA.pdf ","Namibia has made significant strides in access to education since independence. However, challenges still exist for minorities and vulnerable groups. The Education for All Plan of Action 2002-2015 alludes to the serious concern about educational access for San, Ovahimba and farmwor..."]
["2012_NE_97",2012,"NE","Niger",97,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_97",2012,"NG","Nigeria",97,25,"Access to education varies widely in terms of gender, region, ethnic groups and across the various levels of the educational system. Concerning basic education, UNICEF notes that there are deeply entrenched structural inequalities, and disparities are part of what keeps children out of school. These challenges are linked to many factors, including income poverty, exposure to child labor, conflict and natural disasters, location, migration and displacement, HIV/AIDS, disability, gender, ethnicity, language of instruction, religion and caste. For instance, poor women from rural areas average 2.6 years of education, while wealthy urban women receive on average nine years of education. In stark contrast, a poor rural Hausa girl barely manages 0.3 years of education.  \n\nIt assists microfinance institutions, including the Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NACRB), the National Poverty Alleviation Programme, and microfinance banks and NGO-microfinance institutions operating in rural areas. \n\nAt the higher educational level, there is an affirmative action program to allocate quota in terms of catchment area and educationally less-developed states. Private universities are expensive and beyond the reach of many in the society. At the primary and post-primary levels, there are many well-run private schools in comparison with public schools. These private schools are also quite expensive for the average Nigerian considering the current levels of poverty. Lastly, the south has a higher level of enrollment across the levels of education than the north for historical and structural reasons.","Limited Access to Tertiary Education by Prospective Candidates in Nigeria: Problems, Challenges and Way Forward. A.I. Ajayi and F.O. Afolabi. Journal of Education and Policy, vol. 4. June 2012. \n\nGender in Nigeria Report 2012. DFID 2012. www.unicef.org/education/bege_61657.html","Access to education varies widely in terms of gender, region, ethnic groups and across the various levels of the educational system. Concerning basic education, UNICEF notes that there are deeply entrenched structural inequalities, and disparities are part of what keeps children ou..."]
["2012_RW_97",2012,"RW","Rwanda",97,75,"Citizens have equal access to education by law and policy. The nine-year and 12-year basic education programs have increased access to education tremendously, especially for poor children. Though the quality of education is another matter, access to education (primary and secondary) is no longer an issue for the large majority of Rwandans. However, given the limited number of places and scholarships in public universities, access proves limited to some extent.\n\nStudents qualify for government scholarships at tertiary institutions on merit with no discrimination.","Edward Rutabingwa, Education Development Center, interviewed Nov. 23, 2012, Kigali.\n\nPeter Malinga, Public Sector Capacity Building Secretariat, interviewed Nov. 20, 2012, Kigali.","Citizens have equal access to education by law and policy. The nine-year and 12-year basic education programs have increased access to education tremendously, especially for poor children. Though the quality of education is another matter, access to education (primary and secondary..."]
["2012_ST_97",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",97,50,"Nowadays, in practice everybody has access to education. There is a great demand for education, because a large part of the population is young. Night classes are also very popular, since many students have to work to pay for their studies. A large proportion of students works during the day and studies later. But the country itself does not have sufficient infrastructure to accommodate everyone who wants to have more education, which makes many remain outside of the education system.","Ekeneide Santos, mayor, Town Council of Água-Grande, Oct. 10, 2012, Town Hall.\nHelena Botelho, director, Basic Education Department, Oct. 10, 2012, Basic Education Headquarters.","Nowadays, in practice everybody has access to education. There is a great demand for education, because a large part of the population is young. Night classes are also very popular, since many students have to work to pay for their studies. A large proportion of students works duri..."]
["2012_SN_97",2012,"SN","Senegal",97,75,"Au Sénégal, l'accès équitable à l'éducation primaire est avancé, mais des fossés existent. Dans son rapport l'Unesco montre que depuis des années le gouvernement du Sénégal a fait des efforts énormes pour un accès équitable de tous les sénégalais à l'éducation. L'UNESCO montre dans ce rapport que si le Sénégal n'a pas encore atteint l'éducation Universelle, le droit à l'éducation est un principe respecté par le gouvernement et  consacré par la constitution du Sénégal. Le rapport montre que ce n'est pas donc étonnant que le Gouvernement consacre 40% de son budget à l'éducation au Sénégal.\n\nSelon Adama Dia, il existe des disparités en matière de disponibilité des ressources publiques allouées à l’éducation. Pour assurer l’accès universel à l’éducation primaire en 2015, le Sénégal a initié, selon le rapport du ministère de l’Education et l’Enseignement, un programme et pour atteindre ses objectifs il faudra un quadruplement du taux d’inscription des enfants non scolarisés et une formidable augmentation à 80 % au minimum des taux de poursuite et d’achèvement des études primaires. La solution traditionnellement privilégiée pour augmenter le taux de scolarisation est la construction de nouvelles écoles, l’ouverture de nouvelles classes et le recrutement d’instituteurs. Cette approche est indispensable, car les enfants ne peuvent être scolarisés que s’il existe une école raisonnablement proche de chez eux, mais elle est insuffisante.\n\nSelon Mbaye Kane, un accès équitable à l’enseignement est assuré en pratique au Sénégal. Et cela repose sur les principes suivants : la laïcité (il n’y a pas de renvoi d’école publique en raison des convictions religieuses), l’obligation (l’accès à l’éducation scolaire est obligatoire et l’Etat organise des campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation dans ce sens), la gratuité (la gratuité de l’enseignement est effectivement appliquée dans les écoles publiques) la disponibilité (un effort est fait par l’Etat dans le sens de la disponibilité, non seulement par la création des écoles dans toutes les localités, mais aussi par la reconnaissance et la nationalisation des Ecoles de développement d’Initiative Locale et l’équité des genres (l’équité des genres est effectivement appliquée dans la mesure ou le système éducatif est basée sur la mixité, et que l’Etat encourage et fait la promotion de l’éducation de la fille). \n\nDans le rapport de la Coalition des Organisations de la Société Civile pour une Education de Qualité au Sénégal, une coalition des organisations de la société civile du Sénégal  qui travaillent dans le domaine de l'éducation, il est fait mention des efforts réalisés par le Sénégal pour un accès équitable du Sénégal à l'éducation en montrant que le taux brut de scolarisation du pays est passé en 5 ans de 50% à plus de 70%. La gratuité de l'accès à l'éducation est pour cette coalition un facteur déterminant au Sénégal.","Interview avec NDIOGOU KANTE, Chargé des revendications du Cadre Unitaires des Syndicats de l'Enseignement Moyen Secondaire (CUSEMS), janvier 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mbaye Kane, janvier 2013, Dakar.\n\nRapport de l'UNESCO 2012 sur l'Education au Sénégal publié en janvier 2012 (UNESCO BREDA).\n\nRapport de La Coalition des Organisations de la Société Civile pour une Education de Qualité au Sénégal en février 2012","Au Sénégal, l'accès équitable à l'éducation primaire est avancé, mais des fossés existent. Dans son rapport l'Unesco montre que depuis des années le gouvernement du Sénégal a fait des efforts énormes pour un accès équitable de tous les sénégalais à l'éducation. L'UNESCO montre dans..."]
["2012_SC_97",2012,"SC","Seychelles",97,100,"This is a non-issue in Seychelles. All courses and schools are open to all, regardless of gender, age, religion or even sexual orientation. The only barrier is financial for private institutions where fees are required.","Seychelles Nation, UNESCO’s Global Action Week – May 2-8, 2011 - 11.05.2011. http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=23451\n\nChild Rights International Network, Seychelles: Child Rights References in the Universal Periodic Review, 2011. http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=26135\n\nInternational Education Statistics. \"Educational attainment in sub-Saharan Africa\" Analysis by Friedrich Huebler. February 26, 2012. http://huebler.blogspot.com/2012/02/ssa.html","This is a non-issue in Seychelles. All courses and schools are open to all, regardless of gender, age, religion or even sexual orientation. The only barrier is financial for private institutions where fees are required."]
["2012_SL_97",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",97,25,"Many children from poor and marginalized families cannot afford education. Socioeconomic factors and domestic violence at home and violence at school put girls at an even higher risk of dropping out. \n\nSome non-governmental organizations support education in the country. Primary school education is tuition-free countrywide. However, many families are unable to afford school uniforms, books and fees charged by school authorities. The average educational level for girls is markedly below that of boys, and only 25 percent of women are considered literate. At the secondary level, pregnancy forces many girls out of school, according to the researcher's sources. The law allows girls to return to school after giving birth, but many communities do not respect that right.","Charles Lahai, executive director, Sierra Leone Youth Empowerment Organization, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the SLYEO office, Freetown.\n\nNgolo Katta, national coordinator, Center for Coordination of Youth Activities, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the CCYA office.\n\nGive for Youth, Spark Change, \"Educate a Girl, Educate a Nation -- Sierra Leone,\" www.giveforyouth.org/projects/educate-a-girl-educate-a-nation-sierra-leone/","Many children from poor and marginalized families cannot afford education. Socioeconomic factors and domestic violence at home and violence at school put girls at an even higher risk of dropping out. ..."]
["2012_SO_97",2012,"SO","Somalia",97,0,"Somalia lacks public or free education. Poor families cannot pay for primary education for their children because the monthly fee is between $10 and $20 per child. The Somali Federal Transitional Government cannot afford to provide free education for these children.","Anonymous Somali professors, interviewed Nov.10, 2012, Mogadishu.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \nWorld Education Blog. \"Education in Somalia needs help urgently, agencies say\". 19 August 2011. https://efareport.wordpress.com/2011/08/19/education-in-somalia-needs-help-urgently-agencies-say/","Somalia lacks public or free education. Poor families cannot pay for primary education for their children because the monthly fee is between $10 and $20 per child. The Somali Federal Transitional Government cannot afford to provide free education for these children."]
["2012_ZA_97",2012,"ZA","South Africa",97,50,"Access to basic education in South Africa is considered to be improving, although serious challenges are emerging. Section 27, a rights-based advocacy organization (www.section27.org.za/), argues in its report that, although access to basic education is available, the conditions under which some black children attend school make education in South Africa inequitable. Section 27 refers to conditions such as poor infrastructure in schools and also failure of the education department to deliver books and learning material to some of the underprivileged public schools. Much still has to be done to ensure equitable access to education in South Africa.","\"Survival Times: Basic Education Wants Billions From Big Business,\" Daily Maverick, Mandy de Waal, April 15, 2012, http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-04-12-survival-times-basic-education-wants-billions-from-big-business\n\n\"Basic Education Dept Outlines Plan to Widen Access to Quality Early Childhood Development,\" The Early Childhood Development Learning Community, July 5, 2011,\nwww.ecdlc.org.za/index.php/news/advocacy-news/132-basic-education-department-outlines-plan-to-widen-access-to-quality-ecd.html\n\nMichael and Susan Dell Foundation. \"Education in South Africa: Quality schooling shouldn’t be about luck\". May 15, 2012. http://www.msdf.org/blog/2012/05/education-in-south-africa-quality-schooling-shouldnt-be-about-luck/","Access to basic education in South Africa is considered to be improving, although serious challenges are emerging. Section 27, a rights-based advocacy organization (www.section27.org.za/), argues in its report that, although access to basic education is available, the conditions un..."]
["2012_SS_97",2012,"SS","South Sudan",97,0,"Since independence, education has been a key priority for the government. But many challenges remain when it comes to the equal access to education. \n\nThere are over 1.3 million primary school age children out of school, and enrolment in secondary education is the lowest in the world. Young girls face extreme disadvantages in access to education. There are just 400 girls in the last grade of secondary education in the entire country. Educational gap also exists between income groups.\n\nResearch carried out by UNESCO in 2011 found that both the government and local communities established schools for children to attend, raising the number of children enrolled in primary schools since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA).\n\nSouth Sudan joined the World Bank in April 2012, in part to help improve its education rates.","Why Education Will Foster Stability in an Independent South Sudan. UNESCO. International Institute for Educational Planning, 2011. http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_And_Events/pdf/2011/Press_Briefing_South_Sudan.pdf\n\nSouth Sudan Joins World Bank Group. World Bank, Africa. April 18, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201204181314.html\n\nIn South Sudan, many girls are missing out on school. July 9, 2012. http://efareport.wordpress.com/2012/07/09/south-sudan/\n\nPoverty Situation and Prospects in South Sudan. AfDB. August 2012. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Africa%20Economic%20Brief%20-%20Poverty%20Situation%20and%20Prospects%20in%20South%20Sudan.pdf","Since independence, education has been a key priority for the government. But many challenges remain when it comes to the equal access to education. ..."]
["2012_SD_97",2012,"SD","Sudan",97,25,"Though education and training services have technically been expanded, many children in rural areas, especially girls, lack access to basic schooling. Secondary education and higher education have expanded, but the facilities are limited and the quality is low, according to the 2012 African Economic Outlook.","Dr. Richard A. Lobban, executive director, Sudan Studies Association, interviewed March 5, 2013, in the state of Rhode Island, USA.\n \n African Economic Outlook, \"Sudan,\" 2012, \n www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/Sudan%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n\nU.N. Development Program, \"Status of the MDGs in Sudan in 2012,\" \n www.sd.undp.org/mdg_fact.htm","Though education and training services have technically been expanded, many children in rural areas, especially girls, lack access to basic schooling. Secondary education and higher education have expanded, but the facilities are limited and the quality is low, according to the 201..."]
["2012_SZ_97",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",97,25,"Due to high poverty levels, many families are unable to afford quality education, so there are visible educational gaps between people of different income levels. Inadequate provision of educational infrastructure also affects the learning environment. There are noticeable regional disparities in primary school attendance. The financial crisis threatens to deepen the inequality as the money allocated to education declines. Poor school are forced to close and this means limited access to education for the poor, especially in rural areas.","\"Progress report on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal No. 2, Achieving Universal Primary Education,\" United Nations, http://sz.one.un.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=60\n\nUnited Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2012. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf\n \n \"Swazi students protest funding cuts,\" by Louise Redvers, Mail and Guardian, March 16, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-16-swazi-students-protest-funding-cuts/\n \n \"Parents resolve to join teachers’ strike,\" by Sibusisiwe Ngozo, Swazi Observer, July 5, 2012, http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=40482\n\n \"Free primary school becomes a reality in Swaziland,\" by Shantha Bloemen, UNICEF, May 14, 2010, http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/swaziland_53646.html \n \n World Bank: The Education System in Swaziland, Training and Skills Development for Shared Growth and Competitiveness, Africa Human Development Series, working paper No. 188, 2010, pp. 18-25","Due to high poverty levels, many families are unable to afford quality education, so there are visible educational gaps between people of different income levels. Inadequate provision of educational infrastructure also affects the learning environment. There are noticeable regional..."]
["2012_TZ_97",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",97,50,"Despite the fact that Tanzania has a high rate of primary school completion, the vast majority of Tanzanian children, especially girls, do not even begin secondary school. Schoolgirls who become pregnant have to drop out of school, according to government regulations, even though since 2010 they are allowed to return after giving birth. However, many do not because of a lack of child care and stigmatization. \n \n In practice, the national system is divided between private and public sector. Increasingly, those who can afford to do so choose private schools. Consequently, according to the group HakiElimu, \"inequities in education quality have sharpened, undermining social cohesion.\"","\"Why women's education in Tanzania is critical for slowing population growth,\" article in the Guardian's Global Development website, Oct. 24, 2011. \n \n HakiElimu (2012) \"An Open, Just and Democratic Society with Quality Education for All Program Strategy 2012-2016,\" page 7.\n \n Gender inequality and access to secondary education in Tanzania: An analysis of legislation, policy, and culture. April 2012. http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/5/3/7/4/p553748_index.html","Despite the fact that Tanzania has a high rate of primary school completion, the vast majority of Tanzanian children, especially girls, do not even begin secondary school. Schoolgirls who become pregnant have to drop out of school, according to government regulations, even though s..."]
["2012_TG_97",2012,"TG","Togo",97,50,"Selon M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, un accès équitable à l’enseignement est assuré en pratique au Togo. Et cela repose sur les principes suivants : la laïcité (il n’y a pas de renvoi d’école publique en raison des convictions religieuses), l’obligation (l’accès à l’éducation scolaire est obligatoire et l’Etat organise des campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation dans ce sens), la gratuité (la gratuité de l’enseignement est effectivement appliquée dans les écoles primaires publiques) la disponibilité (un effort est fait par l’Etat dans le sens de la disponibilité, non seulement par la création des écoles dans toutes les localités, mais aussi par la reconnaissance et la nationalisation des Ecoles de développement d’Initiative Locale (EDIL) et l’équité genre ( l’équité genre est effectivement appliquée dans la mesure ou le système éducatif est basé sur la mixité, et que l’Etat encourage et fait la promotion de l’éducation de la jeune fille). Par exemple, les statistiques nationales sur l’accès à l’éducation primaire sont, en 2005, de 97,90% pour les garçons et 90,40% pour les filles. Il y a toutefois à noter selon le Professeur Datè Fodio Gbikpi-Benissan qu' au Togo, il existe des disparités en matière de disponibilité des ressources publiques allouées à l’éducation.","M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, Maître de conférences (CAMES), enseignant chercheur à l’Université de Lomé, le 15 août 2012.\n \nProfesseur Datè Fodio Gbikpi-Benissan, Ancien secrétaire du gouvernement, Rapporteur de la Commission Education aux Etats généraux de l’éducation en 1992, Directeur de l'INSE (Institut national des Sciences de l'éducation), le 9 août 2012.","Selon M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, un accès équitable à l’enseignement est assuré en pratique au Togo. Et cela repose sur les principes suivants : la laïcité (il n’y a pas de renvoi d’école publique en raison des convictions religieuses), l’obligation (l’accès à l’éducation scolaire ..."]
["2012_TN_97",2012,"TN","Tunisia",97,50,"Selon M.A. Chemingui, M. V. Sánchez \"la Tunisie a fait des avancées pour assurer l’accès à l'éducation pour tout le monde même s'il y a encore quelques disparités régionales et manque d’accès des enfants à besoins spécifiques d'accéder à une bonne éducation.\"... même si le système éducatif a de sérieux problèmes, il a permis aux pauvres d'avoir des opportunités significatives.\"\n \n La Tunisie a réalisé des avancées significatives pour assurer l'accès à l'éducation pour tous malgré quelques disparités régionales et les problèmes d'accès des enfants ayant des besoins spéciaux à une éducation de qualité.\n «Le taux de scolarisation des garçons et des filles âgés de 6 ans est passé de près de 96,3 pour cent en 1990-91 à 99 pour cent en 1999-2000 et 99,2 pour cent en 2008-09 (tableau 6). Pour les enfants de 6 à 11 ans, le taux de scolarisation a augmenté de 88,1 pour cent en 1990-91 à 97,1 pour cent en 1999-2000 et de 97,7 pour cent en 2008-09. Cela signifie essentiellement que les redoublements et les abandons n'affectent pas sérieusement les taux d'achèvement des études primaires en Tunisie. \"\n «La Tunisie est l'un des pays les plus avancés de la région en ce qui concerne les droits des femmes. La parité entre les sexes est respectée dans l'accès aux soins de santé et l'éducation. Actuellement, les taux de scolarisation, tant au primaire et secondaire ainsi que les niveaux d'enseignement supérieur ne discriminent pas les filles. Au contraire, elles comptent pour plus de 50 pour cent des étudiants inscrits.\"\n \n \"Même si le système éducatif a de sérieuses faiblesses, il a fourni aux pauvres des possibilités considérables pour améliorer leurs conditions de vie. Plusieurs indicateurs (..) indiquent qu'il y a eu des progrès remarquables en matière d'éducation. Par exemple, une forte augmentation du nombre moyen d'années d'éducation de la population active. Des progrès ont été plus élevés dans les régions côtières, mais cela a été en grande partie partagé entre la population, y compris des régions telles que le centre-ouest, où se concentre la pauvreté.\"","- Article de Mohamed Hédi Zaeim sur l'équité dans l'enseignement supérieur publié dans les actes des journées de l'entreprise Décembre 2011: http://www.unfpa-tunisie.org/usp/images/stories/pdfs/m3/LES%20INEGALITES%20REGIONALES%20ET%20SOCIALES%20I.pdf\n \n - Article de M.A. Chemingui, M. V. Sánchez, \"Assessing Development Strategies to Achieve the MDGs in The Republic of Tunisia\", United Nations Department for Social and Economic Affairs, October 2011: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/capacity/output_studies/roa87_study_tun.pdf","Selon M.A. Chemingui, M. V. Sánchez \"la Tunisie a fait des avancées pour assurer l’accès à l'éducation pour tout le monde même s'il y a encore quelques disparités régionales et manque d’accès des enfants à besoins spécifiques d'accéder à une bonne éducation.\"... même si le système ..."]
["2012_UG_97",2012,"UG","Uganda",97,50,"Uganda's government has pursued policies intended to expand access to all levels of the education system, with special emphasis placed on primary education as it directly benefits the rural poor. The main achievement of UPE has been the increased enrollment in primary schools and the greatest beneficiary has been young girls. USE students who get specific grades in primary exit exams study free in public secondary schools and participating private schools. \n \n Meanwhile, university education is still mainly for either children from wealthy families (who can afford to meet the high cost of education) or those who passed with very high grades (who are eligible for government scholarships) or a student should have both as the best schools have the facilities needed for good grades. \n \n Easy access to education for children with disabilities is still a challenge as there few special needs schools and normal schools do not have adequate facilities to care for them, thus many end up missing school. \n \n A report by Sarah Dryden-Peterson, “Education of Refugees in Uganda: Relationships between Setting and Access,” June 2003, shows that overall, refugee children in Uganda can access education. \n \n Generally, the biggest challenge to equitable access to education in Uganda is the high level of poverty, especially among rural households in which parents fail to meet their obligations and children lose interest in school.\n \n According to “Netherlands Education Sector Evaluation of Uganda, 2008” Uganda has been successful in improving access to education, but it is felt that this was at the cost of the quality of education. Further, under UPE and USE, parents are expected to provide uniforms, lunch and scholastic materials, but poor parents are still failing to meet their obligations thus their children are missing classes. And still, qualitative studies show that girls are more likely to drop out and leave primary school; and also, girls are less likely to go on to secondary school.","“Uganda has improved access to secondary education – Report,” by Pascal Kwesiga, The New Vision, March 22, 2011, http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/35/749828\n \n “How ready was government for universal education?”, by Patience Ahimbisibwe, The Daily Monitor, Oct. 24, 2011, http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/-/688336/1260220/-/f3a9nf/-/index.html\n \n “Free universal secondary education in Uganda has yielded mixed results,”\n Richard M. Kavuma, The Guardian, Oct. 25, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/oct/25/free-secondary-education-uganda-mixed-results\n \n \"Universal Secondary Education – the big Ugandan con-trick,\" a blog with views posted by the Ritchies, Feb. 6, 2012, http://ritchiesinuganda.blogspot.com/2012/02/universal-secondary-education-big.html","Uganda's government has pursued policies intended to expand access to all levels of the education system, with special emphasis placed on primary education as it directly benefits the rural poor. The main achievement of UPE has been the increased enrollment in primary schools and t..."]
["2012_ZM_97",2012,"ZM","Zambia",97,50,"Especially in rural areas, children start school late, compared to those in urban areas who have adequate nearby schools and/or means of transport to get there. It is different for rural based children where schools are few and they have to walk long distances, which means one has to be slightly older before they can find a place and also be able to walk alone. By the time they reach grade seven, they are ready for marriage. Further children in low income areas drop out of school.\n\nIn principle, all citizens can access the national educational system under the same conditions. There is no discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity or religion. There is support given for those less likely to be able to access education and there is free education from grade one to seven. At tertiary level there is a bursary to assist those who can not afford to pay tuition fees at government colleges and universities.\n\nHowever, UNICEF statistics demonstrate an unequal access for certain groups. For the period 2008-2012 the primary school attendance disparity between urban and rural dwellers was at 91.1% versus 76.8% and between the poorest 20% and richest 20% at 95.6% versus 72.9%.","Interview: Ms. Diana Ngula, Program officer, Information Management and Communication, Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR). September 17, 2012, 03:00 p.m., CSPR officers. \n \n Interview: Anonymous, Programs officer, September 18, 2012, 04:00 p.m., Restaurant.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Government of the Republic of Zambia, Sixth National Development Plan-2011\n\nUNICEF. Zambia Statistics (2008-2012). http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/zambia_statistics.html#124","Especially in rural areas, children start school late, compared to those in urban areas who have adequate nearby schools and/or means of transport to get there. It is different for rural based children where schools are few and they have to walk long distances, which means one has ..."]
["2012_ZW_97",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",97,25,"In practice, individuals can access the national educational system under the same conditions. According to the First Annual MTP Implementation Progress Report of 2012, gender parity at primary school was achieved as the gender index was 1 (June 2012). \n \n However, gender disparities in the access of higher and tertiary education continues. The gender index in June 2012 was 0.98 at secondary school level. As the director of Action-Aid Zimbabwe notes, \"The education sector has in recent years seen many girls from poor homes failing to access primary education, increasing primary and secondary school dropouts, deterioration of services and infrastructure at public schools and a proliferation of new private schools rendering education expensive to the poor who have remained excluded.\" \n \n While the system does not explicitly discriminate entrance to the national education system, there are certain practices that are carried out by school development associations that can prohibit or deter equitable access to education at primary and high school level. For example, although the government has made efforts to ensure that the public school system is accessible to the same extent as that for primary and high school, the government charges minimal school fees. Schools (through their school development associations) charge levies agreed upon by parents (which are usually higher than the fees set by the ministry). While tuition fees in government schools have been generally very low, development levies at times have proved to be impediments to the provision of free education. There have been recent reports that this system has been abused by schools as they charge exorbitant \"desk, bus and other allowances.\" One such example is Ardbennie Primary school where students were reportedly sent home over a $56 bus levy, a month before their end of year examinations.","\"Is there political commitment to education in Zimbabwe?\", by Tsitsi Choruma, Action Aid Zimbabwe, June 3, 2011, http://www.actionaid.org/zimbabwe/2011/06/there-political-commitment-education-zimbabwe\n \n Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion (MEPIP), First Annual Medium Term Plan Implementation Porgress Report 2012, www.mepip.gov.zw\n \n \"Half school sent home over bus levy,\" by Kupakwashe Makonye, News Day, Nov. 3, 2012, http://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/11/03/half-school-sent-home-over-bus-levy/","In practice, individuals can access the national educational system under the same conditions. According to the First Annual MTP Implementation Progress Report of 2012, gender parity at primary school was achieved as the gender index was 1 (June 2012). ..."]
["2012_DZ_98",2012,"DZ","Algeria",98,25,"According to sources, the educational system in Algeria remains quite disconnected from the economic situation or framework, and taking the economic circumstances and needs into account remained a challenge during the review period.","Anonymous source, journalist. El Watan. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. El Khabar. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, journalist. La Voie de l'Oranie. June 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, government official. ONS. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, government official. ONS. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, government official. ONS. June 9, 2012.\n\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 9, 2012.\nAnonymous source, academic. Faculty of Law, University of Tlemcen. June 9, 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nLE SYSTÈME ÉDUCATIF ALGÉRIEN À LA DÉRIVE :La défaite de la pensée. 5 mars 2012. http://commentjevoislemonde.blogs.nouvelobs.com/archive/2012/03/05/le-systeme-educatif-algerien-a-la-derive-la-defaite-de-la-pe.html","According to sources, the educational system in Algeria remains quite disconnected from the economic situation or framework, and taking the economic circumstances and needs into account remained a challenge during the review period."]
["2012_AO_98",2012,"AO","Angola",98,50,"The average time a child spends in education is 4.4 years, and the literacy rate for adults over 15 years old stands at 67.4 percent. The quality of teaching is often low, fees can be high and some courses and degrees (such as vocational training or specialized engineering courses) have restricted entry. Some vocational training is conducted by the Ministério de Assistencia para Reinserção Social (Ministry for Social Reinsertion). There is also a government policy of ‘Angolanization’ aimed at providing greater employment for Angolans. According to André Leonardo, Provincial Director of Education, Angola has made great progress in the last ten years in improving education despite shortages of infrastructure, resources and skills. He identifies challenges that still need to be overcome as children outside of the school system, extension of high school education, extension of academic and professional skills and literacy classes.","\"Education in Angola: Partnership Opportunities for the UK,\" by Emanuel Gomes and Markus Weimer,  Chatham House, May 2011, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/19414_0511pp_gomes_weimer.pdf\n\n\"Educação procura qualidade do ensino,\" by Joaquim Aguiar, Jornal de Angola, Aug. 6, 2012, http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/14/18/educacao_procura_qualidade_do_ensino\n\nAll Africa. \"Angola: Unicef Recognises Improvement in Access to Primary Education\". May 30, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201205301079.html","The average time a child spends in education is 4.4 years, and the literacy rate for adults over 15 years old stands at 67.4 percent. The quality of teaching is often low, fees can be high and some courses and degrees (such as vocational training or specialized engineering courses)..."]
["2012_BJ_98",2012,"BJ","Benin",98,25,"La planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins économiques du pays. La problématique de l'inadéquation formation-emploi est régulièrement soulignée tant par les gouvernants que par les acteurs du système éducatif eux mêmes.\n\nLa Réforme du LMD (Licence, Master, Doctorat) tend à corriger cet état de choses, afin que les produits de l'école soient adaptés aux besoins des entreprises, et plus largement du système économique.","Jean-Claude Hounmènou, Professeur d’université en psychologie, Ecole normale supérieure, directeur adjoint (ENS), Entretien le 19 juillet 2012, ENS, Porto-Novo.\n\nGansa Bruno, Inspecteur de l’enseignement primaire, conseil des activités éducatives du Bénin (CAEB) ONG, Formateur au CAEB, Porto-Novo, Entretien le 08 août 2012 à Adjarra.\n\nEyebiyi P. Elieth, 2011. <<L'alignement de l'enseignement supérieur ouest-africain: la construction des savoirs entre intranéité et extranéité au Bénin>>, in Catherine Agulhon et Bernard Convert (sous la dir.), La professionnalisation: l'un des vecteurs du processus de Bologne?, Cahiers de la recherche sur l'éducation et les savoirs, hors Série n°3, Juin 2011, Paris., ISSN1635-3544, ISBN:978-2-7351-1416-0\n\nEyebiyi P. Elieth, 2011. <<Mondialisation, savoirs et marché de l'enseignement supérieur. le privé vient-il à la rescousse du public au Bénin?>>, in Michèle Leclerc-Olive, Grazia Scarfo' Ghellab et Anne-Catherine Wagner(dir.), Les mondes universitaires face au marché: Circulation des savoirs et pratiques des acteurs, Paris: Karthala, 2011; ISBN:978-2-8111-0517-4","La planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins économiques du pays. La problématique de l'inadéquation formation-emploi est régulièrement soulignée tant par les gouvernants que par les acteurs du système éducatif eux mêmes...."]
["2012_BW_98",2012,"BW","Botswana",98,50,"The education system has been criticized for not taking economic needs into consideration. The further development of tertiary education has been stalled by the recent recession, and skills continue to be a challenge in the economy.\n\nA consultative workshop was organized in December 2012 by the Human Resource Development Advisory Council (HRDAC), the Tertiary Education Council (TEC), the Botswana Training Authority (BOTA) and the Botswana Qualifications Authority (BQA) and the workshop heard principals of training institutions, vocational training centres and mining  companies unanimously underscoring the need for an overhaul of the education system. It was observed that \"although institutions like BOCODOL, the Botswana Examinations Council (BEC) and BOTA have advanced the country's education sector, there are still areas of fragmentation, duplication and irrelevance in the education system that needed to be addressed.\"","Vision 2016, \"An Educated and Informed Nation,\" Botswana National Vision Council website,\nwww.vision2016.co.bw/vision-faq.php#toggleView(q1)\n\n\"Stakeholders Decry Education System's Irrelevance to Job Market,\" Mmegi, Dec. 13, 2012, \nwww.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=690&dir=2012/December/Thursday13#sthash.T34AcLHf.dpuf\n\nOpen Society Initiative for Southern Africa, \"Increasing Access to Education for San Children in Settlements of Ghanzi District in Botswana,\" November 23, 2011. www.osisa.org/education/botswana/increasing-access-education-san-children-settlements-ghanzi-district-botswana#sthash.iKplm5uf.dpuf","The education system has been criticized for not taking economic needs into consideration. The further development of tertiary education has been stalled by the recent recession, and skills continue to be a challenge in the economy...."]
["2012_BF_98",2012,"BF","Burkina Faso",98,0,"Le système éducatif du Burkina Faso est, dans une large mesure, calqué sur le modèle hérité du système colonial français qui ne tient presque pas compte du cadre économique ni des besoins réels du pays, raison pour laquelle on enregistre beaucoup de jeunes diplômés désespérément en quête de travail. Selon les informations collectées auprès des personnes interviewées, les efforts d’adaptation du système éducatif au cadre économique et au besoin du pays sont assez récents.","Interview avec M. Ambroise Bakyonon, Chef de Département de la Culture, de la Jeunesse, de l’Education et de l’Emploi, Premier Ministère, dans son Bureau, le mercredi 13 février 2013 à 11:18 TU\n\nLe Faso Net. \"Scolarisation versus alphabétisation : Quel type de système éducatif pour le développement ?\". 2 Décembre 2011. http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article45182.","Le système éducatif du Burkina Faso est, dans une large mesure, calqué sur le modèle hérité du système colonial français qui ne tient presque pas compte du cadre économique ni des besoins réels du pays, raison pour laquelle on enregistre beaucoup de jeunes diplômés désespérément en..."]
["2012_BI_98",2012,"BI","Burundi",98,50,"In Burundi, education planning is not dictated by the economic needs of the national economy or the market place but rather by the budget.  \n\nHowever, in the new National Education and training Development Sectoral Plan (PSDEF) 2012-2020, it is indicated that a strategic focus would be a better correlation between the education system and the economic needs in terms of human resources.","\"Rapport D’évaluation Technique Du Plan Sectoriel De Développement De L’éducation Et De La Formation (Evaluation Technical Report On The Plan Of Sector Development Of Education And Training),\" 2012-2020, Global Partnership for Education,  July 2012 http://www.globalpartnership.org/media/Misc./Burundi/Burundi%20Rapport%20devaluation%20du%20PSDEF%20VF%2020%2007%2012.pdf\n\nInterview with Euralie Nibizi, trade unionist, Aug. 6, 2012\n\n\" Providing Primary Education For All In A Post-conflict Context: The Case Of Burundi,\" by Hermenegilde Rwantabagu, University of Burundi, 2011 http://www.cfbt.com/evidenceforeducation/pdf/Rwantabagu%20-%20Providing%20Primary%20Education%20in%20Burundi.pdf ","In Burundi, education planning is not dictated by the economic needs of the national economy or the market place but rather by the budget.  ..."]
["2012_CM_98",2012,"CM","Cameroon",98,25,"Each year before the November session of the National Assembly, which is dedicated to adoption of Cameroon's annual budget, the president of the republic issues a circular/guidelines to be used by  ministries in the preparation of their budgets. These guidelines have to capture the real needs of the ministries and also align with general government policy. Cameroon's education system has been criticized for not responding to the needs of the employment market. The country's employment market, especially for young people, is seriously affected by the low level of educational qualifications, especially in the formal sector. A World Bank report on the education sector in Cameroon said that in 2009 less than half of the school-age population completed the primary education cycle, meaning many young people could not read, write or count and therefore would be unable to adapt to the evolving employment market. Despite an abundance of natural resources with potential in the mineral sector, Cameroon did not open its first school specializing in mining and geology until 2011, as it prepared to become a mineral-producing country in the years ahead.","Mathurin Petsoko, \"L’Ecole de Géologie et d’Exploitation Minière ouvre ses portes ce lundi 21 novembre,\" Journal du Cameroun.com, Nov. 21, 2011.\n\n\"Améliorer l’éducation au Cameroun en agissant à la fois sur l’offre et la demande,\" World Bank, Yaoundé, April 11, 2012.\n\nWorld Bank, \"Cameroon: Governance and Management in the Education Sector,\" March 2012.\n\nClaude Abé, \"Le financement de l'education au Cameroun A l'heure de l'EPT FINANCEMENT DE L’EDUCATION AU CAMEROUN et des ODM,\" L'Observatoire National de l'Education, Cameroon Education for All Network, Yaoundé, June 2007, at www.efa-cameroon.org/sites/efa-cameroon.org/files/recherche_sur_financement_0.pdf\n\nRomuald sostaine Foueka Tagne, \"Croissance des depenses publiques et incidence sur le developpement au Cameroun: le cas du secteur educatif,\" Université de Yaoundé 2 soa -- Master/ dea NPTCI 2009.\n\nMinistry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development, \"Cameroun Vision 2035:Document de Travail,\" MINEPAT, February 2009, at www.reseau-espaces-volontariats.org/IMG/Vision_Cameroun_2035.pdf\n\nNational Institute of Statistics, \"2e Enquête sur le suivi des dépenses publiques et le niveau de satisfaction des beneficiaires dans les secteurs de l’éducation et de la sante au Cameroun: Rapport principal -- Volet Education,\" National Institute of Statistics, December 2010.\n\nGeorge Mbella, \"Basic Education: Improving Access to Pre-primary Education,\" Cameroon Tribune, Nov. 22, 2011. \n\nFrançois lasier, \"Révolution à venir: Vers la professionnalisation du système éducatif,\" Aurore Plus, Jan. 20, 2012, at http://cameroon-info.net/stories/0,31261,@,revolution-a-venir-vers-la-professionnalisation-du-systeme-educatif.html","Each year before the November session of the National Assembly, which is dedicated to adoption of Cameroon's annual budget, the president of the republic issues a circular/guidelines to be used by  ministries in the preparation of their budgets. These guidelines have to capture the..."]
["2012_CV_98",2012,"CV","Cape Verde",98,50,"The data indicate that the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework of the country, to a large extent.\n\nHowever, the planning of the educational system is characterized by discontinuity and dispersion of instruments of central planning, as well as the difficulty of fully reflecting the needs of economic development because the plans do not result from a scientific investigation of reality and prospects for economic and social transformation. \n\nMoreover, the lack of systematic planning at intermediate and local levels, or the existence of deficits of interconnection among the central, intermediate and local plans limits the implementation capacity of the central plans.","Interview with Bartolomeu Lopes Varela, lecturer/professor in education, Cape Verde University, Sept. 13, 2012, Praia City.\n\n\"Prospects and Challenges of Current Educational Policy and Curriculum in Cape Verde,\" by Bartolomeu Varela, 2011, http://bartvarela.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/perspectivas-e-desafios-actuais-da-polc3adtica-educativa-e-curricular-em-cabo-verde1.pdf\n\n\"State Report of the National Education System (RESEN) - Cape Verde,\" Ministry of Education and Sports, 2011. http://www.minedu.gov.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=6&view=finish&cid=177&catid=6&m=0","The data indicate that the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework of the country, to a large extent...."]
["2012_CF_98",2012,"CF","CAR",98,25,"Le gouvernement ne prend pas totalement en compte toutes les circonstances économiques pertinentes et les besoins du pays au moment de la planification des programmes d’éducation et de formation. Il y a en quelque sorte une inadéquation entre les programmes d'Education et le marché du travail. Cette inadéquation s'explique par le fait que certaines filières n'ont pas de débouchés automatiques (Anthropologie, Sciences de l'Education, Agence de Développement Communautaire, Géographie, Chimie-Biologie etc.).\n\nCe qui explique un nombre élevé des diplômés sans emplois et la dégradation des conditions de vie de ces derniers. Ce qui exige une nouvelle réforme ou réorientation du système éducatif de la RCA.","KOKOYO Séverin, Cadre au Ministère des Finances et du Budget, Enseignant à la Haute Ecole de Gestion et Comptabilité de Bangui, Juillet 2012, Bangui;\n\nFreddy MIABE, Coordonnateur National des Ressources Humaines et de Développement Organisationnel, SOS, Villages d'Enfants Centrafrique, Juillet 2012, Bangui.","Le gouvernement ne prend pas totalement en compte toutes les circonstances économiques pertinentes et les besoins du pays au moment de la planification des programmes d’éducation et de formation. Il y a en quelque sorte une inadéquation entre les programmes d'Education et le marché..."]
["2012_TD_98",2012,"TD","Chad",98,25,"The high youth employment situation in Chad (12.4 percent rate in 2010, according to UNDP) is the reflection of the inadequacy between the education system and the needs of the work market.","United Nations Development Programme, Chad Country Office, OMD8 - Mettre en place un partenariat mondial pour le développement, http://www.td.undp.org/Bureau_OMD8.asp [accessed on August 7, 2012]\n\nMr. Baïdessou Soukolgue, lecturer. National School of Public Administration. N'Djamena. July 26, 2012.","The high youth employment situation in Chad (12.4 percent rate in 2010, according to UNDP) is the reflection of the inadequacy between the education system and the needs of the work market."]
["2012_KM_98",2012,"KM","Comoros",98,50,"La mise en œuvre des réformes du système éducatif aux Comores se conforme fidèlement aux prescriptions de la loi d’orientation n°94/035/AF du 20 décembre 1994. Cette loi a pour objectif de \"former des personnes capables, chacune à ses niveaux et selon ses compétences, de participer au développement économique et social du pays.\"\nEn théorie donc, la planification dans le système éducatif  prend en compte le cadre économique. Cependant, le système éducatif des Comores est  critiqué à cause du fait que \"l’éducation continue à former des cadres sans aucune adéquation avec les besoins réels du pays en ressources humaines.\" Ce qui constitue une entrave au développement humain durable du pays. \nLe système éducatif a pour mission de promouvoir un enseignement et une recherche qui intègrent l’ensemble des valeurs de la civilisation comorienne tout en répondant aux besoins de la population en matière de développement socioéconomique et culturel. Il s’insère aussi dans le cadre de la stratégie nationale de développement et de réduction de la pauvreté. (Source : « L’éducation aux Comores », site officiel du Gouvernement de l’Union des Comores, décembre 2012, http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=36)\nSelon Dramsi Firozali, le système éducatif des Comores devrait théoriquement s’imbriquer avec le cadre de développement économique du pays. Il est souvent proclamé que les compétences construites à l’école doivent faciliter l’ entrée de l’enfant comorien dans le monde du travail et le préparer à l’exercice de ses responsabilités futures d’homme et de citoyen. Mais dans la pratique, la formation privilégie l’entrée dans le fonctionnariat (administration publique), et non dans le secteur privé ou l’auto-création d’emploi. (source : Dramsi Firozali, Président de l’Organisation Patronale des Comores, interview par internet, 15 décembre 2012).\nLe monde des affaires est conscient de cette lacune et cherche à colmater les brèches. Ainsi , en vue d’une meilleure adéquation entre Formation et emploi, l’Union des Chambres de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Agriculture des Comores (UCCIA) a signé avec l’Université des Comores (UDC) une convention de partenariat en janvier 2011. (sources : Sitty Karima Mohamed, juriste assistante à l’Union des Chambres de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Artisanat des Comores, interview par internet, 15 décembre 2012, Moroni).","Dramsi Firozali, Président de l’Organisation Patronale des Comores, interview par internet, 15 décembre 2012\n\nSitty Karima Mohamed, juriste assistante à l’Union des Chambres de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Artisanat des Comores, interview par internet, 15 décembre 2012, Moroni\n\n« L’éducation aux Comores », site officiel du Gouvernement de l’Union des Comores, décembre 2012, http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=36)\n\nUNESCO, Novembre 2010, Données mondiales de l’éducation, VII ed. 2010/11, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Comoros.pdf\n\nPNUD, RAPPORT NATIONAL SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN, Cohésion sociale et développement humain en Union des Comores 2010, p 60","La mise en œuvre des réformes du système éducatif aux Comores se conforme fidèlement aux prescriptions de la loi d’orientation n°94/035/AF du 20 décembre 1994. Cette loi a pour objectif de \"former des personnes capables, chacune à ses niveaux et selon ses compétences, de participer..."]
["2012_CD_98",2012,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",98,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_CG_98",2012,"CG","Congo DRC",98,25,"There is a very low level of coordination between the financial ministries and the education ministry, therefore the planning of the educational system is not based on the economic framework and is not even based on reliable figures about the youths.\n\nInternational NGOs fill gaps that the government leaves. For example, VVOR sponsored a program to improve the quality of primary education and secondary technical agricultural education.","Monographie de la Republique Democratique du Congo, Creaa-se.org, 2011 http://www.creaa-se.org/IMG/pdf/MONOGRAPHIE_DE_LA_RDC.pdf\n\nRépublique Démocratique du Congo. \"Forum de dialogue politique sur l’éducation et la paix en République démocratique du Congo\". Octobre 2012. http://www.ineesite.org/uploads/files/resources/Rapport_Final_-_RDC_Forum_Dialogue_Politique_-_Jan_2013_1.pdf\n\n\"Effective Delivery of Services in the field of public education in the DR Congo,\" Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, 2009 http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AfriMAP-RDC-ServicesPublics-Educ-FR.pdf\n\nVVOB, DR Congo, http://www.vvob.be/vvob/en/programmes/dr-congo","There is a very low level of coordination between the financial ministries and the education ministry, therefore the planning of the educational system is not based on the economic framework and is not even based on reliable figures about the youths...."]
["2012_CI_98",2012,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",98,25,"There is a mismatch between training and employment needs. This situation, attributable to an education sector that ignores the real needs of the national economy, has led to the development of training programs offering no corresponding employment opportunities. The majority of young employment-seekers lack solid qualifications in the fields of competence demanded by employers.","Kouadio Apollinaire N'guessan, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Feb. 5, 2013\n\nDjénéba Bénédicte Kouassi-Dosso, Associate Civil Affairs Officer, United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire, date interviewed: Feb. 1, 2013","There is a mismatch between training and employment needs. This situation, attributable to an education sector that ignores the real needs of the national economy, has led to the development of training programs offering no corresponding employment opportunities. The majority of yo..."]
["2012_DJ_98",2012,"DJ","Djibouti",98,75,"Le gouvernement tente de prendre en compte les circonstances économiques et les besoins du pays dans sa planification des programmes d’éducation et de formation.\n\nLa réforme  des méthodes et des programmes d'enseignement et de formation pour les adapter aux réalités nationales et aux mutations intervenues dans le champ de l'éducation et dans le contexte national et international constituait le premier axe d'intervention du Schéma directeur 2000-2010.\n\nL'éducation et la formation sont par exemple dispensées dans les langues officielles (français / arabe) et dans les langues nationales (afar / somali).","M. Mahdi Mahamoud Issé, Inspecteur Général de l’Éducation Nationale, interview réalisée le 04/08/12.\n\nMme Rahma Mohamed Hersi, Conceptrice de manuels de Français pour l’Enseignement de Base, Membre de la commission d’évaluation des manuels scolaires au CRIPEN (Centre de Recherche d'Information et de Production de l'Education Nationale), interview réalisée le 04/08/12.\n\nDonnées mondiales de l'éducation, Unesco, 2010-2011.","Le gouvernement tente de prendre en compte les circonstances économiques et les besoins du pays dans sa planification des programmes d’éducation et de formation...."]
["2012_EG_98",2012,"EG","Egypt",98,50,"A 2012 Chatham House report states:\n\"Mismatches with available jobs means Egypt ends up exporting doctors and engineers while importing senior managers for the business sector. This problem is related to the next key challenge.\" Notably, the report states that private schools tend to be better able to equip their students to meet the demands of the job market with, for example, language and IT training.\n\nThe Ministry of Education in collaboration with international partners developed some standardized tests which provide benchmarks for progress in education such as CAPS, SCOPE and MAP. Another initiative called \"the 100 schools project\" was established by the first lady of the toppled president to set up 100 schools in the lowest-income areas of Cairo in collaboration with the private sector and community associations. \n\nOn one hand, education curricula were designed, targeting homeless children or children in rural areas. One-day schools were also established. However, they are ineffective to respond to the needs of disadvantaged children.\n\nDespite all the government reforms in the education sector to expand education access to all, it has always been at the expense of the quality of education. Education may still be enhancing rather than diminishing the transmission of poverty and low education attainment across generations. The economic benefits of education, as the gateway to employability, are shrinking, resulting in a labor force with a lower productivity than its potential.\n\nThe demographic expansion of the society and the accelerated increase of the number of students were not linked to the investments in the school facilities, resulting in overcrowded and poorly equipped classes (40 to 50 students in each).","Anonymous, Egyptian NGO, Right to education expert. 13 November 2012. Cairo, Egypt. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nLouisa Loveluck, Background Paper: Education in Egypt: Key Challenges, Middle East and North Africa Programme, Chatham House, March 2012. http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf\n\nShamshad Akhtar. 2010. Quality of education: the gateway to employability. World Bank quick note series. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/QN22-.pdf","A 2012 Chatham House report states:\n\"Mismatches with available jobs means Egypt ends up exporting doctors and engineers while importing senior managers for the business sector. This problem is related to the next key challen..."]
["2012_GQ_98",2012,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",98,50,"The information found suggests education planning is not entirely taking the economy's needs into account. However, no credible information was found to determine this with certainty during the period of study.","Center for Economic and Social Rights, Equatorial Guinea country profile, http://www.cesr.org/section.php?id=61, accessed August 2011 \n\nThe African Report on Child Wellbeing 2011 Country Brief, Equatorial Guinea - http://www.africanchildforum.org/africanreport/attachements/article/47/EQUATORIALGUINEA.pdf \n\nPulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting, Equatorial Guinea: Rich Country, Poor Schools, Feb 2012 \nhttp://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/equatorial-guinea-education-system-economy-funding-institutional-support\n\nEquatorial Guinea : Public Expenditure Review, World Bank, 2010.\nhttps://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3011","The information found suggests education planning is not entirely taking the economy's needs into account. However, no credible information was found to determine this with certainty during the period of study."]
["2012_ER_98",2012,"ER","Eritrea",98,50,"The state media claim that the education systems in colleges and vocational training centers are designed to meet the demands of the economic framework. Since the government invests in infrastructure and service-rendering developments, the training and educational centers focus on such an economic framework. \n\nThe source said it is difficult to determine whether graduates are assigned to work in fields related to their studies because most of them are drawn into national service in the military or state enterprise companies. Many have left because of dissatisfaction with the unlimited national service terms before they contributed anything.","News on education in post-high school training centers, Shabait administrative staff, Shabait.com, July 2012,\n'Sawa Vocational Training Center Equipping Youths Adequately for National Development: Students,\" Shabait.com or www.shabait.com/news/local-news/8772-sawa-vocational-training-center-provides-training-for-2500-students-in-19-disciplines\n\nAnonymous source. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nBTI Eritrea Country Report 2012.\nhttp://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/BTI_2012_Eritrea.pdf","The state media claim that the education systems in colleges and vocational training centers are designed to meet the demands of the economic framework. Since the government invests in infrastructure and service-rendering developments, the training and educational centers focus on ..."]
["2012_ET_98",2012,"ET","Ethiopia",98,50,"The government educational policy takes into consideration the developmental state policy that largely focuses on training professionals in technology, agriculture, scientific research and information technology.","Ethiopia Ministry of Education, http://www.moe.gov.et/English/Information/Pages/VisionMissionandValues.aspx. Accessed June 2012. \n\nInterview with Fekide Tutli, educational researcher, Ambo University, Addis Ababa, June 4, 2012.\n\nInterview with Ezana Mengistu, lecturer in the Sociology and Social Anthropology Department at Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, June 3, 2012.","The government educational policy takes into consideration the developmental state policy that largely focuses on training professionals in technology, agriculture, scientific research and information technology."]
["2012_GA_98",2012,"GA","Gabon",98,0,"Non. La seule marque de considération des enseignants est le fait que leurs postes budgétaires sont planifiés mais les primes de rendement du personnel enseignant et les équipements de travail sont très largement insuffisants, d'où les grèves à répétition dans ce secteur.","Anonyme. Interview syndicats éducation CGSL et CONASYSED, SEENA, février 2012\nAnonyme. Interviews ONG secteur éducation, avril 2012\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nLa loi de finances 2010 et 2011","Non. La seule marque de considération des enseignants est le fait que leurs postes budgétaires sont planifiés mais les primes de rendement du personnel enseignant et les équipements de travail sont très largement insuffisants, d'où les grèves à répétition dans ce secteur."]
["2012_GM_98",2012,"GM","The Gambia",98,75,"Education specialists stated that the planning of the education system takes into account the economic framework because the overall goal of the education policy is poverty reduction. This is why most of the activities are anchored on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper II and the recently developed government program paper called Program for Accelerated Growth and Employment. Adama Jimba Jobe, director of science and technology at the Ministry of Basic & Secondary Education, stated further that all the recent interventions in the education sector programs are meant to improve the access to and the quality of education, as well reduce cost for parents, \"which we have realized as a sector is a hindrance to education for some people.\"","Email correspondence with Adama Jimba Jobe, director of science and technology at the Ministry of Basic & Secondary Education, on Aug. 5, 2012.\n\nEmail correspondence with Poncelet O. Ileleji, an education specialist based in The Gambia since 1996, on Sept. 16-17, 2012. He has published and attended numerous conferences globally on information and communications technology, education and development.","Education specialists stated that the planning of the education system takes into account the economic framework because the overall goal of the education policy is poverty reduction. This is why most of the activities are anchored on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper II and the..."]
["2012_GH_98",2012,"GH","Ghana",98,50,"In terms of goals, planning of the educational system considers the economic framework, but in terms of program support and graduation rates that is not the case. There is over production of students graduating in the humanities and social sciences vs. the sciences and technologically driven programs.\n\nOne of the reasons often given for Ghana's underdevelopment is the lack of industries, which is also blamed on the brain drain of professionals. There have also been comments to the effect that the universities do not produce the type and quality of graduates needed to meet the demands of the economy. In general, a lot more people graduate in the humanities than in the sciences. One example: Medical doctors continue to be in very short supply.","Agnes Atia Apusigah, Gender Expert and Lecturer at the Departments of African and Education Studies in the University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, June 5, 2012.\n\nDolores Dickson, Executive Director, Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) Ghana, East Legon, Accra, June 6, 2012.   \n\n\"A Brief Look at Effective Health Communication Strategies in Ghana,\" by Megan A. Prilutski, Strategic Communications, Elon University, 2010.","In terms of goals, planning of the educational system considers the economic framework, but in terms of program support and graduation rates that is not the case. There is over production of students graduating in the humanities and social sciences vs. the sciences and technologica..."]
["2012_GN_98",2012,"GN","Guinea",98,25,"La planification du système éducatif ne prend pas suffisamment en compte l'environnement économique.","Entretien avec Mohamed Camara, doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de l'université privée Mahatma Gandhi, 1er septembre 2012, Bureau de la fondation Swisspeace à Conakry.\n\nFonds Monétaire International. \"Guinée —Rapport de mise en œuvre de la stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté. Rapport d’avancement annuel\". Avril 2012. https://www.imf.org/external/french/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1261f.pdf","La planification du système éducatif ne prend pas suffisamment en compte l'environnement économique."]
["2012_GW_98",2012,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",98,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_KE_98",2012,"KE","Kenya",98,50,"To a large extent, the government considers the prevailing economic conditions in the planning of educational programs, but the recurring inability of the government to release budgetary allocations to public schools to support free primary education program could be an indicator of the disconnect between educational planning and the economic framework of the state. The state has also faltered on the hiring of teachers due to alleged unavailability of funds despite planning for it. Besides the deficiency in financing, the education system has also been criticized for producing graduates who lack appropriate skills for the industry, and who have little relevance for national development.","Public Schools Struggle to Make Ends Meet. Nation Team. Daily Nation. June 5, 2012. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Public+schools+struggle+to+make+ends+meet+/-/1056/1421560/-/ca4musz/-/index.html\n\nPlan to Hire 28,000 Teachers Hits Snag. Benjamin Muindi. Daily Nation. Aug. 29, 2011. http://www.nation.co.ke)/News/Plan+to+hire+28000+teachers+hits+snag+/-/1056/1227506/-/13d69s9z/-/index.html\n\nQuality of Education and its Role in National Development: A Case Study of Kenya‘s Educational Reforms. Peter Otiato Ojiambo. Kenya Studies Review: 1, 1. 2009. pp. 133-149. http://kessa.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/6_PCO_OJIAMBO.140160327.pdf","To a large extent, the government considers the prevailing economic conditions in the planning of educational programs, but the recurring inability of the government to release budgetary allocations to public schools to support free primary education program could be an indicator o..."]
["2012_LS_98",2012,"LS","Lesotho",98,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_LR_98",2012,"LR","Liberia",98,50,"Educational planning in Liberia does not adequately consider the economic framework or strategies for resuscitation of Liberia's economy after years of conflict. High unemployment especially amongst youths has been linked to lack of adequate vocational training that would allow them to access jobs across economic sectors.","Interview with Mannis H. Barclay, executive director, Liberia Education for All Technical Committee, July 12, 2012, Monrovia, Liberia.\n\nInterview with Orlind Cooper, program manager, Developmental Media Inc., July 12, 2012.","Educational planning in Liberia does not adequately consider the economic framework or strategies for resuscitation of Liberia's economy after years of conflict. High unemployment especially amongst youths has been linked to lack of adequate vocational training that would allow the..."]
["2012_LY_98",2012,"LY","Libya",98,0,"The government doesn't appear to take into account the economic framework in planning  the educational system. An example is the lack of management of the university studies, which produces an unbalanced number of graduates by specialty compared to national needs (for instance, too many doctors and engineers).","Interview with Thuraya el-Gadamsi, judge on Libya High Court, Aug. 6, 2012, in Tripoli\n\nInterview with Wedad el-Gadamsi, office for  special needs students in the Ministry of Education and Learning, Aug. 6, 2012, in Tripoli","The government doesn't appear to take into account the economic framework in planning  the educational system. An example is the lack of management of the university studies, which produces an unbalanced number of graduates by specialty compared to national needs (for instance, too..."]
["2012_MG_98",2012,"MG","Madagascar",98,0,"In practice, the planning of the educational system does not take into account the economic framework. We are currently in a transitional period, the authorities do not have a long-term policy regarding education, generally speaking. The former government started to reform the education system, especially regarding this topic of the relations between the economy and the education system.\n\nThus, the organization of secondary education needs to be reviewed, as well as graduate programs and the evaluation system. The content of programs was developed to focus on the mastery of materials by students, without taking into account the need to acquire skills useful for life and work and consequently  related to the economy. The majority of assessment in secondary education is used to select the best students, or those who intend to pursue higher education, rather than measuring the  school as a means of promoting the development of all students and consequently  the economy.\n\nOne of the most surprising examples is the recent opening of a philosophy studies department in the rural city of Ambatondrazaka, as it is one of Madagascar's biggest rice producers. (See l'express de Madagascar , 11 juillet 2011, Madagascar: Ambatondrazaka - L'anthropologie enseignée en ligne, paper by Hery Fils Andrianadraina.","Interview with Rahanivoson Roselyne, specialist on education and former university teacher, in her home, Antananarivo,  2012\n\nMadagascar : baisse importante de la scolarisation des enfants, selon l'Unicef, http://www.rfi.fr/auteur/rfi, samedi 17 mars 2012\n\nHery Fils Andrianandraina, Madagascar: Ambatondrazaka - L'anthropologie enseignée en lignel'express de Madagascar , 11 juillet 2011, http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201107111860.html\n\nAfriqinfo, 21 juillet 2011, Madagascar : la pauvreté et la déscolarisation constituent un cercle vicieux,http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/7/24/brevesdafrique-183235.asp\n\nBanque mondiale, 2008,  Les défis de l’expansion de l’enseignement secondaire et de la formation à Madagascar, DOCUMENT DE TRAVAIL DE LA BANQUE MONDIALE NO. 143","In practice, the planning of the educational system does not take into account the economic framework. We are currently in a transitional period, the authorities do not have a long-term policy regarding education, generally speaking. The former government started to reform the educ..."]
["2012_MW_98",2012,"MW","Malawi",98,50,"Malawi, through the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS), recognizes education as a prerequisite to the country's development. The plan of the education sector continues to face challenges in terms of alignment with the broad economic framework.\n\nAccording to Mr. Kasitomu, an education planner, Malawi struggled to garner wide support for its original National Education Strategic Plan (NESP), largely because most development partners faulted it for failing to reflect the country's wide vision. This plan was to guide the sector from 2009 to 2017. There is also the  Education Sector Implementation Plan (ESIP) 2009-2013. Even the plan of the sector financing needs improvement. According to the World Bank, the education system in Malawi provides more allocations of funds to primary education and higher education at the expense of secondary and technical education. This undermines the development of a workforce to economic development, as there are more dropouts after primary education.","Interview with M. Kasitomu, education planner and education secretary, Blantyre Synod. July 28, 2012.\n\nInterview with M. Kuse, senior education planner, Ministry of Education, South East Education Division. July 28, 2012.\n\nThe Education System in Malawi. The World Bank. Washington, D.C: 2010. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/Education_System_Malawi.pdf\n\nMalawi Effective Delivery of Public Education Service. OSISA and CHRR. Johannesburg: OSISA. \nhttp://www.osisa.org/education/malawi/effective-delivery-public-education-malawi","Malawi, through the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS), recognizes education as a prerequisite to the country's development. The plan of the education sector continues to face challenges in terms of alignment with the broad economic framework...."]
["2012_ML_98",2012,"ML","Mali",98,50,"Selon Maimouna Kanté, il y a au Mali un service de planification de l’éducation nationale qui prend en compte les circonstances économiques et les besoins du pays. Mais étant donné que les statistiques de l’Etat ne sont pas fiables, la planification du système éducatif n’est faite que sur la base des estimations. L’étude du professeur Madior Fall sur le système éducatif malien relève également que la planification de l’éducation repose sur « les projections établies sur la base du dernier recensement (2010) et sur des hypothèses concernant la fécondité, la mortalité et les flux migratoires issues d’enquêtes de ménages ». La même étude note que des incohérences dans les données démographiques officielles reposent sur la planification de l’éducation. Il en résulte que la planification du système éducatif malien ne repose pas sur des données pertinentes de l’environnement économique.","Entretien avec Mamadou Kanté, inspectrice d’éducation, inspecteur de pédagogie à la direction de l’éducation, rencontré le 13 février 2013, à Bamako. \n\nEntretien avec Madior Fall, professeur de l’Université, reçu par téléphone le 12 février 2013.","Selon Maimouna Kanté, il y a au Mali un service de planification de l’éducation nationale qui prend en compte les circonstances économiques et les besoins du pays. Mais étant donné que les statistiques de l’Etat ne sont pas fiables, la planification du système éducatif n’est faite ..."]
["2012_MR_98",2012,"MR","Mauritania",98,50,"L'éducation est effectivement prise en compte dans les programmes économiques, le cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CSLP) notamment, mais des progrès restent à faire dans ce domaine car les objectifs ne sont pas qualitativement atteints. \n\nDans tous les cas, la Banque Mondiale et la Banque Africaine de développement continuent jusqu'ici à apporter leur appui à la Mauritanie dans le cadre de projets d'envergure (Banque Mondiale, Projet Education et Formation; BAD, programme croissance et emploi en Mauritanie 2012/2013). La BAD a lancé une étude d'envergure à cet effet.\n\nLe Gouvernement n'a pas encore réussi sa politique de planification du fait que les offres d'emploi ne correspondent pas tout à fait à la demande.","Mauritanie : Réformes dans le secteur éducatif. Janvier 2012. http://www.afrik.com/article24581.html\n\nPartenariat Mondial pour l'éducation. \"Education Sector Plan 2012 - 2014. Mauritania\". http://www.globalpartnership.org/fr/content/mauritanie-programme-national-de-developpement-du-secteur-educatif-2011-2020\n\nUNESCO. \"L’éducation pour tous. Rapport régional 2012 pour les Etats arabes\". Novembre 2012. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/ED_new/pdf/ARB_FR_01.pdf\n\nProgramme national de développement du système éducatif (PNDSE) 2001/2010, diagnostic et stratégie, Ministère de l'Education Nationale, 2001\n\nRéforme du Secteur Éducatif en Mauritanie. Juin 2010. http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/mauritania/documents/press_corner/ss_education_fr.pdf","L'éducation est effectivement prise en compte dans les programmes économiques, le cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CSLP) notamment, mais des progrès restent à faire dans ce domaine car les objectifs ne sont pas qualitativement atteints. ..."]
["2012_MU_98",2012,"MU","Mauritius",98,50,"The official discourse of government is that it considers the economic system when undertaking planning for the educational sector. However, this is not happening in practice, and there is a mismatch of skills imparted to young people and the skills required by the labor market. Although the Ministry of Education does have a priority list with the fields of study, the mismatch is continuing. The government has a lot of rhetoric regarding the skills needed by the economy and making education relevant, but it is not able to translate rhetoric into reality. For example, the new government program talks about Mauritius becoming an Ocean State, but for this to happen, know-how in ocean studies is necessary. While the University of Mauritius was offering courses in ocean studies, very few people applied. The problem is that the education system is not on a continuum, and there is no systematic connection between secondary education and tertiary. The government, through its education ministries, needs to consider these issues as a coherent whole. Standalone departments at the different ministries hinder coherence in policy-making and followup.\n\nThere is also the issue of the brain drain, in which highly qualified young Mauritius are leaving to work in Europe and Australia. Mauritius also has a policy of allowing foreign labor into the country, when there is significant unemployment locally.","Interview with Prof. Sheila Bunwaree, Sociology Department, University of Mauritius. July 18, 2012, in Reduit. \n\nCommission éducation du MMM – L’absence de planification de Bunwaree critiquée. Le DefiMedia. jan. 13, 2012. http://www.defimedia.info/politique/item/4385-commission-éducation-du-mmm-–-l’absence-de-planification-de-bunwaree-critiquée.html","The official discourse of government is that it considers the economic system when undertaking planning for the educational sector. However, this is not happening in practice, and there is a mismatch of skills imparted to young people and the skills required by the labor market. Al..."]
["2012_MA_98",2012,"MA","Morocco",98,50,"The obvious failure of the Moroccan educational system is the difference it has with respect to the needs of the labor market. The educational system prepares people for jobs that do not exist. Thus, the training does not meet the needs of the national economy.\n\nAttrition is also enormous. In part, it is the result of not taking into account the economic and social conditions of students. Rural girls often abandon school after elementary school due to lack of colleges near their homes.\n\nA third aspect lies in the inadequate management procedures and the governance deficit. A survey of Transparency Morocco in the framework of the project \"Education Watch Africa\" helped develop several gaps and shortcomings of management. Several reforms, boards and commissions have been created to solve the problems of education without achieving a performing system. On Aug. 20, 2012, the king once again revealed the flaws in the education system and called for reform.","Education was managed outside the government of Prime Minister El Fassi. Interview in \"Assabah.” March 5, 2012.\n\nUNESCO. Maroc - Données Mondiale de l'éducation VII Ed. 2010/2011. Version révisée Avril 2012. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002164/216443f.pdf\n\nArabsthink. \"Education au Maroc et en Algérie : vers l’émergence d’un débat national?\".  August 28, 2012. http://arabsthink.com/2012/08/28/education-au-maroc-et-en-algerie-vers-lemergence-dun-debat-national/\n\nAn overview of the education system the National Education Ministry. 2006.\nhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:CA-aLyVV7NoJ:www.association-tiwizi-suisse.ch/systeme%2520education%2520marocain.ppt+APERCU+SUR+LE+SYSTEME+EDUCATIF+MAROCAIN&hl=fr&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShjYg7zcJtPr3mH8mkm-IjUgkPO1CXf5lwpwwSpd_mAhikdW8TJTtVBjRyOUTa53XyB837dsgebg3UA-LBMMvlM0SrVqG2WQpcXLl9hPBO5JQuNSaiYXN_mFk-f8TsT0suQYPS4&sig=AHIEtbQRoZQk3miYcr_cHXVbbXycX1N_aQ.\n\nObjectives Evaluation of “EPT'' (Education for All) in Morocco 2000-2006. National Education Ministry. 2006.\nhttp://www.men.gov.ma/sites/fr/SiteCollectionDocuments/Evaluation-EPT_fr.pdf.","The obvious failure of the Moroccan educational system is the difference it has with respect to the needs of the labor market. The educational system prepares people for jobs that do not exist. Thus, the training does not meet the needs of the national economy...."]
["2012_MZ_98",2012,"MZ","Mozambique",98,50,"Generally, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework. However, some particularities have to be considered. As such, there is a need to divide the education subsystems. For instance, the ongoing technical education reform aims to ensure the implementation of courses or qualifications that meet the developmental challenges of the country. The identification and approval of relevant courses is, sometimes, made in consultation with the productive sector of the country, including the prospective employers. The government does not approve courses that are not relevant for the country. At the polytechnic level, the courses are meant to meet the market demand. Also the university courses are crucial to develop thinking, despite not having an immediate visible impact on the economy.","Denise Malauene, Ms. Ministry of Education. 2 October 2012. Ministry of Education, Maputo.\n\nFox, L., Santibanez, L., Nguyen, V. and Pierre, A. (2012) “Education Reform in Mozambique: Lessons and Challenges.” World Bank.","Generally, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework. However, some particularities have to be considered. As such, there is a need to divide the education subsystems. For instance, the ongoing technical education reform aims to ensure the imp..."]
["2012_NA_98",2012,"NA","Namibia",98,75,"Education system planning takes into account the economic necessities of the country, but the dividends from doing this take time to be realized. Education remains a strategic area in the National Development Plan for 2012-13 to 2016-17. Moreover, the Namibia Students Financial Assistance Fund gives priority to technical fields when allocating loans/grants. This is done against the backdrop of inadequate technical expertise in the country.","Government of Namibia, Namibia’s Fourth National Development Plan, 2012/13 to 2016/17, National Planning Commission, Windhoek, www.npc.gov.na/docs/NDP4_Main_Document.pdf \n \nDr. Hertha Pomuti, director, National Institute for Educational Development, interviewed Aug. 21, 2012, Okahandja.\n\n\"More Access Needed,\" Denver Kisting, the Namibian, Nov. 25, 2011, www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2011/november/article/more-access-needed/\n\nGovernment of Namibia, Education for All National Plan of Action 2002–2015,  http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Namibia/Namibia%20EFA%20NPA.pdf ","Education system planning takes into account the economic necessities of the country, but the dividends from doing this take time to be realized. Education remains a strategic area in the National Development Plan for 2012-13 to 2016-17. Moreover, the Namibia Students Financial Ass..."]
["2012_NE_98",2012,"NE","Niger",98,"n/a","n/a","n/a","n/a"]
["2012_NG_98",2012,"NG","Nigeria",98,50,"Educational policies have always taken the economic needs and framework into account, but implementation always vary widely from stated plans.  This may be the result of the competences or dispositions of the implementers or the consequences of structural changes in the national or global economy.","Jennifer Onyukwu, Educational Advisor, EducationUSA Nigeria, The Education System in Nigeria, August 2011,  http://wenr.wes.org/2011/08/wenr-julyaugust-2011-practical-information/\n\nOguzor, Nkasiobi Silas; Opara, Jacinta Agbarachi, Media technology and vocational education in Nigeria: Problems and prospects, April 2011, Applied Technologies & Innovations; Apr2011, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p39\n\nCanadian Center of Science and Education. \"Planning and Funding of Higher Education in Nigeria: The Challenges\". June 25, 2012. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/viewFile/16322/12759\n\nPlanning and Financing Education for Socio-Economic Growth and Development of Nigeria: Comments and Challenges. Anthony Adekunle Owojori and H.T. Iwarere. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 2 (3): 174-180. 2010.\nhttp://jeteraps.scholarlinkresearch.org/articles/Planning%20and%20Financing%20Education%20for%20Socio-Economic%20Growth%20and%20Development%20of%20Nigeria.pdf\n\nNational Policy on Education (3rd ed). Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) 2004.  Lagos: NERD Press.","Educational policies have always taken the economic needs and framework into account, but implementation always vary widely from stated plans.  This may be the result of the competences or dispositions of the implementers or the consequences of structural changes in the national or..."]
["2012_RW_98",2012,"RW","Rwanda",98,50,"Government tries to align education curriculum with the country's economic agenda. This is intended to produce the right skills for the economy to move forward. Emphasis on information and communications technology in schools fits in well with the goal to achieve a knowledge-based economy, while technical vocational institutes are expected to produce a mid-skilled workforce. Challenges include infrastructure, teaching staff and scholastic materials.","\"WDA Moves to Harmonize TVET Curricula,\" Stevenson Mugisha, The New Times, June 18, 2012, www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15027&a=54933\n\n\"Scaling up ICT in Schools,\" Frank Kanyesigye, The New Times, Sept. 8, 2012, \nwww.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15109&a=58077","Government tries to align education curriculum with the country's economic agenda. This is intended to produce the right skills for the economy to move forward. Emphasis on information and communications technology in schools fits in well with the goal to achieve a knowledge-based ..."]
["2012_ST_98",2012,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",98,50,"There is a new plan for education, which was launched in 2011 and is to be implemented by 2020, whose main goal is literacy for the whole population by 2020. This plan also focuses on technical and vocational education, basic and higher. Nowadays, people have access to education, but if we focus, for example, in the case of access to higher education, many cannot afford it. And with the financial crisis, despite all the efforts of the state, it is impossible for the government to subsidize the studies for all.\nThe plan is more likely to benefit citizens if adequate research and collection of statistics on youth employment, job-seekers and safety nets is carried out by the Office of National Statistics. A higher score might be anticipated after ample opportunity is given for the education plan to implemented, evaluated and monitored by citizens and government alike.","Ekeneide Santos, mayor, Town Council of Água-Grande, Oct. 10, 2012, Town Hall.\nHelena Botelho, director, Basic Education Department,  Oct. 10, 2012, Basic Education Headquarters.","There is a new plan for education, which was launched in 2011 and is to be implemented by 2020, whose main goal is literacy for the whole population by 2020. This plan also focuses on technical and vocational education, basic and higher. Nowadays, people have access to education, b..."]
["2012_SN_98",2012,"SN","Senegal",98,50,"Dans le programme de Développement de l'Éducation et de la Formation (Éducation pour tous), le Gouvernement planifie tous les investissement nécessaires dans le domaine de l'éducation du pays en tenant compte de l'environnement macro économiques et les projections du ministère du Budget.\n\nLe Sénégal a un service de planification de l’éducation nationale qui prend en compte les circonstances économiques et les besoins du pays. Selon Mbaye Kane, cette planification du système éducatif n’est faite que sur la base des estimations. L’étude de Kassaly Ndiaye sur le système éducatif révèle également que la planification de l’éducation repose sur « les projections établies sur la base du recensement de 2012.\n\nCependant, NDIOGOU KANTE, Chargé des revendications du Cadre Unitaires des Syndicats de l'Enseignement Moyen Secondaire estime pour sa part que le gouvernement du Sénégal ne planifie pas bien le système éducatif du Sénégal en tenant compte de l'environnement économique sinon il ne peut pas comprendre que le gouvernement  laisse l'inflation gagner le pays sans pour autant revoir les salaires des enseignants.","Interview avec NDIOGOU KANTE, Chargé des revendications du Cadre Unitaires des Syndicats de l'Enseignement Moyen Secondaire (CUSEMS), janvier 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mbaye Kane, janvier 2013, Dakar.\n\nProgramme Décennal pour l'Education et la Formation du Gouvernement du Sénégal revu en mai 2012.\n\nRapport de l'UNESCO 2012 sur l'Education au Sénégal publié en janvier 2012 (UNESCO BREDA).","Dans le programme de Développement de l'Éducation et de la Formation (Éducation pour tous), le Gouvernement planifie tous les investissement nécessaires dans le domaine de l'éducation du pays en tenant compte de l'environnement macro économiques et les projections du ministère du B..."]
["2012_SC_98",2012,"SC","Seychelles",98,75,"The Ministry of Foreign Affairs / UNDP Draft Seychelles Common Country Assessment Report 2010 notes that there are three main priorities: improving long-term teacher training, the quality of educational outcomes in general and specifically dealing with the gender disparity for boys and addressing the problem of mismatch of educational services and the human resources requirements of the local labor market. \n\nThe latest Education Reform Action Plan states:\n\"As Seychelles repositions itself to adapt to and take advantage of globalization, necessary adjustments are being made to the direction and strategies for sustainable social and economic development for the continued well-being of the nation. The focus and objectives of national development over the next ten years, as outlined in Seychelles Strategy 2017, call for the further transformation of the education and training system, so that it will respond successfully to the challenge of providing the quantitative and qualitative human resources requirements for sustainable national development.\"","Government of Seychelles. \"Seychelles National Preparations for the United Nations Conference for Sustainable Development. Rio 2012\". May 2012. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1019Seychelles%20National%20Report.pdf\n\nSeychelles Nation, UNESCO’s Global Action Week – May 2-8, 2011 - 11.05.2011. http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=23451\n\nInternational Education Statistics. \"Educational attainment in sub-Saharan Africa\" Analysis by Friedrich Huebler. February 26, 2012. http://huebler.blogspot.com/2012/02/ssa.html\n\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs / UNDP Draft Seychelles Common Country Assessment Report 2010\n\nMinistry of Education, Education Reform Action Plan 2009-2010, Summary, November 2009. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Seychelles/Seychelles_Summary_ERAP_2009-2010.pdf","The Ministry of Foreign Affairs / UNDP Draft Seychelles Common Country Assessment Report 2010 notes that there are three main priorities: improving long-term teacher training, the quality of educational outcomes in general and specifically dealing with the gender disparity for boys..."]
["2012_SL_98",2012,"SL","Sierra Leone",98,50,"The education system does not adequately take into account the economic framework. Even though there are standards, these are not fully met. Generally, a government will want to prepare a country's youth for employment in the future, and the education system is planned to meet the economic needs of the country. These needs are often projected by the government of the day, but human and financial constraints prevent the government from meeting them.","Charles Lahai, executive director, Sierra Leone Youth Empowerment Organization, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the SLYEO office, Freetown.\n\nNgolo Katta, national coordinator, Center for Coordination of Youth Activities, interviewed Jan. 28, 2013, in the CCYA office.","The education system does not adequately take into account the economic framework. Even though there are standards, these are not fully met. Generally, a government will want to prepare a country's youth for employment in the future, and the education system is planned to meet the ..."]
["2012_SO_98",2012,"SO","Somalia",98,0,"The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not have control over a centralized education system.","Anonymous Somali professors, interviewed Nov. 9, 2012, Mogadishu.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nWorld Education Blog. \"Education in Somalia needs help urgently, agencies say\". 19 August 2011. https://efareport.wordpress.com/2011/08/19/education-in-somalia-needs-help-urgently-agencies-say/","The Somali Transitional Federal Government does not have control over a centralized education system."]
["2012_ZA_98",2012,"ZA","South Africa",98,50,"Other than emphasizing the acceleration of math and science outputs, the education system's planning does not demonstrate consideration of economic needs. The discussion in the budget document for the Department of Education does not show a comprehensive discussion indicating that the department has a strategic target. \n\nThe Department of Basic Education 2011-2014 Strategic Plan mentions in a cursory tone a commitment to ensure that learners are equipped to participate actively in the economy. The plan fails to detail how that will be achieved and what programs are in place to help accomplish it. The misalignment between economic demands and the education system was also diagnosed in a Human Sciences Research Council report in 2008. The policy environment within the education sector does not yet demonstrate specific consideration and measures to address this misalignment.","2012 Estimate of National Expenditure, National Treasury. http://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/national%20budget/2012/ene/FullENE.pdf\n\nMichael and Susan Dell Foundation. \"Education in South Africa: Quality schooling shouldn’t be about luck\". May 15, 2012. http://www.msdf.org/blog/2012/05/education-in-south-africa-quality-schooling-shouldnt-be-about-luck/\n\nStrategic Plan 2011-2014: Department of Basic Education, March 2011.","Other than emphasizing the acceleration of math and science outputs, the education system's planning does not demonstrate consideration of economic needs. The discussion in the budget document for the Department of Education does not show a comprehensive discussion indicating that ..."]
["2012_SS_98",2012,"SS","South Sudan",98,25,"The officials from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and the Ministry of General Education and Instruction concurred that the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework at a very minimum level in South Sudan. This minimum level is sometimes done unconsciously by those who do the planning.","Anonymous. Interview with government official from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. Jan. 2, 2013.\n\nAnonymous. Interview with government official from the Ministry of General Education and Instruction. Jan. 2, 2013\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The officials from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and the Ministry of General Education and Instruction concurred that the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework at a very minimum level in South Sudan. This minimum level is somet..."]
["2012_SD_98",2012,"SD","Sudan",98,0,"The planning of the education system does not take into account the economic framework. Youth unemployment, particularly among university graduates, is high and increasing. According to African Economic Outlook 2012, \"Existing youth employment programs [in Sudan] are not coordinated under a coherent national growth and employment strategy that focuses on youth, and no measures have been taken to address disparities in employment along urban-rural and gender lines.\" As a result of the failed education system, 60 percent of the workforce is directly engaged in the informal sector.\n \n Education in Sudan is free and compulsory for children ages 6 to 13 years. Primary education consists of eight years, followed by three years of secondary education.","U.N. Development Program, \"Status of the MDGs in Sudan in 2012,\" \n www.sd.undp.org/mdg_fact.htm\n\n African Economic Outlook, \"Sudan,\" 2012, \n www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/Sudan%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n \n \"Sudan -- Educational System -- Overview,\" \n http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1432/Sudan-EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW.html","The planning of the education system does not take into account the economic framework. Youth unemployment, particularly among university graduates, is high and increasing. According to African Economic Outlook 2012, \"Existing youth employment programs [in Sudan] are not coordinate..."]
["2012_SZ_98",2012,"SZ","Swaziland",98,50,"There is no consultation of national stakeholders in the planning of education system. However, the Swaziland Ministry does make attempts to extend educational opportunities to all, particularly at the basic education level, by aligning itself with global, regional and national policy initiatives. At the international level, efforts have been made to attain the Education for All (EFA) targets and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Regional and national policies also place emphasis on attainment of accessible quality education that is relevant and affordable to all.\n \n The aspirations of the EFA are covered by six goals: expansion of early childhood care and development; provision of free and compulsory primary education; promotion of acquiring of life skills for adolescent and youth; expansion of adult literacy; elimination of gender disparities and enhancement of educational quality. \n \n The Millennium Development declaration sets eight specific goals (MDGs) with specific targets. The fundamental aim of the Millennium declaration is eradication of extreme poverty and improvement of social welfare. MDGs place emphasis on attainment of Universal Primary Education and promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women.","\"Impact of the Fiscal Crisis in Swaziland,\" U.N. Country Team, March 2012, http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/ImpactoftheFiscalCrisisSwaziland.pdf\n \n Budget Speech 2011, Swaziland Ministry of Finance, http://www.ataftax.net/default.aspx?pid=105&stepid=24&oid=370236&ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_ctrlMainPortletContainer=itemid*370638$stepid*24$iddef*10$idlangver*9$idlayout*1067$idmode*24$languageid*1$previousitemid*370638$ignoreloadedcontrols*True&parentid=0\n \n \"Swazi students protest funding cuts,\" by Louise Redvers, Mail and Guardian, March 16, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-16-swazi-students-protest-funding-cuts/\n \n \"Parents resolve to join teachers’ strike,\" by Sibusisiwe Ngozo, Swazi Observer, July 5, 2012, http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=40482","There is no consultation of national stakeholders in the planning of education system. However, the Swaziland Ministry does make attempts to extend educational opportunities to all, particularly at the basic education level, by aligning itself with global, regional and national pol..."]
["2012_TZ_98",2012,"TZ","Tanzania",98,50,"The continued use of English as a medium of instruction in secondary school does not reflect use of English language in Tanzania and contributes to poor educational outcomes. \n \n Adequate planning is constrained by the lack of \"timely and reliable data and usage in analyzing education issues,\" according to the Joint Education Sector Review in 2010. That problems remains across institutions at local level.","HakiElimu (2012) \"An Open, Just and Democratic Society with Quality Education for All Program Strategy 2012-2016,\" \n http://hakielimu.org/files/publications/Strategic%20Plan.pdf \n \n Interview, Philip Connelly, consultant on public policy analysis, Arusha and Dar es Salaam, via Skype, Oct. 19, 2012\n \n United Republic of Tanzania (2010), Joint Education Sector Review 2010","The continued use of English as a medium of instruction in secondary school does not reflect use of English language in Tanzania and contributes to poor educational outcomes. \n ..."]
["2012_TG_98",2012,"TG","Togo",98,50,"Selon M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, il y a au Togo, un service de planification de l’éducation nationale qui prend en compte les circonstances économiques et les besoins du pays. Mais étant donné que les statistiques de l’Etat ne sont pas fiables (par exemple, le dernier recensement démographique, qui est pris en compte dans la planification du système éducatif, est de 1981), la planification du système éducatif n’est faite que sur la base des estimations. L’étude de Mathieu Brossard, Blandine Ledoux et Francis Ndem, sur le système éducatif togolais, relève également que la planification de l’éducation repose sur « les projections établies sur la base du dernier recensement (1981) et sur des hypothèses concernant la fécondité, la mortalité et les flux migratoires issues d’enquêtes de ménages » (p. 2). La même étude note (p. 3) des incohérences dans les données démographiques officielles sur lesquelles repose la planification de l’éducation. Il en résulte que la planification du système éducatif togolais ne repose pas sur des données pertinentes de l’environnement économique.","M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, Maître de conférences (CAMES) en Histoire contemporaine, enseignant chercheur à l’Université de Lomé, le 15 août 2012.\n \nMathieu Brossard, Blandine Ledoux et Francis Ndem, Eléments d’analyse du secteur éducatif au Togo, Pôle de Dakar, Analyse sectorielle en Education, juillet 2006. Disponible en ligne sur http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRREGTOPEDUCATION/Resources/444659-1210786813450/ED_CSR_TOGO_final_fr.pdf.\n\nProfesseur Datè Fodio Gbikpi-Benissan, Ancien secrétaire du gouvernement, Rapporteur de la Commission Education aux Etats généraux de l’éducation en 1992, Directeur de l'INSE (Institut national des Sciences de l'éducation), le 9 août 2012.","Selon M. Essoham Assima-Kpatcha, il y a au Togo, un service de planification de l’éducation nationale qui prend en compte les circonstances économiques et les besoins du pays. Mais étant donné que les statistiques de l’Etat ne sont pas fiables (par exemple, le dernier recensement d..."]
["2012_TN_98",2012,"TN","Tunisia",98,50,"\"La hausse du chômage a forcé le gouvernement transitoire à lancer un programme d'urgence appelé Amal (en arabe« l'espoir ») en 2011. Ce programme comprend une allocation mensuelle de TND 150 (EUR 77), l'assurance maladie et les tarifs réduits sur les transports en commun pour ceux qui travaillent à mi-temps dans la fonction publique. Le programme a déjà 142 000 bénéficiaires, dont 53% de diplômés avant 2009 et qui ont été au chômage pendant plus de deux ans. Par ailleurs, le gouvernement a lancé un programme de création d'emplois permanents en recrutant 24 000 personnes dans le fonction publique, et 10 000 en semi-étatiques. Près de 8 000 jeunes ont déjà été recrutés. \"(Selon African economic outlook)'\n \n «Le système éducatif tunisien doit être réformé de manière à délivrer les qualifications requises par le marché du travail. Compte tenu du fait que les enseignements ne parviennent pas à développer certaines compétences demandées par les employeurs. C'est ce qui a été souligné par les recruteurs interrogés au cours d'une étude menée par le ministère de l'emploi en Avril 2011. Cette étude a insisté sur les lacunes dans les compétences en langue étrangère. Toutefois, la Tunisie a procédé à l'introduction en 1992 de l'enseignement technique : les Instituts Supérieurs d'Etudes Technologiques ont pour but de former les cadres intermédiaires qui sont nécessaires. Ouverts en 1995, les ISET ont été très appréciés, et le nombre de diplômés est passé de 800 en 1998 à 7 140 en 2009. Elles représentent désormais plus d'un quart de tous les élèves. Selon une étude récente, 82% des diplômés ISET ont trouvé un emploi dans les six mois de l'obtention du diplôme, tandis que 9% ont poursuivi leurs études.\" \n Le gouvernement affirme prendre en compte les demandes de l'environnement mais en réalité le décalage est de plus en plus fort.","- Actes du séminaire organisé par l'agence universitaire francophone sur \"Evaluation des universités\"\n en 26 Juin 2012, Rabat ; \"L’enseignement supérieur en Tunisie : Dysfonctionnements et perspectives\"\n http://www.auf.org/media/adminfiles/Conference_Rabat_partie_1.pdf\n \n - Article de Habib Touhami paru dans le journal Leaders en 2011 sur \"Le chômage des diplômés du supérieur\"\n \n- Article de Mohamed Hédi Zaeim sur l'équité dans l'enseignement supérieur publié dans les actes des journées de l'entreprise Décembre 2011: http://www.unfpa-tunisie.org/usp/images/stories/pdfs/m3/LES%20INEGALITES%20REGIONALES%20ET%20SOCIALES%20I.pdf\n \n\n - article du journal la presse du 4/8/2010: http://www.lapresse.tn/04082010/10256/adapter-les-programmes-aux-nouveaux-besoins-du-marche.html","\"La hausse du chômage a forcé le gouvernement transitoire à lancer un programme d'urgence appelé Amal (en arabe« l'espoir ») en 2011. Ce programme comprend une allocation mensuelle de TND 150 (EUR 77), l'assurance maladie et les tarifs réduits sur les transports en commun pour ceux..."]
["2012_UG_98",2012,"UG","Uganda",98,50,"Documentary review shows that the government through the Ministry of Education has in place the Annual Education Sector Review which brings the donors and other stakeholders to share ideas and get a way forward for planning management and improvement of the education system. \n \n However, various studies undertaken show that the current education system is very problematic and does not answer the employment demands in the private and public sectors. The training institutions and the job sector are not at par, as Professor Nuwagaba of Makerere points out. There is a paradox of people who are highly trained but are not employable because their skills are still too low. Sections of the public point out that despite government planning, some degree programs offered in some universities have little relevance to the employment situation or job market in the country. Some people blame the education system in Uganda for producing job seekers instead of job creators, and job seekers who have qualifications not in line with market needs. \n \n According to MP Sam Lyomoki, there isn’t follow up of employment trends and job market demand by the government. Pressure to perform well in examinations has been elevated above the values, aims and objectives of education. Currently, many people in Uganda, including some sections of the media, think that passing examinations is equivalent to a good education system. The good grade attained at one level is only a vehicle to deliver the child to the next stage. National examinations do not test the potential of the learner, neither do they measure abilities that are required in real life. \n \n Besides, the process of selecting students in different subject combinations does not reflect the needs of the country. Many students leave school without the ability to relate topics from the curriculum to daily life. The current education system is not good enough at improving and harnessing talents that are required in national development. \n \n Further, the education system is insensitive to the country’s natural resource disparities and the urban-rural divide. Thus, learners are not exposed to information about locally available opportunities that they would otherwise harness for local development.","Ugandan News Channel, by Sunday Monitor's Risdel Kasasira, Aug. 12, 2012, “Seven questions: Varsity students need more skills than the theories they are taught; Nuwagaba,”\n http://www.ugandan-news.com/s.php?7380\n \n “Arts or Sciences, debate on teachers misdirected,” by Samson Ohkwayo, Daily Monitor, July 30, 2012, \n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Arts+or+Sciences++debate+on+teachers+misdirected/-/688336/1466062/-/dvbv72/-/index.html\n \n “Guest article: Critical thinking and Uganda’s education system,”by Gilbert Kaburu, The Independent, May 9, 2011, http://www.independent.co.ug/ugandatalks/2011/05/guest-article-critical-thinking-and-uganda%E2%80%99s-education-system/\n \n “Uganda needs graduates who can face today’s challenges,”by Denis Atwaru, The New Vision, http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/guidepage01.html\n \n “Choosing education that serves the community, the case for Northern Uganda,” by Emanuel Souvairan, DevEd, Aug. 30, 2012, \n http://deved.org/blog/choosingeducationthatservesthecommunity\n \n “Education should be about enlightenment and broadening of young people’s minds,” by David F. K. Mpanga, Daily Monitor, Feb. 18, 2012, http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/-/689364/1329324/-/128vue4z/-/index.html","Documentary review shows that the government through the Ministry of Education has in place the Annual Education Sector Review which brings the donors and other stakeholders to share ideas and get a way forward for planning management and improvement of the education system. ..."]
["2012_ZM_98",2012,"ZM","Zambia",98,50,"The national government may not be taking all relevant economic circumstances and needs of the country into account when planning educational and training programs. However, to some extent the curriculum produce skills that are needed to support the economy. There are a number of colleges and universities which produce graduates such as engineers, medical doctors, teachers, business enterprenuers, natural scientists, social scientists and agriculturalists who contributes greatly to the development of Zambia's economy.","Interview: Ms. Diana Ngula, Program officer, Information Management and Communication, Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR). September 17, 2012, 03:00 p.m., CSPR officers. \n \n Interview: Anonymous, Programs officer, September 18, 2012, 04:00 p.m., Restaurant. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The national government may not be taking all relevant economic circumstances and needs of the country into account when planning educational and training programs. However, to some extent the curriculum produce skills that are needed to support the economy. There are a number of c..."]
["2012_ZW_98",2012,"ZW","Zimbabwe",98,50,"The education system's curriculum has not been updated since 1986, and this has been one of the new minister's priorities so that it is reflective of current realities and is compliant with the economic needs. This has been supported by the budget allocations to education. In its medium plan report, the Ministry of Education notes that the macroeconomic analysis is based on projections developed by the Ministry of Finance. Further, the consultation process in developing the plan was wide.","Ministry of Education, Education Medium Term Plan, http://davidcoltart.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/10/Education-Medium-Term-Plan-11-15-Report_11-04_Draft-1.pdf\n \n \"How is Zimbabwe improving its national education system and what are the rules?\", by David Coltart, minister of education, sport, arts and\n culture, January 2011, http://davidcoltart.com/2012/01/how-is-zimbabwe-improving-its-national-education-system-and-what-are-the-results/\n \n \"Zimbabwe Cabinet Approves $4.5 Billion Strategic Plan to Revive Education Sector,\" by Gibbs Dube, Voice of America Zimbabwe, Aug. 6, 2012, http://www.voazimbabwe.com/content/zimbabwe-cabinet-approves-45-billion-strategic-plan-to-revive-education-sector-150794315/1457205.html","The education system's curriculum has not been updated since 1986, and this has been one of the new minister's priorities so that it is reflective of current realities and is compliant with the economic needs. This has been supported by the budget allocations to education. In its m..."]

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["Code","Year","ISO","Country","Question","Score","Comment","References","Short"]
["2013_DZ_1",2013,"DZ","Algeria",1,0,"En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas garantie puisque, d’un côté, la Constitution stipule, en son article 138, que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi » alors que, d’un autre côté, l’article 154 stipule que « le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République ».","1996. Constitution de la République algérienne démocratique et populaire, chapitre III : Du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 138 et 154. Repéré à http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm","En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas garantie puisque, d’un côté, la Constitution stipule, en son article 138, que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi » alors que, d’un autre côté, l’article 154 stipule que « le Conse..."]
["2013_AO_1",2013,"AO","Angola",1,100,"Article 175 (independence of the courts) establishes that the judiciary is independent and impartial and only subject to the constitution and the law. \n\nArticle 174 - The courts are the sovereign body with powers to administer justice in the name of the people. In the exercise of the judicial function, the courts are responsible for resolving conflicts of interest public or private and ensuring the rights and legally protected interests as well as the principles of adversarial and prosecute violations of democratic rights.\n\nArticle 177 (1) specifies that \"The courts shall guarantee and ensure observance of the Constitution, the laws and any other legislative provisions in force, protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and institutions and shall decide on the legality of administrative acts.\"\n\nArticle 177 (3) furthermore specifies that \"The law shall regulate the terms for the execution of court rulings, sanction those responsible for failing to comply with them and hold public and private authorities who attempt to obstruct them criminally liable.\"\n\nArticle 178 states that,\"The courts shall enjoy administrative and financial autonomy and the law must define mechanisms to enable the judiciary to contribute towards drawing up their budget.\"\nArticle 180 (3) establishes 11 Constitutional Court judges a.) four nominated by the President; b.) four elected by the General Assembly (parliament) with a two-thirds majority; c.) two elected by the High Council of Magisterial Judiciary; d.) one selected by public tender.\n\nArticle 181 establishes that Supreme Court judges are nominated by the President. Articles 182-184 establishes that the President will nominate the judges of the Tribunal de Contas (dealing with public finances), Supremo Tribunal Militar (military high court) and the Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial (overseeing the quality of judicial services).","Republic of Angola Constitution, art. 174, 177, & 178.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498.","Article 175 (independence of the courts) establishes that the judiciary is independent and impartial and only subject to the constitution and the law. ..."]
["2013_BJ_1",2013,"BJ","Benin",1,0,"La Constitution de la République du Bénin stipule en son article 125 que \"le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. La justice est rendue par la Cour suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la présente Constitution. La Cour constitutionnelle elle, s'occupe de la constitutionnalité des lois et des décisions.\"\n\nDe plus, la Loi organique n°2001-37 portant organisation judiciaire en République du Bénin promulguée en 2002 stipule en son article 2 « que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif ». Il est exercé par la Cour suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la Constitution\".\n\nCependant, selon l'article 127 de la Constitution, \"le président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. Il est assisté par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\"\n\nSelon les articles 55 et 56 de la LOI N°2001-35 DU 21 février 2003 Portant Statut de la Magistrature en république du Benin, le ministre charge de la justice est le président de la commission de nomination du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.","Constitution de la République du Bénin, Article 125. (1990). Repéré à URL: https://yenianayasa.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/Benin-FR%2810.12.1990%29.pdf\n\nLoi n°2001-37 portant organisation judiciaire en République du Bénin, Article 2. (2002).Repéré à URL: http://uandocorporation.com/core/princ/images/Loi_n2001-37_du_27_Aout_2002_Portant_Organisation_Judiciaire_en_R%C3%A9publique_du_B%C3%A9nin.pdf\n\nLOI N°2001-35 DU 21 février 2003 Portant Statut de la Magistrature en république du Benin, http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Loi_Num_2001_35_du_21_Fevrier_2003.pdf","La Constitution de la République du Bénin stipule en son article 125 que \"le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. La justice est rendue par la Cour suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la présente Constitution. La Cour con..."]
["2013_BW_1",2013,"BW","Botswana",1,100,"According to section 95 of the Constitution, the High Court has \"unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law and such other jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law.\"  \n\nThere are references to an independent judiciary in the Constitution that imply the independence of the judiciary (see for example Chapter 10, section 1) and the separation of powers.  Further, there is wide agreement among legal scholars that the judiciary in Botswana is independent.  However, no specific constitutional provision explicitly guarantees judicial independence.\n\nWhile there is no explicit mentioning of the independence and the separation of the three branches of government, the details contained describe their independence clearly and justify this in law indicator to be a Yes.","Botswana Constitution, 1966, Chapter VI\nhttp://www.botswanaembassy.org/files/constitution_of_botswana.pdf\n\nWebsite of the Botswana Judiciary\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/Background-Traditions-Court/Background-of-the-Judiciary/\n\nJudicial Code of Conduct, Chapter 2\nhttp://www.justice.gov.bw/sites/default/files/General%20publications/Code%20of%20Conduct%20for%20Judicial%20Officers.pdf","According to section 95 of the Constitution, the High Court has \"unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law and such other jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law.\"  ..."]
["2013_BF_1",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",1,0,"La constitution au Burkina stipule en son article 129 que  « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. » Cette prescription de la loi fondamentale est soutenue par l’ordonnance n°91-50/PRES du 26 aout 1991 portant statut du corps de la magistrature qui énonce en son article 2 que : « Les magistrats sont indépendants et ne peuvent être inquiétés en raison des actes qu’ils accomplissent dans l’exercice de leur mission, hormis les cas prévus par la loi sous réserve du pouvoir disciplinaire. »\n\nNotons aussi que la Constitution confère au corps judiciaire, à travers les lois organiques qui définissent les attributions, les compétences et l'organisation de chaque instance (Cour des Comptes, Conseil Constitutionnel, Cour de cassation, Conseil d'État etc.) qui relève de ce pourvoir, l'autorité nécessaire pour prendre certaines décisions, examiner les lois, etc. Cela est rendu possible grâce à la réforme du système judiciaire (visitez http://presidence.bf/page.php?sid=33).\n\nCependant, selon l’article 3 de la Loi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, les membres de droit du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature sont : Le Président du Faso; Le Garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la justice ; Le Président de la Cour de Cassation et le Procureur Général près cette juridiction ; Le Président du Conseil d'Etat ; Le Président de la Cour des Comptes ; et Les Présidents des Cours d'appel et les Procureurs généraux près ces juridictions.\n \nL’article 6, dit “le Secrétaire Général du ministère chargé de la justice et l'Inspecteur général des services judiciaires participent aux séances du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature avec voie consultative.”\n \nL’article 8 dit “Le Président du Faso est le Président du Conseil supérieur et de la magistrature ; Le garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la justice en est le Vice-Président.”\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Constitution du Burkina Faso. (2 Juin 1991). Article 129.\n http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/ec5508c9dd8bf0e8c1256bbb002e70bb/$FILE/Constitution%20Burkina%20Faso%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nLoi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, http://burkinaenligne.over-blog.com/article-les-textes-fondamentaux----conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature--37660421.html","La constitution au Burkina stipule en son article 129 que  « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. » Cette prescription de la loi fondamentale est soutenue par l’ordonnance n°91-50/PRES du 26 aout 1991 portant statut du corps de la magistrature qui énonce en son article 2 que : « ..."]
["2013_BI_1",2013,"BI","Burundi",1,0,"L’article 209 de la loi n° 1/010 du 19 mars 2005 portant promulgation de la Constitution  de la République du Burundi précise que « Le pouvoir judiciaire est impartial et indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, le juge n’est soumis qu’à la Constitution et à la loi. Le Président de la République, Chef de l’État, est garant de l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Il est assisté dans cette mission par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) ». \n\nToutefois, l’article 218 de la même Constitution souligne que : « Les membres du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) sont nommés par le Président de la République après approbation par le Sénat.» En plus, l'article 219 stipule que \"le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République assisté par le ministre ayant la justice dans ses attributions.\"","Loi n° 1/010 du 19 mars 2005, portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République du Burundi. Articles 209, 218 and 219. http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/bi2005.htm#8 ","L’article 209 de la loi n° 1/010 du 19 mars 2005 portant promulgation de la Constitution  de la République du Burundi précise que « Le pouvoir judiciaire est impartial et indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, le juge n’est soumi..."]
["2013_CM_1",2013,"CM","Cameroon",1,0,"In Cameroon the constitution lays down the functioning and power of the judiciary and its independence. Even though the President of the Republic appoints members of the judicial bench and the legal department; he must be assisted in this task by the Higher Judicial Council as stipulated in the constitutional provision under article 37, subsection 3. In addition, in Cameroon the Supreme Court remains the highest court of the state in legal and administrative matters as well as in the appraisal of accounts. The principle relative to the independence of the judiciary in Cameroon is further reinforced by the ruling of the Constitutional Council in the proclamation of the results of elections in Cameroon. Law 2012/017 of 21 December 2012 to amend and supplement some of the provisions of Law 2012/001 of 19 April 2012 relating to electoral code states in Chapter V, Section 137 (Under Proclamation of Results) that the Constitutional Council shall adopt and proclaim the results of the Presidential Election within no more than 15 days of the close of the polls. The decisions of the Constitutional Council relating to election results and candidatures shall be final (chapter IV, section 136).\n\nArticle 37(3) states: \"The President of the Republic shall guarantee the independence of judicial power. He shall appoint members of the bench and for the legal department. He shall be assisted in this task by the Higher Judicial Council, which shall give him its opinion on all nominations for the bench and on disciplinary action against judicial and legal officers. The organization and functioning of the Higher Judicial Council shall be defined by law.\"\n\nAccording to Article 1 of Law No. 82/14 / of 26 November 1982 establishing the organization and functioning of the Superior Council of Magistracy, the Supreme Judicial Council is chaired by the President of the Republic. This executive influence undermines the independence of the judiciary.","Republic of Cameroon Constitution, Law no. 96-06 of 18 January 1996, part V, art. 37, § 1, 2, & 3, arts. 38, 39, 40, 41 & 42.  http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Cameroon/Legislation/La%20Constitution%20de%20la%20Republique%20du%20Cameroun.pdf\n\nLoi N° 82 / 14 / du 26 November 1982, http://www.atangana-eteme-emeran.com/spip.php?article3905","In Cameroon the constitution lays down the functioning and power of the judiciary and its independence. Even though the President of the Republic appoints members of the judicial bench and the legal department; he must be assisted in this task by the Higher Judicial Council as stip..."]
["2013_CV_1",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",1,100,"In Cape Verde, the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches. The law furthermore establishes the judiciary’s right to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts. \n\nArticle 4 of law 88/VII/2011 on the independence of courts and judges states: \n1. In performing their functions, the courts are independent and subject only to the constitution and the law.\n2. The courts cannot apply rules that contravene the constitution or the principles contained enshrined.\n3. The judges, in the exercise of their functions, are independent and should only pay obedience to the constitution and the law, without prejudice to the duty of compliance of judgments in the process of appeal by the superior courts, in accordance with law.\n4. The independence of judges is in particular ensured by the existence of an organ. Private management and discipline of its judiciary, by tenure and by not having responsibility for their judgments and decisions, except in cases specifically prescribed by law.","Law: The Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde, 2010 revision, published in Official Gazette - Supplement, I-Series Number 17 of May 3, 2010 (rectified by BO No. 28 of July 26, 2010, series I). \n\nLaw No. 88/VII/2011, sets the organisation, competence and functioning of the courts, article 4\nsets the organisation, competence and functioning of the court proceedings,independence of the courts and judges.","In Cape Verde, the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches. The law furthermore establishes the judiciary’s right to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts. ..."]
["2013_CF_1",2013,"CF","CAR",1,0,"La Charte constitutionnelle de la transition de la République centrafricaine de 2013, dans son premier paragraphe, stipule que : « La Justice constitue un pouvoir indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. » Cet article est renforcé par celui de la disposition 87 de la même charte qui souligne que : « Les juges sont indépendants. Ils ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. »\n\nMais le même article dit, \"Pendant la période de transition, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, la Commission Consultative du Conseil d'Etat et la Conférence des Présidents et du Procureur Général de la Cour des Comptes sont présidés par le Chef d’Etat de la Transition.\" Ainsi, la négation de l'indépendance de la magistrature.\n\nL'article 88 de ladite Charte mentionne dans son premier paragraphe que : « Le chef de l’État de la transition est le garant de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Il est assisté, à cet effet, par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, la Commission consultative du Conseil d’État et la Conférence des présidents et le procureur général de la Cour des comptes. »","Charte constitutionnelle de la transition. (2013). Article 86 et 87.\n http://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/le-texte-integral-de-la-charte-de-la-transition-en-centrafrique-valant-texte-constitutionnel.","La Charte constitutionnelle de la transition de la République centrafricaine de 2013, dans son premier paragraphe, stipule que : « La Justice constitue un pouvoir indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. » Cet article est renforcé par celui de la disposition 87 de ..."]
["2013_TD_1",2013,"TD","Chad",1,0,"L’Article 7 de la Constitution dispose que : « Le principe de l'exercice du pouvoir est le gouvernement du peuple par le peuple et pour le peuple, fondé sur la séparation des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire. »\n\nLa loi prévoit que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif et loi établit le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat du corps judiciaire à examiner les lois, à rendre les décisions judiciaires et à choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux.\n\nArticle 141: « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif. »\nArticle 143 : « Il est institué un seul ordre de juridiction dont la Cour suprême est l’instance la plus haute. »\nArticle 144 : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé au Tchad par la Cour suprême, les Cours d'appel, les tribunaux et les justices de paix. Il est le gardien des libertés et de la propriété individuelle. Il veille au respect des droits fondamentaux. »\n\nArticle 146 :\nLe Président de la République est le garant de l'indépendance de la Magistrature ;\nIl veille à l'exécution des lois et des décisions de Justice.\nIl est assisté par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nL'article 147 de la Constitution dispose que : « Le président de la République préside le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Le ministre de la Justice en est de droit le premier vice-président. Le président de la Cour suprême en est le deuxième vice-président. »\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","République du Tchad, Constitution du 31 mars 1996 révisée. (1996). Article 7, 141, 143, 144 et 146. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","L’Article 7 de la Constitution dispose que : « Le principe de l'exercice du pouvoir est le gouvernement du peuple par le peuple et pour le peuple, fondé sur la séparation des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire. »..."]
["2013_KM_1",2013,"KM","Comoros",1,0,"En droit, l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie.\nL'article 28 de la Constitution, tel que modifié 2009, dispose que \"le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles\".\n\nAussi, la loi n'établit pas explicitement le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat du corps judiciaire à choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux mais c'est compris que le droit existe.\n\nCependant, selon les articles 19 et 20 de la loi portant statut de ma magistrature, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Président de l'Union des Comores, et les vice-présidents sont les présidents de chaque ile. \n\nArt.19.- Le conseil supérieur de la magistrature comprend 10 membres dont 7 membres de droit et 3 magistrats élus par le suffrage de leurs pairs au bulletin secret à raison d’un par île pour 5ans » \nArt.20.- Les membres de droit du conseil supérieur de la magistrature sont : \nPrésident de l’Union ; Président\nPrésidents des îles ; vices présidents \nMinistre de la Justice de l’Union ; Vice Prés \nPrésident de la Cour suprême \nProcureur près la Cour Suprême","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001.Modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009. (2009). Article 28.\nwww.Droit-Afrique.com\n\nLoi du 31 décembre 2005 portant statut de la magistrature, Article 4; Article 11; Article 12. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20statut%20de%20la%20magistrature.pdf","En droit, l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie.\nL'article 28 de la Constitution, tel que modifié 2009, dispose que \"le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exe..."]
["2013_CD_1",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",1,0,"ARTICLE 56 : Le Président de la République est le Chef de l ’État. Il incarne l’unité nationale. Il veille au respect de la Constitution et au fonctionnement régulier des institutions publiques. Il protège les arts et les lettres. Le Président de la République est le Chef de l ’Exécutif. Il est le Chef du Gouvernement. Il détermine et conduit la politique de la Nation. Il dispose du pouvoir réglementaire et assure l’exécution des lois. Le Président de la République est garant de la continuité de l ’État, de l’indépendance nationale, de l’intégrité du territoire et du respect des traités et des accords internationaux. \n\nARTICLE 89 : Le Parlement est composé de deux chambres : l’Assemblée Nationale et le Sénat. Le Parlement exerce le pouvoir législatif et contrôle l’action de l ’Exécutif. Les moyens d’information et de contrôle du Parlement sur l’action du Gouvernement sont : l’interpellation ;la question écrite ; la question orale ; la question d’actualité ; L’audition en commission; l’enquête parlementaire. \n\nARTICLE 137 : Le pouvoir judiciaire ne peut empiéter, ni sur les attributions du pouvoir exécutif, ni sur celles du pouvoir législatif. Le pouvoir exécutif ne peut, ni statuer sur les différends, ni entraver le cours de la justice, ni s’opposer à l’exécution d’une décision de justice. Le pouvoir législatif ne peut, ni statuer sur les différends, ni modifier une décision de justice.\nToute loi, dont le but est de fournir la solution d’un procès en cours, est nulle et de nul effet. \n\nARTICLE 139 : Il est institué un Conseil supérieur de la magistrature présidé par le Président de la République.\n\nARTICLE 140 : Le Président de la République garantit l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire à travers le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature statue comme Conseil de discipline et comme organe de gestion de la carrière des magistrats.\n\nARTICLE 141 : Les membres de la Cour suprême et les magistrats des autres juridictions nationales sont nommés par le Président de la République, sur proposition du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Les magistrats de la Cour suprême sont inamovibles.\n\n2-La loi organique n°22-2008 du 26 juillet 2008 portant organisation, composition et fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\nTitre I : Dispositions générales\nArticle 1 : Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est un organe collégial de décision au sein du pouvoir judiciaire.\nArticle 2 : Le Président de la République garantit l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire à travers le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\nArticle 3 : Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature comprend les formations suivantes :\n-Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature comme commission de nomination des magistrats;\n-Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature comme commission de nomination de gestion de la carrière des magistrats;\n-Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature comme commission de nomination de discipline des magistrats.\nArticle 4 : Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Président de la République qui ne peut, en aucun cas, déléguer ce pouvoir, sous quelques formes que ce soit.\nTitre II : de l'organisation et de la composition\nArticle 14 : Lorsque l'indépendance de la magistrature est en cause, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature met en œuvre les mesures qui s'imposent pour la défendre et la préserver conformément à la loi.\n\nSelon M. Placide ELEKA, ancien magistrat du parquet de Brazzaville et inspecteur des juridictions et des services judiciaires au ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains: « La Cour suprême exerce un contrôle juridictionnel, le pouvoir judiciaire est sous le contrôle de la Cour suprême qui doit étendre le contrôle juridictionnel à travers les cours et tribunaux (Cour d'appel, TGI et TI). Au niveau national, il existe au sein du ministère de la Justice un organe qui s'occupe du contrôle des juridictions que l'on appelle « l’inspection générale des juridictions et des services judiciaires » et qui relève directement du ministre de la Justice et donc du garde des Sceaux. Le ministre de la Justice assure le contrôle de toutes les juridictions, à l'exception de la Cour suprême.\n\nDans la version internet de la Constitution du 20 janvier 2002, il y a une erreur sur l'article 136 en page 20 , il a été omis le terme Exécutif. En effet, en vérifiant la Constitution publiée au Journal Officiel, il est précisé au :\nARTICLE 136 : Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du Pouvoir Exécutif et du Pouvoir législatif.\nLes juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi .\n\nIl existe une incohérence du fait que le Président de la République est également le 1er président du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Seul lui nomme et révoque les magistrats sur proposition du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. De ce faite on constate qu'il y a une dépendance du Pouvoir Exécutif sur le judiciaire. D'autre part, le Parlement selon les textes exerce le pouvoir législatif et contrôle l’action de l ’Exécutif. Près de 80% des textes examinés par le parlement, sont des projets de lois émanant de l'Exécutif ou d'origine gouvernementale. \nDans les faits, certains ministres ne répondent pas à l'interpellation des députés. Ils ne rendent compte qu'au Chef de l'Etat. Seul le Chef de l'Etat peut nommer les ministres et « seul lui peut mettre fin à leur fonctions » (Titre V du Pouvoir Exécutif article 74 de la constitution du 20 janvier 2002).\nEnfin, la Constitution de 2002 est différente de la Constitution de mars 1992. Le parlement avait la possibilité de destituer le gouvernement car le gouvernement rendait compte devant le parlement. Exemple : celui du gouvernement Stéphane Bongho Nouarra qui a été destitué suite à une motion de censure (sous la présidence de Pascal Lissouba).","1-Constitution du 20 janvier 2002, Titre V, Articles 56, 89, 136. 137, 139, 140, 141.\n\n2-La loi organique n°22-2008 du 26 juillet 2008 portant organisation, composition et fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 14\n\n3-Entretien le lundi 30 septembre avec Mr Placide ELEKA, inspecteurs des juridictions et des services judiciaires, au Ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains et ancien magistrat du parquet de Brazzaville. L'entretien a porté sur la constitution et sur les lois spécifiques aux tribunaux.","ARTICLE 56 : Le Président de la République est le Chef de l ’État. Il incarne l’unité nationale. Il veille au respect de la Constitution et au fonctionnement régulier des institutions publiques. Il protège les arts et les lettres. Le Président de la République est le Chef de l ’Exé..."]
["2013_CG_1",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",1,100,"D’après la loi fondamentale, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie, c’est ainsi que le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est composé des seuls magistrats. Le pouvoir exécutif n’a pas d’injonctions à donner et le pouvoir législatif ne peut s’immiscer dans la tâche de dire le droit.\n\nL’article 149 de la Constitution du 18/02/2006 stipule que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs législatif et exécutif. En outre, le pouvoir judiciaire dispose d’un budget élaboré par le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature et transmis au gouvernement pour être inscrit dans le budget général de l’État.\n\nDe même, l’article 150 de la susdite Constitution confirme cette indépendance lorsqu’il énonce que les juges ne sont soumis qu’à l’autorité de la loi, les pouvoirs législatif et exécutif ne pouvant donner des injonctions aux juges ni modifier une décision de la justice. C’est ce qu’affirme l’exposé des motifs de la loi portant sur l’organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature qui confirme cette indépendance, laquelle est un gage de sécurité juridique incontournable.\n\n\"Le pouvoir exécutif ne peut donner d'injonction au juge dans l'exercice de sa juridiction, ni  statuer sur les différends, ni entraver le cours de la justice, ni s'opposer à l'exécution d'une décision de justice. Le pouvoir législatif ne peut ni statuer sur des différends juridictionnels, ni modifier une décision de justice, ni s'opposer à son exécution. Toute loi dont l'objectif est manifestement de fournir une solution à un procès en cours est nulle et de nul effet. \"","Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo du 18 février 2006 telle que modifiée par la loi n° 11/002 du 20/01/2011, Articles 149, 150 et 150, numéro spécial, 47e année, Journal Officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo. http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/DRC%20-%20Congo%20Constitution.pdf","D’après la loi fondamentale, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie, c’est ainsi que le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est composé des seuls magistrats. Le pouvoir exécutif n’a pas d’injonctions à donner et le pouvoir législatif ne peut s’immiscer dans la tâche de ..."]
["2013_CI_1",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",1,0,"La Constitution ivoirienne de 2000 consacre la séparation et l’indépendance du pouvoir judicaire vis-à-vis des autres pouvoirs. Ainsi, son article 101 stipule que le « pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif ». L’article 103 du même texte stipule également que « les magistrats ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi (…) ». L’indépendance de la magistrature, selon l’article 104 du texte, est constitutionnellement garantie par le président de la République. Celui-ci préside le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qui se réuni, selon l’article 106, sur sa convocation et afin « d’examiner toutes les questions relatives à l’indépendance de la Magistrature ». Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.\"\n\nPar ailleurs, l’article 6 de la loi n° 78-662 du 4 aout 1978 portant statut de la Magistrature (modifiée par les lois n° 94-437 du 16 aout 1994 et 94-498 du 6 septembre 1994), afin de renforcer l’indépendance du pouvoir judicaire, et à la suite de l’article 103 de la Constitution, stipule que « les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. Ils ne peuvent en conséquence recevoir, sans leur consentement, une affectation nouvelle même en avancement ».","Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er aout 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d’ivoire. (2000). Articles 101, 103, 104 et 106. Repéré à: http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc\n\nLoi n° 78-662 du 4 août 1978 portant statut de la Magistrature (modifiée par les lois n° 94-437 du 16 août 1994 et 94-498 du 6 septembre 1994.  (1994). Article 6. Repéré à: http://www.loidici.com/Statutmagistrature/statutsmagistrat.php.","La Constitution ivoirienne de 2000 consacre la séparation et l’indépendance du pouvoir judicaire vis-à-vis des autres pouvoirs. Ainsi, son article 101 stipule que le « pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif ». L’article 103 du même texte sti..."]
["2013_DJ_1",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",1,0,"L'arsenal juridique constitutionnel et législatif contient des dispositions qui garantissent l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. En effet, l'article 71 de la Constitution dispose que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il s'exerce par la Cour suprême et les autres cours et tribunaux. La loi précise aussi le statut des magistrats, notamment leur recrutement, avancement, le caractère inamovible des magistrats des sièges, etc.\n\nPar ailleurs, il existe plusieurs ordres de juridiction: judiciaire, administratif, et statut personnel, avec à leur tête une Cour suprême unique. Parallèlement, il existe aussi un Conseil Constitutionnel.\n\nL'article 73 dispose d'ailleurs que \"\"Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qu'il préside\"\". \" Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","1) Constitution du 15 septembre 1992. Articles 71 et suivants. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_150691.pdf\n\n2) LOI ORGANIQUE N°3 /AN/93/3eme L relative à l'organisation et au fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature du 7 avril 1993.\n\n3) Loi Organique n° 9/AN/01/4ème L portant Statut de la Magistrature du 18 février 2001.\n\n4) LOI ORGANIQUE N°4/AN/93/3eme L fixant les règles d'organisation et de fonctionnement du Conseil Constitutionnel du 7 avril 1993.\n\n5) Loi n°52/AN/94/3e L portant création d’une Cour d'Appel et d’un Tribunal de Première Instance du 10 octobre 1994.","L'arsenal juridique constitutionnel et législatif contient des dispositions qui garantissent l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. En effet, l'article 71 de la Constitution dispose que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il s'exerce p..."]
["2013_EG_1",2013,"EG","Egypt",1,100,"According to the 2012 constitution, the judicial authority shall be independent, and vested in the courts at all levels and kinds, which shall issue their judgments in accordance with the law.  \n\nAccording to article 169, each judiciary body shall administer its own affairs; each body shall have an independent budget and be consulted on the draft laws governing its affairs.\n\nArticle 170 states that judges shall be independent, should not be dismissed and should not be subjected to any authority other than the law, and shall be equal in rights and duties. The conditions and the procedures of the appointment of the judges and the disciplinary actions against them are defined and regulated by the law. A judge can only be appointed with a full mandate, both with respect to his jurisdiction and with respect to the powers that the law has granted him. This is to happen in a manner that preserves the independence of the judiciary and its ability to do its work.  Interference in the affairs of the courts is a crime that has no statute of limitations.  When delegated, their delegation shall be absolute, to the destinations and in the positions defined by the law; all in a manner that preserves the independence and the accomplishment of the duties of the judiciary.\n\nIn November 2012, a conflict between former President Mohamed Morsi and the judiciary came up to the surface when Morsi announced his controversial constitutional declaration in which he immunised his decision from the judiciary verdicts or appeals. After the ousting of Morsi, a new constitution is being discussed by a 50-member committee. According to preliminary reports, the judiciary articles will remain intact, especially as articles stipulating the judiciary independence to be unchanged since 1971.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, chapter 3, articles 178 - 180.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/. \nhttp://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/. \n\n(n.d.) .  Judicial authority competencies.  State Information Service.  Retrieved from http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=1318\nState Information Service.\n\n(n.d., June 13) .  Egypt's legal reforms caught between judges and ruling Islamists.  Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/1e9cc414-cc61-11e2-bb22-00144feab7de.html.\n\n(n.d.) .  The future of the judiciary after the January 25th revolution.  Al-Siyassa Al-Dawly.  Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies.  Retrieved from http://www.siyassa.org.eg/NewsContent/5/25/2306. \n\nCairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, June 6, 2013. http://www.cihrs.org/?p=6755.","According to the 2012 constitution, the judicial authority shall be independent, and vested in the courts at all levels and kinds, which shall issue their judgments in accordance with the law.  ..."]
["2013_GQ_1",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",1,0,"While the law specifies the judiciary to be independent - at least nominally -  the law also stipulates the president to be the first judge, thus allowing for a direct intervention of the executive in the judiciary. The law is also not explicit in describing the powers with respect to the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions and choose the cases heard by courts\n\nChapter V (“On the Judiciary branch, General provisions”) in the 2012 Constitution consists of articles 89–95. Though article 89 explicitly states that the judiciary is independent from the legislative and executive branches, it does not meet the second element required for a \"yes\" score. \n\nArticle 91 in Chapter V does establish the judiciary’s right and authority to enforce legal decisions and rulings. (Art. 91: El Ejercicio de la potestad jurisdiccional en todo tipo de proceso, juzgando y haciendo ejecutar lo juzgado, corresponde exclusivamente a los juzgados y tribunales determinados por la ley).\n\nThe 2012 Constitution does not explicitly state that the judiciary’s mandate is to review laws and choose the cases heard by courts. In addition, article 92 states that the Head of State is the First Magistrate of the nation, thus compromising the independence of the judiciary and possibly negating the provisions of article 89. The role of the Head of State in article 92 can also lead to a wide interpretation by judges and civil servants, thus allowing the president to intervene in legal procedures. (Art. 92: El Jefe del Estado es el Primer Magistrado de la Nación y garantiza la independencia de la función jurisdiccional.)\n\nPreviously, Law No. 4/2011 (14 July 2011), the Constitutional Court Law (“Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional”) established that all citizens and authorities must respect the independence of the Court’s decisions.\n\nIn 2009, the government amended Law No. 10/1984 known as “Reguladora del Poder Judicial”. It passed Law No. 5/2009 (18 May 2009) “Por la que se reforma la Ley Núm. 10/1984, Reguladora del Poder Judicial” to adapt the hierarchy of courts to the new context of Equatorial Guinea. Title V, chapter 1, articles 186–190 explicitly state that judges and magistrates cannot be forcibly removed from their duties.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\nCapítulo V: Del poder judicial, Disposiciones generales\nArt. 89: El Poder Judicial es independiente del Poder Legislativo y del Poder Ejecutivo. Ejerce las funciones jurisdiccionales del Estado.\nArt. 91: El Ejercicio de la potestad jurisdiccional en todo tipo de proceso, juzgando y haciendo ejecutar lo juzgado, corresponde exclusivamente a los juzgados y tribunales determinados por la ley.\nArt. 92: El Jefe del Estado es el Primer Magistrado de la Nación y garantiza la independencia de la función jurisdiccional.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 4/2011, título I, capítulo 1 (“Organización y competencias”), art. 3.  (2011) .  [“Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71\n“Todos los ciudadanos, personas jurídicas y Poderes Públicos están obligados a respetar la independencia del Tribunal Constitucional, y a prestarle colaboración, en los términos que establezcan las leyes, para el mejor cumplimiento de las funciones que le son propias”.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 5/2009, título V (“De la independencia judicial”), capítulo 1 (“De la inamovilidad de los jueces y magistrados”), art. 186 - 190.  [(May “Por la que se reforma la Ley Núm. 10/1984, Reguladora del Poder Judicial”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71\n\nArt. 186: Los Jueces y Magistrados no podrán ser removidos sino por causas y en la forma que establezca la presente Ley.","While the law specifies the judiciary to be independent - at least nominally -  the law also stipulates the president to be the first judge, thus allowing for a direct intervention of the executive in the judiciary. The law is also not explicit in describing the powers with respect..."]
["2013_ER_1",2013,"ER","Eritrea",1,100,"Chapter VI (Article 48) of the Constitution states: In exercising the judicial power, courts shall be free from direction and control of any person or authority. Judges shall be subject only to law, to a judicial code of conduct determined by law and to their conscience. \n\nChapter II (Article 10) of the Constitution states: The Justice System of Eritrea shall be independent, competent and accountable pursuant to the provisions of the constitution and laws.\n\nArticle 49 establishes the judiciary's right to judicial review, stating that the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution and the constitutionality of any law enacted and any action taken by the government.\n\nThe Eritrean constitution, which was ratified in 1997, but has to yet be implemented calls for legislative, executive, and judicial branches. According to the constitution, a 150-seat unicameral legislature, the National Assembly, decides internal and external policy, approves the budget, and elects the president of the country. However, the National Assembly has not met since 2002, and many of its members are either in prison or have fled the country. Legislative as well as executive functions are now exercised by President Isaias Afwerki.","The Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997 but not implemented) \nhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","Chapter VI (Article 48) of the Constitution states: In exercising the judicial power, courts shall be free from direction and control of any person or authority. Judges shall be subject only to law, to a judicial code of conduct determined by law and to their conscience. ..."]
["2013_ET_1",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",1,0,"Article 78 of the Constitution states that “An independent judiciary is established by this Constitution.”  Moreover, it establishes, in sub-articles I, II, and III that:\n\ni. judicial powers, both at Federal and State levels, are vested in the courts.\nIi. Courts of any level shall be free from any interference or influence of any\ngovernmental body, government official or from any other source.\niii. Judges shall exercise their functions in full independence and shall be directed solely by the law.\n\nFurther, it is clearly stated in the Constitution that the three organs of the government are different (separate) and that all levels of the judiciary, from the districts to the supreme court, will be free from the interference (direct or indirect, including suggestions made in the name of assisting the courts) of any governmental body in the executive or legislative branches.\n\nHowever, the law divests the authority from the courts regarding the issue of review of the laws. According to Article 62 of the constitution, the House of Federation deals with cases that require an interpretation of the constitution. The House of Federation is the upper house of the bicameral legislature. Its functions include, among other things, ordering federal intervention in states when there is violation of the constitution.","1. Article 78 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia(FDRE) adopted 1995, Article: 78.\nhttp://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/sites/africanlegislaturesproject.org/files/Con  stitution%20Ethiopia.pdf","Article 78 of the Constitution states that “An independent judiciary is established by this Constitution.”  Moreover, it establishes, in sub-articles I, II, and III that:..."]
["2013_GA_1",2013,"GA","Gabon",1,0,"ARTICLE 5 - The Gabonese Republic is organized based on the principles of national sovereignty, the separation of executive, legislative and judicary power, and rule of law.  \n\nARTICLE 68 - The judiciary is an authority independent of the Legislative and the Executive. Judges are in the exercise of their function only subject to the law. \n\nARTICLE 69 - The President of the Republic is the guarantor of the judiciary independence, in line with the present Constitution, in particular article 36. He is assisted by the High Judiciary Council and the presidents of the judicial and administrative courts and the court of auditors.  \n\nARTICLE 70 - The High Judiciary Council ensures the proper administration of justice and decides on nominations, transfer, promotion and sanction of judges. \n\nARTICLE 71 - The High Judiciary Council is presided by the President of the Republic assisted by the Minister of Justice, vice president. The Legislative is represented in the High Judiciary Council by three deputies and two senators chosen by the president of each chamber of the parliament in different parliamentary groups, and acting in advisory capacity. \nThe Minister of Finance assists the High Judiciary Council in advisory capacity. \n\nArticles 73 and 73a (II - DE LA COUR JUDICIAIRE) highlight the role of the highest court of justice (Cour Judiciaire) to decide on civil, commercial, social or criminal rulings.\n\nArticles 78–81 (V - DE LA HAUTE COUR DE JUSTICE ET DES AUTRES JURIDICTIONS D'EXCEPTION) refer to a non-permanent High Court of Justice that would be created in the event the President were accused of violating his/her duties or committing treason.\n\nBased on Articles 69, 70 and 71, the executive influence on the judiciary undermines its independence.","Loi n° 047/2010 du 12 janvier 2011 portant révision de la Constitution gabonaise de 1991. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=266813","ARTICLE 5 - The Gabonese Republic is organized based on the principles of national sovereignty, the separation of executive, legislative and judicary power, and rule of law.  ..."]
["2013_GM_1",2013,"GM","The Gambia",1,100,"Section 120 (3) of the 1997 constitution expressly provides for the independence of the judiciary in that it states: \"In the exercise of their judicial functions, the courts, the judges and other holders of judicial office shall be independent and shall be subject only to this constitution and the law and, save as provided in this chapter, shall not be subject to the control or direction of any other person or authority.\"\n\nArticle 122 specifies that \"in addition to any other power conferred on the court, each of the superior courts shall-  \n(a) be a superior court of record and shall have power to commit for contempt to itself and all such powers as are vested in a court of record; and \n(b) in relation to any matter within its jurisdiction, have power to issue such orders and directions as may be necessary to ensure the enforcement of any judgment, decree of order of the court.\n\nThe independence of the judiciary is further buttressed by section 123 of the 1997 constitution and section 13 of the criminal code, in that both laws exempt judicial officers from \"anything done or omitted to be done by him or her in the exercise of his judicial functions, although the act done is in excess of his or her judicial authority or although he or she is bound to do the act omitted to be done”.\n\nThe security of tenure of judicial officers, particularly judges, is also guaranteed by sections 138 (2) and 141 (4) of the constitution. By virtue of section 138 (2) judges of the superior courts, except the special criminal court,  are appointed by the president \"on the recommendation of the judicial service commission.\" Section 141 (4) of the constitution also provides that \"the chief justice, a justice of the supreme court, the court of appeal and the high court and members of the special criminal court may only be removed from office for inability to perform the functions of his or her judicial office, whether arising from infirmity of body or mind, or for misconduct\". Section 141(2) (c) of the constitution also allows the president to terminate a judge in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission.\n\nThe remuneration payable for judges is also guaranteed in section 142 of the constitution. By virtue of section 142 (2), such remuneration shall not be varied to a judge's disadvantage.","1997 Constitution of The Gambia, Sections 120 (3), 122, and 123, 138 (2), 141 (4) and 142, \nhttp://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf\n\nCriminal Code of The Gambia, Cap 10, Volume 3, section 13 of the Revised Laws of The Gambia 2009.","Section 120 (3) of the 1997 constitution expressly provides for the independence of the judiciary in that it states: \"In the exercise of their judicial functions, the courts, the judges and other holders of judicial office shall be independent and shall be subject only to this cons..."]
["2013_GH_1",2013,"GH","Ghana",1,100,"Chapter 11 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Specifically, article 125 clause three states: \"The judicial power of Ghana shall be vested in the judiciary, accordingly, neither the president nor parliament nor any organ or agency of the president or parliament shall have or be given final judicial power.\"\n\nClause five of article 125 also states: \"The judiciary shall have jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal, including matters relating to this constitution, and such other jurisdiction as parliament may, by law, confer on it.\"\n\nThe entrenchment of article 125 in the constitution, therefore, makes the judiciary independent, bold and a powerful organ of government dispensing justice without fear or favour.\n\nOther constitutional provisions, especially article 127 (paragraph 1-7), guarantee administrative and financial independence from the executive and the legislative branch and subject the judiciary to the constitution only.","The 1992 constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter 11, article 125, clauses 1-5. Also article 126 (4), article 127 (1-7). Link: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst11.html","Chapter 11 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Specifically, article 125 clause three states: \"The judicial power of Ghana shall be vested in the judiciary, accordingly, neither the president nor parliament nor any organ or agency of the president or p..."]
["2013_GN_1",2013,"GN","Guinea",1,0,"En Guinée, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par les dispositions de la Constitution de  2010 en ses articles 107, 108, et 109 (alinéa 1).\n\nArt 107: Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif. La justice est rendue exclusivement par les Cours et Tribunaux \n\nArt 108: Le Pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour Suprême, la Cour des Comptes, les Cours et Tribunaux dont les décisions définitives s'imposent aux parties, aux pouvoirs publics, à toutes les autorités administratives, juridictionnelles et aux forces de défense et de sécurité.\n\nArt 109: Les Magistrats ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi.\n\nCependant, selon la constitution de 2010, le chef de l'État préside le Conseil Suuprême de la Magistrature. \nArticle 112: Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature présidé par le Président de la République et comprend 17 membres : \n• Le Ministre de la Justice, Vice-président ; \n• Le Premier Président de la Cour Suprême ; \n• Le Procureur Général près la Cour Suprême ; \n• Un Premier Président de Cour d’Appel désigné par ses pairs ; \n• Deux Magistrats de la Cour Suprême élus en Assemblée générale de ladite Cour ; \n• Un Procureur Général près la Cour d’Appel, désigné par ses pairs, \n• Un Magistrat de l’Administration centrale du Ministère de la Justice, désigné par ses pairs \n• Six Magistrats élus en Assemblée générale des Cours d’Appel ; \n• Un Président de Tribunal de première instance, désigné par ses pairs ; \n• Un Procureur de la République, désigné par ses pairs. \nLorsqu'il siège en formation disciplinaire, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Premier Président de la Cour Suprême. \nLe fonctionnement, l'organisation et les autres compétences du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature sont fixés par une loi organique.\"","Constitution Guinéenne. (2010). Articles 107, 108 et 109, alinéa 1. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf ","En Guinée, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par les dispositions de la Constitution de  2010 en ses articles 107, 108, et 109 (alinéa 1)...."]
["2013_GW_1",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",1,100,"The Guinean constitution states in title II, chapter 1: general principles that \"the organs of sovereignty are the resident, the national assembly, the government and the courts. The organisation of the political power is based on the separation and independence of sovereign bodies and tying them all to the constitution.\n\nThe law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branch. According to the constitution of the republic, article 59, number 2, \"the organisation of political power is based on the separation and independence of the sovereignty and tying them all to the constitution \".\n\nArticle 120 (4), article 123 (2) furthermore establish independence of the courts by stipulating \"in the exercise of its judicial function, courts are independent and are only subject to the law\", and \"In the exercise of their duties, the judge is independent and should only be obeying the law and its consciousness”.\n\nThe law establishes, furthermore, the judiciary’s right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts, according to the constitution of the republic in article 120, No. 3, \"the supreme court and other courts established by law to exercise judicial functions\".\n\nGuinea-Bissau is a democratic state of law, where the separation of power is constitutionally guaranteed, specifying the independent functioning of the different organs of sovereignty, including the judiciary.","1. Guinea Bissau Constitution, Article 120 and Article 123, 1984, last amended 1996 Titile III Organisation of Political Power Chapter 1 of the General Principles:\na - The organs of sovereignty the President, the National Assembly, the Government and the courts.\nb -The organisation of political power is based on the separation and independence of sovereign bodies and tying them all to the xonstitution.\n\n2. Organic Law of the Courts (Lei Orgânica dos Tribunais - Law 3 / 2002 - published in supplement to the Official Journal [Boletim Oficial] no 47/20.","The Guinean constitution states in title II, chapter 1: general principles that \"the organs of sovereignty are the resident, the national assembly, the government and the courts. The organisation of the political power is based on the separation and independence of sovereign bodies..."]
["2013_KE_1",2013,"KE","Kenya",1,100,"Article 160 of the Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary in Kenya. Article 160 states:\n(1) In the exercise of judicial authority, the Judiciary, as constituted by Article 161, shall be subject only to this constitution and the law and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority.\n\n(2) The office of a judge of a superior court shall not be abolished while there is a substantive holder of the office.\n\n(3) The remuneration and benefits payable to or in respect of judges shall be a charge on the consolidated fund.\n\n(4) Subject to article 168(6), the remuneration and benefits payable to, or in respect of, a judge shall not be varied to the disadvantage of that judge, and the retirement benefits of a retired judge shall not be varied to the disadvantage of the retired judge during the lifetime of that retired judge.\n\n(5) A member of the judiciary is not liable in an action or suit in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in good faith in the lawful performance of a judicial function.\n\n(6)  The independence of the judiciary in Kenya is further reinforced by subsidiary legislation including the Supreme Court Act of 2011. Article 3 of the act grants the supreme court straight powers as an independent and final reference court. The object of this act is to make further provision with respect to the operation of the supreme court as a court of final judicial authority to, among other things: \n\n(a) Assert the supremacy of the constitution and the sovereignty of the people of Kenya;\n\n(b) Provide authoritative and impartial interpretation of the constitution;\n\n(c) Develop rich jurisprudence that respects Kenya’s history and traditions and facilitates its social, economic and political growth;\n\n(d) Enable important constitutional and other legal matters, including matters relating to the transition from the former to the present constitutional dispensation, to be determined having due regard to the circumstances, history and cultures of the people of Kenya;\n\n(e) Improve access to justice; and\n\n(f) Provide for the administration of the supreme court and related matters.","1.  \"The Independence of the Judiciary in Kenya\" by J.B.Ojwang.  A Paper Presented at the Conference on the Independence of the Judiciary in Sub-Saharan Africa: Towards an Independent and Effective Judiciary in Africa. Imperial Resort Beach Hotel, Entebbe, Uganda, June 24-28, 2008.\nhttp://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=808.\n\n2. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010. The law promulgated on August 27, 2012.  Article 160 (1-5) Grants the Judiciary its Independence. http://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/kenyalex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010\n\n3. Supreme Court Act, 2011.  This Act was published in 2011 and revised in 2012.  Article 3(a) of the Act places the Supreme Court as the final judicial authority to assert the supremacy of the Constitution and the sovereignty of the people of Kenya.\nhttp://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/SupremeCourtAct_No.7of2011_2.pdf\n\n4.  Mr Harold Ayodo, Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on this particular subject on September 19, 2013.","Article 160 of the Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary in Kenya. Article 160 states:\n(1) In the exercise of judicial authority, the Judiciary, as constituted by Article 161, shall..."]
["2013_LS_1",2013,"LS","Lesotho",1,100,"The Constitution of Lesotho (adopted in 1993 and amended in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2001) provides for the independence of the judiciary. The judiciary is supposed to freely review laws and issue judicial decisions without interference from other arms of state. Section 118 (3) of the constitution states that: “The government shall accord such assistance as the courts may require to enable them to protect their independence, dignity and effectiveness, subject to this constitution and any other law.”\n\nThe Administration of Judiciary Act of 2011 was enacted to enhance the financial and administrative independence of the judiciary pursuant to section 118 (3) of the constitution. This act provided for the independent recruitment of staff and for budgeting autonomy of the judiciary. It also established the Judicial Services and Judicial Inspectorate in order to bolster the independence and accountability of the courts. The inspectorate consists of the Law Society, police, attorney general and people nominated by parliament.","1. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Lesotho (1993). Chapter 14: section 118 (2) &(3). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. Administration of Judiciary Act, 2011. Part 1: section 2 and 4 and Part II, section 17","The Constitution of Lesotho (adopted in 1993 and amended in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2001) provides for the independence of the judiciary. The judiciary is supposed to freely review laws and issue judicial decisions without interference from other arms of state. Section 118 (3) of the..."]
["2013_LR_1",2013,"LR","Liberia",1,100,"In law, the Constitution of the Republic of Liberia guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It considers the Judiciary as one of three separate coordinate branches of government. In addition to the Constitution, the Judiciary Law of 1972 and the New Judicial Law of Liberia 2011 prohibit anyone from interfering with rulings and administrations of the Judiciary. The New Judicial Law of Liberia further strengthened the Judiciary by granting all appointments of Subordinate judges to the Supreme Court of Liberia; and discontinued the appointments of Justices of the Peace. \n\nFurthermore Article 65 reads: \nThe Judicial Power of the Republic shall be vested in a Supreme Court and such subordinate courts as the legislature may from time to time establish. The courts shall apply both statutory and customary laws in accordance with the standards enacted by the Legislature. Judgements of the Supreme Court shall be final and binding and shall not be subject to appeal or review by any other branch of Government. Nothing in this Article shall prohibit administrative consideration of the Justiciable matter prior to review by a court of competent jurisdiction.\n\nAnd Article 66 stipulates:\nThe Supreme Court shall be final arbiter of constitutional issues and shall exercise final appellate jurisdiction in all cases whether emanating from courts of record, courts not of record, administrative agencies, autonomous agencies or any other authority, both as to law and fact except cases involving ambassadors, ministers, or cases in which a country is a party. In all such cases, the Supreme Court shall exercise original jurisdiction. The Legislature shall make no law nor create any exceptions as would deprive the Supreme Court of any of the powers granted herein.","The Constitution of the Republic of Liberia 1986, Chapter 1 Article 3 and Chapter VII Article 65; http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm\n\nJudiciary Law of Liberia 1972, Section 1.1\n\nThe New Judicial Law of Liberia 2011, http://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/codes/jlt17lcolr415/","In law, the Constitution of the Republic of Liberia guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It considers the Judiciary as one of three separate coordinate branches of government. In addition to the Constitution, the Judiciary Law of 1972 and the New Judicial Law of Liberia 20..."]
["2013_LY_1",2013,"LY","Libya",1,0,"No law exists that specifies all of the above scoring criteria. In the Constitutional Declaration (article 32 and 33) the judicial system is independent from the executive and this can not be changed without a 2/3 majority of the interim National Transitional Council. Article 33 states that \"The State shall guarantee to bring the judiciary authorities near the litigants\". However the scope of duties of the judiciary authority is not precise.  \n\nThough Law 6/1982 states that the judiciary is under the sole supervision of the Supreme Court, it fails to be explicit about the independence of the judiciary. Further, the TNC is authorized by the transitional constitution to form and appoint judicial commissions that lack independence and neutrality. In law, there is no oversight over these appointments.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however:\nConstitutional Declaration, Article 32, 3 August 2011:\nThe judicial authority shall be independent. It shall be exercised by courts of various types and degrees whose judgements shall be passed in accordance with the law. Judges shall be independent, subject to no other authority but the law and the conscience.\n\nConstitutional Declaration, Article 33, 3 August 2011\nLaws shall not provide for prohibiting the judiciary from controlling any administrative decision.\n\nConstitutional Declaration, Article 36, 3 August 2011\nNo cancellation or amendment shall be made to any provision contained herein save with another provision issued by the Interim National Transitional Council by a two-thirds majority of the Council members.\n\nConstitutional Declaration, Law 6/1982.  Retrieved from http://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=265\n\nMabrouk, K.  (2012, March 18) .  The new Libya.  Retrieved from http://khaledblogsptcom.blogspot.com/2012/03/blog-post_5667.html","No law exists that specifies all of the above scoring criteria. In the Constitutional Declaration (article 32 and 33) the judicial system is independent from the executive and this can not be changed without a 2/3 majority of the interim National Transitional Council. Article 33 st..."]
["2013_MG_1",2013,"MG","Madagascar",1,0,"La Constitution de la IVème République définit cette indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire selon l’art. 107. La loi organique n° 2007-039 du 14 janvier 2007 relative au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature spécifie que cette indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par le Président de la république en son art. 1er : « Article premier. Conformément aux dispositions de l’article 103 de la Constitution, le Président de la République est le garant de l’indépendance de la Justice. A cet effet, il est assisté par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature dont il est le Président.\n\nAinsi, la garantie de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est en principe appliquée à Madagascar. Toutefois, au vu de cette même Constitution quelques nuances se présentent quant à cette idée de garantir l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. En effet, elle prévoit dans ses articles 108 et 110 une distinction entre les magistrats de sièges et les magistrats du Ministère public.» Selon elle :\n\nArticle 108.- Dans leurs activités juridictionnelles, les Magistrats du siège, les juges et assesseurs sont indépendants et ne sont soumis qu’à la Constitution et à la loi. A ce titre, hors les cas prévus par la loi et sous réserve du pouvoir disciplinaire, ils ne peuvent, en aucune manière, être inquiétés dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions.\n\nArticle 110.- Les Magistrats du ministère public sont soumis à la subordination hiérarchique; toutefois, dans leurs conclusions ou réquisitions orales, ils agissent selon leur intime conviction et conformément à la loi. Ils disposent de la police judiciaire dont ils peuvent contrôler les activités et le fonctionnement.","- Constitution de la IVe République du 11 décembre 2010, notamment en son Titre III, sous titre IV. Article 107, premier alinéa : « Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice ». \nhttp://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm\n- Loi organique n° 2007-039 du 14 janvier 2008 relative au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 3 173, 19 mars 2008, pp.1195-1200.\n- Décret n° 2005-710 du 25 octobre 2005 portant Code de déontologie des magistrats, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 3 016, 27 février 2006,  p. 1625.","La Constitution de la IVème République définit cette indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire selon l’art. 107. La loi organique n° 2007-039 du 14 janvier 2007 relative au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature spécifie que cette indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par le Prési..."]
["2013_MW_1",2013,"MW","Malawi",1,100,"In Malawi, the independence of the judiciary is clearly guaranteed by the constitution and supporting laws, namely, the Courts Act.\n\nThe constitution of the Republic of Malawi, in Section 9, establishes the judiciary with \"separate status, function and duty\" from the executive and legislature. Section 11 (4) of the same constitution further protects this independence by stipulating that \"any law that ousts or purports to oust the jurisdiction of the courts to entertain matters pertaining to this Constitution shall be invalid\".\n\nThe judiciary also has the power to handle cases as stated in Section 103 (2) of the constitution which  reads, “The judiciary shall have jurisdiction over all issues of judicial nature and shall have exclusive authority to decide whether an issue is within its competence”. This is also emphasized in Section 108 which give the courts power to review any act or law for conformity with the constitution.\n\nThe ruling by Justice Twea in \"The State Vs the Electoral Commission,   Ex-Parte: Dr. Bakili Muluzi and United Democratic Front\", emphasized the powers of the courts granted in Section 108 (2). \n\nCourts Act, especially Section 61 (1-3), support the independence of the judiciary by protecting all judicial officers from law suits for acts or decision taken in fulfillment of their duties. It protects judges and magistrates from being sued for their judgments or orders as well as other officers who execute the lawful orders of the courts.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Sections 9, 11, 103 and 108. Adopted 1995.\n2. Courts Act. Section 61. Passed in 1958.\n3. The State vs the Electoral Commission. Ex-Parte: Dr. Bakili Muluzi and United Democratic Front. Constitutional  Civil Cause No. 2 of 2009.\nhttp://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf","In Malawi, the independence of the judiciary is clearly guaranteed by the constitution and supporting laws, namely, the Courts Act...."]
["2013_ML_1",2013,"ML","Mali",1,0,"Les textes qui garantissent l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire comprennent la constitution et la loi portant statut des magistrats: \n\nL'article 81 de la Constitution dispose : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Il s'exerce par la Cour Suprême et les autres Cours et Tribunaux ».\n« Tout magistrat doit se comporter en homme libre et indépendant vis-à-vis du politique, de la société... ».\n\nLe Statut de la Magistrature, adopté en le 16 décembre 2002 stipule que : « Le statut de la sagistrature consacre l'indépendance du magistrat qui, au demeurant, n'est soumis seulement qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les Magistrats ne sont soumis dans l'exercice de leur fonction qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les Magistrats du siège sont inamovibles ».\n\nL'article 3 du statut de la magistrature dispose que « l’indépendance de la magistrature est indispensable à l’exercice d’une justice impartiale. Le Magistrat doit respecter l’indépendance de la magistrature et favoriser l’application de mesures et de garanties visant à préserver et à accroître cette indépendance ». \n\nL'article 5 stipule que: « Le Magistrat a l’obligation de défendre son indépendance. Toutes pressions, quelles que soient leurs provenances, tendant à influencer sa décision de justice, doivent être fermement repoussées ».\n\nCependant, le président de la République est aussi le président du conseil de la magistrature suprême de la magistrature. Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Décret N 92-0731 P-CTSP Portant promulgation de la Constitution du Mali, adoptée le 25 février 1992. Article 81 (Titre VII). http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002746.pdf\n\nLoi N°02-054/ portant statut des magistrats. Adoptée le 16 décembre 2002. Article 3 & 5\n\nMaliJet, “Le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature l’a décidé hier : Les 3 Procureurs généraux du Mali et 5 des 6 Procureurs de la République de Bamako relevés” Par L'Indépendant, 14 Septembre 2012\n http://malijet.com/a_la_une_du_mali/51331-le-conseil-sup%C3%A9rieur-de-la-magistrature-l%E2%80%99a-d%C3%A9cid%C3%A9-hier-:-les-3-.html","Les textes qui garantissent l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire comprennent la constitution et la loi portant statut des magistrats: ..."]
["2013_MR_1",2013,"MR","Mauritania",1,0,"La présente loi organique sur le statut des magistrats en son article 7 mentionne notamment que les magistrats du siège n'obéissent qu'à la loi. Cette importante disposition consacre l'indépendance et protège le juge dans l'exercice de ses fonctions. Cette disposition ne fait que reprendre l'article 90 de la constitution mauritanienne du 20 juillet 2006 qui consacre l'indépendance des juges et les met à l'abri de toute pression. Dans le cadre de l'organisation judicaire héritée de la France, la Mauritanie a des magistrats du siège qui bénéficient de l'inamovibilité. Les magistrats du parquet ne bénéficient pas de cette garantie. L'indépendance des juges en général, consacrée par la loi fondamentale mauritanienne, et celle des juges du siège en particulier, prévue par la loi organique, viennent compléter l'édifice judiciaire définissant la séparation des pouvoirs telle que voulue par le constituant mauritanien. La justice mauritanienne est d'inspiration française. Conformément au statut de la magistrature, les juges sont nommés et mutés par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Dans l'exercice de leur fonction, les magistrats ne disposent pas d'un mandat et peuvent faire l'objet d'affectations dans d'autres juridictions. Ils possèdent l'autorité que leur confère la loi. Toutefois, le président de la Cour Suprême dispose d'un mandat de cinq ans renouvelable une fois. Les juges ont en outre l’obligation de rendre les décisions judicaires et à les motiver. Le code pénal considère qu'un refus de rendre une décision de justice constitue un déni de justice et que cela engage la responsabilité pénale du magistrat. Toutefois, les juges n'ont pas la latitude de choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux. Ils sont choisis par le parquet pour instruire un dossier ou pour remplir la fonction de juge.\n\nArticle 90 : Le juge n’obéit qu’à la loi. Dans le cadre de sa mission, il est protégé contre toute forme de pression de nature à nuire à son libre arbitre.\"\n\nArticle 89 : Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le Président de la République est garant de l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature, qu’il préside. Une loi organique fixe le Statut de la magistrature, la composition, le fonctionnement et les attributions du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","1. Loi organique n° 94 – O12 du 17 Février 1994 Portant Statut de la Magistrature. (1994). Article 7.\n http://www.coursupreme.mr/NR/rdonlyres/360F8B82-97F8-49A7-834C-8232FF5F4F20/6314/statutmagistratureFR.pdf\n\n2. Constitution du 20 juillet 1991.","La présente loi organique sur le statut des magistrats en son article 7 mentionne notamment que les magistrats du siège n'obéissent qu'à la loi. Cette importante disposition consacre l'indépendance et protège le juge dans l'exercice de ses fonctions. Cette disposition ne fait que r..."]
["2013_MU_1",2013,"MU","Mauritius",1,100,"Mauritius, being a former British colony, has inherited a constitution which is based on the British model, whereby the legislature, the executive and the judiciary have respective roles to play independently from each other. The constitution has a whole chapter dealing with the judicature including the appointments of judges and the roles of the Supreme Court. Section 76 states that:\n“There shall be a Supreme Court for Mauritius which shall have unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law other than a disciplinary law and such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred upon it by this Constitution or any other law.”\n\nMoreover, judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president of the Republic upon recommendation by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, which is an independent body. A judge can only be dismissed “for inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour. A special tribunal comprising of “a chairman and no less than two other members, selected by the president from among persons who hold or have held office as a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in some part of the Commonwealth or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from any such court,” which will investigate in the matter. The removal of a judge is therefore a difficult and long process, which further reinforces the independence of the judiciary.","The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius, 1968, Chapter VII (Section 76, 77 and 78). http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/constitution/Pages/Constitution-Contd2.aspx","Mauritius, being a former British colony, has inherited a constitution which is based on the British model, whereby the legislature, the executive and the judiciary have respective roles to play independently from each other. The constitution has a whole chapter dealing with the ju..."]
["2013_MA_1",2013,"MA","Morocco",1,0,"The law states that the judiciary is independent of the legislature and the executive. The king is the guarantor of the independence of the judiciary. Articles 109 and 110 furthermore define specifics as to how the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by establishing any judges' rights to independence and autonomy on a personal level, including administrative procedures. There are detailed procedures laid out as to what redress mechanisms judges can refer to if they feel their independence to hold court and issue decisions or verdicts has been restricted.\n\nHowever, according to Article 107 of the constitution, the independence of the judiciary is compromised because this article makes the king who is head of state, head of the the Superior Council of the Judicial Power. This compromises the independence of the judiciary from the executive branch.","Morocco.  Constitution, articles 56, 107, 109, and 110.  (2011.  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.","The law states that the judiciary is independent of the legislature and the executive. The king is the guarantor of the independence of the judiciary. Articles 109 and 110 furthermore define specifics as to how the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by establishing any jud..."]
["2013_MZ_1",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is clearly guaranteed in the constitution by articles 134 and 217 which mention that \"judges only comply with the constitution, with the law and the judge's conscience.\" \n\nFurther, the Law of Judiciary Organization mentions in its article 10 that: \"In the exercise of their duties the judges are independent and impartial and must only obey the constitution and the law. The independence of judges is ensured by the existence of an autonomus organ [Superior Council of the Judiciary] of management and discipline, and immovability and not be subject to any orders or instructions, except for the duty to adhere to the the decisions made on appeal by superior courts.\"","1. Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, Article 134 and Article 217 No 1. 2004\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\nhttp://www.acismoz.com//lib/services/translations/TransConstitution2004eng.pdf (translated)\n\n2. Law of Judiciary Organisation [Lei da Organizacao Judiciaria -Lei 24/2007 de 20 de Agosto]. Article 10. 2007.\nhttp://www.rjcplp.org/sections/organizacao-judiciaria/anexos/mocambique5661/","The independence of the judiciary is clearly guaranteed in the constitution by articles 134 and 217 which mention that \"judges only comply with the constitution, with the law and the judge's conscience.\" ..."]
["2013_NA_1",2013,"NA","Namibia",1,100,"Article 78 of the Namibian constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Section 2 of the article reads: “The courts shall be independent and subject only to this constitution and the law.”\n\nArticles 80 and 81 authorize the judiciary to review laws and issue binding decisions, and empowers the High Court to \"adjudicate upon all civil disputes and criminal prosecutions,\" including appeals of lower court decisions.","Namibian Constitution, 1990, chapter 9 - The Administration of Justice; http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf.","Article 78 of the Namibian constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Section 2 of the article reads: “The courts shall be independent and subject only to this constitution and the law.”..."]
["2013_NE_1",2013,"NE","Niger",1,0,"Art. 116 : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif ». Cet article prouve bien que dans la loi, sur la base de la constitution, le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. La Constitution permet en effet au corps judiciaire de statuer en conformité avec la loi et de rendre la justice en toute indépendance.\n\nCependant, selon l'article 5 de la Loi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), le Président de la République est Président du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","Constitution de la 7e République du Niger (proclamée le 25 novembre 2010) - Titre VI « Du pouvoir judiciaire », section 1 « Des dispositions générales ». Article 116. http://www.gouv.ne/index.php/textes-fondamentaux/constitution-de-la-7eme-republique\n\nLoi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), article 5. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I-RKyXtY5OEJ:www.justice.gouv.ne/sites/default/files/lois_reglements/Loi-2007-05.doc+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us","Art. 116 : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif ». Cet article prouve bien que dans la loi, sur la base de la constitution, le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. La Constitution permet en effet au ..."]
["2013_NG_1",2013,"NG","Nigeria",1,100,"The judiciary is one of the three arms of Nigeria’s presidential democracy. Its independence is guaranteed by the doctrine of separation of powers between executive, judiciary and legislature, which exists in Nigeria.\n\nOne portion in the constitution where the independence of the courts is mentioned is section 39 (3a) which states as follows: \"for the purpose of preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, maintaining the authority and independence of courts....\"\n\nThe preamble to the code of conduct for judicial officers also states: \"Whereas an independent, strong, respected and respectable judiciary is indispensable for the impartial administration of justice in a democratic state:\n \n\"And whereas a judicial officer should actively participate in establishing, maintaining, enforcing, and himself observing a high standard of conduct so that the integrity and respect for the independence of the judiciary may be preserved.\"\n\nSection 6. (1) of the constitution says this of the power of the courts: \"The judicial powers of the federation shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established for the federation.\"\n\nThe independent judicial council is in charge of selecting justices and appointing them. The commission as such is selected from a wide field of independent personalities and former judges. Rules are found in schedule I to the constitution. \n\nThe oath of judges in the seventh schedule and the code of conduct of judges enshrined in the constitution furthermore guarantees that the judiciary stays independent of executive and legislative. \n\nArticles 230 and 231 specify a wide-ranging mandate for the supreme court (and other courts) to review laws and issue decisions. All such rights are bound by the constitution or any other applicable right.","1. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Chapter 1, Part 2, Powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Section 6 (Judicial).\nChapter VII, The Judicature, Section 230-294. \nChapter IV, Fundamental Rights, Section 39, subsection 3 (a).\nWebsite: http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1\n2. Code of Conduct for Judicial Officers, Preamble.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/CodeOfConductForJudicialOfficers.htm","The judiciary is one of the three arms of Nigeria’s presidential democracy. Its independence is guaranteed by the doctrine of separation of powers between executive, judiciary and legislature, which exists in Nigeria...."]
["2013_RW_1",2013,"RW","Rwanda",1,100,"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. Article 140 of the constitution reads \"The Judiciary is independent and separate from the legislative and executive branches of government. It enjoys financial and administrative autonomy. Justice is rendered in the name of the people and nobody may be a judge in his or her own cause. Judicial decisions are binding on all parties concerned, be they public authorities or individuals. They shall not be challenged except through ways and procedures determined by law,\" while articles 4 and 5 of the organic law relating to the code of ethics for the judiciary in its part of judiciary independence states that, \"A judge shall be independent in the exercise of his or her judicial functions. A judge shall independently examine matters before him or her and take decisions without any external pressure. In cases before court, a judge shall guard against any attempts to influence his or her decisions other than those made through the ordinary procedure provided for by the law. A judge is bound to decide cases in accordance with the law.\" \n\nSection 2 on the Courts, subsections 143-150, establishes the judiciary's authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions and choose the cases heard by the various courts established under the law.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 09/2004.  (2004) .  [Relating to the code of ethics for the judiciary].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7532&iid=1570&rid=30695477","In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. Article 140 of the constitution reads \"The Judiciary is independent and separate from the legislative and executive branches of government. It enjoys financial and administrative autonomy. Justice is rendered in the name of t..."]
["2013_ST_1",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",1,100,"In Sao Tome and Principe, the judiciary is independent according to the constitution which states in part III, title 4, article 120, paragraph 1: \"The courts are sovereign bodies with the power to administer justice on behalf of the people\", followed by Article 121: \"The courts are independent and subject only to the laws.\"\n\nThe constitution specifies further in Article 120, Paragraph 2: \"The administration of justice rests with the courts in defence of the rights and legally protected interests of the citizens, settles conflicts of public and private interest and prosecutes violations of the law.\" Further evidence that it is the judiciary's authority to review laws and issue judicial decisions is found in Article 122, Paragraph 1: \"Court decisions are fundamental in all cases prescribed by law\", and Paragraph 2: \"Court decisions are binding for all public and private authorities and prevail over any other authority.\" \n\nThe last revision of the National Constitution was on January 25, 2003. But the law clearly establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.","Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Law no. 1/2003, Part 3, Title 4, Articles 120, 121 and 122.","In Sao Tome and Principe, the judiciary is independent according to the constitution which states in part III, title 4, article 120, paragraph 1: \"The courts are sovereign bodies with the power to administer justice on behalf of the people\", followed by Article 121: \"The courts are..."]
["2013_SN_1",2013,"SN","Senegal",1,0,"L’article 88 de la Constitution du 22 janvier 2001, modifiée, garantit l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Ce article stipule que: « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des Comptes et les Cours et Tribunaux». \n\nLa Constitution établit le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat du corps judiciaire à examiner les lois, à rendre les décisions judiciaires et à choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux en ses articles 91, 31 et 34 qui stipulent respectivement que « Le pouvoir judiciaire est gardien des droits et libertés définis par la Constitution et la loi. » « Les cours et Tribunaux veillent à la régularité de la campagne électorale et à l'égalité des candidats pour l'utilisation des moyens de propagande, dans les conditions déterminées par une loi organique » et « Les Cours et Tribunaux veillent à la régularité du scrutin dans les conditions déterminées par une loi organique ».\n\nCependant, la loi organique N°92-26 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, le Président de la République est aussi le Président du CSM, et le Ministre de Justice est vice-président.","Constitution de la République du Sénégal de 2001. Modifiée en ses articles 31, 34, 88 et 91. http://www.gouv.sn/-Constitution-du-Senegal-.html\n\nLoi organique N°92-26 modifiant l'ordonnance N°60-16 portant loi organique sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. http://ww.coursupreme.sn/menusysjudi/207-conseil-sup-mag.html","L’article 88 de la Constitution du 22 janvier 2001, modifiée, garantit l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Ce article stipule que: « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, ..."]
["2013_SC_1",2013,"SC","Seychelles",1,100,"Constitution of Seychelles:\n119(2)  The judiciary shall be independent and be subject only to this constitution and the other laws of Seychelles.\n\n120(1)  There shall be a court of appeal which shall, subject to this constitution, have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgement, direction, decision, declaration, decree, writ or order of the   supreme court and such other appellate jurisdiction as may be conferred upon the court of appeal by this constitution and by or under an act.\n\n125(1)  There shall be a supreme court which shall, in addition to the jurisdiction and powers conferred by this constitution, have -\n (a) original jurisdiction in matters relating to the application, contravention, enforcement or interpretation of this constitution;\n(b) original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters;\n(c) supervisory jurisdiction over subordinate courts, tribunals and adjudicating authority and, in this connection, shall have power to issue injunctions, directions, orders or writs including writs or orders in the nature of habeas corpus, certiorari, mandamus, prohibition and quo warranto as may be appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of its supervisory jurisdiction; and\n(d) such other original, appellate and other jurisdiction as may be conferred on it by or under an act.\n\nCourts Act: \n 5.  The supreme court shall continue to have, and is hereby  invested with full original jurisdiction to hear and determine all suits, actions, causes, and matters under all laws for the time being in force in Seychelles relating to wills and execution of wills, interdiction or appointment of a curator, guardianship of minors, adoption, insolvency, bankruptcy, matrimonial causes and generally to hear and determine all civil suits, actions, causes and matters that may be brought or may be pending before it, whatever may be the nature of such suits, actions, causes or matters, and, in exercising such jurisdiction, the supreme court shall have, and is hereby invested with, all the powers, privileges, authority, and jurisdiction which is vested in, or capable of being exercised by the high court of justice in England.","1. Constitution of Seychelles 1993:\navailable at: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/42\n\n2. Courts Act 1964 cap 52\navailable at http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/52","Constitution of Seychelles:\n119(2)  The judiciary shall be independent and be subject only to this constitution and the other laws of Seychelles...."]
["2013_SL_1",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",1,100,"Section 120 (1-3) of the constitution of Sierra Leone 1991 provides for judicial power to be vested in the judiciary and the law establishes the judiciary’s right, authority, and mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\n(1) The Judicial power of Sierra Leone shall be vested in the Judiciary of which the Chief Justice shall be the Head. \n(2) The Judiciary shall have jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal including matters relating to this \nConstitution, and such other matters in respect of which Parliament may by or under an Act of Parliament confer jurisdiction on the Judiciary. \n(3) In the exercise of its judicial functions, the Judiciary shall be subject to only this Constitution or any other law, and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any other person or authority. \n\nThere are rules to appoint judges that stipulate that parliament and the president must agree on the appointment.  There are also rules to ensure the appointments are merit-based. \n\nArticle 136 reads: \n(1) The president shall, acting on the advice of the judicial and legal service commission and subject to the approval of parliament, appoint the chief justice by warrant under his hand from among persons qualified to hold office as justice of the supreme court. \n\n(2) The other judges of the superior court of judicature shall be appointed by the president by warrant under his hand acting on the advice of the judicial and legal service commission and subject to the approval of parliament. \n\n(3) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge of the superior court of judicature, unless he is entitled to practise as counsel in a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in Sierra Leone or any other country having a system of law analogous to that of Sierra Leone and approved by the judicial and legal service commission, and has been entitled as such counsel in the case of appointment to: \na) the supreme court, for not less than twenty years; \nb) the court of appeal, for not less than fifteen years; \nc) the high court of justice, for not less than ten years.\n \n(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), a person shall be regarded as entitled to practise as counsel if he has been called, enrolled or otherwise admitted as such and has not subsequently been disbarred or removed from the roll of counsel or legal practitioners. \n\n(5) For the purposes of this section, a person shall not be regarded as not being entitled to practise in a court by reason only that he is precluded from doing so by virtue of his holding or acting in any office.","The Constitution of Sierra Leone, Chapter VII: The Judiciary Part 1 - The Superior Court of Judicature, Section 120 (3) 1991 http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of Sierra Leone, Chapter VII: Part 1 - The Superior Court of Judicature, Section 120. (1) and (2), 1991 http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of Sierra Leone, Chapter VII: Part 1 - The Superior Court of Judicature, Section 135, 1991 http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf","Section 120 (1-3) of the constitution of Sierra Leone 1991 provides for judicial power to be vested in the judiciary and the law establishes the judiciary’s right, authority, and mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts...."]
["2013_SO_1",2013,"SO","Somalia",1,100,"Article 3 of the Somali constitution invokes the independence of the judiciary in ensuring accountability, efficiency and responsiveness to the interests of the people. In addition, article 106 stipulates, “The judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches of government whilst fulfilling its judicial functions. Members of the judiciary shall be subject only to the law. No civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted against a judge in respect of the exercising of any judicial function. The home or person of a judge cannot be searched without the authorization of the Judicial Service Commission.”","Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012.  Article 3 and 106. http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia","Article 3 of the Somali constitution invokes the independence of the judiciary in ensuring accountability, efficiency and responsiveness to the interests of the people. In addition, article 106 stipulates, “The judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches of g..."]
["2013_ZA_1",2013,"ZA","South Africa",1,100,"Chapter 8 of the South African Constitution deals with courts and the administration of justice. It says that the courts and judges are independent, and only subjected to the constitution and the rule of law (section 165.2). Chapter 8 also states that no other organ of state may interfere with the functioning of the judiciary and are required to assist the judiciary in maintaining its independence.  \n\nSection 167 empowers the Constitutional Court to review and issue decisions on any law, appeal, or case.\n\nThe Code of Judicial Conduct (adopted in October 2012), which falls under the Judicial Service Commission Act (Act 9 of 1994) states that (article 4) judges are required to be independent, that they should take reasonable steps when another organ of state interferes with their work and should not ask for favours or special dispensation.","The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996.\n\nCode of Judicial Conduct, which falls under the Judicial Service Commission Act (Act 9 of 1994), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/notices/2012/20121018-gg35802-nor865-judicial-conduct.pdf.","Chapter 8 of the South African Constitution deals with courts and the administration of justice. It says that the courts and judges are independent, and only subjected to the constitution and the rule of law (section 165.2). Chapter 8 also states that no other organ of state may in..."]
["2013_SS_1",2013,"SS","South Sudan",1,100,"The laws of South Sudan guarantee the independence of the judiciary. The relevant laws here are:\n\nThe Transitional Constitution, 2011: \nArticle 123 of the Transitional Constitution covers judicial powers. Subsection (2) of this article states that that “Judicial power shall be vested in an independent institution to be known as the Judiciary.\" \nArticle 23 subsection (4) states that “The Judiciary shall have power to adjudicate on disputes and render judgments in accordance with this Constitution and the law.\" \nArticle 25 covers independence of the judiciary. Article 125 subsection (1) states that “The Judiciary shall be independent of the executive and the legislature.”\nArticle 25 subsection (5) states that “The executive and legislative organs at all levels of government shall uphold, promote and respect the independence of the Judiciary.” \nArticle 25 subsection (6) states that “Justices and Judges shall be independent in their judicial work, and shall perform their functions without interference. Their independence shall be guaranteed by this Constitution and the law.”\n Article 25 subsection (8) states that “Justices and Judges shall not be affected by their judicial decisions.”\n\nJudiciary Act, 2008\nArticle 6 of the Judiciary Act is about judicial power and independence.\nArticle 6 subsection (1) states that “Judicial power in Southern Sudan (now Republic of South Sudan) is vested in an independent organ to be known as 'The Judiciary of Southern Sudan' hereinafter referred to as the 'Judiciary'.\"\nArticle 6 subsection (2) states that “The Judiciary shall be independent of the Southern Sudan (now South Sudan) Executive and the Legislature. The President of the Supreme Court, as the head of the Judiciary, shall be answerable to the President of GoSS for the proper functioning and administration of the Judiciary.\"\nArticle 6 subsection (3) states that “The Judiciary shall have an independent financial budget charge on the consolidated fund, approved by the President of the Government of Southern Sudan, on the recommendation of the Council.”","Republic of South Sudan, Transitional Constitution, article 123, subsections (2) and (4) and article 125, subsections (1), (5), (6), and (8).  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html \n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Judiciary Act, article 6, subsections (1), (2), and (3).  (2008) .  Retrieved from http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file7/10.pdf","The laws of South Sudan guarantee the independence of the judiciary. The relevant laws here are:..."]
["2013_SD_1",2013,"SD","Sudan",1,100,"Article 123 (2) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005 stipulates that \"The National Judiciary shall be independent of the Legislature and the Executive, with the necessary financial and administrative independence.\"\n \nArticle 123 (3) (3) states that the National Judiciary shall have judicial competence to adjudicate on disputes and render judgments in accordance with the law.\n \nHowever, Articles 130 and 132 give the executive the right to appoint justices, without any checks and balances mechanisms. The executive is also empowered (Article 131) to dismiss justices upon the recommendation of the Supreme Justice in cases of gross misconduct, incompetence and incapacity. \n \n130 (1) Having regard to competence, integrity and credibility, the Chief Justice of the Republic of the Sudan, his/her deputies, Justices and Judges shall be appointed by the President of the Republic in accordance with Article 58 (2) (c) herein, where applicable, and upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Service Commission.","Government of Sudan. (2005) . The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, section 119-123.","Article 123 (2) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005 stipulates that \"The National Judiciary shall be independent of the Legislature and the Executive, with the necessary financial and administrative independence.\"..."]
["2013_SZ_1",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",1,0,"For purposes of this item, the law governing judicial independence, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act which was signed into being by King Mswati III in 2006, is ambiguous. \n \nJudicial independence is clearly affirmed in chapter VIII of the constitution, which states that neither the crown nor parliament nor any authority can interfere with the judiciary. Further, by the same chapter, the judiciary is authorized to exercise unlimited original jurisdiction, meaning that it can rule on and issue binding decisions on any case/law of its choosing.\n \nHowever, in the constitution's chapter VIII, part 3 - Appointment of Justices, section 153 (1), it is stated that all Swaziland's judges are appointed by the king. It may be argued that such power gives the king influence over the courts and compromises their independence. One legal observer described the situation as \"worrying\" because of the reason provided by the constitution for a magistrate's or judge's removal: \"misbehaviour,\" a violation that is undefined. Because the constitution's \"giving with one hand taking with another\" approach to judicial independence as exposed in the judicial appointment section, this indicator will be scored a 'no.'","Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter VIII - The Judicator, Part 1, 141 (1) and (2), 2006; http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/constitutions/swaziland_constitution.pdf\n\nInterview: Anonymous, former representative, Swaziland Law Society, Manzini, 26 September 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n \"Swaziland: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, June 22, 2013. http://www.osisa.org/other/law/swaziland/swaziland-justice-sector-and-rule-law\n \n \"Judicial Crackdown on Swazi Editor,\" Musa Ndlangamandla, Mail & Guardian, 19 April 2013. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-00-judicial-crackdown-on-swazi-editor\n \n \"Swaziland Court Judgement Violates Freedom of Expression,\" Freedom House, 19 April 2013. http://freedomhouse.org/article/swaziland-court-judgment-violates-freedom-expression#.U9qdXYBdUWI\n \n \"The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland,\" Buhle Dube and Alfred Magagula, Hauser Global Law School Program, Accessed April 2013. http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/swaziland.htm\n \n \"Editor Sent for Two Years in Jail,\" Richard Rooney, Swazi Blog, 17 April 2013.\n \n The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","For purposes of this item, the law governing judicial independence, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act which was signed into being by King Mswati III in 2006, is ambiguous. \n ..."]
["2013_TZ_1",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",1,100,"Section 107A (1) of the constitution states: \"The judiciary shall be the authority with the final decision in the dispensation of justice in the United Republic of Tanzania\" and on its independence section 107B of the constitution reads: \"In exercising the powers of dispensing justice, all courts shall have freedom and shall be required only to observe the provisions of the constitution and those of the laws of the land.\"\n \nThe Appellate Jurisdiction Act of 1979 provides for appeals to the court of appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania.\n \nThe Magistrates Courts Act of 1963 provides for the jurisdiction, powers and functions of magistrates' courts and for other related matters.\n \nThe Judicature and Application of Laws Act declares the jurisdiction of the high court and courts subordinate thereto to apply and recognise certain laws.","The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania of 1977; Sections 107(A) to 107(B).\n Authority of Dispensing Justice Act No.3 of 2000 Art.17, Act No.1 of 2005 and Government Notice No.150 of 2005 and the Independence of the Judiciary Act No.3 of 2000, Art.17. http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf\n \n The Magistrates Courts Act - http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/55-1963.pdf \n The Judicature and Applications of Laws Act - www.lrct.go.tz/download/updated-acts-tanzania/judicature.pdf‎ \n The Appellate Jurisdiction Act -http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/appellate%20jurisdiction%20act.pdf","Section 107A (1) of the constitution states: \"The judiciary shall be the authority with the final decision in the dispensation of justice in the United Republic of Tanzania\" and on its independence section 107B of the constitution reads: \"In exercising the powers of dispensing just..."]
["2013_TG_1",2013,"TG","Togo",1,100,"Article 113 de la Constitution : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est garant des libertés individuelles et des droits fondamentaux des citoyens. » \n \n Article 1er de l'Ordonnance n°78-35 du 7 septembre 1978 portant organisation judiciaire: « La justice est rendue par les juridictions ordinaires de droit commun, les juridictions ordinaires spécialisées et les juridictions d'exception. »\n \n Article 44 de l'Ordonnance n°78-35 du 7 septembre 1978 portant organisation judiciaire: \"les juridictions appliquent la loi et les règlements en vigueur.\n\nSelon la Constitution de 1992 modifiée en 2002, le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature \"est présidé par le Président de la Cour suprême.\"\n\nArt.116 : Le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature est composé de neuf (09) \nmembres : \n- trois (03) magistrats de la Cour suprême ; \n- quatre (04) magistrats des cours d’appel et des tribunaux ; \n- un (01) député élu par l’Assemblée nationale au bulletin ; \n- une (01) personnalité n’appartenant ni à l’Assemblée nationale, ni au \nGouvernement ni à la magistrature, choisie par le Président de la \nRépublique en raison de sa compétence. \nIl est présidé par le Président de la Cour suprême. \nLes magistrats membres dudit conseil, à l’exception du Président de la Cour \nsuprême, membre de droit, sont élus par leurs pairs au bulletin secret. \nLes membres du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature sont nommés pour un \nmandat de quatre (04) ans renouvelable une seul fois.","1. Constitution du 27 septembre 1992. (1992). Article 113. http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/tg/tg001fr.pdf\n \n 2. Ordonnance n°78-35 du 7 septembre 1978 portant organisation judiciaire. (1978) . Article 1er.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0","Article 113 de la Constitution : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est garant des libertés individuelles et des droits fondamentaux des citoyens. » ..."]
["2013_TN_1",2013,"TN","Tunisia",1,0,"A law had been issued following the revolution to help guarantee the independence of the judiciary. In Article 22, Law No. 6 of 2011, issued on December 16, 2011, guarantees the independence of the judiciary. \n \nArticle 22 of this law states the following: \"The judiciary exercises his functions in an independent manner.\"\n \nArticle 4 of this law states the following: \"The ANC (Assemblée Nationale Constituante-Parliament) exercises the legislative power [...] The ANC validates the laws proposed by the executive at the absolute majority of its members.\" This law is very important because it plays a transitional role until the ANC (Assemblée Nationale Constituante - the parliament) has achieved a new constitution, which was expected for the end of 2013. \n \nYet, there is still no law establishing the judiciary’s right, authority or mandate to review laws or issue judicial decisions.","No such law exists. \n \nThere is however Law No. 6 of 2011, issued on December 16, 2011, Article 22.\nhttp://www.constitutionnet.org/files/petite_constitution.pdf","A law had been issued following the revolution to help guarantee the independence of the judiciary. In Article 22, Law No. 6 of 2011, issued on December 16, 2011, guarantees the independence of the judiciary. ..."]
["2013_UG_1",2013,"UG","Uganda",1,100,"The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches as evidenced in the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, chapter 8, article 128, clause (1), which provides that “in the exercise of judicial power, the courts shall be independent and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority\". Clause (2) provides that “no person or authority shall interfere with the courts or judicial officers in the exercise of their judicial functions”. The law also establishes the judiciary’s right, authority or mandate to review laws, which is enshrined in Article 248 of the constitution and states that “there shall be a Law Reform Commission for Uganda […]” And the Uganda Law Reform Commissions Act stipulates that the commission shall study and keep under constant review the acts and other laws comprising the laws of Uganda with a view to making recommendations for their systematic improvement, development, modernisation and reform. \n \nRegarding the judiciary’s right to issue judicial decisions, sections 32 and 33 of the Judicature Directions 1996 as well as section 82(1)(2) of the Trial on Indictments Act, 1971, provide for how judgments and decisions are to be passed. The judiciary also has laws that give them the right to choose cases to be heard by the different courts and even individual judges.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 8, Article 128, Clauses (1) (2) and Chapter 16, Article 248, Clauses (1) (2)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf.\n \nThe Judicature Act, Statutory Instrument 13—11, The Judicature (Supreme Court Rules) Directions, 1996, Section 32, 33\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/220/JUDICATURE%20ACT.pdf.\n \nThe Trial on Indictments Act, 1971, Section 82(1)(2)\nhttp://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/23.\n \nThe Uganda Law Reform Commission Act, 1990, Sections 2, 4(1), 10\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/402/UGANDA%20LAW%20REFORRM%20COMMISION%20ACT.pdf.","The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches as evidenced in the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, chapter 8, article 128, clause (1), which provides that “in the exercise of judicial power, the courts shall be indepe..."]
["2013_ZM_1",2013,"ZM","Zambia",1,0,"Article 91 of the constitution clause (2) and (3) guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Clause (2) states that \"the judges of the courts mentioned in clause (1) shall be independent, impartial and subject only to this constitution and the law\", while clause (3) adds that \"the judicature shall be autonomous and shall be administered in accordance with the provisions of an Act of Parliament\".\n \nArticle 93 (2) stipulates the President to appoint Supreme Court Judges, subject to ratification by the National Assembly. \n \nOn the dismissal or removal of Supreme Court Judges, Article 94 (3) stipulates: If the President considers that the question of removing a judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court under this Article ought to be investigated, then-\n  \n (a) he shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office;\n  \n (b) the tribunal shall inquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the judge ought to be removed from office under this Article for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour.\n  \n (4) Where a tribunal appointed under clause (3) advises the President that a judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court ought to be removed from office for inability, or incompetence or for misbehaviour, the President shall remove such judge from office.\n \n This stipulation allows for disproportional influence of the President possibly revoking a judge's tenure. \n \n Furthermore, there is no provision that explicitly enables the judiciary to review the constitutionality of legislation or review laws. In fact, section 34 of the National Assembly (Powers and Privileges) Act expressly denies the judiciary the right to review acts of the legislature.","(1) The Zambian Constitution, The Judicature, Courts, 1996, Article 91, 93, 94, http://www.unza.zm/zamlii/const/1996/partvi.html or http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1\n \n (2) The National Assembly Act, Section 34, Powers and Privileges, as amended by Act No. 23 of 1976, http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/12","Article 91 of the constitution clause (2) and (3) guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Clause (2) states that \"the judges of the courts mentioned in clause (1) shall be independent, impartial and subject only to this constitution and the law\", while clause (3) adds that \"t..."]
["2013_ZW_1",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",1,100,"Section 164 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It states that \"the courts are independent and subject only to this constitution and the law, which they must apply impartially, expeditiously and without fear, favour or prejudice''.\n  \n Section 178 of the same constitution provides inherent powers of the constitutional, supreme and high court to protect and regulate their own process and develop common law and customary law. Judicial independence is further upheld by the Judicial Service (Code of Ethics) Regulations of 2012. However, according to common law, courts can only review laws at the instance of litigants (mero motu). They accept all cases and when arguments are advanced, they can decide whether or not to hear matters.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act, section 164 and 178, 2013. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646\n \n 2. Judicial Service (Code of Ethics) Regulations, 2012 S.I 107 of 2012. http://archive.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/judicial_serv_reg_2012_120220.pdf","Section 164 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It states that \"the courts are independent and subject only to this constitution and the law, which they must apply impartially, expeditiously and without fear, favour or prejudice''...."]
["2013_DZ_2",2013,"DZ","Algeria",2,25,"En Algérie, l’institution judiciaire est confisquée par le pouvoir exécutif. \nLe Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République et les magistrats sont placés, hiérarchiquement, sous le ministre de la Justice. \nLes juges ont une autonomie limitée en matière d’interprétation et de révision des lois existantes et agissent fréquemment sur instruction de leur supérieur hiérarchique. Ceux qui n'obéissent pas à la hiérarchie, ou ceux qui refusent d’exécuter des instructions non réglementaires sont parfois sanctionnés, dégradés ou mutés. Notons que la constitution actuelle ne garantit pas la séparation des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire.","-(2013, Septembre 23). Entretien avec le président du bureau de wilaya de Saida de la ligue algérienne de la défense des droits de l’homme (LADDDH), Ouali Djaafar. [Entrevue].\n-Kamel Rahmaoui, (2013, le 13 janvier). Le juge algérien peut il être indépendant ?. Liberté. Repéré à http://www.liberte-algerie.com/contributions/le-juge-algerien-peut-il-etre-independant-192412.\n-Nourredine Benissad. (2013, le 11 mars). Il faut se soucier de l’indépendance de la justice vis-à-vis des puissances de l’argent. Liberté. Repéré à http://www.liberte-algerie.com/enquetes/il-faut-se-soucier-de-l-independance-de-la-justice-vis-a-vis-des-puissances-de-l-argent-nourredine-benissad-avocat-et-president-de-la-ligue-algerienne-des-droits-de-l-homme-195885.","En Algérie, l’institution judiciaire est confisquée par le pouvoir exécutif. \nLe Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République et les magistrats sont placés, hiérarchiquement, sous le ministre de la Justice. ..."]
["2013_AO_2",2013,"AO","Angola",2,0,"Specific evidence demonstrating the lack of independence of the judiciary in Angola is, by its own nature, extremely difficult to obtain. It is widely acknowledged by a variety of sources that judges are systematically subjected to political pressure by government officials and other powerful individuals affiliated with the ruling MPLA, particularly in cases that affect their personal interests or that involve political aspects. \n\nA specific example revealing the meddling of the political power in the judiciary involved the transfer of a Chinese prisoner who was awaiting sentencing in Benguela. According to Maka Angola, the Provincial Court in Benguela had convicted the prisoner of homicide of an Angolan national, but Judge Tupita Tobias was unable to issue the corresponding sentence because the prisoner was transferred to another jurisdiction by “superior orders” (\"orientações superiores”). According to the sources cited, “The judges were already under pressure by senior officers within the presidency, to make sure that the sentencing would set the Chinese prisoner free,” allegedly because of high-level business and political connections between the Angolan government and China.\n\nFreedom House indicates that the Angolan courts \"in general are hampered by a lack of training and infrastructure, a large backlog of cases, corruption, and conflicts of interest.”","GAN Integrity Solutions Business Anti-Corruption Portal.  (2013) .  Angola country profile.  Retrieved from http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/angola/snapshot.aspx \n\nD'Angola, N. S.  (2012, September 10) .  Presidência solta assassino chinês.  Maka Angola.   Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2012/09/10/presidencia-solta-assassino-chines/\n\nFreedom House.  (2013) .  Angola – freedom in the world.  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/angola#.UtnCI_bFL-l\n\n[Interviews with representatives of national and international civil society organisations].","Specific evidence demonstrating the lack of independence of the judiciary in Angola is, by its own nature, extremely difficult to obtain. It is widely acknowledged by a variety of sources that judges are systematically subjected to political pressure by government officials and oth..."]
["2013_BJ_2",2013,"BJ","Benin",2,50,"Les juges jouissent de l'autonomie nécessaire pour interpréter et examiner les lois, la législation et les politiques existantes tel que le prescrit la Constitution du Bénin et opèrent sans crainte ni faveur, indépendamment des autres branches du gouvernement. \n\nPar exemple, le juge Angelo Houssou a prononcé un non-lieu dans l'affaire « Tentative d'empoisonnement du chef de l'État » dans laquelle l'homme d'affaire Patrice Talon serait impliqué. Vu que le plaignant est le président de la République lui-même, très peu de gens s'attendraient à ce qu'un juge, indépendant soit-il, prononce un non-lieu dans un tel dossier concernant le président.\n\nCeci dit, le juge Houssou a été arrêté aux frontières du Nigeria alors qu'il allait en vacance, selon ses dires. La police a indiqué qu'elle voulait protéger le juge contre une éventuelle vindicte populaire « vu la popularité du chef de l'Etat ». \n\nLa justice entière est alors entrée en grève pour protester contre cette arrestation et protester par la même occasion contre les affectations de magistrats jugées arbitraires par leur syndicat.\n\nCeci prouve que le pouvoir judiciaire est parfois en mesure d'agir independammment de l'executif.","- Fiacre Vidjingninou.(2013, 20 mai). Affaire Talon : les dessous d'un non-lieu. Jeune Afrique. www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20130520110010/\n\n-  Léonce Gamaï. (2013, 9 juillet). 3ème semaine de grève des magistrats, avec le soutien des auxiliaires de Justice.La Nouvelle Tribune. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/15077-3eme-semaine-de-greve-des-magistrats-avec-le-soutien-des-auxiliaires-de-justice\n\n- Briand DJOKO. (2013, 17 juillet). Assemblée générale extraordinaire de l’UNAMAB hier: La grève des magistrats suspendue jusqu’au 15 octobre. Le Matin. http://www.sonangnon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5795:assemblee-generale-extraordinaire-de-lunamab-hier-la-greve-des-magistrats-suspendue-jusquau-15-octobre&catid=1:actualite","Les juges jouissent de l'autonomie nécessaire pour interpréter et examiner les lois, la législation et les politiques existantes tel que le prescrit la Constitution du Bénin et opèrent sans crainte ni faveur, indépendamment des autres branches du gouvernement. ..."]
["2013_BW_2",2013,"BW","Botswana",2,75,"Judges have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. A recent example would be the landmark ruling on September 4, 2013, in which a judge overturned a popular customary law regarding women's inheritance rights. For years, the male heir has automatically won the inheritance rights disputes because of the customary law regarding inheritance, but the September 4 decision ensured that women had an equal chance. \n\nThe appeal of the Basarwa peoples vs. government provides solid proof that  some judges are working without fear of  favour from other offices. The courts have, time and again, sided with the Basarwa against the president's wishes. However, there is no concluding evidence to prove that the judiciary never feels pressure to reach certain verdict.  \n\nAlthough the judiciary is indirectly classified as independent, the president plays a role in the appointment process. The judicial services commission drafts a list of recommendations as to who should be appointed to which post, but the president has the right to either accept or reject the recommendations altogether. All members of the commission are presidential appointees.\n\nTherefore - and by legal design - there is a chance that judges are not able to fully operate without fear or favour, maintaining their independence from other branches of government.","1. Article: Is Botswana's Judiciary Independent? Botswana Gazette,  November 7 2013, http://www.gazettebw.com/?p=5867\n\n2. Article:  Botswana women win landmark right to inherit under customary law, Thomson Reuters Foundation, September 42013, www.trust.org/item/20130904043025-btl5h\n\n3. Article: Botswana Court Decision an Important Victory for Women's Equality, Freedom House,  September 4 2013, http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/botswana-court-decision-important-victory-womens-equality\n\n4. Article: Now Khama has lost the plot, Sunday Standard,  July 28 2013, http://www.sundaystandard.info/print_article.php?NewsID=17408","Judges have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. A recent example would be the landmark ruling on September 4, 2013, in which a judge overturned a popular customary law regarding women's inheritance rights. For years, the male heir has automat..."]
["2013_BF_2",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",2,0,"L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire au Burkina Faso se révèle être un leurre. Les décisions prises sont fortement influencées par les politiques, ce dont témoigne l'affaire de 2013 entre les magistrats et le ministre en charge des mines. Les décisions prises par les juges n'ont pas été appliquées car le ministre des Mines et celui de la justice ont estimé qu'elles ne respectaient pas la loi. Comme l'affirme le syndicat des magistrats, toutes les voies de recours avaient pourtant été épuisées, ce qui rendait ces décisions inattaquables. Cette affaire, une parmi tant d'autres, montre bien que la justice n'est pas du tout indépendante. Notre confrère Ouoba Boukari, du journal Mutations, affirme à ce propos que « l'indépendance de la justice au Burkina est plus un mythe qu'une réalité car les magistrats et l'ensemble des de l'administration judiciaire sont sous la tutelle de l'exécutif qui nomme les juges, les affectent, décide de leur budget de fonctionnement, etc. Le président du conseil supérieur de la magistrature est le président de la république. On ne peut donc pas parler d'indépendance ».  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: It is true that for sensitive cases, the juridiciary is not independant but for common cases, there is more independence.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Dans la mesure où l’autonomie des juges et magistrats n’est que théorique, cela affecte négativement tout l’appareil de la justice dans le pays et doit, de ce fait, être pris en compte dans l’appréciation du judiciaire dans le pays.;","1. Boukari Ouoba, Journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 8 Septembre 2013.\n\n2. Le Bâtonnier de l’Ordre des avocats, Président du Conseil de l’ordre gouvernance judiciaire au Burkina. (3 juillet 2013). L’Ordre des avocats interpelle l’ensemble des acteurs. Le Faso.net : http://m.lefaso.net/spip.php?article54923\n\n2. Somé, J. (28 juin 2013). Magistrats burkinabè : La démission du ministre de la justice est-elle la solution ? Lefaso.net : http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article54855\n\n3. Comité intersyndical des syndicats de la magistrature. (27 juin 2013). Lettre ouverte relative aux multiples atteintes à l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Journal Mutations: http://mutationsbf.net/index.php/actualite/128-lettre-ouverte-relative-aux-multiples-atteintes-a-l-independance-du-pouvoir-judiciaire\n\n4. Agence de Presse Africaine. (8 Juillet 2013). Le Burkina Faso a besoin d’un pouvoir judiciaire indépendant et impartial (Ministre de la justice). Ouaga.com, http://news.aouaga.com/h/9866.html","L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire au Burkina Faso se révèle être un leurre. Les décisions prises sont fortement influencées par les politiques, ce dont témoigne l'affaire de 2013 entre les magistrats et le ministre en charge des mines. Les décisions prises par les juges n'ont pa..."]
["2013_BI_2",2013,"BI","Burundi",2,0,"1. L’indépendance de la magistrature n' est pas garantie au Burundi du moment que les juges qui ne satisfont pas les exigences du pouvoir sont mutés ici et là pour les éloigner de leur travail habituel. Le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est dirigé par le Président de la République. Le secrétaire de ce conseil est le ministre de la Justice et Garde des Sceaux. Les nominations des juges aux postes de responsabilité sont proposées par le ministre pour approbation au conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Cela signifie que le pouvoir judiciaire manque d'independance vis-avis de l'executif. \n\n2. Selon Gaston Gahungu, il est difficile de parler de l'indépendance de la magistrature au regard du procès Michel Nurweze, alias Rwembe. Cet ancien chef de colline Songa est révolté de voir que le procès s’est soldé par un acquittement alors qu’il a été témoin oculaire des exécutions extrajudiciaires dont il est accusé. Il estime que la justice  devrait redorer son blason  pour retrouver son honneur et sa dignité. \nDans le meme cas, Pacifique Nininahazwe dit: «Dans la pratique, l’indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas garantie.» Il constate avec amertume que le procès de Michel Nurweze, alias Rwembe, a été caractérisé par beaucoup de zones d’ombres dans la mesure où  ses collègues policiers ainsi que la femme de feu Léandre Bukuru, victime de Rwembe, ne sont pas venus témoigner suite aux menaces exercées sur eux. La police etant placee sous l'autorite du pouvoir executif, ce cas illustre l'incapacite du judiciaire fde rendre des jugements independammant de l'executif  \nCome Bageni, cadre au CNC, dit qu'il est  difficile de comprendre qu’un policier  ait été acquitté alors que des personnes tombées entre ses mains, comme Léandre Bukuru, ont été retrouvées mortes.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Il y a beaucoup d'exemples pertinents à ajouter. Le procès sur les tueries de Gatumba commune Mutimbuzi Province Bujumbura qui a fait 39 morts.L'accusé principal s'est évadé de la prison de Rumonge;les policiers qui l'ont aidé ne sont pas inquiétés.","- Simbizi Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura. Tél : 0257 79 955 679, 19 septembre 2013.\n- Mbonimpa Pierre Claver, Radio Publique Africaine, 19 juillet 2013, journal de la mi-journée.\n- Radio Publique Africaine, journal de la mi-journée du 16 septembre 2013.\n- Bageni Come, cadre de la SNC, licencié en sciences politiques.\n- Pacifique Nininahazwe, président du FOCODE, société civile qui s’exprime sur la RPA, 13 août  2013, journal de la mi-journée.","1. L’indépendance de la magistrature n' est pas garantie au Burundi du moment que les juges qui ne satisfont pas les exigences du pouvoir sont mutés ici et là pour les éloigner de leur travail habituel. Le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est dirigé par le Président de la Répub..."]
["2013_CM_2",2013,"CM","Cameroon",2,0,"In Cameroon, there is no administrative restriction of the independence of the judiciary. Judges have the autonomy to interpret and review legislation without fear or favour from the other branches of government in terms of what the law prescribes.\n\nHowever, judges are influenced by their political affinities when interpreting and reviewing laws in practice. This often subjects the ruling of judges to be influenced by the wishes most often emanating from the political parties to which they belong. Failure to render judgement in accordance with party prescriptions has led to most judges being demoted and some being relocated to remote areas as a  form of retaliation or punishment from those with political power in their parties. \n\nIn Cameroon, once a judge attempts to interpret a law contrary to the stated interest or instruction of the current executive, he/ she is immediately relocated to another function, demoted or replaced. The autonomy of judges in Cameroon is often subject to negative or positive political incentives that will benefit either the judge or his/her political party comrades.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See also S. A. Djoyou Kamga, “Realising the right to primary education in Cameroon” (2011) 11 AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL 189-191.;","Elizabeth, Enako Ako.  (2013, September 13) .  [Registrar in Chief, Court of First Instance].  Personal communication.\n\nFonjock, Eric.  (2013, September 27) .  [Director, International Center for Education and Sustainable Development, Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nNjilla, Njissik Stephen.  (2013, September 23) .  [Barrister and notary, Njilla Esq. Law Firm].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon, there is no administrative restriction of the independence of the judiciary. Judges have the autonomy to interpret and review legislation without fear or favour from the other branches of government in terms of what the law prescribes...."]
["2013_CV_2",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",2,75,"According to sources, the independence of the judiciary is upheld, although some constraints especially of a financial nature (that is, the courts are chronically under-financed) are hampering their fullest conceivable independence. Judges operate, however, without fear or favour and are not hamstrung or under undue influence from other institutions. \n\nIn practice, judges and other functionaries operating in the judiciary ensure that there is no pressure that could undermine its independence. There is no record in Cape Verde of undue influence on the judiciary in recent years or in the period of study.\n\nThe latest report from the attorney general's office and the supreme judicial council on the situation of justice in Cape Verde 2012/13 corroborates the assessment: \"The judges act independently.\"","1. Julio Martins, Attorney General's Office, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Paulo Rocha, Deputy National Director of the Judicial Police, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n3. Eva Marques, Lawyer, Praia, October 18, 2013.\n\n4. Survey on the members of the International Union of Judges.\nA. The reality of the association of judges member UIJLP  - Responses from Cape Verde\nhttp://www.uijlp.org/docs/Respostas%20ao%20question%C3%A1rio%20sobre%20membros%20da%20UIJLP%20-%20%20Cabo%20Verde.pdf.\n\n5. Attorney General, Annual Report, 2013. \n\n6. Judiciary Council, Report, 2013.","According to sources, the independence of the judiciary is upheld, although some constraints especially of a financial nature (that is, the courts are chronically under-financed) are hampering their fullest conceivable independence. Judges operate, however, without fear or favour a..."]
["2013_CF_2",2013,"CF","CAR",2,25,"D'après les informateurs cités ci-dessus, l'indépendance du corps judiciaire telle que mentionnée dans les articles 86 et 87 de la charte constitutionnelle de la transition est théorique, dans la mesure où les juges ou les magistrats sont placés sous l'autorité directe du ministre de la Justice.  Dans ces conditions, ils leur est difficile de prendre des initiatives de façon autonome en ce qui concerne la révision des lois, sans l'avis du ministre ou du chef de l'État. Cette révision pourrait être autorisée lorsque ces lois sont des obstacles pour le régime en place. Ils ajoutent que certains magistrats ou juges qui tentent de faire valoir le droit sur des dossiers sensibles ou concernant des partisans du régime sont parfois sanctionnés sous forme de non-promotion ou d'affectation dans les provinces éloignées de la capitale. Ceux qui sont de connivence avec le régime bénéficient d'appuis qui peuvent prendre plusieurs formes.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: À partir du moment ou l’autonomie des juges et des magistrats n’est que théorique, tout l’appareil de la justice du pays est affecté négativement. Ce fait être pris en compte dans l’appréciation du système judiciaire du pays.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: I do not think under President Bozize autoritarian rule the judges could possibly have a room of autonomy. Equally under the new rebel government, it is equally not possible for judges to  have autonomy. ;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Il serait opportun de disposer d'information sur le fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, ce dernier étant un bon baromètre de l'effectivité de l’indépendance des juges dans un système démocratique. Ci-joint un article de presse sur la situation en République de Centrafrique : http://www.journaldebangui.com/article.php?aid=1544","- Aristide Kpenga (juriste), directeur de la structure de liaison de la propriété intellectuelle, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 9 septembre 2013. \n- Constant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n- Mandja Timothée Feikoumou (juriste), chef de service, Direction régionale, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 10 septembre 2013.\n- Fulgence Zeneth (juriste de formation), conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections, secrétaire général adjoint des Observatoires des droits de l'Homme, 10 septembre 2013.","D'après les informateurs cités ci-dessus, l'indépendance du corps judiciaire telle que mentionnée dans les articles 86 et 87 de la charte constitutionnelle de la transition est théorique, dans la mesure où les juges ou les magistrats sont placés sous l'autorité directe du ministre ..."]
["2013_TD_2",2013,"TD","Chad",2,0,"Les juges sont parfois soumis à des incitations politiques positives en guise de récompense pour avoir pris certaines décisions favorable à la mouvance présidentielle. Le mode de nomination des juges explique en partie ce soutien.\nEn générale, le pouvoir judiciaire est soumis au pouvoir exécutif. L'intimidation et la violence contre les membres du pouvoir judiciaire se produisent fréquemment. Il n’est pas rare que les membres du pouvoir judiciaire reçoivent des menaces de mort ou qu’ils soient rétrogradés ou retirés de leur position parce qu'ils ne se plient aux pressions de l’exécutif.\nLe gouvernement a rarement pris des mesures pour poursuivre en justice ou sanctionner les officiels responsables d'abus, de sorte que l'impunité devient un problème. Des membres de groupes armés responsables de graves violations des droits de l'homme, notamment des exécutions extrajudiciaires, des  viols et d'autres actes de torture, ont continué à agir en toute impunité.","- [Interview] Source anonyme 1, 11 décembre 2013.\n\n- Nguebla, M. (18 aout 2013). « Tchad: la CTDDH met en garde Idriss Deby contre une tentation monarchique. (Interview du S.G.M.N.A.I) ». Blog de Makaila: http://makaila.over-blog.com/article-tchad-la-ctddh-met-en-garde-idriss-deby-contre-une-tentation-monarchique-interview-du-s-g-m-n-a-119598063.html\n\n- Chatelle, C. (22 aout 2013). « Corruption en milieu judiciaire : l'analyse de maître Jacqueline Moudeina ». Tchadoscopie: http://www.tchadoscopie.com/article-tchad-corruption-en-milieu-judiciaire-l-analyse-de-maitre-jacqueline-moudeina-119657134.html\n\n- Département d’État des États-Unis, Bureau pour la démocratie, les droits de l’homme et le travail. (2013). Rapport 2012 sur les pratiques des pays en matière de droits de l’homme. Rapport 2012 sur les droits de l’homme – Tchad. Gouvernement des États-Unis : http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/CHAD-FRE-Final.pdf","Les juges sont parfois soumis à des incitations politiques positives en guise de récompense pour avoir pris certaines décisions favorable à la mouvance présidentielle. Le mode de nomination des juges explique en partie ce soutien...."]
["2013_KM_2",2013,"KM","Comoros",2,25,"Les citoyens (et aussi fonctionnaires du gouvernement) ont déjà une piètre opinion de la justice comorienne, en raison de certains cas. Par example, pendant une séance plénière des questions orales au gouvernement, le deputé Abdoulfatah Said de Moroni a suggéré que « l’ancien secrétaire général du ministère du tourisme, Abdillah Mouigni alias « Satellite », impliqué dans une affaire de détournement, a été relâché parce que d’autres hauts responsables proches du locataire de Beit-Salam, seraient aussi compromis. Le vice-président de l’assemblée nationale, Djaé Ahamada, a réalisé aussi que le peuple perdra l’espoir en le système de justice si le gouvernement continue de refuser de mettre en application les sanctions de la loi. Le ministre n'a pas rejeté ces allegations, mais a sous-estimé les faits. Cette perception des choses est largement partagé par des observateurs avertis.  \nÀ cause de leur scepticisme vis-à-vis du judiciaire, les jeunes ont organisé une manifestation contre la corruption et l'impunité dans les rues de Moroni en novembre.","Interview de Al-hamdi Abdillah, Questions orales au gouvernement: La justice comorienne « diabolisée » par les députés, La Gazette des Comores, http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article1061 19 April 2013\n\nInterview de Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013\n\n\"Contre la corruption et l'impunité: une marche dess jeunes à Moroni\" Al-watwan, http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5894 14 Nov. 2013\n\nUnited States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2012). Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2012 – Comoros 2012 Human Rights Report.\nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160116.pdf\n\nComoresdroit. (26 mai 2012). «1er anniversaire de l’investiture du Président Ikililou ». Comoresdroit: www.Comores.droit.centerblog.net","Les citoyens (et aussi fonctionnaires du gouvernement) ont déjà une piètre opinion de la justice comorienne, en raison de certains cas. Par example, pendant une séance plénière des questions orales au gouvernement, le deputé Abdoulfatah Said de Moroni a suggéré que « l’ancien secré..."]
["2013_CD_2",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",2,0,"Selon Mr Loamba MOKE, président de l'association pour les droits de l'Homme et l'univers carcéral (ADHUC), la loi suprême est bien écrite, mais elle n'est pas appliquée. Voir ITW en pièce jointe.\nLa déclaration de l'ACAT Congo lors des pré-sessions organisées par UPR Info le 3 septembre à Genève en paragraphe III précise : « III-la procédure judiciaire et la justice ».\nA-Suivi du dernier rapport de l’EPU\nEn plus des autres recommandations, il avait été demandé dans le domaine de la procédure judiciaire et la justice à la République du Congo de : assurer l’indépendance de l’ordre judiciaire et améliorer l’accès à la justice (République Tchèque).\nB-Développement depuis le dernier EPU\nCette recommandation est partiellement mise en œuvre par notre gouvernement au vue de quelques décisions et initiatives prises par les autorités pour mettre les magistrats devant leur responsabilité et faciliter l’accès à la justice aux congolais. Ainsi, le gouvernement à travers le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature a sanctionné sévèrement les hommes de droit en fonction de leurs fautes et diligenté plusieurs enquêtes à travers l’inspection des juridictions et des services judiciaires. Il a ensuite adopté une politique volontariste de construction des nouveaux tribunaux et de formation des jeunes magistrats.\nCependant, notre justice semble toujours être en panne et rares sont les citoyens qui lui font encore confiance. L’impression générale qui résulte de celle-ci est qu’elle navigue en fonction des enjeux malgré toute la volonté exprimée par le gouvernement pour le respect des principes de l’Etat de droit et de la consécration de la séparation de pouvoir. Lorsqu’il y a des enjeux, le droit se perd à tous les niveaux de la procédure, de l’interpellation au jugement. Ces pesanteurs émanent généralement de l’exécutif. C’est ce qui a conduit un ancien ministre de la Défense de notre gouvernement de déclarer en mai 2012 lors d’une tentative d’inculpation lancée contre lui par le juge d’instruction dans le cadre de l’affaire du 4 mars 2012 que « nous avons une justice injuste, qui tend à rendre les innocents pour les coupables et les coupables pour les innocent ». A titre d’exemple, ce dernier avait échappé à son inculpation suite à une forte campagne médiatique et politique.\nLa police qui est par principe le bras séculier de la justice se met à certains moments en mouvement sans une réquisition du parquet ou du juge d’instruction, procédant par conséquent à des arrestations et à des détentions des citoyens parfois en dehors de tout circuit judiciaire, c’est ce que nous avons observé avec l’interpellation de monsieur Souami, le 6 avril 2013 en pleine nuit et bien d’autres cas.\nDans leur mission de rendre justice, l’Acat Congo et la FIACAT estiment que, certains magistrats font preuve de « mauvaise foi » dans l’exercice de leur profession et que la morale professionnel est en « panne ».\n\n- Entretien du lundi 30 septembre avec M. Placide ELEKA, actuellement inspecteurs des juridictions et des services judiciaires, au ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains. Il est ancien magistrat du parquet de Brazzaville.\nCe dernier a précisé : « La Cour Suprême exerce un contrôle juridictionnel, le pouvoir judiciaire est sous le contrôle de la Cour suprême qui doit étendre le contrôle juridictionnel à travers les cours et tribunaux (Cour d'appel, TGI et TI). Au niveau national, il existe au sein du ministère de la Justice un organe qui s'occupe du contrôle des juridictions que l'on appelle inspection générale des juridictions et des services judiciaire qui relève directement du ministre de la justice et à cet effet le garde des sceaux, ministre de la justice assure le contrôle de toutes les juridictions à l'exception de la Cour suprême ». \n- Selon Mr Clément MIRASSA, président du Parti Social Démocrate Congolais (PSDC) : « la loi n'est pas appliquée avec l'indifférence et l'impuissance totale de toutes les institutions de la République, l'impunité ayant atteint un niveau intolérable. Les violations constante de la constitution notamment les articles 8, l'article 48 et l'article 72. Les juges sont régulièrement soumis à des incitations politiques négatives, par exemple les magistrats qui sont intervenus dans le cadre du procès du 4 mars ont eu d'énormes problèmes (deux ont été assignés à résidence pour n'avoir pas suivi les directives de l'Exécutif).\nAutre exemple concernant le recensement des populations, le non-respect par le ministre de l'Intérieur de textes qui lui recommandent d'organiser chaque année un recensement administratif (ne pas confondre avec le recensement général de la population qui lui a lieu tous les 10 ans, le dernier ayant eu lieu en 2007). Il poursuit par ailleurs la gestion du drame du 4 mars 2012, qui a été un véritable fiasco par l'exécutif. Dans cette affaire, l'ancien ministre de la Défense, Charles Zacharie Bowao, a été à la stupéfaction générale inculpé ».","1 - Constitution du 20 janvier 2002, Articles 133 et 134.\n\n2 - Personne interviewée le samedi septembre 21 septembre 2013 à 13h au siège de l'ADHUC :\nM. Loamba MOKE, président de l'Association pour les droits de l'homme et l'univers carcéral (ADHUC).\n\n3 - Entrevue, source anonyme, Colonel de la police judicaire de Brazzaville, Commissariat Central de Brazzaville (Source anonyme soumise à un devoir de réserve). \n\n4 - Entretien le 30 septembre 2013, à 10h avec M. Placide ELEKA, inspecteur des juridictions et des services judiciaires, au ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains.\n\n5 - Déclaration de l’ACAT Congo lors des pré-sessions organisées par UPR Info le 3 septembre 2013 à Genève.\n\n6 - Entrevue le 17 octobre avec M. Clément MIRASSA, président du Parti Social Démocrate Congolais (PSDC), au CCF Centre ville Brazzaville.\n\n7 - Lettre du 7 octobre 2012, de l'ancien ministre de la Défense, M. Zacharie BOAWO à ses camarades du PCT. \n\n8 - lasemaineafricaine - Réaction de Charles Zacharie Bowao au ministre d’Etat Aimé Emmanuel Yoka : «Sur le plan pénal, le juge d’instruction a reconnu l’illégalité de mon inculpation»,\nhttp://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/4943-reaction-de-charles-zacharie-bowao-au-ministre-detat-aime-emmanuel-yoka-lsur-le-plan-penal-le-juge-dinstruction-a-reconnu-lillegalite-de-mon-inculpationr\n26 oct. 2012\n\n9 - Explosion de Mpila : l'ancien ministre de la Défense du Congo-Brazzaville inculpé. RFI.\nhttp://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20121010-inculpation-ancien-ministre-defense-congo-brazaville-enquete-explosion-mpila-bowao","Selon Mr Loamba MOKE, président de l'association pour les droits de l'Homme et l'univers carcéral (ADHUC), la loi suprême est bien écrite, mais elle n'est pas appliquée. Voir ITW en pièce jointe...."]
["2013_CG_2",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",2,25,"Les sources affirment qu'elles rencontrent parfois de sérieuses difficultés lors de l’exécution de décisions de justice du fait des influences de diverses autorités politiques quand il s'agit des policiers, et même des militaires, ce qui remet en cause cette indépendance.\n\nUne source ajoute: \"appelés à dire le Droit, dans certains cas notre indépendance est mise à mal du fait des injonctions qui proviennent soit de notre hiérarchie qui nous donne des directives, soit des autorités civiles et militaires qui passent par notre hiérarchie ou directement par nous-mêmes. Ce qui fait que nous prenions parfois beaucoup de temps pour rendre une décision.\"\n\nEnfin, une source estime que soutenir que l'independance du judiciaire parait comme un slogan creux, étant donné que le juge n’est pas à l’abri des influences des hommes forts, les puissants, qui peuvent mettre la carrière du juge à mal.\n\nDonc dans la pratique le juge ne jouit pas de son indépendance à dire le Droit, à quelques exceptions près.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Lorsqu’il s’agit des dossiers qui concernent des personnalités qui sont proches du pouvoir, l’indépendance des juges est menacée par le pouvoir politique. Mais lorsqu’il s’agit des dossiers qui intéressent de simples citoyens, là le pouvoir ne s’ingère pas dans les affaires judiciaires.;","1. Anonyme, titulaire du greffe d’exécution du tribunal de paix de Kinshasa/Gombe, Kinshasa, le 2 octobre 2013.\n\n2. MAKOSSO Roger : Juge Honoraire au tribunal de commerce de Kinshasa/Matete et au tribunal de Grande Instance de Kinshasa/Gombe, Kinshasa, le 2 octobre 2013.\n\n3. Anonyme, ancien substitut du Procureur de la République, juge au tribunal de paix/Assossa.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Les sources affirment qu'elles rencontrent parfois de sérieuses difficultés lors de l’exécution de décisions de justice du fait des influences de diverses autorités politiques quand il s'agit des policiers, et même des militaires, ce qui remet en cause cette indépendance...."]
["2013_CI_2",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",2,25,"Certaines sources reconnaissent le manque d'indépendance de la justice et estime que les influences externes expliquent la faiblesse du système a poursuivre certains cas malgré des preuves. Ces sources ajoutent que la Cote d'Ivoire est loin d'avoir une justice indépendante, et que le système ne touche pas aux puissants (justice biaisée).\n\nLa réalité qui caractérise la justice en Côte d’Ivoire, particulièrement dans le contexte actuel post-crise postélectorale et notamment en matière d’indépendance, est celle d’une justice quelque peu politisée et impartiale. Le terme et le sentiment d’une « justice des vainqueurs » ou d’une justice à sens unique sont assez partagés, notamment par une partie de l’opinion nationale et par les organisations de défense des droits de l’homme. Évoquant l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire, un récent rapport de Human Rights Watch (2013) déclare à cet effet que : « dans le contexte politisé qui prévaut en Côte d’Ivoire, le sentiment persiste que les juges et les procureurs sont trop facilement influencés par l’ordre du jour de la branche exécutive du Gouvernement ». Le même rapport souligne que « les mesures prises à ce jour par le Gouvernement, bien qu’importantes, ne sont pas suffisantes pour appuyer les efforts de justice indépendante et impartiale » et que « (…) dans la pratique, même s’il existe des juges qui agissent de manière indépendante, des militants de la société civile ont signalé (…) qu’ils constituaient l’exception plutôt que la règle ».\n\nDans son Rapport spécial sur l’Opération des Nations Unies en Côte d’Ivoire publié le 28 mars 2013, le Secrétaire général de l’ONU invitait le Gouvernement ivoirien à « prendre des mesures supplémentaires pour promouvoir une justice équitable, mettre fin au règne de l’impunité et lutter contre la perception de plus en plus forte que la justice des vainqueurs prédomine » (p. 3). Le même rapport, au registre des défaillances observées dans le secteur de la justice le manque d’indépendance des institutions (p. 13) et note l’immixtion répétée des Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) et de chasseurs traditionnels « dozos » dans l’administration de la justice (p. 8).\n\nDans le même ordre d’idées, l’Expert indépendant de l’ONU sur la situation des droits de l’homme en Côte d’Ivoire (7 janvier 2013), à l’issue d’une visite effectuée dans le pays entre septembre et octobre 2012, s’est inquiété de l’absence d’ « impartialité de la stratégie actuelle de poursuite de la justice ivoirienne », notant qu’aucune « procédure sérieuse » n’a été initiée contre les membres des Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI). Ce commentaire vise notamment les membres des forces ayant combattu pour le compte de l’actuel président de la République et leurs associés. Dans les faits, selon ce rapport, les personnes interrogées, inculpées et détenues ou actuellement dans l’attente de procès sont « toutes associées au régime de l’ancien président Gbagbo ».","Danielle Tagro, Piétinement des procédures, conflits de compétence, corruption… : Justice ivoirienne, la grande malade, Abidjan.net, http://news.abidjan.net/h/450298.html, 30 janvier 2013\n\n\"L'unamaci à propos des sanctions contre des magistrats: Les procédures disciplinaires doivent être conformes à la loi, (n.d.), Abidjan.net, http://news.abidjan.net/h/444533.html, 10 novembre 2012 \n\nOrganisation des Nations Unies (ONU), Conseil des droits de l'homme. (7 janvier 2013). Rapport de l’Expert indépendant sur la situation des droits de l’homme en Côte d’Ivoire, Doudou Diène. ONU. Repéré à: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/511372c12.pdf\n\nHuman Rights Watch. (2013). Transformer les discours en réalité. L’heure de réclamer des comptes pour les crimes internationaux graves perpétrés en Côte d’Ivoire. Human Rights Watch. Repéré à: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/CDI0413fr_ForUpload.pdf\n\nOrganisation des Nations Unies (ONU), Conseil de sécurité. (28 mars 2013). Rapport spécial du Secrétaire général sur l’Opération des Nations Unies en Côte d’Ivoire. ONU, Rapport du Secrétaire général n° S/2013/197. Repéré à: http://www.un.org/fr/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2013/197","Certaines sources reconnaissent le manque d'indépendance de la justice et estime que les influences externes expliquent la faiblesse du système a poursuivre certains cas malgré des preuves. Ces sources ajoutent que la Cote d'Ivoire est loin d'avoir une justice indépendante, et que ..."]
["2013_DJ_2",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",2,25,"Il existe, comme nous le rapporte un greffier, des situations où les magistrats du siège peuvent se voir dessaisir des dossiers sensibles ou tout simplement être mutés ou nommés à d'autres poste dans une autre juridiction. Il évoque l'article 3 de la loi portant statut de la magistrature qui dispose que : « Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. Toutefois, lorsque les nécessités du service l’exigent, les magistrats du siège peuvent être déplacés par l’autorité de nomination après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. » Selon lui, la dernière phrase de l'article laisse « la porte ouverte » à des abus de la part du ministère de tutelle et la plupart de temps, l'avis du CSM n'est pas demandé. \n\nUne autre source estime que dans la pratique, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est relative. Tout d'abord, et comme nous l'affirme cette source, un enseignant-chercheur, le recrutement des magistrats ne se fait pas sur la base d'un concours, mais sur sélection de dossier. Ensuite, il y a une procédure d'entretien, non prévue par les textes et présidée par le ministre de la justice lui même, pour évaluer les potentiels des candidats. La source affirme qu'elle faisait partie des candidats à avoir soumis une demande pour être candidats au dernier recrutement. Après les entretiens, il a été classé premier, mais s’est désisté pour être enseignant-chercheur. Selon lui, la présence du ministre lors des entretiens porte atteinte à l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire.","Interview de Waiss Aden Ali, greffier, tribunal de première instance de Djibouti, entretien réalisé le 25 septembre 2013 au palais de justice.\n\nInterview de Yacine Mohamed, enseignant-chercheur en droit privé, Université de Djibouti, entretien réalisé le 26 septembre 2013 dans la salle des professeurs du site annexe de l'université de Djibouti. \n\nInterview de Mahad Haji, juge stagiaire, tribunal de première instance de Djibouti, septembre 2013.","Il existe, comme nous le rapporte un greffier, des situations où les magistrats du siège peuvent se voir dessaisir des dossiers sensibles ou tout simplement être mutés ou nommés à d'autres poste dans une autre juridiction. Il évoque l'article 3 de la loi portant statut de la magist..."]
["2013_EG_2",2013,"EG","Egypt",2,25,"The independence of the judiciary was one of the factors driving the January Revolution. Former president Mubarak was the head of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary. The Minister of Justice was a representative of the executive authority and interfering with the judiciary's work. \n\nIn April 2013, the tension between the judiciary and the executive, President Mohamed Morsi, had manifested itself in two major ways. First was the position of the public prosecutor. \n\nMorsi controversially fired Abdel Meguid Mahmoud from the position in November 2012 after granting himself, via a now-rescinded decree, powers that placed his decisions beyond judicial review. He then appointed Talaat Abdullah to the post. In late March, a court reinstated Mahmoud, and Abdullah stated that he would appeal the order. \n\nThe second tension was the Muslim Brotherhood’s attempt to “purge” the judiciary of approximately 3,000 judges who are over the age of sixty. The opposition saw this attempt as yet another instance in which the Brotherhood looked to monopolize the judiciary rather than reform it, though Morsi was quick to state that he “respected the rulings of the judiciary\".\n\nIn many instances, the judiciaries decisions are (were) politically motivated. For instance, in June  2013, a court in Cairo sentenced 43 workers at a non-governmental organisations to serve between one and five years in jail and ordered the closure of five foreign NGOs in Egypt. This case is being reported as politically motivated.\n\nYet, there are some other judges who are independent, and protested against Morsi in 2012 and also against Mubarak following the violations committed in the 2005 parliamentary elections.\n\nA new constitution is yet being drafted and judges who ask for autonomy look forward to establishing an article that will stipulate a separation of authorities beyond the already existent language that will include stipulations from the 2012 constitution with the aim to have the executive authority to be completely separate from judicial authority and reinforce the legal framework to an even greater degree, so that the judiciary may be as independent as possibly conceivable. Nonetheless and for the period of study, the judiciary has not been able to act independently and without political influence.","Al-Gamal, Saeed.  (2013, July 7) .  [Former head of Cairo Cessation Court].  Personal communication.\n\n\"Judiciary autonomy will be done when there is no intervention from the executive authority.\" \nIn Practice, the Minister of Justice (as a representative of the executive authority) has the authority to appoint and promote justice, and he is the one who nominates heads of cessation courts and interferes in judiciary work in the general assembly. The judges council should replace the Minister of ustice in judicial work.\"\n\nBrown, N. J.  (2013, January 25) .  The supreme constitutional court in post-revolution Egypt.  Tahrir Squared.  Retrieved from http://tahrirsquared.com/node/110\n\n(2013, June 4) .  Egypt sentences 43 NGO staffers to 1-5 years in prison.  Ahram.  Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/73129.aspx","The independence of the judiciary was one of the factors driving the January Revolution. Former president Mubarak was the head of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary. The Minister of Justice was a representative of the executive authority and interfering with the judiciary's work...."]
["2013_GQ_2",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",2,0,"In Equatorial Guinea the constitution establishes the independence of the judiciary (article 89) but in practice judges are highly influenced by the executive branch. Judges do not enjoy the space to interpret legislation or policies and are consistently pressured to make politically motivated decisions. Furthermore the constitution designates the president as the First Magistrate of the nation (article 92). \n\nDuring the period of review September 2012 to September 2013 there was an increase in the number of decisions that were highly criticised by the international community for being politically motivated given the elections of May 2013, particularly targeting opposition leaders. This showcases the lack of independence within the judiciary. Some of these cases include the prosecution of human rights activist and opposition leader Dr. Wenceslao Mansogo, former business partner of the president’s son Florentino Manguire and human rights lawyer Ponciano Mbomio.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Lawyer, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. \n\n(2012, November 7) .  Radio Macuto crisis en el Tribunal Constitucional.  Radio Macuto. \n\nHuman Rights Watch.  (2012, August 15) .  Equatorial Guinea: Arrests highlights arbitrary justice.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/15/equatorial-guinea-arrest-highlights-arbitrary-justice \n\nFreedom House.  (2013) .  Freedom in the World 2013, Equatorial Guinea.  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/equatorial-guinea\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Fundamental Law, chapter 5, general provisions, article 92 .  (2012) .\n\nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper","In Equatorial Guinea the constitution establishes the independence of the judiciary (article 89) but in practice judges are highly influenced by the executive branch. Judges do not enjoy the space to interpret legislation or policies and are consistently pressured to make political..."]
["2013_ER_2",2013,"ER","Eritrea",2,0,"According to a Crisis Group interview, the judicial system has been dismantled. If formal legal codes do exist, they are completely ignored. Presidential decrees have replaced the rule of law. Judges are not independent and are closely monitored by the office of the president. In 2001, several, including the chief justice, criticised increasing executive interference. They were promptly dismissed.\n\nIn May 2013, Amnesty International released a map of detention camps in where thousands of political prisoners are being held, including judges suspected of criticizing the government. This illustrates how judges are subject to negative consequences in retaliation for taking a position that's critical of the government. \n\nAlthough the judiciary is nominally independent of the executive and legislative branches, in practice there reportedly is significant interference in the judicial process. In one case in 2001, the president of the High Court was detained after criticizing the government for interfering in the judiciary. The legal system incorporates pre-independence laws of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front, revised Ethiopian laws, customary laws, and laws enacted after independence. Sharia law is used in civil cases involving Muslims. Sharia and customary laws are used more in rural areas and only in the instance that both parties choose it as it is more patriarchal in nature.","(2013 Mar 28). \"Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition.\" International Crisis Group, Africa Report : The Removal of Checks and Balances. p. 14.\nhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/200-eritrea-scenarios-for-future-transition.pdf\n\n(2013 May 19). Warner, G. \"Escape From An Eritrean Prison.\" NPR. \nhttp://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/05/19/184846121/escape-from-an-eritrean-prison\n\n (2013 May). Amnesty International. Eritrea: 20 years of Independence, but still no freedom ://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR64/001/2013/en/64b58cdf-a431-499c-9830-f4d66542c8da/afr640012013en.pdf","According to a Crisis Group interview, the judicial system has been dismantled. If formal legal codes do exist, they are completely ignored. Presidential decrees have replaced the rule of law. Judges are not independent and are closely monitored by the office of the president. In 2..."]
["2013_ET_2",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",2,25,"Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is sometimes undermined by the executive's interference in the appointment of judges and in the restricted exercise of judicial freedoms at different levels of the judiciary apparatus. Judges are sometimes subjected to negative political incentives at both the federal and municipal levels. \n\nFor example, the federal judge interviewee reports that during his time as a city judge, city officials occasionally interfered with his decisions and sought to subvert them by appealing to higher-ranking authorities, who then exerted pressure on him to amend his rulings.\n\nFurther, he reports that judges can be punished for making decisions that are counter to prevailing interests. For example, one of his colleagues, a candidate for a position on the Supreme Court in April of 2012, was passed over due to his previous criticisms of government officials.","1. Anonymous, Interview with a federal judge, Federal First Instance Court, Addis Ababa, September 28, 2013.\n2. Anonymous, Interview, Legal Researcher based at Addis Ababa University, September 26, 2013.\n3.The now defunct, but re-surfacing in different forms in newspapers and magazines, Fitih Newspaper: “The Court Bails, the Police Arrests”, Temegen Desalegne, November 2012.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is sometimes undermined by the executive's interference in the appointment of judges and in the restricted exercise of judicial freedoms at different levels of the judiciary apparatus. Judges are sometimes subjected to negative poli..."]
["2013_GA_2",2013,"GA","Gabon",2,50,"The anonymous source points to two high-profile cases during the period of this study (September 2012–September 2013) in which the independence of Gabon's judiciary could be questioned. Cases like that of Senator Ekomié accused of \"ritual crimes\" and Sub-Prefect Moussonga Moussavou. \n\nIn the case of Senator for the Department of Komo-Kango Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomie of the ruling PDG party, he has been accused of a case of ritual crimes (trafficking of human organs). In February 2009, he allegedly hired Aristide Pambou Moussounda (currently serving life in prison) for CFA 20 million to obtain the female genitals of a 12-year-old girl (Beverly Bilemba Mouanguela) in his home district of Komo-Kango.\nEkomié's parliamentary immunity was lifted by the Constitutional Court on 24 December 2012 upon instruction by the judge and a recommendation by the Minister of Justice. Ekomié was then placed in police custody (garde à vue) at Libreville Central Prison. He was then released for treatment at the CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire). His status as of September 2013 was \"détention préventive\" (pre-trial detention).\nThe investigation continued as of October 2013, but the fact it remains unresolved could imply that the Senator's immunity has been lifted only in name and in order to placate public opinion. The source argues that Ekomié's house arrest could continue indefinitely. Ekomié has threatened to commit suicide and has also staged a hunger strike. Cases of ritual crimes have stirred media coverage in Gabon during the study period often bordering on a collective psychosis. \nAn exerpt from Gabon Review states taht despite the support albeit involuntary provided by his peers, the senate has finally lifted the immunity of the senator of Komo-Kango, Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomie on December 24, 2012. This has no precedent in the history of Gabon, as everyone was skeptical on whether senators would follow the instructions of the minsitry of justice and the judge. \n\nIn the case of Sub-Prefect Bikélé Henri Moussonga Moussavou: he was accused on September 22, 2013 of issuing false birth certificates to foreign-born workers (Nigerian and Cameroonian) at Owendo Town Hall in exchange for cash payments. The false documents were being used to obtain legal residency in Gabon. Henri Moussonga Moussavou was initially placed in temporary police custody (garde-à-vue), but was released on October 5, 2013, along with his alleged accomplices. \n\nAccording to Gabonese law, issuing false birth certificates, especially to citizens of other countries, is prohibited by Article 223 of Gabon's Criminal Justice Code. The fact that Moussonga Moussavou was released from police custody is a sign that the Judiciary Police (Police Judiciaire) was pressured by high-level officials to release the accused before a court hearing took place on October 8, 2013. \n\nSee this excerpt from GabonEdito: \"Selon certaines indiscrétions et d’autres sources sûres, la PJ était déjà sous la pression de certaines hautes autorités, exigeant la libération immédiate de l’autorité administrative ainsi que son personnel également inculpé. Il convient alors de se demander si le président de la République, Ali Bongo Ondimba, a menti aux Gabonais lorsqu’il a mentionné, lors de «la marche contre les crimes rituels », que la « justice n’est uniquement appliquée qu’aux voleurs de poules ». Effectivement, la justice gabonaise n’est appliquée et applicable que sur des personnes n’ayant pas des noms à forte résonance et influents. Quelle procédure a-t-elle été mise en exergue pour que Moussonga-Moussavou et son personnel soient complètement blanchis, alors que les témoignages des habitants de la localité sont accablants et l’enquête entreprise par la PJ n’était pas encore à son terme?\"","3M.  (2013, October 10) .  Justice: le sous-préfet de Bikélé et ses collaborateurs libérés.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30666\n\nANT.  (2013, October 8) .  Par quel moyen le sous-préfet d’Ikoyi-Tsini et son personnel ont-ils été libérés?.  GabonEdito.  Retrieved from http://www.gabonedito.com/?s=crimes+rituels\n\nMAC.  (2013, June 10) . Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomié derrière les barreaux : Quels sont les véritables motifs derrière cette arrestation?.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=29824\n\nMounomby, G.  (2013, June 10) . Controverse autour de l’incarcération de Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomie.  Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/controverse-autour-de-lincarceration-de-gabriel-eyeghe-ekomie/ \n\nDissumba. D.M.  (2013, March 17) .  Des cris et des larmes contre les crimes rituels au Gabon.  Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/des-cris-et-des-larmes-contre-les-crimes-rituels-au-gabon/\n\nDissumba, D.M.  (2013, February 16) .  Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomie va porter plainte contre son calomniateur.   Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/gabriel-eyeghe-ekomie-va-porter-plainte-contre-son-calomniateur/\n\nFanga, K.  (2012, December 12) .  Cited for ordering the murder of a 12 year old schoolgirl, senator Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomie will have to come defend themselves in court.  Gabon News.  Retrieved from http://en.gabonews.com/headlines-reader-en/items/gabriel-eyeghe-ekomie-loses-his-parliamentary-immunity.html\n\nAnonymous, personal communication - Libreville, n.d.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The anonymous source points to two high-profile cases during the period of this study (September 2012–September 2013) in which the independence of Gabon's judiciary could be questioned. Cases like that of Senator Ekomié accused of \"ritual crimes\" and Sub-Prefect Moussonga Moussavou..."]
["2013_GM_2",2013,"GM","The Gambia",2,0,"Even though the constitution provides for an independent judiciary, the president has the authority to select and dismiss judges. Four chief justices and many other judges and magistrates have been dismissed since 2006 without any due process. One chief justice was dismissed in July this year without any due process as can be seen in the third attachment. The frequent unexplained dismissal of judicial officers without due process constitutes an interference with the judiciary on the part of the executive.\n \nJudicial officers have also been under executive pressure to rule in the regime's favour and hand out stiff prison sentences and exorbitant fines, as can be seen in pages 4 to 5 of the first attachment.\n\nThe independence of the judiciary is therefore not guaranteed in practice because of executive interference.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: A report by the International Bar Association in 2006, ‘Under Pressure: A report on the rule of law in the Gambia’, raised concerns about the threats to the Gambia’s adherence to the rule of law as well as the independence of the judiciary, while highlighting risks in regard to the respect for the separation of powers. The report states that, \n“The judicial system in the Gambia suffers from neglect, under-investment, and a severe lack of resources and infrastructure, resulting from a general deprioritization of its importance. Whilst the government was supportive of the independence of the judiciary in discussions with the delegation, in practice many of its actions undermined judicial independence and the rule of law, and its overall attitude to the judiciary was of grave concern to the delegation. This has created a climate where the protection of human rights is undermined and the rule of law subverted.”","1. Operational Guidance Note, The Gambia OGN v 6.0. June 21 2013, Home Office, UK Border Agency, available at http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51cbfc524.pdf \n\n2. Kweku Baako 'fears' for Ghanaian Chief Justice for The Gambia, Edwin Appiah,  Myjoyonline.com Published On August 1 2013. 13:00 GMT. http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201308/110586.php\n\n3. Justice Wowo removed as Chief Justice Foroyaa is tracing his whereabouts. By Mustapha Jallow, hellogambia.com  Posted by hellogambia_admin on July 24 2013 06:31 PM | Gambia News, available at http://hellogambia.com/justice-wowo-removed-as-chief-justice-foroyaa-is-tracing-his-whereabouts/","Even though the constitution provides for an independent judiciary, the president has the authority to select and dismiss judges. Four chief justices and many other judges and magistrates have been dismissed since 2006 without any due process. One chief justice was dismissed in Jul..."]
["2013_GH_2",2013,"GH","Ghana",2,100,"The judiciary is independent of other branches of government and functions without fear or favour. The judges have demonstrated absolute autonomy and independence in all matters on which they adjudicate. As a matter of fact, the judiciary acts as a check on the other branches of government as it reviews existing laws and instruments passed by parliament. \n\nFor example, on April 30, 2013, the judiciary reviewed a constitutional instrument passed by parliament in connection with the December 2012 general election, which sought to dictate to the court on how to proceed on such matters. Link: http://www.dailyguideghana.com/?p=81111","1. Mr Anthony Forson, public relations officer, Ghana Bar Association, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Justice Noble Nkrumah, Tamale high court judge, table interview, September 18, Tamale.\n\n3. News story, title: PNC Mornah Wins Case, author: William Yaw Owusu, publication: Daily Guide newspaper, date: May 1, 2013, link: http://www.dailyguideghana.com/?p=81111\n\n4.News story, title: Attacks On Hansol/ Akonta Mines By The State Was Unlawful - Court Declares, author: Peacefmonline.com/Ghana, publication: www.peacefmonline.com, date: September 13,\nlink: http://news.peacefmonline.com/news/201309/174385.php","The judiciary is independent of other branches of government and functions without fear or favour. The judges have demonstrated absolute autonomy and independence in all matters on which they adjudicate. As a matter of fact, the judiciary acts as a check on the other branches of go..."]
["2013_GN_2",2013,"GN","Guinea",2,50,"En République de Guinée, le pouvoir judiciaire n'est pas totalement indépendant du pouvoir exécutif.  Souvent, le pouvoir exécutif s'ingère dans les affaires judiciaires.\n\nEn juin 2013, le ministre de la Justice, Garde des Sceaux, a émis une note de service suspendant l'exécution des décisions judiciaires rendue en matière de droit foncier pendant la période hivernale. Le ministre n'a pas la compétence pour agir ainsi et, cela devrait se faire à l'initiative des juges. \nLe juge Soumah qui avait rendu la décision qui a provoque la note de service a été suspendu pour avoir pris une décision qui allait à l'encontre des intérêts de l'État. Sa suspension a provoqué la grève des magistrats.","- Note circulaire N° 010/MJ/CAB/13 interdisant l'exécution des décisions judiciaires en matière du foncier du 12 Juin 2013\n\n- La suspension de l'exécution de l'arrêt de la chambre de mise en accusation demandant la libération des prisonniers qui ont bénéficié des non lieux dans l'affaire de l'attaque du domicile du chef de l'Etat en Juillet 2011. Arrêt de non lieu partiel de renvoi devant le tribunal Correctionnel et devant la Cour d'Assises du 12/09 2012. \n\n- La suspension du Juge d'instruction Mohamed Soumah en Février 2013 ( Monsieur  Mohamed Soumah, juge d'Instruction au Tribunal de Première Instance de Kaloum; Maître Aboubacar CAMARA, Huissier de Justice près les Cours et Tribunaux de Guinée Conakry le 16 septembre 2013","En République de Guinée, le pouvoir judiciaire n'est pas totalement indépendant du pouvoir exécutif.  Souvent, le pouvoir exécutif s'ingère dans les affaires judiciaires...."]
["2013_GW_2",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",2,0,"In practice, judges are routinely subject to political influences and incentives, they are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions. The system is like a \"one way road\" where every (judicial) body is moving in one direction and is extremely difficult to take initiative to discuss or correct its sense of direction and modify the way how justice is administered.","1.\tEdinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.\tCherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.\tAppointment of members of the supreme court.http://www.africanlawlibrary.net/web/guinea-bissau July 2013.","In practice, judges are routinely subject to political influences and incentives, they are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions. The system is like a \"one way road\" where every (judicial) body is moving ..."]
["2013_KE_2",2013,"KE","Kenya",2,75,"The judiciary in Kenya has undergone major reforms and today generally exercises independence from the executive and legislative arms of government. The Kenyan judiciary makes decisions based on the law and principles irrespective of the subjects appearing before the courts.\n\nMore Kenyans today are coming forward to seek redress in court because of the fresh wave of fairness that has been restored.\n\nThat said, as documented in the sources, there are instances in which the legislature has attempted to impose its will on the judiciary.  The controversy over the Judicial Services Commission's refusal to appear before parliament due to concerns about having its independence compromised is one such example.  There are also troubling reports of judicial financial malfeasance due to the absence of regulations governing judicial conduct.  This evidence indicates that, in some limited cases, judges may be unable to operate without fear and/or favor.","1.  Lilian Omondi, Vice-Chairman, Law Society of Kenya (LSK), interviewed on September 20, 2013.\n\n2.  \"Chief Justice Willy Mutunga’s Team Rejects Justice and Legal Affairs Committee Order.\"  Article by Wahome Thuku and Geoffrey Mosoku published in The Standard newspaper of August 26, 2013. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000091980&story_title=mutunga-team-rejects-house-committee-order.\n\n3.  \"Nyayo Torture Victims to Get Sh5.4 Million Payout.\" Article by Sam Kiplagat in the September 7, 2013 edition of The Star.\nhttp://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-135112/nyayo-torture-victims-get-sh54-million-payout.\n\n4.  \"Turbulence in Judiciary Bad for Rule of Law.\"  Article by Apollo Mboya, CEO of Law Society of Kenya (LSK).  Published in The Standard newspaper on August 21, 2013.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000091548&story_title=turbulence-in-judiciary-bad-for-rule-of-law.\n\n5.  \"JSC Won’t Honour Parliament Summons.”  Article by Wambui Ndonga of Capital FM News.  Published on August 26, 2013.\nhttp://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2013/08/jsc-wont-honour-parliament-summons-sources/\n\n6. \"Regional Lawyers Body Urges JSC to Ignore House Team Summons.\"  Article by John Njagi published in The Daily Nation of August 22, 2013\nhttp://mobile.nation.co.ke/News/Ignore+House+team+summons+JSC+urged+/-/1950946/1963466/-/format/xhtml/-/qr6xp7/-/index.html.","The judiciary in Kenya has undergone major reforms and today generally exercises independence from the executive and legislative arms of government. The Kenyan judiciary makes decisions based on the law and principles irrespective of the subjects appearing before the courts...."]
["2013_LS_2",2013,"LS","Lesotho",2,50,"Newspaper reports and studies conducted within the period of this study suggest that despite constitutional and other legal provisions, judicial independence is in reality circumvented. Some of these reports cite specific incidences in which the executive failed to obey court orders. For example, Pholo cites instances where the executive failed to honour court orders to compensate victims of torture. Additionally, she refers to an instance in 2007 when the government established a commission of enquiry into the release by the high court of individuals accused of attempting to assassinate the prime minister (Pholo, 2013).  The setting up of this inquiry was widely condemned by civil society, since as Pholo noted, it “compelled the judges to continuously contemplate the prospects of their judgements being investigated and impugned by an institution outside the appeals system”. At the same time, this and other cases have not prompted direct interference. \n\nAs some observers have noted, the independence of the judiciary is challenged by the extensive powers the prime minister wields over the appointment and removal of judges. The prime minister advises the king on who to appoint as chief justice, who, being the chairman of the judicial service commission exercises extensive powers over the judiciary. The recently retired chief justice is a brother to the former deputy prime minister (also a deputy leader of the ruling party). The prime minister also gets to appoint a tribunal that investigates matters concerning the impeachment of judges. This tribunal was set up in 2013 (for the first time in Lesotho) to investigate the alleged misconduct of the president of the appeal court. The president of the appeal court is currently suspended pending the decision of the tribunal. \n\nAn incident in which the president of the appeal court called on the prime minister to intervene in a dispute between himself and the chief justice was seen as promoting undue interference from the executive into matters of the judiciary.  In their report to the International Commission of Jurists, Justices Ngcobo, Nganunu and Ramadhani noted that \"there is always a danger in inviting the executive to intervene in matters falling within the purview of the judiciary. This undermines the principle of separation of powers and the independence of the judiciary, which requires not only independence in fact but requires that the judiciary as an institution and individual judges must also be seen to be independent\". (ICJ 2013).","Advocate Monaheng Rasekoai. Law society of Lesotho. President. Interview, October 2 2013.\n\nSunday Express Lesotho. ‘PM wields too much power over judges' July 27 2013. http://sundayexpress.co.ls.\n\nLesotho Times. D-Day for top judge. August 15 2013. http://lestimes.com.\n\nTimes of Swaziland. Ramodibedi faces impeachment in Lesotho. June 20 2013, http://www.times.co.sz/news/88594-ramodibedi-faces-impeachment-in-lesotho.html.\n\nPholo, Mamosebi (2013) Lesotho justice sector and the rule of law. A review by AfriMAP and the open society initiative for southern Africa, Open Society Foundations.\n\nNgcobo S, Nganunu J, and Ramadhani A (2013). The crisis of the judicial leadership in the kingdom of Lesotho: report of the high level mission of the international commission of jurists in the kingdom of Lesotho. International Commission of Jurists, http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/sa-judges-to-solve-lesotho-legal-crisis-1.1550746.\n\nMajara Molupe. Informative newspaper. We need independent and transparent judiciary – Monyake. April 30 2013. http://www.informativenews.co.ls/index.php?option.\n\nStaff Reporter. Sunday Express. Justice Ramodibedi suspended. September 28 2013. http://sundayexpress.co.ls/?p=9333","Newspaper reports and studies conducted within the period of this study suggest that despite constitutional and other legal provisions, judicial independence is in reality circumvented. Some of these reports cite specific incidences in which the executive failed to obey court order..."]
["2013_LR_2",2013,"LR","Liberia",2,50,"In practice, the Judiciary in Liberia is independent and free from interferences from other branches of the government. Judges have autonomy in exercising their mandates, and they are protected against other branches of government. Chapter VII Article 73 protects judges in the discharge of judicial duties including opinions rendered, statements made in the course trial. While the laws provide for its independence, elements within the Judiciary are corrupt and are susceptible to economic and political influences. \n\nIn the midst of such practices, the Judiciary continues to take measures to rid itself of elements who continue to threaten and discredit the legal practice and the justice system in Liberia. The Judicial Inquiry Committee; the Ethics and Grievance Committee and the Trial Judges Association of Liberia are bodies formed to ensure a corrupt-free justice system within the Judiciary of Liberia. These bodies are self-regulatory, and were necessitated and installed after a series of condemnations by previous U.S Department of Justice reports. A Judicial Inquiry Commission report found in February 2013 that a judge had been ruling unfairly and the self-regulating commission reprimanded the judge for illicit (corrupt) behavior. The Bar (LNBA) Secretary Boakai N. Kanneh said the lawyers association is striving to rid the judiciary of corrupt incompetent lawyers in order to maintain its independence.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: While I agree with the score, I would like to add that on one occasion the judge in the 2007 treason case was re-assigned, after he made a ruling that was not satisfactory to the Liberian government. Although, this has not been a pervasive practice on the part of the Liberian government, but the possibility does exist in some high profiled cases.;","1. Cllr. Boakai N. (2013, October 4). Personal interview. Deputy Minister for Legal Affairs - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Monrovia\n\n2. (2013, August 22). Newspaper Editorial: Reminiscent of the Dark Days, Frontpage Africa via AllAfrica.com, Newspaper, 22 August 2013. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201308220971.html\n\n3. Report: Judicial Inquiry Commission, 20 February 2013. http://www.liberlii.org/lr/cases/LRSC/2013/3.html","In practice, the Judiciary in Liberia is independent and free from interferences from other branches of the government. Judges have autonomy in exercising their mandates, and they are protected against other branches of government. Chapter VII Article 73 protects judges in the disc..."]
["2013_LY_2",2013,"LY","Libya",2,0,"Despite the efforts of NGOs on the ground who promote the independence of justice, Libya's legal system is still suffering from the political influence of militias, terrorist groups, and corrupt politicians. For example, in April, militias attempted to violently compel the justice ministry to rescind its orders for them to disband.\n\nThe lack of security compromises independence, which leads judicial authorities to avoid serious crimes or to make lenient decisions. For example, Judge Mohammed Ibrahim Houidi was assassinated in June 2013 and more than 100 assassinations of military and judges occurred in Libya in 2013. The General National Congress does not provide the necessary security to judges in Libya.","1. Anonymous, Libyan-British DFID political advisor - Tripoli, personal communication, April 11, 2013.\n\n2. Anonymous, NGO worker supporting GNC and in close relationship with Ali Zeiden -Tripoli, personal communication, April 11, 2013.\n\n3. Anonymous, NGO worker on multiple anti-corruption projects -Transparency Libya - Tripoli, personal communication, April 4, 2013.\n\n4. Associated Press.  (2013, April 30) .  Militiamen besiege Libya's Justice Ministry in defiance to government.  Fox News.  Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/30/militiamen-besiege-libya-justice-ministry-in-defiance-to-government/\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Despite the efforts of NGOs on the ground who promote the independence of justice, Libya's legal system is still suffering from the political influence of militias, terrorist groups, and corrupt politicians. For example, in April, militias attempted to violently compel the justice ..."]
["2013_MG_2",2013,"MG","Madagascar",2,25,"Les tribunaux et les magistrats sont trop dépendants du gouvernement. En effet, celui-ci détient tous les pouvoirs de fixation et d’attribution du budget des tribunaux et des salaires et avantages des juges. Dans les deux cas, le gouvernement dispose toujours d’un pouvoir discrétionnaire lui permettant de soumettre les magistrats. \nCe problème d’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire non résolu a longtemps alimenté le débat. C’est ainsi que l’ONG Observatoire de la vie publique a adressé aux 33 candidats à la première élection présidentielle de la IVe République du 25 octobre 2013 neuf questions sur leurs programmes une fois élus. \nParmi ces points figure la politique de justice, telle que formulée comme suit : « Toujours promise, l’indépendance de la Justice n’a jamais été réalisée. Vous engagez-vous à installer la Haute cour de justice au plus tard un an après votre investiture (Constitution, art. 167). Le président de la République est garant de l’indépendance de la justice (art. 106) : renoncerez-vous, ainsi que votre ministre de la Justice, à la présidence et à la vice-présidence du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qui pourra ainsi gérer et sanctionner en toute indépendance, en faisant modifier l’article 107 de la Constitution? Accepterez-vous de nommer un ministre de la Justice qui ne soit pas un magistrat (et un ministre de la Défense qui ne soit pas militaire, etc.) ? ». \nCe communiqué, publié le 25 septembre, fut diffusé dans tous les quotidiens le jour suivant. (http://justmad.canalblog.com/archives/2012/01/01/19546895.html)\nCes pressions de différentes formes sont dénoncées par le Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI). Celui- ci a pour mission, entre autres, d’appuyer la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale en matière d’intégrité, notamment dans le domaine de la réforme de la Justice et de la Police judiciaire (décret n°2006 – 207 du 21 mars 2006). Dans son Rapport annuel 2012, il est spécifié « la précarité du système judiciaire face aux différentes formes de pressions et interventions mettant en cause la transparence et l’indépendance de la justice » (Rapport annuel CSI 2012, page 7).\n\nEnfin, l’ex-ministre des Finances et du Budget, devenu candidat des présidentielles du 25 octobre 2013 et issu de la mouvance présidentielle, n’a pas manqué d’avouer que la justice n’est pas crédible. Sa déclaration a toute son importance dans la mesure où la ministre de la Justice est de la même mouvance que lui (La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 30 septembre 2013).\n\nLes interviews des personnes ayant une liaison quelconque avec la justice ont fait ressortir le même constat, à savoir le manque d’indépendance de la justice. Cela concerne les nominations et les interventions non seulement venant des autorités hiérarchiques, mais aussi de la sphère politique. L’obéissance à de tels ordres et interventions est définie comme étant la principale source de la corruption du système judiciaire ; celui-ci étant classé parmi les secteurs les plus corrompus par l’organisme gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption (Bureau indépendant ani-corruption) et Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar.  Pour la journaliste, la réponse est non. Selon elle, bon nombre de responsables sont encore sous l’influence de la classe dirigeante du pays.","- (Site du Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI), disponible sur http://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/ , 1er octobre 2013.\n- «Contre le piétinement de l’indépendance de la justice», La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 6 août 2013.\nhttp://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33428:syndicat-des-magistrats-de-madagascar-contre-le-pietinement-de-lindependance-de-la-justice&catid=41:politique&Itemid=55\n- Communiqué du SEFAFI (Observatoire de la Vie Publique) à l’intention des candidats à l’élection présidentielle du 25 octobre 2013.\nhttp://www.lanation.mg/article.php?id=6731 http://justmad.canalblog.com/archives/2012/01/01/19546895.html et sefafi.mg\n- «La campagne de la honte», Anais T., La Gazette de la Grande Ile, n° 3184, 30 septembre 2013, page 3. \nwww.lagazette-dgi.com\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 10 ctobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotozafy, magistrat à la retraite, Antananarivo, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotondrasoa Landy, conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Esoavelomandroso F., enseignant-Chercheur, membre du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature en tant que représentant des Présidents des Universités.\nhttp://www.conseil-superieur-magistrature.mg/communiques.html\n- Anonyme, magistrat, Cour d’appel d’Antananarivo, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)","Les tribunaux et les magistrats sont trop dépendants du gouvernement. En effet, celui-ci détient tous les pouvoirs de fixation et d’attribution du budget des tribunaux et des salaires et avantages des juges. Dans les deux cas, le gouvernement dispose toujours d’un pouvoir discrétio..."]
["2013_MW_2",2013,"MW","Malawi",2,75,"A diverse range of authoritative sources (including representatives of civil society/human rights groups, Malawi law commission, members of the judiciary, journalists and many others) state that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed to a large degree and that independence is something judicial officers themselves guard jealously on account of their security of tenure. \n\nThe process of removing judges from office is cumbersome and protects judges from political interference. Sources also state that judges have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy and that they - mostly - operate without fear or favour. There is no indication of attempts to exert political influence on the judiciary during the research period of September 2012 - September 2013.\n\nNonetheless, a low level of funding allocated to the judiciary sometimes interferes with the speedy delivery of justice. Cases are often delayed, postponed and documents often go missing. While under-funding may not be a deliberate move to infringe upon judicial independence, it does mean there are capacity limits for judges to exert their autonomy of interpreting the law.","Fiona Mwale. High Court Judge. November 5 2013.\nRobert Phiri. Executive Director. Public Affairs Committee (PAC) Malawi. November 13 2013.\nDr Mwiza Khata. Dean of Law. University of Malawi. November 5 2013.","A diverse range of authoritative sources (including representatives of civil society/human rights groups, Malawi law commission, members of the judiciary, journalists and many others) state that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed to a large degree and that independence..."]
["2013_ML_2",2013,"ML","Mali",2,50,"Au Mali, l’autonomie des juges quant à interprétation des lois est très souvent limitée. Censés être indépendants, les juges sont parfois soumis à des incitations politiques négatives ou positives. Les quelques magistrats qui essayent de se prévaloir de cette autonomie, ou de tenir tête à l’autorité hiérarchique en la défiant, sont menacés de mutation. Ainsi, alors que certains sont rétrogradés, d’autres peuvent être promus ou transférés en guise de récompense pour avoir pris certaines décisions. Et le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qui se devait de veiller à la mise en œuvre correcte de cette indépendance, est présidé par le président de la République et le ministre de la justice. Certains observateurs appellent à une modification des textes de manière à ce que cette instance soit dirigée autrement. On parle notamment du président de la Cour Suprême qui pourrait présider cette structure. Il convient d’ajouter les facteurs sociaux et financiers et leur influence sur des certains juges qui revoient leur décision du fait de la pression sociale ou de l’argent. \nSelon Lamine Fadiga, « l’indépendance de la justice n’est une réalité que dans les textes. Elle ne s’applique pas sur le terrain. Les magistrats ne jouissent pas suffisamment de cet avantage qu’ils ont. Pire, ils ne s’en servent pas eux-mêmes ».\n\nSelon Alou Diarra, « La justice malienne est loin d’être indépendante sur le terrain. Et ce en raison des interférences multiples qu’elle subit par le pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire, quoique l’on clame son indépendance, relève directement du ministre de la justice qui lui aussi reçoit les instructions du président de la République. Ces personnalités ont indéniablement la mainmise sur le fonctionnement de notre justice. Souvent, en notre qualité de magistrats indépendants, nous voyons nos décisions révoquées, et levées pour servir des intérêts personnels et égoïstes ».\n\nSelon Seyba Koné, « L’indépendance de la justice est un véritable leurre. Pour une disposition qui a été exclusivement conçue dans l’intérêt des justiciables, il est inconcevable qu’elle ne soit pas appliquée. Outre les injonctions de l’exécutif qui mettent copieusement à mal cette indépendance, les juges eux-mêmes ne sont pas indépendants. Ils sont corruptibles à tout vent. C’est vraiment déplorable ».","Entretien avec Me Lamine Fadiga, avocat à la cour, Barreau malien, réalisé le 14 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Séba Lamine Koné, juge d’instruction, Tribunal de première Instance de Bamako, réalisé le 16 septembre 2013 \n\nEntretien avec Me Alou Diarra, avocat à la cour, Barreau malien, réalisé le 16 septembre 2013","Au Mali, l’autonomie des juges quant à interprétation des lois est très souvent limitée. Censés être indépendants, les juges sont parfois soumis à des incitations politiques négatives ou positives. Les quelques magistrats qui essayent de se prévaloir de cette autonomie, ou de tenir..."]
["2013_MR_2",2013,"MR","Mauritania",2,0,"Le débat sur l'indépendance de la justice mauritanienne ne cesse de prendre de l'ampleur. Sa réforme constitue un défi, sa mise en œuvre est d'une grande complexité. Si les réformes institutionnelles ont permis d'assurer une clarté fonctionnelle, la justice mauritanienne reste un chantier inachevé. La problématique de la justice mauritanienne est au cœur des différentes reformes, lesquelles demeurent confrontées à son effectivité. L'état actuel de la justice mauritanienne est le sous-produit d'un régime d'exception qui perdure depuis le coup d'État du 10 juillet 1978. Mieux encore, le manque de moyens et l'absence de volonté de donner à la justice les moyens de son indépendance ont fortement altéré son indépendance. L'état de déréliction de la justice mauritanienne ne facilite guère son indépendance. Les magistrats du parquet sont réduits à de simples fonctionnaires et n'ont guère les moyens d'exercer leurs missions. Les magistrats réputés inamovibles peuvent être mutés dès qu'ils dérangent le pouvoir en place. Le récent limogeage du président de la Cour suprême en 2012 en flagrante violation des textes a montré cette absence d'indépendance. Pour rappel, le président de la Cour suprême a un mandat de cinq ans auquel on ne peut mettre fin que sur bases juridiques objectives. Les différentes intrusions, l'instrumentalisation de la justice à des fins politiques ont achevé de discréditer l'institution judiciaire. La refonte de la justice mauritanienne se heure à un système dual qui ne facilite guère sa restructuration. D'une part, il y a des magistrats formés dans les mahadras dont les connaissances en droit positif sont limitées (ils connaissent davantage la charia); d’autre part, il y a des magistrats formés selon des canaux classiques et connaissant davantage le droit positif. Cette dualité affaiblit l'institution judiciaire. Les pouvoirs publics mauritaniens, conscients de cette anomalie, ont mis en œuvre la formation des magistrats à l'École nationale d'administration, de journalisme et de magistrature (ENAJM). Toutefois, les résultats ne seront perceptibles que dans les prochaines années.","1. Mohamed El moctar Touré, avocat à la cour, 18 septembre 18 2013.\n\n2. Diagana, K. et Sidi, A.O. (11 avril 2013). \"Birame Ould Dah Ould Abeid « Il est évident que Ould Abdel AZIZ et l’Opposition mauritanienne sont par ailleurs solidaires contres la majorité du peuple mauritanien... »\". Flere.fr : http://www.flere.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2327:birame-ould-dah-ould-abeid-l-il-est-evident-que-ould-abdel-aziz-et-lopposition-mauritanienne-sont-par-ailleurs-solidaires-contres-la-majorite-du-peuple-mauritanien-r&catid=34:a-la-une,%20avril%202013.\n\n3. Ebety, B.O. (13 aout 2013). \"État de droit - détention arbitraire. Rédaction de Me Brahim Ould Ebety. Juin 2009\". Ould Kaïge:  http://mauritanie-ouldkaige.blogspot.com/2013/08/etat-de-droit-detention-arbitraire.html","Le débat sur l'indépendance de la justice mauritanienne ne cesse de prendre de l'ampleur. Sa réforme constitue un défi, sa mise en œuvre est d'une grande complexité. Si les réformes institutionnelles ont permis d'assurer une clarté fonctionnelle, la justice mauritanienne reste un c..."]
["2013_MU_2",2013,"MU","Mauritius",2,100,"According to sources, the judiciary is free from pressures from both the executive and the legislative branches. Judicial workload, however, is overwhelming and according to the Eddy Balancy interview, precisely this under capacity may compromise the quality and soundness of judicial judgments.\n\nWhile there is a perception by some people that the judiciary is under the influence of the government, this perception relates more to cases where court employees have been involved in unlawful practices. Judges in general are highly ranked and respected. There is no systemic evidence of judges being corrupt, and their autonomy to review laws and policy is not in doubt.","Mr. S. Caunhye, Chief Court Officer/Court Manager, Intermediary Court, interviewed on Nov. 26, 2013\n\nMe. Ravi Ratna, barrister, interviewed on Nov. 27, 2013\n\nPress article: “INTERVIEW : Je suis un juge rebelle si…, a déclaré Son Honneur Eddy Balancy.” (Interview: I am a rebellious judge if…., states his Excellency Eddy Balancy) Weekend, October 14, 2012, available online: http://www.lemauricien.com/article/interview-je-suis-juge-rebelle-si%E2%80%A6-declare-son-honneur-eddy-balancy \n\nPress article: Thanay K. “Affaire Boskalis : Le Parlement invité à revoir une lacune de la loi anti-corruption\" (Boskalis Case: The National Assembly invited to review a shortcoming of the anti-corruption law) Le Defi Quotidien, Sept.27, 2013, available online: http://www.defimedia.info/live-news/item/39438-affaire-boskalis-le-parlement-invite-a-revoir-une-lacune-de-la-loi-anti-corruption.html","According to sources, the judiciary is free from pressures from both the executive and the legislative branches. Judicial workload, however, is overwhelming and according to the Eddy Balancy interview, precisely this under capacity may compromise the quality and soundness of judici..."]
["2013_MA_2",2013,"MA","Morocco",2,25,"The level of independence of judges depends on the case: there are political trials versus other less critical trials. Criminal courts versus civil courts also differ. In law, judges are completely independent, and nobody is supposed to influence their judgement. However, in practice, they are pressured or coerced to rule a certain way. They are appointed by a council that is controlled by the king. Following the Arab uprisings in 2011, a group of more than 3,000 judges formed the Club of Judges protesting against interference. The king appointed that same year a commission to reform the justice system, but not much has changed so far. It is nearly impossible for a political activist, for example, to get a fair trial. Business law tends on the other hand to be a lot more independent. However, people have the option to appeal decisions up to the supreme court.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There are some other sources, especially the reports of NGOs as ADALA, Transparency Maroc, Association Marocaine des Droits de l'Homme and others who developed reports and recommendations for the independence of the judiciary in practice.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: From the moment when judges are named by the king, there's no way to define them as 'independent'.;","Anonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Lawyer, Marrakech].  Personal communication.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Judge, Rabat].  Personal communication.\n\n(2012, December 20) .  Judges’ fight for independence.  Lakome.  Retrieved from http://fr.lakome.com/index.php/sport/92-enquetes/128-au-maroc-des-juges-luttent","The level of independence of judges depends on the case: there are political trials versus other less critical trials. Criminal courts versus civil courts also differ. In law, judges are completely independent, and nobody is supposed to influence their judgement. However, in practi..."]
["2013_MZ_2",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",2,0,"According to the sources above, the independence of the judiciary is illusory. The chief justice and other top positions within the system are political appointees, chosen by the president. Generally, judges act in fear of reprisals from the Frelimo party which is in power and controls the system. That is why some judges, though very few, have recently spoken out asking the government not to interfere with the judiciary.","1.\t\"É uma ilusão pensar que o judiciário é independente do poder político” Redaccao. O Pais. June 3, 2013, http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/25650-e-uma-ilusao-pensar-que-o-judiciario-e-independente-do-poder-politico.html.\n2.\tBaltazar Fael. Research Director. Centre for Public Integrity. September 16, 2013.\n3.\t\"Juizes divergem quanto à redução dos poderes do Chefe do Estado\". Edma Macave. O Pais. April 26, 2013, http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/politica/63-politica/25108-juizes-divergem-quanto-a-reducao-dos-poderes-do-chefe-do-estado.html.","According to the sources above, the independence of the judiciary is illusory. The chief justice and other top positions within the system are political appointees, chosen by the president. Generally, judges act in fear of reprisals from the Frelimo party which is in power and cont..."]
["2013_NA_2",2013,"NA","Namibia",2,100,"There is widespread recognition that courts are independent and that they operate on the basis the rule of law. As anecdotal evidence, legal practitioner, Esi Schiming Chase, who had acted as a judge in the high court, once during the year under review and before that, reported that she had never had someone outside her courts telling her the direction of her judgments and can confirm that she met with no interference. In number of judgments, government has been sued for not complying with the law.  For example, consider the recent case of the Teachers' Union of Namibia vs. education minister and permanent secretary.","Esi Schiming Chase, legal practitioner, former president, Law Society of Namibia, September 19 2013.\nBrigitte Wiedlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\nGraham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.\nProsecutor General satisfied with the Independence of the Judiciary, Namibian Sun, Fred Goieman, January 16 2013,  http://sun.com.na/content/national-news/prosecutor-general-satisfied-%E2%80%98independent-judiciary%E2%80%99.","There is widespread recognition that courts are independent and that they operate on the basis the rule of law. As anecdotal evidence, legal practitioner, Esi Schiming Chase, who had acted as a judge in the high court, once during the year under review and before that, reported tha..."]
["2013_NE_2",2013,"NE","Niger",2,0,"Dans la pratique, le pouvoir judiciaire est dépendant du pouvoir exécutif. Pour preuve, il ressort des entretiens que les affectations ne sont pas transparentes, pas régulières ni ordonnées. Selon sources, l'auteur explique clairement que le pouvoir judiciaire est placé sous la coupe du pouvoir exécutif, et l'on comprend que les juges jouissent rarement de l'autonomie nécessaire pour remplir leurs fonctions et qu'ils sont soumis aux volontés politiques. Les hommes politiques continuent à utiliser la justice comme un moyen de préserver leurs pouvoirs.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Je suis d'accord en ajoutant que le pouvoir hiérarchique du ministre de la justice sur le parquet tempère cette indépendance. En certains magistrats ont tendance à attendre les promotions plus de leurs accointances avec le pouvoir que de leur propre crédibilité. A celà il faut ajouter que l'exécutif fait planer de \"véritables épées de Damoclès\" sur la tête de certains juges trainant des casseroles;","Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Niger\n\nAnonyme. Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). (03 octobre 2013). Niger\n\nAnonyme. (07 Février 2013). Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger (AFJN). Niger\n\nMONIG. (27 mars 2013). Tamtam Info Le pouvoir judiciaire au Niger Pouvoir et indépendance de la justice : mythe ou réalite. Courrier N° 252\nhttp://tamtaminfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10096:le-pouvoir-judiciaire-au-niger-pouvoir-et-independance-de-la-justice--mythe-ou-realite-&catid=129:politique&Itemid=674\n\nHaute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. (04 Février 2013). Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. Niger\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Dans la pratique, le pouvoir judiciaire est dépendant du pouvoir exécutif. Pour preuve, il ressort des entretiens que les affectations ne sont pas transparentes, pas régulières ni ordonnées. Selon sources, l'auteur explique clairement que le pouvoir judiciaire est placé sous la cou..."]
["2013_NG_2",2013,"NG","Nigeria",2,75,"The judiciary is largely independent of the other arms of government at the federal level. Judges freely interpret and review laws independent of the executive and the legislature. \n\nCourts decide on cases against the federal government (executive), legislature, ruling party, and presidency without known reprimand.\n\nFor the presidency, an example is a May 2013 ruling by a judge on a land dispute between the incumbent first lady, Patience Jonathan, and her predecessor, Turai Yar'adua. The judge ruled against the sitting first lady and received no sanction.\n\nAlso, a court of appeal has recently upturned the removal of an executive member of the ruling peoples democratic party, a decision severely opposed by the president and other top government officials. The ruling stood however. The courts have also reversed the removal of some members of the national assembly, in decisions opposed by the leadership of the assembly.\n\nIn another case, the supreme court in July 2013 ruled against the federal government on a tourism case. The rulings are not isolated. They illustrate largely how judges and courts have the independence to interpret laws and policies without fear or favour.","1. Samuel Ogala, Legal practitioner, Falana & Falana Chambers, Abuja, October 20, 2013.\n2. Blueprint, Kunle Olasanmi, How independent is Nigerian Judiciary, December 10, 2012. http://blueprintng.com/new/2012/12/10/how-independent-is-nigerian-judiciary/\n3. Tribune, Tunde Oyesina; Turai, not Patience Jonathan owns Abuja land - Court, May 3, 2013. http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/news/item/10994-turai-not-patience-jonathan-owns-abuja-land-court.html\n4. PM News, Turai Floors Patience in Nigeria’s battle of first ladies , Nnamdi Felix, May 2, 2013. http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/05/02/turai-floors-patience-in-nigerias-battle-of-first-ladies/\n5.Integrity Reporters, Federal Government loses control of tourism and hotel regulation to states, July 20, 2013. http://integrityreporters.com/news/federal-government-loses-control-of-tourism-and-hotel-regulation-to-states/","The judiciary is largely independent of the other arms of government at the federal level. Judges freely interpret and review laws independent of the executive and the legislature. ..."]
["2013_RW_2",2013,"RW","Rwanda",2,50,"The Rwandan judiciary is not totally independent according to the sources referred to above. There are laws like the law on genocide that can not just be reviewed by judges without the approval of some top leaders of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). This is linked to the history of the country especially the genocide of 1994. Judges can not be allowed to change laws as they feel before the ruling party checks it. According to Human Rights Watch, the government of Rwanda interferes with justice when there is a political trial.  According to a case that was conducted during the period of this study (September 2012 - September 2013): \"The prosecution of Ingabire for 'genocide ideology' and divisionism illustrates the Rwandan government’s unwillingness to tolerate criticism and to accept the role of opposition parties in a democratic society. The courts should not be used for such political purposes.” On the other hand, it is very rare for judges to be demoted or transferred in reward for making some decisions. Competency and experience are what come first.","Human Rights Watch.  (2012) .  Rwanda: Eight-Year sentence for opposition leader.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/30/rwanda-eight-year-sentence-opposition-leader\n\nKaringanire, E. D.  (2012, October 8) .  Rwandan judicial system on track.  The Rwanda Focus.  Retrieved from http://focus.rw/wp/2012/10/rwandan-judicial-system-on-track/  \n\nKimenyi, F.  (2013, March 26) .  Judiciary accuses Amnesty International of prejudice.  The New Times.  Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=65309&i=15308\n\nRugema, Ivan.  (2013, September 8) .  [Law lecturer at the University of the Western Cape].  Personal communication.","The Rwandan judiciary is not totally independent according to the sources referred to above. There are laws like the law on genocide that can not just be reviewed by judges without the approval of some top leaders of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). This is linked to the history ..."]
["2013_ST_2",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",2,50,"\"Although the constitution and law provide for an independent judiciary, at times the judicial system was subject to political influence or manipulation. Judicial salaries remained low, and judges reportedly accepted bribes.\", says the US State Department Report on Human Rights Practices which sums up the current assessment on the independence of the judiciary in Sao Tome and Principe well. \n\nThe recently proposed draft law, then submitted to the national assembly (parliament of Sao Tome and Principe) for the creation of a national council of justice is causing agitation among judges for various reasons. Mainly however for the attempt to gain clout over the judiciary.\n\nThe government defends the law’s intention, stating that the judiciary is not giving \"evidence of progress in the fight against white collar crimes\", thereby contributing to the \"discredit and disrepute of the judiciary and judicial staff [...], contributing to the discredit of the system\". \n\nAccording to the government proposal, the national council of justice shall consist of a steering committee composed of two members of the national assembly, one of whom shall act as chairman of the board. One member would be appointed by the president of the republic, one appointed by the government, also incorporating the national council of justice where the president of the supreme court and the attorney general's office may also merge \"once they have been classified as able\".\n\nThe national council of justice is conceived as a superior organ of the state to exercise a set of oversight powers over the supreme judicial council, including inspection, monitoring and enforcement of measures necessary to reform the judiciary.\n\nThe judges believe that the reforms \"have their own criteria, objectives and specific purposes [...]\". They consider that the creation of the national council of justice \"aims to annihilate the judiciary\", labeling all judges and the public ministry as \"unfit\", allowing [that] the courts and the public ministry \"are controlled by the political powers\". Although the justice system does need a reform, the inclusion of civil society and all political actors, including the judiciary would be important and is currently not part of the reform initiative. \n\nThere is a violation of the principle of separation of powers, particularly with regard to Article 5 and Article 11, which provides that the president of the supreme court is evaluated, and if deemed fit will be part of the management committee advice, and if not he will be dismissed. There is credible evidence of an intrusion of the executive branch on another sovereign body - the courts.","1. Celiza de Deus Lima. President of the Bar. Bar Association. September 23 2013.\n2. Kótia Menezes. Judge. The Court. September 23 2013.\n3. \"Creation of the National Council of Justice provokes anger in magistrates.\" Manuel Barros. Vitrina (santomean news portal). September 5 2013. http://www.vitrina.st/vitrina3601.htm\n4. US State Department São Tomé and Príncipe Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2012 (http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204368.pdf)","\"Although the constitution and law provide for an independent judiciary, at times the judicial system was subject to political influence or manipulation. Judicial salaries remained low, and judges reportedly accepted bribes.\", says the US State Department Report on Human Rights Pra..."]
["2013_SN_2",2013,"SN","Senegal",2,50,"L’indépendance de la magistrature, bien que garantie par la Constitution, est la notion la plus discutée du milieu judiciaire au Sénégal. \n\nEn effet, elle a toujours été un sujet de réflexion chez les juristes, les universitaires, les philosophes, les intellectuels et même chez les simples citoyens. Ce que l'on constate depuis bientôt un an, c’est que cette indépendance est souvent remise au gout du jour, et en particulier lorsque le pouvoir exécutif se permet des pronostics gagnants sur les décisions judiciaires. De tels pronostics sont souvent perçus par les justiciables et par certains magistrats comme une mise aux ordres de la magistrature par l’exécutif. \n\nLes mêmes questions sur l’indépendance se posent aussi cette année, car, dans les rangs des magistrats, on ne cesse de parler d'affectations qui seraient faites en violation du principe de l’inamovibilité. Cette situation laisse soupçonner que l’exécutif se soit aménagé un rôle prépondérant au sein du conseil supérieur de la magistrature, la structure chargée de gérer la carrière des magistrats. Ces interventions, souvent rapportés par la presse, secouent un principe qu’il est convenu de considérer comme la clé de voute de l’indépendance de la magistrature.","- Entretien avec Abdou Aziz Seck, président de l’Union des magistrats du Sénégal (UMS), le 24 septembre 2013.\n\n- Entretien avec Me Felix Sow, avocat au bareau de Dakar, le 24 septembre 2013.\n\n- Xibaaru. (18 aout 2013). « Abdou Aziz Seck, magistrat : ‘ Seule une réforme peut renforcer l’indépendance de la justice’ ». Xibaaru.com : http://xibaaru.com/abdou-aziz-seck-magistrat-seule-une-reforme-peut-renforcer-lindependance-de-la-justice/\n\n- Ndiaye, P. (18 septembre 2013). « Réforme du haut conseil de la magistrature : Kaba dit attendre les conclusions de la CNRI ». Walfadjri : http://www.walf-groupe.com/actualites/11775-reforme-du-haut-conseil-de-la-magistrature-kaba-dit-attendre-les-conclusions-de-la-cnri\n\n- Ndiaye, P. (17 janvier 2013). « Affectations punitives, immixtions de la tutelle… : la Justice dans tous ses états ». Walfadjri : http://www.walf-groupe.com/actualites/75-actualites/9502--affectations-punitives-immixtions-de-la-tutelle--la-justice-dans-tous-ses-etats-.htm","L’indépendance de la magistrature, bien que garantie par la Constitution, est la notion la plus discutée du milieu judiciaire au Sénégal. ..."]
["2013_SC_2",2013,"SC","Seychelles",2,50,"A high score with regard to the judiciary's independence would be advisable based on a system in which judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws and legislation and they generally operate without fear or favour. Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende explained: \"Yes, [the independence] relies on the judge ultimately. It is well recognised that the judiciary is now independent. The last report of the US Department of State Human Rights Report says it has become independent. Recognition has been given to the leadership I have provided. I think there were problems [with the independence of the Judiciary] prior to my assumption [as chief justice]. There were issues of perception; perception and reality are tied together. There was a perception prior to that [me] and there were reports prior to that, that the judiciary was under the influence [of the executive branch]. One, I had to change that perception and two, gain public confidence that the judiciary is independent….Judges have autonomy... [There are court] cases that judges have shown decision against the government and are available and published for public record. These are available on www.seylii.com, which I started.”  \n\nAn expert on accountability and the Judiciary said that judges absolutely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation, and policy. “They always do so. Sometimes we as lawyers think that there is uniformity at times, but that is an interpretation according to our own understanding. There are judges that are in conflict with each other on this aspect. They are independent to interpret laws but they will be bound by the decisions of the court of appeals.” \n\nHe also said that “as of now I can say that since the time I joined I have found it to be absolutely independent” from other branches of government.\n\nThe issue that clouds this independence is that judiciary appointments are made through the constitutional appointments authority.  Mr Bernard Georges said that \"the judiciary is subject to a number of constraints which make its independence only theoretical. The system of appointment of judges by a constitutional appointment authority made up of two members of the ruling party (in practice) and one from the opposition render every appointment suspect. The practice of appointing non-Seychellois judges is perceived as the government betting on a safe appointee. In some instances, non-Seychellois judges have been allowed to be appointed for a second term in violation of constitutional provisions, or have sought to obtain – and in cases have been granted – Seychellois nationality in order to get around the bar on reappointment. The case of the previous chief justice, elevated to the post after holding for the government against the grain of evidence and legal precedents, is indicative of an imbalance against independence””\n\nSeychelles Weekly, an opposition paper, ran an article in their November 15, 2013, edition giving an example that opposes the viewpoint of Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende and the expert on accountability and the judiciary. It confirmed that the court was “misled in issuing a warrant of arrest and that the subsequent arrest and imprisonment were illegal” in a ruling on September 19, 2013. The article goes on to say that this is an example of the abuse of the judiciary, evidenced by the attorney general remaining silent. “For as long as the attorney general remains silent, the public will speculate and the speculation going around town is that a certain group of people are above the law in this country”.\n\nTherefore, although judges have autonomy and generally operate without fear or favour, the constitutional appointment authority means that judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives through comments reveal an omnipresent executive hand over judicial appointments and renewals.","1. Interview: Chief Justice Frederick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice of Seychelles Supreme Court, November 11, 2013.\n\n2. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.\n\n3. News article:\n\"Early Christmas Presents for Kumar, Attorney General and FIU,\" page 9, no author, Seychelles Weekly, November 15, 2013, see attached.\n\n4. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12, 2013.  The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n5. Explanation of Judicial System in Seychelles:\nhttp://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/africa/seychelles/judicial-system/.\n\n6. News article on independence of the Judiciary:\nhttp://www.virtualseychelles.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=693:judiciary-not-an-ivory-tower-says-chief-judge&catid=49:miscellaneous&Itemid=89.","A high score with regard to the judiciary's independence would be advisable based on a system in which judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws and legislation and they generally operate without fear or favour. Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende explained: \"Yes, [the ind..."]
["2013_SL_2",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",2,25,"Any judge or magistrate who is not working towards the wishes of the day will be punished outside the stipulated rules and regulations. Their powers to interpret the law are restricted due to political affiliation and horizontal interference. Observers also point out that new judges are inhibited to hold elder judges to account regarding the ethical guidelines that should ensure an independent judiciary.  \n\nThe appointment of judges and magistrates by the president of Sierra Leone paves the way for them not to be independent. Section 135 of the constitution of Sierra Leone 1991 spells out that judges and magistrates shall be appointed by the president of Sierra Leone, which enables them to succumb to the dictates of the government of the day. \n\n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Once the judges are appointed by the president, they would never dare to do anything against the wishes of the president. They will have to obey. “Freedom” is very limited for the judiciary in Sierra Leone highlighting the contrary of what is written in the laws or Constitution of the country.;","1. Sulaiman Kabbah Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal practitioner, October 8, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\n2.  Ibrahim Tommy, Center for Accountability and Rule of Law, Reinforcing Judicial Independence through Increased Judicial Accountability: A Message to the Chief Justice of Sierra Leone, September 26, 2013, http://www.carl-sl.org/home/articles/631-ibrahim-tommy \n\n3. Roland A. Nylander, Adele Chambers, Legal Consultant, October 8, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\n4. Princess Adama Kopoi, May 5, 2013, News article, This is Sierra Leone,\n“Access To Quality Justice In Sierra Leone:” The Front Gates Are Closed, http://www.thisissierraleone.com/access-to-quality-justice-in-sierra-leone-the-front-gates-are-closed/","Any judge or magistrate who is not working towards the wishes of the day will be punished outside the stipulated rules and regulations. Their powers to interpret the law are restricted due to political affiliation and horizontal interference. Observers also point out that new judge..."]
["2013_SO_2",2013,"SO","Somalia",2,0,"The independence of the judiciary is not guaranteed. Judges are political appointees who occasionally lack sufficient autonomy to interpret and review existing laws. In addition, parliament and the executive seldom respect the judiciary. There is widespread public perception that the work of the judiciary is seriously undermined by political interference, particularly in cases deemed important to politicians. Court rulings are therefore seen as representing or advancing the interests of the political class. The case of the Somali journalist highlighted in the press in early 2013 clearly draws attention to persistent interference from the executive.","A law professor from Banadir University who wishes to remain anonymous.\nInterview date: 20/10/2013\n\nA former judge in Mogadishu who wishes to remain anonymous.\nInterview date: 20/10/2013\n\nAn independent Somali consultant and expert on the Somali judiciary who wishes to remain anonymous.\nInterview date: 06/12/2013\n\nA data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland who wishes to remain anonymous.\nInterview date: 05/12/2013\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nKhalif, Abdulkadir. “Somalia takes first step towards judicial reforms”. Africa Review 06/04/2013\nhttp://www.africareview.com/News/Somali-takes-first-step-of-the-journey-to-judicial-reforms/-/979180/1741060/-/nwc8b0z/-/index.html \n\nGoth, Mohamed. Somalia: The corruption tango. Somaliland Press.\nhttp://somalilandpress.com/somaliathe-corruption-tango-46562 \n\nBergareche, Borja. (2013 Feb 5). Faith in Somali judiciary hard to find as Abdiaziz jailed. Committee to Protect Journalists. http://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/02/faith-in-somali-judiciary-hard-to-find-after-abdia.php","The independence of the judiciary is not guaranteed. Judges are political appointees who occasionally lack sufficient autonomy to interpret and review existing laws. In addition, parliament and the executive seldom respect the judiciary. There is widespread public perception that t..."]
["2013_ZA_2",2013,"ZA","South Africa",2,100,"William Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town, says that South African judges on the whole have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and that they on the whole operate without fear or favour, and independently from other branches of government. \n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA) agree with these statements: \"According to the 2013-2013 Rule Of Law Index by the World Justice Project, the country is doing okay in this regard. For the South Africa edition of the report, 200 experts as well as various lay people were interviewed, from various South African cities. I was one of the contributors of the report. South Africa is doing okay in this regard when it comes to the independence of the judiciary.\" \n\nKerfoot notes that there have been some interesting, perhaps controversial appointments of judges over the past 12 months. \"A recent example of interesting supreme court appointments is Nigel Willis. He was appointed instead of Clive Plasket. Both are white judges. Willis is megalomaniac, someone who has made some very bad judgements. His judgements tend to be self-glorifying. Plasket on the other hand is a fabulous independent judge. It might be his independence that seems to be problematic. However, at present I think the judiciary is independent, and not under any kind of treat.\"\n\nSouth Africa's Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng, over the past year, has regularly made the statement that an independent judiciary is important to South Africa. In April 2013, during his 2013 annual human rights lecture of the law faculty at Stellenbosch University, he said that \"judicial independence is for the protection and benefit of the public. It is to ensure that the judiciary is able to carry out its role as guardian of the constitution without fear or favour\". \n\nMogoeng, in his statement, added that unlike the executive and legislative branches, the judiciary including the courts has \"over the years looked very much like a unit\".  He emphasised its independence: \"The judiciary had no say on any major projects intended to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the courts, no control over the budget, very little, if any say about the IT that could best serve its needs, etc.\" \n\nIn October 2013, he stated that the judiciary's integrity was not at stake, saying that he was not a \"Zuma man\".  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Inspite of the questions that have been raised in recent years about the appointment system for judicial officers in South Africa, no significant questions have arisen about how judges apply the law. They remain independent and are perceived to be independent.;","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org), interview, November 11 2013.\n\nWilliam Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town (www.lrc.org.za), interview, October 25 2013.\n\n2013-2013 Rule Of Law Index by the World Justice Project (Published in November 2012)\nhttp://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/WJP_Index_Report_2012.pdf\n\nJudicial independence of vital importance, says Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng (University of Stellenbosch / Pia Nänny / 26 April 2013)\nhttp://www.sun.ac.za/english/Lists/news/DispForm.aspx?ID=106\n\nMogoeng: I’m not Zuma’s man (City Press / Carien de PLessis / 13 October 2013\nhttp://www.citypress.co.za/politics/mogoeng-im-zumas-man-2/","William Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town, says that South African judges on the whole have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and that they on the whole operate without fear or favour, and independently from other ..."]
["2013_SS_2",2013,"SS","South Sudan",2,0,"In practice the judiciary in South Sudan is not wholly independent. A senior South Sudanese judge, John Clement Kuc, resigned in March 2013 due in part to what he said was a hostile working environment created by interference with the court by the executive branch of the government, which he said hinders the court from operating independently and impartially. “One of the reasons is that there has been undue influence and interference with the operation of the court by some elements which is ethically unacceptable. Some people do not show respect to judges. They make intentional, malicious and slanderous statements about judges in order to frustrate their efforts”, Kuc told reporters on Wednesday, 13 March 2013. \n\nKuc said though South Sudan’s Transitional Constitution gives judges clear and well defined authority and power to make rules for the administration of the court’s business, the environment makes this impossible.\n\n“As a judge, I have no desire to continue in a position where I cannot be trusted to make an independent and credible ruling. I do not want to continue in a position where operation of the court is hindered by directives by persons within the executive branch of government using the judiciary as a rubber stamp institution”, Kuc said, adding that the people of South Sudan wanted an “independent, competent, trusted and accountable judiciary that administers justice for all.”\n\nAside from interference by the executive arm of government, there have been reports of judges being intimidated by armed people who threaten to kill judges should they rule against relatives of the armed individuals. While speaking at the first conference on the independence of South Sudan’s judiciary, the then deputy minister of Justice, Paulino Wanawilla, urged judges in the country to always stand their ground and not succumb to any intimidation by the executive in the course of administering justice. She cited an incident in which a judge was intimidated by armed supporters who tried to forcefully free their colleague from a court of law but the presiding judge stood his ground and prevailed over the unlawful attempt.\n\nSpeaking at the same conference, Chief Justice Chan ReecMadut (who is also President of the Supreme Court) said recently that the institution he heads is not independent. While speaking at a recent conference on judicial independence, Madut complained that judges were sometimes intimidated or even beaten up by senior members of the executive branch especially when they disagree with rulings on certain court cases.\n\nIn practice the judiciary is not independent partly because the Judiciary Act, 2008, makes the institution of the judiciary answerable to the president. A senior lawyer speaking on the condition of anonymity says the legal framework establishing the judiciary is not consistent with the requirements for an independent and accountable judiciary because the law makes the judiciary directly answerable to the president in the discharge of its mandate. He said the law also makes the judiciary budget subject to presidential approval. He says this is the reason why a recent petition to challenge a decree by President Salva Kiirs stopping SPLM ruling party Secretary General Pagan Amum from leaving Juba or speaking to the media has never been heard.  \nThe advocate says according to the South Sudan Constitution, the President of the Supreme Court was supposed to assemble nine judges to hear the petition challenging the president’s decree as unconstitutional as it denies Pagan Amum his right to freedom and speech, three months after the petition was filed with the Chief Justice.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The independence of the judiciary in South Sudan is in question. A case in point is that of Mr Pagan Amoum, the former Secretary General of the SPLM, who petitioned the country's supreme court over his suspension from his position as SG of the SPLM and the curtailing of his freedom of movement. The supreme court ruled against Mr Amoum, where the court ruled that he did not exhaust all remedies available to him.\n\nIn reaction to this ruling, Lawyers for Democracy in South Sudan regretted the ruling by the learned justices of the supreme court for dismissing the petition on the ground that the petitioner did not exhaust all the remedies available to him. They wondered where in South Sudan could a citizen appeal against a decision infringing on civil rights taken by a president of the republic if not the supreme court (see the Sudan Tribune website at the link http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48630).;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Another source is the 2012 State Department report on human rights practices in South Sudan.;","Anonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Lawyer].  Personal communication via e-mail. February 2014\n\n(2013, March 13) .  Senior judge quits over nepotism and ineptitude of South Sudan's justice system.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45537.\n\n(2013, September 5) .  South Sudan holds conference on judicial independence and accountability.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article43809\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","In practice the judiciary in South Sudan is not wholly independent. A senior South Sudanese judge, John Clement Kuc, resigned in March 2013 due in part to what he said was a hostile working environment created by interference with the court by the executive branch of the government..."]
["2013_SD_2",2013,"SD","Sudan",2,0,"The independence of the judiciary in Sudan is facing many political obstacles. This has led to many violations, especially in practice because the separation between the executive, legal and legislation institutions is not clear. In fact, the three levels are generally controlled by the government and the ruling party (the National Congress Party). \n\nAs a result, the appointment of the judges themselves is very politicized. The judicial authority nominates judges, but the president must ratify those appointments. The president has repeatedly used his power to interfere with judicial processes. Consequently, judges are routinely subjected to negative incentives.\n\nFor example, the judge has been changed during the trial of the rebels of the Justice and Equality movement who have been arrested following their attempt to militarily seize Khartoum. The judge has also been changed during trials which aroused public opinion in Sudan such as the trial of the killers of famous Sudanese journalist Mohamed Taha Mohamed. \n\nThe United States State Department acknowledges in its report that the judiciary in Sudan occasionally shows some level of independence. But, \"Political interference with the courts was commonplace, and some high-ranking members of the judiciary held positions in the Ministry of Interior or other ministries in the executive branch.\"  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In practice the Sudan judicial system mainly works on Shariah law which is combined with informal community practices that also rely upon local chiefs, known as sultans or sheikhs to resolve disputes between community members. This system has great influence on judicial proceeding resulting in the jeopardizing of the independence of the judiciary.","Alhaj, Abdalla.  (2013, October 17) .  [Retired judge].  Personal communication.\n\nAlnweri, Abdel Khalig.  (2013, October 17) .  [Lawyer expert in personal status law].  Personal communication.\n\nAbadi, Aya.  (2013, October 17) .  [Activist in legal aid organization].  Personal communication. \n\nUnited Kingdom Border Agency.  (2012, August) .  Operational Guidance Note: Republic of the Sudan. Retrieved from http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/countryspecificasylumpolicyogns/sudan.pdf?view=Binary \n\nUnited States State Department.  (2012) .  Sudan 2012 Human Rights Report.  Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2012humanrightsreport/#wrapper","The independence of the judiciary in Sudan is facing many political obstacles. This has led to many violations, especially in practice because the separation between the executive, legal and legislation institutions is not clear. In fact, the three levels are generally controlled b..."]
["2013_SZ_2",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",2,25,"This score with regard to the judiciary's independence is advisable based on a system that allows for the instalment of loyalist judges and the removal of judges for political reasons, as well as the performance of the bench during the year under review. Although no judiciary appointments were made during the period under review, the effects of an earlier purging of an independent-minded high court judge and the retention of a chief justice - despite recommendations of the Swaziland Law Society - testified to the continuing political composition of the judiciary and its desire to please the appointing authority up to this day (within the period of study). \n\nThe connection between the judiciary and the royal leadership is accepted as the status quo in Swaziland, according to the people interviewed in private. Publicly, it is dangerous to discuss this truism. The editor of the opinion magazine The National was found guilty of disrespecting the judiciary system and the chief justice in particular in an article in which he said rulings were not impartial when it comes to political matters. \n\nNon-political matters allow judges to rule as they choose, saving the score from being 0. However, there is always the reality that if authorities have a personal interest in any case pressure might be put on a judge to influence his or her ruling.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: A low score is right. There is no rule of law. Judges are at the beck and call of the king.\n\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201311030299.html;","Interview:  Anonymous, former representative, Swaziland Law Society, Manzini, 26 September 2013.\n\n\"Swaziland: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, June 22, 2013. http://www.osisa.org/other/law/swaziland/swaziland-justice-sector-and-rule-law\n\n\"Judicial Crackdown on Swazi Editor,\" Musa Ndlangamandla, Mail & Guardian, 19 April 2013. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-00-judicial-crackdown-on-swazi-editor\n\n\"Swaziland Court Judgement Violates Freedom of Expression,\" Freedom House, 19 April 2013. http://freedomhouse.org/article/swaziland-court-judgment-violates-freedom-expression#.U9qdXYBdUWI\n\n\"The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland,\" Buhle Dube and Alfred Magagula, Hauser Global Law School Program, Accessed April 2013.  http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/swaziland.htm\n\n\"Editor Sent for Two Years in Jail,\" Richard Rooney, Swazi Blog, 17 April 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","This score with regard to the judiciary's independence is advisable based on a system that allows for the instalment of loyalist judges and the removal of judges for political reasons, as well as the performance of the bench during the year under review. Although no judiciary appoi..."]
["2013_TZ_2",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",2,50,"Judges have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy and they are not\nsubject to negative or positive political incentives on a routine or frequent basis. Nonetheless and especially in the lower courts, magistrates do not have security of tenure. It is not guaranteed.\n\nA provision in the law to allow for regional political representative who are political appointees sits in judicial disciplinary proceedings is an abuse of independence and opens the system for manipulation. Poor remuneration and a poor working environment jeopardize the work ethics and independence. Members of the executive are the appointing authorities for high-level judges and members of the judicial service commission.\n \nEnforcement of the orders of the court is compromised because of the executive's involvement. Funding, too, is a problem as the government has discretionary powers to allocate money to the judiciary. \n\nThe above mentioned factors lead to occasionally restricted judicial autonomy. Judges need to operate with one foot in the court but need to pay attention to the politics of the country on the other hand.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Corruption is also a problem in the court system.;","1. Mr Peter Kibatala, Vice President, Tanganyika Law Society (TLS), interviewed October 12, 2013\n\n2. Mr Wilbeforce Luhwago, Senior Resident Magistrate –Kisutu District Court (Dar es Salaam), interviewed October 12, 2013\n\n3. \"If judges` appointment remains shrouded in secrecy, Lissu will be believed\", By Fatma Karume (Advocate of the High Court), The Guardian on Sunday, September 12, 2012 http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=45679\n\n4. \"Independence of Judiciary and Administration of Justice in Tanzania: A critical assessment of its interpretation and Practical Application by the Courts in Tanzania\" By Asherry Magalla and Emmanuel Robert, Tumaini University (Iringa University College), 2012. http://www.academia.edu/3123220/THE_INDEPENDENCE_OF_JUDICIARY_IN_TANZANIA","Judges have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy and they are not\nsubject to negative or positive political incentives on a routine or frequent basis. Nonethele..."]
["2013_TG_2",2013,"TG","Togo",2,25,"L'indépendance n'est pas garantie. Des plaintes concernant les droits de l'homme ne sont pas instruites depuis plus de sept ans. Des juges ont des réticences à instruire certains dossiers sensibles. La justice est considérée comme corrompue.\n \n Le site officiel du gouvernement togolais affirme néanmoins que la justice togolaise travaille en toute indépendance.\n \n Les arrestations et inculpations de membres de l'opposition dans le cadre de l'enquête sur les incendies des marchés du Togo sont révélatrices du manque d'indépendance judiciaire. Toutefois, le gouvernement togolais affirme régulièrement le contraire et cet avis ne peut être ignoré.","Ghislain Nyaku, responsable, département de protection des droits de l'homme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 novembre 2013.\n \n Anonyme, Publiez ce que vous payez, 24 octobre 2013. Les noms des sources anonymes sont connus pour Global Integrity et Global Integrity a convenu de ne pas les divulguer.\n \n République of Togo. (26 février 2013). Juges et avocats font leur métier en toute indépendance. Repéré à http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Medias/Juges-et-avocats-font-leur-metier-en-toute-independance.\n \n Fabbikouassi's blog. (4 octobre 2013). Incendies des marchés au Togo, trois nouvelles inculpations dans les rangs de l'opposition. Repéré à http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Medias/Juges-et-avocats-font-leur-metier-en-toute-independance.","L'indépendance n'est pas garantie. Des plaintes concernant les droits de l'homme ne sont pas instruites depuis plus de sept ans. Des juges ont des réticences à instruire certains dossiers sensibles. La justice est considérée comme corrompue...."]
["2013_TN_2",2013,"TN","Tunisia",2,50,"Since the revolution of December 2010, the country has made some progress towards political maturity. \n\nIn this framework, Tunisian judges have acquired complete autonomy to interpret and review laws.\n\nThe \"pre-revolution\" standard procedure of transferring judges to the southern edge of Tunisia (when they took \"unfriendly\" decisions toward the government) has passed. \n\nToday, judges operate without fear or favour and act in an independent manner. For example, in September 2013, the Judge of the Court of Tunis decided to release Sami Fehri, even though this jurisdictional decision runs counter to the interests of the government. In fact, Fehri is considered an accomplice of the former president of the republic (Ben Ali). The decision to release him is proof that judges benefit from a certain autonomy in interpreting and reviewing the existing laws and legislation without the threat of government intervention. \n\nNonetheless, constant pressure is felt by the judiciary, as is evidenced by a variety of news articles and Human Rights Watch reports on the unjust dismissal of judges in October 2012. The dismissals highlight attempts by the Executive to indeed curtail judicial autonomy.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Many trials and civil affairs remain in limbo. Simple  judicial tasks end up taking years to complete.;\n||\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Disagree;\nCOMMENTS: I completely disagree with the researcher's assessment. Developments in 2012, and more recently in Sept-Oct 2013, have helped prove that Tunisian judges clearly lack independence:\n\n* http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2012/10/29/tunisie-le-renvoi-massif-de-magistrats-porte-un-coup-l-ind-pendance-de-la-justice\nHRW supports the call for reform of the judiciary after 75 judges were demoted. Article from Oct 2012 and accessed on Nov 24, 2013.\n\n* http://www.gnet.tn/temps-fort/tunisie-le-ministere-de-la-justice-propose-des-deals-aux-juges-rahmounie-l-instance-provisoire/id-menu-325.html\nAn article reporting complaints on how the Ministry of Justice sets up special arrangements for judges so they can favour certain decisions over others. Article from Sept 26, 2013 and accessed on Nov 24, 2013.\n\n* http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2013/10/17/tunisie-mutation-magistrats_n_4116540.html \nHuffington Post Maghreb reports on the protests related to the forced relocation of two judges. Article from Oct 17, 2013 and accessed on Nov 24, 2013.\n\n* http://tunisinfos.tn/une-communication-telephonique-met-a-nu-lindependance-dun-juge/ \nA leaked phone conversation between a judge and a journalist has the judge asking the journalist to write an article on the court he is responsible for and to put an excessively positive angle on it. Article from Nov 13, 2013 and accessed on Nov 24, 2013.\n\n* http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2013/11/15/tunisie-magistrats-gouvernement-guerre_n_4274488.html \nRecent nominations in the judiciary has stirred debate, which led to a day-long work stoppage by judges on Nov 15, 2013. Article from Huffington Post Maghreb from Nov 15, 2013 and accessed on Nov 24, 2013.\n\n* http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2013/11/18/tunisie-magistrats_n_4296805.html \nThe Union of the Magistrates has announced that judges will stage a country-wide strike on Nov 19 and 20, 2013 to protest a lack of independence from the executive branch. Article from Huffington Post Maghreb from Nov 18,  2013 and accessed on Nov 24, 2013\n\nI didn't dig beyond a simple Google search. These sources, which were the top results of that search, highlight the total lack of independence and the coercion regularly exercised by the executive. Having easily found sources like these, I'd downgrade the score to 0.;\nSUGGESTED ANSWER: 0;","September 26: Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n\nSeptember 28: Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi and now a retired professor at the University of Tunis\n\nOctober 7: Telephone interview with Mr. Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis.\n\n\"Tunisia: The Department of Justice offers deals to judges\",  September 26, 2013 \nhttp://www.gnet.tn/temps-fort/tunisie-le-ministere-de-la-justice-propose-des-deals-aux-juges-rahmounie-l-instance-provisoire/id-menu-325.html\n\nHuman Rights Watch, Tunisia: Mass dismissal of judges is a blow to the independence of the judiciary. October 2012, http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2012/10/29/tunisie-le-renvoi-massif-de-magistrats-porte-un-coup-l-ind-pendance-de-la-justice","Since the revolution of December 2010, the country has made some progress towards political maturity. ..."]
["2013_UG_2",2013,"UG","Uganda",2,50,"Under the Uganda Law Reform Commission, the judges constantly study and review the laws of Uganda with a view to making recommendations for their systematic improvement, development, modernization through reform and revision. They point out that this is aimed at establishing an up to date and adequate legislative environment. \n\nAs to whether the judiciary operates without fear or favour, the judiciary spokesperson pointed out that the environment under which the judiciary operates gives them the autonomy to carry out their duties independent of the other arms of government. He added that it’s easier to appoint than to dismiss or demote a judicial officer. However, a review of media reports and other studies, show that the judges’ operations are influenced by other branches of government, especially the executive. The executive has in the past caused the withdraw of cases especially those involving senior members of the ruling party or rejected court ruling made in favour of opposition members.\n\nTo this Mr. Kisawuzi responds that the judiciary is not independent in terms of finances and facilities because a number of courtrooms are in rented premises. He wonders what would happen if one day a case comes before court and one of the parties involved is the landlord/owner of the premises in which the courtroom is situated. Further, according to the Global Competitiveness report 2012-13, Uganda scored 3.5 (on a scale of 1 = heavily influenced to 7 = entirely independent), which was below the global average of 3.9 and was ranked 80 out of 144 countries in judiciary independence from government.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The delay in appointing/ filling vacant positions in the judiciary has been used to affect the independence of the judicial system. Certain cases, especially at the higher courts, take a long time to be decided due to lack of quorum.;","Ruth Sebatindira, President, Uganda Law Society; “How will we achieve judicial independence in this country?”; August 14, 2013\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/How-will-we-achieve-judicial-independence/-/689364/1947070/-/bdcl4nz/-/index.html\n\nKlaus Schwab, World Economic Forum; “The Global Competitiveness Report 2012-13” p.353\nhttp://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2012-2013/\n\nThe Judiciary, Republic of Uganda, March 28 2013; “In the Judiciary - Role of the Judiciary Part I”\nhttp://www.judicature.go.ug/data/news/1/17307/In_The_Judiciary_-_Role_of_The_Judiciary_Part_I.html\n\nSsemujju Ibrahim Nganda; “Uganda: When the Judiciary Fails, Exile Follows”; September 8, 2013\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201309090063.html?viewall=1\n\nElias Kisawuzi, Judicial Spokesperson, The Judiciary, September 23, 2013","Under the Uganda Law Reform Commission, the judges constantly study and review the laws of Uganda with a view to making recommendations for their systematic improvement, development, modernization through reform and revision. They point out that this is aimed at establishing an up ..."]
["2013_ZM_2",2013,"ZM","Zambia",2,50,"Judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. Transparency International Zambia Executive Director Goodwell Lungu (cited above) says his organisation has witnessed instances where judges have tried their best to make rulings according to the laws and other criteria mentioned above. \n\nThere are some instances where political influence or corruption has been apparent, as Lungu observes and as indicated in the articles consulted. For example, a number of the justices currently serving on the Supreme Court have passed the retirement age, and serve only \"on employment contracts amenable to the president\"  (see source 3).  Because of this, they are subject to political incentives--if they don't rule in the administration's interest, they could be removed from their posts.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on  October 3 2013.\n\n2. Zambia Reports, Tribunal Ruling Weakens Judiciary – Professor Hansungule, May 12 2013, http://zambiareports.com/2013/05/12/tribunal-ruling-weakens-judiciary-prof-hansungule/.\n\n3. Tag Archives, E. Munshya wa Munshya, Judicial Independence, Justice on Contract: Judges, the President & the Future of our Democracy,  September 23 2013, http://eliasmunshya.org/tag/judicial-independence/.","Judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. Transparency International Zambia Executive Director Goodwell Lungu (cited above) says his organisation has witnessed instances where judges have tried their best to make rulings according to the la..."]
["2013_ZW_2",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",2,25,"In practice, judicial independence is guaranteed to a certain degree. In the period September 2012 - September 2013, there was a public outcry from civil society organisations and the law society of Zimbabwe when reports from the state-owned media and aligned outlets published stories that vilified and attacked the integrity and professionalism of justice Charles Hungwe (high court). These stories were published after the judge ordered the release of Beatrice Mtetwa, a human rights activist, and authorised search warrants applied for by the Zimbabwe anti-corruption commission against several government ministers accused of corruption. The attacks were seemingly intended to intimidate the judge for ruling against the executive arm of the government. Following this, it was reported in the media that the chief justice had written a letter to the president recommending the removal of justice Hungwe from the bench.","1. Mugabe set to sack Justice Hungwe, Lance Guma, Nehanda Radio News April 11, 2013 (http://nehandaradio.com/2013/04/11/mugabe-set-to-sack-justice-hungwe) \n\n2. Strong and swift measures required to stem the assault on the independence of the judiciary, Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights (ZLHR) Press Statement, 02 April 2013 (www.zlhr.org.zw)\n\n3. Persecution of Judge who Ordered Beatrice Mtetwa’s Release Points to On-going Rule of Law Crisis in Zimbabwe, Southern African Litigation Centre-SALC, 3 April, 2013 (http://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2013/04/03/persecution-of-judge-who-ordered-beatrice-mtetwas-release-points-to-ongoing-rule-of-law-crisis-in-zimbabwe)","In practice, judicial independence is guaranteed to a certain degree. In the period September 2012 - September 2013, there was a public outcry from civil society organisations and the law society of Zimbabwe when reports from the state-owned media and aligned outlets published stor..."]
["2013_DZ_3",2013,"DZ","Algeria",3,25,"Certains juges ne bénéficient pas de la garantie de maintien, et d’autres sont quelquefois sanctionnés, révoqués ou mutés sans procès équitable. Depuis 2005, des dizaines de magistrats ont été sanctionnés et révoqués des rangs de la magistrature. Les décisions de révocation ont été prises par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, qui est un organe constitutionnel, censé garantir l’indépendance de la magistrature. \nIl est présidé par le président de la République (le ministre de la Justice étant le vice-président) et doté d’un pouvoir décisionnel en matière de nomination, de mutation et de déroulement de la carrière des magistrats. Il statue, également, en matière disciplinaire sous la direction exclusive du premier président de la Cour suprême.","-(2013, Septembre 26). Entretien avec un ex-juge d’instruction, Benkhada Omar, ex-magistrat à la Cour de Tiaret, [Entrevue]\n\n-Tarek Hafid. (2012, le 2 septembre). Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature paralysé depuis plus d'un an. Le Soir d’Algérie. Repéré à http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2012/09/02/article.php?sid=138612&cid=2.\n\n-Salima Tlemcani. (2013, le 4 mars). Des magistrats menacent d’occuper la rue. Algeria Watch. Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/pol/syndicat/magistrats_menace.htm.","Certains juges ne bénéficient pas de la garantie de maintien, et d’autres sont quelquefois sanctionnés, révoqués ou mutés sans procès équitable. Depuis 2005, des dizaines de magistrats ont été sanctionnés et révoqués des rangs de la magistrature. Les décisions de révocation ont été..."]
["2013_AO_3",2013,"AO","Angola",3,0,"The High Council of the Judicial Power (Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial - CSMJ) is responsible for proposing the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court, as well as for appointing, placing, transferring and promoting national-level judges, as well as for considering the professional ability of judges and taking disciplinary action when necessary. (Constitution of the Republic of Angola, article 184.º, 1.) \n\nJudges are therefore under the authority of the CSMJ. The CSMJ is presided over by the President of the Supreme Court and is composed by three lawyers nominated by the President of the Republic, five lawyers nominated by the National Assembly and ten judges elected by judicial judges. (Constitution of the Republic of Angola, article 184.º, 2.)\n\nMoreover, the President of the Supreme Court is nominated by the President of the Republic. (Constitution of the Republic of Angola, article 181.º, 3.)\n\nAs the National Assembly is under control of the ruling party MPLA, headed by Jose Eduardo dos Santos, there is a high degree of control of the President of the Republic and his party over the appointments of judges. Although the constitution guarantees the independence of judges (article 179.º, 1), it is widely understood that their appointments are subject to political patronage and clientelism. Furthermore, the Ministry of Justice has budgetary control over the judiciary, which further increases the extent of political influence over the judges and the court system. \n\nFreedom House indicates that the Angolan judiciary is \"subject to extensive political influence, particularly from the executive, though courts occasionally rule against the government.” (Freedom House 2013)\n\nAlso, Freedom House, in a previous report that describes endemic conditions, indicates that the “judiciary is subject to political interference by the government, president, and other politically powerful individuals affiliated with the ruling party”,  that the “government has rewarded compliant judges with paid posts as chairs of committees”, that “[s]ome close to the system argue that sentences are frequently paid off, especially in civil cases”, and that “[p]olitical loyalty plays an important role in the system.” (Freedom House 2011)\n\nThe U.S. State Department Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2013 indicates that \"[A]lthough the constitution provides for an independent judiciary, the judiciary remained understaffed, inefficient, corrupt (see section 4), and subject to executive and political influence. While the law provides for an independent and impartial judiciary in civil matters, the judiciary reportedly encountered political interference.\"","[Interviews with national and international civil society representatives.]. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nPR appoints Judges of the Supreme Court and the Court of Auditors, National Radio of Angola, June 11, 2013 http://www.rna.ao/canalA/noticias.cgi?ID=73935.\n\nAngola: Dos Santos appoints Supreme Court judges, Digital Journal, of June 11, 2013, http://www.jornaldigital.com/noticias.php?noticia=36784.\n\nRepublic of Angola Constitution.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498.\n\nFreedom House.  (2013) .  Angola – freedom in the world.  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/angola#.UtnCI_bFL-l.\n\nFreedom House. (2011) . Countries at the crossroads 2011.  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/algeria/rule-law-0#.Ut1CffbFL-k .\n\nUnited States Department of State.  (2013) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2013.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper.","The High Council of the Judicial Power (Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial - CSMJ) is responsible for proposing the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court, as well as for appointing, placing, transferring and promoting national-level judges, as well as for considering t..."]
["2013_BJ_3",2013,"BJ","Benin",3,50,"Au Bénin, les juges à l'échelon national sont choisis selon leur mérite en conformité avec la loi qui précise que le profil des personnes doit correspondre avec une certaine ancienneté et un casier judiciaire donné, etc. Ils ne sont sanctionnés, révoqués ou transférés que dans le respect de la procédure prévue par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.\n\nCependant, il arrive que ces règles ne soient pas respectées et dans ce cas, les juges rappellent le gouvernement à l'ordre. Au cours de la période couverte par cette recherche, les magistrats ont mené plusieurs semaines de grèves à cause d'une série de nominations et d'affectations de juges effectuées par le ministre de la Justice en violation des principes qui régissent la magistrature. \n\nL’Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB) s'est opposée à ces nominations qu'elle présente comme « un plan pour déstabiliser la justice ».  Ils ont finalement trouvé un accord avec le gouvernement qui devrait annuler ces nominations avant le délai convenu du 15 octobre 2013.","Michel ADJAKA (président du syndicat des magistrats), 24 heures au Bénin du 3 juin 2013. \"Affectation des juges et magistrats à des fins inavouées : L’Unamab persiste et signe.\" http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article1880\n\nLi Zhijian, French.china.org.cn, 29 juin, 2013. Bénin : les magistrats annoncent à nouveau une grève de 72 heures. http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2013-06/29/content_29265402.htm\n\nVitali Boton, Laraignee.org du 4 avril, 2013. Crise dans le secteur de la justice : Gouvernement et magistrats dos à dos. . http://www.laraignee.org/index.php?op=billet&titre=crise_dans_le_secteur_de_la_justice_gouvernement_et_magistrats_dos_a_dos_&bid=6&page=1","Au Bénin, les juges à l'échelon national sont choisis selon leur mérite en conformité avec la loi qui précise que le profil des personnes doit correspondre avec une certaine ancienneté et un casier judiciaire donné, etc. Ils ne sont sanctionnés, révoqués ou transférés que dans le r..."]
["2013_BW_3",2013,"BW","Botswana",3,75,"According to Mr Eddie Babuseng, appointments are made by the president after consultation with the judiciary service commission and the Law Society of Botswana. However, at the end of the day, it is the president's prerogative who to appoint.\n\nDuring consultations, lists of recommended individuals are sent to the president for his perusal. However, it is his right to reject the list. In the 2012-2013 period, there were no examples of individuals of lesser merit being given the job over people with greater merit.","1. Interview: Eddie Babuseng, lawyer (Botswana), October 10 2013, telephone interview\n \n2. Report: Position Paper on appointment of Judges, The Law Society Of Botswana. 2013.\n\n3. Article: Is Botswana's Judiciary independent? Botswana Gazette, November 7 2013, http://www.gazettebw.com/?p=5867","According to Mr Eddie Babuseng, appointments are made by the president after consultation with the judiciary service commission and the Law Society of Botswana. However, at the end of the day, it is the president's prerogative who to appoint...."]
["2013_BF_3",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",3,25,"L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire dans la pratique est fortement contestable au Burkina. Il est vrai que le législateur a été suffisamment clair quand il dit que les magistrats sont des personnes qui sont issues de l’École nationale de l'administration et de la magistrature (ENAM), c'est-à dire, qui ont été admises au concours de la fonction publique et qui remplissent toutes les conditions de moralité. Ils sont tous nommés juges à l'issue de leur parcours à l'ENAM. De ce point de vue, le mérite est le premier critère. \n\nMais, selon Me Fako Bruno Ouattara, les juges qui sont nommés à des postes stratégiques sont dépendants de l'exécutif qui les a nommé à ce poste. La meilleure façon de garantir l'indépendance des juges, c'est de faire des recrutements pour les postes stratégiques avec un collège de nomination qui serait externe à l'exécutif. Étant donné qu'ils ne sont pas nommés seulement pour leurs compétences, il se trouve qu'ils ne courent pas de risque d'être révoqués ou sanctionnés même si la loi l'autorise en cas de manquements. \n\nPour certains, comme l’affirme Ouoba Boukari, il s'agit simplement de transférer l'intéressé dans un tribunal où il aura peu à faire. En résumé, les nominations des juges au Burkina suivent à la fois un système de mérite, mais aussi et parfois surtout la règle des accointances politiques.","Interview avec Fako Bruno Ouattare, Avocat, magistrat démissionnaire, CentreiInternational d'études sociologiques et de droit appliqué (CINESDA), septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Victorien Aimar Sawadogo, Coordonnateur du Service de l'Information du Gouvernement, octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Me Christian Ouattara, Greffier à la Cour des Comptes, Octobre 2013.","L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire dans la pratique est fortement contestable au Burkina. Il est vrai que le législateur a été suffisamment clair quand il dit que les magistrats sont des personnes qui sont issues de l’École nationale de l'administration et de la magistrature (ENA..."]
["2013_BI_3",2013,"BI","Burundi",3,0,"Les nominations des juges burundais ne sont pas à l'abri des influences politiques et ne renforcent donc pas l'indépendance de la magistrature. \n\nSelon Come Bageni «Les critères de recrutement restent flous, on peut engager les nouveaux magistrats sur des bases idéologiques qui se moquent des compétences.» Comme les différents postes de responsabilité sont occupés par des mandataires politiques, ils sont tentés eux aussi de recruter des gens avec qui ils partagent l’appartenance politique, ce qui est une façon de fidéliser leur électorat.\n\nMaître Isidore Rufyikiri, critiquant l’organisation des États généraux de la justice, en profite pour dénoncer des procédures de recrutement et d’avancement des grades qui ne sont pas claires. Cela n’est pas de nature à renforcer l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. \n\nPour Vital Nshimirimana, président du FORSC et ancien président de la SYMABU (Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi), les nominations ne renforcent pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire, car elles sont faites de manière unilatérale par le ministre de la Justice ou l’exécutif. La demande de CV à un magistrat l’empêche d’agir librement pendant un certain temps alors qu’il s’attend à une nomination. Ce qui cache mal une forme de corruption politique. Une fois nommés par le ministre de la Justice, les présidents des tribunaux de résidence ou des tribunaux supérieurs deviennent redevables à l’exécutif.","Bageni Come, cadre de la SNC, licencié en sciences politiques, le 15 octobre 2013.\n\nRufyikiri Isidore, président du Barreau de Bujumbura, sur la  RPA, le 1er août 2013.\n\nNshimirimana Vital, président du FORSC et ancien président de la SYMABU (Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi), le 15 octobre 2013.","Les nominations des juges burundais ne sont pas à l'abri des influences politiques et ne renforcent donc pas l'indépendance de la magistrature. ..."]
["2013_CM_3",2013,"CM","Cameroon",3,0,"The amended constitution of the Republic of Cameroon under Law 96-06 of 18 January 1996 empowers the President of the Republic to appoint members of the bench and of the legal department. He is assisted in this task by the Higher Judicial Council which shall give him its opinion on all nominations for the bench and on disciplinary action against judicial and legal officers. \n\nHowever, mindful of the fact that appointment of judges at the national level in Cameroon is considered a political appointment, it does not support the independence of the judiciary as it is the prerogative of the one holding political power to decide in accordance with (party discipline or) how effective such a judge will be in serving the interest of the ruling party and does not necessarily follow a merit-based system of qualification prior to appointments.","Elizabeth, Enako Ako.  (2013, September 13) .  [Registrar in Chief, Court of First Instance].  Personal communication.\n\nItoe, Mukete Tahle.  (2013, September 24) .  [Judge, Court of Appeal, Ministry of Justice, Mundemba].  Personal communication.\n\nNjilla, Njissik Stephen.  (2013, September 23) .  [Barrister and notary, Njilla Esq. Law Firm].  Personal communication.","The amended constitution of the Republic of Cameroon under Law 96-06 of 18 January 1996 empowers the President of the Republic to appoint members of the bench and of the legal department. He is assisted in this task by the Higher Judicial Council which shall give him its opinion on..."]
["2013_CV_3",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",3,100,"Supreme court judges, after being elected by the supreme council of magistrates, are appointed by the head of state, the president, for a term of five years. They are eligible for re-appointment for another term. In practice, supreme court judges in Cape Verde occupy the role in their forties or fifties. After having served as supreme court judges, they often move on to yet other endeavours. Judges have security of tenure and cannot be removed (except by due process mechanisms) during their term(s). \n\nThe form of appointment of judges follows a merit-based selection system, where all candidates take the same test and have to have qualifications and achievements that qualify them to be selected by the supreme council of magistrates, which recruits its members through various judges' organisations at different levels. The supreme council of magistrates elects the candidates, who are then appointed by the president. \n\nThere are five supreme court judges serving at any point in time and in the past year (but also before that), there were no attempts to remove judges from their position. The supreme court judges (out of the group of five) select one president who is subsequently also appointed by the president of the republic.","1. Julio Martins, Attorney General's Office, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Paulo Rocha, Deputy National Director of the Judicial Police, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n3. Eva Marques, Lawyer, Praia, October 18, 2013.\n\n4. Superior Judiciary Judicial Council Report 2012, presented in parliament October 2012.\nMinisterio Publico Report on the State of Justice in Cape Verde, 2012, presented in parliament, October 2012.\n\n5. The disciplinary regime of the judges of the court of auditors is regulated in article 28 of Law No. 84/IV/93, July 12.","Supreme court judges, after being elected by the supreme council of magistrates, are appointed by the head of state, the president, for a term of five years. They are eligible for re-appointment for another term. In practice, supreme court judges in Cape Verde occupy the role in th..."]
["2013_CF_3",2013,"CF","CAR",3,0,"En RCA, la majeure partie des magistrats et des juges sont nommés sur la base de critères subjectifs. Autrement dit, ces juges sont parfois des militants du parti au pouvoir, parfois des parents ou des amis du chef de l'État ou du ministre de la Justice. C'est donc dire que ces nominations ne respectent pas, dans certains cas, les critères d’ancienneté, de hiérarchie  ou de compétence. En conséquence, cette méthode de nomination ne manque pas d'entraîner des dysfonctionnements au sein de l'appareil judiciaire. Cet état de fait pose également le problème de la crédibilité de certaines juridictions vis-à-vis des justiciables. Récemment, le président de la République a procédé à la nomination des juges et magistrats sur proposition du ministre de la Justice et garde des Sceaux sans avoir consulté le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","Aristide Kpenga (juriste), directeur de la structure de liaison de la propriété intellectuelle, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 9 septembre 2013. \n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nMarie Blandine Songuelema-Yakondji (avocate), présidente, Association des femmes juristes de Centrafrique, 9 septembre 2013.\n\nFulgence Zeneth (juriste de formation), conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections, secrétaire général adjoint des Observatoires des droits de l'Homme, 10/09/2013.","En RCA, la majeure partie des magistrats et des juges sont nommés sur la base de critères subjectifs. Autrement dit, ces juges sont parfois des militants du parti au pouvoir, parfois des parents ou des amis du chef de l'État ou du ministre de la Justice. C'est donc dire que ces nom..."]
["2013_TD_3",2013,"TD","Chad",3,0,"Au Tchad, les juges sont nommés par l'exécutif, ce qui tend à biaiser le processus de nomination et qui ne permet pas de garantir les conditions d'un procès plus équitable. Il n'existe pas de garantie de maintien et la procédure prévue implique généralement les pouvoirs exécutif ou législatif. À titre illustratif, Mahamat Saleh Younous, le procureur de la République au tribunal de première instance de N’Djamena, a été relevé de ses fonctions et remplacé par Ousmane Mamadou Affono par un décret du 10 juin 2013 portant nomination des magistrats et juges de paix. Ce changement est intervenu suite à la  déclaration de Mahamat Saleh Younous qu’une procédure à charge contre le président Hissein Habré serait adoptée. Le procès de l'ancien président Hissène Habré n'a pas pu se tenir au Tchad.","Interview Source anonyme 1, 11 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAlwihda. (5 septembre 2013). « Jean-Bernard Padaré, l’homme qui a induit en erreur le Président Idriss Déby ». Tchadpages:  http://tchadpages.com/2013/09/05/tchad-jean-bernard-padare-lhomme-qui-a-induit-en-erreur-le-president-idriss-deby/\n\nHattaby. (12 juin 2013). « Le procureur, Mahamat Saleh Younous, relevé de ses fonctions en catimini ». Tchadoscopie: http://www.tchadoscopie.com/article-tchad-le-procureur-mahamat-saleh-younous-releve-de-ses-fonctions-en-catimini-118442698.html\n\nDépartement d’État des États-Unis, Bureau pour la démocratie, les droits de l’homme et le travail. (2013). Rapport 2012 sur les pratiques des pays en matière de droits de l’homme. Rapport 2012 sur les droits de l’homme – Tchad. Gouvernement des États-Unis : http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/CHAD-FRE-Final.pdf","Au Tchad, les juges sont nommés par l'exécutif, ce qui tend à biaiser le processus de nomination et qui ne permet pas de garantir les conditions d'un procès plus équitable. Il n'existe pas de garantie de maintien et la procédure prévue implique généralement les pouvoirs exécutif ou..."]
["2013_KM_3",2013,"KM","Comoros",3,0,"Le système de recrutement des magistrats connaît beaucoup d'anomalies.  Selon Dramsi Firozali, Président de OPACO (Organisation Patronale des Comores), l’absence de concours et le clientélisme dans le recrutement ne renforcent pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire.\n\nCela est confirmé par les journalistes : les nominations des magistrats sont souvent basées sur un « clientélisme politique ». Selon une lettre ouverte écrite par Mahafidh Eddine Ibrahim et adressée au nouveau garde des Sceaux de Comores, le 26 juillet 2013, l’un des problèmes majeures de la justice comorienne concerne la procédure de nomination : « Nomination des magistrats plus ou moins proches du pouvoir, caporalisation du parquet, il faut en finir avec cette conception d’un autre âge, celle d’une justice soumise et obéissante au pouvoir » (Ibrahim ,26 juillet 2013).\n\nLa nomination se fait de telle sorte qu'on peut influencer les juges dans le traitement des dossiers. C’est le cas du juge Rachad Mchangama,  juge d’instruction en charge du dossier  de l’assassinat du lieutenant colonel Ayouba Combo. Selon l’article d'un journaliste, pour satisfaire sa hiérarchie, ce juge a emprisonné et torturé des innocents : « Il a creusé les tombeaux de ces hommes et femmes enfermés sans motif pendant deux ans, et aujourd’hui, puisque la justice a lu le droit et qu’il est rattrapé par la réalité, essaie de fournir des explications qui ne tiennent pas debout et qui ne convainquent personne. ». Quand l’affaire s’est compliquée, le juge Rachadi Mchangama a été suspendu de sa fonction. Pour se défendre, il a envoyé une cassette vidéo au président de l’Union expliquant les procédures qu’il a suivies pendant l’enquête. D’après ComoresActualités, ce juge est lâché par « sa hiérarchie » quand l’affaire s’est compliquée.","Mlimadji. (12 mars 2013). « Le juge Rachadi Mchangama s’est ‘’ tiré une balle dans le cœur ’’ ? ». Comores Actualités:http://mlimadji.skyrock.com/3148516878-Le-juge-Rachadi-Mchangama-s-est-tire-une-balle-dans-le-c-ur.html\n \nIbrahim, M.E. (26 juillet 2013) « Lettre ouverte au nouveau garde des sceaux: Réformer notre justice est nécessaire ». Comores plus: Comoresplus.over-blog.com \n\nDramsi Firozali, président, Organisation Patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, interview réalisé le 13 octobre 2013 à Karibotel Antananarivo","Le système de recrutement des magistrats connaît beaucoup d'anomalies.  Selon Dramsi Firozali, Président de OPACO (Organisation Patronale des Comores), l’absence de concours et le clientélisme dans le recrutement ne renforcent pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire...."]
["2013_CD_3",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",3,0,"Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) est l'organe qui s'occupe de la carrière des magistrats. Il se prononce sur les affectations, l'avancement et les sanctions conformément à la loi. Le CSM est présidé par le Président de la République. Il a deux vice-présidents, le 1er est le garde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice ; le second est le 1er Président de la Cour suprême. Ce dernier est actuellement inspecteur des juridictions et des services judiciaires, au ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains. Il ancien magistrat du parquet de Brazzaville.\n\nCe dernier a précisé que la Cour suprême exerce un contrôle juridictionnel, le pouvoir judiciaire est sous le contrôle de la Cour suprême qui doit étendre le contrôle juridictionnel à travers les cours et tribunaux (Cour d'appel, TGI et TI). Au niveau national, il existe au sein du ministère de la Justice un organe qui s'occupe du contrôle des juridictions que l'on appelle inspection générale des juridictions et des services judiciaire qui relève directement du ministre de la Justice et à cet effet du garde des Sceaux, le ministre de la Justice assure le contrôle de toutes les juridictions à l'exception de la Cour suprême. Au sein du ministère de la Justice existe une institution appelé Projet d'appui pour le renforcement de l'Etat de Droit et des Associations (PAREDA). Relevant d'une coopération Congo-union européenne, cette institution accompagne l'Etat congolais dans sa volonté de renforcer l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire et d'améliorer l'état de droit au Congo.\n\nL'Union européenne en partenariat avec le PAREDA vient de terminer un document numéro COB/001/09 intitulé : »Projet de guide manuel d'inspection ». Ce document a été fait en 2013, il est adressé en pièce jointe.\n\nEffectivement, les juges à l'échelon national sont parfois nommés sans suivre un système de sélection fondé sur le mérite, nombreux sont nommés en fonction des critères ethniques. Et certains juges ne bénéficient pas de la garantie de maintien, ou les juges sont quelquefois sanctionnés/révoqués/transférés sans procès équitable ou le comité de pairs/organisme de surveillance indépendant est parfois constitué des représentants des pouvoirs exécutif ou législatif. Dans le cadre du procès du 4 mars, deux magistrats ont été menacés suite à la décision rendue.","1 - Projet de guide manuel d'inspection fait par l'Union Européenne en partenariat avec le PAREDA. Référence du document numéro COB/001/09 réalisé en 2013.\n\n2 - Entretien le vendredi 27 septembre 2013 avec M. Mahamat Saleh BEN BIANG, magistrat, chef de projet au PAREDA (Projet d'Actions pour le renforcement de l'Etat de Droit et des Associations) projet financer par une coopération Congo-Union Européenne. Cet entretien à eu lieu au siège du PAREDA Bld Denis Sassou Nguesso, immeuble Ministère de la justice 2 eme étage porte 8 - Brazzaville - Congo. L'entretien portait sur l'Etat de Droit au Congo.\n\n3 - Entretien du lundi 30 septembre 2013, au ministère de la Justice avec M. Placide ELEKA, inspecteurs des juridictions et des services judiciaires, au Ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains. Ancien magistrat du parquet de Brazzaville.","Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) est l'organe qui s'occupe de la carrière des magistrats. Il se prononce sur les affectations, l'avancement et les sanctions conformément à la loi. Le CSM est présidé par le Président de la République. Il a deux vice-présidents, le 1er e..."]
["2013_CG_3",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",3,50,"Le système de nomination des juges au niveau national a certes l’avantage de renforcer l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire, car l’organe qui les nomme, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (C.S.M) ne tiennent pas compte des critères tribaux lorsqu’ils font le choix des magistrats dans une province ou une autre. C’est ainsi qu’un homme originaire de Bas-Congo peut se retrouver à Bukavu et y travailler en toute indépendance.\n\nLe système de nomination des juges à l’échelle nationale n’est pas le problème lorsqu’il s’agit de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Dire qu’il renforce l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire ne parait pas entièrement garanti, puisque ces nominations sont négociées, et qu’il y a toujours l’influence des politiciens qui font tout au gré de leurs intérêts.\n\nLes juges sont parfois transférés à l’intérieur du pays, s’il y a eu une action qui n’a pas plu aux autorités. Il s’avère d’un côté, que le fait d’étendre cette nomination sur toute l’étendue du pays sans critères préférentiels liés entre autres aux origines est salutaire est de nature à renforcer cette indépendance. Néanmoins, il y a tout de même des efforts qui doivent être fournis pour chasser et élaguer le clientélisme et d’autres tares semblables qui ont pour effet de tromper cette indépendance.","— FEZA Godelive, juge président à Kinshasa au tribunal d’Assossa, le 07/10/2013. \n— MAKOSSO Roger, juge président à Kinshasa au tribunal de commerce de Gombe et Matete, le 07/10/2013.\n— Anonyme, juge à Kolwezi, le 29 déc. 2013.","Le système de nomination des juges au niveau national a certes l’avantage de renforcer l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire, car l’organe qui les nomme, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (C.S.M) ne tiennent pas compte des critères tribaux lorsqu’ils font le choix des magistra..."]
["2013_CI_3",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",3,25,"Le ministère public relève à la fois du pouvoir judiciaire, dont il est un des maillons essentiel, et du pourvoir exécutif, avec ce qu’on pourrait qualifier de liens de subordination vis-à-vis du ministère de la Justice. Cette double appartenance est particulièrement problématique dans la mission de défenseur de l’intérêt général de la société qui lui est confiée.\n\nPlusieurs faits récents illustrent quelques dysfonctionnements en matière de nomination, de promotion ou de sanctions des magistrats. Ainsi, une information rapportée par les médias (Depeyla, 27 septembre 2013) fait état d’une lettre adressée le 25 septembre 2013 au président de la République par un groupe de magistrats dénonçant des « affectations arbitraires sur des bases guidées par le favoritisme, des nominations ne correspondant pas à leur grade, absence de traitement équitable, avancements et nominations douteux ». Ces affectations seraient survenues à la suite de trois décrets déclarés « contradictoires » pris le 9 aout et le 16 septembre 2013.\n\nEn octobre 2012, huit magistrats ont été suspendus par une décision prise en Conseil des Ministres. Ils étaient accusés d’abandon de postes, abus de pouvoir, extorsions de fonds et corruption. Un article de presse en date du 23 octobre 2012 se fait l’écho des irrégularités évoquées par certaines de ces magistrats concernant cette décision qui ne se serait pas prise dans le respect de la procédure. Les magistrats suspendus n’auraient ainsi pas reçu de demandes d’explication préalable a la décision, ni de la part de leur hiérarchie, ni de la part de l’Inspecteur général; aussi la décision de suspension n’aurait pas fourni d’explication. Toujours selon le même article, cette décision relèverait d’une \"chasse aux sorcières notamment contre les magistrats taxés à tort ou à raison d’être pro-Gbagbo\". De plus, si ces interprétations s’avéraient fondées, cela n’irait pas dans le sens du renforcement de l’indépendance des magistrats.\n\nIl est à noter qu’un projet de loi a été élaboré par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM), l’organe régissant la nomination et le contrôle disciplinaire des magistrats (à savoir les juges et les magistrats du parquet). Ce projet de loi vise à donner aux juges davantage voix au chapitre en ce qui concerne la nomination de leurs pairs. Il n’a cependant pas encore été adopté.","Le Nouveau Réveil. (10 novembre 2012). « L’Unamaci à propos des sanctions contre des magistrats: «Les procédures disciplinaires doivent être conformes à la loi ». Abidjan.net. Repéré à: http://news.abidjan.net/h/444533.html\n\nDepeyla, A.B. (27 septembre 2013). « Ouattara: les magistrats sont en colère ». Soir Info, n° 5705, 27 septembre 2013, p. 3.\n\nGueu, B. (23 octobre 2012). « Côte d’Ivoire: Après leur suspension, les confidences des magistrats visés – \"Il y a des anomalies\" ». linfodrome.com. Repéré à: http://actu.atoo.ci/article_pub.php?id=17402.\n\nHuman Rights Watch. (2013). Transformer les discours en réalité. L’heure de réclamer des comptes pour les crimes internationaux graves perpétrés en Côte d’Ivoire. Human Rights Watch. Repéré à: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/CDI0413fr_ForUpload.pdf.","Le ministère public relève à la fois du pouvoir judiciaire, dont il est un des maillons essentiel, et du pourvoir exécutif, avec ce qu’on pourrait qualifier de liens de subordination vis-à-vis du ministère de la Justice. Cette double appartenance est particulièrement problématique ..."]
["2013_DJ_3",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",3,25,"Il existe un arsenal juridique assez complet concernant les nominations des juges. Le décret fixant les conditions de recrutements du personnel de l’État, qui généralise le système du concours dans toute la fonction publique, y occupe une position centrale. Cependant, les nominations de magistrats ne répondent pas à ces exigences et la plupart des personnes interrogées affirment qu'ils sont nommés sur de bases non objectives: connaissances familiales, proches du ministre, etc.\n\nLe ministère de la Fonction publique est rarement consulté sur le cas de nomination des magistrats alors que le décret lui donne compétence pour organiser les concours. Par ailleurs, il n'existe pas d'école de formation des magistrats à Djibouti (comme l'École Nationale de la Magistrature (ENM) en France ou dans d’autres pays africains), au sortir de laquelle les magistrats seraient recrutés.","1) Abdi Dahabo, service judiciaire, ministère de la Justice\n\n2) Ali Abdo, ministère de l'Emploi et de l'Insertion professionnelle\n\n3) Issa Farhan, assistant juridique, Assemblée nationale de Djibouti\n\n4) Ali Kadija, secrétaire, palais de justice de Djibouti","Il existe un arsenal juridique assez complet concernant les nominations des juges. Le décret fixant les conditions de recrutements du personnel de l’État, qui généralise le système du concours dans toute la fonction publique, y occupe une position centrale. Cependant, les nominatio..."]
["2013_EG_3",2013,"EG","Egypt",3,0,"Egypt has perhaps the oldest judiciary in the the Middle East with some legal traditions stretching back two hundred years. For most of the sample period, the Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi was at odds with Egypt's Mubarak-era judiciary. Nonetheless and even though the situation has deteriorated, there are merit-based selection rules even if there is serious doubt about the capability of the judiciary upholding these rules. This conflict reached a climax late November 2012, when President Morsi ordered Egypt's long-standing prosecutor-general Abdel-Meguid Mahmoud to retire. Mahmoud was appointed to the post by Mubarak in 2006. \n\nThough the new constitution of Egypt approved in December 2012 removed the seven youngest members of the Egyptian supreme court, these individuals were all reinstated to their former posts, denying them security of their tenure in the Supreme Constitutional Court. It remains to be seen if the new constitution of Egypt will call for a similar reshuffling. Since the coup which toppled Morsi, a judge was selected by the military to rule the country. Few other judges during the sample period had their careers tampered with due to political restraints.\n\nDuring the Mubarak- and Morsi-eras, the presidency continued to enjoy considerable influence over the judiciary since judicial appointments were the presidential prerogative. Judges were considered functionaries of the Ministry of Justice, which administered and financed the court system. The president headed the Supreme Council of Judicial Organs, which established regulations governing the judiciary.\n\nThe military in power also leaves very little room for discussion regarding the constitutionality and legitimacy of military trials for civilians. These have been conducted since the ousting of the former president Mubarak. There is no information on judges' appointments in these cases.","Amim, Nasser.  (2013, November 16) .  [Head of Judiciary independence Centre].  Personal communication.\n\nBadaw, Tharwat.  (2013, November 26) .   [Constitutional expert in Egypt].  Personal communication.\n\nBrown, N.  (2013, May 8) .  The battle over Egypt’s judiciary.  Sada Journal.  Retrieved from http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2013/05/08/battle-over-egypt-s-judiciary/g2nb.\n\n(2012, December 23) .  President to dismiss seven SCC judges within hours.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/judicial-source-president-dismiss-seven-scc-judges-within-hours.","Egypt has perhaps the oldest judiciary in the the Middle East with some legal traditions stretching back two hundred years. For most of the sample period, the Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi was at odds with Egypt's Mubarak-era judiciary. Nonetheless and even though the situation ..."]
["2013_GQ_3",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",3,0,"The Constitution of Equatorial Guinea grants the president the right to name the judges to the supreme court without parliamentary oversight (article 98), which is per se a regulation that undermines the independence of the judiciary. The President of the Judiciary, who is named by the president, chairs the Judicial Council with other representatives from different government agencies including the attorney general, who is also named by the president. According to the Statutory Law of the Judicial Power, the council evaluates the candidates through a public examinations process and selects the candidates proposing a list to the president for the appointment of district level and appeal court judges. In practice, sources noted that the list prepared by the council is completely discretionary. From this list the president appoints each judge in the country. Judges that have been appointed have a secure tenure, but often make progress in their careers only depending on thier favourable decisions for the administration. \n\nDuring the period of this review, several judges were reprimanded for their decisions as they were seen as particularly affecting the president´s family. In September 2013, a judge from Bata was arrested by military forces and taken to Malabo. There had not been a formal proceeding against the judge and sources point to the case he decided, which involved civil servants from the custom authorities that were absolved due to the lack of evidence. Also, an interested party in the case was the president’s son.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Lawyer, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. \n\nCentral Intelligence Agency.  (2013) .  The world fact book, Equatorial Guinea.  Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html \n\n(2012, June) .  Equatorial Guinea: Opposition figure pardoned.   Human Rights Watch.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/06/equatorial-guinea-opposition-figure-pardoned \n\nIndex Mundi.  (2013) .  Equatorial Guinea government profile 2013.  Retrieved from http://www.indexmundi.com/equatorial_guinea/government_profile.html \n\n(2013, September 15) .  Tontorin manda detener a un magistrado de la Audiencia Nacional.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/tontorin-manda-detener-a-un-magistrado-de-la-audiencia-nacional","The Constitution of Equatorial Guinea grants the president the right to name the judges to the supreme court without parliamentary oversight (article 98), which is per se a regulation that undermines the independence of the judiciary. The President of the Judiciary, who is named by..."]
["2013_ER_3",2013,"ER","Eritrea",3,0,"According to a Crisis Group interview: Presidential decrees have replaced the rule of law. Judges are not independent and are closely monitored by the office of the president. In 2001, several, including the chief justice, criticised increasing executive interference. They were promptly dismissed. All the members of the judiciary are appointed on the basis of their loyalty of the president and the ruling party. This continues to date as highlighted in the article by Mesfin. \n\nAccording to a communication received by the Secretariat of the African Commission in April 2003: The Complainant further argues that the Executive Branch of Government in Eritrea interferes in the affairs of the Judiciary thus rendering the latter’s independence and effectiveness suspect. The Complainant noted that “if the Chief Justice could be removed from office for merely asking the Executive Branch of Government not to interfere with the independence of the Judiciary, what will happen to any judge who dares to order the release of the detainees marked out as ‘traitors’ and ‘State enemies’ by the highest authority, the President?\"","2013, Feb. Berouk Mesfin. Where Is Eritrea Heading?. http://allafrica.com/stories/201302051020.html?viewall=1.\n\nAfrican Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 275/03: Article 19 / Eritrea\nhttp://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/41st/comunications/275.03/achpr41_275_03_eng.pdf.\n\nInternational Crisis Group.  (2013 March 28). Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition. Africa Report. p. 14, The Removal of Checks and Balances.\nhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/200-eritrea-scenarios-for-future-transition.pdf.","According to a Crisis Group interview: Presidential decrees have replaced the rule of law. Judges are not independent and are closely monitored by the office of the president. In 2001, several, including the chief justice, criticised increasing executive interference. They were pro..."]
["2013_ET_3",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",3,25,"Appointment of judges is often influenced by factors such as the ethnicity and political affiliation of candidates. Evidence from interviews and publications reviewed suggests that criteria other than the professional background and merits of the judges may sometimes be used in selection processes. For instance, an interviewee reports five of the nine appointments to federal judgeships made in April 2012 were given to members of ethnicities at the core of the coalition supporting EPRDF, the ruling party.\n\nMoreover, the body overseeing the judiciary, the Federal Judicial Administration Council (FJAC), is largely composed of party loyalists, and any justice that finds himself on the outs with the ruling party quickly finds himself the subject of disciplinary measures or even removal. Conversely, loyalists, despite repeated misconduct, escape punishment.  \n\nFinally, members of parliament sit on the FJAC, violating condition (3).","1. Interview, Legal Researcher based at Addis Ababa University, September 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview, Federal Judge in one of the branches of the Federal First Instance Court, Addis Ababa, September 28, 2013.\n\n3. 'Ethiopian Man Yitadegat\" (\"Who would Rescue Ethiopia\"), a compilation of Interviews with Veteran Politicians, Journalists, Academics and Religious Scholars, P.54-55, June 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","Appointment of judges is often influenced by factors such as the ethnicity and political affiliation of candidates. Evidence from interviews and publications reviewed suggests that criteria other than the professional background and merits of the judges may sometimes be used in sel..."]
["2013_GA_3",2013,"GA","Gabon",3,50,"Though the President of Gabon is responsible in law for nominating national-level judges to the Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (High Judiciary Council), this is impossible in practice. The president issues a decree with nominations after the presidents of the different courts in the country propose their nominees for national judges and magistrates. \n\nGuy Rossatanga-Rignault: “The presidents of the courts present their suggestions and send their nominations to the President every year. For instance, the president of the Court of Cassation sends his nominations to the Presidence. The president himself cannot be informed of all necessary criteria used for the nomination of judges and magistrates.\"\n\nThe appointment process of national-level judges to the High Judiciary Council shows how judges and magistrates can be nominated according to the criteria established by legal experts presiding over various courts. The nominations are not 100 per cent merit-based. If a lower-level judge is known for pursuing cases in an overly aggressive manner, the chances of being nominated are reduced. This is not unlike promotion practices in the private sector, where personality traits are taken into consideration. \n\nFor a 2013 instance in which the president nominated judges and magistrates to the Special Criminal Court (CCS) at the Court of Appeals of Libreville, see article in Gabon Review (“CNLCEI : Dieudonné Ondounga Awassi, nouveau president”). President Ali Bongo signed Decree No. 0532/PR on 21 May 2013 signaling the formal nomination of members of the CCS for 2012–2013. The magistrates at CCS examine the ongoing corruption cases ordered by CNLCEI, the main anti-corruption watchdog. \n\nFor a second example from 2013 in which commentators discussed the role of courts, judges and magistrates, see Gabon Review (“Rentrée judiciaire: un satisfécit pour quels résultats?”). The opinion piece looks at the resumption of the judicial year on 7 October 2013, when courts reconvened in Libreville in the presence of President Bongo Ondimba, who presides over the High Judiciary Council. It addresses issues such as the independence of the judiciary and the delays in creating a special court for economic crimes in Gabon (Cour Spéciale pour les Crimes Economiques).\n\nFor an instance during the study period in which judges were disciplined, see Gabon Review (“Omerta au palais de justice de Libreville”). On 3 July 2013, L’Union carried an open letter signed by the Association of Gabonese Judges (Association des Magistrats Gabonais, ADMG). The judges voiced discontent about the disciplinary action taken against a group of them by Minister of Justice Ida Reteno Assonouet, apparently for having set free presumed murderers. \n\nTo illustrate how pressure can be put on the judiciary to influence a court outcome in Gabon, the anonymous source cited several cases during the study period from September 2012 to September 2013. \n\nAnonymous source: \"The president, when there are conflict situations, he protects his own. There is the case of the current Minister of Health who is indirectly cited in the death of a soldier. He is still free, acting in the government here in Libreville.\" The anonymous source is referring to the case of Minister of Health Léon N'Zouba, who was rumored to have ordered the murder of Marcel Mayombo, a soldier (Adjutant Chef) in a ritual crime (trafficking in human organs). The soldier's severely mutilated body was found in November 2011 outside of Mouila in Ngounié province on the road to Ndendé. According to the anonymous source, N’Zouba remains the country’s Minister of Health to this day because of his institutional immunity. According to L'Union, the case also demonstrates how pressure was exerted on Sidonie Flore Ouwé, the public prosecutor (Procureur de la République), as well as the military judge assigned to this specific case. \n\nNote: The researcher has not found confirmation of the Minister's guilt in this case, just references to rumors in local media (see sources). The two newspapers that carried the news had initially based their stories on statements by Pierre Claver Maganga Moussavou, who later retracted. This is an excerpt from Nouvelles du Gabon: \"Since a certain a amount of time, the professor Léon N’ZOUBA, Minister of Health of the Ndong SIMA team, is the subject of rumors, speculations relayed by media organs following a judicial affair that is on-going at the communal court of Mouila.\" As of June 2013, Minister Léon N'Zouba was suing the two media outlets that carried the story (Echos du Nord and La Nation) for defamation, claiming CFA 120 million in compensation. But even before the minister's lawsuit, a reporter from L'Union (Olivier Ndembi) was interrogated by the Direction Générale des Recherches (section of the national police) for pursuing cases of impunity among high-level officials. Ndembi had published a story on ritual crimes in April 2012. \n\nSee also the case of the Director General of the Office des Ports et Rades du Gabon (OPRAG) and former Minister of Communications Rigobert Ikambouyat-Ndeka, allegedly involved in the death of a Cameroonian citizen on the road to Lopé. He was cleared after an initial court hearing. See also the case of former Presidential Advisor and Minister of SMEs Jean-Rémy Pendi Bouyiki, who was imprisoned for trafficking in electricity and water at the Société d’énergie et d’eau du Gabon (SEEG).","Anonymous, personal communication - Libreville, n.d.\n\nASMP.  (2012, October 20) . Liberté de la Presse: Un journaliste entendu à la DGR. GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=26319\n\nDissumba, D.M.  (2013, July 4) .  Omerta au palais de justice de Libreville.  A La Une [reprinted by Gabon Review].  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/omerta-au-palais-de-justice-de-libreville/\n\nDzonteu, D.C.  (2013, July 10) . CNLCEI: Dieudonné Ondounga Awassi, nouveau president. A La Une [reprinted by Gabon Review].  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/cnlcei-dieudonne-ondounga-awassi-nouveau-president/\n\n(2011, January 19) .  Gabon: Nouvelles révélations sur le crime rituel de Booué.  GabonEco, [See thread of comments below article for public opinion].  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=21212\n\n(2013, April 15) .  Léon N’ZOUBA dans la tourmente médiatique.  Nouvelles du Gabon.  Retrieved from http://www.nouvellesdugabon.com/?link=details_art&id=602&type=Politique\n\n(2013, June 24) .  Léon Nzouba réclame 120 millions F CFA à La Nation et Echos du Nord.  Africatime.com Gabon.  Retrieved from https://fr.africatime.com/gabon/articles/leon-nzouba-reclame-120-millions-f-cfa-la-nation-et-echos-du-nord\n\nNtoutoume, L.  (2013, October 9) .  Rentrée judiciaire: un satisfécit pour quels résultats.   A La Une [reprinted by Gabon Review].  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/rentree-judiciaire-un-satisfecit-pour-quels-resultats/\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nSEE .  (2013, May 1) .  Crime rituel: Du nouveau dans l’affaire de l’adjudant-chef Mayombo.  Gabon Eco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/nouvelles_africaines_29473.html","Though the President of Gabon is responsible in law for nominating national-level judges to the Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (High Judiciary Council), this is impossible in practice. The president issues a decree with nominations after the presidents of the different courts..."]
["2013_GM_3",2013,"GM","The Gambia",3,0,"The appointment of judges in The Gambia is done by the president in consultation with the judicial service commission. Magistrates and other judicial officers are appointed by the judicial service commission. Some appointments are, however, not merit-based. There has been interference from the executive: \"interference was characterised by the president removing and appointing judges at will without consulting the judicial service commission.\" Commentators have described some judges appointed by the executive as \"mercenary judges\" mainly because their appointments were not merit-based. Judges also do not  have security of tenure because there have been recent  removals and detentions and imprisonment of persons who have occupied positions in the judiciary that are as high as the office of chief justice. This raises a question regarding the security of tenure of people holding judicial office and by extension the independence of the judiciary.","1. Darboe raises eyebrows over ‘appointment’ of acting CJ, The Point, A.N.M Ousainou Darboe, Thursday, December 06, 2012, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/darboe-raises-eyebrows-over-appointment-of-acting-cj\n\n2. Gambian Judiciary In The Hands Of Mercenary Judges, Jollof News, by P.K. Jarju.\nThursday 13 June 2013 15:55, http://www.jollofnews.com/human-rights/3854-gambian-judiciary-in-the-hands-of-mercenary-judges\n\n3. Wowo Returns as Gambia's CJ: Reports, Front Page International, Modou S. Joof, June 25, 2013, http://frontpageinternational.wordpress.com/2013/06/25/wowo-returns-as-gambias-cj-reports/\n\n4. Gambia: The Independence of the Judiciary and Security of Tenure of Judges and Magistrates, Foroyaa Newspaper, by Ousman Njie, August 5 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201308060574.html\n\n5. The Gambia Assessment, International Cure, available at http://www.internationalcure.org/Afrcontry/gambia.htm, accessed October 2013","The appointment of judges in The Gambia is done by the president in consultation with the judicial service commission. Magistrates and other judicial officers are appointed by the judicial service commission. Some appointments are, however, not merit-based. There has been interfere..."]
["2013_GH_3",2013,"GH","Ghana",3,100,"The constitution sets out the criteria for the appointment of judges. Largely and in practice those criteria are followed in appointing judges, and only those qualified are appointed to the respective positions. While judges in the lower courts are appointed after a competitive examination, those serving in the superior courts earn their appointments through promotion; thus the president of the republic appoints them in consultation with the judicial council and parliament vets them to ascertain their suitability for the job.\n\nThe judges also enjoy security of tenure of office; justices appointed to the supreme court retire at age 70 while those in the appeals court retire at age 65. Due process is employed in disciplining them:\n\n(1) A justice of the superior court shall not be removed from office except for stated misbehaviour or incompetence or on ground of inability to perform the functions of his office arising from infirmity of body or mind.\n\n(2) A justice of the superior court of judicature may only be removed in accordance with the procedure specified in the constitution, which is;\n\nIf the president receives a petition for the removal of justice of a superior court, he shall refer the petition to the chief justice, who shall determine whether there is a prima facie case.\n\nApart from the criterion of being of high moral integrity, promotion to the superior courts is based on length of service on the bench, merit and accomplishments (i.e. the kind of cases heard during the justices' careers).","1. Mr Anthony Forson, public relations officer, Ghana Bar Association, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Justice Noble Nkrumah, Tamale high court judge, table interview, September 18, 2013, Tamale.\n\n3. Dr Franklin Oduro, head of research and programmes and deputy director, Centre for Democratic Development - Ghana, and programmes manager, Coalition of Domestic Election Observers, telephone interview, September 16, Accra.","The constitution sets out the criteria for the appointment of judges. Largely and in practice those criteria are followed in appointing judges, and only those qualified are appointed to the respective positions. While judges in the lower courts are appointed after a competitive exa..."]
["2013_GN_3",2013,"GN","Guinea",3,50,"Depuis septembre 2012, on ne recense qu'un cas de la suspension d'un juge d'instruction au Tribunal de première instance de Kaloum. Cependant, on peut faire état d'intimidations de la part des autorités politiques et administratives. Ces intimidations ne sont pas publiées ni écrites. Elles sont souvent verbales et par conséquent, sans preuve. Ce sont des faits qui se déroulent et le juge sait que s'il adopte un certain nombre de comportements tendant à aller en défaveur d'une autorité, il risque une sanction.\n\nLes Juges sont parfois suspendus sans motif valable. C'est le cas d'un juge d'instruction de Kaloum (le juge Soumah).","Entretien avec Hassan II DIALLO, Secrétaire Exécutif de la Reforme du secteur de la justice en Guinée, septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Sékouba Condé dit C4, Substitut du Procureur Général près la cour d'Appel de Conakry, septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mamady Lazard Bauret, Substitut du Procureur de la République près le Tribunal de première instance de Mafanco, septembre 2013.","Depuis septembre 2012, on ne recense qu'un cas de la suspension d'un juge d'instruction au Tribunal de première instance de Kaloum. Cependant, on peut faire état d'intimidations de la part des autorités politiques et administratives. Ces intimidations ne sont pas publiées ni écrite..."]
["2013_GW_3",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",3,25,"The regulations for appointment and selection are not properly implemented. The executive and legislative branches participate in the selection of judges. Nonetheless there are appointment regulations in place. \n\nThe latest admission procedure for new judges has seen some of the best students from the faculty of law of Bissau join the judicial service. There is a merit-based selection system, but it is weak and individuals with less merit are appointed, often indeed by political influence or criteria that are non-merit based.","1.        Edinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.        Cherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.        Appointment of members of the supreme court.http://www.africanlawlibrary.net/web/guinea-bissau July 2013.","The regulations for appointment and selection are not properly implemented. The executive and legislative branches participate in the selection of judges. Nonetheless there are appointment regulations in place. ..."]
["2013_KE_3",2013,"KE","Kenya",3,100,"The appointment of judges to serve in the Kenyan judiciary has become an open and largely fair process. Those seeking to serve as judges in various courts are required to apply for the jobs, after which the short list of candidates is made public.  The interviews are then conducted through public vetting by the judicial service commission, and those successful are recommended for appointment to the bench.\n\nAs part of the vetting process, the commission provides the public with information on the conduct and character of the applicants. This has helped bring sanity and merit to the appointment process.\n\nApart from the elaborate vetting process for judges, in Kenya the judges of the supreme and high courts are protected by the law.  For instance, the chief justice and other judges enjoy security of tenure.  Article 167 of the constitution spells out that the chief justice has a tenure of ten years and that a judge shall retire from office on attaining the age of 75 years, but may elect to retire at any time after attaining the age of 65 years.  Article 168 of the constitution also offers protection to judges in that it prescribes a rigorous process before any judge can be removed from office. \n\nThe law states that only a tribunal appointed by the president can institute the removal of a Judge upon proof of misconduct, bankruptcy, incompetence, ill health or breach of code of conduct. This has helped solidify independence of the judiciary in Kenya in practice.","1.  Lilian Omondi, Vice-Chairman of the Law Society of Kenya (LSK).  Interviewed on September 20, 2013.\n\n2.  \"Vetting Board Rules on Fate of Judges.\"  Article published in the December 21, 2012 edition of The Business Daily. \nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Vetting+board+rules+on+fate+of+judges/-/539546/1649048/-/glew4dz/-/index.html.\n\n3.  \"Vetting Board Wants Justice Grace Nzioka Sacked.\"  Article by Wambui Ndonga, published in Capital News on March 23, 2013.\nhttp://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2013/03/magistrates-grace-nzioka-rosemelle-mutoka-face-the-axe/.","The appointment of judges to serve in the Kenyan judiciary has become an open and largely fair process. Those seeking to serve as judges in various courts are required to apply for the jobs, after which the short list of candidates is made public.  The interviews are then conducted..."]
["2013_LS_3",2013,"LS","Lesotho",3,25,"Recent studies and interviewed sources agree that one of the major factors that limit judicial independence is the extensive power the prime minister has over the appointment of judges. Judges are appointed by the king on the advice of Judicial Services Commission whose membership \"is heavily skewed in favour of the executive\" (Ellet 2013). Interviewed sources concur that this appointment procedure imposes heavy pressure on judges to placate the government. \n\nAs one of the interviewed sources noted, \"in cases that involve government, judges [...] reach decisions on the basis of evidence, but then shape their ruling in ways that may not embarrass the executive […]\". This resonates with an observation captured in one of the recent studies that \"The independence of the judiciary is tested quite accurately by political cases. I don’t recall in recent times the judiciary in its composite actually embarrassing the government\" (quoted in Ellet 2013:39). Observers agree that the process of appointing judges is marred by nepotism and political patronage. As one of these observers put it \"[…] the whole thing in the appointment process is not transparent” (quoted in Ellet 2013:38).","1. Adv. Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. Interviewed, 2 October 2013\n\n2. Tlali Caswell. Sunday Express Lesotho. ‘PM wields too much power for judge' 27 July 2013, http://sundayexpress.co.ls\n\n3. Pholo Mamosebi (2013) Lesotho Justice Sector and the Rule of Law. A review by AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. Open Society Foundations.\n\n3. Ellet R (2013) The Politics of Judicial Independence in Lesotho. Freedom House Southern Africa","Recent studies and interviewed sources agree that one of the major factors that limit judicial independence is the extensive power the prime minister has over the appointment of judges. Judges are appointed by the king on the advice of Judicial Services Commission whose membership ..."]
["2013_LR_3",2013,"LR","Liberia",3,25,"There is no vetting process in place for the selection of judges in Liberia. Nor is their selection based strictly on merit. The president appoints all justices of of the Supreme Court and subordinate courts, and they are subject to confirmation by the Senate in the National Legislature. The Constitution gives appointing power to the president, and he/she appoints based on his/her confidence in the appointed. Supreme Court justices are appointed for life except voluntary resignation or impeachment for cause. Judges of other courts can be removed or transferred without any particular considerations.\n\nThere is no government-appointed oversight body to monitor the judiciary. The Catholic Justice & Peace Commission (JPC) is the leading civil society organization that monitors rule of law issues, but has never commented on the current system on how judges are appointed. The National Director of the JPC said in an interview that the CSO cannot comment because the issue is constitutional, and until that is changed through a referendum, there is little anyone can do to change it.","1. Kanneh, Cllr. Boakai N. (2013, October 10). Personal Interview. Deputy Minister for Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Monrovia\n\n2. Gould, R. (2013, October 18). Personal Interview. Director - Catholic Justice and Peace Commission - Monrovia\n\n3. (2012, 9 September). Government at Odds With Itself. Frontpage Africa.Retireved from\nhttp://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/op-ed-editorial/feature-articles/7110-government-at-odds-with-itself.html","There is no vetting process in place for the selection of judges in Liberia. Nor is their selection based strictly on merit. The president appoints all justices of of the Supreme Court and subordinate courts, and they are subject to confirmation by the Senate in the National Legisl..."]
["2013_LY_3",2013,"LY","Libya",3,0,"Despite the efforts to assign new and younger judges to the Libyan courts, the appointments are still generally made according to different considerations than sole merit. In fact, family connections and tribal considerations play an important role in the attribution of positions in the Libyan judicial system. Furthermore, many of the judges from the Qaddafi era are still in place. Most of them never had any training or legal academic background and were appointed for their allegiance to the former regime. These judges are often now transferred to career-ending judicial backwaters.","Anonymous, lawyer and women's rights activist, personal communication, April 11, 2013. \n\nOtto, J.M., Carlisle, J., & Ibrahim, S.  (2013) .  Searching for justice in post-Gaddafi Libya. A socio-legal exploration of people's concerns and institutional responses at home and from abroad.  Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1887/21634 \n\nInternational Legal Assistance Consortium.  (2013) .  ILAC Rule of Law Assessment Report, Libya 2013.  Retrieved from http://www.ilac.se/2013/05/09/ilac-assessment-report-libya-2013/","Despite the efforts to assign new and younger judges to the Libyan courts, the appointments are still generally made according to different considerations than sole merit. In fact, family connections and tribal considerations play an important role in the attribution of positions i..."]
["2013_MG_3",2013,"MG","Madagascar",3,0,"Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est chargé de la gestion de carrière des magistrats. Outre les affectations, il étudie aussi les nominations aux postes de chefs de Cours et de juridiction, et formule toute proposition et recommandation qu’il estime utiles au renforcement de l’indépendance de la magistrature. Les nominations se font donc lors de la réunion de ce Conseil, lequel est présidé par le président de la République, et la ministre de la Justice en est la Vice présidente. Tous deux viennent de l’Exécutif.\n\nSur son site se trouve la liste de tous les communiqués à l’issue de chaque réunion du conseil. L’étude de ces communiqués fait apparaître qu’un même ordre de jour est utilisé à chaque réunion. Il apparaît à leur lecture qu’à aucun moment la discussion n’a porté sur l’état de l’indépendance de la magistrature ou des magistrats ni sur les modalités de nomination.\n\nUn tel constat renforce l’avis de l’Observatoire de la vie publique (association), qui dans son communiqué du 26 septembre 2013, insiste sur le fait que « toujours promise, l’indépendance de la Justice n’a jamais été réalisée ». Ainsi, elle exige pour le nouveau président de la république à ce que « le Président de la République renoncera, ainsi que son ministre de la Justice, à la présidence et à la vice-présidence du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qui pourra ainsi gérer et sanctionner en toute indépendance, en faisant modifier l’article 107 de la Constitution ».\n\nLe Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (organe gouvernemental) dénonce  la précarité du système judiciaire face aux différentes formes de pressions et interventions mettant en cause la transparence et l’indépendance de la justice (Rapport annuel CSI 2012, page 7).\n\nEnfin, l’ex-ministre des Finances et du Budget, devenu candidat des présidentielles du 25 octobre 2013, et issu de la mouvance présidentielle, n’a pas manqué d’avouer que la justice malgache n’est pas crédible. Sa déclaration a toute son importance dans la mesure où la ministre de la Justice est de la même mouvance que lui (La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 3 septembre 2013).\n\nLes interviews des personnes ayant une liaison quelconque avec la justice ont fait ressortir le même constat, à savoir le manque d’indépendance de la justice. Cela concerne, entre autres, les nominations dont certaines font suite à des interventions non seulement venant des autorités hiérarchiques, mais aussi de la sphère politique. Pour la journaliste, la réponse est non. Selon elle, bon nombre de responsables sont encore sous l’influence de la classe dirigeante du pays.","- Site du Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI), disponible sur http://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/ , 1 octobre 2013.\n- Communiqué du SEFAFI (Observatoire de la Vie Publique) à l’intention des candidats à l’élection présidentielle du 25 octobre 2013 disponible http://www.lanation.mg/article.php?id=6731 et sefafi.mg\n- Site du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature ; disponible sur  http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/ et http://www.conseil-superieur-magistrature.mg/communiques.html, 30 septembre 2013\n- «La campagne de la honte», Anais T., La Gazette de la Grande Ile, n° 3184, 30 septembre 2013, page 3. www.lagazette-dgi.com\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 10 ctobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotozafy, magistrat à la retraite, Antananarivo, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotondrasoa Landy, conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Anonyme, magistrat, Cour d’appel d’Antananarivo, 18 octobre 2013.  (Interview)","Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est chargé de la gestion de carrière des magistrats. Outre les affectations, il étudie aussi les nominations aux postes de chefs de Cours et de juridiction, et formule toute proposition et recommandation qu’il estime utiles au renforcement de..."]
["2013_MW_3",2013,"MW","Malawi",3,50,"Sources state that appointments of national-level judges largely support the independence of the judiciary and that judges are free from political interference. Judges do have full security of tenure and they are disciplined/removed/transferred through due process by a peer panel or independent oversight body.\n\nHowever, judges are not necessarily chosen through a merit-based selection system. Judicial officers attending to the courts below the High Court are Magistrates and not appointed, they are recruited. They rise in their career depending on their entry level. A judicial officer (non-lawyers) may enter as a first, second or third Grade Magistrate. Lawyers enter the system as Resident Magistrates. They are also recruited. The entry into the Judiciary is overseen by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC).\n\nElevation to the High Court is done by the President in conjunction with the Judicial Services Commission (JSC). The involvement of the JSC lends some independence, credibility and rigor to the appointment process, as the JSC is comprised of judicial officers. The Malawi Law Commission and Judicial Service Commission state they are not aware of any national level judges being removed/transferred during the research period of September 2012 to September 2013, other than a number of judges being promoted and the placement of a number of others at the Commercial Court.\n \nThe process of appointing national level judges is not necessarily merit-based. People apply for the position of Judge and the names are vetted by the JSC. Opinions of eminent legal officers are usually sought before names are forwarded to the President for formal appointment. There is no process for an applicant to challenge the system as to why they were left out. The President has unfettered discretion to appoint a number of judges regardless of what was recommended by the JSC as well. \n\nThe criteria for appointment to the position of Judge is set out in the Constitution. According to the Malawi Law Commission, all of those appointed between Sept 2012 and Sept 2013 met the constitutional requirements. The increased number of female appointees appears to have been made taking into account affirmative action and the placement of women in decision-making positions.  \n\nPerceived political interference occurred with President Joyce Banda’s appointment of Mackson Mbendera as Justice of Appeal in February 2013. He was appointed ahead of those who were senior to him on the bench. The appointment brought some discontent among judges who felt they had been unfairly bypassed. They wrote letters of protest to the Chief Justice and President Banda but the matter seems to have not been resolved to the content of the judges complaining.","Fiona Mwale. High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\n\nRobert Phiri. Executive Director. Public Affairs Committee. November 13 2013.\n\nNickson Masebo. Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson. November 12 2013.","Sources state that appointments of national-level judges largely support the independence of the judiciary and that judges are free from political interference. Judges do have full security of tenure and they are disciplined/removed/transferred through due process by a peer panel o..."]
["2013_ML_3",2013,"ML","Mali",3,50,"À l’échelle nationale les juges sont parfois nommés sur des critères d'accointance et non sur leur mérite. Ainsi, les magistrats sont assujettis aux politiques. \n\nLes nominations sont faites sur proposition du ministre de la Justice. Ce dernier consulte le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature présidé par le président de la République. Ceci fait accroitre le risque de manipulation, de manière à compromettre le sens de l'indépendance du troisième pouvoir. \nSelon le juge Yaya Traoré, « certains juges sont nommés pour servir des intérêts égoïstes et personnels. Le mérite n'est pas récompensé. De ce point de vue, comment voudrez vous que nous soyons indépendants ». \n\nCette réalité n'est pas du genre à préserver l’indépendance tant prônée pour la justice. De plus en plus de juges réclament via leurs syndicats l'application de leur plan de carrière. L'absence d'un plan de carrière fait que les juges du siège et ceux du parquet sont taillables et corvéables à merci par ministre de la Justice ainsi que le président de la République. L'inamovibilité du juge au siège est piétinée.\n\nAu moment de cette recherche, la plan de carrière n'attend plus que son adoption par l'Assemblée nationale.","Entretien avec Yaya Traoré, Juge d'Instruction, Tribunal de première instance de la commune IV de Bamako, réalisé le 17 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Toubaye Koné, Président, Tribunal de Première instance de Commune IV Bamako, réalisé le 17 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Fodié Touré, Magistrat, Ministère de la Justice, réalisé le 17 septembre 2013.","À l’échelle nationale les juges sont parfois nommés sur des critères d'accointance et non sur leur mérite. Ainsi, les magistrats sont assujettis aux politiques. ..."]
["2013_MR_3",2013,"MR","Mauritania",3,0,"L'une des faiblesses de la magistrature, est l'absence d'une tradition d'indépendance par les ingérences manifestes de l'exécutif dans la nomination des juges. Plus prosaïquement, le chantier de l'indépendance de la magistrature et accessoirement des juges reste inachevé, en dépit des textes juridiques (notamment la loi organique n° 94-012 du 17 février 1994 portant statut de la magistrature) apportant plus de garanties à l'indépendance de la justice mauritanienne. La pratique montre des insuffisances manifestes dans les nominations des magistrats. Il prévaut un réel décalage entre ce que disent les textes et la pratique actuelle.  \n\nOrgane veillant à la nomination des juges, le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature a ce lien ombilical avec le pouvoir politique. A vrai dire, l'état des lieux du fonctionnement de la justice mauritanienne montre des juges souvent nommés, réduits à de simples fonctionnaires dont l’indépendance n’est guère respectée. Le système de nomination des juges obéit encore à des critères discrétionnaires, pour ne pas dire opaques. Pire encore, il n'existe guère dans la pratique de système permettant de préserver l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il existe un cas qui n'a pas manqué de choquer l'opinion publique mauritanienne, où un magistrat a été démis de ses fonctions suite à un jugement. Il lui était reproché d'avoir rendu un verdict favorable à des militants islamistes. Il n'existe pas d'exemples manifestes de nomination de juge démontrant l'indépendance de la justice. Il convient plutôt de citer les renvois fréquents des présidents de la Cour suprême. Entre 2009 et 2013, deux présidents de la Cour suprême ont été limogés. Cette décision contrevient à la disposition qui interdit le limogeage du président de cette institution. Le président de la Cour suprême a un mandat de cinq ans et ne peut faire l'objet d'un renvoi que dans les cas strictement fixés par la loi.","1. Maitre Mohamed El Moctar Touré, avocat à la cour, 22 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Diagana, K. (31 décembre 2012). \" Rapport du bâtonnier sur la justice mauritanienne: règne du sabotage et arbitraire du droit\". Le Quotidien de Nouakchott:  http://www.quotidien-nouakchott.com/rapport-batonnier-sur-justice-mauritanienne-regne-l-arbitraire-et-sabotage-droit","L'une des faiblesses de la magistrature, est l'absence d'une tradition d'indépendance par les ingérences manifestes de l'exécutif dans la nomination des juges. Plus prosaïquement, le chantier de l'indépendance de la magistrature et accessoirement des juges reste inachevé, en dépit ..."]
["2013_MU_3",2013,"MU","Mauritius",3,100,"Judges and magistrates are appointed by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission (JLSC), which is a constitutionally ensured independent commission. The JLSC is composed of the senior puisne judge (second in hierarchy in the judiciary), the chairperson of the Public Service Commission and a sitting or former judge. Only persons who have been barrister entitled to practice before the Supreme Court for at least five years can be appointed as judges. Moreover, judges leave office only at retirement age. Removal before retirement can only be made if they are unable to perform their functions, arising from infirmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour. The constitution states that the removal of a judge must be made by the president after a special tribunal comprising of a chairperson and no less than two other members  selected “by the president from among persons who hold or have held office as a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in some part of the Commonwealth or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from any such court” has investigated in the matter. The removal of a judge is, therefore, a difficult and long process which further reinforces the independence of the Judiciary. This explains why there has not been any recent removals or transfers of judges. In that respect, the appointment of judges and magistrates is free from external influence (as reflected by the newspaper article).","Mr. S. Caunhye, Chief Court Officer/Court Manager, Intermediary Court, interviewed on 26.11.2013\n\nMe. Ravi Ratna, barrister, interviewed on Nov. 27, 2013\n\nPress article: “INTERVIEW : Je suis un juge rebelle si…, a déclaré Son Honneur Eddy Balancy.” (Interview: I am a rebellious judge if…., states his Excellency Eddy Balancy) Weekend, Oct. 14, 2012 available online: http://www.lemauricien.com/article/interview-je-suis-juge-rebelle-si%E2%80%A6-declare-son-honneur-eddy-balancy","Judges and magistrates are appointed by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission (JLSC), which is a constitutionally ensured independent commission. The JLSC is composed of the senior puisne judge (second in hierarchy in the judiciary), the chairperson of the Public Service Commis..."]
["2013_MA_3",2013,"MA","Morocco",3,25,"There have been major improvements in the last years in terms of transparency about the appointment of judges. The Superior Council of Magistracy publishes the lists of judges that were moved, revoked and so on. The list is available at the Ministry of Justice. The council is composed of many members of the government and the justice system, including the Minister of Justice and is presided by the king. The processes are transparent but there are many cases where calls are made in order to influence the fate of a judge. However, the justice minister is a lot less important than he was in the past. Yet there is no doubt about the executive involvement in the selection process.","2012, December 20) .  Judges’ fight for independence.  Lakome.  Retrieved from http://fr.lakome.com/index.php/sport/92-enquetes/128-au-maroc-des-juges-luttent\n\n(2013, September 6) .  The Superior Council of the Magistracy makes public all of its deliberations.  Maghreb Arabe Presse.  Retrieved from http://www.maroc.ma/fr/actualites/le-conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature-rend-publique-lintegralite-de-ses-deliberations\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Judge, Rabat].  Personal communication.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Lawyer, Marrakech].  Personal communication.","There have been major improvements in the last years in terms of transparency about the appointment of judges. The Superior Council of Magistracy publishes the lists of judges that were moved, revoked and so on. The list is available at the Ministry of Justice. The council is compo..."]
["2013_MZ_3",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",3,25,"National-level judges’ appointments, even acknowledging that some appointees are individuals with proven technical skills and significant experience within the system, do not support the independence of the judiciary system. The chief justice, the presidents of the supreme, administrative and the constitutional courts, as well as other top positions within the judiciary system, are political appointees chosen by the president. The executive branch and the Frelimo party actually maintain a strict control at the national level judiciary system, and party membership is crucial.","1.\t\"É uma ilusão pensar que o judiciário é independente do poder político” Redaccao. O Pais. June 3, 2013, http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/25650-e-uma-ilusao-pensar-que-o-judiciario-e-independente-do-poder-politico.html.\n2.\tBaltazar Fael. Research Director. Centre for Public Integrity. September 16, 2013.\n3.\t\"Juizes divergem quanto à redução dos poderes do Chefe do Estado\". Edma Macave. O Pais. April 26, 2013, http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/politica/63-politica/25108-juizes-divergem-quanto-a-reducao-dos-poderes-do-chefe-do-estado.html.","National-level judges’ appointments, even acknowledging that some appointees are individuals with proven technical skills and significant experience within the system, do not support the independence of the judiciary system. The chief justice, the presidents of the supreme, adminis..."]
["2013_NA_3",2013,"NA","Namibia",3,75,"In practice, judges and magistrates are appointed without political interference. There has been much progress during the independence era and appointments are made on merit, track record and abilities, and not on political affiliations or race, according to prominent lawyer Essi Schiming Chase. \n\nHowever, it is worth noting that there is government representation on the judicial service commission. The presence of the government representation on the commission, or appointments of judges by the commission itself, has received criticism from the country's human rights organisations.  For example, as shown in the attached article, in May 2013, the director  challenged the appointments of the judges.  He did so because the retroactive appointment of acting judges was not a reasonable and fair deed carried out in accordance with article 18, read in conjunction with article 25(1)(a), of the constitution.","Phil ya Nangolo, national director, Namibian Society for Human Rights, April 22 2013; Namibia: 13 years of unconstitutional appointment of acting judges, http://www.nshr.org.na/index.php?module=News&func=display&sid=1915.\n\nEsi Schiming Chase, legal practitioner and president, Law Society of Namibia 2008-2010, September 19 2013.\n\nGraham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.","In practice, judges and magistrates are appointed without political interference. There has been much progress during the independence era and appointments are made on merit, track record and abilities, and not on political affiliations or race, according to prominent lawyer Essi S..."]
["2013_NE_3",2013,"NE","Niger",3,50,"Bien que les juges nommés aient de réelles compétences au niveau de leur niveau d'études  (source 2), il arrive que des juges soient quelquefois révoqués sans procès équitable (voir le cas du juge sur le cas de cocaïne). Les magistrats nigériens étaient en grève vendredi 2 novembre 2012 pour dénoncer une  «affectation arbitraire » d'un de leurs collègues, Ahmed Abdoulaye, substitut du procureur de la République au tribunal de grande instance de Niamey. Le ministre de la Justice lui reproche son insubordination et, surtout, son implication dans un jugement mal rendu dans une affaire de trafic de cocaïne.","Anonyme. (03 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\n\nOffice National d'Edition et de Presse \"nominations et affectations de magistrats\". (13 août 2013). Le Sahel. http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/component/k2/item/3791-nominations-et-affectations-de-magistrats\n\nSource 3: RFI \"Une grève des magistrats paralyse les activités du tribunal de Niamey\" 03 novembre 2012\nhttp://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20121103-une-greve-magistrats-paralyse-activites-tribunal-niamey","Bien que les juges nommés aient de réelles compétences au niveau de leur niveau d'études  (source 2), il arrive que des juges soient quelquefois révoqués sans procès équitable (voir le cas du juge sur le cas de cocaïne). Les magistrats nigériens étaient en grève vendredi 2 novembre..."]
["2013_NG_3",2013,"NG","Nigeria",3,50,"National-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system. The appointment of the most senior judges (supreme court/appeal court) is done by the president, but with the confirmation of the senate, and on the recommendation of the national judicial council - the oversight body. \n\nThe compilation of this body is mandated by the constitution and its independence is rooted in its broad-based membership. The council is headed by the chief justice of the federation, and has senior judges and senior lawyers as members. \n\nAppointed judges only leave their post on retirement or when promoted or sanctioned by the njc. In the last year, erring judges, accused of being compromised, were investigated and suspended by the njc.\n\nThe NJC also came under criticism over the treatment of a former president of the Nigerian court of appeal, Ayo Salami, who was suspended, with the approval of President Jonathan, on claims of misconduct over an election case. Critics accused the president of \"politicising\" the matter, by prodding the njc to act, not because Mr Salami was wrong, but because the ruling he gave favoured the opposition party.","1. Samuel Ogala, Legal Practitioner, Falana & Falana chambers, Abuja, October 20, 2013.\n\n2. Eagle Online, Segun Adebowale, Jonathan approves appointment of Kekere-Ekun as Supreme Court judge, July 5, 2013. http://theeagleonline.com.ng/news/jonathan-approves-appointment-of-kekere-ekun-as-supreme-court-judge/\n\n3. Vanguard, Jonathan approves appointment of 12 new judges for Industrial Court , May 17, 2013. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/jonathan-approves-appointment-of-12-new-judges-for-industrial-court/#sthash.ipHHZkWy.dpuf","National-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system. The appointment of the most senior judges (supreme court/appeal court) is done by the president, but with the confirmation of the senate, and on the recommendation of the national judicial council - the oversi..."]
["2013_RW_3",2013,"RW","Rwanda",3,25,"Sources have conflicting opinions on judicial appointments. For Rugema and Safari, the appointment system respects the independence of the judiciary. Mr Gahima (an opposition leader who used to serve as General Prosecutor) avers that judges are not independent because they are appointed depending on their loyalty to the ruling party, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RFP).  \n\nIndeed, the RPF is a very strong party, which raised to power in the wake of the 1994 genocide. It dominates at least some of the senior judges, and as a result, the appointment process, compromised by political interests, is neither independent nor merit-based.","Gahima, G.  (2013) .  Transitional justice in Rwanda: Accountability for atrocities.  New York: Routledge.  Retrieved from http://books.google.fr/books?id=kyosSUAxhz8C&pg=PA155&lpg=PA155&dq=appointments+of+judges+in+rwanda&source=bl&ots=r2gANItchX&sig=2_5y_g1DDXhQkjD9Falro-PkzMg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E6Y-UpPOD-WM0wWU_oHYBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=appointments%20of%20judges%20in%20rwanda&f=false\n\nRugema, Ivan.  (2013, September 8) .  [Law lecturer at the University of the Western Cape].  Personal communication.\n\nSafari, Sheza Ineza.  (2013, September 20) .  [Lawyer and member of the Rwanda Bar Association].  Personal communication.","Sources have conflicting opinions on judicial appointments. For Rugema and Safari, the appointment system respects the independence of the judiciary. Mr Gahima (an opposition leader who used to serve as General Prosecutor) avers that judges are not independent because they are appo..."]
["2013_ST_3",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",3,25,"The judiciary consists of the supreme court judges and judges of law that are in the first instance court. So judges are selected differently. Regarding the supreme court, judges are appointed and dismissed by the national assembly on the proposal of the superior council of the judiciary. As the national assembly, a political institution, appoints them, the appointment in accordance with São Tomé and Principe in reality is not on merit but by political interests. The assembly nomination is processed by votes from MPs, which means, in the particular santomean case, that the judges make a kind of \"campaign\" among the deputies to collect their blessing. The current councillors judges in the Supreme Court were never inspected while exercising the functions of the first instance court, which is one of the requirements to become a councillor judge.\n\nJudges are appointed for life so they do not receive mandates. That means they cannot be transferred, suspended, promoted, retired, dismissed or otherwise changed in position except in cases provided for by law.\n\nThere is promiscuity between the judiciary and the political power, which calls into question the independence of judges that are connected to the same power. Some judges are trying to regain the credibility of justice and the independence that legally is supported by national laws, but the minority is not strong enough.\n\nIn November 2012, a group of employees of TVS filed a criminal complaint against the former director of public television for libel and slander. The trial was scheduled for September 16, but was postponed because the defendant was absent from the country. Before that TVS workers filed an incident of suspicion regarding judge Kótia Menezes because of the intimate friendship between the father of the judge of the cause, the journalist Carlos Menezes, and the accused - Óscar Medeiros. A friendship strengthened by the fact (according to the report of suspicion) that the accused is also an employee of the father of the judge as the correspondent for RDP África. The document submitted to the court also adds that Óscar Medeiros ensures hosting and accommodation to the father of the \"Honourable Judge\" at the residence of the defendant, when he visits Sao Tome. Despite all the arguments put forward by the workers of TVS plaintiffs through their representative, Judge Kotia Menezes rejected the request of suspicion incident.\n\nThe penal code provides that the intervention of a judge may be refused where there is suspected reason for and existing, serious and severe suspicion about their impartiality.","1. Natacha Vaz. Judge. The Court. September 26 2013.\n2. Kótia Menezes. Judge. The Court. September 23 2013.\n3. \"TVS’ Journalists suspect of the Judge in charge of the former Director Oscar Medeiros\". Abel Veiga.   Téla Nón (santomean news portal). September 19 2013  http://www.telanon.info/sociedade/2013/09/19/14428/jornalistas-e-tecnicos-da-tvs-suspeitam-da-juiza-que-vai-julgar-o-ex-director-oscar-medeiros/","The judiciary consists of the supreme court judges and judges of law that are in the first instance court. So judges are selected differently. Regarding the supreme court, judges are appointed and dismissed by the national assembly on the proposal of the superior council of the jud..."]
["2013_SN_3",2013,"SN","Senegal",3,25,"Au Sénégal, les nominations des juges au niveau national (juges ou magistrats) posent souvent un problème d’indépendance au niveau du pouvoir judiciaire. En effet, c’est le conseil supérieur de la magistrature, dirigé par le président de la République, qui procède à ces nominations, soulevant régulièrement des accusations de favoritisme. \n\nCette année plus particulièrement, le fait s'est reproduit avec la nomination du juge Bassirou Sarr, ancien conseiller technique numéro 1 du  ministre de la Justice, comme procureur de la République en remplacement de Ousmane Diagne. Cette mesure a été reçue par certains juges comme une sanction et une volonté de nommer ses proches, ce qui a fait couler beaucoup d'encre dans les réseaux judiciaires. De telles pratiques ne contribuent pas à renforcer l’image d'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. \n\nLa constitution et le statut de la magistrature prévoient que les juges du siège sont inamovibles. Ils ne peuvent recevoir une affectation, même par voix d’avancement, sans y consentir librement. La seule limite apportée à une telle garantie, hormis le cas d’une affectation d’office résultant d’une sanction disciplinaire, est constituée par le déplacement limité dans le temps et justifié par les nécessités de service, après avis conforme et motivé du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","Entretien avec Meïssa Diakhaté, professeur de droit à l'université de Dakar, le 7octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec  Ibrahima Ndoye, greffier et ancien secrétaire permanent de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la non- transparence, la corruption et la concussion, 2013.\n\nAmadou BA, (23 avril 2013).  « Serigne Bassirou Guèye remplace Ousmane Diagne», Seneplus:\nhttp://seneplus.com/article/serigne-bassirou-gu%C3%A8ye-remplace-ousmane-diagne\n\nLeral. (23 avril 2013). « Comment Mimi Touré s’est offert la tête du Procureur Ousmane Diagne». Leral.net:\nhttp://www.leral.net/Comment-Mimi-Toure-s-est-offert-la-tete-du-Procureur-Ousmane-Diagne_a81178.html","Au Sénégal, les nominations des juges au niveau national (juges ou magistrats) posent souvent un problème d’indépendance au niveau du pouvoir judiciaire. En effet, c’est le conseil supérieur de la magistrature, dirigé par le président de la République, qui procède à ces nominations..."]
["2013_SC_3",2013,"SC","Seychelles",3,50,"The appointment procedure set out in the constitution was intended to allow independence of the judiciary. Appointments are made by the president, but he must act on the nomination of the independent body of the constitutional appointment authority. Mr Bernard Georges and an expert on accountability and the judiciary said that some applicants for these positions are not being considered, and that supporters of the government are more likely to be appointed or promoted.\n\nThere is a federal system of appointments, but it is not quite merit-based. Appointees only have to fulfil very basic qualifications, which basically refer to the number of years a lawyer has been practicing. Mr Georges also said the appointments are “purely arbitrary and the president, in whose hands the appointment of judges remains, plays safe and will not appoint perceived opponents of the government, even when they are shown to be meritorious and recommended for appointment. The judiciary and bar association have no say in selection of judges. There is no judicial service commission, for instance.”\n\nMr Bernard Georges said: “Seychellois judges have security of tenure, but non-Seychellois judges are appointed for non-renewable terms to avoid renewal-based bias. However, many such judges try to use a constitutional provision allowing renewals in exceptional cases to extend their terms. Unhappily, this has been periodically allowed, but the tendency appears to be against [this] now. In the final analysis, the independence of the judiciary is dependent on the attitude of the particular judge. Some will not countenance reappointment.\n\n“Due process for the discipline or removal of judges is set out in the constitution. Initiated by an independent body outside the Judiciary, this process is run by a tribunal of peers who are appointed to investigate if the charges are true or false. The nation is required to act on its recommendations. However, this procedure is designed to fail. It involves putting up a complaint to the constitutional appointments authority which has the last word in whether the complaint will be processed. So far the authority has not acted in a single case of complaint.\" \n\nAn expert on accountability and the judiciary confirmed that there has never been a removal since the time he started being a lawyer.","1. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.","The appointment procedure set out in the constitution was intended to allow independence of the judiciary. Appointments are made by the president, but he must act on the nomination of the independent body of the constitutional appointment authority. Mr Bernard Georges and an expert..."]
["2013_SL_3",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",3,0,"There is no proper merit-based selection system in practice. The appointment of judges and magistrates lies with the president and this continues to create room for a lack of independence of the judiciary. \n\nThere are few judges and magistrates in the country who fully comply with ethical conduct, largely ascribed to the meagre salaries they receive. \n\nThe president will appoint those who he believes are in line with his agenda and who belong to the same political party. The legal council will not have too much say about the judges since they have been appointed by the president too.\n\nMany legally educated people prefer to practice as lawyers rather than serve as magistrates. Because of the limited number it is not normally easy to transfer a magistrate/judge even on the grounds of mishaps happening. \n\nDespite the retirement age for a judge being 60, some judges still work after that age due to the idea that they may be able to bring to an end some cases not yet finalised.  \n\nAppointment by merit is particularly challenging at the level of local courts. Noteworthy for Sierra Leone is the mixing of traditional courts at chiefdom levels into the formal judiciary system, but the legal education of the personnel at the lower levels is a persistent challenge.","Joseph F Kamara, Anti-corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nBlogpost, April 22, 2013, Ibrahim Tommy and Jeremy Simbo, Centre for accountability and rule of law, Chief Justice Launches ‘New Local Courts’ in the Provinces: The Changing Phase of Sierra Leone’s Justice Landscape\nhttp://www.carl-sl.org/home/articles/601-by-ibrahim-tommy-and-jeremy-simbo","There is no proper merit-based selection system in practice. The appointment of judges and magistrates lies with the president and this continues to create room for a lack of independence of the judiciary. ..."]
["2013_SO_3",2013,"SO","Somalia",3,0,"While some of the national-level judges came from the Islamic courts, it is generally not clear how judges are appointed. A merit-based system is occasionally followed, but judges are sometimes sacked for political reasons. Furthermore, the appointments oftentimes fail to register basic skills sets required of office bearers, a factor that serves to undermine their capacity to discharge their duties effectively.","Anonymous academic at University of Banadir. (2013 October 20).\n\nAnonymous expert on Somali judiciary. (2013 October 20).\n\nAnonymous independent Somali consultant and expert on the Somali judiciary. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nKhalif, Abdulkadir. (2013 April 6). “omalia takes first step towards judicial reforms”. Africa Review.\nhttp://www.africareview.com/News/Somali-takes-first-step-of-the-journey-to-judicial-reforms/-/979180/1741060/-/nwc8b0z/-/index.html \n\nGoth, Mohamed. Somalia: The corruption tango. Somaliland Press.\nhttp://somalilandpress.com/somaliathe-corruption-tango-46562","While some of the national-level judges came from the Islamic courts, it is generally not clear how judges are appointed. A merit-based system is occasionally followed, but judges are sometimes sacked for political reasons. Furthermore, the appointments oftentimes fail to register ..."]
["2013_ZA_3",2013,"ZA","South Africa",3,75,"Judges are appointed on a merit-based system and are removed fairly. This process is difficult. This means they have security of tenure. However, experts say there is some level of politics in the appointment of judges. Their role/stance during the apartheid struggle does seem to matter to some extent as well as loyalty towards the ANC.\n\nWilliam Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town, says that judges are appointed through a merit-based system and that the appointment of judges requires an elaborate process: \"At present, the judiciary is independent and so are the appointments. Judges can only be removed when he/she goes overboard. This means judges in South Africa have security of tenure.\"\n \nThe process of removing a judge is difficult, explains Kerfoot. Quoting the South African constitution (section 177), he says that a judge may only be removed if a) the Judicial Services Commission finds that the judge suffers from an incapacity b) is grossly incompetent  c) guilty of misconduct and that the national assembly calls for that judge to be removed. \"Two thirds of the commission members need to vote in favour of a judge's removal,\" Kerfoot says. \"It is quite difficult to remove a judge. That is important because you need to have judicial independence. This is not possible when judges are worried about their job. The head of state can't fire judges like he wishes.\"\n\nIn April 2013, retired constitutional court judge Kate O'Regan was quoted by the media saying that selecting judges is a difficult task, and this process requires the commission to balance three requirements: whether the candidate has the appropriate qualifications, whether the candidate is \"fit and proper\", and lastly the candidate's demographic representation. \"The appointment of a judge is a very visible public process and it is very important that the process is seen and perceived to be fair,\" she said. \"We have had a pattern in the last couple of sessions of the commission where many candidates who had been approached by a range of organisations such as the law society (and NGOs), who've said they just do not want to participate in the process.\"\n\nRecently, constitutional law expert Pierre de Vos said that while the commission has received a lot of criticism, he stressed that the appointment of judges happens fairly. \"It is my contention, and I know this is not uncontroversial, that an extraordinary amount of nonsense is spoken and written about the role of the commission in the appointment of judges in South Africa,\" he wrote in one of his latest columns on his website. \"Some critics of the commission appear to believe that any political influence on its work represents a fundamental attack on the independence and impartiality of the judiciary. On the other hand, some members of the JSC seem to labour under the misconception that any criticism of the commission is illegitimate. The truth lies somewhere between these two extreme positions.\"\n\nAdila Hassim, co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social Justice NGO Section27, says that while the appointments of judges generally speaking proves and solidifies the independence of the judiciary, there is some level of politics that come into play: \"Your credentials during the apartheid struggle seem to play a role, basically when you can demonstrate that you were anti-apartheid and pro-transformation. That is political. Then there have been cases of judges not being promoted after they had been critical of the ANC. Deputy Chief Justice Dikgang Moseneke was not made chief justice.\"\n\nMoseneke was overlooked as choice for chief justice, allegedly over what he said in 2008 during his birthday party: “I chose this job very carefully. I have another ten to 12 years on the bench and I want to use my energy to help create an equal society. It’s not what the ANC wants or what the delegates want; it is about what is good for our people”. \n\nHassim: \"As a judge you have to be independent, and this backfired.\"","William Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town (www.lrc.org.za), interview,  October 25 2013.\n\nSelecting judges 'a very difficult task' (News24 /April  17 2013), http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Selecting-judges-a-very-difficult-task-20130417\n\nThe JSC: It’s not all bad, and here’s why (Daily Maverick / Pierre de Vos / November 1 2013), http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2013-11-01-the-jsc-its-not-all-bad-and-heres-why/#.UnuX4JQpbFE\n\nAdila Hassim, co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social Justice NGO Section27 (www.section27.org.za), interview, November 18 2013.","Judges are appointed on a merit-based system and are removed fairly. This process is difficult. This means they have security of tenure. However, experts say there is some level of politics in the appointment of judges. Their role/stance during the apartheid struggle does seem to m..."]
["2013_SS_3",2013,"SS","South Sudan",3,0,"In practice, the appointment of judges does not guarantee independence of the judiciary. There are reports of nepotism in the appointment of judges to the judiciary. A senior South Sudanese judge who resigned early this year, Justice John Clement Kuc cited nepotism and favouritism in the judiciary as some of the reasons for his resignation. Kuc also says some of the people appointed to the judiciary are interfering with independence of the institution.  \"There are employees with criminal records who are employed and allowed to serve. This creates an environment in which it is difficult to trust courtroom personnel,” Kuc was quoted as saying in an article published on the Sudan Tribune website on 13 March 2013.\n\nSecondly, a recent controversy over appointments to South Sudan’s judiciary shows that. Recently, South Sudan’s Chief Justice Chan Reec Madut came under criticism for appointing his daughter as a legal assistant. Though Madut has denied nepotism in the appointment of his daughter (according to an article published on the Sudan Tribune website on 2 March 2013), Justice Kuc questioned the criteria under which 78 legal assistants were selected without being awarded marks in the interviews. Kuc questioned the selection of the legal assistants from nearly 600 lawyers who attended the interview saying that the interview was just a cover up (according to an article published on the Gurtong news website on 14 March 2013).\n\nIn practice, the appointment of judges does not guarantee the independence of the judiciary partly because the Judiciary Act, 2008, gives the president unchecked powers to appoint senior officials of the judiciary including; the President of the Supreme Court; the Deputy President of the Supreme Court; the Justices of the Supreme Court; the Presidents of the Courts of Appeal; and the Justices of the Court of Appeal, among others. In practice the appointment process of members of the judiciary is also dominated by the president.\n \nA senior lawyer speaking on the condition of anonymity says the legal framework establishing the judiciary is not consistent with the requirements for an independent and accountable judiciary because the law makes the judiciary directly answerable to the president in the discharge its mandate. He said the law also makes the judiciary budget subject to presidential approval. He says this is the reason why a recent petition to challenge a decree by President Salva Kiirs stopping SPLM ruling party Secretary General Pagan Amum from leaving Juba or speaking to the media has never been heard. The advocate says according to the South Sudan Constitution, the President of the Supreme Court was supposed to assemble nine judges to hear the petition challenging the president’s decree as unconstitutional as it denies Pagan Amum his right to freedom and speech, three months after the petition was filed with the Chief Justice.","Anonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Lawyer].  Personal communication. [I will provide his details in a seaprate e-mail.\n\nMule M. M.  (2013, March 14) .  Judge says his resignation from court driven by honesty.  Gurtong.  Retrieved from http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/10063/Judge-Says-His-Resignation-From-Court-Driven-By-Honesty.aspx (accessed October 14, 2013).\n\n(2013, March 13) .  Senior judge quits over nepotism and ineptitude of South Sudan’s justice system. Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45537 (accessed 14 October 2013)\n\n(2013, March 2) .  South Sudan chief justice denies nepotism in appointment of his daughter.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45695","In practice, the appointment of judges does not guarantee independence of the judiciary. There are reports of nepotism in the appointment of judges to the judiciary. A senior South Sudanese judge who resigned early this year, Justice John Clement Kuc cited nepotism and favouritism ..."]
["2013_SD_3",2013,"SD","Sudan",3,0,"The appointment is politicized by the loyalty to the National Congress party. The normal procedure states that the judicial authorities can nominate a list of the candidates and the president of the Republic can add or remove from that list according to higher national interests (according to article 130A of the Sudanese Constitution passed in 2005, the president has the right to appoint the chief of the judiciary commission, the chief of judges, the judges of the Supreme and appeal courts and the judges of the normal courts: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf). The judges of the constitutional court are also appointed directly by the president with the acceptance of the first vice president (according to article 121,1 of the Sudanese Constitution passed in 2005, the president has the right to appoint the judges and the chief of the constitutional court with the acceptance of the first vice president: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf).","Anonymous. (2013, October 17) . [Lawyer]. Personal communication.\n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 17) . [Legal expert]. Personal communication.\n \n Martini, Maira. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International.\n \n \n The workshop about the alternative constiution in Sudan on 24 September 2012 included many papers: \n 1- Paper by the international expert of good governance and human rights Amin Mekki Medani 2- Paper by Mahjoub Mohammed Salih, media expert on the destruction of the civil servants laws and standards in Sudan.","The appointment is politicized by the loyalty to the National Congress party. The normal procedure states that the judicial authorities can nominate a list of the candidates and the president of the Republic can add or remove from that list according to higher national interests (a..."]
["2013_SZ_3",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",3,0,"Swaziland's constitution, chapter VIII, part 1, section 138 states that the courts of Swaziland are independent and answerable only to the constitution, free of any executive or legislative interference. However, the basic contradiction in Swaziland's royal government asserts itself when the king is given powers superior to the constitution - he is head of the executive and legislature - and it is he who appoints justices and magistrates upon the advice of a Judicial Services Commission. Upon assuming office, the judge or magistrate swears an oath that does not mention the constitution or upholding the laws of Swaziland but is an oath of allegiance to the king. The Law Society of Swaziland continued to press during 2012-13 for the removal of the chief justice, whose appointment they said was political on the basis of his loyalty to the king. In 2011 a high court judge was fired for rulings politically unfavourable to government (the justice minister who refused to sign his dismissal letter was also fired), and, while no politically-motivated hiring or firing occurred during the year under review, the conditions to permit this continued. The Judicial Services Commission that advises the king on judicial appointments cannot be said to be independent. Four of its six members are government officials appointed by the king. (The remaining two are practising lawyers.)","Interview: Anonymous, former executive Swaziland Law Society, Manzini, 26 September 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n \"Swaziland: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Opens Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, March 2013. Available at http://www.osisa.org/other/law/swaziland/swaziland-justice-sector-and-rule-law\n \n \"World Report on Human Rights: Swaziland,\" Human Rights Watch, 2012. Available at http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland\n \n \"Annual Report 2012: Swaziland,\" Amnesty International, 2012. Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/swaziland/report-2012","Swaziland's constitution, chapter VIII, part 1, section 138 states that the courts of Swaziland are independent and answerable only to the constitution, free of any executive or legislative interference. However, the basic contradiction in Swaziland's royal government asserts itsel..."]
["2013_TZ_3",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",3,50,"Judges are appointed by the president who is also the chairman of a political party. This raises a conflict of interest in cases involving the rival political parties. The head of state, as well as the Minister for justice, influences the establishment of the judicial service commission, which is open to abuse because of thin levels of public scrutiny. At the lower levels, the Judicial Act has granted powers to political and administrative heads to sit in a judicial disciplinary committee and due process is not established/observed to the degree necessary.\n \nAt the same time, the law prescribes both professional and academic qualifications to become a judge in Tanzania, and sets therefore a minimal merit-based system. Section 109. (7) requires a degree in law from a University recognized by the accreditation authority in Tanzania, and a candidate that (a) has been a magistrate; (b) has held an office in the public service while possessing qualifications of attorney or has been a private advocate; (c) possess qualifications for enrollment as an advocate and, has possessed those qualifications continuously for a period of not less than ten years.","1. Mr Peter Kibatala, Vice President, Tanganyika Law Society (TLS), interviewed October 12, 2013\n \n 2. Mr Wilbeforce Luhwago, Senior Resident Magistrate, Kisutu District Court (Dar es Salaam), interviewed October 12, 2013\n \n 3. \"If judges' appointment remains shrouded in secrecy, Lissu will be believed\", By Fatma Karume (Advocate of the High Court), The Guardian on Sunday, September 12, 2012 http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=45679","Judges are appointed by the president who is also the chairman of a political party. This raises a conflict of interest in cases involving the rival political parties. The head of state, as well as the Minister for justice, influences the establishment of the judicial service commi..."]
["2013_TG_3",2013,"TG","Togo",3,50,"Les magistrats entrent en fonction à la suite d’une nomination par décret pris en conseil des ministres sur proposition du ministre de la justice. Cette nomination crée une apparente dépendance des magistrats vis-à-vis de l’exécutif. Le système politique dans lequel se trouve le Togo ne milite pas en faveur de l’indépendance des magistrats. Les récents évènements au Togo en donnent une illustration, dont la nomination d’Essolissam Poyodi, Procureur de la République, et sa gestion contestée du dossier des incendies des grands marchés de Lomé et de Kara. Toutefois, certains magistrats, bien que nommés, par l’exécutif, font preuve de professionnalisme dans certains dossiers dont ils ont la charge.","Ghislain Nyaku, responsable, département de protection des droits de l'homme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 octobre 2013.\n \n Kokou Agbemebio. (1er octobre 2013). « Affaire des incendies et démolition précipitée du bâtiment central du Grand marché de Lomé : le Procureur Poyodi fait diversion et cache mal le malaise du gouvernement dans ce dossier ». IciLomme.com. Repéré à http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=763569.\n \n République of Togo. (26 février 2013). « Juges et avocats font leur métier en toute indépendance ». Togo Médias. Repéré à http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Medias/Juges-et-avocats-font-leur-metier-en-toute-independance.","Les magistrats entrent en fonction à la suite d’une nomination par décret pris en conseil des ministres sur proposition du ministre de la justice. Cette nomination crée une apparente dépendance des magistrats vis-à-vis de l’exécutif. Le système politique dans lequel se trouve le To..."]
["2013_TN_3",2013,"TN","Tunisia",3,50,"Since the revolution of December 2010, a judge's career follows a merit-based selection scheme. Promotions and geographical movements of judges from a town to another are decisions taken by an independent body : the \"Instance provisoire judiciaire.\" In general, judges attain first, second, third or fourth grade. Then comes the president of the Supreme Court and then the attorney general. The more years they work, the more they are upgraded.\n \nThe 20 members (15 judges and five university professors of law) of the \"Instance provisoire judiciaire\" are elected and appear free from any pressure. That was not the case before the revolution, when judges' movements were decided by the minister of justice alone. \n \nDismissal or transfer of judges is no longer related to the decisions they take in court. Judges also benefit from tenure, that means a \"normal\" career, with no dismissal or forced retirement. Tenure for Tunisian judges means they will likely not be assigned a court situated far from where they and their family reside. \n \nNonetheless, there were instances in October 2012 in which the judiciary was affected by \"unjustified dismissals,\" according to Human Rights Watch. The Hunffington Post Maghreb describes a strike organized by the Instance Indépendante Judiciare after two of its members were unfairly nominated by the Ministry of Justice to serve within its services. That is to say that there is occasional influence registered in the Instance Provisoire judiciaire.","September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n \n October 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis.\n \n October 25, 2013: Interview with Prof. Karray, senior lecturer of public law, University of Sfax\n \n Human Rights Watch, Tunisia: Mass dismissal of judges is a blow to the independence of the judiciary, October 2012\n  http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2012/10/29/tunisie-le-renvoi-massif-de-magistrats-porte-un-coup-l-ind-pendance-de-la-justice","Since the revolution of December 2010, a judge's career follows a merit-based selection scheme. Promotions and geographical movements of judges from a town to another are decisions taken by an independent body : the \"Instance provisoire judiciaire.\" In general, judges attain first,..."]
["2013_UG_3",2013,"UG","Uganda",3,50,"In Uganda, the chairperson of the Judicial Service Commission has the mandate to determine the procedures to follow leading to the appointments of national-level judges including the procedure of any selection board appointed by the commission to interview candidates. The commission also determines the qualifications, experience and merit of candidates to be selected. After selection, names are forwarded to the president for approval. Depending on the outcome at this stage, whoever is approved by the president is appointed and sent to the parliamentary appointment’s committee for vetting. Names that successfully go through the committee are sent back to the president who later swears them into office.\n \nLast year, unlike previous years, the commission for the first time advertised vacant positions of judges that needed filling in all the courts including the supreme court. Media reports show that the commission decided to advertise so as to encourage transparency and equal opportunities in the recruitment exercise. The whole process attracted mixed reactions from various circles of society. For instance, in a widely circulated letter from the former Uganda Law Society president, he pointed out that the details of the appointment criteria are not given out. He added that appointments should be a product of an agreed process which should be known to all. On the other hand, others like Kahungu Tibayeita, a representative of the western region in the Uganda Law Society Council says Ogoola’s system will promote merit. He says the old recruitment system was based on personal perception by members of the commission, or political influence.\n \nFurther, not all names of judges forwarded by the commission to the president are accepted. For instance, the commission had proposed that the president should appoint Justice Bart Katureebe as the new chief justice. But the president asked that Odoki be retained as chief justice for more two years, despite the fact that Odoki had reached retirement age. President Museveni in a letter (July 9, 2013) addressed to the commission chairman, James Ogoola, directed that Odoki be given a two year contract in order to “maximise the services of our scarce human resource”. The president also ordered that four other retired supreme court justices be recalled to the bench. The announcement sparked controversy in various legal circles, with the Uganda Law Society saying it was unconstitutional. Tibayeita points out that there are enough lawyers and judges qualified to fill all the vacant posts, but those acceptable to the powers are perhaps not yet spotted. Further, while the appointing system of judges takes into consideration competence and qualifications, the weak point is that some of the judges are known to hold senior positions in the ruling party, like Justice Steven Kavuma who is known for pro-government decisions and Justice Jonathan Tumesigye. \n \nRegarding security of tenure, it is guaranteed and the retirement age is well set out. The president has also asked that the retirement age be moved up to 75 years. However, some circles argue that this is intended to keep judges sympathetic to the ruling party to ensure that they stay longer.\n \nConcerning the disciplining, removal or transfer of judges, the commission has the mandate to discipline errant judicial officers by investigating, trying and passing judgment once a public complaint against the errant officer has been made. The commission recommends to the president about the pending action. The president directs for the setting up of a tribunal to look into the matter and depending on finding, appropriate action is taken. For instance, there is a case of Honorable Justice Anup Singh Chouldry who was appointed to the high court, but a complaint was lodged at the commission concerning his fitness to sit as a judge of the high court of Uganda. The commission sent the matter to the president and recommended that the president appoint a tribunal for purposes of investigating Justice Choudry. The law authorises the president to appoint a judicial tribunal to investigate the appointment, conduct and removal of the judge when the need arises. It’s a matter that is being delayed and the lawyers want the court to direct the president to institute the tribunal without further delay. In Uganda judges can stay on the job until investigations into allegations against them are completed. A number of transfers have taken place in the past 12 months, but a critical review shows that most of them were geared towards improving efficiency in the judiciary to bring access to justice nearer to the people.","The Independent, Joan Akello; “Judges wanted”; April 12, 2013\n http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/7658-judges-wanted\n \n Uganda Radio Network, Halima Athumani; “Judicial Service Commission: Judges Ready For Appointment”; September 08, 2012\n http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=45285\n \n Uganda Picks, “Judicial Service Commission against Odoki’s Re-appointment” August 19, 2013\n http://www.ugandapicks.com/2013/08/judicial-service-commission-against-odokis-re-appointment-70049.html\n \n Daily Monitor, Olive Eyotaru & Isaac Imaka; “House refuses to vet Odoki”; September 27, 2013\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/House-refuses-to-vet-Odoki/-/688334/2009086/-/buesciz/-/index.html\n \n The Independent, Joan Okello; “Odoki speaks out on re-appointment”; July 26, 2013\n http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/8046-odoki-speaks-out-on-re-appointment\n \n Fred Daka Kamwada; “Constitutional Stalemate”; July 8, 2013\n http://investigator.co.ug/old/details.php?option=acat&a=853\n \n Daily Monitor, Ephraim Kasozi; “Uganda Law Society faulted over crisis in Judiciary”; July 10 2013\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1910934/-/7r1kf7z/-/index.html\n \n UGO; “Two senior Judges under investigation over Corruption allegations”; April 30, 2013 \n http://news.ugo.co.ug/2013/04/two-senior-judges-under-investigation-over-corruption-allegations/\n \n Elias Kisawuzi, Judicial Spokesperson, The Judiciary, September 23, 2013","In Uganda, the chairperson of the Judicial Service Commission has the mandate to determine the procedures to follow leading to the appointments of national-level judges including the procedure of any selection board appointed by the commission to interview candidates. The commissio..."]
["2013_ZM_3",2013,"ZM","Zambia",3,50,"Transparency International Zambia has a permanent seat on the judicial selection committee and says there have been times when they have rejected some appointments. \n \nGenerally, appointments support the independence of the judiciary: there is security of tenure and disciplinary actions, transfers, or dismissals are taken through a tribunal. Sometime, however, the tribunal is not entirely free from political interference and there are still some cases where the appointments are at times not merit-based, but more political. \n \nFor example, the contractual basis on which some Supreme Court justices serve (see the Munshya and Lusaka Times articles) implies that security of tenure is not necessarily guaranteed, and that removal processes are not always predicated on due process.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n 2.Tag Archives, E. Munshya wa Munshya, Judicial Independence, Justice on Contract: Judges, the President & the Future of our Democracy, September 23 2013, http://eliasmunshya.org/tag/judicial-independence/.\n \n 3.Lusakatimes.com, Ratification of Madame Justice Chibesakunda as new Chief Justice violates constitution ,February 4 2013, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/02/04/ratification-of-madame-justice-chibesakunda-as-new-chief-justice-violates-constitution/.\n \n 4.Zambian Watchdog, Judge Katenekwa recuses himself from suspended judges’s case, Chief Justice may handle it, June 5 2013, https://www.zambianwatchdog.com/judge-katenekwa-rescues-himself-from-suspended-judgess-case-chief-justice-may-handle-it/","Transparency International Zambia has a permanent seat on the judicial selection committee and says there have been times when they have rejected some appointments. \n ..."]
["2013_ZW_3",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",3,50,"National-level judges are appointed following a merit-based selection system. However, occasionally judges are disciplined or removed without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body. For example, victim friendly court national co-ordinator, Idine Magonga, was dismissed for participating in local government elections on an mdc-t ticket on July 31, 2013. The dismissal was done without affording him a hearing in terms of the civil service commission regulations. In April 2013, judge Charles Hungwe suffered media attacks on his integrity and professionalism after he ordered the release of Beatrice Mtetwa. These attacks were extensively criticized by international lawyers' associations.","1. Anonymous. Law Society of Zimbabwe. Nov 18, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n 2. Zimbabwe Independent. October 25, 2013. JSC negotiates fired magistrate’s package. http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/10/25/jsc-negotiates-fired-magistrates-package/\n \n 3. Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC). April 3, 2013. PERSECUTION OF JUDGE WHO ORDERED BEATRICE MTETWA’S RELEASE POINTS TO ONGOING RULE OF LAW CRISIS IN ZIMBABWE. http://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2013/04/03/persecution-of-judge-who-ordered-beatrice-mtetwas-release-points-to-ongoing-rule-of-law-crisis-in-zimbabwe/","National-level judges are appointed following a merit-based selection system. However, occasionally judges are disciplined or removed without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body. For example, victim friendly court national co-ordinator, Idine Magonga, was dismi..."]
["2013_DZ_4",2013,"DZ","Algeria",4,100,"Les juges rendent toujours des décisions motivées avec des attendus en réponse à toutes les demandes du justiciable et un jugement est remis aux intéressés (demandeurs et défendeurs) au plus tard dans les 10 jours qui suivent le prononcé de la décision.","-(2013, Septembre 23). Entretien avec le président du bureau de wilaya de Saida de la ligue algérienne de la défense des droits de l’homme (LADDDH), Ouali Djaafar. [Entrevue]\n-Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. (2006). Délibération portant sur la Charte de déontologie du magistrat. Repéré à http://www.snmalgerie.com/french/document.html\n-Yahia Maouchi. (2013, Avril 28). Le juge doit justifier sa décision. [Entrevue]. Algerie News, Repéré à http://www.algerienews.info/le-juge-doit-justifier-sa-decision/\n-Entretien avec des citoyens et des justiciables, tribunal d'Alger, Alger, 25/09/2013","Les juges rendent toujours des décisions motivées avec des attendus en réponse à toutes les demandes du justiciable et un jugement est remis aux intéressés (demandeurs et défendeurs) au plus tard dans les 10 jours qui suivent le prononcé de la décision."]
["2013_AO_4",2013,"AO","Angola",4,25,"Representatives of international and national organisations who have done extensive legal research agree that generally sentences are read in court and include reasoning based on existing law. Even if not all trials are public, sentences can be obtained by paying a small fee. \n\nSometimes sentencing records are denied to anyone other than the lawyers or family members of the convicted individual. This practice seems to not be based on any formal regulation, but rather on the discretionary power of court officials.","[Interviews with representatives of international and national organisations, 2014, January 16, 17, & 21.].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Representatives of international and national organisations who have done extensive legal research agree that generally sentences are read in court and include reasoning based on existing law. Even if not all trials are public, sentences can be obtained by paying a small fee. ..."]
["2013_BJ_4",2013,"BJ","Benin",4,100,"Au Bénin, les décisions des juges sont expliquées; les juges tranchent en partant de la loi ou de la jurisprudence. Les procès sont accessibles au grand public sauf dans le cas d'affaires sensibles prévues par la loi (mineurs, viol, etc.). Les médias couvrent régulièrement les assises et utilisent les décisions dans leurs chroniques judiciaires.","Agelo Djidjoho Houssou, Le Matinal du 24 mai, 2013. Intégralité de l’ordonnance de non-lieu général rendue par le Juge Angelo Houssou. http://actubenin.com/?Integralite-de-l-ordonnance-de-non\n\nLe Matinal, du 23 mai 2013. \"Ismaël Tidjani-Serpos, ancien magistrat : « La décision du juge Houssou a semé un grand scepticisme… ». Déclarations de Ismael Tidjani Serpos.\" http://news.acotonou.com/h/2976.html\n\nMarcel Adanhoun, La Nouvelle Tribune du 27 mai, 2013. \"Affaire Patrice Talon : des patriotes notent 10 contradictions dans la décision du juge Angelo Houssou\". http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/14634-affaire-patrice-talon-des-patriotes-notent-10-contradictions-dans-la-decision-du-juge-angelo-houssou#!/ccomment-comment=116925","Au Bénin, les décisions des juges sont expliquées; les juges tranchent en partant de la loi ou de la jurisprudence. Les procès sont accessibles au grand public sauf dans le cas d'affaires sensibles prévues par la loi (mineurs, viol, etc.). Les médias couvrent régulièrement les assi..."]
["2013_BW_4",2013,"BW","Botswana",4,100,"Judges in Botswana always give a formal reason for/elaborate on/explain their ruling in all cases. Their reasoning references the laws and jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case. Their reasoning is public.\n\nFor example, when the High Court overturned a Land Tribunal's ruling in May of 2013, they formally explained their reasoning in reference to the law, and that reasoning was accessible to the public.","1. Article: Judge overturns Land Tribunal Ruling, Mmegi newspaper, May 17, 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=41&dir=2013/May/Friday17\n\n2. Article: Was Natural Justice breached? Botswana Guardian, September 13 2013,  http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/616-was-natural-justice-breached.html\n\n3. Article: Justice Mothobi blasts Court of Appeal Judges, Sunday Standard, May 27 2013,  www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=16986&GroupID=1‎","Judges in Botswana always give a formal reason for/elaborate on/explain their ruling in all cases. Their reasoning references the laws and jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case. Their reasoning is public...."]
["2013_BF_4",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",4,0,"Les juges ne sont pas tenus d'expliquer leurs décisions. Selon nos sources, ils peuvent être sanctionnés pour mauvais jugement, mais n'ont pas obligation de justifier leurs décisions. Selon Victorien Sawadogo, la justice communique de moins en moins.\n\nAu Burkina Faso, le pouvoir judiciaire est en droit indépendant. Mais en pratique, les magistrats dénoncent une atteinte à leur indépendance par l'exécutif. La justice fait désormais partie des institutions les plus corrompues du pays. De ce fait, les décisions que les magistrats prennent ne respectent pas toujours la loi. Cette affaire d'or qui a opposé les magistrats et les deux ministres des mines et de la justice est la preuve que les décisions ne sont pas toujours motivées par l'esprit de la loi.","Interview avec Fako Bruno Ouattara, avocat, magistrat démissionnaire, CentreiInternational d'études sociologiques et de droit appliqué (CINESDA), septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Victorien Sawadogo, journaliste, coordonnateur, Service de l'information du gouvernement, 3 septembre 2013.\n\nAgence d’information du Burkina. (4 juillet 2013). L’ordre des avocats dénonce une corruption rampante de la justice burkinabé. Agence d’information du Burkina: http://www.aib.bf/spip.php?article3201","Les juges ne sont pas tenus d'expliquer leurs décisions. Selon nos sources, ils peuvent être sanctionnés pour mauvais jugement, mais n'ont pas obligation de justifier leurs décisions. Selon Victorien Sawadogo, la justice communique de moins en moins...."]
["2013_BI_4",2013,"BI","Burundi",4,25,"La justification des décisions de justice n'est pas ancrée dans les moeurs au Burundi et lorsque cela arrive, ça laisse à désirer et alimente les nombreux recours constatés dans le pays. \n\nD'après maître Alexandre Simbizi, avocat auprès de la cour d'appel de Bujumbura: « Même si légalement le juge doit motiver sa décision, certaines décisions sont incompréhensibles et ça prend beaucoup de temps pour en avoir. Aussi, les décisions sont conjointes : trois juges prennent et motivent leurs décisions ensemble sans distinguer l'avis de l'un ou de l'autre sur un cas. Quand deux sur trois ont des points de vue convergents, le troisième est obligé d’adopter la décision et son point de vue n' apparait nulle part.»\n\nGérard Bizindavyi (membre de la société civile) indique que «En pratique, les juges devraient chaque fois expliquer les motifs de leur jugement, mais cela reste un idéal pour tout l’appareil judiciaire burundais parce que dans beaucoup de cas, le plaignant est averti des décisions des juges non pas au cours des audiences, mais par le greffe. Les juges se laissent corrompre et n’expliquent pas du tout leur jugement.»\n\nSelon Vital Nshimirimana,  président du FORSC et ancien président de la SYMABU: «Non, dans la pratique, les jugements et arrêts ne sont pas toujours motivés/expliqués. Une grande partie des jugements ne sont pas expliqués. Ce qui explique le grand nombre de recours en cassation. Si un procès est politique ou renferme beaucoup d’enjeux, un procès équitable sera difficile.»\n\nEnfin, selon Come Bageni: «Les jugements ne sont pas expliqués. Ce qui justifie quelquefois les recours. Étant donné que certains plaignants ne maîtrisent pas le droit, des juges corrompus peuvent ne pas dire le droit. Dans le secteur de la justice, la corruption est omniprésente.»","Simbizi Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, 19 septembre 2013.\n\nBizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nNshimirimana Vital, président du FORSC et ancien président de la SYMABU (Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi), le 15 octobre 2013.\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, licencié en sciences politiques.","La justification des décisions de justice n'est pas ancrée dans les moeurs au Burundi et lorsque cela arrive, ça laisse à désirer et alimente les nombreux recours constatés dans le pays. ..."]
["2013_CM_4",2013,"CM","Cameroon",4,50,"The Criminal Procedure Code of Cameroon provides that judges provide reason for their decisions and as such must be substantiated by references to the law or jurisprudence. However, judges occasionally fail to provide references to the jurisprudence upon which their reasoning and judgement is based or derived. This tactic is often used by judges to avoid any interference that may hinder the execution of the judgement given. Section 549 (1 & 2) of the Criminal Procedure Code of Cameroon states that when a party considers that an aspect of a decision delivered in a criminal case is obscured or ambiguous, he may by an application request the president of the said court to interpret it. The court seized shall proceed with this interpretation by referring particularly to the reasons it gave in support of the decision. The supreme court also has a website where rulings are posted. but the most recent date from 2000.","Augustina, Fonjock.  (2013, September 24) .  [Justice, Court of Appeal, Ministry of Justice, Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nItoe, Mukete Tahle.  (2013, September 24) .  [Judge, Court of Appeal, Ministry of Justice, Mundemba].  Personal communication.\n\nNjilla, Njissik Stephen.  (2013, September 23) .  [Barrister and notary, Njilla Esq. Law Firm].  Personal communication.","The Criminal Procedure Code of Cameroon provides that judges provide reason for their decisions and as such must be substantiated by references to the law or jurisprudence. However, judges occasionally fail to provide references to the jurisprudence upon which their reasoning and j..."]
["2013_CV_4",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",4,100,"In practice, judges are autonomous in their decision-making. Decisions are automatically published and properly disclosed in the minutes of the court. The minutes are available at the courthouse and also by internet. The official bulletin can be obtained for US$1, and there is a culture of accessing the official press to obtain information. Their reasoning is always public except for cases of national defence or diplomacy dubbed state secrets. These rulings are not available without prior clearance.","1. Sara Boal, Judge Counsellor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Joao Pinto, Attorney Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n3. Joao de Deus, President Institute Maritmo Portuario, Lawyer, October 14, 2013.\n\n4. Slippage MF: Denise Ramos forbidden to leave the country and ... - A semana\nwww.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php/images/PDF/spip.php?article87432&ak ...\nApril 27, 2013.\n\n5. Website Review: http://www.stj.cv/.","In practice, judges are autonomous in their decision-making. Decisions are automatically published and properly disclosed in the minutes of the court. The minutes are available at the courthouse and also by internet. The official bulletin can be obtained for US$1, and there is a cu..."]
["2013_CF_4",2013,"CF","CAR",4,0,"Les jugement ne sont pas publiés, et certains juges centrafricains ne motivent pas leurs décisions. Deux principales raisons expliquent ces carences:\n-la pression politique exercée par les hautes autorités ou les menaces de mort par les militaires;\n-la corruption. \nCeci pousse le plus souvent les avocats à contester les jugements rendus tout en faisant appel à une autre haute juridiction pour que le droit puisse être entendu.","Edmond Yamindi, avocat au barreau de la cour, 10 septembre /2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de Publication, journal le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nMarie Blandine Songuelema-Yakondji (avocate), présidente de l'Association des femmes juristes de Centrafrique; 9 septembre 2013.\n\nFulgence Zeneth (Juriste de formation), Conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections, Secrétaire général adjoint des Observatoires des droits de l'homme, 10 septembre 2013.","Les jugement ne sont pas publiés, et certains juges centrafricains ne motivent pas leurs décisions. Deux principales raisons expliquent ces carences:\n-la pression politique exercée par les hautes autorités ou les menaces de mort par les militai..."]
["2013_TD_4",2013,"TD","Chad",4,25,"En certaines occasions, les juges ne parviennent pas à présenter un raisonnement formel expliquant leurs décisions. Lorsqu’ils sont produits, ces raisonnements ne font généralement pas référence aux lois ou à la jurisprudence utilisée, ni aux interprétations spécifiques données en rapport avec l'affaire. Ils sont cependant rendus publics quand il s'agit d'une affaire d'intérêt national. Dans plusieurs affaires des prévenus sont restés en détention au delà de la période légale sans que le juge ne motive sa décision ou sans que le jugement ne soit fondé.","Interview Source anonyme 1, 11 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nTCHAD: La justice s'oppose à la libération du directeur d'Abba Garde, Aout 23 2013\nhttp://makaila.over-blog.com/article-tchad-rsf-proteste-contre-la-decision-arbitraire-de-la-justice-de-maintenir-en-prison-le-directeur-119674643.html\n\nTchad: la Douane refuse d’exécuter une décision de Justice, Fortunat, A. (25 aout 2013). « Tchad: la douane refuse d’exécuter une décision de Justice X. Tchadinfos, http://tchadinfos.com/tchad/tchad-douane-refuse-dexcuter-une-dcision-de-justice/","En certaines occasions, les juges ne parviennent pas à présenter un raisonnement formel expliquant leurs décisions. Lorsqu’ils sont produits, ces raisonnements ne font généralement pas référence aux lois ou à la jurisprudence utilisée, ni aux interprétations spécifiques données en ..."]
["2013_KM_4",2013,"KM","Comoros",4,50,"Il existe des juges qui explicitent leurs décisions, et d'autres qui, pour diverses raisons, ne le font pas. Selon Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores, les décisions doivent être motivées, mais il est fréquent que le juge rende des jugements verbaux et sans explications. Le langage juridique constitue aussi une barrière à la compréhension des jugements.\n\nIl arrive aussi que les juges n’expliquent leurs décisions qu’après avoir eu des « brouilles » avec leur hiérarchie. Ils essaient de justifier leurs décisions en donnant  leur part de vérité sur le  dossier. \n\nDans l’affaire de l'assassinat du Lieutenant Colonel Combo Ayouba, ancien chef de corps de l’armée comorienne, un juge dénommé Rachadi chargé de l’enquête reconstitue avec détails le dossier de l’inculpation en envoyant un enregistrement vidéo au Chef de l’État et dont la copie  a été remise entre les mains des journalistes de La Gazette des Comores.","Interview de Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013\n\nMbaé, M. (11 Mars 2013). ZComores / Justice : Affaire de l'assassinat du lieutenant-colonel Combo Ayouba / La part de vérité du juge Rachadi». La Gazette des Comores: http://www.lagazettedescomores.com","Il existe des juges qui explicitent leurs décisions, et d'autres qui, pour diverses raisons, ne le font pas. Selon Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores, les décisions doivent être motivées, mais il est fréquent que le juge rende des jugements verbaux et sa..."]
["2013_CD_4",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",4,100,"Il existe un directeur des affaires criminelles et un directeur des affaires civiles qui s'occupent respectivement de la 1ère juridiction pénale, et le second des affaires civiles. Ils tiennent chacun les notices annuelles des décisions rendues. Les juges présentent régulièrement un raisonnement formel expliquant leurs décisions, dans le cadre des motivations. Celles-ci comprennent bien les références aux textes de lois ou éventuellement à la jurisprudence exploitée(s) et aux interprétations spécifiques données en rapport avec l'affaire. La décision est toujours rendue publique. \n\nCependant, en raison du manque de moyens que rencontrent les tribunaux au Congo, le citoyen est obligé de payer une somme de 10 000 FCFA pour avoir la saisie de la décision et en prendre possession en format papier. En effet, le juge rend la décision sous forme manuscrite. Il est à noter que pour 1 500 000 habitants à Brazzaville, il n'y a que deux salles d'audience (au palais de justice), un manque de moyens criant est à déplorer, car il y a beaucoup de juridictions (Cour suprême, Cour d'appel, Tribunal de grande instance, tribunal d'instance). De ce fait il est demandé beaucoup de renvois, et cela contribue fortement à ralentir la justice.","1 - Entretien du 27 septembre 2013 avec Placide ELEKA, Inspecteur des juridictions et des services judiciaires, ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains.\n\n2 - Entretien du mercredi 2 octobre 2013 avec Samuel Gatabantou, Président de la chambre administrative à la Cour suprême de Brazzaville.\n\n3 - Entretien le 3 octobre avec Jean NOMBO, directeur de cabinet du médiateur de la République, au siège de l'institution 8, rue Bouaboua bis Moukondo à Brazzaville (immeuble ex ministère des PME face piscine Caiman). L'entretien portait sur le rôle de l'institution et les requêtes des citoyens.\n\n4 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 avec Me Ludovic ESSOU, avocat à la cour de Brazzaville.","Il existe un directeur des affaires criminelles et un directeur des affaires civiles qui s'occupent respectivement de la 1ère juridiction pénale, et le second des affaires civiles. Ils tiennent chacun les notices annuelles des décisions rendues. Les juges présentent régulièrement u..."]
["2013_CG_4",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",4,50,"En effet, il est notoire que toute décision ou jugement doit contenir un raisonnement cohérent qui dicte ou soutienne la pensée du juge afin de retenir tel argumentaire et de rejeter tel autre. Ne pas le faire, c’est s’exposer à la rigueur de la loi. Malheureusement, il est des cas où les juges ne parviennent pas toujours à présenter un raisonnement formel expliquant leurs décisions (ex. jurisprudence…).\n\nSource 1 : Les juges sont obligés d’expliquer leurs décisions, c’est ce qu’on appelle « la motivation du jugement », car un jugement qui n’est pas motivé est sujet à cassation. Donc ils expliquent leur décision en prenant les thèses de chacune des parties au procès et en y répondant, ce qu’on appelle « rencontrer les argumentaires des parties opposées ».\n\nSource 2 : En tant que praticiens du droit, nous avons eu l’occasion de censurer beaucoup d’œuvres de nos collègues des juridictions inférieures pour manque de motivation ou encore motivation insuffisante. On peut en terme non technique parler de jugements non explicités ou moins explicités. Alors qu’il leur est fait cette obligation, plusieurs ne le font pas bien et se voient sanctionnés à la mesure de l’acte posé.\n\nSource 3 : Les motivations de jugement en R. D. Congo ont toujours posé problème : « Nous attendons maintenant les motivations de ce jugement – s’il daigne nous les adresser – afin de voir ce que nous pouvons faire ».","1. FEZA Godelive, juge président à Kinshasa au tribunal d’Assossa, le 07/10/2013.\n \n2. LUKOKI KUNSI, magistrat honoraire (Parquet général de la République près la Cour Suprême de Justice), le 12/10/2013. \n\n3. Me Hubert Efole, avocat de Mr CHALUPA in http://radiookapi.net/lu-sur-le-web/2013/01/25/rdc-36-mois-de-prison-ferme-pour-chalupa-jeune-afrique/.","En effet, il est notoire que toute décision ou jugement doit contenir un raisonnement cohérent qui dicte ou soutienne la pensée du juge afin de retenir tel argumentaire et de rejeter tel autre. Ne pas le faire, c’est s’exposer à la rigueur de la loi. Malheureusement, il est des cas..."]
["2013_CI_4",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",4,50,"Les arrêts du Conseil constitutionnel ivoirien sont publics. Il appartient aussi a tout justiciable de requérir l'avis d'un conseil pour se voir expliquer une décision de justice. Cependant, il n'a pas été possible pour le chercheur de vérifier si le recours prévu par la loi est appliqué ni si des demandes d’interprétation sont effectivement faites.","Interview avec un juriste. 23 septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec un magistrat. 10 octobre 2013\n\nConsultation de décisions de justice. 2013.","Les arrêts du Conseil constitutionnel ivoirien sont publics. Il appartient aussi a tout justiciable de requérir l'avis d'un conseil pour se voir expliquer une décision de justice. Cependant, il n'a pas été possible pour le chercheur de vérifier si le recours prévu par la loi est ap..."]
["2013_DJ_4",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",4,25,"Les principales décisions des juges consultées sont argumentées en droit et en fait. Les juges djiboutiens se conforment aux principes de droit contenus dans la constitution et les lois. En revanche, il arrive, comme le rapportent les personnes interrogées, que certaines décisions ne soient pas suffisamment argumentées et expliquées. Selon la juge d'instruction, ceci s'explique par le manque de formation de beaucoup de jeunes magistrats. On remarque beaucoup de fautes d'orthographe et parfois certaines décisions ne sont pas rédigées dans les délais impartis. Enfin, il n'existe pas de base de données regroupant et archivant les décisions de justice.","1) Osman Farah, greffier, Cour suprême de Djibouti\n\n2) Ali guedi Farah, magistrat, Cour d'appel de Djibouti\n\n3) Aicha Aléo, juge d'instruction","Les principales décisions des juges consultées sont argumentées en droit et en fait. Les juges djiboutiens se conforment aux principes de droit contenus dans la constitution et les lois. En revanche, il arrive, comme le rapportent les personnes interrogées, que certaines décisions ..."]
["2013_EG_4",2013,"EG","Egypt",4,75,"Egyptian judges routinely provide adequate reasoning for their decisions. Their rulings are available to the public referencing the applicable law. From important proceedings copies of legal rulings are made available to the public after their conclusion in a pre-planned way.\n\nAnyone can attain National Court verdicts by heading to the court and requesting a copy of the court decision. After a verdict is reached and the case is closed, anyone can have access to the case information and verdict. Additionally, and each year, the Cassation Court decisions are issued in a book officially published by the court. This book contains the facts, the entire court judgment and verdict. Case details are also published on the Cassation Court's website: www.cc.gov.eg.\n\nThere are no official sites or online portals that provide this data online to the public.  Some online databases such as \"EastLaws\" contain relevant information on Egypt.\n\nIn cases where verdicts have not yet been reached and where the case is still open, case information can only be accessed by parties to the case, those raising a case, or others with a legitimate legal interest. This effects the media in a number of ways. Typically, the media releases stories without including the names of the parties involve in an ongoing legal dispute. While a case is still ongoing, journalists can get case information from the police and court but not from the public prosecution without a special permit. In some national cases, there may be an order from the prosecution or a court injunction regarding the release of case information. Following a verdict being reached and case closure, verdicts and party names are used freely in the media.\n\nDuring the sample period, Egyptian judges most notably rejected charges against former Vice President Mohammed El Baredei who resigned in August 2013 following the police crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians at the Rabaa Mosque.","Amim, Nasser.  (2013, November 16) .  [Head of Judiciary independence Centre].  Personal communication.\n\nBadaw, Tharwat.  (2013, November 26) .   [Constitutional expert in Egypt].  Personal communication. \n\nBrown, N.  (2013, May 8) .  The battle over Egypt’s judiciary.  Sada Journal.  Retrieved from http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2013/05/08/battle-over-egypt-s-judiciary/g2nb.\n\n(2013, October 27) .  Charges of breaching national trust dismissed against El Baradei.  UPI.\n\n(2012, December 23) .  President to dismiss seven SCC judges within hours.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/judicial-source-president-dismiss-seven-scc-judges-within-hours.","Egyptian judges routinely provide adequate reasoning for their decisions. Their rulings are available to the public referencing the applicable law. From important proceedings copies of legal rulings are made available to the public after their conclusion in a pre-planned way...."]
["2013_GQ_4",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",4,25,"While the judicial system in Equatorial Guinea is very weak, there were an increasing number of trainings in the last quarter of 2013 targeting judges and magistrates to ensure due process and the provision of reasoned rulings. Given that in previous years there was a gap of trained lawyers and many vacancies, judicial reasoning has been very poor. Since the establishment of a Law Faculty at the national universities, there is an increased number of law graduates that join the judicial branch with enhanced skills. There continues to be a need of further training however. In some cases judges failed to cite the applicable law to the case and cite other laws. This was the case, for example, in the case of rulings that should have referenced habeas corpus. This was rarely applied by judges, however, and there was very little knowledge of this recourse by lawyers and judges altogether. \n\nDuring the period of review judges failed in a non-trivial amount of cases to make an appropriate reasoning for their rulings, especially on cases involving political opponents or dissidents, where judges would usually cite a law but do not specify the crime or violation. This is exemplified by the case of Agustin Esono who was accused for the crime of destabilisation of the country, a crime that did not exist under the Criminal Code. In addition, decisions usually overpass the time limit provided by the legislation and are decided with significant delay.\n\nVerdicts are often times announced via the radio, which gives court rulings some publicity. Interested parties would have to go to the respective courts to obtain a given ruling. Theoretically then, citizens and/or journalists might have access to court cases. At the same time - and due to the political environment - in practice it is very uncommon for journalists or citizens to request such information. It is furthermore likely they would not receive it.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Lawyer, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\n\nFreedom House.  (2013) .  Freedom in the World 2013, Equatorial Guinea.  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/equatorial-guinea\n\n(2013, November 2) .  Obiang decide asesinar Don Agustin Esono en Black Beach o en Bata en la ausencia de la comunidad internacional.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacutoge.blogspot.com/2012/11/obiang-decide-asesinar-don-agustin.html\n\nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper","While the judicial system in Equatorial Guinea is very weak, there were an increasing number of trainings in the last quarter of 2013 targeting judges and magistrates to ensure due process and the provision of reasoned rulings. Given that in previous years there was a gap of traine..."]
["2013_ER_4",2013,"ER","Eritrea",4,25,"Most judges generally but not always provide legal reasoning for their judicial decisions and variously refer to other jurisprudence. Cases that are heard in the Special Court are not open to the public, nor is the reasoning judges use to arrive at their verdicts. Many prisoners especially political and prisoners of conscience are held in custody without trial indefinitely. \n\nAs required by the Constitution, the court system is three-tiered with local courts, regional courts and a Supreme Court. The courts address cases before them according to the transitional legal codes in force prior to independence. The civil, penal and commercial codes are currently under review but all judges refer to them. In 1996, the Government of the State of (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address many matters, including cases of corruption and embezzlement.","Amnesty International, Eritrea Country Report 2013, http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/eritrea/report-2013.\n\nWebsite review: no website was found that is maintained by the courts. 2013.\n\nEritrea-European Community Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Program for the period 2009-2013.\n\nWeldehaimanot, SM. (2010). African Law of Coups and the Situation in Eritrea:\nA Test for the African Union’s Commitment to Democracy. Journal of African Law, 54, 2, 232–257.\n\nWeldehaimanot, SM. (2008). The Status and Fate of the Eritrean Constitution. African Human Rights Law Journal, 108-137.","Most judges generally but not always provide legal reasoning for their judicial decisions and variously refer to other jurisprudence. Cases that are heard in the Special Court are not open to the public, nor is the reasoning judges use to arrive at their verdicts. Many prisoners es..."]
["2013_ET_4",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",4,50,"Justices are legally required to justify their decisions. However, sources agree that due to general reluctance, an overwhelming case load, and/or poor enforcement, judges occasionally fail to provide written and formal reasoning for their verdicts.","1. Federal Court Judges Code of Ethics and Discipline Regulation, January 2001, Part 2, Article 12. P.5\n2. Interview with a federal judge, judge at one of the branches of the Federal First Instance Court, Addis Ababa, September 28, 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\n3. Interview with a legal research based at the Addis Ababa University, September 26, 2013. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of the sources who requested anonymity and has agreed not to disclose them. ","Justices are legally required to justify their decisions. However, sources agree that due to general reluctance, an overwhelming case load, and/or poor enforcement, judges occasionally fail to provide written and formal reasoning for their verdicts."]
["2013_GA_4",2013,"GA","Gabon",4,50,"The rulings by national-level judges are rarely made public. The only way to find out the rationale for a judge's decision on a case is to attend the final hearing in a legal process, if one is held. \n\nAnonymous source: \"The only way for reporters to find out about a court decision would be to attend the final hearing in which the judge provides an explanation. But even then, access is difficult.\"\n\nThe case of the takeover of the Obangué petroleum field illustrates how legal decisions in Gabon may not be the result of a due legal process, but from executive decisions. In December 2012, the Gabon Oil Company (GOC, a newly created national oil company in Gabon) expropriated Obangué from the Chinese-owned Addax Petroleum, alleging abuse of contract and environmental fallout. GOC then sued Addax Petroleum at a commercial arbitration court in Paris. \n\nHowever, when asked by the arbitration court in Paris to supply documents stating the legal decision for the expropriation, these were not available. Addax Petroleum argues that no legal basis was provided for the decision because the case was never submitted to a court of law in Gabon. In an opinion piece for the GabonEco, a reporter (initials of MAC) questions how a legal decision can be made by the Council of Ministers without a supporting legal basis by a judge: \"If this information is proven, how could the Gabonese state present itself before the arbitration court in the hope of defending itself without providing the leastlegal documents? Despite the acts of pollution that Addax Petroleum is accused of by the population, why has there been no judicial reports to deounce this situation? Why was the decision to retake the Obangué field made in the Ministry Council and not after the decision of a court?\"\n\nIn June 2013, the daily newspaper L'Union carried a new story of alleged ritual crimes in Gabon. This time, a bag purported to contain human organs was found at a vocational training center in Oloumi (Libreville), giving rise to a legal investigation. Columnists pointed to the continued procedural failings in the justice system, particularly the inability to prosecute high-ranking officials. The weekly L'Objectif published an opinion piece in which Jean-Claude Afa'a cited two cases where the judiciary had given in to pressure from above.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nMAC.  ( 2013, July 31). Le Gabon en mauvaise posture face à Addax Petroleum?. GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30167\n\nL'Agitateur.  (2013, June 10) .  Semaine ensanglantée sur la planète Gabao.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=29826\n\n(2013, May 7) .  Les sessions criminelles ordinaires s’ouvrent à libreville.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25447","The rulings by national-level judges are rarely made public. The only way to find out the rationale for a judge's decision on a case is to attend the final hearing in a legal process, if one is held. ..."]
["2013_GM_4",2013,"GM","The Gambia",4,50,"All judges and presiding court officers in The Gambia are legally required to give reasons for their judgments and rulings. This legal requirement is always complied with as demonstrated by the three sources. Their reasoning is made public and a good majority of them are reported. References are always made to other jurisprudence and legal resources. A decision could be overturned on appeal if not backed by any legal reasoning.","1. Gambia: High Court Affirms Magistrate Court's Decision. The Daily Observer. Sidiq Asemota. May 6 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201305061739.html?page=3\n2. Lamin Ceesay v The State. Supreme Court of The Gambia. October 16 2012.\nhttp://www.gov.gm/judiciary/images/Judgement/Supreme_court/judgment%20lamin%20ceesay%20vs%20the%20state.pdf\n3. Wowo & Co’s trial - Justice Nkea delivers ruling on bias allegations. The Daily Observer. Fatou Sowe. October 1, 2013. http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/in-wowo-cos-trial-justice-nkea-delivers-ruling-on-bias-allegations","All judges and presiding court officers in The Gambia are legally required to give reasons for their judgments and rulings. This legal requirement is always complied with as demonstrated by the three sources. Their reasoning is made public and a good majority of them are reported. ..."]
["2013_GH_4",2013,"GH","Ghana",4,100,"The judges always give written reasons for their judgements and the reasons are based on the laws of the country and other jurisprudence, both within and outside of the country, to support their reasoning. The reasons are public for all to read and any interested party not satisfied with the reasons can take advantage of the inherent appellate provisions of the constitution to appeal or ask for the review of the decision. \n\nIn a recent ruling by the supreme court in a petition challenging the validity of the outcome of the December 2012 presidential elections, the judges released their written reasons five days after delivering their verdict. The reasons were also public for all to access. The  judges' written reasons are not always published on the website of the judiciary but are made available at the registry of the court for all to access.  Written reasons are published on the website of the judiciary only in some sensitive cases such as the ruling on the election petition.","1. Justice Noble Nkrumah, Tamale high court judge, table interview, September 18, 2013, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Anthony Forson, public relations officer, Ghana Bar Association, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. News story, title: Document: Read written judgements on Election Petition, author: Graphic.com.gh/Ghana, publication: www.graphic.com.gh, date: September 4, 2013, link: http://graphic.com.gh/General-News/read-written-judgements-on-election-petition.html or http://www.modernghana.com/news/487142/1/document-read-written-judgements-on.html","The judges always give written reasons for their judgements and the reasons are based on the laws of the country and other jurisprudence, both within and outside of the country, to support their reasoning. The reasons are public for all to read and any interested party not satisfie..."]
["2013_GN_4",2013,"GN","Guinea",4,50,"En Guinée, les juges expliquent et justifient leurs décisions de façon obligatoire. Le problème se situe justement du côté de ces explications et justifications. Il y a des jugements qui sont bien rendus et bien justifiés, alors que d'autres ne le sont pas. C'est pourquoi, avec l'aide des avocats, les plaignants sont souvent obligés d'interjeter appel, ou de se pourvoir en cassation.\n\nIl faut souligner que les juges présentent régulièrement des raisonnements formels expliquant leurs décisions. Ces raisonnements, qui sont par ailleurs rendus publics, font référence aux lois, à la jurisprudence utilisée et aux interprétations spécifiques données en rapport avec l'affaire.","Entretien avec Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire Exécutif de la Réforme du Secteur de la Justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Jean Kolié, Ministère de la Coopération Internationale, 10 Septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n\nEntretien avec Maître  Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15h 20.","En Guinée, les juges expliquent et justifient leurs décisions de façon obligatoire. Le problème se situe justement du côté de ces explications et justifications. Il y a des jugements qui sont bien rendus et bien justifiés, alors que d'autres ne le sont pas. C'est pourquoi, avec l'a..."]
["2013_GW_4",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",4,25,"An unsubstantiated judgement, not based on written arguments, is not valid, and it cannot be stated or passed down.  However, it is difficult to obtain the reasoning of any decision. Requesting the reasoning of the judgement can be a tricky and tedious challenge, as the functioning of the judiciary system is slow, and not geared towards answering citizen requests. \n\nSometimes, the lack of reference of jurisprudence in reasonings is due to negligence or lack of interest by the judges. At other times, it can be related to the fact that jurisprudence cannot always be applied, in fact some judges are in the situation of solving cases based on reasoning with respect to traditional norms. The base assessment is, however, that there is a lack of interest and rigour in communicating reasons for decisions.","1.\tEdinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.\tCherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3. Appointment of members of the supreme court.http://www.africanlawlibrary.net/web/guinea-bissau July 2013.","An unsubstantiated judgement, not based on written arguments, is not valid, and it cannot be stated or passed down.  However, it is difficult to obtain the reasoning of any decision. Requesting the reasoning of the judgement can be a tricky and tedious challenge, as the functioning..."]
["2013_KE_4",2013,"KE","Kenya",4,100,"The Supreme Court Act 2011 requires that Judges provide reasons for their decisions or judgments. This requirement is today obeyed and followed by all judges and courts in the country. Article 20 states (1) Unless otherwise provided for in these rules, the court shall deliver a ruling or judgement within ninety days from the last day of hearing, unless the court, for reasons to be recorded, orders otherwise. \n\nAll judicial rulings can be found on the Kenya Law website.  In addition, the judiciary in Kenya has adopted an open court system where judgments are read out in public in the presence of television cameras, and judges routinely reference laws in their reasoning. A notable example is when the supreme court allowed for public live broadcast of the proceeding filed by former Prime Minister Raila Odinga against the election of President Uhuru Kenyatta. The supreme court also read part of its judgement of the case on national television. Other courts have also adopted this format and allowed TV cameras to broadcast the proceedings in cases of public interest. This has helped build the confidence and trust of Kenyans in the judicial process.","1. Lilian Omondi, Vice Chairman Law Society of Kenya(LSK). Interviewed on Friday September 20, 2013.\n\n2.\"Supreme Court releases judgment on presidential petition\",article published in the \nTuesday, April 16, 2013 edition of the Daily Nation Newspaper.\nLink--http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/1749820/-/b1eqff/-/index.html.\n\n3.The National Council for Law Reporting  http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/actions/2/\n\n4. An article published by Jemimah Wangui on Capital FM on 2nd November 2013 on how judiciary budget cuts will hamper independence.  Link-- http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2013/11/judiciary-staff-say-budget-cuts-will-hamper-independence/","The Supreme Court Act 2011 requires that Judges provide reasons for their decisions or judgments. This requirement is today obeyed and followed by all judges and courts in the country. Article 20 states (1) Unless otherwise provided for in these rules, the court shall deliver a rul..."]
["2013_LS_4",2013,"LS","Lesotho",4,100,"Judges provide detailed references of the laws, cases and other literature they considered in their rulings. The rulings are available for perusal and photocopying at the High Court of Lesotho, the National Library, National University Library and recently on the Lesotho legal information institute website. Although not very common, there are instances where written judgements are provided  after significant delays. And there is no legal imperative for judges' written rulings to be made available within a specific period.  Still, in practice, sources agree that formal judicial reasoning with reference to laws is consistently available to the public.","1. Advocate Makhele Sello. Interview, October 11 2013\n\n2. Advocate Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President, interview, October 2 2013\n\n3. Lesotho Legal Information Institute. http://www.lesotholii.org","Judges provide detailed references of the laws, cases and other literature they considered in their rulings. The rulings are available for perusal and photocopying at the High Court of Lesotho, the National Library, National University Library and recently on the Lesotho legal info..."]
["2013_LR_4",2013,"LR","Liberia",4,100,"Judges give legal citations in rulings for their opinions, and these opinions are accessible to the public. There are instances, though, when there are not enough resources to distribute such opinions. There has never been an instance when someone was denied the information; people normally do not request these documents though. Reasons for landmark rulings are routinely announced at the opening of terms which takes place every four months; and because the press is always invited at these openings, the Chief Justice's reading is considered formal publications to the public. \n\nIn interviews with a couple of lawyers, a county attorney said Liberians are more concerned with daily bread than monitoring the judiciary for opinions of judges particularly when such a document has no personal, direct bearings on them. Lawyers requests such opinions for their records and other litigants to a court case may be the only parties interested in the judge's ruling/opinion.","1. Jones, J. (2013, October 9). Personal Interview. President, Trial Judges Association of Liberia and Judge of the Cormercial Court, Monrovia\n\n2. Wennah, C. (2013, October 22). Personal Interview. - County Attorney - Bong County, Gbarnga city\n\n3. Jallah, Z. (2013, October 22). Personal Interview. Public Defender, Ministry of Justice, Monrovia","Judges give legal citations in rulings for their opinions, and these opinions are accessible to the public. There are instances, though, when there are not enough resources to distribute such opinions. There has never been an instance when someone was denied the information; people..."]
["2013_LY_4",2013,"LY","Libya",4,50,"In cases that are covered by international media (the trial of Qaddafi's son or the other Qaddafi's first men) or those involving public figures, judges give explanations of court orders. A lot of the decisions now are politicized especially in trying members of the previous regime.\n\nIn criminal cases against militia members, judges don’t give reasons for their judgement. They behave in such a way because they're in fear of prosecution from the parallel justice of militias and extremists (terrorists). These groups believe they’re above the law and do not hesitate to kidnap, torture or kill civil servants. On November 9, a public prosecutor and six of his bodyguards were killed in a targeted assassination in downtown Tripoli. \n\nThere is no online system recording or disseminating judgments and making them available to the public. There are paper-based archives. It is, however, close to impossible to get close to these archives.","Anonymous, lawyer & women’s rights activist., Benghazi, personal communication, April 11, 2013.  \n\nHuman Rights Watch.  (2013, August 8) .  Libya: Wave of Political Assassinations.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/08/libya-wave-political-assassinations \n\nElijarh, M.  (June 21, 2013) .  Libya's judges confront the past.  Transitions.  Retrieved from http://transitions.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/21/libyas_judges_confront_the_past","In cases that are covered by international media (the trial of Qaddafi's son or the other Qaddafi's first men) or those involving public figures, judges give explanations of court orders. A lot of the decisions now are politicized especially in trying members of the previous regime..."]
["2013_MG_4",2013,"MG","Madagascar",4,50,"Le juge, à quelque échelon qu’il se trouve (national ou régional) explique toujours la décision ou le jugement qu’il prononce. À cet effet, il se réfère à la législation existante et applicable au cas jugé. Les lois et articles sont cités. Cela se passe lors de la prononciation du jugement, donc public.\n        \nSur ce point, tout le monde est unanime pour dire que les procédures sont respectées. Cela fait allusion aux références, aux lois et aux réglementations en vigueur. Toutefois, des points négatifs sont notés dans le fonctionnement de la justice à Madagascar. Il s’agit, entre autres, d’une « absence d’organisation au niveau des juridictions pour satisfaire les besoins de renseignements et de conseils pour les usagers concernant leurs affaires, la procédure à établir, les voies de recours, d’où des interprétations négatives et des préjugés sur la justice ». Ainsi, les usagers se plaignent de la complexité des procédures et l’exécution des décisions de justice.\n\nLe public peuvent accéder dans des recueils qui sortent longtemps après.","- «Justice : quid de la situation actuelle ?», La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 27 août 2013. http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33874:justice-quid-de-la-situation-actuelle-&catid=42:societe&Itemid=57\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 10 ctobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotozafy, magistrat à la retraite, Antananarivo, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotondrasoa Landy, conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Anonyme, magistrat, Cour d’appel d’Antananarivo, 18 octobre 2013.  (Interview)","Le juge, à quelque échelon qu’il se trouve (national ou régional) explique toujours la décision ou le jugement qu’il prononce. À cet effet, il se réfère à la législation existante et applicable au cas jugé. Les lois et articles sont cités. Cela se passe lors de la prononciation du ..."]
["2013_MW_4",2013,"MW","Malawi",4,50,"In practice, national level judges generally do give reasons for their decisions/judgments. They also routinely provide reasoning for their rulings. Their reasoning generally references the laws and the jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case. \n\nAs an illustrative example, the High Court posts many of its decisions on its website.  In the case of Kelvin Levison vs. The Republic, the court's decision references the Penal Code in its explanation of its verdict.  However, not all cases are posted, and many of the cases are a few years old.\n\nThere is an online database for the Supreme Court of Malawi as well.","Fiona Mwale. High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\nRobert Phiri. Executive Director. Public Affairs Committee. November 13 2013.\nNickson Masebo. Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson Novemb:r 12 2013.\n\nThis database contains decisions of the High Court of Malawi, accessed November 2013, http://www.malawilii.org/content/high-court-decisions-beginning\nThis database contains decisions of the Supreme Court of Malawi http://www.malawilii.org/content/supreme-court","In practice, national level judges generally do give reasons for their decisions/judgments. They also routinely provide reasoning for their rulings. Their reasoning generally references the laws and the jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in..."]
["2013_ML_4",2013,"ML","Mali",4,25,"Au Mali, la pratique a fait que les juges expliquent leurs décisions. Datant de l'indépendance du pays en 1960, cette stratégie émane de leur volonté de présenter régulièrement un raisonnement formel justifiant leurs décisions. De ce fait, ils se sont toujours référés à la loi. Certains experts pensent que le juge n'est tranquille que quand il convainc l'opinion publique de sa décision. Ainsi cette décision n'est pas seulement expliquée aux parties prenantes, elle vise également le public. « Les décisions rendues par le juge sont ouvertes au public, mais il faut attendre plus de deux semaines. Les audiences sont publiques. D'ailleurs, le juge doit expliquer sa décision pour ne pas susciter des doutes ou autres interprétations en dehors de la loi. Il y a intérêt », précise Daniel Tessougué. Selon l'Association malienne des droits de l'homme, « la décision du juge est étayée par des explications pouvant emmener les justiciables à en cerner les contours. Et il est de coutume que le public soit convié pour en être témoin et comprendre le sens de la décision rendue ».","Entretien avec Bakary Traoré, Sociologue, Association malienne des droits de l’Homme (AMDH), réalisé le 17 septembre.\n\nEntretien avec Mohamed Bouaré, Avocat, Ordre des Avocats du mali, réalisé le 17 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Daniel Tessougué, Procureur Général, Cour d'Appel de Bamako, réalisé le 17 septembre 2013.","Au Mali, la pratique a fait que les juges expliquent leurs décisions. Datant de l'indépendance du pays en 1960, cette stratégie émane de leur volonté de présenter régulièrement un raisonnement formel justifiant leurs décisions. De ce fait, ils se sont toujours référés à la loi. Cer..."]
["2013_MR_4",2013,"MR","Mauritania",4,0,"Il y a un écart entre ce que disent les textes et la pratique. Les décisions rendues par les juges échappent à toute pertinence. Les décisions ne reposent pas sur un argumentaire convaincant. Cette situation renvoie à l'état de dualité de la justice mauritanienne. Il existe des juges formés à l'école du droit positif et des juges issus des mahadras, ces écoles coraniques où l'on apprend la charia. Cette dualité contribue fortement à construire des disparités entre magistrats et également à la faiblesse des décisions judiciaires, lesquelles reposent enfin de compte que sur les principes de la charia. Il convient toutefois de relativiser. Les décisions de justice en droit commercial restent dominées par des principes issus du droit positif. Par contre, la plupart du temps, celles régissant le statut du personnel sont issues de la charia. Les décisions de justice font rarement référence à la loi, et dans leur application par les juges, il subsiste une méconnaissance des principales lois.","1. Maitre Mohamed El Moctar Toure, avocat à la cour de Nouakchott, 22 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Maitre Brahim ould Ebetty, avocat à la Cour, 14 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Maitre Cheikh ould Hormattalh, avocat à la cour, professeur de droit public, Université de Nouakchott, 14 novembre 2013.","Il y a un écart entre ce que disent les textes et la pratique. Les décisions rendues par les juges échappent à toute pertinence. Les décisions ne reposent pas sur un argumentaire convaincant. Cette situation renvoie à l'état de dualité de la justice mauritanienne. Il existe des jug..."]
["2013_MU_4",2013,"MU","Mauritius",4,100,"It is a fact that judges give reasons for all their decisions and judgments. Many of these decisions have been in the media, as was the case this year with the judgment concerning a gag order against two newspapers for the alleged intrusion into the private life of a political agent. Two judges were successively called upon to make rulings following the affidavits and counter affidavits from the parties concerned. Both judges’ decisions were given full media coverage and one of them was even published in full by one of the newspaper that was party to the case. \n\nThe rulings made by judges of the Supreme Court reference the laws and jurisprudence which have been considered in their decisions. The rulings of the various courts of law are available on the website of the Supreme Court at http://www1.gov.mu/scourt/pubjudgment/pubViewP.do. They are also available to the public upon request.","Mr. S. Caunhye, Chief Court Officer/Court Manager, Intermediary Court. Interviewed on Nov. 26, 2013\n\nMe. Ravi Ratna, barrister interviewed on Nov. 27, 2013\n\nPress Article: “JUGEMENT DU JUGE BALANCY(Ruling of Judge Balancy): «Nandanee Soornack can have no reasonable expectancy of privacy»  Feb. 6, 2013. Available online: http://www.lemauricien.com/article/jugement-du-juge-balancy%C2%A0%C2%A0%C2%ABnandanee-soornack-can-have-no-reasonable-expectancy-privacy%C2%BB\n\nPress Article: \"MOTION SOORNACK : Le juge Domah étend son ordre intérimaire jusqu’au 18 janvier \" (SOORNACK MOTION: Judge Doman extends his interim order to Jan. 18), Le Mauricien  Jan. 11, 2013, availble online: http://www.lemauricien.com/article/motion-soornack-juge-domah-etend-son-ordre-interimaire-jusqu%E2%80%99au-18-janvier","It is a fact that judges give reasons for all their decisions and judgments. Many of these decisions have been in the media, as was the case this year with the judgment concerning a gag order against two newspapers for the alleged intrusion into the private life of a political agen..."]
["2013_MA_4",2013,"MA","Morocco",4,50,"Judges must provide reasoning and justification for all their rulings. There are also three degrees of jurisdiction that create some sort of accountability. Many rulings on family law are available on this website: http://www.marsadnissa.ma, run by a group of NGOs. Judges provide formal reasoning for their rulings and they reference laws, jurisprudence and the specific interpretation they gave in relation to the case. However, these rulings are not easily available to the public. Journalists usually get them from lawyers working on the cases after two weeks or longer.","(2012, December 20) .  Judges’ fight for independence.  Lakome.  Retrieved from http://fr.lakome.com/index.php/sport/92-enquetes/128-au-maroc-des-juges-luttent.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Judge, Rabat].  Personal communication.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Lawyer, Marrakech].  Personal communication.","Judges must provide reasoning and justification for all their rulings. There are also three degrees of jurisdiction that create some sort of accountability. Many rulings on family law are available on this website: http://www.marsadnissa.ma, run by a group of NGOs. Judges provide f..."]
["2013_MZ_4",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",4,100,"Judges generally provide detailed explanations of their decisions, and the decisions often get media attention. Citizens can access rulings in the central offices of the main courts (supreme, administrative and constitutional), or through institutional websites.","1.\tBaltazar Fael. Research Director. Centre for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013.\n\n2.\tConselho Constitucional moçambicano chumba recurso da Renamo sobre \"ilegalidade\" da CNE. Redaccao. Lusa, September 5, 2013, http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2013/09/conselho-constitucional-mo%C3%A7ambicano-chumba-recurso-da-renamo-sobre-ilegalidade-da-cne.html.\n\n3.\t\"Conselho Constitucional diz que Regulamento da Polícia está revogado há muito tempo!\" Jeremias Langa. O Pais. September 12, 2012, \nhttp://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/politica/63-politica/22135-conselho-constitucional-diz-que-regulamento-da-policia-esta-revogado-ha-muito-tempo.html. \n\n4.\t\"Pedido pela RENAMO: CC rejeita declaração de ilegalidade da CNE\". Redaccao. Jornal Noticias, September . 6, 2013.","Judges generally provide detailed explanations of their decisions, and the decisions often get media attention. Citizens can access rulings in the central offices of the main courts (supreme, administrative and constitutional), or through institutional websites."]
["2013_NA_4",2013,"NA","Namibia",4,75,"Interim reasons are given and they are sound opinions. Though judicial decisions are often delayed, when they're eventually released, they're accompanied by detailed explanations and justifications.\n\nRespondents feel that judgments should not take 90 days, because after that time period it can be rendered as justice denied. Former Acting High Court Judge Esi Schiming Chase, feels that trial without a full judgment is not a fair trial, it portrays justice to \"appear to have been done\" and similarly  to be \"justice withheld\" that can hurt investments and reputations. \n\nIn its legal year analysis of the year 2012, The Namibian Sun newspaper in December 2012 reported that  the supreme court, during that year, had only delivered 26 appeal judgments, an increment more from the 18 judgments delivered in 2010. In the high court, overdue judgments were cut from 118 to 79.","Esi Schiming Chase, legal practitioner and president of the Law Society of Namibia, 2008-2010, September 19 2013.\n\nYarukeekuro Ndorokaze, journalist and company secretary, NBC, September 26 2013.\n\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\n\nGraham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.\n\nThe law: the year that was, Namibian Sun, December 31 2012. available at http://sun.com.na/content/national-news/law-year-was.\n\nNamibia High Court Decisions Archive: http://www.saflii.org/na/cases/NAHC/ 2013.","Interim reasons are given and they are sound opinions. Though judicial decisions are often delayed, when they're eventually released, they're accompanied by detailed explanations and justifications...."]
["2013_NE_4",2013,"NE","Niger",4,25,"Il n'y a pas d'article publié en 2012-2013 dénonçant le manque de justification des décisions de la part des juges. Or, à partir des entretiens, il est percevable que cette situation de non justification des décisions est en réalité un fait établi, et il est presque devenu exceptionnel qu'un juge justifie sa décision. Cette analyse est confirmée par l'article d'Amina BALLA KALTO, qui l'explique par une crise de confiance entre la justice et les justiciables. Les 25% mentionnés s'expliquent car il y a toutefois une volonté de certains juges de changer cette situation, comme il ressort des entretiens.\n\n«  L’accès à la justice reste encore problématique. En effet, de nombreuses contraintes identifiées résultant de la pression sociale et politique, de la très grande pauvreté des justiciables et de la méconnaissance de leurs droits et obligations, rendent difficile l’accès à la justice. Ces contraintes qui conduisent au dysfonctionnement de la justice et aggravent l’insécurité juridique en provoquant la méfiance des justiciables vis-à-vis de la justice moderne. Pour renouer la confiance entre la justice et les justiciables et restaurer la crédibilité de cette institution incontournable, les pouvoirs publics ont entrepris, sous l’égide des partenaires au développement, de réformer le secteur judiciaire. Toutefois, en dépit de cette volonté politique de restauration de la justice (par des réformes juridiques et institutionnelles), son accès reste encore une source de préoccupation. »","Haute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. 04 Février 2013. Niger\n\nAssociation Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. (19 septembre 2013). Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. Niger\n\nMinistère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). 03 octobre 2013. Niger\n\nAnonyme. (07 Février 2013). Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger (AFJN). Niger\n\nAmina BALLA KALTO. (2011). La problématique de l’accès à la justice au Niger. Université de Bordeaux.\nhttp://afrilex.u-bordeaux4.fr/sites/afrilex/IMG/pdf/ThA_me_corrigA_c_la_problA_c_matique_de_laEUR_accA_s_A_la_justice_au_Niger.pdf","Il n'y a pas d'article publié en 2012-2013 dénonçant le manque de justification des décisions de la part des juges. Or, à partir des entretiens, il est percevable que cette situation de non justification des décisions est en réalité un fait établi, et il est presque devenu exceptio..."]
["2013_NG_4",2013,"NG","Nigeria",4,100,"Judges at all levels of court provide formal reasoning for their rulings. Rulings are arrived at by the judges after extensive argument by the complainant/litigant/appellant and the defence. The rulings are then read in court and later made available to interested members of the public for printing.\n\nThe reasonings cite or reference relevant laws or jurisprudence and they are made public as shown in the attached rulings.","1. Supreme Court ruling, Abuja, Action Congress of Nigeria versus Murtala Nyako, November 20, 2012, delivered by Musa Muhammad.\n2. Supreme Court ruling, Abuja, Segun Ajibade versus State, December 14, 2012, delivered by M.S. Muntaka-Coomasie.\n3. Samuel Ogala, Legal Practitioner, Falana & Falana chambers, October 20, Abuja.","Judges at all levels of court provide formal reasoning for their rulings. Rulings are arrived at by the judges after extensive argument by the complainant/litigant/appellant and the defence. The rulings are then read in court and later made available to interested members of the pu..."]
["2013_RW_4",2013,"RW","Rwanda",4,100,"National-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments. Judgments are made in court and are later read out by the national radio. Normally, it is in the evening of the same day. Most of the rulings of political celebrity judgments are made public, but those of other people are not publicized widely. \n\nAll rulings are available according to court instance on the website of the Rwanda Judiciary. \n\nThe article of Byukusenge states: \"While delivering the ruling, Judge Emmanuel Manirakiza said the court found no mitigating circumstances which could have led to a lesser sentence for the man. He said the sentence is based 'on the nature of the crime he [Uwihoreye] committed and its consequences to the victims, their relatives and the entire society'.\" In addtition, the AP article partially reads: \"The opposition leader, Victoire Ingabire, had faced six charges and was found guilty of two: conspiring to harm the country through war and terror, and minimizing the 1994 genocide that tore apart the nation.\" Though some saw some cases as more politically influenced, judges always give reasons for their decisions, and reference laws when doing so. Their reasoning is generally made public.\n\nThe interviewees also confirmed this. Mr Rugema gave the example of a recent (falling in the period of this research: September 2012 to September 2013) case of the elected representative to Parliament of the disabled people who was taken to court to clear his name on having paid people to vote for him. The judges gave reasons for him to be acquitted. They said they did not find any evidence for the allegations.","The Associated Press.  (2012, October 30) .  Rwanda opposition leader sentenced to 8 years.  CTV News.  Retrieved from http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/rwandan-opposition-leader-sentenced-to-8-years-in-prison-1.1016609\n\nByukusenge, J. P.  (2013, June 19) .  Rwanda: Man sentenced to life for killing three Muhanga residents. AllAfrica.com.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201306190085.html\n\nMukama, Olivier.  (2013, September 22) .  [Independent lawyer].  Personal communication.\n\nRugema, Ivan.  (2013, September 8) .  [Law lecturer at the University of the Western Cape].  Personal communication.\n\nJudgement and Case Rulings repository,\nhttp://www.judiciary.gov.rw/case_law/judgements/","National-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments. Judgments are made in court and are later read out by the national radio. Normally, it is in the evening of the same day. Most of the rulings of political celebrity judgments are made public, but those of other peopl..."]
["2013_ST_4",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",4,50,"Within the first instance court, the situation in 2012/2013 - and in comparison to prior years - has improved considerably with the arrival of new judges who are guided by strict adherence to the laws and base their decisions on the law only. \n\nJudges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings and its not published, but it can be consulted if requested. Their reasoning references the laws all the time, but there are exceptions. For example, the ancient judges of the first instance court still base their decisions on their point of view and not on an interpretation of the law.","1. Natacha Vaz. Judge. The Courts. Septembr 26 2013.\n2. Kótia Menezes. Judge. The Courts. Sepember 23 2013.\n3. Carla Neves. Lawyer. Amado Pereira & Associates. September 26 2013.","Within the first instance court, the situation in 2012/2013 - and in comparison to prior years - has improved considerably with the arrival of new judges who are guided by strict adherence to the laws and base their decisions on the law only. ..."]
["2013_SN_4",2013,"SN","Senegal",4,50,"Selon la loi, les décisions judiciaires sont obligatoirement motivées et dans la pratique, les considérations de fait et de droit qui les justifient sont mentionnées. \n\nLa motivation a pour but de garantir les droits des justiciables et de les informer par rapport au fondement d’une décision les concernant. L’interprétation est une activité inhérente à la fonction de juge, mais il ne lui appartient pas de substituer sa propre appréciation à celle du législateur. \n\nCes décisions motivées du juge sont rendues publique à travers une affiche au niveau de l'Institution judiciaire ou publiées au Journal officiel de la République du Sénégal s'il s'agit du juge électoral. Cette année, on a remarqué que les juges, à l'instar des juges du Conseil constitutionnel fondent leurs décisions sur les textes existants, même si elles sont parfois contestées par certains.\n\nQuelques arrêts ne sont pas disponibles au public.","Entretien avec Abdoulaye Dieye, professeur de droit constitutionnel, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal. 25 septembre 2013.\n\nWade, K et Alloune N. (17/04/2013). « Le procureur Alioune Ndao justifie la détention de Karim», Jeune Afrique: http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20130417073420/\n\nKane, H. (26 septembre 2013). « CREI - Annulation de sa nomination par la Cour suprême : Antoine Diome risque d’être substitué ». Le Quotidien: http://www.lequotidien.sn/index.php/la-une2/6158-crei-annulation-de-sa-nomination-par-la-cour-supreme-antoine-diome-risque-detre-substitue","Selon la loi, les décisions judiciaires sont obligatoirement motivées et dans la pratique, les considérations de fait et de droit qui les justifient sont mentionnées. ..."]
["2013_SC_4",2013,"SC","Seychelles",4,100,"Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende explained that national level judges give reasons for their decisions and judgements and publish them. Mr Bernard Georges confirmed: “This is a cause for pride. Judgments are well-researched and thorough, with full reasons given.” An expert on accountability and the judiciary said: \"There are some judgements that are questionable. All I can say is that, [...] from my experience, [...] judges love to go after the public. That’s an easy way to go about it. That’s how the representation of the court happens […]. They do give reasonings. Whether the reasonings are appropriate or are sometimes questionable, they do give reasonings.”\n\nThe verdicts are read in open court, and most court decisions are available via seyLII.com. One example each from the constitutional court, supreme court, and court of appeals are available in the source section. Any missing are mostly attributed to the inefficiency of the staff.","1. Interview, Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.\n\n4. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Banking, Compliance, and Procurement, January 12, 2013.\n\n5. Seychelles Legal Information Institute. www.seylii.org\n\n6. Examples of Court Cases:\nRoy Bradburn vs The Government of Seychelles and another\nConstitutional Case No.06 of 2008\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/constitutional-court/2013/1.\n\nHelen Monthy vs Government of Seychelles\nCivil Side No: 106 of 2004\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/supreme-court/2013/30-0.\n\nLaure C. Samori vs Michel M. Charles\nSCA No: 38/2009\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/court-appeal/2012/35.","Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende explained that national level judges give reasons for their decisions and judgements and publish them. Mr Bernard Georges confirmed: “This is a cause for pride. Judgments are well-researched and thorough, with full reasons given.” An expert on accountabi..."]
["2013_SL_4",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",4,50,"As mandated by the 1991 constitution of Sierra Leone, in June 2013, the supreme court of Sierra Leone pronounced a ruling - based on its constitutional obligation to issue such verdicts - and struck down the petition filed by the opposition Sierra Leone People’s Party to unseat Ernest Bai Koroma from the presidency. It thereby prevented presidential elections to be held within one month as wanted by the opposition. The courts have never made a ruling against the sitting government. The ruling was made public and the media obtained it after the judgement was passed. The reasoning was believed to be politically motivated.\n\nOver the year in question, judges in Sierra Leone have often provided reasoning with their rulings. Although some hearings in court are public, some are closed as judges try to protect the interests of their political party. \n\nWritten documents are not always available, and interested parties must access the rulings physically in court. There is no webpage where people can obtain rulings concerning all cases. In some cases the judges make reference to other cases they have dealt with or to other rulings and laws.","Joseph F. Kamara, Anti Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013  \n\nUnisa Bangura, Senior Court Reporter, Standard Times Newspaper, October 23, 2013","As mandated by the 1991 constitution of Sierra Leone, in June 2013, the supreme court of Sierra Leone pronounced a ruling - based on its constitutional obligation to issue such verdicts - and struck down the petition filed by the opposition Sierra Leone People’s Party to unseat Ern..."]
["2013_SO_4",2013,"SO","Somalia",4,0,"According to sources, judges regularly fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions. This is in part due to the ineffective nature of the Somalian government--the formal judiciary exercises little power, and the majority of disputes managed by provisional authorities are settled with reference to traditional and/or Sharia law. Codified laws, inasmuch as they exist, receive scant attention in judicial and quasi-judicial reasoning. Extrajudicial methods, including violence, are also common in resolving contentious issues.\n\nIndeed, according to the 2012 Somalia Freedom in the World Report by Freedom House, the country lacks a functional, national-level judicial system, and justice is exercised arbitrarily, if at all.","Anonymous judge in Mogadishu. (2013 Oct 19).\n\nAnonymous second judge in Mogadishu. (2013 Oct 19).\n\nAnonymous academic at Simad University in Mogadishu. (2013 Oct 22).\n\nAnonymous independent Somali consultant and expert on the Somali judiciary. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nFreedom House. (2012). Somalia: Freedom in the World Report. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/somalia#.UymVS-ewI0k\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of the anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. ","According to sources, judges regularly fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions. This is in part due to the ineffective nature of the Somalian government--the formal judiciary exercises little power, and the majority of disputes managed by provisional authorities are se..."]
["2013_ZA_4",2013,"ZA","South Africa",4,100,"Judges always give reasonings behind their judgements. They always refer to the law when they do give their reasons, and these reasons are public (except for when it involves state security matters).\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa, says that judges generally speaking give reasonings when they make a judgement: \"They usually give reasonings with regards to their rulings. Sometimes, judges seem to find it unnecessary in undefended cases, but not often. When they do give their reasoning, they always reference the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case. Reasonings are public, except for when it involves national security matters.\"\n\nWilliam Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town agrees: \"This usually happens.\" \n\nAdila Hassim,  co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social Justice NGO Section27 says that judges always give reasonings, that they always refer to the law and that hearings are always public and accessible via the SAFLII website: \"Maybe reasonings are not given unopposed in undefended cases.\"\n\nArticle 8 of the Code of Judicial Conduct (which falls under the Judicial Service Commission Act) states that a judge must \"make known his or her decisions and supporting reasoning\".","William Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town (www.lrc.org.za), interview, October 25 2013.\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org ), interview, November 11 2013.\n\nAdila Hassim,  co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social Justice NGO Section27 (www.section27.org.za), interview, November 18 2013.","Judges always give reasonings behind their judgements. They always refer to the law when they do give their reasons, and these reasons are public (except for when it involves state security matters)...."]
["2013_SS_4",2013,"SS","South Sudan",4,25,"In practice, national level judges often but not always give reasons for their decisions or judgements. Sometimes they give a summarised explanation and issue a detailed ruling later. In some cases, where the cases are minor including cases such as burglary, fraud and assault, the explanations or reasons given are summarised. \n\nOne judge here says sometimes, judges are unable to write detailed explanations for their decisions because they work under difficult circumstances and the workload is overwhelming. “The whole day I am busy in court. And when I go back home I am unable to write my rulings because I don’t have electricity in my house.”\n\nObtaining rulings can be difficult for a regular citizen and take several weeks.","Anonymous.  (2013, October 15) .  [South Sudan High Court judge].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, October 30) .  Court dismisses Pagan’s case against Kiir.  Radio Miraya.  Retrieved from http://www.radiomiraya.org/news-202/south-sudan/12355-court-dismisses-pagan%E2%80%99s-case-against-kiir.html#gsc.tab=0 \n\nDoki, C.  (2013, April 10) .  South Sudan urged to stop use of death penalty.  Associated Press.  Retrieved from http://news.yahoo.com/south-sudan-urged-stop-death-penalty-133144937.html\n \nJumi, Wani Mathias.  (2013, October 1) .  [Secretary General of South Sudan's law society].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, May 18) .  South Sudan: Rumbek court sentences government official to two years in prison.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201305201435.html","In practice, national level judges often but not always give reasons for their decisions or judgements. Sometimes they give a summarised explanation and issue a detailed ruling later. In some cases, where the cases are minor including cases such as burglary, fraud and assault, the ..."]
["2013_SD_4",2013,"SD","Sudan",4,0,"Both national and state level judges in Sudan occasionally give reasons for their judgments. For example, both international and local media reports show that Sudanese judges sometimes give reasons for their decision-making when they convict people. There is concern that civilians are being tried in military courts to circumvent having to provide publicly reasoning for judgement.\n \nHowever, judges regularly fail to give legal justifications for their decisions due to the absence of the rule of law in the country. This practice is particularly prevalent in the special courts of military, anti-terrorism, corruption and public order courts.","(2013, May 25) . Darfur: Three men sentenced to death by crucification. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46697\n \n Laessing, U. (2013, February 27) . Sudanese authorities cut off hand and foot of man convicted of robbery. The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.ie/world-news/africa/sudanese-authorities-cut-off-hand-and-foot-of-man-convicted-of-robbery-29099465.html\n \n (2013, February 18) . Seven men to hang in Sudan for rape of 14-year-old girl. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/9877764/Seven-men-to-hang-in-Sudan-for-rape-of-14-year-old-girl.html\n \n 4. News story about the argument regarding the endorsment of law which adopted the appearance of civilians in front of military courts. 22 July. http://www.africareview.com/News/Sudan-activists-oppose-military-trials-of-civilians/-/979180/1922828/-/yylcvf/-/index.html Interviews: \n \nInterviews with anonymous legal experts.","Both national and state level judges in Sudan occasionally give reasons for their judgments. For example, both international and local media reports show that Sudanese judges sometimes give reasons for their decision-making when they convict people. There is concern that civilians ..."]
["2013_SZ_4",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",4,100,"Judges do present the reasoning including references to legal precedence mentioned in this scoring. The verdicts are read in open court and are routinely reported by the media in the case of newsworthy cases. Verdicts are available through court offices. Court decisions are available via the web site of the Swaziland Legal Information Institute.\n \nFor example, in the case of Rex and Frank Shabangu, the ruling refers to existing jurisprudence and fully explains its decision-making. As other cases posted on the SLII website show, this is typical of court decisions in Swaziland.","Interview: Anonymous, representative for the Swaziland Law Society, 26 September 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Interview: Nosimilo Ndwandwe, law student, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, 25 September 2013.\n \n Swaziland Legal Information Institute, http://www.swazilii.org/sz/judgment/high-court\n \n Case of Rex vs. Frank Shabangu. High Court Decision, January 2013. Available at http://www.swazilii.org/files/sz/judgment/high-court/2013/2/frank_shabangu_vs_rex_pdf_69018.pdf\n \n \"Swaziland: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Opens Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, March 2013.","Judges do present the reasoning including references to legal precedence mentioned in this scoring. The verdicts are read in open court and are routinely reported by the media in the case of newsworthy cases. Verdicts are available through court offices. Court decisions are availab..."]
["2013_TZ_4",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",4,75,"All judges give reasons for their decisions as far as the law requires. It is an integral part of the case hearing and the judges have given bold and thoughtful judgements in high profile cases such as allowing independent candidates, womens' land rights, and the death penalty.\n \nJudicial reasoning does typically refer to relevant laws and jurisprudence, and judges provide interpretation as fits the matter being determined. Such reasoning is public but is usually made available on request, which could take between a couple of days to weeks.","1. Mr Peter Kibatala, Vice President, Tanganyika Law Society (TLS), interviewed October 12, 2013\n \n 2. Mr Wilbeforce Luhwago, Senior Resident Magistrate –Kisutu District Court (Dar es Salaam), interviewed October 12, 2013\n \n 3. Semkae Kilonzo, Co-ordinator, Policy Forum, interviewed October 8, 2013","All judges give reasons for their decisions as far as the law requires. It is an integral part of the case hearing and the judges have given bold and thoughtful judgements in high profile cases such as allowing independent candidates, womens' land rights, and the death penalty...."]
["2013_TG_4",2013,"TG","Togo",4,50,"En apparence, les juges présentent régulièrement des raisonnements formels expliquant leurs décisions. La Radio Lomé diffuse également tous les samedis quelques décisions de justice rendues par les juridictions togolaises : tribunaux, Cour d’appel, cour d’assise et Cour suprême. \n\nToutefois, il existe de nombreux cas où des individus sont arrêtés et aucun jugement n'est rendu avant plusieurs années. C'est le cas d'Issaka Kpabou. Arrêté et emprisonné en septembre 2011 à la suite d'un conflit foncier, en février 2013, celui-ci n'a toujours pas été mis en examen.","Anonyme, journaliste, 29 novembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \nRadio Lomé, Les échos du palais, 26 octobre 2013.\n http://www.radiolome.tg/template.php?pg=emission.\n \nSolidarité et Action pour le Développement Durable (SADD). (2013). Nord Togo. Des droits des citoyens mis à rude épreuve. Repéré à http://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/0/27/77/36/201309/ob_218897_rapport-dhnt-2012-final2-1.pdf.","En apparence, les juges présentent régulièrement des raisonnements formels expliquant leurs décisions. La Radio Lomé diffuse également tous les samedis quelques décisions de justice rendues par les juridictions togolaises : tribunaux, Cour d’appel, cour d’assise et Cour suprême. ..."]
["2013_TN_4",2013,"TN","Tunisia",4,0,"Judges systematically explain (rigorously and in ways to avoid any misunderstanding) the thought behind their decisions in court. They base their reasoning on their own interpretation of the law. In the absence of specific law, they do refer to jurisprudence. \n \nAs court audiences are public, their explanations and the arguments by the judge are heard by those in attendance. But the arguments are not accessible to the public or published on the Internet. The judges' rulings are written by his secretary and stay in the archives of the tribunal, which is not accessible to the public.\n \nBut journalists can publish a judge's rulings, making them accessible to the public in an indirect manner. Interested persons have to \"file for access to the files\" and the court usually responds in about 10 days, but often takes more than two weeks.","September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n \n September 28, 2013: Interview with Mr. Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now retired professor at the University of Tunis\n \n October 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis.\n  \n October 25, 2013: Interview with Prof. Karray, senior lecturer of public law, University of Sfax","Judges systematically explain (rigorously and in ways to avoid any misunderstanding) the thought behind their decisions in court. They base their reasoning on their own interpretation of the law. In the absence of specific law, they do refer to jurisprudence. ..."]
["2013_UG_4",2013,"UG","Uganda",4,75,"In an interview with the judiciary spokesperson, Mr. Elias Kisawuzi pointed out that all judges do routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings. He added that no judgment can be passed without giving formal reason and all reasoning references the laws considered. Further, as long as judgment has been passed, it becomes a public document and can be accessed by anyone. It can be obtained the same day the request is made, but one has to meet the cost of photocopying the document. \n\nIn addition to this, people with access to the internet can get judgments and court decisions on websites like the Uganda Law Library and Uganda Legal Information Institute. A review of the websites reveals that the institute has court decisions including some of the recent cases whose judgment was passed in the last 12 months. However, on the Uganda Law Library website, the public can only access judgments made more than five years ago. For recent cases, one has to pay to access more information. The challenge, however, is that some cases take years to have the judgment passed.","Lawrence Gidudu, Judge; “Judgment Writing”; August 23, 2013\n Presentation to the 4th Magistrates’ Conference at Colline Hotel Mukono\n http://www.judicature.go.ug/files/downloads/JUDGMENT%20WRITING.pdf.\n \n Uganda Law Library; “Judgments and Court Decisions”\n http://www.ugandalawlibrary.com/ull/default.asp\n Interesting Judgments [http://www.ugandalawlibrary.com/ull/lawlib/other_judgments.asp].\n \n Uganda Legal Information Institute, “Judgments”\n http://www.ulii.org/search_cases/results/taxonomy%3A1\n Court of Appeal [http://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/court-appeal]\n High Court Decisions 2012 [http://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/high-court/2012].\n \n Umaru Kashaka and Paul Kiwuuwa; “Uganda: Ex-Coffee Workers Await Court Judgment for Sh11 Billion Pay”; September 25, 2013\n http://allafrica.com/stories/201309260035.html.\n \n Elias Kisawuzi, Judicial Spokesperson, The Judiciary, September 23, 2013.","In an interview with the judiciary spokesperson, Mr. Elias Kisawuzi pointed out that all judges do routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings. He added that no judgment can be passed without giving formal reason and all reasoning references the laws considered. Further, a..."]
["2013_ZM_4",2013,"ZM","Zambia",4,100,"Whether the verdicts are deemed fair or not, judges always justify their rulings and refer to jurisprudence and/or existing laws. The cases are tried and ruled over, in open courts and citizens are free to attend court. Sometimes the rulings are available online, but even if/when they are not online, they are accessible from the court office at a cost of photocopying.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n 2. Tag Archives, E. Munshya wa Munshya, Judicial Independence, Justice on Contract: Judges, the President & the Future of our Democracy, September 23 2013, http://eliasmunshya.org/tag/judicial-independence.\n \n 3.Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association (CMJA) website, Human Rights Council, Adopt Resolution On The Independence And Integrity Of Judges, Lawyers And Prosecutors, Recent Developments Around The Commonwealth, Zambia, June, 2013, http://www.cmja.org/.\n \n 4.Zambian Watchdog, Judge Katenekwa recuses himself from suspended judges’s case, Chief Justice may handle it, June 5 2013, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:W5MlV-4xC_sJ:www.zambianwatchdog.com/judge-katenekwa-rescues-himself-from-suspended-judgess-case-chief-justice-may-handle-it/+&cd=1&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n 5.Lusakatimes.com,With Forked Tongues: Why Chibesakunda’s Majority Ruling in Attorney General v. Mutuna & Others is Flawed, How the Supreme Court judgement was fundamentally flawed, July 1 2013, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/07/01/with-forked-tongues-why-chibesakundas-majority-ruling-in-attorney-general-v-mutuna-others-is-flawed/.","Whether the verdicts are deemed fair or not, judges always justify their rulings and refer to jurisprudence and/or existing laws. The cases are tried and ruled over, in open courts and citizens are free to attend court. Sometimes the rulings are available online, but even if/when t..."]
["2013_ZW_4",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",4,0,"In practice, national level judges sometimes fail to give formal reasons for their decisions or judgments. The high court, supreme court and constitutional court in the last year heard and decided a number of cases where written reasons for judgment are still awaited or were delayed. \n \nSuch cases include the Mrs Jestina Mukoko v attorney-general case, where Mukoko succeeded in her application to the supreme court for a permanent stay of prosecution on the grounds that her unlawful abduction, detention, torture and inhuman treatment by agents of the state before she was taken to court were in breach of her constitutional rights. A unanimous five judge court granted her application in September 2009, saying its reasons for judgment would be given later. The reasons for judgment were not given until Sept 20 2012. \n \nIn this particular case, civil society groups argued that the judgment should have been expedited in such a landmark case because Mukoko's civil case claiming compensation had not yet been heard and this judgment was relevant to the outcome of that case. Further, there were other applications for permanent stays of prosecution awaiting clarification provided by this judgement. \n \nIn the national constitutional assembly v the President of Zimbabwe case, the assembly in February 2013 filed an urgent application in the high court seeking an extension of the referendum date, which had been fixed as March 16 in a presidential proclamation gazetted on Feb 15 [SI 19/2013]. The assembly argued that this date meant the electorate was not given enough time to read and understand the draft constitution before voting on it. It therefore sought an order declaring the proclamation unlawful and contrary to section 3 of the Referendums Act. They argued that, while this section enables the president to call a referendum to ascertain the view of voters on any question or issue and to fix the date for the holding of a referendum, it implies an element of reasonableness – and the period allowed by the president was not reasonable. There is a principle in law that a statutory power must be exercised reasonably. The matter was heard in the high court on February 25 by judge-president Chiweshe. On Feb 28 2013, justice Chiweshe dismissed the application, ruling that the president’s power to set the referendum date was not subject to review by a court. Reasons for the judgment have not been released. \n \nThe case was appealed in the supreme court on March 1 2013 by the nca. The appeal was set down for hearing on March 13 2013. At the hearing, the supreme court agreed that the proclamation of the referendum date was reviewable by a court, but on the merits of the application it ruled that the nca’s evidence did not prove its complaint that the time allowed by the proclamation was inadequate. Again, reasons for judgment have not been released. \n \nSimilarly in July 2013, the constitutional court did not give reasons for its ruling in four landmark election related cases. The four cases taken to the constitutional court to postpone the election date in July 2013 after the extraordinary sadc summit in Maputo in June 2013 were: minister of justice and legal affairs v Jealousy Mawarire and 4 others (lodged June 18 2013); Nixon Nyikadzino v the President, the prime minister, and others [including ZEC and the registrar-general of voters] (lodged on June 12 2013); Maria Phiri v the president and 5 others (lodged on June 7 2013); Morgan Tsvangirai v the president and 7 others (lodged on June 24 2013). The court’s order not only dismissed all the applications, but also confirmed July 31 as the election date; dismissed minister Chinamasa’s application for an extension of the election date; dismissed the arguments for an extension of the July 31 election date raised in the other applications; dismissed the challenges to the president’s election date proclamation and his presidential powers (temporary measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) Regulations [SI 85/2013]; declared “for the avoidance of doubt” that the coming elections must be held on July 31 in compliance with the court’s order of May 31 in the Mawarire case and in accordance with the president’s proclamation [SI 86/2013]. The reasons for judgment have not yet been released. \n \nAgain, civil society groups such as veritas noted with concern that as at September 30 2013, the reasons for the judgment had not yet been released. Veritas noted that the absence, two months on, of the constitutional court’s reasons for judgment explaining its July 4 decisions is a cause for concern. The arguments put to the court by the lawyers for the unsuccessful applicants were not trivial. Granted, the circumstances necessitated swift decisions, but other courts, the legal profession and the general public are entitled to know why the court reached its unanimous decision on such important issues. Even a short summary of the thinking underlying the court’s conclusion, to be elaborated in a full judgment later, would have been helpful. Providing reasons for judgment serves an important function in maintaining the rule of law, by demonstrating the independence, impartiality and accountability of the courts, maintaining public confidence in the administration of justice, and preventing undesirable speculation as to judicial impartiality. A formal court order, not accompanied by or at least promptly followed up by detailed reasons for judgment, may tend to increase undesirable public suspicion and dissatisfaction, and prompt accusations of arbitrary use of the judicial power, no matter how unjustified suspicion, dissatisfaction and accusation may be in fact. \n \nA rational statement of why and how a decision was reached also serves the objectives of predictability and consistency in the functioning of the legal system. This is because a court generally follows precedents set in earlier cases where the reasoning is applicable to the factual situation in the case before it, particularly where the precedent has been set by the highest court in the land. Having reasons for judgment in an important case publicly available means that lawyers advising clients will be better able to assess how cases with similar facts are likely to be decided, and advise their clients accordingly.\n \nVeritas further noted that the judicial code of ethics adopted in early 2012 [SI 107/2011] allows a maximum of 90 days for the issue of reasons for judgment, with an extension permitted only in unusual and exceptional cases by the head of the court concerned, in this case the chief justice.","1. Court Watch 11/2013, Veritas, August 15, 2013, (http://www.veritaszim.net/node/488)\n \n 2. Judicial Code of Ethics SI 107/2011, adopted in 2012.\n \n 3. Court Watch 12/2013, Veritas, Sept 3 2013 (http://www.veritaszim.net/node/593)\n \n 4. Concourt rapped for withholding judgment reasons, Dumisani Sibanda, Newsday newspaper, September 6 2013 (https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/09/06/concourt-rapped-withholding-judgment-reasons/)","In practice, national level judges sometimes fail to give formal reasons for their decisions or judgments. The high court, supreme court and constitutional court in the last year heard and decided a number of cases where written reasons for judgment are still awaited or were delaye..."]
["2013_DZ_5",2013,"DZ","Algeria",5,100,"La Constitution algérienne de 1976, révisée en 1989 et en 1996, érige la Cour des comptes en institution supérieure chargée du contrôle a posteriori des finances de l'État, des collectivités territoriales et des services publics. Elle est régie par l’article 170 de la Constitution de 1996 modifiée par la loi n° 02-03 du 10 avril 2002, et la loi n° 08-19 du 15 novembre 2008. La Cour des comptes a été créée par l’article 190 de la Constitution de 1976, qui stipule qu’« Il est institué une Cour des comptes chargée du contrôle a posteriori de toutes les dépenses publiques de l’État, du Parti, des collectivités locales et régionales et des entreprises socialistes de toutes natures. La Cour des comptes établit un rapport annuel qu’elle adresse au président de la République. Une loi déterminera l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes et la sanction de ses investigations.","-1976. Constitution algérienne (chapitre V: de la fonction de contrôle, Art 190). Repéré à http://www.el-mouradia.dz/francais/symbole/textes/constitutions/constitution1976.htm\n-1989. Constitution algérienne (titre troisième, chapitre 1: du contrôle, Art 160) Repéré à http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constituion89_4.htm","La Constitution algérienne de 1976, révisée en 1989 et en 1996, érige la Cour des comptes en institution supérieure chargée du contrôle a posteriori des finances de l'État, des collectivités territoriales et des services publics. Elle est régie par l’article 170 de la Constitution ..."]
["2013_AO_5",2013,"AO","Angola",5,100,"The constitution and the Law of the Court of Auditors specify the Court of Auditors to be created and to be in charge of reviewing and overseeing public finances. Article 6 describes 11 dedicated duties of the court, among them the duties to audit and check state finances and accounts.","Republic of Angola Constitution, art. 183 (1), 104 (4).  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498\n\nArticle 182 (1): \"The Court of Auditors shall be the supreme supervisory body responsible for \noverseeing the legality of public finances and judging such accounts as the \nlaw may require to be submitted to it.\"\n\nArticle 104 (4): \"The implementation of the State Budget shall observe the principles of \ntransparency and good governance and shall be overseen by the National \nAssembly and the Court of Auditors, under the terms defined by law.\"\n \nRepublic of Angola Law of the Court of Auditors 13/10 of 9 July 2010, art. 1 & 6.  (2010).\n\nArticle 1: \"The Court is the highest body of judicial review of public finances.\"","The constitution and the Law of the Court of Auditors specify the Court of Auditors to be created and to be in charge of reviewing and overseeing public finances. Article 6 describes 11 dedicated duties of the court, among them the duties to audit and check state finances and accou..."]
["2013_BJ_5",2013,"BJ","Benin",5,100,"Le Bénin ne dispose pas à proprement parler d'une Cour des Comptes indépendante de tout autre pouvoir de l'État. En attendant, la Cour Suprême, à travers sa chambre des comptes, joue ce rôle qui est de contrôler les comptes de campagne électorale, de rendre sur les plans judiciaire, administratif et des comptes de l'État, des arrêts non susceptibles de recours.\n\nCependant, en 2006, le chef de l'Etat a mis sur pied une Inspection Générale d'Etat pour auditer tous les comptes en précisant que l'Inspection ne fait pas obstacle à la chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême.","Loi n° 2004-07 du 23 octobre 2007 portant composition, organisation, fonctionnement et attributions de la Cour suprême. (2007). Section IV. http://www.aahjf.org/images/stories/Tous%20les%20liens/Loi_2004-07_portant_composition_organisation_fonctionnement_et_attributions_de_la_Cour_Supreme.pdf\n\nDecret N°2006-319 du 12 juillet 2006 portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de l’Inspection Générale d’Etat. Article 2 et 4. http://www.ige.gouv.bj/docu/decret.pdf","Le Bénin ne dispose pas à proprement parler d'une Cour des Comptes indépendante de tout autre pouvoir de l'État. En attendant, la Cour Suprême, à travers sa chambre des comptes, joue ce rôle qui est de contrôler les comptes de campagne électorale, de rendre sur les plans judiciaire..."]
["2013_BW_5",2013,"BW","Botswana",5,100,"SECTION 124 : AUDITOR GENERAL\n\nThe 1966 constitution states that: (1) There shall be an Auditor-General, whose office shall be a public office.\n\n(2) The public accounts of Botswana and of all officers, courts and authorities of the Government of Botswana shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general and for that purpose the auditor general or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all books, records, reports and other documents relating to those accounts.","Constitution of Botswana 1966, section 124 (1,2) Auditor General, chapter VIII: Finance (ss 117-124) \nhttp://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html","SECTION 124 : AUDITOR GENERAL\n\nThe 1966 constitution states that: (1) There shall be an Auditor-General, whose office shall b..."]
["2013_BF_5",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",5,100,"La création de la Cour des Comptes au Burkina est inspirée du principe de l’article15 de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme et du citoyen du 26 aout 1789. Elle stipule que : « La Société a le droit de demander compte à tout agent public de son administration ». Avant la création de cette cours en 2000, pour améliorer la reddition des comptes dans le secteur public et promouvoir cette culture de l’obligation de rendre compte, les missions de contrôle des finances publiques avaient été assurées par d’autres institutions. Entre 1960 et 1984, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême avait joué ce rôle de reddition de comptes. De 1984 à 1991, soit jusqu’à l’adoption de la Constitution, la Haute Cour judiciaire l’a remplacée dans ces fonctions. La Cour suprême devait dès lors reprendre son rôle, jusqu’à ce soit divisée en trois juridictions distinctes, dont la Cour des Comptes, qui se verra attribuer ses missions en Mai 2000.","Loi organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes et procédure applicable devant elle (promulguée par décret 2000-442 du 20 septembre 2000, J.O.BF. n° 1 spécial du 14 août 2001, p. 8). Articles 1, 2, 3 et 16.\nhttp://www.google.bf/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftrack.unodc.org%2FLegalLibrary%2FLegalResources%2FBurkina%2520Faso%2FLaws%2FLoi%252014_00%2520sur%2520la%2520Cour%2520des%2520comptes%2520%282000%29.doc&ei=HqoxUvKlDYOB4gSKmYCoAg&usg=AFQjCNHImfHYtBZQtYCTX6dHGC8-H4dRdA","La création de la Cour des Comptes au Burkina est inspirée du principe de l’article15 de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme et du citoyen du 26 aout 1789. Elle stipule que : « La Société a le droit de demander compte à tout agent public de son administration ». Avant ..."]
["2013_BI_5",2013,"BI","Burundi",5,100,"La Cour des Comptes et l'inspection Générale de l'État sont les deux institutions d'audit au Burundi. La première rend compte au parlement et la deuxième rend compte au chef de l'état. \n\nArticle 1: «Il est créé une Institution Supérieure de Contrôle des Finances Publiques à caractère administratif dénommée\" Inspection Générale de l’État\" qui est placée sous la tutelle du ministre de la Bonne gouvernance, de l'Inspection Générale de l'État et de l'Administration locale.\n\nArticle 3: «L'Inspection Générale de l'État a, en général, une mission permanente d'Inspection et de contrôle du fonctionnement et de la gestion des services publics, des institutions de l'État et des organismes publics et entreprises ou associations privées soumis à son contrôle.»\n\nLe chapitre IV de la loi organique relative aux finances publiques du Burundi, dans son article 52 stipule que c' est la Cour des Comptes qui est chargée de la vérification des finances publiques: \"elle vérifie l' exactitude, la fiabilité, la sincérité et l' exhaustivité des états financiers relatifs à l' exécution du budget et au patrimoine de l' Etat et collectivités publiques. Elle contrôle la légalité financière et la conformité budgétaire (...)\"","Décret n° 100/277 du 27 septembre 2006, portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de l'inspection générale de l'État. Articles 1 2 et 3.\n\nLoi organique n° 1/35 du 4 décembre 2008 relative aux Finances Publiques, article 52. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi_n1-35_du_04_decembre_2008.pdf","La Cour des Comptes et l'inspection Générale de l'État sont les deux institutions d'audit au Burundi. La première rend compte au parlement et la deuxième rend compte au chef de l'état. ..."]
["2013_CM_5",2013,"CM","Cameroon",5,100,"In Cameroon, the supreme audit institute has been created and exists by law. The Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon of 18 January 1996 in articles 41and 42 states that:\n\nArticle 41:\nThe audit bench shall be competent to control and rule on public accounts, as well as on those of public and semi-public enterprises.\nIt shall:\n- give final rulings on final judgements passed lower audit courts;\n- examine any other matters expressly devolving upon it by law.\n\nArticle 42:\n(1) The organization, functioning, composition and duties of the Supreme Court and the benches it comprises, the conditions for referring matters to them as well as the procedure applicable before them shall be laid down by law.\n(2) The organization, functioning, composition and duties of the Courts of Appeal and judicial, administrative and lower audit benches as well as the conditions for referring matters to them and the procedure applicable before them shall be laid down by law. A copy of the relevant official document (the Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon) is attached.\n\nInformation on the mandate of the supreme audit institution of Cameroon can be found on this link \nhttp://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Cameroon.html","Republic of Cameroon Constitution, part V, arts. 41 & 42.  (1996) .  Retrieved from http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Cameroon.html","In Cameroon, the supreme audit institute has been created and exists by law. The Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon of 18 January 1996 in articles 41and 42 states that:..."]
["2013_CV_5",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",5,100,"The Law 84/IV/93 defines the authority, organisation and operation of the court of accounts and statutes of their judges. It is this law that defines the scope of the court of accounts (article 1); the nature of its mandate (article 2); its jurisdiction (article 3); the independence of other sovereignty organs (article 5), the enforceability of decisions (article 7); competencies (article 9), and determines the institutions under scrutiny of the court of accounts, such as presidency of republic, government bodies, armed forces and municipalities (article 16).\n\nArticle 219\n(Court of Auditors)\n1. The Court of Auditors is the supreme organ of reviewing the legality of public expenditure and on the accounts that the law submitted to it.\n2 . The mandate of the judges of the court of auditors has a duration of five years, is renewable and can only be terminated before the end of the mandate for occurrence of:\na) Death or permanent physical or mental incapacity and disablement;\nb) Resignation in writing;\nc) Dismissal or compulsory retirement as a result of disciplinary or criminal proceedings;\nd) Endowment for office or exercise activity incompatible with the exercise of the mandate, pursuant to the constitution and the law.\n3. The law regulates the organisation, composition, powers and functioning of the court of auditors.","1. Rules of Court - Decree-Law 47/89 of June 26:\n\"Authority, organisation and operation of the court of accounts and statutes of the their judges - Law number 84/IV/93\", Article 5, 6. \nLink/attachment: http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=496&view=finish&cid=41&catid=12.\n\n2. Law of the court of auditors, which is on the website, you can display art. 219 (Court of Auditors) of the Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde, 2. Ordinary revision. \n\n3. Constitution 1/VII/2010, published in the supplement to the official gazette, Series I - No 17, of May 3, 2010 (as corrected by BO n . # 28 of July 26,  2010, series I) .","The Law 84/IV/93 defines the authority, organisation and operation of the court of accounts and statutes of their judges. It is this law that defines the scope of the court of accounts (article 1); the nature of its mandate (article 2); its jurisdiction (article 3); the independenc..."]
["2013_CF_5",2013,"CF","CAR",5,100,"La Charte constitutionnelle de 2013 n'a pas prévu une disposition particulière quant à l'existence ou à la mise en place d'une institution supérieure de contrôle. Or, en RCA, cette institution s'illustre bien par la Cour des comptes. À titre d'illustration, l'article 88 de ladite Charte mentionne dans son premier paragraphe que : « Le chef de l’État de la transition est le garant de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Il est assisté, à cet effet, par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, la Commission consultative du Conseil d’État et la Conférence des présidents et le procureur général de la Cour des comptes. » La mention du procureur général de la Cour des comptes dans cet article fait allusion à l'existence de l'institution en question. La Cour des comptes fait partie du corps judiciaire prévu dans la Charte constitutionnelle de la transition. La disposition constitutionnelle mentionnée précédemment est renforcée par les articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 de la loi n° 96.001 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.","Charte constitutionnelle de la transition. (2013). Article 88.\nhttp://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/le-texte-integral-de-la-charte-de-la-transition-en-centrafrique-valant-texte-constitutionnel/\n\nLoi n° 96.001 portant l'organisation et fonctionnement de la cour des comptes. (1996). Articles 1 à 6. http://webs.ono.com/juanfandos/jorca.htm.   \n\n José Christian Loundoumou, magistrat hors-hiérarchie, premier président de la Cour des comptes, 10 septembre 2013.","La Charte constitutionnelle de 2013 n'a pas prévu une disposition particulière quant à l'existence ou à la mise en place d'une institution supérieure de contrôle. Or, en RCA, cette institution s'illustre bien par la Cour des comptes. À titre d'illustration, l'article 88 de ladite C..."]
["2013_TD_5",2013,"TD","Chad",5,100,"Aux termes de l'article 153 : « La Cour suprême est la plus haute juridiction du Tchad en matière judiciaire, administrative et des comptes.\nElle connaît également du contentieux des élections locales.\nElle comprend trois (3) chambres :\n- une (1) chambre judiciaire ;\n- une (1) chambre administrative ;\n- une (1) chambre des comptes. »","1.République du Tchad Constitution du 31 mars 1996 révisée. (1996). Article 153. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","Aux termes de l'article 153 : « La Cour suprême est la plus haute juridiction du Tchad en matière judiciaire, administrative et des comptes.\nElle connaît également du contentieux des élections locales...."]
["2013_KM_5",2013,"KM","Comoros",5,100,"La section des comptes de la Cour suprême a la mission de vérifier les comptes. La section des comptes a une compétence très large en matière de comptes publics. Cette compétence lui est conférée par l’article 172 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême.\nSelon cet article, la section des comptes : \n- juge les comptes des comptables publics de deniers tels que définis par la réglementation en vigueur ; \n- vérifie la gestion financière des agents de l’ordre administratif  chargés de l’exécution du budget national et des autres budgets que les lois assujettissent aux mêmes règles ; \n- contribue à la sauvegarde du patrimoine public, à l’amélioration des méthodes et techniques de gestion et à la rationalisation de l’action administrative ; \n- contrôle les comptes de matière des comptables publics de matières ; \n- s’assure du bon emploi des crédits gérés par les services de l’Etat et des îles autonomes et  par les autres organismes publics ; \n- examine la gestion financière et comptable des organismes dotés de la personnalité civile et de l’autonomie financière et dans lesquels l’Etat ou les autres collectivités publiques ont un intérêt financier ; \n- peut, à tout moment, exercer tout contrôle soit de sa propre initiative, soit à la demande du Président de l’Union, du Président de l’Assemblée de l’Union ; \n- assiste le parlement et le Gouvernement de l’Union et des Îles dans le contrôle de  l’exécution de loi des Finances. \n- peut, à tout moment, exercer tout contrôle soit de sa propre initiative, soit à la demande du Président de l’Union ou d’une île, des Présidents de l’Assemblée de l’Union ou d’une Île ; \n- contrôle les comptes de matière des comptables publics de matières et de la sincérité des finances publiques.","Loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême. (2005).  Article 172 . http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf","La section des comptes de la Cour suprême a la mission de vérifier les comptes. La section des comptes a une compétence très large en matière de comptes publics. Cette compétence lui est conférée par l’article 172 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême...."]
["2013_CD_5",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",5,100,"La justice n'est pas un maillon de l'administration générale, elle a son organisation (c'est le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs). Le contrôle des comptes publics relève de la compétence de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire. Le contrôle purement administratif relève de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE). Le contrôle politique relève du parlement. Les parlementaires peuvent mettre en place des contrôles via les commissions. \nDans les principes constitutionnels il est spécifié dans les articles suivant :\nARTICLE 133 : Il est institué un pouvoir judiciaire exercé par la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire, les Cours d’appel et les autres juridictions nationales. Le pouvoir judiciaire statue sur les litiges nés de l’application de la loi et du règlement.\nARTICLE 134 : La Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire, les Cours d’appel et les autres juridictions nationales sont créées par les lois organiques qui fixent leur organisation, leur composition et leur fonctionnement.\nLa Procédure financière prévue par la loi du 21 avril 1983 portant code de procédure Civile, Commerciale, Administrative et Financière du Congo. \nChapitre I, procédure devant la Cour des comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire, section première, la procédure de vérification des comptes. \nArticle 417.-Les comptes affirmés sincères et véritables sous les peines de droit datés et signés par les comptables et revêtus du visa de contrôle supérieur hiérarchiques, sont présentés à la Cour des Comptes dans les formes et délai prescrits par les lois et règlements. Ces comptes doivent être en état d'examen appuyés des pièces justificatives classées dans l'ordre alphabétique des opérations. Après la représentation du compte, il ne peut être fait aucun changement.\nLa loi n°19-99 du 15 août 1999 modifiant et complétant certaines disposition de la loi du 20 août 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire.\nSECTION III\nDes attributions de contrôle de la Cour des comptes.\nArticle 30.- Contrôle des comptes d'administrations. La Cour des comptes exerce son contrôle dans les conditions prévues par les lois et règlements financiers sur tous les ordonnateurs des collectivités locales. Elle atteste, par déclaration de conformité, la concordance générale des écritures des ordonnateurs et des comptables.\nArticle 31.- Contrôle des établissements publics à caractère industriel et commercial, des entreprises d'Etat et des sociétés mixtes. Les établissements publics à caractère industriel et commercial, agro-pastoral, les entreprises d'Etat ainsi que les sociétés d'économie mixte dans lesquelles l'Etat, les collectivités locales et les établissements publics détiennent séparément ou conjointement plus de 30 % du capital sont contrôlés par la Cour des comptes. La liste des établissements et sociétés est fixée par arrêté du ministre des Finances. Cet arrêté a valeur énonciative. \nArticle 32.- Contrôle des organismes de sécurité sociale. Les organismes de droit privé jouissant de la personnalité civile et de l'autonomie financière, assurant en tout ou partie la gestion d'un régime légal de sécurité sociale, sont contrôlés par la Cour des comptes. Le contrôle porte sur l'ensemble des activités exercées par ces organismes envisagés sous leurs différents aspects ainsi que sur les résultats obtenus. \nLes corps de contrôle sont : La Cour Constitutionnelle, la Cour Suprême, la Cour des comptes, et l'Inspection générale d'Etat.\nL'Inspection générale d'Etat n'a pas le droit de saisine, elle a pour mission uniquement de contrôler et faire des recommandations à tous les services publics. Elle dispose de moyens et de ressources pour travailler.\nLa Cour des comptes a été créée en 2002 au Congo Brazzaville. Mais elle n'est devenue fonctionnelle qu'en 2007. Cette institution n'a que six ans d'existence, et les fonctionnaires et les magistrats qui y travaillent, bénéficient de formations régulières proposées par le CREFFIAF, I.D.I, la Chine et le Canada.\nLes corps de contrôle sont nécessaires pour la bonne gestion.","1 - La Constitution du Congo, titre IV, intitulé du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 133 et 134 et 417; http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/docs/constitution-congolaise.pdf\n\n2 - Loi n° 53-83 du 21 avril 1983 portant code de procédure Civile, Commerciale, Administrative et Financière.\n\n3 - Loi n°19-99 du 15 août 1999 modifiant et complétant certaines disposition de la loi du 20 août 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 30, 31, 32\n\n4 - Rapport sur le contrôle de l'exécution de la Loi de finances, exercice 2012, Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire (document téléchargé en 4 parties). \n\n5 - Décret 2006-493 du 3 août 2006 portant réorganisation de l'Inspection Général d'Etat.\n\n6 - Rapport de la Cour Constitutionnelle du Congo Brazzaville, à Brazzaville le 20 septembre 2010\npar Auguste ILOKI, Vice-président de la Cour constitutionnelle, Séparation des pouvoirs et indépendance des Cours constitutionnelles et instances équivalentes.","La justice n'est pas un maillon de l'administration générale, elle a son organisation (c'est le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs). Le contrôle des comptes publics relève de la compétence de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire. Le contrôle purement administratif re..."]
["2013_CG_5",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",5,100,"La Cour des comptes est l’Institution Supérieure de Contrôle (ISC) de la République Démocratique du Congo.\n\nTITRE III DE LA COMPÉTENCE DE LA COUR DES COMPTES\n\nArt. 21. — La Cour des comptes dispose d’un pouvoir général et permanent de contrôle de la gestion des finances et des biens publics ainsi que de ceux de tous les établissements publics définis à l’article 3 de la présente ordonnance-loi.\n\nÀ ce titre, elle est chargée notamment :\n• d’examiner le compte général du Trésor;\n• d’examiner les comptes des comptables publics;\n• de contrôler et vérifier la gestion et les comptes des établissements publics.","6 février 1987 – ordonnance de loi 87-005 fixant la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, Article 21, http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/compta/OL.06.02.1987.htm","La Cour des comptes est l’Institution Supérieure de Contrôle (ISC) de la République Démocratique du Congo...."]
["2013_CI_5",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",5,100,"L’article 102 de la Constitution de 2000 prévoit que la Cour des Comptes doit se présenter comme une juridiction suprême. Selon l’article 3 du projet de loi organique déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et les modalités de fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes, celle-ci en effet « est la juridiction suprême de contrôle des finances publiques [et] l’Institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques de la République de Côte d’Ivoire ». Une telle institution, cependant, n’a toujours pas été formellement créée, son rôle étant joué par la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême.\n\nSelon l’article 90 de la Loi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 déterminant la composition, l’organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour suprême, « la Chambre des comptes est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. À cet effet, elle exerce une double compétence juridictionnelle et de contrôle proprement dit ». Le même article continue en stipulant qu’ « elle possède un pouvoir de contrôle sur la gestion de toutes les collectivités publiques et s’assure, notamment, du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l’État et par les autres personnes morales de droit public; elle assure le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances; elle est chargée de la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques de l’État à caractère industriel et commercial, des sociétés d’État, des sociétés d’économie mixte ou des sociétés anonymes dans lesquelles l’État possède la majorité du capital social ». Elle « peut également assurer la vérification: a) des comptes et de la gestion des autres Établissements ou organismes publics, quel que soit leur statut juridique, qui exercent une activité industrielle ou commerciale; b) des sociétés, groupements ou organismes, quel que soit leur statut juridique, dans lesquels l’État, les collectivités, personnes ou établissements publics, les organismes déjà soumis au contrôle de la Chambre des comptes détiennent, séparément ou ensemble, plus de la moitié du capital ou des voix dans les organes délibérants; c) des personnes morales dans lesquelles l’État ou des organismes déjà soumis au contrôle de la Chambre des comptes, détiennent directement, séparément ou ensemble, une participation au capital permettant d'exercer un pouvoir prépondérant de décision ou de gestion ». Elle peut enfin « exercer un contrôle sur tout organisme qui bénéficie d’un concours financier de l’État ou d’une autre personne morale de droit public, ainsi que sur tout organisme bénéficiant du concours financier des entreprises publiques et de leurs filiales ».","Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d’ivoire. (2000). Article 102. Repéré à: http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc.\n\nLoi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 déterminant la composition, l’organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour Suprême. (1997). Article 90. Repéré à: http://www.loidici.com/Coursupreme/coursuprememodif97243.php","L’article 102 de la Constitution de 2000 prévoit que la Cour des Comptes doit se présenter comme une juridiction suprême. Selon l’article 3 du projet de loi organique déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et les modalités de fonctionnement de la Cour des Comp..."]
["2013_DJ_5",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",5,100,"La cour des comptes est compétente pour juger. Prévue par la constitution de 1992, elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques.\n\nCependant la Cour de Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. En son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce role.\n\nIl existe un appareil juridique important créant une institution générale de contrôle dans le pays.\nLa loi dispose à cet égard que les membres du corps de l'Inspection Générale d'État sont chargés:\n- de missions générales et permanentes de vérification et d'audit;\n- des missions de vérification intégrée ou à objectif étendu, selon les normes et les pratiques reconnues au niveau international ;\n- des missions de vérification de conformité aux lois, règlements, politiques et aux directives présidentielles et primatorales ;\n- des missions spéciales d'investigations ;\n- des missions particulières d'études et de recherche ;\n- des missions de vérification et d'audits financiers et comptables;\n- etc.","1) Décret n°2001-0222/PM  portant création d’une Inspection Générale d’État du 26 novembre 2001\n\n2) Loi n°52/AN/04/5ème L Portant sur l'Inspection Générale d'État du 03 mai 2004.\n\n3) Décret n°2004-0014/PRE/MESN Portant Organisation et Fonctionnement de l’Inspection Générale d’État du 21 janvier 2004\n\n4) Site officiel de la République de Djibouti : http://www.presidence.dj/\n\n5) Constitution du 15 septembre 1992 revisé en 2010. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_150691.pdf","La cour des comptes est compétente pour juger. Prévue par la constitution de 1992, elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques...."]
["2013_EG_5",2013,"EG","Egypt",5,100,"According to the 2012 constitution, the Central Auditing Organization (CAO) has authority over state funds and other bodies specified by law.\n\nAccording to article 1 of the Law 144/1988, amended by Law 157/1998, the CAO is independent, directly subordinate to the President of Egypt, and responsible for monitoring the public sector and public figures and some other entities. It is an independent body as it does not follow any ministry. The CAO may also audit and examine the work and accounts of any other entity, as assigned by the President of the Republic, the People’s Assembly or the Prime Minister.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, articles 205.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/. \n\nThe Central Auditing Organization has control over state funds and any other body specified by law.\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Law 144/1988, amended by Law 157/1998.  (1998) .   \n\nArab Republic of Egypt.   Law of the Central Auditing Organization, article no. 1. \n“The CAO is an independent organization with public legal personality subordinated to the president of the Republic.”","According to the 2012 constitution, the Central Auditing Organization (CAO) has authority over state funds and other bodies specified by law...."]
["2013_GQ_5",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",5,100,"Chapter IX (“On the Supreme Audit Institution”) in the 2012 Constitution consists of articles 115–121. Known in Spanish as \"Tribunal de Cuentas\", the supreme audit institution ensures the transparency of public finances and government accounts. \n\nAccording to article 115, the Tribunal de Cuentas has the right to audit any private citizen or entity managing public funds. The supreme audit institution is technically an autonomous oversight body with its own administration and budget, according to section 2 of article 115.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nCapítulo IX: Del Tribunal de Cuentas\n\nArt. 115: 1. El control fiscal es una función pública que ejercerá el Tribunal de Cuentas de la República, el cual vela por la transparencia de la gestión fiscal de la Administración y de los particulares o entidades que manejen fondos o bienes de la Nación. Dicho control se ejercerá con posterioridad selectiva conforme a los procedimientos, sistemas y principios que establezca la ley.","Chapter IX (“On the Supreme Audit Institution”) in the 2012 Constitution consists of articles 115–121. Known in Spanish as \"Tribunal de Cuentas\", the supreme audit institution ensures the transparency of public finances and government accounts. ..."]
["2013_ER_5",2013,"ER","Eritrea",5,100,"The Eritrean constitution, which was ratified in 1997 but has not yet been implemented, provides for a supreme audit institution. \n\nIn Article 55 Auditor General, it stipulates for:\n(1) There shall be an Auditor General who audits the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of government and who reports annually his findings to the National Assembly.\n(2) The Auditor General shall be appointed for five years by the President with the approval of the National Assembly. He shall be accountable to the National Assembly.\n(3) The detailed powers, duties and organization of the Auditor General shall be determined by law.","The Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997)\nhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","The Eritrean constitution, which was ratified in 1997 but has not yet been implemented, provides for a supreme audit institution. ..."]
["2013_ET_5",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",5,100,"Article 101 of the Constitution states that the Office of the Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accounts of all government ministries and Federal agencies in order to ensure that expenditures are made properly for activities carried out during the fiscal year. It will submit its reports to the House of People's Representatives.\n\nThe prime minister will recommend candidates for the position of Auditor General.","1.The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 1995 , Proclamation no.1/95\n Article 101, Auditor General, 1995. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904\n\n2. Proclamation No. 669 /2010: Office of the Federal Auditor General Re-Establishment (Amendment) Proclamation, 2010.","Article 101 of the Constitution states that the Office of the Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accounts of all government ministries and Federal agencies in order to ensure that expenditures are made properly for activities carried out during the fiscal year. It will sub..."]
["2013_GA_5",2013,"GA","Gabon",5,100,"The Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) is enshrined in the constitution. It publishes annual reports on public finance administration. However, after the members of the CCG provide the Constitutional Court with its findings, there is practically no follow-up, says the anonymous source. \n\nSection IV of the Constitution of Gabon (Article 76) outlines the role of the Cour des Comptes, the body tasked with oversight of government accounts. \n\nARTICLE 76 - The Court of Accounts is in charge of auditing public finances. To this end:\n- it audits the execution of the finance law and informs the parliament and the government;\n- it verifies the regularity of the revenues and expenditures in public accounts (...)","Constitution of Gabon, articles 76, 77, 47 and 68.  Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126858.pdf\n\nLaw No. 4/85.  (1985, June 27) .  Article 31.   [Related to public finance administration].\n\nAGP.  (2012, June 1) .  Remise du rapport de la loi de finances au Sénat.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25609\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) is enshrined in the constitution. It publishes annual reports on public finance administration. However, after the members of the CCG provide the Constitutional Court with its findings, there is practically no follow-up, says the anonymous source..."]
["2013_GM_5",2013,"GM","The Gambia",5,100,"Sections 158 and 160 of the 1997 constitution of The Gambia provide for the office of the auditor general and the national audit office. Section 160 explicitly states the extensive oversight, control and veto power functions of the auditor general in auditing and controlling government accounts. \n\nSection 158 of the constitution creates the office of auditor general  \"appointed by the president after consultation with the public service commission.\" Section 159 provides for the national audit office \"in the public services of which the auditor general shall be the head, and the other members which shall assist the auditor general in the performance of the functions conferred on him or her by this constitution or any act of the national assembly\". Section 160 deals with the functions of the auditor general.","Sections 158 to 160. The 1997 Constitution of The Gambia, http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","Sections 158 and 160 of the 1997 constitution of The Gambia provide for the office of the auditor general and the national audit office. Section 160 explicitly states the extensive oversight, control and veto power functions of the auditor general in auditing and controlling govern..."]
["2013_GH_5",2013,"GH","Ghana",5,100,"Article 187 of the constitution creates the office of the auditor general of Ghana, with clause one stating: \"There shall be an auditor general of Ghana whose office shall be a public office.\"\n\nClause two states: \"The public accounts of Ghana and all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, of the universities and public institutions of like nature, of any public corporation or other body or organisation established by an act of parliament shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general.\"\n\nThis provision of the constitution forms the basis of the existence of the office of the auditor general, which has been performing its functions as explicitly stated by the law. The Audit Service Act 2000 (act 584) specifies the concrete organisation and rules and functioning of the supreme audit institution.","1. The 1992 constitution of the republic of Ghana, article 187, clauses one and two, http://www.judicial.gov.gh/constitution/chapter/chap_13.htm\n\n2. The Audit Service Act 2000 (act 584), http://www.iaa.gov.gh/UserFiles/Laws-Audit%20Service%20Act,%202000%20(ACT%20584).pdf","Article 187 of the constitution creates the office of the auditor general of Ghana, with clause one stating: \"There shall be an auditor general of Ghana whose office shall be a public office.\"..."]
["2013_GN_5",2013,"GN","Guinea",5,100,"L'institution supérieure de contrôle en Guinée est la Cour des Comptes, instituée par l'article 116 du sous-titre II du titre VII de la Constitution de 2010. \n\nCet article dispose que : \"La cour des comptes est la juridiction de contrôle a postériori, des finances publiques. Elle dispose d'attributions juridictionnelles et consultatives. Elle statue sur les comptes publics, ceux des collectivités territoriales et locales, des établissements publics, des entreprises publiques et parapubliques et de tous organismes et institutions bénéficiant de concours financiers de l’État. Elle connait également les comptes des campagnes électorales et de toute matière qui lui est attribuée par la loi.\nLa Cour des Comptes est également chargée de contrôler les déclarations des biens telles que reçus par la Cour Constitutionnelle.\"","Constitution de la République de Guinée du 7 mai 2010, article 116. : http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf ","L'institution supérieure de contrôle en Guinée est la Cour des Comptes, instituée par l'article 116 du sous-titre II du titre VII de la Constitution de 2010. ..."]
["2013_GW_5",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",5,100,"In Guinea Bissau the court of auditors is the independent organ of revenue and public expenditure supervision.\n\nThe court of auditors:\na) Previously supervise the legality and budgetary cover for actions and resulting income or expense for any of the entities referred to in article 2, no. 2;\nb) Auditing the entities referred to in article 2., no. 2, and judge their accounts when appropriate;\nc) Give opinion on the general state account;\nd) Audit and supervision of the implementation of the financial resources internationally obtained including through loans or grants.","1. Decreto-Lei no 7/92, de 27 de Novembro 1992. Lei organica do tribunal de contas, Law establishing the Court of Auditors.","In Guinea Bissau the court of auditors is the independent organ of revenue and public expenditure supervision...."]
["2013_KE_5",2013,"KE","Kenya",5,100,"The law mandates that the office of auditor general keep track of the use of state resources. The constitution [article 229, sections 4 and 6] requires the auditor general to report and confirm whether or not public money has been applied lawfully and in an effective way. The auditor general’s involvement is no longer to be a seasonal exercise done once a year, but a continuous one that is relevant, timely, and advisory. That is, it is to make appropriate recommendations to deter future malpractices.","1.  The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, Section 229. www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenya2010.pdf\n\n2. Exchequer and Audit Act published in 2010 and revised in 2012.  Article 34 provides for the creation of an office of the Auditor-General and Kenya National Audit Office as the supreme  audit institutions.\nhttp://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ExchequerandAuditAct_Cap412.pdf.\n\n3. \"Don’t Pay July Salaries, Sarah Serem Team Warns Teachers Service Commission.\"  Article published in the Standard July 24, 2013. The Office of the Auditor General is mentioned as a prime custodian of public funds. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000089189&story_title=don-t-pay-july-salaries-sarah-serem-team-warns-teachers-service-commission&pageNo=\n\n4.  Harold Ayodo, advocate of the High Court. Interviewed on  September 19, 2013.","The law mandates that the office of auditor general keep track of the use of state resources. The constitution [article 229, sections 4 and 6] requires the auditor general to report and confirm whether or not public money has been applied lawfully and in an effective way. The audit..."]
["2013_LS_5",2013,"LS","Lesotho",5,100,"Section 117 of the constitution establishes the Auditor General as the supreme audit institution of Lesotho. According to subsection 2 (a), it is the auditor general's responsibility to check whether \"all monies that have been appropriated by parliament and disbursed have been applied to the purposes for which they were so appropriated and that the expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it\". The constitution authorises the auditor general to have access to all records and other documents that relate to any of the accounts of Lesotho’s government, courts and commissions and the accounts of the clerk to each house of Parliament.\n\nApart from the constitution, the auditor general is guided by the Audit Act of 1973. Section 5 (1) of this law provides that \"the auditor general shall examine, in such manner as he may deem necessary, the accounts relating to the Consolidated Fund, other public funds and public stores, and shall ascertain whether, in his opinion, the accounts have been properly kept [...]\". The constitution and the Audit Act of 1973 require the auditor general to release the audit report at least once annually. The auditor general is accountable to the National Assembly. However, the minister of finance tables the auditor general's report before the national assembly.","1. The Constitution of Lesotho (1993). Chapter X. Section 117.  \nhttp://www.lesotholii.org/ls/legislation/act/1993/1\n2. The Audit Act number 12, 1973\nhttp://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Lesotho.html","Section 117 of the constitution establishes the Auditor General as the supreme audit institution of Lesotho. According to subsection 2 (a), it is the auditor general's responsibility to check whether \"all monies that have been appropriated by parliament and disbursed have been appl..."]
["2013_LR_5",2013,"LR","Liberia",5,100,"The Constitution of Liberia established the General Auditing Commission (GAC) to conduct audit of government institutions, including the Supreme Court. The GAC is Liberia's supreme audit institution and it reports directly to the National Legislature. \n\nThe GAC has a large audit scope. Section 53.1 of the Executive Law mandated the GAC to audit all government agencies. These agencies include ministries, bureaus, boards amongst other bodies and individual employees that public money/resources are spent on. There about  85 government agencies that the GAC is responsible for.","The Act establishing the General Auditing Commission 2005 (passed to amend Chapter 53, Section 53.2 of the Executive Law of 1972), Section 2; http://gacliberia.com/doc/GAC_ACT.pdf\n\nConstitution of Liberia 1986, Chapter X Article 89, http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm","The Constitution of Liberia established the General Auditing Commission (GAC) to conduct audit of government institutions, including the Supreme Court. The GAC is Liberia's supreme audit institution and it reports directly to the National Legislature. ..."]
["2013_LY_5",2013,"LY","Libya",5,100,"The audit institution in Libya is called the Diwane Al Mohasabah (http://www.raqaba.org.ly/). It was created by the Libyan law of the Reorganisation of Dewan of Audit, article 24. It is tasked with auditing any accounts it deems necessary to audit.","Article 24 - 1989 - Reorganisation of Dewan of Audit law\nKrishnamachari, T.R.  Powers of supreme audit institutions in relation to audit - An analysis.  Asian Organization of Supreme Audit.  Retrieved from http://www.asosai.org/journal1989/powers_of_supreme_audit_institutions.htm\n\nConfirmed with:\nI. Anonymous - layer and women's rights activist - Benghazi, personal communication, August 8, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them","The audit institution in Libya is called the Diwane Al Mohasabah (http://www.raqaba.org.ly/). It was created by the Libyan law of the Reorganisation of Dewan of Audit, article 24. It is tasked with auditing any accounts it deems necessary to audit."]
["2013_MG_5",2013,"MG","Madagascar",5,100,"L’institution  supérieure de contrôle ou de vérification des comptes publics est désignée sous le nom de Direction générale du contrôle financier, placée sous la tutelle et le contrôle technique du ministre des Finances et du Budget (cf. le Décret n°2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012 fixant les attributions du ministre des Finances et du Budget ainsi que l’organisation générale de son ministère tel que stipulé en son article 2). Les missions et attributions de cette Direction générale sont fixées comme suit : le Contrôle financier veille ou fait veiller par le biais de ses structures centrales ou régionales à :\n (http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=58)\n• la comptabilisation des engagements des dépenses proposés par les Ordonnateurs ;\n• l’application des dispositions législatives et réglementaires régissant ;\n• l’exécution des dépenses publiques ;\n• la gestion des crédits de fonctionnement et d’investissement ;\n• les opérations des Budgets annexes et les opérations des Comptes particuliers du Trésor ;\n• le contrôle de l’application des règles relatives aux marchés publics ;\n• le contrôle de gestion de carrière et des effectifs des agents de l’État ;\n• toutes opérations affectant les finances de l’État aussi bien du point de vue de la légalité des engagements de dépenses que de la régularité des actes administratifs générateurs immédiats de dépenses ou susceptibles d’entraîner ultérieurement des débours par les finances publiques.\nTout engagement de dépenses publiques doit donc recevoir le visa de la Direction générale du Contrôle financier.\nPar ailleurs, la Loi  n° 2004-006 en son article premier institue auprès du premier ministre, chef du gouvernement, un Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière ci-après désigné le Conseil, chargé d'examiner les fautes de gestion commises par les ordonnateurs de recettes et de dépenses énumérées à l'article 2 et de prononcer les sanctions prévues aux articles 3 et 4 ci-après. Le Conseil n'a toutefois pas juridiction sur les présidents d'institutions et les membres du gouvernement. Les comptables publics, lorsqu'ils assurent la fonction d'ordonnateurs, sont soumis aux dispositions de la présente loi.\n\nLes comptes publics sont soumis pour jugement à la Chambre administrative de la Cour suprême, selon l’Ordonnance n° 62-074 en son article 1er : la Chambre administrative de la Cour suprême, section des comptes, juge les comptes qui lui sont déférés en vertu de la présente ordonnance ou ceux dont elle est saisie comme juridiction d’appel par application de l’article 4, alinéa 2 de la loi du 19 juillet 1961 portant création de la Cour suprême. Enfin, il est placé auprès de la juridiction des comptes un représentant du parquet de la Cour suprême qui porte le titre de  Commissaire du Trésor public (Ordonnance n° 73-018).","- Constitution malgache du 11 Décembre 2010 \nhttp://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm\n- Ordonnance n° 62-074 du 29 septembre 1962 relative au jugement des comptes et au contrôle des collectivités publiques et établissements publics. Journal Officiel de la République (JORM), n° 248, 12 octobre 1962, page 3348, modifiée et complétée par la loi n° 65-013 du 25 novembre 1965 (J.O.R.M. n° 455 du 18.12.65, p. 2618), l’ordonnance n° 73-018 du 27 mai 1973 (J.O.R.M. n° 915 du 16.06.73, p. 1496) et par l’ordonnance n° 73-067 du 5 novembre 1973 (J.O.R.M. n° 951 du 17.11.73, p. 3784)\n- Loi n° 61- 013 du 19  Juillet 1961 portant sur la création de la Cour suprême. \nhttp://legislation-madagascar.cwebh.org/TOME%20VI/0008.htm\n- Ordonnance n° 73-018 du 21 mai 1973 portant l’institution de la fonction du commissaire  du Trésor public auprès la chambre des comptes et modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi n° 61-013 du 19 juillet 1961 portant sur la création de la Cour suprême et de l’ordonnance n° 62-074 du 29 septembre 1962 relative au jugement des comptes et au contrôle des collectivités publiques et établissements publics http://legislation-madagascar.cwebh.org/TOME%20VI/0012.htm\n- Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012 fixant les attributions du ministre des Finances et du Budget ainsi que l’organisation générale de son ministère. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=449&Itemid=518\n- Loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004 portant sur la réorganisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/textes_lois/dcp/loi_2004_006.pdf","L’institution  supérieure de contrôle ou de vérification des comptes publics est désignée sous le nom de Direction générale du contrôle financier, placée sous la tutelle et le contrôle technique du ministre des Finances et du Budget (cf. le Décret n°2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012 fix..."]
["2013_MW_5",2013,"MW","Malawi",5,100,"The constitution of the Republic of Malawi establishes the country's supreme audit institution. In Section 184 (1) it reads: \"There shall be the office of the auditor general who shall audit and report on the public accounts of Malawi, and shall exercise such other powers in relation to the public accounts and the accounts of public authorities and bodies as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament, in so far as they are compatible with the principal duties of that office.\"\n\nThe powers and duties of the officer of auditor general are provided in the Public Audit Act, Sections 4 and 6. According to Section 6 (1), this office is empowered to examine and conduct audits of transition of every \"ministry, statutory office, office, agency, board, commission and bureau of the government, and public funds received by a non-profit organisation, including relevant international organisations\".\n\nThe law also demands that the secretary to the treasury (the top-most bureaucrat in financial matters), should submit financial statements to the office of the auditor general no later than 31 October of every year. The latter is required to examine and submit a report on its assessment of the financial statements to parliament . This is according to Section 83 (1-2) of the Public Finance Management Act.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Section 184. Amended in 1995. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n2. Public Audit Act. Sections 4 and 6. 2003. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/act/2003/6/paa2003128_pdf_13366.pdf\n3. Public Finance Management Act. Section 83. 2003.","The constitution of the Republic of Malawi establishes the country's supreme audit institution. In Section 184 (1) it reads: \"There shall be the office of the auditor general who shall audit and report on the public accounts of Malawi, and shall exercise such other powers in relati..."]
["2013_ML_5",2013,"ML","Mali",5,100,"Le Mali dispose de plusieurs structures de contrôle dont, le plus célèbre, le Bureau du vérificateur général chargé de la vérification des comptes publics.\n\nLe Vérificateur Général a pour missions entre autres, selon la loi l'institutant, \"de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des opérations de recettes et de dépenses effectuées par les institutions de la République, les administrations d’Etat, les collectivités territoriales, les établissements publics ou tout autre organisme bénéficiant du concours financier de l’État [...]\".\n\nIl faut par ailleurs signaler que depuis quelques années le débat sur la création d'une Cour des Comptes est en cours au Mali. Une loi ne va pas tarder à être votée dans ce sens.","Le Décret N° 92-0731 P-CTSP du 25 février 1992, portant promulgation de la Constitution du Mali. Article 83 (titre IIIV), \nhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002746.pdf\n\nLoi N°2012-009/du 08 février 2012 modifiant et abrogeant la Loi n°03-030 du 25 août 2003 portant création du Bureau du Vérificateur général. Article 1 et suivant\nhttp://www.bvg-mali.org/fichiers/2012/loi/loi_Num_2012_009.pdf   \n\nLoi N 61-53 AN-RM portant organisation de la Cour d’État. Article 1 et suivant. Adoptée le 15 mai 1961","Le Mali dispose de plusieurs structures de contrôle dont, le plus célèbre, le Bureau du vérificateur général chargé de la vérification des comptes publics...."]
["2013_MR_5",2013,"MR","Mauritania",5,100,"La Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 introduit une innovation majeure en prévoyant la création de la Cour des Comptes, une structure de vérification des comptes publics. Le constituant mauritanien en son article 68 a stipulé qu'une cour des comptes assiste le Parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances. À la faveur des réformes constitutionnelles résultant des journées de Dialogue, le législateur mauritanien a amendé cet article en faisant de la Cour des Comptes une institution indépendante chargée de contrôler les comptes publics.","1. Constitution du 20 juillet 1991. (1991). Article 68.\nhttp://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Mauritania_Constitutional%20Ordinance_1991_fr.pdf","La Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 introduit une innovation majeure en prévoyant la création de la Cour des Comptes, une structure de vérification des comptes publics. Le constituant mauritanien en son article 68 a stipulé qu'une cour des comptes assiste le Parlement et le gouverne..."]
["2013_MU_5",2013,"MU","Mauritius",5,100,"The constitution provides for a Director of Audit who is appointed by the Public Service Commission in consultation with the Prime Minister and Leader of Opposition. The Constitution further states that:\n\n“The public accounts of Mauritius and of all courts of law and all authorities and officers of the Government shall be audited and reported on by the director of audit and for that purpose the director of audit or any person authorized by him in that behalf shall have access to all books, records, reports and other documents relating to those accounts”\n\nThe constitution furthermore states that in the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the director of audit shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\n \nFurthermore, Articles 15 of the Finance and Audit Act states that:\n“Anything which, under the authority of this act or of any other enactment, may be done by the director of  audit, other than the certifying of and reporting on accounts for the National Assembly, may be done by an officer of his staff authorized by him.” \n\nIn other words, any officer from the National Audit Office (which is under the responsibility of the director of audit) has the right to audit public accounts and have access to all necessary documents.","Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius \n        • Year passed: 1968\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 110\n        • Link to the law(s):  http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/Pages/Finance-and.aspx#%20CHAPTER%20X \n\nName of the Law: Finance and Audit Act \n        • Year passed: 1973\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Articles 15 & 16\n        • Link to the law(s) if or when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/F/Page%201/FINANCEANDAUDIT1.pdf","The constitution provides for a Director of Audit who is appointed by the Public Service Commission in consultation with the Prime Minister and Leader of Opposition. The Constitution further states that:..."]
["2013_MA_5",2013,"MA","Morocco",5,100,"The Moroccan Constitution states that there should be a Court of Accounts that controls all the finances of the state. Its independence is guaranteed by the constitution.","Morocco.  Constitution, articles 147 - 150.  (2011.  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.\n\nMorocco.  Decree No. 1.02.124 1 Rebia II 1423 (2002) promulgating Law 62-99 of 13 June 2002 Code RB No. 5030 of 6 Jumada II.1423 (2002).  Retrieved from http://www.indh.gov.ma/fr/doc/Annexes2.pdf.","The Moroccan Constitution states that there should be a Court of Accounts that controls all the finances of the state. Its independence is guaranteed by the constitution."]
["2013_MZ_5",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",5,100,"Articles 228, 229 and 230 of section III of the constitution indicate the existence of the supreme audit institution. The constitution, in article 228, states:\n\n1. The administrative court shall be the highest body in the hierarchy of administrative, customs and fiscal courts.\n\n2. The administrative court shall control the legality of administrative acts and the application of rules and regulations issued by the public administration, and it shall scrutinise the legality of public expenditure and the enforcement of liability for financial infractions.\n\nThe organic law of the administrative court [Lei Organica do Tribunal Administrativo - Lei No. 5/92 de 6 de Maio] regulates the functioning of the court.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique. Tribunal Administrativo (Administrative Court) Section III, Articles 228, 229, and 230. 2004. http://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf.\n\n2. Organic Law of the Administrative Court [Lei Organica do Tribunal Administrativo - Lei No. 5/92 de 6 de Maio]. 1992.","Articles 228, 229 and 230 of section III of the constitution indicate the existence of the supreme audit institution. The constitution, in article 228, states:..."]
["2013_NA_5",2013,"NA","Namibia",5,100,"By law, the auditor general is appointed by the president on recommendation of the public service commission and the approval of the national assembly in accord with article 127 of the constitution and derives responsibilities and duties from sections 25 and 26 of the State Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991).","Namibian Constitution, chapter 16, article 127, http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf.\n\nState Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991), section 25-26, Government Gazette, December 30 1991  (attached).","By law, the auditor general is appointed by the president on recommendation of the public service commission and the approval of the national assembly in accord with article 127 of the constitution and derives responsibilities and duties from sections 25 and 26 of the State Finance..."]
["2013_NE_5",2013,"NE","Niger",5,100,"« La Cour des comptes est la plus haute juridiction de contrôle des finances publiques » (art 141; Constitution). L'institution supérieure de contrôle est en effet la Cour des comptes au Niger, elle est mandatée de par cet article pour le contrôle des finances publiques.","Constitution de la VIIe République du Niger. ((2010). TITRE VI : DU POUVOIR JUDICIAIRE, cection 5 : De la Cour des comptes. Art. 141. http://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/constitution.pdf","« La Cour des comptes est la plus haute juridiction de contrôle des finances publiques » (art 141; Constitution). L'institution supérieure de contrôle est en effet la Cour des comptes au Niger, elle est mandatée de par cet article pour le contrôle des finances publiques."]
["2013_NG_5",2013,"NG","Nigeria",5,100,"Section 85 (1-4) of the Nigerian constitution provides for the creation of the office of the auditor general for the federation as follows:\n\n(1) \"There shall be an auditor general for the federation who shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions of section 86 of this constitution.\n\n(2) The public accounts of the federation and of all offices and courts of the federation shall be audited and reported to the auditor general who shall submit his reports to the national assembly; and for that purpose, the auditor general or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all the books, records, returns and other documents relating to those accounts.\n\n(3) Nothing in subsection (2) of this section shall be construed as authorising the auditor general to audit the accounts of or appoint auditors for government statutory corporations, commissions, authorities, agencies, including all persons and bodies established by an act of the national assembly, but the auditor general shall:\n\n(a) provide such bodies with:\n(i) a list of auditors qualified to be appointed by them as external auditors and from which the bodies shall appoint their external auditors, and\n(ii) guidelines on the level of fees to be paid to external auditors; and\n\n(b) comment on their annual accounts and auditor's reports thereon.\n\n(4) The auditor general shall have power to conduct checks of all government statutory corporations, commissions, authorities, agencies, including all persons and bodies established by an act of the national assembly.\"","The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Chapter V, Part 1e-Powers and Control over Public Funds. Sections 85(1-4).\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","Section 85 (1-4) of the Nigerian constitution provides for the creation of the office of the auditor general for the federation as follows:..."]
["2013_RW_5",2013,"RW","Rwanda",5,100,"The constitution stipulates that the office of the Auditor General has been created by law to audit state finances in order to make sure that public funds are not misused. The office has been given independence to operate freely and objectively without fear and favour. The law also allows it to have enough staff in order to properly conduct its duties.  \n\nThe law establishing the office of the Auditor General of state finances says in article 1, “There shall be an Office of the Auditor General of State finances whose office is a public autonomous office with a legal personality and shall have autonomy in all financial and administrative matters.” What this means is that the law recognises and orders that such an office should exist. In addition, this office should operate without obstruction and no other office should interfere in its business and nobody should try to influence its findings.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution, chapter VIII, title VIII (Special commissions and organs).  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 05/98.  (1998) .  [Establishing the office of the Auditor General of the state finances].  Retrieved from ip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8200&iid","The constitution stipulates that the office of the Auditor General has been created by law to audit state finances in order to make sure that public funds are not misused. The office has been given independence to operate freely and objectively without fear and favour. The law also..."]
["2013_ST_5",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",5,100,"The court of auditors is the supreme audit institution in São Tomé and Príncipe. Article 126 – courts category states: 1. Besides the constitutional court there are the following courts categories: a) the supreme court and the court, the regional court and the districts courts; b) the court of auditors.\n\nLaw number 3/99 - organic law of the court of auditors - of the gazette number 7, from August 20 1999, São Tomé and Príncipe specifies article 1 from the law 3/99 of August 20 1999, (organic law of the court of auditors of São Tomé and Príncipe) states: 1. It is created the court of auditors, based in the city of Sao Tomé and with jurisdiction and financial control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including the services, agencies and offices abroad.","1. Title VI. The Courts of the National Constitution.\n2. Paragraph (11) of the subsection (Title VI - The Courts) of the Article 126.\n3. 1975.\n\nLaw number 3/99, Organic Law of the Court of Auditors., Gazette Number 7. August 20 1999, São Tomé and Príncipe.","The court of auditors is the supreme audit institution in São Tomé and Príncipe. Article 126 – courts category states: 1. Besides the constitutional court there are the following courts categories: a) the supreme court and the court, the regional court and the districts courts; b) ..."]
["2013_SN_5",2013,"SN","Senegal",5,100,"L’article premier de la loi sur la Cour des comptes stipule que: « La présente loi organique régit l’organisation, les compétences, le fonctionnement et les procédures de la Cour des comptes, juridiction financière et institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques. » C'est donc la Cour des comptes qui représente l'institution supérieure de contrôle qui juge les comptes des comptables publics et assiste le Parlement et le Gouvernement dans le contrôle et l’exécution des lois de finances.","Loi organique n°99-70 du 17 février 1999 sur la Cour des comptes. Article premier. http://www.gouv.sn/Loi-organique-sur-la-Cour-des.html","L’article premier de la loi sur la Cour des comptes stipule que: « La présente loi organique régit l’organisation, les compétences, le fonctionnement et les procédures de la Cour des comptes, juridiction financière et institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques. » C'e..."]
["2013_SC_5",2013,"SC","Seychelles",5,100,"Constitution of Seychelles 1993\n158(1)  There shall be an auditor general who shall be appointed by the president from candidates proposed by the constitutional appointments authority.\n(3)  The accounts of the cabinet office, the national assembly, all government departments and offices, all courts and those related to moneys withdrawn from the consolidated fund, all accounts of any statutory corporation or such other body as may be specified by or under an act shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general to the national assembly and for that purpose the auditor general or any person authorised or appointed in that behalf by the auditor general shall have access to all books, records, returns, information and other documents relating or relevant to those accounts.\n(5)  The auditor general shall, within twelve months of the end of the immediately preceding financial year, submit the record referred to in clause (3) to the national assembly and shall in the report draw attention to irregularities in the accounts audited to any other matter which in the opinion of the auditor general ought to be brought to the notice of the assembly.\n(7)  The auditor general shall, in the performance of the functions of the office of auditor general, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but the resident or the national assembly may request the auditor general in the public interest, to audit at any particular time, the accounts of any person or bodies referred to in clause (3).\n\nThe law specifying the duties, compensation, allowances and pension payable to the auditor general is laid out in the Auditor General Act 2010.","1. Constitution of Seychelles 1993  Article 158.\n\n2. Auditor General Act 2010.","Constitution of Seychelles 1993\n158(1)  There shall be an auditor general who shall be appointed by the president from candidates proposed by the constitutional appointments authority...."]
["2013_SL_5",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",5,100,"Section 119 of the 1991 constitution of Sierra Leone empowers the auditor general to audit the public accounts of Sierra Leone. The public offices audited by the auditor general include the courts, the central and local government administrations, the universities and public institutions, statutory corporations, companies, bodies or organisations set up partly or wholly out of public funds.","The Constitution of Sierra Leone, Part VI, finance, Section 119 (1) and (2), 1991. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf \n\nThe Audit Service Act, 1998, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1998-1.pdf","Section 119 of the 1991 constitution of Sierra Leone empowers the auditor general to audit the public accounts of Sierra Leone. The public offices audited by the auditor general include the courts, the central and local government administrations, the universities and public instit..."]
["2013_SO_5",2013,"SO","Somalia",5,100,"“There shall be independent institutions which the Federal Government and the Federal Member States shall have; such as the Attorney General, the Auditor General and the Federal Central Bank.” (Article 114)","Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012. Chapter 10. Article 114. http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia","“There shall be independent institutions which the Federal Government and the Federal Member States shall have; such as the Attorney General, the Auditor General and the Federal Central Bank.” (Article 114)"]
["2013_ZA_5",2013,"ZA","South Africa",5,100,"Section 188 of the constitution provides for the formation of the supreme audit (auditor general)  as one of the institutions that strengthens democracy (chapter 9 Institutions). The auditor general is mandated to report on the accounts, financial statements and financial management records of (a) all national and provincial state departments and administrations; (b) all municipalities; and (c) any other institution or accounting entity required by national or provincial legislation to be audited by the auditor general.\n\nThe Auditor General Act (Act 12 of 1995) sets out the tasks of the auditor general, his duties, powers and responsibilities.","The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996/.\n\nThe Auditor General Act (Act 12 of 1995), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70937.","Section 188 of the constitution provides for the formation of the supreme audit (auditor general)  as one of the institutions that strengthens democracy (chapter 9 Institutions). The auditor general is mandated to report on the accounts, financial statements and financial managemen..."]
["2013_SS_5",2013,"SS","South Sudan",5,100,"Article 184 of the Transitional Constitution provides for the formation of an audit institution. \n\n184 subsection (1) states that, “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of proven professional competence, experience, integrity and impartiality.”\n\nArticle 6 of the Audit Chamber Act is about the establishment of the chamber and its independence.  \n\nArticle 6, subsection (1) states that, “There shall be established, in Southern Sudan an independent and impartial body, to be known as the Southern Sudan Audit Chamber to audit the accounts of, and supervise the financial performance of all entities subject to audit, including the means for revenue collection and expenditure and to ensure compliance with the budgets approved by the respective legislatures.”","Republic of South Sudan, Audit Chamber Act, article 6, subsection (1).  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://mojss.org/Acts/2011/Audit%20Chamber%20Act,%202011/files/res/other/search.txt \n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Transitional Constitution, article 184, subsections (1).  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html","Article 184 of the Transitional Constitution provides for the formation of an audit institution. ..."]
["2013_SD_5",2013,"SD","Sudan",5,100,"The National Audit Chamber exists in Sudan as stipulated in Article 205 (1) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005.\n \nThe National Audit Chamber shall set auditing standards for the whole country and supervise the financial performance of the national government, including revenue collection and expenditure, in accordance with the budgets approved by the national and state legislatures.","Republic of Sudan. (2005) . The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan.\n\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba749762.html\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12/23.htm","The National Audit Chamber exists in Sudan as stipulated in Article 205 (1) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005.\n ..."]
["2013_SZ_5",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",5,100,"The nine subsections of section 207 of chapter XI of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005 that establish the position of the auditor general are so specific in the appointment and duties of the office that the Ministry of Justice sees additional legislation to create or define it as superfluous. \n \n The auditor general is appointed by the king on the basis of a recommendation of his finance minister who, in turn, is advised by the Civil Service Commission. During the period under review, Ms. P. Nxumalo was appointed auditor general in November 2012.","Constitution of Swaziland, chapter XI (Public Finance), section 207, \n\nAuditor-General. http://www.ide.uniswa.sz/documents/resources/constitution2004.pdf","The nine subsections of section 207 of chapter XI of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005 that establish the position of the auditor general are so specific in the appointment and duties of the office that the Ministry of Justice sees additional legislation to crea..."]
["2013_TZ_5",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",5,100,"In Tanzania, the office of the controller and auditor general is the supreme audit institution and is provided for under Section 143 (1) of the constitution, which states: \"There shall be a controller and auditor-general of the united republic.\"\n \nSpecifically, however, and as more financial management challenges emerged, the Public Audit Act 2008 came into force to govern the operations of the CAG's office. Chapter 9 on the responsibilities of the controller and auditor general spell out the responsibilities with regard to auditing the public purse.","Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (last amended 1985), 26 April 1977, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b50c4.html [accessed 3 December 2013]\n \nPublic Audit Act, No. 11 of 2008 http://nao.go.tz/?wpfb_dl=102","In Tanzania, the office of the controller and auditor general is the supreme audit institution and is provided for under Section 143 (1) of the constitution, which states: \"There shall be a controller and auditor-general of the united republic.\"..."]
["2013_TG_5",2013,"TG","Togo",5,100,"Article 107 de la Constitution (1992), révisée 2002. \"La Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises publiques. Elle assiste le parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances.\n \nElle procède à toutes études de finances et comptabilité publique qui lui sont demandées par le Gouvernement ou par l'Assemblée nationaleou le Sénat. La Cour des Comptes établit un rapport annuel adressé au Président de la République, au Gouvernement et à l'Assemblée nationale et dans lequel elle fait état, s'il y a lieu, des infractions commises, et des responsabilités encourues.\"\n \nArticle 9 de la loi organique : « La Cour des comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. »","Article 107 de la Constitution (1992), révisée 2002. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0.\n \n Loi organique n° 98-014 du 10 juillet 1998 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.","Article 107 de la Constitution (1992), révisée 2002. \"La Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises publiques. Elle assiste le parlement et le gouvernement dans le ..."]
["2013_TN_5",2013,"TN","Tunisia",5,100,"Law No. 68-8 of 1968 and organic law No. 2008-3 of 2008 created the Cour des comptes, with the task of auditing the government accounts. \n \n Article 3 of the organic Law No. 2008-3 states: \"The Cour des comptes has competence to audit the accounts of :\n \n – The state, the local collectives, the public institutions which have a budget from the state;\n – Public institutions with non-administrative character, and any other institutions where the government has shares.","Law No. 68-8 of March 8, 1968, modified by Law No. 70-17 (April 20, 1970), organic Law No. 90-82 (October 29, 1990), organic Law No. 2001-75 (July 17, 2001) and organic Law No. 2008-3 (January 29, 2008)\n \n Review of the website of the Cour des comptes at: \n www.courdescomptes.nat.tn","Law No. 68-8 of 1968 and organic law No. 2008-3 of 2008 created the Cour des comptes, with the task of auditing the government accounts. \n ..."]
["2013_UG_5",2013,"UG","Uganda",5,100,"Chapter 9, article 163, clauses (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 provides that “there shall be an auditor general whose office shall be a public office\". Clause (3)(a)(b) of the same article reads that “the auditor general shall: (a) audit and report on the public accounts of Uganda and of all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, universities and public institutions of like nature, and any public corporation or other bodies or organisations established by an Act of Parliament; and (b) conduct financial and value for money audits in respect of any project involving public funds\". \n \nHowever, section 33 of the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2005, amends article 163 of the constitution. It still provides for the creation of the office of auditor general but repeals the phrase “and whose office shall be a public office”. \n \nThe National Audit Act, 2008, Sections 3 and 4 confirm the creation of the auditor general’s office and section 13 provides for the functions of the auditor general among which is the auditing the government accounts as set out in section 13(1)(a). Further, the Public Finance and Accountability Act, 2003, section 33 also provides for the duties of the auditor general. Section 33 (1) reads in part that “the auditor general shall, on behalf of parliament, examine, inquire into and audit the accounts of ...government property”.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 9, Article 163, Clauses (1) and (3)(a)(b)\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf\n \n Constitutional Amendment Act, 2005, Section 33\n http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/images/stories/constitution/Constitutional_Amendment_Act,_2005.pdf\n \n The National Audit Act, 2008, Sections 3, 4 and 13\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/358/The%20National%20Audit%20Act%202008.pdf\n \n The Public Finance and Accountability Act, 2003, Section 33\n http://www.finance.go.ug/dmdocuments/PFAA2003.pdf","Chapter 9, article 163, clauses (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 provides that “there shall be an auditor general whose office shall be a public office\". Clause (3)(a)(b) of the same article reads that “the auditor general shall: (a) audit and report on the p..."]
["2013_ZM_5",2013,"ZM","Zambia",5,100,"The Auditor General’s office is the Supreme Audit Institution and his duties include auditing all accounts of the government or other public authorities. \n \nUnder Article 121 (1), Constitution of Zambia, the article state, “There shall be an auditor general for the republic whose office shall be a public office and who shall, subject to ratification by the national assembly, be appointed by the president.\n \n And under paragraph 2 (c), the article says: \n \n(2) It shall be the duty of the Auditor-General - \nc) to audit the accounts relating to the general revenues of the Republic and the expenditure of moneys appropriated by Parliament, the National Assembly, the Judicature, the accounts relating to the stocks and stores of the Government and the accounts of such other bodies as may be prescribed by or under any law","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Auditor General, Article 121(1), Page 72. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164.\n \nChapter 378 (Volume 20), The Public Audit Act.\n http://zamlaws.zambia.co.zm/laws_view.php?chapter=378.","The Auditor General’s office is the Supreme Audit Institution and his duties include auditing all accounts of the government or other public authorities. \n ..."]
["2013_ZW_5",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",5,100,"The Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013, in section 309, mandates the creation of the office of the auditor-general, whose office is a public office but does not form part of the civil service. The functions of the auditor-general are inter-alia, to audit the accounts, financial systems and financial management of all departments, institutions and agencies of government, all provincial and metropolitan councils and local authorities.\n \nSection 5 of the Audit Office Act establishes and provides for additional functions of the auditor-general. It should, however, be noted that the audit office act has not yet been fully aligned to the new constitution of 2013 which removes the office of the comptroller from the functions of the auditor-general.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act, Section 309, 2013\n \n 2. Audit Office Act (Chapter 22:18), Section 5, Act 12/2009","The Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013, in section 309, mandates the creation of the office of the auditor-general, whose office is a public office but does not form part of the civil service. The functions of the auditor-general are inter-alia, to audit the accounts, financial systems ..."]
["2013_DZ_6",2013,"DZ","Algeria",6,100,"L’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance n° 10-02 du 26 août 2010 précise que la Cour des comptes jouit de l’indépendance nécessaire garantissant l’objectivité, la neutralité, et l’efficacité de ses travaux et son contrôle exclut toute ingérence dans l’administration et la gestion des organismes soumis à son contrôle et toute remise en question du bien-fondé ou de l’opportunité des politiques et objectifs de programme arrêtés par les autorités responsables des organismes contrôlés. Selon la même ordonnance, la Cour des comptes est dotée de ressources, de moyens financiers et des matériaux nécessaires à son fonctionnement et au développement de ses activités. Si, dans l’exercice de son contrôle, la Cour des comptes relève des faits susceptibles de qualification pénale, elle transmet le dossier au procureur général territorialement compétent, aux fins de poursuites judiciaires et en informe le ministre de la Justice.","(2010). Ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance n°10-02 du 26 août 2010 relative à la Cour des comptes, articles 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 19, 27 et 28. Repéré à http://www.ccomptes.org.dz/documents/ordonnance_95_20_modifiee_et_completee_par_or_10_02_fr.pdf.","L’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance n° 10-02 du 26 août 2010 précise que la Cour des comptes jouit de l’indépendance nécessaire garantissant l’objectivité, la neutralité, et l’efficacité de ses travaux et son contrôle exclut toute ingéren..."]
["2013_AO_6",2013,"AO","Angola",6,100,"According to Articles 105 (3) and 175 of the constitution, and Article 3 (1) of the Organic Law of the Court of Auditors (Law No. 13/10 of July 9), the Court of Auditors is independent from the executive and legislative branches of the government. In the exercise of its jurisdictional functions, the courts shall be independent and\nimpartial and subject only to the constitution and the law.  \n\nArticle 183 of the constitution gives the Court of Auditors the mandate to review the legality of public finances and accounts of the state and the judging of such accounts subject to its jurisdiction. The composition, organization, powers and functioning of the Court of Auditors is established by Law No. 13/10, of July 9, Organic Law of the Court of Auditors. The prosecution is represented in court by the attorney general and serves ex officio. According to Article 2 of that law, the Court of Auditors shall perform on its own initiative or National Assembly surveys.\n\nAccording to Article 178 of the constitution and Articles 6 (d), Article 28 (1 and 2) and 34 of the Organic Law, the courts shall enjoy administrative and financial autonomy and must define mechanisms to enable the judiciary, including the Court of Auditors, to contribute toward drawing up their budget. It shall draw up the draft of its annual budget, which is submitted to the Ministry of Finance for further guidelines, including the provision of its own revenue. \n\nWhile the constitution declares the independence of the courts, the President of the Republic appoints the judges of the Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas) (article 183.2).\n\nThe financial set-up of the institution and its financial budget is specified under Article 178 of the CRA (administrative and financial autonomy of the courts) and in Article 34 of the Organic Law.","Republic of Angola Constitution, Articles 183, 105 (3), 175, 119 (h, g).  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498 and http://www.politicsresources.net/docs/angola.pdf","According to Articles 105 (3) and 175 of the constitution, and Article 3 (1) of the Organic Law of the Court of Auditors (Law No. 13/10 of July 9), the Court of Auditors is independent from the executive and legislative branches of the government. In the exercise of its jurisdictio..."]
["2013_BJ_6",2013,"BJ","Benin",6,100,"L'article premier de la loi sur la Cour suprême indique que « conformément à l’article 131 de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990, la Cour suprême est la plus haute juridiction de l’Etat en matière administrative, judiciaire et des comptes de l’Etat. Elle est également compétente en ce qui concerne le contentieux des élections locales. Les décisions de la Cour suprême ne sont susceptibles d’aucun recours. Elles s’imposent au pouvoir exécutif, au pouvoir législatif ainsi qu’à toutes les juridictions ». La Cour suprême dispose d'un budget dont les fonds sont issus du budget d'Etat chaque année.\n\nCependant, l'article 127 de la Constitution stipule que le président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. \n  \nL'autre institution d'audit, l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE) jouit d'une indépendance fonctionnelle selon les termes du décret le créant, ce décret indique aussi que ses membres sont nommés en Conseil des ministres, ce qui ne garantit pas son indépendance vis-à-vis du pouvoir.","Loi n° 2004-07 du 23 octobre 2007 portant composition, organisation, fonctionnement et attributions de la Cour suprême. Section IV. http://www.aahjf.org/images/stories/Tous%20les%20liens/Loi_2004-07_portant_composition_organisation_fonctionnement_et_attributions_de_la_Cour_Supreme.pdf\n\nDécret N°2006-319 du 12 juillet 2006 portant création, attributions,organisation et fonctionnement de l’Inspection Générale d’Etat. Article 2 et 4. http://www.ige.gouv.bj/docu/decret.pdf","L'article premier de la loi sur la Cour suprême indique que « conformément à l’article 131 de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990, la Cour suprême est la plus haute juridiction de l’Etat en matière administrative, judiciaire et des comptes de l’Etat. Elle est également compétente e..."]
["2013_BW_6",2013,"BW","Botswana",6,0,"The constitution states that the public accounts of Botswana and of all officers, courts and authorities of the government of Botswana shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general and for that purpose the auditor general or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all books, records, reports and other documents relating to those accounts. \n\nIn the exercise of his functions the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\n\nThe Art. 124 (3) states that\n\"The Auditor-General shall submit his reports to the Minister responsible for finance, who shall cause them to be laid before the National Assembly.\"\n\nThere are no provisions that guarantee a source of consistent funding for the auditor, nor does the constitution or any other law set forth the auditor's authority to refer cases directly to the prosecutor's office.","Constitution of Botswana 1966, section 124: Auditor General.\nhttp://www1.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf","The constitution states that the public accounts of Botswana and of all officers, courts and authorities of the government of Botswana shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general and for that purpose the auditor general or any person authorised by him in that behalf sha..."]
["2013_BF_6",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",6,0,"Quoique la loi organique portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes n'affirme pas clairement l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes vis-à-vis des autres pouvoirs, elle est, en tant que composante du pouvoir judiciaire, indépendante au même titre que ce pouvoir tel que stipulé dans la Constitution. Cependant, Le Président du Faso est le Président du Conseil supérieur et de la magistrature ; Le garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la justice en est le Vice-Président.” Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire, compris la Cour des Comptes. \n\nLa Cour a le pouvoir d’entendre tout directeur ou représentant des services et des organismes soumis à son contrôle, tout gestionnaire de fonds publics, tout dirigeant d’entreprise publique, tout membre d’une institution ou corps de contrôle sur invitation du premier président. Selon le principe de la loi sur le contrôle, tous les comptes publics de l’Etat sont sujets à audit ou contrôle. La loi ne soustrait aucune institution du contrôle financier de la Cour. La Cour des Comptes dispose de plusieurs chambres chargés de contrôler la gestion des comptes publiques. Il s’agit de :\n- une chambre chargée du contrôle des opérations de l’Etat ;\n- une chambre chargée du contrôle des opérations des collectivités locales ;\n- une chambre chargée du contrôle des entreprises publiques, des institutions de sécurité sociale, des projets de développement financés sur ressources extérieures et tout organisme soumis au contrôle de la Cour. \n\nLa Cour dispose d’un parquet composé d’un Procureur Général et de Commissaires du gouvernement qui ont le pouvoir de poursuite immédiate des contrevenants sans avoir à attendre des instructions de l’exécutif ou du législatif avant d’agir. Il y aussi la Chambre criminelle de la Cour d’Appel de Ouagadougou chez qui les dossiers de malversations sont reversés. Toutefois, il est reproché à ces juridictions de ne pas traiter des cas soumis à leur appréciation. Certains crimes économiques qui datent de plusieurs années (3 ans par exemple) sont en train de voir d’issus favorables grâce aux instructions du gouvernement de transition, c’est le cas Ousmane Guiro, de l’ex Directeur Général de la Douane, épinglé depuis bientôt trois ans mais qui jusque-là était libre de ces mouvements\n\nDans la loi organique portant composition et fonctionnement de la Cour, il n'est pas fait mention de son financement. Néanmoins, la cour étant une institution étatique et composante du pouvoir judiciaire, elle fonctionne sur financement du budget de l'État. Mais ce financement est jugé insuffisant et c'est pourquoi l’Union Européenne, la KFW (Coopération financière allemande), la Coopération suisse, l’ambassade de France et le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) ont ensemble financé le plan triennal de l'institution 2012-2015 d'un montant d'un milliard cent millions cinq cents mille FCFA qui va lui permettre d’outiller, de former et d’équiper son personnel et aussi de s'équiper au maximum en matériel informatique.","Loi organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes et procédure applicable devant elle, Articles 1er, 9 et 16. http://www.cour-comptes.gov.bf/phocadownload/loi%20organique%20n014-2000-an.pdf\n\nConstitution du Burkina Faso. 2 juin 1991. Article 129.\n http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/ec5508c9dd8bf0e8c1256bbb002e70bb/$FILE/Constitution%20Burkina%20Faso%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nLoi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, http://burkinaenligne.over-blog.com/article-les-textes-fondamentaux----conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature--37660421.html","Quoique la loi organique portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes n'affirme pas clairement l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes vis-à-vis des autres pouvoirs, elle est, en tant que composante du pouvoir judiciaire, indépendante au même..."]
["2013_BI_6",2013,"BI","Burundi",6,0,"L'article 15 de la loi N°1/017/ du 12 mai 2005 portant statut des Magistrats de la Cours des Comptes stipule que: \"Le Magistrat de la Cour est inamovible dans ses fonctions pendant le cours de son mandat. Il exerce en toute indépendance les attributions qui lui sont dévolues par la loi.\"                   \nL'article 16 continue: \"Dans l' exercice de ses fonctions, le Magistrat de la Cour est indépendante des pouvoirs légistratifs et exécutifs et n' est soumis qu'à la loi.\" \n\nLa Cour de Comptes est indépendante du pouvoir Législatif, mais elle travaille en étroite collaboration avec elle. L’article 1 établit que:\n«Il est créé une Cour des Comptes rattachée à l'Assemblée Nationale dont les missions, l'organisation, et le fonctionnement sont régis par la présente loi. La Cour assiste l'Assemblée Nationale dans le contrôle de l'exécution de la loi des finances.»\nSa mission:\n- Juge les comptes de services publics\n- Constate et déclare et apure les gestions de fait\n- Prononce les condamnations à l'amende\n- Statue sur les recours en appel et en révision\n\nLes rapports de la Cour sont approuvés en audience plénière solennelle et la presse et le public peuvent y assister. \n\nLes lois portant sur la Cour des Comptes ne l'autorisent pas à renvoyer les affaires nommément devant le bureau du procureur; cependant l'article 56 stipule que \"Lorsque l’examen des comptes révèle des faits susceptibles de constituer des fautes administratives, pénales ou de gestion, le Président de la Cour saisit l’autorité compétente pour en assurer la poursuite disciplinaire, pénale ou civile. Si la Cour estime que les faits générateurs de la responsabilité civile et/ou pénale sont de nature à porter gravement préjudice au trésor public, elle recommande toutes les mesures conservatoires utiles pour sauvegarder les droits du trésor public.\"","Loi n° 1/002 du 31 mars 2004, portant création, missions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes, http://www.courdescomptes.net/images/stories/documents/magcreation_mission_fonct.pdf\n\nLoi N°1/017/ du 12 mai 2005 portant statut des Magistrats de la Cours des Comptes. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi%20n%C2%B01_17_du_12_avril_2005.pdf\n\nSite de l'Association des Institutions Supérieures de Contrôle ayant l'usage du français. Burundi. http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=270","L'article 15 de la loi N°1/017/ du 12 mai 2005 portant statut des Magistrats de la Cours des Comptes stipule que: \"Le Magistrat de la Cour est inamovible dans ses fonctions pendant le cours de son mandat. Il exerce en toute indépendance les attributions qui lui sont dévolues par la..."]
["2013_CM_6",2013,"CM","Cameroon",6,0,"In Cameroon, the existence of the supreme state audit is guaranteed in law by article 41 of the constitution of the Republic of Cameroon which establishes it as the singular institution competent to control and rule on public accounts, as well as those of public and semi-public enterprises. \n\nAlthough the supreme state audit institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations, resolutions as well as referrals of cases based upon the general provision of Decree 97-48 of 5 March 1997 relating to roving audit mission, there is no law in force wherein its independence from (funding or control) the executive branch of government is mentioned. On the contrary, mindful of Decree 97-47 of 5 March 1997 to organize the supreme state audit services, it is stated that the supreme state audit services shall be placed under the direct authority of the President of the Republic from whom they shall have received instructions and to whom they shall report. Though there is no mention of consistent funding of the supreme state audit in law in Cameroon during the period of study, its annual funding however, is subject to the approval of its annual auditing programme and plan of action by the President of the Republic who is the head of the executive branch of government in Cameroon.\n\nAdditionally, the Audit bench of the Supreme Court has this jurisdiction as a part of the courts, but it does not have the right to directly prosecute and enforce, but only to send its findings to the head of state.","Republic of Cameroon Decree to organize the Supreme State Audit Services, 97-47 of 5 March 1997, part 1, General Provisions.  Retrieved from http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Cameroon.html\n\nArticle 41 of the amended Constitution of 1996. \nhttps://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/0/7e3ee07f489d674dc1256ae9002e3915/$FILE/Constitution%20Cameroon%20-%20EN.pdf","In Cameroon, the existence of the supreme state audit is guaranteed in law by article 41 of the constitution of the Republic of Cameroon which establishes it as the singular institution competent to control and rule on public accounts, as well as those of public and semi-public ent..."]
["2013_CV_6",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",6,100,"The independence of the court of accounts is guaranteed in article 5, which clearly stresses that the court of accounts is independent. Its financing comes from the state budget. Part of such funding has been supplied through particular agreements with the European Union in the past. \n\nThe law on the court of accounts stresses in article 5 the independence of the court of accounts and specifies there to be no submission to any other organ of sovereignty.\n\nThe court has jurisdiction and powers of financial control within the entire Cape Verdean law, both domestically and abroad. In the latter case, its jurisdiction covers services, agencies and/or representatives of the state abroad.\n\nAccording to article 3: \"subject to the jurisdiction of the court of auditors are:\na) the state and its departments, autonomous or not; \nb) public institutes; \nc) local authorities and their associations.\"\n\nAs well as article 3, also subject to review by the court of auditors are other public entities that the law determines.\n\nWhile the president is set to appoint the judges at the court of auditors, there are minimum requirements stipulated by law to ensure basic compliance with a merit-based system of appointments.","1. The authority, organization and operation of the court of accounts and the status of its judges, law no. 84/IV/93, articles 3 and 5,  http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=496&view=finish&cid=41&catid=12.\n\n2. Article 5 (independence)\n1. The court of auditors is independent.\n2.  Independence of the court of accounts is guaranteed. Judges owe obedience to the law only and to the court's self-government, Tenure of judges is granted.\n3. The self-government shall be ensured in accordance with this law.\n4. Only in cases specified by law may judges be subjected to the review of their duties, liability, criminal or disciplinary.\n5. Outside of cases where the breach is a crime, liability can only be enforced by means of recourse against the respective state courts.\n\nChapter IV\nJudges of the court of auditors\nArticle 24\n(Appointment and dismissal of the president)\nThe president of the court of auditors is appointed by the president of the republic on the proposal of the government.\nArticle 25 \n(Appointment of judges)\n1. The judges of the court of auditors shall be appointed by the president in special commission service for a period of five years, renewable on a proposal from the government from among persons licenced in law, economics, public administration, finance or management and organisation, recognised trustworthiness and competence.\n2. The length of service of the judges at the time of appointment have ties to the civil service shall be considered, for all purposes, as provided in places of origin.","The independence of the court of accounts is guaranteed in article 5, which clearly stresses that the court of accounts is independent. Its financing comes from the state budget. Part of such funding has been supplied through particular agreements with the European Union in the pas..."]
["2013_CF_6",2013,"CF","CAR",6,0,"La Cour des comptes (qui joue le rôle d'institution supérieure de contrôle). Étant donné que la Cour des comptes fait partie intégrante du pouvoir judiciaire, son indépendance est prévue dans les articles 85 et 86 de la Charte constitutionnelle de la transition de 2013. Il convient de préciser aussi que la Cour des comptes est une juridiction administrative et que ses décisions peuvent être déférées devant le Conseil d’État par la voie de la cassation.\n\nCette cour est indépendante dans la mesure où elle mène ses actions sans interférence politique et selon son mandat ou ses attributions qui sont les suivantes :\n- juger les comptes des comptables publics;\n- vérifier la régularité des comptes de l'État;\n- déclarer et apurer la gestion de fait;\n- vérifier et juger  les comptes des collectivités territoriales, des organismes publics et parapublics dont elle se saisit ou dont elle est saisie par le président de la République ou par l'Assemblée nationale; et\n- contrôler les comptes des entreprises de toute nature, des associations, des groupements bénéficiant des subventions de l'État, ainsi que ceux des partis politiques.   \n\nEn République Centrafricaine (RCA), l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par l'article 85 de la Charte constitutionnelle de transition de 2013 qui stipule que « la justice constitue un pouvoir indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif ». L'article 87 renforce l'idée théorique de l'indépendance des magistrats en soulignant de façon précise que « les juges sont indépendants. Ils ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. »\n\nMais le même article dit, \"Pendant la période de transition, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, la Commission Consultative du Conseil d'Etat et la Conférence des Présidents et du Procureur Général de la Cour des Comptes sont présidés par le Chef d’Etat de la Transition.\" Ainsi, la négation de l'indépendance de la magistrature.","Charte constitutionnelle de la transition. (2013). Articles 85 et 86. http://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/le-texte-integral-de-la-charte-de-la-transition-en-centrafrique-valant-texte-constitutionnel/\n\nJosé Christian Loundoumou, magistrat hors-hiérarchie, premier président de la Cour des comptes, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nMichel Landry Louanga, magistrat, procureur général près la Cour des comptes, 10 septembre 2013.","La Cour des comptes (qui joue le rôle d'institution supérieure de contrôle). Étant donné que la Cour des comptes fait partie intégrante du pouvoir judiciaire, son indépendance est prévue dans les articles 85 et 86 de la Charte constitutionnelle de la transition de 2013. Il convient..."]
["2013_TD_6",2013,"TD","Chad",6,0,"La Chambre des comptes est une partie de la Cour suprême, et n'est donc pas indépendante.\n\nLa Cour suprême est l'institution supérieure de contrôle. Cette institution, que la Chambre des comptes est chargée de contrôler, n'est pas indépendante de l'exécutif dans la mesure ou l'article 147 de la Constitution dispose que : « Le président de la République préside le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Le ministre de la Justice en est de droit le premier vice-président. Le président de la Cour suprême en est le deuxième vice-président. »\n\nPar ailleurs, le mode de désignation des membres de la cour ne garantit pas son indépendance. L'article disposant que :\n« La Cour Suprême est composée de seize (16) membres dont un (1) président et quinze (15) conseillers.\nLe Président de la Cour suprême est choisi parmi les hauts magistrats de l'ordre judiciaire.\nLes autres membres sont désignés de la façon suivante :\n- huit (8) choisis parmi les hauts magistrats de l'ordre judiciaire dont :\n- quatre (4) par le président de la République ;\n- quatre (4) par le président de l'Assemblée nationale ;\n- sept (7) choisis parmi les spécialistes du droit administratif, du droit budgétaire et de la comptabilité publique, dont :\n- quatre (4) par le président de la République ;\n- trois (3) par le président de l'Assemblée nationale. »","République du Tchad Constitution du 31 mars 1996 révisée. (1996). Article 147 et 154. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","La Chambre des comptes est une partie de la Cour suprême, et n'est donc pas indépendante.\n\nLa Cour suprême est l'institution supérieure de contrôle. Cette institution, que la Chambre de..."]
["2013_KM_6",2013,"KM","Comoros",6,0,"L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par la loi. En tant que membre de la Cour suprême, ceux qui composent la section des comptes doivent prêter un serment les engageant à rester indépendant dans leurs activités. L' article 9 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême stipule « qu'avant d’entrer en fonction, les membres de la Cour suprême prêtent en audience solennelle publique, présidée par le président de l’Union, le serment suivant : \"je jure au nom d’Allah de bien et fidèlement remplir ma mission, de l’exercer en toute impartialité, dans le respect de la Constitution, d’observer le respect du secret professionnel, de ne prendre aucune position publique, de ne donner aucune consultation à titre privé sur les questions relevant de la compétence de la Cour suprême et de me conduire en tout comme un digne et loyal magistrat\" ». \n\nDeux autres dispositions renforcent cette indépendance. Selon l'article 12, les fonctions de membres de la Cour suprême sont incompatibles avec celles de ministre, de député, de directeur de société et d’entreprise d’état, avec toute fonction administrative, politique et toute activité professionnelle privée salariée sauf dérogations prévues par la loi. \n\nEnfin, l'article 13 stipule que sauf le cas de flagrant délit, les membres de la Cour suprême ne peuvent être poursuivis, arrêtés ou détenus qu’après autorisation du bureau de la Cour.\n\nL'Art.17 mentionne que le \"Budget de la Cour Suprême fait l’objet de propositions préparées et arrêtées par le bureau de la Cour\", ce qui sous-entend qu'elle a un financement régulier.\n\nLa Section des Comptes ne dispose pas d'un parquet, mais elle peut se saisir d’un dossier de son propre initiative (c'est-à-dire sans l’aval préalable de l’exécutif ou du parlement). S'il s'avérait au cours du contrôle de la cour que le compte est irrégulier, c’est-à-dire si les écritures du comptable ne font pas état de tous les deniers qu’il a reçus ou aurait dû recevoir, s’il a payé à tort certaines dépenses, l’Arrêt le déclare en débet. Au vu de l’Arrêt de débet, le Ministre des Finances concerné, met en jeu la responsabilité personnelle du comptable et, le cas échéant, les garanties correspondantes.","Loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême. (2005). Articles 9, 12 et 13. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf\n\nLoi du 31 décembre 2005 portant statut de la magistrature, Article 4; Article 11; Article 12. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20statut%20de%20la%20magistrature.pdf","L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par la loi. En tant que membre de la Cour suprême, ceux qui composent la section des comptes doivent prêter un serment les engageant à rester indépendant dans leurs activités. L' article 9 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relati..."]
["2013_CD_6",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",6,0,"Le décret 2006-493 du 3 août 2006, portant réorganisation de l'Inspection Général d'Etat, en son article 1er : l'inspection générale d'Etat est un corps commun d'audit et de contrôle placé sous l'autorité du président de la République. \n\nL'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle n'existe pas. Il est directement mis sous tutelle du pouvoir exécutif.  Il a bien mandat d'auditer tout compte public. Il peut émettre des recommandations et des résolutions (article 3 alinéa 3 : « Propose des mesures susceptibles de remédier au manquement et aux insuffisances constater dans l'organisation et le fonctionnement des services contrôlés »).\n\nEn termes de la Cour des Comptes \"les membres de la Cour des comptes n’entrent en fonction qu’après avoir prêté, devant le président du Mouvement populaire de la révolution, président de la République, le serment suivant: «Je jure fidélité au président du Mouvement populaire de la révolution, président de la République, obéissance à la Constitution et aux lois de la République du Zaïre.» (Art. 4). Egalement, ils \"ne peuvent être poursuivis qu’avec l’autorisation du président du Mouvement populaire de la révolution, président de la République, et sont justiciables devant la Cour suprême de justice.\" (Art. 5). \n\nArt. 21 précise que \"la Cour des comptes dispose d’un pouvoir général et permanent de contrôle de la gestion des finances et des biens publics ainsi que de ceux de tous les établissements publics définis à l’article 3 [...]\". La Cour dispose d'un budget dont les prévisions sont préparées par son président (Art. 8).","1 - Décret 2006-493 du 3 août 2006, portant réorganisation de l'Inspection Général d'Etat.\n\n2 - 6 février 1987. – ORDONNANCE-LOI 87-005 fixant la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. \n\n3 - Entretien du 1 octobre 2013 à la Cour des comptes, Plateau-villle, avec M. Gilbert MOUYABI, Procureur Général auprès de la Cour des comptes. Cet entretien portait sur les mécanismes de contrôle de la cour des comptes. Et la loi qui régit l'institution.\n\n4 - Constitution du Congo, titre IV, intitulé du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 139 et 140. 20 janvier 2002. http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/docs/constitution-congolaise.pdf","Le décret 2006-493 du 3 août 2006, portant réorganisation de l'Inspection Général d'Etat, en son article 1er : l'inspection générale d'Etat est un corps commun d'audit et de contrôle placé sous l'autorité du président de la République. ..."]
["2013_CG_6",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",6,0,"Aux termes de la loi précitée, la Cour des comptes n’est pas indépendante des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif :\n\nArt. 33. La Cour des comptes peut procéder à tout contrôle de la gestion des finances et biens publics, à la demande du président du Mouvement populaire de la révolution, président de la République ou à la demande du conseil législatif.\n\nArt. 34. — La Cour des comptes est placée sous la tutelle du président du Mouvement populaire de la révolution, président de la République.\n\nArticle 178 de la Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo :\n« Il est institué en République Démocratique du Congo une Cour des comptes. La Cour des \ncomptes relève de l’Assemblée nationale. \nLes membres de la Cour des comptes sont nommés, relevés de leurs fonctions et, le cas \néchéant, révoqués par le président de la République, après avis de l’Assemblée nationale. »","6 février 1987 \nordonnance de loi 87-005 fixant la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, Articles 33 et 34\n\nConstitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, Article 178\nhttp://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_RDC.pdf","Aux termes de la loi précitée, la Cour des comptes n’est pas indépendante des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif :..."]
["2013_CI_6",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",6,0,"Conformément à l’article 101 de la Constitution de 2000 et en tant qu’organe et élément du pouvoir judiciaire, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, et plus tard la Cour des comptes, est indépendante des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Par ailleurs, les magistrats qui servent en son sein « ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi » (article 103 de la Constitution).\n\nSelon l’article 90 de la Loi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 déterminant la composition, l’organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour suprême, « la Chambre des comptes est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. À cet effet, elle exerce une double compétence juridictionnelle et de contrôle proprement dit ». Le même article continue en stipulant qu’ « elle possède un pouvoir de contrôle sur la gestion de toutes les collectivités publiques et s’assure, notamment, du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l’État et par les autres personnes morales de droit public; elle assure le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances; elle est chargée de la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques de l’État à caractère industriel et commercial, des sociétés d’État, des sociétés d’économie mixte ou des sociétés anonymes dans lesquelles l’État possède la majorité du capital social ». Elle « peut également assurer la vérification: a) des comptes et de la gestion des autres Établissements ou organismes publics, quel que soit leur statut juridique, qui exercent une activité industrielle ou commerciale; b) des sociétés, groupements ou organismes, quel que soit leur statut juridique, dans lesquels l’État, les collectivités, personnes ou établissements publics, les organismes déjà soumis au contrôle de la Chambre des comptes détiennent, séparément ou ensemble, plus de la moitié du capital ou des voix dans les organes délibérants; c) des personnes morales dans lesquelles l’État ou des organismes déjà soumis au contrôle de la Chambre des comptes, détiennent directement, séparément ou ensemble, une participation au capital permettant d'exercer un pouvoir prépondérant de décision ou de gestion ». Elle peut enfin « exercer un contrôle sur tout organisme qui bénéficie d’un concours financier de l’État ou d’une autre personne morale de droit public, ainsi que sur tout organisme bénéficiant du concours financier des entreprises publiques et de leurs filiales ».\n\nSelon l’article 150 de la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 : « si, lors de l’examen des comptes, la Chambre constate des irrégularités dues aux administrateurs, ou relève des lacunes dans la règlementation ou des insuffisances dans l’organisation administrative et comptable, le président de la Chambre, par l’intermédiaire du président de la Cour suprême, en informe les ministres intéressés ou les autorités de tutelle et leur demande de faire connaitre à la Chambre les mesures prises en vue de faire cesser les errements critiqués. Les référés adressés à cet effet sont transmis, en ampliation, au ministre des Finances ».\n\nConcernant son financement, en tant qu’organe de la Cour suprême, la Chambre des comptes « jouit de l’autonomie financière » et son « budget (…) fait l’objet de propositions préparées par sa direction financière et inscrites au projet de loi des Finances au titre de la Cour suprême » (article 172 nouveau de la loi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997).\n\nCependant, selon l'Article 4, « Le Président de la République est le garant de l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Il préside le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. \" Selon l'Article 106, «Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature se réunit sur convocation et sous la présidence du Président de la République pour examiner toutes les questions relatives à l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Sous la présidence de son Vice-président, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature : fait des propositions pour la nomination des magistrats des juridictions suprêmes, des premiers présidents des Cours d’appel et des présidents des tribunaux de première instance ; donne son avis conforme à la nomination et à la promotion des autres magistrats 22 du siège ; statue comme conseil de discipline des magistrats du siège et du parquet.» Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d’ivoire. (2000). Article 104. Repéré à: http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc.\n \nLoi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 déterminant la composition, l’organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour Suprême. (1994). Articles 90, 150 et 172. Repéré à: http://www.loidici.com/Coursupreme/coursuprememodif97243.php","Conformément à l’article 101 de la Constitution de 2000 et en tant qu’organe et élément du pouvoir judiciaire, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, et plus tard la Cour des comptes, est indépendante des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Par ailleurs, les magistrats qui servent..."]
["2013_DJ_6",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",6,0,"La Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême est l'institution d'audit à Djibouti. \nLa Chambre \"assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques.\nElle juge les ordonnateurs et les administrateurs de crédits.\nElle assiste le Parlement et le Gouvernement dans le contrôle des lois des finances.\nElle vérifie sur pièces et sur place la régularité des recettes et des dépenses décrites dans les comptabilités publiques et s'assure du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l'État ou d'une autre personne morale soumise à son contrôle.\" (article 1 de la Loi n°136/AN/97/3ème L portant création d'une Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême). En tant que partie de la Cour suprême elle jouit de la même indépendance que cette dernière. \n\nCependant l'article 73 de la constitution dispose que \"Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qu'il préside\"\". Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire, y compris celle de la Cour des Comptes qui en fait partie. \n\nLa Chambre n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. \n\nEn son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce role. \n\nLes principales dispositions législatives et règlementaires garantissent l'indépendance de l'institution de contrôle. En effet, l'article 1 de la Loi n°52/AN/04/5ème L Portant sur l'Inspection Générale d'État, dispose: « Dans l'exercice de cette mission, les vérificateurs de l'Inspection générale d'État bénéficient de toute l'indépendance requise pour émettre des jugements professionnels, fondés sur des éléments probants. » \n\nPar ailleurs, le décret relatif aux avantages et indemnités témoigne de la volonté du gouvernement d'accorder des moyens financiers très suffisants aux différents inspecteurs d’État du pays.\n\nPar contre, créée par un décret du 26 novembre 2001, l’IGE est placée directement sous l’autorité du Premier Ministre  (Art. 2).","1) Décret n°2001-0222/PM  portant création d’une Inspection Générale d’Etat. www.presidence.dj (Journal Officiel, Lois)\n\n2) Loi n°52/AN/04/5ème L Portant sur l'Inspection Générale d'État. http://www.presidence.dj/LES%20TEXTES/loi52an04.htm\n\n3) Décret n°2004-0014/PRE/MESN Portant Organisation et Fonctionnement de l’Inspection Générale d’État. www.presidence.dj (Journal Officiel, Lois)\n\n4) Décret n°2004-0058/PR/PM Relatif aux avantages et indemnités accordés aux membres de l’Inspection Général d’État 13 Avril 2004. www.presidence.dj (Journal Officiel, Lois)\n\n5) La Constitution du 15 septembre 1992, article 73. http://www.presidence.dj/ (Textes Fondamentaux). \n\n6) Loi n°136/AN/97/3ème L portant création d'une Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême. http://www.presidence.dj/ (Journal Officiel, Lois)","La Chambre des Comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire de la Cour Suprême est l'institution d'audit à Djibouti. \nLa Chambre \"assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques...."]
["2013_EG_6",2013,"EG","Egypt",6,0,"Whereas article 1 of the CAO law stipulates that the CAO is independent, it is subordinated to the president which is considered an executive authority funded by the state. This contradicts the \"independence\" mentioned in the law.  Moreover, the CAO is funded through the budget allocated through the executive branch, which means it has no independent funding.\n\nAccording to the law, the institution has the right to audit government accounts and other entities. According to both the CAO law and the constitution, it is assigned to help Parliament in auditing. Since Parliament is a legislative body, it means again the CAO is not independent and free of directions.\n\nAs the prosecutor (Affiliated to the Judiciary) is funded by the state, it is also under auditing from the CAO.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, article 122.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/.\n\nThe House of Representatives has the right to request from the Central Auditing Organization any additional data or pertinent reports.\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Law 144/1988, amended by Law 157/1998, article 1.  (1998) .\n\n\"The CAO may also audit and examine the work and accounts of any other entity, as assigned by the President of the Republic, the People’s Assembly or the Prime Minister.\"","Whereas article 1 of the CAO law stipulates that the CAO is independent, it is subordinated to the president which is considered an executive authority funded by the state. This contradicts the \"independence\" mentioned in the law.  Moreover, the CAO is funded through the budget all..."]
["2013_GQ_6",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",6,0,"The score for this \"in law\" question is \"no\". The \"Tribunal de Cuentas\" (supreme audit institution) does not meet all three criteria required for a \"yes\" score. \n\nThough it is described in article 115 of the 2012 Constitution as a technical entity with administrative and budgetary autonomy (a consistent source of funding), there is no explicit statement about its independence from the executive and legislative branches. \n\nAccording to article 118: b), the supreme audit institution has the authority to review the accounts of public finance managers and determine their effectiveness. According to article 118: d), it has the authority to demand public finance reports from civil servants, regardless of their rank. It also has the authority to audit any private individual or public entity managing government accounts. According to article 118: e), it has the authority to determine legal responsibility (issue recommendations and resolutions) for the mismanagement of public funds and can propose fines for those found guilty. And according to article 118: h), it can refer cases of mismanagement to the prosecutor’s office (\"las autoridades competentes\") as long as it provides evidence.\n\nHowever, the Head of State is the head of the Judiciary Council and will appoint all members of such body. Also, according to Article 117 (1), the head of state appoints the members of the supreme audit institution, including its president. These powers undermines the independence of the Tribunal de Cuentas.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nCapítulo IX: Del Tribunal de Cuentas\n\nArt. 115: 2. El Tribunal de Cuentas es una entidad de carácter técnico con autonomía administrativa y presupuestaria. No tendrá funciones administrativas distintas de las inherentes a su propia organización.\n\nArt: 117: 1. El Presidente y los Miembros del Tribunal de Cuentas serán nombrados por el Presidente de la República.\n\nArt. 118: El Tribunal de Cuentas tendrá las siguientes atribuciones:\na)  Prescribir los métodos y la forma de rendir cuentas a los responsables del \u2028manejo de fondos o bienes de la Nación y establecer los criterios de evaluación financiera, operativa y de resultados que deberán ser objeto de seguimiento permanente. \nb)  Revisar y controlar las cuentas que deben llevar los responsables del erario público y determinar el grado de eficacia y eficiencia que hayan obrado. \nc)  Llevar un registro de la deuda pública de la Nación de las entidades \u2028locales. \nd)  Exigir informes sobre la gestión fiscal a los empleados públicos de \u2028cualquier orden y a toda persona o entidad pública o privada que \u2028administre fondos o bienes de la Nación. \ne)  Establecer la responsabilidad que se derive de la gestión fiscal, proponer \u2028las sanciones pecuniarias que correspondan y ejercer la jurisdicción \u2028coactiva sobre los alcances deducidos de la misma. \nf)  Conceptuar sobre la calidad y eficiencia del control fiscal interno de las \u2028entidades y organismos del Estado. \ng)  Presentar al Presidente de la República y al Parlamento un informe anual \u2028sobre el cumplimiento de sus funciones y certificar sobre la situación de las finanzas y cuentas del Estado. \nh)  Promover ante las autoridades competentes, aportando las pruebas respectivas, investigaciones penales o disciplinarias contra quienes hayan causado perjuicio a los intereses patrimoniales del Estado. Bajo su responsabilidad, el Tribunal de Cuentas podrá exigir, verdad sabida y buena fe guardada, la suspensión temporal de funcionarios mientras culminan las investigaciones o los respectivos procesos penales o disciplinarios. \ni)  Presentar ante-proyectos de leyes relativos al régimen de control fiscal, la organización y el funcionamiento del Tribunal de Cuentas. \nj)  Las demás funciones que le atribuye la ley.","The score for this \"in law\" question is \"no\". The \"Tribunal de Cuentas\" (supreme audit institution) does not meet all three criteria required for a \"yes\" score. ..."]
["2013_ER_6",2013,"ER","Eritrea",6,0,"The Eritrean constitution, which was ratified in 1997 but has to yet be implemented, provides for a supreme audit institution. In Article 55 Auditor General, it stipulates:\n(1) There shall be an Auditor General who audits the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of government and who reports annually his findings to the National Assembly.\n(2) The Auditor General shall be appointed for five years by the President with the approval of the National Assembly. He shall be accountable to the National Assembly.\n(3) The detailed powers, duties and organization of the Auditor General shall be determined by law.\n\nThere is no article, however, establishing a consistent source of funding for the Auditor General, nor is it clear that the institution is in law independent of the legislative and executive branches.\n\nAccording to the constitution, the auditor general shall be accountable to the National Assembly. However, the National Assembly has not met since 2002, and many of its members are either in prison or have fled the country. Legislative as well as executive functions are now exercised by President Isaias Afwerki.","No such law exists\n\nThe Eritrean Constitution, which was ratified in 1997 is silent. \n\nhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","The Eritrean constitution, which was ratified in 1997 but has to yet be implemented, provides for a supreme audit institution. In Article 55 Auditor General, it stipulates:\n(1) There shall be an Auditor General who audits the revenues and expenditures and other finan..."]
["2013_ET_6",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",6,100,"The Establishment Proclamation states that the Federal Auditor General is an independent body with the power and authority to audit and inspect all government accounts, and to report its findings to the House of People’s Representatives. \n\nIt is also stated that the government is obligated to finance operation of the Auditor General via quarterly deposits into a designated bank account. This is a standard procedure that applies to all government institutions. \n\nThe Auditor General reports to Parliament and can issue directives and recommendations to audited parties.\n\nArticle 20 states: Duty to Notify\n1/ The Federal Auditor General shall notify to the House of Peoples’ Representatives, the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission as well as to the Ministry of Justice and the head of the audited office or organization concerned where, in the course of his auditing, he has reasons to believe that an offence has been committed.","1. Proclamation No. 669 /2010: Office of the Federal Auditor General Re-Establishment (Amendment) Proclamation, 2010.\nhttp://www.ofag.gov.et/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=87&showall=1","The Establishment Proclamation states that the Federal Auditor General is an independent body with the power and authority to audit and inspect all government accounts, and to report its findings to the House of People’s Representatives. ..."]
["2013_GA_6",2013,"GA","Gabon",6,0,"The Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) serves as the financial oversight body for the government. It is tasked with publishing an annual report that accounts for all transactions carried out during a fiscal year by government ministries and agencies. The CCG has the right to mandate an audit of all government accounts, including the presidency and all public accountants. The CCG receives allocations from the annual budget to carry out its mission.\n\nProfessor Guy Rossatanga-Rignault explained that there are several ways to check for this indicator. The CCG is not the only body with the right to examine government accounts and accounting practices. He also mentioned the Cour des Comptables (Court of Accountants), the Court de Justice (examines accounting practices at the National Assembly) and the Court Criminelle Spéciale (special criminal court which processes cases from the CNLCEI).\n\nSection IV of the Constitution (Articles 76 and 77) outlines the tasks of the Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG). The wording of Articles 76 and 77 implies that the CCG is independent of the executive and judiciary. For example, it is tasked with monitoring the annual government budget and informing the National Assembly in an annual report.\n\nArticle 77 states that \"The Court of Accounts enjoys autonomy of financial management. The necessary funds for its functioning are integrated in the finance law.\"\n\nBased on Articles 69, 70 and 71 of the consitution, however, the executive influence on the judiciary undermines the court's independence.","Constitution du Gabon du 26 mars 1991, modifiée par les lois du 18 mars 1994, du 29 septembre 1995 du 22 avril 1997 et du 11 octobre 2000. Articles 76 et 77.\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126858.pdf\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) serves as the financial oversight body for the government. It is tasked with publishing an annual report that accounts for all transactions carried out during a fiscal year by government ministries and agencies. The CCG has the right to mandate a..."]
["2013_GM_6",2013,"GM","The Gambia",6,100,"Inspite of sections 158 and 160 of the Gambian constitution that guarantee the independence of the auditor general and the national audit, the constitution gives the President the power to appoint the Auditor General (after consultation with the Public Service Commission). The President is also given the power to terminate the Auditor General's appointment. Section 158 (4) of the Constitution provides that \"Subject to other provisions of this section, a person holding the office of Auditor-General shall vacate his or her office when he or she attains the compulsory retirement age, or upon termination of his or her appointment by the President.\" The law therefore gives the President the power to appoint and terminate the services of the Auditor General. There are checks in practice on the exercise of these powers by the President.  Security of tenure for the auditor general is guaranteed in that the public service commission has to be consulted before the holder of the office is appointed by the president (section 158 (2)). The auditor general may also  be removed from office \"only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether from infirmity of mind or body or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour or incompetence (section 158 (5)). The auditor general submits annual reports to the National Assembly but it is not subject to the direction or control of any person or authority because section 160 (7) provides that \"In the exercise of his or her functions under this Constitution or any law, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any  other person or authority.\"  \n\nThe national audit office is guaranteed consistent funding in that section 159 (4) of the constitution provides: “The Auditor General shall submit the annual estimates of expenditure for the National Audit Office for the following financial year to the  President for presentation to the National  Assembly in accordance with this Constitution. \n\n The President shall cause the estimates to be  placed before the National Assembly without  amendment, but may attach to them his or her own  comments and observation.”\nThe law therefore provides for an audit institution that is independent from the executive and legislative branches. The law also gives the audit institution the mandate to audit all government accounts, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases, where appropriate, to the prosecutor's office. The audit institution also has consistent source of funding to operate.","Section 158 (2), (5). Section 160 (1) (b) (c), 160 (4), (5), (7). The 1997 Constitution of The Gambia. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","Inspite of sections 158 and 160 of the Gambian constitution that guarantee the independence of the auditor general and the national audit, the constitution gives the President the power to appoint the Auditor General (after consultation with the Public Service Commission). The Pres..."]
["2013_GH_6",2013,"GH","Ghana",6,0,"No law exists that specifies the complete independence, its authority to refer cases to prosecutors and that guarantees it a consistent source of funding.\n\nThere is, however, clause (7) of article 187 of the 1992 constitution which guarantees the independence of the audit service or the auditor-general by stating: \"In the performance of his functions under this constitution or any other law the auditor-general \n(a) shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority;\n(b) may disallow any item of expenditure which is contrary to law and surcharge -\n(i) the amount of any expenditure disallowed upon the person responsible for incurring or authorising the expenditure; or\n(ii) any sum which has not been duly brought into account, upon the person by whom the sum ought to have been brought into account; or\n(iii) the amount of any loss or deficiency, upon any person by whose negligence or misconduct the loss or deficiency has been incurred.\"\n\nThe Ghana Audit Service is independent of other branches of government. It also has the mandate and the autonomy to audit all public accounts and make recommendations on the application of its findings. However, it does not have the legal mandate to recommend to the prosecutor's office or the attorney general's department to prosecute those found culpable in audit reports. \n\nIts recommendations are contained in the report and sent to the speaker of parliament, who then releases the report to parliament's Public Accounts Committee to assess the findings and propose any further necessary measures. The committee can recommend to the attorney general to prosecute those found culpable in the report. \n\nLike any other public institution, the audit service receives funding from the annual national budget. However, budgetary allocations are always inadequate and the releases are always behind schedule. \n\nHow much should be disbursed to the auditor general is not specified in the law. The auditor general prepares his annual budget and submits it to the ministry of finance. He is then called to the Ministry of Finance to justify or explain why such a budget or an amount should be approved for his office. Before presenting the national budget to parliament for approval, the minister of finance takes the final decision and amends the budget of the auditor general, based on how much money the government has to or plans to spend for the financial year.","The 1992 constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter 13 (finance) article 187 clauses 7-16. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst13.html","No law exists that specifies the complete independence, its authority to refer cases to prosecutors and that guarantees it a consistent source of funding...."]
["2013_GN_6",2013,"GN","Guinea",6,0,"L'indépendance de la Cour des Comptes est garantie par les articles 107, 108 et 109 de la Constitution Guinéenne de 2010. \n\nArticle 107: Le Pouvoir Judiciaire est indépendant du Pouvoir Exécutif et du pouvoir Législatif. La justice est rendue exclusivement par les Cours et les Tribunaux.\n\nArticle 108 : Le Pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour Suprême, la Cour de Comptes, les Cours et les Tribunaux dont les décisions définitives s'imposent aux parties, aux pouvoirs publics, à toutes les autorités administratives, juridictionnelles et aux forces de défenses et de sécurité.\n\nArticle 109 : Les magistrats ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi.\n\nLa cour dispose d'un parquet, et elle peut elle même rendre des arrêts contre les auteurs de malversations dans la gestion des fonds publics. Cependant, il n’ y a jamais eu de requisitoire. \n\nCependant, selon la constitution de 2010 (article 22), le chef de l'État préside le Conseil Suuprême de la Magistrature. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","Constitution Guinéenne. (2010). Articles 107, 108 et 109.\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf","L'indépendance de la Cour des Comptes est garantie par les articles 107, 108 et 109 de la Constitution Guinéenne de 2010. ..."]
["2013_GW_6",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",6,100,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed in Guinea Bissau. Article 3 of the law establishing the court of auditors states that the court is independent and subject only to the law. \n\nFurthermore, article 4 states that decisions of the court handed down within its competence are mandatory for all public and private entities and prevail over those of any other authorities. \n\nThis law states, furthermore, that the running costs of the court shall be borne by the state and shall be entered in the budget (article 6/1) that the court will have a private budget (6/2) and that not less than 50% of the fees owed for his work should revert to the court's private budget as set in the law which regulates the collection of fees.","1. Lei organica do tribunal de contas 1992\nCONTAS (Decreto-Lei no 7/92, de 27 de Novembro)\nLaw establishing the court of auditors.\n\n2. Artigo 3o. (Independência)\nO Tribunal de Contas é independente e apenas está sujeito à lei. \nThe court of auditors shall be independent and subject only to the law.\n\n3. Artigo 4o. (Decisões)\nAs decisões do Tribunal de Contas proferidas no âmbito da sua compe- tência são obrigatórias para todas as entidades públicas e privadas e pre- valecem sobre as de quaisquer outras autoridades.\nDecisions of the court handed down within its competence are mandatory for all public and private entities and take precedence over those of any other authorities.\n\n3. Article 6 (1) and 6 (2): \nThe running costs of the court shall be borne by the state and shall be entered in the Budget.\nThe court will have a private budget and no less than 50% of the fees owed ​​for its work should revert to the court private budget as set in the law which regulate the collection of fees.","In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed in Guinea Bissau. Article 3 of the law establishing the court of auditors states that the court is independent and subject only to the law. ..."]
["2013_KE_6",2013,"KE","Kenya",6,0,"Article 229 of the 2010 Constitution creates the office of the Auditor General, which has the mandate to audit and review the accounts of any government agency or department.  The Auditor General must submit audit reports to Parliament or to the relevant county assembly, which will then be charged with carrying out any further action as necessary.  The AG itself has no authority to refer cases directly to prosecution, nor to initiate prosecutions itself.\n\nArticle 252 lists the Auditor General as an independent office not \"subject to direction or control by any person or authority.\"  The article further states that \"Parliament shall allocate adequate funds to enable\" the Auditor General to perform its prescribed functions, which guarantees the institutions source of funding.","1.  The Independent Offices Act, published on July 5, 2011.\nhttp://www.cickenya.org/index.php/legislation/acts/item/212-the-independent-offices-act-2011#.Ujw-jFMtDxU\n\n2.  The 2010 Constitution of Kenya.\nhttp://www.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/main_uon/Constitution_of_Kenya__2010.pdf\n\n3.  Lillian Omondi, Vice-Chairman Law Society of Kenya (LSK). Interviewed on September 20, 2013.","Article 229 of the 2010 Constitution creates the office of the Auditor General, which has the mandate to audit and review the accounts of any government agency or department.  The Auditor General must submit audit reports to Parliament or to the relevant county assembly, which will..."]
["2013_LS_6",2013,"LS","Lesotho",6,0,"Section 117 of the constitution and the Audit Act of 1973 empower the Auditor General to examine the finances of any department, units or personnel of government, parliament, judiciary or security forces or other public enterprises in which the government has financial interests. According to subsection (6) of section 118 of the constitution, the auditor general cannot be subjected to direction or control by any person or authority in the exercise of its functions. The auditor general is appointed by the king acting on the advice of the prime minister and can be removed by the king on the advice of a tribunal. \n\nNotwithstanding the foregoing, the office of the auditor general is autonomous from the executive branch of state. Article 117 (1) of the constitution stipulates that the auditor general is an office in the public service.  The Audit Act (section 4) further states that the salary of the auditor general is codified in law.\n\nBy Article 117 of the Constitution, the Auditor General will submit his reports to the Minster of Finance, who will then be responsible for any further action, such as the referral of cases for prosecution.  The Auditor General lacks the authority to refer or initiate prosecutions himself.","1. The Constitution of Lesotho (adopted in 1993 and amended in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2001) \nSection 117.  http://www.lesotholii.org/ls/legislation/act/1993/1\n2. The Audit Act 1973\nhttp://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Lesotho.html","Section 117 of the constitution and the Audit Act of 1973 empower the Auditor General to examine the finances of any department, units or personnel of government, parliament, judiciary or security forces or other public enterprises in which the government has financial interests. A..."]
["2013_LR_6",2013,"LR","Liberia",6,0,"The 1986 Constitution established the General Auditing Commission (GAC) to serve as the supreme audit institution of Liberia and independent of the Executive and Judicial branches of government. To further strengthen its mandate, the National Legislature in 2005 repealed the Executive Law of 1972 to empower the GAC to conduct audit of all government agencies including public corporations and autonomous agencies. The GAC has the right to audit and recommend punitive and preventive measures to relevant agencies of government. The Commission has since conducted several audits and submitted reports to the National Legislature. The General Auditing Commission(GAC) does not have the clear mandate to independently refer cases to the prosecutor's office. Instead, the GAC submits its report to the President of Liberia. It is the President of Liberia, who makes the determination regarding referring cases to the prosecutor's office (see the Act Establishing the General Auditing Commission).\n\nThe new GAC Act of 2005 empowers the General Auditing Commission as an independent supreme audit institution with the broad mandate to audit government agencies, recommend procession and make its report public. The body reports to the National Legislature regarding its annual activities.","The Constitution of Liberia 1986, Chapter X Article 89; http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm#chapter7\n\nThe GAC Act of 16 June 2005, Section 2; The GAC Audit Reports. Website: http://gacliberia.com/; link: GAC Status/Audit Reports","The 1986 Constitution established the General Auditing Commission (GAC) to serve as the supreme audit institution of Liberia and independent of the Executive and Judicial branches of government. To further strengthen its mandate, the National Legislature in 2005 repealed the Execut..."]
["2013_LY_6",2013,"LY","Libya",6,0,"Article 1 of the reorganisation of the Dewan of Audit states that this institution is an autonomous body for \"an effective control over public monies\" and the article 10 brings an important precision that the staff of this institution shall not have any other function or professional activity. \n\nOn appointments, Art. 3 and 5 state \"Appointment of the Head of the Dewan of Audit, acceptance of his resignation, and dismissal from office shall be by resolution of the Revolutionary Command Council\" and \"Appointment of the members of the Dewan and transfer of such members from their posts shall be effected by a decision of the R.C.C. which will be issued on recommendation of the Prime Minister made after consultation with the Head of the Dewan.\"\n\nOn funding, Art. 17 states:\n\"The Dewan shall prepare its draft annual budget and forward it to the Minister of Treasury not later than the end of August in each year. The said draft shall be incorporated, by the Minister of Treasury, in the draft general budget of the state. Should the draft submitted by the Dewan involve an increase over the total provisions of the previous year, the Minister of Treasury shall include the provisions of that year and may submit the question of the excess to the Council of Ministers. The accounts of the Dewan shall be audited in accordance with the rules laid down in special Regulations to be issued by the R.C.C. on a proposal made by the Prime Minister after consultation with the Head of the Dewan.\"\n\nLaw No. 19 of August 2013 on the Reorganisation of the Audit Bureau provides that the Audit Bureau shall be affiliated to the Revolutionary Command Council.","Article 1 and Article 10 - 1975 - Reorganisation of Dewan of Audit law\nInternational Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions.  The Dewan of Audit.  Retrieved from http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Libya.html#Libya_1","Article 1 of the reorganisation of the Dewan of Audit states that this institution is an autonomous body for \"an effective control over public monies\" and the article 10 brings an important precision that the staff of this institution shall not have any other function or profession..."]
["2013_MG_6",2013,"MG","Madagascar",6,0,"Le contrôle des dépenses et des comptes publics est assuré par la Direction générale du contrôle financier et le Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière. Or, la première est sous la tutelle et le contrôle du ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012). Ainsi, le personnel est constitué de fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’État. D’ailleurs, le Directeur général du Contrôle financier est nommé en conseil des ministres sur proposition du ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012), selon l’article 1er (dernier alinéa) de l’Ordonnance n° 93-027 du 13 mai 1993, au même titre que les autres directeurs généraux des autres ministères et autres organismes publics.\n\nQuant au Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière prévu par la Loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004, les membres sont constitués de fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’État comme membres permanents et membres ès qualités (article 10). Ils sont désignés par décret pris en conseil des ministres. Il en est de même du Directeur général du conseil.\n\nEn aucun cas, l’indépendance des deux systèmes n’est garantie d’une manière explicite. La législation existante se base surtout sur les modalités de fonctionnement.","- Constitution malgache du 11 Décembre 2010.\nhttp://www.la-constitution.enafrique.org/catégorie-10195446.html \n- Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012 fixant les attributions du ministre des Finances et du Budget ainsi que l’organisation générale de son ministère. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=449&Itemid=518\n- Loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004 portant sur la réorganisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière \nhttp://www.mefb.gov.mg/textes_lois/dcp/loi_2004_006.pdf\n- Ordonnance n° 93-027 du 13 mai 1993 relative à la réglementation sur les hauts emplois de l’État \nhttp://legislation-madagascar.cwebh.org/TOME%20V/0144.htm","Le contrôle des dépenses et des comptes publics est assuré par la Direction générale du contrôle financier et le Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière. Or, la première est sous la tutelle et le contrôle du ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janv..."]
["2013_MW_6",2013,"MW","Malawi",6,100,"The law guarantees the independence of the office of the auditor general. This is in terms of both the appointment of its head, the auditor general, and the operations of the institution. While the president of the country appoints the auditor general, the appointed person cannot assume office unless parliament approves the appointment. This is in accordance with Section 184 (7) read with Section 184 (3) of the constitution of the Republic of Malawi, as well as Section 5 (3) of the Public Audit Act of 2003. This mode of appointment ensures that the auditor general is politically independent. \n\nIn terms of operational independence, section 184 (7) of the constitution explicitly states that \"Subject to subsection (6) in the exercise of the duties and powers vested in the office of the auditor general by this constitution or any other law, the person holding that office shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority\". It is important to note, however, that the said subsection 6 mandates the president to remove the auditor general but only under conditions specified by the law.\n\nFurthermore, the institution has the authority or mandate to audit any government account, and issue recommendations and resolutions as outlined in Sections 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the Public Audit Act 2003. These sections provide wide-ranging powers to the institution in support of the constitutional requirement that \"no person or authority may inhibit the auditor general in the conduct of his or her functions and duties\" (Section 184 (8) of the constitution of the Republic of Malawi).\n\nIn terms of powers to commence prosecution, the auditor general has powers as well to refer cases to the director of public prosecutions where he or she deems necessary. This is according to Section 16 (2) of the Public Audit Act 2003. \n\nRegarding the financial independence of the institution, Section 17 of  the public audit act 2003 requires the national assembly to \"appropriate sufficient moneys, on a timely basis, to enable the effective and efficient operation of the auditor general and the national audit office\". This is supplemented by section 27 of the same act  which allows the institution to charge fees for certain audits, reviews and tasks for the purposes of cost recovery to enable it to work effectively.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Section 184 (3, 6). Amended in 1995. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n2. Public Audit Act. Sections 3 and 6, 7 and 8 of 2003. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/act/2003/6/paa2003128_pdf_13366.pdf","The law guarantees the independence of the office of the auditor general. This is in terms of both the appointment of its head, the auditor general, and the operations of the institution. While the president of the country appoints the auditor general, the appointed person cannot a..."]
["2013_ML_6",2013,"ML","Mali",6,100,"Si l'article 1 de la Loi n°2012-009/du 08 février 2012 modifiant et abrogeant la Loi n°03-030 du 25 août 2003 indique qu’Il « est institué une autorité administrative indépendante dénommée vérificateur général », celui sur le contrôle des finances publiques est très explicite.\n\nEn effet, les dispositions de l’article 82 de la loi n°96-071 du 16 décembre 1996 prévoit: « La section des comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics de deniers tels que définis par la réglementation en vigueur ; vérifie la gestion financière des agents de l’ordre administratif chargés de l’exécution du budget que les lois assujettissent aux mêmes règles ; contrôle les comptes de matières des comptables publics de matières ». De plus, la structure examine également la gestion financière et comptable des organismes dotés de la personnalité civile et de l’autonomie financière et dans lesquels l’Etat ou les autres collectivités publiques ont un intérêt financier ; peut, à tout moment, exercer tout contrôle soit de sa propre initiative, soit à la demande du président de la République, du Premier ministre ou du président de l’Assemblée nationale. \n\nL'institution de contrôle dispose d'une source constante de financement qui lui permet de fonctionner. Ce financement est consenti par l’État lui-même.","Le Décret N° 92-0731 P-CTSP portant promulgation de la Constitution du Mali. Articles 81 (titre VII)\nAdopté le 25 février 1992. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002746.pdf\n\nLoi N°2012-009/ modifiant et abrogeant la Loi N°03-030 du 25 août 2003. Article 1 du 08 février 2012. http://www.bvg-mali.org/fichiers/2012/loi/loi_Num_2012_009.pdf\n\nLoi 96-071 portant loi organique fixant l’organisation, les règle de fonctionnement de la Cour Suprême et la procédure suivie devant elle. Article 1 et suivant. Adoptée le 16 décembre 1996","Si l'article 1 de la Loi n°2012-009/du 08 février 2012 modifiant et abrogeant la Loi n°03-030 du 25 août 2003 indique qu’Il « est institué une autorité administrative indépendante dénommée vérificateur général », celui sur le contrôle des finances publiques est très explicite...."]
["2013_MR_6",2013,"MR","Mauritania",6,0,"En son article 68 la constitution dispose notamment que  : « La Cour des Comptes est l’Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques ». \n\nToutefois, l'une des faiblesses de la Cour est de ne pas pouvoir renvoyer les auteurs d'infractions à caractère économique devant le Bureau du procureur. Elle ne peut que recommander aux autorités d'engager des poursuites contre les auteurs de crimes à caractère économique. \n\nLe contrôle des dépenses et des comptes publics est assuré par la Direction générale du contrôle financier et le Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière. Or, la première est sous la tutelle et le contrôle du ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012). Ainsi, le personnel est constitué de fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’État. D’ailleurs, le Directeur général du Contrôle financier est nommé en conseil des ministres sur proposition du ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012), selon l’article 1er (dernier alinéa) de l’Ordonnance n° 93-027 du 13 mai 1993, au même titre que les autres directeurs généraux des autres ministères et autres organismes publics.\n\nQuant au Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière prévu par la Loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004, les membres sont constitués de fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’État comme membres permanents et membres ès qualités (article 10). Ils sont désignés par décret pris en conseil des ministres. Il en est de même du Directeur général du conseil.\n\nEn aucun cas, l’indépendance des deux systèmes n’est garantie d’une manière explicite. La législation existante se base surtout sur les modalités de fonctionnement.","Les réformes constitutionnelles. (2012). Article 68. http://www.cdcmr.mr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=168","En son article 68 la constitution dispose notamment que  : « La Cour des Comptes est l’Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques ». ..."]
["2013_MU_6",2013,"MU","Mauritius",6,0,"The constitution states the following:\n“In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the director of audit shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.” \nThis clearly states the independence of the National Audit Office.\n\nFurthermore, Article 17A of the Finance and Audit Act states that:\n“In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the director of audit shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.”\n\nWhen it comes to authority and mandate, the constitution makes it clear:\n“The public accounts of Mauritius and of all courts of law and all authorities and officers of the government shall be audited and reported on by the director of audit and for that purpose the director of audit or any person authorized by him on that behalf shall have access to all books, records, reports and other documents relating to those accounts”\n\nThe Finance and Audit Act further outlines all duties and powers of the director of audit in Section 16 and 17. Section 18, on losses and irregularities, states that:\n“Where it appears to the director of audit that a fraud, serious loss or serious irregularity has occurred in the receipt, custody or expenditure of public money or in the receipt, custody, issue, sale, transfer or delivery of any stamps, securities, stores or other government property, or in the accounting of the same, he shall immediately bring the matter to the notice of the financial secretary who shall forthwith report such matter to the minister.”\n\nFinally, the audit office receives its funding from the Consolidated Fund which is a dependable source and is consistent from year to year.\n\nThe functioning of the national audit office in Mauritius follows the same rules as in the United Kingdom. Under the British system, the director of audit reports to the National Assembly and it is the responsibility of the Public Accounts Committee to request heads of departments to take corrective actions. Under the British system, the Audit Office cannot refer the cases directly to the director of public prosecution.","Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius \n        • Year passed: 1968\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 110 (4)\n        • Link to the law(s), if or when available: http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/Pages/Finance-and.aspx#%20CHAPTER%20X\n\nName of the Law: Finance and Audit Act \n        • Year passed: 1973\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Article 17A\n        • Link to the law(s) if and when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/F/Page%201/FINANCEANDAUDIT1.pdf","The constitution states the following:\n“In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the director of audit shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.” ..."]
["2013_MA_6",2013,"MA","Morocco",6,0,"Article 147 of the Moroccan constitution states that the Court of Accounts' independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. \n\nThe Court of Accounts [Cour des Comptes] is the superior institution of control of the public finances of the Kingdom. Its independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. The Court of Accounts has for its mission the protection of the principles and values of good governance, of transparency and of the rendering of the accounts of the State and of the public organs. The Court of Accounts is charged to assure the superior control of the execution of the laws of finance. It assures the regularity of the operations of receipts and expenditures of the organs submitted to its control by virtue of the law and appraises the management of them. It sanctions, the case arising, the omissions of the rules which govern said operations. The Court of Accounts controls and assures the submission of the declarations of patrimony, audits the accounts of the political parties and verifies the regularity of the expenditures of the electoral operations. It publishes all of its works including the specific reports and the jurisdictional decisions. It submits to the King an annual report on all of its activities, which it transmits equally to the Head of Government and to the Presidents of the Chambers of the Parliament. This report is published in the Bulletin officiel of the Kingdom (Articles 147 and 178 of the constitution).\n\nThe law 62-99 stipulates that the funding of the Court of Accounts comes from the general affairs budget.\n\nHowever, according to Article 107 of the constitution, the independence of the judiciary, including this court, is compromised because this article makes the king who is head of state, head of the the Superior Council of the Judicial Power. This compromises the independence of the judiciary from the executive branch.","Morocco Constitution 2011, Articles 107, 147, 148, 149, and 150.  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.p","Article 147 of the Moroccan constitution states that the Court of Accounts' independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. ..."]
["2013_MZ_6",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",6,100,"The law stipulates the independence of the Judiciary to be guaranteed, including the indpenendence of the Administrative Court. The Administrative Court is considered the Court of Accounts in Mozamibque. The constitution, in article 217 number 1 and 2, stresses that \" judges, on the fulfilment of their duties, shall be independent and shall only comply with the law.\n\nArticle 228 of the constitution mentions that the Administrative Court, in cases it finds any breach in the financial conduct of any public institution, can refer the case for prosecution to the office of the attorney general. The law says \"The Administrative Court shall control the legality of administrative acts and the application of rules and regulations issued by the Public Administration, and it shall scrutinise the legality of public expenditure and the enforcement of liability for financial infractions\".","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique 2004, Title IX, chapter II, article 217 No 1 and 2\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf.","The law stipulates the independence of the Judiciary to be guaranteed, including the indpenendence of the Administrative Court. The Administrative Court is considered the Court of Accounts in Mozamibque. The constitution, in article 217 number 1 and 2, stresses that \" judges, on th..."]
["2013_NA_6",2013,"NA","Namibia",6,0,"According to article 127 of the constitution and deriving responsibilities and duties from sections 25 and 26 of the State Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991), the office of the auditor general is independent. Section 26 especially goes to the extent of the independence of the auditor general's duties i.e 26. 1. a. (I): \"The auditor general may, in his or her discretion, determine the extent of any investigation, examination and audit.\"\n\nThe auditor general is financed through part III, section 28 (1) of the State Finance Act, which requires the state to make necessary payment to the auditor general's office.\n\nAccording to sections 26-27 of the State Finance Act, the Auditor General is empowered to conduct investigations and to make reports and recommendations to the Minister of Finance.  It lacks the authority to refer cases directly to the prosecutor's office, nor can it initiate prosecution itself.","Namibian Constitution, chapter 16, article 127, http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf\n\nState Finance Act, 1991 (act 31 of 1991), sections 25-28, Government Gazette, December  30 1991.\nhttp://www.mof.gov.na/documents/57482/86649/STATE_FINANCE_ACT_31_OF_1991.pdf/fab18043-3e38-4502-a381-953c2f61c5f0","According to article 127 of the constitution and deriving responsibilities and duties from sections 25 and 26 of the State Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991), the office of the auditor general is independent. Section 26 especially goes to the extent of the independence of the audit..."]
["2013_NE_6",2013,"NE","Niger",6,0,"Article 116 : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour Constitutionnelle, la Cour de Cassation, le Conseil d’Etat, la Cour des Comptes, les cours et tribunaux ». La Cour des comptes fait partie du pouvoir judiciaire: Selon la loi, le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. \n\nEn outre, l'institution a le droit, le pouvoir ou le mandat d'auditer tout compte public, d'émettre des recommandations et des résolutions, et de renvoyer des affaires devant le bureau du procureur (Art. 3.2. Loi organique n°2012-08 du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes).\n\nEnfin, l'institution dispose a priori d'une source constante de financement nécessaire pour fonctionner (Art. 55, Loi organique n°2012-08 du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes : « La Cour des comptes élabore son budget annuel et le soumet aux services du ministre en charge des Finances. Elle dispose d’un compte logé au Trésor National. » )\n\nCependant, selon l'article 5 de la Loi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), le Président de la République est Président du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","Constitution de la 7e République du Niger . (2010). - Titre VI \"Du pouvoir judiciaire\", Section 1 \"Des dispositions générales\". article 116 \nhttp://www.gouv.ne/index.php/textes-fondamentaux/constitution-de-la-7eme-republique\n\nLoi organique n°2012-08 du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. TITRE II : DES ATTRIBUTIONS, DE LA COMPOSITION ET DE L’ORGANISATION DE LA COUR, CHAPITRE I : DES ATTRIBUTIONS. Article 3 : 2. Compétence de contrôle. \nhttp://www.courdescomptes.ne/images/stories/mes_documents/loi_organique_de_la_cour_des_comptes.pdf?bcsi_scan_96404f7f6439614d=1\n\nLoi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), article 5. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I-RKyXtY5OEJ:www.justice.gouv.ne/sites/default/files/lois_reglements/Loi-2007-05.doc+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us","Article 116 : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour Constitutionnelle, la Cour de Cassation, le Conseil d’Etat, la Cour des Comptes, les cours et tribunaux ». La Cour des comptes fait parti..."]
["2013_NG_6",2013,"NG","Nigeria",6,0,"1. Section 85, subsection 6 provides for the independence of the office of the auditor general.\n\"In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.\"\n\n2. The office is not mandated to refer findings to the prosecutor's office: instead the reports are to be sent to the national assembly (national legislature). \n\n3. Providing direct funding to the office is part of the ongoing constitution review in Nigeria.","The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Chapter V, Part 1e-Powers and Control over Public Funds. \nSections 85, subsection 6.\nSection 84.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","1. Section 85, subsection 6 provides for the independence of the office of the auditor general.\n\"In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the auditor general shall not be su..."]
["2013_RW_6",2013,"RW","Rwanda",6,100,"Yes, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed. The starting point is the constitution where its article 183 guarantees the autonomy of the AG in conducting its activities. It reads: \"[...] Auditing objectively whether revenues and expenditures of the State as well as local government organs, public enterprises and parastatal organizations, privatised state enterprises, joint enterprises in which the State is participating and government project were in accordance with the laws and regulations in force and in conformity with the prescribed justifications; No person shall be permitted to interfere in the functioning of the Office or to give instructions to its personnel or to cause them to change their methods of work.\"\n\nThe law establishing the office of the AG states in article 1: \"There shall be an Office of the Auditor General of State finances whose office is a public autonomous office with a legal personality and shall have autonomy in all financial and administrative matters. In matters of policy of the Office of the Auditor General of the State Finances, the Office shall be represented by the Ministry having jurisdiction over Finance and run by the Auditor General of the State Finances, which is free to investigate financial and administrative matters of state entities, offices, and agencies even private ones operating under the Rwandan Law.\" So, as far as the laws are concerned, the AG is guaranteed independence when auditing any entity operating in Rwanda. \n\nFinally, according to chapter 5 (article 14) of the same law, the Auditor General will prepare and submit its own draft budget to the Minister of Finance for approval. This is a regular procedure that results in a consistent source of funding for the office.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 05/98.  (1998) .  [Establishing the office of the Auditor General of the state finances].  Retrieved from ip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8200&iid\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Organic Law on State Finances and Property.  (2006) .  Retrieved from http://internationalbudget.org/wp content/uploads/RwandaOrganicLawonStateFinances+Property-2006-French.pdf","Yes, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed. The starting point is the constitution where its article 183 guarantees the autonomy of the AG in conducting its activities. It reads: \"[...] Auditing objectively whether revenues and expenditures of the State as..."]
["2013_ST_6",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",6,100,"Articles 1 and 3 from the law number 3/99 state the following: \n\n\"Article 1 – creation, nature and attributions: 1. It is created the court of auditors, based in the city of São Tomé, with financial jurisdiction and control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including in this case the services, agencies and offices abroad.\n\nArticle 3 – Independence: 1. The court of auditors is independent and is only submitted to the law.”\n\nArticle 16, subheading b, mentions that the court of auditors can judge people, cases or organisations and it has happened in the past (2009/2010).\"\n\nArticle 6 mentions on point 1, that expenditure on facilities and the operation of the court of auditors shall be assured by the state and must be entered in the state general budget. It also says that the court of auditors shall have its own private budget and that also constitutes revenues of the court of auditors the charges payable for its activities.","1. Law number 3/99 – Organic Law of the Court of Auditor (1999). Chapter I, Articles 1 and 3. http://www.stj.st/download/Lei_n3-99-ORGANICA.pdf","Articles 1 and 3 from the law number 3/99 state the following: \n\n\"Article 1 – creation, nature and attributions: 1. It is created the court of auditors, based ..."]
["2013_SN_6",2013,"SN","Senegal",6,0,"L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle est garantie par l'article 88 de la Constitution qui stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et les cours et tribunaux.» \n\nCette indépendance se retrouve exprimée dans le statut des magistrats qui, à travers le principe d’inamovibilité, leur garantit une indépendance. \n\nElle se retrouve également à travers une autonomie financière et fonctionnelle. Dans la mission qui lui est dévolue, la Cour des comptes a le pouvoir d'auditer tout compte public, d'émettre des recommandations et des résolutions dans son rapport. Elle transmet les affaires à caractère pénal, issues de la chambre de vérifications des comptes, au procureur de la République. Son rapport annuel est transmis au Président de la République.\n\nCependant, la loi organique N°92-26 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, le Président de la République est aussi le Président du CSM, et le Ministre de Justice est vice-président. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","- Constitution du 22 janvier 2011. Article 88.\nwww.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf‎\n\n -Loi organique n°99-70 du 17 février 1999 sur la Cour des comptes. Journal officiel n° 5845 du 20/2/1999.\nwww.gouv.sn › Lois et règlements › Lois et décrets‎\n\nLoi organique N°92-26 modifiant l'ordonnance N°60-16 portant loi organique sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. http://ww.coursupreme.sn/menusysjudi/207-conseil-sup-mag.html","L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle est garantie par l'article 88 de la Constitution qui stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des c..."]
["2013_SC_6",2013,"SC","Seychelles",6,0,"The Constitution of Seychelles 1993, article 158 (7) states: \"The auditor general shall, in the performance of the functions of the office of auditor general, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but the president or the national assembly may request the auditor general in the public interest, to audit at any particular time, the accounts of any person or bodies referred to in clause (3).\" \n\nWhile the president or national assembly can make suggestions on individuals or companies to audit, they cannot stop any audits from taking place. Funding for the auditor general's office is decided through the national assembly's annual budget.\n\nConstitutional provisions provide for the Auditor General not to be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority in the performance of his functions. The Auditor General Act, 2010 also establishes the Seychelles SAI as an independent office.\n\nThough the Auditor General has the authority to investigate any government agency, it lacks explicit prosecutorial authority.  It submits its reports to Parliament, which then decides whether or not further action is warranted.","1. Constitution of Seychelles 1993 Article 158(7)\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127610.pdf\n\n2. Auditor General Act, 2010.\nhttp://www.oag.sc/files/Act9-OAG-2010.pdf","The Constitution of Seychelles 1993, article 158 (7) states: \"The auditor general shall, in the performance of the functions of the office of auditor general, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but the president or the national assembly may..."]
["2013_SL_6",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",6,0,"The constitution of Sierra Leone, Act No. 6 of 1991 in section 119, talks about the establishment of the audit service to audit all government finances in the country. The constitution states that the auditor general is not subject to the direction of any person or authority, despite being appointed by the president. It also further mandates the auditor general to submit his report to parliament and shall in that report draw attention to any irregularities in the accounts audited and to any other matter which in his opinion ought to be brought to the notice of parliament.\n\nSection 14 of the audit service act of 1998 enforces that the administrative expenses of the audit service, including salaries etc, shall be charged upon the consolidated fund.\n\nThe office of the auditor general has to submit reports to parliament and does not have the authority to refer cases to the prosecutor's office. The office of the auditor general is, however, free from indirect sanctioning mechanisms as the removal process for the auditor general is the same as for high-level judges. He/she enjoys security of tenure and can - by law - not be removed from office without due cause.","The Constitution of Sierra Leone, Part VI, Establishment of the Office of Auditor-General Section 119 (6), 1991. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of Sierra Leone, Part VI, finance, section 119 (4) http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nThe Audit service Sierra Leone 1998, website, http://www.auditservice.gov.sl/organisation-1st.html","The constitution of Sierra Leone, Act No. 6 of 1991 in section 119, talks about the establishment of the audit service to audit all government finances in the country. The constitution states that the auditor general is not subject to the direction of any person or authority, despi..."]
["2013_SO_6",2013,"SO","Somalia",6,0,"Article 114 of the Somalian Constitution establishes the Auditor General as an independent institution, but no further law specifies the power of that institution. As a result, the Auditor General has no clear authority.\n\nIn Somaliland, Article 113 of the Constitution creates the Office of the Auditor General as an independent institution, while Articles 1, 10, and 23 empower the Auditor General to detain individuals who have committed pecuniary offenses. The AG can recommend investigations, but cannot initiate them itself.  No provision addresses the Auditor General's finances--it's unclear whether it has a consistent source of funding.","Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012. Article 114. http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000; https://www.dropbox.com/s/i8aio5epzmyyj10/The_Constitution_of_the_Republic%20of_Somaliland%202000.pdf?dl=0\n\n\nSomaliland Auditor General Law (Law No. 7/99), 1999.\nhttp://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_public_finance_law.html\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia","Article 114 of the Somalian Constitution establishes the Auditor General as an independent institution, but no further law specifies the power of that institution. As a result, the Auditor General has no clear authority...."]
["2013_ZA_6",2013,"ZA","South Africa",6,0,"Chapter 9 (section 181) of the constitution provides for the establishment of constitutional institutions including the office of the auditor general. \n\nSection 181 provides that the auditor general (and the other chapter 9 institutions) \"is independent, and subject only to the constitution and the law, and must be impartial and must exercise its powers and perform its functions without fear, favour or prejudice. Other organs of state, through legislative and other measures, must assist and protect [the AG] to ensure the independence, impartiality, dignity and effectiveness [...] No person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of [the auditor general]\"\n \nSection 181 adds that institutions such as the auditor general are accountable to the National Assembly and \"must report on their activities and the performance of their functions to the assembly at least once a year\".\n\nOn the auditor general's website, Auditor General Terence Nombembe wrote that \"although we audit the public sector, we are not part of it. In 1993 we gained autonomy and were set apart from the public sector, so we are not bound by any public service rules and regulations. The constitution also ensures our independence. We are legally, financially and operationally independent. We are governed by our own act, called the Public Audit Act, No. 25 of 2004. To generate income, we charge government institutions for the audits we conduct. We report directly to parliament.”\n\nThe National Assembly has established the Standing Committee on the Auditor-General (SCoAG), which has the objective to oversee the AG. \n\nNo provision explicitly empowers the AG to refer cases for prosecution, or to conduct prosecutions itself.  However, under Section 7 of the Public Audit Act, the AG can and does investigate, make recommendations, and issue reports.","The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996.\n\nThe Auditor General Act (Act 12 of 1995), http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/aa1995157/.\n\nThe Auditor General of South Africa (website), http://www.agsa.co.za/About/Ourvision.aspx.","Chapter 9 (section 181) of the constitution provides for the establishment of constitutional institutions including the office of the auditor general. ..."]
["2013_SS_6",2013,"SS","South Sudan",6,100,"Article 184 of the Transitional Constitution provides for the formation of an audit institution. 184 subsection (1) states that, “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of proven professional competence, experience, integrity and impartiality.”\n\nArticle 6 of the Audit Chamber Act is about the establishment of the chamber and its independence and states that, “There shall be established, in Southern Sudan an independent and impartial body, to be known as the Southern Sudan Audit Chamber to audit the accounts of, and supervise the financial performance of all entities subject to audit, including the means for revenue collection and expenditure and to ensure compliance with the budgets approved by the respective legislatures.”\n\nArticle 6, subsection (2) states that, “The Chamber shall operate as an integral part of the government and shall exercise its powers and perform its functions and duties professionally without prejudice, fear or favour.\"      \n\nArticle 6, subsection (3) states that, “The Chamber shall be a Body Corporate, with perpetual succession and shall have the right to:   \n(a) Acquire, hold and dispose of movable and immovable property;   \n(b) Sue and be sued; and \n(c) Do all acts and things an independent body may lawfully do.\"      \n\nArticle 7 of the act is about the mandate and functions of the Audit Chamber. The article guarantees the audit chamber’s right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions and refer cases to the prosecutor's office.  Article 7, subsection (1) states that, “The functions and duties of the Chamber shall be to:  \n(a)  Examine, verify, inquire into, audit and report on the accounts of:   \n(i) The Executive, the Assembly, the Judiciary, the accounts of the States, Local Government, Independent  Commissions, Public Institutions, Commercial Corporations, Public Funds and any other institutions in Southern Sudan as may be determined by law;   \n(ii)  All persons entrusted with collections, receipt, custody, issue or payment of public moneys or with the receipt, custody, issue, sale, transfer, and delivery of any stamps, securities, stores or other public property;       \n(iii)  All public authorities and other bodies in whose capital Southern Sudan participates, assists or supervises;   \n(iv)  Any authority or body which receives funds from the Revenue Fund or public moneys including Nongovernmental Institutions and Parastatals;   \n(v)  Any authority or body which is authorised by law to receive funds for a public purpose; and    (vi) Any authority or body required by this Act, any other law or an order of the President to be   audited by the Auditor General.       \n(l) Conduct any pre-audit or concomitant audit, or post -audit to enhance transparency, accountability and good governance in Southern Sudan, promote delivery of Value for Public Money spent and enable better delivery of public services and public goods.         \n\nArticle 7, subsection (4) states,“Audit the accounts of nongovernmental organisations which receive substantial public funding from the Government.”         \n\nArticle 12 guarantees the chamber’s powers to audit government departments, stating that “The Auditor General shall on behalf of the Assembly examine, inquire into and audit the accounts submitted to him or her by the Director General of Accounts and or Accounting Officers as set forth in this Act, and shall perform any other functions which he or she is authorised to perform by or under this Act or any other applicable law.”   \n\nArticle 12, subsection (2) states that, “Subject to any duty imposed by any other applicable law, the Auditor General shall have complete discretion in the discharge of his or her functions, and in particular, in determining whether to carry out an examination under this Act, and as to the manner in which such examination is carried out.”       \n\nArticle 12, subsection (3) states that, “Nevertheless the provisions of subsection (2) above, the Auditor General in determining whether to carry out any such examination, shall take into account any proposal made by the Government of Southern Sudan Public Accounts Committee, the Southern Sudan States Public Accounts Committees, the Local Government Authorities Accounts Committees and any other Committee of the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly.”       \n\nArticle 12, subsection (4) states that, “In the performance of his or her functions to audit and examine accounts, the Auditor General, or any other person duly authorised in writing:      \n(a) Shall have access to all records, books, vouchers, documents, cash, stamps, securities, stores or public property in possession of any public  officer or any other person who has received or dealt with public money  or property;   \n(b) May enter at any time, with or without prior notice, any place, stores or depots belonging to any entities subject to audit;   \n(c) May call upon any public officer for any explanation and information which is required;   \n(d) May authorise, within the budgetary limits, any person eligible to be appointed as an Auditor of a company or registered by law as an accountant or an Auditor, or any public officer to conduct any inquiry, examination or audit on his or her behalf and the Chamber and that person or officer shall report thereon to the Auditor General;   \n(e) Without payment of any fee, cause a search to be made and extracts to be taken from any books, documents or records in any public office;   \n(f)  Within budgetary limits and as occasion demands, requests the services of any expert whether or not that expert is a public officer, and on such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon;           \n(g) Authorise any official or expert to work in any office or entity subject to audit; and    \n(h) Accept or reject, the report of any such expert appointed thereunder the provisions of paragraph \n(f) above, relating to the accounts of any other person or body entrusted with the collection, receipt, custody, control or payment of public monies or public property or with the issue, sale, transfer or delivery of public property.      \nArticle 12 subsection (5) states that, “Any such functions required by the provisions of this Act to be   performed by the Auditor General, other than the certification and reporting of accounts to the  President, Assembly, and or may be performed by any officer or expert authorised by the Auditor General.      \nArticle 12, subsection (6) states that, “The Auditor General may surcharge any person who is or was in the employment of the State, the amount of any sums not collected or accounted for, or for the amount of any deficiency, loss or improper payment if a satisfactory explanation is not provided, within a specified time.”   \nArticle 13 guarantees the audit chamber's powers to make recommendations and states that, “The Auditor General may for the purpose of:   \n(a)  Preventing or minimising the unproductive expenditure of public monies;   \n(b)  Maximising the collection of public revenues; and    \n(c)  Averting loss, negligence, carelessness, theft, dishonesty, fraud, misappropriation, corruption relating  to public moneys and resources, and make such recommendations and submit such proposals to the Minister, department, entity or commercial corporation as he /her considers necessary for the better management of public monies and resources including recommendations regarding the revision of any  subsidiary legislation, regulations, directives or instructions issued under this Act.   \n\nArticle 13, subsection (2) states that, “The recommendations referred thereunder the provisions of subsection (1) above, shall be submitted to the Assembly, the President and the entity concerned.\"      \n\nArticle 13, subsection (3) states that, “No person or authority shall interfere with or exert undue influence on the Auditor General, Auditors, Specialists in the exercise of their mandate or performance of their professional duties.”      \n\nArticle 14 guarantees the head of the audit institution (Auditor General)’s powers to investigate.                   \nIt states that, “The Auditor General may, in consultation with and approval of the Prosecutor General, summon any person to appear for the purpose of an investigation and examine any person on any matter as he or she  may determine in connection with the receipt or expenditure of public  monies or receipt or issue of public property subject to the provisions of  this Act or in connection with any matter necessary for the proper performance of his or her functions.” \n\nArticle 37 guarantees that the office of the auditor general will have an independent budget that is part of the national budget approved each year.","Republic of South Sudan, Audit Chamber Act, subsections (1), (2) and (3), parts (a), (b) and (c), article 7, subsections (1) and (4), article 12, subsections (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), article 13, subsections (1), (2) and (3), article 14, article 37.  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://mojss.org/Acts/2011/Audit%20Chamber%20Act,%202011/files/res/other/search.txt\n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Transitional Constitution, article 184, subsections (1).  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html","Article 184 of the Transitional Constitution provides for the formation of an audit institution. 184 subsection (1) states that, “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of proven professional competence..."]
["2013_SD_6",2013,"SD","Sudan",6,0,"Article 205 (1) of the Constitution states that \"There shall be established an independent National and an independent Southern Sudan Audit Chambers.\" The law further states that the audit institution is independent and has the right to review all the state institutions of the legislative, executive, legal and any other levels. The Auditor should be appointed by the president with the approval of 2/3 of the legislative assembly members. \n\nThe Auditor General is not empowered to directly take any case to the prosecutor or courts. \n \nThere is no provision guaranteeing a consistent source of funding for the audit institution, nor is there a mention of the institution's prosecutorial authority. Chapter 8 of the NAC, however, article (39) states that an independent budget is to be prepared by the Office of the Auditor General. The National Audit Chamber reports to the government but may publish reports to the public as well based on its discretion.","Republic of the Sudan. (2005) . The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan.\n http://unmis.unmissions.org/Portals/UNMIS/Constitution-making%20Symposium/INC%20of%20Sudan.pdf\n \n National Audit Chamber Act, (2007) , chapter (6), Article (19). and Article (39).\n link: http://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12/23.htm","Article 205 (1) of the Constitution states that \"There shall be established an independent National and an independent Southern Sudan Audit Chambers.\" The law further states that the audit institution is independent and has the right to review all the state institutions of the legi..."]
["2013_SZ_6",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",6,0,"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005, chapter XI, section 207 (7) states: \"The auditor general shall, in exercise of the powers of that office, be independent and not be subject to the director or control of any person or authority.\" \n \nHowever, not all requirements exist to allow a determination of a 'yes' answer to this item. All findings emerging from an audit conducted by the auditor general's office are presented to the minister of finance who, in turn, submits them to parliament in accordance with section 207 (5) of the constitution. \n \nThe auditor general has no power to make recommendations or to prosecute. Both the executive and legislative branches of government control the findings of the auditor general and may, or may not, act upon them as they see fit. There is no provision in law to guarantee funding for the auditor general's office.","The Constitution of of the Kingdom of Swaziland, chapter XI, section 207 (7), 2006. Available at http://www.ide.uniswa.sz/documents/resources/constitution2004.pdf","The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005, chapter XI, section 207 (7) states: \"The auditor general shall, in exercise of the powers of that office, be independent and not be subject to the director or control of any person or authority.\" ..."]
["2013_TZ_6",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",6,100,"The law provides for the independence of the national audit office.\n \n Under the country's constitution, section 143 (6) states: \" In the discharge of his functions [...] the controller and auditor general shall not be obliged to comply with the order or direction of any other person or government department, but the provisions of this sub article shall not preclude a court from exercising jurisdiction to enquire into whether the controller and auditor general has discharged his functions in accordance with the provisions of this constitution or not.\"\n \n Section 23 of the Public Audit Act also deals with the independence of the national audit office and its staff.\n \n Article 1 reads: \"The national audit office shall perform its functions impartially, without fear, favour or prejudice and shall exercise its powers independently subject to the provisions of the constitution, the provisions of this act and any other written law.\"\n \n Article 2 of the same reads: \"The independence of the controller and auditor general provided for under section 13 shall equally apply to the national audit office and its staff.\" Section 13 simply refers to the provision of the supreme constitution. \n \n Article 41 guarantees the consistent funding of the National Audit Office. Article 47 (3) gives the NAO the authority to refer cases directly to the Director of Public Prosecution for further action.","The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania of 1977; Article 143 (6)\n http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf\n \n The Public Audit Act, 2008, Articles 23 (1) to (2); 41 and 47 (3)\n http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/11-2008.pdf.","The law provides for the independence of the national audit office.\n \n Under the country's constitution, section 143 (6) states: \" In the discharge of his functions..."]
["2013_TG_6",2013,"TG","Togo",6,100,"La Cour des comptes est considéré comme indépendant.\n \n Art. 107 : La Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises publiques. \n Elle assiste le parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances. Elle procède à toutes études de finances et de comptabilité publique qui lui sont demandées par le Gouvernement, par l'Assemblée nationale ou le Sénat. La Cour des Comptes établit un rapport annuel adressé au Président de la République, au Gouvernement et à l'Assemblée nationale et dans lequel elle fait état, s'il y a lieu, des infractions commises, et des responsabilités encourues. \n \n Art. 108 : La Cour des Comptes est composée : \n - du premier président \n - des présidents de chambre \n - des conseillers-maîtres \n - des conseillers référendaires \n - et d'auditeurs. \n Le ministère public près la Cour des Comptes est tenu par le procureur général \n et des avocats généraux. \n Le nombre des emplois de ces différents grades est fixé par la loi. Le premier président, le procureur général, les avocats généraux, les présidents de chambre et les conseillers-maîtres sont nommés par décret du Président de la République pris en conseil des ministres. \n Les conseillers référendaires et des auditeurs sont nommés par le Président de la République sur proposition du Premier Ministre après avis du ministre des Finances et avis favorable de l'Assemblée nationale. \n Seuls des juristes de haut niveau, des inspecteurs de finances, du trésor et des impôts, des économistes-gestionnaires et des experts comptables ayant une expérience de quinze (15) ans au moins, peuvent être élus ou nommés à la Cour des Comptes.\n Art. 109 : Le Président de la Cour des Comptes est élu par ses pairs pour une durée de trois (03) ans renouvelable. \n Art. 110 : Les membres de la Cour des Comptes ont la qualité de magistrat. Ils sont inamovibles pendant la durée de leur mandat. \n Art. 111 : Les fonctions de membre de la Cour des Comptes sont incompatibles \n avec la qualité de membre de gouvernement, l'exercice de tout mandat électif, de \n tout emploi public, civil ou militaire, de toute autre activité professionnelle ainsi \n que de toute fonction de représentation nationale. \n Une loi organique détermine l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la cour des \n comptes.","Loi organique n° 98-014 du 10 juillet 1998 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes.\n \n http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/text.jsp?file_id=200884","La Cour des comptes est considéré comme indépendant.\n \n Art. 107 : La Cour des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle assure la vérifi..."]
["2013_TN_6",2013,"TN","Tunisia",6,0,"Regarding the competences of the court, the law says in article 3 of the organic law n°2008-3 issued 2008:\n The Cour des Comptes has competence to audit the accounts of :\n 1) the State, the local collectives, the public institutions which have a budget from the state\n 2) Public institutions with non-administrative character, and any other institutions where the government has shares.\n \nWhile the Cour des Comptes has the right to audit any government account, it is not independent from the executive and legislative branches and the law does not specify that the Cour des Comptes has a consistent, independent source of funding to achieve its mission. The Constitution does not have provisions for the independence of the Court des Comptes, nor a sufficiently clear mandate.","Law : Loi n° 68-8 du 8 mars 1968, portant organisation de la Cour des Comptes telle qu’elle a été modifiée et complétée par la loi n° 70-17 du 20 avril 1970, la loi organique n° 90-82 du 29 octobre 1990, la loi organique n° 2001-75 du 17 juillet 2001 et par la loi organique n°2008-3 du 29 janvier 2008\n \nwww.courdescomptes.nat.tn (website of the Cour de comptes)","Regarding the competences of the court, the law says in article 3 of the organic law n°2008-3 issued 2008:\n The Cour des Comptes has competence to audit the accounts of :..."]
["2013_UG_6",2013,"UG","Uganda",6,0,"The law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches as written in the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, article 163, clause 6. The article states that “subject to clause (7) of this article, in performing his or her functions, the auditor general shall not be under the direction or control of any person or authority”. And clause (7) states that “the president may, acting in accordance with the advice of the cabinet, require the auditor general to audit the accounts of any body or organisation…” Section 14 of the National Audit Act, 2008, reaffirms this position. \n \nFurther, the office of the auditor general has the mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions. Article 163 clause (3)(a) and (b) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 provide that “the auditor general shall: (a) audit and report on the public accounts of Uganda and of all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, universities and public institutions of like nature, and any public corporation or other bodies or organisations established by an Act of Parliament; and (b) conduct financial and value for money audits in respect of any project involving public funds\". \n \nRegarding making recommendations, section 26 of the National Audit Act, 2008, provides that “the auditor general may …from time to time, make recommendations to the minister as the auditor general may consider necessary for the better management of public finances, including any revision of any regulations, directives or instructions issued under this Act or any other law relating to public finance\". \n \nBesides, section 25 of the National Audit Act, 2008, states that “If it appears to the auditor general that there has been any deficiency in respect of any money or stores subject to its audit, the auditor general may recommend to parliament that the person in default or responsible, show cause why he or she should not be surcharged with the amount of the deficiency or loss”.\n \nConcerning the auditor general’s authority to refer cases to the prosecutor's office, the auditor general can recommend prosecution. Section 20 of the National Audit Act, 2008, provides that the auditor general will make a report to the speaker of parliament who shall refer the report to the appropriate committee of parliament. Section 34 (3)(a)(b)(c) of the Public Finance and Accountability Act, 2003, goes on to explain that the appropriate committee shall consider [...] every report [...] and give advice to the minister whether in its opinion, it is appropriate for […] whether disciplinary proceedings should be instituted against the public officer […]” \n \nIt is important to note, however, that the Auditor does not have the power to directly refer cases for prosecution.\n \nAs to whether the office of the auditor general has a consistent source of funding to operate, section 29 of the National Audit Act, 2008 provides that “All monies approved by Parliament to defray the expenses that may be incurred in the discharge of the functions of the office of the auditor general or in carrying out the purposes of this act shall be a direct charge on the consolidated fund.”","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 9, Article 163, Clause 6, 7, 3(a)(b), 8\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf.\n \n The National Audit Act, 2008, Section 14, 13(1)(2), 20, 26, 28, 29\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/358/The%20National%20Audit%20Act%202008.pdf.\n \n Public Finance and Accountability Act, 2003, Section 34(2)(3), 35\n http://www.finance.go.ug/dmdocuments/PFAA2003.pdf.","The law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches as written in the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, article 163, clause 6. The article states that “subject to clause (7) of this article, in performing his or her ..."]
["2013_ZM_6",2013,"ZM","Zambia",6,0,"While the auditor general's appointment is subject to ratification by the national assembly, upon initial appointment by the president, the constitution clearly states that the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person (or government branch).\n \nSection 121 (2) b) and c) give the auditor general the mandate and authority to audit any government account: \n \n (b) [The auditor general shall] satisfy himself that the moneys expended have been applied to the purposes for which they were appropriated by the Appropriation Act or in accordance with the approved supplementary estimates, or in accordance with the Excess Expenditure Appropriation Act, as the case may be, and that the expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it.\n \nThere is however no explicit mandate in the law stipulating the funding of the Auditor-General. Practically, like all other government institutions, the office of the Auditor general is under government and therefore, it’s operations are funded by government through the budget process. Also, the Auditor-General cannot directly refer cases for public prosecution, but rather reports to the President and National Assembly.\n \nAccording to Article 121 (1) of the Constitution, the Auditor General is appointed by the President, subject to ratification by the National Assembly and under Article 122 (2)(3)removed [ if not by his own resignation], by National Assembly, through conducting an investigation, (3a) followed by the setting of a tribunal, “which consists of a chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office.”\n (b) the tribunal shall inquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the National Assembly; and (c) the National Assembly shall consider the report of the tribunal at the first convenient sitting of the National Assembly after it is received and may, upon such consideration, by resolution, remove the Auditor-General from office.\n (4)If the question of removing a person holding the office of Auditor-General from office has been referred to a tribunal under this Article, the National Assembly may, by resolution, suspend that person from performing the functions of his office, and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the National Assembly by resolution and shall in any case cease to have effect if, upon consideration of the report of the tribunal in accordance with the provisions of this Article, the National Assembly does not remove the Auditor-General from office.”\n \nBecause the Auditor - General is appointed by the President and ratified by the National Assembly, he reports to both, as contained under Article 121 (4) of the constitution, where he is required to submit a report on all public accounts, not later than twelve months after the end of each financial year.\n\nThe President then, “shall not later than seven days after the first sitting of the National Assembly next after the receipt of such report, cause it to be laid before the National Assembly; and if the President makes default in laying the report before the National Assembly, the Auditor-General shall submit the report to the Speaker of the National Assembly, of if the office of the Speaker is vacant or if the Speaker is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office, to the Deputy Speaker, who shall cause it to be laid before the National Assembly.”","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Auditor General, Article 121(1), Page 72. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164.\n \n Chapter 378 (Volume 20), The Public Audit Act.\n http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/378","While the auditor general's appointment is subject to ratification by the national assembly, upon initial appointment by the president, the constitution clearly states that the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person (or government branc..."]
["2013_ZW_6",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",6,100,"Section 311 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the auditor-general. It states that the auditor-general is independent and subject only to the law. Section 312 of the constitution further indicates that the remuneration of the auditor-general should be paid out of the consolidated revenue fund and must not be reduced during his or her tenure of office. Under section 309, the auditor-general has the right, mandate and authority to audit the accounts, financial systems and financial management of all departments, institutions and agencies of government, all provincial and metropolitan councils and all local authorities. Section 309 (c) mandates the auditor-general to order the taking of measures to rectify any defects in the management and safeguarding of public funds and public property. \n \nBy law, there is a consistent source of funds for the office of the auditor-general. Section 26 of the audit office act indicates that the funds of the audit office shall consist of: \n (a) moneys appropriated by act of parliament for salaries and allowances payable to and in respect of members of the audit office and the recurrent administrative expenses of the office; and \n (b) any other moneys that may be payable to the audit office from moneys appropriated for the purpose by act of parliament; and \n (c) any donations, grants, bequests or loans made by any person or organisation or the government of any country to the audit office and accepted by the commission and the minister; and \n (d) fees and other charges for audit and related services provided by the audit office to any public entity: provided that, for the avoidance of doubt, it is declared that the audit office shall not charge for its services to the state, that is, any ministry, reporting unit or constitutional entity; \n (e) any moneys that may vest in or accrue to the office whether in terms of this act or otherwise.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment Act (No.20), section 311 and 312, 2013; http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/56/constitution.pdf\n \n 2. Audit Office Act Chapter 22:18, section 26, Act 12/2009; http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Audit%20Office%20Act%20%5BChapter%2022-18%5D.doc","Section 311 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the auditor-general. It states that the auditor-general is independent and subject only to the law. Section 312 of the constitution further indicates that the remuneration of the auditor-general should be paid out of th..."]
["2013_DZ_7",2013,"DZ","Algeria",7,25,"La Cour des comptes en Algérie ne jouit pas d’une réelle indépendance et sa capacité de lutter contre la corruption, les dilapidations des deniers publics, le blanchiment d’argent et les violations quotidiennes des marchés publics est faible. Les scandales financiers affichés par la presse algérienne et étrangère confirment la non-efficacité de cette institution de contrôle, et ce malgré l'extension et le renforcement de son pouvoir. \n\nSelon la source « Les magistrats décident de passer à l'action » citée ci-dessus : « À travers leur syndicat, les magistrats de la Cour des comptes dénoncent “les fortes pressions exercées sur eux”. Des pressions qui portent atteinte à leur indépendance et entravent sérieusement leur mission de contrôle des finances publiques. »","-(2013, Septembre 17). Entretien avec le secrétaire général adjoint de l'association nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC), Feddal Halim. [Entrevue].\n-Otmane Sabek. (2012). Émission consacrée à la Cour des comptes en Algérie [Fichier vidéo]. Almagharibia TV. Repéré à https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxF1RDiPcH8.\n-Djedjiga Rahmani. (2013, le 28 février). La cour des comptes bâillonnée: les magistrats décident de passer à l’action. Elwatan. Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/405026.\n-Cour des comptes. (2013). Plan stratégique 2011-2013 [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.ccomptes.org.dz/documents/plan_strategique_2011_13.pdf\n-Abdou Semmar. (2012, Décembre). Qui empêche les magistrats de la Cour des comptes d'accomplir leurs missions?. Algeriefocus.","La Cour des comptes en Algérie ne jouit pas d’une réelle indépendance et sa capacité de lutter contre la corruption, les dilapidations des deniers publics, le blanchiment d’argent et les violations quotidiennes des marchés publics est faible. Les scandales financiers affichés par l..."]
["2013_AO_7",2013,"AO","Angola",7,0,"It is widely understood that the Audit Court, whose judges are appointed by the President of the Republic, does not have autonomy to audit accounts and that its operations are subject to political influence. \n\nSources point out that numerous suspected cases of corruption and mismanagement in the public sector, particularly at the very high levels of government, have not warranted the attention of the court.\n\nIn July 2013, Julião António, the Audit Court presiding judge, indicated that the agency had so far been operating with scarce resources, which had limited its performance.","[Representatives of civil society organisations who wish to remain anonymous].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nCreation of the Court of Auditors reveals maturity of Angolans Angonoticias, April 12, 2012, http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/33769/criacao-do-tribunal-de-contas-revela-maturidade-dos-angolanos .\n\nParliament asks the opinion of the Court of Auditors, by Adelina Ignatius, Jornal de Angola, \nNovember 19, 2013; http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/parlamento_pede_parecer_do_tribunal_de_contas.\n\nJurisprudence and judicial independence: the case of Angola (IV), by Marolino Moco, The Coffee Table, July 15, 2013, http://marcolinomoco.com/?p=95.\n\n(2013, July 17) .  Tribunal de Contas perspectiva melhor desempenho.  ANGOP.  Retrieved from  http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2013/6/29/Tribunal-Contas-perspectiva-melhor-desempenho,c995f1d6-1949-4392-8998-6eebd1d6ac69.html.\n\nRepublic of Angola Constitution, art. 119 (g).  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498.","It is widely understood that the Audit Court, whose judges are appointed by the President of the Republic, does not have autonomy to audit accounts and that its operations are subject to political influence. ..."]
["2013_BJ_7",2013,"BJ","Benin",7,50,"Les nominations à des postes au sein de la Cour Suprême (dont l'une des composantes est la Chambre des Comptes) suivent un système fondé sur le mérite et les personnes nommées ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts dus aux allégeances personnelles, aux liens familiaux, aux affiliations aux partis politiques ou à d'autres préjugés même si elles sont nommées par le chef de l'Etat. Les contrôleurs jouissent généralement de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier tout compte. \n\nCependant, des nominations de juges à la Cour suprême sont parfois contestées. Dans le Conseil extraordinaire des ministres du mardi 28 mai 2013, par exemple, plusieurs nominations de conseillers ont été prononcées sur proposition du président de la Cour Suprême qui a lui aussi été nommé par le chef de l'Etat.\n\nDans une des déclarations de l'un des syndicats des magistrats faisant suite à ces nominations, on peut lire: « Le Parquet général près la Cour suprême, depuis plusieurs mois, est sans procureur général, la chambre judiciaire sans président et le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, sans représentants des magistrats. Ce tableau pas très reluisant affiche, à n’en point douter, la perception qu’a l’exécutif du système judiciaire de notre pays ».","Arnaud DOUMANHOUN, Fraternité du 31 mai, 2013. \"Récentes nominations de magistrats dans certaines juridictions et à la Chancellerie : L’Unamab désapprouve et dénonce une politisation de la justice\". http://www.fraternitebj.info/spip.php?article385\n\nSerge PRINCE AGBODJAN, 24h au Bénin du 17 juillet, 2013. \"L’avis d’un juriste sur la révision de la Constitution\".  http://www.journauxdubenin.com/article/l-avis-d-un-juriste-sur-la-revision-de-la-constitution\n\nConseil des ministre du Bénin  du 28 mai, 2013. \"Le Conseil des ministres s’est réuni en séance extraordinaire le mardi 28 mai 2013\". http://www.tourisme.gouv.bj/content/communique-du-conseil-des-ministres-du-28-mai-2013","Les nominations à des postes au sein de la Cour Suprême (dont l'une des composantes est la Chambre des Comptes) suivent un système fondé sur le mérite et les personnes nommées ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts dus aux allégeances personnelles, aux liens familiaux, aux affil..."]
["2013_BW_7",2013,"BW","Botswana",7,50,"The office of the auditor general receives directives from the executive arm of Botswana government and has the power to audit spending from all government offices as well as parastatal bodies and private companies. It  receives funding from the government on a continuous basis. The auditor general reports directly to the office of the president. \n\nHe/she only enjoys tenure under the president they serve. Although the office is classified as independent, the office is not free from political interference and there are voices calling for the office to be genuinely independent.","1. Article: Ten Commandments of Fighting Corruption, Mmegi newspaper, December 21 2012,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=20&dir=2012/December/Friday21.\n\n2. Article: Free the office of the Auditor General, Weekend Post, October 15 2013, www.weekendpost.co.bw/index.php?option...auditor-general.\n\n3. Article: Auditor General Can Investigate Parastatals And Private..., Mmegi newspaper, November 19 2012, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=87&dir=2012/November/Monday19","The office of the auditor general receives directives from the executive arm of Botswana government and has the power to audit spending from all government offices as well as parastatal bodies and private companies. It  receives funding from the government on a continuous basis. Th..."]
["2013_BF_7",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",7,50,"Les contrôleurs de la Cour des Comptes sont investis de tous les pouvoirs d'auditer la gestion des structures publiques selon la loi. Selon l'article 17 de la loi N° 032-2007/AN : « le Contrôleur général d'État et les Contrôleurs d'État jouissent d'une immunité dans l'exercice de leur fonction. Ils sont indépendants vis-à-vis des administrations, des services et organismes qu'ils contrôlent et libres dans l'appréciation des faits qu'ils examinent et des conclusions qu'ils en tirent. » \n\nDans les faits également, ils jouissent d'une autonomie totale dans l'exécution de leurs tâches. L'institution dispose même d'un Fonds d'intervention alimenté par le budget de l'État pour assurer le fonctionnement de l'Autorité supérieure de contrôle d'État. Ce qui est sûr, ils ne sont pas inquiétés, ni révoqués pour quoi que ce soit. Mais le seul problème réside dans les suites qui sont données à l’audit. Selon le journaliste Ouoba Boukari : «  les rapports de la Cour des Comptes sont contestés et on ne donne pas suite à la publication des rapports. Cela fait que de quelle manière que ce soit, l'indépendance de cette structure est mise en mal. Mais il faut reconnaitre qu'elle fait du bon boulot et elle bénéficie quand même de toutes marges de manœuvre possible pour bien faire le contrôle. »","Interview avec Me Fako Bruno Ouatara, avocat, magistrat démissionnaire, Centre international d'études sociologiques et de droit appliqué (CINESDA), 16 Septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Boukari Ouoba, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 13 Septembre 2013.\n\nBélem, A. (14 aout 2013). On murmure : Le Burkina parmi les leaders en matière de gestion des finances publiques en Afrique. Le Faso.net:  http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article55429.","Les contrôleurs de la Cour des Comptes sont investis de tous les pouvoirs d'auditer la gestion des structures publiques selon la loi. Selon l'article 17 de la loi N° 032-2007/AN : « le Contrôleur général d'État et les Contrôleurs d'État jouissent d'une immunité dans l'exercice de l..."]
["2013_BI_7",2013,"BI","Burundi",7,25,"L'indépendance de la Cour des Comptes et de l'Inspection Général de l'Etat du Burundi laisse à desirer. \n\nSelon Come Bageni, «En pratique, l’indépendance de l’institution supérieure de contrôle n’est pas garantie, car il n' y a pas une magistrature indépendante capable de prendre en charge les dossiers dénonçant des irrégularités dans la gestion. Cet organe reste soumis à celui qui nomme les membres.»\n\nDe son côté, Gérard Bizindavyi signale que «en pratique, l’indépendance de l’institution supérieure de contrôle n’est en aucune manière garantie, car elle connait trop d’ingérence de la part des dirigeants, surtout de ceux appartenant au pouvoir législatif, qui veulent chaque fois s’immiscer dans toutes les sphères de la vie du pays; peu de membres de cette institution sont indépendants.»\n\nPour Vital Nshimirimana : «Dans la pratique, l’indépendance de l’institution supérieure de contrôle n’est pas garantie. Car l'inspecteur qui porte serment devant le président de la République reste attaché à son chef. L'article 41 de la loi portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de l'inspection générale de l'État précise bien qu'avant d'entrer en fonction, l'Inspecteur Général de l'État et les inspecteurs sont tenus conformément à la loi de prêter serment devant le président de la République. En plus, ils sont placés sous la tutelle du ministre de la Bonne gouvernance, qui est membre du pouvoir exécutif.»","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, septembre 2013.\n\nBizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nNshimirimana Vital, président du FORSC et ancien président de la SYMABU (Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi), le 24 octobre 2013.","L'indépendance de la Cour des Comptes et de l'Inspection Général de l'Etat du Burundi laisse à desirer. ..."]
["2013_CM_7",2013,"CM","Cameroon",7,0,"In Cameroon, the independence of the supreme state audit is not guaranteed in practice. The autonomy and independence of the supreme state audit is crippled by the appointment of its top officials by the head of state. This makes the internal work of the supreme state audit institution lack independence and autonomy to audit accounts of institutions that are of special interest to the presidency. An example is the extractive industry, most notably oil and gas in Cameroon. \n\nEven though they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year, their independence is not devoid of state bureaucracy and influence which subjects their work to political influences, incentives or threats.","Ajong, Abba.  (2013, October 1) .  [Managing Director, Aba International Consultancy].  Personal communication.\n\nDiffang, Elias Funge.  (2013, October 1) .  [Senior Lecturer, University of Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nEtom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon, the independence of the supreme state audit is not guaranteed in practice. The autonomy and independence of the supreme state audit is crippled by the appointment of its top officials by the head of state. This makes the internal work of the supreme state audit institu..."]
["2013_CV_7",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",7,75,"In practice, the independence of the court of auditors is given and mainly upheld. Various office holders and political institutions from the state and the government have been inspected or audited without any kind of interference, be it political or otherwise (economically or criminally). \n\nDecisions by the court are obeyed and respected. \n\nNonetheless, as evidenced by the statements of the president and other members of the government, the court of auditors depends on sensible legislation and state funds to be allocated frequently to fulfil its functions.","1. News article: Cape Verde: Minister of Finance advised the Court of Auditors, \nwww.jornaldigital.com/noticias.php/3/20/noticias.php?noticia=36170, April 30, 2013.\n\n2. News article: Major limitation of the court of Cape Verde lies in the obsolescence of legislation - PR\nhttp://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/nacional/item/32773-maior-limitacao-do-tribunal-de-contas-de-cabo-verde-reside-na-obsolescencia-da-legislacao---pr, October 24, 2012. \n\n3. News story: Philibert Vieira: Former Mayoral condemned by the Court of Auditors, Jore Montezino, December 7, 2012,  Expresso das Ilhas\nhttp://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/exclusivo/item/33411-felisberto-vieira-ex-autarca-condenado-pelo-tribunal-de-contas.\n\n4. Joao Pinto, Attorney Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n5. Sara Boal, Judge Counsellor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n6. Joao de Deus, President Institute Maritmo Portuario, Lawyer, October 14, 2013.\n\n7. Newsletter \"Warning\" of the Court of Accounts Cape Verde, July 14, 2013.\n\n8. Prime Minister praises role of the Court of Account and defends review of its legislation\nOctober 26, 2012;  PM praises role of the Court of Account and defends review of its ...\nwww.governo.cv/.../4362-pm-enaltece-papel-do-tribunal-de-conta-e-def ...\nOctober 26, 2012 - And praises , congratulating the President of the Court of Auditors of Cape Verde in the person of its President José Carlos Delgado , the \"big ...\n\n9. Court of Auditors will audit the end of 2013 all cameras ...\nwww.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/.../35092-tribunal-de-contas-vai-auditar-a ...\nMarch 7, 2013 - The Court of Auditors ( TC ) will audit by the end of 2013 , more than 60 entities , including all municipalities , institutions , funds and ...","In practice, the independence of the court of auditors is given and mainly upheld. Various office holders and political institutions from the state and the government have been inspected or audited without any kind of interference, be it political or otherwise (economically or crim..."]
["2013_CF_7",2013,"CF","CAR",7,25,"La Cour des comptes de la RCA jouit d'une autonomie d'action en ce qui concerne le contrôle des comptes publics, sauf que le public n'avait pas accès à ses rapports au temps du régime précédent. Ces comptes étaient directement transmis au président de la République pour appréciation administrative et politique. Cette démarche peut influencer la décision et l’efficacité de la Cour des comptes si le chef de l'État empêche la publication des rapports dans lesquels certains proches sont dits responsables d'une mauvaise gestion des crédits de l'État. En outre, elle éprouve un certain nombre des difficultés du point de vue des ressources financières et logistiques adéquates pouvant contribuer à l'efficacité des actions à mener auprès des gestionnaires des crédits au sein des administrations publiques, des entreprises parapubliques et des partis politiques.","Aristide Kpenga (juriste), directeur de la structure de liaison de la Propriété intellectuelle, Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 9 septembre 2013. \n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nMarie Blandine Songuelema-Yakondji (avocate), présidente de l'Association des femmes juristes de Centrafrique, 11 septembre 2013.","La Cour des comptes de la RCA jouit d'une autonomie d'action en ce qui concerne le contrôle des comptes publics, sauf que le public n'avait pas accès à ses rapports au temps du régime précédent. Ces comptes étaient directement transmis au président de la République pour appréciatio..."]
["2013_TD_7",2013,"TD","Chad",7,0,"Selon la constitution révisée en Mai 2013, la Cour des Comptes est l’organe compétant pour assurer le statut d’auditeur. Cependant du au fait qu’elle a été que créé récemment, celle-ci n’est pas encore operationnelle. En l’espèce, c’est la chambre des comptes qui joue effectivement du statut d'auditeur pour l’instant.\n\nEn tout cas, le mode de désignation du président de la Cour Suprême ne garantit pas l'indépendance de l’institution. Par ailleurs, le pouvoir exécutif domine le pouvoir législatif et reste fort au Tchad. En pratique, les personnes défavorables au pouvoir ont tendance à être plus investiguées que les autres.\n\nUne fois désignée à la Cour Suprême, certains juges sont soit parfois promus en guise de récompense pour leurs affinités politiques. C'est ainsi qu’en 2013, M. Abderahim Birémé Hamid, ancien président de la Cour suprême, a été désigné ministre de l’Intérieur et de la Sécurité Publique.","Interview Source anyonyme 1, 11 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview Source anyonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013.Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAlwihda. (5 septembre 2013). « Tchad Jean-Bernard Padaré, l’homme qui a induit en erreur le Président Idriss Déby » Tchadpages: http://tchadpages.com/2013/09/05/tchad-jean-bernard-padare-lhomme-qui-a-induit-en-erreur-le-president-idriss-deby/\n\nTchad: une Cour des comptes mise sur pied d'ici la fin d’année, 01 Oct., 2013, Xinhua. http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=5248","Selon la constitution révisée en Mai 2013, la Cour des Comptes est l’organe compétant pour assurer le statut d’auditeur. Cependant du au fait qu’elle a été que créé récemment, celle-ci n’est pas encore operationnelle. En l’espèce, c’est la chambre des comptes qui joue effectivement..."]
["2013_KM_7",2013,"KM","Comoros",7,100,"Les contrôleurs jouissent généralement de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier tout compte, et ils peuvent opérer librement. La source de financement est garantie car la Cour dispose d'un budget annuel. Ainsi, récemment,  la section des comptes a ouvert une enquête sur la gestion et de l’utilisation des fonds de la citoyenneté économique et du projet habitat. Il s'agit d’un domaine très délicat qui concerne des personalités politiques de très haut niveau, mais aucune pression de la part des autorités n'a été enregistrée.\n\nLa Cour des comptes a entendu trois personalités liées directement à l’affaire le 4 septembre 2013, à savoir Abou Achirafi, actuel responsable de la sécurité intérieure, et Hassane Hamadi et Mohamed Bacar Dossar, deux hautes personalités du régime de l’ancien président Sambi. L’affaire est toujours en instruction et la Cour des comptes a saisi le parquet général de la Cour suprême pour éclaircir l’affaire. D’après l’article de Mohamed Youssouf, « trois personalités entendues par la cour des comptes », dans la Gazette des Comores du 18 septembre 2013.  Et ce responsable de confirmer que  ces personnes seront convoquées à nouveau, et d’autres le seront aussi quel que soit leur rang. Pour les besoins de son enquête, la cour des comptes devrait saisir la Banque Centrale et la SNPSF pour avoir plus de précision sur les transactions liées à ces deux dossiers ». (so Youssouf, 18 septembre 2013)\n\nUne autre affaire impliquant un haut responsable et démontrant l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est relatée par un journal. La cour des comptes a pris en délibéré l’affaire « SNPSF » le 01 Juillet 2013, dans laquelle  l’ancien directeur de la SNPSF, Ibrahim Abdallah et deux de ses complices, dont un agent de Comores Telecom, sont accusés de corruption. De nombreuses personalités ont été citées à comparaître, dont l'ancien directeur de Comores Telecom, Charikane Bouchrani, l'actuel directeur de Comores Telecom, Abiamri Mahmoud, et le directeur administratif et financier au moment de l’affaire. Apparemment, les contrôleurs de la Cour des comptes n’ont pas eu de problème à traiter cette affaire. La cour des comptes, selon l’article de  Al-hamdi Abdillah, a recommandé la fermeture de la boutique postale de Télécom suite à cette affaire. (Abdillah, 2 juillet 2013).","Interview de Al hamdi Abdillah, SOS démocratie Comores, 2 juillet 2013. \n\nYoussouf, M. (18 septembre 2013). « Trois personnalités entendues par la cour des comptes ». La Gazette des Comores: http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article2029","Les contrôleurs jouissent généralement de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier tout compte, et ils peuvent opérer librement. La source de financement est garantie car la Cour dispose d'un budget annuel. Ainsi, récemment,  la section des comptes a ouvert une enquête sur la gestion e..."]
["2013_CD_7",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",7,100,"Le contrôle sur le fonctionnement des structures de l'Etat respecte les dispositifs règlementaires et de contrôle des deniers publics (personnel bien utilisé, gestion des deniers publics). Le contrôle des comptes relève de la compétence de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire. Chaque année, elle donne son avis sur les lois des règlements et vérifie les comptes de l'exercice précédent. \n\nLes contrôleurs de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire jouissent de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier les comptes, ils opèrent sans crainte ni faveur, indépendamment des autres bureaux du gouvernement. Le contrôle purement administratif relève de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE). Le contrôle des comptes à caractère juridictionnelle relève de la Cour suprême. Le contrôle de la conformité des lois relève de la Cour constitutionnelle. Et le contrôle politique relève du Parlement. Les parlementaires peuvent mettre en place des contrôles par leurs commissions respectives (Assemblée nationale et Sénat).  \n\nLa Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire dispose d'une source de financement régulière d'une année à l'autre. Elle rédige chaque année un rapport intitulé : « Rapport sur le contrôle de l'exécution de la loi de finance ». Le rapport de l'exercice en question accompagne le projet de loi de règlement et est déposé à l'Assemblée Nationale. Ce document est disponible pour le public. \n\nSeuls les magistrats de la Cour des comptes sont habilités à vérifier les comptes publics et les entreprises où l'Etat a une participation.","1 - M. Gilbert MOUYABI, Procureur général près de la Cour des Comptes, entrevue du 1 er octobre 2013, à la Cour des comptes, Plateau-ville, à Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Rapport sur le contrôle de l'exécution de la loi de finance exercice 2012 .\n\n3 - Manuel de procédure financière devant la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire.\n\n4 - Entretien du 11 octobre à l'Inspection Général d’Etat avec M. Germain KIAMBA, Contrôleur général d'Etat, immeuble ARC Brazzaville centre ville. Et le 14 octobre avec l'ensemble de ses équipes.\n\n5 - Entretien le lundi 14 octobre 2013 avec le sénateur Nicéphore Fylla de SAINT-EUDES, président de la Commission économie et finances du Sénat.\n\n6 - Entretien du 29 octobre 2013 avec Arsène SEVERIN, journaliste à terrAfrica au Centre international de la presse à Brazzaville.","Le contrôle sur le fonctionnement des structures de l'Etat respecte les dispositifs règlementaires et de contrôle des deniers publics (personnel bien utilisé, gestion des deniers publics). Le contrôle des comptes relève de la compétence de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgé..."]
["2013_CG_7",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",7,0,"Dans le premier axe stratégique, il est proposé de revoir le cadre juridique prévu par la Constitution du 18 février 2006, afin qu’il puisse assurer l’indépendance de la Cour et lui permettre d’exercer adéquatement son mandat. Pour cela, la nouvelle loi organique qui doit régir les activités de la Cour des comptes veillera à mettre en place un cadre organisationnel adapté à ses missions et inclure des mesures visant à garantir son autonomie administrative et financière.\n\nL’indépendance de Cour des comptes dans le domaine de publication et de communication de ses rapports et des résultats de ses travaux est acquise sur le plan juridique, mais le principe de « présentation responsable » des rapports sur les résultats des activités au public, consacré par la déclaration de LIMA, demeure encore en vigueur dans le cas de notre institution, compte tenu de la fragilité de notre démocratie naissante et de notre situation précaire d’État qui se remet de différents conflits.\n\n\"La problématique de l’audit, du contrôle et de l’évaluation des institutions de l’État et des politiques économiques et sociales en Afrique: Démocratisation de l’audit, du contrôle, de l’inspection et de l’évaluation.\"\n\nL’indépendance existe, mais encore faut-il revoir la stratégie de communication pour la rendre efficiente.","1. Ernest IZEMENGIA NSAA-NSAA, président de la Cour des comptes, in http://www.courdescomptes.cd/mot_president.php, consulté le 13/10/2013.\n2. Ernest IZEMENGIA NSAA-NSAA, président de la Cour des comptes, \"La Cour des comptes annonce le recrutement de 60 magistrats stagiaires \"http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/85764, Kinshasa, 06/08/2012 / Politique.\n3. Ernet IZEMENGIA NSAA-NSAA, président de la Cour des comptes de la R.D. Congo lors du Forum du Centre Africain de Formation et de Recherche Administrative pour le Développement à Rabat (Maroc) du 29 au 31 octobre 2012, in www.cafrad.org/Workshops/Rabat29-31.../6_Enest%20_RDC_perso.pdf.","Dans le premier axe stratégique, il est proposé de revoir le cadre juridique prévu par la Constitution du 18 février 2006, afin qu’il puisse assurer l’indépendance de la Cour et lui permettre d’exercer adéquatement son mandat. Pour cela, la nouvelle loi organique qui doit régir les..."]
["2013_CI_7",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",7,50,"Aux dires du fonctionnaire de la Cour des comptes interviewé, l’institution remplie ses missions sans contraintes particulières, tout au moins celles susceptibles de porter atteinte à son indépendance. Cela ne signifie pas qu’elle ne fait face à aucune difficulté. \n\nEn effet, la Chambre ne dispose pas toujours du personnel qualifié en nombre suffisant pour répondre à l’immense tâche de contrôle et de jugement des comptes des différents organes de l’État, y compris des Conseils généraux, qui lui incombe. Ainsi, il lui faudrait à la fois plus de magistrat et de vérificateurs.","Interview téléphonique avec un fonctionnaire de la Cour des comptes. 2 octobre 2013.\n\nRépublique de Côte d'Ivoire, site Internet de la Cour des comptes (accédé le 2 février 2014): http://www.courdescomptesci.com/composition.html","Aux dires du fonctionnaire de la Cour des comptes interviewé, l’institution remplie ses missions sans contraintes particulières, tout au moins celles susceptibles de porter atteinte à son indépendance. Cela ne signifie pas qu’elle ne fait face à aucune difficulté. ..."]
["2013_DJ_7",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",7,50,"Actuellement c'est l'inspection Générale d’Etat qui est l'institution supérieure d'audit, puisque la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême qui assurait ce rôle n'est plus opératuonnel depuis que son siège a été consumé par un incendie en 2008.\n\nLes personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche qui toutes travaillent au sein des principales institutions de contrôle du pays, à savoir l'audit, l'Inspection des finances et l'Inspection générale d’État confirment que pour la plupart des leurs activités de contrôle, ils disposent d'une indépendance garantie. \n\nEn revanche, il arrive parfois que dans le cadre de leurs contrôles, le travail des auditeurs soit orienté par la hiérarchie et que les résultats de leurs enquêtes ne demeurent sans effets. Les auditeurs ont notamment pour compétence de contrôler les établissements publics et il leur arrive de découvrir des irrégularités dans la comptabilité desdits établissements. Le plus souvent, aucune suite n'est donnée pour corriger de telles irrégularités. \n\nLe financement de l'institution provient principalement du budget de l'État, mais en partie aussi par des institutions étrangères comme l’African Capacity Building Foundation ACPF), qui assure le renforcement des capacités de l'institution de contrôle.","1) Hassan Abdillahi, auditeur, direction de l'audit, ministère de Finance, entretien réalisé le 3 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Mohamed Djibril, inspecteur des finances, ministère des Finances, entretien réalisé le 3 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Ali Djama, inspecteur, Inspection général d’État, entretien réalisé le 3 octobre 2013.","Actuellement c'est l'inspection Générale d’Etat qui est l'institution supérieure d'audit, puisque la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême qui assurait ce rôle n'est plus opératuonnel depuis que son siège a été consumé par un incendie en 2008...."]
["2013_EG_7",2013,"EG","Egypt",7,0,"While Egypt does maintain a Central Auditing Organization that is in theory independent, traditionally the power of the executive meant it could force the head of the organization to resign. \nIndeed the post was vacated during the SCAF era when Gawdat al-Malt resigned in March 2011. Leaving no head of the organization in March 2012, members of the organization protested for greater independence and to be removed from the control of the executive. Subsequently, Judge Hesham Ahmed Genena was named head of the Central Auditing Organization by President Mohamed Morsi and at the time of writing he has not been deposed by Egypt's temporary government which rules by decree. Genena is well known as a campaginer for greater judicial independence and oversight in Egypt. There are recent corruption cases involving the organization however. \n\nMany of its members are paid substantially less in salaries than the entities they investigate. The Egyptian military, which controls a large portion of the economy in Egypt, by some accounts as much as 30 per cent of GDP, has exempted itself from CAO. The audit institution is therefore not able to operate fully independent.","Arabic Network for Human Rights.  (2013) .  CAO, which is responsible for fighting corruption in Egypt, ill-treats an employee because of his media remarks over corruption inside the organization [Press release].  Retrieved from http://www.anhri.net/en/?p=13854.\n\n(2013, June 20) .  Prosecution: Mubarak and family amassed LE9 billion.  Egyptian Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/update-army-denies-reports-govt-will-oversee-its-commercial-activities. \n\nTolba, Magdy.  (2013, November 20) .  [Economic expert and chairman of the Arabian House of Consultancy for Financial and Economic Investment].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Central Auditing Organization Egypt.  Retrieved from http://www.cao.gov.eg/.\n\nMarroushi, M.  (2012, March 29) .  Political and economic battles grip Central Auditing Organization.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/political-and-economic-battles-grip-central-auditing-organization","While Egypt does maintain a Central Auditing Organization that is in theory independent, traditionally the power of the executive meant it could force the head of the organization to resign. ..."]
["2013_GQ_7",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",7,0,"While the creation of an audit court by the 2012 Constitution, responsible for auditing the public accounts, was a step forward to ensure transparency and accountability in Equatorial Guinea until September 2013 it had not been formally established. \n\nDuring the period of this review, resources had not been allocated for the operation of the audit court and sources forecast that the magistrates and auditors involved will lack the autonomy to conduct audits given the fear of upsetting the administration and they could be removed from their posts.","Anonymous.  (2013, September) .  [Government official, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal Communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInternational Budget Partnership.  (2012) .  Open budget index 2012, Equatorial Guinea summary.  Retrieved from http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-EquatorialGuineaCS-English.pdf\n\nAGI Data Portal: Equatorial Guinea- Governance at a Glance; https://www.agidata.org/site/Report.aspx?report=IDA_REPORT","While the creation of an audit court by the 2012 Constitution, responsible for auditing the public accounts, was a step forward to ensure transparency and accountability in Equatorial Guinea until September 2013 it had not been formally established. ..."]
["2013_ER_7",2013,"ER","Eritrea",7,0,"Transparency of public finance management remains a huge issue of concern in Eritrea. The fact that the Government of the State of Eritrea does not publish an annual budget means that it is not possible to assess the quality of public finance management or any improvement in this area. Audit reports are not published either. Various other research publications corroborate the evidence that  there is an absolute absence of publicly defined and published reports on either appointment procedures, content, efficiency or effectiveness of the audit institution and its interactions with other governmental bodies. \n\nMr Gherezgiher Ghebremedhin was appointed auditor general in January 2013, Mr. Berhane Habtemariam Messel is the Deputy Auditor General. There is however no further information on the Audit Institution.","Mr Gherezgiher Ghebremedhin appointed as Auditor-General of Eritrea, African Organisation of English-speaking Supreme Audit Institutions, 1/23/2013, http://afrosai-e.org.za/general-afrosai-e/news/mr-gherezgiher-ghebremedhin-appointed-auditor-general-eritrea.\n\nBertelsmann Transformation Index, 2012, Eritrea, page 19 and 20, \nhttp://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/BTI_2012_Eritrea.pdf.\n\nEritrea-European Community Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Program for the period 2009-2013.","Transparency of public finance management remains a huge issue of concern in Eritrea. The fact that the Government of the State of Eritrea does not publish an annual budget means that it is not possible to assess the quality of public finance management or any improvement in this a..."]
["2013_ET_7",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",7,0,"While there is government funding, the amount is not predictable and, even though the availability of the budget is established by law, the budget is indeed quite restricted.\n\nOverall, the independence of the Auditor General leaves much to be desired. The Auditor General has limited access to some institutions because certain institutions enjoy the protection and preferential treatment of the executive. The Establishment Proclamation itself provides room for such interference by stating that \"the Office of the Auditor General shall initiate investigations in consultation with relevant bodies.\"\n\nMoreover, the Auditor General is appointed by the Prime Minister. This makes him accountable to the Prime Minister and not to the House of Peoples Representatives, which also undermines the office's independence as it allows for interference from the Executive. One interviewee remarks that, because of this situation, it is impossible to expect that appointees to the position of Auditor General work without the malign influence of fear or favor.","1. Interview with a legal researcher at Addis Ababa University, October 3, 2013.\n2.Interview with a federal judge at one of the branches of the Federal First Instance Court, Addis Ababa, September 28, 2013.\n3. Interview with a researcher based at the Ethiopian Economics Association, September 25, 2013.\n4.Ethiopian Man Yitadegat? Ke 12 Mihuran, Poletikegnoch, Yehaimanot Lihikanina Gazetegnoch Gar Yetederege Wuyiyit, Abel Alemayehu and Elias Gebru. 20012/13.\n\n*Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","While there is government funding, the amount is not predictable and, even though the availability of the budget is established by law, the budget is indeed quite restricted...."]
["2013_GA_7",2013,"GA","Gabon",7,50,"Professor Rossatanga-Rignault thinks the score should reflect the way French constitutional law, inherited by Gabon, is able to guarantee the independence in practice of the Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) and other oversight bodies. The coexistence of \"procureurs\" or \"parquet public\" (public prosecutors) together with judges does not exist in British common law. \n\nAuditors at the CCG have the autonomy to audit all government accounts, though the impact of its rulings is limited. The scope of action of CCG auditors is not necessarily restricted by political interference, which may exist. The literature during the study period pointed instead to procedural issues for the low level of execution of CCG rulings. \n\nWhile the CCG is tasked with oversight of national accounts and auditors are granted autonomy to report findings to the Executive and Judiciary, once the CCG submits its annual report on government accounts, the follow-up is rare, according to the anonymous source.\n\nThe activity of the CCG in 2011–2012 was summarized in an article by ASMP [initials] in GabonEco (\"Le plan stratégique 2013-2018 de la Cour des Comptes dévoilé\"). The CCG issued 51 audit reports during this period, 34 audit conclusions (arrêts définitifs de la déclaration de gestion de fait), two penalties (arrêts définitifs d’amende), one warning and a memo from the president. In terms of CCG rulings, there were a total of 91 audit conclusions (arrêts définitifs), seven of which were executed and 16 of which were partially executed. Personnel at the CCG attributed the low level of execution to the inability of accounting officers to locate individuals implicated in the investigations and blocking the CCG’s work.\n\nThe President of the CGG (Gilbert Ngoulakia) has vowed to improve the quality of oversight through 2018 by designating a person to head the Institut Supérieur de Contrôle (ISC, a department within the CCG). The goal is to improve the quality of CCG reports and rulings and to modernize oversight bodies. \n\nAccording to the anonymous source, the CCG cannot have full transparency and exercise disclosure over matters such as the trips of President Ali Bongo Ondimba and members of his cabinet.","Agence Gabonaise de Presse.  (2012, October 6) .  Dix magistrats stagiaires de l’ordre financier prêtent serment à Libreville.  AGP.  Retrieved from http://www.agpgabon.ga/Dix-magistrats-stagiaires-de-l\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nASMP.  (2013, January 29) .  Le plan stratégique 2013-2018 de la Cour des Comptes dévoilé.  GabonEco.  Retrieve from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27948\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nSEE.  (2013, July 2) .  Gabon Télévision bientôt dans le viseur de la CNLCEI?.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=29986","Professor Rossatanga-Rignault thinks the score should reflect the way French constitutional law, inherited by Gabon, is able to guarantee the independence in practice of the Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) and other oversight bodies. The coexistence of \"procureurs\" or \"parquet publ..."]
["2013_GM_7",2013,"GM","The Gambia",7,0,"Even though the Gambian constitution guarantees the independence of the national audit office, in practice this is not the case. This is because the president can dismiss the auditor general without giving any explanation, as was done to the last auditor general and the one before him about a decade ago. \n\nThe independence of the auditor general and national audit office are not guaranteed in practice because there is no security of tenure and the auditor general serves at the whim of the executive. The independence of the national audit office is also affected by the fact that its scope is usually limited when it audits government accounts. Verbal and written requests sent to government offices to be audited are also not responded to. \n\nEven though the erstwhile auditor general served in that position for close to a decade, he is  believed to operate with fear of reprisals from the top leadership. The former auditor general was believed to be sacked as a result of his tough stance on ensuring accountability for public funds. The seeming lack of security of tenure imposes unseen restrictions and imaginary fears at  times, not only on state auditors but public servants in general.","1.Jammeh fires auditor general Babucarr Sankareh. Kibaaro News. June 5, 2013, http://kibaaro.com/jammeh-fires-auditor-general-babucarr-sankareh/\n\n2. Gambia: Why Is the Auditor General Not in Office? The government has a lot to explain. Foroyaa Newspaper. Ousman Njie. June 16 2013, available at   http://allafrica.com/stories/201306171661.html\n\n3. Gambia’s Auditor General one of longest Serving Jammeh Employee has been Fired, Gainako Newspaper, June 5, 2013, available at http://gainako.com/?p=924\n\n4. Gambia Gov’t spent hundreds of millions of dalasi without proper documentation, auditor general reveals, Gambia News Online, Wednesday, November 28, 2012, http://gambianewsonline.blogspot.com/2012/11/gambia-govt-spent-hundreds-of-millions.html","Even though the Gambian constitution guarantees the independence of the national audit office, in practice this is not the case. This is because the president can dismiss the auditor general without giving any explanation, as was done to the last auditor general and the one before ..."]
["2013_GH_7",2013,"GH","Ghana",7,50,"The constitution is supreme and all government agencies operate in conformity with it.\n\nTherefore, there is no impediment or limitation in terms of the autonomy and or independence of the auditor general to perform his mandate under the constitution. \n\nThe auditors periodically and annually audit accounts of public institutions, cite unauthorised spending or misappropriation of public funds and identify the officials involved.\n\nAs with other public institutions in Ghana, the auditor general, and for that matter the Ghana Audit Service, is poorly funded and this tends to limit its effectiveness. Due to the fact that the audit service receives its funds from the Ministry of Finance, there is a indirect dependence upon granting the audit service the necessary resources to carry out its mission.","1. Kweku Agyemang-Manu, chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Dormah, in the Brong Ahafo region.\n\n2. Dr Steve Manteaw, editor of the Public Agenda newspaper and coordinator of the Civil Society Platform on Oil and Gas, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Joseph Ghunney, public relations officer, Ghana Audit Service, telephone interview, September 18, 2013, Accra.","The constitution is supreme and all government agencies operate in conformity with it.\n\nTherefore, there is no impediment or limitation in terms of the autonomy and or independence o..."]
["2013_GN_7",2013,"GN","Guinea",7,25,"La cour des comptes est l'institution supérieure de contrôle. Elle entre en vigueur seulement après l'installation de l'Assemblée nationale dont la problématique électorale  est en cours actuellement en Guinée. \n\nSon rôle est joué par la Chambre des Comptes au sein de la Cour Suprême. Les activités de cette chambre sont présentement faibles, aucune enquête effective n’y ayant été menée depuis 2012. C'est par ailleurs elle qui contrôle l’application des normes sur les fonds des partis politiques. Aucune ingérence de la part de l'exécutif n'y ayant été signalée depuis 2012, il semble possible de confirmer son indépendance de pratique. \n\nLa Cour des Comptes, bien que sa création ait été prévue Constitution de 2010, n'a toujours pas été mise en place et n'a donc pas encore pu siéger. Il est donc impossible d’en évaluer l’indépendance.","Entretien avec Hassan II, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 09 septembre 2013, 11h30.\n\nEntretien avec François Falcon, Directeur national de l'Agence nationale de la lutte contre la corruption, 09 septembre 2013, 09h15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Pépé Antoine Lamah, Avocat à la Cour, 07 septembre 2013, 13h45.","La cour des comptes est l'institution supérieure de contrôle. Elle entre en vigueur seulement après l'installation de l'Assemblée nationale dont la problématique électorale  est en cours actuellement en Guinée. ..."]
["2013_GW_7",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",7,0,"In practice, the supreme audit institution, the court of auditors, is not functioning. The problem is not only about lack of autonomy to audit accounts, nor fear or dependence, it is also a problem about inconsistency of sources of funding. \n\nAt the moment, the institution cannot exercise its function due to a lack of funding.","1.        Edinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.        Cherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3. Mesmo com as dificuldades do Tribunal de Contas, esta instituição deverá estar atenta às contas do Estado” - Serifo Nhamadjo (Even with its dificulties, the Audit Institution ought to pay attention to the state's accounts\", Rádio Difusão Nacional, 25 November 2013 http://www.gbissau.com/?p=8262.","In practice, the supreme audit institution, the court of auditors, is not functioning. The problem is not only about lack of autonomy to audit accounts, nor fear or dependence, it is also a problem about inconsistency of sources of funding. ..."]
["2013_KE_7",2013,"KE","Kenya",7,75,"The office of the auditor general independently carries out its work because of the new constitutional system that emphasises accountability. This means each institution has to give its best input through a comprehensive and independent assessment of public accounts and resources or risk sharing.   \n\nShould some form of impropriety be unearthed at a later stage, the burden will fall on the auditor general’s office.  To reduce the risk of liability, teams from this office must therefore maintain their independence and objectivity.\n\nHowever, lack of sufficient funding could affect the functions of the office. Auditor General Edward Ouko was quoted in June, 2013 lamenting that his budgetary allocation of Sh2.1 billion fell far short of the essential requirements of the office. He claimed to need at least Sh5.4 billion to fight corruption and misuse of taxpayers’ money in government institutions.\n\nThe auditors are free to review government accounts and are not subject to fear or favour tactics or interventions by other offices, however there are cases where state officials fail to present all the required information leading to inaccurate assessment on the part of the auditors.","1.  Geoffrey Irungu, a senior finance and economy writer for the Nation Media Group was interviewed in September of 2013.\n\n2.  Mr. Patrick Mutange, Certified Public Accountant and former Chairman of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya (ICPAK) was interviewed on September 20, 2013.\n\n3.  Lilian Omondi, Vice-Chairman of the Law Society of Kenya (LSK) was interviewed on September 20, 2013.\n\n4.  \"Auditor General Edward Ouko Seeks More Cash.\" Article by Ally Jamah published in The Standard June 27, 2013.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000086860&story_title=auditor-general-seeks-more-cash.\n\n5.  \"Auditor-General Queries Taxman’s Financial Report.\"  Article by David Herbling in the March 10,  2013 Business Daily.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate+News/Auditor+General+queries+KRA+financial+report/-/539550/1716384/-/lbrvsdz/-/index.html","The office of the auditor general independently carries out its work because of the new constitutional system that emphasises accountability. This means each institution has to give its best input through a comprehensive and independent assessment of public accounts and resources o..."]
["2013_LS_7",2013,"LS","Lesotho",7,50,"The office of the auditor general is funded annually from the government’s budget. Among autonomous bodies, the auditor general’s budget allocation is surpassed only by that of the Independent Electoral Commission. For example, its budget for the 2013/2014 fiscal year was twice that of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences and four times that of the ombudsman. The office received M5 million ($500 000) more than was allocated to the upper house of parliament (the senate).\n\nOpinion is divided concerning the independence of the auditor general. One opinion maintains that the office is sufficiently independent because, when they are available, audit reports always reveal the appalling state of national accounts, alerting other bodies to possible fraudulent activities by personnel. It was on the basis of the auditor general's report that a former national assembly clerk was investigated and convicted of fraud. He is currently serving a four-year jail sentence without the option of paying a fine instead. In the latest audit report, the auditor general delivered scathing remarks about failure to comply with established accounting principles and the financial regulations of the government. \n\nNevertheless, other interviewed sources agree with Wiggins et al about the limited independence of the auditor general. They argue that the auditor general cannot be sufficiently independent because his employees are recruited through the Public Service Commission and his budget is subject to the Finance Ministry's approval, with whom he also shares the same building. Some interviewed sources argue that the inability of the office to provide audit reports regularly is indicative of this limited independence.","1. Advocate: Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. October 2 2013.\n\n2. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Democracy and Human Rights Officer.  October 7 2013.\n\n3. Dr. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Lecturer: Political and Administrative Studies Department. October 9 2013.\n\n4. John Wiggins et al (2012) Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Lesotho: Final Report. European Union. Published November 5 2012.","The office of the auditor general is funded annually from the government’s budget. Among autonomous bodies, the auditor general’s budget allocation is surpassed only by that of the Independent Electoral Commission. For example, its budget for the 2013/2014 fiscal year was twice tha..."]
["2013_LR_7",2013,"LR","Liberia",7,25,"In practice, there are exemptions to agencies of government to be audited by the General Auditing Commission (GAC), Liberia's supreme audit institution. All national security institutions, including the Liberia National Police and the Ministry of Defense, are not subject to audits by any other body. While there is no law stopping the GAC from auditing the Legislature and the Judiciary, there has been no audit report concerning these two branches of government in the past. The body's limitation is furthermore the unpredictable source of funding.\n\nOver the last year, there have been no reports of auditors being punished for doing their work. Yet, authorities at audited institutions have usually criticized the auditor's work and accused them of witch-hunting. \n\nWhile the supreme audit institution in Liberia has a theoretically great mandate, its mandate in practice is limited as well as its financial autonomy as it depends on the Ministry of Finance for all payments including salaries and other expenditures to be effected.  \n\nIn short, the independence of the General Auditing Commission is not guaranteed in practice. Instead, the GAC's independence is contingent upon the particular agencies and their associated officials that it audits. In the cases of officials that are politically connected, the GAC's independence is then curtailed.","1. Kollie, L. Personal Interview. Director - Lax Tax Division, Ministry of Finance, Monrovia\n\n2. Reports: Performance Audit Report On The Management of the Prison System in Liberia for Fiscal Years 2008/09 & 2009/10\n\n3. (2012, Nov. 7). AFROSAI-E Peer Review Team visits GAC. Retrieved from\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201211071091.html","In practice, there are exemptions to agencies of government to be audited by the General Auditing Commission (GAC), Liberia's supreme audit institution. All national security institutions, including the Liberia National Police and the Ministry of Defense, are not subject to audits ..."]
["2013_LY_7",2013,"LY","Libya",7,0,"In practice, the audit institution does not have the power to audit or control fraud and corruption in the judiciary even if law gives it the right and the power to do so. \n\nAs the country is experiencing political changes and justice transitions, these laws aren't abided by. Not only does the source of funding lack consistency, but the affiliation to the RCC makes it unlikely that the institution accomplishes its mission without fear of retaliation from the executive.","Anonymous - legal consultant - DFID, personal communication, November 6, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - women's rights activist, part of the transparency network - General Manager and Senior Consultant at ECAST (Libyan experts) - Misrata, personal communication, November 7, 2013. \n\nAnonymous - member of the association of radio stations and owner of Radio ZONE LIBYA 100.7 FM - Tripoli, personal communication, July 11, 2013.\n\n*Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","In practice, the audit institution does not have the power to audit or control fraud and corruption in the judiciary even if law gives it the right and the power to do so. ..."]
["2013_MG_7",2013,"MG","Madagascar",7,0,"Étant donné le mode de nomination des fonctionnaires au sein des organes de contrôle, il est difficile d’affirmer que l’indépendance de ceux-ci soit garantie dans la pratique. En effet, il est difficile pour un fonctionnaire au sein de l’organe de contrôle de sévir contre un quelconque haut fonctionnaire du ministère des Finances ou du Budget ; ce ministère assurant le contrôle et la tutelle de l’organe contrôle où il travaille. Vu sous cet angle, il n’est pas possible de rendre effective cette indépendance. En plus, les fonctions des hauts responsables au sein des organes de contrôle des dépenses publiques sont classées parmi les hauts emplois de l’État. Et dans ces nominations, on a remarqué beaucoup d’irrégularités. C’est ainsi que l’Observatoire de la vie publique (Sefafi) a demandé aux candidats aux élections présidentielles du 25 octobre 2013 s’ils s’engagent à « procéder à une dépolitisation effective de l’administration publique en confiant les postes à des techniciens apolitiques choisis pour leur compétence et non pour leur origine familiale, ethnique ou affairiste ? Et en sanctionnant les abus ? »\n        \nEnsuite, l’existence des contrôles effectués dans le domaine de la gestion des dépenses publiques n’est pas portée à la connaissance du public. Une telle absence pourrait découler de la dépendance des contrôleurs, surtout si la personne concernée est « haut placée ». Ainsi, le directeur général du Trésor s’est même plaint des « dépenses inutiles et des décisions intempestives des gouvernants. Les dépenses en carburant des institutions ont triplé en 4 ans. L’État malgache dépense plus en carburant que l’État français ». En plus, la publication mensuelle de la Direction générale du Trésor en date du 23 novembre 2013 fait mention qu’en 2012 cette Direction générale a vécu la fin du monde. À cet effet, elle cite ce qui s’est passé en 2012 dans la gestion des finances publiques : « la mauvaise gouvernance, l’inefficacité des dépenses, les dilapidations, l’opacité de la gestion de certains organismes publics […] En plus, les gaps de recettes (différence entre les prévisions de recettes et les réalisations effectives) et manques à gagner se sont élevés à 394 milliards MGAriry. Or, les dépenses n’ont pas du tout été comprimées et diverses interventions financières ont été effectuées de façon inconsidérée, pour des raisons purement et simplement politiques, sans aucune considération technique ».\n        \nQuant aux interviews, ils font apparaître que les deux avis sont unanimes sur l’absence d’une garantie d’indépendance pour les organes responsables du contrôle des dépenses publiques. Ces organes sont même taxés de budgétivores.","- Rakoto Raharilanto Rado, Chef de Service d’Appui à l’Intégrité, Ministère des Finances et du Budget, 24 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Communiqué du SEFAFI (Observatoire de la Vie Publique) à l’intention des candidats à l’élection présidentielle du 25 octobre 2013 disponible http://sefafi.mg/fr/posts/si-vous-etes-elue-president-de-la-republique.\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, Journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 16 0ctobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotondrasoa Landy, Conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 18 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- «Gestion des finances publiques. Un mauvais choix.», Madagascar Tribune, 11 mars 2013. http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Un-mauvais-choix,18537.html\n- «Madagascar Finances publiques : Tout jusqu'à la fin de la Transition», Jeannot Ramambazafy,  Madagate, 13 février 2013. \nhttp://www.madagate.com/politique-madagascar/dossier/3016-madagascar-finances-publiques-tout-jusqua-la-fin-de-la-transition.html\n- «2012 aura été l’année la plus dure depuis le début de la crise», Tahiry (publication mensuelle de la Direction Générale du Trésor), n° 27, 23 novembre 2012. http://www.tresorpublic.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=285:tahiry-laharana-faha-24&catid=44:tahiry","Étant donné le mode de nomination des fonctionnaires au sein des organes de contrôle, il est difficile d’affirmer que l’indépendance de ceux-ci soit garantie dans la pratique. En effet, il est difficile pour un fonctionnaire au sein de l’organe de contrôle de sévir contre un quelco..."]
["2013_MW_7",2013,"MW","Malawi",7,75,"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is partly guaranteed. The fact that the auditor general is appointed by the president (with the approval of the national assembly) can pose a challenge to their independence. \n\nThe auditor general serves a five-year term and may be reappointed one time. This two-term model may create a window of opportunity for the executive to exert undue influence, especially at the time of renewal of the contract, although there was no evidence of this during the research period of September 2012 – September 2013, when Stephenson Kamphasa was appointed earlier in 2013. \n\nAlthough the auditor general has predictable sources of funding, overall, Malawi does not have the necessary expertise, adequate financial resources, infrastructure and human capacity to carry out adequate performance audits.","Valef Machira.Director. Media Council of Malawi. December 19 2013.\n\nRobert Phiri. Executive Director. Public Affairs Committee. November 13 2013.\n\nNickson Masebo. Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson. November 12 2013.","In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is partly guaranteed. The fact that the auditor general is appointed by the president (with the approval of the national assembly) can pose a challenge to their independence. ..."]
["2013_ML_7",2013,"ML","Mali",7,50,"Il existe trois institutions d'audit externes au Mali: Premièrement, la Cour ou Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême; deuxièmement, le Contrôle Général des Services publics, qui relève au Premier ministre et est membre de la INTSAI et ; enfin, le Vérificateur Général, qui relève du président de la république.\n\nLa Section des Comptes de la Cour Suprême jouit d'une certaine indépendance  et  d'une autonomie indépendante. Selon les déclarations de Boubacar Issa Traoré, expert comptable à la Section des comptes, « les contrôleurs jouissent généralement de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier tout compte ». Toute fois, précise-il, il existe quelques situations épineuses voire sensibles où l'on subit des interférences de l'autorité de tutelle\".\n\nLe bâtonnier, Me Issaka Traoré, ajouter : « Les injonctions politiques négatives ou positives que subissent des fois les membres de la Cour ne sont pas de nature à garantir l’indépendance des structures de contrôle ».\n\nMohamed Touré, avocat, estime « que les structures de contrôle doivent impérativement être remises dans leur rôle. Certaines influences crèvent les yeux. En tant qu'avocat, mes clients sont très souvent victimes de situations où l'autorité hiérarchique les oblige à prendre telle ou telle décision. Toute chose qui remet en cause leur intégrité morale ».","Entretien avec Boubacar Issa Traoré, Expert comptable, Section des Comptes de la Cour Suprême, réalisé le 18 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Me Issaka Traoré, Bâtonnier, Barreau malien, réalisé le 18 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mohamed Bouaré, Avocat, Association des jeunes avocats du Mali, réalisé le 18 septembre 2013.","Il existe trois institutions d'audit externes au Mali: Premièrement, la Cour ou Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême; deuxièmement, le Contrôle Général des Services publics, qui relève au Premier ministre et est membre de la INTSAI et ; enfin, le Vérificateur Général, qui relève ..."]
["2013_MR_7",2013,"MR","Mauritania",7,0,"Bien que les textes consacrent l’indépendance de l’institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques,  dans la pratique, il en est tout autrement.  Il convient de souligner la marginalisation dont fait l’objet la Cour des Comptes dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien. \n\nEn dépit de la volonté de lutter contre la corruption et de favoriser une gouvernance financière,  la Cour des Comptes est reléguée au second plan.  Son rôle et sa fonction n’ont pas encore été intériorisés par les pouvoirs publics. Elle n’assure pas cette plénitude nécessaire à la reddition des comptes publics, pas plus qu’elle ne propose pas des instruments nécessaires à une meilleure gestion des comptes publics. Pis encore, son indépendance demeure altérée par la méfiance qu’elle suscite. L’institution demeure encore méconnue dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien.  \n\nL’indépendance de la Cour des Comptes se heurte en outre, à la réalité politique mauritanienne. Ainsi, au nom d’une interprétation restrictive de la séparation des pouvoirs, la Cour des Comptes ne peut contrôler tous les services publics mauritaniens. Corollaire de cette restriction,  ladite structure n’a pas cette prérogative de contrôler les services financiers de l’armée, ceux de la Présidence de la Republique, ceux de la primature.  Ces écueils mettent en évidence deux faits, l’un est le degré d’indépendance voire de marge de manœuvre de la Cour des Comptes face à une Inspection Générale d’Etat (qui n’est qu’une structure administrative) qui prend de plus en plus de la place dans le contrôle des comptes publics, et l’autre tient à la méfiance des pouvoirs publics à l’égard de la Cour des Comptes.  En dépit de sa consécration constitutionnelle, la Cour des Comptes ne dispose pas de cette primauté en matière de contrôle des comptes publics face à une Inspection Générale d’Etat qui prend de plus en plus de place dans les mécanismes de vérification des comptes publics. \n\nDans un pays comme la Mauritanie engagé depuis près d'un an dans le chantier la modernisation de son système général des finances publiques, la question de la place de la Cour des comptes n'est guère evoquée.  Tout au plus, on tend à engager une réflexion sur le rôle et la place de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat(IGE).","1. Cheikhna Aidara, Président de l'Association Transparence et Développement(ATED), 15 juillet, 2013, Nouakchott\n\n2. Source anonyme, Cour des Comptes, 15 juillet 2013, Nouakchott.  Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\n3. Source anonyme, Cour des Comptes, 15 juillet 2013. Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Bien que les textes consacrent l’indépendance de l’institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques,  dans la pratique, il en est tout autrement.  Il convient de souligner la marginalisation dont fait l’objet la Cour des Comptes dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien. ..."]
["2013_MU_7",2013,"MU","Mauritius",7,100,"The National Audit Office (NAO) has the right to look into the accounts of all ministries and public departments falling under its purview, without any outside influence. Auditors have access to all documents and, as confirmed by interviewees, do not fear pressure as they scrutinise each and every document. \n\nThe publication of its annual reports which pinpoints all wastage made by all ministries and public departments bears testimony of the independence of the institution. It is also to be noted that the NAO is funded from the Consolidated Fund and, as such, consistently receives money, year to year, from a dependable source.","Mr. Alain Joomun, former Ag. Nursing Administrator, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life interviewed 26.11.2013\n\nS. Mungralee, Chief Statistician, Statistics Mauritius, interviewed Nov. 29, 2013\n\nPress Article: “Audit – Le rapport étudié en profondeur selon Xavier-Luc Duval » (Audit – the report will be thoroughly studied according to Xavier Luc Duval) Le Mauricien  July 22, 2013, available online http://www.lemauricien.com/article/audit-rapport-etudie-en-profondeur-selon-xavier-luc-duval","The National Audit Office (NAO) has the right to look into the accounts of all ministries and public departments falling under its purview, without any outside influence. Auditors have access to all documents and, as confirmed by interviewees, do not fear pressure as they scrutinis..."]
["2013_MA_7",2013,"MA","Morocco",7,25,"The Court of Accounts does have the authority to thoroughly audit public institutions. Auditors are free to make decisions on what they would like to audit. \n\nHowever, the reports are first sent to the Royal Cabinet which redacts the report if so desired and will chose to remove elements at will.  Not all public servants responsible for wrongdoings are necessarily prosecuted once a report is sent to the Cabinet.","Bakkali, A.  (2013, January 27) .  What is the purpose of the Court of Accounts.  Al Alam.  Retrieved from http://www.panoramaroc.ma/fr/a-quoi-sert-la-cour-des-comptes-par-abdallah-bakkali/.\n\nMorocco.  Constitution, articles 147, 148, 149, and 150.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Judge, Rabat].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Lawyer, Marrakech].  Personal communication.Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Court of Accounts does have the authority to thoroughly audit public institutions. Auditors are free to make decisions on what they would like to audit. ..."]
["2013_MZ_7",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",7,25,"The administrative court has carried out remarkable work. It has put forward various issues of breach of law for lack of appropriate procedures and its reports are usually public. The presiding judge of the court, in his annual address to the Assembly of the Republic, pointed out irregularities that have arisen during the audits, and outlined the measures that have been applied.\n\nAlthough the court is functioning well, it is not exempt from vulnerabilities to political intervention and the possibility of corruption cases within the court. For example, during the period under review there were reports indicating that within the Administrative court there were cases of illegal use of funds. Moreover, some findings are kept private when involving high level and influential politicians from the ruling party, which represents an infringement on the autonomy of the court. Although the law mentions that the auditors are autonomous, in practice they are subject to some political influences of the Frelimo party, which is in power since independence. Political interference is made in various ways.\n\nThe Administrative court is funded through the State Budget which is approved annually by the Assembly of the Republic.","1.        Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Centre for Public Integrity. September, 17 2013.\n2.        Jeremias Zuande. Senior Accountant and Auditor. Administrative Court. September 13, 2013.\n3.        \"Independência do Judiciário Nunca é  um Dado Adquirido\". Redaccao. Diario de Mocambique. September 15, 2012, http://diariomoz.com/index.php/sociedade/3064-independencia-do-judiciario-nunca-e-um-dado-adquirido.\n4.        \"É uma ilusão pensar que o judiciário é independente do poder político” Redaccao. O Pais. June 3, 2013.","The administrative court has carried out remarkable work. It has put forward various issues of breach of law for lack of appropriate procedures and its reports are usually public. The presiding judge of the court, in his annual address to the Assembly of the Republic, pointed out i..."]
["2013_NA_7",2013,"NA","Namibia",7,75,"While it is agreed that the auditor general's reports reveal a great deal of independence and do not shy away from issues of accountability at all levels of power, Sources stated they do not believe independence is guaranteed and that the \"the Auditor General’s office needs to be set up independently and as far away from government as possible.\"  Even though such institutional change has been considered, there is no enactment or implementation yet.\n \nSome respondents feel that even though the institution is currently deemed independent, there is trepidation about what can happen in the future, if someone decides to cut the budget of the auditor general as there is no law that guarantees funds for its operation. Currently auditors are free to audit any account they want though.","Graham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\nSteven Ndorokaze, economic and political journalist and company secretary, NBC, September 26 2013.\nToivo Ndjebela, editor, Namibian Sun, September 28 2013.\n\"State Finance Act a stumbling block to public accountability\" Southern Times newspaper, Thomas and Mercy Kakujaha, February 4 2013, State Finance Act, http://www.southerntimesafrica.com/news_article.php?id=7988& title=State%20Finance%20Act%20a%20stumbling%20block%20to%20public%20accountability&type=6,","While it is agreed that the auditor general's reports reveal a great deal of independence and do not shy away from issues of accountability at all levels of power, Sources stated they do not believe independence is guaranteed and that the \"the Auditor General’s office needs to be s..."]
["2013_NE_7",2013,"NE","Niger",7,50,"La Cour des Comptes a été créée en 2010 au Niger. Du fait de son installation récente, les magistrats de la Cour sont toujours en cours de formation, et n'ont pas toujours les compétences requises pour effectuer un réel contrôle des comptes et budgets. \n\nLes sources interrogées ont des interprétstaion différente de l'indépendance de la cour: alors que la première source estime que la cour des comptes n'est pas indépendante, la  deuxième source estime que les juges de cette cour sont indépendants puisque car ce sont des juges du 1er grade en principe qui y sont nommés. \n\nSelon un article de l'ambassade de France au Niger, \"La Coopération française a souhaité, dès l’installation de la Cour des Comptes du Niger en Mai 2010, l’accompagner dans sa première priorité, à savoir le renforcement des capacités de ses membres, et a financé à cet effet l’élaboration d’un Plan stratégique de Formation sur 3 ans. (...) Une seconde formation, également financée par l’Ambassade de France, se déroulera à la Cour des Comptes du 20 au 29 août sur le thème des « Outils de contrôle et d’audit des finances publiques.\"","Source 1. Anonyme. (03 octobre 2013 ). Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\n\nSource 2. Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme.  (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger\n\nSource 3. Site internet de l'Ambassade de France au Niger. (17 avril 2013). Actualités \" Formation des magistrats à la Cour des Comptes \".\nhttp://www.ambafrance-ne.org/Formation-des-magistrats-a-la-Cour\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Cour des Comptes a été créée en 2010 au Niger. Du fait de son installation récente, les magistrats de la Cour sont toujours en cours de formation, et n'ont pas toujours les compétences requises pour effectuer un réel contrôle des comptes et budgets. ..."]
["2013_NG_7",2013,"NG","Nigeria",7,25,"The auditor general's office does not have direct powers to audit all accounts, although it should be able to audit many accounts. However, the most outstanding indicator that the office does not operate freely is poor funding.\n\nThe chairman of the senate public accounts committee, Ahmed Lawan, said the office is routinely starved of funds despite the national assembly's efforts to grant it direct funding. \n\nThe clearest example of the restrictions faced by the auditor general's office is its lack of access to big government establishments like the oil giant, the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). \n\nThe multi-billion dollar corporation runs for years without being audited. When the government finally ordered an audit in 2011, the job was done by an external audit firm, KPMG, not by the Auditor General.","1. Website of the Auditor General of the Federation:  http://www.oaugf.gov.ng, accessed October 2013\n  \n2. Victor Oluwaseun, House of Representatives correspondent for The Nations newspaper; Extensively covers the House Public Accounts committee that receives reports from the Auditor General, October 09, 2013, Abuja.\n\n3. Daily Trust. Auditor General should take charge in auditing public accounts –Senator Lawan, December 19, 2012.\nhttp://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/old/index.php/business/44232-auditor-general-should-take-charge-in-auditing-public-accounts-senator-lawan\n\n4. Punch newspaper, Ifeanyi Onuba, Senate committee accuses FG of starving Auditor General’s office, March 19, 2013, \nhttp://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/senate-committee-accuses-fg-of-starving-auditor-generals-office/","The auditor general's office does not have direct powers to audit all accounts, although it should be able to audit many accounts. However, the most outstanding indicator that the office does not operate freely is poor funding...."]
["2013_RW_7",2013,"RW","Rwanda",7,50,"The office of the Auditor-General is free to investigate every public entity in order to know that public funds are being used as planned and that regular procedure is being followed. However, according to sources, there are some cases that are deemed too sensitive and very big in terms of funds disbursed. Those cases may be investigated by the office of the Prosecutor-General. \n\nThe case in point is the \"Rukarara Hydro-Electric Power\" case. The interviewee stated that the Prosecutor General had to come in and started the investigation from scratch. The articles show that the Auditor General offices can usually investigate different areas where it senses abnormalities, but exceptions clearly exist.","Dada, Richard.  (2013, September 9) .  [Deputy Commissioner for Small and Medium Taxpayers Office at Rwanda Revenue Authority].  Personal communication.  \n\nIyamuremye, Yassin.  (2013, September 9) .  [Chief accountant at the auditor's office].  Personal communication.\n\nMugisha, S.  (2013, July 1) .  Management of public funds improving – AG.  The Rwanda Focus.  Retrieved from http://focus.rw/wp/2013/07/management-of-public-funds-improving-ag\n\n(2013, February 20) .  Survey: Rwanda's Auditor General's office ranks highly.  The New Times.  Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15274&a=64130 \n\nUniversal Health 2030.  (n.d.) .  Rwanda: Expired medicines being kept in Rwanda hospital stores, Auditor-General’s report reveals.  Retrieved from http://universalhealth2030.org/index.php/component/k2/item/222-rwandaexpired-medicines-being-kept-in-rwanda-hospital-stores-auditor-general%E2%80%99s-report-reveal","The office of the Auditor-General is free to investigate every public entity in order to know that public funds are being used as planned and that regular procedure is being followed. However, according to sources, there are some cases that are deemed too sensitive and very big in ..."]
["2013_ST_7",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",7,25,"Considering the example of many reports produced by the supreme audit institution regarding audits of state institutions, there is a lack of independence.  \n\nMany of the reports are not disclosed because of the existence of political interests. Almost all state institutions are being dominated by political power, regardless of who is there to exercise that power during a given period of government.","1. Celiza de Deus Lima. President of the Bar. Bar Association. September 23 2013.\n2. Kótia Menezes. Judge. The Court. September 23 2013.\n3. Carla Neves. Amado Pereira & Associates.  September 26 2013.","Considering the example of many reports produced by the supreme audit institution regarding audits of state institutions, there is a lack of independence.  ..."]
["2013_SN_7",2013,"SN","Senegal",7,100,"Au Sénégal, l’indépendance organique et fonctionnelle de l’institution supérieure de contrôle était battue en brèche par ce que son autonomie financière n’était pas réelle et parce qu’elle était soumise à une « obligation de transmission » de son programme annuel de contrôles au président de la République. \n\nPour pallier à cette situation, en décembre 2012, les dirigeants ont  procédé à une réforme qui devraient assurer son autonomie financière et son indépendance, lui transférant notamment la maitrise de son budget annuel. \n\nParée de tous ces attributs formels d’indépendance, les membres de la Cour des comptes se sont illustrés particulièrement depuis la réforme en décembre 2012 jusqu’à septembre 2013, de la manière la plus indépendante dans ses audits sans exception, sans parti pris et sans crainte de la part de qui que ce soit. Cette nouvelle posture de la Cour des Comptes a fait qu'elle est devenue très redoutée.","Entretien avec Abdou Bame Guèye (préfère garder l'anonymat), ancien président de la Cour des compte, le 30 septembre 2013. \n\nShérif Dame Sall, enseignant en droit, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, le 3 octobre 2013.\n\nDiokhane, A. (22 janvier 2013). « La réforme de la cour des comptes ». Sud Quotidien: http://www.sudonline.sn/index.php/politique/item/flash/flash/la-reforme-de-la-cour-des-comptes_a_12127.html","Au Sénégal, l’indépendance organique et fonctionnelle de l’institution supérieure de contrôle était battue en brèche par ce que son autonomie financière n’était pas réelle et parce qu’elle était soumise à une « obligation de transmission » de son programme annuel de contrôles au pr..."]
["2013_SC_7",2013,"SC","Seychelles",7,75,"Constitutional provisions mandate the auditor general to audit and report on the accounts of the cabinet office, the national assembly, all government departments and offices, all courts and those related to moneys withdrawn from the consolidated fund, all the accounts of any statutory corporation or such other body as may be specified by or under an act. In carrying out this mandate, the auditor general has access to all books, records, returns, information and other documents relating or relevant to those above mentioned accounts. The auditor general’s annual report is published every year and it has been very critical of government ministries, parastatals and agencies. A December 2011 report released by the Auditor-General revealed nearly two decades of dysfunction in government finances, including unprofessional book-keeping, illegal procedures, and embezzlement. \n\nWhile all of those interviewed agreed that the auditor general has the autonomy to audit accounts and they have a predictable source of funding, only some of those interviewed believed that the auditors operate without fear or favour. \n\nMr Bernard Georges said that there are “similar problems to the appointment of judges […] The auditor general is appointed by the president from persons proposed by the constitutional appointments authority. The current holder of the office is a government supporter […]. The omnipresence of the government apparatus and reluctance to provide information by some institutions being audited”, means that they do not in fact operate without fear or favour.\n\nAuditor general Marc Benstrong confirmed that the Seychelles SAI is subject to the same budgetary process of the government. Annual budget estimates are considered by the ministry of finance and approved by the Seychelles parliament in the annual Appropriation Act. Their budget is charged to the consolidated fund, which is a secure source of funding. Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende said that in terms of finances, their funding is almost more predictable than the judiciary. “The law that sets up the office of auditor general allows them to submit estimates straight to the national assembly.\"","1. Interview: Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende, Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Anonymous source, Representative from a Media Organization in Seychelles, December 12, 2013.\n\n5. Email: Mr. Marc Benstrong, Auditor General, November 12, 2013.\n\n6.Freedom House. Freedom in the world 2013. Seychelles. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/seychelles#.VHPRoovF-AU\n\n*Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Constitutional provisions mandate the auditor general to audit and report on the accounts of the cabinet office, the national assembly, all government departments and offices, all courts and those related to moneys withdrawn from the consolidated fund, all the accounts of any statu..."]
["2013_SL_7",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",7,50,"Although the law provides for the audit service of Sierra Leone to audit all accounts of government institutions, it has been a practice in the past year that some accounts were deliberately left out. \n\nIn the 2012 audited report, the Office of the President is not audited while the Office of the Vice president is audited.\n\nThe accounts of government agencies that receive funding from extra sources will be audited by funding agencies like the European Union. The audit institution will only audit funding received from the Sierra Leone accounts disbursed by the government itself. There is no report of pressure on auditors to influence their work and they usually have autonomy to audit any account. Yet, they are always criticized after the launch of any audit report. \n\nThe Audit Service receives full and constant funding.","Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nRoland A. Nylander, Adele Chambers, Legal Consultant, October 9, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nJoseph F. Kamara, Anti Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone","Although the law provides for the audit service of Sierra Leone to audit all accounts of government institutions, it has been a practice in the past year that some accounts were deliberately left out. ..."]
["2013_SO_7",2013,"SO","Somalia",7,0,"Somalia has not had a functional central government for over two decades. Most of the state institutions, including the supreme audit institution, are quite nascent. Individual politicians (instead of oversight institutions) usually exercise control over the utilization of public funds. In some cases, there are never consultations with parliament and relevant line ministries. In addition, the prevailing security situation in the country would not permit the institution to independently discharge its duties. The independence of the supreme audit institution cannot be objectively appraised at this point. However, as an initial step, the procedure of appointing the new auditor general and other office bearers could further determine its independence or lack thereof. \n\nIn Somaliland, the situation is slightly different. The office of the auditor general is involved in the auditing and investigation of alleged corrupt government institutions. It is, however, not clear whether the office acts independently, or at the behest of the head of state as evidenced in the case of the Hargeisa Power Agency. In the missing money dispute between the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Mining and Energy, the president said he would base his decision on the auditor general’s findings, suggesting that the auditor general enjoys some level of independence.","Ali Musa, Senior Reporter. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nFartaag, Abdirazak. (2013 May 1). Reconstructing Somalia and the politics of public sector finance. LSE-IDEAS Africa Programme, Occasional Paper. \nhttp://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/programmes/africaProgramme/pdfs/Abdirazak-Fartaag-LSE-IDEAS-Occasional-Paper-Reconstructing-Somalia-and-the-Politics-of-Public-Sector-Finance.pdf  \n\nNegate, Gabriel. (2013 Sept). Rebuilding the Somali state: Recovery initiatives and long term solutions for development. UAE Counter-piracy Conference Briefing Paper.\nhttp://www.counterpiracy.ae/upload/2013briefing/Gabriel%20Negatu-Sec3%20Ch3-Final%20Briefing%20Paper-En-Website.pdf.\n\nGoth, Mohamed. “Somalia: The corruption tango”. Somaliland Press. http://somalilandpress.com/somaliathe-corruption-tango-46562.\n\nGoth, Mohamed. Somaliland: President Silanyo sacks the head of power agency for corruption. Somaliland Press.\nhttp://somalilandpress.com/somalilandpresident-silanyo-sacks-the-head-of-power-agency-for-corruption-40818 \n\nMichael, Frazer. Somaliland: Attempt to resolve missing money dispute. Somaliland Press.\nhttp://somalilandpress.com/attempt-to-resolve-missing-money-dispute-25469\n\nAnonymous independent auditor in Mogadishu. (2013 October 13).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist with in-depth knowledge on the supreme audit institution working with a local media organization. (2013 October 20).\n\nAnonymous independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company. (2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\n*Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Somalia has not had a functional central government for over two decades. Most of the state institutions, including the supreme audit institution, are quite nascent. Individual politicians (instead of oversight institutions) usually exercise control over the utilization of public f..."]
["2013_ZA_7",2013,"ZA","South Africa",7,100,"The Office of the Auditor General has displayed an independence in the way it conducts its operations.\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa states that the auditor general has managed to keep his independence effectively over the past years. He says: \"He hasn't been shut down or shut up over the past year, definitely not in the same way as the public protector. He is looked after financially by the government, and even got a salary increase last year.\"\n\nIn July 2013, the media reported how the auditor general received a salary increase of close to a million rand a year (which was however backdated for more than six years). \n\nThe 2012 Open Budget Index Survey, published by the Washington-based International Budget Partnership in January 2013, ranks South Africa's auditor general very high. The report gave South Africa a 100 points out of a possible 100 points for the category \"does the auditor general maintain in communication with the public regarding its audit reports, beyond simply making these reports publicly available?\" \n\nThe auditor general, over the past 12 months has regularly released media statements with regards to his work, findings and analysis. This means that the institution is keeping in contact with the public outside of the reports that have been published.\n\nThe Index also classified South Africa's auditor general as \"independent\", together with 66 other nations. In addition, the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2013 ranked the auditor general among the world's best. The audit institution has the autonomy to audit any account and works without political interference.","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org ), interview, November 11 2013.\n\nMassive pay hike for Auditor General (South African Press Agency / July 12 2013), http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/massive-pay-hike-for-auditor-general-1.1546094.\n\nSA auditors top world rankings (eNCA /September  9 2013), http://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-auditors-top-world-rankings.\n\n2012 Open Budget Index Survey (Budget Partnership / January 2013), http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-Report-English.pdf","The Office of the Auditor General has displayed an independence in the way it conducts its operations...."]
["2013_SS_7",2013,"SS","South Sudan",7,0,"In practice, appointments to South Sudan’s supreme audit institution, known as the National Audit Chamber, do not support the independence of the institution. \n\nTo some extent the National Audit Chamber Act grants the institution independence in human resource matters. The Act provides that auditors who are graded 1-4 shall be appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Auditor General, while the Auditor General is mandated to appoint auditors who fall within grades 5-17. These auditors, graded 5-17, are to be nominated by a selection committee within the supreme audit institution.\n\nHowever, section 23 (1) of the Act implies annual approval of staffing requirements of the NAC by the president after his consultation with the Ministry of Labour and Public Service. Section 24 (1) states that “appointment of auditors might be done by the AG after consultation with the Ministry of Labour\". In addition, section 26 (1 and 2) instructs that terms and conditions shall be in accordance with the civil service.\n\n“The situation on the ground is that the NAC lacks the authorities to independently administer their institution, and that the staff remains under the general conditions in the civil service. From a practical point of view, it is limiting the flexibility to react to emerging issues. From a legal aspect, this is placing the supreme audit institution under the grace and considerations of some of its auditees,” according to a June 2013 version of the Quality Assurance Report prepared by the African Organisation of English-speaking Supreme Audit Institutions (AFROSAI-E) Secretariat. \n\nSecondly, the AFROSAI-E’s Quality Assurance Report for South Sudan says in standard and good practice there should be, a Board or a Commission (proposed or set up) as a “station” between the supreme audit institution and the parliament. Such a board or commission is intended to provide Parliament with independent information for/proposal on/ the supreme audit institution’s budget and salary and to act as a gatekeeper to regulate the input to parliament among others. However, in South Sudan the situation on the ground is that there is no board or commission tasked with human resources and administrative matters. \n\n“In practice, the President exercises many of the governance functions which could be tasked by a board,” AFROSAI-E says in its report.\n\nThirdly, though the National Audit Chamber Act states that the institution should be independent in material and monetary terms, its financial independence is hampered by sections 23 and 37 of the act. The law contradicts itself in that, on the one hand, it states that the budget should be independent, while on the other hand, it also states that the budget proposed by the supreme audit institution should be submitted to the president for consultation with the Ministries of Finance and Labour.  According to AFROSAI-E’s report, the situation on the ground is that the finance and labour ministries set limits on budget and staffing. In addition, in practice, the transfer of funds from the treasury to the National Audit Chamber is often delayed and sometimes below the scheduled ceiling. And this may affect audit coverage, audit scope and the quality of the audit.","African Organisation of the English-Speaking Supreme-Audit Institutions (AFROSAI-E) Secretariat.    (2013).  Quality Assurance Report.  Retrieved from http://www.auditchamber-ss.org/reports/NAC-Quality-Assurance-Report-24-July-2013.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Staff member of the National Audit Chamber].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n(n.d) .  South Sudan National Audit Chamber.  Retrieved from http://www.auditchamber-ss.org/index.html","In practice, appointments to South Sudan’s supreme audit institution, known as the National Audit Chamber, do not support the independence of the institution. ..."]
["2013_SD_7",2013,"SD","Sudan",7,50,"Even though the Auditor Chamber carries out its auditing roles independently in Sudan, it is not completely independent. For example, the report from the Global Advice Network shows that the Auditor Chamber in Sudan \"is subject to political interference and suffers from a lack of resources.\" \n \nNonetheless, the Audit Institution published its report in 2012 saying - according to the Sudan Tribune - that \"The amount of public money embezzled from state institutions in the regions outside of Khartoum has reached 19.2 million SDG ($4.3m) in 2012, at a rate of 38.1 percent. According to the Abdel Gaioum said that cases of overspending were observed in several state projects especially in dam construction projects. His report also warned against the growing percentage of private contractors in state sectors, saying that there are 1,094 private contractors employed by state institutions at a cost of 53.4 million pounds.\"\n \nThe Auditor General reports free of favor to Parliament and is generally free to scrutinize accounts according to his best judgment.","Martin, M. (August 2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International.\n \nBusiness Anti-Corruption Portal. (2013) . Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives. GAN Integrity Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/sudan/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives.aspx\n \n(2012, November 21) . Sudan: Auditor General’s 2012 report reveals increases in embezzlements. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44609","Even though the Auditor Chamber carries out its auditing roles independently in Sudan, it is not completely independent. For example, the report from the Global Advice Network shows that the Auditor Chamber in Sudan \"is subject to political interference and suffers from a lack of r..."]
["2013_SZ_7",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",7,25,"In practice, the Office of the Auditor General has sufficient funding and staffing. Auditors occupy two floors of the Ministry of Finance, where the office is placed (although the office has autonomy from the finance ministry.) The auditors are free to audit all government departments, including the army and other security forces -- although with the latter the audits can be kept confidential. A reading of the auditor general's annual report released during the year under review shows defence and police departments audited and criticised for overspending and other irregularities. The King's Office has not been audited or if audited the results were excluded from the annual report.\n \nWhereas the auditors are all hired according to a merit-based system by the Civil Service Commission, the auditor general is a political appointment by the king on the basis of a cabinet recommendation. Government spending on government's leadership is affected by this set-up, as well as audits of areas the country's leadership may deem off-limits to scrutiny. The king has, however, not established any bias in this procedure and there is no other evidence of political influence than the auditor not checking the King's office. The king's office is, however, the most important office of all and deemed widely as in need of serious auditing accessible by the public. \n \nVirtually all international media reports about Swaziland government note the king's \"lavish spending.\" which is affected from his office. The system is seriously compromised by the inability of the auditor to audit the king's office.","Interview: Thandi Dlamini, government accountant, Department of Treasury, Ministry of Finance, Mbabane, 30 October 2013.\n \n \"Swaziland Justice Sector and Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), March 2013. Available at http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/afrimap_swz_justice_sector_main_text_web.pdf\n \n \"Swaziland: Country Profile,\" KPMG, Mbabane, 2012. Available at http://www.kpmg.com/Africa/en/KPMG-in-Africa/Documents/2012-2013%20Country%20Profiles/Swaziland%20Country%20Profile_2012-2013.pdf\n \n \"Report of the Auditor General for the Financial Year Ending 31 March 2012,\" Auditor General of Swaziland, September 2012.","In practice, the Office of the Auditor General has sufficient funding and staffing. Auditors occupy two floors of the Ministry of Finance, where the office is placed (although the office has autonomy from the finance ministry.) The auditors are free to audit all government departme..."]
["2013_TZ_7",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",7,75,"Recent reforms in the national audit office of Tanzania have given more autonomy and authority to the controller and auditor general in his mandate. The office holder currently has security of tenure for five years (renewable) and can only be removed by a panel of three commonwealth judges.\n \nThe controller and auditor general has no restriction in performing the audit function and examining accounts. His budget is appropriated by parliament, but concerns remain that the house does not have much influence on the final government allocations.","1. Mr Juma Idd, Senior Accountant, Ministry of Agriculture, interviewed October 10, 2013\n \n 2. Mr Semkae Kilonzo, Co-ordinator, Policy Forum (Coalition of over 100 NGOs on policy), interviewed October 8, 2013.\n \n 3. Mr Moses Kulaba, Agenda Participation 2000 (Corruption tracker), interviewed October 8, 2013\n \n 4. 'MPs want government to enhance accountability', by The Citizen Reporter, October 11, 2013\n  http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/political-reforms/MPs-want-government-to-enhance-accountability/-/1843776/1962350/-/129tlk/-/index.html \n \n 5. 'Parliament proposed to vet candidates for CAG position', By Frank Kimboy, The Citizen, June 4, 2013; http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/-/1840392/1872710/-/evs1b7z/-/index.html \n \n 6.Corruption blights public institutions in Tanzania, audit shows by Kizito Makoye Thomson Reuters Foundation http://www.trust.org/item/20130513132350-msahn/","Recent reforms in the national audit office of Tanzania have given more autonomy and authority to the controller and auditor general in his mandate. The office holder currently has security of tenure for five years (renewable) and can only be removed by a panel of three commonwealt..."]
["2013_TG_7",2013,"TG","Togo",7,25,"La Cour des comptes est une institution symbolique. Les contrôleurs ne répondent pas à leurs missions. Par exemple, aucun rapport final sur l'exécution du budget à l'endroit de l'Assemblée nationale n'a encore été produit et la Cour des comptes ne fixe pas les plafonds de dépenses pour les campagnes électorales. A noter que c’est l'État qui décide du financement de cette cour.\n \n Enfin, la Cour des comptes n’a pas pu interpeler les directeurs d’entreprises de l’État. Pour preuve, nous pouvons citer des cas de détournement à Togo télécom, une entreprise publique de l’État togolais. Un détournement d’au moins 18 milliards avait été signalé en 2010. Contre tout attente et au mépris de la Cour des comptes, aucune justification n’a été demandée au directeur de cette entreprise. Il a seulement eu comme sanction une mise à pied avec privation de signature pendant six mois, mais dirige toujours cette entreprise en tout impunité.","Me Zeus Ata Messan Ajavon, ex-président, Collectif des associations contre l’impunité (CACIT), 01 novembre 2013.\n \n Noel Kokou Tadegnon, journaliste indépendant, correspondant, Deutsche Welle, 1er novembre 2013.\n \n Ghislain Nyaku, Responsable du département de protection des droits de l'Homme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 novembre 2013.","La Cour des comptes est une institution symbolique. Les contrôleurs ne répondent pas à leurs missions. Par exemple, aucun rapport final sur l'exécution du budget à l'endroit de l'Assemblée nationale n'a encore été produit et la Cour des comptes ne fixe pas les plafonds de dépenses ..."]
["2013_TN_7",2013,"TN","Tunisia",7,50,"Even though there is no autonomy or independence enshrined in the constitution, there is a political willingness to carefully increase the independence of the Cour des Comptes in the framework of democracy and in the build-up toward the new constitution which was not yet passed during the period of study though. \n \nIn practice, auditors have full autonomy to audit accounts of any public institution, and operate with independence during the period of study. They have not had to fear other government departments or politically motivated interventions. At the same time - and observable during 2011 in the aftermath of the elections - the Court sometimes seeks a high profile stating its independence. \n \nFunding is occasionally inconsistent, however, as the Cour des Comptes needs more staff and more equipment. Since funding does not come from a consolidated fund but through the yearly budget negotiations with the Ministry of Finance, there is some entry point for the Ministry to affect the full functionality of the Court. Nonetheless, and during the period of study, this occaisionally inconsistent funding has not affected the independence overly as the Court has continued to render its judgements based on what it believes to be the right call.","September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independant lawyer, Tunis\n \n October 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis.\n \n October 20, 2013: Interview with Mr. Farhat, journalist specialised in politics analyses, Nessma TV (private TV broadcaster), Tunis \n \n October 25, 2013: Interview with Prof. Karray, senior lecturer of public law, University of Sfax","Even though there is no autonomy or independence enshrined in the constitution, there is a political willingness to carefully increase the independence of the Cour des Comptes in the framework of democracy and in the build-up toward the new constitution which was not yet passed dur..."]
["2013_UG_7",2013,"UG","Uganda",7,75,"A review of various documents shows that the office of the auditor general has the autonomy to audit accounts and they have instigated a number of audits including special ones. \n\nThe last 12 months have been a busy one for the auditor general’s office, but the auditor general continued to churn out audit reports on government expenditure without fear or favour, and there has been no reported government interference. For instance, this can be seen by the auditor general’s report that highlighted the diversion of government resources amounting to over US$100 million in the year ending June 30, 2012. \n\nRegarding the source of funding, the office of the auditor general is not financially independent. The office does not have a consistent source of funding and it cannot expend resources budgeted independently. One of the major challenges to the office is having insufficient funds to do its work optimally, like making all the audits they plan for.","Peter Nyanzi, The Independent; “Auditor General names government money swindlers”; November 1, 2012\n http://www.independent.co.ug/cover-story/6667-auditor-general-names-govt-money-swindlers.\n \n Anti Corruption Coalition Uganda; “MPs, auditors probe National Housing”; September 18, 2013\n http://accu.or.ug/mps-auditors-probe-national-housing/.\n \n Chris Kiwawulo, The New Vision; “Uganda: Auditor General's Report on Amolatar”; March 12, 2013\n http://allafrica.com/stories/201303121226.html?viewall=1.\n \n Yasiin Mugerwa, Daily Monitor; “Legislators in shock as army spends Shs2m on saucepan”; September 26 2013\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Legislators-in-shock-as-army-spends-Shs2m-on-saucepan/-/688334/2007390/-/hfk86s/-/index.html.\n \n Umaru Kashaka, The New Vision; “CAA probed over sh5.4b loss”; May 16, 2013\n http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/642812-caa-probed-over-sh5-4b-loss.html.\n \n Sulaiman Kakaire, The Observer; “Auditor General questions national budget execution”; July 7, 2012\n http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26257:auditor-general-questions-national-budget-execution.","A review of various documents shows that the office of the auditor general has the autonomy to audit accounts and they have instigated a number of audits including special ones. ..."]
["2013_ZM_7",2013,"ZM","Zambia",7,75,"The auditor general is in charge of auditing public institutions and his independence is guaranteed on paper. According to Goodwell Lungu of the Transparency International Zambia, this is largely the case in reality as well, however as the position-holder is appointed and funded by the government and international donors, there is some interdependence that should be interpreted as not entirely independent. The law predetermines which institutions need to be audited. \n \nThe office is able to audit all government spending effectively. All government officials co-operate. There have not been any reports about threats or undue influence toward the office.\n \nThe auditor general recently divulged investigations into the malpractices of two ministers who had allegedly misappropriating constituency funds. She demanded they be prosecuted. The case is ongoing and both auditor general and the media have continued highlighting it without any fear or concerns. All the sources consulted show how the auditor general's office is able to operate freely. Funding is consistent.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013. \n \n 2. Office of the Auditor-General, Zambia website, http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/partner/office_of_the_auditor_general/, accessed October 2013\n \n 3. The Zambian Parliament Website, Auditor-General's Reports, 2013, http://www.parliament.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=182&Itemid=112, accessed October 2013.\n \n 4. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Oversight Of The Implementation Of The Budget And Of Government Spending, Zambia National Assembly, Body for auditing the Government's books and method for appointing, http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/CtrlParlementaire/2359_F.htm, accessed October 2013.","The auditor general is in charge of auditing public institutions and his independence is guaranteed on paper. According to Goodwell Lungu of the Transparency International Zambia, this is largely the case in reality as well, however as the position-holder is appointed and funded by..."]
["2013_ZW_7",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",7,0,"Auditors in the auditor general's office are civil servants who are employed by the Ministry of Finance, and such staff may be reluctant to scrutinise their own or other ministries objectively. \n\nFurthermore, the office's subordination to the Public Service Commission compromises the office's independence. This implies that the public service commission determines the staffing requirements of the office. Just like any other government department, the comptroller and auditor general's office is poorly funded. \n\nIn April 2013, staff in the auditor general's office downed tools in protest over their conditions of service, which they want to be improved.","1. Zinyama T. 2013. Efficiency and Effectiveness in Public Sector Auditing: An Evaluation of the Comptroller and Auditor General’s Performance in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2012. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science . Vol. 3 No. 7; April 2013 \n \n 2. Zhou G and Zinyama T. 2012. Auditing Government Institutions in Zimbabwe Frameworks, Processes and Practices. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting. Vol. 2, No. 2\n \n 3. Bulawayo 24 News. 12 April 2013. Auditor General's workers go on strike, demand higher salaries. http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-28828.html","Auditors in the auditor general's office are civil servants who are employed by the Ministry of Finance, and such staff may be reluctant to scrutinise their own or other ministries objectively. ..."]
["2013_DZ_8",2013,"DZ","Algeria",8,25,"Le président de la Cour des comptes est nommé par le président de la République, conformément à la constitution. Il est le premier responsable de l’institution. Le secrétaire général est nommé par décret pris sur proposition du président de la Cour des comptes. \n\nL’intervention du pouvoir exécutif dans la procédure de nomination compromet sa neutralité. Pour que les nominations au sein de la Cour des comptes renforcent son indépendance, les instances compétentes en matière de sélection des magistrats devraient être indépendantes du pouvoir exécutif et politique.","-Lotfi Guermiti. (2013, le 5 juin). Cour des comptes : le président de la chambre de discipline budgétaire écarté. Mon journal. Repéré à http://www.monjournaldz.com/fr/index.php/actualit%C3%A9/3569-cour-des-comptes-le-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-chambre-de-discipline-budg%C3%A9taire-et-financi%C3%A8re-%C3%A9cart%C3%A9.html.\n-Luis Martinez. (2013, le 30 mai). La transition fait craindre un retour à la violence. Le Monde. Repéré à http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/visuel/2013/05/30/algerie-comment-preparer-l-apres-bouteflika_3421267_3232.html.\n-(2013, Septembre 26). Entretien avec Mounir Aribi, cadre financier dans une entreprise privée [Entrevue].\n-Cour des comptes, département des études et du traitement de l'information. (2010). Ordonnance 95-20 [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.ccomptes.org.dz/documents/ordonnance_95_20_modifiee_et_completee_par_or_10_02_fr.pdf.","Le président de la Cour des comptes est nommé par le président de la République, conformément à la constitution. Il est le premier responsable de l’institution. Le secrétaire général est nommé par décret pris sur proposition du président de la Cour des comptes. ..."]
["2013_AO_8",2013,"AO","Angola",8,25,"The appointments to the Audit Court is at the discretion of the President of the Republic and are subject to political party affiliations, personal loyalties and family connections. The judges of the Audit Court are recruited through curriculum evaluations by a jury headed by the President of the Court, a member of the High Council of the Judicial Power (Conselho Superior da Magistratura Judicial - CSMJ) and a law professor at Universidade Agostinho Neto. Despite this mandatory merit-based system, sources indicated that curricular background is not the overriding factor in appointments to the Audit Court.","Representatives of civil society organisations who wished to remain anonymous].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nPortal do Tribunal de Contas, Presidente e Juízes Conselheiros.  Retrieved from http://srvtcsa2.tcontas.ao:7779/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Sobre%20TC/Quem%20%C3%A9%20Quem.","The appointments to the Audit Court is at the discretion of the President of the Republic and are subject to political party affiliations, personal loyalties and family connections. The judges of the Audit Court are recruited through curriculum evaluations by a jury headed by the P..."]
["2013_BJ_8",2013,"BJ","Benin",8,75,"Les nominations à des postes au sein de la Cour suprême suivent un système fondé sur le mérite et les personnes nommées ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts dus aux allégeances personnelles, aux liens familiaux, aux affiliations aux partis politiques ou à d'autres préjugés même si elles sont nommées par le chef de l'Etat.\n\nLes nominations à la chambres des comptes sont faites par le Chef de l'Etat après avis du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature dont le vice-président est le président de la Cour suprême.\n\nSi la procédure n'est pas respectée, les magistrats tirent la sonnette d'alarme et rappellent le gouvernement à l'ordre.","Arnaud DOUMANHOUN, Fraternité du 31 mai, 2013. \"Récentes nominations de magistrats dans certaines juridictions et à la Chancellerie : L’Unamab désapprouve et dénonce une politisation de la justice\". http://www.fraternitebj.info/spip.php?article385\n\nSerge PRINCE AGBODJAN, 24h au Bénin du 17 juillet, 2013. \"L’avis d’un juriste sur la révision de la Constitution\".  http://www.journauxdubenin.com/article/l-avis-d-un-juriste-sur-la-revision-de-la-constitution\n\nConseil des ministre du Bénin  du 28 mai, 2013. \"Le Conseil des ministres s’est réuni en séance extraordinaire le mardi 28 mai 2013\". http://www.tourisme.gouv.bj/content/communique-du-conseil-des-ministres-du-28-mai-2013","Les nominations à des postes au sein de la Cour suprême suivent un système fondé sur le mérite et les personnes nommées ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts dus aux allégeances personnelles, aux liens familiaux, aux affiliations aux partis politiques ou à d'autres préjugés mêm..."]
["2013_BW_8",2013,"BW","Botswana",8,50,"The auditor general is appointed by the office of the president  and acts as a principal legal adviser to the government. However, this system has flaws because claims of political bias are always mentioned in relation to the arm that hired him/her and some want the office of the president to have nothing to do with the auditor general's office. \n\nThe auditor general enjoys his/her tenure at the leisure of the current administration and can be removed by the executive without due process. To a certain extent, appointments are merit-based because even though it is up to the president to choose who he/she wants to hold that position, the appointees usually have a great deal of experience and qualifications.","1. Article: Its a rich boy's World, Mmegi newspaper, February 8 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=906&dir=2013/february/Friday8.\n\n2. Article: Free the Office of Auditor General, Weekend Post, 14 October 2013,  http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1025%3Afree-the-office-of-auditor-general&Itemid=27.\n\n3. Website: Guma Moyo says Attorney General advised him to reject Information Bill, Sunday Standard, September 6 2012, http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php/email.php?NewsID=14962.","The auditor general is appointed by the office of the president  and acts as a principal legal adviser to the government. However, this system has flaws because claims of political bias are always mentioned in relation to the arm that hired him/her and some want the office of the p..."]
["2013_BF_8",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",8,25,"Dans le principe, dans la nomination des membres de la Cour des Comptes, il y a deux types d'agents: les inspecteurs de finances (qui deviennent magistrats en intégrant la Cour) et les juges qui étaient déjà magistrats. C'est-à-dire que dans la plupart des cas, le principe est basé sur le mérite. \n\nSelon les sources, puisque la structure elle-même dépend de l'exécutif, les magistrats sont moins libres. Boukari Ouoba a laissé entendre que: « Les changements et les nominations sont plutôt de nature à renforcer la mainmise de l’exécutif sur l’institution judiciaire ». Un ancien ministre de la Justice avait déclaré à propos des juges qu’ « à compétences égales nous préférons ceux qui nous sont acquis », ce qui a donné naissance à l’expression  « juges acquis » au Burkina. \n\nL'interlocuteur anonyme a clairement indiqué que : « étant donné que les membres sont nommés en conseil des ministres, ils reçoivent des injonctions de la part de l'autorité ayant compétence pour les nommer et donc on peut parfois douter de leur impartialité ou de la fidélité de leurs actions aux lois. » \n\nComme on le dit au Burkina : « c'est bon mais c'est pas arrivé. » Au-delà de la censure imposée, qui est réelle, il y a souvent une autocensure des agents eux-mêmes, ces derniers étant soucieux de leur avenir au sein du poste et qui décident souvent d'être acquis.","1. Anonyme, Greffier, Cour des Comptes, 27 septembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview avec Harouna Sinon, Gestionnaire de programme, Réseau national de lutte anticorruption (REN-LAC), 17 septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Ouoba Boukari, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 03 Octobre 2013.","Dans le principe, dans la nomination des membres de la Cour des Comptes, il y a deux types d'agents: les inspecteurs de finances (qui deviennent magistrats en intégrant la Cour) et les juges qui étaient déjà magistrats. C'est-à-dire que dans la plupart des cas, le principe est basé..."]
["2013_BI_8",2013,"BI","Burundi",8,25,"Les nominations des membres de la Cour des Comptes et de l'inspection générale sont très politisées. Selon le site web de la présidence, le 3 avril 2013, le président du Burundi a promulgué le Décret nº 100/103 «Portant nomination de certains membres de la Cour des Comptes». Selon la Constitution et les lois nº 1/002 du 31 mars 2004 et nº 1/017 du 12 mai 2005, le président est chargé des nominations, ce qui pose des problèmes d'indépendance à cet organisme. Les nominations aux hautes cours au sein de l'état burundais cherchent toujours davantage un équilibre ethnique plutôt qu'une indépendance vis-à-vis de l'Exécutif. Les nominations à la Cour des Comptes, par exemple, ne sont donc pas soumises seulement à des critères de mérite, d’expertise ou d’indépendance.\n\nSelon Bageni Come, «En pratique, les nominations au sein de l’institution supérieure de contrôle nuisent à son indépendance puisque que les personnes nommées travaillent en faveur de ceux qui les ont nommées et non en faveur du peuple qu’elles sont censées servir. Il n’y a pas d’élections pour donner ces places à ceux qui les méritent.»\n\nQuant à Vital Nshimirimana, il estime que «En pratique, les nominations au sein de l’institution supérieure de contrôle ne renforcent pas l’indépendance de l’organisme. Les avis et considérations du président de la République et du ministre de la Justice restent prépondérantes.» \n\nEn tant qu'État en transition après une longue guerre civile, les nominations aux cours de justice suivent des procédures qui assurent un équilibre ethnique au sein du gouvernement. En juin 2013, le Sénat approuvait la nomination de deux personnes, dont une de l'ethnie hutu et une autre de l'ethnie tutsi au sein de la Cour Constitutionnelle. Cela ne garantit pas forcément l'indépendance des hautes cours, mais le respect de ces équilibres est considéré comme prioritaire.","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara.\n\nBizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nNshimirimana Vital, président du FORSC et ancien président de la SYMABU (Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi), le 24 octobre 2013.","Les nominations des membres de la Cour des Comptes et de l'inspection générale sont très politisées. Selon le site web de la présidence, le 3 avril 2013, le président du Burundi a promulgué le Décret nº 100/103 «Portant nomination de certains membres de la Cour des Comptes». Selon ..."]
["2013_CM_8",2013,"CM","Cameroon",8,0,"In Cameroon, appointments to the supreme state audit institution rarely follows a merit-based system. Appointments are based on the discretion of the President of the Republic who makes appointments following no established criteria.\n\nThe nature of the appointments is political and as such compromises the independence of the institution. The autonomy and independence of the supreme state audit is crippled by the appointment of its top officials by the head of state. \n\nThis makes the internal work of the supreme state audit lack independence and autonomy to audit accounts of institutions that are of special interest to the presidency, such as the extractive industries, notably oil and gas.","Ajong, Abba.  (2013, October 1) .  [Managing Director, Aba International Consultancy].  Personal communication.\n\nDiffang, Elias Funge.  (2013, October 1) .  [Senior Lecturer, University of Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nEtom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon, appointments to the supreme state audit institution rarely follows a merit-based system. Appointments are based on the discretion of the President of the Republic who makes appointments following no established criteria...."]
["2013_CV_8",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",8,75,"Although the law enforces independence of the court of accounts, full independence and a complete merit-based nomination cannot be asserted as both the president, as well as regular judges of the court of accounts, are nominated by the head of state under government indication. \n\nThe only guarantee (for continued independence with a view to the nomination process) is the court of accounts law that establishes boundaries and penalties in case of misconduct. Partisan political connections influence the appointment to a degree, but nonetheless within reason and according to the paremeters set by the law. Judges must have the documented ability (merit) and a corresponding curriculum vita to be chosen to serve in the court.","1. Joao Pinto, Attorney Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Eva Marques, Lawyer, Praia, October 18, 2013.\n\n3. Sara Boal, Judge Counselor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013\n\n4. Jose Manuel Vaz, Chairman CSSL Syndicate Cape Verde, Praia, October 16, 2013.\n\nRules of Court - Decree-Law 47/89 of June 26.\nCompetence, organisation and functioning of the Court of Auditors TC - Law n. º 84/IV/93 of July 12,\nConstitution republic of Cape Verde\n\nThe president of the court of auditors and the other judges are appointed by the president of the republic on the proposal of the government, pursuant to the combined provisions of article 135., No. 2, al. e) CRCV 24 and 25 of Law nn 84/IV/93, July 12.","Although the law enforces independence of the court of accounts, full independence and a complete merit-based nomination cannot be asserted as both the president, as well as regular judges of the court of accounts, are nominated by the head of state under government indication. ..."]
["2013_CF_8",2013,"CF","CAR",8,25,"La nomination des membres de la Cour des comptes en RCA repose parfois sur des critères non objectifs. Cette situation ne permet pas de garantir totalement l'indépendance de l'institution, puisque les personnalités nommées ne pourraient pas enquêter sur certains cas de détournements perpétrés par des autorités ou leurs proches, critères qui sont à la base de leur nomination. \n\nMême si une enquête est lancée, les rapports ne sont pas publiés. Selon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, toute latitude devrait être laissée aux hommes de droit de choisir leurs pairs suivant les critères de la compétences et de l'ancienneté pour siéger au sein de cette noble institution de la République.","Aristide Kpenga (juriste), directeur de la structure de liaison de la propriété intellectuelle au ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 9 septembre 2013. \n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nMarie Blandine Songuelema-Yakondji (avocate), présidente de l'Association des femmes juristes de Centrafrique, 11 septembre 2013.\n\nMAKA GBOSSOKOTTO Lucienne, membre de l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption en Afrique centrale, 11/09/2013.","La nomination des membres de la Cour des comptes en RCA repose parfois sur des critères non objectifs. Cette situation ne permet pas de garantir totalement l'indépendance de l'institution, puisque les personnalités nommées ne pourraient pas enquêter sur certains cas de détournement..."]
["2013_TD_8",2013,"TD","Chad",8,0,"C'est le président qui nomme les membres de la Chambre des comptes, renforçant ainsi le contrôle de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire. Le mode de désignation ne renforce donc pas l'indépendance du Conseil Constitutionnel, les nominations n'étant pas toujours fondées sur le mérite. \n\nLa Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême assiste le gouvernement et l’Assemblée nationale dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances. Les membres de la Cour suprême sont inamovibles, y compris ceux de la Cour des comptes. En regard de leurs affiliations aux partis politiques, ils sont cependant souvent sujets à des conflits d'intérêt, la moitié d'entre eux (quatre sur huit) étant nommés par le président de la République.","Interview Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre  2013. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\nPrésidence Tchad. Décret 314 portant désignation d’un membre du Conseil constitutionnel. (Mai 2013). http://www.presidencetchad.org/314.pdf","C'est le président qui nomme les membres de la Chambre des comptes, renforçant ainsi le contrôle de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire. Le mode de désignation ne renforce donc pas l'indépendance du Conseil Constitutionnel, les nominations n'étant pas toujours fondées sur le mérit..."]
["2013_KM_8",2013,"KM","Comoros",8,50,"La nomination des membres de la Cour des comptes se fait sur la base du mérite (s'agissant d'un organe spécialisé, l'État comorien a fait appel à des spécialistes). \n\nLa Cour des comptes étant un organe spécialisé, les interférences politiques dans la nomination sont quasi inexistantes (source: Sitty Karima).\n\nLa diversité des membres laisse présager une transparence qui limite les conflits d'intérêt. \n\nEnfin, la révocation des membres de la Cour des comptes est strictement règlementée. \n\nCependant, le Président de la République est désigné par le terme « Premier Magistrat du pays », et il devrait consulter le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature dans la  nomination,  l’affectation,  l’avancement, la notation, la discipline  des  magistrats,  le  renforcement de  l’inspection,  la radiation du corps de la magistrature, des magistrats qui ne respectent pas la déontologie, l’éthique et le statut de leur  corps.  Mais le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature n’est pas effectivement mis en place, aussi le Président de l’Union assure tout seul ces fonctions.","Sitty Karima Mohamed, juriste, assistante des élus, Union des chambres de commerce d’industrie et d’agriculture (UCCIA), interview par internet du 13 octobre  2013\n\nComoresdroit. (24 Avril 2012). « La composition de la Cour Suprême des Comores est complétée ». Comoresdroit: http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/922-","La nomination des membres de la Cour des comptes se fait sur la base du mérite (s'agissant d'un organe spécialisé, l'État comorien a fait appel à des spécialistes). ..."]
["2013_CD_8",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",8,75,"Les nominations à des postes au sein de l'organisme suivent un système fondé sur le mérite. Il s'agit ici de magistrats professionnels. Les nominations se font par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, présidé exclusivement par le président de la République. \n\nIl peut arriver que sur quelques nominations, les personnes nommées connaissent un conflits d'intérêts dus aux allégeances personnelles, notamment des liens familiaux, ou une affiliation à un parti politique ou à d'autres préjugés (par exemple l'appartenance ethnique). Cependant, ces actes sont minimes car au sein de l'institution supérieure de contrôle ne sont recrutés que des magistrats professionnels. D'autre part, d'autres magistrats issus de d'autres corps d'Etat (Finance, Trésor et Douanes) peuvent être intégrés. La majorité des contrôleurs justifient d’une expérience de plusieurs années dans les domaines administratif, économique et social leur permettant de pouvoir analyser et auditer les comptes publics.\n\nEn ce qui concerne les sanctionnés (révocation ou transferts), cela se déroule uniquement dans le respect de la procédure prévue par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, qui dispose d'un comité de pairs chargé de veiller à la bonne marche des procédures de transferts et/ou de révocations.","1 - M. Gilbert MOUYABI, procureur général près de la Cour des Comptes, entrevue du 1er octobre 2013, à la Cour des compte, Plateau-ville à Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Entretien le lundi 14 octobre 2013 avec le sénateur Nicéphore Fylla de SAINT-EUDES, président de la Commission économie et finances du Sénat.\n\n3 - Entretien du 29 octobre 2013 avec Arsène SEVERIN, journaliste à terrAfrica au Centre international de la presse à Brazzaville.","Les nominations à des postes au sein de l'organisme suivent un système fondé sur le mérite. Il s'agit ici de magistrats professionnels. Les nominations se font par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, présidé exclusivement par le président de la République. ..."]
["2013_CG_8",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",8,0,"La Cour des comptes de la République Démocratique du Congo, l’institution de contrôle des comptes de la République, est en pleine restructuration. Elle a procédé au recrutement sur concours, à partir du 23 septembre 2012, des magistrats stagiaires sur financement du Fonds européen de Développement. Le processus a été fondée sur le mérite, qui est menée avec l'appui technique de l'UE, et un examen indépendant des applications sont impliqués.\n\nLe président de la République, dans son adresse devant les deux chambres du parlement réunies en congrès le 23/10/2013, a émis le vœu de \"\"Restructurer la Cour des comptes.\"\"\n\nOn ne peut parler de l’indépendance de l’organe tant que ce dernier n’est pas encore effectif. Laissons le temps au temps.\n\nNous espérons que les nominations à venir, fondées sur un concours, seront basées sur le mérite et la transparence dans tout le processus dudit recrutement qui malheureusement n’est pas encore effectif une année après son lancement.","1. Site Cour des comptes \nhttp://www.courdescomptes.cd/recrutement.php. \n\n2. voir le site « Le potentiel », 23.10.2013 :\nhttp://lepotentielonline.com/site2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3651:le-discours-de-joseph-kabila-devant-le-congres-pour-indiquer-la-marche-a-suivre-pour-materialiser-les-recommandations&catid=90:online-depeches&Itemid=468&lang=en.\n\n3. Me Timothée Mukeng, président de l’ONG, « objectif efficience et transparence dans la passation des marchés publics », entrevue du 04/11/2013.\n\n4. Ernest IZEMENGIA NSAA-NSAA, président de la Cour des comptes, \"La Cour des comptes annonce le recrutement de 60 magistrats stagiaires \"\nhttp://www.digitalcongo.net/article/85764, Kinshasa, 06/08/2012 / Politique.","La Cour des comptes de la République Démocratique du Congo, l’institution de contrôle des comptes de la République, est en pleine restructuration. Elle a procédé au recrutement sur concours, à partir du 23 septembre 2012, des magistrats stagiaires sur financement du Fonds européen ..."]
["2013_CI_8",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",8,25,"Les magistrats relevant du parquet, placés sous l’autorité administrative du ministère de la Justice et de ses services, dont ils sont, aux dires même d’un magistrat interviewé, dépendants, sont nommés par décret du président de la République, après avis du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Pour les magistrats debout (procureurs, procureurs généraux et avocats généraux notamment) nommés a la Cour suprême, la nomination se fait par décret présidentiel, sur proposition du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature et sur rapport du ministre de la Justice.\n\nCela étant, certains faits déjà évoqués (à l’indicateur 3), bien qu’ils ne concernent pas directement cet organe, sont de nature à relativiser l’indépendance des magistrats.\n\nCes faits récents illustrent quelques dysfonctionnements en matière de nomination, de promotion ou de sanctions des magistrats. Ainsi, une information parue dans les médias (Depeyla, 27 septembre 2013) fait état d’une lettre adressée le 25 septembre 2013 au président de la République par un groupe de magistrats dénonçant des « affectations arbitraires sur des bases guidées par le favoritisme, des nominations ne correspondant pas à leur grade, absence de traitement équitable, avancements et nominations douteux » à la suite de trois décrets, déclarés « contradictoires » et pris le 9 aout et le 16 septembre 2013.\n\nEn octobre 2012, huit magistrats ont été suspendus par une décision prise en Conseil des ministres. Ils étaient accusés d’abandon de postes, abus de pouvoir, extorsions de fonds et corruption. Un article de presse en date du 23 octobre 2012 se fait l’écho des irrégularités évoquées par certains de ces magistrats concernant cette décision qui ne se serait pas prise dans le respect de la procédure. Les magistrats suspendus n’auraient ainsi pas reçu de demandes d’explication préalable à la décision, ni de la part de leur hiérarchie, ni de la part de l’Inspecteur général; aussi la décision de suspension n’aurait pas fourni d’explication. Toujours selon le même article, cette décision relèverait d’une « chasse aux sorcières notamment contre les magistrats taxés à tort ou à raison d’être pro-Gbagbo ». De plus, si ces interprétations s’avéraient fondées, cela n’irait pas dans le sens du renforcement de l’indépendance des magistrats.","Interview avec un juriste. 23 septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec un magistrat. 10 octobre 2013.\n\nHuman Rights Watch. (2013). Transformer les discours en réalité. L’heure de réclamer des comptes pour les crimes internationaux graves perpétrés en Côte d’Ivoire. Human Rights Watch: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/CDI0413fr_ForUpload.pdf.\n\nDepeyla, A.B. « Ouattara: les magistrats sont en colère». Soir Info, n° 5705, 27 septembre 2013, p. 3.\n\nSahiri, A. (25 avril 2013). « Côte d’Ivoire: Ouattara nomme un nouvel avocat général près la Cour Suprême ». Connection Ivoirienne.net. Repéré à:\nhttp://www.connectionivoirienne.net/84389/cote-divoire-ouattara-nomme-un-nouvel-avocat-general-pres-la-cour-supreme.","Les magistrats relevant du parquet, placés sous l’autorité administrative du ministère de la Justice et de ses services, dont ils sont, aux dires même d’un magistrat interviewé, dépendants, sont nommés par décret du président de la République, après avis du Conseil supérieur de la ..."]
["2013_DJ_8",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",8,0,"Les nominations des inspecteurs ne suivent pas les principes du mérite. En effet, aucun concours n'a été organisé depuis l'existence de l'institution. Malgré l'existence d'un décret portant organisation de concours pour les emplois publics, la sélection se fait sur dossier. \n\nMonsieur Abdourachid nous rapporte qu'il existe parfois des sanctions sans cause réelle et qu'il a lui même demandé un détachement parce qu'il a rencontré des problèmes avec sa hiérarchie au sein de l'Inspection générale d’État. Il dénonce le népotisme au sein de l'Inspection générale d’État. \n\nSelon le journaliste et l'avocat, il arrive parfois que le profil des inspecteurs nommés ne correspond pas au poste pourvu. Autrement dit, les personnes recrutées n'ont pas les diplômes correspondant ou pas le niveau correspondant.","1) Ali Guedi Abdourachid, ex-inspecteur, Inspection générale d’État, détaché au sein de la direction de l'audit, ministère des Finances, entretien réalisé le 4 octobre 2013. \n\n2) Sayed Nofal, journaliste, La Nation, entretien réalisé le 3 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Ali Said, juriste, avocat à la cour, entretien réalisé le jeudi 3 octobre 2013.","Les nominations des inspecteurs ne suivent pas les principes du mérite. En effet, aucun concours n'a été organisé depuis l'existence de l'institution. Malgré l'existence d'un décret portant organisation de concours pour les emplois publics, la sélection se fait sur dossier. ..."]
["2013_EG_8",2013,"EG","Egypt",8,0,"While Egypt does maintain a Central Auditing Organization that is in theory independent, traditionally the executive could force the head of the organization to resign. The rules regarding the organization were first established in 1942. The post of head of organization was indeed vacated during the SCAF era when Gawdat al-Malt resigned in March 2011. Leaving no head of the organization in March 2012, members of the organization protested for greater independence and to be removed from the control of the executive. \n\nSubsequently, Judge Hesham Ahmed Genena was named head of the Central Auditing Authority by President Mohamed Morsi and at the time of writing he has not been deposed by Egypt's temporary government which rules by decree. The possibility for removal however remains and there is no procedural guarantee that will protect Judge Hsham Ahmam Genena. Genena is well known as a campaigner for greater judicial independence and oversight in Egypt. While the lower ranks should be appointed based on merit, in reality they are often times not and the civil service in Egypt as a whole is largely affected by nepotism and cronyism structures. The lower levels of the organization struggle from the fact that salaries are often less than the salaries received by the officials the CAO investigates. \n\nThough Hesham Ahmed was known for his tough take on corruption as one of the few remaining Morsi-era appointees, CAO has not taken any new initiatives under the new government as there is now clearly a conflict of interest of the judge attempting to remain as the head of CAO. Egyptian President Adly Mansour has indicated that he retains the right to re-appoint any official through extrajudicial means. This severely curtails the independence of the CAO. Regular officers are appointed to the CAO from other government agencies or can pass the relevant civil service exam, either way there is a strong predisposition that civil servants shall be appointed based on their supervisor's interest and not according to merit, objectivity and  pre-defined objectives or tasks to be best completed.","Al-Youm, A.-M.  (2013, April 22) .  Update: Army denies reports that govt will oversee its commercial activities.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/update-army-denies-reports-govt-will-oversee-its-commercial-activities.\n\nArabic Network for Human Rights.  (2013) .  CAO, which is responsible for fighting corruption in Egypt, ill-treats an employee because of his media remarks over corruption inside the organization [Press release].  Retrieved from http://www.anhri.net/en/?p=13854.\n\nMarroushi, M.  (2012, March 29) .  Political and economic battles grip Central Auditing Organization.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/political-and-economic-battles-grip-central-auditing-organization.        \n\n(2013, June 20) .  Prosecution: Mubarak and family amassed LE9 billion.  Egyptian Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/update-army-denies-reports-govt-will-oversee-its-commercial-activities \n\nTolba, Magdy.  (2013, November 20) .  [Economic expert and chairman of the Arabian House of Consultancy for Financial and Economic Investment].  Personal communication.","While Egypt does maintain a Central Auditing Organization that is in theory independent, traditionally the executive could force the head of the organization to resign. The rules regarding the organization were first established in 1942. The post of head of organization was indeed ..."]
["2013_GQ_8",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",8,0,"As the audit court is not yet operational, its independence to conduct audits can only be evaluated under the applicable legislation. The audit court is granted independence in the constitution, but at the same time is undermined by the president's power to name and remove its president and magistrates without parliamentary oversight. There have not yet been any appointments.\n\nThe judiciary is not independent from the executive branch. All judges and clerks and other judicial personnel are appointed and dismissed at the will of the President.","Anonymous.  (2013, September) .  [Government official, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal Communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInternational Budget Partnership.  (2012) .  Open budget index 2012, Equatorial Guinea summary.  Retrieved from http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-EquatorialGuineaCS-English.pdf, Published Spring 2013.\n\nEquatorial Guinea - Judicial System, accessed September 2013\nhttp://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Equatorial-Guinea-JUDICIAL-SYSTEM.html","As the audit court is not yet operational, its independence to conduct audits can only be evaluated under the applicable legislation. The audit court is granted independence in the constitution, but at the same time is undermined by the president's power to name and remove its pres..."]
["2013_ER_8",2013,"ER","Eritrea",8,0,"In 2007, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) awarded the former Auditor General, Mr. Berhane Habtemariam, for his “outstanding contribution in the accounting and finance profession.” He received the award for his contribution in building a transparent and corruption-free country in the last 15 years and for being one of those who struggled to overcome the challenge of effectively starting the profession in a nation that has risen from war. \n\nIn January 2013, Mr. Gherezgiher Ghebremedhin was appointed as Auditor-General of Eritrea. There is no indication that his appointment followed a merit-based system.  All indications are that appointments to the supreme audit institution are politically motivated, not merit-based.\n\nOther sources likewise indicated that all appointments, including to the lower ranks of the civil service follow a non-merit based selection process, predicated on personal loyalties.","African Organisation of English-speaking Supreme Audit Institutions, 2013 January 23.\nhttp://afrosai-e.org.za/general-afrosai-e/news/mr-gherezgiher-ghebremedhin-appointed-auditor-general-eritrea.\n\nCountry Profile: Eritrea Government and Politics. www.mongabay.com on 21/09/13.\n\nEritrean Auditor General Wins International Award, Feb. 2007. http://www.portofharlem.net/snippets07/feb222007.html.","In 2007, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) awarded the former Auditor General, Mr. Berhane Habtemariam, for his “outstanding contribution in the accounting and finance profession.” He received the award for his contribution in building a transparent and corr..."]
["2013_ET_8",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",8,0,"A memoir by MP Girma Seifu Maru, known as the Lone Opposition Member of the Parliament, states that staff appointments to the Office of the Auditor General are not independent. Moreover, the government does not always act on the findings of the office's reports. \n\nBecause the Prime Minister nominates and the House of People's Representatives approves the Auditor General, political loyalty is more important than the merit of the appointee to the position. Thus, even when the appointee has the right professional background and experience, his ability to execute his power is constrained because of his political affiliation. Moreover, the fact that the executive nominates the appointment, and hence initiates removal, constrains the independence of the Auditor General.","1. Interview, Addis Ababa University-based researcher, October 7, 2013, Addis Ababa.\n2. Girma Seifu Maru, Yenetsanet Waga Sint Newu?( What does freedom cost?), June 2013. \n3. The Office of the Auditor General Report, 2013.","A memoir by MP Girma Seifu Maru, known as the Lone Opposition Member of the Parliament, states that staff appointments to the Office of the Auditor General are not independent. Moreover, the government does not always act on the findings of the office's reports. ..."]
["2013_GA_8",2013,"GA","Gabon",8,0,"According to an anonymous source, the nomination does not guarantee the court's independence as the judges are nominated by the Head of State.  \n\nIn October 2012, ten additional financial auditors and two new clerks were promoted to the CCG by the Minister of Justice, Ida Réténo Assonouet. During their initiation ceremony, the president of the CCG (Gilbert Ngoulakia) asked them to act in accordance with Gabonese law when carrying out their audits. According to the anonymous source, the fact that promotions took place by appointment and not as part of a merit-based system means the CCG is preconditioned by political interests, personal loyalties, family connections or political party biases.\n\nFor an example of the appointment of magistrates and judges in Gabon, see the article on the ceremony for the new Attorney General (Cour de Cassation), Marie Mbanza-Bagny (\"Le nouveau Procureur Général près la Cour de Cassation officiellement installé\"). On April 5, 2013, Mbanza-Bagny officially succeeded Victor Ngouoni Epigat as Attorney General. Although she has ample legal experience and her appointment is linked to her accomplishments, this was one of her statements that day: \"If I was chosen, it is not because I am the best judge in the Court of Cassation, but because the decision-makers have wanted it this way.\"","Agence Gabonaise de Presse.  (2012, October 6) .  Dix magistrats stagiaires de l’ordre financier prêtent serment à Libreville.  AGP.  Retrieved from http://www.agpgabon.ga/Dix-magistrats-stagiaires-de-l\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nSEE.  (2013, April 8) .  Le nouveau Procureur Général près la Cour de Cassation officiellement installé.   GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=29164","According to an anonymous source, the nomination does not guarantee the court's independence as the judges are nominated by the Head of State.  ..."]
["2013_GM_8",2013,"GM","The Gambia",8,0,"A review of the sources shows the lack of professionalism and proper accounting ethics among auditors. This is largely blamed on the fact that there are not many qualified auditors manning the national audit office. Appointments to and removal from the national audit institution are done by the president. \n\nThe country's former auditor general was dismissed and detained by state agents and no reason was advanced for the removal and detention.","1. Manpower and unethical behaviour is a problem in the National Audit Office. No wonder corruption is all over the government departments. hellogambia.com, posted by hellogambia_admin on July 24 2013, available at  http://hellogambia.com/breaking-news-auditing-at-the-the-gambia-university-started-last-monday-marabouts-assigned-to-save-improper-behaviour/. last accessed on 13/10/2013\n\n2. Jammeh fires auditor general Babucarr Sankareh. Kibaaro News. http://kibaaro.com/jammeh-fires-auditor-general-babucarr-sankareh/\n\n3. Gambia: Why Is the Auditor General Not in Office? the Government Has Lot to Explain. Foroyaa Newspaper. Ousman Njie. June 16 2013. Available at  http://allafrica.com/stories/201306171661.html\n\n4. Gambia’s Auditor General one of longest serving. Jammeh employee has been fired, Gainako Newspaper. June 5 2013, available at http://gainako.com/?p=924","A review of the sources shows the lack of professionalism and proper accounting ethics among auditors. This is largely blamed on the fact that there are not many qualified auditors manning the national audit office. Appointments to and removal from the national audit institution ar..."]
["2013_GH_8",2013,"GH","Ghana",8,75,"Appointments to the audit service are in line with the constitution and therefore support the independence of the service. The constitution and the Audit Service Act do not stipulate any concrete merit-based system for appointing the auditor general except that the president shall appoint the auditor general in consultation with the council of state. His salary, allowances, gratuities and retirement age shall not be varied to his disadvantage while he is in office. He shall also enjoy security of tenure of office until attaining a maximum of 65 years of age. The auditor general shall be removed from office on stated misbehaviour, inability to perform his duties or infirmity of body and mind, which shall be investigated by a committee which shall recommend as to whether or not to remove him from office. \n\nIn the performance of his duties, the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of anybody or institution, and anyone aggrieved by an audit report is free to take action to clear their name. This is to ensure the independence of the auditor general and his office. It is the president of the republic who appoints the auditor general, and this has been criticised for not allowing other qualified and interested persons to put forward their applications.This is because there is no announcement of a vacancy to enable people to apply. \n\nAppointments of other officers and employees in the audit service are made by the Audit Service Board, acting in consultation with the Public Services Commission. The board, acting in consultation with the commission, determines the terms and conditions of service of officers and other employees in the audit service and these officers are removed or disciplined or transferred based on the recommendations of an investigative committee. There is no evidence that an auditor has been victimised because of his work. However, auditors are occasionally transferred from one station to another in view of the fear that if they keep long at a station, they may engage in relationships which may place them in a potential conflict of interest.","1. Mr Anthony Forson, public relations officer of the Ghana Bar Association, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Kweku Agyemang-Manu, chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Dormah in the Brong Ahafo region.\n\n3. Dr Steve Manteaw, editor of the Public Agenda newspaper and coordinator of the Civil Society Platform on Oil and Gas, telephone interview, September 14,2013, Accra \n\n4. Mr Joseph Ghunney, public relations officer, Ghana Audit Service, telephone interview, September 18, Accra","Appointments to the audit service are in line with the constitution and therefore support the independence of the service. The constitution and the Audit Service Act do not stipulate any concrete merit-based system for appointing the auditor general except that the president shall ..."]
["2013_GN_8",2013,"GN","Guinea",8,0,"La Chambre des Comptes, qui est logée à la Cour Suprême, joue le rôle de la Cour des Comptes. Dans les faits, c’est donc l’organe indépendant responsable du contrôle des finances publiques. \n\nIl n' y a pas eu de nomination ni de sanction de juges par le l'État depuis 2012, ce qui à pour conséquence que la Chambre, non-fonctionnelle en pratique, travaille au ralenti. Comme elle n'a pour l’heure accomplie aucun travail important ou susceptible d’entrainer une réaction de l’État, il convient d'attendre l'instauration de l'Assemblée nationale et de la Cour des Comptes pour évaluer son indépendance.","Entretien avec Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Jean Kolié, Ministère de la coopération internationale, 10 Septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15h 20.\n\nEntretien avec François Falcon, Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 09 septembre 2013, 09h45.","La Chambre des Comptes, qui est logée à la Cour Suprême, joue le rôle de la Cour des Comptes. Dans les faits, c’est donc l’organe indépendant responsable du contrôle des finances publiques. ..."]
["2013_GW_8",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",8,0,"In practice, appointments to positions in the audit agency are subject to political bases and influence, which rarely or never follow a merit-based system. \n\nIn Guinea Bissau, appointments to the supreme audit institution like in other government managerial institutions are subject to influencial peddling power elites.\n\nAfter the 1999 war and April 12, 2012 putsch, during the time of political transition, the  public appointments related to accountability in government agencies have not been the object of measures for improvement of transparency. In practice, appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to political party affiliations (Lawyer Edinilson Gomes, Cherno Sano Jalo and Mario Nhaga).","1.\tEdinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.\tCherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.\tMario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","In practice, appointments to positions in the audit agency are subject to political bases and influence, which rarely or never follow a merit-based system. ..."]
["2013_KE_8",2013,"KE","Kenya",8,100,"Appointments to the national audit are done largely through a competitive process.  Vacancies in the national audit office are advertised in all the major dailies in Kenya and appropriate candidates invited for interviews. Auditor-General Edward Ouko was also subject to a public vetting before his appointment to office, even though he has extensive experience and was auditor general at the Africa Development Bank prior to joining Kenya's audit office.\n\nThe office of the Auditor-General has a competitive recruitment process that lowers the possibility of officers harbouring and vested interests on grounds such as family connections for the regular service as well. The jobs are publicly advertised and applications are vetted based on merit. Transfers are made by due process.","1.  Geoffrey Irungu, senior finance and economic policy reporter for the Nation Media Group, was interviewed on September 20, 2013.\n\n2.  Kenya National Audit Office (KENAO) website.  Job vacancies are listed on this public site and applicants encouraged to freely apply as long as they meet the specified job requirements.  http://www.kenao.go.ke/index.php/careers.\n\n3.  Patrick Mutange, former chairman of the Institute of Public Accountants of Kenya (ICPAK) was interviewed on September 20, 2013.","Appointments to the national audit are done largely through a competitive process.  Vacancies in the national audit office are advertised in all the major dailies in Kenya and appropriate candidates invited for interviews. Auditor-General Edward Ouko was also subject to a public ve..."]
["2013_LS_8",2013,"LS","Lesotho",8,25,"The Audit Act of 1973 and Lesotho’s constitution stipulate that the Auditor General is an office in the Public Service and is as such subjected to the rules and regulations governing the Public Service. In this regard, employees of the office of the auditor general are only as politically neutral and 'professional' in their conduct as the rest of the public service. If public service recruitment is influenced by political parties’ and other affiliations (see also indicator 39), employees of the Auditor General are also subject to such influences. Although no record was found of an incidence in which an employee of the auditor general behaved in ways that compromised the integrity of the office, it is widely acknowledged that the autonomy of the office needs to be improved. Consequently, a new legislation in this regard has been drafted but not yet implemented. \n\nThe autonomy or lack of the office of the Auditor General has been a subject of intense debate in most privately owned radio stations, namely Harvest Fm and Mo-Africa Fm around June 2013 with the conclusion that the autonomy of the Auditor General needs to be improved.","1. Advocate: Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. Interviewed October 2 2013.\n\n2. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Lecturer: Political and Administrative Studies Department. Interviewed October 07 2013.\n\n3. Wiggins John et al (2012) Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Lesotho: Final Report. European Union.","The Audit Act of 1973 and Lesotho’s constitution stipulate that the Auditor General is an office in the Public Service and is as such subjected to the rules and regulations governing the Public Service. In this regard, employees of the office of the auditor general are only as poli..."]
["2013_LR_8",2013,"LR","Liberia",8,50,"The procedure for selecting the auditor general of Liberia ensures the independence of the General Auditing Commission (GAC). The Auditor General is appointed by the President for a 4-year term, but once confirmed by the Senate, he/she reports directly to the National Legislature, and cannot be replaced without justifiable causes such as conflict of interest.  \n\nAlthough this process ensures some independence, there is the case of President Sirleaf attempting to appoint Robert Kilby as the Auditor-General of Liberia in 2011. After the vetting of Mr. Kilby's credentials by the Liberian Senate, the upper house of the legislative branch reported that Mr. Kilby did not have the qualifications to serve as Auditor-General. Amid the resulting controversy, president Sirleaf withdrew Mr. Kilby's nomination. Surprisingly however, President Sirleaf renominated Mr. Kilby for the position of Auditor-General in 2012. Through the use of both economic and political incentives provided to some senators by President Sirleaf, Mr. Kilby was confirmed as the Auditor-General of Liberia in 2012.\n\nSimilarly, merit-based criteria were not used to employ some of the staffers at the GAC. For example, after Mr. Kilby assumed office as the Auditor-General of Liberia, he carried out a wholesale dismissal of several staffers. He then in turn replaced them with his own appointees.\n\nTwo of the immediate deputies at the GAC are also appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate but they are not tenured, and work at the will and pleasure of the president. The rest of the auditors are hired under the supervision of the Auditor General through a competitive vetting process and their continued employment depends on good performance on the job.  All employees of the Commission sign a code of conduct which obliges them to stay clear of conflict of interest; This document is signed in all cases, save for those appointed by the president. All auditors and other staff are subject to performance review through the human resource department.\n\nAppointments to positions at the GAC are therfore occasionally not merit-based, and there is only sometimes due process in peer-reviewing or to grading auditors. Appointees, however, are generally clear of conflicts of interest.","1. Sandy, M. (2013, August 18). The Rise and Fall of Robert Kilby.\n\n2. Kilby a Failure: Fired Staffers Say Fallen AG 'Should Not Drag Us Down With Him'\n\n3. Kanneh, M. (2013, October 7). Personal Interview. Managing Editor - Herritage Newspaper, Monrovia","The procedure for selecting the auditor general of Liberia ensures the independence of the General Auditing Commission (GAC). The Auditor General is appointed by the President for a 4-year term, but once confirmed by the Senate, he/she reports directly to the National Legislature, ..."]
["2013_LY_8",2013,"LY","Libya",8,0,"There is no information on how transparent the appointment process is. Under Qaddafi, the appointments were made by the General People's Control in which members were appointed by the former leader to serve the general interests of Libyans. \n\nThe absence of information on the current process of appointment is proof of the lack of transparency of this institution.","Anonymous  - legal consultant - DFID - Tripoli, personal communication, November 17, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - candidate to last year's national elections against Ali Zedain -  current PM, personal communication, November 17, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - judge of administrative law - Tripoli, personal communication, November 17, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no information on how transparent the appointment process is. Under Qaddafi, the appointments were made by the General People's Control in which members were appointed by the former leader to serve the general interests of Libyans. ..."]
["2013_MG_8",2013,"MG","Madagascar",8,0,"À part le premier responsable nommé en Conseil des ministres sur proposition du ministre des Finances et du Budget, le reste du personnel est constitué de fonctionnaires. À cet effet, la pratique est la même pour tout autre organisme public ou étatique, surtout depuis la crise de 2009.\n\nLe copinage et la corruption sont devenus une pratique où l’argent joue un rôle majeur. Ainsi, la connaissance de quelqu’un sur place est inévitable pour les recrutements et les nominations. Il en va de même pour les affectations. En aucune manière, les nominations au sein de l'institution supérieure de contrôle ne renforcent l'indépendance de l'organisme de contrôle.\n        \nLe Conseil de la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, au vu d’une telle situation, a même organisé une journée  de lancement de la concertation sur la gouvernance publique qui a été organisée sur le thème : « La bonne gouvernance pour une meilleure administration publique » (cf. Rapport annuel 2012). De son côté, l’Observatoire de la vie publique (Sefafi) a demandé aux candidats aux élections présidentielles du 25 octobre 2013 s’ils s’engagent à « procéder à une dépolitisation effective de l’administration publique en confiant les postes à des techniciens apolitiques choisis pour leur compétence et non pour leur origine familiale, ethnique ou affairiste ? Et en sanctionnant les abus ? »\n\nPour les journalistes, la réponse est non, car « à chaque nouveau régime, le système, voire les hauts fonctionnaires, changent aussi ». Pour eux, la nomination au sein de l’organe de contrôle des dépenses publiques ne jouerait en aucune façon sur l’indépendance de celui-ci. Au contraire, ils deviennent redevables envers celui qui les a nommés, que ce soit une personne ou une entité.\n\nAussi, le gouvernement nomme le président et les membres de la Cour des comptes, donc avec ce pouvoir discrétionnaire, les nominations ne peuvent pas être considérés comme indépendants, car ils sont contrôlés par l'exécutif.","- Rakoto Raharilanto Rado, chef de Service d’appui à l’intégrité, ministère des Finances et du Budget, 24 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Site du Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI).\n http://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/ \n- Communiqué du SEFAFI (Observatoire de la vie publique) à l’intention des candidats à l’élection présidentielle du 25 octobre 2013\nhttp://sefafi.mg/fr/posts/si-vous-etes-elue-president-de-la-republique\n- Site de Youth Leadership Training Program (YLTP), un programme d’apprentissage en groupe du leadership initié par la Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) Madagascar.\nhttp://www.yltp.mg/\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 1 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Tsihiavonana Franck. journaliste, Radio Antsiva, Antananarivo, 4 octobre 2013. (Interview)","À part le premier responsable nommé en Conseil des ministres sur proposition du ministre des Finances et du Budget, le reste du personnel est constitué de fonctionnaires. À cet effet, la pratique est la même pour tout autre organisme public ou étatique, surtout depuis la crise de 2..."]
["2013_MW_8",2013,"MW","Malawi",8,50,"It’s difficult to ascertain whether appointments to the supreme audit institution are based on merit as the auditor general is appointed by the president and not appointed independently, which impacts the audit institution's ability to carry out their work effectively and impartially. Although appointments are dependent on the approval of parliament as happened on the appointment of the current auditor general, the president may exert undue influence on the auditor general in issues of removal.\n\nA 2013 forensic audit report carried out by the British firm, Baker Tilly (paid for by the UK Department for International Development in the wake of the “cashgate” corruption scandal) found many irregularities within the National Audit Office.  \n\nThe report found that both the Auditor General and and Assistant Auditor General at the time of ‘Cashgate’ corruption scandal, as well as the Accountant General in his post prior to their appointment failed in their public duties by not challenging and checking the validity of the payments they approved thereby contributing to the loss of government funds. The report covered transactions and controls in the period between 1st April 2013 – 30 September 2013. \n\nOverall, the supreme audit institution is unable to effectively fulfill its assigned tasks due to lack of finances, infrastructure, human capacity as well as lack of genuine independence. Its independence is compromised by lack of autonomy in relation to appointment and dismissal procedures, lack of human and financial resources and integrated auditing systems. Yet there is some due process on appointing lower level appointees and the President's powers are kept in check based on the approval mechanism involving parliament. \n\nThe replacement of Peter Kamange with Stephenson Kamphasa as auditor general in June 2013 appears to have followed due process.","Valef Machira. Director. Media Council of Malawi. December 19 2013.\n\nRobert Phiri. Executive Director. Public Affairs Committee. November 13 2013.\n\nNickson Masebo. Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson. November 12 2013.","It’s difficult to ascertain whether appointments to the supreme audit institution are based on merit as the auditor general is appointed by the president and not appointed independently, which impacts the audit institution's ability to carry out their work effectively and impartial..."]
["2013_ML_8",2013,"ML","Mali",8,50,"Les nominations au sein des institutions supérieures de contrôle du Mali ne sont pas de nature à renforcer l'indépendance des organismes de contrôle. Une fois de plus, le mérite n'est pas privilégié. \n\nL'avocat, Me Nadia Camara, souligne que les personnes nommées sont exclusivement en mission commandée au service du prince du jour.\n\nSelon Birama Fall, « les médias sont très bien en phase avec réalité. Conséquence: certains dossiers sont arbitrairement bloqués afin d'éviter tout scandale ».","Entretien avec Birama Fall, Journaliste,  Journal Le Prétoire, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Me Nadia Camara, Avocat, Présidente de l’Association des jeunes avocats du Mali, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Me Mamadou Ismaïla Konaté, Avocat, Cabinet jurifis consult, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.","Les nominations au sein des institutions supérieures de contrôle du Mali ne sont pas de nature à renforcer l'indépendance des organismes de contrôle. Une fois de plus, le mérite n'est pas privilégié. ..."]
["2013_MR_8",2013,"MR","Mauritania",8,0,"Le Président de la Cour des Comptes est nommé par décret pris par le Président de la République. Il s’agit d’un choix discrétionnaire à l’appréciation exclusive du chef de l’Etat. \n\nIl y a lieu souligner également que le second personnage de la Cour des comptes, en l’occurrence le secrétaire général est nommé par un décret pris en conseil des ministres.  Il n’existe guère de critères objectifs déterminant sa nomination. Ils sont laissés à l’appréciation discrétionnaire de l’Exécutif. Ces modes de nomination opéres en dehors de critères objectifs et de mandat mettent à l'épreuve les missions de contrôle et de vérification de la Cour des comptes mauritanienne.\n\nLes nominations à l'Inspection Générale d'État (IGE) s'effectue sur des critères peu transparents. Il n'existe pas d'indicateurs définissant les modes de recrutement. Cette opacité contribue à affaiblir la structure de contrôle des comptes publics. Pis encore, certains membres de l'IGE sont confrontés à de manifestes conflits d'intérêt. Un des inspecteurs généraux fut membre du parti au pouvoir. Un autre, avant sa nomination, était membre d'une formation politique appartenant à la majorité présidentielle. Un autre inspecteur général fut nommé membre du gouvernement quelques jours à peine après son limogeage. Autant d'exemples qui montrent que les membres de l'IGE connaissent des conflits d'intérêt et n’ont pas de garanties de carrières, ni de stabilité fonctionnelle dans l'exercice de leur métier. L'absence d'indépendance de l'IGE se manifeste également par l'absence de garanties statutaires. Les membres de L'IGE sont de simples fonctionnaires et peuvent faire l'objet d'un renvoi. Étant une simple structure administrative, l'IGE est rattachée à la Primature. Ce lien de dépendance à la Primature en fait un service public de contrôle. \n\nA vrai dire, la promotion d'instruments de la bonne gouvernance et de la  transparence en Mauritanie s'accommodent peu avec cette culture de la dépendance dont est victime l'IGE.","1. Mine Ould Abdallah, avocat à la cour de Nouakchott, président, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 10 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Lam, D. (27 décembre 2012). \"Mohamed Ould Horma Ould Abdi, ancien inspecteur général d’État au Calame : « On n’aura pas de contrôle efficace et digne de ce nom, tant qu’on embauche, pour ce métier, qui l’on veut. Il faudrait, à l’instar de certains pays, instaurer un concours national des plus durs, pour le recrutement des contrôleurs »\". Union des forces de progrès : http://fr.ufpweb.org/spip.php?article4099","Le Président de la Cour des Comptes est nommé par décret pris par le Président de la République. Il s’agit d’un choix discrétionnaire à l’appréciation exclusive du chef de l’Etat. ..."]
["2013_MU_8",2013,"MU","Mauritius",8,100,"The director of audit is appointed by the Public Service Commission on recommendation by the prime minister and the leader of the opposition. \n\nMoreover, “the director of audit cannot be removed from office before the legal retirement age, in the case of an established officer or in the case of an officer on contract, before the completion of a contract period, except for misconduct or inability to discharge the function of the office and even that only by the president acting on the recommendation of a tribunal of at least three persons who are holding or have held office as a judge of the Supreme Court.” \n\nIn their interaction with officers of the National Audit Office (NAO), the two interviewees have found the NAO staff to be free from any external bias or corruption. It is therefore no surprise that very rarely are there challenges from the opposition, the press and the public in general about the findings and recommendations of the NAO.","Alain Joomun, former Ag. Nursing Administrator, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, interviewed Nov. 26, 2013\n\nS. Mungralee, Chief Statistician, Statistics Mauritius, interviewed Nov. 29, 2013\n\nPress Article: “Rapport de l’Audit 2012 – aucun dividende sur un volant de Rs. 10,6 mds\" (Audit Report 2012 – No dividend on investments of Rs. 10.6 billion) Le Mauricien, July 17, 2013, available online at http://www.lemauricien.com/article/rapport-l-audit-2012-aucun-dividende-sur-volant-rs-106-mds","The director of audit is appointed by the Public Service Commission on recommendation by the prime minister and the leader of the opposition. ..."]
["2013_MA_8",2013,"MA","Morocco",8,0,"In practice, appointments to the agency are done by the king who picks people close and loyal to him. \n\nThe last person who has been appointed is the former prime minister, Driss Jettou, in August 2012. There is a clear conflict of interest as the head of the Court of Accounts is beholden to the king.","Bakkali, A.  (2013, January 27) .  What is the purpose of the Court of Accounts.  Al Alam.  Retrieved from http://www.panoramaroc.ma/fr/a-quoi-sert-la-cour-des-comptes-par-abdallah-bakkali/.\n\nMorocco.  Constitution, articles 147, 148, 149, and 150.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.\n\n(2012, August 9) .  The king names Driss Jettou at the head of the Court of Accounts.  Le Matin.  Retrieved from http://www.lematin.ma/journal/Activite-Royale_S-M--le-Roi--Mohammed-VI-nomme-Driss-Jettou-President-de-la-Cour-des-comptes/170135.html.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Judge, Rabat].  Personal communication.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Lawyer, Marrakech].  Personal communication.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","In practice, appointments to the agency are done by the king who picks people close and loyal to him. ..."]
["2013_MZ_8",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",8,0,"Despite a clear constitutional framework implementing the principle of judicial independence, in practice there has been tension between the judiciary and executive as the courts attempt to assert their independence, and at times, actions on the part of members of the executive suggest a reluctance to lose their historical control over the judiciary.\n\nGilles Cistac, a prominent Mozambican lawyer and university law professor, said in an interview to the neswpaper Diario de Moçambique, above indicated, that, as of September 2012, 32% of judges in the country are directly connected to a political party, particularly Frelimo. As he further mentioned: \"You can have a totally free judiciary free of political influence or party influence or simply prevent them of joining a political party. That does not mean that a given judge does not have to be a supporter of a party, but structurally it cannot be a member and cannot participate in its meetings.\"\n\nHe added that there is a need to break the structural relationship to avoid dependence or subordination, in which some judges get to be guided by political parties. Regarding the executive branch, he said it was necessary to consider the restriction of the powers of the resident in terms of appointment of magistrates and consolidation of self-governance of the judiciary, especially the election of presidents and judges of the administrative and supreme courts and the constitutional council.\n\nHe further argued that: \"The members of these institutions should elect their presidents and also give consistency to the appointment by the superior council of the judiciary and not expect the president to appoint counsellor judges.”\n\n\nHowever, Dr Zuande indicated that although the president selects the presiding and the counsellor judges, his decisions are subject of approval of the superior council of the judiciary. This council is however largely controlled by the President as well.","Jeremias Francisco Zuande. Senior Accountant and Auditor. Administrative Court. September 13, 2013.\n\n\"É uma ilusão pensar que o judiciário é independente do poder político” Redaccao. O Pais. June 3, 2013, http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/25650-e-uma-ilusao-pensar-que-o-judiciario-e-independente-do-poder-politico.html.\n\n\"Independência do Judiciário Nunca é  um Dado Adquirido\". Redaccao. Diario de Mocambique. September 15, 2012. http://diariomoz.com/index.php/sociedade/3064-independencia-do-judiciario-nunca-e-um-dado-adquirido.","Despite a clear constitutional framework implementing the principle of judicial independence, in practice there has been tension between the judiciary and executive as the courts attempt to assert their independence, and at times, actions on the part of members of the executive sug..."]
["2013_NA_8",2013,"NA","Namibia",8,75,"In practice, the Auditor General is appointed by the president on recommendations of the public service commission with the approval of parliament. Sources stated that best practice would be to have parliament make the appointment, yet a two-tiered approval process seems fair and to be guaranteeing sufficient independence.  The procedure set out in the constitution has worked well thus far.  \n\nYet some sources state that appointments to government offices/agencies/departments are made on a political basis with those appointed to top positions on the basis of party loyalty. As such, the independence of the supreme audit institution could be called into question. \n\nBut respondents all in all agree that professionalism appears to rank very highly in determining even senior management at the auditor general's office. For lower ranks there is a merit-based entry system.\n\nDespite being in office for three terms now, the auditor general has never been reluctant to take the government on, whether on over- or under-spending, as highlighted in the article cited.","Graham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.\n\nFrederiko Links, editor; Insight business magazine, September 23 2013.\n\nAG lambasts health ministry for N$53m under expenditure,  Immanuel Shinoveno, The Namibian newspaper, September 26 2013 - See more at: http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=4060&page_type=story_detail#sthash.pHLBpm8T.dpuf.","In practice, the Auditor General is appointed by the president on recommendations of the public service commission with the approval of parliament. Sources stated that best practice would be to have parliament make the appointment, yet a two-tiered approval process seems fair and t..."]
["2013_NE_8",2013,"NE","Niger",8,50,"A l'issue des entretiens, il est permis de constater que les nominations n'entravent pas l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes. Toutefois, elles ne renforcent pas son indépendance (d'où le non de la source 3 qui provient du ministère de la Justice). De façon générale, les nominations effectuées par le président de la VIIe république sont critiquées, comme le montre l'article d'Amani Mounkaila (source 5) : il y a notamment des conflits d'intérêts dans les nominations puisque le président nomme parents, amis et connaissances à des postes à responsabilités. \n\nLes personnes interrogées s'accordent sur le fait que les nominations à la cour des comptes renforcent son indépendance. \n\nSelon un article de journal paru dans Niger Dispora, Amani Mounkaila ecrit que : « En effet, dans le domaine de la bonne gouvernance, la majorité des medias dont votre journal, a attiré l’attention des Nigériens sur certaines dérives du régime de la VIIème République. Il s’agit, notamment, des comportements et pratiques peu orthodoxes observés dans le cadre de la gestion du pays. Cette dérive est principalement observée au niveau des différentes nominations de parents, amis et connaissances à des postes de responsabilité, l’attribution de marchés dans des conditions douteuses à certains proches du régime, la pléthore de conseillers et les dérives notoires observées dans notre diplomatie. »","Source 1 : Haute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. (04 février 2013 ). Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. Niger\n\nSource 2 : Hassane Amadou Diallo - Chargé de Programme -- 19 septembre 2013 - Niger\n\nSource 3: Anonyme. (03 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption  - Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\n\nSource 4 : Anonyme. (07 Février 2013). Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger (AFJN). Niger\n\nSource 5 : Amani Mounkaila. (24 mai  2012). GESTION DE LA 7ÈME RÉPUBLIQUE : LE PRÉSIDENT ISSOUFOU PEINE À CONVAINCRE. NigerDiaspora\nhttp://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php/component/content/article/14-politique/politique/10265-gestion-de-la-7eme-republique-le-president-issoufou-peine-a-convaincre\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","A l'issue des entretiens, il est permis de constater que les nominations n'entravent pas l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes. Toutefois, elles ne renforcent pas son indépendance (d'où le non de la source 3 qui provient du ministère de la Justice). De façon générale, les nominatio..."]
["2013_NG_8",2013,"NG","Nigeria",8,75,"The auditor general is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the federal civil service commission, and on the approval of the senate. It is not clear what forms the basis of the recommendation by the commission to the president, or whether the president usually accepts names sent to him/her. But the current auditor general, Samuel Ukura, was appointed by late President Yar'adua after Mr Ukura served as the auditor general of Benue state, one of Nigeria's 36 states. Mr Yar'adua's successor has since retained Mr Ukura at his post.\n\nRegular employees are recruited through routine civil service merit-based examinations. Link four, attached, shows some employees who joined as far back as 1985.\n\nAuditors are not known to be penalised except through legitimate procedures. The former auditor general left his post in 2010 due to retirement and his successor has remained there since.","1. Victor Oluwaseun, House of Representatives Correspondent for Nations newspaper; extensively covers the House Public Accounts committee that receives reports from the Auditor General, October 09, 2013, Abuja.\n\n2. Daily Trust, Auditor General should take charge in auditing public accounts – Senator Lawan, December 19, 2012, http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/old/index.php/business/44232-auditor-general-should-take-charge-in-auditing-public-accounts-senator-lawan\n\n3. Daily Independent, Efe Ebelo, August 2013, Corruption: FG to withdraw auditors from MDAs, http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/08/corruption-fg-to-withdraw-auditors-from-mdas/\n\n4. Profile of some staff of the Auditor General's office can found here: http://www.oaugf.gov.ng/team.html, accessed October 2013.","The auditor general is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the federal civil service commission, and on the approval of the senate. It is not clear what forms the basis of the recommendation by the commission to the president, or whether the president usually accept..."]
["2013_RW_8",2013,"RW","Rwanda",8,75,"If one looks at the CV/resume of the Auditor General, Mr Obadiah Biraro, posted on the Auditor General office website, the Auditor has enough experience to be on the post by merit. The fact that the AG report to the parliament and not to the executive is a sign that the office is independent also. \n\nWhile upper level poistions go through the government for appointment, lower level positions are staffed on merit. It is rare for lower level appointees to have conflicts of interest, personal loyalties, family connections, or political party affiliations that compromise their independence. However, some cases have existed. \n\nAuditors are only sometimes disciplined/removed or transferred by due process. In the interview, Mr Biraro testified that he was appointed because he was the best qualified. Mr Iyamuremye also stated appointments respect the independence of the OAG since it will have in its duties to investigate senior officers of the country.","Biraro, Obadiah.  (2013, September 16) .  [Auditor General of the government of Rwanda].  Personal communication.    \n\nIyamuremye, Yassin.  (2013, September 9) .  [Chief accountant at the auditor's office].  Personal communication.\n\nMukama, Olivier.  (2013, September 22) .  [Independent lawyer].  Personal communication.\n\nThe World Bank.  (2012) .  Institution building with limited resources: Establishing a supreme audit institution in Rwanda.  Isaksson, A-S. & Bigsten, A.  Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X12000915","If one looks at the CV/resume of the Auditor General, Mr Obadiah Biraro, posted on the Auditor General office website, the Auditor has enough experience to be on the post by merit. The fact that the AG report to the parliament and not to the executive is a sign that the office is i..."]
["2013_ST_8",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",8,0,"In practice, conflicts of interests, cronyism and patronage are prevalent. The circle of powerful elites is closed and extends into the staffing of the supreme audit institution. Only those get selected that are well connected, leaving behind possible candidates that have merit and proven experience. \n\nAlthough the contest is open to all formally, evidence shows that only those get selected to positions of access who the elite (in this case the counsellors judges of the supreme court) choose.","1. Celiza de Deus Lima. President of the Bar. Bar Association. September 23 2013.\n2. Kótia Menezes. Judge. The Court. September 23 2013.\n3. Carla Neves. Lawyer. Amado Pereira & Associates. September 26 2013.","In practice, conflicts of interests, cronyism and patronage are prevalent. The circle of powerful elites is closed and extends into the staffing of the supreme audit institution. Only those get selected that are well connected, leaving behind possible candidates that have merit and..."]
["2013_SN_8",2013,"SN","Senegal",8,25,"La Constitution du Sénégal a donné aux juges des pouvoirs et des moyens pour son fonctionnement. Le mode de nomination des juges éloigne la pratique réelle de ce principe. \n\nLes magistrats de la Cour des Comptes sont nommés par décret, après avis du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Ce mode de nomination est perçu comme une atteinte à l’indépendance de l'institution de contrôle. Il a souvent été décrié, surtout pendant la période fin 2012-début 2013 qui correspond à la nomination, par président de la République, d'un nouveau président de la Cour des comptes. Les contrôleurs sont sanctionnés en cas d'erreur grave, mais ne peuvent pas être révoqués en cours de mandat.","Entretien avec Abdoulauye Dièye, professeur de droit, Université de Dakar, le 29 septembre 2013.\n\nAnonyme, ancien président de la Cour des Comptes du Sénégal. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nMaître Assane Dioma Ndiaye, avocat à la Cour, coordonnateur de la Ligue sénégalaise des droits humains, 27 Septembre 2013.","La Constitution du Sénégal a donné aux juges des pouvoirs et des moyens pour son fonctionnement. Le mode de nomination des juges éloigne la pratique réelle de ce principe. ..."]
["2013_SC_8",2013,"SC","Seychelles",8,50,"As with all appointees in such a small country, everyone has conflicts of interest. The auditor general is appointed by the president from candidates proposed by the constitutional appointments authority, which was mentioned previously as not necessarily being a merit-based system. Other appointments are made on a merit-based system. The auditor general confirmed that the Seychelles SAI is guided by the INTOSAI code of ethics on appointment of officers to the SAI, and the Seychelles SAI is guided by the provisions of the public service orders in carrying out disciplinary procedures and removing officers.","1. Mr. Marc Benstrong, Auditor General, Email, November 12, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice of Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12, 2013.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n4. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.","As with all appointees in such a small country, everyone has conflicts of interest. The auditor general is appointed by the president from candidates proposed by the constitutional appointments authority, which was mentioned previously as not necessarily being a merit-based system...."]
["2013_SL_8",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",8,75,"Section 119 of the constitution of Sierra Leone created the office of the auditor general and states that his/her mode of appointment shall be made by the president.  Although qualifications are a perquisite, the appointment of the auditor general by the president questions the independence of the audit service. The board of the audit service has no role to play in the appointment of the auditor general. The president's choice of auditor general is, however, done in consultation with the public service commission and is subject to scrutiny by parliament. There has been no incident or alleged conflict of interest over the study period. Other appointments of members of staff including auditors and other junior and senior staff are done on a merit-based system, with qualifications being prioritised. Staff positions and recruitment are advertised in newspapers and the government gazette.\n\nThe audit service board within the audit service of Sierra Leone is responsible for the appointment of regular staff/officers and takes disciplinary action among staff if necessary, according to defined rules. The appointment of positions such as auditors, program officers etc are done through advertisement, although anonymous sources at the audit service say there is influential recommendation from the auditor general. Positions such as information officer and information technology officer need certain qualifications.","Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nRoland A. Nylander, Adele Chambers, Legal Consultant, October 9, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nJoseph F. Kamara, Anti Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone","Section 119 of the constitution of Sierra Leone created the office of the auditor general and states that his/her mode of appointment shall be made by the president.  Although qualifications are a perquisite, the appointment of the auditor general by the president questions the ind..."]
["2013_SO_8",2013,"SO","Somalia",8,0,"Appointments to positions in the supreme audit institution rarely follow a merit-based system. The appointing authority and procedures sometimes present conflicts of interest and the process executed on the basis of rewarding politically-correct individuals or clan members. In addition, the office of Auditor General lacks sufficiently qualified staff to effectively manage their portfolios.","Anonymous independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis who wishes to remain. (2013 Dec 12).\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company. (2013 Dec 11).\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nFartaag, Abdirazak. (2013 May 1). Reconstructing Somalia and the politics of public sector finance. LSE-IDEAS Africa Programme, Occasional Paper.\nhttp://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/programmes/africaProgramme/pdfs/Abdirazak-Fartaag-LSE-IDEAS-Occasional-Paper-Reconstructing-Somalia-and-the-Politics-of-Public-Sector-Finance.pdf.","Appointments to positions in the supreme audit institution rarely follow a merit-based system. The appointing authority and procedures sometimes present conflicts of interest and the process executed on the basis of rewarding politically-correct individuals or clan members. In addi..."]
["2013_ZA_8",2013,"ZA","South Africa",8,100,"The South African law states that at least 60% of parliament (240 of the national assembly's 400 MPs) have to support the appointment of an auditor general. A new auditor general was appointed in September 2013. Kimi Makwetu will follow up Terence Nombembe, who will be retiring this year. \n\n\"Makwetu's appointment was supported by all the political parties in parliament, but despite not having any objection to the appointment, a vote had to be taken on the appointment,\" the Mail & Guardian reported. \"An overwhelming 298 MPs voted in favour of the appointment. It is not clear how many were in the house for the vote.\"\n\nThe appointment process of the new auditor general and the list of nominees were made public, as well as the related hearings. They can be found on the website of the parliamentary monitoring group. \n\nRegular personnel is appointed based on merit. There were no controversial incidents with respect to Auditor General staff. The AG has been hailed as one of the most ethical organisations in south Africa.\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa: \"Yes, the AG is appointed according to a merit-based system. The law states that parliament has to vote for the appointment, thus through a multi-party scrutiny procedure. This means that a head of state can't appoint someone favourable to his/her party. It is furthermore difficult to remove the auditor general, almost as difficult to remove a judge.\"","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org ), interview, November 11 2013.\n\nANC chief whip announces Makwetu as new auditor general, Mail & Guardian,  September 11 2013), http://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-11-anc-chief-whip-announces-makwetu-as-new-auditor-general.\n\nAdHoc Auditor: Election of chairperson; process and advertisement for the appointment of auditor general: discussion, Parliamentary Monitoring Group, July 2013, http://www.pmg.org.za/report/20130716-adhoc-auditor-election-chairperson-process-and-advertisement-for-appointment-auditor-general-discussion","The South African law states that at least 60% of parliament (240 of the national assembly's 400 MPs) have to support the appointment of an auditor general. A new auditor general was appointed in September 2013. Kimi Makwetu will follow up Terence Nombembe, who will be retiring thi..."]
["2013_SS_8",2013,"SS","South Sudan",8,0,"In practice, appointments to South Sudan’s supreme audit institution, known as the National Audit Chamber, do not support the independence of the institution. \n\nFirst, the head of the institution, the Auditor General is a member of the SPLM party and it’s clear that he was appointed on the basis of his party loyalty. Steven Wondu is a long term SPLM cadre who served as an ambassador during most of the interim period after the end of the civil war.\n\nSecondly, according to a member of the Audit Chamber speaking on the condition of anonymity, the president often has to first approve the staff appointed by the Auditor General. This means these staff cannot work independently knowing that president can determine whether or not they continue to serve at the Audit Chamber. Although the staff is appointed by the president and the Auditor General, they remain under the general conditions and authority of the civil service which means that their flexibility is limited with regard to reacting to emerging issues. \n\n\"From a legal aspect, this is placing the supreme audit institution under the grace and considerations of some of its auditees,” according to a June 2013 version of the Quality Assurance Report prepared by the African Organisation of English-speaking Supreme Audit Institutions (AFROSAI-E) Secretariat.","African Organisation of the English-Speaking Supreme-Audit Institutions (AFROSAI-E) Secretariat.    (2013).  Quality Assurance Report.  Retrieved from http://www.auditchamber-ss.org/reports/NAC-Quality-Assurance-Report-24-July-2013.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Staff member of the National Audit Chamber].  Personal communication. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nChoi, G.  (2013, October 11) .  [Advocate and commissioner of Oaths, Gandhi and Company Advocates, Juba.  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d) .  South Sudan National Audit Chamber. retrieved October 2013.\nhttp://www.auditchamber-ss.org/index.html","In practice, appointments to South Sudan’s supreme audit institution, known as the National Audit Chamber, do not support the independence of the institution. ..."]
["2013_SD_8",2013,"SD","Sudan",8,0,"Appointments of the leaders of the Audit Chamber in Sudan are rarely based on merit. According to the Global Advice Network report, the \"appointments [of Chamber leaders] are often made based on political criteria.\" \n\nThere is no evidence showing that officers are appointed based on merit to the supreme Audit Institution. It is likely that auditors will have conflict of interest because they are appointed politically and not merit based.","Business Anti-Corruption Portal. (2013). Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives. GAN Integrity Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/sudan/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives.aspx\n \nAudit of UNDP Sudan, July 2013\nhttp://audit-public-disclosure.undp.org/view_audit_rpt_2.cfm?audit_id=1072\n\nMartin, M. (2012). Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International.","Appointments of the leaders of the Audit Chamber in Sudan are rarely based on merit. According to the Global Advice Network report, the \"appointments [of Chamber leaders] are often made based on political criteria.\" ..."]
["2013_SZ_8",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",8,0,"The auditors of the Auditor General's office are hired and fired through the Civil Sevice Commission under the scrutiny of the Swaziland National Association of Civil Servants. The hiring and firing process follows stringent procedures and is transparent.\n \nThe auditor general is appointed by the king on the basis of a cabinet recommendation (cabinet itself is appointed by the king). The auditor general may also be fired - \"at any time\" according to a source interviewed as part of this research. Both hiring and firing is done without transparency or explanations to the public. This provides for a mixed picture of the autonomy of the auditor general's office.","Interview: Anonymous, representative Ministry of Finance, Mbabane, 30 September 2013. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n \n\"Swaziland Justice Sector and Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), March 2013. http://www.osisa.org/other/law/swaziland/swaziland-justice-sector-and-rule-law\n\n\"Swaziland: Country Profile,\" KPMG, Mbabane, 2012. Available at http://www.kpmg.com/Africa/en/KPMG-in-Africa/Documents/2012-2013%20Country%20Profiles/Swaziland%20Country%20Profile_2012-2013.pdf\n \n \"Report of the Auditor General for the Financial Year Ending 31 March 2012,\" Auditor General of Swaziland, September 2012.\n \n ","The auditors of the Auditor General's office are hired and fired through the Civil Sevice Commission under the scrutiny of the Swaziland National Association of Civil Servants. The hiring and firing process follows stringent procedures and is transparent...."]
["2013_TZ_8",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",8,50,"The controller and auditor general has powers and command over the selection, promotion, discipline and remuneration of his/her staff. The only common concern is that the appointment of the cag is still being made by the president, who is also mandated to appoint a tribunal to remove the office holder after investigations. Additionally, some view the fact that some staff in the audit office come from within the civil service and that this could in a few cases be a negative influence. \n \nThose appointed to the office of the controller and auditor general are required to possess relevant academic or professional qualifications, largely in accountancy. The new proposal for parliament to vet the appointment of the cag is in fact meant to check fears of conflict of interest, if the executive was allowed to expressly name the office bearer without any other process to interrogate the suitability of such a candidate, as is the case now. Other than the cag himself, the other staff follow the laid-down procedures as provided in the public servants' rules and regulations.","1. Mr Juma Idd, Senior Accountant, Ministry of Agriculture, Interviewed on October 10, 2013\n \n 2. Mr Semkae Kilonzo, Co-ordinator, Policy Forum (Coalition of over 100 NGos on policy), interviewed October 8, 2013.\n \n 3. Mr Moses Kulaba, Agenda Participation2000 (Corruption tracker), interviewed October 8, 2013","The controller and auditor general has powers and command over the selection, promotion, discipline and remuneration of his/her staff. The only common concern is that the appointment of the cag is still being made by the president, who is also mandated to appoint a tribunal to remo..."]
["2013_TG_8",2013,"TG","Togo",8,0,"Le pouvoir nomme les contrôleurs en fonction de leur militantisme et de leur incompétence. Ce serait en effet de propos délibéré que les contrôleurs n'auraient pas le profil requis pour occuper leurs postes. Tout ceci montre bien l'inefficacité de cette institution.","Me Zeus Ata Messan Ajavon, ex-président, Collectif des associations contre l’impunité (CACIT), 01 novembre 2013.\n \n Noel Kokou Tadegnon, journaliste indépendant, correspondant, Deutsche Welle, 1er novembre 2013.\n \n Ghislain Nyaku, responsable, Département de protection des droits de l'homme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 octobre 2013.","Le pouvoir nomme les contrôleurs en fonction de leur militantisme et de leur incompétence. Ce serait en effet de propos délibéré que les contrôleurs n'auraient pas le profil requis pour occuper leurs postes. Tout ceci montre bien l'inefficacité de cette institution."]
["2013_TN_8",2013,"TN","Tunisia",8,75,"Appointments to the Cour des Comptes do not interfere with its practical independence. \n \nIn fact, appointments to positions inside the Cour des Comptes are made according to merit and career achievements, and it has not been reported that any auditors were transferred or sanctioned as punishment or for retaliation. There are reportedly no conflicts of interest. \n \nThe high council of the Cour des Comptes nominates the Presidents of the Chambers, the Rapporteur Général and the Presidents of Sections. The high council proposes also the list of the persons to promote as conseillers and decide about the confirmation of the counselors and vice-councellors after the probation period. Sanctions of any type are also decided by the high council. \n\nThe President of the Court of Accounts is, however, ultimately appointed by the Prime Ministers Office without any other party needed to countersign the appointment, rendering the position subject to some influence."," September 26, 2013 : Interview with Khadija Madani, independant lawyer, Tunis\n \n September 28, 2013 : Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis\n \n October 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, University Professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis.\n\nCour des comptes website: www.courdescomptes.nat.tn \n \n \n","Appointments to the Cour des Comptes do not interfere with its practical independence. \n \nIn fact, appointments to positions inside the Cour des Comptes are made according to merit and..."]
["2013_UG_8",2013,"UG","Uganda",8,75,"The auditor general is appointed by the president and vetted as well as approved by the parliament. A person to be appointed auditor general should be of high moral character and proven integrity, a qualified accountant with full membership for at least 15 years, of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Uganda or another body recognised by the council. Despite being appointed by the president, the current auditor general, John Muwanga, has proved over the years that he is a man of high moral character and proven integrity, not compromised by arm of the government. Media reports also show that Mr. Muwanga is a fellow of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, United Kingdom, and a member of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Uganda. His experience also extends to other areas of the public sector where he has several positions in the government’s economic and financial management projects.\n \n In November 2012, the auditor general exposed a severe corruption case involving embezzlement of Norwegian aid to the country. Previously in the year, Uganda has won the Swedish National Audit Office prize 2011 and Freedom House's Countries at the Crossroads report has noted the auditor general's independence. Though this is outside the research period, it shows that the auditor general's office has a tradition of independence. \n \n The rest of the staff in the office of the auditor general are recruited through the public service commission, a government entity with the mandate to appoint, promote and exercise disciplinary control over persons holding office in the public service of Uganda. Regarding conflict of interest, while recruiting staff, there have been media reports accusing the commission of sometimes making appointments with conflict of interest. Otherwise the auditors are disciplined, removed, or transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.","Human Rights Network-Uganda, Uganda Democracy Audit, 2008-2013, December 2013.\nhttp://www.hurinet.or.ug/democracy%20audit2014.pdf\n\nAndante Okanya, The New Vision “Auditor sacked over stealing sh445m”; February 20, 2013\n http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/639985-auditor-sacked-over-stealing-sh445m.html.\n \n African Press Organization \"Uganda’s development threatened by corruption – Norwegian aid suspended\" 30 November 2012 http://appablog.wordpress.com/2012/11/30/ugandas-development-threatened-by-corruption-norwegian-aid-suspended/\n \n Swedish National Audit Office \"Uganda winner of the SNAO Prize 2011\"\n April 18 2012 http://www.riksrevisionen.se/en/Start/About-us/news/2012/Uganda-winner-of-the-SNAO-Prize-2011-/.\n \n Freedom House, Countries at the Crossroads 2012, Uganda \"http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2012/uganda#_edn11\"\n \n Additional Links\n http://www.un.org/ga/iaac/members_muwanga.shtml\n http://intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/writeups/uganda.htm.","The auditor general is appointed by the president and vetted as well as approved by the parliament. A person to be appointed auditor general should be of high moral character and proven integrity, a qualified accountant with full membership for at least 15 years, of the Institute o..."]
["2013_ZM_8",2013,"ZM","Zambia",8,50,"The appointment of the auditor general is done by the President and therefore not completely merit-based but follows political considerations as well. Regular staff is appointed based on merit. The office has problems though retaining well-qualified staff because of low pay. There have been times when citizens and organisations have expressed concern about the lack of government's reaction to the auditor general's reports and recommendations - recent cases against two ministers portray the office to be decently independent however, notwithstanding the executive's role in appointing the auditor general. \n \nThe disciplinary/dismissal/transfer procedure is the same as other similar public service offices (through a panel).","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n 2. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Zambia National Assembly, Oversight Of The Implementation Of The Budget And Of Government Spending, Body for auditing the Government's books and method for appointing, http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/CtrlParlementaire/2359_F.htm., accessed October 2013\n \n 3. Zambia Reports, Peter Adamu, Transparency International Zambia Discredits President Sata’s Corruption Fight, December 9 2012, Paragraph 19, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fFc66bSDVawJ:zambiareports.com/2012/12/09/transparency-international-zambia-discredits-president-satas-corruption-fight/+&cd=9&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.","The appointment of the auditor general is done by the President and therefore not completely merit-based but follows political considerations as well. Regular staff is appointed based on merit. The office has problems though retaining well-qualified staff because of low pay. There ..."]
["2013_ZW_8",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",8,50,"Appointments to the comptroller and auditor general's office (CAG) are done by the president in consultation with the civil service commission. Sources conclude that the appointment process, though ostensibly merit based, is riddled with problems, and that appointees often have conflicts of interest because of their dependence on the president and his supporters for their positions. \n \nAccording to Zinyama, 76.6% of surveyed members of the Public Accounts Committee (a parliamentary body that liaises with the Auditor General's Office) believe that the independence of the CAG is compromised due to the appointment process, notwithstanding the existence and partial adherance to a merit-based appointment process.","1. Zinyama T. 2013. Efficiency and Effectiveness in Public Sector Auditing: An Evaluation of the Comptroller and Auditor General’s Performance in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2012. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science . Vol. 3 No. 7; April 2013 \n http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_7_April_2013/29.pdf\n \n2. Auditor General Zimbabwe (2013) Office of the Auditor General-Zimbabwe. http://www.auditgen.gov.zw/index.php/sample-sites-2/comptroller-and-auditor-general\n\n3. Zhou G and Zinyama T. 2012. Auditing Government Institutions in Zimbabwe Frameworks, Processes and Practices. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting. Vol. 2, No. 2","Appointments to the comptroller and auditor general's office (CAG) are done by the president in consultation with the civil service commission. Sources conclude that the appointment process, though ostensibly merit based, is riddled with problems, and that appointees often have con..."]
["2013_DZ_9",2013,"DZ","Algeria",9,0,"En Algérie, la Cour des comptes est considérée comme l’institution supérieure de contrôle a posteriori des finances de l’État, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics. Elle établit chaque année un rapport sur la gestion des deniers publics qu’elle remet au président de la République, conformément aux dispositions de l’article 170 de la Constitution. Ses rapports, entourés de secrets, ne sont ni mis en ligne ni mis à la disposition des citoyens, à l‘exception de deux rapports, ceux de 1995 et de 1996 et 1997, publiés sur le site Web de l’organisme. \n\nQuant à l’inspection générale des finances (IGF), elle n'intervient que sur demande des autorités publiques, notamment le président de la République, les présidents des deux chambres du parlement et les membres du gouvernement. Les missions des services de cette institution sont définies par des textes réglementaires adoptés par le pouvoir exécutif et leurs rapports ne sont malheureusement pas mis à la disposition des citoyens. Même l’espace réservé à l’inspection générale des finances sur le site du ministère des Finances est presque vide.","-Djedjiga Rahmani. (2013, le 28 février). La cour des comptes bâillonnée: les magistrats décident de passer à l’action. Elwatan. Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/405026.\n\n-(2013, Septembre 17). Entretien avec le secrétaire général adjoint de l'association nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC), Feddal Halim. [Entrevue].\n\n-Cour des comptes. (1995) et (1996 et 1997). Rapports annuels. Repérés à http://www.ccomptes.org.dz/rapports_annuels.html, \n\n-Abderrahmane Mebtoul. (2013, le 5 mars). Quel rôle pour la cour des comptes ?. Algerienews. Repéré à http://www.algerienews.info/quel-role-pour-la-cour-des-comptes/.\n\n-Ines B. (2013, le 22 juin). Lutte contre la corruption : Quel rôle pour la cour des comptes?. Le Courrier d’Algérie. Repéré à http://lecourrier-dalgerie.com/lutte-contre-la-corruption-quel-role-pour-ligf-et-la-cour-des-comptes/.\n\nAl-Monitor, \"Algérie freinés par la corruption, la mauvaise planification,\" April 16, 2013.","En Algérie, la Cour des comptes est considérée comme l’institution supérieure de contrôle a posteriori des finances de l’État, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics. Elle établit chaque année un rapport sur la gestion des deniers publics qu’elle remet au pré..."]
["2013_AO_9",2013,"AO","Angola",9,0,"Only one report is available on the Tribunal de Contas’ website.  Despite a \"Publications\" section on its website there are no reports available. Also, despite the reference of the court’s president to the volume of work completed by the institution in 2013 (almost 3,000 individual cases, preemptive audits of more than 500 public tender contracts, etc.) no information on these cases is available.  \n\nThe president of the Court of Auditors acknowledged clearly that there is “no tradition nor experience of oversight of the state budget nor public expenditures at the judiciary level in our country.\" In 2013, for the very first time in history, the Court audited the State’s General Account of 2011, which is the only report available on the audit institution website. \n\nEven so, the audit does not cover more than 70 per cent of the expenditures of the 2011 State’s General Account, because the government failed to submit reports on the majority of those expenditures.","(2013, December 17) .  Angola: Tribunal de Contas regista emissão do primeiro parecer a Conta Geral do Estado.  Angop.  Retrieved from http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2013/11/52/Angola-Tribunal-Contas-regista-emissao-primeiro-parecer-Conta-Geral-Estado,38115bbb-ef84-47dc-a88f-ca73a5244afe.html.\n\nDe Morais, R. F.  (2013, November 8) .  Integrity is cool, corruption is a rime: TI’s integrity award speech.  Maka Angola.  Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2013/11/08/english-integrity-is-cool-corruption-is-a-crime/?lang=en. \n\nRepublic of Angola Tribunal de Contas.  (n.d.) .  Parecer a Conta geral do estado referente ao exercício financeiro do ano 2011 (audit of the 2011 state’s general account).  Retrieved from http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Not%C3%ADcias/Detalhamento%20da%20Not%C3%ADcia?PAPP_COD=838.\n\nRepublic of Angola Tribunal de Contas.  (n.d.) .  Publications.  Retrieved from http://srvtcsa2.tcontas.ao:7779/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Publica%C3%A7%C3%B5es.\n\n(2013, July 17) .  Presidente do Tribunal de Contas pede entrega a novos reponsáveis.  Angop.  Retrieved from http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2013/6/29/Presidente-Tribunal-Contas-pede-maior-entrega-novos-reponsaveis,36e6d2bb-ec43-4ed1-b710-6481bb624b3c.html.","Only one report is available on the Tribunal de Contas’ website.  Despite a \"Publications\" section on its website there are no reports available. Also, despite the reference of the court’s president to the volume of work completed by the institution in 2013 (almost 3,000 individual..."]
["2013_BJ_9",2013,"BJ","Benin",9,0,"Les rapports de la chambre des comptes ne sont pas accessibles en ligne. Les sites Internet de la Cour Suprême sont inactifs. Les pages web dédiées à la documentation n'incluent pas de la documentation récente sur la chambre des comptes. \n\nLe centre de documentation de la Cour suprême à Porto Novo n'inclut pas d'actes de la Chambre des Comptes. Seul le greffe de la chambre situé à Cotonou est capable de fournir des données sur les rapports. En plus, l'obtention éventuelle d'informations sur les actes de la Chambre des Comptes est subordonnée à une audience avec le président de la chambre (à Porto Novo) qui donnerait à son tour des instructions au greffe afin que celle-ci mette à disposition les informations demandées.\n\nLes rapports sur les budgets d'Etat déclarés conformes par la Cour Suprême sont transmis à l'Assemblée Nationale pour examen et vote de la loi de règlement. Dès le vote des députés, les documents sont publiés comme toute loi du Parlement dans le Journal Officiel et rendus accessibles au grand public. Mais les lois de règlement de 2005 et 2006 n'ont été votées, par exemple, qu'en 2013.\n\nEn plus, les rapports de la Cour suprême sur les comptes d'Etat sont annuels et ne sont adressés qu'aux présidents de la République et de l'Assemblée Nationale.","Armand Vidégla, ancien éditorialiste. (15 septembre, 2013). L'Option Infos. Cotonou, Bénin.\n\nEmmanuel E. Creppy, La Nouvelle Tribune du 11 septembre 2013. \"Lépi et constitution : Le problème qui se pose est un problème de démarche, dixit Koupaki\".  http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/15845-le-probleme-qui-se-pose-est-un-probleme-de-demarche\n\nFiacre Vidjingninou,  Jeune Afrique du 26 septmbre, 2013. \"Joël Aïvo : La réforme constitutionnelle de Boni Yayi est en deçà du minimum démocratique attendu \". http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20130926144115/benin-boni-yayi-reforme-constitutionnelle-joel-aivo-benin-joel-aivo-la-reforme-constitutionnelle-voulue-par-boni-yayi-au-benin-est-en-deca-du-minimum-democratique-attendu.html\n\nPage web de la chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême du Bénin. http://www.aisccuf.org/?id=115\n\nFonds documentaire de la Cour Suprême du Bénin. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/cs/cadre.htm\n\nFidèle KENOU, Le Projecteur du 26 juin, 2013. \"Assemblée Nationale : les lois de règlement de 2005 et 2006 adoptées\". http://projecteuractubenin.com/assemblee-nationale-les-lois-de-reglement-de-2005-et-2006-adoptees/\n\nJanvier YAHOUEDEOU, La Nouvelle Tribune du 1er octobre, 2013. \"Révision de la Constitution : Yahouédéou démonte les arguments du gouvernement.\" http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/16145-revision-de-la-constitution-yahouedeou-demonte-les-arguments-du-gouvernement#!/ccomment-comment=133647","Les rapports de la chambre des comptes ne sont pas accessibles en ligne. Les sites Internet de la Cour Suprême sont inactifs. Les pages web dédiées à la documentation n'incluent pas de la documentation récente sur la chambre des comptes. ..."]
["2013_BW_9",2013,"BW","Botswana",9,0,"Normally the auditor general publishes a report once during the financial year around March. Reports are accessible online at the auditor general's website.","Article: Free the office of the Auditor General, Weekend Post, October 15 2013, www.weekendpost.co.bw/index.php?option...auditor-general.\n\nWebsite: Office of the Auditor General, Botswana Government Portal, accessed October 2013\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Office-Of-The-Auditor-OAG/.","Normally the auditor general publishes a report once during the financial year around March. Reports are accessible online at the auditor general's website."]
["2013_BF_9",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",9,0,"La Cour des Comptes à le devoir de publier et rendre publics ses rapports annuels de même que certains rapports particuliers. \n\nDans les faits, c'est tout autre chose : le rapport public annuel est déposé au premier ministère et à la présidence, mais il n'est pas accessible aux citoyens. Les journalistes que nous avons interrogés ont affirmé n'avoir jamais réussi à entrer en possession d’un rapport. \n\nSur le site web de l'institution, il y a une section dénommée « Centre de publication / Téléchargement ». On y trouve les rapports publics de 2003 à 2011 et d'autres rapports particuliers de gestion. Cependant, aucun des liens ne permet le téléchargement, de sorte que les rapports sont introuvables.","Boukari Ouoba, journaliste d'investigation, journal Mutations, 11 septembre 2013.\n\nMickael Pacodi, journaliste, L'Évènement, 23 Septembre 2013.\n\nCour des Comptes du Burkina Faso. (2013). Rapport public 2010-2011: http://www.cour-comptes.gov.bf/index.php/rapports-publics","La Cour des Comptes à le devoir de publier et rendre publics ses rapports annuels de même que certains rapports particuliers. ..."]
["2013_BI_9",2013,"BI","Burundi",9,25,"Les rapports de la Cour des Comptes du Burundi sur les dépenses publiques semblent être annuels, mais ne sont pas disponibles en ligne. On trouve des synthèses dans les sommaires des séances du Sénat. Par contre, la presse fait allusion aux rapports de la Cour des Comptes sur d'autres sujets qui pourraient être plus réguliers. \n\nLe 26 décembre 2012, le Sénat offrait un compte rendu synthétique de la séance dédiée à la présentation des commentaires sur le projet de Loi de finances 2013. Lors de cette séance, le Président de la Cour des Comptes a présenté son rapport. Ce rapport était basé sur des analyses de la Cour visant à vérifier le cadrage budgétaire et les projections macroéconomiques du Burundi et, ainsi, pouvoir faire des prévisions sur les recettes et les dépenses. (Voir le compte rendu sur le site du Sénat.)\n\nSur le site web de l'Observatoire de l'Action gouvernementale, les rapports de la Cour des Comptes servent à enquêter sur les fonds et les comptes extrabudgétaires. Par contre, la régularité de son rapport semble se limiter à chaque exercice financier et non pas à des publications mensuelles. Sur le site web du ministère des Finances et de la Planification du Développement économique, le lien vers la Cour des Comptes n'est pas disponible. \n\nQuand à l'Inspection Générale de l'Etat, il n'est pas possible de penser à un accès public à ses rapports, qui sont transmis au ministre de la Bonne gouvernance en vertu de l'article 79 du décret n° 100/277 portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de l'inspection générale de l'État. Cet article stipule que la diffusion du rapport de vérification se fait conformément aux directives du ministre de la Bonne gouvernance.\n\nGérard Bizindavyi estime que le niveau d'instruction au sein de la population n'incite pas les pouvoirs publics à publier ce type de rapport: «Que ces rapports soient publiés ou non, nous avons un peuple très ignorant qui ne suit pas de près les activités de ses mandataires. Aussi, au Burundi nous accusons un manque au niveau de la lecture. Même les parlementaires qui devraient être les premiers à exiger de tels rapports font semblant de ne rien savoir.»\n\nSelon Come Bageni «ces rapports sont dans une certaine limite accessible, car, souvent, nous entendons le président de l’OLUCOME en parler. L’accès à ces rapports doit être difficile et contrôlé.»","Nshimirimana Vital, président du FORSC et ancien président de la SYMABU (Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi), le 24 octobre 2013.\n\nBizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nCompte rendu synthétique de la séance plénière du 26 décembre 2012 relative à la présentation des commentaires sur le budget 2013 et à l’analyse et adoption d’un projet de loi. Site web du Sénat du Burundi. http://www.senat.bi/spip.php?article3252\n\nMinistère des Finances et de la Planification du Développement Economique. Site web du Ministère. http://www.finances.gov.bi/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=76&layout=blog&Itemid=79\n\n«Burundi : début en janvier 2013 de la politique de \"charroi zéro\"», Agence Xinhua, 26 décembre 2012. http://www.arib.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6419\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara.\n\nNzosaba Jean Bosco, «Gestion budgétaire : Coup de gueule de la Cour des Comptes», Observatoire de l'Action Gouvernementale, 11 août 2008. http://www.oag.bi/spip.php?article475","Les rapports de la Cour des Comptes du Burundi sur les dépenses publiques semblent être annuels, mais ne sont pas disponibles en ligne. On trouve des synthèses dans les sommaires des séances du Sénat. Par contre, la presse fait allusion aux rapports de la Cour des Comptes sur d'aut..."]
["2013_CM_9",2013,"CM","Cameroon",9,0,"In Cameroon, the reports of the supreme state audit are inaccessible to citizens. Requests to obtain such documents can take months and often times the request is denied or worst, bureaucratic bottle-necks are created along the path of the person's request until he or she gives up the quest. Reports are often available and accessible to citizens in the form of news items about the arrest of certain government officials following an audit of work that was conducted at his or her institution.","Ajong, Abba.  (2013, October 1) .  [Managing Director, Aba International Consultancy].  Personal communication.\n\nDiffang, Elias Funge.  (2013, October 1) .  [Senior Lecturer, University of Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nEtom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon, the reports of the supreme state audit are inaccessible to citizens. Requests to obtain such documents can take months and often times the request is denied or worst, bureaucratic bottle-necks are created along the path of the person's request until he or she gives up ..."]
["2013_CV_9",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",9,75,"The performance reports and audits of state institutions are disclosed and made available by the court of auditors. \n\nWhile the court (during 2012) passed at least 50 judgements on a variety of actors such as municipalities and associations (17), government institutes (18), embassies, services and autonomous funds, sovereign bodies, political parties, customs and postal offices (15). Not all of these judgements are easily available. There are a variety of publications and statements downloadable from the website,  though frequently statements date back to a few years past. While there is evidence that the total number of officially published reports/notices/judgement is definitely higher then ten for any given year, the publication and announcement of such acts is not optimised, and such notices in some cases are very brief. Reports are sometimes highlighted in the press and on institutional websites, especially when illegalities are detected. An example is the case of  Felisberto Vieira, who was condemned by the court of auditors.","1. Joao Pinto, Attorney Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Sara Boal, Judge Counselor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n3. Carla Soares Sousa, President of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n4. Killy Fernandes, Chairman of the Financial Information Unit, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\nNewsletter \"Warning\" of the Court of Accounts Cape Verde, July 14, 2013.\n\nReport of Activities 2012 Court of Accounts: www.tribunalcontas.cv\n\nWebsite review: \nwww.tribunalcontas.cv\n\nhttp://noticias.sapo.cv/info/artigo/1303889.htmlport of Activities 2011 Court of Accounts. www.tribunalcontas.cv, http://noticias.sapo.cv/info/artigo/1303889.html","The performance reports and audits of state institutions are disclosed and made available by the court of auditors. ..."]
["2013_CF_9",2013,"CF","CAR",9,0,"La RCA dispose d'un certain nombre d'organes de contrôle. En premier lieu, on note la Cour des comptes. En second lieu, il y a l'Inspection générale d'État et l'Inspection générale des finances qui contribuent à l'assainissement des administrations publiques et des entreprises parapubliques. Celles-ci rédigent annuellement des rapports de contrôle portant sur le fonctionnement  des administrations publiques et des entreprises para-étatiques. Toutefois, force est de constater que ces rapports ne sont pas publiés (du moins ne le sont-ils pas en ligne bien qu'ils soient disponibles sur papier). Plusieurs raisons permettent d'expliquer cette faible diffusion:\n- le caractère confidentiel de ces rapports;\n- la pression politique et hiérarchique;\n- l'insuffisance des moyens;\n- l'incapacité institutionnelle. \n\nEn d'autres termes, il est pour l'instant difficile d'avoir accès aux rapports de ces institutions de contrôle.","Constant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nFulgence Zeneth (juriste), conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections en RCA, coordonnateur adjoint de l'Observatoire des droits de l'homme en RCA,11 septembre 2013.\n\nLucienne Maka Gbossokotto, membre de l'Observatoire de lutte contre corruption en Afrique centrale (OLCAC), 11 septembre 2013.","La RCA dispose d'un certain nombre d'organes de contrôle. En premier lieu, on note la Cour des comptes. En second lieu, il y a l'Inspection générale d'État et l'Inspection générale des finances qui contribuent à l'assainissement des administrations publiques et des entreprises para..."]
["2013_TD_9",2013,"TD","Chad",9,25,"Certains documents de contrôle sont accessibles via le Ministère des Finances Publiques, mais il manque la transparence, et il n'y a pas beaucoup de publications.","Interview, Source anyonyme 1, 11 décembre 2013. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anyonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nFonds Monétaire International (FMI). (19 septembre 2013). « Déclaration au terme d’une mission des services du FMI au Tchad ». Reliefweb: http://reliefweb.int/report/chad/d%C3%A9claration-au-terme-d%E2%80%99une-mission-des-services-du-fmi-au-tchad","Certains documents de contrôle sont accessibles via le Ministère des Finances Publiques, mais il manque la transparence, et il n'y a pas beaucoup de publications."]
["2013_KM_9",2013,"KM","Comoros",9,50,"La Cour des comptes publie un rapport trimestriel (elle ne dispose pas de site web). Le rapport est ensuite publié par les services de la présidence et diffusé au parlement, ainsi que dans les journaux dans un délai raisonnable. La Cour des comptes remet son rapport d’activités trimestrielles au président de l’Union. C’est le président de la Cour des comptes, Ahmed Elarif Hamidi, en demandant une audience au Président,  qui remet ce rapport en personne. Le mardi 9 octobre 2012,  quatre mois après avoir été nommé à la tête de la Cour des comptes, Ahmed Elarif Hamidi a été reçu par le président de l’Union des Comores pour remettre ce rapport d’activités. Il a ensuite accordé une interview à la communication de la  présidence en expliquant que la Cour des comptes a effectué des contrôles dans plusieurs sociétés d’État dont l’ANACEM, la SNPSF, la Direction nationale de la Dette du ministère des Finances, la régie de la Justice pour les trois dernières années et affirme que ces contrôles permettent de mettre la main sur ceux qui ont abusé de la caisse de l’État et que la loi se chargera de les obliger à rembourser l’argent détourné. Le site officiel de la présidence (www.beit-salam.km) a ensuite publié un compte rendu de cette visite. \n\nSelon le Président de la Cour des comptes, Ahmed Elarif Hamidi à cette époque, un rapport d’activités était remis entre les mains des représentants du peuple et celles du gouvernement (Source: Site officiel de la présidence, www.beit-salam.km).\n\nLes affaires traitées par la cour des comptes sont aussi rendues publiques par l’intermédiaire des articles de journal: Dans « Actualités Comores », le public est informé de la demande de la Commission nationale de la lutte contre la corruption (CNPLC) le vendredi 19 juillet 2013, signée par le commissaire général adjoint, Amroine Mouzaoui, au président de l’Assemblée ,  l’autorisation de « s’entretenir » avec les trois députés qui ont été à l’origine de l’éclatement de l’affaire dite du pavillon comorien (Ahmed, 19 juillet 2013). Le même journal relate que les députés  Abdoulfatah Saïd Mohamed et Mohamed Farouk Mhadjou avaient  « catégoriquement » refusé de se plier à la demande de la CNLPC .","Ahmed, T. (19 juillet 2013). « Affaire du pavillon comorien: deux députés déclinent l'invitation du CNPLC». Al-watwan: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5545\n\nUnion des Comores, site officiel de la Présidence : www.beit-salam.km, consultée Juillet 2013.","La Cour des comptes publie un rapport trimestriel (elle ne dispose pas de site web). Le rapport est ensuite publié par les services de la présidence et diffusé au parlement, ainsi que dans les journaux dans un délai raisonnable. La Cour des comptes remet son rapport d’activités tri..."]
["2013_CD_9",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",9,0,"En pratique, l'organisme de contrôle des finances publiques publie des rapports fréquents (annuel, trimestriel ou semestriel). Ils ne sont pas tous accessibles aux citoyens. Seul le rapport annuel est disponible pour les citoyens, à condition d'en faire une demande écrite et argumentée auprès du 1er vice-président pour en avoir un exemplaire.\n\nM. Mfoukou, étudiant en master I de droit à l'université Marien Ngouabi, dans le cadre de ses travaux dirigés qui portaient sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, a souhaité avoir une copie du rapport. Il s'est rendu à la Cour des comptes et a essuyé un refus. Au bureau du secrétariat du 1er vice-président, il lui a été demandé d'avoir un ordre écrit et signé par le secrétaire académique de son université.","1 - Rapport sur le contrôle de l'Exécution de la loi des finances, exercice 2012.\n\n2 - Entretien 1er octobre 2013 avec  M. André-Georges MOUYABI, Procureur général près la Cour des comptes et de Discipline Budgétaire, à la Cour des comptes, Plateau Centre-Ville, 2 rue Lastour à Brazzaville.\n\n3 - Entretien le 30 septembre 2013 avec M. Ruffin NKODIA, secrétaire au sein d'un cabinet d'huissiers.\n\n4 - Entretien du 19 octobre avec M. Mfoukou, étudiant en master I de droit à l'université Marien Ngouabi.","En pratique, l'organisme de contrôle des finances publiques publie des rapports fréquents (annuel, trimestriel ou semestriel). Ils ne sont pas tous accessibles aux citoyens. Seul le rapport annuel est disponible pour les citoyens, à condition d'en faire une demande écrite et argume..."]
["2013_CG_9",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",9,0,"Le site de la Cour des comptes affirme que celle-ci a pour mission d’être une institution de contrôle indépendante, écoutée, et dont le travail est suivi d’effets. Dans ce site, aucun rapport de contrôle n’est publié. La Cour des comptes est en pleine restructuration.\n\nL’organe de contrôle des finances publiques est bel et bien la Cour des comptes qui est en pleine restructuration. Son site ne contient pas de rapport publié : http://www.courdescomptes.cd/.","Voir le site de la Cour des comptes: http://www.courdescomptes.cd/mission.php.","Le site de la Cour des comptes affirme que celle-ci a pour mission d’être une institution de contrôle indépendante, écoutée, et dont le travail est suivi d’effets. Dans ce site, aucun rapport de contrôle n’est publié. La Cour des comptes est en pleine restructuration...."]
["2013_CI_9",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",9,25,"Les seuls rapports fréquemment publiés par la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, particulièrement ceux qui sont accessibles aux citoyens par le biais de son site Internet, sont ceux portant sur l’exécution du budget de l’État. Les rapports sur l’exécution du budget de l’État entre 2003 et 2012 sont disponibles sur le site Internet de la Chambre des comptes. Selon l'article de presse, c'est le sixième rapport de ce genre publié depuis 2009, signifiant que la Chambre en publie à peu près deux par an.\n\nOn trouve aussi sur le site Internet dudit organe des Rapports d’activités, notamment le Rapport spécial d’activités portant sur l’année 1998-2009 et le Rapport d’activités 2008-2009. Sont aussi disponibles d’autres rapports présentant les résultats du contrôle de certains organes publics, notamment les Rapports définitifs de la Caisse générale de retraite des agents de l’État (CGRAE) portant sur la période 2005-2007 et du Centre régional des œuvres universitaires d’Abidjan (CROU), portant sur la période 2004-2006.","Interview téléphonique avec un fonctionnaire de la Cour des comptes. 2 octobre 2013.\n\nRépublique de Côte d'Ivoire, site Internet de la Cour des Comptes: www.courdescomptesci.com, consultée Octobre 2013.\n\nPrésidence de la République de Côte d’Ivoire. (9mai 2012). « Le président de la République a accordé une audience au ministre britannique des Affaires africaines, et reçu le rapport d’activités de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême ». Repéré à: http://www.presidence.ci/actualite/66/le-president-a-accorde-une-audience-au-ministre-britannique-des-affaires-africaines-et-recu-le-rapport-d-activites-de-la-chambre-des-comptes","Les seuls rapports fréquemment publiés par la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, particulièrement ceux qui sont accessibles aux citoyens par le biais de son site Internet, sont ceux portant sur l’exécution du budget de l’État. Les rapports sur l’exécution du budget de l’État e..."]
["2013_DJ_9",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",9,0,"La Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême ne siège plus depuis l'incendie de ses locaux en 2008.\n\nn'existe pas de rapports ou très rarement. Pourtant, dans les textes juridiques créant l'institution supérieure de contrôle, il est prévu l'établissement d'un rapport annuel remis au chef de l'État. \n\nSelon Ali Guedi Abdourachid, ex-inspecteur, Inspection générale d’État, direction de l'audit, ministère des Finances, cela se produit parce qu'il existe plusieurs institutions de contrôle dans le pays, et qu'il y ait un empiètement entre elles, mais aussi en raison d’un certain manque d'activités au sein de l'institution supérieure de contrôle. Selon le journaliste, les institutions contrôlées ne jouent pas le jeu, ce qui complique le travail des inspecteurs.","1) Ali Guedi Abdourachid, ex-inspecteur, Inspection générale d’État, direction de l'audit, ministère des Finances, entretien réalisé le 4 octobre 2013. \n\n2) Sayed Nofal, journaliste, La Nation, entretien réalisé, le 3 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Ali Said Ali, juriste, avocat à la cour, entretien réalisé le jeudi 3 octobre 2013.","La Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême ne siège plus depuis l'incendie de ses locaux en 2008...."]
["2013_EG_9",2013,"EG","Egypt",9,0,"The reporting requirements of the CAO are rather limited. The CAO answers only to the president under Egyptian law, though article no. 20 of Law no. 157 (1998) states that annual reports are also submitted to the president, the parliament and the prime minister. \n\nThese policies, despite agitation for their reform, did not change substantially during the sample period. These annual reports were not made available to Egyptian citizens during the time of Mubarak nor during the sample period.","Arabic Network for Human Rights.  (2013) .  CAO, which is responsible for fighting corruption in Egypt, ill-treats an employee because of his media remarks over corruption inside the organization [Press release].  Retrieved from http://www.anhri.net/en/?p=13854.\n\n(2013, June 20) .  Prosecution: Mubarak and family amassed LE9 billion.  Egyptian Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/update-army-denies-reports-govt-will-oversee-its-commercial-activities. \n\nTolba, Magdy.  (2013, November 20) .  [Economic expert and chairman of the Arabian House of Consultancy for Financial and Economic Investment].  Personal communication.\n\nMarroushi, M.  (2012, March 29) .  Political and economic battles grip Central Auditing Organization.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/political-and-economic-battles-grip-central-auditing-organization.        \n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Central Auditing Organization Egypt.  Retrieved from http://www.cao.gov.eg/.","The reporting requirements of the CAO are rather limited. The CAO answers only to the president under Egyptian law, though article no. 20 of Law no. 157 (1998) states that annual reports are also submitted to the president, the parliament and the prime minister. ..."]
["2013_GQ_9",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",9,0,"Until the end of the period of review (September 2013), the recently created audit court had not yet started operating. Its regulatory framework was adopted in late September 2012. \n\nFurthermore, no audits have been conducted or made publicly available and there was no other office within the government with auditing functions.","Anonymous.  (2013, September) .  [Government official, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal Communication.\n\n(2012, September 27) .  Se presenta la Ley Orgánica reguladora del Tribunal de Cuentas.  Equatorial Guinea Office of Press and Information.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=3041\n\nInternational Budget Partnership.  (2012) .  Published in spring 2013. Open budget index 2012, Equatorial Guinea summary.  Retrieved from http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-EquatorialGuineaCS-English.pdf\n\nAfrican Development Bank.  (2013). \n Equatorial Guinea country strategy paper 2013-2017.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Equatorial%20Guinea%20-%202013-2017%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper.pdf","Until the end of the period of review (September 2013), the recently created audit court had not yet started operating. Its regulatory framework was adopted in late September 2012. ..."]
["2013_ER_9",2013,"ER","Eritrea",9,0,"The Government of Eritrea does not publish any financial documents. There is no website or publicly accessible post where audit reports are posted.\n\nThe auditor general is mainly responsible for auditing government agencies expenses (payroll, utilities) and also checking procurement processes. In fact, Eritrea has never published its annual budget since it became independent state in 1991. This remains one of the top secrets of the government.\n\nAccording to the BTI 2012, the Ministry of Information is the only Ministry in Eritrea that is responsible for any and all information requests and/or information dissemination efforts in Eritrea.","Field verification: There is no budget published nor is there a website by the Auditor general and/or any reports published by the office. \n\nEritrea Ministry of Information, http://www.shabait.com/, accessed July 2013.\n\nBertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index 2012, Country Report on Eritrea, http://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/BTI_2012_Eritrea.pdf.","The Government of Eritrea does not publish any financial documents. There is no website or publicly accessible post where audit reports are posted...."]
["2013_ET_9",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",9,0,"The General Auditor drafts annual reports and makes them available to the Ethiopian Parliament. After perusal by Parliament, reports are then made publicly available on the official website of the Auditor General. \n\nHowever, reports are only published online once a year. Hard copies are available upon request.","1. Interview with a researcher in the Ethiopian Economists Association, September 28, 2013. \n2. The Federal Auditor General of Ethiopia Report, 2013, http://www.ofag.gov.et.\n3. Interview  with a researcher at Addis Ababa University, October 4, 2012.\n4. Auditor General reports serious accounting flaws in government offices, Muluken Yewondwossen, May 6, 2013, http://www.capitalethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2897:auditor-general-reports-serious-accounting-flaws-in-govt-offices&catid=54:news&Itemid=27.","The General Auditor drafts annual reports and makes them available to the Ethiopian Parliament. After perusal by Parliament, reports are then made publicly available on the official website of the Auditor General. ..."]
["2013_GA_9",2013,"GA","Gabon",9,0,"The CCG publishes an annual report with its conclusions about budgetary execution and treasury operations at the end of each fiscal year (June or July). In French, the publication is known as \"Rapport Général de la Cour des comptes sur le contrôle de l’exécution des lois de finances\". For fiscal year 2011, the report was submitted in June 2013, a significant time delay.\n\nBut even if the President of the CCG (Gilbert Ngoulakia) addresses the National Assembly with the findings of the report, the report itself is transferred directly to the president and is not made available to citizens. Ngoulakia has headed the CCG since its creation in 1994 and has stated on several occasions that the government rarely implements the CCG findings. \n\nAccording to the anonymous source, the Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l'Enrichissement Illicite (the National Commission against Illicit Enrichment) does not make its own report available to the public either. Even local reporters cannot obtain a copy of these reports. \n\nAccording to the CCG's 2011 Rapport Général, the audit of the government budget in 2011 revealed a deficit of CFA 118.9 billion, an improvement over the deficit of CFA 604.2 billion in 2010. However, it showed that the level of misappropriation of government funds in Gabon remains significant. In an institutional address in January 2013, CCG President Ngoulakia made public a new strategic plan for the oversight body through 2018. It will consist of finding ways to avoid the defensive attitude sometimes adopted by government administrators who stand in the way of CCG audits and are therefore obstacles for governance improvements.","Agence Gabonaise de Presse.  (2012, June 4) .  Encore des irrégularités dans l’exécution du budget de l’Etat.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25614\n\nAgence Gabonaise de Presse.  (2012, July 18) .  Évaluer le niveau de corruption au Gabon.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from https://gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25929\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nInfosGabon.  (2013, January 28) .  Gabon: Espoirs de changement et de rayonnement pour la Cour des comptes.  InfosGabo.  Retrieved from http://infosgabon.com/?p=23367\n\n(2013, July 4) .  Gabon: la Cour des comptes note un déficit dans l’exercice du budget 2011.  Financial Afrik.  Retrieved from http://www.financialafrik.com/2013/07/04/gabon-la-cour-des-comptes-note-un-deficit-dans-lexercice-du-budget-2011/\n\nNdong, M.  (2013, July 9) .  Malversations à la CNSS: le flagrant délit de complaisance de la Cour des comptes.  Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/malversations-cnss-complaisance-cour-des-comptes/\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, July 2)  .  Un déficit de 118,9 milliards dans l’exercice du budget 2011.  GabonNews.  Retrieved from http://www.gabonews.com/actualites-reader/items/un-deficit-de-1189-milliards-dans-lexercice-du-budget-2011.html","The CCG publishes an annual report with its conclusions about budgetary execution and treasury operations at the end of each fiscal year (June or July). In French, the publication is known as \"Rapport Général de la Cour des comptes sur le contrôle de l’exécution des lois de finance..."]
["2013_GM_9",2013,"GM","The Gambia",9,0,"Audit reports are prepared by the national audit office and submitted to the national assembly, but this is not done frequently. As can be seen in the first and second source, the audit report for the year ending 2007 was only received in 2012. The third source also discloses that the reports for 2008, 2009 and 2010 were only received by the national assembly in 2013. The reports for 2011 and 2012 are not yet prepared. \n\nThe reports are not published online or made available to the public. Newspapers refer to the reports but all the details of the reports are not published. Even though these reports are prepared, they are not prepared every year. They are usually a couple of years late and they are not accessible to most Gambians.","1. Auditor General submits 2007 audited government accounts report. Daily Observer, Aji Fatou Faal. October 3 2012. Available at http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/auditor-general-submits-2007-audited-govt-accounts-report\n\n2. Gambia Government spent hundreds of millions of dalasi without proper documentation, auditor general reveals. Gambia News Online, November 28 2012. Available at http://gambianewsonline.blogspot.com/2012_11_01_archive.html\n\n3. Gambia: Assembly approves government's Audited Accounts Report. The Daily Observer, \nby Alieu Ceesay and Aji Fatou Faal. October 4 2013, \nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201310041414.html","Audit reports are prepared by the national audit office and submitted to the national assembly, but this is not done frequently. As can be seen in the first and second source, the audit report for the year ending 2007 was only received in 2012. The third source also discloses that ..."]
["2013_GH_9",2013,"GH","Ghana",9,50,"In practice the audited accounts of public institutions of Ghana are submitted to the parliament following the stipulations of the constitution. After scrutiny parliament may opt to make additional observations regarding the findings. The reports are not available to the general public until the Public Accounts Committee of parliament has assessed them. \n\nBecause of the workload of the committee, coupled with inadequate funding, it assesses some audit reports more than three months after they have been issued and submitted. That means those reports are in practice not published or made available otherwise to the general public until after the committee has reviewed them. \n\nOn the website of the Ghana Audit Service, there are five reports dating back to 2012 and 2013. Although there are five reports available only, this does not imply that there were five reports only by the audit service in the year under review. Instead, the Audit Service submits about 70 reports to parliament every year. \n\nThe reports published on the website are the reports the Public Accounts Committee has cleared. As evidence provides there is a back log of reports sitting with the Committee.","1. Dr Steve Manteaw, editor of the Public Agenda newspaper, and coordinator of the Civil Society Platform on Oil and Gas, telephone interview, September 14, 103, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Kweku Agyemang-Manu, chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Dormah in the Brong Ahafo region.\n\n3. Mr Joseph Ghunney, public relations officer, Ghana Audit Service, telephone interview, September 18, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Official website of the Ghana Audit Service: http://www.ghaudit.org/gas/","In practice the audited accounts of public institutions of Ghana are submitted to the parliament following the stipulations of the constitution. After scrutiny parliament may opt to make additional observations regarding the findings. The reports are not available to the general pu..."]
["2013_GN_9",2013,"GN","Guinea",9,0,"Depuis septembre 2013, la nouvelle Chambre des Comptes, qui est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques, n’a rendu aucun arrêt. L’intronisation des députés de l'Assemblée Nationale est préalable à la mise en place de la Cour et à la nomination de ses membres. Un projet de loi organique portant sur l’organisation, le fonctionnement et la composition de cette Cour est en voie d’élaboration.","Entretien avec Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Jean Kolié, Ministère de la Coopération internationale, 10 Septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n\nEntretien avec Maître  Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15h 20.\n\nEntretien avec François Falcon, Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 09 septembre 2013, 09h45.","Depuis septembre 2013, la nouvelle Chambre des Comptes, qui est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques, n’a rendu aucun arrêt. L’intronisation des députés de l'Assemblée Nationale est préalable à la mise en place de la Cour et à la nomination de ses membres. Un projet de loi or..."]
["2013_GW_9",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",9,0,"In Guinea Bissau, court of audit is the highest audit institution. It is charged with the internal control of the public institutions and heads the supreme audit institutions. The Guinean audit institution  is not actually functional due to inconsistency of funding. \n\nThe necessary inconveniences of having a functioning audit institution may be explained by the lack of political will to improve the capacities of this institution, which de facto exists only in the law. The court has not been able to implement its role and has not produced reports. As a result, reports are not available for citizens.","1.        Edinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.        Cherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.        Mario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","In Guinea Bissau, court of audit is the highest audit institution. It is charged with the internal control of the public institutions and heads the supreme audit institutions. The Guinean audit institution  is not actually functional due to inconsistency of funding. ..."]
["2013_KE_9",2013,"KE","Kenya",9,50,"Although the audit office strives to provide audit reports timely, most of the reports are not published very quickly. Most of the reports are tabled in parliament, and the public cannot regularly access them. \n\nThe reports that are later published on the audit office website are fairly old and may not be instructive as some of its findings might be outdated already. This is especially true if and when the audit reports are meant for the public to hold office holders to account.  There are currently three reports from the reporting period on the website.","1. Geoffrey Irungu, senior repoter finance and economic policy, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on September 20, 2013.\n\n2. Kenya National Audit Office website.http://www.kenao.go.ke/index.php/reports.\n\n3.\"Auditor-general says Kenya Railways insolvent\", an article by Edwin Mutai, published in the Business Daily newspaper, May 27,2013.\nLink--http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Kenya+Railways+Sh50bn+in+the+red/-/539546/1864588/-/oune4r/-/index.html.","Although the audit office strives to provide audit reports timely, most of the reports are not published very quickly. Most of the reports are tabled in parliament, and the public cannot regularly access them. ..."]
["2013_LS_9",2013,"LS","Lesotho",9,0,"The latest audit report was prepared for the financial year 2008/9. This report is available to the public at M20 ($2) and is also available for free download from the auditor general's website. \n\nSection 27 of the Finance Act 1973 provides that the auditor general can only undertake an audit once it has received public accounts from the accountant general. In essence, the frequency of the audit reports depends on the performance of the accountant general. On several occasions, the accountant general has failed to submit financial statements in time for auditing, thereby affecting the timely submission of audit findings to parliament.","1. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Democracy and Human Rights Officer.  October 7, 2013.\n\n2. Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. Interview: October 2, 2013.\n\n3. Auditor General website. http://auditgen-ls.org/\n\n4. Wiggins John et al (2012). Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Lesotho: Final Report. European Union. Published November 5 2012.","The latest audit report was prepared for the financial year 2008/9. This report is available to the public at M20 ($2) and is also available for free download from the auditor general's website. ..."]
["2013_LR_9",2013,"LR","Liberia",9,100,"The GAC has been very effective in releasing audit reports to the public. Once completed, audit reports are available on the audit agency's website and are available to the press. In the last five years, audit reports have formed part of normal routine in Liberia, always accessible within a month or less after the audit is completed. \n\nThe GAC published more than 10 reports on various activities during the period under review. Overall, a total of 58 audit reports have been published since 2008 and they are all available on the Commission's website.","1. Website Review, accessed August 2013. \nhttp://gacliberia.com/index.php\n\n2. Brown, G. (2013, October 17). Personal Interview. Strategy Manager - General Auditing Commission, Monrocia\n\n3. (2013, August 23). LTA Spent US$1,177 062. 59 with an Unapproved Budget - Reveals GAC Audit Report, FrontpageAfrica.com, Retrieved \nhttp://frontpageafricaonline.com/op-ed-editorial/feature-articles/6948--lta-spent-us1177-062-59-with-an-unapproved-budget-reveals-gac-audit-report.html","The GAC has been very effective in releasing audit reports to the public. Once completed, audit reports are available on the audit agency's website and are available to the press. In the last five years, audit reports have formed part of normal routine in Liberia, always accessible..."]
["2013_LY_9",2013,"LY","Libya",9,0,"The Diwan of Audit has a Facebook website on which it publishes at least some of its decisions, but there is little other information available. Further, their reports are not readily and broadly available.","Anonymous - legal consultant - DFID - Tripoli, personal communication, November 17, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - candidate to last year's national elections against Ali Zeidan - current PM, personal communication, November 17, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - judge of administrative law - Tripoli, personal communication, November 17, 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Diwan of Audit has a Facebook website on which it publishes at least some of its decisions, but there is little other information available. Further, their reports are not readily and broadly available."]
["2013_MG_9",2013,"MG","Madagascar",9,0,"Il n'y a pas de publication de la Cour des Comptes.\n\nL’organisme de contrôle des finances publiques est la Direction générale du contrôle financier.  Ainsi, pour les opérations affectant les finances de l’État, des collectivités territoriales décentralisées et des organismes publics, non soumis à la procédure de contrôle a priori de l’engagement, le Contrôle financier exerce ou fait exercer par le biais de ses structures centrales ou régionales, le contrôle requis par les dispositions législatives et réglementaires régissant ces opérations. Or, cet organisme ne fait aucune publication sous forme de rapport, ne serait-ce que pour les cas se rapportant aux litiges d’obtention du visa. Par contre, le ministère des Finances et du Budget, qui assure, entre autres, « l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la politique financière, fiscale et budgétaire de l’État », publie sur son site,  à la rubrique des statistiques à la sous-rubrique des dépenses publiques, la situation des engagements des dépenses publiques par trimestre (4 par an)  pour tous les ministères : crédit disponible, montant engagement, reliquat disponible, avec comme  dernière publication  pour la période allant du 1er avril 2013 au 30 juin 2013. Le site de la Direction générale du budget publie chaque trimestre une situation globale (la dernière datant du 2e trimestre 2013, avec situation des recettes et réalisation des dépenses).\n\nL’Inspection générale de l’Etat (IGE)  est un organisme d'inspection et de contrôle qui s'assure du bon fonctionnement des services publics et de la bonne gestion des finances publiques. L'IGE détient alors sur le plan administratif les compétences les plus étendues en matière de vérification, notamment dans le domaine financier. Or, elle fait face à divers problèmes dans la réalisation de ses mandats, tel que le démontre un article du quotidien La Gazette de la Grande Ile du 3 juillet 2013 intitulé « Inspection générale d'État: Quid de ses fonctions ? » Il n’est pas possible de vérifier si elle publie des rapports en ligne ; l’IGE n’ayant pas de site web.\n\nQuant à l’accès public à de tels sites, la question se pose dans la mesure où le taux de pénétration de l’internet est encore faible à Madagascar – environ 1%. En plus, aucune publicité n’est faite sur l’existence et le contenu de ces sites.\n\nEn conclusion, la publication de rapports n’existe pas. Toutefois, le ministère des Finances et du Budget affirme le contraire. Peut-être est-ce fait en interne, et donc pas pour le public, car le Contrôle financier doit informer les chefs d’institutions ou les membres du gouvernement de toute infraction passible du Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière. En outre, il saisit l’Inspection générale de l’État en cas d’irrégularités graves constatées soit par le directeur général lui-même, soit par les directeurs du Contrôle financier.\"","Rakoto Raharilanto Rado, chef de service d’appui à l’intégrité, ministère des Finances et du Budget, 24 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- «Inspection Générale d'Etat: Quid de ses fonctions ?», La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 3 juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32554&Itemid=57\n- Site du Contrôle Financier, 23 septembre 2013. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=58\n- Site du ministère des Finances et du Budget, 23 septembre 2013.\nhttp://www.mefb.gov.mg/\n- Site de la Direction générale du budget.\nhttp://www.dgbudget.mg/","Il n'y a pas de publication de la Cour des Comptes.\n\nL’organisme de contrôle des finances publiques est la Direction générale du contrôle financier..."]
["2013_MW_9",2013,"MW","Malawi",9,0,"According to the public affairs committee (PAC), the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports. However, they are usually not accessible to citizens. The PAC said that on average, the agency publishes fewer than 10 reports per year. The system of how its reports are published is not very transparent as they are only interrogated through parliament.  Most often, one is unable to access any of its reports.","Valef Machira. Director. Media Council of Malawi. December 19 2013.\nRobert Phiri. Executive Director. Public Affairs Committee. November 13 2013.\nBaldwin Chiyamkwaka. National Coordinator. Human Rights Consultative Committee. December 19 2013.\nNickson Masebo. Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson. November 12 2013.","According to the public affairs committee (PAC), the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports. However, they are usually not accessible to citizens. The PAC said that on average, the agency publishes fewer than 10 reports per year. The system of how its reports are published ..."]
["2013_ML_9",2013,"ML","Mali",9,0,"En pratique, l'organisme de contrôle des finances publiques au Mali qu'est le Bureau du Vérificateur Général publie un rapport chaque année.\n\nLe site Web du Bureau du Vérificateur est accessible à cette adresse : http://www.bvg-mali.org/. Il présente à ce jour une dizaine de rapports. Certains parmi les personnes interrogées estiment que la structure devrait produire davantage de rapports vu ses capacités logistiques et matérielles.","Entretien avec Mama Sininta, secrétaire général, Section compte Cour Suprême, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Dramane Diarra, magistrat, Syndicat autonome de la magistrature, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Daniel Tessougué, magistrat, Bureau du vérificateur général, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.\n\nRapports publiés sur le site web du Bureau du Vérificateur du Mali: http://www.bvg-mali.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=61","En pratique, l'organisme de contrôle des finances publiques au Mali qu'est le Bureau du Vérificateur Général publie un rapport chaque année...."]
["2013_MR_9",2013,"MR","Mauritania",9,0,"La Cour des comptes est confrontée à la publication annuelle de ses rapports. Les derniers rapports accessibles aux citoyens datent de 2006.\n\nL'Inspection générale d’État (IGE) contribue à la transparence financière à travers ses nombreux audits. La culture de la redevabilité n'est pas encore effective. Pourtant, dans les dispositifs portant création de l'IGE, il avait été prévu un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens d'accéder aux rapports de ladite structure. L'ineffectivité de cette disposition tend à enfermer l'IGE dans une certaine opacité. Les citoyens n'ont pas accès aux résultats des audits de l'IGE ni aux accusations de mauvaise de gestion relayées. L'absence d'un mécanisme d'information citoyenne indique un défaut d'obligation de redevabilité. Pourtant, dans le document de référence Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté 2011-2015 (CSLP III), les pouvoirs publics ont prévu faciliter l'information citoyenne. À ce jour, ce mécanisme demeure inopérant et met à mal les politiques de transparence des ressources publiques.","1. Mohamed Abdallahi ould Bilil,  Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 15 septembre 2013.\n\n2.  Ahmed Youra ould Haye, enseignant, Faculté des sciences juridiques et économiques, Université de Nouakchott, ancien secrétaire Permanent, Programme national de bonne Gouvernance, 14novembre 2013.\n\n3. Mine Ould Abdallah, avocat à la cour de Nouakchott, président, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 10 octobre 2013.","La Cour des comptes est confrontée à la publication annuelle de ses rapports. Les derniers rapports accessibles aux citoyens datent de 2006...."]
["2013_MU_9",2013,"MU","Mauritius",9,0,"The director of audit has to publish his annual audit report, which is submitted to the minister of finance who must table it in the National Assembly before it is made public. The last report covering financial year ending December 31, 2012 was tabled on July 16, 2013 before the National Assembly. The next day, it was available through the press and on the website of the NAO. This practice has been respected, and each year the report is well covered by the media. Newspaper and radio disseminate the findings of the director of audit, especially incidents of over-spending by certain government departments. Private radio also organise open debates on the findings of the report. \n\nThe report, which covers all ministries and public departments in Mauritius, is posted freely online on the National Audit Office’s website and can be perused by anyone.\n\nThe NAO publishes just one report, that is widely available. Its final-year report however covers all the government departments and agencies found in Mauritius.","Press Article: “Comptes de l’Etat en 2012 – Ton moins sulfureux de l’audit\" (Government’s account 2012 – The Audit adopts a more amenable tone) July 21, 2013 – Le Mauricien (newspaper) http://www.lemauricien.com/article/comptes-l-etat-en-2012-ton-moins-sulfureux-l-audit [accessed on Nov. 18, 2013]\n\nPress Article: “Rapport de l’Audit 2012 – La Police, La Santé, la Sécurité Sociale et la WWA épinglées\" (Audit Report 2012 – The Police, Health, Social Security and the WWA under scrutiny)  - July 17, 2013 – L’Express Online (newspaper)  http://www.lexpress.mu/article/rapport-de-laudit-2012-la-police-la-sante-la-securite-sociale-et-la-wwa-epinglees [accessed on Nov. 18, 2013]\n\nReport Online : Director of Audit - Audit Report 2012 – Mauritius, available online at http://nao.gov.mu/English/ReportsandPublications/Pages/Audit-Report--Yr2012--Mtius.aspx","The director of audit has to publish his annual audit report, which is submitted to the minister of finance who must table it in the National Assembly before it is made public. The last report covering financial year ending December 31, 2012 was tabled on July 16, 2013 before the N..."]
["2013_MA_9",2013,"MA","Morocco",9,0,"Citizens can download court reports online. There is one report released once a year. The report includes detailed information on the auditing of several institutions. The publication occurs after an official presentation to the king.","Bakkali, A.  (2013, January 27) .  What is the purpose of the Court of Accounts.  Al Alam.  Retrieved from http://www.panoramaroc.ma/fr/a-quoi-sert-la-cour-des-comptes-par-abdallah-bakkali/.\n\n(n.d.) .  Court of Accounts.  Retrieved from http://www.courdescomptes.ma/index.php?id=52&no_cache=1.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Judge, Rabat].  Personal communication.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 9) .  [Lawyer, Marrakech].  Personal communication.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Citizens can download court reports online. There is one report released once a year. The report includes detailed information on the auditing of several institutions. The publication occurs after an official presentation to the king."]
["2013_MZ_9",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",9,50,"The administrative court publishes its reports and opinions on the general account of the state, which are accessible to the public through its website or upon request at its offices. The reports are made public annually following their discussion at the assembly of the republic. The available reports stretch back to 1998. The administrative court makes available audit reports of various kinds that can be accessed in its offices and through the website - www.ta.gov.mz.","1. Administrative Court website:  www.ta.gov.mz. accessed October 2013\n\n2. \"Melhora Transparencia Orcamental, Apesar de algumas Lacunas\".AIM (Mozambique News Agency). January  28, 2013, http://noticias.sapo.mz/aim/artigo/674128012013182550.html.\n\n3. \"Transparência Orçamental em Moçambique:Desafios da Abrangência da Proposta do Orçamento\". Center for Public Integrity. October 1, 2012.  http://www.cip.org.mz/cipdoc%5C155_Transpar%C3%AAncia%20Or%C3%A7amental%20em%20Mo%C3%A7ambique_Desafios%20da%20Abrang%C3%AAncia%20da%20Proposta%20do%20Or%C3%A7amento.pdf.\n\n4. Jeremias Francisco Zuande. Senior Accountant and Auditor. Administrative Court.  September 13, 2013","The administrative court publishes its reports and opinions on the general account of the state, which are accessible to the public through its website or upon request at its offices. The reports are made public annually following their discussion at the assembly of the republic. T..."]
["2013_NA_9",2013,"NA","Namibia",9,50,"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens, but with some qualifications. \n\nReports are tabled in parliament and made available on the website. However, it is not clear how up to date they are. The institution's website this September shows that six reports were tabled in April 2013. These reports are among some of the 132 accounts that the institution is responsible for annually, however they are all dated from 2009-2012. It is generally known that there are sizable delays in the finalisation and publication of these reports.","Toivo Ndjebela, editor, Namibian Sun, September 28 2013.\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist September 30 2013.\nGraham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.\nNico Smit, journalist, blogger and social commentator, September 19 2012. \nFrederiko Links, editor; Insight business magazine, September 23 2013.\nJaqueline Asheeke, columnist and writer, former CEO FENATA and chairperson of the board of directors, Namibia Wildlife Resorts September 30 2012.\nAuditor general's website, accessed September 25 2013, http://www.oag.gov.na/index.html.","In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens, but with some qualifications. ..."]
["2013_NE_9",2013,"NE","Niger",9,25,"La Cour des comptes a publié un rapport pour 2010-2011, puis un rapport pour 2012. Il y a donc a peine une publication par an maximum (4 publications sur le site internet de la Cour des comptes depuis 2010). Il est important de remarquer toutefois une amélioration dans ce domaine puisque le rapport 2012 est dorénavant disponible sur le site internet de la Cour des comptes (ce qui n'était pas le cas pour les précédents rapports : on obtenait de l'information sur le contenu qu'à travers les interprétations de la presse). \n\nSelon les sources, la Cour des comptes a été récemment mise en place au Niger et elle rend régulièrement ses rapports qui sont accessibles aux citoyens, après que ces rapports aient été visés par le président de la République; ces documents sont rendus publics et insérés au Journal Officiel.\nCependant a Cour des comptes n’a rendu public qu’un seul rapport en 2010 et qui n’a pas fait l’objet d’une grande publicité.\n\nLe site internet de la cour affiche le Rapport de la Cour des comptes 2012\n\nQuelques articles font états de la remise du rapport annuel par la Cour des comptes","Source 1:  Haute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. (04 Février 2013). Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. Niger\n\nSource 2: Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Niger\n\nSource 3: Anonyme. (03 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\n\nSource 4: Anonyme. (07 Février 2013). Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger (AFJN). Niger\n\nSource 5:  Site internet de la cour des comptes. (2013). Rapport général public 2012. http://www.courdescomptes.ne/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88%3Aarticle-141-de-la-7ieme-constitution&Itemid=11\n\nSource 6: Site internet de la Cour des comptes.\nhttp://www.courdescomptes.ne/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=62\n\nSource 7: Niger/Rapport 2010-2011 de la Cour des Comptes : Plusieurs milliards de francs CFA volatilisés\". (16 avril 2012 ). Niger24.\nhttp://www.niger24.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=885:nigerrapport-2010-2011-de-la-cour-des-comptes--plusieurs-milliards-de-francs-cfa-volatilises&catid=95:echos&Itemid=453\n\nSource 8: Ismael Aidara. (29-03-2011). La Cour des comptes dépose son rapport sur la table du général Salou Djibo. Les Afriques.\nhttp://www.lesafriques.com/actualite/niger-la-cour-des-comptes-depose-son-rapport-sur-la-table-du-general-salou.html?Itemid=89?articleid=28329\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Cour des comptes a publié un rapport pour 2010-2011, puis un rapport pour 2012. Il y a donc a peine une publication par an maximum (4 publications sur le site internet de la Cour des comptes depuis 2010). Il est important de remarquer toutefois une amélioration dans ce domaine p..."]
["2013_NG_9",2013,"NG","Nigeria",9,0,"The auditor general's office audits government accounts quarterly, and reports are made four times a year. The reports go to parliament only and are not available to citizens. \n\nEven after the parliamentary review, the reports are not available online for general consumption; the paper would not be ready within two weeks of being requested, as the application would have to pass through several approval levels.","1. Website of the Auditor General of the Federation: http://www.oaugf.gov.ng/oaugf/index.php/oaugffaq, accessed October 2013\n  \n2. Victor Oluwaseun, House of Representatives correspondent for Nations newspaper: Covers extensively the Public Accounts committee that receives reports from the Auditor General, October 09, 2013, Abuja\n\n3. Daily Trust, Auditor General should take charge in auditing public accounts – Senator Lawan, December 19, 2012, http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/old/index.php/business/44232-auditor-general-should-take-charge-in-auditing-public-accounts-senator-lawan","The auditor general's office audits government accounts quarterly, and reports are made four times a year. The reports go to parliament only and are not available to citizens. ..."]
["2013_RW_9",2013,"RW","Rwanda",9,0,"The website of the Supreme Audit Institution is http://www.oag.gov.rw and there are annual reports available online since 2002.\n\nFor the year 2010, there are another three reports available. For other years, there are no accounts or reports available. \n\nIn an interview with the Auditor General (AG), he mentioned that his office submits a monthly report to the Ministry of Finance regarding the expenditures of the office. Those reports are not available online either.\n\nThe article of Hitimana portrays that, \"While presenting the report to the parliament on June 26, the Auditor General (AG), Obadiah Biraro noted that there was improvement in the way public finances were being used and accounted for.\"\n\nThis is additional proof that the Auditor General reports at least every year to the parliament. The AO releases periodical reports but most of them are not available online. The office of the AG did not reply to the email requesting copies of their reports.","Biraro, Obadiah.  (2013, September 16) .  [Auditor General of the government of Rwanda].  Personal communication.   \n\nHitimana, B. K.  (2013, July 5) .  50% decline in wasteful expenses: Auditor General says chief budget managers should do more.  The Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.ug/rwanda-ed/rwanda/7992-50-decline-in-wasteful-expenses\n\nIyamuremye, Yassin.  (2013, September 9) .  [Chief accountant at the auditor's office].  Personal communication.","The website of the Supreme Audit Institution is http://www.oag.gov.rw and there are annual reports available online since 2002...."]
["2013_ST_9",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",9,0,"The Supreme Audit Institution annually organizes a ceremony in which the presentation of their annual report is made. But reports concerning the supervision of public institutions, unfortunately, are not published frequently. Initially, the reports were available online, but then they stopped updating the data.","1- a) Celiza de Deus Lima. b) President of the Bar. c) Bar Association. d) 23/09/2013.\n\n2- a) Kótia Menezes. b) Judge.  c) The Court.  d) 23/09/2013.\n\n3- a) Carla Neves. b) Lawyer.  c) Amado Pereira & Associates.  d) 26/09/2013.\n\n4- Court of auditors Website, updated last 2007/2008 - http://www.tcontas-st.com/actos-do-tribunal-de-contas/","The Supreme Audit Institution annually organizes a ceremony in which the presentation of their annual report is made. But reports concerning the supervision of public institutions, unfortunately, are not published frequently. Initially, the reports were available online, but then t..."]
["2013_SN_9",2013,"SN","Senegal",9,0,"Au Sénégal, la Cour des Comptes, dans le cadre de l’exécution de sa mission constitutionnelle de vérification des comptes et de contrôle de la gestion des organismes publics, tarde souvent à rendre public ses observations et recommandations. \n\nAinsi, sur son site Internet, il n'y a que huit rapports qui sont rendu public couvrant la période de 2001 à 2009. Ceux de 2010 à 2012 restent encore inconnus de la majorité des Sénégalais. Durant ces douze derniers mois, la presse n’a cessé de révéler quelques audits faits par la Cour des Comptes, non sans manquer de dénoncer les retards dans la publication de son rapport annuel.","Anonyme, ancien président de la Cour des Comptes, entretien le 4 octobre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer. \n\nSite Internet de la Cour des Comptes:http: //www.gouv.sn/Cour-des-comptes.html. (8 rapports sont disponibles de 2001 à 2009). Consulté en 2013\n\nNdao, A. (11 octobre 2013). « Un rapport de la Cour des Comptes qui sera bientôt publié enfonce Ndèye Khady Guèye » Xelmi: http://www.xelmi.info/07-2013/un-rapport-de-la-cour-des-comptes-qui-sera-bientot-publie-enfonce-ndeye-khady-gueye","Au Sénégal, la Cour des Comptes, dans le cadre de l’exécution de sa mission constitutionnelle de vérification des comptes et de contrôle de la gestion des organismes publics, tarde souvent à rendre public ses observations et recommandations. ..."]
["2013_SC_9",2013,"SC","Seychelles",9,100,"Audits are open and accessible. The Seychelles SAI publishes one annual report on the annual financial statements of the government and a number of performance audit reports. The reports are accessible to citizens on the SAI website www.oag.sc. The reports are issued and become a public document once they have been laid before members of the Seychelles parliament. They are normally accessible online after the report has become a public document. Many audit reports are published in newspapers as well.\n\nChief Justice Egonda-Ntende said: “We’ve had to respond to queries in the judiciary in relation to the finances that are put in our schedule, so yes they make annual reports to parliament and the national assembly. I think they publish an annual report but throughout the course of the year they are working [on gathering information]. Before they produce that report to parliament they will be working on individual reports before they make a final report.” \n\nThis is presented to the national assembly annually and copies can be obtained from the office of the auditor general or from the national assembly secretariat. The annual reports of public enterprises were presented to the national assembly on July 23, 2013.  \n\nPapers are indeed available on the national assembly's website. They are published about once a week to once every other week. A review of a random selection of these papers found that some have relevant information in them while others are almost entirely blank except for subtitles. Documents are in Creole, so they are accessible to citizens.","1. Mr. Marc Benstrong, Auditor General, Email, November 12, 2013.\n\n2. Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12, 2013.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n4. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.\n\n5. Website of the Auditor General: www.oag.sc\n\n6. Website of the National Assembly: http://www.nationalassembly.sc/.\n\n7. Papers Available from the National Assembly website:\nhttp://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=7&Itemid=67.\n\n8. Nation newspaper: http://www.nation.sc/article.html?id=235443.","Audits are open and accessible. The Seychelles SAI publishes one annual report on the annual financial statements of the government and a number of performance audit reports. The reports are accessible to citizens on the SAI website www.oag.sc. The reports are issued and become a p..."]
["2013_SL_9",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",9,50,"As mandated by law, the audit service in Sierra Leone produces financial reports and submits such annual reports to parliament within twelve months of the preceding year and also posts it on the website. It is easily accessible and readable by all citizens with internet connections at no charge. From 2003-2011, the audit service released eight annual reports. \n\nThere are also other reports available at the audit service website such as: \n1. slrta vehicle monitoring and examination - Sept 2012; \n2. the fisheries sector revenue - Sept 2012; \n3.  the supply of potable water - Sept 2012; \n4) rehabilitation of prisoners by slps - Sept 2013.\n\nThese reports come at irregular intervals.","Audit Service Sierra Leone, Webpage with 8 annual reports, accessed October 17, 2013: \nhttp://www.auditservice.gov.sl/reports-2-annual-reports.html\n\nAbubakarr Kargbo, Standard Times Newspaper, Business Reporter, October 9, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nJoseph F. Kamara, Anti Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone","As mandated by law, the audit service in Sierra Leone produces financial reports and submits such annual reports to parliament within twelve months of the preceding year and also posts it on the website. It is easily accessible and readable by all citizens with internet connections..."]
["2013_SO_9",2013,"SO","Somalia",9,0,"Somalia has not had a functional central government for over two decades. Most of the state institutions, including the supreme audit institution, are quite nascent. The institution has not efficiently begun to discharge its duties, thus, there are no existing audit reports prepared by the institution that can be accessed by citizens.","The supreme audit institution does not have a website.\n\nAnonymous independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company. \n\nA Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nFartaag, Abdirazak. (2013 May 1). Reconstructing Somalia and the politics of public sector finance. LSE-IDEAS Africa Programme, Occasional Paper.\nhttp://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/programmes/africaProgramme/pdfs/Abdirazak-Fartaag-LSE-IDEAS-Occasional-Paper-Reconstructing-Somalia-and-the-Politics-of-Public-Sector-Finance.pdf.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Somalia has not had a functional central government for over two decades. Most of the state institutions, including the supreme audit institution, are quite nascent. The institution has not efficiently begun to discharge its duties, thus, there are no existing audit reports prepare..."]
["2013_ZA_9",2013,"ZA","South Africa",9,100,"Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa: \"Yes, the auditor general frequently publishes reports, including over the past 12 months. These reports are available online.\"\n\nThe document section of the Auditor General's website shows that countless reports have been published over the past 12 months including provincial audits for each of the nine provinces; municipal audits for each of the municipalities, and the annual audits of the different national departments. In addition, the auditor general has published more than ten special audit reports. \n\nThe reports are often the centre of various heated discussions. In March 2013, the auditor general noted that less than a quarter ( 22%) of South Africa's national and provincial entities received clean audits. In September 2013, the auditor general found that the National Youth Development Agency could not account for R62m in irregular spending.\n\nIt has to be noted that while the auditor general's reports can be found online, not all South Africans have access to the internet. Statistics reveal that less than half, only 40%. of the population of 51 million has access to the web. This does not mean this 40% has daily access, or that the access is adequate to download documents.  Particularly people living in rural areas tend not to have access to the web. This is important to take into account when talking about accessibility. The fact that these documents are available online does not mean they are available to the masses. Please see the Integrity Indicators revolving around internet and access to the web.","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org ), interview, November 11 2013.\n\nWebsite of the Auditor General of South Africa (see document section), http://www.agsa.co.za/Documents.aspx.\n\nOnly 13 municipalities in the whole country have 'good books' , The Sowetan, July 23 2013, http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2012/07/23/only-13-municipalities-in-the-whole-country-have-good-books.\n\nAuditor-general reports some light at the end of dark, depressing tunnel, Greg Nicholson, Daily Maverick, March 13 2013, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-03-13-auditor-general-reports-some-light-at-the-end-of-dark-depressing-tunnel/#.UoC5JZQpZKk.\n\nAuditor general slams youth agency, News24, September 26 2013, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Auditor-general-slams-youth-agency-20130926.","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa: \"Yes, the auditor general frequently publishes reports, including over the past 12 months. These reports are available online.\"..."]
["2013_SS_9",2013,"SS","South Sudan",9,0,"In practice, South Sudan’s supreme audit agency, known as the Audit Chamber, does release reports whenever they are available. According to a senior staff member who spoke on the condition of anonymity, given the infancy of the institution and its lack of capacity to conduct audits of government institutions, reports are not released as frequently as they should be.  For example, the last report the National Audit Chamber published was in July last year. Though released only last year, this report was the Auditor General’s 2007/2008 annual report.","African Organisation of the English-Speaking Supreme-Audit Institutions (AFROSAI-E) Secretariat. (2013).  Quality Assurance Report.  Retrieved from http://www.auditchamber-ss.org/reports/NAC-Quality-Assurance-Report-24-July-2013.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Staff member of the National Audit Chamber].  Personal communication. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n(2012, August 13) .  Financial mismanagement unearthed: S. Sudan assembly investigates auditor's report.  Al Bawaba.  Retrieved from http://www.franklincoveyme.com/news/orlagh/index.php/hop/latest/1/59823","In practice, South Sudan’s supreme audit agency, known as the Audit Chamber, does release reports whenever they are available. According to a senior staff member who spoke on the condition of anonymity, given the infancy of the institution and its lack of capacity to conduct audits..."]
["2013_SD_9",2013,"SD","Sudan",9,0,"Reports such as that of GAN and TI show that the Auditor General in Sudan \"makes reports publicly available\" even though top leaders in the government never act on these reports. The government published one report per year and put it on their website - reports from 2005 until 2011 - but usually they put the report of a given year in the following year. \n \nReports are accessible on the Auditor General's website.","Anonymous. (2013, October 18) . [Expert in auditing]. Personal communication.\n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 18) . [Journalist specialized in covering parliamentary affairs]. Personal communication.\n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 18) . [Sudanese journalist]. Personal communication.\n \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n\n Business Anti-Corruption Portal. (2013) . Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives. GAN Integrity Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/sudan/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives.aspx\n \n Martin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International.\n \n 1- The last published report of the year 2011 (http://www.audit.gov.sd/images/documents/letter.pdf ). \n \n 2- Report on the (first day) electronic newspaper about the report of the national auditor which discovered that 700 Million Sudanese pounds has disappeared, 2013-02-04 http://fdmagazine.net/play.php?catsmktba=141. \n Interview:","Reports such as that of GAN and TI show that the Auditor General in Sudan \"makes reports publicly available\" even though top leaders in the government never act on these reports. The government published one report per year and put it on their website - reports from 2005 until 2011..."]
["2013_SZ_9",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",9,0,"The Internal Audit Department under the Ministry of Finance monitors government spending, but does not publicly release reports routinely, other than its annual report that covers the entire fiscal year. While containing most offices that are part of government's annual budget, the space limitations ensure that no audit is presented in much detail.\n \nThe auditor general's annual report is usually posted on the government web site. Other reports by the auditor general's department are not available on line.","Interview: Thomas Ginindza, journalist and financial writer, Nelspruit, 29 September 2013.\n \n \"Swaziland Justice Sector and Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), March 2013. Available at : http://www.osisa.org/other/law/swaziland/swaziland-justice-sector-and-rule-law\n \n \"Report of the Auditor General for the Financial Year Ending 31 March 2012,\" Auditor General of Swaziland, September 2012.\n \n Swaziland government web site, accessed September 2012.\n www.gov.sz.","The Internal Audit Department under the Ministry of Finance monitors government spending, but does not publicly release reports routinely, other than its annual report that covers the entire fiscal year. While containing most offices that are part of government's annual budget, the..."]
["2013_TZ_9",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",9,75,"The national audit office releases frequent audit reports that are accessible online and on paper, on request. \n\nA search in the official NAO website shows an average of eight reports annually. The reports are available/published within a month of their release.","National Audit Office of Tanzania, reviewed on October 10, 2013\n http://nao.go.tz/#&panel1-8\n http://nao.go.tz/?cat=17\n http://nao.go.tz/?cat=19\n \n 1. Mr Juma Idd, Senior Accountant, Ministry of Agriculture, interviewed on October 10, 2013","The national audit office releases frequent audit reports that are accessible online and on paper, on request. ..."]
["2013_TG_9",2013,"TG","Togo",9,0,"Ghislain Koffi Nyaku n'a connaissance d’aucun rapport. S’il en existe, ils ne sont pas accessibles au public.\n \n Selon « Publiez ce que vous payez », les rapports sont disponibles mais ils ne sont pas rendus publics et sont donc peu accessible.\n \n  D'après le site internet de la cour des comptes, seuls deux documents sont accessibles au public. Ils datent de 2010 et de 2013 (http://www.courdescomptestogo.org/index.php/nos-publications). L'article de Pierre-Claver K. confirme ce fait.","Ghislain Nyaku, responsable, Département de protection des droits de l'homme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 novembre 2013.\n \n Pierre-Claver K. (27 mars 2013). « Tankpadja Lalle, un passage infructueux à la tête de la Cour des comptes ». Togoactualité.com. Repréré à http://www.togoactualite.com/tankpadja-lalle-un-passage-infructueux-a-la-tete-de-la-cour-des-comptes/.\n \n Anonyme, Publiez ce que vous payez, 24 octobre 2013. Les noms des sources anonymes sont connus pour Global Integrity et Global Integrity a convenu de ne pas les divulguer.\n \n site internet: http://www.courdescomptestogo.org.","Ghislain Koffi Nyaku n'a connaissance d’aucun rapport. S’il en existe, ils ne sont pas accessibles au public.\n ..."]
["2013_TN_9",2013,"TN","Tunisia",9,25,"The Cour des comptes publishes one yearly report and in special cases publishes one or two additional reports. \n \nFor example, in 2013, it published the \"Annual report of 2012,\" and in addition, a special report concerning the audit it made on the activities of the ISIE (Instance Supérieure Indépendante pour les Elections), an independent agency monitoring elections) \n \nThe reports of the Cour des comptes are available to citizens, for free, online (www.courdescomptes.nat.tn).","Cour des comptes website: www.courdescomptes.nat.tn \n \n September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n \n September 28, 2013: interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now retired professor at the University of Tunis\n \n October 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis.","The Cour des comptes publishes one yearly report and in special cases publishes one or two additional reports. \n ..."]
["2013_UG_9",2013,"UG","Uganda",9,50,"A review of the office of auditor general’s website at [http://www.oag.go.ug/] shows that in the last 12 months the office posted a total of 6 reports, i.e. one annual performance report, three financial audit reports, one value for money audit report, and one special report. \n\nThe auditor general is supposed to submit at least one annual report to parliament and the other reports are produced as may be requested by the parliament or minister of finance or as the auditor general sees fit in line with his/her powers. The office of the auditor general usually submits reports to the speaker of parliament in the month of June and a month later it is posted on the office of the auditor general website. The reports are accessible online in the reports section or one can contact them by email at [auditgen@infocom.co.ug]. \n\nFor those with limited access to the internet, a physical visit to the office of the auditor general will earn one the information/report requested for the same day at the cost of photocopying.","Office of the Auditor General Reports\n http://www.oag.go.ug/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=sections&Itemid=10.\n \nBRAC annual reports, Uganda, 2013\nhttp://www.brac.net/content/annual-report-and-publications#.VRvuMYsh78E.","A review of the office of auditor general’s website at [http://www.oag.go.ug/] shows that in the last 12 months the office posted a total of 6 reports, i.e. one annual performance report, three financial audit reports, one value for money audit report, and one special report. ..."]
["2013_ZM_9",2013,"ZM","Zambia",9,50,"About three reports are published every year, one for parastatals, a general one and another pertaining to the general environment (examples in the article/report/links listed above). Transparency International Zambia say the reports are available to citizens and get published online and access is free. The publication period after issuance varies, the assessment by Transparency International is that it can often take a month until a report is published.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, Executive Director, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), in Lusaka on 3rd October, 2013\n \n 2. The Zambian Parliament Website, Auditor-General's Reports, 2013, http://www.parliament.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=182&Itemid=112\n \n 3.The Zambian Parliament website, Access to Documents and Reports [2013], http://www.parliament.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=112\n \n 4.Zambia Daily Mail, Steven Mvula, REA vehicles gobble K63bn in fuel, June 20, 2013, http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/local-news/12491","About three reports are published every year, one for parastatals, a general one and another pertaining to the general environment (examples in the article/report/links listed above). Transparency International Zambia say the reports are available to citizens and get published onli..."]
["2013_ZW_9",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",9,50,"A review of the website of the auditor general only shows the 2009 special report. There are no other reports on the website. However, there is evidence that the auditor general produced more reports which were submitted to the parliament of Zimbabwe. \n\nFor example, the financial year ending December 2011 was presented to parliament in November 2013 (http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/11/08/looting-state-resources-rife-auditor-general/). The reports are available on paper but, following a request, it takes more than two weeks to obtain them and costs are higher than photocopying.","1. Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General website (http://www.auditgen.gov.zw/) accessed October 21, 2013\n \n 2. Efficiency and Effectiveness in Public Sector Auditing: An Evaluation of the Comptroller and Auditor General’s Performance in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2012, Tawanda Zinyama, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 7; April 2013 (http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_7_April_2013/29.pdf)\n \n 3. Kudzai Kuwaza. Zimbabwe Independent. November 8, 2013. Looting of state resources rife: Auditor-General. http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/11/08/looting-state-resources-rife-auditor-general/. \n \n 4. Auditing Government Institutions in Zimbabwe Frameworks-Processes and Practices, Dr Zhou Gideon and Zinyama Tawanda, International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, Vol. 2, (ISSN 2162-3082 2012) September 12, 2012\n \n 5. VENERANDA LANGA. Free and Fair Election Zimbabwe. November 7, 2013. Govt audit report reveals fraud in ministries. http://www.zimbabweelection.com/2013/11/07/govt-audit-report-reveals-fraud-in-ministries/","A review of the website of the auditor general only shows the 2009 special report. There are no other reports on the website. However, there is evidence that the auditor general produced more reports which were submitted to the parliament of Zimbabwe. ..."]
["2013_DZ_10",2013,"DZ","Algeria",10,100,"La loi n° 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption a pour objet de renforcer les mesures visant à prévenir et à combattre la corruption, promouvoir l’intégrité, la responsabilité et la transparence dans la gestion des secteurs public et privé. À titre d’exemple, l’article 25 stipule que « sont punis d’un emprisonnement de deux (2) à dix (10) ans et d’une amende de 200.000 DA :\n1— Tout agent public qui passe, vise ou révise un contrat, une convention, un marché ou un avenant en violation des dispositions législatives et réglementaires en vigueur en vue de procurer à autrui un avantage injustifié;\n2— Tout commerçant, industriel, artisan, entrepreneur du secteur privé, ou en général, toute personne physique ou morale qui passe, même à titre occasionnel, un contrat ou un marché avec l’État, les collectivités locales, les établissements ou organismes de droit public, les entreprises publiques économiques et les établissements publics à caractère industriel et commercial, en mettant à profit l’autorité ou l’influence des agents des organismes précités pour majorer les prix qu’ils pratiquent normalement et habituellement ou pour modifier, à leur avantage, la qualité des denrées ou des prestations ou les délais de livraison ou de fourniture ». Un autre exemple, l’article 42 de la même loi stipule que « le blanchiment du produit des crimes est puni des mêmes peines prévues par la législation en vigueur en la matière ».","London School of Economics, \"l'Algérie, la corruption et le militantisme islamique\", le 20 novembre 2013.\nhttp://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2013/11/20/algeria-corruption-and-islamic-militancy/\n\nLoi n°6-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption, Titre IV, Articles: 25, 28, 32, 38, 40 et 42 [Format PDF]. (2006). Repéré à http://www.droit.mjustice.dz/loi_prev_lut_corrupt.pdf.","La loi n° 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption a pour objet de renforcer les mesures visant à prévenir et à combattre la corruption, promouvoir l’intégrité, la responsabilité et la transparence dans la gestion des secteurs public et privé. À titre d’exe..."]
["2013_AO_10",2013,"AO","Angola",10,100,"Angola has a multitude of decrees and laws outlawing extortion, offering bribes, accepting bribes, abuses of office, kickbacks, money laundering, etc. Crimes and definitions are well developed. The legal framework is exhaustive.","AllAfrica, \"Angola: Corrupção em Angola, Branqueamento de Capitais em Portugal e o impacto nos direitos humanos\", 2 March 2013.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201303040796.html\n\nMail & Guardian, Angola sugere cortes comerciais de Portugal em meio a corrupção cuspiu, 16 de outubro de 2013\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-16-angola-hints-at-trade-cuts-with-portugal-amid-corruption-spat\n\nRepublic of Angola Decree 26/90 of 12 October 1990.  (1990) .  [Regulates on admissible overseas trips for government officials, which limits private companies from hosting GO unless for business reasons]. \n\nRepublic of Angola Law No. 13/03 of 10 June 2003.  (2003) . \n\nArticle 1.c): \"Amends the Law of Economic Infractions and expands the scope of the Angolan Penal Code in relation to crimes of bribery and corruption committed by public officials. Clarifies the definition of public officials.\" \n\nRepublic of Angola Law No. 34/11 of 12 December 2011.  (2011) . \n\nMoney laundering and terrorism financing are prohibited, prevented and punished under this law.\n\nRepublic of Angola Penal Code.  (2006) .\n\nArticles 318 to 323 on bribery and corruption crimes.\n\nRepublic of Angola Probity Law No. 03/10 of 29 March 2010.  (2010) .\n\nArticle 3: \"The performance of functions in the State Administration requires respect for the duties of loyalty, impartiality, probity.\"\n\nArticle 18: \"Public Servant shall not request or accept, directly or indirectly gifts given by individuals or companies, whether Angolan or foreign that could compromise their impartiality and integrity, and the good image of the State/Public Administration.\" \n\nArticle 25: \"The public servant shall avoid any undue patrimonial advantage, by virtue of the his/her office, mandate, position or employment. Unlawful enrichment is considered an act of Public Improbity.\"","Angola has a multitude of decrees and laws outlawing extortion, offering bribes, accepting bribes, abuses of office, kickbacks, money laundering, etc. Crimes and definitions are well developed. The legal framework is exhaustive."]
["2013_BJ_10",2013,"BJ","Benin",10,100,"La Loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin pénalise la corruption. L'article 2 de cette loi définit les différentes formes d'infractions dont pourrait être coupable un prévenu qui agirait  « sans le droit ». Agir sans droit est :\n\n- le fait d’agir sans habilitation ou sans autorisation en vertu d’une loi ou d’un contrat;\n- le fait de dépasser les limites de son habilitation ou de son autorisation;\n- le fait d’agir sans l’autorisation ou l’habilitation de l’entité privée ou publique compétente, conformément aux textes en vigueur, à l’octroyer en vue d’utiliser, d’administrer, de contrôler un système informatique ou de dérouler des recherches scientifiques ou d’effectuer toutes autres opérations dans un système informatique.\n\nBlanchiment de capitaux, actes commis intentionnellement, à savoir:\n\n- la conversion, le transfert ou la manipulation de biens dont l’auteur sait qu’ils proviennent d’un crime ou d’un délit, dans le but de dissimuler ou de déguiser l’origine illicite desdits biens ou d’aider toute personne impliquée dans la commission de ce crime ou délit à échapper aux conséquences judiciaires de ses actes :\n- la dissimulation, le déguisement de la nature, de l’origine, de l’emplacement, de la disposition, du mouvement ou de la capacité réelle de biens et de droits relatifs dont l’auteur sait qu’ils proviennent d’un crime ou d’un délit, tels que définis par le droit positif béninois, ou d’une participation à ce crime\n- l’acquisition, la détention ou l’utilisation de biens dont l’auteur sait, au moment de la réception desdits biens, qu’ils proviennent d’un crime ou d’un délit ou d’une participation à ce crime ou à ce délit.\nIl est indifférent que les faits à l’origine de l’acquisition, de la détention et du transfert des biens à blanchir soient commis sur le territoire d’un autre Etat.\n\nCavalerie : techniques d’escroquerie basée sur une course permanente entre la collecte de nouveaux fonds et des paiements visant à donner confiance. Une vitrine fictive sert à expliquer les gains auprès des bailleurs de fonds.\n\nConflit d’intérêts : il y a conflit d’intérêts dans tous les cas où un agent public possède à titre personnel, des intérêts qui pourraient influer ou paraître influer sur la manière dont il s’acquitte de ses fonctions et des responsabilités qui lui seraient ou sont confiées aux termes de ses fonctions ou d’un acte déterminé.\n\nEnrichissement illicite : augmentation substantielle du patrimoine d’un agent public, que celui-ci ne peut raisonnablement justifier par rapport à ses revenus légitimes.\n\nEscroquerie : est le fait, soit par l’usage d’un faux nom ou d’une fausse qualité, soit par l’abus d’une qualité vraie, soit par l’emploi de manœuvres frauduleuses, de tromper une personne physique ou morale et de la déterminer ainsi, à son préjudice ou au préjudice d’un tiers, à remettre des fonds, des valeurs ou un bien quelconque, à fournir un service ou à consentir un acte opérant obligation ou décharge.\n\nFonctionnaire d’une organisation internationale publique : fonctionnaire international ou toute personne autorisée par une telle organisation à agir en son nom.\n\nPornographie enfantine: toute matière pornographique représentant de manière visuelle:\n\n- un mineur se livrant à un comportement sexuellement explicite.\n\n- une personne présentée comme un mineur se livrant à un comportement sexuellement explicite.\n\n- des images réalistes représentant un mineur se livrant à un comportement sexuellement explicite.\n\nRecel : le fait de dissimuler, de détenir ou de transmettre une chose, ou de faire office d’intermédiaire afin de la transmettre, en sachant que cette chose provient d’un crime ou d’un délit. C’est aussi le fait, en toute connaissance de cause, de bénéficier par tout moyen, du produit d’un crime ou d’un délit.","Département d 'Etat américain, Country Profile: Bénin, 2013\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/inl/regions/africamiddleeast/218972.htm\n\nLoi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. (2011). Article 2. \nhttp://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=25771&t=direct","La Loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin pénalise la corruption. L'article 2 de cette loi définit les différentes formes d'infractions dont pourrait être coupable un prévenu qui agirait  « sans le droit ». Agir sans droit est :..."]
["2013_BW_10",2013,"BW","Botswana",10,100,"1. Section 12  of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994 states that a person arrested under section 10 shall be taken as soon as possible to a police station to be dealt with in accordance with the provision of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.\n\nSection 10 states: If any person is charged with a criminal offence, then, unless the charge is withdrawn, the case shall be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established or recognised by law.\n\nAccording to sections 23-24, offering and acceptance of a bribe, conflict of interests, kickbacks, and money laundering all fall under the umbrella of corruption. \n\nAccording to Botswana Laws, \"The Corruption and Economic Crime (CEC) Act of 1994 does not give a definite definition for \"corruption\" but rather lists actions that point to corruption under section 23.\n\nThe definition of corruption entails ”abuse of official position for personal gain”, or offering, accepting or soliciting a valuable consideration as an inducement or reward for doing or not doing an act which amount to abusing one’s official position\".","Reason.com, \"Botswana Again Ranked as the Least Corrupt Country in Africa,\" Dec. 3, 2013.\nhttp://reason.com/blog/2013/12/03/botswana-again-ranked-as-the-least-corru\n\n1. Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994, section 10.\n \n2. Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994, section 12.\n \n3. Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994, section 23-35.\n\nhttp://www.bankofbotswana.bw/assets/uploaded/Corruption%20and%20Economic%20Crime%20Act.pdf","1. Section 12  of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994 states that a person arrested under section 10 shall be taken as soon as possible to a police station to be dealt with in accordance with the provision of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act...."]
["2013_BF_10",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",10,100,"Le code pénal du Burkina Faso : Corruption passive : Article 156 du Code Pénal.\n« Se rend coupable de corruption passive tout fonctionnaire de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, tout militaire ou assimilé, tout agent ou préposé de l’administration, toute personne investie d’un mandat électif qui agrée des offres ou promesses, qui reçoit des dons ou présents pour faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi ». \nCorruption active : Article 158 du code pénal.\n« Le délit de corruption active est constitué quand une personne contraint ou tente de contraindre par voies de fait ou menaces, corrompt ou tente de corrompre les personnes de la qualité exprimée à l’article 156, que cette initiative ait eu ou pas d’effet » ;\nSanction : 2 à 5 ans prison.","NORAD, Affaires de corruption au Burkina Faso, le 25 Avril 2013.\nhttp://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/burkina-faso/snapshot.aspx\n\n\nLoi No. 043/96/ADP du 13 Novembre 1996 portant Code Pénal. http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/Penal-Code.pdf","Le code pénal du Burkina Faso : Corruption passive : Article 156 du Code Pénal.\n« Se rend coupable de corruption passive tout fonctionnaire de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, tout militaire ou assimilé, tout agent ou préposé de l’administration, toute personne in..."]
["2013_BI_10",2013,"BI","Burundi",10,100,"L'utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées; l'utilisation des renseignements confidentiels de l’État à des fins personnelles; conspiration ou tentative de commettre l’une des infractions susmentionnées (extorsion, versement ou acceptation de pot-de-vin) sont punies par la loi anticorruption du Burundi.","Freedom House, Freedom in the World, le Burundi, 2013.\nhttps://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/burundi#.VRwAAIsh78E\n\nLoi nº 1/05, du 22 avril 2009, portant Révision du Code pénal. Articles    420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 434.\n\nLoi n° 1/12, du 18 avril 2006, portant Mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes. Articles 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49.","L'utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées; l'utilisation des renseignements confidentiels de l’État à des fins personnelles; conspiration ou tentative de commettre l’une des infractions susmentionnées (extorsion, versement ou acceptation de pot-de-vin) sont punies p..."]
["2013_CM_10",2013,"CM","Cameroon",10,100,"In Cameroon, the law criminalizes corruption as an offense. The penal code, in article 184, attests to the fact that (1) whoever by any means whatsoever fraudulently obtains or retains any property whatsoever, movable or immovable, belonging or intended or given to the federal government or federated to a cooperative, community or institution, or public or subject to the administrative supervision State or the State of which directly or indirectly holds a majority stake, is punishable:\n\na) If the value of such property exceeds 500,000 francs, the punishment is equal to imprisonment for life\nb) If this value is greater than 100,000 francs or less\n500,000 francs,the punishment is equal  to imprisonment for fifteen to twenty years;\nc) If this value is less than or equal to 100,000 francs, a\nimprisonment of five to ten years and a fine of 50,000 to 500,000 francs is instituted.\n\nThe second element of corruption criminalized by the Cameroon penal code is kickbacks and the third is the use of public resources or office for private gain. This is evidenced in article 134, sections 1 and 2 of the penal code of Cameroon.","Amnesty International, Annual Report: Cameroon 2013.\nhttp://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-cameroon-2013\n\nRepublic of Cameroon Penal Code, article 184, § 1 and article 134, § 1 & 2.  (1976) .","In Cameroon, the law criminalizes corruption as an offense. The penal code, in article 184, attests to the fact that (1) whoever by any means whatsoever fraudulently obtains or retains any property whatsoever, movable or immovable, belonging or intended or given to the federal gove..."]
["2013_CV_10",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",10,100,"The law states a list of punishable crimes in articles 363 and 364 in the penal code of the Republic of Cape Verde including offering and accepting bribes, conspiring to bribe or extort money.","Africa Review, \"Botswana and Cape Verde least corrupt on TI's Africa index,\" Dec. 3, 2013.\nhttp://www.africareview.com/News/Botswana-Cape-Verde-and-Seychelles-top-TIs-corruption-index/-/979180/2097020/-/13pseecz/-/index.html\n\nPenal Code of Cape Verde Legislative Decree n. 4/2003 of November 18, article 363. \nLaw: Criminal Code of Cape Verde - Ministry of Justice www.mj.gov.cv Article 363 and 364.  (Active corruption) and (Passive corruption) \n\nConstitution of the Republic of Cape Verde, article 363.\n(Passive corruption)\n1 - The employee who, directly or through an intermediary, requests or accept, for himself or for a third party, money or any other gift, or your promise to do or refrain from practising act contrary to the duties\nof office, shall be punished with imprisonment for 2-8 years if the finish His purpose, to imprisonment from six months to three years or a fine of 80 200 days otherwise.\n2 - If the events described in the previous paragraph are performed as consideration or reward lawful act or omission the employee will be punished with imprisonment from six months to three years or a fine of 80 200 days.\n3 - The penalties provided for in the preceding paragraphs will be taxed half its minimum and maximum limits, if the acts are committed by magistrate or prosecutor.\n\nArticle 364. \n(Active corruption)\n1 - Whoever, directly or through intermediaries, offer or promise money or any gift to an employee or a third party with knowledge that, with the stated purpose of paragraph 1 of the preceding article,\nshall be punished with imprisonment from six months to four years.\n2 -. If the order is indicated in paragraph 2 of the preceding article, the penalty shall be imprisonment\nup to six months or fine up to 80 days.\n\nThe electoral code (Law No. 8 February 92/V/99. Amended by the Law No. 56/VII/2010) at Article 297 states: \"The natural person to perform or accept prohibited funding shall be punished with a penalty corresponding to the crime of corruption.\" \n\nArticle 311 of the electoral code relates to voter fraud and corruption. It states:\n\"1. Who, because of the elections, offers, promises or grants public or private employment or other thing or benefit to one or more voters or, in accordance with these, a third person, even when the thing or benefit used, or promised is achieved as a disguised way of monetary compensation given to the voter for travel expenses or subsistence payments or food or drink or on the pretext of the election campaign expenses, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to one year.\n2. The same penalty will be applied to any voter who accepts the benefits of the preceding paragraph.\"","The law states a list of punishable crimes in articles 363 and 364 in the penal code of the Republic of Cape Verde including offering and accepting bribes, conspiring to bribe or extort money."]
["2013_CF_10",2013,"CF","CAR",10,100,"L'acte de corruption est pénalisé en RCA et est passible de poursuites selon certaines dispositions du Code pénal centrafricain, notamment les articles 368, 369 et 370. En outre, il faut ajouter l'article 31 (respect des secrets professionnels...) de la loi 99-010 portant statut général de la fonction publique centrafricaine.\n\nLa corruption se définit au sens de la loi (code pénal) comme le comportement par lequel une personne (le corrompu) sollicite, agrée ou accepte un don, une offre ou une promesse, des présents ou des avantages quelconques (extorsion, versement de pot-de-vin, acceptation de pot-de-vin, utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées etc.) en vue d’accomplir, de retarder ou d’omettre d’accomplir un acte entrant d’une façon directe ou indirecte dans le cadre de ses fonctions (Rapport d'étude de stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption de 2013). \n\nSelon le rapport d'étude du PNUD réalisé en collaboration avec Transparency International en  2005,  la corruption est devenue endémique en RCA. Elle touche indistinctement tous les secteurs de la vie économique et sociale. La police/gendarmerie, les douanes, les impôts, le système judiciaire, les systèmes de la santé et de l’éducation, les gens d’affaires, les partis politiques, l’armée, les services administratifs sont les secteurs les plus affectés. Par ailleurs, le rapport de l'étude  des mêmes institutions cité précédemment souligne que la RCA occupait le 132e rang mondial sur 163 pays en 2007 en ce qui concerne l'indice de la perception de la corruption.","Voice of America, \"la croissance de l'Afrique centrale entravée par Vaste corruption,\" le 2 décembre 2013.\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/central-africa-growth-hindered-by-vast-corruption/1801782.html\n\nLOI N°10.001 portant Code pénal centrafricain. (2010). Article 368. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/88116/100661/F1881819351/CAF-88116.\n\nRapport d'étude sur la Stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption en RCA. (2012).","L'acte de corruption est pénalisé en RCA et est passible de poursuites selon certaines dispositions du Code pénal centrafricain, notamment les articles 368, 369 et 370. En outre, il faut ajouter l'article 31 (respect des secrets professionnels...) de la loi 99-010 portant statut gé..."]
["2013_TD_10",2013,"TD","Chad",10,100,"Aux termes de l'article 233 du Code de procédure pénale : « Quiconque, pour obtenir soit l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte, soit une des faveurs ou avantages prévus aux articles 229 et 232, aura usé de voies de fait ou menaces, de promesses, offres, dons ou présents ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s'il n'en a pas pris l'initiative, sera, que la contrainte ou la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des mêmes peines que celles prévues aux dits articles contre la personne corrompue. »\n\nArticle 229 : « Sera puni d'un emprisonnement de six mois à dix ans et d'une amende de 10 000 à 5 000 000 francs quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour :\n1. Étant investi d'un mandat électif, fonctionnaire public de l'ordre administratif ou judiciaire, militaire ou assimilé, agent ou préposé d'une administration publique ou d'une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique, ou citoyen chargé d'un ministère de service public, faire ou s'abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, juste ou non, mais non sujet à salaire ;\n2. Étant arbitre ou expert nommé, soit par le tribunal, soit par les parties, rendre une décision ou donner une opinion favorable ou défavorable à une partie ;\n3. Étant médecin, chirurgien, dentiste, sage-femme, ou agent du service de santé régulièrement habilité, certifier faussement ou dissimuler l'existence de maladies ou d'infirmités ou d'un état de grossesse ou fournir des indications mensongères sur l'origine d'une maladie ou infirmité ou la cause d'un décès. »\n\nArticle 232 : « Sera punie d'un emprisonnement de six mois à cinq ans et de l'amende prévue par le premier alinéa de l'article 229, toute personne qui aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour faire obtenir ou tenter de faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses, des places, fonctions ou emplois ou des faveurs quelconques accordées par l'autorité publique, des marchés, entreprises ou autres bénéfices résultant de traités conclus avec l'autorité publique ou avec une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique ou, de façon générale, une décision favorable d'une telle autorité ou administration et aura ainsi d'une influence réelle ou supposée. Toutefois, lorsque le coupable est une des personnes visées à l'article 229 et qu'il a abusé de l'influence réelle ou supposée que lui donne son mandat ou sa qualité, la peine d'emprisonnement sera de un à dix ans et de 10 000 à 5 000 000 de francs d'amende. »","The Economist africaine, la corruption Classement: du plus petit au plus corrompus Pays! Le 11 juin 2013.\nhttp://theafricaneconomist.com/africa-from-the-least-to-the-most-corrupt-country/#.VRwGqYsh78E\n\n\nRépublique du Tchad. Code de procédure pénale. (1967). Articles 223, 229 et 232.","Aux termes de l'article 233 du Code de procédure pénale : « Quiconque, pour obtenir soit l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte, soit une des faveurs ou avantages prévus aux articles 229 et 232, aura usé de voies de fait ou menaces, de promesses, offres, dons ou présents ou cé..."]
["2013_KM_10",2013,"KM","Comoros",10,100,"La loi comorienne criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction spécifique dans un domaine très vaste: versement et acceptation de pot-de-vin, acceptation de pot-de-vin, détournement de ressources publiques. La loi sur la transparence des activités publiques, économiques, financières et sociales de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, a été promulguée en juin 2011. Cette loi sanctionne  la corruption dans toutes ses facettes; la loi sur la transparence, dans son chapitre II, art.3, modifie plusieurs articles du  Code pénal, à savoir:\n- art 155, avec l'introduction de la notion de \"concussion\"\n- Art. 155.1, traitant des exonérations et franchises illégales\n- Art. 156- traitant de la prise d’avantage injustifié\n- Art. 156.1- traitant de la prise d’emploi prohibé\n- Art. 156.2- traitant du favoritisme \n- Art. 157- traitant du commerce incompatible avec la qualité de fonctionnaire\n- Art. 157.1 -traitant de la corruption passive des personnes exerçant une fonction publique\n- Art. 158. - traitant de la corruption active\n- Art.159.1 - traitant du trafic d’influence\n- Art 160.1 - traitant de l’abus de fonctions\n- Art. 165.1 - traitant des cadeaux\n- Art. 166. - traitant de l’enrichissement illicite\n- Art. 166.1 - traitant du défaut de déclaration de patrimoine","Loi sur la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, et promulguée en juin 2011, modifiant dans son chapitre II, art.3 les articles du Code Pénal.  http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-","La loi comorienne criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction spécifique dans un domaine très vaste: versement et acceptation de pot-de-vin, acceptation de pot-de-vin, détournement de ressources publiques. La loi sur la transparence des activités publiques, économiques, fi..."]
["2013_CD_10",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",10,100,"Dans les différents textes mis en référence les faits d'extorsion, de versement de pots-de-vin, acceptation de pots-de-vin, d’utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées, le blanchiment d'argent font bien l'objet de condamnation. En revanche, l’utilisation des renseignements confidentiels de l'État à des fins personnelles, conspiration ou tentative de commettre l'une des infractions susmentionnées, crime organisé et traite ne figurent pas dans les textes contre la corruption.\n\nCependant, la corruption au Congo est devenue un crime depuis le 22 septembre 2009. Auparavant, c'était juste un délit, il y a une évolution au niveau du législateur, on peut être dorénavant condamné jusqu'à 10 ans de prison. Les amendes vont de 1 000 000 de FCFA à 20 millions de FCFA (avant dans le code de procédure pénale l'amende était maximum de 100 000 FCFA).","1 - Entretien du 4 octobre 2013 avec Michel OKOKO, président  du Comité exécutif de l'ITIE\n\n2 - Entretien le 8 octobre avec M. Ephrem MALANDA MASSENGO, chef de service de l'audit interne, juriste-contrôle interne, Direction Générale des Contrôles de marchés publics (DGCMP).\n\n3 - Entretien du 8 octobre 2013 avec Christian MOUNZEO, membre association \"Publiez ce que vous payer\".\n\n4 - Entretien le 12 octobre 2013 avec M. Jean-Michel MOROSA, Cour des comptes1 - Décret n°2007-155 du 13 février 2007\n\n5 - La loi n°16-2007 du 19 septembre 2007\n\n6 - Décret n°2009-235 du 13 août 2009.\n\n7 - La loi n°5-2009 du 22 septembre 2009.\n\n8 - La loi n°13-2005 du 14 septembre 2005 autorisant la ratification de la convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption.\n\n9 - La loi n°14-2005 du 14 septembre 2005 autorisant la ratification de la convention de l'Union Africaine sur la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption.\n\n10 - Accord triennal au titre de la Facilité pour la réduction de la pauvreté et pour la croissance de décembre 2004 entre le Fonds Monétaire International et le gouvernement.\n\n11 - Décret n°2005-02 du 7 janvier 2005 tel que ratifié par le décret n°2005-83 du 2 février 2005 portant nomination des membres du gouvernement.","Dans les différents textes mis en référence les faits d'extorsion, de versement de pots-de-vin, acceptation de pots-de-vin, d’utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées, le blanchiment d'argent font bien l'objet de condamnation. En revanche, l’utilisation des renseigne..."]
["2013_CG_10",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",10,100,"La congolaise criminalise l'extorsion, versement de pot-de-vin, acceptation de pot-de-vin. \n\nSelon le Code Article Pénal Art.147, \"Tout fonctionnaire ou officier public, toute personne chargée d'un service public ou parastatal, toute personne représentant les intérêts de l'Etat ou d'une société privée, parastatale ou d'économie mixte en qualité d'administrateur, de gérant, de commissaire aux comptes ou à tout autre titre, tout mandataire ou préposé des personnes énumérées cidessus, tout arbitre ou tout expert commis en justice qui aura agréé des offres, des promesses, qui aura reçu des dons ou présents pour faire un acte de sa fonction, de son emploi ou de sa mission, même juste mais non sujet à salaire, sera puni de six mois à deux ans de servitude pénale et d'une amende de cinq à vingt zaïres. (...)\"\n\nDe plus, l'article 150 stipule que \"Ceux qui auront contraint par violences ou menaces ou corrompu par promesses, dons ou présents l’une quelconque des personnes visées à l’article 147 ci-dessus, pour obtenir un acte de sa fonction, de son emploi ou de sa mission même juste mais non sujet à salaire, ou l’abstention d’un acte qui rentre dans l’ordre de ses devoirs, ou la commission d’une infraction, seront punies des peines prévues à l’article 149 ci-dessus.\"","Département pour le développement international, Stratégie anti-corruption du DFID pour la République démocratique du Congo, Janvier 2013.\nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213916/anti-corruption-strategy-cd.pdf\n\nCode pénal congolais, livre II, Décret du 30 janvier 1940 mis à jour au 30 novembre 2004 (Articles 147 et 150). http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/cd/cd004fr.pdf","La congolaise criminalise l'extorsion, versement de pot-de-vin, acceptation de pot-de-vin. \n\nSelon le Code Article Pénal Art.147, \"Tout fonctionnaire ou officier public, toute personne ch..."]
["2013_CI_10",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",10,100,"La corruption est formellement proscrite par la législation ivoirienne. Le Code pénal de 1981, à l’article 232 et aux articles de 405 à 409, prévoit les condamnations qu’encourent les différents auteurs de cette pratique. L’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées définit par ailleurs en ses articles 28 à 30 les actes de corruption et fixe les sanctions correspondantes.\n\nAinsi, l’article 28 de l’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées puni de « cinq à dix ans et d’une amende de 5.000.000 à 10.000.000 de francs CFA, tout agent public qui sollicite, agréé ou reçoit sans droit, directement ou indirectement des offres, promesses, dons, présents ou un avantage quelconque pour lui-même ou pour une personne ou entité, pour accomplir ou s’abstenir d’accomplir un acte de sa fonction, de sa mission ou de son mandat ou facilite par sa fonction, sa mission ou son mandat ».\n\nLe Code pénal quant à lui stipule dans son article 232 qu’ « est puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d’une amende de 200.000 à 2.000.000 de francs, tout fonctionnaire qui, pour lui-même ou pour un tiers sollicite, agrée ou reçoit des offres, promesses, dons ou présents (…) ». L’article 405 prévoit les mêmes peines d’emprisonnement et amendes pour tout « tout arbitre ou expert, nommé par le Tribunal ou par les parties qui sollicite, agrée ou reçoit des offres, promesses, dons ou présents pour prendre une décision ou donner dans son rapport une opinion favorable ou défavorable à une partie ». L’article 406 prévoit un emprisonnement d’un à trois ans et une amende de 50.000 à 500.000 francs ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement pour « tout commis, employé ou préposé, salarié ou rémunéré sous une forme quelconque, qui, soit directement, soit par personne interposée, à l’insu et sans le consentement de son patron, sollicite, agrée ou reçoit pour lui-même ou pour un tiers des offres ou promesses, des dons, présents, commissions, acomptes ou primes pour faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de son emploi, ou en ajourner l’exécution ».","Transparency International, APERÇU DE LA CORRUPTION ET ANTI-CORRUPTION EN CÔTE D'IVOIRE, le 19 Avril 2013.\nhttp://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/answer/overview_of_corruption_and_anti_corruption_in_cote_divoire\n\nLoi n° 81-640 du 31 juillet 1981 instituant le Code pénal. (1981). Articles 232 et 405 à 409. Repéré à: H31\n\nOrdonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées. (2013). Articles 28 à 30.","La corruption est formellement proscrite par la législation ivoirienne. Le Code pénal de 1981, à l’article 232 et aux articles de 405 à 409, prévoit les condamnations qu’encourent les différents auteurs de cette pratique. L’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la ..."]
["2013_DJ_10",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",10,100,"Les articles 200 et suivants du Code criminel visent la corruption, le trafic d’influence, la prise illégale d’intérêts, le détournement des deniers publics, la concussion, etc. De plus, Djibouti a ratifié en 2005 la convention internationale des Nations unis contre la corruption. Plus récemment, en juillet 2013, le pays s’est doté d’un nouvel arsenal juridique de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption.\nLes articles pertinents du code pénal sont:\nL’article 199 concerne la concussion: « Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique ou chargée d’une mission de service public, un officier public ou ministériel ou une personne placée sous son autorité, de recevoir, exiger ou ordonner, de percevoir à titre de droits ou contributions, impôts ou taxes publics, une somme qu’il sait ne pas être due, ou excéder ce qui est dû, est puni de cinq ans d’emprisonnement et de 2 000 000 F d’amende. »\n\nL’article 200 est relatif à la corruption passive: « Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique ou chargée d’une mission de service public, par une personne investie d’un mandant électif public, un juré, un arbitre ou un expert, de solliciter ou d’agréer, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, des offres ou promesses, des dons ou présents, ou des avantages quelconques, pour l’accomplissement ou l’abstention d’un acte de sa fonction, ou facilité par sa fonction, est puni de dix ans d’emprisonnement et de 5 000 000 F d’amende.\nLorsque l’infraction définie à l’alinéa précédent a été commise par un magistrat au bénéfice ou au détriment d’une personne faisant l’objet de poursuites pénales, la peine est portée à quinze ans de réclusion criminelle et à 7 000 000 F d’amende. »\n\nL’article 201 concerne le trafic d’influence: « Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique ou chargée d’une mission de service public ou par une personne investie d’un mandat électif public, de solliciter ou d’agréer un avantage quelconque en vue de faire obtenir ou de tenter de faire obtenir, des autorités publiques ou d’une administration publique, des distinctions, des emplois, des marchés ou toutes autres décisions favorables, est puni de cinq ans d’emprisonnement et de 1000 000 F d’amende. »\n\nL’article 202 concerne la prise illégale d’intérêts: « Le fait par une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique ou chargée d’une mission de service public ou par une personne investie d’un mandat électif public, de prendre, recevoir ou conserver, directement ou indirectement, un intérêt quelconque dans une entreprise ou dans une opération dont il a, au moment de l’acte, en tout ou partie, la charge d’assurer la surveillance, l’administration, la liquidation ou le paiement, est puni de cinq ans d’emprisonnement et de 2 000 000 F d’amende. »\n\nL’article 206 concerne le détournement des deniers publics: « Le fait par un comptable public, un dépositaire public, un officier public ou ministériel, ou l’un de ses subordonnés, de soustraire des fonds, titres ou valeurs qui étaient entre ses mains en vertu de ses fonctions, est puni de vingt ans de réclusion criminelle et de 10 000 000 F d’amende si les choses détournées ou soustraites sont d’une valeur au dessus de 1 000 000 F. »\n\nL’article 212 du code concerne la corruption passive: « Le fait, afin d’obtenir d’une personne visée à l’article 200 l’accomplissement ou l’abstention d’un acte de sa fonction ou facilité par sa fonction, ou afin qu’une personne visée à l’article 201 utilise son influence pour obtenir de l’autorité publique ou d’une administration publique des décisions favorables de toute nature, d’user de voies de fait ou menaces, de promesse, offres, dons ou présents, ou de céder aux sollicitations de ces personnes, est puni de dix ans d’emprisonnement et de 5 000 000 F d’amende. Lorsque la corruption vise un magistrat dans les conditions prévues au deuxième alinéa de l’article 200, la peine est portée à quinze ans de réclusion criminelle et à 7 000 000 F d’amende. »","Eversheds, \"Djibouti - Nouvelle loi sur la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption,\" le 13 février 2014.\nhttp://www.eversheds.com/global/en/what/articles/index.page?ArticleID=en/Africa_group/Djibouti-New-Law-on-the-Prevention-and-Fight-Against-Corruption\n\n1) La loi 59/AN/94 du 5 janvier 1995 portant Code Pénal.\n\n2) Loi n°03/AN/13/7ème L complétant les dispositions législatives relatives à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption du 16 juillet 2013.\n\n3) Loi n°96/AN/05/5ème L du 8 février 2005  portant ratification de la Convention des Nations unies contre la Corruption.\n\n4) Site officiel de la République de Djibouti: http://www.presidence.dj/","Les articles 200 et suivants du Code criminel visent la corruption, le trafic d’influence, la prise illégale d’intérêts, le détournement des deniers publics, la concussion, etc. De plus, Djibouti a ratifié en 2005 la convention internationale des Nations unis contre la corruption. ..."]
["2013_EG_10",2013,"EG","Egypt",10,100,"Multiple laws (cited in the sources box) strictly criminalize various forms of corruption.  As such, there is ample legislation defining, prohibiting and punishing corruption and corruption-related offenses. \n\nLaw no. 80 of 2002 criminalizes and defines money laundering. \n\nArticle 104b of the Penal code refers to non-intentional corruption – i.e. when a public official performs an act of corruption in the discharge of his or her duties “without having the intention” of doing so. Article 107 of the Penal code specifies bribery to be an undue advantage, financial or other in nature.\n\nArticles 103-112 of the Penal Code stipulates corruption to be an offence against the public interest.\n\nArticle 18 of Law No. 62/1975 covers illegal profit-making; Article 77 of Law No. 47/1978 prohibits civil servants from receiving gifts or rewards for exercising their duties.","CNN, Egypt's corruption woes, Feb. 8, 2013.\nhttp://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/08/egypts-corruption-woes/\n\nTransparency International, EGYPT IN CRISIS: A LOOK AT CORRUPTION FIGURES FOR THE LAST TWO YEARS, July 15, 2013.\nhttps://blog.transparency.org/2013/07/15/egypt-in-crisis-a-look-at-corruption-figures-for-the-last-two-years/\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Law no. 80 for 2002, article 2 (14).  (2002) .  \nProhibits laundering of funds  (money laundering) generated by criminal activity and sets forth the punishments for such crimes.\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, section 1, article 204.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/.\n\n\"The National Anti-Corruption Commission combats corruption, deals with conflicts of interest, promotes and defines the standards of integrity and transparency, develops the national strategy concerned with such matters, ensures the implementation of said strategy in coordination with other independent bodies, and supervises the concerned agencies specified by law.\"\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Penal Code, articles 103 - 107.\nStates that corruption is a serious offence, and delineates the punishments to be applied to public officials who engage in corruption, and to those in the private sector who attempt to bribe public officials.","Multiple laws (cited in the sources box) strictly criminalize various forms of corruption.  As such, there is ample legislation defining, prohibiting and punishing corruption and corruption-related offenses. ..."]
["2013_GQ_10",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",10,100,"Although article 15: 2 in the 2012 Constitution states that corruption is punishable by law, it alludes to corruption in very general terms without criminalising specific offenses. \n\nEquatorial Guinea still enforces the 1963 penal code inherited from Spain, then ruled by dictator Francisco Franco. \n\nThe Código Penal of 1963 criminalizes influence peddling, the use of confidential state information for private gain, misuse of public resources, offering or acceptance of bribes, trafficking and extortion. But it does not address money laundering or organised crime. \n\nCorruption by civil servants is criminalised as a specific offense under título II, capítulo II, sección Segunda of the Código Penal of 1963. See articles 198–204 for provisions affecting civil servants (\"funcionarios públicos\"). See also articles 385–393.\n\nArticle 198 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalises civil servants who use their office or status for private gains (use of confidential state information for private gain). \n\nArticle 199 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalises attempts by civil servants to undermine the independence of judges and magistrates. \n\nArticle 200 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalises government ministers who request the payment of taxes not sanctioned by law (extortion).\n\nArticle 201 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalises civil servants who request the payment of provincial or municipal taxes not sanctioned by law (extortion).\n\nArticle 204 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalises civil servants who aid or abet other public officials engaging in acts of extortion. \n\nArticles 385–393 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalise civil servants who solicit or receive gifts.\n\nMisuse of public resources by civil servants is criminalised in the Código Penal of 1963 under título VII (“De los delitos de funcionarios públicos en el ejercicio de sus cargos”) and capítulo X (“De la malversación de caudales públicos”). See articles 394–399.\n\nFraud by civil servants is specifically criminalized in the Código Penal of 1963 under título VII, capítulo XI (“De los fraudes y exacciones ilegales”). See articles 400–403.\n\nTrafficking by civil servants is specifically criminalized in the Código Penal of 1963 under título VII, capítulo XII (“De las negociaciones prohibidas a los funcionarios”). See article 400.\n\nLaw No. 9/2003 (“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas”) of 11 November 2003 criminalises specific offenses in the mismanagement of public finance. See chapter 3 (“De las sanción de las irregularidades constatadas”), section 1 (“De la responsabilidad de los ordenadores y administradores”), articles 74–76.\n\nArt. 74: Cualquier miembro del Gabinete de un miembro del Gobierno, cualquier funcionario o agente de organismos sometidos al control del órgano competente, podrán ser sancionados por faltas de gestión.\n\nOn February 5, 2004, the Presidency of Equatorial Guinea passed Decree Law No. 1/2004 “On ethics and dignity in the performance of public service”. Chapter III, articles  12–16, addresses conflicts of interest in the civil service; chapter IV, articles 17–20, addresses the rules governing gifts to civil servants. \n\nChapter III, art. 12-a: \"It is incompatible with the performance of the public function to: a). Direct, manage, represent, sponsor, advise or in any other fashion provide services to an individual who manages or holds a concession from the State, to a State supplier, or to those engaged in activities regulated by the State, when the public office held has direct operational responsibility in matters of contracting, obtaining, managing or overseeing such concessions, benefits or activities. \nChapter IV, Art. 17: Public officials may not receive presents, gifts or donations, whether of things, services or property, by reason or occasion of the performance of their duties. In the event the gifts are the result of courtesy or diplomatic custom, the enforcement authority shall regulate the registration thereof and determine in what cases and how such a gift should be incorporated into the public domain, to be apportioned for health purposes, social action or education or cultural heritage if applicable, or for the Department.\"\n\nEquatorial Guinea's penal code is arguably no longer suited to criminalise specific corruption offenses, especially since the country began exporting crude oil in 1991. Between 2000 and 2008 alone, GDP grew at an average 22 per cent, according to the World Bank. Therefore, the penal code can be construed as obsolete.\n\nEquatorial Guinea has not updated its criminal justice system since independence from Spain in 1968. It continues to enforce Spain’s Código Penal (penal code) of 28 March 1963 (Decree 691/1963). There has been no attempt to update criminal law since the penal code was last revised on 17 Feburary 1966 (Decree 480/1966), says Amnesty International.","BBC News, Guinea Ecuatorial perfil del país - Resumen 23 de enero de 2013.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317174\n\nRepública de Guinea Ecuatorial Constitución.  (2012)  http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nAmnesty International.  (2009) .  Equatorial Guinea: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review: Sixth session of the UPR working group of the Human Rights Council November–December 2009.  Retrieved from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR24/002/2009/en/19e4a019-8d7e-49f8-bb1a-8c3bf38d3ff6/afr240022009en.pdf\n\nTítulo Primero: Principios Fundamentales del Estado\nArt. 15: 2. Los actos de corrupción también serán castigados por la ley.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Penal Code, título II, capítulo II, sección Segunda, “De los delitos cometidos por los funcionarios públicos contra el ejercicio de los derechos de la persona reconocidos por las leyes,\" articles 198–204, 394.  (1963) .  [Decree 691/1963 (March 28, 1963) adopting the “Texto revisado de 1963” of Spain’s Penal Code]  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=13:penal2&Itemid=79\n\nCódigo Penal (Law 3/1967 of April 8, 1967), “Sobre modificación de determinados artículos del Código Penal y de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal”: \nArticle 394: “El funcionario público que sustrajere o consintiere que otro sustraiga los caudales o efectos públicos que tenga a su cargo o a su disposición por razón de sus funciones será castigado.”\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 1/2004, capítulo III (“Incompatibilidades y conflictos de intereses”), art. 12–16; capítulo IV (“Régimen de obsequios a funcionarios públicos y prevención sumaria”), art. 17–20; capítulo V (“Comisión Nacional de Etica Pública”), art. 21–23. (Feb. 5, 2004) “Sobre la ética y dignidad en el ejercicio de la Función Pública.\"  (2004) .  Retrieved from http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003, título IV (“De la ejecución y del control del Presupuesto General del Estado”), capítulo 3 (“De la sanción de las irregularidades constatadas”), sección 1 (“De la responsabilidad de los ordenadores y administradores”), art. 74–76.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5:administrativa&Itemid=71","Although article 15: 2 in the 2012 Constitution states that corruption is punishable by law, it alludes to corruption in very general terms without criminalising specific offenses. ..."]
["2013_ER_10",2013,"ER","Eritrea",10,100,"The penal code criminalizes corruption. In 1996, the Government of the State of (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement.  \nArt. 425. — Corrupt Practices.\n(1) Any public servant who, in consideration for the performance of or omission of\nan act, in violation of the duties proper to his office, seeks, exacts a promise of\nor receives a gift or any other advantage to which lie is not entitled,\nis punishable with simple imprisonment for not less than three months, and\nfine.\n(2) Where the purpose of the breach of duty solicited, the size of the sums or gifts\nreceived in consideration, the official capacity or powers of the person\ncorrupted, or the extent of the breach of duty committed renders the case of\nparticular gravity, the punishment shall be rigorous imprisonment not\nexceeding five years and a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars.\n(3) In like case, arbitrators, experts, jurors, translators, or interpreters engaged by\nthe public authorities in their technical capacity are liable to the same\npunishments.","ECADF, Eritrea in Critical Defense Corruption, Aug. 15, 2013.\nhttp://ecadforum.com/2013/08/15/eritrea-in-critical-defense-corruption/\n\n(1991). The Transitional Penal Code of Eritrea. Art. 425. — Corrupt Practices.\nhttp://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea.htm","The penal code criminalizes corruption. In 1996, the Government of the State of (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement.  ..."]
["2013_ET_10",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",10,100,"The legislative framework to prevent and sanction corruption in Ethiopia is comprehensive and strong, and has seen revisions and amendments to address loopholes in the initial legislation. The Criminal Code 2004 criminalizes active and passive bribery and money laundering.","Tadias Magazine, \"How Big is Corruption in Ethiopia? $16.5 Billion Lost to Cash Smuggling,\" May 14, 2013.\nhttp://www.tadias.com/05/13/2013/how-big-is-corruption-in-ethiopia-16-5-billion-lost-to-illegal-smuggling-of-cash/\n\nThe Federal Ethics and Anti-corruption Commission Establishment Proclamations No. 235/2001 and No. A33/2005 (Anti-Corruption Law), http://www.feac.gov.et/images/downloads/revised_feacc_establishment.pdf.pdf.\n\nThe Criminal Code of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 414/2004, http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=248268.","The legislative framework to prevent and sanction corruption in Ethiopia is comprehensive and strong, and has seen revisions and amendments to address loopholes in the initial legislation. The Criminal Code 2004 criminalizes active and passive bribery and money laundering."]
["2013_GA_10",2013,"GA","Gabon",10,100,"Corruption in Gabon is criminalized as a specific offense by the Penal Code (Law No. 21/63 of May 31, 1963), as well as by Law No. 2/2003 on prevention of illicit enrichment from May 7, 2003.\n\nExtortion is criminalized in Chapter IX of the Penal Code (“Des crimes et délits commis par les fonctionnaires”), article 143.\n\nOffering and accepting a bribe is criminalized in Chapter IX of the Penal Code ('Crimes and offenses committed by civil servants”), articles 144–148. Soliciting or accepting bribes is also codified as a crime in Law No. 2/2003, Chapter II, Section 2 (“Incitement to corruption”), article 15.\n\nUsing public resources for private gain is criminalized in Chapter IX of the Penal Code (“Crimes and offenses committed by civil servants”), article 141. This article was amended by Law No. 16/70 of December 17, 1970, Law No. 42/87 of December 31, 1987 and Law No. 19/93 of August 27, 1993. Crimes against public resources are also codified in Law No. 2/2003, Chapter II, Section 1 (“Infringements on Public Finance”), articles 12–13.\n\nInfluence peddling is criminalized in Chapter IX of the Penal Code (“Crimes and offenses committed by civil servants”), article 147. Influence peddling is also codified as a crime in Law No. 2/2003, Chapter II, Section 3 (“On passive corruption et influence peddling, articles 16–22.\n\nOrganized crime and trafficking is criminalized in Chapter XV of the Penal Code, articles 193–195.\n\nThe National Commission against Illicit Enrichtment (CNLCEI) was created in May 2003. It is headquartered in Libreville and consists of nine magistrates appointed by President Ali Bongo Ondimba, a number of government officials (Prime Minister, President of the Senate, President of National Assembly), a bankers’ committee, a lawyer’s association and an NGO. It publishes an annual report (Rapport annuel d’activité de la CNLCEI), often based on conclusions by Transparency International. \n\nSince July 2013, the CNLCEI is headed by Dieudonné Odounga Awassi, who succeeded Vincent Lebondo LeMali as President. It is not only tasked with investigating cases of government corruption, but also cases of extortion, bribes, money laundering and other crimes by private-sector and parastatal companies. \n\nAccording to GabonEco, former President Lebondo LeMali investigated 90 cases of alleged corruption. None of them ended up in legal proceedings, suggesting the CNLCEI is not effective in combatting corruption or has very limited scope of action.\n\nIn November 2012, the CNLCEI adopted a new strategic plan to fight corruption and money laundering during a 48-hour workshop at Gabon's Senate. An ad-hoc committee consisting of the CNLCEI, the National Agency for Financial Investigations (Agence Nationale d'Investigation Financière, ANIF) and the UNDP office in Libreville organized the workshop.\n\nIn October 2013, the CNLCEI opened a new branch within the Chambre des Comptes of Franceville, capital of the province of Haut Ogooué. The purported goal was to serve the country's southeast, particularly far-flung towns such as Okondja and Moanda. The CNLCEI President also announced the opening of a new branch in the neighboring province of Ngounié. \n\nFor a breakdown of the members of the CNLCEI and the appointment procedures, see this article in GabonEco (\"CNLCEI: Prestation de serment de la nouvelle équipe aujourd’hui\"). This is a breakdown of current CNLCEI sitting members and who they were appointed by:\n\nOdounga Awassi Dieudonné (Président de la CNLCEI sur proposition du Président de la République)\nMossalat Mouguengui Mault (sur proposition du président de la République)\nRazingue Jean Baptiste (sur proposition du président de la République)\nAda Avane Fabien (sur proposition du président de la République)\nEkoua Sima Jean Paulin (sur proposition du premier ministre)\nBarrier Allela Jean-Claude (sur proposition de la présidente du Sénat)\nBoudianguela Pierre Guy (sur proposition du président de l’Assemblée nationale)\nMeviane Francine (sur proposition de l’Ordre des avocats parmi les avocats inscrits au Barreau national)\nMombo Samuel (sur proposition de l’Association des établissements de crédits)\nNguia Albert (sur proposition des Associations et ONG)\"","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Communication personnelle.\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\nASMP.  (2012, November 23) .  Le Gabon adopte sa stratégie nationale contre la corruption et le blanchiment des capitaux.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=26855\n\nASMP.  (2013, December 10) .  Lutte contre la corruption: le secteur privé dans le viseur de la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27178\n\nCode Pénal, loi No. 21/63.  (1963, May 31) .  Livre II (Des crimes et délits contre la chose publique), Chapitre VII (Des contrefaçons des sceaux de l’état, des effets publics et des poinçons, timbres et marques), articles 109–114.  Chapitre VIII (Des faux), articles 115–126.  Chapitre IX (Des crimes et délits commis par les fonctionnaires), articles 127–148.  Chapitre VIII (Des entraves à l’action de la justice), articles 170–184.  Chapitre XV (De l’association des malfaiteurs).\n\nLoi No. 2/2003.  (2003, May 7) .  Instituant un régime de prévention et de répression de l’enrichissement illicite en République gabonaise, chapters 1, 2 and 3, articles 1–28. \n\nMAC.  (2013, August 8) .  Le PNUD et le Gabon relancent leur partenariat.   GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30220\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nSEE.  (2013, July 17) .  CNLCEI: Prestation de serment de la nouvelle équipe aujourd’hui.  Gabon Eco  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30078\n\nSEE.  (2012, October 3) .  Lutte contre l’enrichissement illicite: ouverture d’un bureau à Franceville.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=26193","Corruption in Gabon is criminalized as a specific offense by the Penal Code (Law No. 21/63 of May 31, 1963), as well as by Law No. 2/2003 on prevention of illicit enrichment from May 7, 2003...."]
["2013_GM_10",2013,"GM","The Gambia",10,100,"Section 86 (b) of the criminal code criminalises official corruption. It makes it an offence for anyone who is \"employed within the civil service and being charged with the performance of any duty by virtue of such employment, corruptly solicits, receives or obtains, or agrees or attempts to receive or obtain, any property or benefit of any kind for himself or herself or any other person on account of anything already done or omitted to be done, or to be afterwards done or omitted to be done, by him or her in the discharge of duties of his or her office\".\n\nSection 222 of the constitution discourages corruption and bribery, and section 62 on the qualification for election to the post of president, lists corruption as one of the cases that can disqualify an individual.","The Independent, \"Inside Gambia: A cripplingly poor country ruled by fear,\" 3 Oct. 2013.\nhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/inside-gambia-a-cripplingly-poor-country-ruled-by-fear-8857115.html\n\nSection 86 (a) (b) of the Criminal Code.  Vol. 3, Laws of the Gambia 2009.\nThe Constitution, Section 62 - Qualification for Election of President and Section 222 - Code of Conduct for Public Officers.","Section 86 (b) of the criminal code criminalises official corruption. It makes it an offence for anyone who is \"employed within the civil service and being charged with the performance of any duty by virtue of such employment, corruptly solicits, receives or obtains, or agrees or a..."]
["2013_GH_10",2013,"GH","Ghana",10,100,"Section 239 of the Consolidated Criminal Code, 1960, (Act 29) deals with corruption of and by public officers or jurors, stating:\n\n(1) \"Every public officer or juror who commits corruption, or wilful oppression, or extortion, in respect of the duties of his office, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.\n\n(2) Whoever corrupts any person in respect of any duties as a public officer or juror shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.\n\nThis act criminalises corruption as a specific offence.","Ghana Web, Corruption in Ghana: Jan. 2009 to Nov. 2013, 17 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=292156\n\nThe Consolidated Criminal Code, 1960, (Act 29), section 239.","Section 239 of the Consolidated Criminal Code, 1960, (Act 29) deals with corruption of and by public officers or jurors, stating:..."]
["2013_GN_10",2013,"GN","Guinea",10,100,"La corruption est criminalisée en Guinée suivant les dispositions des articles 191, 192, 193 et suivants du Code pénal guinéen.\n\nEn plus, un projet de loi anti-corruption établi en 2013 et en cours de validation criminalise \"l'utilisation ou la divulgation sans autorisation, même après cessation de leur fonction, des  informations confidentielles auxquelles les auteurs avaient accès en raison de celle-ci\" (article 4), le blanchiment d'argent (article 36) et l'acceptation ou le versement de paiements illicites (article 3).","Projet de loi anti-corruption, 2013 (en cours de validation)\nhttp://www.stat-guinee.org/BonneGouv/Pdf/loianticorrupt.pdf\n\nCode pénal du 31 décembre 1998, article 191 - 192 - 193 - 194\nhttp://www.hcch.net/upload/cp_gn.pdf","La corruption est criminalisée en Guinée suivant les dispositions des articles 191, 192, 193 et suivants du Code pénal guinéen...."]
["2013_GW_10",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",10,100,"Article X of Guinea Bissau Penal code is entitled:  Crimes committed in the performance of public functions. \n\nArticle 247 relates to \"passive\" corruption, that is when there is a request to a third party for an advantage, material or immaterial.\n\nArticle 248 relates to \"active\" corruption, that is, when an official is actively giving or promising to a third party advantages, material or immaterial.\n\nArticle 249 specifies embezzlement as a crime and  Article 250 species the illegitimate use of embezzled items/monies.\n\nIn addition to the Penal Code, Law N. 12/1997 criminalizes money laundering.","The Soufan Group, TSG IntelBrief: Guiné-Bissau: Primeiro Narco-Estado do mundo, Sept. 18, 2013.\nhttp://soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-guinea-bissau-the-worlds-first-narco-state/\n\nPenal Code of Guinea Bissau 1993, Title X Crimes committed in the performance of public functions, Article 247 - 250.\n\nLaw N. 12/1997, Law Against Money Laundering (Uniforme relativa à Luta Contra o branqueamento de Capitais), 1997.","Article X of Guinea Bissau Penal code is entitled:  Crimes committed in the performance of public functions. ..."]
["2013_KE_10",2013,"KE","Kenya",10,100,"The Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act 2009, part V, articles 38-50 lists the corruption-related offences that are actionable under the law in Kenya. Anyone found to have committed an act listed under the marked offences is then held liable and charged as per the act. The offences include deception, bribery, conflict of interest, bid rigging, abuse of office, and dealing suspected property, among others.","1. Erick Mutua, chairman, Law Society of Kenya. Interviewed on September 19, 2013.\n\n2. Yasin Aila, spokesman Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission. Interviewed on September 18, 2013.\n\n3. Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act 2009. Part V, articles 38-50 lists the corruption related offences that are actionable under the law in Kenya.\nLink--http://www.kenyalawreport.co.ke/Downloads/Acts/The%20Anti-Corruption%20And%20Economic%20Crimes%20Act,%202003%28final%29.pdf.","The Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act 2009, part V, articles 38-50 lists the corruption-related offences that are actionable under the law in Kenya. Anyone found to have committed an act listed under the marked offences is then held liable and charged as per the act. The offe..."]
["2013_LS_10",2013,"LS","Lesotho",10,100,"The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 establishes and outlines the functions of a Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. This Act criminalises all forms of corruption and empowers the directorate to investigate suspected cases of economic crimes and related offences. The Amendment Act of 2006 expanded the powers of the directorate  to investigate and prosecute private bodies. For example, section 15 of the Amendment Act empowers the directorate to probe corruption allegations relating to auctions conducted in the private sector. \n\nPart IV of the 1999 act provides the legal definition of corruption and includes specific offences that constitute corruption. These include, among others, racketeering, tax evasion, embezzlement of funds, failure to keep ledgers, and  bribery in relation to auctions, procuring withdrawal of tenders and giving assistance with regard to contracts. The directorate  can also investigate allegations of human trafficking in accordance with the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2011.\n\nSection 28 of the 1999 act also criminalises conflict of interest as follows. \"A member or an employee of a public body commits the offence of corruption if he or she or an immediate member of his or her family has direct or indirect interest in any company or undertaking with which such body proposes to deal, or he or she has a personal interest in any decision which such body is to make, and he or she, knowingly, fails to disclose the nature of the interest, or votes or participates in the proceedings of the body relevant to the dealing or decision.\"","Sunday Express, \"How does Lesotho fare on combating corruption?\" Oct. 12, 2013.\nhttp://sundayexpress.co.ls/how-does-lesotho-fare-on-combating-corruption/\n\nPrevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act No. 5 of 1999. Part IV. Section 28.\n\nPrevention of Corruption and Economic Offences (Amendment) Act, 2006. Section 15.","The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 establishes and outlines the functions of a Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. This Act criminalises all forms of corruption and empowers the directorate to investigate suspected cases of economic crimes a..."]
["2013_LR_10",2013,"LR","Liberia",10,100,"Corruption in Liberia is a criminal offense. Executive Order #38 of 2012 criminalizes corrupt practices such as conflict of interest, using public offices for personal gains, extortion among others (LACC Act Part II). \n\nPart IX of Executive Order #38 also forbids bribery among other corrupt practices by public officials. \n\nTo combat corruption, the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission is to prevent corruption and investigate all corrupt practices in Liberia and to educate the public about the ills of corruption and how to prevent same. The LACC does not have prosecutorial power but Section 5.2 (d) empowers it to cause prosecutions in coordination with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Liberia.","Human Rights Watch, Liberia: Police Corruption Harms Rights, Progress, Aug. 22, 2013\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/22/liberia-police-corruption-harms-rights-progress\n\nExecutive Order #38 2012, Part IX Sections 9.1 & 9.2; Act of LACC 2008, Part V Sections 5.1 & 5.2; (laccliberia.com); \n\nThe Penal Code of Liberia Title 26 Part II Chapter 12 Subchapter 12.50 - 12.53. Link: http://www.fahnbulleh.net/docs/PenalCodeLawsOfLiberia.pdf","Corruption in Liberia is a criminal offense. Executive Order #38 of 2012 criminalizes corrupt practices such as conflict of interest, using public offices for personal gains, extortion among others (LACC Act Part II). ..."]
["2013_LY_10",2013,"LY","Libya",10,0,"No such law exists that specifies at least three of the above crimes in specific detail. \n\nThe Law of Economic Crimes of 1979, specifically article 22 mentions, however, bribery and states that any attempt to corrupt a civil servant by offering money or any other service or advantage for his/her service (or to delay this service) is punished by imprisonment. Article 23 of the same law increases the severity of the punishment in case the purpose of this corruption attempt is also illegal.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however: \nLaw No. (2) of the Year 1979 on Economic Crimes, article 22.  Retrieved from http://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=160\n\nForeign Policy, \"Libya takes steps to fight corruption,\" May 28, 2013.\nhttp://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/28/libya-takes-steps-to-fight-corruption/","No such law exists that specifies at least three of the above crimes in specific detail. \n\nThe Law of Economic Crimes of 1979, specifically article 22 mentions, however, bribery and sta..."]
["2013_MG_10",2013,"MG","Madagascar",10,100,"Le Code pénal mis à jour au 30 mars 2005 criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction. Il s’agit tout d’abord des articles 169, 174, 177 et 178 : \nArt. 169 (Ord.n°72-014 du 04.08.72) - Tout fonctionnaire, tout agent non encadré occupant un emploi normalement dévolu à un fonctionnaire, tout magistrat de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, tout officier public ou ministériel, tout fonctionnaire, employé ou agent d’une collectivité locale, tout employé ou agent d’un établissement public qui aura supprimé, détourné ou soustrait des deniers publics ou privés, des effets actifs en tenant lieu, des pièces, titres actes, effets, documents ou tous autres objets mobiliers qui étaient entre ses mains en vertu de ses fonctions ou à l’occasion de l’exercice de celles-ci, sera puni des travaux forcés à temps si les choses supprimées, détournées ou soustraites sont d’une valeur égale ou supérieure à 200 000 ariarys.\nArt. 174 (Loi n°2004-030 du 9.09.04) – De la concussion commise par les personnes exerçant une fonction publique. Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique ou chargée d’une mission de service public, de recevoir, exiger ou ordonner de percevoir à titre de droits ou contributions, impôts ou taxes publics, salaires ou traitements, une somme qu’elle sait ne pas être due, ou excéder ce qui est dû, sera puni de deux à dix ans d’emprisonnement et d’une amende de 1 000 000 ariarys à 200 000 000 ariarys, ou l’une de ces deux peines seulement.\nArt. 177(Loi n°2004-030 du 9.09.04) - De la corruption passive des personnes exerçant une fonction publique. Sera puni de deux à dix ans d’emprisonnement et d’une amende de 1 000 000 ariarys à 200 000 000 ariarys ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement, le fait par une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique, chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat électif public, de solliciter ou d’agréer, sans droit directement ou par personne interposée, des offres, promesses, dons, présents ou avantages quelconques pour accomplir ou s’abstenir d’accomplir un acte de sa fonction, de sa mission ou de son mandat, ou facilité par sa fonction, sa mission ou son mandat. \nArt. 177.1 (Loi n°2004-030 du 9.09.04) - De la corruption active. Sera puni de deux à dix ans d’emprisonnement et d’une amende de1 000 000 Ariary à 200 000 000 ariarys ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement, le fait de proposer sans droit, directement ou par personne interposée des offres, promesses, dons, présents ou avantages quelconques pour obtenir d’une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique, chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat électif public : 1° soit qu’elle accomplisse ou s’abstienne d’accomplir un acte de sa fonction, de sa mission ou de son mandat ; 2° soit qu’elle facilite par sa fonction, sa mission ou son mandat l’accomplissement ou non de cet acte ; 3° soit qu’elle abuse de son influence réelle ou supposée en vue de faire obtenir d’une autorité ou d’une administration publique des distinctions, emplois, marchés ou toute autre.\nArt. 178 (Loi n°2004-030 du 9.09.04) - De la corruption des dirigeants, actionnaires et employés des entreprises privées, et des membres des professions libérales. Sera puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à cinq ans et d’une amende de 2 000 000 ariarys à 100 000 000 ariarys ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement, tout dirigeant ou actionnaire d’une entreprise privée, qui sans droit aura, soit directement soit par personne interposée, soit sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, soit sollicité ou reçu des dons, présents, commissions, escomptes ou primes pour faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte dans l’exercice de sa fonction.\nPour le cas spécifique du blanchiment d’argent, une loi particulière a été promulguée (Loi 2004-020). Elle définit en son article premier ce qu’on entend par blanchiment : \n(a) la conversion ou le transfert de biens, dans le but de dissimuler ou de déguiser l'origine illicite des biens ou d'aider toute personne qui est impliquée dans la commission de l'infraction principale à échapper aux conséquences juridiques de ses actes ;\n(b) la dissimulation ou le déguisement de la nature, de l'origine, de l'emplacement, de la disposition, du mouvement ou de la propriété réels de biens; et\n(c) l'acquisition, la détention ou l'utilisation de biens, par une personne qui sait que lesdits biens constituent un produit du crime au sens de la présente loi.\nLe Service des renseignements financiers, ou Samfin, a été créé pour s’occuper du blanchiment d’argent (Décret n° 2007-510).\n        Enfin, le Décret n° 2003-1158 portant sur le Code de déontologie de l'administration et de Bonne conduite des agents de l'État définit les actes de corruption pouvant être commis par les agents de l’État :\n* Article 16. L’agent de l’État doit assumer sa mission en toute intégrité et en toute transparence. Il doit éviter toute situation ou attitude incompatible avec ses obligations professionnelles ou susceptible de jeter un doute sur son intégrité et de discréditer le service public.\n* Article 17. L’agent de l’État doit s’abstenir de toute activité délictuelle, telle que le détournement des deniers publics, le trafic d’influence, la concussion. Commet une infraction, tout agent de l’État qui exige ou accepte d’une personne requérant les services de l’administration, une commission, une récompense, un avantage ou un bénéfice de quelque nature, soit directement, soit indirectement.\n* Article 18. L’agent de l’État ne doit solliciter ou réclamer, accepter ou recevoir, directement ou indirectement, aucun paiement, don, cadeau ou autre avantage en nature pour s’acquitter ou s’abstenir de s’acquitter de ses fonctions ou obligations.\n* Article 19. L’agent de l’État ne doit en aucun cas utiliser les biens publics à des fins personnelles ou requérir les services d’un subordonné pour des activités autres que celles relevant de ses fonctions ou tâches.","- Orange, Lutte contre la corruption, Madagascar recule, Dec. 4, 2013.\nhttp://www.orange.mg/actualite/lutte-contre-corruption-madagascar-recule\n\n- Ordonnance nº 62-052 du 20 septembre 1962 portant sur le Code de procédure pénale. Journal Officiel de la république, nº 246, 05 octobre 1962, p. 2050. \nhttp://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/les%20codes/CODE%20DE%20PROCEDURE%20PENALE.pdf.\n- Code pénal mis à jour, 30 mars 2005.\nhttp://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/les%20codes/CODE%20PENAL.pdf.\n- Loi n° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, Journal Officiel de la République,  n°2928, 16 septembre 2004, p. 3307. \nhttp://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20les%20societes/lois%20et%20ordonnances/Loi%202004-030.pdf\n- Décret n° 2003-1158 du 17 décembre 2003 portant sur le Code de déontologie de l'administration et de Bonne conduite des agents de l'État. http://www.mfptls.gov.mg/Decret%20Fop/decret2003-1158deontologie.pdf\n- Loi n° 2004-020 du 19 août 2004 sur le blanchiment, le dépistage, la confiscation et la coopération internationale en matière de produits du crime, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 2939, 8 novembre 2004, page 4349. \nhttp://www.banque-centrale.mg/index.php?id=m8_3_7_1\n- Décret n° 2007-510 du 4 juin 2007 portant sur la création, l’organisation et le fonctionnement du Service des renseignements financiers dénommé SAMFIN.\nhttp://www.banque-centrale.mg/index.php?id=m8_3_7_11","Le Code pénal mis à jour au 30 mars 2005 criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction. Il s’agit tout d’abord des articles 169, 174, 177 et 178 : \nArt. 169 (Ord.n°72-014 du 04.08.72) - Tout fonctionnaire, tout agent non encadré occupant un e..."]
["2013_MW_10",2013,"MW","Malawi",10,100,"In Malawi, corruption is explicitly criminalised. The various forms of acts that constitute crimes have been significantly detailed.\n\nAccording to the Corrupt Practices Act of 1996, Section 3, corruption includes the following.\n(a) The offering, giving, receiving, obtaining or soliciting of any advantage to influence the action of any public officer or any official or any other person in the discharge of the duties of that public officer, official or other person.\n(b) Influence peddling.\n(c) The extortion of any advantage.\n\n“Extortion”, in relation to corrupt practice, includes:\n(a) the demanding of or receiving by a person in office a fee or other payment for services, work, supplies or other thing which should be performed, done, delivered, offered, provided or given gratuitously; or\n(b) where compensation is permissible, the demanding or receiving of a fee or other payment larger than is justified or which is not due.\n\nThe Penal Code, from Section 90 through 100, also criminalises \"corruption and abuse of office\" which includes extortion, public officer receiving property to show favour, any abuse of public office, unauthorised administration of oaths, and forced assumption of authority. \n\nOther forms of corruption-related acts are criminalised by the Money Laundering, Proceeds of Serious Crime and Terrorist Financing Act of 2006. Sections 35 and 36 of the Act specifically outline money laundering offences and terrorist financing offences respectively.","BBC News, \"'Cashgate' - Malawi's murky tale of shooting and corruption,\" 27 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-25912652\n\nThe Telegraph, \"Britain suspends aid to Malawi over corruption claims and attempted murder of whistleblower,\" Nov. 18, 2013.\nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/10457574/Britain-suspends-aid-to-Malawi-over-corruption-claims-and-attempted-murder-of-whistleblower.html\n\nCorrupt Practices Act. Section 3 of 1996 as amended in 2004.\n\nMoney Laundering. Proceeds of Serious Crime and Terrorist Financing Act. Sections 35 and 36 of  2006.\n\nPenal Code. Sections 90-92 as amended in 1995. Sections 93-98 of 1930. Section 99 as amended in 1973. Section 100 of 1930.","In Malawi, corruption is explicitly criminalised. The various forms of acts that constitute crimes have been significantly detailed...."]
["2013_ML_10",2013,"ML","Mali",10,100,"La Loi N 82-40/ AN-RM sur la Répression de la Corruption stipule : « Sera puni de 5 à 10 années de travaux forcés et d’une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des choses reçues ou demandées, sans que ladite amende puisse être inférieure à cent mille francs, quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour : 1) étant fonctionnaire public de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, étant militaire ou assimilé, étant assesseur d’une juridiction de jugement, agent ou préposé d’une administration publique, ou d’une administration... »\n\nSelon l'article du Prétoire, la corruption des fonctionnaires et des employés des entreprises privées est punie de peines criminelles, tout comme le trafic d’influence.\nComme quoi, l'arsenal juridique démontre que la corruption au Mali est une infraction spécifique.\n\nSelon le Code Pénal, les éléments suivants sont criminalisés en tant qu'éléments constitutifs de la corruption: l'extorsion (Article 272), le blanchiment d'argent (Article 297) et la traite (Article 242).","New York Times, \"Pour un nouveau président du Mali, la corruption émission Lingers,\" le 21 août 2013.\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/22/world/africa/for-malis-new-president-corruption-issue-lingers.html\n\nLoi 01-079  portant Code Pénal. Articles 120 à 123, Articles 242 à 299. Adoptée le 20 aout 2001. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20code%20penal.pdf\n\nLoi N 82-40/ AN-RM sur la Répression de la Corruption. Article 1 à 4.Adopté le 1er avril 1982. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20repression%20de%20la%20corruption.pdf\n\n\"Lutte contre la corruption : Le nouvel arsenal répressif du Mali\". (24 janvier 2011). Journal le Prétoire. http://www.maliweb.net/news/corruption-lutte-contre-la/2011/01/24/article,1566.html","La Loi N 82-40/ AN-RM sur la Répression de la Corruption stipule : « Sera puni de 5 à 10 années de travaux forcés et d’une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des choses reçues ou demandées, sans que ladite amende puisse être inférieure à cent mille francs, quiconqu..."]
["2013_MR_10",2013,"MR","Mauritania",10,100,"En Mauritanie,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 171, 172, 173 et 174 du Code pénal:\n\nL'article 171 de cette loi dispose que :  « sera puni d'un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d'une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des choses reçues ou demandées, sans que ladite amende puisse être inférieure à 20.000 UM, quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour : 1. Etant investi d'un mandat électif, fonctionnaire public de l'ordre administratif ou judiciaire, militaire ou assimilé, agent ou préposé d'une administration publique ou d'une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique, ou citoyen chargé d'un ministère de service public, faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, juste ou non, mais non sujet de salaire; »\n\nL'article 172. -  « sera punie d'un emprisonnement d'un an au moins et de cinq ans au plus, et de l'amende prévue par le premier alinéa de l'article précédent, toute personne qui aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses, des places, fonctions ou emplois ou des faveurs quelconques accordées par l'autorité publique, des marchés, entreprises ou autres bénéfices résultant de traités conclus avec l'autorité publique ou, de façon générale, une décision favorable d'une telle autorité ou administration et aura ainsi abusé d'une influence réelle ou supposée. Toutefois, lorsque le coupable est une des personnes visées au paragraphe 1er du premier alinéa de l'article 171 et qu'il a abusé de l'influence réelle ou supposée que lui donne son mandat ou sa qualité la peine d'emprisonnement sera de deux années au moins et dix ans au plus.  »\n\nL'article 173. -  « quiconque, pour obtenir soit l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte, soit de faveurs ou avantages prévus aux articles 171 et 172, aura usé des voies de fait ou menaces, de promesses, offres, dons ou présents ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s'il n'en a pas pris l'initiative, sera, que la contrainte ou la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des mêmes peines que celles prévues aux dits articles contre la personne corrompue. »\n\nL'article 174. -  « dans le cas où la corruption ou le trafic d'influence aurait pour objet un fait criminel comportant une peine plus forte que celle de l'emprisonnement, cette peine plus forte sera appliquée aux coupables. Dans les cas prévus à l'alinéa 1er paragraphe 3 de l'article 171, à l'alinéa 2 de l'article 172, le coupable, s'il est officier, sera, en outre, puni de la destitution. Il ne sera jamais fait au corrupteur restitution des choses par lui livrées, ni de leur valeur; elles seront confisquées au profit du Trésor.  »\n\nEn dépit de l'engagement des pouvoirs publics à lutter contre la corruption, il n'existe pas à proprement parler de texte ou de disposition juridique réprimant les infractions à caractère économique. Ce retard traduit également les atermoiements, les hésitations à pénaliser des formes de concussion en constante mutation. L'ordonnance 83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 est désuète et inadaptée aux nouvelles formes de corruption. La présente disposition institutionnelle ne constitue pas un cadre dissuasif au développement de la corruption. Le législateur mauritanien n'a pas intégré les nouvelles formes de corruption. Ce décalage entre les textes et les pratiques constitue un frein à la pénalisation des délits à caractère économique. Il existe bien quelques structures de lutte contre la corruption, comme l'Inspection générale d'État (IGE), la direction chargée de la lutte contre les crimes économiques. En dépit de la volonté affichée par les pouvoirs publics de combattre la corruption, la pénalisation des délits économiques se limite à des injonctions aux auteurs incriminés à rembourser les sommes. La campagne de rationalisation, de lutte contre le gaspillage a néanmoins permis d'inscrire la Mauritanie sur le chemin de la transparence.","Al-Monitor, \"la Mauritanie: un pays riche et un pauvre peuple», le 18 août 2013.\nhttp://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/culture/2013/08/mauritania-rich-country-poor-people.html\n\nOrdonnance 83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 portant institution d’un Code pénal. (1983). Alinéa 4. « De la corruption des fonctionnaires publics et des employés des entreprises privées » (articles 171 à 177)\nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/mr/mr004fr.pdf","En Mauritanie,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 171, 172, 173 et 174 du Code pénal:..."]
["2013_MU_10",2013,"MU","Mauritius",10,100,"The Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA) is a comprehensive piece of legislation that covers all aspect of corruption. The act of corruption is herein defined as an act which constitutes a corruption offence and includes:\n\n1)         any conduct whereby, in return for gratification, a person does or neglects from doing an act in contravention of his public duties; \n\n2)         the offer, promise, soliciting or receipt of a gratification as an inducement or reward to a person to do or not to do any act, with a corrupt intention;\n \n3)         the abuse of a public or private office for private gain;\n \n4)         an agreement between two or more persons to act or refrain from acting in violation of a person’s duties in the private or public sector for profit or gain; \n\n5)         any conduct whereby a person accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification for inducing a public official, by corrupt or illegal means, or by the exercise of personal influence, to do or abstain from doing an act in the exercise of his duties to show favour or disfavour to any person; \n\nThe following are specific offenses which are covered by PoCA:\n\n1)        Bribery by public official \n2)        Bribery of public official \n3)        Taking gratification to screen offender from punishment \n4)        Public official using his office for gratification \n5)        Bribery of or by a public official to influence decision of a public body \n6)        Influencing public official \n7)        Influence peddling\n8)        Public official taking gratification \n9)        Bribery for procuring contracts \n10)        Conflict of interest \n11)        Treating of public official \n12)        Receiving gift for a corrupt purpose \n13)        Corruption of agent \n14)        Corruption to provoke a serious offence","Findthedata.com, Country Profile Mauritius, Corruption, 2013.\nhttp://country-corruption.findthedata.com/l/44/Mauritius\n\nName of the law(s): Prevention of Corruption Act \n        • Year passed: 2002\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Part 1 (Articles 1 to 3) and Part 2 (Articles 4 to 17)\n        • Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/P/Page%204/PREVENTIONCORRUPTION1.pdf","The Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA) is a comprehensive piece of legislation that covers all aspect of corruption. The act of corruption is herein defined as an act which constitutes a corruption offence and includes:..."]
["2013_MA_10",2013,"MA","Morocco",10,100,"The Moroccan Penal Code severely punishes corruption. There are ten articles of law on this matter: Articles 248 to 256. Crimes defined include extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain and others. Punishment ranges from fines to several years of imprisonment.","NORAD, Business Corruption in Morocco, Dec. 5, 2013.\nhttp://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/morocco/snapshot.aspx \n\nMorocco.  Penal Code, articles 248 - 256.  (1963) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/Code%20Penal.htm.","The Moroccan Penal Code severely punishes corruption. There are ten articles of law on this matter: Articles 248 to 256. Crimes defined include extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain and others. Punishment ranges from fine..."]
["2013_MZ_10",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",10,100,"Corruption in the Mozambican legislation is criminalised as a specific crime. The punishment is regulated by law No. 6 of June 17, 2004, in which all kinds of practices defined as corruption are outlawed. These practices include extortion, bribery, and kickbacks, in addition to using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, and organized crime and trafficking.\n\nArticle 1 and 2 of this law mention that: \nThis law aims at the reinforcement of the existing legal framework for combating crimes of corruption and unlawfully economic participation.The law applies to office holders, officials or employees of state or local authorities, public companies, private companies participated by the state.","Département pour le développement international, Stratégie anti-corruption du DFID pour le Mozambique, Janvier 2013.\nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213931/anti-corruption-strategy-mz.pdf\n\nAnti-Corruption Law, 2004, Articles 1 and 2 [Lei No. 6/2004 de 17 de Junho]. \nhttp://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/Boletim_Republica-24-04.pdf","Corruption in the Mozambican legislation is criminalised as a specific crime. The punishment is regulated by law No. 6 of June 17, 2004, in which all kinds of practices defined as corruption are outlawed. These practices include extortion, bribery, and kickbacks, in addition to usi..."]
["2013_NA_10",2013,"NA","Namibia",10,100,"By law, corruption is a criminal offence. The Anti-Corruption Act, 2003, clearly highlights that the same act also set up a commission to investigate corruption in the country.  Chapter 4 of the act  provides  for punishment of corruption.\n\nBelow are a list of some of the offenses in the act.\n35. Corruptly accepting gratification by or giving gratification to agent.\n36. Corrupt acquisition of private interest by public officer.\n37. Corruption in relation to tenders.\n38. Bribery of public officer.\n39. Corruption of witnesses.\n40. Bribery of foreign public officials.\n41. Bribery in relation to auctions.\n42. Bribery for giving assistance in relation to contracts.","The Villager, \"Namibia is 5th least corrupt country in Africa,\" Aug. 12, 2013.\nhttp://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/4752/Namibia-is-5th-least-corrupt-country-in-Africa/\n\nAnti-Corruption Act, 2003 (Act No.8 of 2003),  Government Gazette August 4  2003.","By law, corruption is a criminal offence. The Anti-Corruption Act, 2003, clearly highlights that the same act also set up a commission to investigate corruption in the country.  Chapter 4 of the act  provides  for punishment of corruption...."]
["2013_NE_10",2013,"NE","Niger",10,100,"Comme le montrent les articles ci-dessous, la corruption constitue un crime spécifique au Niger et est passible d'amendes variables selon la gravité du cas.\n\nArt. 130 : « Sera puni d’un emprisonnement de deux ans à moins de dix ans et d’une amende de 50.000 à 1.000.000 de francs quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour : \n1) étant investi d’un mandat  électif, fonctionnaire public ou de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire,  militaire ou assimilé, agent ou préposé d’une administration publique ou d’une administration placée sous  le contrôle de la puissance publique, ou citoyen chargé d’un ministère de service public, faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, juste ou non, mais non sujet à salaire ; \n2) étant arbitre ou expert nommé soit par le tribunal, soit par les parties, rendre une décision ou donner une opinion favorable à une partie ; \n3) étant  médecin, chirurgien, dentiste, sage-femme, infirmier, certifier faussement ou dissimuler l’existence de maladies ou d’infirmités ou un état de grossesse ou fournir des indications mensongères sur l’origine d’une maladie ou infirmité ou la cause d’un décès ; sera puni d’un emprisonnement de un à cinq ans et d’une amende de 10.000 à 600.000 francs, ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement, tout commis, employé ou préposé, salarié ou rémunéré sous une forme quelconque qui soit directement, soit par personne interposée aura, à l’insu et sans le consentement de son patron, soit sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, soit sollicité ou reçu des dons, présents, commissions, escomptes ou primes pour faire un acte de son emploi. Si les offres, promesses, dons ou sollicitations tendaient à l’accomplissement ou l’abstention  d’un acte qui, bien qu’en dehors des attributions personnelles de la personne corrompue, était ou aurait été facilité par  sa  fonction ou par le service qu’elle assurait, la peine sera d’un emprisonnement de un à cinq ans et d’une amende de 10.000 à 1.000.000 de francs ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement. \n\nArt. 131 : « Sera  puni  d’un  emprisonnement d’un à cinq ans et d’une amende de 50.000 à 1.000.000 de  francs, toute personne qui aurait sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents, pour faire obtenir ou tenter de faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses, des places, fonctions ou emplois ou des  faveurs  quelconques  accordées par l’autorité publique, des marchés, entreprises ou autres bénéfices résultant de  traités conclus avec l’autorité publique ou, de façon générale, une décision favorable d’une telle autorité ou administration, et aura ainsi abusé d’une influence réelle ou supposée. Toutefois,  lorsque le coupable est une des personnes visées au paragraphe 1er du premier alinéa de l’article 130 et qu’il a abusé de l’influence réelle ou supposée que lui donne son mandat ou sa qualité, la peine de l’emprisonnement sera de deux à moins de dix ans. \n\nArt. 132 : « Quiconque pour obtenir, soit l’accomplissement ou l’abstention d’un acte, soit une  des faveurs ou avantages prévus aux articles 130 et 131, aura usé de voies de fait ou menaces,  de promesses, dons ou présents ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s’il n’en a pas pris l’initiative, sera, que la contrainte ou la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des mêmes peines que celles prévues auxdits articles contre la personne corrompue. Il ne sera jamais fait au corrupteur restitution des choses par lui livrées ou de leur valeur, elles  seront confisquées au profit du Trésor. »\n\nArt. 133 : « Dans tous les cas prévus à  la  présente  section,  lorsque le coupable sera une des personnes prévues aux 1°, 2° et 3° de l’article 130, elle sera privée de tout ou partie des droits énoncés à l’article 21.). »","Code pénal. (2003). Livre II, Des crimes, des délits et de leur punition. Titre II, Des crimes et délits contre la constitution et la paix publique. SECTION VII, Corruption et trafic d’influence. Art. 130-133\nwww.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Niger/Niger%20-%20Code%20penal%202003.pdf.\n\nArt. 41 - Les biens publics sont sacrés et inviolables. Toute personne doit les respecter scrupuleusement et les protéger. Tout acte de sabotage, de vandalisme, de corruption, de détournement, de dilapidation, de blanchiment d'argent ou d'enrichissement illicite est réprimé par la loi.","Comme le montrent les articles ci-dessous, la corruption constitue un crime spécifique au Niger et est passible d'amendes variables selon la gravité du cas...."]
["2013_NG_10",2013,"NG","Nigeria",10,100,"1. Corruption is outlawed in the Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Act, sections 8 to 26.\nSection 22 (1) for example states that: \n\n\"Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, offers an advantage to a public servant as an inducement to or reward for or otherwise on account of such public servants giving assistance or using influence in, or having given assistance or used in: \n(a) the promotion, execution, or procuring of: \n(i) any contract with a public body for the performance of any work, the providing of any service, the doing of anything or the supplying of any article, material or substance; or \n(ii) any sub-contract to perform any work, provide any article, materials or substance required to be performed, provided, done or supplied under any contract with a public body; or \n(b) the payment of the price, consideration or other moneys stipulated or otherwise provided for in any such contract or sub- contract as aforesaid, \nshall be guilty of an offence.\"\n\n2. Sections 14 to 18 and several other sections of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act also criminalise money laundering. There are several other legal tools criminalising corruption.","New York Times, \"Fighter of Corruption in Nigeria Considers Next Steps,\" Nov. 22, 2013.\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/world/africa/fighter-of-corruption-in-nigeria-considers-next-steps.html\n\n\nThe Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004, Sections 14-18 etc; \nhttp://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc_homepage_files/establishment_act_2004.pdf\n\nCorrupt Practices and Related Offences Commission, 2000, Sections 9-27.\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf\n\nMoney Laundering Act, 2011.\n\nAdvance Fee Fraud and other Fraud Related Offences Act, 2006.","1. Corruption is outlawed in the Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Act, sections 8 to 26.\nSection 22 (1) for example states that: ..."]
["2013_RW_10",2013,"RW","Rwanda",10,100,"Section 2 of Law No 23/2003 related to the punishment Of corruption and related offences criminalises the \"trafficking of influence\". \n\nArticle 10:\n\"Whoever will have explicitly or implicitly demanded, indirectly or directly received gifts or any other profit for oneself or for others, or who will have accepted it as a promise in order to render a service within his or her function, mission, mandate or whoever will have used them to do it, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of between 2 and 5 years and a fine ranging from twice to 10 times the value of illicit profit solicited.\"\n \nArticle 11:\n\"Whoever will have explicitly or implicitly demanded, indirectly or directly received gifts or any other illicit profit for oneself or for others or who will have accepted it as a promise in order to accomplish an illegal act or refrain from carrying out his or her duties, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of between 5 years to10 years and a fine ranging from twice to 10 times the value of illicit profit solicited.\"","Anti-Corruption Authorities.  (2012) .  Rwanda anti-corruption policy.  Retrieved from https://www.acauthorities.org/casestudy/office-ombudsman-rwanda‎\n\nHitchen, J.  (2013, January 14) .  Rwanda: Corruption will not be tolerated.  The Foreign Report.  Retrieved from http://www.theforeignreport.com/2013/01/14/rwanda-corruption-will-not-be-tolerated \n\nThis article states that the fight against corruption in Rwanda has been a success because there is a strong leadership willing to tackle it and fighting corruption has been taken as a policy and a duty. \n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No.  23/2003.  (2003).  [Related to the punishment of corruption and related offences].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7726&iid=1170&rid=30692141","Section 2 of Law No 23/2003 related to the punishment Of corruption and related offences criminalises the \"trafficking of influence\". ..."]
["2013_ST_10",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",10,100,"The new and first Santomean penal code, article 452-454 stipulates the following: \n\n\"[...] the employee who by themselves or through a third party with your consent or ratification, solicit or accept, for himself or for third parties not due to him no advantage or asset, or its promise as consideration for an act or omission contrary to the duties of the office shall be punished with imprisonment for 2-6 years. 2. If the act is not performed, the penalty is imprisonment for up to three years or a fine of up to 300 days. 3. Since this is a mere omission or delay in practice act in relation to his duties, but in violation of the duties of his office, the penalty is, respectively, in n.1, imprisonment of up to 2 years or a fine of up to 200 days and in the case of n.2, the imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine of up to 100 days [...].\n\nArticle 453 and 454 respectively state that:\n \n1. Whoever gives or promises the employee, by itself or through an intermediary, not advantage or asset that is not due to the employee with the purposes stated in article 452 shall be punished, as appropriate, with the penalties provided in this provision. 2. whether the facts mentioned above are committed by representatives or bodies corporate or equivalent on their behalf and in the collective interest, are the same criminally responsible are punished with a fine to be set between 10 million and 500 million folds, and may be decreed its dissolution. 3. if that has been practised to prevent the agent, spouse, adopter or adopted, or relatives or to the 3. degree expose themselves to the danger of being punished or subjected to any disciplinary response, the penalty may be mitigated or even waived .\n\nArticle 454. [ Active corruption ]\n\nWhoever gives or promises the officer, themselves or a third party with your consent or ratification, solicit or accept, for himself or for a third party, without it being due, not advantage or asset, or its promise as consideration for an act or omission not contrary to the duties of office, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to 1 year or a fine of up to 100 days .","Freedom House, Freedom in the World, Corruption Index, São Tomé and Príncipe, 2013.\nhttps://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/s-o-tom-and-pr-ncipe#.VRxIxosh78E\n\nLaw number 6/2012 – Penal Code. Article 452-454. Chapter IV (Committed crimes whilst in office). Section I (Corruption). http://www.rjcplp.org/sections/informacao/anexos/legislacao-sao-tome-e2539/codigos-e-estatutos-sao2859/codigo-penal-sao-tome-e/preview_html?file=file&file_html=file_html","The new and first Santomean penal code, article 452-454 stipulates the following: \n\n\"[...] the employee who by themselves or through a third party with your consent or ratificati..."]
["2013_SN_10",2013,"SN","Senegal",10,100,"Au Sénégal la corruption est considérée comme un délit, conformément aux Articles 105, 159 et 161 du Code pénal. Au moins trois de ces infractions sont punies par le Code pénal.\n \nL'abus de bien public, les crimes organisés et les trafics et le blanchiment sont des délits punissables de peine à la fois pécuniaires et d'emprisonnement. En effet le Code pénal punit dans sa section II «de la forfaiture et des crimes délits des fonctionnaires publics dans l'excercice de leurs fonctions» des détournements, des soustractions et des escroqueries portant sur les deniers publics (paragraphe I) des concussions commises par les fonctionnaires publics et de leur ingérence dans les affaires ou commerces incompatibles avec leur qualité (paragraphe II), de la coruption des fonctionnaires publics et des employés du secteur privé (paragraphe III), de l'enrichissement illicite (paragraphe III bis) des abus d'autorité, des abus d'autorité contre les particuliers, des abus d'autorité contre la chose publique.","BBC News, \"Karim Wade arrested in Senegal corruption probe,\" 15 April 2013.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22160179\n\nCode pénal du Sénégal, 21 juillet 1965 : http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Senegal/Senegal%20-%20Code%20penal.pdf","Au Sénégal la corruption est considérée comme un délit, conformément aux Articles 105, 159 et 161 du Code pénal. Au moins trois de ces infractions sont punies par le Code pénal.\n ..."]
["2013_SC_10",2013,"SC","Seychelles",10,100,"Divison II, chapter X, article 91-101 of the penal code of Seychelles criminalises corruption as a specific offence for: accepting a bribe, receiving a bribe, using public resources for private gain, exposing confidential state information for private gain, administering an oath or declaration where he/she did not have the authority to do so, falsely representing him/herself, or threatening any person employed in the public service.","Penal code of Seychelles 1955 chapter X ss91-102.","Divison II, chapter X, article 91-101 of the penal code of Seychelles criminalises corruption as a specific offence for: accepting a bribe, receiving a bribe, using public resources for private gain, exposing confidential state information for private gain, administering an oath or..."]
["2013_SL_10",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",10,100,"Sections 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 47 of the anti-corruption act of 2008 criminalise corruption for any officer who receives bribes, solicits bribes and/or any person or entity bribing a public officer to influence decisions of a public body. The law furthermore specifies criminal offences such as misappropriating public funds or property, and those who receive gifts for a corrupt purpose. Part IV generally describes 24 distinct criminal offences to be investigated and prosecuted.","Voice of America, \"Sierra Leone Disputes Corruption Report,\" July 14, 2013.\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/sierra-leone-disputes-corruption-report/1701554.html\n\nThe Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, Part IV and particularly Section 34, 35, 36, 37,  2008, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf","Sections 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 47 of the anti-corruption act of 2008 criminalise corruption for any officer who receives bribes, solicits bribes and/or any person or entity bribing a public officer to influence decisions of a public body. The law furthermore specifies criminal off..."]
["2013_SO_10",2013,"SO","Somalia",10,100,"Article 111C of the constitution states, “There shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission, and its mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector. The Anti-Corruption Commission may conduct enquiries at its own discretion and is not required to only act upon a complaint.” In addition, sections of the article stipulate the powers, scope, constitution and principles guiding the anti-corruption commission. \n\nThe Somali penal code criminalizes specific corruption offenses including: corruption of a citizen by foreigners; political conspiracy by association; peculation; misappropriation of the prejudice of private persons; peculation by taking advantage of the error of another person; extortion by a public officer; corruption for performing an official act; corruption for performing an act contrary to the duties of office; corruption of a person entrusted with a public service; punishment of persons giving or promising money or other benefit; instigation of corruption; abuse of office in cases not specifically provided for by law; private interest in official acts; disclosure of official secrets; and cheating/fraud.","Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012. Article 111(c). http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nSomali Penal Code\nPart II: Crimes against the public administration\nArticles 189; 233; 240-251; 253; 496\nhttp://www.somalilandlaw.com/Penal_Code_English.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia","Article 111C of the constitution states, “There shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission, and its mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector. The Anti-Corruption Commission may conduct enquiries at its own discretion and is not required to on..."]
["2013_ZA_10",2013,"ZA","South Africa",10,100,"The Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (2004) defines and explains conducts that are classified as constituting corruption. Section 3 of chapter 2 explains general offences of corruption: \"Any person who. directly or indirectly accepts or agrees or offers to accept any gratification from any other person [...] whether for the benefit of himself or herself or for the benefit of another person: or gives or agrees or offers to give to any other person any gratification for the benefit of that other person or for the benefit of another person [...] is guilty of the offence of corruption.\"\n\nSection 4 defines conducts relating to public officials, section 7 deals with legislative authority and corruption, section 8 deals with the judiciary, section 9 with the prosecuting authority. Chapter 5 deals with the punishment of corruption.  \n\nThe Public Finance Management Act of 1999 also criminalises corruption, in the public sphere. Chapter 10 part 1 deals with financial misconduct and what constitutes as such, while chapter 10 part 2 sets out the various penalties and punishments.","Corruption Watch, \"Why is corruption getting worse in South Africa?\" Jan. 17, 2014.\nhttp://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/why-corruption-getting-worse-south-africa\n\nPrevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (Act 12 of 2004), http://www.info.gov.za/acts/2004/a12-04/index.html\n\nThe Public Finance Management Act (Act 1 of 1999), http://www.treasury.gov.za/legislation/pfma/","The Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (2004) defines and explains conducts that are classified as constituting corruption. Section 3 of chapter 2 explains general offences of corruption: \"Any person who. directly or indirectly accepts or agrees or offers to accept ..."]
["2013_SS_10",2013,"SS","South Sudan",10,100,"The Penal Code criminalises a number of practices which constitute corruption. For example:\n  \nArticle 87 of the Penal Code is about public servants taking gratification in respect of an official. Article 87 states, “Whoever being or expecting to be a public servant, accepts or obtains or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain from any person for himself, herself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, whether pecuniary or otherwise, other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward—\n(a) for doing or forbearing to do any official act;\n(b) for showing or forbearing to show in the exercise of his or her official functions favour or disfavour to any person; or\n(c) for rendering or attempting to render any service or disservice to any person with any department of the Government State or with any public servant as such, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 88 of the Penal Code criminalises taking bribes or gratification in order to influence a public servant. Article 88 states that, “Whoever accepts or obtains or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain from any person for himself or herself or for any other person any bribery or gratification whatever as a motive or reward for inducing by corrupt or illegal means any public servant—\n(a) to do or forbear to do any official act;\n(b) in exercise of the official functions of such public servant to show favour or disfavour to any person;\n(c) to render or attempt to render any service or disservice to any person with any department of Government, State or with any public servant as such, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 90 criminalises the practice of offering or giving bribes or gratification to a public servant. Article 90 states that, “Whoever offers or gives or agrees to give any bribery or gratification whatever, whether pecuniary or otherwise, in the circumstances and for any of the purposes mentioned in section 88 or 89 of this Act, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 91 criminalises the practice of receiving or giving a bribe or gratification by an agent or employee to show favour or disfavour. Article 91 states that, “Whoever being an employee or agent of another, accepts or agrees to accept from any person for himself or herself or for any other person any bribery or gratification whatever as a motive or reward for doing or forbearing to do any act in connection with the affairs of his or her employee or principal or who shows favour or disfavour to any person having any concern in the affairs or business of his or her employer or principal, and whoever gives or agrees to give to the employee or the agent any reward or remuneration as a motive for doing, or forbearing to do any of the aforesaid commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 92 criminalises any public servant for obtaining valuable thing without consideration from a person concerned in proceeding or business transacted by such public servant. Article 92 states that, “Whoever being a public servant accepts or obtains or agrees or attempts to obtain, for himself or herself or for any other person something of value without consideration or for a consideration which he or she knows to be inadequate—\n(a) from any person, whom he or she knows to have been or to be likely to be concerned in any proceeding or business transacted or about to be transacted by such public servant or having any connection with the official functions of himself, herself or of any public servant to whom he or she is subordinate, or \n(b) from any person, whom he or she knows to be interested in or related to the person so concerned, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 93 criminalises the offering or giving of something of value without consideration. Article 93 states that, “Whoever in any of the circumstances mentioned in section 92 of this Act, offers or gives or agrees to give to any public servant or to any person, in whom a public servant is interested or to whom he or she is related, something of value without consideration or for a consideration which he knows to be inadequate, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 94 criminalises any third person who profits by bribery or gratification. Article 94 states that, “Whoever knowingly profits by bribery, any gratification or benefit obtained in any of the circumstances mentioned in sections 88, 89 or 92 of this Act, but does not take any active part in obtaining such gratification or benefit, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 95 criminalises the practice of a public servant dishonestly receiving money or property not due. Article 95 states that, “Whoever being a public servant in his or her capacity as such dishonestly receives, from any person, any money or other property which he or she is not authorised to receive or which is in excess of the amount which he or she is authorised to receive, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or with a fine or with both.”","USA Today, \"Corruption at root of South Sudan violence: Analysts,\" Dec. 27, 2013.\nhttp://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/12/27/south-sudan-government-agreement/4218073/\n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Penal Code Act, articles 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95.  (2008) .  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf","The Penal Code criminalises a number of practices which constitute corruption. For example:\n  \nArticle 87 of the Penal Code is about public servants taking gratification in respect of an of..."]
["2013_SD_10",2013,"SD","Sudan",10,100,"Corruption is criminalized as a specific offense. See the Penal Code, chapter 13: Offences by or relating to public servants deal with offenses relating to offering or taking a bride and kickbacks and extortion.\n Section 128 - “Public Servants taking Gratification in Respect of Official Act”\n Section 129 - “Taking Bribes or Gratification in Order to Influence Public Servant”\n Section 131 - “Offering or Giving Bribery or Gratification to Public Servant”:\n Section 131(A) – “Receiving or Giving Bribery or Gratification by Agent or\n Employee to show Favour or Disfavour”","Transparency International, \"Global Corruption barometer 2013.\"\nhttp://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/61/file/61.pdf\n\nSudan Penal Code, Chapter 13. (2003) . [Offences by or relating to public servants available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/469e1f0a2.html].","Corruption is criminalized as a specific offense. See the Penal Code, chapter 13: Offences by or relating to public servants deal with offenses relating to offering or taking a bride and kickbacks and extortion...."]
["2013_SZ_10",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",10,100,"The Prevention of Corruption Act established a revamped Anti-Corruption Commission which can enforce other laws dealing with corruption.\n \n At the time of the research, there was a high profile corruption court case (new, not ongoing) which illustrates how the corruption commission discharges its duties. In this case, an MP, a senator and a co-accused who is a parliamentary officer face charges of corruption in the most high-profile anti-corruption case since the establishment of the Anti-Corruption Commission. Khumalo and his co-defendants were charged with fraud, a criminal offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act 2006 section 23 (\"Corrupt Transactions by or with public or private bodies\"), section 24 (\"Cheating of Public Revenue\") and section 30 (\"Offences in respect of corrupt activities relating to politicians\"). At the time of writing, the commission investigations of this case are ongoing, and charges may be changed or amended. \n \n Two other pieces of legislation have a bearing on corruption prosecution: The Money laundering Prevention Act, 2001 and the Serious Offences (confiscation of proceeds) Act, 2001.","\"Prevention of Corruption Act 2006.\" Section 23 (\"Corrupt Transactions by or with public or private bodies,\") section 24 (\"Cheating of Public Revenue\") and section 30 (\"Offenses in respect of corrupt activities relating to politicians.\") - several other sections specify corruption as an offence. \n \n \"Khumalo and Two Others Versus the King,\" Ruling of the High Court of Swaziland, 4 September 2013. (2013), SZHC 194. http://www.swazilii.org/sz/judgment/high-court/2013/194","The Prevention of Corruption Act established a revamped Anti-Corruption Commission which can enforce other laws dealing with corruption.\n ..."]
["2013_TZ_10",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",10,100,"The law specifically led to the establishment of the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau as an agency to solely investigate corruption. The entire part III of the law gives a comprehensive list of corruption incidences, namely: \n Corrupt transactions.\n Corrupt transactions in contracts.\n Corrupt transactions in procurement.\n Corrupt transactions in auctions.\n Corrupt transactions in employment.\n Bribery of foreign public official.\n Use of documents intended to mislead principal.\n Persons obtaining advantage.\n Advantage received on behalf of accused.\n Sexual favour or any other favours.\n Public officials to give accounts of properties.\n Possession of unexplained property.\n Embezzlement and misappropriation.\n Diversion.\n Aiding and abetting.\n Abuse of position.\n Conspiracy.\n Trading in influence.\n Transfer of proceeds of corruption.\n Presumption of corruption.\n False pretence to be an officer.\n Offence of disclosure of identity.\n Freezing of assets.\n Duty to give information. \n \n In addition to the pccb, agencies that fight corruption include the controller and auditor general, the good governance coordination unit, the ethics commission, and the commission for human rights and good governance.","The Citizen, \"Tanzania among 14 most corrupt countries : report,\" July 10, 2013.\nhttp://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/national/Tanzania-among-14-most-corrupt-countries---report/-/1840392/1910556/-/9lw0hf/-/index.html\n\nThe Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau Act. Articles 15 (1) to 39 (2).\n  Law passed in 2007\n  http://www.egov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents\n /prevention_and_combating_of_corruption_act_sw.pdf","The law specifically led to the establishment of the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau as an agency to solely investigate corruption. The entire part III of the law gives a comprehensive list of corruption incidences, namely: ..."]
["2013_TG_10",2013,"TG","Togo",10,100,"Les articles 208 à 210 du Code pénal punissent l’extorsion de même que le versement et l'acceptation de pot-de-vin.\n \n L'article 202 traite des détournements de biens et de deniers publics.\n \n Le chapitre 8 traite des atteintes à la sureté de l'État, et notamment du complot, de la conspiration et de la divulgation des renseignements confidentiels de l'État.\n \n La loi du 6 juillet 2007 définit un cadre juridique relatif à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux au Togo. Le crime en bande organisée constitue une circonstance aggravante.","Findthedata.com, Pays corruption - Togo, 2013.\nhttp://country-corruption.findthedata.com/l/129/Togo\n\nCode pénal du 13 août 1980. (1980). Articles 202 et 208 à 210, chapitre 8.\n \n Loi du 6 juillet 2007 relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment capitaux. (2007). Article 39.","Les articles 208 à 210 du Code pénal punissent l’extorsion de même que le versement et l'acceptation de pot-de-vin.\n ..."]
["2013_TN_10",2013,"TN","Tunisia",10,100,"Articles 83 to 94 of the penal code state clearly that corruption is a crime. \n \n For example, the following acts are considered corrupt and condemned by law: \n - Offering or accepting a bribe;\n - Using public influence for private gain; \n -A judge giving a false judgement.\n \n Article 83 states the following: \"Any person having the quality of civil servant who accepted, directly or indirectly, for himself or for the benefit of someone else, gifts, donations, promises or any kind of advantage, to accomplish an action related to his position, will be given 10 years in prisons and fined 10,000 Tunisian Dinars.\"","The Economist, \"Lutter contre la corruption en Tunisie: Une lutte acharnée,\" 25 Juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/07/tackling-corruption-tunisia\n\nCode Pénal (1) Livre Premier. Dispositions Générales, Article 83 to 94, http://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Code_penal_12_07_2010_fr.pdf","Articles 83 to 94 of the penal code state clearly that corruption is a crime. \n \n For example, the following acts are considered corrupt and condemned by law: ..."]
["2013_UG_10",2013,"UG","Uganda",10,100,"Section 2 of the Anti Corruption Act, 2009, sets out the various offences regarded as corruption in Uganda. For instance, it states that “a person commits the offence of corruption if he or she does any of the following acts - (a) the solicitation or acceptance, directly or indirectly, by a public official, of any goods of monetary value, or benefits, such as a gift, favour, promise, advantage or any other form of gratification for himself or herself or for another person or entity, in exchange for any act or omission in the performance of his or her public functions; (b) the offering or granting, directly or indirectly, to a public official, of any goods of monetary value, or other benefit, such as a gift, favour, promise or advantage or any other form of gratification for himself or herself or for another person or entity, in exchange for any act or omission in the performance of his or her public functions; […] (e) the offering, giving, solicitation or acceptance directly or indirectly, or promising of any undue advantage to or by any person who asserts or confirms that he or she is able to exert any improper influence over the decision making of any person performing functions in the public or private sector in consideration of the undue advantage, whether the undue advantage is for himself or herself or for any other person, as well as the request, receipt or the acceptance of the offer or the promise of the advantage, in consideration of that influence, whether or not the supposed influence leads to the intended result”. \n\nFurther, section 291 (1) of the penal code, 1950, provides for attempts at extortion by threats and states that “any person who, with intent to extort or gain anything from any person— accuses or threatens […] commits a felony […]”\n\n Section 14 (1) of the Leadership Code Act, 2002, sets out that “without derogating from any other written law, a leader shall not directly or indirectly use or allow any person under his or her control to use for furthering any private interest, whether financial or otherwise, any information obtained through or in connection with the office of the leader and not yet made available to the public”. In addition to this, parliament passed the Anti-Money Laundering Bill into law in July 2013, and the bill now awaits presidential assent. The anti-money laundering law is aimed at combating corruption, drug trafficking and financing of terrorism through criminalising money laundering activities. \n Further, the new law criminalises money laundering and provides for specific measures to detect and deter money laundering and to facilitate the investigation and prosecution of money laundering offences. Besides, the Anti-Corruption Bill 2013 has been tabled on the floor of parliament. This bill seeks to amend the Anti-Corruption Act, 2009 which has been criticised for not being sufficient enough to fight corruption.","Human Rights Watch, \"Uganda: Free Pass on High-Level Corruption,\" Oct. 21, 2013.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/21/uganda-free-pass-high-level-corruption\n\nPenal Code, 1950, Section 291 (1)\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/290/PENAL%20CODE%20ACT.pdf\n \n The Anti Corruption Act, 2009, Section 2\n http://www.publicservice.go.ug/public/Anticorruption%20Act%202009.pdf\n \nStatutory Instruments 2010 No. 46; The Financial Institutions (Anti- Money Laundering) Regulations, 2010, Regulation 12(1)(4)(5)(6); Schedule 3\n http://www.bou.or.ug/export/sites/default/bou/bou-downloads/acts/supervision_acts_regulations/FI_Regulations/FI_Anti-Money_2010.pdf\n \n Leadership Code Act, 2002, Section 14 (1)\n http://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/leadership-code-act.pdf","Section 2 of the Anti Corruption Act, 2009, sets out the various offences regarded as corruption in Uganda. For instance, it states that “a person commits the offence of corruption if he or she does any of the following acts - (a) the solicitation or acceptance, directly or indirec..."]
["2013_ZM_10",2013,"ZM","Zambia",10,100,"The Zambian Law criminalises corruption as a specific offence and corrupt offences in the country. Under Article 19 (1) and (2), of the anti-corruption commission act, corrupt practices include, giving or/and accepting bribes, as follows: \n \n 1) A public officer who, by oneself, or by or in conjunction with, any other person, corruptly solicits, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to receive or obtain, from any person\n for oneself or for any other person, any gratification as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do, or for having done or forborne to do, anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any public body is or may be concerned, commits an offence.\n \n (2) A person who, by oneself, or by, or in conjunction with, any other person, corruptly gives, promises or offers any gratification to any public officer, whether for the benefit of that public officer\n or of any other public officer, as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do, anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any public body is or\n may be concerned, commits an offence.\n \n Part II of the law specifies the following articles that contain specific definitions of corruption and corrupt practices: \n \n 19. Corrupt practices by, or with, public officers\n 20. Corrupt transactions by, or with, private bodies\n 21. Abuse of authority of office\n 22. Possession of unexplained property\n 23. Corrupt transactions by, or with, agents\n 24. Corruption of members of public or private bodies with regard\n to meetings\n 25. Corruption of witness\n 26. Corrupt practices by, or with, foreign public official\n 27. Corruption in relation to sporting events\n 28. Conflict of interest\n 29. Gratification for giving assistance, etc. with regard to contracts\n 30. Gratification for procuring withdrawal of tender\n 31. Obstruction of justice\n 32. Gratification with regard to bidding at auction sale\n 33. Coercion of investor\n 34. Corrupt acquisition of public property and revenue\n 35. Electoral corruption\n 36. Concealment of property\n 37. Dealing with, using and concealing gratification\n 38. Concealment of offence\n 39. Public officer’s duty to report\n 40. Attempts and conspiracies\n 41. General penalty\n 42. Restitution\n 43. Recovery of gratification by distress, etc\n 44. Recovery of gratification corruptly received by agent\n 45. Certification of Government valuation officer or other\n specialist valuer\n 46. Certain matters not to constitute defence\n 47. Suspension of public officer charged with corruption\n 48. Suspension of public officer convicted of corruption\n 49. Effect of conviction\n 50. Offences by body corporate or unincorporate body\"","Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, \"Zambia: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption,\" \n\nThe Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) (Amendment Act no. 3 of 2012), Articles 19 (1) & (2), and Art. 20-50, regarding the corrupt offences covered under the Corruption Act, http://www.zambialii.org/files/zm/legislation/act/2012/3/The%20Anti-Corruption%202012.pdf","The Zambian Law criminalises corruption as a specific offence and corrupt offences in the country. Under Article 19 (1) and (2), of the anti-corruption commission act, corrupt practices include, giving or/and accepting bribes, as follows: ..."]
["2013_ZW_10",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",10,100,"The constitution in section 9 requires the state to adopt and implement policies and legislation to develop efficiency, competence, accountability, transparency, personal integrity and financial probity in all institutions and agencies of government at every level. Specifically, section 9 (b) requires that measures must be taken to expose, combat and eradicate all forms of corruption and abuse of power by those holding political and public offices. \n \nAdditionally, the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act in sections 170-174 criminalises bribery, use of a false document, corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal, concealing from a principal a personal interest in a transaction, and abuse of duty as a public officer. \n \nThe Bank Use and Suppression of Money Laundering Act as well as the Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Act (Act 4/2013) prohibit money laundering and require financial institutions and cash dealers to take prudential measures to help combat money laundering.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (no.20) Act, Section 9, Act 1/2013\n \n 2. Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, (chapter 9:23) Section 170-174, 2004\n \n 3. Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Act, preamble (Act 4/2013)\n \n 4. The Bank Use and Suppression of Money Laundering Act (chapter 24:24), preamble, 2004\n\nBulawayo, \"Corruption remains very high in Zimbabwe - index,\" Dec. 3, 2013.\nhttp://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-39697.html","The constitution in section 9 requires the state to adopt and implement policies and legislation to develop efficiency, competence, accountability, transparency, personal integrity and financial probity in all institutions and agencies of government at every level. Specifically, se..."]
["2013_DZ_11",2013,"DZ","Algeria",11,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière. Les organes mandatés pour enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public dépendent du pouvoir exécutif.","Les organes existants :\n— l’office central de répression de la corruption (OCRC)\n L’office central de répression de la corruption (OCRC), chargé d'effectuer des recherches et des enquêtes en matière d'infractions de corruption, a été créé en aout 2010 par l’ordonnance n° 10-05 complétant la loi n° 06-01 du 20 février 2006 relative à la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption.\n— L’organe de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption (ONPLCC) (http://www.onplc.org.dz/onplc_fr/)\n— la Cour des comptes (http://www.ccomptes.org.dz/)\n— Inspection générale des finances (IGF) (ministère des Finances) : http://www.mf.gov.dz/","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière. Les organes mandatés pour enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public dépendent du pouvoir exécutif."]
["2013_AO_11",2013,"AO","Angola",11,100,"Law No. 3/96 of April 5, 1996, provides for the creation of the High Authority Against Corruption which according to the law is independent body that functions side by side with the National Assembly and has as objective to develop actions of prevention, investigation and participation for the competent entity in order to take penal or disciplinary action against acts of corruption or fraud committed in the exercise of administrative functions.","Republic of Angola Constitution, art. 185.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498.\n\nLaw No. 3/96 of April 5, 1996, Creation of the High Authority Against Corruption.\n\nRepublic of Angola Law on Public Probity of 29 March 2010, published in State Gazette, 1st Series nº 57, art. 32 (Procedural aspects, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6(2).  Retrieved from http://srvtcsa2.tcontas.ao:7779/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Leis/Lei-3-10.pdf.\n\nRepublic of Angola Law of the Court of Auditors 13/10 of 9 July 2010, art. 3.1.  (2010).\n\nPROBITY LAW ARTICLE 32\n\n\"1. Any person whether an individual or a corporate body may report to the Public Prosecution Service or the administrative entity acts that reveal improbity committed by a public officer in order that the relevant investigation may commence after the determination of circumstantial evidence of the possible veracity of the acts.\n\n2. The report must be in writing or be reduced to a record be signed and contain:\na) the identification of the informant;\nb) information relating to the act and its alleged perpetrator;\nc) an indication of the evidence of which he has knowledge.\n\n3. The Public Prosecution Service may examine acts of improbity semi-officially even where the report does not provide grounds to commence an investigation owing to lack of the information specified in the previous item.\n\n4. Where an investigation for the determination of acts of improbity has been commenced the Public Prosecution Service may give knowledge to the Court of Auditors the existence of the corresponding process and the Court of Auditors may appoint a representative to monitor it at the Public Prosecution Service.\n\n5. Where there is well-founded circumstantial evidence of liability for acts of improbity the Public Prosecution Service may request the competent Court in accordance with the civil law to order the seizure of assets including the freezing of bank accounts of the probable officer or third party who has become unjustly enriched or caused damage to public property.\n\n6. The Court must hand down a decision upon request by the Public Prosecution Service in accordance with the previous item within a maximum time of 20 days and the Public Prosecution Service must bring about the investigation expeditiously proposing the main action within a maximum time of 60 days otherwise the precautionary measure will expire.\n\n2)  A law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.\"\n\nCONSTITUTION OF ANGOLA ARTICLE 185\n\n\"1. The Public Prosecution Service is the organ of the Attorney General Republic of the essential jurisdictional function of the State, being endowed with autonomy and statute.\n\n2. The autonomy of the Public Prosecution Service is characterized by its relation to the criterion of legality and objectivity.\"\n\nLAW OF COURT OF AUDITORS ARTICLE 3.1\n\nEstablishes the independence of the Court of Auditors,","Law No. 3/96 of April 5, 1996, provides for the creation of the High Authority Against Corruption which according to the law is independent body that functions side by side with the National Assembly and has as objective to develop actions of prevention, investigation and participa..."]
["2013_BJ_11",2013,"BJ","Benin",11,100,"La loi sur la corruption au Bénin indique en son article 5 la création d'une autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption dotée d'une autonomie financière et dotée d'une personnalité juridique.\n\nCet article stipule en substance que: \"Il est créé, dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la présente loi, un organe de lutte indépendant contre la corruption doté de l’autonomie financière et d’une personnalité juridique afin de :\n- exploiter, à toutes fins utiles, les informations sur les doléances ou plaintes relatives aux faits relevant de la corruption et infractions assimilées dont ils sont saisis, et les dénoncer au procureur de la République compétent;\n- rechercher dans la législation, les règlements, procédures et pratiques administratives, les dispositions et usages favorisant la corruption afin de proposer des mesures visant à leur correction;\n- dispenser des conseils pour la prévention de la corruption à toute personne ou à tout organisme public ou privé;\n- éduquer la population sur les dangers de la corruption et l’obligation qu’a chacun de la combattre et mobiliser les soutiens nécessaires à cette fin ;\n- s’assurer que toutes les institutions publiques disposent de manuels de procédures effectivement appliquées;\n- conserver copies des déclarations de patrimoine des personnalités visées à l’article 3 de la présente loi;\n- prêter son concours aux autorités judiciaires, lorsqu’elles en font la demande ;\n- coopérer avec les organismes visant les mêmes objectifs tant sur le plan national, régional qu’international;\n- élaborer des rapports périodiques sur les risques de corruption au sein de l’administration publique;","Loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. (2011). Article 5. http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=25771&t=direct","La loi sur la corruption au Bénin indique en son article 5 la création d'une autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption dotée d'une autonomie financière et dotée d'une personnalité juridique...."]
["2013_BW_11",2013,"BW","Botswana",11,0,"The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime was established in September 1994 under the Corruption and Economic Crime Act. The statutory mandate of the directorate was to combat corruption and this is done by implementing a three-dimensional strategy of:\n\n1. Investigation. \n2. Corruption prevention. \n3. Public education. \n\nHowever, the directorate receives its funding from the executive, and its head reports directly to the president (Art. 22).","1. Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994.\n\n2. Website of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime, http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Department-of-Corruption-and-Economic-Crime-DCEC/About-the-DCEC1/Overview-of-the-DCEC/.","The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime was established in September 1994 under the Corruption and Economic Crime Act. The statutory mandate of the directorate was to combat corruption and this is done by implementing a three-dimensional strategy of:..."]
["2013_BF_11",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",11,0,"L'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d'État (ASCE) est la structure qui a été créée pour recevoir et contrôler les cas de corruption au Burkina. C'est la loi n°032-2007/AN du 29 Novembre 2007 qui la crée, mais cette loi dit en son article 1 que : « L'Autorité supérieure de contrôle d'État est placée sous l'autorité du premier ministre », qui est le chef de l'exécutif burkinabè. Donc elle dépend du pouvoir exécutif.","Loi n° 032-2007/an portant création, attribution, composition et fonctionnement d’une autorité supérieure de contrôle d’État JO n°03 du 17 janvier 2007. http://www.google.bf/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftrack.unodc.org%2FLegalLibrary%2FLegalResources%2FBurkina%2520Faso%2FLaws%2FLoi%2520032%2520Autorite%2520Superieure%2520de%2520Controle%2520d%27Etat%2520%282007%29.pdf&ei=bbw7Us3zGKbX0QXF5oD4DQ&usg=AFQjCNFkSrMvabYQgkEMQwPSbKMG8FzG4g","L'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d'État (ASCE) est la structure qui a été créée pour recevoir et contrôler les cas de corruption au Burkina. C'est la loi n°032-2007/AN du 29 Novembre 2007 qui la crée, mais cette loi dit en son article 1 que : « L'Autorité supérieure de contrôle d'..."]
["2013_BI_11",2013,"BI","Burundi",11,0,"Il existe des organes ayant pour fonction d’enquêter sur des cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public :\n\nIl existe une brigade Spéciale Anti-corruption, créée par la loi n° 1/27 du 03 août 2006, qui enquête sur des cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. Par exemple, du 1er janvier au 31 Mai 2013, cette Brigade avait déjà transmis 136 dossiers au Procureur général auprès de la Cour Anticorruption et 1304 millions de francs burundais avaient déjà été recouvrés. Il existe un Parquet général auprès de la Cour Anti-Corruption créé par la loi n° 1/12 du 18 avril 2006. En mai 2013, ce parquet avait déjà enregistré 233 dossiers, 107 dossiers transmis à la Cour Anti-Corruption, 12 transmis dans d’autres Parquets et 68 dossiers classés sans suite. Ce parquet a recouvré 153 millions de francs burundais en 2013 jusqu’ au mois de mai.\n\nQuant à l' indépendance de ce corps, l'article 5 de la loi stipule que \"La Brigade est placée sous la tutelle du Ministère ayant la Bonne Gouvernance dans ses attributions.\"\n\nLa Brigade n'est donc pas indépendante du pouvoir exécutif.","Loi n° 1/12 du 18 avril 2006, portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes. \n\nLoi n° 1/37 du 28 décembre 2006, portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Brigade Spéciale anti-corruption. \nhttp://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Burundi/Burundi-Code-2005-organisation-judiciaire.pdf\n\nRépublique du Burundi, Deuxième Vice Présidence : Les grandes réalisations du Gouvernement en Matière de Gouvernance socio- Economique, quatrième édition, juillet 2013, page 34.","Il existe des organes ayant pour fonction d’enquêter sur des cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public :..."]
["2013_CM_11",2013,"CM","Cameroon",11,0,"Article 1 specifies the National Anti-Corruption Commission to be placed under the under the authority of the President of the Republic. This fact negates its independence from the Executive branch. Nonetheless, the body is dubbed \"independent\" and mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption. Its name is the National Anti-Corruption Commission. \n\nThe law creating the body is the law of  11 March 2006. The law specifies the functioning and organisation of the body. \n\nArticle 2 of the law allocates the following mandate to the body to conduct the following assignments: \nTo monitor and evaluate the effective implementation of the government's plan to fight against corruption;\n- To collect, centralize and operate denunciations and information relating to practices , events or acts of corruption and similar infractions ;\n- To conduct any studies or investigations and propose measures likely to prevent or curb corruption;\n- Carrying out , if necessary , to control the physical implementation of projects , as well as evaluating the conditions regulating public procurement;\n- Disseminate and popularize the texts on the fight against corruption;\n- Identify the causes of corruption and to propose to the authorities appropriate measures that may assist in eliminating all public or semi-public services.","Republic of Cameroon Law on the creation, functioning and organization of the National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon, Chapter 1, Article 1 and Article 2  (2006) .","Article 1 specifies the National Anti-Corruption Commission to be placed under the under the authority of the President of the Republic. This fact negates its independence from the Executive branch. Nonetheless, the body is dubbed \"independent\" and mandated to receive and investiga..."]
["2013_CV_11",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",11,0,"No such law exists. \n\nThere is no independent agency or body mandated to receive corruption allegations. Under the law, the public prosecutor represents the state, and is the holder of the criminal action. While independent by statute, and in the implementation of criminal policy defined by the organs of sovereignty, the public prosecutor remains a part of the executive branch of government.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however: Law 89/VII/2011, February 14, (Organic Law of Public Prosecution), article 5.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is no independent agency or body mandated to receive corruption allegations. Under the l..."]
["2013_CF_11",2013,"CF","CAR",11,0,"Il n' y a pas une loi spécifique mettant en place un organe indépendant de lutte contre la corruption dans les administrations publiques en RCA. Par contre, il existe un Comité national de lutte contre corruption créé en 2008 par le décret n° 08 133. Celui-ci a pour mission principale d'élaborer et de mettre en oeuvre la Stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption. Il est rattaché à la primature et présidé par un conseiller du premier ministre, ce qui remet en question son indépendance et son efficacité en matière d'initiative de grande envergure. \n\nCependant, dans le cadre de la Stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption, il a été prévu la mise en place d'une institution indépendante avérée appelée la Haute Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption. Celle-ci sera placée sous l'autorité directe du chef de l'État et dotée de tous les moyens d'action nécessaires (Rapport d'étude de politique nationale de lutte contre la corruption, octobre 2012).","Jean-Baptiste Koyassambia, premier questeur, Bureau national du Conseil de transition, expert en matière de lutte contre la corruption, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nLucienne Maka Gbossokotto, membre de l'Observatoire de lutte contre corruption en Afrique centrale, 11 septembre 2013. \n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Memot, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 12 septembre 2013.","Il n' y a pas une loi spécifique mettant en place un organe indépendant de lutte contre la corruption dans les administrations publiques en RCA. Par contre, il existe un Comité national de lutte contre corruption créé en 2008 par le décret n° 08 133. Celui-ci a pour mission princip..."]
["2013_TD_11",2013,"TD","Chad",11,0,"Le ministère de l'Assainissement public et de la Bonne gouvernance de la fonction publique tchadienne était en  2013 l'organe chargé de la lutte contre la corruption. Il n'existe pas dans la loi. Egalement, faisant partie de l'exécutif, cet organe n'est pas indépendant.","Il n'existe pas de loi.","Le ministère de l'Assainissement public et de la Bonne gouvernance de la fonction publique tchadienne était en  2013 l'organe chargé de la lutte contre la corruption. Il n'existe pas dans la loi. Egalement, faisant partie de l'exécutif, cet organe n'est pas indépendant."]
["2013_KM_11",2013,"KM","Comoros",11,100,"La Commission nationale de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption (CNPLC) , une autorité administrative indépendante, a été créée spécialement pour assurer la surveillance et le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption.\nElle a notamment pour pouvoir de:\n- exploiter les informations et enquêter sur les faits de corruption (art 11).\n- mener des investigations et des recherches ( art 12).\n- s’introduire dans tous locaux et bâtiments publics et requérir tout agent et autorité public, quel que soit son rang dans la hiérarchie, pour fournir tout renseignement sur l’organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions au sein du service et produire toute documentation y afférente (Art 12/2).","Loi sur la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008,  promulguée en juin 2011. (2011). Articles 11, 12 et 12/2. http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-\n\nDépartement d'Etat américain, «2013 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR) - Volume II: blanchiment d'argent et la base de données des crimes financiers Pays - Comores à travers l'Inde» 1, Juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2013/database/211181.htm","La Commission nationale de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption (CNPLC) , une autorité administrative indépendante, a été créée spécialement pour assurer la surveillance et le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruptio..."]
["2013_CD_11",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",11,0,"Il n'existe pas une structure indépendante dont la mission spécifique est de traiter les cas de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux. La Commission National de Lutte contre la Corruption, la Concussion et la Fraude (CNLCCF) a été créée  par le Décret n° 2007-155 du 13 février 2007. Selon l' Article 2 de ce  Décret, \"La commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude, placée auprès du Premier ministre, est un organe technique qui assiste le Gouvernement dans la mise en oeuvre de sa politique de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude.\" Cet organe n’est pas indépendent. \nLes références juridiques qui suivent sont les textes en vigueur en République du Congo.: 1 - La loi n°16-2007 du 19 septembre 2007, portant sur l'Observatoire Anti-corruption (OAC) en tant que structure indépendante chargée de mettre notamment en œuvre pour le compte du Gouvernement congolais,  un plan d’action en matière de lutte contre la corruption. L’Observatoire anti-corruption a été créé par la loi n° 16-2007 du 19 septembre 2007 afin de suivre la lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude menée par la CNLCCF. Il a comme mission de suivre et évaluer les mesures de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude (voir la loi n°16-2007 du 19 septembre 2007). Il n'a cependent pas le droit de saisine, autre que la CNLCCCF dans sa mission de mise en œuvre de cette politique gouvernementale pour saisir les juridictions compétentes en la matière et transmettre les dossiers des présumés coupables auprès des juridictions.","1 - La loi n°16-2007 du 19 septembre 2007, portant sur l'Observatoire Anti-corruption (OAC).\n\n2 - Décret n°2007- 155 du 13 février 2007, de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, la Concussion et La Fraude (CNLCCF) en tant qu’organe technique du Gouvernement chargé de mettre en œuvre la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption.\n\n3 - Décret n° 2009 – 235 du 13 août 2009, du plan d’action de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude et pour l’amélioration de la gouvernance en République du Congo.\n\n4 - Loi n° 5-2009 du 22 septembre 2009, sur la corruption, la concussion, la fraude et les infractions assimilées.\n\n5 - http://www.track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Authorities/CONGO%20BRAZZAVILLE%20Authorities.doc","Il n'existe pas une structure indépendante dont la mission spécifique est de traiter les cas de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux. La Commission National de Lutte contre la Corruption, la Concussion et la Fraude (CNLCCF) a..."]
["2013_CG_11",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",11,0,"Il n'existe pas de loi qui établit un organe indépendant chargé de recevoir les plaintes des citoyens concernant les actes de corruption. Les organes existants ne sont pas indépendants et ne sont pas chargées de recevoir des plaintes et dénonciations des citoyens en général. Il de: s'agit de: \n- l’Observatoire du Code d’Ethique Professionnelle-OCEP établi par la Loi portant Code de Conduite de l’Agent Public de l’Etat. \n- la loi établit aussi l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publiques-ARMP qui fait le suivi des cas de corruption dans le secteur des marchés publics.","Loi n°10/010 du 27 avril 2010 Portant Code des Marches Publics, Articles 13, www.droit-afrique.com/.../RDC/RDC%20-%20Code%20des%20marches.\n\nLoi 04/020 du 30 juillet 2004, portant organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission de l'Ethique et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CELC) (Commission of Ethics and Anti-Corruption)), Article 1.\n http://www.droitcongolais.info/files/1159_loi_du_30_juillet_2004_observatoire_nation.pdf","Il n'existe pas de loi qui établit un organe indépendant chargé de recevoir les plaintes des citoyens concernant les actes de corruption. Les organes existants ne sont pas indépendants et ne sont pas chargées de recevoir des plaintes et dénonciations des citoyens en général. Il de:..."]
["2013_CI_11",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",11,0,"Le nouvel organe chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public est la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance, récemment créée par l’Ordonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013 et présenté comme une « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la personnalité morale et de l’autonomie financière » « placée sous l’autorité du président de la République ».  Cette autorité comprendra un magistrat, un avocat, un enseignant chercheur en droit, un officier de police judiciaire, un fonctionnaire, administrateur des services financiers, un criminologue, un sociologue, un cadre de banque ou établissement financier et un ingénieur informaticien (article 7). Ces derniers seront nommés « par décret pris en Conseil des ministres, sur présentation du premier ministre, pour un mandat d’une durée de trois ans, renouvelable une fois » (article 8). Selon l’article 12 de l’Ordonnance, « tout membre est démis de ses fonctions par le président de la République, en cas de faute grave ou d’empêchement constaté par le conseil de la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance ».\n\nLa Cour des comptes contrôle la gestion financière et budgétaire de l’État et de ses organes, de même que des Inspections générales différents départements ministériels. Il existe plusieurs organes et mécanismes chargés du contrôle administratif et financier du secteur public et de l’État dans son ensemble, mais ils sont soumis à l'Exécutif. \nUne brigade de lutte contre la corruption (BLC) a été créée au sein du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances en 2012 (Arrêté n° 038 MEF/IGF du 17 février 2012). L’article 3 de l’Arrêté précise que cette brigade jouit « d’une autonomie de décision dans les matières relevant de sa compétence ». Toutefois, il ne s’agit que d’une « unité opérationnelle (…) qui a compétence pour connaitre des faits soupçonnés de corruption et infractions connexes dans toutes les structures publiques relevant du ministère en charge de l’Économie et des Finances et leurs démembrements sur toute l’étendue du territoire national » (article 2 de l’Arrêté n° 038 MEF/IGF). Bien que cet organe soit mandaté pour recevoir des plaintes et pour enquêter sur des cas présumés de corruption, sa compétence et son champ d’action sont limités aux services relevant du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances et ne s’étendent pas au secteur public dans son ensemble.\nDans le cadre de la lutte contre le racket et l’insécurité, une Unité de lutte contre le racket (ULCR) a également été créée par arrêté interministériel N°086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011 et placée sous la tutelle du ministère d’État, et du ministère de l’Intérieur et de la Sécurité. Il s’agit d’une structure interarmées composée de membres de la police, de la gendarmerie, des forces armées, des douanes et des eaux et forêts. Parmi ses attributions figurent la lutte contre les perceptions illicites d’argent dans l’administration publique et privée et l’appui au Plan national de développement (PND) en matière de lutte contre la corruption. Toutefois, outre le fait qu’il ne soit pas très clair de quelle manière s’effectue cette lutte, il ne s’agit pas d’un organe indépendant.\n\nLe Décret n° 2009-260 du 6 aout 2009 créant l’Autorité nationale de régulation des marchés publics (ANRMP), autorité administrative disposant d’une autonome financière et chargée de la surveillance et du contrôle de la régularité de la passation des marchés publics joue également un rôle dans la lutte contre la corruption dans ce domaine particulier.\n\nUn nouvel organe, la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance, vient d’être créée par l’Ordonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013. Cette ordonnance fixe les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le  fonctionnement de la Haute autorité. L’article 2 de l’Ordonnance décrit l’institution comme une « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la personnalité morale et de l’autonomie financière », « placée sous l’autorité du président de la République ». Selon l’article 4, la Haute autorité est chargée, entre autres missions, de « mener des investigations sur les pratiques de corruption; d’identifier les auteurs présumés et leurs complices et d’initier les poursuites; de recueillir, de centraliser et d’exploiter les dénonciations et plaintes dont elle est saisie; de recevoir les rapports d’inspections et d’audits des organes et structures de contrôle et de détection de l’État en matière de lutte contre la corruption; de saisir le procureur de la République près la juridiction compétente ». Toutefois, il faut préciser que cet organe n’existe encore que sur le papier et n’est pas encore effectif dans les faits.","Arrêté n° 038 MEF/IGF du 17 février 2012 créant la Brigade de lutte contre la corruption au sein du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances. (2012). Articles 2 et 3.\n \nArrêté interministériel N°086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011 créant l’Unité de lutte contre le racket. (2011).\n\nDécret n° 2009-260 du 6 aout 2009 créant l’Autorité nationale de régulation des marchés publics. (2009)\n\nOrdonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013 fixant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance. (2013).","Le nouvel organe chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public est la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance, récemment créée par l’Ordonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013 et présenté comme une « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la pe..."]
["2013_DJ_11",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",11,0,"La nouvelle loi institue une autorité administrative indépendante chargée de recevoir et enquêter sur les allégations de corruption. L'article 3 de la loi dispose que « La Commission nationale indépendante pour la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption est une autorité administrative indépendante jouissant de la personnalité morale et de l'autonomie financière, placée auprès de la Présidence de la République. »\n\nLa commission reçoit les réclamations des personnes physiques ou morales se rapportant à des faits de corruption. Elle exploite les informations et enquêtes sur les dénonciations et plaintes relatives au soupçon de corruption dont elle est saisie. Si, après enquête, celle-ci estime qu'elle dispose d'un ensemble des éléments pour justifier l'ouverture d'une procédure judicaire, elle saisit les juridictions compétentes.\n\nLe fait de mettre la Commission sous la tutelle de la présidence pourrait, bien entendu, remettre en cause son indépendance et poser des risques d’ingérence. Le raisonnement du législateur, néanmoins, va justement en sens inverse. Pour lui, le fait de mettre la Commission sous la tutelle de la présidence doit la prémunir contre toute influence. Cette manière de voir oublie que la présidence elle-même présente un risque d'influence ou d'ingérence.","1) Loi n°03/AN/13/7ème L complétant les dispositions législatives relatives à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption du 16 juillet 2013.","La nouvelle loi institue une autorité administrative indépendante chargée de recevoir et enquêter sur les allégations de corruption. L'article 3 de la loi dispose que « La Commission nationale indépendante pour la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption est une autorité adminis..."]
["2013_EG_11",2013,"EG","Egypt",11,0,"Citizens, as well as private and public sector employees, can report corruption to the Illegal Profiting Apparatus (IPA). Public sector employees also have an internal reporting mechanism under the Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA).\n\nThere is a plethora of bodies investigating corruption cases, including:\n\nThe Transparency and Integrity Committee (TIC)\nAdministrative Control Authority (ACA)\nAdministrative Prosecution Authority (APA)\nIllegal Profiting Apparatus (IPA)\nMoney Laundering Combating Unit (MLCU)\nOmbudsman's Office\nAuditor General: The Central Auditing Organization\n\nYet, all of the above bodies are not meaningfully independent from the executive and/or legislative branches.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, article 200.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/ \n\"Independent bodies and regulatory agencies that are defined in the Constitution have judicial personality, neutrality, and technical, administrative and financial autonomy.\"\nhttp://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt-s-draft-constitution-translated\n\nAccording to a resolution by the cabinet no. 2890, year 2010, article one stipulates a national anti-corruption committee to be formed, headed by the Minister of Justice, and includes the Minister of Legal and Parliamentary Affairs and the General Prosecutor as members.\n\nAccording to Law no. 2/1977, \"Civil servants as well as private sector employees face serious repercussions if they report corruption falsely or with the intent to defame the accused.\"","Citizens, as well as private and public sector employees, can report corruption to the Illegal Profiting Apparatus (IPA). Public sector employees also have an internal reporting mechanism under the Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA)...."]
["2013_GQ_11",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",11,0,"While there is a national public ethics commission, the appointment of its members is done through the executive, impeding its independence. \n\nThe revised Ley Fundamental (2012 Constitution) introduced the figure of the ombudsman (\"Defensor del Pueblo\"). See chapter 1 (\"De los poderes y órganos del estado\"), art. 32-1. The figure of the ombudsman is, in theory, one of the means by which the state carries out its functions. However, the office is not explicitly tasked with investigating corruption issues. In addition, he/she is appointed by the president. \n\nIn chapter 10 (\"Del Defensor del Pueblo\"), Art. 122–128, the figure of the ombudsman is described as a high commissioner within the lower house (\"Cámara de los Diputados\") and the senate. The ombudsman, elected by both chambers, is elected to a five-year term and must be ratified by the president. The person is tasked with defending the constitutional rights of citizens. \n\nDecree Law No. 1/2004 led to the creation of a national public ethics commission in 2004. According to the Decree Law, the commission is tasked with investigating cases of illicit enrichment among civil servants and violations of regulations. However, the commissioners are appointed by the president, which in theory undermines its independence. See chapter V, articles 21–23.\nArt. 21: \"A National Public Ethics Commission is hereby created under the Head of State, which shall operate as an independent body and with functional autonomy in securing compliance with the provisions of this Law.\" \n\nArt. 22: \"The Commission shall consist of a chairperson and six members who shall be upstanding, prestigious citizens who shall serve for a term of four years and may be reelected for a similar period. [The Commissioners] shall be appointed by the President of the Republic.\" \n\nLaw No. 2/2005 (May 9, 2005), “Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado”. Título II (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”), capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”), articles 31–36, led to the creation of an oversight body tasked with investigating public sector corruption. \n\nArticle 31: Se crea la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas en el seno del Ministerio Público. Está integrada por el Fiscal de Investigaciones Administrativas y los Fiscales de Investigaciones Administrativas Adjuntas.\n\nHowever, Law No. 2/2005 does not explicitly state that the Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas shall be independent from the executive and legislative branches. Therefore, it does not meet the second criteria for a score of \"yes\".\n\nPreviously, Equatorial Guinea adopted Law No. 9/2003 (November 11, 2003) to establish a regulatory framework for public finances (“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas”). Though it assigned financial oversight to civil servants within the Tax and Budget Ministry (Ministerio de Hacienda y Presupuestos), Law No. 9/2003 did not lead to the creation of an independent anti-corruption body.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nArticles 99 and 100 in the Constitution ('De la fiscalía general de la República') describe the mandate of the General Prosecutor and his/her assistants. Article 100 states that the President has the right to \"name them and separate them\":\n\nArtículo 99: \"La Fiscalía General de la Republica tiene como misión principal velar por el estricto cumplimiento de la legalidad y demás disposiciones por todos los órganos del Estado, las regiones, las provincias, los distritos y los municipios, así como los ciudadanos y extranjeros residentes en el País.\"\nArtículo 100: \"1. El Fiscal General de la República y los Fiscales Generales Adjuntos son nombrados y separados por el Presidente de la República. 2. La Fiscalía General de la República se rige por un estatuto orgánico.\"\n￼￼\nArticles 123–128 in the Constitution ('CAPÍTULO X: Sobre el Defensor del Pueblo') describe the office of the Ombudsman within the Lower House and Senate:\n\nEl Defensor del Pueblo es el alto comisionado de la Cámara de los Diputados y del Senado, designado por éstas para la defensa de los derechos de los ciudadanos comprendidos en esta Ley Fundamental, a cuyo efecto, podrá supervisar la actividad de la Administración, dando cuenta a la Cámara de los Diputados y al Senado.\nArtículo 123: El Defensor del Pueblo será elegido por la Cámara de los Diputados y el Senado, ratificado por el Presidente de la República, para un periodo de cinco años.\nArtículo 124: Se designará en el Parlamento una comisión mixta Cámara de los Diputados- Senado, encargada de relacionarse con el Defensor del Pueblo e informar a los respectivos plenos en cuantas ocasiones sean necesarias.\nArtículo 125: Toda persona física o jurídica que, ante un asunto que le concierne, considere que un organismo público no ha funcionado o actuado conforme a la misión de servicio público que le es asignado, puede interponer recurso de amparo ante el Defensor del Pueblo.\nArtículo 126: Son funciones del Defensor del Pueblo:\na) Verificar y mediar cualquier conducta irregular en las relaciones entre la administración pública o privada y los ciudadanos.\nb) Informar y denunciar ante los órganos competentes sobre conductas no conformes con las leyes.\nc) Mediar en los conflictos que puedan surgir entre la Administración y los administrados, proponiendo las soluciones correspondientes a los órganos competentes, según los casos.\nd)Conocer de los recursos de amparo y protección contra las disposiciones y actos que violen los derechos y libertades reconocidos en esta Ley Fundamental.\nArtículo 127: 1. El Defensor del Pueblo es accesible a todas las personas. 2. Un informe emitido por el Defensor del Pueblo debe ser accesible al público salvo circunstancias excepcionales a determinar por la ley para requerir el carácter confidencial del mismo.\nArtículo 128: La ley fija la estructura orgánica y funcional del Defensor del Pueblo.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 1/2004, capítulo V (“Comisión Nacional de Etica Pública”), art. 21–23. [Sobre la ética y dignidad en el ejercicio de la Función Pública]. (2004) .  Retrieved from http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 2/2005, capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”), art. 31–36 (\"Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado”), título II (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”).  (2005) .  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5:administrativa&Itemid=71\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003, capítulo 1 (“De la ejecución del Presupuesto General del Estado”), sección 1 (“Incompatibilidades inherentes a la función de control público”), art. 47–56, capítulo 2 (“De los controles del Presupuesto”), art. 57–63, sección 1 (“El control administrativo a priori de las operaciones presupuestarias del Estado”), art. 64–67, sección 2 (“El control jurisdiccional”), art. 68–70, & sección 3 (“El control por la Cámara de los representantes del pueblo”), art. 71–72.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5:administrativa&Itemid=71","While there is a national public ethics commission, the appointment of its members is done through the executive, impeding its independence. ..."]
["2013_ER_11",2013,"ER","Eritrea",11,0,"In 1996, the Government of the State of Eritrea (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement.  The special court is not independent from the executive, the President’s Office has power to allocate budget for the Court making it a judiciary organ under an executive branch.  In addition, article 7 of the Special Court proclamation specifically states that the primary relationship of the court is with the Ministry of Defense instead of the Ministry of Justice, which is much better equipped to provide legal and technical assistance to the Court, which further undermines the independence of the court.","The Constitution of Eritrea (1997)\nSpecial Court Proclamation, Article 7\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","In 1996, the Government of the State of Eritrea (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement.  The special court is not independent from the executive, the President’s Office has power to allocate budget for the Court..."]
["2013_ET_11",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",11,0,"The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Establishment Proclamation establishes the Commission as an independent Federal Government body, and adds that the Commission shall be accountable to the Prime Minister. It is also clear from the proclamation that the Prime Minister nominates the appointment of the Commissioner. Moreover, the Prime Minister is entitled by law to appoint the Deputy Commissioner without seeking the approval of the House of Peoples' Representatives. \n\nFrom the above provisions, it is clear that the independence of the Commission is compromised as it states that the Commissioner is accountable to the head of the Executive Branch of the Government, and not to the House of Peoples' Representatives.","1. Proclamation No. 434/2005 Anti-Corruption Special Procedure and Rules of Proclamation No. 434/2005, Part Two, article three, sub-articles one and two, 2005,\nhttp://www.feac.gov.et/images/downloads/revised_feacc_establishment.pdf.pdf.","The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Establishment Proclamation establishes the Commission as an independent Federal Government body, and adds that the Commission shall be accountable to the Prime Minister. It is also clear from the proclamation that the Prime Minister..."]
["2013_GA_11",2013,"GA","Gabon",11,100,"The National Commission against Illicit Enrichtment (Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l'Enrichissement Illicite/CNLCEI) was created by Law No. 0003/2003 (May 7, 2003). Article 2 in Law No. 00003/2003 states that the status of the CNLCEI shall be that of an independent administrative authority. \n\nDuring the five-year tenure of Vincent Lebondo LeMali, the CNLCEI investigated a total of 90 cases of alleged corruption. However, the courts failed to sentence individuals on corruption charges or make a single arrest. Lebondo LeMali has since returned to the Court of Accounts. \n\nThe new president, Dieudonné Ondounga Awassi, was appointed by Presidential Decree on July 8, 2013. A separate Presidential Decree from May 21, 2013 (No. 0523) nominated the members of the Special Criminal Court (Cour Criminelle Spéciale, CCS) for 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The CCS is tasked with working with the nine magistrates of the CNLCEI.\n\nNote: On December 10, 2013, the researcher went to CNLCEI headquarters in Libreville to inquire about its mission and recent performance. The researcher was referred to Rodrigue Asseyi (Conseiller en Communications) who asked for his/her name, place of residence, official accreditation in Gabon and even the status of his/her driver.","Law No. 0003/2003 (Du 7 mai 2003, portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission nationale de lutte contre l’enrichissement illicite). (2003, May 7) .  [PDF on World Bank website].  Retrieved from http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Gabon_Anti%20Corruption%20Commission%20Law_3_2003_fr.pdf\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nDzonteu, D.C.  (2013, July 10) . CNLCEI: Dieudonné Ondounga Awassi, nouveau president. A La Une [reprinted by Gabon Review].  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/cnlcei-dieudonne-ondounga-awassi-nouveau-president/\n\n(n.d.) .  International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities.  [With description of CNLCEI].  Retrieved from http://www.iaaca.org/AntiCorruptionAuthorities/ByCountriesandRegions/G/Gabonjigou/201202/t20120209_801480.shtml\n\nSEE.  (2013, July 10).  CNLCEI: Lebondo Lemali s’en va avec un bilan mitigé…  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30034\n\nSEE.  (2013, July 17) .  CNLCEI: Prestation de serment de la nouvelle équipe aujourd’hui.  Gabon Eco  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30078","The National Commission against Illicit Enrichtment (Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l'Enrichissement Illicite/CNLCEI) was created by Law No. 0003/2003 (May 7, 2003). Article 2 in Law No. 00003/2003 states that the status of the CNLCEI shall be that of an independent administr..."]
["2013_GM_11",2013,"GM","The Gambia",11,100,"Section 3 of the Anti-Corruption Act (2012) provides for the establishment of the Commission. Section 3 (3) provides that \"The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson and six other members\" and section 3 (4) provides that it's members \" shall be appointed by the President in consultation with the Public Service Commission from among persons of proven integrity.\"The Act does not say anything about where the Chairperson and six members will be drawn from but section 4 provides that Commissioners should:\n\na. Persons of integrity, competence and maturity of judgment \nb. Has knowledge and experience of not less than fifteen years in ethics and governance, law, public administration, economics, audit or accounting, or fraud investigation\nc. Has a distinguished career in his or her respective field.\n\nSection 4 (2) also provides that a person shall not be qualified for appointment as a member of the Commission it he or she is a member of the governing body of the political party; b. Is an undischarged bankrupt; or c. has been convicted of a criminal offence.\n\nThe Commission has the power, among others, to conduct investigations on its own initiative or on a complaint made by any person, section 7 (2) (c). Thus citizens can make complaints to the Commission. The mechanisms are however not yet in place because the Commission isn't set up yet. The Chairperson is also mandated to make rules giving effect to the provisions of the Act. One would expect these Rules to be elaborate on the mechanisms but these Rules are not yet in place.","Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2012, Section 3 (1) and Section 5 (d). Section 3 (9) guarantees its independence and Section 5 (d) of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2012 states its powers.","Section 3 of the Anti-Corruption Act (2012) provides for the establishment of the Commission. Section 3 (3) provides that \"The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson and six other members\" and section 3 (4) provides that it's members \" shall be appointed by the President in cons..."]
["2013_GH_11",2013,"GH","Ghana",11,100,"The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter 18, articles 216 and 218 sessions (a), (b) and (c). Articles 221-223 deal with the appointment and conditions of service of Commissioners of the Commission of Human Rights and Administrative Justice, while articles 225-230 deal with the independence of the commissioners in the performance of their duties, as well as appointment of other officers of the commission.\n\nArticle 216 creates the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative and Administrative Justice and article 218 spells out its functions in sections (a), (b), and (c).\n\nSection (a) states that the functions shall include: \"To investigate complaints of violations of fundamental human rights and freedoms, injustice, corruption, abuse of power and unfair treatment of any person by a public officer in the exercise of his official duties.\" \n\nSection (b) requires the commission to investigate complaints concerning the functioning of the Public Services Commission, the administrative organs of the state, the armed forces, the police service and the prisons service in so far as complaints relate to the failure to achieve a balanced structuring of those services or equal access by all to the recruitment of those services or fair administration in relation to those services.\n\nSection (c) empowers the commission to investigate complaints concerning practices and actions by persons, private enterprises and other institutions where those complaints allege violations of fundamental rights and freedoms under this constitution.\n\nThere is no law that explicitly establishes that the Commission of Human Rights and Administrative Justice as a body shall be or is independent of the executive and the legislature. This commission is independent of the executive branch and reports to Parliament.\n\nProvisions of the constitution encourage members of the public to lodge complaints of abuse to commission for remedies or appropriate actions.","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter 18, articles 216 and 218 sessions (a), (b) and (c). Articles 221-223, articles 225-230 ","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter 18, articles 216 and 218 sessions (a), (b) and (c). Articles 221-223 deal with the appointment and conditions of service of Commissioners of the Commission of Human Rights and Administrative Justice, while articles 225-230 dea..."]
["2013_GN_11",2013,"GN","Guinea",11,0,"En Guinée il existe une agence dont le mandat est de lutter contre la corruption, mais elle n'est pas indépendante. \n\nCette agence connue sous le nom de Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC) avait été créée en 2004 sous le régime du président Lansana Conté (ordonnance no. 2004/7137/MPCEF/SGG du 13 juillet 2004). En décembre 2012, un décret du président de la République reconduisait l’ANLC en lui adjoignant un Bureau des plaintes des citoyens pour les cas de la corruption (Décret D/2012/132/PRG/SGG du 12 Décembre 2012). Sa mission consiste à élaborer une politique nationale de bonne gouvernance et à en chapeauter la mise en œuvre. Cette mission implique aussi de conduire les activités de prévention, de détection et de répression de la corruption ou de pratiques assimilées. Le rattachement de l’ANLC aux institutions de la Présidence compromet son indépendance.","Décret D/2012/132/PRG/SGG du 12 Décembre 2012 portant réorganisation du Cabinet du Président de la République\n\nOrdonnance No. 2004/7137/MPCEF/SGG du 13 juillet 2004","En Guinée il existe une agence dont le mandat est de lutter contre la corruption, mais elle n'est pas indépendante. ..."]
["2013_GW_11",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",11,100,"In Guinea Bissau, the public ministry is the state body in charge of auditing the legality and representing the public and social interest. The ministry is also in charge of prosecution duties.\n\nThe ministry is organised as a hierarchical structure under the direction of the attorney general's office. The attorney general's office is appointed by the president after consultation with the government. If a crime has a public ramification, the ministry has competences to open an investigation. If a crime is semi-public the ministry needs a complaint to open an investigation. Cases of alleged corruption are the competence of the ministry, but it is not independent.","Constitution of the Republic, Article 125, 1996\n\nArticle 125\n1. The prosecutor is the state body in charge of, from courts to review the legality and represent the public and social interest and is the holder of the prosecution.\n2. The public ministry is organised as a hierarchical structure under the direction of the attorney general's office.\n3. The attorney general's office is appointed by the president after consultation with the government.","In Guinea Bissau, the public ministry is the state body in charge of auditing the legality and representing the public and social interest. The ministry is also in charge of prosecution duties...."]
["2013_KE_11",2013,"KE","Kenya",11,100,"Part II of the Ethics and Anti Corruption Act 2011 on administration provides for the formation of a specific body known as the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission to receive and investigate citizens allegations of public sector corruption.\n\nArticle 3. (1) says There is established an Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission.\n(2) In addition to the powers of the commission under article 253 of the constitution, the commission shall have the power to:\n(a) acquire, hold, charge and dispose movable and immovable property; and\n(b) do or perform all such other things or acts for the proper discharge of its functions under the constitution, this act or any written law, as may lawfully be done or performed by a body corporate.\n(3) The commission shall ensure access to its services in all parts of the republic accordance with article 6 (3) of the constitution.\n\nThe independence of the commission is set in law. Article 28 of the act 2011 says: Except as provided in the constitution and this act, the commission shall, in the performance of its functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority. The act also protects the independence of the commission by handing its chairman a tenure of service. Article 7 (1) states that the chairperson and members of the commission shall be appointed for a single term of six years and are not eligible for re-appointment.\n\nThe appointment procedures and removal procedure is highly elaborate and convenes stakeholder form all quarters of society. Both Parliament and the Executive are also involved in selecting, endorsing and appointing the members (who are vetted by a council on merit-based criteria). Commissioners can not be removed for political reasons.","1. Kenya Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act 2011. \nLink--http://www.cickenya.org/index.php/legislation/acts/item/222-ethics-anti-corruption-commission#.UjsLE38tDxU.\n\n2. Mr Yasin Aila, spokesman Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed September 18, 2013.\n\n3. Mr Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya. Interviewed on September 19, 2013.\n\n4.Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission(EACC) website http://www.eacc.go.ke/‎. The website was accessed on September 19, 2013.","Part II of the Ethics and Anti Corruption Act 2011 on administration provides for the formation of a specific body known as the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission to receive and investigate citizens allegations of public sector corruption...."]
["2013_LS_11",2013,"LS","Lesotho",11,100,"The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act No. 5 of 1999 establishes the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Under section 6 of this act, the mandate of the directorate  is to \"receive and investigate any complaints alleging corruption in any public body and to investigate any alleged or suspected offences under this act, or any other offence disclosed during such an investigation; investigate any alleged or suspected contravention of any of the provisions of the fiscal and revenue laws of Lesotho; investigate any conduct of any person, which in the opinion of the director, may be connected with or conducive to corruption; prosecute, subject to section 43, any offence committed under this act\". \n\nWhile the law gives the DCEO the freedom to initiate and conduct investigations, section 43 of the DCEO Act requires it to secure the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) before taking corruption allegations to court.  This can be seen as a serious limitation to its independence as the DPP is appointed by the king acting on the advice (not the recommendation) of the Prime Minister. The appointment process of the DPP makes him a political appointee beholden to the Prime Minister or the Executive. According to section 98 (b) of the Constitution, the ultimate authority over the DPP is vested on Attorney General, whose appointment and possible corollaries are identical to that of the DPP. Both offices are also resourced (in personnel and finances) by the executive.","1. Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act, 1999. Sections 6 and 43.","The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act No. 5 of 1999 establishes the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Under section 6 of this act, the mandate of the directorate  is to \"receive and investigate any complaints alleging corruption in any public body an..."]
["2013_LR_11",2013,"LR","Liberia",11,100,"There is an independent body mandated to combat corruption, and this includes preventing and investigating all acts of corruption (LACC Act Part V Section 5.1). The body receives all allegations of corruption for investigation (LACC Act Part V Section 5.2 (c)). \n\nThe Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission was established and charged with the responsibilities of preventing corruption and to investigate all corruption cases brought to it. The law also mandates the commission to reach out and educate the public about corruption. \n\nPart XIII Section 13.1 of the LACC Act gives Liberia's anti-corruption body complete independence from the Executive and Legislative branches of government and grants it financial autonomy to enable the body function effectively.","The Constitution of Liberia 1986, Chapter 2 Article 5 (c) and Chapter XI Article 90 (a) & (b); Act of LACC 2008, Part II; and Part V Sections 5.1 & 5.2; (laccliberia.com; www.lacc.org).","There is an independent body mandated to combat corruption, and this includes preventing and investigating all acts of corruption (LACC Act Part V Section 5.1). The body receives all allegations of corruption for investigation (LACC Act Part V Section 5.2 (c)). ..."]
["2013_LY_11",2013,"LY","Libya",11,0,"The Supreme Court issued a decree agreeing to the recommendations of the \"National Committee for Improvement of the Judiciary.\" These recommendations ask for the creation of such an institution, however, these recommendations have not been implemented yet.\n\nThere is currently no independent body commissioned by the government to investigate corruption cases in spite of Decree 90/2012 mentioning the necessity to create it. The decree does not have a law-like character and a bill needs to be voted by the NTC before the creation of the institution is officially approved. \n\nHowever, the General Prosecutor is in charge of investigating corruption cases that involves public money and public officials.","(2012, September 20) .  News: Supreme Judicial Council adopts the recommendations and proposals of the National Commission for the development of the judiciary.  Retrieved from http://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/news/article.php?storyid=470","The Supreme Court issued a decree agreeing to the recommendations of the \"National Committee for Improvement of the Judiciary.\" These recommendations ask for the creation of such an institution, however, these recommendations have not been implemented yet...."]
["2013_MG_11",2013,"MG","Madagascar",11,100,"La mise en place du BIANCO date de 2004. À cet effet, il est chargé spécifiquement (article 3) de conduire la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption, notamment : 1° - la mise en application de la législation anti-corruption ;\n2° - la prévention par l’élimination des opportunités de corruption dans le fonctionnement des systèmes du secteur public et privé ;\n3° - l’éducation des citoyens sur les effets néfastes engendrés par la corruption et l’incitation de la communauté à lutter contre la corruption.\nLe Conseil supérieur de lutte contre la corruption, autre composante du cadre institutionnel, a été le leader dans la mise en place du BIANCO. Plus tard, il est de devenu le Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité. Il a  pour mission : (i) le développement du Système national d’intégrité, (ii) l’appui à la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale en matière d’intégrité, notamment dans le domaine de la réforme de la justice et de la police judiciaire, et (iii) l’assistance aux piliers du Système national d’intégrité.\n\nQuant à l’indépendance du BIANCO, il est stipulé par l’article 37 du Décret  n° 2008-176 abrogeant le Décret n° 2004-937 du 5 octobre 2004.","- Loi n° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, Journal Officiel de la République,  n°2928, 16 septembre 2004, p. 3307.\nhttp://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20les%20societes/lois%20et%20ordonnances/Loi%202004-030.pdf\n- Décret n° 2004-937 portant sur la création du Bureau indépendant anti-corruption. www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/.../decrets/Decret%202004-937.pdf\n- Décret n° 2008-176 du 15 février 2008 portant su la réorganisation du Bureau indépendant anti-corruption.\nhttp://www.bianco-mg.org/sites/default/files/DECRET_2008-176_DU_15-02-08_REORGANISATION_BIANCO.doc\n- Décret n° 2006-207 du 21 mars 2006 portant sur la création du Comité pour la sauvegarde de l'intégrité.\nhttp://www.csi.gov.mg/","La mise en place du BIANCO date de 2004. À cet effet, il est chargé spécifiquement (article 3) de conduire la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption, notamment : 1° - la mise en application de la législation anti-corruption ;..."]
["2013_MW_11",2013,"MW","Malawi",11,100,"Malawi has an independent body mandated to investigate all matters of corruption, the anti-corruption bureau. \n\nIt was established by the Corrupt Practices Act of 1996. Section 4 (1) of this act reads \"There is hereby established a body to be known as the anti-corruption bureau which shall consist of the director, the deputy director and such other officers of the bureau, as may be appointed under section 9\".\n\nAccording to section 4 (3), as amended in 2004, this institution is supposed to be independent. It stipulates: \"The bureau shall exercise its functions and powers independent of the direction or interference of any other person or authority\".\n\nThe functions of the bureau, which include receiving and investigating reports on cases of corruption, are outlined in Section 10 of the corrupt practices act as follows:\n(a) Take necessary measures for the prevention of corruption in public bodies and private bodies, including, in particular, measures for:\n(i) examining the practices and procedures of public bodies and private bodies in order to facilitate the discovery of corrupt practices and secure the revision of methods of work or procedures which in the opinion of the bureau may be prone or conducive to corrupt practices;\n(b) Receive any complaint, report or other information of any alleged or suspected corrupt practice or offence under this act;\n(c) Investigate any complaint, report or other information received under paragraph (b);\n(d) Investigate any alleged or suspected offence under this act;\n(e) Investigate any offence under any written law disclosed in the course of investigating any alleged or suspected corrupt practice or offence under this act;\n(f) Subject to the directions of the director of public prosecutions, prosecute any offence under this act;\n(g) Investigate the conduct of any public officer which, in the opinion of the bureau, may be connected with, or conducive to, corrupt practices and to report thereon to the appropriate authority;\n(h) Inquire into any matter in relation to the exercise of its other functions under this section.","1. Corrupt Practices Act. Sections 4 and 10 of 1996, as amended in 2004.","Malawi has an independent body mandated to investigate all matters of corruption, the anti-corruption bureau. ..."]
["2013_ML_11",2013,"ML","Mali",11,100,"La loi N°03-030 du 25 août 2003 institue au Mali un Vérificateur Général, autorité indépendante chargée de la vérification générale. L'une des composantes de sa mission étant « de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des opérations de recettes et de dépenses effectuées par les institutions de la République, les administrations d'Etat, les collectivités territoriales, les établissements publics ou tout autre organisme bénéficiant du concours financier de l'Etat ».\n\nSelon l'Article 11 : Toute personne physique ou morale qui souhaite qu’une structure publique et toutes autres structures bénéficiant du concours financier de l’État fassent l’objet d’une vérification, en saisit le Vérificateur par écrit, en lui donnant les informations nécessaires lui permettant d’effectuer son enquête. Il appartient au Vérificateur Général d’apprécier le caractère sérieux de l’information et de décider de la suite à réserver.","Le Décret n° 92-0731 P-CTSP, portant promulgation de la Constitution du Mali. Adopté le 25 février 1992. Article 83. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002746.pdf\n\nLoi n°2012-009, modifiant et abrogeant la Loi n°03-030 du 25 août 2003. Adoptée le 08 février 2012. Article 1 et suivant. http://www.bvg-mali.org/fichiers/2012/loi/loi_Num_2012_009.pdf\n\nOrdonnance n°85-30/ P-RM Portant création de la Direction nationale du contrôle financier. Adoptée le 19 décembre 1985. Article 1 et suivant. http://www.sante.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=361&Itemid=87","La loi N°03-030 du 25 août 2003 institue au Mali un Vérificateur Général, autorité indépendante chargée de la vérification générale. L'une des composantes de sa mission étant « de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des opérations de recettes et de dépenses effectuées par les i..."]
["2013_MR_11",2013,"MR","Mauritania",11,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.\n\nEn dehors de l'inspection générale d'État (IGE), dont la compétence se limite au respect des règles de procédure budgétaire et au respect des règles en matière de dépenses publiques, il n'existe guère à ce jour de structure indépendante habilitée à recevoir ou à enquêter sur les accusations de corruption dans le secteur public.","Une telle loi n'existe pas.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.\n\nEn dehors de l'inspection générale d'État (IGE), dont la compétence se limite au respect des r..."]
["2013_MU_11",2013,"MU","Mauritius",11,0,"Article 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act states that: \n“There is established for the purposes of this act a commission, which shall be known as the Independent Commission against Corruption. The Commission shall be a body corporate. \nThe Commission shall be administered and managed by a Board which shall consist of a Chairperson and 2 other members. \n\nThe chairperson of the board shall be the director-general of the commission. \nThe director-general shall be appointed by the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition.\n\nThe members of the board, other than the director-general, shall be persons having sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of law, banking, accountancy, finance, financial services, economics or fraud detection and shall be appointed by the prime minister.”\nArticle 20 details the functions of the commission. Article 20 (1) c, d and e state that the commission will:\n\n•        Receive and consider any allegation that a corruption offence has been committed; \n•        Detect or investigate any act of corruption;\n•        Investigate the conduct of any public official which, in its opinion, is connected with or conducive to corruption; \n\nArticle 20 (2) further states that the commission shall act independently, impartially, fairly and in the public interest. \n\nAs the Prime Minister has the power to appoint the Director of the board and also determine salaries, the institution can not be considered entirely independent.","Name of the law(s): Prevention of Corruption Act \n\t• Year passed: 2002\n\t• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Part 3 (Articles 19-38)\n\t• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/P/Page%204/PREVENTIONCORRUPTION1.pdf\n\nWebsite of the Independent Commission Against Corruption:\nhttp://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/index.htm","Article 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act states that: \n“There is established for the purposes of this act a commission, which shall be known as the Independent Commission against Corruption. The Commission shall be a body corporate. ..."]
["2013_MA_11",2013,"MA","Morocco",11,0,"The Central Authority for Corruption Prevention, established by Decree no. 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007. It is an agency under the supervision of the prime minister and that monitors the implementation of policies to prevent corruption. This body lacks independence because it is under the authority of the prime minister. In the 2011 constitution, articles 36 and 167 dictate the creation of an independent body that will push for good governance: the Forum of National Integrity, Prevention and Combating Corruption.","Morocco.  Constitution, articles 36 and 167.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.\n\nMorocco.  Decree no 2-05-1228.  (2007) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/DECRET%20N%202-05-1228INSTITUANT%20LINSTANCE%20CENTRALE%20DE%20PREVENTION%20DE%20LA%20CORRUPTION%20-DIVER-.htm.","The Central Authority for Corruption Prevention, established by Decree no. 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007. It is an agency under the supervision of the prime minister and that monitors the implementation of policies to prevent corruption. This body lacks independence because it is unde..."]
["2013_MZ_11",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",11,0,"The Central Office for Combating Corruption was created by Law No. 6/2004 of June 17 and is regulated by Decree No. 22/2005 of June 22. It came into force on October 14 , 2005. \n\nArticle 2 of the anti-corruption law states that the law applies to all civil servants including leaders, officials or employees of state or local authorities, public and private companies participated by state or concessionaires of public services. The office is subordinated to the attorney general, and it is therefore not independent from the executive branch.","Anti-Corruption Law,  June17, 2004,  Article 19, http://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/Boletim_Republica-24-04.pdf\n\nDecree No. 22 of June 22, 2005.\nhttp://www.pgr.gov.mz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=27&Itemid=15","The Central Office for Combating Corruption was created by Law No. 6/2004 of June 17 and is regulated by Decree No. 22/2005 of June 22. It came into force on October 14 , 2005. ..."]
["2013_NA_11",2013,"NA","Namibia",11,100,"By law, the anti-corruption commission was established by section 2 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 which came into force on April 15 2005. The ACA establishes the commission as an independent body.\n\nThe commission is mandated to: receive or initiate and investigate allegations of corrupt practices; consult, co-operate and exchange information with appropriate bodies or authorities, including bodies or authorities of other countries that are authorised to conduct investigations in relation to corrupt practices;  investigate any conduct of a person employed by a public body or private body which may be connected with or conducive to corrupt practices; enlist and foster public confidence and support in combating corruption.","Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 (Act No.8 of 2003), Government Gazette August 4 2003, http://www.accnamibia.org/pnTemp/downloads_upload/anti_corruption_act.pdf.\n\nArticle 94A of the Constitution of Namibia, \nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=222894#LinkTarget_4646.","By law, the anti-corruption commission was established by section 2 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 which came into force on April 15 2005. The ACA establishes the commission as an independent body...."]
["2013_NE_11",2013,"NE","Niger",11,0,"Le 26 juillet 2011, la Haute Autorité de Lutte contre la Corruption et les infractions assimilées a été créée comme institution gouvernementale responsable de recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. Ce corps rend compte au Président de la République.\n\n« La Haute Autorité de Lutte contre la Corruption et les infractions assimilées a pour mission de : (...) recueillir, centraliser et exploiter les dénonciations et infractions dont elle est saisie pour des pratiques, faits ou actes de corruptions et infractions assimilées. »","Décret n°2011-219/PRN/MJ du 26 Juillet 2011 portant création, missions et attributions, composition et Fonctionnement de la Haute Autorité de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Infractions assimilées. CHAPITRE 2, Des Missions et attributions. Article 3.\nhttp://www.halcia.ne/index.php/texte-de-la-halcia","Le 26 juillet 2011, la Haute Autorité de Lutte contre la Corruption et les infractions assimilées a été créée comme institution gouvernementale responsable de recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. Ce corps rend compte au Président de la Rép..."]
["2013_NG_11",2013,"NG","Nigeria",11,100,"1. The economic and financial crimes commission act provides for the establishment of the economic and financial crimes commission. Section 2 (c) of the act says the commission \"is the designated financial intelligence unit in Nigeria, which is charged with the responsibility of coordinating the various institutions involved in the fight against money laundering and enforcement of all laws dealing with economic and financial crimes in Nigeria\".\n\n2. Also the corrupt and other related offences act provides for the establishment of the independent corrupt practices and related offences commission with the mandate to investigate cases of corruption.\n\nLine 14 under the establishment of the independent corrupt practices act states as follows on the independence of the commission: \" The commission shall in the discharge of its functions under this act, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\" \n\nThe ICPC is mandated to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of corruption.","1. Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004; Section 6.\nhttp://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc_homepage_files/establishment_act_2004.pdf\n\n2. Corrupt and Other Related Offences Act 2000.\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","1. The economic and financial crimes commission act provides for the establishment of the economic and financial crimes commission. Section 2 (c) of the act says the commission \"is the designated financial intelligence unit in Nigeria, which is charged with the responsibility of co..."]
["2013_RW_11",2013,"RW","Rwanda",11,100,"There is the Office of the Ombudsman as an institution with the primary mandate to fight corruption. That institution has the power of preliminary investigating all cases of corruption. The other agencies include the National Public Prosecution Authority, the Rwanda National Police, the Office of the Auditor General of State Finances, the Rwanda Public Procurement Authority, the Parliamentary Public Account Committee and the Courts.\n\nArticle 182 of the Constitution of Rwanda provides for an ombudsman as follows:\n\"The Office of the Ombudsman shall be an independent public institution. Its responsibilities shall include the following, among others: '2° preventing and fighting against injustice, corruption and other related offences in public and private administration'.\"\n\nWhile the National Prosecution Authority is separated from the executive and the legislature, it does not have a specific mandate to receive citizens' allegations like the ombudsman office.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution, art. 12 & 160.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Organic Law No. 03/2004.  (2004) .  [Determining the organisation, powers and functioning of the prosecution service].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7520&iid=1237&rid=30692795\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 76/2013.  (2013) .  [Determining the mission, powers, organisation and functioning of the Office of the Ombudsman].  \n\nHighlights the above responsibility and art. 11 and 13 confer this institution powers of the judicial police and that of prosecution respectively.","There is the Office of the Ombudsman as an institution with the primary mandate to fight corruption. That institution has the power of preliminary investigating all cases of corruption. The other agencies include the National Public Prosecution Authority, the Rwanda National Police..."]
["2013_ST_11",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",11,0,"No such law exists. \n\nThere is not a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported. All sort of crimes, including the ones of alleged public sector corruption are reported to the department of justice, that is the state body in charge of the courts, representing the state, defending democratic legality and promoting the interests posed by the law office.\nArticle 3 of the law n. 9/91:1 specificies that the department of justice is competent to:\n\na) represent the state, minors, the disabled, the uncertain and missing at large, in accordance with this law;\nb) exercise the prosecution;\nc) perform unofficial heritage workers to defend their social rights;\nd) direct criminal investigation, promote and coordinate crime prevention;\ne) monitor the police investigation, without the prejudice the technical and operational autonomy of these entities;\nf) supervise the constitutionality of laws and regulations;\ng) oversee the procedural activity of probation officers;\nh) appeal where the decision is in effect collusion of the parties to defraud or the law has been passed in violation of the law;\ni) interfere in any proceedings involving public interest as well as in bankruptcy and insolvency;\nj) ensure that the judicial function is exercised in accordance with the constitution and laws;\nk) promote the implementation of court decisions;\nl) exercise advisory functions, pursuant to this law.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however: \nLaw number 9/91 – Organic Law of the Department of Justice.\nChapter I (Structure and Functions), Article 3.\n2012.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is not a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reporte..."]
["2013_SN_11",2013,"SN","Senegal",11,100,"La loi portant création de l'Office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption (OFNAC) dit clairement qu'il est l'autorité administrative indépendante mandatée pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. \n\nSon article premier stipule: « il est créé une autorité administrative indépendante dénommée l'office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption (OFNAC). » Son article 3 numéro 3 et 4 dit que l'OFNAC est chargé de recevoir les réclamations des personnes physiques ou morales se rapportant à des faits de corruption, de pratiques assimilées ou d'infractions connexes. \n\nL’Office peut aussi entendre toute personne présumée avoir pris part à la commission de l'un des faits prévu au numéro 1 de l'article trois de la présente loi. Dans l'exercice de sa mission, la loi stipule en son article 3 que les membres de l'OFNAC ne reçoivent d'instruction d'aucune autorité. En clair, il est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et législatif.","Loi numéro 20/2012 portant création de l'office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption (OFNAC). Adoptée le 19 décembre 2012. Articles premier et 3 (numéro 1 et 4) .http://www.gouv.sn/-Lois-et-reglements-.html","La loi portant création de l'Office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption (OFNAC) dit clairement qu'il est l'autorité administrative indépendante mandatée pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. ..."]
["2013_SC_11",2013,"SC","Seychelles",11,100,"Even within the rights of the ombudsman laid out in article 143 1.(1) of the constitution, nowhere does it expressly state that the ombudsman or any other body mandated to investigate corruption is independent.  \n\nThe Bar Association of Seychelles says: \"The office of the ombudsman has the role of investigating actions taken by public authorities in the exercise of its administrative functions where it is alleged that a fault was made, an injustice created, or one's constitutional rights have been or is likely to be infringed. The ombudsman also has the role of investigating allegations of fraud or corruption in connection with any person in the exercise of their duties as a public authority. The ombudsman may then set out recommendations in a report to deal with the maladministration. This report should be sent to the executive initially and if the ombudsman is not satisfied with how the report is dealt with, he may then send the report to the head of the national assembly.”","1. 1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles:\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400.\n\n2. Penal Code, Cap 158, last updated February 1, 1955:\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\n3. Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n4. Description of the Office of the Ombudsman:\nhttp://www.bas.sc/seychelles-legal-system/the-ombuds.","Even within the rights of the ombudsman laid out in article 143 1.(1) of the constitution, nowhere does it expressly state that the ombudsman or any other body mandated to investigate corruption is independent.  ..."]
["2013_SL_11",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",11,100,"Section 53 of the anti-corruption act of 2008 prescribes the powers of the commission and its servants to request information and their powers, rights and privileges to handle all corruption investigations and allegations. \n\nSection 7 establishes the commission's duty to \"investigate instances of alleged or suspected corruption referred to it by any person or authority or which has come to its attention, whether by complaint or otherwise\";  section 9 (1) establishes the commission to \"act independently, impartially, fairly and in the public interest\" while section 9 (2) specifically provides for the commission to \"not, in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority\".","The Anti-corruption act, part V, Powers of investigation, Section 7, Section 9 (1 and 2) and Section 53, 2008, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf","Section 53 of the anti-corruption act of 2008 prescribes the powers of the commission and its servants to request information and their powers, rights and privileges to handle all corruption investigations and allegations. ..."]
["2013_SO_11",2013,"SO","Somalia",11,100,"Article 111C of the constitution, adopted in August 2012, states, “There shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission and its mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector. The Anti-Corruption Commission may conduct enquiries at its own discretion and is not required to only act upon a complaint.” In addition, sections of the article stipulate the powers, scope, constitution and principles guiding the anti-corruption commission.\n\n\"The Anticorruption Commission shall be independent, impartial, representative and inclusive and shall not have more than nine members.\"","Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012. Article 111(c). http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000.\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia.","Article 111C of the constitution, adopted in August 2012, states, “There shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission and its mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector. The Anti-Corruption Commission may conduct enquiries at its own discretion a..."]
["2013_ZA_11",2013,"ZA","South Africa",11,100,"The Public Protector was established in 1994 in terms of South Africa's constitution to oversee the public sphere. Chapter 9, section 182 of the constitution gives the public protector “the power to investigate any conduct in state affairs, or in the public administration in any sphere of government that is alleged or suspected to be improper or to result in any impropriety or prejudice; to report on that conduct; and to take appropriate remedial action [...] in order to strengthen and support constitutional democracy in the republic.”\n\nIn short, the public protector has the objective to investigate complaints from the public against government agencies or/and officials (including cases of fraud and corruption). The public protector has the power to recommend corrective action and to issue reports. \n\nDespite being appointed by the president (on the recommendation of the national assembly), the public protector is subject to the constitution and the law, and thus operates independently from government or any political party. According to the Public Protector Act of 1994, no person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of the public protector's activities. \n\nSection 7.3.a states that the public protector may at any given time, prior to or during an investigation, request anyone working “at any level of government” or “performing a public function” to assist him or her with regard to a particular investigation or investigations in general. \n\nSection 7.4.a adds that the public protector may ask anyone “to submit an affidavit or affirmed declaration or to appear before him or her to give evidence, or to produce any document in his or her possession or under his or her control which has a bearing on the matter being investigated.”\n\nThe Public Protector can only be removed from office if and when the National Assembly calls for a removal and passes a resolution. While there is some interdependence with both the executive and the legislative branch then, there is no immediate political or strong-arming possibility for either branch to appoint/remove the Public Protector.","Public Protector (Act 123 of 1994), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1994-023.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), chapter 9, http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng-09.pdf\n\nAddress by Public Protector Thuli Madonsela,February  7 2013, http://www.pprotect.org/media_gallery/2013/07022013_sp.asp","The Public Protector was established in 1994 in terms of South Africa's constitution to oversee the public sphere. Chapter 9, section 182 of the constitution gives the public protector “the power to investigate any conduct in state affairs, or in the public administration in any sp..."]
["2013_SS_11",2013,"SS","South Sudan",11,100,"South Sudan provides for the formation of a body to investigate cases of corruption in public offices. These laws include:\nTransitional Constitution, 2011:\n-Article 143, subsection (1) states that, “There shall be established an independent commission to be known as the National Anti-Corruption Commission.”\n\n-Article 144 details the function of the anti-corruption commission.  \nArticle 144, subsection (1) states that “Without prejudice to the powers of the Ministry of Justice in public prosecution, the Commission shall, inter alia, perform the following functions: \n(a) protect public property; \n(b) investigate cases of corruption involving public property and public interest; and it shall submit such investigation to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution; \n(c) combat administrative malpractices in public institutions...\" \n\n2- Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009\nThe Anti-corruption Commission Act, 2009 provides details on the establishment, functions and independence of the commission.\n\n-Section 6, subsection (1) states that “The Southern Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission (hereinafter called “the Commission”) is hereby established as an autonomous Commission in Southern Sudan, to be responsible for the investigation of cases of\ncorruption with a view to protecting public property, combating administrative malpractices in public institutions, and requiring, under the ICSS, all public office holders to make declaration of their income, assets and liabilities.\"\n\nSection 6, subsection (2) states that “The Commission shall be independent and impartial, and shall exercise its powers and perform its functions and duties in an open, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory manner, without fear or favour.”\n\n-Section 9 details the functions of the commission.\nSection 9, subsection (1) states that, “The functions of the Commission shall be to:-\n(a) protect public property;\n(b) investigate cases of corruption involving public property as well as the private sector; such investigation shall be submitted to the Ministry of Legal Affairs and Constitutional Development for appropriate action;\n(c) coordinate with any agency of Government in the investigation of cases of corruption;\n(d) combat conducts which tend to promote or encourage corrupt practices in public affairs;\n(e) combat administrative malpractices in public institutions such as nepotism, favouritism, tribalism, sectionalism, gender discrimination, bribery, embezzlement and sexual harassment.\"\n\nSection 3 states that while the the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson as well as all its members of the Commission shall be appointed by the the President, they need to be approved by the Assembly by a simple majority of all its members as well guaranteeing there is no overdue influence from either executive or legislative on the composition of the body.","Republic of South Sudan, Anti-Corruption Commission Act, section 6, subsections (1) and (2) and section 6, subsections (1) and (2).  (2009) .  Retrieved from http://southsudanngoforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Anti-Corruption%20Commission%20Act%202009.pdf \n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Transitional Constitution, article 143, subsection (1) and article 144, subsection (1).  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html","South Sudan provides for the formation of a body to investigate cases of corruption in public offices. These laws include:\nTransitional Constitution, 2011:..."]
["2013_SD_11",2013,"SD","Sudan",11,0,"There is no existing law mandating an independent body to investigate corruption cases in Sudan.","No such law exists. ","There is no existing law mandating an independent body to investigate corruption cases in Sudan."]
["2013_SZ_11",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",11,100,"As called for by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) was established in 2007. \n\nIn 4(4), the act states: \"In the performance of their functions and in the carrying out of their duties the Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioners shall be independent and shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nIn Part II, Section 3 of this act, Section 10 (1) (a) (i) establishes the ACC as the official investigative body of matters in the public and private sectors. \n\nPart II, Section 10 (1) (a) (i) establishes the commission's duty to investigate public entities.\n\nPart II, Section 10 1 (b) establishes the commission's responsibility to receive and investigate complaints of alleged corruption against individuals filed by the public.\n\nAccording to Part II, Section 10 1 (b), any member of the public or an organization may file allegations of corruption with the ACC, and the commission must act upon these charges. However, the ACC is made up of officials who are not independent of executive authority.\n\nPart II, Section 4 (1) and (2) declare the appointment procedure of the commissioner and deputy commissioner by the king through the advice of the Judicial Services Commission. \n\nThe JSC also provides the due process by which a member may be removed by the king. However, as previously noted in indicator 1, the King appoints JSC members.","Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, Part II, Section 3 creates the Anti-Corruption Commission. https://www.acauthorities.org/sites/aca/files/countrydoc/Prevention_of_Corruption_Act%5B1%5D.2006.pdf","As called for by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) was established in 2007. ..."]
["2013_TZ_11",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",11,0,"The Law establishes the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) as an organ to fight corruption. Article 5-(1) states: \"There is hereby established the Bureau to be known as the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau. (2) reads: \"The Bureau shall be an independent public body\" Article 7 reads; \"Functions of the Bureau shall be to take necessary measures for the prevention and combating of corruption in the public, parastatal and private sectors..\"\n \nHowever Article 59, establishes the Minister to be able to set out specific regulations and thereby direct the office in its conduct and procedures to be followed. The office is therefore not independent from the executive. In addition to PCCB, there is the Controller and Auditor General, Good Governance Coordination Unit, Ethics Commission, and Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance.","Title; The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau.\n Articles; 5-(1) to 7-(1), Article 59\n Year; 2007 \n Link; http://www.egov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/PREVENTION_AND_COMBATING_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_sw.pdf\n \n 59.-(1) The Minister may make regulations for the better \n carrying into effect the purposes and provisions of this Act. \n  (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the subsection (1), \n the Minister may by regulations prescribe- \n  (a) a code of conduct for officers of the Bureau; \n  (b) procedures and processes for management of \n complaints under this Act; \n  (c) procedures for provision of information to the Bureau \n on the commission of corruption offences; and \n  (d) such other matters as may be necessary or expedient","The Law establishes the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) as an organ to fight corruption. Article 5-(1) states: \"There is hereby established the Bureau to be known as the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau. (2) reads: \"The Bureau shall be an independe..."]
["2013_TG_11",2013,"TG","Togo",11,0,"Art4: « La commission adresse des rapports réguliers au président de la République. »\n \n La Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption et le sabotage économique (CNLCSE) n'est donc pas indépendante du pouvoir exécutif. Selon les coordonnées indiquées sur le site, son siège en effet est rattaché à la présidence.\n \n Art2: « La compétence de la commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption et le sabotage économique s'étend à tous les services de l'État et des collectivités territoriales, aux services relevant à quelque titre que ce soit de l'État ainsi qu'à tous les organismes et institutions bénéficiant de ressources publiques. »\n \n Si le décret n’établit pas explicitement que la CNLCSE peut enquêter, des enquêtes ont toutefois été publiées sur le site. Voir par exemple l’affaire du détournement de fonds de la mairie de Lomé (http://www.cac.tg/mairie.htm)","Decret N°2001-160/PR, modifiant et complétant le decret N°2001-95/PR du 9 mars 2001 portant création d'une Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption et le sabotage économique. (2001). Articles 2 et 4.\n \n Le décret n'est pas disponible en format PDF mais via ce lien:\n http://www.cac.tg/decret.htm","Art4: « La commission adresse des rapports réguliers au président de la République. »\n \n La Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption et le sabotage économique (CNLCSE) n'es..."]
["2013_TN_11",2013,"TN","Tunisia",11,100,"Law No. 2011-120, issued on November 14, 2011, created the \"Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption (National instance for the fight against corruption).\"\n \n Article 1 of the law states: \"The Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption has the mission to fight against both private and public corruption.\" \n Article 12 of the law states: \"The Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption is financially and administratively independent.\"\n Article 13 states that the Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption, among its tasks,\n \"receives all complaints concerning corruption affairs, investigate these cases and, if needed, transfers them to court.\"\n \n The law furthermore states that the body is morally independent and Chapter 20 spells out in detail how commission members are selected. The council of the commission is composed of at least seven members of civil society and other persons of high standing, including a member of the Cour des comptes. Article 12 insures independence from the executive and legislative branches.","Articles 1, 12, 13 and 20 of the law (décret-loi), No. 2011-120, issued on November 14, 2011.\n http://www.cnudst.rnrt.tn/jortsrc/2011/2011f/jo0132011.pdf (See p. 197)","Law No. 2011-120, issued on November 14, 2011, created the \"Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption (National instance for the fight against corruption).\"\n ..."]
["2013_UG_11",2013,"UG","Uganda",11,100,"The law gives the inspectorate of government the mandate to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption. Article 223 (1) of the constitution mandates that there shall be an inspectorate of government and article 225 sets out its functions, among which include eliminating and fostering the elimination of corruption, abuse of authority and of public office. Part (2) of this article provides that “the inspectorate of government may investigate any matter referred to in clause (1)(a) of this article, on its own initiative or upon complaint made to it by any member of the public, whether or not that person has personally suffered any injustice by reason of that matter”. Even Article 230 (1) provides that “the inspectorate of government shall have power to investigate, cause investigation, arrest, cause arrest, prosecute or cause prosecution in respect of cases involving corruption, abuse of authority or of public office”. \n \n Besides the inspectorate, the constitution gives the directorate of public prosecutions the mandate to handle and prosecute all criminal cases in the country. Article 120 (3) lists the functions of the director of public prosecutions among which is (a) to direct the police to investigate any information of a criminal nature and …. (b) to institute criminal proceedings against any person or authority in any court with competent jurisdiction other than a court martial. The director of public prosecutions works closely with the police criminal investigation and intelligence directorate and the judiciary.\n \n Regarding the independence of these bodies, article 227 of the constitution points out that the inspectorate shall be independent in the performance of its functions and shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority and shall only be responsible to parliament. As for the independence of the director of public prosecutions, article 120 (6) states that “in the exercise of the functions conferred on him or her by this article, the director of public prosecutions shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority”. And clause (7) points out that “the director of public prosecutions shall have the same terms and conditions of service as those of a high court judge.”","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 13, Article 223(1), 225, 227, 230(1) and Chapter 7, Article 120(1), 120(3)(a)(b), 120(6),(7)\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf.\n \n Inspectorate of Government Act, 2002, Section 3(1), 8(1)(e), 8(2), 10\n http://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/ig-act.pdf.","The law gives the inspectorate of government the mandate to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption. Article 223 (1) of the constitution mandates that there shall be an inspectorate of government and article 225 sets out its functions, among which ..."]
["2013_ZM_11",2013,"ZM","Zambia",11,100,"Established under the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 1996, The Anti-Corruption Commission of Zambia is the body mandated to investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption in Zambia.\n \n It was later amended as the 'Continuation of Commission Act 38 of 2010, before it went through further amendments, to then become 'the Anti-Corruption Commission Act No. 3 of 2012', which continues to exist the same way as it was under the previous Act of 2010' with the powers of the commission having been strengthened. The Independence of the body is also guaranteed. \n \n The mandate and independence in question is contained under Part II, Article 4 (1) of the act up to Article 6 of the same Act. It reads:\n  \n \"The Anti-Corruption Commission continued under the repealed Act shall continue to exist as if established under this Act, and shall be a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal, capable of suing and of being sued in its corporate name and with power, subject to this Act, to do all such acts and things as a body corporate may, by law, do or perform.\n \n (2) The provisions of the State Proceedings Act shall apply to civil proceedings by, or against, the Commission as if, for a reference to the State there were substituted a reference to the Commission.\n \n (3) The provisions of the Schedule apply to the Commission. \n \n (5). Subject to the Constitution, the Commission shall not, in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\n \n (6). (1) The functions of the Commission are to -\n \n (a) prevent and take necessary and effective measures for the prevention of corruption in public and private bodies, including, in particular, measures for -\n \n (i) examining the practices and procedures of public and private bodies in order to facilitate the\n discovery of opportunities of corrupt practices and secure the revision of methods of work or procedures which in the opinion of the Commission, may be prone or conducive to corrupt practices;\n (ii) advising public bodies and private bodies on ways and means of preventing corrupt practices, and\n on changes in methods of work or procedures of such public bodies and private bodies compatible with the effective performance of their duties, which the Commission considers necessary to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of corrupt practices;\n (iii) disseminating information on the evil and dangerous effects of corrupt practices on society;\n (iv) creation of committees in institutions for monitoring corruption in the institution; and\n (v) enlisting and fostering public confidence and support against corrupt practices;\n \n (b) initiate, receive and investigate complaints of alleged or suspected corrupt practices, and, subject to the directions of the Director of Public Prosecutions, prosecute\n (i) offences under this Act; and \n (ii) such other offences under any other written law\n as may have come to the notice of the\n Commission during the investigation of an offence under this Act:\n \n 'Autonomy of Commission Cap. 1, Functions of Commission Anti-Corruption [No. 3 of 2012 15\n Cap. 71\\\n \n \"Provided that nothing in this paragraph shall be considered as precluding any public prosecutor from prosecuting, subject to the directions of the Director of Public Prosecutions, any offence under this\n Act which has come to the notice of the police during investigation of an offence under any written law;\n (c) investigate any conduct of any public officer which, the Commission has reasonable grounds to believe may be connected with, or conducive to, corrupt practices;\n (d) be the lead agency in matters of corruption;\n (e) co-ordinate or co-operate, as applicable, with other institutions authorised to investigate, prosecute, prevent and combat corrupt practices so as to implement an integrated approach to the eradication of corruption; \n (f) consult, co-operate and exchange information with appropriate bodies of other countries that are authorised to conduct inquiries or investigations in relation to corrupt practices;\n (g) adopt and strengthen mechanisms for educating the public to respect the public good and public interest and, in particular —\n (i) create awareness in the fight against corruption and related offences;\n (ii) develop educational and other programmes for the sensitisation of the media;\n (iii) promote an environment for the respect of ethics; and\n (iv) disseminate information and sensitise the public on the negative effects of corruption and related\n offences; and \n (h) do all such things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of its functions.\n (2) The Commission may establish specialised units to investigate and deal with such matters as the Commission considers appropriate.\"\"\n \n The Commission's Director-General is appointed by the President, subject to ratification by the National Assembly. He can only be removed if Parliament passes a resolution.","The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) Act No. 3 of 2012, Articles 4 - 6, page 14 - 16, (Gone through amendment stages in 2010 and 2012, with the same mandate and stengthened powers), http://www.zambialii.org/files/zm/legislation/act/2012/3/The%20Anti-Corruption%202012.pdf\n \n The Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 1996","Established under the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 1996, The Anti-Corruption Commission of Zambia is the body mandated to investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption in Zambia...."]
["2013_ZW_11",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",11,100,"Section 9 (b) of the constitution requires the state to adopt and implement measures to expose, combat and eradicate all forms of corruption and abuse of power by those holding political and public offices. Furthermore, sections 254 and 255 of the constitution establish the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission whose functions include, inter alia, investigating and exposing cases of corruption in the public and private sectors. Section 235 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the commission to the extent that: \"independent commissions are independent and are not subject to the direction or control of anyone\". Independent commissions, such as this commission, must exercise their functions without fear, favour or prejudice, although they are accountable to parliament for the efficient performance of their functions. Section 235 (3) states that no person may interfere with the functioning of the independent commissions.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (no.20), section 9, Act 1/2013\n \n 2. Anti-Corruption Commission Act (chapter 9:22), section 254 and 255, 2004","Section 9 (b) of the constitution requires the state to adopt and implement measures to expose, combat and eradicate all forms of corruption and abuse of power by those holding political and public offices. Furthermore, sections 254 and 255 of the constitution establish the Zimbabw..."]
["2013_DZ_12",2013,"DZ","Algeria",12,0,"En Algérie, les affaires de corruption impliquant de hauts responsables ou des politiciens sont généralement traitées par les services de sécurité, qui ne sont pas independentes.\n\nIl n'existe aucun organe indépendant et accessible au public habilité à intervenir et à enquêter dans des cas de corruption commis par les hauts politiciens ou les hauts fonctionnaires d’État. Les institutions mises en place pour combattre la corruption dépendent du pouvoir exécutif. Dans son rapport annuel publié en 2013, la Commission nationale consultative de promotion et de protection des droits de l’homme affirme que « l’année 2012 s'est achevée sans que l'Organe national de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption (ONPLCC) ou l’Office central de répression de la corruption (OCRC) fassent signe de vie ou émettent d'indications attestant qu'ils ne sont pas des organes mort-nés ».","-Abdelouahab MERDJANA, Mahmoud BRAHAM et Sid’Ahmed KEHAL, sous la direction de Farouk KSENTINI. (2013). Rapport Annuel 2012, Chapitre 3, section 3 de la Commission consultative de promotion et de protection des droits de l’homme [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.cncppdh-algerie.org/php_VF/images/pdf/Rapport-annuel2012-FR.pdf.\n-Yazid Derhat, (2013). Djilali Hadjadj : la justice algérienne n’a émis aucun mandat à l’encontre de Chakib Khelil. Radio M de Maghreb Émergent. Repéré à http://maghrebemergent.info/economie/algerie/item/26569-djilali-hadjadj-la-justice-algerienne-n-a-emis-aucun-mandat-a-l-encontre-de-chakib-khelil.html.\n-Antonny Lattier. (2013). Hocine Malti sur RFI: «Un règlement de compte à l'intérieur du pouvoir» dans l'affaire Sonatrach. RFI. Repéré à http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130706-hocine-malti-affaire-sonatrach-plus-haut-niveau-etat-algerien-implique.\n-Ali Idir. (2013, le 11 septembre). Changement au DRS...quel sort pour les enquêtes sur la corrution?. TSA. Repéré à http://www.tsa-algerie.com/actualite/item/1899-changements-au-drs-quel-sort-pour-les-enquetes-sur-la-corruption.\n-Farid Allilat. (2013). Djilali Hadjaj : « En Algérie, les organisme anti-corruption sont des gadgets ». Jeune Afrique. Repéré à http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/JA2740p014.xml0/.\n-CD audio, marchandage des voix, Décembre 2012.\n-(2013, Septembre 17). Entretien avec le secrétaire général adjoint de l'association nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC), Feddal Halim. [Entrevue].","En Algérie, les affaires de corruption impliquant de hauts responsables ou des politiciens sont généralement traitées par les services de sécurité, qui ne sont pas independentes...."]
["2013_AO_12",2013,"AO","Angola",12,0,"There are many alleged cases of corruption that have gone uninvestigated because of the alleged involvement of high-ranking officials. A report by Corruption Watch UK documents some of the illicit deals over the last several years that involved the elites including the incumbent president, but no investigations or arrests have been made. The criminal complaint lodged with the Office of the Attorney General by Rafael Marques de Morais, on 6 January 2012, against the current vice-president Manuel Vicente, the Minister of State and head of the Intelligence Bureau at the presidency (Casa de Segurança), General Manuel Hélder Vieira Dias Júnior “Kopelipa”, and the latter’s main advisor, General Leopoldino Fragoso do Nascimento “Dino”, accusing them of illegal enrichment and abuse of power, was as expected dismissed. \n\nThe order issued by the attorney general’s office to dismiss the case, dated 3 February 2013, did not acknowledge the fact that General Dino is simultaneously a public servant and the chairman of a group of private companies associated with Sonangol, the national oil company. This omission alone points to the high degree of political control of the Office of the Attorney in cases involving high-level corruption.","De Morais, R. M.  (2014, January 20) .  General Dino and the Attorney General’s lies.  Maka Angola.  Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2014/01/20/verdade-general-dino-e-mentira-da-pgr/?lang=en.\n\nLee, R.  (2013, May 21) .  Angola: Deafening silence after Angolan corruption report.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201305220008.html.\n\nLee, R.  (2013, April) .  Where did all the money go?.  Osisa.  Retrieved from http://www.osisa.org/economic-justice/blog/where-did-all-money-go.","There are many alleged cases of corruption that have gone uninvestigated because of the alleged involvement of high-ranking officials. A report by Corruption Watch UK documents some of the illicit deals over the last several years that involved the elites including the incumbent pr..."]
["2013_BJ_12",2013,"BJ","Benin",12,75,"La Haute Cour de Justice est l'organe chargé d'examiner les plaintes contre les hauts fonctionnaires, les politiciens de haut niveau. Elle est constituée des membres de la Cour constitutionnelle, le président de la Cour Suprême ainsi que six parlementaires (mouvance et opposition) y siègent et en élisent le président. Plusieurs anciens ministres ont été traduits devant la Cour. L'un d'eux, ministre sous l'ancien régime de Kérékou, a été écouté récemment par la cour nouvellement installée. Un non-lieu a été déclaré.","Dieu-Donné Katakoula, Le Matin, 13 août, 2013. \"Poursuite d’anciens ministres devant la Haute Cour de Justice : Kamarou Fassassi lavé de tout soupçon\". http://www.construirelebenin.info/article-poursuite-d-anciens-ministres-devant-la-haute-cour-de-justice-kamarou-fassassi-lave-de-tout-soup-on-119520867.html\n\nAfrik.com, 23 février, 2013. \"Bénin : deux anciens ministres devant la Haute cour de justice\". http://www.afrik.com/benin-deux-anciens-ministres-devant-la-haute-cour-de-justice\n\nJunior Fatogninougbo, La Presse du Jour, 19 février, 2013. \"Poursuite des ministres devant la Haute Cour de Justice : Une sérénité est nécessaire\". http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=21753","La Haute Cour de Justice est l'organe chargé d'examiner les plaintes contre les hauts fonctionnaires, les politiciens de haut niveau. Elle est constituée des membres de la Cour constitutionnelle, le président de la Cour Suprême ainsi que six parlementaires (mouvance et opposition) ..."]
["2013_BW_12",2013,"BW","Botswana",12,75,"In Botswana, the directorate on corruption and economic crime is the office mandated to  investigate all reported allegations of corruption, including those implicating senior politicians and civil servants.\n\nThe Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994 gives the directorate the mandate to investigate all law breakers, including senior level politicians.  \n\n\"Having said that, yes the directorate has brought politicians and top civil servants to book,\" - DCEC.\n\nThe directorate has not yet released the 2012-13 annual report. According to Michelle Gavin, US Ambassador to Botswana: \"The directorate typically receives more than 1,800 complaints of corruption from the public per year – mostly by phone. Of these complaints, the directorate will start a case file on 700 to 800 cases. These investigations result in about 90 prosecutions per year, and the numbers are growing.\"\n\nAlthough it is labelled as independent, the directorate operates under the office of the president and some have raised fears that the directorate is perhaps susceptible to avoiding certain cases with which the office of the president is not comfortable. There is, however, sufficient evidence of the Comission starting and following up on cases that implicate high-level officials to confidently state that the office is overwhelmingly independent.","1. Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994, Botswana Government Portal, http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Department-of-Corruption-and-Economic-Crime-DCEC/About-the-DCEC1/History-and-Mandate/DCEC-Mandate/.\n\n2. Article: DCEC toothless on \"big fish Corruption\", Mmegi newspaper, November 9 2012,  http://72.167.255.126/index.php?sid=1aid=489dir=2013/April/Friday12&aid=229&dir=2012/November/Friday9.\n\n3.  Article: A cabinet Minister to face Corruption Charges, Sunday Standard, November 12 2012,   \n http://www.google.co.bw/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaystandard.info%2Farticle.php%3FNewsID%3D15579%26GroupID%3D1&ei=ESZcUoW1DMyK4gTt2IHQDg&usg=AFQjCNEmVo4ykp9ZkLpzwW0LXv3NDVMTIg.\n\n4. Article: High noon in Seretse’s corruption trial, by Calistus Bosaletswe, 17-12-2012, Sunday Standard\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=15878&GroupID=1","In Botswana, the directorate on corruption and economic crime is the office mandated to  investigate all reported allegations of corruption, including those implicating senior politicians and civil servants...."]
["2013_BF_12",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",12,75,"L'Autorité supérieure de contrôle d’État (ASCE) est l'une des institutions de contrôle à qui on voue du crédit au Burkina. Dans ses rapports, plusieurs personnalités sont épinglées dans des affaires de détournement de deniers publics. Dans son rapport 2011, publié en septembre 2012, l'ASCE incrimine beaucoup de personnalités, dont l'ex-ambassadeur du Burkina en France. Ce dernier, selon le rapport, aurait détourné des millions de francs CFA quand il était au ministère des Enseignements secondaire et supérieur. \nCe qui a conduit l'ASCE à contrôler le ministère, ce sont justement des allégations de détournement faites par des établissements secondaires sous la coupe du ministère. Cela a conduit à la démission de l'ambassadeur en attendant que les faits soient avérés. Le même rapport incrimine aussi l'ex-maire de la Commune de Boulmiougou et ses adjoints pour dépenses non-justifiées. \nIl y aussi les cas de malversations financières pour les dernières réfections assez couteuses de la mairie de Ouagadougou qui ont été épinglées par l'ASCE. Il y a de nombreuses preuves du travail sérieux de l'ASCE. Il faut noter que toutes les personnalités épinglées dans le rapport de l'ASCE sont membres du CDP, le parti au pouvoir. Mais l'épineuse question qui demeure en la matière est la suite qui sera donnée à ces affaires. \nD'aucuns pense qu’il s’agit souvent de la poudre aux yeux, pour montrer une certaine transparence dans la gestion de la chose publique. Mais toujours est-il que l'ASCE fait son travail, apparemment le plus honnêtement possible, et il est difficile de ne pas lui reconnaitre ce mérite même si tout n'est pas parfait.","Vokouma, J. (25 avril 2013). Yves Millogo/ Jean-Baptiste Oualian (CDP France) : « Il faut que l’ASCE reste professionnelle et démocratique et non un instrument de désordre ». La faso.net : http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article53923\n\nDirection de la documentation, de l’informatique et de la communication (DDIC). (13 mai 2013). Droit de réponse de l’Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’Etat (ASCE) à Yves Millogo et Jean-Baptiste Ouallian. La faso.net : http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article54149\n\n Jean KY, (13 septemre 2012). Malversations sur le denier public au Burkina : une liste de présumés coupables remise au gouvernement pour sanctions. Agence de presse Labor : http://www.laborpresse.net/malversations-sur-le-denier-public-au-burkina-bientot-une-liste-de-coupables-pour-des-sanctions-annoncees-par-le-premier-ministre-luc-adolphe-tiao/\n\n Zoungrana, Z.D. (17 septembre 2013). Rapport ASCE : Joseph Paré, premier scalp de Bruno Bessin ? L 'Observateur Paalga: http://www.lobservateur.bf/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17554:rapport-asce-joseph-pare-premier-scalp-de-bruno-bessin-&catid=9:grille-de-lecture&Itemid=32","L'Autorité supérieure de contrôle d’État (ASCE) est l'une des institutions de contrôle à qui on voue du crédit au Burkina. Dans ses rapports, plusieurs personnalités sont épinglées dans des affaires de détournement de deniers publics. Dans son rapport 2011, publié en septembre 2012..."]
["2013_BI_12",2013,"BI","Burundi",12,25,"La Cour anti-corruption, créée en 2006, n'enquête pas sur les hommes politiques ou fonctionnaires au sein du gouvernement. En plus, la nomination des magistrats à la Cour anti-corruption est aussi un résultat de la nomination directe du Président, sur proposition du ministre de la Justice. Selon le Décret nº 100/191 du 26 juillet 2013, le Président a le droit de nommer Procureur général de la Cour anti-corruption. D'après le Décret nº 100/125 du 19 avril 2012 portant la structure et le fonctionnement du gouvernement, le Président (sur proposition du ministre de la Justice et Garde des Sceaux), peut nommer certains cadres de la Cour anti-corruption. En théorie, cela irait à l’encontre de l'indépendance de cette cour.  \n\nLa Cour anti-corruption du Burundi a été créée en 2006  par la  Loi nº 1/36 du 13 décembre 2006, se référant à la Loi nº 1/12 du 18 avril 2006, portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes.  La Cour anti-corruption dispose d’une Brigade anti-corruption qui poursuit des petits cas de corruption, mais pas ceux des hommes politiques de haut niveau.\n\nEn mai 2013, AGNews annonce que la Brigade anti-corruption a arrêté un juge pour corruption passive pour avoir sollicité et perçu de l’argent en échange de la modification d’un jugement. Le juge était celui du Tribunal de Résidence de Gihogazi, province de Karusi. Il a ensuite été condamné par la Cour anti-corruption.  \n\nSelon Bageni Come, «En pratique, les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux ne sont pas examinées par un organe indépendant. Cet organe est la Cour anticorruption et elle ne siège que pour des cas de corruption de petites personnalités et de fonctionnaires. La Cour anti-corruption n’est pas aussi indépendante. Un tel organe n’existe pas au Burundi. Il ne peut pas être indépendant aussi longtemps qu’il est nommé par les dirigean»\n\nSelon Isaïe Nizigiyimana: «En pratique, l'organe (ou les organes) qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public n’est pas effectif. Ceci parce qu’il y a manque d’indépendance de cet (ces) organe(s).»","Dam, «Burundi: La Cour anti-corruption condamne un Juge corrompu», AGNEWS, 19 mai 2013. http://burundi-agnews.org/sports-and-games/?p=6987\n\nNdenzako Karerwa Jean Claude, «Nomination du Procureur général près la cour Anti-corruption, site web de la Présidence, 30 juillet 2013. http://www.presidence.bi/spip.php?article3956\n\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, Forum pour la Conscience et le Développement (FOCODE), 20 septembre 2013.\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara.\n\nBizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.","La Cour anti-corruption, créée en 2006, n'enquête pas sur les hommes politiques ou fonctionnaires au sein du gouvernement. En plus, la nomination des magistrats à la Cour anti-corruption est aussi un résultat de la nomination directe du Président, sur proposition du ministre de la ..."]
["2013_CM_12",2013,"CM","Cameroon",12,100,"In Cameroon allegations of corruption against senior level politicians or civil servants are investigated by the National Anti-Corruption Commission, the independent body mandated to receive and investigate alleged cases of public sector corruption. Though the organisation does not publish the number of cases it has investigated against senior level public officials in Cameroon, four out of more than 15 senior level public officials investigated by the body were sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment during the study period (September 2012 to September 2013), demonstrating the ability of members of the agency to operate independently of other departments and without fear or favour.","Etom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nMua, John Walah.  (2013, September 30) .  [Elections Program Coordinator, International Governance Institute Cameroon, Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nRichard, Fegue.  (2013, September 30) .  Chief journalist, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon, Yaounde].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon allegations of corruption against senior level politicians or civil servants are investigated by the National Anti-Corruption Commission, the independent body mandated to receive and investigate alleged cases of public sector corruption. Though the organisation does not..."]
["2013_CV_12",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",12,50,"According to sources, accusations against politicians and officials of any level are treated seriously but not always and not in all cases. While some cases end up in court, the public prosecutor - in charge of investigating and prosecuting - can not be considered independent and there is a certain level of indirect influence or simple inertia exerted upon the office's decisions as to whether or not to prosecute. This inertia can be explained by the office being part of the executive branch and not created as an independent office. At the same time sources agree that it is not direct influence or directions by any particular office or person that hamper its full effectiveness. The office of the public prosecutor works without fear or favour from direct influence of the executive branch or other branches. There is a self-perpetuated reluctance to tackle all possible cases of corruption observed in the civil service. Due to a backlog of cases observed, there are cases that get swept under the rug. \n\nCape Verde has obtained praise as being one of the least corrupt countries in Africa (following Botswana as the least corrupt country in Africa according to Transparency International). Sources in the country agree that recent corruption scandals point to a lack of seriousness in persecuting cases of corruption through the current set-up. Inefficiency and unhindered corruption go largely unpunished in the public service, says António Mascarenhas Monteiro, the Ex-president of Cape Verde and need to regain focus and importance.","1. Julio Martins, Attorney General's Office, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Sara Boal, Judge Counselor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n3. Eva Boiler Marques, Member of Parliament and Lawyer, Praia, October 20, 2013.\n\n4. Paulo Rocha, Deputy National Director of the Judicial Police, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n5. Carla Lima, Journalist , President of AJOC (Journalists Association of Cape Verde), Praia, October 21, 2013.\n\n6. Cape Verde: Deviation in Finance: Carlos Veiga criticises lack of internal control, May 6, 2013, \nhttp://africa.universonline.info/noticias/cabo-verde-desvio-nas-financas-carlos-veiga-critica-falta-de-controlo-interno/\n\n7. \"Cape Verde needs an independent authority to prevent corruption\", May 12, 2013, \nPGR argues: \"Cape Verde needs an independent authority to prevent corupção\"\nhttp://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article87913&var_recherche=corrupcao&ak=1.\n\n8. Corruption and indiscipline are the great evils of the civil service, Expresso das Ilhas, June 28, 2013,\nhttp://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/politica/item/38133-corrupcao-e-indisciplina-sao-os-grandes-males-da-funcao-publica.","According to sources, accusations against politicians and officials of any level are treated seriously but not always and not in all cases. While some cases end up in court, the public prosecutor - in charge of investigating and prosecuting - can not be considered independent and t..."]
["2013_CF_12",2013,"CF","CAR",12,0,"L'article 368 du Code pénal de la République centrafricaine interdit strictement à toute personne bénéficiant d'un mandat électif, d'une haute autorité publique et aux militaires de pratiquer ou de favoriser la corruption. La non-observation de cette disposition peut entraîner des sanctions lourdes. \nToutefois, force est de constater que cette disposition n'est pas appliquée, bien que les cas de corruption soient fréquents dans les administrations publiques. À titre d'exemple, les deux ex-ministres du défunt régime ont été accusés de corruption, mais n'ont pas été inquiétés par la justice. Cette situation perdure jusqu'à aujourd'hui en raison de la quasi-inexistence de structures étatiques au lendemain du changement brutal de régime, aux dires des personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche.","Lucienne Maka Gbossokotto, membre de l'Observatoire de lutte contre corruption en Afrique centrale (OLCAC), 12 septembre 2013.\n\nRoger Gollondo, président de l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption en Afrique centrale, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nNestor Constant Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 12 septembre 2013.","L'article 368 du Code pénal de la République centrafricaine interdit strictement à toute personne bénéficiant d'un mandat électif, d'une haute autorité publique et aux militaires de pratiquer ou de favoriser la corruption. La non-observation de cette disposition peut entraîner des ..."]
["2013_TD_12",2013,"TD","Chad",12,25,"Au cours de l’année écoulé, il y a eu plusieurs cas d'enquêtes et d’arrestations contre des politiciens de haut niveau, voire contre des ministres, et notamment contre le ministre de la Bonne gouvernance. Toutefois, les enquêtes pourraient être plus élargies. Le ministre Ahmadaye Alhassan, par exemple, accusé de détournement de deniers publics, a été arrêté. Toutefois, il est courant que les arrestations aient des connotations politiques. Le ministère de la bonne gouvernance émanant de l'exécutif, on peut affirmer qu'il n'y a pas d'organe indépendant.\n\nSelon le rapport du Département d’État des États-Unis (2013), malgré les efforts d'Opération Cobra, qui a récupéré environ 50 millions de dollars des fonds détournés, les investigations de corruption de politiciens ou de fonctionnaires sont souvent abandonnées, et les accusés sont souvent promus ou transférés sans subir de sanctions.","Interview, Source anyonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nNguebla, M. (18 aout 2013). « Tchad: la CTDDH met en garde Idriss Deby contre une tentation monarchique. (Interview du S.G.M.N.A.I) ». Blog de Makaila: http://makaila.over-blog.com/article-tchad-la-ctddh-met-en-garde-idriss-deby-contre-une-tentation-monarchique-interview-du-s-g-m-n-a-119598063.html\n\nSouroumaïdjé, E. (Septembre 2012). Agence tchadienne de presse. « Assainissement public : l'évaluation à mi-parcours est encourageante » Agence tchadienne de presse:\nhttp://www.infotchad.com/details.asp?item_id=4023\n\nTchadoscopie. (26 janvier 2013). « Gouvernement Dadnadji : Abdoulaye Sabre Fadoul dépouillé de ses attributions de lutte contre la corruption ». Tchadoscopie: http://www.tchadoscopie.com/article-tchad-gouvernement-dadnadji-abdoulaye-sabre-fadoul-depouille-de-ses-attributions-de-lutte-contre-114759725.html\n\nDépartement d’État des États-Unis, Bureau des affaires économiques et du commerce. (Avril 2013). 2013 Investment Climate Statement – Chad. Gouvernement des États Unis: http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204619.htm","Au cours de l’année écoulé, il y a eu plusieurs cas d'enquêtes et d’arrestations contre des politiciens de haut niveau, voire contre des ministres, et notamment contre le ministre de la Bonne gouvernance. Toutefois, les enquêtes pourraient être plus élargies. Le ministre Ahmadaye A..."]
["2013_KM_12",2013,"KM","Comoros",12,75,"Les poursuites contre les hauts fonctionnaires et politiciens peuvent se faire librement. Ainsi, il existe aujourd’hui 37 dossiers dont 30 concernent des plaintes relatives à la citoyenneté économique, un domaine ultra sensible,  entre les mains de la Comission Nationale de Prévention et de lutte contre la Corruption (CNLPC)(source : Dramsi Firozali). \n\nIl n'existe pas de procédure spéciale pour les politiciens de haut niveau car ces derniers  et les fonctionnaires sont au même pied d’égalité que les autres citoyens. Le 19 juillet 2013, une lettre a été adressée au président de l’Assemblée comorienne demandant l’autorisation d’un entretien avec trois députés qui ont été à l’origine de l’éclatement de l’affaire dite du pavillon comorien (Mlimadji, 30 juillet 2013).\n\nLa Commission nationale de prévention et lutte contre la corruption a aussi été interpellée par les  agents des douanes au port de Bangoma à propos de deux conteneurs de marchandises étiquettées Comores Télécom et supposés contenir d’outils informatiques, mais qui étaient bourrées de marchandises diverses. Un porte-conteneur de Comores Télécom était venu récupérer les marchandises le 26 juin 2013 pour en faire bénéficier un important commerçant de Fomboni, en association avec un haut fonctionnaire. (Mlimadji, 2 Juillet 2013).\n\nCette action d'envergure est une des premières actions positives que la Commission nationale de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption a entrepris, en collaboration avec la justice.","Mlimadji. (30 juillet 2013). « Affaires pavillon comorien et programme de la citoyenneté économique : connexion mafieuse », Mlimadji, Comores-Actualités:http://mlimadji.skyrock.com/3187152435-Affaires-pavillon-comorien-et-programme-de-la-citoyennete-economique.html\n\nMlimadji. (2 Juillet 2013) «Comores-Télécom : scandale à Bongoma », MLIMADJI, Comores-Actualités.\n\nDramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.","Les poursuites contre les hauts fonctionnaires et politiciens peuvent se faire librement. Ainsi, il existe aujourd’hui 37 dossiers dont 30 concernent des plaintes relatives à la citoyenneté économique, un domaine ultra sensible,  entre les mains de la Comission Nationale de Prévent..."]
["2013_CD_12",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",12,0,"Il existe bien des mécanismes pour lutter contre les allégations de corruption. Trois structures gouvernementales : l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP), la Direction Générale de Contrôle des Marchés Publics (DGCMP) et la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et la Concussion et la Fraude (CNLCCF) elles tentent de réguler et de limiter les pratiques de corruptions principalement sur les marchés publics. \n\nLes pratiques de corruption ne sont pas examinées par un organe indépendant, car dans les faits les structures de luttes contre la corruption sont sous la tutelle du garde des sceaux, ministre de la justice. Il n'existe pas une structure indépendante dont la mission spécifique est de traiter les cas de corruptions contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux. \n\nD'autre part les ONG et une certaine « presse » locale (La rue, la Griffe, Thalassa etc.) alertent régulièrement la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption sur les allégations contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires. Mais les acteurs étatiques sont rarement condamnés, notamment dans les cas les plus flagrants. selon M. Naftali HONIG, coordinateur du projet d'appui à l'application de la loi sur la faune (PALF) la « CNLCCCF n'est pas un organe indépendant, il est dans les fait sous la tutelle du 1er Ministre (attention cette disposition était valable au moment ou il y avait un premier ministre coordonnateur de l'action gouvernementale, VOIR décret n° 2005-02 du 7 janvier 2005 tel que rectifié par le décret du 2 février 2005 portant nomination des membres du gouvernement). Or depuis qu'il a été crée des pôles gouvernementaux, la fonction de 1er Ministre coordonnateur de l'action gouvernementale a été abrogé) ». Elle est donc de fait exercée par le Président de la République.\n\nLa République du Congo est dotée de l’un des écosystèmes forestiers les plus riches de la planète (les forêts couvrent 65% de sa superficie). L'ONG qui mène le projet d'appui à l'application de la loi sur la faune (PALF) a fait l'objet de beaucoup de menaces. Les lois existent contre les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires. Mais l'application de la loi pose un réel problème. Les acteurs individuels de tous les niveaux gangrènent le processus. Il y a beaucoup d'abus de pouvoir notamment sur les ressources naturelles. Selon l'ONG PALF qui œuvre sur l'éco-tourisme, la gestion durable des ressources de la faune qui implique de fait les questions alimentaire, les allégations de corruption sont courantes mais ne sont pas condamnés malgré les actions en justice. Les politiciens et/ou hauts fonctionnaires ne sont jamais condamnés.\n\nAutre exemple, en janvier 2013, le ministre de l'Enseignement primaire et secondaire, chargé de l'Alphabétisation, M. Hellot Matson MAMPOUYA, a été soupçonné de corruption. « Les 56 marchés d’état que le ministère de l’Enseignement aurait confié à des sociétés de gré à gré sans respecter la loi qui stipule que tout marché d’Etat doit être soumissionné après un appel d’offres. Ces marchés d’Etat auraient été confiés à des amis du ministre », selon le site internet www.lolakayacongo.com. L’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) qui a en charge la régulation des marchés d’Etat a été contrainte de revoir la procédure de soumission de l'appel d'offres (cela a bien été examine par l'ARMP et la CNLCCF).\n\nDe plus « le programme d’appui à la sûreté de l’aviation civile en Afrique (ASACA), financé sur le Fonds de solidarité prioritaire (FSP) du ministère français des Affaires étrangères, s’achève en ce moment. Un point presse sera organisé vendredi 11 octobre sur la clôture de ce dispositif au Congo. Développé pendant 3 ans (2011-2013) dans 22 aéroports de 20 pays d’Afrique, le programme de formation ASACA se clôt, pour le Congo, par un stage « fraude documentaire et profilage » à l’aéroport Maya-Maya, du 7 au 11 octobre 2013. Cette formation est destinée au renforcement des capacités des différents services de l’Etat concernés (police, immigration, douane, gendarmerie, aviation civile) en matière de fraude documentaire ». Texte tiré du communiqué de presse du 10 octobre 2013 source ambassade de France au Congo Brazzaville.\n\nDans un rapport publié en mars 2009 intitulé ÉTUDE DIAGNOSTIC SUR LA GOUVERNANCE EN RÉPUBLIQUE, réalisé par le Cabinet d’Études, de Recherches et de Traitements Informatiques, le Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et du Budget à travers le Projet de Renforcement des Capacités de Transparence et de Gouvernance (PRCTG) a souhaité avoir une étude diagnostique sur la gouvernance en République du Congo. Le constat est critique, à ce jour toutes les propositions et suggestions n'ont pas tous été mis en application. Vous trouverez en chapitre IV, la corruption dans le secteur public page 66. Puis, en page 89, un canevas de plan d'actions pour l'amélioration de la gouvernance et de la lutte contre la corruption. \n\nL'Etat congolais est au fait des pratiques de corruption qui gangrènent le développement économique du pays, il tente de maitriser ses pratiques contre-productives.","1 - Entretien qvec M. Naftali HONIG, coordinateur du projet d'appui à l'application de la loi sur la faune (PALF).\n\n2 - Charte pour la lutte contre la corruption signée entre la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, la Société Civile – Secteur Privé, en date du 20 février 2012 à Brazzaville.\n\n3 - Entretien le 17 octobre avec M. Clément MIERASSA, président du Parti Social Démocrate Congolais (P.S.D.C).\n\n4 - Rapport annuel, Projet d'Appui à L'application de la Loi sur la Faune (PALF), septembre 2012. \n\n5 - Rapport ENQGAC, ministère de l'Economie, des finances et du Budget.\nPROJET DE RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITÉS DE TRANSPARENCE ET DE GOUVERNANCE (PRCTG), mars 2009.\n\n6 - La CNLCCF et la société civile signent la Charte de lutte contre la ...\nwww.congo-site.com. Actualités‎\n\n7 - www.congo-site.com. Actualités‎\n20 févr. 2012 - Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du plan gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption, la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption.\n\n8 - Talassa. (8 mars 2011). Les membres du CNLCCF et de l'OAC renforcent leurs capacités dans la gouvernance forestière.  Téle-Congo CNLCCF et l'OAC. www.talassa.org/component/content/article/35.../845-cnlccf-et-loac.html‎\n\n9 - PALF - Projet d'appui à l'Application de la Loi sur la Faune sauvage. www.palf-enforcement.org/\n\n10 - Le ministre Hellot Mampouya dans la tourmente. (27 juin 2013). Lolaka ya congo.\nwww.lolakayacongo.com/le-ministre-hellot-mampouya-dans-la-tourmente‎","Il existe bien des mécanismes pour lutter contre les allégations de corruption. Trois structures gouvernementales : l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP), la Direction Générale de Contrôle des Marchés Publics (DGCMP) et la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corru..."]
["2013_CG_12",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",12,0,"L’organe indépendant n’existe pas. C’est la raison pour laquelle le président de la République, dans son adresse devant les deux chambres du parlement réunies en congrès le 23/10/2013, a déclaré : \n« Quels que soient les efforts sur le plan du développement, notre économie ne saurait atteindre sa vitesse de croisière dans une ambiance de corruption, de détournement des deniers publics, de coulage des recettes publiques et d’enrichissement illicite.\nLes mécanismes répressifs existants doivent être réactivés et des nouveaux sont à mettre en œuvre à court terme. J’engage les institutions à cet effet, notamment le Parlement et les Assemblées provinciales, dans le cadre de leurs pouvoirs de contrôle.\nPour ma part, j’entends procéder, à la nomination d’un conseiller spécial du chef de l’État responsable de cette question. Il aura pour mission principale d’assurer un monitorage permanent de l’évolution des patrimoines, ainsi que des cas de malversation, de corruption et d’enrichissement illicite dans le chef des responsables politiques nationaux et provinciaux, des hauts fonctionnaires et cadres de l’Administration publique, des mandataires publics et autres agents publics…\nÀ cet effet, j’instruis le gouvernement de soumettre au Parlement un projet de loi généralisant l’obligation de déclarer les biens à tous les mandataires publics. »\n\nL’organe n’existe pas. Le président de la République a déclaré qu’il va nommer un conseiller spécial dans le domaine de corruption. Ainsi, les allégations contre les politiciens de haut niveau et même les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux sont rarement examinées ou ne le sont jamais. Il est difficile de poursuivre un haut fonctionnaire pour corruption. Ce cas est assez rare.\n\nLes cas de poursuite de hauts fonctionnaires pour corruption sont difficiles à établir. Souvent, ce genre de dossier est traité par la hiérarchie et il n’y a  pas de suite favorable, si ce n’est entendre que la personne poursuivie a été relaxée. Il faut que l’État mette en place un véritable organe ad hoc chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption.","— Site du journal « Le potentiel », 23/10/2013, Le discours de Joseph Kabila devant le Congrès pour « indiquer la marche à suivre pour matérialiser les recommandations », voir http://lepotentielonline.com/site2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3651:le-discours-de-joseph-kabila-devant-le-congres-pour-indiquer-la-marche-a-suivre-pour-materialiser-les-recommandations&catid=90:online-depeches&Itemid=468&lang=en.\n— Mr Guylain Mbaki, substitut du procureur, Mbandaka, Province de l'Équateur, entrevu du 25/01/2014.\n— Mr Peter Mambiku, magistrat au parquet de Boma, Bas-Congo, entrevu du 24/01/2014.","L’organe indépendant n’existe pas. C’est la raison pour laquelle le président de la République, dans son adresse devant les deux chambres du parlement réunies en congrès le 23/10/2013, a déclaré : ..."]
["2013_CI_12",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",12,25,"Dans son Rapport de 2012 sur les droits de l’homme en Côte d’Ivoire, le Département d’État américain étudiait les questions de corruption et d’absence de transparence dans le Gouvernement, précisant que des responsables publics se livrent fréquemment, et en toute impunité, à des actes de corruption. Une récente étude menée par le Secrétariat national à la gouvernance et au renforcement des capacités (SNGRC) met en évidence le niveau de corruption très élevé, tel que ressenti par les Ivoiriens. La corruption est une pratique qu’on retrouve principalement dans les ministères de l’Intérieur, de l’Éducation, de l’Économie, de la Fonction publique, de la Santé et de la Justice.\n\nLors d’un colloque tenu au cours du mois de septembre 2013, soit un an après sa mise sur pied au sein du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, un bilan de la Brigade de lutte contre la corruption (BLC) a été dressé. Ce bilan fait état de 21 dossiers enregistrés, dont 16 résultent de dénonciations anonymes et 5 de la hiérarchie du ministère. Il a également annoncé, s’agissant du traitement des dossiers enregistrés, que 7 sont achevés, 8 en cours d’enquêtes et 6 en cours d’instruction préliminaire. Au cours du même colloque, le responsable de la BLC a déclaré que « les enquêtes en matière de corruption sont longues et délicates » et que « eu égard à la complexité et à la sensibilité des dossiers liés à la corruption, il est indispensable que les entités chargées de lutter contre le fléau soient pourvues des leviers nécessaires à l’exercice de leur fonction », ce qui ne semble pas être le cas, faute notamment d’organe réellement indépendant.\n\nLe Président de l’Autorité nationale de régulation des marchés publics (ANRMP), organe indépendant jouant également un rôle dans la lutte contre la corruption dans la passation des marchés publics, a fait état de pressions dont était victime son organe de la part de certaines autorités publiques lorsqu’il s’agit de respecter les règles en matière de marchés publics. C’est notamment le cas du ministère des Transports, qui refuserait de confier la manutention aéroportuaire d’Abidjan à Europe Handling, en dépit de l’avis juridiquement exécutoire qu’aurait émis l’ANRMP.\n\nMême le pouvoir judicaire peine à affirmer son autorité et l’effectivité de son action dans la répression de la corruption. Un rapport publié en novembre 2012 par le Groupement intergouvernemental d’action contre le blanchiment d’argent en Afrique de l’Ouest (GIABA) notait le nombre très faible de condamnations prononcées par le tribunal de première instance d’Abidjan pour corruption, malgré le fait généralement admis que cette pratique soit largement répandue. Le Coordonnateur national de la Convention de la société civile ivoirienne (CSCI) a à ce propos récemment interpelé le président de la République afin qu’il exprime « une volonté et un engagement forts dans la lutte contre la corruption, l’enrichissement illicite et l’impunité ».\n\nCela étant, quelques faits illustrent les cas, encore très rares, ou certains dispositifs de lutte contre la corruption manifestent une certaine effectivité. À titre d’illustration, le quotidien gouvernemental « Fraternité Matin » a, dans son édition du 7 octobre 2013, fait état de quatre haut fonctionnaires en service au ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le Sida qui sont poursuivis pour détournement de deniers publics et corruption, notamment dans l’achat de certaines fournitures et de moto. La corruption de ces fonctionnaires aurait été mise au jour à la suite d’une mission d’investigation menée par l’Inspection générale des finances qui a constaté des irrégularités; ce qui a donné suite a une plainte de l’agent judiciaire du Trésor public et à des investigations plus poussées de la Direction de la police économique et financière (DPEF). Les différents responsables sont censés avoir été déférés au parquet, dans l’attente d’un procès.","United States Department of State, Bureau od Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. (2012). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012. \n\nCote d’Ivoire 2012 Human Rights Report. Repéré à : http://photos.state.gov/libraries/cotedivoire/231771/Pdfs/2012_HRR_Cote_dIvoire.pdf.\n\nClémençot J. et Mieu, B. (5 août 2013). « Côte d’Ivoire: corruption et favoritisme demeurent ». Jeune Afrique. Repéré à:  http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/18740-cote-divoire-corruption-et-favoritisme-demeurent.html.\n\nNouveau Courrier. (9 juillet 2013). « 85% des Ivoiriens sont \"quotidiennement\" victimes de corruption (rapport) ». Nouveau Courrier. Repéré à: http://nouveaucourrier.net/85-des-ivoiriens-sont-quotidiennement-victimes-de-corruption-rapport/.\n\nKohon, L. (7 octobre 2013). « Lutte contre la corruption: quatre haut fonctionnaires et un operateur économique déférés devant le parquet ». Fraternité Matin, n° 14657, p. 16.\n\nGroupement intergouvernemental d’action contre le blanchiment d’argent en Afrique de l’Ouest (GIABA). (2012). Rapport d’évaluation mutuelle sur la lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme, Côte d’Ivoire. Repéré à: http://www.giaba.org/media/f/495_FRE-REM%20Co?te%20d%27Ivoire.pdf.\n\nAgence ivoirienne de presse. (16 juillet 2013). « La CSCI appelle le Gouvernement à un \"engagement fort\" contre la corruption ». Abidjan.net. Repéré à:  http://news.abidjan.net/h/465533.html.","Dans son Rapport de 2012 sur les droits de l’homme en Côte d’Ivoire, le Département d’État américain étudiait les questions de corruption et d’absence de transparence dans le Gouvernement, précisant que des responsables publics se livrent fréquemment, et en toute impunité, à des ac..."]
["2013_DJ_12",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",12,0,"Dans la pratique, la nouvelle commission prévue par la loi du 16 juillet 2013 n'est pas encore opérationnelle. En effet, le décret organisant ses attributions, son fonctionnement et sa composition n'a toujours pas été adopté. Avant la mise en place de la nouvelle loi prévoyant la création (future) d'une commission de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption, les personnes interrogées confirment qu'aucune allégation de corruption contre des politiciens, des fonctionnaire ou des simples personnes physiques n'a été formulée par des autorités de contrôles existantes. La corruption se banalise, disent-ils, et les citoyens ne sont pas assez renseignés au sujet des méfaits de la corruption pour le développement et le bon fonctionnement des institutions du pays.","1) Farah Ahmed Mohamed, membre de la société civile, entretien réalisé le 6 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Omar Osman, avocat à la cour, entretien réalisé le 5 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Mohamed Idriss, assistant juridique, Assemblée nationale, entretien réalisé le 6 octobre 2013.","Dans la pratique, la nouvelle commission prévue par la loi du 16 juillet 2013 n'est pas encore opérationnelle. En effet, le décret organisant ses attributions, son fonctionnement et sa composition n'a toujours pas été adopté. Avant la mise en place de la nouvelle loi prévoyant la c..."]
["2013_EG_12",2013,"EG","Egypt",12,25,"In Egypt, a number of senior leaders of the former Mubarak regime were put on trial or convicted during the rule of President Morsi. The current coup-led government of Egypt has continued these investigations which have been running somewhat  independently of the political regime change. Some processes started in the SCAF-era and they have continued into the research period, for example the prosecution of the prime minister's office over the privatisation of the Nile Cotton Gining Company. \n\nHowever, the relative ease in which a number of senior military figures were able to retire from their posts, receiving jobs in the civil service and/or key roles in government companies has not been investigated to the fullest potential. Many high-level as well as medium level officials are not investigated.","(2013, June 16) .  Former housing minister stands trial in new corruption case.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/former-housing-minister-stands-trial-new-corruption-case.\n\nHafez, Mohammed.  (2013, November 22) .  [Lawyer and advisor to No Military Trials].  Personal communication.\n\n(2012, September 13) .  Egypt: Ex-PM Ahmed Nazif jailed for corruption.  BBC.  Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19584262.","In Egypt, a number of senior leaders of the former Mubarak regime were put on trial or convicted during the rule of President Morsi. The current coup-led government of Egypt has continued these investigations which have been running somewhat  independently of the political regime c..."]
["2013_GQ_12",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",12,0,"The President of Equatorial Guinea continued to deny the widespread corruption in the country. The Anti-Corruption Office within the executive (\"Fiscalía Anti-Corrupción\") had filed a low number of cases against public officials and targeted only low-level officials. Allegations of corruption of senior level officials have been only prosecuted for political reasons. Corruption investigations were rarely conducted.\n\nThe Ethics Commission, chaired by the attorney general that could be responsible for these procedures, has not been in operation since its creation in 2004. Since the Ethics Commission has not been in operation and was not an effective body, the new constitution created the Anti-Corruption Office that has been responsible for the investigation of corruption allegations during the period of review.","Amanpour, C.  (2013, October 5) .  Christiane Amanpour, interview with President Teodoro Obiang of Equatorial Guinea. CNN.  Retrieved from http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1210/05/ampr.01.html \n\nAnonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, October 4) .  El Tribunal de Cuentas de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.diariorombe.es/el-tribunal-de-cuentas-de-guinea-ecuatorial/\n\n(2012, September 29) .  La politica de hablen, pero en voz baja.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/la-politica-de-hablen-pero-en-voz-baja-7/ \n\nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper","The President of Equatorial Guinea continued to deny the widespread corruption in the country. The Anti-Corruption Office within the executive (\"Fiscalía Anti-Corrupción\") had filed a low number of cases against public officials and targeted only low-level officials. Allegations of..."]
["2013_ER_12",2013,"ER","Eritrea",12,0,"In 1996, the Government of the State of Eritrea (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement. But not a lot of people interviewed are aware of proper trial systems for the past 15 years. The special courts appear to try individuals accused of being enemies of the state who are critical of the incumbent government.\n\nA 2013 Freedom House report states the following: the judiciary, which was formed by decree in 1993, is understaffed, unprofessional, and has never issued rulings at odds with government positions. Constitutional due process guarantees are often ignored in cases related to state security. The International Crisis Group has described Eritrea as a “prison state” for its flagrant disregard of the rule of law and its willingness to detain anyone suspected of opposing the regime, usually without charge.","Keetharuth, SB. (2013 May). General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Eritrea.  .ohchr.org/.../A.HRC.23.53_ENG.pdf.\n\nFreedom House Human Rights Report 2013\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/eritrea-0.","In 1996, the Government of the State of Eritrea (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement. But not a lot of people interviewed are aware of proper trial systems for the past 15 years. The special courts appear to t..."]
["2013_ET_12",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",12,0,"Investigations in senior government officials occur but are rare. Often they are understood as manifestations of internal rivalry and political fights among political heavy weights that are carried out on legal grounds. \n\nThe arrest and ongoing investigation of the Director General of the Ethiopian Customs Authority, Melaku Fenta, his deputy, and many others in their cohort was met with suspicion and speculation, for example. \n\nPublic reaction to such action is mixed. Some regard them as positive moves that demonstrate the commission's capability to start and carry out investigations. Others consider the activity to be drop in the ocean, ineffective and political in nature. By his own admission, in a statement that appeared in Addis Admas, a local Amharic newspaper, the commissioner admitted the arrest of Customs officials was initiated by the late Prime Minister, which counters any assessment that the Commission is independently pursuing major or minor cases of corruption allegations.","1. Addis Guday, a weekly magazine, Minister, Deputy and Other Important Officials Arrested on Charges of Corruption, June 2013. \n2. Addis Guday, Vol. 7 No. 181, September 2013.\n3. Life, Local Amharic Magazine, Vol. 7, no. 110, July 2013.\n4. Addis Admas Newspaper, Vol. 13, no. 696, May 17/18, 2013.","Investigations in senior government officials occur but are rare. Often they are understood as manifestations of internal rivalry and political fights among political heavy weights that are carried out on legal grounds. ..."]
["2013_GA_12",2013,"GA","Gabon",12,50,"The Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l'Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI) was set up in May 2003 as an independent government entity. The nine magistrates serving in the CNLCEI are appointed by President Ali Bongo Ondimba, members of his cabinet, as well as civil society groups. However, the anonymous source says that the magistrates at the CNLCEI are de facto appointed by the Council of Ministers (Conseil des Ministres), therefore compromising its independence. \n\nAccording to the anonymous source, CNLCEI works behind closed doors and its independence cannot be guaranteed, as its members are nominated in the Council of Ministers that is presided by the President. According to the source, no one has appeared so far before courts for misappropriation of funds. The source gives the example of Julien Nkoghé Békalé, current Minister of Agriculture. The CNLCEI initially launched an investigation into the alleged embezzlement of CFA 500 million during Békalé's tenure at the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum. Békalé is referred to in some blog entries and news stories as an \"untouchable\" senior official.\n\nThe claims against Békalé first surfaced in Les Echos du Nord [a weekly political satire newspaper] on December 24, 2012. The weekly made reference to a case of embezzlement that was subject of a CNLCEI investigation on July 26, 2012 and was later forwarded to the District Court of Libreville as File 0227/CNLCEI. Les Echos stated that the CNLCEI had ordered the cautionary freeze of assets of several officials and civil servants at the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum, including Julien Nkoghé Békalé himself. \n\nIt is difficult to independently verify whether Békalé did or did not embezzle CFA 500 million. But as of January 2013, CNLCEI had blocked a number of the Minister's personal bank accounts in Gabon as a cautionary measure. As mentioned by the anonymous source, Békalé continues to serve as Minister of Agriculture, despite CNLCEI's ongoing investigation. He is described by Janis Otsiemi in \"Les Hommes et les Femmes d'Ali Bongo Ondimba\" as being very close to the president.","(2013, January 5) .  Affaire Julien Nkoghe Bekale: Un coup d'épée dans les eaux du koto.  [Anonymous political blog].  Retrieved from   http://gabonimmortel.canalblog.com/archives/2013/01/05/26076583.html\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nDissumba. D.M.  (2012, December 29) .  Julien Nkoghé Békalé épinglé pour un détournement de 500 millions de francs CFA.  GabonReview.  [Read thread of commentary].  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/julien-nkoghe-bekale-epingle-pour-un-detournement-de-500-millions-de-francs-cfa/\n\n(2012, December 30) .  Gabon: un ministre accusé de détournements.  Agence EcoFi.  Retrieved from http://www.agenceecofin.com/anti-corruption/3012-8228-gabon-un-ministre-accuse-de-detournements\n\nOtsiemi, J.  (2011) .  Les hommes et les femme d'Ali Bongo Ondimba.  Paris: Mon Petit Éditeur. \n\nSEE.  (2013, January 2) . Julien Nkoghé Békalé dans le collimateur de la CNLCEI?\".  GabonEco.  Retrieved from  http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27510\n\nSylvain, J.M.  (n.d.) .  Julien Nkoghé Békalé épinglé.   [PDF of article in printed media-newspaper unknown].  Retrieved from http://cocom.rggov.org/veille/4_2012/_files/v20121224%20ENRICHISSEMENT%20ILLICITE.pdf","The Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l'Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI) was set up in May 2003 as an independent government entity. The nine magistrates serving in the CNLCEI are appointed by President Ali Bongo Ondimba, members of his cabinet, as well as civil society groups. ..."]
["2013_GM_12",2013,"GM","The Gambia",12,25,"The two people interviewed for this study hold contrary views on this issue. Both agree that the investigations on allegations of corruption are done by the police but disagree on the independence of the police force in its investigations into alleged corruption cases. As indicated by additional sources, allegations of corruption involving the former chief justice and the former attorney general and Minister of justice: Both cases were investigated and are now being prosecuted before the High Court. \n\nThe two prosecutions do not, however, represent a recurring theme. As Cherno Marena stated, the independence of the police force is questionable, as the police force falls under the executive arm of government and has in many other instances in the past acted under the influence of the executive. This is corroborated by yet another sources, stating \"Security force members were frequently corrupt and ineffective. Impunity was a problem, and police sometimes defied court orders\". The Anti-Corruption Commission is not yet in place, the police therefore is the only entity currently in charge pf investigating corruption.","1. Interview with Cherno Marenah, Registrar General of The Gambia, Attorney General Chambers, Ministry of Justice. October 7 2013.\n2. Interview with Tijan Badjie, Deputy Crime Management Coordinator. October 8 2013.\n3. Gambia: Justice Wowo, Jobarteh and Co Back in Court. September 18. Sanna Jawara. September 17 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201309171169.html\n4. Anti-Corruption Group Demands Joseph Wowo's Prosecution. Senegambia News, \nAugust 4, 2013. http://www.senegambianews.com/1333/43122/a/anti-corruption-group-demands-joseph-wowos-prosecution\n5. Operational Guidance Note. The Gambia OGN v 6.0. June 21 2013. UK Border Agency. Available at http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51cbfc524.pdf","The two people interviewed for this study hold contrary views on this issue. Both agree that the investigations on allegations of corruption are done by the police but disagree on the independence of the police force in its investigations into alleged corruption cases. As indicated..."]
["2013_GH_12",2013,"GH","Ghana",12,50,"As provided for by the constitution, the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice investigates allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and civil servants and states its findings without fear or favour. According to a written response received from the commission, dated October 23, 2013 and signed by its legal officer, in response to a request for latest statistics on the situation, in the year 2012 it received \"a total of 106 cases which included cases of abuse of office/power/functions, misappropriation/embezzlement, fraud, conflict of interest, bribery and extortion of money\".\nThe commission said: \"All the complaints were against public office holders, both junior and senior levels.\"\n\nDespite being asked, the commission did not provide definite or specific statistics on the number of the cases it had so far investigated. It stated only that \"two cases are pending before the high court and the supreme court respectively\".\n\nEven though the commission is an independent investigative body and functions without fear or favour, its effectiveness is hampered or limited by inadequate funding, rendering it unable to investigate most of the cases brought before it on time. Some cases are never investigated.","1. Mr D.C. Hammond, legal officer, Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, written correspondence, October 23, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Roland Akabzaa, research officer, Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Dr Franklin Oduro, head of programmes and deputy director of the Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, telephone interview, September 26, 2013, Accra.","As provided for by the constitution, the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice investigates allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and civil servants and states its findings without fear or favour. According to a written response received from th..."]
["2013_GN_12",2013,"GN","Guinea",12,0,"Dans le cadre de la lutte contre la corruption, des plans d'action ont été formulés au Bureau des plaintes des citoyens. Jusqu'à présent, toutefois, ces plans ne bénéficient d’aucun budget de fonctionnement. De sorte que depuis septembre 2012, aucune affaire de corruption n’y a encore été mise en examen.\n \nDans les faits, l’agence oriente beaucoup plus son travail du côté des plaidoiries et de la sensibilisation de la population et des fonctionnaires que vers les enquêtes criminelles ou la répression.","Entretien avec Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Jean Kolié, Ministère de la Coopération internationale, 10 septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n\nEntretien avec Maître  Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15 h 20.\n\nEntretien avec François Falcon, Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 9 septembre 2013, 9 h 45.","Dans le cadre de la lutte contre la corruption, des plans d'action ont été formulés au Bureau des plaintes des citoyens. Jusqu'à présent, toutefois, ces plans ne bénéficient d’aucun budget de fonctionnement. De sorte que depuis septembre 2012, aucune affaire de corruption n’y a enc..."]
["2013_GW_12",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",12,0,"In Guinea Bissau, there is strong interference to avoid investigations taking place at or through the public ministry. The ministry is the public body mandated to investigate allegations. In practice, not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, sometimes the members of the ministry and/or the judiciary police in charge of investigating the allegations have been subjected to strong interference, leading to the resignation of police and judicial personnel.","1.\tEdinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.\tCherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.\tMario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","In Guinea Bissau, there is strong interference to avoid investigations taking place at or through the public ministry. The ministry is the public body mandated to investigate allegations. In practice, not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any..."]
["2013_KE_12",2013,"KE","Kenya",12,100,"Throughout 2011/12, the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission received and analysed a total of 5,230 reported cases at its headquarters in Nairobi, as well as regional offices in Kisumu, Mombasa, Eldoret, Nyeri and Garissa. The number of relevant reports that fall within the commission's mandate grew 34% from the previous year, the 2010/11 financial year.\n\nOver the period the commission recovered public assets including, but not limited to, Mombasa's Uhuru Gardens valued at about 500million Kenya shillings, and a land parcel LR. No 22008/5 belonging to the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute valued at 20 million Kenya shillings.\n\nThe commission traced four illegally acquired public assets valued at 126.5 million Kenya shillings and conducted corruption distraction activities that averted the loss of Sh1.2billion shillings.\n\nIn addition, the commission recovered a mayoral house for Nairobi and handed it back to the national treasury on April 17, 2012. \n\nIn the 2011/12 window, the commission forwarded 89 investigation files to the Directorate of Public Prosecutions out of which 54 recommendations to prosecute were accepted, three recommended for administrative action and eight for closure.\n\nSeveral high profile public officials have been arraigned in Kenyan courts to face corruption charges. The Commission does not operate based on fear or favor. \n\nThe commission has become aggressive in pursuing graft cases across the country. Reforms in the Kenyan judiciary have buoyed the anti-graft agency to step up its work without fear. While the commission is highly active and effective, the commission still does have not  coverage in all corners of Kenya and therefore some cases of graft may not be captured. Nonetheless the vast majority of the reported suspected cases of graft among politicians are pursued by the commission.","1. Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Annual Report 2011/12http://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/EACC annual report - 2011-2012-final.pd.\n\n2. \"Kasarani MP arrested over Sh150,000 bribe\", an article by Star Newspaper published on  Thursday, July 4, 2013. http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-126781/kasarani-mp-arrested-over-sh150000-bribe.\n\n3. \"MP arrested in Diani plot fraud case\" An article by Catherine Karongo of Capital FM News,  published May 17, 2012, http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/05/mp-arrested-in-diani-plot-fraud-case/.\n\n4. \"Kasarani MP charged with soliciting bribe of Sh150,000\" An article published in the Business Daily Newspaper of July 4,2013, http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Kasarani+MP+charged+with+soliciting+bribe+of+Sh150+000+/-/539546/1905268/-/ygfadw/-/index.html.\n\n5. \"PS Thuita charged over embassy scandal\",by Lydia Matata, published in Star newspaper of Thursday, February 28, 2013, http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-109904/ps-thuita-charged-over-embassy-scandal.\n\n6. Mr Yasin Aila, spokesman EACC, interviewed on September 18, 2013.","Throughout 2011/12, the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission received and analysed a total of 5,230 reported cases at its headquarters in Nairobi, as well as regional offices in Kisumu, Mombasa, Eldoret, Nyeri and Garissa. The number of relevant reports that fall within the commis..."]
["2013_LS_12",2013,"LS","Lesotho",12,75,"Since its establishment, the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences has investigated and successfully prosecuted a number of corruption allegations involving top-level civil servants. For example, the directorate has successfully prosecuted the former National Assembly Clerk for fraud and corruption charges. It is currently investigating allegations that some senior public officials and politicians benefited - as individuals - from the awarding of the M298 million (approx. $30 million) ID and passport tender to a foreign-based company. The principal secretaries of the ministry of home affairs and the ministry of finance, and the former minister of natural resources, are some of the people implicated in this connection. In 2013, it was reported that the directorate  was investigating the former Minister of Finance and the current Minister of Water Affairs, Timothy Thahane, for fraud, conflict of interest and abuse of office. The same minister has also been investigated on allegations of human trafficking. There are cases in which directorate officers have allegedly been threatened or victimised for carrying out investigations on politicians and senior government officials. However, the media has not reported many of these incidents.","1. Litelu Ramokhoro. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Director, Public Education and Corruption Prevention. 11 October 2013\n\n2. Tefo Tefo Public Eye Newspaper. Thahane investigated for human trafficking.  December 22 2012, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=927\n\n3. Leboela Motopi and Pascalinah Kabi. Public Eye Newspaper. Moleleki faces fresh corruption charges, June 21 2013, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=2794\n\n4. Nat Molomo and Caswell Tlali. Sunday Express Newspaper Moleleki faces two charges of fraud. 22 June 2013, http://sundayexpress.co.ls/?p=8591.Public Eye Newspaper\n\n5. Investigation zeroes in on ministers, Africa Times, June 6 2013. http://fr.africatime.com/lesotho/articles/id-tender-investigation-zeroes-ministers","Since its establishment, the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences has investigated and successfully prosecuted a number of corruption allegations involving top-level civil servants. For example, the directorate has successfully prosecuted the former National Assembly Cle..."]
["2013_LR_12",2013,"LR","Liberia",12,50,"Liberia's anti-corruption body has investigated several high-profile government officials for allegations of corruption, but has only convicted one while a few court cases are still ongoing and pending before the courts. The body is mandated by the act creating it to investigate all allegations of corrupt and corruption-related practices in Liberia. All officials of government are subject to investigation once implicated in any report for corruption, except for people who are subject to the uniform code of military justice.\n\nSome of the personalities investigated by the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) included a former police commissioner, a former information minister, and former commissioner of the Liberia Telecommunications Authority among others. There have been no accusations of undue influence from other offices.\n\nThe LACC has limitations when it comes to funding. It is not autonomous financially and has to rely on national budget allocation through the Ministry of Finance. When it comes to investigating people from other branches of government, the body has never investigated or does not have cases on records for people from the Legislature and the Judiciary, but this does not preclude the body from going after anyone.\n\nHowever, not every allegation of corruption against a senior official or civil servants are investigated. Several cases are instructive:\n\n1. Dr. Chris Toe, the former Minister of Agriculture, was accused of embezzlement; but, the case was never investigated.\n2. Dr. Joseph Kortu, the former Minister of Education, was accused of embezzlement; but, the case was never investigated.\n3. Both Finance Minister Amara Konneh and Health Minister Walter Gwanagale were accused of embezzling aid money from the European Union; but, the case was never investigated.\n\nThe record of the body is thus mixed.","1. Brown, G. (2013, October 10). Personal Interview.\n\n2. (2013, May 21). Police Indicted In New Corruption Report, New Democrat Newspaper, \nhttp://www.newdemocratnews.com/index.php/news/national-news/item/2230-police-indicted-in-new-corruption-report\n\n3. Report: LACC Annual Report 2012, the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, www.lacc.gov.lr","Liberia's anti-corruption body has investigated several high-profile government officials for allegations of corruption, but has only convicted one while a few court cases are still ongoing and pending before the courts. The body is mandated by the act creating it to investigate al..."]
["2013_LY_12",2013,"LY","Libya",12,0,"Despite the existence of a legal apparatus and, in some cases, the public annoucement in press conferences of corruption cases with evidence to support it, the GNC (General National Congress) fails to pursue the investigation process and even stops the general prosecutor from opening court instructions against public officials. This was the case of Naji Mokhtar, head of the energy committee at the GNC, who was not prosecuted regardless of the obvious evidence of his misconduct.","Eljarh, M.  (2013, October 22) .  On top of everything else, now Libya has a corruption scandal to worry about.  Transitions.  Retrieved from http://transitions.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/22/on_top_of_everything_else_now_libya_has_a_corruption_scandal_to_worry_about\n\nKhan, U. (2013, August 3) .  Opinion: Corruption - The biggest problem facing Libya.   Libya Herald.  Retrieved from http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/08/03/opinion-corruption-the-biggest-problem-facing-libya/#axzz2kFKcPs1Y\n\nTransparency International.  (2013) .  Global Corruption Barometer.  Retrieved from http://www.transparencia.org.es/BAROMETRO_GLOBAL/Bar%C3%B3metro_Global_2013/Global_Corruption_Barometer_2013.pdf","Despite the existence of a legal apparatus and, in some cases, the public annoucement in press conferences of corruption cases with evidence to support it, the GNC (General National Congress) fails to pursue the investigation process and even stops the general prosecutor from openi..."]
["2013_MG_12",2013,"MG","Madagascar",12,25,"Dans la pratique donc, le BIANCO, en tant qu’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption, peut examiner toutes les allégations de corruption dont il est saisi. Il n’est fait aucune mention d’une distinction quelconque, qu’il s’agisse de politiciens de haut niveau ou de fonctionnaires. Quant à l’indépendance du BIANCO, il est stipulé par l’article 37 du Décret  n° 2008-176 abrogeant le Décret n° 2004-937 du 5 octobre 2004 et portant sur la réorganisation du Bureau : l’investigation étant la phase du procès pénal se déroulant avant le déclenchement des poursuites, les actes d’investigation peuvent être menés par le BIANCO sans autorisation préalable sur toute personne, suivant un mandat émanant du directeur général ou du directeur général adjoint ou du chargé d’intérim, en cas d’absence ou d’empêchement du directeur général et du directeur général adjoint.\nPour l’année 2013, selon les statistiques disponibles sur le site du BIANCO, on a :\n- Nombre de doléances de cas de corruption reçues : 306\n- Nombre de cas de corruption ayant donné lieu à enquête : 235\n- Nombre de doléances de corruption traitées : 230\n- Nombre de dossiers traités : 179\n- Nombre de dossiers transmis aux juridictions : 88\n- Nombre de personnes faisant l’objet d’arrestations : 70\n- Nombre de personnes mises en détention provisoire : 14\nLa plus grande partie des doléances de corruption concernent les secteurs suivants (par ordre décroissant) : gendarmerie, collectivités décentralisées (les communes), la justice, les services fonciers, la police et le secteur de l’éducation. Ces doléances se rapportent à des fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux. Mais le BIANCO est critiqué pour ne s’occuper que des affaires mettant en cause «des petits poissons», c’est-à-dire des petits fonctionnaires.\nLe Centre d’assistance juridique et d’action citoyenne (CAJAC) de la Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar (TI-IM) a recueilli  des doléances de cas de corruption relatifs à des fonctionnaires des secteurs suivants (par ordre décroissant) : gendarmerie, les communes, la justice, la police et le secteur de l’éducation. On voit que les mêmes secteurs se retrouvent en tête de liste. Il n’est pas possible d’identifier la position des incriminés auprès de la TI-IM, à cause de la confidentialité qui la lie aux plaignants.\nAu niveau du Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité (CSI), le BIANCO joue son rôle. Toutefois, le problème réside dans le fait que certaines catégories de fonctionnaires jouissent d’une immunité et ne peuvent être poursuivies que sur autorisation préalable de leurs corps d’appartenance. Cette affirmation est vérifiée par l’existence de cas de corruption ou de malversations qui restent impunis. Des cas récents ont été publiés au grand jour par le Directeur général du Trésor (cf. Madagascar Tribune du 4 mars 2013) : « […] les dépenses mensuelles engloutissent quelque 250 milliards d’ariarys alors que les recettes ne s’élèvent en moyenne qu’à 180 milliards d’ariarys. Le DG du Trésor précise que ces manques à gagner sont également dus à des détournements découverts par la Brigade d’inspection des finances publiques qui a mis à jour quelque 1700 affaires de détournement sur 13 ans, dont la majorité des auteurs sont demeurés impunis ; en cause le statut de l’inspecteur du Trésor qui ne lui permet pas de poursuivre le délinquant ou le criminel en justice. C’est la raison pour laquelle le DG du Trésor réitère qu’il est urgent que l’inspecteur de la Brigade ait le statut d’Officier de police judiciaire, mais ne soit plus considéré comme un simple témoin devant la barre ».\nDes fois aussi, les dénonciations de cas de corruption sont taxées « de tentatives d’élimination d’un adversaire politique ». La non-publication des cas initiés par le BIANCO touchant de hauts fonctionnaires pousse les gens à accorder du crédit à de telles affirmations. On peut citer par exemple le cas d’un ancien vice-premier ministre devenu membre du Conseil supérieur de la transition, lequel a fait l’objet d’une convocation du BIANCO qui n’a pas eu de suite (cf. Madagascar Tribune, 13 février 2013). \nLes allégations de corruption touchant des politiciens n’existent pas dans les statistiques du BIANCO, qui rappelons-le, n’intervient que suite à une dénonciation. Or, l’enquête du Baromètre mondial de la corruption de Transparency International a montré qu’à Madagascar, 70% des répondants estiment que les partis politiques sont corrompus ou extrêmement corrompus.\nPour les deux journalistes ayant fait l’objet d’une entrevue, la réponse est négative. Cela n’existe pas.","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Lejamble Brice, secrétaire exécutif p.i, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 23 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- «Convocation du CST Alain Tehindrazanarivelo Jakoba. De nouveau cette question d’immunité», Madagascar Tribune, 13 février 20213.\nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/De-nouveau-cette-question-d,18453.html\n- «Trésor public. Un déficit de 4000 milliards d’ariary», Madagascar Tribune, 4 mars 2013.\nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Un-deficit-de-4000-milliards-d,18508.html\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, Journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 1 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Baromètre global de la corruption 2013 de Transparency International, 4 octobre 2013.\nhttp://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country/?country=madagascar.\n- Site du Bureau indépendant anti corruption (BIANCO).\nhttp://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0, 4 octobre 2013\n- Rakotoarisoa Angela, assistante juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 3 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Tsihiavonana Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 4 Octobre 2013. (Interview)","Dans la pratique donc, le BIANCO, en tant qu’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption, peut examiner toutes les allégations de corruption dont il est saisi. Il n’est fait aucune mention d’une distinction quelconque, qu’il s’agisse de politiciens de haut niveau ou de fonc..."]
["2013_MW_12",2013,"MW","Malawi",12,50,"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and civil servants are sometimes investigated by the anti-corruption bureau - the body mandated to do so. Other bodies that also conduct such investigations include the police service, the human rights commission and the director of public prosecution. However, investigations do not always lead to prosecutions. The bureau is often accused of investigating allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and civil servants once the government they served under is out of office. Another issue is that an officer against whom a complaint has been raised may be prosecuted by the government he or she served under once he or she falls out of favour. This problem shows that there is limited independence in the execution of the functions of the bureau. \n\nFor example, of the 26 people arrested so far in the current so-called “cashgate” corruption scandal in which many top government officials are allegedly involved, the bureau only arrested one senior official, Tressa Senzani, the principal secretary for the ministry of tourism. There seems to be a deliberate approach where “small fish” are being arrested when speculation is rife that “big fish” are involved.","Fiona Mwale. High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\nChris Chisoni. National Secretary. Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice. November 12 2013.\nNickson Masebo. Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson. November 12 2013.\n\nRobert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee, 13 November 2013\n\nCharles Mpaka timesmediamw.com/dark-horses-in-malawis-cash-gate-scandal","In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and civil servants are sometimes investigated by the anti-corruption bureau - the body mandated to do so. Other bodies that also conduct such investigations include the police service, the human rights commissi..."]
["2013_ML_12",2013,"ML","Mali",12,50,"Les personnes ressources approchées dans le cadre de cet indicateur sont unanimes sur le fait que : les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux devraient toutes être examinées par un organe indépendant. \n\nPour Moriba Traoré du Groupe suivi budgétaire, « l'indépendance de cet organe n'est pas sauvegardée car les membres en charge d'enquêter sur les allégations reçoivent parfois des incitations positives/négatives afin de se prononcer en faveur/contre un politicien et/ou fonctionnaire de haut niveau ».\n\nL'ancien procureur Sombé Théra du pôle économique par exemple déclare que « rares sont les dossiers concernant de hauts responsables menés à leur terme »","Entretien avec Moriba Traoré, porte parole, Groupe suivi budgétaire, réalisé le 20 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Moussa Cissé, Expert en développement, Conseil national de la société civile, réalisé le 20 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Sombé Théra, ancien Procureur, Pôle économique du Mali, réalisé le 20 septembre 2013.","Les personnes ressources approchées dans le cadre de cet indicateur sont unanimes sur le fait que : les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux devraient toutes être examinées par un organe indépendant. ..."]
["2013_MR_12",2013,"MR","Mauritania",12,0,"Il n'existe pas encore un organe indépendant chargé d'enquêter et de mener des investigations sur les allégations de corruption. Il n'existe pas non plus de mécanismes appropriés permettant d'enclencher des enquêtes sur les soupçons et accusations de concussion. Toutefois, les autorités ont institué une structure dont la tâche est de recueillir les déclarations de revenus, de patrimoine des hautes personnalités de l'État et des membres de la haute fonction publique. \n\nDans la nomenclature des structures de lutte contre la corruption en Mauritanie, il y a la direction de la lutte et de la répression de la délinquance financière, la Cour des comptes et surtout l'Inspection générale d'État. Si la première est une instance administrative, la seconde est une juridiction financière et le troisième est un organe administratif rattaché à la primature.  \n\nCette dernière a davantage la compétence de mener des investigations et des missions d'audit dans les principaux services publics. Toutefois elle n'a aucune marge de manœuvre et son plan de travail annuel est approuvé par le premier ministre. A l'issue des travaux de réflexion sur la corruption en Mauritanie, organisés par le PNUD et les pouvoirs publics en 2012, il a été convenu de créer un observatoire national de lutte contre la corruption, avec des moyens d'investigation renforcés.","1.Mohamed Abdallahi ould Bilil, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 19 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Mine ould Habiboullah, avocat à la cour, président, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Ahmed Youra ould Haye, professeur, Université de Nouakchott, 13 novembre 2013.","Il n'existe pas encore un organe indépendant chargé d'enquêter et de mener des investigations sur les allégations de corruption. Il n'existe pas non plus de mécanismes appropriés permettant d'enclencher des enquêtes sur les soupçons et accusations de concussion. Toutefois, les auto..."]
["2013_MU_12",2013,"MU","Mauritius",12,75,"All cases of alleged corruption from any type of public official, be it senior or a simple civil servant, are investigated by the Independent Commission Against Corruption. The press frequently reports many cases of inquiries being undertaken by ICAC. In that respect, ICAC will investigate cases of bribery by police officers but will also investigate higher profile cases, such as the one where the chairman and director of the Mauritius Ports Authority had been investigated and officially charged with bribery of around $900,000. However, it can be argued that the ICAC is not completely independent, since commissioners are appointed by the prime minister. It must be noted that the prime minister appoints the director-general of ICAC in consultation with the leader of the opposition. The other two commissioners are appointed by the president alone.","Interview: Rajen Bablee, Executive Director, Transparency Mauritius, interviewed on Nov. 22, 2013\n\nPress Article : \"Pot de Vin Allegué – L’accusation logée par l’ICAC contre le Caporal Cangy Rayée\"  (Alleged Bribery –  Accusation by ICAC against Caporal Cangy dismissed) Le Mauricien  Sept. 27, 2013, http://www.lemauricien.com/article/pot-vin-allegue-l-accusation-logee-l-icac-contre-caporal-cangy-rayee\n\nPress Article: “Boskalis – Chady et Maunthrooa acculés\" (Boskalis – Chady and Maunthrooa cornered) Le Mauricien Jan. 11, 2013, available online http://www.lemauricien.com/article/boskalis%C2%A0-chady-et-maunthrooa-accules\n\nICAC website: http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/cid_statistics.htm accessed on Nov. 26, 2013","All cases of alleged corruption from any type of public official, be it senior or a simple civil servant, are investigated by the Independent Commission Against Corruption. The press frequently reports many cases of inquiries being undertaken by ICAC. In that respect, ICAC will inv..."]
["2013_MA_12",2013,"MA","Morocco",12,0,"There is a body that investigate corruption in Morocco but this body is not independent to investigate corruption in Morocco. Corruption in Morocco is endemic. The 2011 constitution stipulates the creation of an independent body with the mandate to ensure good governance and a corruption-free environment in articles 36 and 167:  the Forum of National Integrity, Prevention and Combating Corruption. \n\nCurrently, there is the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention which was established by Decree no. 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007. It is an agency under the supervision of the prime minister that monitors the implementation of policies to prevent corruption. There have been cases of corruption allegations denounced and transported by the media but the politicians in question were never investigated let alone indicted.","Central Authority for Corruption Prevention.  (2013, October 2) .  Personal communication.\n\nMorocco.  Constitution, articles 36 and 167.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf\n\nMorocco.  Decree no. 2-05-1228.  (2007) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/DECRET%20N%202-05-1228INSTITUANT%20LINSTANCE%20CENTRALE%20DE%20PREVENTION%20DE%20LA%20CORRUPTION%20-DIVER-.htm\n\n(2013, June 19) .  The Bensouda Mezouar case: Charges dropped.  Lakome.  Retrieved from https://fr.lakome.com/index.php/maroc/963-affaire-des-primes-mezouar-bensouda-la-plainte-des-associations-classee-sans-suite","There is a body that investigate corruption in Morocco but this body is not independent to investigate corruption in Morocco. Corruption in Morocco is endemic. The 2011 constitution stipulates the creation of an independent body with the mandate to ensure good governance and a corr..."]
["2013_MZ_12",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",12,0,"During the period under review, there were allegations of corruption against the Minister of Agriculture, Jose Pacheco, on charges of illegaly exporting timber and money as well as embezzlement allegations against the president of the administrative court. Both cases are cited within the newspapers referenced.\n\nAllegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants are not duly investigated due to lack of independence of the judiciary, including courts and the prosecutors from the central directorate for fighting corruption as well as the criminal investigation police from the executive branch. \n\nIn fact, due to the above mentioned weaknesses and the sometimes occuring political manipulations of judicial institutions, some prominent politicians and civil servants are allegedly engaged in corrupt activities with a certain level of impunity. Although there are many legal and regulatory requirements previously established to combat and control corruption, the institutions meant to enforce this framework work unsatisfactorily. Few cases of corruption are uncovered or effectively investigated. As for the past 11 months, only 560 cases are currently under investigation according to information from the central directorate. The vast majority of these cases involve charges that do not touch on high-level corruption.","1.\tBaltazar Fael. Reserach Director. Centre for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013. \n2.\t\"Tribunal Administrativo de Moçambique sob suspeita de corrupção\". Gloria Sousa. Deutche Welle. August 28, 2013. http://www.dw.de/tribunal-administrativo-de-mo%C3%A7ambique-sob-suspeita-de-corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o/a-17051989. \n3.\t\"Parceiros querem explicações sobre alegados casos de corrupção em Moçambique\". Redaccao. Lusa, June 5, 2013. \n4.\t\"Sociedade civil exige independência da Procuradoria na investigação\". Redaccao. O Pais. April 26, 2013. http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/25096-sociedade-civil-exige-independencia-da-procuradoria-na-investigacao.html.","During the period under review, there were allegations of corruption against the Minister of Agriculture, Jose Pacheco, on charges of illegaly exporting timber and money as well as embezzlement allegations against the president of the administrative court. Both cases are cited with..."]
["2013_NA_12",2013,"NA","Namibia",12,25,"The anti-corruption commission is tasked with investigating incidences of alleged corruption, including those involving senior level politicians and/or civil servants at any level. In Namibia, there is a widely held public perception that with regards to investigations into incidences of alleged corruption, “big fish keep slipping through the net” and that those investigated and ultimately prosecuted, are low level officials. The fact that the commission has a \"big fish, small fish\" campaign in place speaks volume to these allegations. The commission also does not release its investigations reports to the public, even though they are handed to cabinet but not to parliament to become public information.\n\nThere are concerns about the commission's independence, given the fact that its top leadership is nominated by the president who is likely to appoint members of his political party, and, as a result, compromises the work the institution does.","Fillemon Enkali, PRO – Anti-Corruption Commission, September 30 2013.\nToivo Ndjebela, editor, Namibian Sun, Sept 28 2013.\nFrederiko Links, editor; Insight business magazine, September 23 2013.\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\nJaqueline Asheeke, columnist and writer, former CEO FENATA, and chairperson of the board of directors, Namibia Wildlife Resorts, October 2 2012.","The anti-corruption commission is tasked with investigating incidences of alleged corruption, including those involving senior level politicians and/or civil servants at any level. In Namibia, there is a widely held public perception that with regards to investigations into inciden..."]
["2013_NE_12",2013,"NE","Niger",12,50,"La HALCIA a été créée en août 2011 et en est donc à ses débuts. Les enquêteurs de la HALCIA rendent compte directement au Président, ce qui peut créer des incitations à enquêter sur un cas ou pas. Selon une des sources, \"Rien que la semaine dernière, l’institution de Issoufou Boureima a opéré une sortie médiatique lors de laquelle, l’opinion a entendu dire que plus de 100 dossiers étaient traités. Des dossiers dont certains impliquent même de « hautes personnalités », selon les propres termes du président de la HALCIA. (...) Indépendance ? Parlons-en justement ! La HALCIA, sous sa forme actuelle n’a de compte à rendre qu’au président de la République qui reçoit en exclusivité ses rapports. Au chef de l’Etat de décider de les transmettre ou non à la justice. Et c’est là que se trouve le problème. Si la HALCIA dépose sur le bureau du président de la République un rapport qui mettrait en cause un proche de celui-ci, que se passera- t-il si le chef de l’Etat décide de le « classer sans suite » ? Rien ! Il est donc à craindre que la HALCIA ne finisse par être un instrument de chantage, de règlement de compte politique aux seules mains du président de la République.\"\n\nSelon cette sortie médiatique \"à la date du 31 mars 2013, la HALCIA a été saisie de 105 affaires de corruption ; elle a reçu 60 rapports de l'Inspection générale d'Etat (IGE) et 27 dénonciations provenant de la Ligne verte du Ministère de la Justice, soit un total de 192 affaires. « Depuis lors, nous procédons à un tri pour séparer les cas et affaires sérieux des dénonciations extravagantes. Dans tous les cas, tous les auteurs de dénonciations auront des réponses à leurs requêtes », déclare M. Issoufou Boureima.\"","Source 1:  Anonyme. (03 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\n\nSource 2: Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger\n\nSource 3: Amadou BELLO. (29 avril 2013). Niger-Assainissement: L’ARN met en doute la constitutionnalité de la HALCIA du président Issoufou. Medias for Africa. \nhttp://www.mediaforafrica.net/assainissement-larn-met-en-doute-la-constitutionnalite-de-la-halcia-du-president-issoufou/\n\nSource 4: Office National d'edition et de presse. (18 avril 2013). Point de presse de la HALCIA : La situation des actions menées par l'institution nationale anti corruption. Le Sahel.\nhttp://lesahel.org/index.php/societe/item/2916-point-de-presse-de-la-halcia--la-situation-des-actions-men%C3%A9es-par-linstitution-nationale-anti-corruption\n\nSource 5 : Haute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. 04 (février 2013, mis à jour le 20 septembre 2013). Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. Niger","La HALCIA a été créée en août 2011 et en est donc à ses débuts. Les enquêteurs de la HALCIA rendent compte directement au Président, ce qui peut créer des incitations à enquêter sur un cas ou pas. Selon une des sources, \"Rien que la semaine dernière, l’institution de Issoufou Boure..."]
["2013_NG_12",2013,"NG","Nigeria",12,0,"1. Allegations of corruption against senior politicians and civil servants are rarely investigated by the independent corrupt practices and related offences commission and the economic and financial crimes commission - the two anti-corruption bodies.\n\nThe agencies concentrate on what many Nigerians call \"petty thieves\" - such as junior officials, advanced fee fraud, visa fraudsters - while the big ones flourish. Any investigation of a top figure must covertly receive the blessings of the president.\n\n2. Investigative officials watch the body language of the president to decide on whether or not to act on any big case, in fear of sanctions if they swing independently into action.\n\nStatistics from the ICPC for the last year are as follows:\n\nTotal number of petitions received..................................684\nNumber of petitions investigated .....................................176\nNumber of cases filed in courts.........................................24\nNumber of convictions secured...........................................7\nNumber of cases lost on appeal..........................................2\nNumber of outstanding cases in court \nbetween the commission's inception in 2001 and 2012 ...171","1. Interview with Folu Olamiti, Media Consultant for Independent Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Commission, Abuja, October 21, 2013.\n\n2. Punch newspaper, Gbenro Adeoye, EFCC, ICPC have failed – Agbaje, August 3, 2013, http://www.punchng.com/news/efcc-icpc-have-failed-agbaje/\n\n3. Information Nigeria, Senator Calls For Special Anti-Corruption Agency To Monitor Political Office Holders, January 22, 2013, http://www.informationng.com/2013/01/senator-calls-for-special-anti-corruption-agency-to-monitor-political-office-holders.html\n\n4. Champion Online News, Nigerians want independence of anti-graft agencies, October 3, 2013, http://www.championonlinenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=12719:nigerians-want-independence-of-anti-graft-agencies&Itemid=208&lang=en\n\n5. Daily Independent, Temidayo Akinsuyi, Presidency shielding corrupt officials from prosecution–Faleke, September 17, 2013,\nhttp://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/09/presidency-shielding-corrupt-officials-from-prosecution-faleke/\n\n6. Sunday Trust, Ismail Adebayo, EFCC, ICPC are operating from disadvantaged position — Prof Akinseye George, December 30, 2012.\nhttp://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php/comment-debate/58-sunday-interview/sunday-interview/7600-efcc-icpc-are-operating-from-disadvantaged-position-prof-akinseye-george","1. Allegations of corruption against senior politicians and civil servants are rarely investigated by the independent corrupt practices and related offences commission and the economic and financial crimes commission - the two anti-corruption bodies...."]
["2013_RW_12",2013,"RW","Rwanda",12,50,"The police and the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament did not provide the number of reports received and the number of investigations conducted. The two interviewees mentioned some cases where high-ranking officials were not investigated when some allegations were raised against them. One of the cases is the Rukarara hydropower. The first ad hoc committee found some government officials guilty, among them the then Minister of Finance, but it was dismissed and a new one cleared them. However, this is denied by the Speaker of Parliament. \n\nAnother case mentioned is the Mutobo water project plan where investigations were stopped because in their preliminary work, it transpired that high-ranking officils were going to be exposed. The article in News of Rwanda read: \"This was revealed by the Public Accounts Committee that presented to Parliament a full report of its own investigations into the project. An earlier report had implicated 11 government officials, including the finance minister, of involvement in the mismanagement of the project’s funds.\"","Gasasira, Jean-Bosco.  (2013, September 22) .  [Editor of Umuvugizi, a Rwandese private newspaper].  Personal communication.\n\nHimbara, David.  (2013, September 20) .  [Former personal advisor in the president's office and an academic at WITS University].  Personal communication.\n\nNsanzimana, J-C.  (2013, August 12) .  There were no intimidations over Rukarara investigation.  The Focus Rwanda. Retrieved from http://focus.rw/wp/2012/08/there-were-no-intimidations-over-rukarara-investigation-speaker/\n\n(2013, August 2) .  Officials involved In Rukarara mismanagement cleared by the parliament.  News of Rwanda.  Retrieved from http://www.newsofrwanda.com/ibikorwa/11818/rwanda-officials-involved-rukarara-mismanagement-cleared-parliament/","The police and the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament did not provide the number of reports received and the number of investigations conducted. The two interviewees mentioned some cases where high-ranking officials were not investigated when some allegations were raised again..."]
["2013_ST_12",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",12,0,"With regard to this question, the US State Department São Tomé and Príncipe country report on human rights practices 2012 says the following:\n\n\"The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, but the government did not implement the law effectively, and some officials were viewed widely as corrupt. The World Bank’s 2011 worldwide governance indicators reflected that corruption was a problem. The police were viewed as ineffective and corrupt.\"\n\nThe crimes committed by the president of the republic or the prime minister or members of the central government or regional, have a special forum that is composed of members from the department of justice. \n\nFor example, the preparatory instruction is chaired by the attorney general of the republic or by the judges. The court is composed of two judges in the first instance and an adviser to the supreme judge of appeal and the case is made for the plenum of the supreme court of justice. The crimes committed by civil servants are investigated by the department of justice.\n\nIndependence of the body depends on the case. When it comes to cases that involve influential people other interests are considered besides justice. Most of the time, there is no record of allegations. There was an exception though when in May the minister of agriculture, rural development and fishery was accused by the ADI (the opposition party) of corruption - and the ADI even made a complaint at the department of justice, because the expenses of a trip the minister, António Dias, made to Spain to close a deal with the association of spanish frozen tuna (AGAC) were covered by AGAC. During five months justice examined the complaint of ADI and came to the conclusion that it was all fake.","1. Nerik Salvaterra. State Prosecutor. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.\n2. Frederico Samba. Attorney General. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.\n3. José Cardoso. Director. Public Integrity Center. October 1 2013.\n4. US State Department São Tomé and Príncipe Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2012. (http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204368.pdf)","With regard to this question, the US State Department São Tomé and Príncipe country report on human rights practices 2012 says the following:..."]
["2013_SN_12",2013,"SN","Senegal",12,50,"Au Sénégal, la loi portant répression sur l'enrichissement illicite prévoit que tous les politiciens ou les hauts fonctionnaires qui ont géré des deniers publics, qui ont accepté de se corrompre ou qui ont fait des actes de corruption puissent être trainés devant la juridiction pour répondre de leurs actes. \n\nMais dans la pratique, ce que nous constatons depuis un an, c'est que toutes les autorités impliquées dans les cas de corruptions ne sont pas inquiétées. Certaines ont même reçu une promotion. Une situation qui a poussé certaines organisations des droits de l'homme, mais aussi la presse, à parler de deux poids deux mesures.\n\nAu Sénégal, le président et les membres de la Cour de répression de l’enrichissement illicite sont nommés par le président de la République. Cette année nous avons constaté dans le cadre de la traque des biens mal acquis que beaucoup de partis politiques et certains membres de la société civile dénoncent le fait que les membres qui composent l'organe reçoivent parfois des incitations positives de la part du ministère de la justice pour se prononcer contre des politiciens.","Entretien avec Cheikh M. Tidiane BA, juriste/coordonnateur de projet, Forum civil, section sénégalaise de Transparency International, le 27 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Assane Dioma N'diaye, président, Ligue sénégalaise des droits de l'homme le 27 septembre 2013.\n\nDakaractu. (20 aout 2013). « Aminata Niane, ex administratrice de l’APIX : Ce qui n’a pas été dit sur la « dame aux cheveux de cendre », Xalimasn.com: http://xalimasn.com/aminata-niane-ex-administratrice-de-lapix-ce-qui-na-pas-ete-dit-sur-la-dame-aux-cheveux-de-cendre/\n\nSeneweb. (13 aout 2013). « Cercle des Intellectuels soufis : Serigne Fallou Dieng pointe du doigt Aminata Niane, 'exemptée de la traque aux biens mal acquis\" ». Seneweb.com: http://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/cercle-des-intellectuels-soufis-serigne-fallou-dieng-pointe-du-doigt-aminata-niane-quot-exemptee-de-la-traque-aux-biens-mal_n_102987.html","Au Sénégal, la loi portant répression sur l'enrichissement illicite prévoit que tous les politiciens ou les hauts fonctionnaires qui ont géré des deniers publics, qui ont accepté de se corrompre ou qui ont fait des actes de corruption puissent être trainés devant la juridiction pou..."]
["2013_SC_12",2013,"SC","Seychelles",12,50,"The ombudsman’s office confirmed that allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level may be investigated, but no reports of corruption have been received since 2010 to date.\n\nAn expert on accountability and the judiciary cited the Credit Union as an example of allegations against senior level politicians being investigated. “Money was being siphoned off from the bank coffers, so now the Central Bank is looking into measures on how to stop it, how to make it much more accountable and transparent. There are mechanisms in place; there are bodies which are put into dealing with this and also preventive mechanisms. The Credit Union was not siphoning money off in fact; it was a robbery within.  The prosecution has not started yet so it’s not confirmed, [but] this is where allegations are leading to.”\n\nThere is also currently a case with the attorney general’s office where they are going after a close relative of the minister who was involved in corruption. These directions were given from the top down, one interviewee said he didn’t see any fear or favour within this system. An expert on public procurement and private sector investment said that allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are not investigated \"unless they cases that can be construed as harming the opposition\". He further went on saying that \"nobody works without fear in the Seychelles; it still operates like a one-party state in practise\". An expert on accountability and the judiciary said that “allegations are investigated by the police, but…there is a level of… I don’t know whether it is incompetence or lack of experience looking into fraud cases…Whether the police are accurate, that much [does not always happen]”.\n\nAccording to another expert: \"Even though the ombudsman may investigate any public authority up to and including the president, the president or a cabinet minister may halt an investigation by certifying that the matter \"may affect the relation or dealing between the government of Seychelles and any other government or international organisation, the security of the republic or the investigation of crime\"\nThe ombudsman may also not investigate the performance of any judicial function or a person performing a judicial function.\n\nBecause there have been no reported allegations since 2010 and there is some fear or favour in play for at least some of these investigations, a score of “50” is given.","1. Email: Mrs. Wendy Michel, Assistant Investigation Officer for Ms. Dora Zatte, Seychelles Ombudsman, December 12, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice of Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert in Civil Society, November 26, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Anonymous source, Expert on Public Procurement and Private Sector Investment, Past Civil Servant, May 12, 2013.\n\n5. Email: Anonymous source, Expert from the National Bureau of Statistics, December 11, 2013.\n\n6. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.\n\n7. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12, 2013.","The ombudsman’s office confirmed that allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level may be investigated, but no reports of corruption have been received since 2010 to date...."]
["2013_SL_12",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",12,100,"In March 2013, the anti-corruption commission investigated up to 22 cases involving civil servants and other public officers in Sierra Leone. The ACC charged Sierra Leone’s chief medical officer, Dr. Kisito Daoh, together with other officials, for misappropriation of the GAVI funds. The chief medical officer and others implicated were, however, acquitted by the court to the disappointment of the ACC commissioner.\n\nAlso in March, the anti-corruption commission slammed 29 indictments for various corruption offences against officials of the national health sector support project, the ministry of health and sanitation and two other officials of the ministry of finance and economic development, one national revenue authority official and one mines engineer relating to the 2011 audit findings.  Dr. Alhassan L. Sesay, Dr. Francis Smart, Dr. Duramany Conteh, Dr. A. A Sandy and Edward Bai Kamara, all civil servants, were also charged with 22 counts of misappropriation of donor funds, contrary to section 37 (1) of the anti-corruption act. There is no reason or evidence to suspect that members of the ACC are under undue pressure from any side.","Joseph F. Kamara, Anti-corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013, Freetown, Sierra Leone\n\nThe Anti-corruption Commission, high court convicts Dr Matthew Michael Amara on corruption charges relating to the management of Gavi funds, September 26, 2013, http://www.anticorruption.gov.sl/show_news.php?id=265\n\nThe Anti-corruption Commission, names of persons convicted in 2012, http://www.anticorruption.gov.sl/index.php?p=102&pn=Concluded%20Criminal%20Cases\n\nThe Anti-corruption Commission, Recent Convictions, http://www.anticorruption.gov.sl/UserFiles/download/court_cases_recent_convictions.pdf\n\nReuters: \"Sierra Leone's top medical official cleared of graft,\" October 25, 2013.  \nhttp://www.trust.org/item/20131025151805-ww7w1","In March 2013, the anti-corruption commission investigated up to 22 cases involving civil servants and other public officers in Sierra Leone. The ACC charged Sierra Leone’s chief medical officer, Dr. Kisito Daoh, together with other officials, for misappropriation of the GAVI funds..."]
["2013_SO_12",2013,"SO","Somalia",12,0,"An anti-corruption commission is foreseen in the Constitution, but has not been established in Somalia. Allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants are rarely investigated (and if so follow a political logic). The judiciary occasionally fails to exercise independence when it comes to prosecuting cases of corruption. Previous public financial management staff who are known to be corrupt still maintain their positions in government and are neither investigated nor prosecuted. \n\nIn Somaliland, an anti-corruption commission was established in 2010 but has not begun to discharge its duties.","Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland who wishes to remain anonymous. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.\n(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nBaynax, Abdiqani. The Chairman of Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Commission made overview on their work. Somaliland Press. http://somalilandpress.com/the-chairman-of-good-governance-and-anti-corruption-commission-made-overview-on-their-work-19453 \n\nGoth, Mohamed. Somalia: The corruption tango. Somaliland Press.\nhttp://somalilandpress.com/somaliathe-corruption-tango-46562.\n\nMichael, F. Somaliland: Attempt to resolve missing money dispute. Somaliland Press.\nhttp://somalilandpress.com/attempt-to-resolve-missing-money-dispute-25469.\n\nFartaag, 2013 May 1. A. Reconstructing Somalia and the politics of public sector finance. LSE-IDEAS Africa Programme, Occasional Paper. http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/programmes/africaProgramme/pdfs/Abdirazak-Fartaag-LSE-IDEAS-Occasional-Paper-Reconstructing-Somalia-and-the-Politics-of-Public-Sector-Finance.pdf.","An anti-corruption commission is foreseen in the Constitution, but has not been established in Somalia. Allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants are rarely investigated (and if so follow a political logic). The judiciary occasionally fails to ex..."]
["2013_ZA_12",2013,"ZA","South Africa",12,75,"Most allegations are investigated by the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela. However, sources say she is targeted by various forces within government. While the public protector is effective when it comes to investigation, the body doesn't have the power to prosecute. For punishment and action, it depends on other spheres of government. This means that change may be difficult to achieve. As a result, sources say, the public protector is not as effective as she could be. Despite being targeted by government sources, Madonsela has not tuned down her tone or level of scrutiny. \n\nIn the 2012/2013 financial year, the public protector handled 37,770 cases, an increase from the previous year's 27,376. Of these, 22,400 were finalised. Under half of the cases were upheld, while 13,995 were carried over to the current financial year. The public protector is thus investigating the vast majority of allegations dealing with for public corruption and misconduct. The press release with regards to the hand-over of the public protector report to parliament stated that \"of the total cases handled, 25,860 were received or initiated during the reporting period while the rest had been carried over from the previous year. The office achieved 75% of its performance targets.\" \n\nMadonsela has managed to bring down influential people like Police Commissioner Bheki Cele and Public Works Minister Gwen Mahlangu-Nkabinde. Earlier in 2013, the public protector said she was considering investigating Police Minister Nathi Mthethwa. She is furthermore very involved in the documents around the renovation of Jacob Zuma's private residence in Nkandla, which cost close to R230 million of taxpayers' money. \n\nThe public protector has, however, no power to prosecute. This makes it not as effective when it comes to fighting corruption as it could be, says Paul Hoffman - founder and director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa. He says that while most allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants are indeed investigated, the public protector has \"no power to prosecute. In order for the body to be efficient and effective, you need to be able to combat, investigate, prosecute and punish. This is not happening in South Africa. Here, if you are part of the right clique, you can do what you like. There is a strong culture of impunity, of which the public protector has warned against. Madonsela said that fighting corruption requires the promotion of accountability while preserving transparency and countering the culture of impunity.\"\n\nAccording to Hoffman, the public protector is under threat however. This fact has however not hampered her in her work: \"Madonsela once said that there is a big target painted on her back, and that people are targeting her. She has a difficult job. From Zuma's point of view, Madonsela has been his biggest mistake. He thought she would be meek and mild, but she has taken her job seriously and understood her mandate.\"  \n\nAdila Hassim,  co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social Justice NGO Section27 agrees that Madonsela is under threat: \"She is under great pressure to act and rule differently. She won't be reappointed. I'd be surprised if she would. She is obviously probing where she needs to probe, as she acts on complaints mainly.\"\n\nOver the past 12 months, various newspaper articles have been published about the resistance experienced by Madonsela, particularly in connection to the report around Jacob Zuma's private residence in Nkandla. In 2013, parliament refused to take action against the Independent Electoral Commission's chairperson Pansy Tlakula, whom the public protector had found guilty of misconduct, corruption and conflict of interest. According to an ad-hoc parliamentary committee, whom had to decide over Tlakula's faith, Madonsela had made some technical errors in her report\n\nMadonsela has been accused of being too selective and too anti-ANC. In July 2013, the media said that \"government top dogs were gunning for Madonsela’s scalp.\" She was also quoted as saying that “people were trying to destabilise her office … that’s the information I’ve got, some of it from the public and some of it from the media. But I’m not saying that the fact that parliament holding me accountable, is destabilising my office. Parliament has to do its job.\"\n\nHoffman added that Madonsela is very difficult to be removed: \"The public protector is as difficult to remove as it is to remove a judge, so they won't even try.\"\n\nConstitutional law expert Pierre de Vos writes in his October 2012 column that Madonsela \"has made many enemies since her appointment to her position\", but that she can't be removed easily: \"Whatever the reasons might be for the complaints against Madonsela, I would guess that her position is secure for now. In terms of section 194 of the constitution the public protector may only be removed from office on the ground of misconduct, incapacity or incompetence. The national assembly will first have to establish that there was indeed misconduct on the part of Madonsela, after which two thirds of its members would have to vote for her removal. \n\nDe Vos continues: \"As the majority party does not currently enjoy a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly and as her firing will be politically hugely unpopular with the media and the chattering classes, it is difficult to see how the ANC would muster enough support in the national assembly to get rid of her. Even the MPs from small parties will think twice before accepting promises of positions and perks in return for their support to oust the public protector.\"","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org), interview: October 23 2013.\n\nPublic Protector presents 2012/13 annual report to parliament, press release, October 15 2013, \nhttp://www.pprotect.org/media_gallery/2013/15102013.asp.\n\nInterview: Thuli Madonsela counters bias slurs, Charles Molele & Matuma Letsoalo, Mail & Guardian, October 19 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-19-00-thuli-madonsela-counters-bias-slurs.\n\nThuli Madonsela: Uncowed, unbowed, Rebecca Davis, Daily Maverick, July 25 2013, \nhttp://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-07-25-thuli-madonsela-uncowed-unbowed/#.UmfTCZQpa5s.\n\nStatement by Public Protector South Africa, on the Public Protector office's three-year strategic plan and annual report, Thuli Madonsela, May 2 2013, http://www.polity.org.za/article/sa-statement-by-public-protector-south-africa-on-thuli-madonselas-strategic-plan-02052013-2013-05-03.\n\nAdila Hassim,  co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social justice NGO Section27, www.section27.org.za, interview, November 18 2013","Most allegations are investigated by the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela. However, sources say she is targeted by various forces within government. While the public protector is effective when it comes to investigation, the body doesn't have the power to prosecute. For punishment..."]
["2013_SS_12",2013,"SS","South Sudan",12,25,"Investigations into allegations of corruption against politicians as well as civil servants are being investigated by the South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission. Without providing details, the institution’s Deputy Chairperson, Johnny Saverio Ayik told the UN-run Miraya Radio (16 September 2013) that the Anti-Corruption Commission has recovered more than 120 million South Sudanese pounds from institutions and individuals. Ayik said the commission was investigating a total of 36 cases. \n\nHowever, despite these cases being investigated, there are concerns that the institution seems to only target the “small fish” rather than the “big fish” in its investigations. For example, in 2012, President Salva Kiir wrote letters to 75 serving and former government officials asking them to return more than 4 billion dollars they stole. However, according to the minority leader in South Sudan’s parliament, Onyoti Adigo, up to now that money has not been returned and none of the officials the president wrote letters to have been prosecuted. \n\nThough there have been many reports of corruption and corruption is acknowledged to be a widespread problem in the country, no government official has so far been convicted of corruption, according to a civil society activist, Edmond Yakani (Executive Director of the Community Empowerment for Progress Organisation).\n\nIn addition, though the South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission is mandated to investigate cases of corruption, the government has tended to ignore it’s role sometimes. For example, this year President Salva Kiir suspended two key and influential ministers (Ksoti Manibe Ngai of Finance and Deng Alor Kuol of Cabinet Affairs) who were accused of causing the loss of some $7.95 million after they allegedly illegally transferred it for the purchase of anti-fire safes, which were never delivered. Instead of referring the case to the Anti-corruption Commission, President Kiir appointed a committee comprised of ministers and advisers to investigate the ministers.","Adigo, Onyoti.  (2013, October 9) .  [Minority Leader in South Sudan’s parliament (National Legislative Assembly)].  Personal communication.\n\nDoki, C.  (2013, June 20) .  South Sudan ministers to face corruption probe after president lifts their immunity.  The Associated Press.  Retrieved from http://www.calgaryherald.com/technology/South+Sudan+ministers+face+corruption+probe+after+president/8552597/story.html\n \n(2013, September 16) .  South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission recovers 120 million SSP.  Radio Miraya.  Retrieved from http://www.radiomiraya.org/news-202/south-sudan/4028-anti-corruption-commission-recovers-more-than-120-million-sgd.html#gsc.tab=0\n\nU4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre.  (2013) .  South Sudan: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption.  Mores, M.  Retrieved from http://www.u4.no/publications/south-sudan-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption/#sthash.e1odDVaw.dpuf","Investigations into allegations of corruption against politicians as well as civil servants are being investigated by the South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission. Without providing details, the institution’s Deputy Chairperson, Johnny Saverio Ayik told the UN-run Miraya Radio (16 Se..."]
["2013_SD_12",2013,"SD","Sudan",12,25,"In the past, investigations of corruption cases were rare. However, the authorities in the Ministry of Justice, especially the Public Funds Prosecution Division, are reported by Sudan Tribune as having \"investigated 80 cases over the last two years\". The fight against corruption in Sudan started in 2011 when the president nominated the less-known anti-corruption commission that is not mandated by law to investigate corruption cases. But it is not effective yet. Kaufman (2012) describes Sudan as \"one of the most corrupt countries in the world\". According to the Sudan Tribune in August 2013, \"Captain Abu Zeid Abdullah Saleh was suspended by the ministry and referred to a special police court after he sent a memorandum to President Omer Hassan al-Bashir through presidential assistant Abdel-Rahman al-Mahdi which he also submitted to the Sudanese Police Director.\" The report implicated senior officials in the ministry.","Kaufman, R. (2012, December) . Sudan - The failing economy and the future. Help Nuba. Retrieved from http://helpnuba.net/2012/12/10/sudan-the-failing-economy-and-the-future/\n \n Martin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International.\n \n (2013, August 22) . Sudan: police officer claims of corruption in interior ministry earns him four years in jail. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201308231222.html\n \n (2013, April 15) . Sudan to step up crackdown on corruption, minister says. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46242","In the past, investigations of corruption cases were rare. However, the authorities in the Ministry of Justice, especially the Public Funds Prosecution Division, are reported by Sudan Tribune as having \"investigated 80 cases over the last two years\". The fight against corruption in..."]
["2013_SZ_12",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",12,50,"When contacted, the Anti-Corruption Commission would not release statistics on the number of new cases/complaints it received during the past year, citing confidentiality, nor the number currently under consideration for investigation, citing proprietary information.\n \nHowever, it is clear from the constitution that the country's highest authority, its monarch who has ultimate executive, legislative and judicial authority, is not by law permitted to be investigated. \n \nSources say that complaints would likely be filed against all top government heads if this was permitted. Whether these complains have merit is not of concern to this question, but rather whether the commission is free to investigate allegations of corruption against government leaders. In law and in practice, the commission is not permitted to do so.\n \nThe choice of which complaints to investigate, the details of those complaints' origins, and the timing of the investigations are all controversial matters that cast questions about the commission's integrity. As long as a complaint is filed against an individual who is not too high in the government hierarchy, it appears possible that such a complaint may see some action, contingent on the resources and enthusiasm of the commission to undertake such an action at any given time.\n \nDuring the year under review the most prominent person to be arrested on corruption charges, Marwick Khumalo, was a leading parliamentarian and former house of assembly speaker. The charges against him were probably pressed by the Swaziland cabinet for political reasons. This was contention both of Khumalo and of most observers.","Interview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 19 September 2013.\n \n \"Marwick Arrested,\" Sibongile Sukati, Times of Swaziland, 24 August 2013. Available at http://www.times.co.sz/feed/news/90852-marwick-arrested.txt\n \n \"Corruption Claim at Swazi Poll,\" Richard Rooney, Swazi Media Commentary, 27 August 2013. Available at http://swazimedia.blogspot.com/2013/08/corruption-claims-at-swaziland-poll.html\n \n \"Swaziland, a failed feudal state,\" Freedom House, 15 September 2013. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/swaziland-failed-feudal-state#.U_KEfYBdVU0","When contacted, the Anti-Corruption Commission would not release statistics on the number of new cases/complaints it received during the past year, citing confidentiality, nor the number currently under consideration for investigation, citing proprietary information...."]
["2013_TZ_12",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",12,25,"Even though the prevention and combating of corruption bureau has investigated and taken to court some corruption cases involving high level public figures or personalities, the same body has failed to take up other similar cases by abdicating its role to other state organs like the police or specially-appointed ministerial committees. The agency has found itself in embarrassing situations in the past when it attempted to clear high level suspects of corruption claims, only for such clearance to backfire later. The bureau’s head, Dr Edward Hosea, is on record complaining about the \"big man syndrome\".","1. Bernard James, Senior Court Reporter, The Citizen Newspaper, September 15, 2013. \"There push and pull over which corruption cases to investigate and prosecute. Some decisions have been taken following either political or public pressure. The frustration is very few cases in court end with a successful prosecution.\"\n \n 2. Moses Kulaba, Executive Director, Agenda Participation 2000, an anti corruption NGO that runs the 'Anti-Corruption Tracker' September 17, 2013. \"On a scale of 100, I will give the anti-corruption body 40% because there is concern that some high level investigations are not followed as it would be required. The anti-corruption body itself admits they are frustrated by the big-man syndrome.\"\n \n 3. Ms Doreen Kapwani, Public Relations Officer, Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau, September 17, 2013. \"More than 800 public servants have been prosecuted over the last seven years with corruption related cases but more files are pending in the director of public prosecution's office. Figures show that in 2012, a total of 1,178 investigations were carried out, of which 9,186 were completed, 305 convictions made and 457 acquittals, while 867 files were pending in the prosecutor's office. \n \n 4. Publication: \"No clear leadership on Corruption, ‘Big man’ syndrome affects us, says Dr Hosea\" (http://www.corruptiontracker.or.tz/tcts/?p=260).\n \n 5. Freedom House 2012 report on Tanzania (www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2012/tanzania). \n \n 6. State Department Country 2012 Report on Human Rights Practices for Tanzania (www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm).","Even though the prevention and combating of corruption bureau has investigated and taken to court some corruption cases involving high level public figures or personalities, the same body has failed to take up other similar cases by abdicating its role to other state organs like th..."]
["2013_TG_12",2013,"TG","Togo",12,0,"Selon les deux informateurs consultés, la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption et le sabotage économique (CNLCCSE) ne fonctionne plus. Bien que le site Internet de la commission soit régulièrement mis à jour, son numéro de téléphone renvoie directement au siège de la présidence. Lorsque nous avons téléphoné, l’interlocuteur qui a répondu à l’appel ne semblait pas connaitre de l’existence de la Commission. L’indépendance de l’organisme ainsi que la poursuite de ses activités de mise en examen semblent loin d’être assurées.","Site de la Commission anti-corruption: http://www.cac.tg/\n \n Ghislain Nyaku, responsable, Département de protection des droits de l'homme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 novembre 2013.\n \n Anonyme. Publiez ce que vous payez. 24 octobre 2013. Les noms des sources anonymes sont connus pour Global Integrity et Global Integrity a convenu de ne pas les divulguer.","Selon les deux informateurs consultés, la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption et le sabotage économique (CNLCCSE) ne fonctionne plus. Bien que le site Internet de la commission soit régulièrement mis à jour, son numéro de téléphone renvoie directement au siège de la ..."]
["2013_TN_12",2013,"TN","Tunisia",12,100,"Since its creation in November 2011, the \"Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption\" has been busy investigating hundreds of cases of corruption in Tunisia. \n \nAllegations against ministers and secretaries of states, as well as against presidents of public companies are investigated. Some ministers have been jailed and are awaiting trial. The members of the Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption have started investigating and transferred some cases to court. They have worked without fear or favour from other public institutions.\n \nThe two first audiences in court concerning corruption affairs investigated by this institution took place in Tunis on September 18, 2012. These two first affairs concerned Tunisair (public airline) and STIR (public oil company).","September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n \n September 28, 2013: Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis\n \n www.anticor.tn (website of the Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption)","Since its creation in November 2011, the \"Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption\" has been busy investigating hundreds of cases of corruption in Tunisia. \n ..."]
["2013_UG_12",2013,"UG","Uganda",12,50,"While the inspectorate of government is supposed to investigate all allegations of corruption, not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated. For instance, the auditor general’s report revealed that in the money lost in the prime minister’s office was a result of collusion between officials of Bank of Uganda, ministry of finance and the prime minister’s office. However, to-date it is only the principal accountant in the prime minister’s office, Geoffrey Kazinda, who was interdicted, charged and sent to Luzira prison in connection with the disappearance of the money, meant for the peace recovery and development plan for northern Uganda. \n \n However, in a recent interview (Observer, Feb 22, 2012) the inspector pointed out that the inspectorate handles many cases and some of these cases are politically motivated. She added that these are few and, unfortunately, they are the same ones the public uses to assess the inspectorate’s work. But if the inspectorate finds that there is wrongdoing, it takes action. The inspector also pointed out that it is the accounting officers who authorise payments and not the ministers, therefore, the burden to prove that they were pressured lies with them. Until then, the inspectorate cannot convict some of these ministers without sufficient evidence.\n \n As to whether the members of the inspectorate are subject to either positive or negative incentives as they carry out their work, the inspector reports that one of the challenges the inspectorate faces is political interference, where people tend to have godfathers and godmothers. When investigations are instigated against certain politicians or civil servants, often someone will ask: “Why are you doing this? This person has been helping us.” Some persons under investigations will raise much noise saying they are being witch-hunted for various reasons (tribe, political affiliation, etc).\n \n But some political analysts point out that, in Uganda, corruption only makes sense when there is an opportunity to score political points and win cheap popularity. A case in point is the two scandals that were exposed simultaneously towards the end of 2012 with one in the office of the prime minister and the other in the ministry of public service. The office of the prime minister lost Shs 60 billion in theft and the ministry lost Shs 340 billion to ghost pensioners, but the focus was on the theft in the office of the prime minister, where two powerful politicians sit, i.e. the First Lady, Mrs. Janet Museveni and the Prime Minister, Amama Mbabazi. \n \n Regarding the number of reports received and investigations conducted in the last year by the inspectorate, the latest statistics available, July-December 2012, show that the inspectorate brought forward 4,487 complaints; it received 1,352 new complaints; they investigated and completed 728 cases; verified 17 leaders’ declarations; referred 256 cases to other institutions; rejected 11 cases; and carried forward 4,895 cases.","Baker Zenna, “PS Bigirimana Moved To Gender Minister”; September 20, 2013 \n http://www.nbs.ug/details.php?option=acat&a=974#.Ukz7J9LPV20.\n \n The Observer, Sulaiman Kakaire & Hussein Bogere; “IGG: Political interference favours the big thieves” February 22, 2013\n http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23866:igg-political-interference-favours-the-big-thieves.\n \n Daily Monitor, Anthony Wesaka; “Anti-corruption court acquits Uganda ministers of Shs14 Billion CHOGM money” November 9, 2012\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Anti-corruption-court-acquits-Nasasira--Kutesa--Rukutana/-/688334/1615896/-/pwq1fuz/-/index.html.\n \n Inspectorate of Government, “Report to Parliament”, July-December 2012\n http://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/Report2Parliament_July-Dec2012.pdf.","While the inspectorate of government is supposed to investigate all allegations of corruption, not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated. For instance, the auditor general’s report revealed that in the money lost in the..."]
["2013_ZM_12",2013,"ZM","Zambia",12,50,"Zambia has made some important strides in investigating and prosecuting corruption, including allegations against senior government officials. In 2013, former President Rupiah Banda was stripped of his legal immunity and taken to court to answer charges of corruption. In 2013, two ruling Patriotic Front cabinet ministers were investigated. There are concerns, however, that the fight against corruption tends to target mostly opposition party members.\n \nThe Anti-corruption Commission of Zambia tries to operate independently, although sometimes, political interference gets in the way because they still are appointed through government channels. As Kaleji and Lungu said during the interview, where there are political appointments, work will be compromised at some point. With the commission, that is however not very common and generally the bodies tend to carry on, even when pressured. \n \nThe article cited under sources is an example to the point. The president was attempting to stop the commission from investigating his ministers without going through him first. Sometimes ministers themselves try to intimidate the commission through negative speech directed at the commission.","(1) Interview with Simeon Kaleji, assistant secretary general, National Union of Communication Workers, on September 25 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia. \n \n (2) Daily Nation, ACC under pressure to clear Wynter Kabimba, October 18 2012, http://zambiadailynation.com/2012/10/18/acc-under-pressure-to-clear-wynter-kabimba/.\n \n (3)Lusakatimes.com, NGOCC calls on Wynter Kabimba to apologise to ACC, December 5 2012, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/12/05/ngocc-calls-wynter-kabimba-apologise-acc/ .\n \n (4) Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n (5) Zambia Reports, Peter Adamu, Transparency International Zambia Discredits President Sata’s Corruption Fight, December 9 2012, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fFc66bSDVawJ:zambiareports.com/2012/12/09/transparency-international-zambia-discredits-president-satas-corruption-fight/+&cd=9&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n (6)Lusakatimes.com,Church body request President Sata to ask his two Ministers being investigated to resign, October 8 2012,http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/10/08/church-body-request-president-sata-ministers-investigated-resign/ \n \n (7)Zambia Lii, Anti Corruption Bill 2012, http://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/bill/2012/3.\n \n (8) BBC News, Zambia: Rupiah Banda questioned over corruption, 18 March 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21829377.\n \n (9) Lusaka Times, Corrupt cabinet ministers will be dropped immediately they are identified, October 5 2013, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/10/05/corrupt-cabinet-ministers-will-be-dropped-immediately-they-are-identified-guy-scott/.","Zambia has made some important strides in investigating and prosecuting corruption, including allegations against senior government officials. In 2013, former President Rupiah Banda was stripped of his legal immunity and taken to court to answer charges of corruption. In 2013, two ..."]
["2013_ZW_12",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",12,25,"The Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) is mandated with the role of combating corruption, theft, misappropriation, abuse of power and other improprieties in the conduct of affairs in both public and private sectors. However, not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants at any level are investigated, and members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to negative incentives. In September 2013, the Zimbabwe anti-corruption commission and the police launched an investigation into alleged fraud by the Zimbabwe Minerals Development Corporation chairman, Godwills Masimirembwa, who allegedly demanded and received a US$6 million bribe from a Ghanaian investor. In March 2013, anti-corruption commissioners threatened to quit en masse citing undue pressure from politicians who were under investigation. The commission has been handling investigations into allegations that ministers from Mugabe's Zanu PF party were involved in corrupt activities linked to government projects. Targeted in the investigations were mines minister, Obert Mpofu, indigenisation and economic empowerment minister, Saviour Kasukuwere, and his transport counterpart, Nicholas Goche. No statistics on the total number of cases that were under investigation were available during the research period.","1. Anonymous. Commissioner. Zimbabwe Anti Corruption Commission (ZACC). November 13, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n 2. Alex Bell. September 23, 2013. ZMDC corruption probe ‘cautiously welcomed’. http://www.swradioafrica.com/2013/09/23/zmdc-corruption-probe-cautiously-welcomed/. Accessed November 13, 2013\n \n 3. The Africa Report. March 19, 2013. Zimbabwe's weakened anti-corruption body makes threats. http://www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/zimbabwes-weakened-anti-corruption-body-makes-threats.html","The Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) is mandated with the role of combating corruption, theft, misappropriation, abuse of power and other improprieties in the conduct of affairs in both public and private sectors. However, not all allegations against senior level politici..."]
["2013_DZ_13",2013,"DZ","Algeria",13,25,"En Algérie, les activités des organes de lutte contre la corruption (l’organe national de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption, l’office central de la répression et de la lutte contre la corruption, la Cour des comptes, APN, etc.) n’ont pas encore donné de résultats satisfaisants. \nDepuis leur création jusqu’à nos jours, ces institutions n’ont jamais ouvert une enquête de leur propre initiative. Selon le quotidien Liberté, citant une source proche du ministère de la Justice, l’office central de la répression et de la lutte contre la corruption, installé en mars 2012, a reçu des dossiers de corruptions, mais aucune suite n’a été donnée à ces affaires. \nL’Algérie est classée parmi les pays les plus corrompus dans le monde. Le rapport annuel 2012 de transparence internationale a classé l’Algérie à la 105e place sur un total de 176 pays. Cette mauvaise place illustre l’échec des dispositifs mis en place pour combattre la corruption.","-APS. (2013, le 3 mars). L’Office central de répression de la corruption devient opérationnel. Repéré à http://www.aps.dz/L-Office-central-de-repression-de,89419.html.\n-Farouk Djouadi. (2013, le 18 mai). Des officiers du DRS détachés auprès de l’Office central de répression de la corruption. TSA. Repéré à http://www.tsa-algerie.com/actualite/item/896-des-officiers-du-drs-detaches-aupres-de-l-office-central-de-repression-de-la-corruption.\n-Djillali Hadjadj. Office central de répression de la corruption :Pourquoi le processus de nominations est extrêmement lent?. Le Soir d’Algérie. Repéré à http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2013/01/21/article.php?sid=144208&cid=11.\n-K.Remouch. (2013, le 13 mars). Organes de contrôle, parlement, justice : La lutte contre la corruption en panne. Liberté. Repéré à http://www.liberte-algerie.com/dossiers-economiques/la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-en-panne-organes-de-controle-parlement-justice-196058.\n-Hacen Ouali. (2012, le 6 décembre). L’Algérie parmi les pays les plus corrompus. Atlas info. Repéré à http://www.atlasinfo.fr/L-Algerie-parmi-les-pays-les-plus-corrompus_a36616.html.","En Algérie, les activités des organes de lutte contre la corruption (l’organe national de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption, l’office central de la répression et de la lutte contre la corruption, la Cour des comptes, APN, etc.) n’ont pas encore donné de résultats satisfai..."]
["2013_AO_13",2013,"AO","Angola",13,0,"The High Authority Against Corruption (Alta Autoridade Contra a Corrupção), established in 1996, never came into existence and the Office of the Ombudsman (Provedor de Justiça), established in 2005, remains largely ineffective. The Office of the Attorney General has also demonstrated no willingness to investigate any corruption allegations and the Attorney General himself, João Maria de Sousa, was under investigation in Portugal for fiscal fraud and money laundering, further delegitimising his office’s role in combating corruption. \n\nAccording to interviewed sources, there are cases of criminal investigations but these are not transparent and can therefore be the result of political motivations or internal power struggles that have little do to with the rule of law or with the implementation of anti-corruption legislation.","Anonymous, (2013, January 16 & 17) .  [Representatives of international organisations].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, February 23) .   Procurador-Geral da República angolano está a ser investigado em Portugal por suspeita de fraude fiscal.  RTP.  Retrieved from http://www.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=630386&tm=7&layout=122&visual=61\n\n(2013, February 26) .  PRS quer Tribunal contra a corrupção.  O Pais.  Retrieved from http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?det=31433&id=1929&ModPagespeed=noscript. \n\nTransparency International.  (2013) .  2013 corruption perceptions index.  Retrieved from http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/results/\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The High Authority Against Corruption (Alta Autoridade Contra a Corrupção), established in 1996, never came into existence and the Office of the Ombudsman (Provedor de Justiça), established in 2005, remains largely ineffective. The Office of the Attorney General has also demonstrat..."]
["2013_BJ_13",2013,"BJ","Benin",13,25,"L'Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) a été officiellement installée en mai 2013 conformément aux dispositions de la loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin.\nLes membres de l'organe ayant prêté serment devant le président de la Cour suprême et prit officiellement fonction qu'en mai 2013, ils en sont encore au stade de prise la de contact avec les institutions de la République et il serait trop tôt pour tirer des conclusions sur la capacité réelle de cet organe.","- Hugues E. Patinvoh. (17 Mai 2013). Installation de l’autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption: La lutte contre la corruption entre dans sa phase active. L’Evènement Précis. http://levenementprecis.com/?p=17993\n\n- Junior Fatongninougbo. (17 Mai 2013). Installation de l’autorité de lutte contre la corruption : Le grand défi qui attend les membres de l’Anlc. La Presse du Jour. http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=24897\n\n- Thobias G. Rufino. (16 mai 2013). Lutte contre la corruption au Bénin : les 13 membres de l’Anlc prêtent serment. Le Matinal. http://actubenin.com/?Lutte-contre-la-corruption-au-45346\n\n- Cosme Kèkè. (5 septembre, 2013). Lutte contre la corruption: Mathurin Nago donne des orientations aux membres de l'Anlc. Adjinakou. http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=84504&t=direct","L'Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) a été officiellement installée en mai 2013 conformément aux dispositions de la loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin...."]
["2013_BW_13",2013,"BW","Botswana",13,75,"The directorate on corruption and economic crime has a functioning system where any citizen can report suspected cases of corruption; whistleblowers can report incidents of crime over the telephone, through the website, or personally. The directorate receives about 1,800 cases every year, with the number increasing annually, and ends up investigating about 700. This usually results in about 90 prosecutions per year.\n\nAccording to the directorate, its \"investigations division aspires to complete meticulous investigations of violations of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act, including the submission of the final summary reports to the DPP within 12 months of receipt of allegations. However there are exceptions to the above timeframe, on a case-by-case basis considering the dimension and complexity\".\n\nEven though it is under the wing of the office of the president, the directorate exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.","1. Website: The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime, http://www.dcec.gov.bw/en/dcec-structure-topmenu-44/investigation-division-topmenu-101, accessed October2013.\n\n2. Article: Delayed Prosecution worries DPP, Botswana Gazette, April 24 2013, :http://www.gazettebw.com/?p=1124.\n\n3. Article: DCEC toothless on 'Big Fish Corruption', Mmegi newspaper, November 9 2012,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=229&dir=2012/November/Friday9.\n\n.","The directorate on corruption and economic crime has a functioning system where any citizen can report suspected cases of corruption; whistleblowers can report incidents of crime over the telephone, through the website, or personally. The directorate receives about 1,800 cases ever..."]
["2013_BF_13",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",13,75,"Au Burkina, la corruption est l'un des fléaux qui est pris au sérieux aussi bien par l’État que les organisations de la société civile. Des structures de renom tentent d’y faire face, dont le Réseau national de lutte anti-corruption (REN-LAC), une fédération de plusieurs organisations de la société civile, l'Autorité Supérieure du contrôle d’État (ASCE) qui est une structure étatique, ou les inspections des services publiques, qui sont sur le terrain de la sensibilisation et de la dénonciation. Chacune des ces structures publie au moins un rapport public par an. Par exemple, pour le REN-LAC, de Janvier 2013 à nos jours, 10 cas d'allégations de corruptions ont été enregistrés et ces 10 cas ont fait l'objet d'enquêtes. Le rapport a été rendu public le 12 septembre 2013. Quant à l'ASCE, le rapport 2012 n'est pas encore disponible. Mais pour l'heure, il n'y a eu d'action en justice pour les cas dénoncés par le REN-LAC. C'est que ce regrette d'ailleurs le journaliste Ouoba Boukari pour qui « des enquêtes sont régulièrement faites et des rapports sont produits à cet effet. Cependant, il n’y a pas de suite qui est donnée à ces cas de corruption. »  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: L’Autorité supérieure du contrôle d'État (ASCE), ayant en son sein un Département de lutte contre la corruption  et l’Autorité de régulation des marchés publics (ARMP), sont les instances efficaces de lutte contre la corruption au Burkina Faso. \nL'organisme d’enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public est l'autorité supérieure du contrôle d'État (ASCE). Elle fonctionne normalement et transmet les cas de corruption ou de malversations constatés au premier ministre, à la Cour des comptes,  puis à chaque ministère concerné qui prend les sanctions relatives.\nEn quelques années, les initiatives d'enquêtes ont été multipliées par dix. Plusieurs institutions ont eu le courage d'engager des enquêtes sur les questions de corruption: l'ASCE, la Cour des comptes et les commissions parlementaires ont produit des rapports d'investigations. A côté de ces institutions publiques, il y a le travail remarquable des journaux spécialisés sur l'investigation comme le Reporter, le Courrier Confidentiel  et l'Évènement.;","1. Harouna Sinon, économiste, gestionnaire de programme, Réseau national de lutte anti-corruption (REN-LAC), 20 Septembre 2013\n\n2. Boukari Ouoba, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 3 Octobre 2013\n\n3. Zoure, A. (12 septembre 2013). Rapport 2012 du REN-LAC : La douane toujours première et la corruption toujours présente. Burkina 24: http://burkina24.com/news/2013/09/12/rapport-2012-du-ren-lac-la-douane-toujours-premiere-et-la-corruption-toujours-presente/","Au Burkina, la corruption est l'un des fléaux qui est pris au sérieux aussi bien par l’État que les organisations de la société civile. Des structures de renom tentent d’y faire face, dont le Réseau national de lutte anti-corruption (REN-LAC), une fédération de plusieurs organisati..."]
["2013_BI_13",2013,"BI","Burundi",13,25,"Selon une source interrogée dans le cadre de la recherche,  les organes enquêtant sur les allégations de corruption  dans le secteur public ne sont pas effectifs. Les cas grossiers de corruption ne font pas objet d’enquête.\nUne autre source estime qu'en pratique, l'organe (ou les organes) qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public n’est pas effectif. Ceci parce qu’il y a manque d’indépendance de cet  organe.\nLa Cour anti-corruption, créée en 2006, n'enquête pas sur les hommes politiques ou fonctionnaires au sein du gouvernement. En plus, la nomination des magistrats à cette Cour est le résultat de la nomination directe du Président, sur proposition du ministre de la Justice. Cet organe ne peut pas être considéré comme effectif dans la lutte contre la corruption. \nEn mai 2013, AGNews annonce que la Brigade anti-corruption a arrêté un juge pour corruption passive pour avoir sollicité et perçu de l’argent en échange de la modification d’un jugement. Le juge était celui du Tribunal de Résidence de Gihogazi, province de Karusi. Il a ensuite été condamné par la Cour anti-corruption. \nHistorique de la Cour Anti-Corruption: La Cour anti-corruption du Burundi a été créée en 2006  par la Loi nº 1/36 du 13 décembre 2006, se référant à la Loi nº 1/12 du 18 avril 2006, portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes. La Cour anti-corruption dispose d’une Brigade anti-corruption qui poursuit des petits cas de corruption, mais pas ceux des hommes politiques de haut niveau. \nSelon le Décret nº 100/191 du 26 juillet 2013, le Président a le droit de nommer le Procureur général de la Cour anti-corruption. D'après le Décret nº 100/125 du 19 avril 2012 portant la structure et le fonctionnement du gouvernement, le Président (sur proposition du ministre de la Justice et Garde des Sceaux), peut nommer certains cadres de la Cour anti-corruption. En théorie, cela irait à l’encontre de l'indépendance de cette cour.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Selon le bilan annuel 2013 des cas entendus et  jugés par la cour anticorruption son président a dit que plus de 4 Milliards sont retournés dans les caisses de l'Etat. Néamoins il y a des cas qui font couler beaucoup d'encres dans les médias auxquels la cour n'a pas enquêté puisque les accusés sont des hommes forts du parti au pouvoir.;","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, septembre 2013\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, (FOCODE), 20 septembre 2013.\nSimbizi Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura. Tél : 0257 79 955 679, 19 septembre 2013.\nDam, «Burundi: La Cour anti-corruption condamne un Juge corrompu», AGNEWS, 19 mai 2013.\nhttp://burundi-agnews.org/sports-and-games/?p=6987\nNdenzako Karerwa Jean Claude, «Nomination du Procureur général près la cour Anti-corruption, site web de la Présidence, 30 juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.presidence.bi/spip.php?article3956","Selon une source interrogée dans le cadre de la recherche,  les organes enquêtant sur les allégations de corruption  dans le secteur public ne sont pas effectifs. Les cas grossiers de corruption ne font pas objet d’enquête...."]
["2013_CM_13",2013,"CM","Cameroon",13,50,"While there have been cases of high-profile public figures being sentenced, for example Hamidou Yaya Marafa, in Cameroon the body which investigates alleged practices of corruption in the public sector lacks effectiveness. The body provides a hotline and an email address for citizens to report acts of corruption in the public sector, but it often takes weeks or even months for such complains or denunciations to be investigated. Investigations instigated by the body are mostly based on denunciations from citizens or private businessmen and businesswomen and not as a result of its own initiative.","Benjamin, Enow.  (2013, September 26) .  [Attorney, Liberty Law Firm].  Personal communication.\n\nEtom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nKun, P.  (2013, October 2) .  Cameroun - Opération Epervier : L’ex-Premier Ministre, Inoni Ephraïm et l'ex SGPR, Atangana Mebara, condamnés à 20 ans de prison chacun.  Cameroon-info.net.  Retrieved from http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,52630,@,cameroun-operation-epervier-l-ex-premier-ministre-inoni-ephraim-et-l-ex-sgpr-ata.html \n\nMbella, George.  (2013, September 26) .  [Program officer, Global Network for Good Governance Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nMua, John Walah.  (2013, September 30) .  [Elections Program Coordinator, International Governance Institute Cameroon, Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nRichard, Fegue.  (2013, September 30) .  Chief journalist, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon, Yaounde].  Personal communication.","While there have been cases of high-profile public figures being sentenced, for example Hamidou Yaya Marafa, in Cameroon the body which investigates alleged practices of corruption in the public sector lacks effectiveness. The body provides a hotline and an email address for citize..."]
["2013_CV_13",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",13,25,"In practice, the judicial entities that should investigate allegations of corruption in the public sector do not work well. It turns out that even when there is a specific criminal case against a politician, this process typically ends up delayed and never comes to trial. At the moment, the police and criminal attorneys have around 86,000 criminal cases pending. Their capacity is currently set at about 12.000 cases a year.","1. Aleida Santos, Order Lawyer Cape Verde, Praia. October 2013.\n\n2. Teresa Monteiro, Lawyer, Praia, October 18, 2013.\n\n3. Zelinda Cohen, President of the Human Rights Commission Cape Verde, Praia, October 15, 2013.\n\nNew article. PGR argues: \"Cape Verde needs an independent authority to prevent corupção\", \nMay 12, 2013, A Semana, http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article87913&var_recherche=corrupcao&ak=1.","In practice, the judicial entities that should investigate allegations of corruption in the public sector do not work well. It turns out that even when there is a specific criminal case against a politician, this process typically ends up delayed and never comes to trial. At the mo..."]
["2013_CF_13",2013,"CF","CAR",13,0,"D'après les informateurs, l'inexistence d'un organe indépendant de lutte contre la corruption pose un sérieux problème d'éradication de ce fléau au sein des administrations publiques. Donc, à l'heure actuelle, on ne peut pas parler véritablement de lutte contre la corruption en RCA. Le champ d'actions du Comité national de lutte contre la corruption se limite seulement à l'élaboration de la stratégie et à la mise en oeuvre d'une politique nationale de lutte contre la corruption sous l'impulsion des hautes autorités publiques. Aucune assurance n'est donnée en ce qui concerne l'efficacité de cette institution.","Lucienne Maka Gbossokotto, membre de l'Observatoire de lutte contre corruption en Afrique centrale (OLCAC), 12 septembre 2013.\n- Roger Gollondo, président de l'Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption en Afrique centrale, 12 septembre 2013.\n- Nestor Constant Mathurin Momet, directeur de Publication, journal Le Confident, 19 septembre/2013.","D'après les informateurs, l'inexistence d'un organe indépendant de lutte contre la corruption pose un sérieux problème d'éradication de ce fléau au sein des administrations publiques. Donc, à l'heure actuelle, on ne peut pas parler véritablement de lutte contre la corruption en RCA..."]
["2013_TD_13",2013,"TD","Chad",13,25,"Il n'existe pas d'organe qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, bien que le ministère de la Bonne gouvernance soit en charge de la lutte contre la corruption. Considérant le classement du Tchad et le nombre élevé de détournement de fonds publics, et bien que des cas d'arrestations aient été signalés dans le secteur public, on ne peut pas affirmer que le système actuel est efficace. Selon le classement d'Amnesty international, le Tchad passe de la 165e place (2012) à la 163e place (2013) des 177 pays les plus corrompus au monde. \n\nSelon un rapport du Département d’État des États-Unis (2013), les efforts d'Opération Cobra, qui ont permis de récupéré environ 50 millions dollars de fonds détournés, les enquêtes de corruption des politiciens ou fonctionnaires sont souvent abandonnées et les accusés sont souvent promus ou transférés sans sanction.","- [Interview] Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013.\n\n- [Interview] Source anonyme 2, 13, décembre  2013.\n\n- Djim-Adjim Ouaye, B. (12 septembre 2013). « Déjà 35 jours de détention à Moundou pour Mahamat Adoum Ismaël: à qui fait-il peur le Kanembou-blanc, cet intellectuel qui fait la fierté du Tchad ? »:\nhttp://tchadpages.com/2013/09/12/deja-35-jours-de-detention-pour-mahamat-adoum-ismael-a-qui-fait-peur-le-kanembou-blanc-cet-intellectuel-qui-fait-la-fierte-du-tchad/\n\n- Souroumaïdjé, E. (Septembre 2012). « Assainissement public : l'évaluation à mi-parcours est encourageante »,Info Chad: http://www.infotchad.com/details.asp?item_id=4023\n\n- Freedom House. (2013). Freedom in the Worls 2013 - Chad, Freedom house:\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/chad#.UuXJm9LFLIU\n\n- Département d’État des États-Unis, Bureau des affaires économiques et du commerce. (Avril 2013). 2013 Investment Climate Statement – Chad. Gouvernement des États Unis: http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204619.htm\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Il n'existe pas d'organe qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, bien que le ministère de la Bonne gouvernance soit en charge de la lutte contre la corruption. Considérant le classement du Tchad et le nombre élevé de détournement de fonds publics, et b..."]
["2013_KM_13",2013,"KM","Comoros",13,50,"Même si la Commission anti-corruption essaie de bien travailler (CNLPC), elle est quelquefois bloquée par l'environnement où elle évolue, par exemple par le refus de députés d'être entendus. En aout 2013, un membre de la CNLPC a dit aux journalistes que « dans les conditions actuelles, il n'est pas possible pour eux d'accomplir efficacement leur mission ».\nComme décrit l'an dernier, la Commission anti-corruption a déjà traité plusieurs cas: SNPSF, Comores Telecom, affaires Douanes, etc. Selon la Commission, la méthode de travail de la CNPLC consiste à mener des actions de sensibilisation et d'information de la manière la plus large possible, pour inciter la population à dénoncer les actes de corruption, et de persuader le citoyen que dénoncer la corruption est un acte de civisme. \n\nLe 23 mai 2013, pendant un atelier de sensibilisation, la commission anti-corruption accusait la justice d’être le maillon faible de la lutte anti-corruption. D’après Mouzaoui Amraine, commissaire général adjoint de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, de nombreux rapports révélant des détournements et des malversations financières ont été remis à la justice mais n’avaient pas été jugés. Ce responsable exhorte la population à se soulever contre la justice comorienne afin que cette dernière réagisse. \nUn autre frein à l’effectivité de la lutte contre la corruption, selon une source au sein de l’Organisation Patronale des Comores (OPACO), concerne l’existence des représailles et des menaces subies par les membres de la CNLPC.","Interview de Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nAl-Hamdi, A. (24, mai 2013). « La Commission anti-corruption accuse l’appareil judiciaire ». La gazette des Comorres: www.lagazettedescomores.com                                                                         \n\nAl-Watwan. (19 aout 2013). « Lutte contre la corruption: un membre de la Cnplc exprime sa déception ». Repéré à http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5599","Même si la Commission anti-corruption essaie de bien travailler (CNLPC), elle est quelquefois bloquée par l'environnement où elle évolue, par exemple par le refus de députés d'être entendus. En aout 2013, un membre de la CNLPC a dit aux journalistes que « dans les conditions actuel..."]
["2013_CD_13",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",13,25,"L'Observatoire anti-corruption a vu son président Mr Joseph MAPAKOU incarcéré suite à une affaire de corruption. Le vice-président de cet observatoire est le sénateur André ICKONGO LOGAN. Il serait également impliqué dans la même affaire. Une levée de son immunité parlementaire a été demandée mais rejetée par les sénateurs (voir le lien en source). Le Sénat oppose un refus catégorique à sa levée d'immunité parlementaire.\n\nDans un rapport publié en mars 2009 intitulé ÉTUDE DIAGNOSTIQUE SUR LA GOUVERNANCE EN RÉPUBLIQUE, réalisé par le Cabinet d’Études, de Recherches et de Traitements Informatiques, le Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et du Budget à travers le Projet de Renforcement des Capacités de Transparence et de Gouvernance (PRCTG) a souhaité avoir une étude diagnostique sur la gouvernance en République du Congo. Le constat est critique, à ce jour toutes les propositions et suggestions n'ont pas tous été mis en application. \n\nUn second article est repris et publié le 30 juillet 2013 par le journal en ligne le Journal de Brazzaville : « En 2011, une enquête menée par la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude (CNLCCF), avait conclu que la corruption touchait tous les secteurs d’activité au Congo et même les chefferies traditionnelles ».\n\nSelon Mr Naftali HONIG, coordinateur du projet d'appui à l'application de la loi sur la faune (PALF) : « l'Observatoire anti-corruption (OAC) et la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude (CNLCCF) ont été mis en place par le gouvernement congolais pour répondre aux conditions d'annulation d'une partie importante de sa dette. En effet le point d'achèvement de l'initiative des pays très pauvres très endettés a été initié en 2009. Et l'OAC et la CNLCCF ont été mis en place en 2009 et le Congo a atteint le point d'achèvement en 2010. Les deux associations ont été créées uniquement pour rentrer dans les critères définis par le FMI. C'est en réalité des coquilles vides, d'où les nombreux dysfonctionnements constatés ».\n\nLes deux structures n'ont pas pu communiquer le nombre d'affaires portées devant les tribunaux, le taux de condamnation au chercheur. Aucune statistique n'est disponible permettant de mesurer leurs performances. Il n'a pas été possible d'avoir le nombre d'affaires portées devant les tribunaux, le taux de condamnation et d'autres statistiques sur ce sujet. En date du 30 octobre, le chercheur est toujours dans l'attente d'avoir le bilan annuel des juridictions que j'ai demandé et au ministère de la Justice et au ministère de l'Intérieur.","Entretien du samedi 21 septembre 2013 avec M. Loamba MOKE, président de l'Association pour les Droits de l'Homme et l'Univers Carcéral (ADHUC) au siège de l'organisation à Brazzaville.\n\nEntretien du 29 octobre 2013 avec Arsène SEVERIN, journaliste à terrAfrica au centre international de la presse à Brazzaville.\n\nEntretien du 7 janvier 2014 avec M. Noel NDEMBE, chef de département juridique et administratif à la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption la concussion et la Fraude, au siège de la structure (CCF- Brazzaville-centre ville).\n\nEntretien du 7 janvier 2014 avec M. Rufin Arsène BAKAOUETANA, chef du département études et coopération, gestion des risques à la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption la concussion et la Fraude, au siège de la structure (CCF- Brazzaville-centre ville)\n\nLevée de l’immunité parlementaire du sénateur Ikongo Logan : le Sénat oppose un refus catégorique. (31 août 2013). La Tribune d’Afrique\nhttp://latribunedafrique.com/spip.php?article80\n\nInterview de M. Naftali HONIG, coordinateur du projet d'appui à l'application de la loi sur la faune (PALF).\n\nRapport publié en mars 2009 intitulé ÉTUDE DIAGNOSTIQUE SUR LA GOUVERNANCE EN RÉPUBLIQUE, réalisé par le Cabinet d’Études, de Recherches et de Traitements Informatiques, le Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et du Budget à travers le Projet de Renforcement des Capacités de Transparence et de Gouvernance (PRCTG).","L'Observatoire anti-corruption a vu son président Mr Joseph MAPAKOU incarcéré suite à une affaire de corruption. Le vice-président de cet observatoire est le sénateur André ICKONGO LOGAN. Il serait également impliqué dans la même affaire. Une levée de son immunité parlementaire a é..."]
["2013_CG_13",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",13,0,"Il n’existe aucun système permettant de recevoir les allégations des citoyens. Et il n’existe pas d’organe qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public comme dit ci-dessus.\n\nLa recherche n'a pas permis de mettre la main sur des rapports portant sur des cas de détournement des deniers publics et de corruption. Ces rapports restent confidentiels vu leurs sensibilités. Pour les avoir, il faut une autorisation écrite.\n\nC’est difficile d’avoir des dénonciations sur le cas de corruption. Parfois, même le secteur judiciaire est corrompu par ces mêmes autorités qui sont poursuivies pour corruption ou concussion. Il n’existe pas d’organe qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. \n\nD’où l’intervention du président de la République, dans son adresse devant les deux chambres du parlement réunies en congrès le 23/10/2013 qui a déclaré: \n« Quels que soient les efforts sur le plan du développement, notre économie ne saurait atteindre sa vitesse de croisière dans une ambiance de corruption, de détournement des deniers publics, de coulage des recettes publiques et d’enrichissement illicite.  Les mécanismes répressifs existants doivent être réactivés et des nouveaux sont à mettre en œuvre à court terme. J’engage les institutions à cet effet, notamment le Parlement et les Assemblées provinciales, dans le cadre de leurs pouvoirs de contrôle. Pour ma part, j’entends procéder, à la nomination d’un conseiller spécial du Chef de l’État responsable de cette question. Il aura pour mission principale d’assurer un monitorage permanent de l’évolution des patrimoines, ainsi que des cas de malversation, de corruption et d’enrichissement illicite dans le chef des responsables politiques nationaux et provinciaux, des hauts fonctionnaires et cadres de l’Administration publique, des mandataires publics et autres agents publics… À cet effet, j’instruis le Gouvernement de soumettre au Parlement un projet de loi généralisant l’obligation de déclarer les biens à tous les mandataires publics. »","Mr Kinzonzi Alphonse, inspecteur judiciaire, parquet de Bandundu, entrevue du 28/01/2014.\n\nAnonyme, magistrat, parquet de Goma, entrevue du 28/01/2014.\n\nSite du journal « Le potentiel », 23/10/2013, Le discours de Joseph Kabila devant le Congrès pour « indiquer la marche à suivre pour matérialiser les recommandations », voir http://lepotentielonline.com/site2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3651:le-discours-de-joseph-kabila-devant-le-congres-pour-indiquer-la-marche-a-suivre-pour-materialiser-les-recommandations&catid=90:online-depeches&Itemid=468&lang=en.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Il n’existe aucun système permettant de recevoir les allégations des citoyens. Et il n’existe pas d’organe qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public comme dit ci-dessus...."]
["2013_CI_13",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",13,25,"Lors d’un colloque tenu au cours du mois de septembre 2013, un an après sa mise sur pied au sein du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, un bilan des travaux de la Brigade de lutte contre la corruption (BLC) a été dressé. Son responsable y a fait état de 21 dossiers enregistrés, dont 16 résultaient de dénonciations anonymes et 5 de la hiérarchie du ministère. Il a également annoncé, s’agissant du traitement des dossiers enregistrés, que 7 sont achevés, 8 en cours d’enquêtes et 6 en cours d’instruction préliminaire.\n\nDans son rapport 2012, l’Autorité nationale de régulation des marches publics (ANRMP) fait état d’une enquête menée, en avril 2012, contre des accusations de corruption. L’enquête donnait suite à un avis rendu par sa Cellule recours et sanctions (CRS) à l’attention du Ministre de l’Économie et des Finances, chargé des marchés publics, et qui rapportait la dénonciation d’un cas de corruption commis par un agent public. La page \"Contentieux 2012\" du portail Internet des marchés publics présente également une décision, en date du 29 octobre 2012, du CRS de l’ARMP statuant en matière d’irrégularité, d’actes de corruption et de pratiques frauduleuses. \n\nIl s’agit-la de la seule information pertinente identifiée entre septembre 2012 et septembre 2013 concernant des actes de corruption. Avec ce bilan, on note ainsi la presqu’absence d’actions effectivement menées dans la lutte contre la corruption dans le domaine des marchés publics.\n\nCela étant, quelques faits illustrent les cas, encore très rares, ou certains dispositifs de lutte contre la corruption s’illustrent par une certaine effectivité. À titre d’illustration, le quotidien gouvernemental \"Fraternité Matin\" a, dans son édition du 7 octobre 2013, fait état de quatre haut fonctionnaires en service au ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le Sida qui sont poursuivis pour détournement de deniers publics et corruption, notamment dans l’achat de certaines fournitures et de moto. La corruption de ces fonctionnaires aurait été mise au jour à la suite d’une mission d’investigation menée par l’Inspection générale des finances qui a constaté des irrégularités; ce qui a donné suite a une plainte de l’agent judiciaire du Trésor public et à des investigations plus poussées de la Direction de la police économique et financière (DPEF). Les différents responsables sont censés avoir été déférés au parquet, dans l’attente d’un procès.\n\nLa Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance, qui vient d’être crée par l’Ordonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013, est présentée comme une « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la personnalité morale et de l’autonomie financière » chargée, entre autres missions, de « mener des investigations sur les pratiques de corruption; d’identifier les auteurs présumés et leurs complices et d’initier les poursuites; de saisir le procureur de la République près la juridiction compétente ». Elle n’existe encore que sur le papier et n’est pas toujours pas effective.","Agence ivoirienne de presse. (17 septembre 2013). « Côte d’Ivoire: 21 dossiers traités par la brigade de lutte contre la corruption ».Burkinapmepmi.com. Repéré à: http://burkinapmepmi.com/spip.php?article18235\n\n- Kohon, L. « Lutte contre la corruption: quatre haut fonctionnaires et un operateur économique déférés devant le parquet ». Fraternité Matin, n° 14657, 7 octobre 2013, p. 16. \n\n- Djézou, C. (21-22 septembre 2013). « Lutte contre la corruption: vers la mise en place d’une haute autorité ». Fraternité Matin, n° 14644, 21-22 septembre 2013, p. 13.\n\n- Groupement intergouvernemental d’action contre le blanchiment d’argent en Afrique de l’Ouest (GIABA). (2012). Rapport d’évaluation mutuelle sur la lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme, Côte d’Ivoire. Repéré à: http://www.giaba.org/media/f/495_FRE-REM%20Co?te%20d%27Ivoire.pdf\n\n- République de Côte d'Ivoire, Autorité nationale de régulation des marchés publics (ANRMP). (2012). Rapport annuel 2012.Repéré à: http://www.anrmp.ci/en/publications/rapports-dactivites/619-rapport-annuel-dactivites-2012/download.html","Lors d’un colloque tenu au cours du mois de septembre 2013, un an après sa mise sur pied au sein du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, un bilan des travaux de la Brigade de lutte contre la corruption (BLC) a été dressé. Son responsable y a fait état de 21 dossiers enregistrés..."]
["2013_DJ_13",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",13,0,"La nouvelle commission prévue par la loi du 16 juillet 2013 n'est pas encore opérationnelle. En effet, le décret organisant ses attributions, son fonctionnement et sa composition n'a toujours pas été adopté. \nSelon le site de la présidence de la république djiboutienne, \"le Président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a instauré « une politique de tolérance zéro vis-à-vis de tout acte de corruption. \nCela se manifeste par la mise en œuvre de plusieurs réformes administratives et par la création des nouvelles institutions de contrôle :\n- Un médiateur de la République pour renforcer les outils de contrôle de l’action de l’Etat et compléter les mécanismes de recours administratifs gracieux ou hiérarchiques ;\n- Une cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire, devenues depuis une cour de comptes pour assurer le contrôle juridictionnel des comptes publics ;\n- Une Inspection Générale d’Etat afin d’instaurer une institution chargée du contrôle administratif des entités publiques. \n- En 2010, l’IGE est notamment devenue membre du Réseau Arabe pour l’Intégrité et la Lutte contre la Corruption.En décembre 2012, l’Inspection Générale d’Etat, en partenariat avec le PNUD (Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement), a organisé un Séminaire national de réflexion sur le renforcement de l’intégrité et la lutte contre la corruption. \nEn termes d'efficacité: l'IGE fournit des mises à jour concernant certains cas sur le compte Twitter de l'IGE et publie les resultats de ses enquetes afin que les citoyens puissent y avoir accès. L'IGE oeuvre aussi sur le plan international. Selon une source, l'IGE chercherait à saisir les fonds detournés par un milliardaire djiboutien en exil","Interview de Farah Ahmed Mohamed , membre de la société civile, réalisé le 6 octobre 2013.\n\nInterview de Omar Osman, avocat à la cour, réalisé le 5 octobre 2013.\n\nInterview de Mohamed Idriss, assistant juridique, Assemblée nationale, réalisé le 6 octobre 2013. \n\nIGE twitter account: https://twitter.com/InspectGenDj. \n\nAfrica Review. (3 June 2013). Djibouti seeks to freeze exiled millionnaire's assets. Repéré à http://www.africareview.com/News/Djibouti-seeks-to-freeze-exiled-millionaires-assets/-/979180/1870892/-/ndn1xk/-/index.html. \n\nAfriquInfos (17 Juin 2013).Djibouti poursuit un homme d'affaire franco-djiboutien en exile accusé de détournement de 100 millions d'euros. Repéré à  http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2013/6/17/djibouti-poursuit-homme-daffaire-franco-djiboutien-exile-accuse-detournement-millions-deuros-224031.asp. \n\nAgence Djiboutienne d'Information (10/01/2011) - Le Président de la République reçoit le rapport général de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat pour la période 2007 – 2009. Repéré à http://www.adi.dj/fr/services.php?m=article&id=132057&a=1.","La nouvelle commission prévue par la loi du 16 juillet 2013 n'est pas encore opérationnelle. En effet, le décret organisant ses attributions, son fonctionnement et sa composition n'a toujours pas été adopté. ..."]
["2013_EG_13",2013,"EG","Egypt",13,25,"There is a host of organizations in Egypt tasked directly or indirectly with prosecuting corruption. These institutions were underutilized or marginalized under the Mubarak regime and the same pracitce continued under the Morsi regime. Over the post-coup period, corruption investigations have become more common, meaning there is a slight trend toward enhanced effectiveness. Sources interviewed express confidence that prosecutions are indeed increasing albeit starting from a low level. The recent trials and sentencing of a host of Mubarak-era officials for corruption is also promising. That said, allegations of corruption at lower levels are much harder to investigate and prosecute and the various anti-corruption bodies have not yet tackled the issue comprehensively.","(2012, September 13) .  Egypt: Ex-PM Ahmed Nazif jailed for corruption.  BBC.  Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19584262\n\nHafez, Mohammed.  (2013, November 22) .  [Lawyer and advisor to No Military Trials].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, June 16) .  Former housing minister stands trial in new corruption case.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/former-housing-minister-stands-trial-new-corruption-case","There is a host of organizations in Egypt tasked directly or indirectly with prosecuting corruption. These institutions were underutilized or marginalized under the Mubarak regime and the same pracitce continued under the Morsi regime. Over the post-coup period, corruption investig..."]
["2013_GQ_13",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",13,0,"During the period of review there was no formal mechanism established by the Anti-Corruption Office in Equatorial Guinea to receive citizens' allegations of corruption. It is expected that the ombudsman's office will receive these allegations, evaluate them and forward them to the Anti-Corruption Office for further inquiry and prosecution, but up to the end of the period of review (September 2013) the ombudsman has not been established and citizens were unable to file corruption allegations through a formal mechanism. Corruption continued to be widespread practice among government officials who act with impunity and cases reported are rarely investigated.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, June 28) .  Desaparecen 10.000 millones de dólares en Guinea Ecuatorial.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/desaparecen-10-000-millones-de-dolares-en-guinea-ecuatorial/\n\n(2013, November) .  Governance and transparency: What effect does corruption and money laundering have on poverty?.  Global Citizen.  Retrieved from http://www.globalcitizen.org/Content/Content.aspx?id=c83fae85-da4f-4a44-b379-c1475a4e3f82 \n\nHeritage Foundation.  (2013) .  2014 index of economic freedom, Equatorial Guinea.  Heritage Foundation.  Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2014/countries/equatorialguinea.pdf  \n\n(2012, September 29) .  La politica de hablen, pero en voz baja.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/la-politica-de-hablen-pero-en-voz-baja-7/ \n\nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper \n\nWalt, V. & Obiang, T.  (2012, July) .  The dictator’s Son with a Malibu mansion and a warrant for his arrest.  Time.  Retrieved from http://world.time.com/2012/07/16/teodorin-obiang-the-dictators-son-with-a-malibu-mansion-and-a-warrant-for-his-arrest/","During the period of review there was no formal mechanism established by the Anti-Corruption Office in Equatorial Guinea to receive citizens' allegations of corruption. It is expected that the ombudsman's office will receive these allegations, evaluate them and forward them to the ..."]
["2013_ER_13",2013,"ER","Eritrea",13,0,"In 1996, the Government of the State of (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address, among other matters, cases of corruption and embezzlement. The court has not been disbandened, however its effectiveness cannot be ascertained as there is no transparent system in Eritrea.\n\nThere are no effective means for citizens to either report corruption or for the state to follow up on allegations and investigate or possibly prosecute. Court proceedings or investigations are not based on the rule of law, as a matter of fact all of Eritrea's political system is considered to be highly corrupt as it is run by the ruling elite. Human rights are not upheld.","Keetharuth, SB. (2013 May). General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Eritrea.  .ohchr.org/.../A.HRC.23.53_ENG.pdf\n\nEritrea-European Community Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Program for the period 2009-2013\nhttp://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/scanned_er_csp10NEW_en.pdf\n\nFreedom House Human Rights Report 2013\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/eritrea-0","In 1996, the Government of the State of (GSE) established an ad hoc Special Court to address, among other matters, cases of corruption and embezzlement. The court has not been disbandened, however its effectiveness cannot be ascertained as there is no transparent system in Eritrea...."]
["2013_ET_13",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",13,50,"The anti-corruption commission does carry out investigations and arrests, but sources indicate that such actions are usually manifestations of political rivalries. In the case of Melaku Fenta, the head of the Customs Authority, the investigation was actually initiated by the late Prime Minister, \n\nThe body can start investigations on its own but does not always do so. One way this can happen is through the work of a department within the Agency called ‘Corruption Prevention and Research”. The agency has some sectors and institutions that it considers are susceptible to corruption. These include revenue and tax authorities, land administration and the construction sector. The Agency assigns researchers to monitor these institutions to come up with recommendations where reform in the area of regulations specific to the sector or institutional practices need to be reformed as a preventive measure. In the course of their assignment, agency  researchers might come across a corrupt practice that they consider is rather deep rooted and has exceeded the limits of their tolerance because of the scale of the corruption and thus become convinced that in addition to reforming the regulations, those responsible should be brought to the attention of the law.  “At this stage, the department of Corruption  Prevention and Research invites the intervention of the other department of the Anti-Corruption body, the Investigation Department. The crackdown on corruption relating to urban land mismanagement in 2005 was prompted through such a process.”\n\nThere is a dedicated hotline, 988, where citizens can call to report what they consider a corrupt practice. According to a source who used to work for the Agency, “in the past, people were worried using the reporting mechanisms as they feared that the phone calls might be tracked. But, with time, it seems that citizens are getting more comfortable both to call and report. During my recent visit to the office, I was able to see constant traffic of people stop at the reception desk of the office asking for the location of the unit responsible for documenting allegations called ‘Tikoma Kifl’.” \n\nThus, a hotline exists where people can call and make allegations. Also there is a designated office to listen to those who come in person to report misuse of resources.\n\nYet not all cases are investigated and there are cases that have a political dimension.The most recent investigations leading to the arrest of the first high level ministerial arrest (since the establishment of the commission and arrest of Siye’s and Tamrat’s several years ago) are attributed to a work and effort of the late prime minister.","1. Capital newspaper, Year 15 No. 765, August 4, 2013.  \n2. Addis Guday,  Vol. 7 No. 163, August 2013.\n3. The Reporter, Vol. 17 No.871, May 18, 2013\n4. Interview with an Ex-expert with the Commission, September 27, 2013.\n5. Interview, anonymous, former employee of the Anti-Corruption Agency, 21 March, 2014.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The anti-corruption commission does carry out investigations and arrests, but sources indicate that such actions are usually manifestations of political rivalries. In the case of Melaku Fenta, the head of the Customs Authority, the investigation was actually initiated by the late P..."]
["2013_GA_13",2013,"GA","Gabon",13,0,"The Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) examines shortfalls in the execution of budgetary allocations made to each ministry during a given fiscal year. But its annual reports are published with significant time lags and are not accessible to the public. The findings are transferred directly to the president.\n\nAccording to the anonymous source, the Inspecteur Général des Services at each ministry is not interested in pursuing cases of public sector corruption. While there are entities such as the Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI), the 90 investigations it has opened and forwarded to the Cour Criminelle Spéciale during the five-year tenure of Vincent Lebondo Lemali have not led to a single arrest. \n\nSee this excerpt from Gabon Review (\"CNLCEI : Dieudonné Odounga Awassi aux commandes\") about the new team of magistrates at CNLCEI and the transfer from Vincent Lebondo Lemali:\n\"The new team indeed inherits some cases that have already been transferred to the Special Criminal Court, a body that has also been expected for many years. So it is this criminal court that will make hear cases on a certain number of cases that have been investigated and finalized by outgoing team of CNLCEI, taking into account the Law of 7 May 2003 establishing mechanism of prevention and repression of illicit enrichment in the Republic of Gabon. \"\n\nAn anonymous source declared: \"I have never seen anyone, member of the government, accused by a court of embezzlement. Therefore, a score of zero would be given here. There is an Inspector General of Services within the ministries, but in practice this Inspector General showed very little interest in financial affairs. It is interested more on assets, cars, but not on finance issues. It somehow makes the embezzlement easy. In fact there is only the Court of Auditors that investigates the use of budgets allocated to each department. Unfortunately, its report is not publicly available, it is almost impossible to access that document.\"\n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Prosecutors in Gabon say they have discovered evidence of 3,000 fake civil servants, each receiving monthly salaries despite holding no official positions.\n\nA corruption investigation in the central African nation--one of the continent's largest oil producers--has uncovered what is being described as a Mafia-like network with a wide reach across the country.\n\n\"The beneficiaries regularly received monthly salaries, despite not belonging to any ministry,\" state prosecutor Sidonie Flore Ouwe told Reuters. \"We have seized some of them with counterfeit diplomas and fake assignments,\" she said, adding that some suspects had been arrested and that those involved in the scam would be prosecuted.\n\nGabon is known for its bloated civil service--with 70,000 members in the tiny country of just 1.5 million people.\n\n\"About 10 years ago there were 33,000 civil servants,\" said Gregory Mintsa, a former civil servant who works with global anti-corruption coalition Transparency International. \"How it's possible to go from that number to 70,000 in such a short period of time, I don't know.\"\n\nMinsta, who in 2010 won Transparency International's Integrity award, says he lost his job as a civil servant when he began campaigning against corruption in Gabon.\n\n\"I was working at the ministry of culture. They put me in jail, they cut my salary,\" he added. \"Now I am considered a ghost civil servant--it's impossible to know whether my salary is still being paid, and someone else is taking it. But for 56 months I have not been paid. In Gabon, public money is used to eliminate political opponents and to patronise supporters of the government.\"\n\nTransparency International ranks Gabon joint 102nd of 174 countries in its 2012 annual corruption index, and says the country scores particularly poorly in perceptions of public sector corruption.\n\n\"Gabon scored 35 out of 100 in the 2012 corruption perceptions index, which measures perceptions of public sector corruption in a country. This indicates that it has a serious problem with corruption,\" said Chantal Uwimana, regional director, Sub-Sahara Africa for Transparency International.\n\nBut the government says it is taking measures to reform the sector. In 2009, Gabon launched an overhaul of the civil service, firing 800 employees. Last year, President Ali Bongo Ondimba used a trip to London to announce new performance contracts for civil servants, in a further effort to trim the sector.\n\nGabon estimates there are up to 10,000 fraudulent state employees remaining on the books, costing the nation about $50m every year.\n\nBut critics say the public sector is still characterised by nepotism and corruption.\n\n\"It is very difficult to become a civil servant in Gabon--it's a long process and if you don't have a relationship through a family member or a parent, you can't get in,\" said Mintsa. \"Many other people like me have had their salaries cut for being associated with the political opposition, and the police and army are used to repress dissent. Things in Gabon are getting worse, not better.\";","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. Novembre 2013.\n\nDzonteu, D.C. Gabon Revioew (2013, July 10) . CNLCEI: Dieudonné Ondounga Awassi, nouveau president. A La Une.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/cnlcei-dieudonne-ondounga-awassi-nouveau-president/\n\nGabon Eco. (18 July, 2012) . Gabon corruption: 92 dossiers bientôt devant une juridiction d’exception.  Retrieved from https://gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25928\n\nGabon Eco. (10 July, 2013).  CNLCEI: Lebondo Lemali s’en va avec un bilan mitigé… Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30034\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Cour des Comptes du Gabon (CCG) examines shortfalls in the execution of budgetary allocations made to each ministry during a given fiscal year. But its annual reports are published with significant time lags and are not accessible to the public. The findings are transferred dir..."]
["2013_GM_13",2013,"GM","The Gambia",13,25,"The police investigates public sector corruption. Such investigations are however usually delayed because of the manpower and resource constraints faced by the police. The delay in investigating public sector corruption, and the failure to investigate allegations of corruption in some other  instances entirely, means public sector corruption goes unchecked often times, which is also why The Gambia dropped in the last transparency international rankings.\n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: According Freedom House,  President Yahya Jammeh’s \"recent focus on economic development has led to increased anticorruption efforts, including the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission and the sentencing of several high-ranking security officials on drug and corruption charges in 2012. Gambia was ranked 105 out of 176 countries surveyed in Transparency International’s 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index\".\n\nSource:World Freedome Report 2013. Freedom House.  http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/gambia;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Aside from the comments, the nature of anti-corruption fight in the Gambia follows the political landscape, i.e. those targeted for corruption investigation are usually individuals perceived to be enemies of the state. Where investigations are directed against public officials at any level, such investigations and prosecution only suffer the challenges mentioned in the comments. Lack of capacity in the police or long court cases and also the constant changes in judges all go to affect the process, not to mention the external pressures from various quarters that go to bear on the police, judges or other stakeholders in the matter.;","1. Interview with Cherno Marena, Registrar General of The Gambia, Attorney General Chambers, Ministry of Justice. October 7 2013.\n\n2. Interview with Tijan Badjie, Deputy Crime Management Coordinator October 8 2013.\n\n3. Gambia suffers drop in TI ranking in corruption report. The Point Newspaper. Nfamara Jawneh. December 6 2012. http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambia-suffers-drop-in-ti-ranking-in-corruption-report\n\n4. Gambia - Corruption by Country - FindTheData. http://country-corruption.findthedata.org/l/108/Gambia.  2012.","The police investigates public sector corruption. Such investigations are however usually delayed because of the manpower and resource constraints faced by the police. The delay in investigating public sector corruption, and the failure to investigate allegations of corruption in s..."]
["2013_GH_13",2013,"GH","Ghana",13,50,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice has a functioning system in place to handle complaints including allegations of corruption. A complaint could be made in writing, orally or online.\n\nA written response received from the commission dated October 23, 2013, and signed by its legal officer, in response to a request for latest statistics on the situation, said: \"The period for completion of investigations may vary according to the nature of the case and could take between one week to two years.\" \n\nThe commission also interprets its legal mandate to mean that it has to receive complaints before commissioning investigations, so it does not initiate investigations into cases on its own.\n\nAccording to the written response, the commission said that, in the year 2012, it received \"a total of 106 cases which included cases of abuse of office/power/functions, misappropriation/embezzlement, fraud, conflict of interest, bribery and extortion of money\".\n\nThe commission said: \"The cases were against public office holders, both junior and senior levels.\" \n\nDespite being asked, the commission did not provide definite or specific statistics on the number of the cases it had so far investigated. It only stated that \"two cases are pending before the high court and the supreme court respectively\".\n\nEven though the commission is an independent investigative body, its effectiveness is hampered or limited by inadequate funding rendering it unable to investigate most of the cases brought before it on time.\n\nThe commission also does not have adequate staff to assign to the various cases to ensure their timely resolution.","1. Mr D.C. Hammond, legal officer, Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, written correspondence, October 23,Accra.\n\n2. Mr Roland Akabzaa, research officer, Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition, telephone interview, October 9, Accra.\n\n3. Dr Franklin Oduro, head of programmes and deputy director of the Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, telephone interview, September 26, Accra.\n\n4. News story, title: Ghana doing well with corruption legislation but ... CHRAJ, author: Caroline Boateng, publication: Daily Graphic/Ghana, date: July 18, 2013, link: http://www.modernghana.com/news/475860/1/ghana-doing-well-with-corruption-legislation-but-c.html.","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice has a functioning system in place to handle complaints including allegations of corruption. A complaint could be made in writing, orally or online...."]
["2013_GN_13",2013,"GN","Guinea",13,25,"Dans le cadre de la lutte contre la corruption, des plans d'action ont été formulés au Bureau des plaintes des citoyens. Jusqu'à présent, toutefois, ces plans n'ont bénéficié d’aucun budget de fonctionnement. Ainsi, depuis septembre 2012, aucune affaire de corruption n’y a encore été mise en examen. Dans les faits, l’agence oriente beaucoup plus son travail du côté des plaidoiries et de la sensibilisation de la population et des fonctionnaires que vers les enquêtes criminelles ou la répression.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Plusieurs enquêtes sur des cas de corruption ont été conduites sous l’autorité du Ministère du contrôle économique et financier. Vraisemblablement à cause d’interférences politiques de haut niveau, pour peu qu’ils aient été produits, les rapports issus de ces enquêtes n’ont jamais été révélés au public.\n\nUn comité d’audit rattaché à la présidence avait publié un rapport, allant même jusqu’à citer des noms. Le processus s’est toutefois arrêté immédiatement après la publication de ce rapport, sans y donner suite.","- Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n- Jean Kolié, Ministère de la Coopération internationale, 10 septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n- Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n- Maître  Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15 h 20.\n- François Falcon, Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 9 septembre 2013, 9 h 45.","Dans le cadre de la lutte contre la corruption, des plans d'action ont été formulés au Bureau des plaintes des citoyens. Jusqu'à présent, toutefois, ces plans n'ont bénéficié d’aucun budget de fonctionnement. Ainsi, depuis septembre 2012, aucune affaire de corruption n’y a encore é..."]
["2013_GW_13",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",13,0,"In Guinea Bissau the public prosecutor is the public ministery, a body that has the responsibility to prosecute. It is responsible for investigating allegations of public sector corruption. It works in collaboration with the judiciary police, which submits its actions and requests to the ministry. In practice, the system receives citizens allegations, but not all the cases are investigated due to strong interference of powerful elites. As well, investigations under its own initiative are usually interrupted and/or strongly influenced.","1.\tEdinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.\tCherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.\tMario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","In Guinea Bissau the public prosecutor is the public ministery, a body that has the responsibility to prosecute. It is responsible for investigating allegations of public sector corruption. It works in collaboration with the judiciary police, which submits its actions and requests ..."]
["2013_KE_13",2013,"KE","Kenya",13,50,"Several high profile public officials have been arraigned in Kenyan courts to face corruption charges.\n\nSome cases still go unnoticed due to non-reporting by the public or the officers lack the capacity in Kenya. Some cases still go unnoticed due to non-reporting by the public or the officers lack the capacity to pursue. \n\nThe commission has effective platforms to report corruption. This can be done through physical visits to offices, by phone and via email. One can also pass on information anonymously to the commission through the anonymous whistleblower's system on its website www.eacc.go.ke. \n\nThe effectiveness of the bodies and agencies that remains fairly shaky because of non-reporting by the public or submission of weak evidence that cannot sustain a conviction. The agencies involved also at times lack the capacity to pursue complicated cases.\n\nNonetheless, numeric evidence of cases investigated in prior years as well as this years' investigations indicate clearly that the Commission is effective to a certain degree, hindered by its inability to prosecute on its own and capacity restrictions.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Major corruption scandals regularly hit the headlines, giving indication of lethargy or ineffectiveness on the part of the anti-corruption agency to undertake detection.","Eric Mutua, chairman, Law Society of Kenya, interviewed on September 19, 2013.\n\n\"Kasarani MP arrested over Sh150,000 bribe\", Star newspaper, July 4, 2013, http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-126781/kasarani-mp-arrested-over-sh150000-bribe.\n\n\"MP arrested in Diani plot fraud case\", Catherine Karongo, Capital FM News, May 17, 2012, http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/05/mp-arrested-in-diani-plot-fraud-case/.\n\n\"Kasarani MP charged with soliciting bribe of Sh150,000\", Business Daily newspaper, July 4, 2013, http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Kasarani+MP+charged+with+soliciting+bribe+of+Sh150+000+/-/539546/1905268/-/ygfadw/-/index.html.\n\n\"PS Thuita charged over embassy scandal\", Lydia Matata, Star newspaper, February 28, 2013, http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-109904/ps-thuita-charged-over-embassy-scandal.\n\nEthics and Anti-Corruption Commission Annual Report 2011/12 http://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/EACC annual report - 2011-2012-final.pd.\n\n\"The Anti -Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, 2003; Has Kenya Discharged her Obligations to Her Peoples and the World?”, an analysis by Muthoni Thiankolu, Kenya Law reports, December 2006, http://www.kenyalawreports.or.ke/Downloads_Other/Muthomi%20Thiankolu%20-%20AntiCorruption%20And%20Economic%20Crimes%20Act%202003.pdf","Several high profile public officials have been arraigned in Kenyan courts to face corruption charges...."]
["2013_LS_13",2013,"LS","Lesotho",13,50,"Considering the number of high profile cases that the DCEO has investigated and successfully prosecuted, it is possible to say that it is moderately effective as Lesotho's anti-corruption institution. Interviewed sources reveal that the question of when an investigation can be launched after the allegations have been received depends on the nature and complexity of each allegation. Some allegations are straightforward and can be investigated and prosecuted relatively quickly (within a three-month period). Sources also indicate that the directorate’s effectiveness is limited by its low human resource capacity. It currently has eight investigators with an average of 30 cases per investigator. This creates and perpetuates the currently huge backlog of corruption allegations. Sources agree that the directorate is not accessible enough to citizens. It has offices only in the capital city, where it has its headquarters. Also, it does not have a toll-free number that people can use to report corruption allegations. Notwithstanding, it has put in place some local structures to receive on its behalf, allegations of corruption country-wide. These structures include the district anti-corruption committees and Business Action Against Corruption, among others. They are all headed by ordinary members of the community.","1. Advocate Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. Interview 2 October 2013.\n\n2. Litelu Ramokhoro. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Director of Public Education and Corruption Prevention. Interview 11 October 2013.\n\n3. Leboela Motopi. Public Eye. Five Government officials off the hook. September 22 2013. http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=3835\n\n4. Staff Reporter. Sunday Express. Corruption accused PS faces disciplinary hearing. May 4 2013. http://sundayexpress.co.ls/?p=8386.\n\n5. Ntsebeng Motsoeli. Lesotho Times. 'Corruption is Lesotho’s worst enemy after Aids.’ July 25 2013.","Considering the number of high profile cases that the DCEO has investigated and successfully prosecuted, it is possible to say that it is moderately effective as Lesotho's anti-corruption institution. Interviewed sources reveal that the question of when an investigation can be laun..."]
["2013_LR_13",2013,"LR","Liberia",13,0,"Over the last year, the Liberia Anti-Cooruption Commission (LACC) recorded a total of 37 cases of corruption reported by individuals and groups in Liberia. Out of the total number of cases reported, three were investigated, and only one was prosecuted in court and verdict handed down. The reason is that the  LACC is still incapacitated, it lacks both staff and an effective investigation mechanism. There is no defined strategy in place for ordinary citizens to report corruption, and so it is effective as many ordinary citizens lack the means of reporting acts of corruption. \n\nMost of the cases mentioned were reported by the Justice Ministry. The LACC lacks a workable strategy for reporting corruption.","\"1. Johnson-Allison, F. (2013, October 11). Personal Interview. Chairperson - Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, Monrovia\n\n2. Report: U.S. State Department Report on Liberia, 19 April 2013, www.refworld.org\n\n3. Report: 2012 Annual Report, LACC, lacc.gov.lr\"","Over the last year, the Liberia Anti-Cooruption Commission (LACC) recorded a total of 37 cases of corruption reported by individuals and groups in Liberia. Out of the total number of cases reported, three were investigated, and only one was prosecuted in court and verdict handed do..."]
["2013_LY_13",2013,"LY","Libya",13,0,"The cases of corruption in the public sector may be investigated,  usually the verdicts do not result in indicting public officials though. The accused usually resigns and the case is closed. The general prosecutor is in charge of investigating corruption cases. There is no independent body (police and prosecution are dependent) and there is no effective independent mechanism-based system to receive citizen allegations against corruption. Although the police and the general prosecutor can be conceived as formally in charge of conducing investigations, there is no indication of being effective in investigating and prosecuting cases of public sector corruption.","Anonymous - lawyer and women’s rights activist - Benghazi, personal communication, November 9, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - NGO worker on multiple anti-corruption projects -Transparency Libya - Tripoli, personal communication, November 6, 2013. \n\nAnonymous - judge of administrative law - Tripoli, personal communication, November 9, 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The cases of corruption in the public sector may be investigated,  usually the verdicts do not result in indicting public officials though. The accused usually resigns and the case is closed. The general prosecutor is in charge of investigating corruption cases. There is no indepen..."]
["2013_MG_13",2013,"MG","Madagascar",13,50,"Les avis sont unanimes quant à l’effectivité des actions menées par le BIANCO en tant qu’organe d’enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Les statistiques de 2013 montrent que la totalité des cas de corruption traités se rapportent aux fonctionnaires. Quant à la suite, la décision finale appartient aux tribunaux. \n\nToutefois, les résultats de ces enquêtes ou transmissions de dossiers aux juridictions laissent certains plutôt pessimistes. Le directeur général du Trésor public parle même « d’impunis ». L’article de Madagascar Tribune cite : « Les dépenses mensuelles engloutissent quelque 250 milliards d’ariarys alors que les recettes ne s’élèvent en moyenne qu’à 180 milliards d’ariarys. Le DG du Trésor précise que ces manques à gagner sont également dus à des détournements découverts par la Brigade d’inspection des finances publiques qui a mis au jour quelque 1700 affaires de détournement sur 13 ans, dont la majorité des auteurs sont demeurés impunis ; en cause le statut de l’inspecteur du Trésor qui ne lui permet pas de poursuivre le délinquant ou le criminel en justice. C’est la raison pour laquelle le DG du Trésor réitère qu’il est urgent que l’inspecteur de la brigade ait le statut d’officier de police judiciaire, mais ne soit plus considéré comme un simple témoin devant la barre. »\n\nPar ailleurs, les résultats de l’enquête du Baromètre mondial de la corruption de Transparency International a montré que, pour Madagascar, (i) 77% des répondants estiment que les autorités publiques et les fonctionnaires sont corrompus ou extrêmement corrompus, et (ii) 54% des répondants ont estimé que les efforts du gouvernement pou lutter contre la corruption sont inefficaces.","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Lejamble Brice, secrétaire exécutif p.i, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 23 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- «Trésor public : Un déficit de 4000 milliards d’ariary», Madagascar Tribune, 4 mars 2013.\nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Un-deficit-de-4000-milliards-d,18508.html\n- Baromètre Global de la Corruption 2013, 4 octobre 2013, Transparency International.\nhttp://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country/?country=madagascar \n- Site du Bureau indépendant anti-corruption (BIANCO), 4 octobre 2013.\nhttp://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0\n- Rakotoarisoa V. Angela, assistante juridique du Centre d’assistance juridique et d’action citoyenne (Advocacy and Legal Advisory Center), Antananarivo, 2 octobre 2003. (Interview)","Les avis sont unanimes quant à l’effectivité des actions menées par le BIANCO en tant qu’organe d’enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Les statistiques de 2013 montrent que la totalité des cas de corruption traités se rapportent aux fonctionnaires. Quan..."]
["2013_MW_13",2013,"MW","Malawi",13,50,"In practice, the anti-corruption bureau, the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption, is partly effective. It does have a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption. Some of its investigations are carried out within three months of being reported, others within a longer period. The acb sometimes exercises its own initiative to start investigations when and if required. In the past year, it took 51 allegations of corruption cases to court. Out of the 51 cases brought to court, 25 ended in convictions against defendants, representing a success rate of 48%. The acb has set a performance target for each section to track its performance.","Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\nRobert Phiri, Executive Director. Public Affairs Committee. November 13 2013.\nNickson Masebo, Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson.  November 12 2013.","In practice, the anti-corruption bureau, the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption, is partly effective. It does have a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption. Some of its investigations are carried out with..."]
["2013_ML_13",2013,"ML","Mali",13,100,"Au Mali, le Bureau du Vérificateur général (BVG) est l'organe qui est chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Selon Abraham Bengaly, « Cette structure dispose d'une plateforme technique et d'un savoir-faire pour recevoir les allégations de corruption ». Toutefois, dit-il, le BVG exerce son droit d'initiative pour ouvrir des enquêtes en cas de nécessité en vue de la manifestation de la vérité.\nLa structure dispose d'un système permettant de recevoir les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public tenues par les citoyens. Daniel Tessougué, ancien cadre du BVG confie que « Nous étudions la plupart des allégations dans un délai assez restreint (2 à 4 mois) après la dénonciation ».","Entretien avec Abraham Bengaly, juriste, Association malienne des droits de l’Homme, réalisé le 20 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Moussa Coulibaly, Président d'ONG, Groupe suivi budgétaire, réalisé le 20 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Fanta Sylla, journaliste, Journaldumali.com, réalisé le 20 septembre 2013.","Au Mali, le Bureau du Vérificateur général (BVG) est l'organe qui est chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Selon Abraham Bengaly, « Cette structure dispose d'une plateforme technique et d'un savoir-faire pour recevoir les allégations de corrup..."]
["2013_MR_13",2013,"MR","Mauritania",13,0,"Il n'existe aucun mécanisme qui permet d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Par contre, il existe une structure chargée d'auditer le service public, de vérifier la conformité des dépenses publiques. C'est l'Inspection générale d'État(IGE). L'IGE va a posteriori mener des investigations. Il convient de souligner que cette structure est administrative, rattachée aux services du premier ministre. La présente IGE est dominée par de hauts fonctionnaires nommés par le premier ministre. Dans sa configuration actuelle, l'IGE n'a des membres de la société civile. Par contre, il existe en ce moment un projet de création d'un observatoire de la lutte contre la corruption composée de citoyens. Pour l'instant, il n'est qu'à l'état embryonnaire.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: I would want to emphasize that the state's General Inspection body is \"effective' in investigating allegation of corruption, but I want to disassociate that effectiveness from the body's independence as it is always controlled by the regime. Its effectiveness is determined by the regime, and it can be, and had been at tangential cases, effective. ;","1. Interview de Mohamed Abdallahi ould Bilil, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 19 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Interview de Mine ould Habiboullah, avocat à la cour, président, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Interview de Moctar ould Ahmed Leli, ancien directeur général de la Fonction Publique, 13 novembre 2013.","Il n'existe aucun mécanisme qui permet d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Par contre, il existe une structure chargée d'auditer le service public, de vérifier la conformité des dépenses publiques. C'est l'Inspection générale d'État(IGE). L'IGE va a..."]
["2013_MU_13",2013,"MU","Mauritius",13,75,"The ICAC has a system that can receive allegations by anyone. The complainant can communicate  in person, by post or by email. The ICAC also accepts anonymous complaints and has set up a hotline where people can call to report alleged cases of corruption. Moreover, ICAC can also initiate inquiries on its own.  In its latest annual report, ICAC reports that 1,147 complaints were received, of which 14 were by ICAC's own initiative. According to an officer of ICAC, most cases are investigated as soon as the complaints are lodged.  From January 1 to March 15, 2013, 25 cases were lodged, of which five led to conviction. \nWhile it can be said that ICAC is active, the effectiveness of its action, especially against the high-profile allegedly corrupt, has been criticized by the press and the opposition on several occasions.","Press Article: Meetharbhan Raj “La Chasse est Infructueuse” (The hunt is unsuccessful) in L’Express Sept. 29, 2013, available online at http://www.lexpress.mu/idee/la-chasse-est-infructueuse \n\nPress Article: “Alan Ganoo: «Berenger m’a investi des pleins pouvoirs pour diriger le parti en son absence »\" (Alan Ganoo : « Berenger has given me full power to lead the party during his absence)  Le Mauricien March 6, 2013, available online. http://www.lemauricien.com/article/interview-%E2%80%94-alan-ganoo-%C2%AB%C2%A0berenger-m%E2%80%99-investi-des-pleins-pouvoirs-diriger-parti-en-son-absenc\n\nInterview: Rajen Bablee, Executive Director, Transparency Mauritius, interviewed on Nov. 22, 2013\n\nInterview: Mr. Rossaye, Department of Education, ICAC\n\nWebsite of ICAC: http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/cid_statistics.htm, accessed on Nov 26.11.2013\n\nReport: ICAC Annual Report and Audited Account as of December 31, 2012, available online: www.gov.mu/portal/sites/icac/download/Report_Anual%20Report_2012.pdf","The ICAC has a system that can receive allegations by anyone. The complainant can communicate  in person, by post or by email. The ICAC also accepts anonymous complaints and has set up a hotline where people can call to report alleged cases of corruption. Moreover, ICAC can also in..."]
["2013_MA_13",2013,"MA","Morocco",13,0,"There is no independent body that investigates corruption in Morocco and no body is mandated to receive citizen allegations and pursue such cases. Corruption in Morocco is endemic and while the 2011 constitution stipulates the creation of an independent body mandated to pursue citizen allegations, the body was not set up until the end of the study period. Thus, and in-practice there is no mechanism to receive citizen allegations. \n\nThe Central Authority for Corruption Prevention was established by Decree no. 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007. It is an agency under the supervision of the prime minister that monitors the implementation of policies to prevent corruption. Likewise it does not have the mandate or entail mechanisms for citizens to report and subsequently investigate corruption.","Central Authority for Corruption Prevention.  (2013, October 2) .  Personal communication.\n\nMorocco.  Constitution, articles 36 and 167.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf\n\nMorocco.  Decree no. 2-05-1228.  (2007) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/DECRET%20N%202-05-1228INSTITUANT%20LINSTANCE%20CENTRALE%20DE%20PREVENTION%20DE%20LA%20CORRUPTION%20-DIVER-.htm\n\n(2013, June 19) .  The Bensouda Mezouar case: Charges dropped.  Lakome.  Retrieved from https://fr.lakome.com/index.php/maroc/963-affaire-des-primes-mezouar-bensouda-la-plainte-des-associations-classee-sans-suite","There is no independent body that investigates corruption in Morocco and no body is mandated to receive citizen allegations and pursue such cases. Corruption in Morocco is endemic and while the 2011 constitution stipulates the creation of an independent body mandated to pursue citi..."]
["2013_MZ_13",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",13,25,"The effectiveness of the institution tasked for fighting corruption (Central Directorate for Fighting Corruption), can be questioned. This institution still has several shortcomings, namely financial (lack of resources) and in terms of qualified personnel. In fact, the directorate does not have a body of investigators from within the institution. Most of them are hired for a particular task. However, over the past 11 months 134 cases have been taken to court. \n\nAllegations of corruption can be reported via hotlines, but the Central Directorate rarely exercises its right to initiate investigations of its own accord, and its financial struggles and lack of staff limit its effectiveness.","1.\tBaltazar Fael. Research director. Centre for Public Integrity. September 9, 2013.\n2.\t\"Gabinete de Combate à Corrupção afirma roubos ao Estado estão a aumentar em Moçambique\". Coutinho Macanandze. Jornal A Verdade. August 6, 2013. http://www.verdade.co.mz/nacional/38949-tramitados-57-processos-crime-contra-corruptos-em-julho. \n3.\tBasel Institute of Governance. Assistencia Tecnica em Materia Anticorrupcao ao Governo de Mocambique. Novembro 2012.\n4.\tCentre for Research on Governance and Development. A Qualidade da Governacao e Democracia em Mocambique: Questoes Especificas do Pais. Working paper No. 3. July 2013","The effectiveness of the institution tasked for fighting corruption (Central Directorate for Fighting Corruption), can be questioned. This institution still has several shortcomings, namely financial (lack of resources) and in terms of qualified personnel. In fact, the directorate ..."]
["2013_NA_13",2013,"NA","Namibia",13,50,"The anti-corruption commission only employs 40 investigators across its three offices countrywide, making it under-resourced and understaffed – particularly the investigation unit. Also director Paulus Noa has, on numeral occasions, admitted that the funding allocated is inadequate, thereby affecting its effectiveness in the fight against corruption. However, earlier this year, Noa said that Namibia has recorded a decrease in the number of alleged incidences of corruption being reported to the commission. Both Noa and commission spokesperson Fillemon Enkali  regard this as indicative of the organisation’s effectiveness in the fight against corruption. \n\nCommentators however see this decrease in the number of corruption related cases being reported as indicative of a loss of faith by the public in the commission and its effectiveness in the fight against corruption. Once again, the public perception that the commission is not going after high level politicians tarnishes the reputation of the institution. It must also be noted that the commission does not have any prosecuting power, and, once investigations are finalised, the information is forwarded to the office of the prosecutor general, who then makes a decision on whether or not to prosecute in a particular instance. This fact should be considered along with the statement made earlier regarding the appointment of officials to government offices/agencies/departments on the basis of political ties/loyalty. Anecdotal responses have revealed that once a state-owned enterprise forwarded names and clear evidence of misappropriation of funds of staff members. However nothing was done about this, the commission visited the enterprise and took some more receipts, and nothing else was heard of this case. \n\nIt is however worth mentioning that the commission has a hotline which is  free 0800 222 888 making it accessible to the public.","Fillemon Enkali, PRO, Anti-Corruption Commission, September 30 2013.\nJaqueline Asheeke, columnist and writer, former CEO FENATA and chairperson of the board of directors, Namibia Wildlife Resorts, September 30 2013.\nFrederiko Links, editor, Insight business magazine, September 23 2013.\nToivo Ndjembela, editor, The Namibian Sun, September 28 2013.\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\nUnder-funding clips ACC’s wings, Corry Ihuhua, Namibian Sun, October 30 2012, available at - http://sun.com.na/content/national-news/altenunder-funding-clips-acc%E2%80%99s-wings.","The anti-corruption commission only employs 40 investigators across its three offices countrywide, making it under-resourced and understaffed – particularly the investigation unit. Also director Paulus Noa has, on numeral occasions, admitted that the funding allocated is inadequate..."]
["2013_NE_13",2013,"NE","Niger",13,50,"La Haute autorité de lutte contre la corruption et crimes assimilés a été créée en août 2011 et commence à peine à fonctionner. Cependant, son bilan permet de dire qu'elle serait plutôt effective puisque le travail avance (plusieurs enquêtes ont été apportées, la stratégie de lutte contre la corruption a été élaborée, le numéro vert fonctionne). Par contre, le système n'est pas assez transparent pour savoir si les enquêtes sont réellement ouvertes dans le délai de 3 mois.\n\nUne autre source signale au sein de l'institution indique que la Haute Autorité de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA), à travers sa ligne verte et les instruments dont elle dispose a eu à se pencher sur plus d’une vingtaine de dossiers. La HALCIA a entrepris, à travers l’ensemble du pays, une vaste campagne de communication pour solliciter la compréhension et le concours de tous les citoyens dans l’accomplissement de sa noble mission d’assainissement des finances publiques. \n\nIl y a des changements constates depuis la création de la HALCIA pour faire démarrer le processus d’élaboration de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption qui se propose de permettre au Niger de se doter d’un mécanisme rendant son service public efficace, exempte de toute opacité, permettant le rétablissement du monopole fiscal de l’Etat et poursuivant l’efficacité de la dépense publique. Toutes ces choses qui sont primordiales comme paramètre d’évaluation de la perception de la corruption. Il y a également des changements en ce qui concerne la répression avec le traitement des affaires qui  lui sont soumises. A la date de ce jour 9 décembre 2012, la HALCIA a reçu 58 dénonciations ou plaintes auxquelles il faut ajouter 60 dossiers transmis par l’Inspection d’Etat aux fins de judiciarisation.","Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. (19 septembre 2013 ). Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. Niger\n\nAnonyme. (03 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Niger\n\nAnonyme. (07 Février 2013). Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger (AFJN). Niger\n\nSiradji Sanda. (18 avril 2013). La situation des actions menées par l’institution nationale anti corruption. Le Sahel, page 3.\n\nNiger : Bilan 2012 à vu la mise en place d’Institutions démocratiques fortes et crédibles. (3 janvier 2013). Niger24.\nhttp://www.niger24.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1317:niger--bilan-2012-a-vu-la-mise-en-place-dinstitutions-democratiques-fortes-et-credibles&catid=43:politique&Itemid=477\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","La Haute autorité de lutte contre la corruption et crimes assimilés a été créée en août 2011 et commence à peine à fonctionner. Cependant, son bilan permet de dire qu'elle serait plutôt effective puisque le travail avance (plusieurs enquêtes ont été apportées, la stratégie de lutte..."]
["2013_NG_13",2013,"NG","Nigeria",13,50,"The ICPC receives petitions from citizens through writing. Not all of the investigations are probed as shown in the statistics below. Investigations also take a long time. \n\nStatistics obtained from the ICPC for the last year are as follows:\n\nTotal number of petitions received.....684\nNumber of petitions investigated ..................................176\nNumber of cases filed in courts......................................24\nNumber of convictions secured........................................7\nNumber of cases lost on appeal.......................................2\nNumber of outstanding cases in courts \nbetween commission's inception in 2001 and 2012 .....171\n\nAlso, the ICPC and the EFCC rarely start investigations on their own initiative.","1. Interview with Folu Olamiti, Media Consultant for the Independent Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Commission, Abuja, October 21, 2013.\n\n2. Punch newspaper, Gbenro Adeoye, EFCC, ICPC have failed – Agbaje, August 3, 2013, http://www.punchng.com/news/efcc-icpc-have-failed-agbaje/\n\n3. Information Nigeria, Senator Calls For Special Anti-Corruption Agency To Monitor Political Office Holders, January 22, 2013, http://www.informationng.com/2013/01/senator-calls-for-special-anti-corruption-agency-to-monitor-political-office-holders.html\n\n4. Champion Online News, Nigerians want independence of anti-graft agencies, October 3, 2013, http://www.championonlinenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=12719:nigerians-want-independence-of-anti-graft-agencies&Itemid=208&lang=en\n\n5. Sunday Trust, Ismail Adebayo, EFCC, ICPC are operating from disadvantaged position - Prof Akinseye George, December 30, 2012, http://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php/comment-debate/58-sunday-interview/sunday-interview/7600-efcc-icpc-are-operating-from-disadvantaged-position-prof-akinseye-george","The ICPC receives petitions from citizens through writing. Not all of the investigations are probed as shown in the statistics below. Investigations also take a long time. ..."]
["2013_RW_13",2013,"RW","Rwanda",13,50,"The first two conditions (the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption and it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported) are met while the third one (it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed) is not totally met. \n\nAccording to the ombudsman's report on corruption for 2012/2013, of the 121 people convicted of corruption, 52 are farmers, while 33 are drivers and motorcyclists and 12 are junior police officers. Members of Parliament questioned why there were not more senior public servants named. A partial answer is that one of the many challenges in fighting corruption is that embezzlement is not recognized as a crime and therefore many senior officials guilty of this crime cannot be prosecuted. \n\nAccording to sources, some of the investigated issues are initiated by other bodies who may have interest in the issues. In addition, there are very few cases of corruption that took long to be investigated while some may even go unnoticed. This is a definite flaw in the functioning of the body. Rwandans can directly write to the ombudsman by using free Internet for instance in the public libraries. They can also call the office and tip them. In addition, they can call or directly report to any police station.","Ankomah, B.  (2013, March 19) .  Rwanda: A star in fighting corruption.  NewAfrican.  Retrieved from http://www.newafricanmagazine.com/features/politics/rwanda-a-star-in-fightng-corruption\n\nHitchen, J.  (2013, January 14) .  Rwanda: Corruption will not be tolerated.  The Foreign Report.  Retrieved from http://www.theforeignreport.com/2013/01/14/rwanda-corruption-will-not-be-tolerated \n\nIyamuremye, Yassin.  (2013, September 9) .  [Chief accountant at the auditor's office].  Personal communication.\n\nKabeera, E.  (2013, September 12) .  Police to sack 30 over graft.  The New Times.  Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15478&a=70330","The first two conditions (the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption and it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported) are met while the third one (it exercises its own initiative to start..."]
["2013_ST_13",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",13,0,"In practice, cases of public sector corruption are rarely investigated or prosecuted. The police and the public prosecutors office are vulnerable to bribery and subject to political influence and interference.\n\nThe system to receive citizens' allegations is working but only at the bare minimum. In most cases it is not effective because there is a huge lack of resources for a speedy and effective investigation to prove that a crime was actually committed. For example, there are no resources administered to collect evidence of the crime; there is a lack of qualified personnel to carry out investigations and in some cases the impartiality of the judge is the problem to hold alleged offenders to account.\n\nTo give an example of the malfunction of the system: Many times the notification for someone to attend a hearing investigating a criminal complaint arrives on the same day the hearing takes place and sometimes only after the time the citizen was supposed to be at the state department.","1. Nerik Salvaterra. State Prosecutor. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.\n2. Frederico Samba. Attorney General. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.\n3. Ana Semedo. Attorney's General Assistant. Department of Justice. October 29 2013.","In practice, cases of public sector corruption are rarely investigated or prosecuted. The police and the public prosecutors office are vulnerable to bribery and subject to political influence and interference...."]
["2013_SN_13",2013,"SN","Senegal",13,0,"Pour enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, le Sénégal s’est doté de l'Office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption au Sénégal (OFNAC) en remplacement de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la non-transparence, la corruption et la concussion (CNLCC). \n\nOr, depuis sa création en 2012, l’organe ne dispose que d’un seul membre, son président, nommé par le chef de l'État. Les autres membres ne sont pas encore nommés. Actuellement l'OFNAC existe juridiquement, mais ne peut pas encore fonctionner. C’est une situation qui a alimenté le débat toute l’année, poussant certains acteurs de la société civile et politique à parler d’un manque de volonté politique de la part du chef de l’État.","- Entretien avec Ibrahima Ndoye, ancien secrétaire permanent de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la non-transparence, la corruption et la concussion (CNLCC), le 21 septembre 2013.\n \n-Entretien avec Ndeye Marième Samb, directrice exécutive, Forum civil, le 21 septembre 2013.\n\n- Leral .(4 juillet 201). « Lutte contre la corruption : L’Ofnac un instrument invisible où mort-né ?» Leral.net: http://www.leral.net/Lutte-contre-la-corruption-L-Ofnac-un-instrument-invisible-ou-mort-ne_a88387.html","Pour enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, le Sénégal s’est doté de l'Office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption au Sénégal (OFNAC) en remplacement de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la non-transparence, la corruption et la concu..."]
["2013_SC_13",2013,"SC","Seychelles",13,0,"There are bodies that investigate public sector corruption, but an expert on accountability and the judiciary said: “Whether they have the resources to look into [these allegations] is doubtful. [I don’t think] they don’t have the resources. Largely they have to rely on what is being bought to them explicitly. First there’s notice to police and the attorney general’s office and investigations have to be done. Police do it in consultation with the attorney general. Largely all these cases have to go to court and stand the test of law…some cases they do just hang in limbo.”\n\nAn expert on civil society said: \"I don’t know if there is really anybody that investigates public sector corruption except the audit agency and the attorney general that investigates all public bodies. They uncover a lot of malpractices and misappropriations of funds but unfortunately nothing much gets done about it afterwards.\" \n\nMr Bernard Georges said similarly: “The only body capable of investigation – the ethics commission – is consigned to a form-filling body which files sealed public sector declaration of assets. The office of the ombudsman is comatose.” \n\nThe ethics commission does not exercise its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed, but they investigate the next day or two after the original report. \n\nTwo examples were mentioned in the interviews. An expert from the national bureau of statistics said that a couple of months ago, it was reported that someone has embezzled funds from two government agencies.  Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende said: \"There is one case of public sector corruption but [the defendant] ran away to the UK.  I think he was charged with corruption. [His name is] Meriton. The case [began] over a year [ago] but it is still ongoing. The warrant for his arrest has attempted to be solved. [Officials] started by getting certified that he is no longer in the jurisdiction; they have charged him in his former home.”\n\nThree emails were sent to the ombudsman, and email reminders were sent to the ministry of foreign affairs in an effort to obtain relevant statistics. Other than the fact that there were no reports of corruption and no investigations brought to court in the past year, the email response eventually received was provided very little specific data to track performance of the body that investigates public sector corruption.\n\nA “0” score was chosen because the bodies never start investigations on their own initiative and because cases are rarely, if ever, investigated after the issue is uncovered.","1. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice Seychelles Supreme Court, November 11, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert in Civil Society, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Anonymous source, Expert on Public Procurement and Private Sector Investment, May 12, 2013.\n\n4. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, July 12/, 2013.\n\n5. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, October 12, 2013.\n\n6. Email: Anonymous source, Representative from the National Bureau of Statistics, October 12, 2013.  The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n7. Email: Mrs. Wendy Michel, Assistant Investigation Officer for Ms. Dora Zatte, Seychelles Ombudsman, December 23, 2013.\n\n8. Blog, Seychelles Reality, \"Seychelles Attorney General exposed By Attorney Nada For Incompetence And Delaying Reforms,\" March 6, 2013\nhttp://seychellesreality.blogspot.com/2013/03/seychelles-attorney-general-exposed-by.html.","There are bodies that investigate public sector corruption, but an expert on accountability and the judiciary said: “Whether they have the resources to look into [these allegations] is doubtful. [I don’t think] they don’t have the resources. Largely they have to rely on what is bei..."]
["2013_SL_13",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",13,50,"During the year, the anti-corruption commission only investigates cases reported to them. There has never been a case which they have undertaken on their own initiative. However, cases are received through its corruption investigators who treat such reports with maximum confidentiality. Not all the cases the commission receives are investigated. While some are investigated, some are treated with levity because of the lack of evidence to pursue such cases. The investigators cannot go beyond the truth to unearth the reality. \n\nIn October 2012, the ACC investigators started investigating the alleged misappropriation of donor funds by Dr. Kisito Daoh and others at the ministry of health, and finally prosecuted those it found wanting in March 2013.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The anti-corruption commission does not investigate all alleged embezzlement cases reported to them. Big fish go through the mashes while small ones are caught.","Joseph F. Kamara, Anti-Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nSalifu Conteh, Standard Times, Court Reporter, October 19, 2013\n\nThe Anti-Corruption Commission, names of persons convicted in 2012, accessed October 2013, http://www.anticorruption.gov.sl/index.php?p=102&pn=Concluded%20Criminal%20Cases\n\nThe Anti-Corruption Commission, provides information, http://www.anticorruption.gov.sl/index.php?p=90&pn=Provide%20Information, accessed in October 2013","During the year, the anti-corruption commission only investigates cases reported to them. There has never been a case which they have undertaken on their own initiative. However, cases are received through its corruption investigators who treat such reports with maximum confidentia..."]
["2013_SO_13",2013,"SO","Somalia",13,0,"An anti-corruption commission has not been established in Somalia. Previous public financial management staff who are known to be corrupt still maintain their positions in government.\n\nAccording to Mohamed Goth writing in the Somaliland Press, \"Currently, in Somalia, officials are neither constrained by clear and enforceable rules or policies nor is there an auditing apparatus that is in charge of vetting government contracts or have the legal oversight against illicit political and business deals or misappropriation of the meager revenues.\"","Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company. (2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nGoth, Mohamed. Somalia: The corruption tango. Somaliland Press. http://somalilandpress.com/somaliathe-corruption-tango-46562 (2013 Dec 12).\n\nFartaag, Abdirazak. 2013 May 1. Reconstructing Somalia and the politics of public sector finance. LSE-IDEAS Africa Programme, Occasional Paper. http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/programmes/africaProgramme/pdfs/Abdirazak-Fartaag-LSE-IDEAS-Occasional-Paper-Reconstructing-Somalia-and-the-Politics-of-Public-Sector-Finance.pdf.\n\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","An anti-corruption commission has not been established in Somalia. Previous public financial management staff who are known to be corrupt still maintain their positions in government...."]
["2013_ZA_13",2013,"ZA","South Africa",13,100,"The Public Protector meets all requirements stated above, but the problem is that the body, while it investigates the bulk of complaints and while it has proper systems in place, doesn't have the power to prosecute, experts say. \n\nWhile the public protector is effective in investigating cases and allegations of public corruption, and while it is allowed to investigate on its own, the body doesn't have power to prosecute, punish and convict. Only a few cases have resulted in the dismissal of the culprit. These were mainly public workers lower in the chain of command. In March 2013, a teacher who sexually assaulted a learner and served a five-year suspended sentence, was eventually fired after Madonsela questioned why the man was still employed by that school.\n  \nMost cases against senior officials, however, do not lead to conviction, dismissal and other implications. This what makes the body ineffective in the fight against corruption and public misconduct, says Paul Hoffman. Nonetheless there is sufficient evidence that points out that there is a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption. Furthermore the number of cases observed by the public prosecutors validates that investigations of allegations are started almost immediately.\n\nIn the 2012/2013 financial year, the public protector handled 37,770 cases, an increase from the previous year's 27,376. Of these, 22,400 were finalised. Under half of the cases were upheld, while 13,995 were carried over to the current financial year. The public protector is thus investigating the vast majority of allegations dealing with for public corruption and misconduct. The press release with regards to the hand-over of the public protector report to parliament stated that \"of the total cases handled, 25,860 were received or initiated during the reporting period while the rest had been carried over from the previous year. The office achieved 75% of its performance targets.\"\n\nPaul Hoffmann states, \"Allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants are investigated, and the public protector may investigate on its own, but it has no power to prosecute and depends on other spheres of government,\" he says, referring to Madonsela's report on the investigation into allegations of maladministration and corruption in the procurement of an office block to accommodate the head offices of the Independent Electoral Commission. Madonsela has said that the commission's chairperson, Pansy Tlakula, had a “grossly irregular” role to play in the procurement of these offices because of  conflict of interest involving a co-director, with whom she was romantically involved. Madonsela urged parliament to take action. No action has been taken. \n\n\"In order for the public protector to be efficient, she needs to be able to combat, investigate, prosecute and punish. If you are part of the right clique, you can do what you like. There is a strong culture of impunity in South Africa, of which the public protector has warned against. Madonsela said that to fight corruption one needs to promote accountability, preserve transparency and counter the culture of impunity.\"\n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch, a platform for reporting corruption in South Africa, confirms that the public protector is only effective to a certain extent. \"It is hampered by a lack of resources. Lots of resources are required to investigate and take remedial steps against corruption. The public protector’s office recently complained about lack of resources to carry out its mandate,\" she said.\n\nAdila Hassim,  co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social justice NGO Section27 however says that the public protector is effective, despite the fact that it can't prosecute: \"You can only come to the truth through investigation, and the power to investigate. That is the base for further action. It is a very critical organisation, because it has the power to get hold of certain information and make it public.\"  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Even though the Office of the Public Protector only has recommendary powers, it has in recent years strengthened the fight against corruption and it's growing stature in the eyes of the public helps ensure that  the office's reports are responded to by affected parties. ;","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org), interview, October 23 2013.\n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch (www.corruptionwatvch.org.za), interview November 6 2013.\n\nPublic protector triggers sacking of sexual assault convict, The Sowetan, March 12 2013, http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013/03/12/public-protector-triggers-sacking-of-sexual-assault-convict.\n\nMPs reject public protector’s bid to refer IEC case to Electoral Court, Wyndham Hartley, Business Day, October 25 2013, http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2013/10/25/mps-reject-public-protectors-bid-to-refer-iec-case-to-electoral-court.\n\nOn Pansy Tlakula and the new IEC HQ, Thuli Madonsela, August 26 2013, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=400727&sn=Detail&pid=71616.\n\nAdila Hassim, co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social justice NGO Section27 (www.section27.org.za), interview, November 18 2013.","The Public Protector meets all requirements stated above, but the problem is that the body, while it investigates the bulk of complaints and while it has proper systems in place, doesn't have the power to prosecute, experts say. ..."]
["2013_SS_13",2013,"SS","South Sudan",13,0,"The South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission (SSACC) is the body mandated to investigate cases of alleged corruption. However, in practice this institution is not effective. Though it’s mandated to investigate corruption allegations, the SSACC does not have powers to prosecute, which renders it ineffective in the fight against corruption. The Southern Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009, provides that the SSACC refer investigations suggesting criminal activity to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution. This means decisions on whether anyone suspected of corruption is actually prosecuted and punished if found guilty are not made by the anti-corruption body, according to Johnny Saverio Ayik, the SSACC’s Deputy Chairperson.  \n\nAnother reason for the SSACC’s ineffectiveness is its limited capacity. As a young country, South Sudan has no history of formal institutions. The SSACC, like other institutions, was established just a few years ago and still lacks the capacity to deal with corruption. It lacks experienced investigators to do its work. It remains to be seen if the institution will actually be able to bring any major corruption cases to court (Global Witness, 2012).\n\nThough there have been many reports of corruption and corruption is acknowledged to be a widespread problem in the country, no government officials have so far been convicted of corruption, according to a civil society activist, Edmond Yakani (Executive Director of the Community Empowerment for Progress Organisation).\n\nIn practice, the Anti-Corruption Commission has not conducted any investigations into major corruption scandals in the country. For example whereas it was widely reported that President Kiir in 2012 wrote to 75 serving and former government officials asking them to return 4 billion dollars they stole, the SSAC has not investigated this matter. Instead the agency has been investigating small cases involving \"small fish\" rather than those involving \"big fish\".\n\nIn addition, the SSACC has not established any mechanism through which it could receive any allegations from citizens.","Adigo, Onyoti.  (2013, October 9) .  [Minority Leader in South Sudan’s parliament (National Legislative Assembly)].  Personal communication.\n\nAyik, Johnny Saverio.  (2013, December) .  [Deputy chairperson, SSACC].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission investigates 60 cases.  Radio Miraya.  Retrieved from http://www.radiomiraya.org/news-202/south-sudan/6776-s-sudan-anti-corruption-commission-investigates-60-cases.html#gsc.tab=0\n\nU4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre.  (2013) .  South Sudan: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption.  Mores, M.  Retrieved from http://www.u4.no/publications/south-sudan-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption/#sthash.e1odDVaw.dpuf\n\nWorld Bank. South Sudan overview (updated).  Retrieved from  http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan/overview. Accessed in September 2013.","The South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission (SSACC) is the body mandated to investigate cases of alleged corruption. However, in practice this institution is not effective. Though it’s mandated to investigate corruption allegations, the SSACC does not have powers to prosecute, which..."]
["2013_SD_13",2013,"SD","Sudan",13,0,"The nominal Anti-Corruption Commission in Sudan is not effective because it is not mandated by any statutory law to investigate and prosecute corruption cases. The effectiveness of the Commission, as reported by Transparency International (2012), is also undermined by \"wavering political will and the blurred distinctions between the state and ruling party\". The report shows that \"nothing has yet emerged from the agency on its corruption investigation\". In August 2013 President Omar Al Bashir dismissed the head of the agency for non-performance but had not yet appointed a replacement. Cases are not investigated and citizens do not have effective means or mechanisms to report corruption.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Investigations are not carried out by an independent body. Besides there is no gap between the state and the party that governs the state. The Sudanese opposition said that the jurisdictional immunities granted to the majority of state officials impede verification of corruption and suspicions that revolve around some of the men of the state, and demanded the lifting of all those involved in such cases.\nSudantribune News Paper Friday 19/04/2013;","Anonymous.  (n.d.) .  Personal communication.\n\nMartin, M. (August 2012) .  Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan.  Transparency International. http://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/342_Corruption_and_anti-corruption_in_Sudan.pdf\n\nBusiness Anti-Corruption Portal, 2013, Sudan Country Profile, Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives. GAN Integrity Solutions.  Retrieved from http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/sudan/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives.aspx\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The nominal Anti-Corruption Commission in Sudan is not effective because it is not mandated by any statutory law to investigate and prosecute corruption cases. The effectiveness of the Commission, as reported by Transparency International (2012), is also undermined by \"wavering pol..."]
["2013_SZ_13",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",13,50,"The Anti-Corruption Commission conducts investigations and makes recommendations to the director of public prosecutions in the Ministry of Justice to take to trial. No commission-initiated cases achieved guilty verdicts for the defendants during the year under review. Several high-profile cases were conducted, of which the one case won by government did not originate with the commission but with the Central Bank of Swaziland, which collected its own evidence while pursuing a pyramid scheme before turning the data over to the director of public prosecutions. \nThe highest profile case originating with the commission, against former chief executive office of Swaziland Railways, Gideon Mahlalela, resulted in his acquittal. The highest case of corruption involving a politician and involving the commission culminated in the arrest of a former house of assembly speaker, but, as of 30 September 2013, further investigations were being carried out and no trial date was set. Many times it takes longer than three months for investigations to begin.\nIn mitigation, the commission does offer the opportunity for ordinary Swazis to lay corruption allegations, and the commission is obliged by its mandate to investigate. In private conversation a source familiar with the commission's operations said few Swazis are, as of yet, filing complaints, perhaps believing that the commission is just an instrument of government used to punish those in its disfavour. The commission is also a relatively new body and, as such, inexperienced.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Considering the time of the establishment of the Anti-Corruption Commission to date, one would argue that the commission is yet to prove that it is serious about rooting out corruption in Swaziland.","Interview: Anonymous, businessman, Matsapha, 20 September 2013.\n\nInterview: Nosimilo Ndwandwe, law student, University of Swaziland, 26 September 2013.\n\nDr. Gideon Jabulane Mahlalela, \"I never stole a cent from SD Railway - Gideon Mahlalela,\" Times of Swaziland, http://www.times.co.sz/news/88586-i-never-stole-a-cent-from-sd-railway-%E2%80%93-gideon-mahlalela.html, 20 June 2013.\n\n\"I Don't Want to be Gundwande,\" Sibusiso Zwane, Times of Swaziland, 12 September 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Anti-Corruption Commission conducts investigations and makes recommendations to the director of public prosecutions in the Ministry of Justice to take to trial. No commission-initiated cases achieved guilty verdicts for the defendants during the year under review. Several high-..."]
["2013_TZ_13",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",13,50,"The prevention and combating of corruption bureau has since its creation recorded measured success in its fight against the vice. However the speed and finality on investigations and prosecution has been wanting, mainly owing to partial independence of the agency that requires it to obtain permission from the director of public prosecutions to prosecute cases in court. \n\nThe bureau has a public mechanism to receive tips on corruption. The agency has a toll free number, 113, through which anonymous reports on corruption can be passed. The institution's head, too, has a direct email, dgeneral@pccb.go.tz, to get information from the public on corruption allegations. In regional offices, drop boxes have been provided, as well as mobile numbers of heads of those offices circulated to the public. See http://www.pccb.go.tz/.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The bureau has had a less than one in two rate of prosecution and conviction against corruption cases between 2005 and 2013 which undermines perceptions on its effectiveness. See http://www.pccb.go.tz/index.php/investigation/sport-news/case-statistics/482-pccb-s-case-statistics.;","1. Interview Moses Kulaba, Executive Director -Agenda Participation 2000, an anti corruption NGO that runs the 'Ant-Corruption Tracker' September 17, 2013.\n\n2. Bernard James, Senior Court Reporter - The Citizen Newspaper, September 15, 2013. \n\n3. Publication; \"No clear leadership on Corruption, ‘Big man’ syndrome affects us, says Dr Hosea\" Published July 5, 2013 (http://www.corruptiontracker.or.tz/tcts/?p=260).  \n\n4. \"Edward Hoseah: We can end corruption in Tanzania\" -By Deodatus Balile, Sabahionline, May 20, 2013 (http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/05/20/feature-01).\n\n5. \"PCCB needs teeth to prevent and combat corruption more effectively\", By Evarist Kagaruki in Opinion published in The Citizen newspaper, November 25, 2012, (http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/oped/-/1840568/1830240/-/b77vg4/-/index.html)\n\n6. \"Either free PCCB, or abolish it, State told\", By Mkinga Mkinga, The Citizen newspaper, November 18, 2012 (http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/-/1840340/1829828/-/9858haz/-/index.html).","The prevention and combating of corruption bureau has since its creation recorded measured success in its fight against the vice. However the speed and finality on investigations and prosecution has been wanting, mainly owing to partial independence of the agency that requires it t..."]
["2013_TG_13",2013,"TG","Togo",13,0,"La Commission n'est manifestement plus effective et le manque de communication autour de ses activités en occulte les actions. Même lorsqu’elle fonctionnait, la commission anti-corruption n’a pas empêché les détournements de fonds publics. Leurs auteurs, qui jouissaient d’une protection des pouvoirs en place, n’ont pas été poursuivis.","Site de la Commission anti-corruption: http://www.cac.tg/a 24 octobre 2013.\n \n Anonyme. Collectif des associations contre l'ompunité au Togo (CACIT). 24 octobre 2013. Les noms des sources anonymes sont connus pour Global Integrity et Global Integrity a convenu de ne pas les divulguer.\n \n Anonyme. Publiez ce que vous payez. 24 octobre 2013. Les noms des sources anonymes sont connus pour Global Integrity et Global Integrity a convenu de ne pas les divulguer.","La Commission n'est manifestement plus effective et le manque de communication autour de ses activités en occulte les actions. Même lorsqu’elle fonctionnait, la commission anti-corruption n’a pas empêché les détournements de fonds publics. Leurs auteurs, qui jouissaient d’une prote..."]
["2013_TN_13",2013,"TN","Tunisia",13,50,"The number of reported corruption incidents is very high and there is a backlog of cases due to the fact that the mission of the Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption has been defined to work on all corruption allegations starting from November 7, 1987 (date of arrival to power of the former president). The time span covered inevitably leads investigators to only start after much more than three months.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Officials of all the institutions responsible for law enforcement in the fight against corruption are not entirely familiar with the concepts related to corruption. Corruption seems to rhyme in Tunisia with “bribe” (\"pot de vin\").\nTo be effective, a system that fights against corruption must address at least two issues: the punishment for the corrupt public officials and the public's ability to expose the corruption.","September 26: Interview with . Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n\nSeptember 28: Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis.\n\nWebsite of the Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption (www.anticor.tn), consulté September 2013.","The number of reported corruption incidents is very high and there is a backlog of cases due to the fact that the mission of the Instance nationale de lutte contre la corruption has been defined to work on all corruption allegations starting from November 7, 1987 (date of arrival t..."]
["2013_UG_13",2013,"UG","Uganda",13,50,"The inspectorate of government has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption. However, in the recent report, the inspectorate points out that it has only 16 regional offices, with little manpower to handle complaints from over 120 districts. And, currently, it cannot open up more offices due to financial and human resource constraints.\n\nConcerning the time taken to start investigations, the inspectorate first reviews the complaint received to find out whether it falls within its mandate. For instance, in one media interview the inspector pointed out that the president asked the inspectorate to investigate MPs who allegedly received money from civil society organisations in order to influence the passing of the oil bill, but the office of the inspectorate assessed the complaint and found that they do not have the mandate to investigate the affairs of non-governmental organisations. If a case can be handled by another institution it refers it (between July and December 2012 it referred 256 cases). \n\nFurther, in its report, the inspectorate points out that corruption trends have taken a new turn and officers are increasingly colluding to cause loss to the government which makes investigations and detecting the source of fraud difficult. The inspectorate also pointed out that most of the government departments keep sketchy records, curtailing successful investigations and prosecution to be carried out. They also added that the inspectorate is still understaffed in all its offices countrywide, as well as financially and logistically constrained, which has lead to backlogs (latest report shows a backlog of 4,895 complaints) and failure to handle cases expeditiously.\n\nThe inspectorate rarely starts investigations out of its own initiative as the inspector pointed out in one media interview: it acts upon those reports it receives and is asked to investigate. Otherwise, if it receives no instruction/report, it does not investigate.\n\nDuring the period July-December 2012 the inspectorate prosecuted 168 cases and the results are as follows: 21 convictions; 12 acquittals; eight withdrawn; one dismissed; 98 on-going at trial; and 30 on appeal. However, the report adds that the inspectorate has, since 2002, never had all the three top leadership offices filled. And between July and December 2012, the failure to have a second deputy inspector general has been a ground for litigation by some of those the inspectorate has been prosecuting.","The Independent, Julius Odeke; “The Mukula case was complex – Baku” March 15, 2013 \nhttp://www.independent.co.ug/column/interview/7566-the-mukula-case-was-complex-baku\n\nThe Observer, John Kibego; “IGG: No cash, staff denies Ugandans justice”; April 12, 2013\nhttp://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24710&Itemid=114\n\nNew Vision, Moses Walubiri; “DPP needs sh3b to prosecute corruption cases”; July 13, 2013\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/645026-dpp-needs-sh3b-to-prosecute-corruption-cases.html\n\nNew Vision, Francis Kagolo; “Corrupt officials are taking advantage of police” December 11, 2012\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638026--corrupt-officials-are-taking-advantage-of-police.html\n\nInspectorate of Government, “Report to Parliament”, July-December 2012\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/Report2Parliament_July-Dec2012.pdf","The inspectorate of government has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption. However, in the recent report, the inspectorate points out that it has only 16 regional offices, with little manpower to handle complaints from over 120 di..."]
["2013_ZM_13",2013,"ZM","Zambia",13,50,"The Anti-Corruption Commission of Zambia investigates most allegations of corruption in the country, including allegations against politicians and/or civil servants, but the body is not free from political intimidation/influence. As such, it is not that effective. Citizens report cases through any channel available to them, one can either walk into the offices of the Commission, send a letter by mail, contact the organisation by email or through their website. The system is permanent and functions everyday. \n\nThe body takes a long time to investigate some cases though and it can take between two to six months. Transparency International Zambia says it has referred a number of cases to the commission, and they have taken more than six months to complete investigations. The organisation does take the initiative to investigate allegations of corruption and will even take up a case from  published reports in the media and other institutions' publications.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n\n2. Zambia Reports,George Mwenya, ACC Picks 40 Corruption Cases In Auditor-General's Report, July 7 2013,  http://zambiareports.com/2013/07/13/acc-picks-40-corruption-cases-in-auditor-generals-report/.\n\n3.Zambia Reports, Peter Adamu, Transparency International Zambia Discredits President Sata’s Corruption Fight, December 9 2012, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fFc66bSDVawJ:zambiareports.com/2012/12/09/transparency-international-zambia-discredits-president-satas-corruption-fight/+&cd=9&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n\n4. Daily Nation, ACC under pressure to clear Wynter Kabimba, October 18  2012, http://zambiadailynation.com/2012/10/18/acc-under-pressure-to-clear-wynter-kabimba/.\n\n5.Lusakatimes.com, NGOCC calls on Wynter Kabimba to apologise to ACC, December 5 2012, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/12/05/ngocc-calls-wynter-kabimba-apologise-acc/.","The Anti-Corruption Commission of Zambia investigates most allegations of corruption in the country, including allegations against politicians and/or civil servants, but the body is not free from political intimidation/influence. As such, it is not that effective. Citizens report c..."]
["2013_ZW_13",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",13,50,"Reports received by the Zimbabwe anti corruption commission are entered into the commission’s record system and allocated a reference number. The reports are analysed and if they fall within the mandate of the commission as stipulated in the schedule to the offences in the anti-corruption commission act, chapter 9:22, they are investigated by the commission’s investigations division. However, some cases are not investigated because of political interference.","1. Interview with source who requested anonymity, Zimbabwe Anti Corruption Commission (ZACC). November 13, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe\n\n2. Alex Bell. September 23, 2013. ZMDC corruption probe ‘cautiously welcomed’. http://www.swradioafrica.com/2013/09/23/zmdc-corruption-probe-cautiously-welcomed/. Accessed November 13, 2013\n\n3. The Africa Report. March 19, 2013. Zimbabwe's weakened anti-corruption body makes threats. http://www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/zimbabwes-weakened-anti-corruption-body-makes-threats.html\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Reports received by the Zimbabwe anti corruption commission are entered into the commission’s record system and allocated a reference number. The reports are analysed and if they fall within the mandate of the commission as stipulated in the schedule to the offences in the anti-cor..."]
["2013_DZ_14",2013,"DZ","Algeria",14,0,"Les nominations au sein des organes qui enquêtent sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public n'aident pas à renforcer leur indépendance. La plupart des personnes nommées sont étrangères au monde de la lutte contre la corruption. Dans un article paru dans le quotidien El-Watan du 23/12/2012, le président de l’Association nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) a déclaré dans une rencontre organisée par le Mouvement de la jeunesse indépendante pour le changement (MJIC) qu’il est illogique de nommer à la tête d’un organe de prévention contre la corruption un ex-ambassadeur soupçonné de corruption et dont la fille et le gendre sont également cités dans la même affaire. Le même responsable a ajouté qu’il n’y a aucun représentant d’association dans cet organe. Selon lui, « il y a uniquement des cadres et des magistrats nommés par leur tutelle. »","-Abdelhak Hamidi. (2012, le 22 novembre). Un office de répression de la corruption a peine né et déjà dans l’égalité. Le Matin. Repéré à http://www.lematindz.net/news/10298-un-office-de-repression-de-la-corruption-a-peine-ne-et-deja-dans-lillegalite.html.\n\n-Djillali Hadjadj. Office central de répression de la corruption :Pourquoi le processus de nominations est extrêmement lent?. Le Soir d’Algérie. Repéré à http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2013/01/21/article.php?sid=144208&cid=11.\n\n-Dr Mourad Goumiri, président de l’ASNA. (2013, le 17 juin). Contribution : Autopsie de la corruption en Algérie. Le Soir d’Algérie. Repéré à http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2013/06/17/article.php?sid=150222&cid=41.\n\n-Khaled R. (2012, le 25 décembre). Les institutions de contrôle en retrait :Algérie, ce grand royaume de la corruption. Liberté. Repéré à http://www.liberte-algerie.com/dossiers-economiques/algerie-ce-grand-royaume-de-la-corruption-les-institutions-de-controle-en-retrait-191402.","Les nominations au sein des organes qui enquêtent sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public n'aident pas à renforcer leur indépendance. La plupart des personnes nommées sont étrangères au monde de la lutte contre la corruption. Dans un article paru dans le quotidien ..."]
["2013_AO_14",2013,"AO","Angola",14,0,"The Office of the Ombudsman (Provedor de Justiça) is elected by the National Assembly, which is controlled by the ruling party MPLA, in power since 1975 (Angolan Constitution, article 163.º, c). The Attorney General, as well as his deputies, are nominated and exonerated by the President of the Republic (Angolan Constitution, Article 119.º, i). \n\nInterviewed sources note that there is widespread perception that appointments for these positions follow party affiliations and are largely dependent on the President of the Republic, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, who manages appointments according to loyalties and power struggles within his ranks. \n\nAccording to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report, \"Business executives give the independence of the judiciary from influences of members of government, citizens, or companies a score of 2.4 on a 7-point scale (1 'heavily influenced' and 7 'entirely independent'),\" and Freedom House states, “The judiciary is subject to extensive political influence, particularly from the executive, though courts occasionally rule against the government.  […] The courts in general are hampered by a lack of training and infrastructure, a large backlog of cases, corruption, and conflicts of interest.”\n\nThese examples show that those who are supposed to investigate corruption are usually ineffective and are subject to malign political incentives that influence their rulings and conduct.","Anonymous.  (2013, January 16 & 17) .  [Representatives of international organisations].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nFreedom House.  (2013) .  Country report 2013, rule of law Angola.  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/angola#.Utah7_ayP-k \n\nRepublic of Angola Constitution.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498\n\nWorld Economic Forum.  (2013) .  The global competitiveness report 2013-2014.  Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf","The Office of the Ombudsman (Provedor de Justiça) is elected by the National Assembly, which is controlled by the ruling party MPLA, in power since 1975 (Angolan Constitution, article 163.º, c). The Attorney General, as well as his deputies, are nominated and exonerated by the Pres..."]
["2013_BJ_14",2013,"BJ","Benin",14,75,"L'Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption du Bénin (ANLC) est encore à sa phase de prise de contact avec les institutions. La désignation des membres a été faite conformément aux dispositions de la loi, mais la désignation de Rock Mongbo en qualité de sociologue par le gouvernement a été contestée par les sociologues groupés au sein du Collectif des sociologues et anthropologues de la Faculté des lettres arts et sciences humaines (CSA/Flash) et  de l’Association nationale des sociologues et anthropologues du Bénin (Ansab) qui l'ont fait remplacer par Elisabeth Fourn, sociologue et universitaire béninoise. \n\nLes 13 membres de l'ANLC sont désignés par divers corps professionnels dont trois par le gouvernement. Elle est composée des 13 membres suivants :\n- Un inspecteur d’Etat désigné par l’Inspection général d’Etat;\n- Un communicateur désigné par la HAAC;\n- Un sociologue désigné dans le corps professoral universitaire par ses pairs;\n- Un inspecteur des banques désigné par l’association des professionnels de banques et établissements financiers;\n- Un magistrat ayant au moins quinze ans d’ancienneté désigné par ses pairs;\n- Un expert comptable désigné par ses pairs de l’Ordre national des comptables;\n- Un administrateur des impôts désigné par l’exécutif;\n- Un inspecteur des douanes désigné par l’exécutif;\n- Un spécialiste en passation de marché public désigné par l’exécutif;\n- Deux officiers de police judiciaire : un agent de la gendarmerie et un agent de la police;\n- Un représentant du patronat désigné par ses pairs;\n- Un représentant de la société civile intervenant dans la lutte contre la corruption;","Junior Fatongninougbo. (17 mai 2013). \"Installation de l’autorité de lutte contre la corruption : Le grand défi qui attend les membres de l’Anlc\". La Presse du Jour. http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=24897\n\nEmmanuel GBETO. (27 février 2013). \"Suite aux dénonciations des socio-anthropologues du Bénin : Yayi retire Rock Mongbo de l’Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption\". L'Evènement Précis. http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=73177&t=email\n\nIsmail Kèko. (16 Mai 2013). \"Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption en République du Bénin : les 13 membres prêtent serment\". La Nouvelle Tribune. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/politique14/14541-autorite-nationale-de-lutte-contre-la-corruption","L'Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption du Bénin (ANLC) est encore à sa phase de prise de contact avec les institutions. La désignation des membres a été faite conformément aux dispositions de la loi, mais la désignation de Rock Mongbo en qualité de sociologue par le gou..."]
["2013_BW_14",2013,"BW","Botswana",14,0,"DCEC staff at lower levels is usually appointed following a merit-based system. Job vacancies for lower level positions are transparent and open to qualified candidates because the organization advertises the positions in the media and through the organization’s websites.   \n\nIn 2012, Minister of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration Mokgweetsi Masisi published proposed amendments to the Corruption and Economic Act in the Government Gazette, which included, “the minister prescribing conditions of service of the Directorate setting out the terms and conditions for the appointment of officers and support staff\".\n\nThe president  appoints the head of the operation directly, and also has the power to remove the head. Some believe that the directorate has proven to be prone to political interference since the current directorate director, Rose Seretse, is related to the current president, Seretse Khama Ian Khama. \n\nStatistics published by the directorate on corruption and economic crime do not specify how many cases were leveled at senior officials, especially because most of them are still on-going. The fact that the directorate reports directly to the president has led to arguments that if it was a genuinely independent body, it would report directly to parliament.","1. Article: Ten Commandments of Fighting Corruption, Mmegi newspaper, December 2012,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=20&dir=2012/December/Friday21.\n\n2. Article: Saleshando wants Seretse fired, Mmegi newspaper, November 23 2012,   http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=208&dir=2012/November/Friday23.\n\n3. Article: Fatshe Leno La Bone (Its their country), Mmegi newspaper; October 2012,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=10&aid=26&dir=2012/october/thursday4.\n\n4. Website Review: DCEC job vacancies, \nhttp://www.dcec.gov.bw/en/test-vacancy\n\n5. Article: Clampdown on the DCEC, Botswana Guardian, 15 November 2012\nhttp://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/528-clampdown-on-the-dcec.html","DCEC staff at lower levels is usually appointed following a merit-based system. Job vacancies for lower level positions are transparent and open to qualified candidates because the organization advertises the positions in the media and through the organization’s websites.   ..."]
["2013_BF_14",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",14,50,"Les organes qui luttent contre la corruption au Burkina n'ont pas le même statut. Certains sont issus du secteur privé, comme le REN-LAC, alors que d'autres proviennent du public, comme l'Autorité supérieure du contrôle d'État (ASCE), dont les agents sont nommés par le pouvoir exécutif avec des attributions clairement définies. Les membres de cette institution sont appelés contrôleurs d'État. \n\nSelon la loi n°032, ces « Contrôleurs d'État sont soumis aux obligations d'objectivité, de sincérité et au respect de la déontologie dans la conduite de leurs missions d'enquête. Tout manquement aux obligations de leurs charges les expose à des sanctions administratives, sans préjudice des poursuites judiciaires. » \n\nCe qui veut dire qu'ils peuvent être révoqués ou sanctionnés administrativement. Dans les faits, il n'y a pas de cas de révocation abusive, bien qu’on rapporte des cas de changement de membres qui ont allure de sanctions pour ceux qui n'aurait pas été à la hauteur de ce qui leur est demandé.","Interview avec Harouna Sinon, économiste, gestionnaire de programme, Réseau national de lutte anti-corruption (REN-LAC), 20 Septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Boukari Ouoba, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 3 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Fako Bruno Ouatarra, avocat, ancien magistrat, membre fondateur du Mouvement burkinabè des droits de l'homme, septembre 2013.\n\nOuedraogo, S. (12 septembre 2013). Les bérets noirs toujours dans le rouge : Les membres du gouvernement, les plus corrompus de l’administration. Ouaga.com: http://news.aouaga.com/h/13417.html","Les organes qui luttent contre la corruption au Burkina n'ont pas le même statut. Certains sont issus du secteur privé, comme le REN-LAC, alors que d'autres proviennent du public, comme l'Autorité supérieure du contrôle d'État (ASCE), dont les agents sont nommés par le pouvoir exéc..."]
["2013_BI_14",2013,"BI","Burundi",14,0,"Les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche indiquent que l'organe n'est pas effectif, principalement en raison des conflits d'intérêt consécutifs aux nominations faites par le Président:\n\nGérard Bizindavyi précise : «En pratique, les nominations au sein de l’organe qui enquête sur les allégations de corruptions dans le secteur public nuisent à son indépendance parce que les personnes nommées travaillent en faveur de ceux qui les ont nommées et non en faveur du peuple qu’elles sont censées servir. Note de 5% parce qu’il n’y a pas d’élections pour asseoir dans ces sièges les personnes qui les méritent.»\n\nSelon Isaïe Nizigiyimana : «Non, les nominations au sein de l’organe (ou des organes) qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public ne renforcent pas l’indépendance pratique de l’organe. Ces nominations sont faites par l’Exécutif, dont certains membres sont pointés du doigt dans ces allégations de corruption. Aussi, Les cadres ne sont pas nommés pour un mandat; ils peuvent être changés à tout moment car ils sont nommés par ordonnance ministérielle et donc révocable selon la volonté du ministre de tutelle. \n\nQuant à Bageni Come, il dit que «Dans la pratique, les nominations au sein de l’organe qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public ne renforcent pas son indépendance étant donné que les autorités de cet organe sont nommées par les hauts responsables du pays dont certains sont impliqués dans des crimes de corruption. Les grands crimes restent impunis, car ils impliquent les grands hommes de la vie politico-économique du pays.»","Bizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, militant des droits de l'homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l' Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara.","Les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche indiquent que l'organe n'est pas effectif, principalement en raison des conflits d'intérêt consécutifs aux nominations faites par le Président:..."]
["2013_CM_14",2013,"CM","Cameroon",14,50,"In Cameroon appointments to the National Anti-Corruption Commission - the organ that investigates allegations of public sector corruption - is done by the head of state as prescribed by the law which sets up the organization. \n\nNotwithstanding, in practice the chairperson and vice chairperson of the Commission are assessed for selection based on the president's subjective assessment. However, appointments of up to 40 per cent of members of the coordination committee who constitute the cream of administrators of the commission are conducted following a merit-based system which observes proof of integrity in the exercise of their previous duties, professional experience in areas covered by the work of the commission as well as good moral conduct. Until recently there has been no transfer or displacement of officials of the commission as a result of biases or conflict of interest. Even though senior officials of the organ are appointed by the president, in Cameroon the laws or text that defines the mandate and activities of the organization guarantees and supports the independence of the body. \n\nHowever, in practice appointments are generally subjective and based on the president's prerogatives, which does not support the independence of the top executives of the commission nor does it guarantee their freedom from conflict of interest.","Ajong, Abba.  (2013, October 1) .  [Managing Director, Aba International Consultancy].  Personal communication.\n\nDiffang, Elias Funge.  (2013, October 1) .  [Senior Lecturer, University of Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nEtom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nTiku, Tambe.  (2013, October 1) .  [Commissioner, National Commission on Human Rights and Freedom].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon appointments to the National Anti-Corruption Commission - the organ that investigates allegations of public sector corruption - is done by the head of state as prescribed by the law which sets up the organization. ..."]
["2013_CV_14",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",14,75,"Prosecutors are placed by career step and merit and not by appointment. Only the attorney general, who is appointed by the president under the government's proposal is appointed directly as a political appointee. Whatever the prosecution does or plans to do is subject to approval by the attorney general. However, there is some merit criteria that must be met in the Attorney General's appointment, who after appointed served a defined term with protection from arbitrary removal. \n\nThe impunity of corruption stems from the accumulation of a backlog of thousands and thousands of processes, but is not due to the majority of officers in the prosecutors office or the police being appointed without merit.","1. Amadeu Oliveira, Lawyer, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n2. Sara Boal, Judge Counsellor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n3. Paulo Rocha, Deputy National Director of the Judicial Police, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n4. Legislative Decree 8/97 of May 8. Disciplinary status of public officials administration\nA) Employees are prohibited to have conflicting interests, consisting of or maintaining relations or accepting situations in which context their personal interests, labour, economic or financial conditions may conflict with the fulfilment of the underlying functions and duties they are in charge of\n ...","Prosecutors are placed by career step and merit and not by appointment. Only the attorney general, who is appointed by the president under the government's proposal is appointed directly as a political appointee. Whatever the prosecution does or plans to do is subject to approval b..."]
["2013_CF_14",2013,"CF","CAR",14,0,"Il n'existe pas encore en RCA un organe indépendant particulièrement responsable de la lutte contre la corruption au sein des administrations publiques. \nEn revanche, le gouvernement a mis en place depuis 2008 un Comité national de lutte contre la corruption. Il est composé de 14 membres issus de l'administration publique (nommés), du secteur privé et de la société civile. Ces membres ne sont pas permanents. Ils sont tenus de se réunir plusieurs fois par an et doivent  rendre un rapport. \nCependant, ils ne disposent d'aucun pouvoir coercitif pour réaliser leur mission, de même qu’ils leur est interdit de communiquer le Rapport d'étude sur la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption qu’ils ont produit en 2012. Donc, on ne peut pas parler de nomination des membres d'une institution qui n'existe pas.","Lucienne Maka Gbossokotto, membre de l'Observatoire de lutte contre corruption en Afrique centrale (OLCAC), 12 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 12 septembre 2013.","Il n'existe pas encore en RCA un organe indépendant particulièrement responsable de la lutte contre la corruption au sein des administrations publiques. \nEn revanche, le gouvernement a mis en place depuis 2008 un Comité national de lutte contre la ..."]
["2013_TD_14",2013,"TD","Chad",14,0,"Il n'existe pas d'organe indépendant chargé de la lutte anti-corruption. C'est le ministère de la Bonne gouvernance qui est en charge de la lutte contre la corruption.","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nL’Autre Presse. (25 septembre 2012). « Tchad : l’opération cobra se poursuit ». Tchad Infos : http://tchadinfos.com/tchad/tchad-lopration-cobra-se-poursuit/","Il n'existe pas d'organe indépendant chargé de la lutte anti-corruption. C'est le ministère de la Bonne gouvernance qui est en charge de la lutte contre la corruption."]
["2013_KM_14",2013,"KM","Comoros",14,75,"Les données récentes établissent que les nominations sont basées sur le mérite et que les personnes nommées ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts. Les membres de la CNPLC sont nommés par le décret  N° 11 - 162/PR du 25 août 2011 suivant la Constitution de l'Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 révisée ; et de  la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008, relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale, notamment en son article 8 alinéa 2 ; et  le décret N° 11-079/PR du 30 mai 2011, relatif au Gouvernement de l'Union des Comores . Ils sont au nombre de sept et représentent : le président de l’Union (2 membres), l'Assemblée, le ministère des Finances, le ministère de la Justice, les organisations professionnelles du secteur privé, le corps judiciaire. \n\nCes membres de la CNPLC satisfont aux critères exigés par le décret présidentiel stipulant qu’ils doivent être « qualifiés dans le domaine juridique, financier, économique, médiatique, titulaires au moins d’un diplôme de maîtrise, reconnues pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur impartialité, leur sens patriotique ». Jusqu’à ce jour, aucun d’entre eux n’a subi « de décision de révocation prise à l’issue de plaintes ou dénonciations déposées et avérées sur l’incapacité ou le comportement indigne ou inapproprié en vertu d’une recommandation d’une commission d’enquête parlementaire contre la corruption délibérant à la majorité de ses membres et présentant un caractère de gravité suffisante » mentionné par le texte de nomination.\n- Mohamed Mchami : titulaire d’une maitrise de sciences et gestion\n- Moissuli Mohamed Azir : master en relations économiques internationales, option commerce international (Université d’État de Kiev). Il est aussi titulaire d’un master 2 en management du secteur public de l’Université Omar Bongo au Gabon.\n- Bakari Nomane Mohamed : titulaire d’une maitrise en droit des affaires en 1998, puis d’un DEA en droit comparé de l’Université de Perpignan en 2006. Il fut tour à tour professeur de français, de droit, de finances publiques et de fiscalité à l’ENAC, puis magistrat stagiaire au tribunal de première instance de Moroni.\n- Mouzaoui Amroine : titulaire d’un master professionnel de droit privé des affaires (2009), le jeune Mouzaoui est juriste en entreprise, option gestion des ressources humaines.\n- Chams-Edine Maulice Abdourahamani : diplômé de l’École nationale de la magistrature et de greffes d’Antananarivo, il est titulaire d’un DEA en droit privé et sciences criminelles.\n- Saïd Youssouf Mohamed : titulaire d’une maitrise en sciences et techniques d’aménagement du territoire, environnement et développement des régions de l’Université de Rennes 1(France), il a ensuite obtenu un diplôme de chef d’équipe de service sécurité incendie et d’assistance à personne (France).\n- Mohamed Halifa. : Ancien gouverneur de la banque centrale des Comores aujourd’hui à la retraite.","Al-Watwan. (19 aout 2013). « Lutte contre la corruption: un membre de la CNPLC exprime sa déception ». Al-Watwan: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5599\n\nAl-watwan. (5 septembre 2011). « Membres de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) nommés par le Président de l’Union par décret N° 11-162/PR, du 25 août 2011 », Al-watwan  N° 1813.\n\nUnion des Comores. (2011). « Le Président de la République a nommé les membres de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC)». Union des Comores, site officiel: http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=1594","Les données récentes établissent que les nominations sont basées sur le mérite et que les personnes nommées ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts. Les membres de la CNPLC sont nommés par le décret  N° 11 - 162/PR du 25 août 2011 suivant la Constitution de l'Union des Comores du..."]
["2013_CD_14",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",14,0,"Les nominations à des postes au sein de l'organisme ne sont pas faites en fonction du mérite, mais basées sur des critères purement subjectifs d'ordre ethnique, politique et personnelle. L'inspection Générale d'Etat est l’organisme de surveillance et bien qu'au niveau de la loi elle soit indépendante, dans les faits, elle ne rend compte qu'au Chef de l'Etat. Cette entité publique a refusé de communiquer son rapport annuel au chercheur.\n\nL'organisme a refusé de communiquer le nombre de rapports reçus contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les hauts fonctionnaires l'an dernier.\n\nEgalement, la nomination (à l'époque) du Conseiller juridique du chef de l'Etat au poste de secrétaire permanent de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption a été ressentie par la population comme un recul dans la lutte contre la corruption.","1 - Interview du samedi 21 septembre 2013 avec Loamba MOKE président de l'Association pour les Droits de l'Homme et l'Univers Carcéral (ADHUC) au siège de l'organisation à Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Entretien le lundi 14 octobre 2013 avec le sénateur Nicéphore Fylla de SAINT-EUDES, président de la commission économie et finances.\n\n3 - Entretien le 17 octobre avec M. Clément MIERASSA, président du Parti Social Démocrate Congolais (P.S.D.C).\n\n4 - Entretien du 29 octobre 2013 avec Arsène SEVERIN, journaliste à terrAfrica au centre international de la presse à Brazzaville.","Les nominations à des postes au sein de l'organisme ne sont pas faites en fonction du mérite, mais basées sur des critères purement subjectifs d'ordre ethnique, politique et personnelle. L'inspection Générale d'Etat est l’organisme de surveillance et bien qu'au niveau de la loi ell..."]
["2013_CG_14",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",14,0,"L'organe de lutte contre la corruption n'existant pas, on ne peut parler de son indépendance, ainsi que du mode de nomination.","- L'organe de lutte contre la corruption n'existant pas, on ne peut parler de son indépendance.","L'organe de lutte contre la corruption n'existant pas, on ne peut parler de son indépendance, ainsi que du mode de nomination."]
["2013_CI_14",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",14,25,"Pour l’heure, il n’y a pas de véritable organe indépendant chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public dans son ensemble. Ni la Brigade de lutte contre la corruption (BLC) du Ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, ni l’Unité de lutte contre le racket (ULCR) ne peuvent être considérées comme des organes indépendants. Tout au plus disposent-elles, administrativement parlant, d’une certaine autonomie et de certaines marges de manœuvre, et particulièrement la BLC, mais ils n’en demeurent pas moins qu’elles relèvent de règles administratives, y compris en matière de nomination et de respect de la hiérarchie. Il n’est par conséquent pas aisé de donner une appréciation pertinente sur la contribution qu’apportent les nominations en leur sein dans le renforcement d’une indépendance qui n’existe pas.\n\nLe nouvel organe chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, à savoir la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance, récemment créée par l’Ordonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013 et présenté comme une « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la personnalité morale et de l’autonomie financière », comprendra un magistrat, un avocat, un enseignant chercheur en droit, un officier de police judiciaire, un fonctionnaire, administrateur des services financiers, un criminologue, un sociologue, un cadre de banque ou établissement financier et un ingénieur informaticien (article 7). Ces derniers seront nommés « par décret pris en Conseil des ministres, sur présentation du premier ministre, pour un mandat d’une durée de trois ans, renouvelable une fois » (article 8). Selon l’article 12 de l’Ordonnance, « tout membre est démis de ses fonctions par le président de la République, en cas de faute grave ou d’empêchement constaté par le conseil de la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance ».\n\nLe fait que cet organe ne soit pas encore effectif ne permet pas encore de juger en pratique l’impact du processus de nomination de ses membres sur son indépendance.","De Bessou, N. (20 novembre 2013). « Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance: pourquoi créer de nouvelles structures lorsqu’une institution existe déjà? ». Abidjan Direct. Repéré à: http://www.abidjandirect.net/index2.php?page=poli&id=8900\n\nLe Mandat. (12 décembre 2013). « Bonne gouvernance : le sens de la création de la Haute autorité ». Abidjan.net. Repéré à: http://news.abidjan.net/h/482179.html","Pour l’heure, il n’y a pas de véritable organe indépendant chargé d’enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public dans son ensemble. Ni la Brigade de lutte contre la corruption (BLC) du Ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, ni l’Unité de lutte contre le racke..."]
["2013_DJ_14",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",14,0,"Dans la pratique, la nouvelle Commission prévue par la loi du 16 juillet 2013 n'est pas encore opérationnelle. En effet, le décret organisant ses attributions, son fonctionnement et sa composition n'a toujours pas été adopté. \n\nCependant, la loi du 16 juillet 2013 apporte quelques précisions quant à la nature de la nomination des membres de la (future) Commission de prévention et lutte contre la corruption. En effet, elle dispose que « les membres sont issus pour part égale : de l'administration publique, du secteur privé et de la société civile, et des élus. Les membres doivent être en majorité des administrateurs, des juristes, économistes et des comptables d'expérience. » Les membres de la nouvelle Commission n'ont pas encore été élus.\n\nAvant d'entrer en fonction, les membres de la Commission prêtent serment sur le Coran, devant la Cour suprême, selon la formule suivante : « Je jure de bien remplir fidèlement et loyalement, en toute impartialité et équité les fonctions dont je suis investi, de respecter en toute circonstance les obligations qu'elles m'imposent et de garder le secret des délibérations auxquelles j'ai pris part. »\n\nPar ailleurs, la loi précise que les membres de la Commission « ne peuvent être poursuivis, recherchés, arrêtés ou jugés pour des faits, actes, mesures prises ou des opinions émises dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. » Les victimes, témoins, dénonciateurs et leurs proches bénéficieront d'une protection de l'État contre les actes éventuels de représailles ou d'intimidation.","1) Farah Ahmed Mohamed , membre de la société civile, entretien réalisé le 6 octobre 2013i.\n\n2) Omar Osman, avocat à la cour, entretien réalisé le 5 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Mohamed Idriss, assistant juridique, Assemblée nationale, entretien réalisé le 6 octobre 2013.","Dans la pratique, la nouvelle Commission prévue par la loi du 16 juillet 2013 n'est pas encore opérationnelle. En effet, le décret organisant ses attributions, son fonctionnement et sa composition n'a toujours pas été adopté. ..."]
["2013_EG_14",2013,"EG","Egypt",14,25,"While there are a host of organizations in Egypt charged with fighting corruption, the most important is the Central Auditing Organization (CAO). President Morsi's appointment to the post was largely seen as a reformist but, the fact that his top priority was to reform the CAO suggests just how badly corruption remains an issue.\n \nThe CAO is indeed politicized. While in theory it is a bureaucratic organization, in practice only those sympathetic to the current regime are selected to head the organization.  Appointments to the higher ranks of most ministry level organizations are directly connected by the cabinet, ruling party and the president, severely hampering their independence and not based on merit. However, the lower ranks are largely free of such appointment procedures, which is not to say that lower level civil servants do not deal with (or are not involved in) other forms of corruption.","Bassem, Ragdha.  (2013, November 28) .  [Communications Manager at MasterPeace and journalist in Egypt].  Personal communication.\n\n(2012, September 6) .  Egypt's Morsi appoints new head of public finance watchdog.  Al Ahram.  Retrieve from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/52173/Business/Economy/Egypts-Morsi-appoints-new-head-of-public-finance-w.aspx.\n\nHafez, Mohammed.  (2013, November 22) .  [Lawyer and advisor to No Military Trials].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities.  Retrieved from http://www.iaaca.org/.","While there are a host of organizations in Egypt charged with fighting corruption, the most important is the Central Auditing Organization (CAO). President Morsi's appointment to the post was largely seen as a reformist but, the fact that his top priority was to reform the CAO sugg..."]
["2013_GQ_14",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",14,0,"According to the 2012 Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, the attorney general and adjunct attorneys are named and removed by the president without parliamentary oversight, undermining their independence. Additionally, the appointments depend on their connections and affiliation with the ruling party and other government officials. \n\nDuring the period of review, there was no merit-based system in place within the administration and the regulatory framework for the agency had not been issued. David Nguema Obiang, continues to be the attorney general since his appointment in April 2012.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\n\nCEID-GE, Red PerSida, SEJOF.  (2013) .   Informe de Sociedad Civil de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/EPU%20GE%202013%20DRAFT%20CEID.pdf \n\n(2012, May 5) .  El Presidente de la República nombra a David Nguema Obiang nuevo Fiscal General de la República.  Equatorial Guinea Office of Press and Information.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=2620&lang=es\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Fundamental Law, general provisions, article 92 .  (2012) .","According to the 2012 Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, the attorney general and adjunct attorneys are named and removed by the president without parliamentary oversight, undermining their independence. Additionally, the appointments depend on their connections and affiliation wit..."]
["2013_ER_14",2013,"ER","Eritrea",14,0,"The appointments to the special court are not merit-based and undermine the independence of the court because the judges of Special Court are senior military officers with no legal training. \n\nThe International Crisis Group reports the following: to secure their loyalty and protect himself from internal dissent, the president bestowed increasing favours from the state, both financial and material, on high-ranking military officers, thereby creating enormous corruption within the Eritrea Defense Forces. This means the special court mandated to investigate corruption serves the interests of the president.","International Crisis Group. (March 28, 2013). Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition.\nhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/200-eritrea-scenarios-for-future-transition.aspx.\n\nBertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index, 2012, Country Report on Eritrea, pp. 18/19, \nhttp://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/BTI_2012_Eritrea.pdf.\n\nCountry Profile: Eritrea Government And Politics. www.mongabay.com.\n\nEritrea-European Community Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Program for the period 2009-2013.","The appointments to the special court are not merit-based and undermine the independence of the court because the judges of Special Court are senior military officers with no legal training. ..."]
["2013_ET_14",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",14,25,"According to sources, the Prime Minister nominates and recommends the removal of the head of the Federal Anti-Corruption Commission. The legal procedure requires Parliamentary approval of the House of Peoples' Representatives for the appointment, as well as the removal of the head, but only one opposition politician has a seat in the HPR. Thus, when the PM nominates/recommends a candidate, he essentially appoints him.\n\nAs such, appointments to the agency, especially those made to the top positions of the Head and Deputies, are not based solely on professional criteria: the agency is not independent of political interference. However, at least some 'experts,' investigators, and other lower level officials might be recruited based on merit.","1. Interview with a federal judge at one of the Branches of the Federal First Instance Court, September 28, 2013.\n\n2. Interview with an Ex-expert with the Commission, September 27, 2013.","According to sources, the Prime Minister nominates and recommends the removal of the head of the Federal Anti-Corruption Commission. The legal procedure requires Parliamentary approval of the House of Peoples' Representatives for the appointment, as well as the removal of the head,..."]
["2013_GA_14",2013,"GA","Gabon",14,0,"The appointments to the National Commission against Illicit Enrichment (CNLCEI) are not merit-based and some may have conflicts of interest.\n\nCNLCEI was created in May 2003. It is headquartered in Libreville and consists of nine magistrates. These magistrates are directly appointed by President Ali Bongo Ondimba, by government officials (the Prime Minister, the President of the Senate, the President of the National Assembly), by a bankers’ committee, a lawyer’s association and an NGO. CNLCEI publishes an annual report (Rapport annuel d’activité de la CNLCEI), often based on the conclusions of Transparency International. \n\nThe president of the CNLCEI is appointed directly by President Ali Bongo Ondimba, who also nominates (appoints) four of the magistrates sitting in the Commission. This preconditions the purportedly independent entity not to pursue cases involving senior-level officials, particularly those closest to the president.\n\nOn July 17, 2013, nine magistrates were sworn into their new positions at the CNLCEI. Dieudonné Odounga Awassi took over as president of the entity from Vincent Lebondo Lemali. The appointments were made by Presidential Decree on July 8, 2013.  \n\nFour of the magistrates were appointed by President Ali Bongo Ondimba: one was nominated by the Prime Minister, one was nominated by the President of the Senate, one was nominated by the President of the National Assembly, one was nominated by a lawyers' association, one was nominated by an association of banking institutions and the final person was named by a network of anti-corruption NGOs. \n\nThis is a full list from Infosgabon (July 17, 2013) detailing the names of newly appointed magistrates and who was behind each of their appointments:\n\nMonsieur. Dieudonné Odounga Awassi (sur proposition du président de la République) ; M.Mault Mossalat Mouguengui (sur proposition du président de la République) ; M. Jean Baptiste Razingue (sur proposition du président de la République) ; M. Fabien Ada Avane (sur proposition du président de la République) ; M. Jean Paulin Ekoua Sima (sur proposition du premier ministre, chef du gouvernement) ; M. Jean-Claude Barrier Allela (sur proposition du président du Sénat) ; M. Pierre Guy Boudianguela (sur proposition du président de l’Assemblée nationale) ; Mme Francine Meviane (sur proposition de l’Ordre des avocats parmi les avocats inscrits au Barreau national) ; M. Samuel Mombo (sur proposition de l’Association des établissements de crédits), ainsi que M. Albert Nguia (sur proposition des Associations et des organisations non gouvernementales dont l’objet associatif est la lutte contre la corruption et l’enrichissement illicite), sont, entre autres, les nouveaux membres qui vont jurer ce mercredi devant la Cour avant d’exercer leurs fonctions.\n\nOn August 1, 2013, following the swearing in of the new team at CNLCEI, the magistrates voted for two new vice presidents by way of secret ballots (\"Les deux vice-présidents de la CNLCEI prennent fonction\").","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nAsseyi, Rodrigue.  (2013, December 10) .  [Conseiller en xommunication, CNLCEI, Libreville].  Personal communication. \n\n(2013, July 17) .  Gabon: Les nouveaux membres de la CNLCEI prêtent serment ce mercredi.   À la Une.  \nhttp://infosgabon.com/?p=27617\n\nMikomba, F.  (2013, May 7) .  La CNLCEI, 10 ans déjà.  Gabonews.  \nhttp://www.gabonews.com/actualites-reader/items/la-cnlcei-10-ans-deja-9254.html\n\n(2013, August 1) .  Les deux vice-présidents de la CNLCEI prennent fonction.  Nouvelles du Gabon.  Retrieved from http://www.nouvellesdugabon.com/?link=details_art&id=751&type=Economie\n\n ","The appointments to the National Commission against Illicit Enrichment (CNLCEI) are not merit-based and some may have conflicts of interest...."]
["2013_GM_14",2013,"GM","The Gambia",14,0,"All appointments to bodies that investigate corruption are made by the executive. This has an impact on the independence of these bodies, especially the police force. As rightly stated on page 4 of the third source (and corroborated by freedom house), \"President Jammeh's 'hire and fire' policy also effectively reduces the civil service to a branch of his ruling party. Civil servants campaigned and donated to his re-election bid in 2011, and worked on his farms without pay. Promotions, rather than being based on merit, rested on ethnicity or loyalty to him. Consequently, the bulk of secretaries of state, top civil servants, as well as high-ranking military and senior security personnel, belong to President Jammeh's Jola ethnic group.\" Officers appointed to these agencies that investigate public corruption are therefore not spared from this \"hire and fire\" policy.","1. Interview with Cherno Marena, Registrar General of The Gambia, Attorney General Chambers, Ministry of Justice on October 7 2013.\n\n2. Interview with Tijan Badjie, Deputy Crime Management Coordinator, on October 8 2013.\n\n3. Operational Guidance Note, The Gambia.  OGN v 6.0. June 21 2013. UK Border Agency. Available at http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51cbfc524.pdf","All appointments to bodies that investigate corruption are made by the executive. This has an impact on the independence of these bodies, especially the police force. As rightly stated on page 4 of the third source (and corroborated by freedom house), \"President Jammeh's 'hire and ..."]
["2013_GH_14",2013,"GH","Ghana",14,100,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) is mandated to protect and promote administrative justice to ensure that the government and its officers are accountable and transparent.\n\nThe criteria for appointment to the commission state that a person shall not be qualified for appointment as a commissioner or a deputy commissioner unless he or she is: \n(a) in the case of commissioner, qualified for appointment as a justice of the court of appeal; and\n(b) in the case of a deputy commissioner, qualified for appointment as a justice of the high court.\n\nThe qualifications to earn appointment as a justice of the court of appeal are: that the individual is of high moral character and proven integrity and is of not less than 12 years' standing as a lawyer. \n\nThe qualifications to earn an appointment as a justice of the high court are: that the individual is a person of high moral character and proven integrity and is of at least ten years' standing as a lawyer.\n\nThe Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioners are to enjoy a security of tenure of office and conditions of service comparable to those of justices of the appeals court and the high court respectively to ensure the independence of the commission. This is stated as the salary, allowances, privileges and rights in respect of leave of absence, gratuity, pension and other conditions of service shall not be varied to the disadvantage of such office holders.\n\nThere is also an established procedure to remove, and discipline the commissioner and deputy commissioner which states that such office holders shall only be removed from office for stated misbehaviour or incompetence or on ground of inability to perform the functions of their office arising from infirmity of body or mind. In this case, a committee shall be constituted to look into the issues and come out with recommendations as to whether or not to remove the commissioners.\n\nThe president of the republic makes all the appointments in line with the stated qualification criteria. \n\nOther officers of the commission are appointed or employed in accordance with the Public Services Commission's regulations, which require public announcement of vacancies stating the qualifications and expertise required. Employees in this category are disciplined based on recommendations of an investigative committee. \n\nThis system is adhered to in practice and there is no evidence that people are appointed to the commission because of their political connections or any other family connections or personal loyalties.","1. Dr Yakubu Zakaria, programmes director, Integrated Social Development Centre, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Roland Akabzaa, research officer, Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Mohammad Amir Kpakpo Addo, principal research officer, Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, telephone interview, September 20, 2013, Accra.","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) is mandated to protect and promote administrative justice to ensure that the government and its officers are accountable and transparent...."]
["2013_GN_14",2013,"GN","Guinea",14,25,"La création d'un organisme tel que l’Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) relève d’une volonté politique. Cependant, le mode de fonctionnement réel de cette agence est l’élément central qui en permet l’évaluation. Bien que l’ANLC ait à son emploi aussi bien des fonctionnaires de l’État que du personnel contractuel, cette situation ne suffit pas à garantir son indépendance. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, la première tranche du budget de fonctionnement n'a pas encore été débloquée, alors que l'on tend vers la fin de l'année. \n\nIl n'y a jamais eu de sanction d'un des employés de cet organisme, pour quelque motif que se soit. L'ANLC est devenue un organisme de sensibilisation plutôt qu'un organisme de répression. L’une des personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche est un ancien employé de l'ANLC, qui a quitté ses fonctions car elle jugeait que les activités que menait l'agence n'étaient pas conforme à la mission qui lui était assignée.","Entretien avec Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Jean Kolié, Ministère de la Coopération internationale, 10 Septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n\nEntretien avec Maître  Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15 h 20.\n\nEntretien avec François Falcon, Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 9 septembre 2013, 9 h 45.","La création d'un organisme tel que l’Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) relève d’une volonté politique. Cependant, le mode de fonctionnement réel de cette agence est l’élément central qui en permet l’évaluation. Bien que l’ANLC ait à son emploi aussi bien des fon..."]
["2013_GW_14",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",14,0,"In practice, appointments to positions in the judiciary police or the public ministery  are strongly influenced by political criteria. They rarely follow a merit-based system. Individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections and, particularly, political party affiliations. \n\nThere is a lack of due process, conflict of interest and failure to apply a merit-based system in practice when appointing to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption. The body cannot be considered independent.\n\nOne of the main facts confirming the lack of independence of the judiciary is that Armando Namontche, current head of the judiciary police is threatened frequently, and uses to change the place he sleeps at night because of security reasons. This position was previously occupied by a well known women police officer, who was  finally \"forced\" to quit the position, due to pressure and power influences related to drug traffic, organised crime and political corruption.","1.        Edinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.        Cherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.        Mario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","In practice, appointments to positions in the judiciary police or the public ministery  are strongly influenced by political criteria. They rarely follow a merit-based system. Individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections and..."]
["2013_KE_14",2013,"KE","Kenya",14,50,"Although the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has commendably exercised its mandate in an aggressive way, the choice of some of the officials that serve there remains a concern in the public front. Some of the officials that serve in the commission have shown affiliation to certain political or business interest groups which makes it quite difficult to qualify objectivity. The selection process should be free and based on merit so that the commission can pursue its mandate in a non-selective manner. The current chair's appointment was subject to a petition in the high court, as civil society was not satisfied that he was the appropriate candidate. After a long battle he was sworn in as chair in August this year after a protracted court battle where an earlier court ruling that ruled that due procedure was followed and allegations raised against Matemu, that might be regarded as serious and would prejudice any reasonable person’s thinking regarding his integrity or suitability to head the commission, were set aside.","1. Maurice Odhiambo National Civil Society Congress president, interviewed  September 18, 2013.\n\n2. The Ethics and Anti-corruption Commission Act No. 22 of 2011. Date of Assent: August 27th 2011. Date of Commencement: 5th September, 2011. Articles 5 and 6 provide guidelines on the appointment and qualification of members to serve in the commission.\n\n3. Matemu finally takes over Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission chairman, Francis Ngige and Wahome Thuku, The Standard August 2013, http://in2eastafrica.net/matemu-finally-takes-over-ethics-and-anti-corruption-commission-chairman/.\n\n4. Article by Lydia Matata published in the Star on July 26, 2013 'Court Reinstates Matemu as EACC boss. http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-129695/court-reinstates-matemu-eacc-boss.","Although the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has commendably exercised its mandate in an aggressive way, the choice of some of the officials that serve there remains a concern in the public front. Some of the officials that serve in the commission have shown affiliation to ce..."]
["2013_LS_14",2013,"LS","Lesotho",14,75,"The fact that employees of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences are not recruited by the Public Service Commission contributes towards giving it autonomy as an anti-corruption watchdog. Section 3 of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences Amendment Act 2006 establishes a directorate appointment and promotion board which is \"responsible for the appointment, promotion and conditions of service of staff of the directorate, except that of the director general.\" The director general is appointed by the prime minister for a term exceeding five years and can only be impeached in accordance with the advice of a tribunal. \n\nNo directorate director general has ever been impeached. In terms of qualifications, the director general should be a registered legal practitioner or possess such other qualification as the minister of justice may prescribe. The current director general is a former chairman of the Independent Electoral Commission of Lesotho, a former executive secretary of the African Capacity Building Foundation and is a current chairperson of the Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. He is an Oxford University law graduate and has authorisation to practise in England and Wales.","1. Litelu Ramokhoro. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Director, Public Education and Corruption Prevention. Interviewed, October 11 2013.\n\n2. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Democracy and Human Rights Officer. Interviewed October 7 2013.\n\n3. Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. Interviewed October 2 2013.","The fact that employees of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences are not recruited by the Public Service Commission contributes towards giving it autonomy as an anti-corruption watchdog. Section 3 of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences Amendment Act 20..."]
["2013_LR_14",2013,"LR","Liberia",14,0,"Appointees to the Board of Commissioners of Liberia's anti-corruption body were not selected based on merit, they were the choice of the president and they enjoy her confidence. Members of the Board of Commissioners are tenured. So once appointed, they cannot be removed without substantive reason. Commissioners are selected based on the president's confidence in the designees and are commissioned once confirmed by the Senate in the National Legislature. It is a known fact that the current head of the body is a close confidant of the president; and that the Senate does not reject presidential nominees often. The body also lacks prosecutorial power. \n\nOther staffers at the commission were hired through a screening process that was not transparent. It is alleged that many of the staffers came on as the result of favor by members of the Board.","1. Report: 2012 Annual Report, Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, December 2012, lacc.gov.lr \n\n2. (2013, October 9). To Succeed in the Anti Graft Battle, the LACC deserves Crown Teeth to Bite, New Democrat Editorial, http://www.newdemocratnews.com/index.php/features/item/2710-to-succeed-in-the-anti-graft-battle-lacc-deserves-grown-teeth-to-bite\n\n3. Doe-Nah, T. Personal Interview. Executive Director - Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia (CENTAL), Monrovia","Appointees to the Board of Commissioners of Liberia's anti-corruption body were not selected based on merit, they were the choice of the president and they enjoy her confidence. Members of the Board of Commissioners are tenured. So once appointed, they cannot be removed without sub..."]
["2013_LY_14",2013,"LY","Libya",14,0,"There are always political and tribal allegiances involved in the appointment of investigative bodies' personnel which denies these bodies complete independence to conduct investigations on corruption.\n\nThe GNC appointed the supposedly independent NGO \"Libya Transparency Association\" to investigate allegations of corruption in the National Oil Corporation. However, the head of this association happens to be a family relative of Nouri Berouine, the Chairman of the National Oil Corporation.","Anonymous - lawyer and women’s rights activist - Benghazi, personal communication, November 9, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - NGO worker on multiple anti-corruption projects - Transparency Libya - Tripoli, personal communication, November 6, 2013. \n\nAnonymous - judge of administrative law - Tripoli, personal communication, November 9, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There are always political and tribal allegiances involved in the appointment of investigative bodies' personnel which denies these bodies complete independence to conduct investigations on corruption...."]
["2013_MG_14",2013,"MG","Madagascar",14,0,"L’indépendance du BIANCO a été fortement critiquée dès sa création en 2004 pour la principale raison qu’il est rattaché sur le plan administratif à la présidence de la république. En effet, « en contrepartie de l’indépendance, le BIANCO :\n- a l’obligation de rendre compte au président de la République et au parlement\n- est soumis au contrôle annuel de la Cour des comptes ».\n\nLes cadres sont nommés par le Président avec l'accord des membres du gouvernement. \n\nLes avis des personnes interviewées tournent autour de ce manque d’indépendance et sur le fait que le BIANCO est trop dépendant de l’Exécutif, ne serait-ce que sur le plan budgétaire (ministère des Finances et du Budget).","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Lejamble Brice, secrétaire exécutif p.i, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 23 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Site du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO).\nhttp://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0, 4 octobre 2013.\n- Rakotoarisoa V. Angela, assistante juridique du Centre d’assistance juridique et d’action citoyenne (Advocacy and Legal Advisory Center), Antananarivo, 2 octobre 2003. (Interview)\n- Tsihiavonana Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 4 Octobre 2013. (Interview)","L’indépendance du BIANCO a été fortement critiquée dès sa création en 2004 pour la principale raison qu’il est rattaché sur le plan administratif à la présidence de la république. En effet, « en contrepartie de l’indépendance, le BIANCO :..."]
["2013_MW_14",2013,"MW","Malawi",14,50,"In practice, appointments to the anti-corruption bureau, the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption, appear to support its independence at times. Although appointments to the body are supposed to be on a merit-based system, politics sometimes creeps in. Subsequently, appointees are not necessarily free from conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases.\n\nIn addition, appointees are not always disciplined/removed/transferred through due process by a peer panel/oversight body. Although the ACB appears to be investigating allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and civil servants in the current so-called ‘cash-gate’ scandal, it has not made public the number being investigated.\n\nAn example of political interference which has raised concern was the inability of President Joyce Banda’s government to speedily appoint the two heads of the anti-corruption bureau in the autumn of 2012 – although Malawi laws require them to be appointed within 21 days of incumbents leaving. The issue arose after she illegally fired the ACB's director, Alex Nampota, for allegedly misusing funds. However, some sources say he was fired in order to stop him prosecuting the former president, Bakili Muluzi, in his MK1.7 billion embezzlement case – and was suspected of not being loyal to President Joyce Banda. After the parliamentary public appointments committee rejected Victor Banda, her candidate of choice for the position, President Banda’s government was very slow in prioritising putting forward other suitable candidates.\n\nBritain’s department for international development suspended its aid to the ACB due to the lack of director and deputy director at the bureau. DFID's fund had helped the bureau with training, prosecutions and investigations.","Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice. November 12 2013.\n\nNickson Masebo, Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe). Chairperson.  November 12 2013.\n\nRobert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee, 13 November 2013","In practice, appointments to the anti-corruption bureau, the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption, appear to support its independence at times. Although appointments to the body are supposed to be on a merit-based system, politics sometimes creeps in. Subs..."]
["2013_ML_14",2013,"ML","Mali",14,50,"Au Mali, la qualité des nominations des juges anti-corruption laisse très souvent à désirer. Pour le cas spécifique de la lutte contre la corruption,Tiémoko Sangaré, du Groupe suivi budgétaire estime que « les nominations au sein de l'organe (ou des organes) qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption ne suivent pas toujours un système fondé sur le mérite ». En outre, il faut signaler que les personnes nommées sont parfois sanctionnées/révoquées/transférées arbitrairement en violation de la procédure. Ces nominations ne sont pas du genre à préserver le climat d'indépendance tant prôné.","Entretien avec Tiémoko Sangaré, Président, Groupe suivi budgétaire, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mariam Traoré, comptable, Pôle économique, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Falaye Diallo, agent de la Section des comptes, Cour suprême du Mali, réalisé le 19 septembre 2013.","Au Mali, la qualité des nominations des juges anti-corruption laisse très souvent à désirer. Pour le cas spécifique de la lutte contre la corruption,Tiémoko Sangaré, du Groupe suivi budgétaire estime que « les nominations au sein de l'organe (ou des organes) qui enquête sur les all..."]
["2013_MR_14",2013,"MR","Mauritania",14,0,"Le  législateur mauritanien n'a pas précisé les critères de nomination des membres de l'Inspection général d'État (IGE). \n\nL'ordonnance n° 122-2005 n'a pas encadré les modes de recrutement des membres de l’IGE. Cette absence de critères fait que les nominations sont faites à l'appréciation discrétionnaire des pouvoirs publics. La faiblesse de l'organe chargé de mener des investigations sur les accusations de corruption provient de l'absence d'indépendance à l'égard du pouvoir politique. L'IGE, il convient de le souligner, est un organe placé sous l'autorité du premier ministre. Ses membres sont nommés par arrêté du premier ministre et sont révocables à tout moment. L'IGE en Mauritanie ne peut avoir cette tradition d'indépendance dans la mesure où l'Inspecteur général d'État est membre du parti au pouvoir. Pis encore, les membres de l'IGE sont simples fonctionnaires, dépourvus de mandat, d'un régime d'immunité dans le cadre de leurs missions.\nAu cœur de la modernisation du système de gestion des finances publiques, la réforme de l'IGE se pose dans un paysage institutionnel en pleine mutation. Il s'agit de transformer l'organe de contrôle des comptes publics et d'en faire un instrument de vérification des finances publiques.","1. Mohamed Abdallahi ould Bilil, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), membre de 2 CM, 19 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Mine ould Habiboullah, avocat à la cour, président, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Imoctar ould Ahmed Leli, ancien directeur général de la Fonction Publique, 13 novembre 2013.","Le  législateur mauritanien n'a pas précisé les critères de nomination des membres de l'Inspection général d'État (IGE). ..."]
["2013_MU_14",2013,"MU","Mauritius",14,50,"The director-general of ICAC is appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the leader of the opposition. The Prevention of Corruption Act clearly states that the director-general should be a legal person having served as judge or magistrate for no less than 10 years and a practicing barrister. He/she may also be a person having served as a high-ranking official in an anti-corruption agency in another country. He or she is appointed for a term of no less than three years and no more than five years but renewable. The two other members of the commission must be experienced persons in the field of law, banking, accountancy, finance, financial services, economics or fraud detection law. The removal of the director-general must be decided and approved by a parliamentary committee in case of gross negligence, irregularity or misconduct. This parliamentary committee is made up of nine members (five from government and four from the opposition).  The officers of the ICAC are employed after employment notices are posted in the Government Gazette and in at least three high-circulation daily newspapers. All applications must be considered and proper interviews made for the best qualified candidates.\n\nWhile the prime minister appoints the director-general and chief commissioner of ICAC in consultation with the leader of the opposition, he appoints the other two commissioners on his own. This situation has led the representative of Transparency International in Mauritius to believe that the appointment process is less than independent. Furthermore, the case of a senior investigator of ICAC, who had been managing a betting house while in office, provides another indication that not all ICAC appointments are scrutinised as they should be..","Interview: Rajen Bablee, Executive Director, Transparency Mauritius, interviewed on Nov. 22, 2013\n\nPress Article: “Fraude – ICAC, un ancien enquêteur interrogé\" (Fraud : ICAC, former investigator questionned) Le Matinal Aug. 16, 2013, available online at http://www.lematinal.com/faits-divers/21944-Fraude---Icac-un-ancien-enqueteur-interroge.html\n\nPress Article: “Vol de Rs 2 m à Tote Lepep : un ancien Senior Investigator de l’ICAC arrêté” (Theft of Rs. 2M at Tote Lepep : a former senior investigator of ICAC arrested) L’Express Aug 15, 2013, available online at http://www.lexpress.mu/article/vol-de-rs-2-m-tote-lepep-un-ancien-senior-investigator-de-licac-arrete","The director-general of ICAC is appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the leader of the opposition. The Prevention of Corruption Act clearly states that the director-general should be a legal person having served as judge or magistrate for no less than 10 years and a..."]
["2013_MA_14",2013,"MA","Morocco",14,0,"Morocco ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2007. This is why the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention was established (Decree n° 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007); The Authority started its activities in Jan 2009 and is under the auspicies of the Prime Minister. The Authority's Plenary Assembly is composed by 44 members including: 16 representatives of governmental authorities (Min of Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Justice, Nat'l Education, Employment, Health, etc.), 15 representatives of professional organizations (the CGEM, Association of the Order of Moroccan Lawyers, Federaiton of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Services, etc.) and 13 members appointed by the Prime Minister known as associate members (6 from civil society, 3 of associations working specifically to prevent corruption, 4 from university). The members are named for a 4 year term (not renewable), the President for a 6 year term (not renewable). The Authority has a Secretary working directly under the President, and an Exectutive Commission. The latter is composed by 4 representatives of the aforementioned governmental authorities, 2 representatives of aforementioned professional organizations and 2 representatives of the aforementioned associate members. The members of the Executive Commission are named by the Plenary Assembly. The selection process varies, all governmental appointees as well as plenary appointees are however political appointees and not selected on merit. \n\nThere is no clearly defined set of criteria who the members of the Assembly must be; there is no legislation in Morocco that frames conflict of interest. The authority is not independent given that it entirely depends on the Prime Minister and it has no other power than consultative functions. \n\nDuring the OECD-MENA forum (20 March 2014), Mr Ahmed Yassine Foukara, Director of Strategy and Research Division at the Authority, insisted to make it clear that the Authority's mission is not to fight corruption, but to prevent it. \n\nThere have been cases of corruption denounced by the media but the politicians mentioned were never investigated. In the case of Salahdine Mezouar, a former prime minister who was involved in a corruption case denounced by the media, not only was he not investigated but he was appointed Foreign Minister a few years after the scandal.","Central Authority for Corruption Prevention.  (2013, October 2) .  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, June 19) .  The Bensouda Mezouar case: Charges dropped.  Lakome.  Retrieved from https://fr.lakome.com/index.php/maroc/963-affaire-des-primes-mezouar-bensouda-la-plainte-des-associations-classee-sans-suite\n\nCentral Authority for Corruption Prevention. (Decree n° 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007).  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/DECRET%20N%202-05-1228INSTITUANT%20LINSTANCE%20CENTRALE%20DE%20PREVENTION%20DE%20LA%20CORRUPTION%20-DIVER-.htm.\n\nMorocco.  Constitution, articles 36 and 167.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.","Morocco ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2007. This is why the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention was established (Decree n° 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007); The Authority started its activities in Jan 2009 and is under the auspicies of the ..."]
["2013_MZ_14",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",14,25,"The Central Directorate for Fighting Corruption suffers from political interference, considering that the actions of the head and other senior positions are politically sanctioned by the Frelimo party. This explains why the cases that this institution persecutes are related to so-called \"small fish\" (small corruption) instead of the \"white collar\" crimes that involve politically connected individuals. \n\nAppointments are not based on merit but on connections and political goodwill.","Baltazar Fael. Research director. Centre for Public Integrity. September 9, 2013.\n\n\"Gabinete de Combate à Corrupção afirma roubos ao Estado estão a aumentar em Moçambique\". Coutinho Macanandze. Jornal A Verdade. August 6, 2013. http://www.verdade.co.mz/nacional/38949-tramitados-57-processos-crime-contra-corruptos-em-julho. \n\nBasel Institute of Governance. Assistencia Tecnica em Materia Anticorrupcao ao Governo de Mocambique. Novembro 2012.\n\nCentre for Research on Governance and Development. A Qualidade da Governacao e Democracia em Mocambique: Questoes Especificas do Pais. Working paper No. 3. July 2013","The Central Directorate for Fighting Corruption suffers from political interference, considering that the actions of the head and other senior positions are politically sanctioned by the Frelimo party. This explains why the cases that this institution persecutes are related to so-c..."]
["2013_NA_14",2013,"NA","Namibia",14,50,"The Anti-Corruption Act, in its Art. 4, establishes that \"(1) the National Assembly appoints the Director and Deputy Director upon nomination by the President.\n(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of the Public Service Act, 1995 (Act No. 13 of 1995), the President may nominate for appointment as Director or Deputy Director any person whom the President considers suitable and who -\n(a) is of good character and of high integrity; and\n(b) possesses knowledge or experience relevant to the functions of the Commission.\" \nIn practice, the selection process is said to be based on merits, i.e. the candidates' experience in the courts and their qualifications. However, the law is not specific in laying out the qualifications and leaves space for executive influence in the selection process. \n\nThere are no personal ties known of the director, Mr Paulus K. Noa,  to the president, nor is he a member of the ruling party think-tank. The political affiliations of his deputy, Advocate Erna van der Merwe, are not publicised making it less important in her work. The two are well-known legal officers. So far, no members of the commission have been removed: the former deputy director, Ms Ya Toivo Einstein, retired.","Brigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\nFillemon Enkali, PRO: Anti-Corruption Commission, September 30 2013.\nToivo Ndjembela, editor, Namibian Sun, September 28 2013.         \nJaqueline Asheeke, columnist and writer, former CEO FENATA, and chairperson of the board of directors, Namibia Wildlife Resorts, September 30 2012.","The Anti-Corruption Act, in its Art. 4, establishes that \"(1) the National Assembly appoints the Director and Deputy Director upon nomination by the President.\n(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of the Public Service Act, 1995 (Act No. 13 of 1995), the P..."]
["2013_NE_14",2013,"NE","Niger",14,0,"Les nominations à la HALCIA sont faites par décret présidentiel pour une durée de trois ans non renouvelable, ce qui va à l'encontre de l'indépendance même de l'agence. Parmi ceux nommés se trouve également des représentants politiques.","Source 1:  Anonyme. (03 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\nSource 2: Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger\n\nSource 3: Site internet de la Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. (26 juillet 2011). Décret Portant création, missions et attributions, composition et Fonctionnement de la Haute  Autorité de  Lutte  contre  la Corruption et les Infractions assimilées. Ch.III, art. 6.","Les nominations à la HALCIA sont faites par décret présidentiel pour une durée de trois ans non renouvelable, ce qui va à l'encontre de l'indépendance même de l'agence. Parmi ceux nommés se trouve également des représentants politiques."]
["2013_NG_14",2013,"NG","Nigeria",14,50,"The appointment of regular employees for the two anti-corruption bodies - the economic and financial crimes commission and the independent corrupt practices and related offences commission - usually follow a merit-based system in which potential staff go through examinations and interviews before they are selected.\n\nBut the appointment of the heads of the two agencies does not always follow a merit-based system. The president appoints whoever he pleases, provided the person meets the stipulated qualification. \n\nOccasionally, too, the president removes senior appointees without recourse to any specific peer panel. The former efcc chairperson, Farida Waziri, was removed unceremoniously. \n\nHowever, the president has made an effort to ensure appointees are devoid of conflicts of interest. This year, he reversed one nomination to the efcc after it became clear that the appointee was a card-carrying member of the ruling party - the peoples democratic party.","(1) Interview with Folu Olamiti, Media Consultant for the Independent Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Commission, Abuja, October 21, 2013.\n\n(2) Vanguard, Why I sacked Farida Waziri – Jonathan, September 12, 2013, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/09/why-i-sacked-farida-waziri-jonathan/\n\n(3) Premium Times, May 11, 2013, Nnenna Ibeh, Why Jonathan nominated PDP member as EFCC secretary, then dropped him, http://premiumtimesng.com/news/133782-exclusive-why-jonathan-nominated-pdp-member-as-efcc-secretary-then-dropped-him.html\n\n(4) Premium Times, Ini Ekott, Jonathan disgraced me out of office despite my service to Nigeria — Farida Waziri, September 10, 2013, http://premiumtimesng.com/news/144423-jonathan-disgraced-office-despite-service-nigeria-farida-waziri.html","The appointment of regular employees for the two anti-corruption bodies - the economic and financial crimes commission and the independent corrupt practices and related offences commission - usually follow a merit-based system in which potential staff go through examinations and in..."]
["2013_RW_14",2013,"RW","Rwanda",14,0,"There were not any reports on or cases investigated against senior political officials in the last year.\n\nMr Himbara mentioned that it is the ruling party that names those in charge of investigations and it creates a definite conflict of interest. He gave an example of Mr Tito Rutaremara, who is in charge of discipline but also a senator on the ruling party ticket. \n\nThe current ombudsman, Mrs Aloisia Cyanzayire is a former Supreme Court president and a member of the ruling coalition. Another example cited by Mr Nkuriza is that a minister and a permanent secretary were sacked without any investigation and the bodies in charge to investigate did not raise a finger to question that but just agreed since it was done by the party they belong to and support. They were accused of mismanagement and improper allocation of funds. In addition, Mr Martin Ngoga, the public prosecutor, is also an RPF senior member.","Himbara, David.  (2013, September 20) .  [Former personal advisor in the president's office and an academic at WITS University].  Personal communication.\n\nHitimana, B. K.  (2013, July 19) .  Punishing failure.  The Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.ug/rwanda-ed/rwanda/8019-punishing-failure\n\nNkuriza, Amiel.  (2013, September 21) .  [Journalist at Umuvugizi].  Personal communication.","There were not any reports on or cases investigated against senior political officials in the last year...."]
["2013_ST_14",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",14,0,"Rarely, the appointments to positions in the department of justice follow a merit-based system. Actually, only about three years ago they started recruiting by tender and requiring at least a graduation in law. \n\nAs Sao Tome and Principe is a very small country, the appointments usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases. The department of justice needs an office to combat corruption. Thus, the appointments to the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption do not support the independence of the body.","1. Nerik Salvaterra. State Prosecutor. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.\n2. Carla Castro. State Prosecutor. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.\n3. \"Sao Tome and Principe: Controversy with the appointment of the Attorney General\". PNN Portuguese News Network. Jornal Digital. February 12 2013. http://jornaldigital.com/noticias.php?noticia=34898","Rarely, the appointments to positions in the department of justice follow a merit-based system. Actually, only about three years ago they started recruiting by tender and requiring at least a graduation in law. ..."]
["2013_SN_14",2013,"SN","Senegal",14,0,"Pour combattre la fraude et la corruption, le Sénégal a mis en place l'Office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption (OFNAC), composé de 12 membres nommés par le président de la République. \n\nMême si actuellement, il n'y a que le président de l'organe qui soit nommé, cette prérogative du chef de l'État a souvent été dénoncée cette année par des acteurs de la société civile et de l'opposition en ce sens qu'elle peut porter atteinte même à l'indépendance de l'organe. \n\nD'ailleurs, le retard sur la nomination des 11 membres a été souvent dénoncée dans la presse pendant ces 12 derniers mois, car considérée comme un calcul purement politique qui ne repose pas sur le mérite.","- Entretien avec Cheikh M. Tidiane Ba, juriste/coordonnateur de projet, forum civil, Section sénégalaise de Transparency International, le 26 septembre 2013.\n\n- Entretien avec Elimane Kane, secrétaire permanent du secteur public contre la corruption, 10 octobre 2013.\n\n- Entretien avec Mame Goor Ngom, rédacteur en chef, journa La Tribune, membre du réseau des journalistes anticorruption du Sénégal (REJAS).","Pour combattre la fraude et la corruption, le Sénégal a mis en place l'Office national de lutte contre la fraude et la corruption (OFNAC), composé de 12 membres nommés par le président de la République. ..."]
["2013_SC_14",2013,"SC","Seychelles",14,25,"All appointments are made through the constitutional appointments authority, which means that not all appointments are merit-based. Appointments are made only if the appointee fulfills the minimum standards, but with such a small population there is a dearth of human resources. Those who work in the ombudsman’s office are chosen through a merit-based system, but the police are from the general public.  Since so few people want to join the police lately, basically anyone who wishes to can join the police force. Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende said: “I suppose so, but the whole question of independence rests on the appearance of those appointed. You have a process provided in law that can be followed, but ultimately it is the people you appoint.” \n\nAppointees do not necessarily get removed, they get “reshuffled.” An expert on accountability and the judiciary said: \"They would be, but uh, they would be investigated if they find something. If there is any criminal element to it or a legal element they will [go to the attorney general’s office] I think if they don’t find the person [at fault], there is quite a frequent reshuffling. Whether it is because of non-performance or because of any other reason, there is quite a lot of reshuffling happening at the top levels.”\n\nThe Seychelles is a society of about 85,000 people. With such a small population, appointees are rarely, if ever, free of conflicts of interest. It’s a small community so everyone knows everyone. \n\nThus, appointments do not always follow a merit-based system, auditors are not disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and appointees often have conflicts of interest.","1. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert in Civil Society, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, December 7, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December 10, 2013.\n\n5. Email: Mrs. Wendy Michel, Assistant Investigation Officer for Ms. Dora Zatte, Seychelles Ombudsman, December 23, 2013.","All appointments are made through the constitutional appointments authority, which means that not all appointments are merit-based. Appointments are made only if the appointee fulfills the minimum standards, but with such a small population there is a dearth of human resources. Tho..."]
["2013_SL_14",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",14,50,"Section 3 of the anti-corruption commission of 2008 authorised the President of Sierra Leone to appoint both the commissioner and the deputy commissioner. Section 3 also stipulates the commissioner to have legal and accounting backgrounds respectively. The commissioner or deputy commissioner is removed from office based on a tribunal recommendation or a two-thirds vote in parliament. \n\nSince 2012, none of the commissioners have been removed from office.  Many people believe that the president is refusing to sack the ACC commissioner despite several years of poor performance due to political party connections. The ACC commissioner has lost most corruption cases in court. \n\nOver the last year, junior officers of the anti-corruption commission were hired, removed and promoted by the ACC administrative committee.","Joseph F. Kamara, Anti-Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013  \n\nSalifu Conteh, Court Reporter, Standard Times Newspaper, October 23, 2013","Section 3 of the anti-corruption commission of 2008 authorised the President of Sierra Leone to appoint both the commissioner and the deputy commissioner. Section 3 also stipulates the commissioner to have legal and accounting backgrounds respectively. The commissioner or deputy co..."]
["2013_SO_14",2013,"SO","Somalia",14,25,"An anti-corruption commission has not yet been established in Somalia. \n\nIn the case of Somaliland, appointments to the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption rarely follows a merit-based system. Individuals are usually political appointees who serve the interests of the appointing authority. However, members of the commission have made attempts to apply a merit-based system by advertising senior management positions with clear terms of reference.","Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.. (2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nAnonymous writer (Abdiqani). The Chairman of Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Commission made overview on their work. Somaliland Press. http://somalilandpress.com/the-chairman-of-good-governance-and-anti-corruption-commission-made-overview-on-their-work-19453 \n\nGoth, Mohamed. Somalia: The corruption tango. Somaliland Press. http://somalilandpress.com/somaliathe-corruption-tango-46562\n\nFartaag, Abdirazak. (2013 May 1). Reconstructing Somalia and the politics of public sector finance”. LSE-IDEAS Africa Programme, Occasional Paper. http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/programmes/africaProgramme/pdfs/Abdirazak-Fartaag-LSE-IDEAS-Occasional-Paper-Reconstructing-Somalia-and-the-Politics-of-Public-Sector-Finance.pdf\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","An anti-corruption commission has not yet been established in Somalia. \n\nIn the case of Somaliland, appointments to the body that investigates allegations of public se..."]
["2013_ZA_14",2013,"ZA","South Africa",14,100,"The appointment of the Public Protector happens on a merit based-system and due the nature of the appointment strategy, there was no favouritism involved. The public protector operates independently and  indiscriminately. She can't be removed when people don't like her, because the process of removal is just as difficult as removing a judge. \n\nAccording to the website of the public protector, 29 investigation reports were published between September 2012-13. These investigations revolved around a variety of issues, involving various people from various parties. These included an investigation into an alleged improper procurement of a piece of land in Cape Town (led by the Democratic Alliance, the main opposition party); alleged improper conduct and unfair treatment by the City of Cape Town relating to damage caused as a result of an electrical power surge; alleged unfair labour practices at the department of home affairs and alleged breach of the executives ethics code by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Tina Joemat-Petterson (ANC).\n\nThe public protector’s appointment reflects the constitutional independent nature of the institution,\" says Nicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations at Corruption Watch. \n\nWhile the PP is an independent body, Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa, says that the authorities don't want it to be: \"President Jacob Zuma did not intend for it to be an independent body in practice. From Zuma's point of view, Thuli Madonsela has been his biggest mistake. He thought she would be meek and mild, but she has taken her job seriously and understood her mandate. The ANC's aim is hegemonic control of all powers. Madonsela doesn't fit into that. ANC supporters are controlling every nook and cranny, including various chapter 9 institution (state institutions supporting constitutional democracy). The public protector is a major thorn in their flesh, and against everyone's expectations Madonsela is doing her job properly.\"\n\nThe removal of Madonsela is a tricky process, Hoffman adds: \"She can't be fired just because she is not liked. Madonsela is as difficult to remove as it is to remove a judge, so they won't even try.\"","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org), interview, October 23 2013.\n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch (www.corruptionwatch.org.za), interview, November 6 2013.\n\nList of investigation reports by the Public Protector (documents section of the Public Prosecutor's website), http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_report.asp.","The appointment of the Public Protector happens on a merit based-system and due the nature of the appointment strategy, there was no favouritism involved. The public protector operates independently and  indiscriminately. She can't be removed when people don't like her, because the..."]
["2013_SS_14",2013,"SS","South Sudan",14,0,"In practice, appointments to the South Sudan Anti-corruption Commission, the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption, do not support the independence of the agency. As a young state, South Sudan has few of the institutional checks and balances such as a merit-based civil service. Senior staff of the Anti-Corruption Commission are appointed by the president and can also be removed by the president. In addition, most of the appointees are linked to the ruling Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) party. Also, many South Sudanese believe that most staff, especially the top leadership of the agency, were appointed to the agency simply to reward them for their role in the civil war that led to South Sudan’s independence or because a senior person in government is related to them and has recommended their appointment. So far despite concerns that government officials have stolen public funds no one has been prosecuted since 2005 when the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan was formed.","Adigo, Onyoti.  (2013, October 9) .  [Minority Leader in South Sudan’s parliament (National Legislative Assembly)].  Personal communication.\n\nAfrica Center for Strategic Studies.  (2013) .  Fragility and state-society relations in South Sudan.  Washington, D.C.: Knopf, K.A.  Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ARP-4-EN.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (n.d.) .  Personal communication.  \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInternational Republic Institute.  (2013) .  Survey of South Sudan public opinion poll: Opinion: April 24 to May 22, 2013.  Retrieved from http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2013%20July%2019%20Survey%20of%20South%20Sudan%20Public%20Opinion%2C%20April%2024-May%2022%2C%202013.pdf\n\nYakani, Edmond.  (2013, October 8) .  Executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organisation.  Personal communication.","In practice, appointments to the South Sudan Anti-corruption Commission, the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption, do not support the independence of the agency. As a young state, South Sudan has few of the institutional checks and balances such as a merit..."]
["2013_SD_14",2013,"SD","Sudan",14,0,"The nominees to the so-called Anti-Corruption Commission in Sudan, including the chairman, who is the former undersecretary Tayeb Abu Qanaia, are not independent because there is no law regulating how they should be appointed and what their powers are. On top of this, the head of the commission was sacked and not replaced, according to Caynaba News.\n\nThere is no independent body to investigate corruption cases in Sudan. Rashid (2013) observes that corruption is rampant in Sudan because of weak institutions. The judiciary that is assumed to deal with corruption \"is usually too slow in doing its work, and unable to dispense justice,\" according to Rashid. A member of Parliament said on 27 June 2012 that \"Corruption cases die immediately when entering courts.\"","Business Anti-Corruption Portal. (2013) . Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives. GAN Integrity Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/sudan/initiatives/public-anti-corruption-initiatives.aspx\n \nRashid, M. M. (2013, May) . Skipping soft state stage. Global Media Service (Sudan). Retrieved from http://gmsudan.com/20130529/skipping-soft-state-stage/\n\nMartin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/342_Corruption_and_anti-corruption_in_Sudan.pdf\n \n (2013, August) . Police officer claims of corruption in Interior Ministry earns him four years in jail. Caynaba News. Retrieved from http://www.caynabanews.com/view.php?id=31395\n\n(2012, June) . Headlines of newspapers issued in Khartoum Wednesday. Global Media Service (Sudan). Retrieved from http://gmsudan.com/20120628/headlines-of-newspapers-issued-in-khartoum-wednesday-27th-june-2012/\n \nMartin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International.","The nominees to the so-called Anti-Corruption Commission in Sudan, including the chairman, who is the former undersecretary Tayeb Abu Qanaia, are not independent because there is no law regulating how they should be appointed and what their powers are. On top of this, the head of t..."]
["2013_SZ_14",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",14,25,"It is not possible to discern whether the officials running the Anti-Corruption Commission are free of conflicts of interest. The vetting process is not transparent. The methodology is the privilege of the Judicial Services Commission and is not made public. The commission officials are merely announced upon their appointment. The commission was not forthcoming in the number, nature, or origin of reports (allegations or charges) filed with the commission during the year under review, citing grounds of confidentiality. \n \nIt is not possible to determine favouritism by comparing complaints with outcomes (prosecutions, arrests, convictions). This however is one measure of independence. The second is the mechanism of appointment, which is through the government's leadership (the king on the advice of the Judicial Services Commission, which he also appoints). The commissioner himself/herself must be a high court justice, according to the Prevention of Corruption Act 2006. The deputy commissioner can be a political appointee.","Interview: Thomas Ginindza, journalist, Manzini, 29 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Buhle Simelane, businesswoman, Frontier Investment (Ltd.), Manzini, 25 September 2013.\n \n \"Swaziland: A Failed Feudal State,\" Freedom House, 15 September 2013.","It is not possible to discern whether the officials running the Anti-Corruption Commission are free of conflicts of interest. The vetting process is not transparent. The methodology is the privilege of the Judicial Services Commission and is not made public. The commission official..."]
["2013_TZ_14",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",14,25,"The prevention and combatting of corruption bureau website shows cases received and investigated over the year. There is a rider that not all of them are related to corruption while the agency does not share case-sensitive details about whom they were investigating. There are, however, widespread concerns that the apparent executive appointment of the agency's head and board does take away the muscle to take to task those in high places. The agency also lacks prosecution powers that leaves it at the mercy of the director of public prosecution when it comes to taking to court those accused of vice.\n \nThe anti-corruption body is affected by the fact that those picked as executives to head the body and the oversight board are all presidential appointees as stipulated in law. (See part III, Section 15 (1-4) of the Prevention and Combatting of Corruption Bureau Act of 2007). The chief secretary who heads the civil service chairs the board whose other members are appointees of the executive too. This would suggest lack of total independence at the top level of the organisation's hierarchy who remained beholden to the appointing authority. \n\nFor mid and lower positions, the recruitment and disciplined process is done following the normal public service provisions that include going through interviews and vetting. As is with many public service recruitment for jobs, the recruitment and discipline process may not be full proof of influence peddling. In recognition of this shortcoming, there is a push to ensure the proposed new constitution categorically states that such appointments by the president (executive) are vetted by parliament in future.","1.From the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau website, http://www.pccb.go.tz/index.php/investigation/sport-news/case-statistics/482-pccb-s-case-statistics\n\n 2. Moses Kulaba, Executive Director, Agenda Participation 2000 (Corruption tracker), October 7, 2013.\n \n 3. Ms Doris Kapwani, Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau Spokeswoman, September 26, 2013.\n \n 4.'TBA boss approved construction of building illegally -PCCB'- By Faustine Kapama -Daily News, August 8, 2013 -http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/20870-tba-boss-approved-building-construction-illegally-pccb\n\n 5. 'Draft Constitution forgets anti-corruption bureau', By The Guardian, June 8, 2013, http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=55652","The prevention and combatting of corruption bureau website shows cases received and investigated over the year. There is a rider that not all of them are related to corruption while the agency does not share case-sensitive details about whom they were investigating. There are, howe..."]
["2013_TG_14",2013,"TG","Togo",14,0,"Le décret de nomination mis en ligne date de 2001. La commission anti-corruption n'est manifestement plus effective. \n \n Le fait que le site internet mentionne que le siège de la CAC se situe à la présidence laisse réellement douter de l'indépendance qu'ait pu avoir cette commission.","Site de la Commission anti-corruption: http://www.cac.tg/\n \n Anonyme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 octobre 2013.\n \n Anonyme, Publiez ce que vous payez, 24 septembre 2013. \n\nLes noms des sources anonymes sont connus pour Global Integrity et Global Integrity a convenu de ne pas les divulguer.","Le décret de nomination mis en ligne date de 2001. La commission anti-corruption n'est manifestement plus effective. \n ..."]
["2013_TN_14",2013,"TN","Tunisia",14,100,"The president of the National Institution against corruption is selected from independent Tunisian personalities, reputed for their integrity.  The chairman must be known for competence in the legal field, and is appointed by decree, and then the other members are appointed in consultation with others. There is no highly specific merit criteria listed. \n \nThe members of the National Institution against corruption are chosen from high-ranking officers of the state (seven members), NGOs members (seven members), judges (three members) and representatives of the media sector (two members). \n \nTheir mandates last three years.\n \nAppointees must be free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or political party. \n \nUntil today and from its establishment per decree in 2011, there have not been any disciplinary, removal or transfer cases.","September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n \nSeptember 28, 2013: Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis\n \nWebsite of the National Body to fight corruption, accessed September 2013.\nwww.anticor.tn \n\nArticles 1, 12, 13 and 20 of Law No. 2011-120, issued on 14 Nov. 2011. \nhttp://www.cnudst.rnrt.tn/jortsrc/2011/2011f/jo0132011.pdf ","The president of the National Institution against corruption is selected from independent Tunisian personalities, reputed for their integrity.  The chairman must be known for competence in the legal field, and is appointed by decree, and then the other members are appointed in cons..."]
["2013_UG_14",2013,"UG","Uganda",14,50,"Recent developments in the office of the inspectorate of government saw the appointments of a new inspector general and her two deputy inspectors general. The appointments followed a merit based system. The inspector was a high court judge and all three exhibited high moral character and proven integrity in their previous assignments. They possess considerable experience and have demonstrated competence and high calibre in the conduct of public affairs. For the rest of the staff at the inspectorate, there is an elaborate system of recruitment and an appointments board which is responsible for recruiting staff. Vacant positions are advertised and those who feel that they are competent to fill them do apply. Interviews are conducted and those who satisfy the board are recruited.\n \n As to whether the appointees are free of conflicts of interest, the president took a long time before appointing the inspector and the deputies. When tasked to explain why he was taking his time, the president revealed that the reason he has delayed appointing a substantive inspector was because he did not want to pick a “game warden who is a poacher”, adding that “the sample size of people with integrity in Uganda is limited”. However, some sectors of society saw it differently, as they interpreted the delay as a means of finding someone who is sympathetic to the ruling party or representative of a certain region. And indeed in the past, some inspectors have conducted their activities in a way that shows partiality. Concerning the process of disciplining or removal of the inspector and the deputies is supposed to go through a peer panel, a tribunal setup by the president to investigate the matter. All former inspectors left office by handing over power after the end of their terms. \n \n In recording cases, the inspector's reports do not show at which level the prosecuted civil servants are. The report shows that: 168 public officers are under prosecution; 25 public officers were arrested; 20 public officers were warned; 22 officers were advised; two public servants had their appointment letters cancelled; 20 officers were submitted to commissions for disciplinary action; 20 public officers were interdicted; 34 officers were dismissed officers; and one public officer was demoted. However, in the same inspector’s report to parliament p.81-85, table XIX shows a summary of concluded prosecution cases during the period July– December 2012. A review of the table shows that there are 36 cases and of these about 16 are senior level politicians and civil servants and all were dismissed, withdrawn or acquitted.","Wilson Akiiki Kaija, Uganda Radio Network, “Deputy IGG Raphael Baku Bows Out”; February 22, 2013\n http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=50115.\n \n Inspectorate of Government, “Report to Parliament”, July-December 2012\n http://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/Report2Parliament_July-Dec2012.pdf.\n \n New Vision reporter, “New deputy IGG tasked to fight thieves in Govt”; August 3, 2013\n http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/645707-new-deputy-igg-tasked-to-fight-thieves-in-govt.html.\n \n New Vision reporter, “Andrew Karokora appointed new deputy IGG”; August 18, 2012\n http://www.newvision.co.ug/article/fullstory.aspx?story_id=634261&catid=1&mid=53.\n \n Moses Walubiri, The New Vision; “Justice Irene Mulyagonja, the new IGG”; April 14, 2012\n http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/630339-justice-irene-mulyagonja-the-new-igg.html.","Recent developments in the office of the inspectorate of government saw the appointments of a new inspector general and her two deputy inspectors general. The appointments followed a merit based system. The inspector was a high court judge and all three exhibited high moral charact..."]
["2013_ZM_14",2013,"ZM","Zambia",14,50,"The committee is appointed by the government, whereas the director and other officials under them are recruited by the organisation. The appointees are not completely free of conflict of political interference, as the articles confirm.\n \nAppointees are not always disciplined/dismissed through the right procedure, as was the case with former Anti-corruption Commission of Zambia Director Nixon Banda, who was not given a chance to explain himself or had no tribunal appointed to look at his case. Transparency International Zambia, described his dismissal as irregular.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n 2.Zambia Reports, Peter Adamu, Transparency International Zambia Discredits President Sata’s Corruption Fight, December 9 2012, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fFc66bSDVawJ:zambiareports.com/2012/12/09/transparency-international-zambia-discredits-president-satas-corruption-fight/+&cd=9&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n 3. Inside Zambia Magazine,Shadreck, Velvet Revolution Expose’ Shakes Mastermind, September 13 2013, Paragraphs 19 & 20, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:M28HgTAcxjMJ:insidezambiamagazine.com/%3Fp%3D4351+&cd=3&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n 4. Daily Nation, ACC under pressure to clear Wynter Kabimba, October 18 2012, http://zambiadailynation.com/2012/10/18/acc-under-pressure-to-clear-wynter-kabimba/.\n \n 5. Lusakatimes.com, NGOCC calls on Wynter Kabimba to apologise to ACC, December 5 2012, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/12/05/ngocc-calls-wynter-kabimba-apologise-acc/","The committee is appointed by the government, whereas the director and other officials under them are recruited by the organisation. The appointees are not completely free of conflict of political interference, as the articles confirm...."]
["2013_ZW_14",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",14,50,"The anti-corruption commission is an independent body, with commissioners appointed by the president on a merit basis. However, during this research period, there were reports that some commissioners were being penalised without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body. In one example, ZACC chief executive, Ngonidzashe Gumbo, was arrested on allegations that he defrauded the commission of US$435 000. It appears, however, that he was penalised for his threat to investigate senior government officials. In a statement published in March 2013 by The Standard, reports were received from ZACC officials that both commissioners and anti-graft investigators were being tailed by suspicious people.","1. Anonymous. Commissioner. Zimbabwe Anti Corruption Commission (ZACC). November 13, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n \n 2. Lance Guma. Nehanda Radio. March 26, 2013. Zimbabwe anti-corruption chief remains in jail despite getting bail. http://nehandaradio.com/2013/03/26/zimbabwe-anti-corruption-chief-remains-in-jail-despite-getting-bail/. Accessed November 13, 2013.\n \n 3. Patrice Makova. The Standard. March 31, 2013. Corruption investigations: Commissioners fear for lives. http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2013/03/31/corruption-investigations-commissioners-fear-for-lives/","The anti-corruption commission is an independent body, with commissioners appointed by the president on a merit basis. However, during this research period, there were reports that some commissioners were being penalised without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body...."]
["2013_DZ_15",2013,"DZ","Algeria",15,100,"L'article 158 de la Constitution stipule qu'il est institué \"une Haute Cour de l'État pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du président de la République et des crimes et délits du premier ministre, commis dans l'exercice de leur fonction.\"","Constitution de la République algérienne démocratique et populaire, article 158, chapitre III: Du pouvoir judiciaire. (1996). Repéré à http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm.","L'article 158 de la Constitution stipule qu'il est institué \"une Haute Cour de l'État pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du président de la République et des crimes et délits du premier ministre, commis dans l'exercice de leur fonction.\""]
["2013_AO_15",2013,"AO","Angola",15,100,"The Constitution of Angola provides for a criminal immunity protection to the president’s mandate (who is both the head of state and the government under article 108.1.) depending on the nature of the crime. Thus, there are exemptions, such as treason and subordination as stipulated by the constitution. By and large the president enjoys immunity from civil or criminal cases through public prosecution, for other crimes committed while in office but not related to the exercise of his functions, the president may be answerable to the Supreme Court five years after the expiry of his term. Nonetheless, the president remains immune during his tenure. \n\nYet, there is a clear stipulation that allows the President to be investigated if and when there are allegations that speak to Article 127 (1). \n\nThe Constitution, § IV, art. 127:\n\"1. The President is not responsible for acts performed in the exercise of his functions, except in case bribery, treason and crimes defined by this Constitution as imprescriptible and not subject to amnesty.\n2. Sentencing implies removal from office and impossibility of candidacy for another term.\n3. Crimes in the exercise of its functions, the President accountable to the Court Supreme, five years after the end of its mandate.\"\n\nHowever, art. 129 states that the National Assembly must vote to allow any such prosecution to go forward:\n5. The procedures for criminal liability and removal of a President of the Republic from office referred to in the previous points shall observe the following:\na) The initiation of proceedings must be duly justified and shall be the responsibility of the National Assembly;\nb) The proposal to initiate proceedings shall be presented by one third of the Members in full exercise of their office;\nc) The decision shall be approved by a two-thirds majority of Members in full exercise of their office and the respective communication or application for proceedings must afterwards be sent to the Supreme Court or Constitutional Court, as appropriate.","Republic of Angola Constitution, § IV, art. 127 (1, 2 & 3), 129.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498","The Constitution of Angola provides for a criminal immunity protection to the president’s mandate (who is both the head of state and the government under article 108.1.) depending on the nature of the crime. Thus, there are exemptions, such as treason and subordination as stipulate..."]
["2013_BJ_15",2013,"BJ","Benin",15,100,"Les articles fondateurs de la Haute Cour de Justice sont les 135, 136, 137 et 138 de la loi n°90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. L’article 136 dit que « la Haute Cour de justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les membres du gouvernement à raison de faits qualifiés de haute trahison, d’infractions commises dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice de leurs fonctions, ainsi que pour juger leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l’Etat », y compris lorsqu’ils sont reconnus auteurs, co-auteurs ou complices de malversations, de corruption, d’enrichissement illicite.","Loi n°90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Articles 135, 136, 137 et 138. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html\n\nLoi organique n°93-013 du 10 août 1999 portant Création de la Haute Cour de justice. http://www.ahjucaf.org/Loi-no93-013-du-10-aout-1999.html","Les articles fondateurs de la Haute Cour de Justice sont les 135, 136, 137 et 138 de la loi n°90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. L’article 136 dit que « la Haute Cour de justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les me..."]
["2013_BW_15",2013,"BW","Botswana",15,0,"The constitution of Botswana, section 41, Protection of President in Respect of Legal Proceedings, states: \n\nWhilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of the president, no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity, and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his private capacity.","1. Constitution of Botswana 1966, chapter V: The Executive, section 41: Protection of the president in respect of legal proceedings, http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf.\n   \n 2. Case study: Motswaledi vs. The President, court document (attached).","The constitution of Botswana, section 41, Protection of President in Respect of Legal Proceedings, states: ..."]
["2013_BF_15",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",15,100,"La Constitution permet à la Haute Cour de justice de mettre en accusation le chef de l’État et les membres du gouvernement pour des fautes graves comme la haute trahison. On peut donc lire à l'article 138 que : « La Haute cour de justice est compétente pour connaitre des actes commis par le Président du Faso dans l’exercice de ses fonctions et constitutifs de haute trahison, d’attentat à la Constitution ou de détournement de deniers publics. La Haute cour de justice est également compétente pour juger les membres du gouvernement en raison des faits qualifiés crimes ou délits commis dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice de leurs fonctions. Dans tous les autres cas, ils demeurent justiciables des juridictions de droit commun et des autres juridictions ».","Constitution du Burkina Faso. 02 Juin 1991. Articles 138 et 139. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Burkina_Faso_2012.pdf","La Constitution permet à la Haute Cour de justice de mettre en accusation le chef de l’État et les membres du gouvernement pour des fautes graves comme la haute trahison. On peut donc lire à l'article 138 que : « La Haute cour de justice est compétente pour connaitre des actes comm..."]
["2013_BI_15",2013,"BI","Burundi",15,100,"L’article 117 de la constitution du Burundi stipule que : «Le Président de la République n’est pénalement responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions qu’en cas de haute trahison.\n\nIl y a haute trahison lorsqu’en violation de la Constitution ou de la loi, le Président de la République commet délibérément un acte contraire aux intérêts supérieurs de la nation qui compromet gravement l’unité nationale, la paix sociale, la justice sociale, le développement du pays ou porte gravement atteinte aux droits de l’homme, à l’intégrité du territoire, à l’indépendance et à la souveraineté nationales.\n\nLa haute trahison relève de la compétence de la Haute Cour de Justice.\n\nLe Président de la République ne peut être mis en accusation que par l’Assemblée Nationale et le Sénat réunis en Congrès et statuant, à vote secret, à la majorité des deux tiers des membres.\n\nL’instruction ne peut être conduite que par une équipe d’au moins trois magistrats du Parquet général de la République présidée par le Procureur général de la République.»","Constitution du Burundi de 2005. Article 117. http://www.bi.undp.org/election2010/doc/constitution_rpburundi.pdf","L’article 117 de la constitution du Burundi stipule que : «Le Président de la République n’est pénalement responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions qu’en cas de haute trahison...."]
["2013_CM_15",2013,"CM","Cameroon",15,100,"In the 1996 constitution there is no stipulation of presidential immunity. Yet, the Court of Impeachment has mandate and jurisdiction to try the president of the republic for high treason and conspiracy. \n\nA 2008 amendment in a new Article 53(3) explicitly states that acts committed by the president in pursuance of his duties be covered by immunity and that he can not be held to account for them upon leaving office. Impeachment is still the legal recourse to  hold the President to account.\n\nArt. 53 (new) reads as follows:\n\"(1) The Court of impeachment shall have jurisdiction, in respect of acts committed in the exercise of their functions to try;\n- The President of the Republic for high treason;\n- The Prime Minister, members of government and persons ranking as such and senior government officials to whom powers have been delegated in pursuance of Articles 10 and 12 above, for conspiracy against the security of the State.\n(2) The President of the Republic shall be indicted only by the National Assembly and the Senate deciding through an identical vote by open ballot and by a four fifth majority of their members.\n(3) Acts committed by the President of the Republic in pursuance of Articles 5, 8, 9 and 10 above shall be covered by immunity and he shall not be accountable for them after the exercise of his functions;\"","Republic of Cameroon Criminal Procedure Code, part 1, § 2.  (2005) .  Retrieved from http://www.iglhrc.org/sites/default/files/Cameroon%20Criminal%20Procedure%20Code-1.pdf\n\nPart VII: Court of Impeachment, Article 53 (new) (3) of Law No. 2008/001 of April 14, 2008, to amend and supplement provisions of Law No. 96/6 of Jan.18, 1996, to amend the constitution of June 2, 1972.","In the 1996 constitution there is no stipulation of presidential immunity. Yet, the Court of Impeachment has mandate and jurisdiction to try the president of the republic for high treason and conspiracy. ..."]
["2013_CV_15",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",15,100,"The constitution specifies that the president can be removed from office in case of conviction for crimes committed during their duties. Investigations can take place (as well as indictment) when and if the crime is evident (the president is caught in flagranti) and/or when the legislative approves the suspension of his/her immunity by two-thirds of its members. Prosecution is carried out by the prosecutor general and the court is the supreme court. \n\nThe head of government (prime minister) can also be indicted, investigated, prosecuted and possibly convicted if and when the crime has been committed in evidence and if the crime is punishable by prison of a minimum amount of three years or when the national assembly tasks the prosecutor to process criminal charges.","The Constitution of Cape Verde, 2010, article 132:\n1. For crimes committed in the course of their duties, the president is accountable to the supreme court.\n2. It is up to the national assembly to request the attorney general's office pursue the prosecution of the president of the republic, by proposal of 25 representatives approved by a majority of two-thirds of the members.\n3. The president is suspended from duty from the date of the final judgement of the indictment, and conviction or equivalent means immediate loss of office and removal from office and disqualification to be re-elected.\n4. For crimes committed outside the course of duty, the president is accountable to ordinary courts, after ending his tenure.\n\nAbout the head of the government, the prime minister, article 199 says:\n1. No member of the government may be detained or remanded in custody without authorisation of the national assembly, except in cases of flagrante delicto for a crime that is punishable in prison, whose ceiling is more than three years.\n2. Where criminal proceedings against a member of the government is definitely pronounced, the national assembly at the request of the attorney general's office, shall decide whether the official should or should not be suspended for the purpose of continuing the process. The suspension is mandatory in the case of a crime that is punishable in prison, whose ceiling is more than eight years.\n3. Cabinet members are accountable to the court of appeals for crimes committed in office.\n\nThe Status of Holders of Political Positions (Law No. 85/III/90 of Oct. 6), article 3 on immunities states:  \n\"Political appointees enjoy the immunity which they are recognised by the constitution and law, to guarantee their independence and freedom of action in the exercise of their functions.\"","The constitution specifies that the president can be removed from office in case of conviction for crimes committed during their duties. Investigations can take place (as well as indictment) when and if the crime is evident (the president is caught in flagranti) and/or when the leg..."]
["2013_CF_15",2013,"CF","CAR",15,100,"En RCA, le président de la République bénéficie dans l'exercice de ses fonctions d'une  immunité juridictionnelle, sauf en cas de haute trahison. Cette trahison s'explique en termes de génocide ou d'homicide, d’affairisme, etc. Si ces faits sont avérés, une Haute Cour de justice est alors mise en place pour juger le chef de l'État.","Jean-Baptiste Koyassambia, premier questeur, bureau du Conseil national de transition, expert national en matière de lutte contre la corruption, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nFulgence Zeneth (juriste de formation), conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections, secrétaire général adjoint de l'Observatoire des droits de l'homme, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nValérie Tanga, conseillère nationale, enseignante-chercheure en anthropologie à l'Université de Bangui, 13 septembre 2013.","En RCA, le président de la République bénéficie dans l'exercice de ses fonctions d'une  immunité juridictionnelle, sauf en cas de haute trahison. Cette trahison s'explique en termes de génocide ou d'homicide, d’affairisme, etc. Si ces faits sont avérés, une Haute Cour de justice es..."]
["2013_TD_15",2013,"TD","Chad",15,100,"Aux termes de l'article 78 de la Constitution du Tchad : « Pendant l'exercice de ses fonctions, la responsabilité pénale du président de la République n'est engagée que dans le cas de haute trahison telle que prévue à l'article 174. »\n\nArticle 174 : « La Haute Cour de justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les membres du gouvernement ainsi que leurs complices en cas de haute trahison. Constitue un crime de haute trahison, tout acte portant atteinte à la forme républicaine, à l'unicité et à la laïcité de l'État, à la souveraineté, à l'indépendance et à l'intégrité du territoire national. Sont assimilés à la haute trahison, les violations graves et caractérisées des droits de l'homme, le détournement des fonds publics, la corruption, la concussion, le trafic de drogues et l'introduction de déchets toxiques ou dangereux, en vue de leur transit, dépôt ou stockage sur le territoire national. Le président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. »","République du Tchad. Constitution du 31 mars 1996 révisée. (1996). Articles 78 et 174. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf\n\nRépublique du Tchad. Code de procédure pénale. (1996). Article 227.","Aux termes de l'article 78 de la Constitution du Tchad : « Pendant l'exercice de ses fonctions, la responsabilité pénale du président de la République n'est engagée que dans le cas de haute trahison telle que prévue à l'article 174. »..."]
["2013_KM_15",2013,"KM","Comoros",15,100,"Selon l’article 30 de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores :\n« (Seulement) En cas de haute trahison le président, le vice-président et les membres du gouvernement de l'Union sont traduits devant la Cour suprême siégeant en Haute Cour de Justice. » Donc, il bénéficie d'une immunité de juridiction. Par contre, les membres du gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis. (Source : Membres de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) nommés par le Président de l’Union par décret N° 11-162/PR, du 25 août 2011 qui ont prêté serment mardi 6 septembre 2011 devant la cour d'Appel de Moroni , Al-watwan  N° 1813 du lundi 5 septembre 2011).","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001. (2001). Article 30. www.Droit-Afrique.com","Selon l’article 30 de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores :\n« (Seulement) En cas de haute trahison le président, le vice-président et les membres du gouvernement de l'Union sont traduits devant la Cour suprême siégeant en Haute Cour de Justice. » D..."]
["2013_CD_15",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",15,100,"Selon l'Article 87 de la Constitution, le Président de la République est justiciable en cas de haute trahison.\n\nArt. 87: \"La responsabilité personnelle du Président de la République n'est engagée qu'en cas de haute trahison\".","1 - Entretien du samedi 21 septembre 2013 avec M. Loamba MOKE, président de l'Association pour les Droits de l'Homme et l'Univers Carcéral (ADHUC) au siège de l'organisation à Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Entretien du 8 octobre 2013 avec Christian MOUNZEO, membre de l'association \"Publiez ce que vous payer\".\n\n3 - Entretien le 12 octobre 2013 avec le député Joseph TASALABIENDZE, membre de la commission Plan urbanisme et aménagement du territoire. \n\n\n4 - Entretien le lundi 14 octobre 2013 avec le sénateur Nicéphore Fylla de SAINT-EUDES, président de la Commission économie et finances.\n\n5 - Entretien le 17 octobre avec Clément MIERASSA, président du Parti Social Démocrate Congolais (P.S.D.C).","Selon l'Article 87 de la Constitution, le Président de la République est justiciable en cas de haute trahison...."]
["2013_CG_15",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",15,100,"Le chef de l’État ou du gouvernement n’est responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions. \n\nLe chef de l’État peut être poursuivi pénalement en cas de haute trahison. Telle est l’essence de l’article 167 de la Constitution du 18/02/2006 (révisée en 2011) qui affirme que la Cour constitutionnelle est la juge pénale du président de la République et du premier ministre pour des infractions politiques de haute trahison, d’outrage au parlement, d’atteinte à l’honneur ou à la probité, ainsi que pour les délits d’initié et pour les autres infractions de droit commun commises dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice de leurs fonctions. Donc, la cour constitutionnelle est la juridiction pénale du chef de l’État et du premier ministre dans les cas et conditions prévus par la Constitution (article 163).\n\nLe droit congolais utilise uniquement le terme infraction pour désigner les crimes, délits et contraventions.  \n— Constitution du 18/02/2006.\n\nDaniel Amson dans « La République du flou » affirme que la haute trahison est en réalité un délit ou un crime politique qui résulterait par exemple du maintien prolongé des pouvoirs exceptionnels. Le principe de l’irresponsabilité politique du chef de l’État est posé dans la Constitution de la Ve République. Toutefois, le chef de l’État ne sera tenu responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions qu’en cas de haute trahison. Les conditions dans lesquelles il peut être mis en accusation, ou le cas échéant jugé ne sont possibles que par les deux assemblées statuant par un vote identique au scrutin public et à la majorité absolue des membres les composant.","1. Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 167 & 168. www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf.\n\n2. Daniel Amson, « La République du flou », éd. Odile Jacob, Paris, 2002, pp. 57-58.","Le chef de l’État ou du gouvernement n’est responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions. ..."]
["2013_CI_15",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",15,100,"En vertu de l’article 109 de la Constitution de 2000, « le président de la République n’est responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions et traduit devant la Haute Cour de justice qu’en cas de haute trahison ». Selon l’article 111 du même texte : « la mise en accusation du président de la République et des membres du gouvernement est votée au scrutin secret, par l’Assemblée nationale à la majorité des 2/3 pour le président de la République, et à la majorité absolue pour les membres du gouvernement ». En dehors de cette disposition constitutionnelle, il semblerait que le droit positif ivoirien soit silencieux sur la question du statut pénal du président de la République, laissant penser à l’existence d’une immunité pénale pour les crimes de droit commun.\n\nOn pourrait ainsi conclure en disant qu’en droit, le chef de l’État peut être mis en accusation, mais uniquement en cas de haute trahison, un crime qui n’est pas clairement défini et qui doit faire l’objet d’une appréciation de l’Assemblée nationale. L’article 112 de la Constitution précise également « que la Haute Cour de justice est liée par la définition des crimes et délits et par la détermination des peines résultant des lois pénales en vigueur à l’époque des faits compris dans les poursuites ». Ainsi, l’article 142 du Code pénal précise qu’ « est coupable de trahison et puni de la peine de mort, tout ivoirien, tout militaire au service de la Côte d’Ivoire qui en temps de guerre: provoque des militaires à passer au service d’une puissance étrangère ou leur en facilite les moyens; fait des enrôlements pour une puissance étrangère; entretient des intelligences avec une puissance étrangère ou avec un agent en vue de favoriser les entreprises de cette puissance étrangère contre la Côte d'Ivoire; entrave la circulation de moyens ou matériels militaires; participe sciemment à une entreprise de démoralisation des Forces armées ou de la nation ayant pour objet de nuire à la défense nationale ».","Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d’ivoire. (2000). Articles 109, 111 et 112. Repéré à: http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc; \n\nLoi n° 81-640 du 31 juillet 1981 instituant le Code pénal. (1981). Articles 142 et 143. Repéré à: http://www.childsrights.org/html/site_fr/law_download.php?id=116.","En vertu de l’article 109 de la Constitution de 2000, « le président de la République n’est responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions et traduit devant la Haute Cour de justice qu’en cas de haute trahison ». Selon l’article 111 du même texte : « la mise en ac..."]
["2013_DJ_15",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",15,100,"La Constitution dispose que la Haute Cour de justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale.\n\nCependant, l'arsenal juridique est assez ancien et n'a pas été modifié ni mis à jour malgré les différentes révisions constitutionnelles et l'abondante activité législative de l'Assemblée nationale.","1) Constitution du 15 septembre 1992. Articles 83 et 84. \n\n2) LOI ORGANIQUE N°6/AN/93/3ème L du 24 mai 1993 fixant la composition et les règles de fonctionnement de la Haute Cour de Justice.\n\n3) Site officiel de la République de Djibouti: http://www.presidence.dj/","La Constitution dispose que la Haute Cour de justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale...."]
["2013_EG_15",2013,"EG","Egypt",15,100,"Article 152 of the Constitution of 2012 (that was repealed at the end of the period of study), stipulates that the president - while in office - can be charged with a crime. \n\n\"A charge of felony or treason against the President of the Republic is to be based on a motion signed by at least one-third of the members of the House of Representatives. An impeachment is to be issued only by a two-thirds majority of the members of the House of Representatives.\n\nAs soon as an impeachment decision has been issued, the President of the Republic shall cease all work; this shall be treated as a temporary obstacle preventing the President from carrying out presidential duties until a verdict is reached.\"\n\nThe law furthermore stipulates that a motion must be signed by at least one-third of the members of the House of Representatives, and that \"The President of the Republic shall be tried before a special court headed by the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the longest-serving Deputy of the President of the Court of Cassation and the State Council, and the two longest-serving presidents of the Court of Appeals; the prosecution to be carried out before such court by the Prosecutor General.\"  Further, \"The prosecution, trial procedure and penalty are regulated by law. In the case of conviction, the President of the Republic shall be relieved of his post, without prejudice to other penalties.\"","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, article 152.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/ \".","Article 152 of the Constitution of 2012 (that was repealed at the end of the period of study), stipulates that the president - while in office - can be charged with a crime. ..."]
["2013_GQ_15",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",15,0,"There is no provision in the Ley Fundamental (2012 Constitution) that allows for the head of state to be investigated and prosecuted while in office. \n\nNone of the articles in chapter II of the 2012 Constitution (articles 33–45) address the possibility of investigating or prosecuting the head of state while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n\nIn fact, the 2012 Constitution, article 34, states that the head of state is immune from prosecution (\"inviolable\") while in office: \n\nArt. 34: La persona del Jefe de Estado es inviolable. La ley regula los privilegios e inmunidades de los Jefes de Estado después de su mandato.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, capítulo II (“Del Presidente de la República”), art. 33–45.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf","There is no provision in the Ley Fundamental (2012 Constitution) that allows for the head of state to be investigated and prosecuted while in office. ..."]
["2013_ER_15",2013,"ER","Eritrea",15,100,"Article 43 stipulates that (1) Any person holding the office of the President may not be: \na) sued in any civil proceedings, save where such proceedings concern an act done in his official capacity as President, in which case the State may be sued; \nb) charged with any criminal offence, unless he be impeached and charged under Article 41(6)a) and b) hereof.\n(2) After a President vacates his office no court may entertain any action against him in any civil proceedings in respect of any act done in his official capacity as President.\n\nFor the purpose of this indicator, a President or head of state can thus be investigated and prosecuted if such procedure is based on an impeachment action taken (or propelled) by Parliament.\n\nAccording to the article 32 (9) of the Constitution \"Pursuant to the provisions of Sub-Article 6(a) and (b) of Article 41 hereof, the National Assembly, by a vote of two-thirds majority of all its members, shall have the power to impeach and charge the President before the end of his term of office.\" \nArticle 41 (6) provides that \"The President may be removed from office by two-thirds majority vote of all members of the National Assembly for the following reasons: \na) violation of the Constitution or grave violation of the law; \nb) conducting himself in a manner which brings the authority or honour of the office of President into ridicule, contempt and disrepute; \nc) being incapable of performing the functions of his office by reason of physical or mental incapacity.\n\nAccording to article 49 (2) (2) The Supreme Court shall have b) sole jurisdiction of hearing and adjudicating upon charges against a President who has been impeached by the National Assembly pursuant to the provisions of Sub-Article 6 (a) and (b) of Article 41 hereof;","The Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997) Article 43 (1-3)  Immunity from Civil and Criminal Proceedings http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er00000_.html\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","Article 43 stipulates that (1) Any person holding the office of the President may not be: \na) sued in any civil proceedings, save where such proceedings concern an act done in his official capacity as President, in which case the State may be sued; ..."]
["2013_ET_15",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",15,100,"The Constitution of Ethiopia is relatively silent regarding the investigation and prosecution, while in office, of either the President (Head of State) or the Prime Minister (Head of Government). No law explicitly forbids the prosecution of such figures.\n\nTake note that in Ethiopia, the conditions and threshold for prosecution of even the Council members is relatively high. In respect to the former, the Council’s permission is required by law for any arrest, and in respect to the latter, arrest can be made only under circumstances of clear evidence - flagrante delicto.","1. The Constitution of the FDRE, Articles 54 and 63, 1995.","The Constitution of Ethiopia is relatively silent regarding the investigation and prosecution, while in office, of either the President (Head of State) or the Prime Minister (Head of Government). No law explicitly forbids the prosecution of such figures...."]
["2013_GA_15",2013,"GA","Gabon",15,100,"The Constitution of Gabon stipulates that a High Court of Justice (Haute Cour de Justice) would need to be created to judge a president if there were a violation of oath of office or an act of treason.  \n\nSection V, articles 78–81, states that a High Court of Justice would be tasked with judging the President of the Republic if the person were accused by a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly of violating the oath of office or of committing an act of treason. The Prime Minister would have the power to convene parliament during the investigation of the alleged crimes. The High Court of Justice would consist of 13 members, seven of whom would be professional legal experts. They would be appointed by the Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature and six members of the National Assembly. \n\n[Section V, Articles 78–81]\nV - De la Haute Cour de Justice et des autres juridictions d'exception: \nARTICLE 78 - The High Court of Justice is a non-permanent exceptional jurisdiction. It judges the president of the Republic in case of perjury or high treason. The president of the Republic is charged by the Parliament, acting on a majority of two thirds public vote of its members. (...)\"","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nConstitution of Gabon (2003), section V (de la haute cour de justice et des autres juridictions d'exception), articles 78-81 [on the creation of a High Court of Justice (Haute Cour de Justice) to judge the president.]  (n.d.) .  Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126858.pdf","The Constitution of Gabon stipulates that a High Court of Justice (Haute Cour de Justice) would need to be created to judge a president if there were a violation of oath of office or an act of treason.  ..."]
["2013_GM_15",2013,"GM","The Gambia",15,100,"Article 69 of the said constitution provides that \"no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against any person while holding or performing the functions of office of president in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him or her whether in an official or private capacity\".\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 63 of the constitution: \n 63 (3) A person elected as President may at any time during his term of office be removed from office if a no confidence motion is passed in the National Assembly supported by two thirds of the members of the National Assembly.\n67 (1) (a) (b) The President may be removed from office in accordance with this section on any of the following grounds: Abuse of office, willful violation of the oath of allegiance or President’s oath of office, willful violation of any provision of this Constitution, contempt or disrepute of the office of the President or has dishonestly done any act which is prejudicial or inimical to the economy of The Gambia or dishonestly omitted to act with similar consequences.","The 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia, Article 69\nhttp://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","Article 69 of the said constitution provides that \"no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against any person while holding or performing the functions of office of president in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him or her whether in an off..."]
["2013_GH_15",2013,"GH","Ghana",15,100,"Article 57 clause four of the 1992 constitution states: \"Without prejudice to the provisions of article two of this constitution, and subject to the operation of the prerogative writs, the president shall not, while in office, be liable to proceedings in any court for the performance of his functions, or for any act done or omitted to be done, or purported to be done, or purported to have been done or purporting to be done in the performance of his functions, under the constitution or any other law.\"\n\nClause five of article 57 states \"The president shall not, while in office as president, be personally liable to any civil or criminal proceedings in court.\"\n\nThe constitution, therefore, grants the head of state and the government immunity from prosecution while in office.\n\nHowever, the President shall be removed from office where the President as the case may be, has been indicted and convicted by impeachment (not less than one-third of all the members of Parliament) as noted in section 69 of the constitution. \n69 (1) The President shall be removed from office if he is found, in accordance with the provisions of this article: \n(a) Willful violation of the oath of allegiance or constitution \n(b) Conducted himself in a manner disrepute, ridicule or contempt or prejudicial or inimical to the economy or the security of the State.","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter eight, article 57, article 69, clauses four and five.","Article 57 clause four of the 1992 constitution states: \"Without prejudice to the provisions of article two of this constitution, and subject to the operation of the prerogative writs, the president shall not, while in office, be liable to proceedings in any court for the performan..."]
["2013_GN_15",2013,"GN","Guinea",15,100,"Les articles 118, 119 et 120 de la constitution guinéenne disposent que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le président et le Premier ministre dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions dans les cas suivants: \n- Le Président de la République en cas de haute trahison;\n- Le Premier Ministre et les autres membres du gouvernement pour crimes et délits.\n\nArticle 118: La haute cour de Justice est compétente pour juger les actes accomplis dans l'exercice ou à l'occasion de leurs fonctions par:\n- Le Président de la République en cas de Haute trahison;\n- Le Premier Ministre et les autres membres du gouvernement pour crimes et délits.\n\nArticle 119: Il y a haute trahison lorsque le président de la République a violé son serment, les arrêts de la Cour constitutionnelle, est reconnu auteur, coauteur ou complice de violations graves et caractérisées des droits  humains, de cession d'une partie du territoire national, ou d'actes attentatoires au maintien d'un environnement sain, durable et favorable au développement.\n\nArticle 120: La mise en accusation est demandée par un dixième des députés. Elle ne peut intervenir que par un vote de l'Assemblée nationale au scrutin secret à la majorité des trois cinquièmes des membres qui la composent.\nCelle-ci peut décider, lorsque le président de la République est mis en accusation, que le président de l'Assemblée nationale exerce sa suppléance jusqu'à ce que la Haute Cour de justice ait rendu son arrêt.\nL'instruction et le jugement ont lieu toutes affaires cessantes.\nLe président de la République, le premier ministre et les membres du Gouvernement, en cas de mise en accusation devant la Haute Cour de justice, sont suspendus de leurs fonctions.\nEn cas de condamnation, ils sont déchus de leurs fonctions.\nEn cas d'acquittement, ils reprennent leurs fonctions.","Constitution Guinéenne. (2010). Articles 118, 119 et 120. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf","Les articles 118, 119 et 120 de la constitution guinéenne disposent que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le président et le Premier ministre dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions dans les cas suivants: ..."]
["2013_GW_15",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",15,100,"Article 72 of the constitution states,\n1. For crimes committed in the exercise of its functions the president is accountable to the supreme court.\n2. The national people's congress can require the attorney general to promote prosecution of the president upon proposal of one third and vote of two-thirds of the members in office.\n3. The condemnation of the president entails forfeiture of office an impossibility of re-election.\n4. For crimes committed outside the exercise of his functions, the president is accountable to the ordinary courts, ending his mandate.\n\nThe president can be prosecuted for a variety of offences during his term in office.","Constitution of Guinea Bissau, article 72, 1996","Article 72 of the constitution states,\n1. For crimes committed in the exercise of its functions the president is accountable to the supreme court...."]
["2013_KE_15",2013,"KE","Kenya",15,100,"A sitting head of state and government cannot be prosecuted while still in office. The constitution grants a serving head of state in Kenya immunity from prosecution.\n\nArticle 143 (1) says criminal proceedings shall not be instituted or continued in any court against the president or a person performing the functions of that office, during their tenure of office.\n\nArticle 143 (2) states that civil proceedings shall not be instituted in any court against the president or the person performing the functions of that office during their tenure of office in respect of anything done or not done in the exercise of their powers under this constitution.\n\nArticle 143 (3)  says that where provision is made in law limiting the time within which proceedings under clause (1) or (2) may be brought against a person, a period of time during which the person holds or performs the functions of the office of the president shall not be taken into account in calculating the period of time prescribed by that law.\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 145 of the constitution:\n\n145. (1) A member of the National Assembly, supported by at least\na third of all the members, may move a motion for the impeachment of the Presiden —\n(a) on the ground of a gross violation of a provision of this\nConstitution or of any other law;\n(b) where there are serious reasons for believing that the President has committed a crime under national or international law; or\n(c) for gross misconduct.","1. The Constitution of Kenya 2010. Art 145. The constitution was promulgated on August 27, 2010.\nArticle 141(1)(2)(3) of the constitution bars the prosecution of a head of state or government while still serving in office. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=741\n\n2. Mr Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya, interviewed on Thursday September 19, 2013.\n\n3. Ruling  by Justice Koome M.A. following an appeal. HCCC no 14 OF 2004. Malcolm Bell vs.  Hon Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi, the board of governors, Kabarak High School, delivered August 9, 2012 in Nakuru. Mr Daniel Arap Moi is a former President of Kenya. http://www.kenyalaw.org/Downloads_FreeCases/88780.pdf. \n\n4. \"Why Former Kenyan President Moi Is Restless In Retirement\", by Kipchumba Some, Africa Review, November 6, 2011, http://www.africareview.com/Special+Reports/Why+former+Kenyan+President+Moi+is+restless+in+retirement/-/979182/1268184/-/1q4vqcz/-/index.html.","A sitting head of state and government cannot be prosecuted while still in office. The constitution grants a serving head of state in Kenya immunity from prosecution...."]
["2013_LS_15",2013,"LS","Lesotho",15,0,"All Lesotho citizens, except the king, are subject to the law. The head of government - the prime minister - can be prosecuted while the king, who is the head of state, enjoys immunity thereof. Section 50 (1) of the constitution entitles the king to “immunity from suit and legal process in any civil cause in respect of all things done or omitted to be done by him in his private capacity and to immunity from criminal proceedings in respect of all things done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity”. \n\nSubsection (2) provides thus: “Whilst any person exercises the functions of the office of king as regent or by virtue of a designation under section 45 (3) of this constitution, no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity, and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him in his private capacity.”","The Constitution of Lesotho (1993). Chapter V: Section 50 (1) and (2).","All Lesotho citizens, except the king, are subject to the law. The head of government - the prime minister - can be prosecuted while the king, who is the head of state, enjoys immunity thereof. Section 50 (1) of the constitution entitles the king to “immunity from suit and legal pr..."]
["2013_LR_15",2013,"LR","Liberia",15,100,"The Constitution of Liberia immunes the President from all lawsuits and prosecutions while serving as head of state of the country. He or she can be subject to prosecution, however, after term of office for abuses of power while serving the country.\n\nHowever, the legislature can initiate impeachment proceedings, as described in article 62 and 43 of the constitution.\n\nArticle 62:\n\"The President and the Vice–President may be removed from office by impeachment for treason, bribery and other felonies, violation of the Constitution or gross misconduct.\"\n\nArticle 43:\n\"The power to prepare a bill of impeachment is vested solely in the House of Representatives, and the power to try all impeachments is vested solely in the Senate. When the President, Vice President or an Associate Justice is to be tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; when the Chief Justice or a judge of a subordinate court of record is to be tried, the President of the Senate shall preside. No person shall be impeached but by the concurrence of two-thirds of the total membership of the Senate. Judgements in such cases shall not extend beyond removal from office and disqualification to hold public office in the Republic; but the party may be tried at law for the same offense. The Legislature shall prescribe the procedure for impeachment proceedings which shall be in conformity with the requirements of due process of law.\"","The Constitution of Liberia 1986, Chapter VI Article 61","The Constitution of Liberia immunes the President from all lawsuits and prosecutions while serving as head of state of the country. He or she can be subject to prosecution, however, after term of office for abuses of power while serving the country...."]
["2013_LY_15",2013,"LY","Libya",15,0,"In law, immunity is guaranteed to high-level officials, including the members of the General National Council (GNC). There is no precision in the cases in which this immunity can be lifted. Said stipulation is found in the internal law (Hasanah) of the General National Council. \n\nAdditionally, former rebel fighter leaders were immunized against prosecution for deeds committed during the civil war.","General National Council, Internal Law. (2013 October). \n\n(2013, May 3) .  Libya immunizes revolutionaries from prosecution for war crimes.  Middle East Online.  Retrieved from http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=52058","In law, immunity is guaranteed to high-level officials, including the members of the General National Council (GNC). There is no precision in the cases in which this immunity can be lifted. Said stipulation is found in the internal law (Hasanah) of the General National Council. ..."]
["2013_MG_15",2013,"MG","Madagascar",15,100,"Selon la Constitution, le président de la République peut être mis en accusation par l’Assemblée nationale au scrutin public et à la majorité des deux tiers pour « des actes accomplis liés à l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison, de violation grave, ou de violations répétées de la Constitution, de manquement à ses devoirs manifestement incompatible avec l'exercice de son mandat » (cf. article 131). Pour le premier ministre, il s’agit de l’article 133 avec les mêmes dispositions. Ces deux articles stipulent que seule la haute cour de justice est habilitée à les juger. L’article 136 donne la composition d’un tel tribunal.\n\nLes Constitutions antérieures (1re, 2e et 3e Républiques) ont toutes mentionné la mise en place de la haute cour de justice pour juger les présidents de la République et les premiers ministres. Comme la Constitution de la 4e République a été promulguée en décembre 2010, les actuels dirigeants ne font qu’imiter ce qu’ont fait leurs aînés en ne montrant aucune disposition à mettre en place cette haute cour. Ainsi, depuis son indépendance (juin 1960) à ce jour, Madagascar ne dispose pas d’une juridiction spéciale pour les chefs d’État et de gouvernement. Ils jouissent donc d’une sorte d’impunité.","- Constitution du 11 décembre 2010.\n http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm \n\n- Code pénal.\nwww.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/.../les%20codes/CODE%20PENAL.pdf\n\n- Loi n° 2004-030 du 9 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, Journal Officiel de la République,  n° 2928, 16 septembre 2004, p.3307.\nhttp://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20les%20societes/lois%20et%20ordonnances/Loi%202004-030.pdf","Selon la Constitution, le président de la République peut être mis en accusation par l’Assemblée nationale au scrutin public et à la majorité des deux tiers pour « des actes accomplis liés à l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison, de violation grave, ou de violatio..."]
["2013_MW_15",2013,"MW","Malawi",15,100,"There is no law subjecting the President of Malawi to investigation or prosecution. \n\nTo the contrary, the constitution of the Republic of Malawi, under Section 91, gives immunity to the president from prosecution. It explicitly states that:\n(1) No person holding the office of president or performing the functions of president may be sued in any civil proceedings but the office of president shall not be immune from orders of the courts concerning rights and duties under this constitution.\n(2) No person holding the office of president shall be charged with any criminal offence in any court during his term of office.\n\nHowever, this immunity ceases at the time one leaves the office of the president according to subsection 3 of section 91 of the constitution, even though one is not personally liable for acts done in an official capacity when in office.\n\nThe President or First Vice-President shall be removed from office where the President or First Vice-President, as the case may be, has been indicted and convicted by impeachment as noted in section 86 of the constitution. \n\n86 (2) The procedure for impeachment shall be as laid down by the Standing Orders of Parliament, provided that they are in full accord with the principles of natural justice and that: (a) indictment and conviction by impeachment shall only be on the grounds of serious violation of the Constitution or serious breach of the written laws of the Republic that either occurred or came to light during the term of office of the President or the First Vice-President; (b) indictment on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly in a committee of the whole house; (c) conviction on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of both Chambers.","1. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Section 86, 91, as amended in 2001.","There is no law subjecting the President of Malawi to investigation or prosecution. \n\nTo the contrary, the constitution of the Republic of Malawi, under Section 91, gives immunity ..."]
["2013_ML_15",2013,"ML","Mali",15,100,"La constitution malienne adoptée par referendum du 12 janvier 1992 et promulguée par décret n°92-073 p-CTSP du 25 février 1992, à son article 95  dispose : « La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les Ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée Nationale pour haute trahison ou à raison des faits qualifiés de crimes ou délits commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions ainsi que leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'Etat. La mise en accusation est votée par scrutin public à la majorité des 2/3 des Députés composant l'Assemblée Nationale. La Haute Cour de Justice est liée par la définition des crimes et délits et par la détermination des peines résultantes des lois pénales en vigueur à l'époque des faits compris dans la poursuite ».","Le Décret n° 92-0731 P-CTSP, portant promulgation de la Constitution du Mali. Adopté le 25 février 1992Articles 62 et 85.\nhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002746.pdf\n\nLoi 01-079 portant code pénal. Adoptée le 20 août 200. Article 107. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20code%20penal.pdf\n\nIssa Mariko. (8 Jan. 2014). Contribution : DE LA RESPONSABILITE DU PRESIDENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE. MaliActu. http://maliactu.net/contribution-de-la-responsabilite-du-president-de-la-republique/","La constitution malienne adoptée par referendum du 12 janvier 1992 et promulguée par décret n°92-073 p-CTSP du 25 février 1992, à son article 95  dispose : « La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les Ministres mis en accusation devant e..."]
["2013_MR_15",2013,"MR","Mauritania",15,100,"L'article 93 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1992 alinéa 2 stipule notamment que le premier ministre et les membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables pour les crimes et infractions commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Cette disposition, tout en consacrant la responsabilité pénale du premier ministre et des membres du gouvernement, souligne que le président de la République ne peut être poursuivi qu'en cas de haute trahison. En d'autres termes, elle sous-entend que le président de la République ne peut être poursuivi pour des infractions à caractère pénal. Déjà, la loi fondamentale reprend une vieille disposition de la Constitution française (dont elle s'inspire dans les grandes lignes), qui évoque l'irresponsabilité du chef de l'État dans les actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions. Cet article accorde une sorte d'immunité au président de la République. \n\nLe constituant mauritanien, en instituant la Haute Cour de justice en son article 92 souligne que le premier Ministre et les membres du gouvernement ne sont pas des justiciables ordinaires et ne peuvent comparaitre que devant une juridiction composée de parlementaires et de magistrats. La disposition de l'article 92 s'applique également au président de la République en cas de haute trahison.","1. Constitution du 20 juillet 1992 rétablit par le référendum de 2006. (1992). Article 93.\nhttp://www.ami.mr/fr/index.php?page=Mauritanie_Constitution8","L'article 93 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1992 alinéa 2 stipule notamment que le premier ministre et les membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables pour les crimes et infractions commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Cette disposition, tout en consacrant la respo..."]
["2013_MU_15",2013,"MU","Mauritius",15,100,"There is no precision in any law that the head of the state, whether that's the president of the republic or the prime minister, cannot be investigated and prosecuted for criminal acts.\n\nThe constitution states:\n“No person shall be deprived of his personal liberty save as may be authorised by law –\nin consequence of his unfitness to plead to a criminal charge or in execution of the sentence or order of a court, whether in Mauritius or elsewhere, in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been convicted;\n(…) upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed, or being about to commit, a criminal offence;”\n\nIn other words, any citizen including the president and the prime minister may be deprived of his/her liberty if he/she is suspected of or convicted in a criminal case.\n\nMoreover, the criminal code makes no distinction between who can be prosecuted or not. All the articles of the code mention “Any person” or “Any attempt.\"\n\nWhile Article 30 protects the president and vice-president from criminal or civil proceedings regarding their actions in office, this article gives immunity to the heads of state or government as individuals only with respect to an act done in the performance of his function. It does not give immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated, prosecuted or even sued by a private citizen if the head of state or government commits an illegal act and particularly if the act is not in the context of the performance of his functions. Even if the head of state or government takes a decision and an action which he truly believes is in conformity with the law and in line with the authority to perform his function, he may be challenged in a court of law as to the legality of such decision. \n\nThere is no immunity clause in the law as is confirmed by the State Law Office asking about the interpretation of the clause.\n\nArticle 30A (Privilege and Immunity) states that  \n(1) Subject to Section 64(5), no civil or criminal proceedings shall be taken against the president or the vice-president in respect of the performance by him of the functions of his office or in respect of any act done or purported to be done by him in the performance of those functions.\n(2) Subject to Section 64(5), no process, warrant or summons shall be issued or executed against the president or the vice-President during his term of office.","Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius \n\t• Year passed: 1968\n\t• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 5\n\t• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/constitution/Pages/Constitution.aspx#pro \n\nName of the law(s): The Criminal Code\n\t• Year passed: 1838\n\t• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: The entire code.\n\t• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/C/Page%207/CRIMINALCODE1.pdf","There is no precision in any law that the head of the state, whether that's the president of the republic or the prime minister, cannot be investigated and prosecuted for criminal acts...."]
["2013_MA_15",2013,"MA","Morocco",15,0,"The Constitution of 2011, Article 46, states: \"The King's person is inviolable, and respect is due to Him.\" There is no other law that specifies the king to be immune or non-immune. The law is interpreted as giving the king full immunity.","No such law exists.\n\nMoroccan law does not have any provisions regarding investigations in the head of the state. \nNeither the Moroccan Constitution of 2011 (http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf) nor the Moroccan Penal Code of 1963, in its Article 248 to 256 define the area.  (http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/Code%20Penal.htm)\ndefines this area. \n\nConfirmed through an interview with the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention in the form of written answers on 2 October 2013.","The Constitution of 2011, Article 46, states: \"The King's person is inviolable, and respect is due to Him.\" There is no other law that specifies the king to be immune or non-immune. The law is interpreted as giving the king full immunity."]
["2013_MZ_15",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",15,100,"According to the constitution of Mozambique, for crimes committed while in office, the president republic shall be brought before the supreme court.\n\nArticle 153 of chapter I, Title IV of the constitution of Mozambique reads the following:\n\nCriminal responsibility\n1. For crimes committed in the performance of his functions, the president of the republic shall be tried before the supreme court.\n2. For crimes committed outside the performance of his functions, the president of the republic shall be tried before the ordinary courts, at the end of his term of office.\n3. It shall be incumbent upon the assembly of the republic to request that the attorney general of the republic institute criminal proceedings against the president of the republic, upon the recommendation of at least one-third and carried by a majority of two-thirds of the deputies of the assembly of the republic.\n4. The president of the republic shall be suspended from his duties as of the date on which definitive indictment or its equivalent has been passed, and his conviction shall result in his discharge from office.\n5. The supreme court, sitting in plenary session, shall deliver its judgement within a maximum period of 60 days.\n6. In the event of a conviction, the president of the republic shall not be able to stand as a candidate for that office again, nor may he hold any position in a sovereign public office or a local authority.","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique. Title IV, Chapter I, Article 153, No 1. 2004\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","According to the constitution of Mozambique, for crimes committed while in office, the president republic shall be brought before the supreme court...."]
["2013_NA_15",2013,"NA","Namibia",15,100,"Article 31 of the constitution under chapter 5 addresses immunity from civil and criminal proceedings of the president. It reads: (1) No person holding the office of president or performing the functions of president may be sued in any civil proceedings save where such proceedings concern an act done in his or her official capacity as president.  (2) No person holding the office of president shall be charged with any criminal offence or be amenable to the criminal jurisdiction of any court in respect of any act allegedly performed, or any omission to perform any act, during his or her tenure of office as president. \n\nArticle 31 (3) (b) \"a civil or criminal court shall only have jurisdiction to entertain proceedings against the head of state in respect of acts of commission or omission alleged to have been perpetrated in his or her personal capacity whilst holding office as President, if Parliament by resolution has removed the President on the grounds specified in this Constitution and if a resolution adopted by Parliament resolving that any such proceedings are justified in the public interest notwithstanding any damage such proceedings might cause to the dignity of the office of President.\"","Namibian Constitution, 1990, chapter 5 - The President, Article 31 - Immunity from Civil and Criminal Proceedings, http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf.\nArticle 31 of the Namibian Constitution (1990, as amended 1998 and 2010),\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf","Article 31 of the constitution under chapter 5 addresses immunity from civil and criminal proceedings of the president. It reads: (1) No person holding the office of president or performing the functions of president may be sued in any civil proceedings save where such proceedings ..."]
["2013_NE_15",2013,"NE","Niger",15,100,"Art. 142 : « Le président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison ».\n\nLe président peut donc faire l'objet d'une enquête ou de poursuites pendant la durée de son mandat, et jugé en cas de haute trahison (crime de haute trahison seulement, il n'y a pas de mention pour d'autres crimes).","Constitution de la VIIe République (2010). TITRE VI : DU POUVOIR JUDICIAIRE, Section 6 : De la Haute cour de justice, Art. 142.\nhttp://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/constitution.pdf","Art. 142 : « Le président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison »...."]
["2013_NG_15",2013,"NG","Nigeria",15,100,"The Nigerian Constitution gives the president and vice president (and also the governors of the 36 federal states and their deputies), immunity against civil or criminal charges while in office. However, while the president, vice president, as well as the governors and their deputies, cannot be prosecuted, the constitution does not preclude their investigation. Both the President and Vice-President can also be investiaged and removed by the legislature. \n\nIn addition, Section 52 of the Independent Corrupt Practices Act provides for the appointment of an independent counsel to investigate this category of officers even while they are in office. Section 143 of the Constitution allows for legislative investigation and removal of the holder of the office of President or Vice-President if they are determined to be guilty of gross misconduct in the performance of the functions of their office.\n\nSection 52 of the ICPC act states: \"When an allegation of corruption or anything purporting to contravene any provision of this Act is made against the President or the Vice-President of Nigeria or against any state government or deputy governor, the Chief Justice of the Federation shall, if satisfied that sufficient cause has been shown upon an application on notice supported by an affidavit setting out the facts on which the allegation is based, authorise an independent counsel (who shall be a legal practitioner of not less than fifteen years standing) to investigate the allegation and make a report of his findings to the national assembly in the case of the president or vice-president and to the relevant state house of assembly in the case of the state government or the deputy governor.\"","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Miscellaneous Provisions, Section 308. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1\n\nCorrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act, 2000, Section 52. \nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","The Nigerian Constitution gives the president and vice president (and also the governors of the 36 federal states and their deputies), immunity against civil or criminal charges while in office. However, while the president, vice president, as well as the governors and their deputi..."]
["2013_RW_15",2013,"RW","Rwanda",15,100,"When the new constitution was promulgated in 2003, the president could not be prosecuted while in office. However, in 2010, it was amended and it included a clause in article 115 which reads, \"However, a President convicted of high treason or grave and intentional breach of the Constitution shall not be entitled to benefits accorded to former Heads of State.\" \n\nIn addiion, the Organic law n° 01/2004 of 29/01/2004 establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the supreme court in its article 44 stipulates that the Supreme Court has special and exclusive jurisdiction to try, on first and the final degree, the President of the Republic, the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Supreme Court and the Prime Minister for offences committed during their terms of office, whether such offences relate to the exercise of their public duties or their private matters, regardless of whether they are still in or have ceded to hold office. During the time when they are still in their posts, the court also tries them on the first and the last instances on offences they committed before occupying such posts. \n\nThe court also has jurisdiction to try their accomplices.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Organic Law No. 34/2003.  (2003) .  [Determining allowances and other fringe benefits to be allocated to state top political appointees].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8838&iid=1334&rid=30693587\n\nOrganic law n° 01/2004 of 29/01/2004 establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, chapter 2, article 44. Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/amategekodb.aspx?mode=r&pid=7517&iid=1202&rid=30692473","When the new constitution was promulgated in 2003, the president could not be prosecuted while in office. However, in 2010, it was amended and it included a clause in article 115 which reads, \"However, a President convicted of high treason or grave and intentional breach of the Con..."]
["2013_ST_15",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",15,100,"In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government as it is stated in Article 74 – Control and responsibility: “2. Those who hold a political position answer for their political, civil, criminal actions and omissions they commit whilst in office.”\n\nRelevant additional articles of the constitution include those listed below.\nWith regard to the head of state, article 86 says the following:\n1. For crimes committed during the exercise of his functions the President of the Republic responds to the supreme court of justice.\n2. The national assembly takes the initiative of a criminal process through the proposal of a fifth of the deputies and approval by a majority of two-thirds of the deputies.\n3. The condemnation implies the destitution from office and the impossibility of re-election.\n4. For crimes committed outside the exercise of his functions the President of the Republic responds after the end of his term at the common courts.\nAs far as the criminal responsibility of the government members is concerned, article 115 defines that:\n1. The government member definitively accused of crime committed in exercise of his functions is punishable with a prison term superior than two years is suspended for the purpose of pursuing the case.\n2. In the case of the definitive accusation of a crime punishable with a sentence of up to two years, the national assembly decides if the government member has to be suspended or not for the same purpose.","Constitution, Articles 74, 86 and 115\nwww.tribunalconstitucional.st","In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government as it is stated in Article 74 – Control and responsibility: “2. Those who hold a political position answer for their political, civil, criminal actions and omissions they commit whilst in office.”..."]
["2013_SN_15",2013,"SN","Senegal",15,100,"La Constitution en son article 101 dit clairement que : « Le Président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il ne peut être mis en accusation que par les deux assemblées, statuant par un vote identique au scrutin secret, à la majorité des trois cinquièmes des membres les composant ; il est jugé par la Haute Cour de Justice. Le premier ministre et les autres membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions et qualifiés de crimes ou délits au moment où ils ont été commis. Ils sont jugés par la Haute Cour de justice. La procédure définie ci-dessus leur est applicable, ainsi qu'à leurs complices, dans le cas de complot contre la sureté de l'État. Dans les cas prévus au présent alinéa, la Haute Cour est liée par la définition des crimes et délits ainsi que par la détermination des peines, telles qu'elles résultent des lois pénales en vigueur au moment où les faits ont été commis ».","Constitution du 22 janvier 2001. Article 101. http://www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf","La Constitution en son article 101 dit clairement que : « Le Président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il ne peut être mis en accusation que par les deux assemblées, statuant par un vote identique ..."]
["2013_SC_15",2013,"SC","Seychelles",15,100,"According to Art. 54 of the Constitution, the President can be investigated and removed from office through impeachment. Art. 50 establishes that the President assumes both the functions of Head of State and Government.\n\nThe articles read: \n\"54.(1) Where notice in writing signed by not less than half the number of the members of the National Assembly of a motion alleging that the President has committed a violation of this Constitution or a gross misconduct and specifying the particulars of the allegation and proposing that the Constitutional Court investigates the allegations is given to the Speaker, the Speaker shall−\n[...]\n(2)\nWhere a motion under clause (1) is proposed for consideration by the National Assembly, the Assembly shall not debate the motion but the Speaker shall forthwith cause a vote to be taken on the motion and, if the motion is supported by the votes of not less that two-thirds of the number of its members, shall declare the motion to be passed.\n[...]\n(6)\nWhere the Constitutional Court reports to the Speaker that the Court finds that the particulars of an allegation against the President specified in the motion constitute a prima facie case for the removal of the President, the Speaker shall, within ten days after a report is made to the Speaker pursuant to clause(3) (c)−\n[...]\n(7)\nWhere the National Assembly when it meets pursuant to clause (6) resolves by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the number of its members that the finding of the Constitutional Court be adopted, the President shall cease to hold office on the passing of the resolution.","1. Seychelles Constitution 1993, Article 54 (Removal of President, due to violations of the Constitution and gross misconduct). http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400.\n\n2. Privileges and Immunities (Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations) Act, Cap: 181, (Last updated January 31, 1980): http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/181.\n\n3. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n4. Penal Code, Cap 158, last updated February 1, 1955: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\n5. Civil Code, Cap 33, last updated January 1, 1976: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/33.\n\n6. Public Service Orders (Second Edition), June 1996 (Updated based on circulars issued between 1996 and Dec 2003): http://www.mamd.gov.sc/PSO%20UPD%2003_04.pdf.","According to Art. 54 of the Constitution, the President can be investigated and removed from office through impeachment. Art. 50 establishes that the President assumes both the functions of Head of State and Government...."]
["2013_SL_15",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",15,100,"Sierra Leone is headed by President who is the head of State and Government. He is appointed by a majority of more than 50% during a periodic election after each five years. The Heads of State and Government is protected in Sierra Leone from any investigation and prosecution while he or she is occupying the position. The 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone in section 48 (4) prevents any civil or criminal proceedings to be instituted against the President while in office in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official or private capacity.\n\nSection 48 of the Constitution of Sierra Leone\n(4) While any person holds or performs the functions of the office of President, no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official or private capacity.\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment as noted in section 51 of the constitution:\n51 (1) If notice in writing is given to the Speaker signed by not less than one-half of all the Members of Parliament of a motion alleging that the President has committed any violation of the Constitution or any gross misconduct in the performance of the functions of his office and specifying the particulars of the allegations and proposing that a tribunal be appointed under this section to investigate those allegations.","Constitution of Sierra Leone, Section 48 (1), 51, 1991.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf","Sierra Leone is headed by President who is the head of State and Government. He is appointed by a majority of more than 50% during a periodic election after each five years. The Heads of State and Government is protected in Sierra Leone from any investigation and prosecution while ..."]
["2013_SO_15",2013,"SO","Somalia",15,100,"Chapter 7 of the Constitution adopted in August 2012 establishes that “The House of the People of the Federal Parliament can propose the dismissal of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia if he is accused of treason, or gross violation of the Constitution or the laws of the Federal Republic of Somalia. The motion for dismissing the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia may be introduced by no less than one-third (1/3) of the total membership of the House of the People of the Federal Parliament, and may be presented to the Constitutional Court, which shall preside over the case to see whether it has legal grounds. If the Constitutional Court determines that the case has legal grounds, the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia may be dismissed by a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote of the total membership of the two Houses of the Federal Parliament. In the event of the dismissal of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia, in accordance with Clauses 1-3 of this Article the Speaker of the House of the People of the Federal Parliament shall assume the duties of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia.”","Chapter 7: The President of the Federal Republic\nArticle (Impeachment and discharging of duties of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia) of the Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia","Chapter 7 of the Constitution adopted in August 2012 establishes that “The House of the People of the Federal Parliament can propose the dismissal of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia if he is accused of treason, or gross violation of the Constitution or the laws of ..."]
["2013_ZA_15",2013,"ZA","South Africa",15,100,"The South African constitution says that everyone is equal before the law. Chapter 2 (Bill of Rights) says that (section 9.1) \"everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law\", that \"equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. To promote the achievement of equality, legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination may be taken\" (section 9.2).\n\nChapter 5 (section 83.1) states that the president \"must uphold, defend and respect the constitution as the supreme law of the republic\". \n\nChapter 5 (section 89) states that the national assembly, by a resolution adopted with a supporting vote of at least two thirds of its members, may remove the president from office only on the grounds of \"a serious violation of the constitution or the law or a serious misconduct.\"\n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch, says that the president can be investigated and prosecuted for corruption: \"Our Prevention and Combatting of Corrupt Activities Act, which is South Africa's main anti-corruption statute, applies to everyone, including the president.\"\n\nAdila Hassim, co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social justice NGO Section27 says that ministers and heads of state can be investigated and prosecuted. \"Zuma was deputy president when he was investigated and prosecuted for rape. That happened during his tenure. This means there is no immunity. In addition, the National Prosecuting Authority is a chapter 9 institution under the constitution, therefore independent from the executive. This means the authority is required to act if there is evidence the president has committed a crime.\"","The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996.\n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch,(www.corruptionwatch.org.za), interview, November 6 2013.\n\nAdila Hassim,  co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social justice NGO Section27 (www.section27.org.za), interview, November 18 2013.","The South African constitution says that everyone is equal before the law. Chapter 2 (Bill of Rights) says that (section 9.1) \"everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law\", that \"equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all..."]
["2013_SS_15",2013,"SS","South Sudan",15,100,"The constitution has two (at face value) contradictory provisions of the meaning of the law, the President is immune from prosecutions that originate through the regular prosecutorial  set-up. Article 103 subsection (1) is clear about the president’s immunity from prosecution stating, “The President shall be immune from any legal proceedings and shall not be charged or sued in any court of law during his or her tenure of Office.\" \n\nOn the other hand, Article 103, subsection (2) states that, “Notwithstanding sub-Article (1) above, in case of high treason, gross violation of this Constitution or gross misconduct in relation to National affairs, the President may be charged before the Supreme Court upon a resolution passed by a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Assembly.”\n \nArticle 103, subsection (3) states that, “The President of the Supreme Court shall, within seven days after receipt of the impeachment notice referred to under sub-Article (2) above, constitute a tribunal comprising three Justices of the Supreme Court, to evaluate the allegation in the notice and to report its findings to the constitutional panel of the Supreme Court.”","Republic of South Sudan, Transitional Constitution, article 103.  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e269a3e2.html","The constitution has two (at face value) contradictory provisions of the meaning of the law, the President is immune from prosecutions that originate through the regular prosecutorial  set-up. Article 103 subsection (1) is clear about the president’s immunity from prosecution stati..."]
["2013_SD_15",2013,"SD","Sudan",15,100,"Article 60 (1) grants immunity to the head of state, limited however in subsection (2) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, stipulating that the Head of State shall be investigated and prosecuted while in office \"in case of high treason, gross violation of this Constitution or gross misconduct in relation to State affairs.\"","The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, Article 60. (2005).","Article 60 (1) grants immunity to the head of state, limited however in subsection (2) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, stipulating that the Head of State shall be investigated and prosecuted while in office \"in case of high treason, gross vi..."]
["2013_SZ_15",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",15,0,"The King of Swaziland is head of state and head of government (the prime minister is appointed by the king, who is the supreme authority of the executive branch of government, and in practical terms serves as an administrative head of government entrusted with the execution of the king's policies). The constitution (chapter II (\"The Monarchy\") section 11 (\"Protection of the King in Respect of Legal Proceedings\") as well as the unwritten parallel constitution that governs the traditional management of the country (Swazi law and custom) immunises the king against criminal prosecution of any kind.","The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, 2006, Chapter 2, Section 11. http://www.ide.uniswa.sz/documents/resources/constitution2004.pdf","The King of Swaziland is head of state and head of government (the prime minister is appointed by the king, who is the supreme authority of the executive branch of government, and in practical terms serves as an administrative head of government entrusted with the execution of the ..."]
["2013_TZ_15",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",15,100,"While Section 46 (1) to (3) of the constitution gives total immunity to the president against any kind of prosecution either as a sitting head of state or a retired former president, stating that (1) \"During the president’s tenure of office in accordance with this constitution it shall be prohibited to institute or continue in court any criminal proceedings whatsoever against him.\" and (2) \"During the president’s tenure of office in accordance this constitution, no civil proceedings against him shall be instituted in court in respect of anything done or not done, or purporting to have been done or not done, by him in his personal capacity as an ordinary citizen whether before or after he assumed the office of president, unless at least 30 days before the proceedings are instituted in court, notice of claim in writing has been delivered to him or sent to him pursuant to the procedure prescribed by an act of parliament, stating the nature of such proceedings, the cause of action, the name, residential address of the claimant and the relief which he claims.\"\n \n Section 46 (3) of the same reads: \"Except where he ceases to hold the office of president pursuant to the provisions of article 46A(10) it shall be prohibited to institute in court criminal or civil proceedings whatsoever against a person who was holding the office of president after he ceases to hold such office for anything he did in his capacity as president while he held the office of president in accordance with this constitution.\" \n \n Section 46A (10) however provides for the removal of the immunity in case that Parliament finds the sitting president culpable of an impeachment, based on concrete allegations of misconduct that violate the constitution or other ethics expected from office holders. Investigation and prosecution is therefore possible based on parliamentary involvement and endorsement.","The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania of 1997 Article 46A as well as immunity from criminal and civil proceedings Act No.15 of 1984 Art.9 and Act No.20 Of 1992 Art.7.","While Section 46 (1) to (3) of the constitution gives total immunity to the president against any kind of prosecution either as a sitting head of state or a retired former president, stating that (1) \"During the president’s tenure of office in accordance with this constitution it s..."]
["2013_TG_15",2013,"TG","Togo",15,100,"Article 127 de la constitution (2002) \"La Haute Cour de Justice est la seule juridiction compétente pour connaître des infractions commises par le Président de la République.La responsabilité politique du Président de la République n'est engagée qu'en cas de haute trahison. La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger les membres du Gouvernement et leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'Etat.\"","Constitution du 27 septembre 1992. (1992). Articles 53, 103 et 127.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0","Article 127 de la constitution (2002) \"La Haute Cour de Justice est la seule juridiction compétente pour connaître des infractions commises par le Président de la République.La responsabilité politique du Président de la République n'est engagée qu'en cas de haute trahison. La Haut..."]
["2013_TN_15",2013,"TN","Tunisia",15,100,"Article 8 on the provisory organisation of public powers grants immunity to members of the National Assembly, who cannot be arrested or judged based on their opinions, suggestions or activities carried out during their mandate. Altough the president is not granted such immunity explicitly, this could be interpreted to also include the head of government. \n\nThe provisions are generally brief, but they do note that the Assembly could raise immunity where needed, offering an avenue for investigation and prosecution.","Loi constituante du 16 décembre 2011, Art. 8. https://cerclechercheursmoyenorient.wordpress.com/2012/05/24/tunisie-loi-constituante-n-6-2011-du-16-decembre-2011-relative-a-lorganisation-provisoire-des-pouvoirs-publics/","Article 8 on the provisory organisation of public powers grants immunity to members of the National Assembly, who cannot be arrested or judged based on their opinions, suggestions or activities carried out during their mandate. Altough the president is not granted such immunity exp..."]
["2013_UG_15",2013,"UG","Uganda",15,100,"In Uganda, the president is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces and the Fountain of Honour. The constitution gives the head of state the privilege not to be prosecuted while in office.\n\n Article 98: \n(4) While holding office, the President shall not be liable to proceedings in any court.\n(5) Civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a person after ceasing to\nbe President, in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity  before or during the term of office of that person; and any period of limitation in respect of any such proceedings shall not be taken to run during the period while that person was President. \n\nNote that Section 183(1) of the Penal Code, 1950, gives the president absolute privilege regarding the publishing of defamatory matter. It states that “The publication of defamatory matter is absolutely privileged, if the matter is published by the President …”\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings (not less than one-third votes of all the members of Parliament) as noted in section 107 of the constitution:\n\n107: (1) The President may be removed from office in accordance with this article on any of the following grounds: (a) abuse of office or willful violation of the oath of allegiance and the presidential oath or any provision of this Constitution; (b) misconduct or misbehavior: (i) that he or she has conducted himself or herself in a manner which brings or is likely to bring the office of President into hatred, ridicule, contempt or disrepute; or (ii) that he or she has dishonestly done any act or omission which is prejudicial or inimical to the economy or security of Uganda.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Article 98 Clause (4) and (5),  and Article 107. \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","In Uganda, the president is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces and the Fountain of Honour. The constitution gives the head of state the privilege not to be prosecuted while in office...."]
["2013_ZM_15",2013,"ZM","Zambia",15,0,"Under the constitution, a person holding the position of president has protection in respect of legal proceedings. They are not supposed to be charged with any criminal offence or be amenable to the criminal jurisdiction of any court in respect of any act done or omitted to be done during his tenure of that office or during performance of the functions of the presidency.\n\nHowever, according to Article 37 of the constitution, the legislature can remove a sitting president through an impeachment process if the President has committed any violation of the Constitution or any gross misconduct.","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, article 43 (1) page 37, Protection of President in Respect of Legal Proceedings.","Under the constitution, a person holding the position of president has protection in respect of legal proceedings. They are not supposed to be charged with any criminal offence or be amenable to the criminal jurisdiction of any court in respect of any act done or omitted to be done..."]
["2013_ZW_15",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",15,100,"Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity, that is, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for actions accomplished or omitted while in office. \n\nAccording to the constitution:\n\"(1) While in office, the President is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for things done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity.\n(2) Civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a former President for things done and omitted to be done before he or she became President or while he or she was President.\n(3) The running of prescription in relation to any debt or liability of the President arising before or during his or her term of office is suspended while he or she remains in office.\n(4) In any proceedings brought against a former President for anything done or omitted to be done in his or her official capacity while he or she was President, it is a defence for him or her to prove that the thing was done or omitted in good faith.\"\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 97 of the constitution: \n97: (1) The Senate and the National Assembly, by a joint resolution passed by at least one-half of their total membership, may resolve that the question whether or not the President or a Vice-President should be removed from office for (a) serious misconduct; (b) failure to obey, uphold or defend this Constitution; (c) wilful violation of this Constitution; or (d) inability to perform the functions of the office because of physical or mental incapacity; should be investigated in terms of this section.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Section 97, 98, Act 1/2013. \nhttp://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe-news/66967/bill-watch-292013-of-17th.html","Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity, that is, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for actions accomplished or omitted while in office. ..."]
["2013_DZ_16",2013,"DZ","Algeria",16,0,"En Algérie, aucun chef d’État ou chef de gouvernement n’a fait l’objet d’enquêtes ou de poursuites judiciaires en cours de mandat ou après son mandat, et ce depuis l’indépendance. Le président de la République détient de très larges pouvoirs, ce qui l’empêche, en pratique, de faire l’objet d’enquêtes, de poursuites judiciaires ou de sanctions.","-(2013, Septembre 24). Entretien avec le président du bureau de wilaya de Saida de la ligue algérienne de la défense des droits de l’homme (LADDDH), Ouali Djaafar. [Entrevue]\n-Achira Maameri. (2013, le 2 juin). Entretien avec le général à la retraite Mohand Tahar Yala : Chaque jour qui passe nous approche du chaos. TSA. Repéré à http://www.tsa-algerie.com/entretiens/item/690-entretien-avec-le-general-a-la-retraite-mohand-tahar-yala-chaque-jour-qui-passe-nous-rapproche-du-chaos.\n-Hassan Zerouky. (2013, le 16 avril). Sonatrach : Le pouvoir éclaboussé par une affaire de pots de vin. L’humanité. Repéré à http://www.humanite.fr/monde/sonatrach-le-pouvoir-eclabousse-par-une-affaire-de-520346.\n-Essaid Wakli. (2013, le 18 septembre). Bouteflika la tentation monarchique. Algérie Focus. Repéré à http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/09/algerie-bouteflika-la-tentation-monarchique/.\n-Abdelhak Smara. (2013, le 1ier août). Bouteflika, poursuivi pour vol et trahison, s’auto-acquitte en tant que président. document : arrêt de la Cour des comptes a l'encontre de M. Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Repéré à http://dlhak.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/bouteflika-voleur/.","En Algérie, aucun chef d’État ou chef de gouvernement n’a fait l’objet d’enquêtes ou de poursuites judiciaires en cours de mandat ou après son mandat, et ce depuis l’indépendance. Le président de la République détient de très larges pouvoirs, ce qui l’empêche, en pratique, de faire..."]
["2013_AO_16",2013,"AO","Angola",16,0,"Since independence in 1975, Angola has had only two heads of state: Agostinho Neto, President of the Republic from 1975 to 1979, and Jose Eduardo dos Santos, in power since 1979. Neither of them was ever under investigation, despite the fact that Dos Santos’ 34-year tenure (the second longest in Africa) has been marked by multiple allegations of corruption, nepotism, human rights violations and electoral fraud. \n\nUNITA, the largest opposition party, lodged a criminal complaint against Dos Santos with the Office of the Attorney General on March 2013, accusing him of crimes against the state, but no follow-up investigation is known and the case is expected to be dismissed.\n\nMultiple criminal complaints have been filled against senior members of Dos Santos’ government, but also none of these have been investigated.","(2013, August 8) .  Angolan Vice-President Vicente accused over illegal business role.  Maka Angola.  Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2013/08/08/queixa-para-destituicao-de-manuel-vicente/?lang=en.\n\nJosé, M.  (2014, January 9) .  Mãos Livres vai continuar processos de corrupção no estrangeiro.  VOA.  Retrieved from http://www.voaportugues.com/content/maos-livres-vai-continuar-processos-de-corrupcao-no-estrangeiro/1826798.html.\n\nKrippahl, C.  (2013, December 19) .  Angola: A luta continua: Contra a corrupção em Angola.  DW.  Retrieved from http://www.dw.de/a-luta-continua-contra-a-corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o-em-angola/a-17311550.\n\n(2013, March 11) .  UNITA apresenta queixa-crime contra Eduardo dos Santos.  RTP.  Retrieved from http://www.cmjornal.xl.pt/detalhe/noticias/internacional/mundo/unita-apresenta-queixa-crime-contra-eduardo-dos-santos.","Since independence in 1975, Angola has had only two heads of state: Agostinho Neto, President of the Republic from 1975 to 1979, and Jose Eduardo dos Santos, in power since 1979. Neither of them was ever under investigation, despite the fact that Dos Santos’ 34-year tenure (the sec..."]
["2013_BJ_16",2013,"BJ","Benin",16,100,"Aucune enquête ou plainte officielle n'est adressée contre le président de la République du Bénin. En revanche, plusieurs ministres ont été traduits sur volonté du gouvernement devant la Haute Cour de Justice. L'un d'eux récemment jugé a fait l'objet de non-lieu par la Haute Cour de justice nouvellement installée. \n\nPlusieurs autres ministres sont en attente d'être jugés dans des affaires de corruption sous le régime actuel.","Dieu-Donné Katakoula, Le Matin, 3 août 2013. Poursuite d’anciens ministres devant la Haute Cour de justice : Kamarou Fassassi lavé de tout soupçon. http://www.construirelebenin.info/article-poursuite-d-anciens-ministres-devant-la-haute-cour-de-justice-kamarou-fassassi-lave-de-tout-soup-on-119520867.html\n\nAfrik.com, 23 Février 2013. \"Bénin : deux anciens ministres devant la Haute cour de justice\". http://www.afrik.com/benin-deux-anciens-ministres-devant-la-haute-cour-de-justice\n\nJunior Fatogninougbo, La Presse du Jour, 19 février 2013. \"Poursuite des ministres devant la Haute Cour de Justice : Une sérénité est nécessaire\". http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=21753","Aucune enquête ou plainte officielle n'est adressée contre le président de la République du Bénin. En revanche, plusieurs ministres ont été traduits sur volonté du gouvernement devant la Haute Cour de Justice. L'un d'eux récemment jugé a fait l'objet de non-lieu par la Haute Cour d..."]
["2013_BW_16",2013,"BW","Botswana",16,0,"The Botswana constitution clearly states that a sitting president cannot be investigated or prosecuted while still in office. Therefore, the president has immunity, making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish him/her. The only time the president's immunity has been challenged was during the 2009 court case of Motswaledi vs. The President, where the former was challenging the validity of section 41. The case was won by the president with Motswaledi bearing the legal costs.","Constitution of Botswana 1966, chapter V: The Executive, section 41: protection of president in respect of legal proceedings: \n  \n\"Whilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of president no \ncriminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of \nanything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his \nprivate capacity and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in \nrespect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or \nomitted to be done in his private capacity.\"\n \nArticle: Ombudsman grilled over Khama's alleged abuse, Sunday Standard, September 29 2013, www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=18063&GroupID=1.\n\nArticle: Kenyans hit back at Botswana after Skelemani, Sunday Standard, March 18 2013, www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=16429&GroupID=1.\n\nArticle: Uhuru should not go to the Hague, The Standard, October 13 2013, http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000095430&story_title=au-uhuru-should-not-go-to-the-hague.\n\nCourt document: Motswaledi vs. The President, 2009 (attached).","The Botswana constitution clearly states that a sitting president cannot be investigated or prosecuted while still in office. Therefore, the president has immunity, making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish him/her. The only time the president's immunity ..."]
["2013_BF_16",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",16,0,"Trois crimes majeurs peuvent être retenus contre le Président du Faso et le chef du gouvernement dans l'exercice de leur mandat. Il s'agit de la haute trahison, de l’attentat à la Constitution et du détournement de deniers publics. Dans ces cas, la Constitution du Burkina, à son article 138, autorise la poursuite du chef de l’État ou du gouvernement même s’ils jouissent d'une immunité. Ce qui signifie, selon Me Ouattara, qu'il faut au préalable lever cette immunité. \n\nSelon Boukari Ouoba : « Aucun Chef d’État burkinabè ou chef de gouvernement n’a fait l'objet d'enquêtes et de poursuites en cours de mandat. Même si des soupçons de malversations existaient, les institutions publiques de lutte contre la corruption se refuseraient à investiguer sur ces cas. Cela est dû à la dépendance des institutions vis-à-vis de ces personnalités. Le président de la Cour des Comptes est nommé par le Chef de l’État et l’ASCE est placé sous l’autorité du chef du gouvernement. Les membres de la Haute Cour de Justice sont des magistrats et députés. Sachant que l'Assemblée est majoritairement constituée de députés du parti au pouvoir, l'impartialité devrait être de mise ».","Interview avec Harouna Sinon, économiste, gestionnaire de programme, Réseau National de Lutte Anti-Corruption (REN-LAC), 20 Septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Boukari Ouoba, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 3 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Fako Bruno Ouattara, Avocat, magistrat démissionnaire, Centre international d'études sociologiques et de droit appliqué (CINESDA), septembre 2013.","Trois crimes majeurs peuvent être retenus contre le Président du Faso et le chef du gouvernement dans l'exercice de leur mandat. Il s'agit de la haute trahison, de l’attentat à la Constitution et du détournement de deniers publics. Dans ces cas, la Constitution du Burkina, à son ar..."]
["2013_BI_16",2013,"BI","Burundi",16,0,"Bien que la loi stipule que le chef de l'état est poursuivable pour certaines infractions telles que la haute trahison, aucune allégation n'a jusqu'ici été prise au sérieux au point de déclencher des poursuites. En pratique, les chefs d’États et de gouvernement ne font pas l’objet d’enquête et de poursuites en cours de mandat. Cela n’a jamais existé au Burundi, sans doute à cause du manque d’indépendance des cours qui devraient les juger. Le judiciaire manque toujours d’indépendance face à l’Exécutif.\n\nSelon Bageni Come, « En pratique, les chefs d’États et de gouvernement ne font pas objet d’enquête et de poursuites en cours de mandat. Ces personnalités ne sont pas poursuivies au cours de leurs mandats. Poursuivre un chef d’État ou de gouvernement déstabiliserait le gouvernement. Toutefois, il faudrait une haute cour pour les juger après les avoir dépouillés de leur immunité. »\n\nSelon Maitre Simbizi, on ne peut pas parler des poursuites à l’égard d’un chef d’État alors que la loi ne prévoit pas de haute cour de justice pour statuer sur de tels cas.","Simbizi Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, 19 septembre 2013.\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, (FOCODE), 20 septembre 2013.","Bien que la loi stipule que le chef de l'état est poursuivable pour certaines infractions telles que la haute trahison, aucune allégation n'a jusqu'ici été prise au sérieux au point de déclencher des poursuites. En pratique, les chefs d’États et de gouvernement ne font pas l’objet ..."]
["2013_CM_16",2013,"CM","Cameroon",16,0,"The Haute Cour de Justice that has the jurisdiction to try the head of state and government has not been established. \n\nDuring the research period, the former Prime Minister Ephraim Inoni was still in detention awaiting trial on corruption allegations. \n\nIn Cameroon, criminal allegations against heads of state or government whilst in office have yet to be notified and investigated.","Ajong, Abba.  (2013, October 1) .  [Managing Director, Aba International Consultancy].  Personal communication.\n\nAkwi, Song.  (2013, October 1) .  [Service of the governor, Governor's office, Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nDiffang, Elias Funge.  (2013, October 1) .  [Senior Lecturer, University of Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nEtom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nFonjock, Eric.  (2013, October 1) .  [Director, International Center Education and Sustainable Development].  Personal communication.\n\n\"Retro 2012 - Opération épervier en 2012: Marafa ébranle le sérail?\". Cameroonvoice. 01 January 2013. http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-9324.html","The Haute Cour de Justice that has the jurisdiction to try the head of state and government has not been established. ..."]
["2013_CV_16",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",16,100,"During the period of study, from September 2012 - September 2013, there were no cases recorded with either allegations made or actual investigations taking place. \n\nOne exceptional case of investigations occurred in 2006 though. The attorney general's office announced it would investigate the prime minister for configuring a public crime. The investigation was stopped for lack of evidence.","1. Amadeu Oliveira, Lawyer, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n2. Carla Lima, Journalist , President of AJOC (Journalists Association of Cape Verde), Praia, October 21, 2013.\n\n3. Espirito Santo Antonio, former National Assembly President, Praia, October 26, 2013.","During the period of study, from September 2012 - September 2013, there were no cases recorded with either allegations made or actual investigations taking place. ..."]
["2013_CF_16",2013,"CF","CAR",16,0,"Le chef de l'État en exercice ne peut pas être poursuivi en raison de son immunité, sauf pour le cas de haute trahison. \nCependant, selon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, plusieurs cas de trahison ont été constatés et signalés concernant l'ancien président Bozizé, mais force est de constater que ce dernier n'a pas fait l'objet de poursuites ni n'a été destitué. La difficulté réside dans le processus de la mise en place de la Haute Cour de justice, organe compétent pour juger un chef de l'État en raison de la prédominance des députés de la majorité présidentielle. \nOr, cette institution devrait être composée de six magistrats et de six députés élus au scrutin. Ensuite, le président devrait être mis en accusation par l'Assemblée nationale statuant à la majorité des deux tiers des députés au scrutin secret.","Jean-Baptiste Koyassambia, premier questeur, bureau du Conseil national de transition, expert national en matière de lutte contre la corruption, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nManda Timothée Feikoumou (juriste de formation), chef de service, secteur n°3, direction régionale N°7, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Memot, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 13 septembre 2013.","Le chef de l'État en exercice ne peut pas être poursuivi en raison de son immunité, sauf pour le cas de haute trahison. \nCependant, selon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, plusieurs cas de ..."]
["2013_TD_16",2013,"TD","Chad",16,0,"Le pouvoir exécutif est fort et le judiciaire n'est pas véritablement indépendant. \n\nIl est peu plausible que les allégations criminelles contre le chef de l'État ou du gouvernement soient examinées pendant qu'ils sont en fonction. \n\nD'ailleurs, la Constitution ne prévoit l'examen d'allégations contre le chef de l'État qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il jouit d'une certaine immunité, ce qui le prémunit, en pratique, de faire l'objet d'enquêtes, de poursuites ou de sanctions.","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. \n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. \n\nFonds Monétaire International (FMI). (20 septembre 2013). « Déclaration au terme d’une mission des services du FMI au Tchad ». Relief Web : http://reliefweb.int/report/chad/déclaration-au-terme-d’une-mission-des-services-du-fmi-au-tchad\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Le pouvoir exécutif est fort et le judiciaire n'est pas véritablement indépendant. \n\nIl est peu plausible que les allégations criminelles contre le chef de l'État ou du gouverneme..."]
["2013_KM_16",2013,"KM","Comoros",16,0,"Les allégations contre les chefs d'État et de gouvernement sont rarement examinées lorsque ceux-ci sont en fonction. \n\nLes chefs d’État et de gouvernement en cours de mandat n’ont jamais été inquiétés selon Dramsi Firozali, président de l’Organisation Patronale des Comores (OPACO), car les gens n’osent pas les traîner devant la justice. Le 12 juillet 2013, par exemple, un vice-président de l’union des Comores est au cœur d’une affaire de pédophile. \n\nSelon le journaliste qui relatait l’affaire, Mohamed Ali Soilihi, le vice-président de l’Union des Comores aurait séquestré une fillette de 13 ans dans la maison d’un ami au mois de janvier 2013. L’enfant n’aurait retrouvé sa liberté que le 8 janvier 2013. Le sexe étant un sujet tabou aux Comores, l’affaire aurait scandalisé l’opinion publique si l’accusation s’était avérée fondée. Le journal rapportait qu’on essayait d’étouffer l’affaire, qui avait éclatée dans le courant du mois de juillet.","Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.\n\n Ankili, H. (12 juillet 2013). « Un vice-président accusé de pédophilie ». Afrik.com: www.afrik.com.","Les allégations contre les chefs d'État et de gouvernement sont rarement examinées lorsque ceux-ci sont en fonction. ..."]
["2013_CD_16",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",16,0,"Les allégations contre les chefs d'État et de gouvernement ne sont jamais examinées lorsqu'ils sont en fonction. De ce fait, aucune procédure pénale n'a conduit à des poursuites car il n'y en a jamais eu.","1 - Placide ELEKA, inspecteur des juridictions et des services judiciaires, ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains, entretien du 30 septembre 2013.\n\n\n2 - Mr Joachim BANZA, directeur de la rédaction de la Semaine Africaine, Entretien le 10 octobre 2013 au siège du journal.\n\n\n \n3 - Colonel porte parole de la police, ministère de l'Intérieur et de la décentralisation direction générale de la police, entretien du 10 octobre 2013Jean-Aive ALLAKOUA.\n\n\n4 - Joseph TASALABIENDZE, député et membre de la commission plan urbanisme et aménagement du territoire, entretien le 12 octobre.\n\n5 - Entretien le 17 octobre 2013 avec Maitre Ludovic Désiré ESSOU, avocat à la cour de Brazzaville.","Les allégations contre les chefs d'État et de gouvernement ne sont jamais examinées lorsqu'ils sont en fonction. De ce fait, aucune procédure pénale n'a conduit à des poursuites car il n'y en a jamais eu."]
["2013_CG_16",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",16,0,"Dans l’histoire politique congolaise, on a épinglé un cas de poursuite d’un chef de gouvernement en fonction. Evariste Kimba, premier ministre sous le régime du président Kasa Vubu, a été exécuté par pendaison après un jugement rendu par un tribunal militaire d’exception, le 1er juin 1966, en présence de plus de 20 000 personnes agglutinées autour de la potence, sur l’actuel emplacement du stade des Martyrs. Depuis lors, aucun cas de poursuite contre un chef d’État ou de gouvernement n’a été enregistré en République Démocratique du Congo.\n\nAucun cas de poursuite contre un chef d’État ou de gouvernement n’a été enregistré en République Démocratique du Congo depuis 1966 avec le cas cité dit des conjurés de la Pentecôte. Donc, les allégations ne sont pas toutes examinées pendant que les dirigeants sont en fonction, ou bien les enquêtes qui permettent de trouver des preuves d’une activité criminelle ne donnent pas toutes lieu à des poursuites.","Site Forum de Congo, accessible Décembre 2013.\nhttp://www.congoforum.be/fr/congodetail.asp?subitem=21&id=29486&Congofiche=selected.\n   \nMonsieur Modio Zambwa, conservateur en chef, université de Kinshasa, ancien député national, entrevu du 26 déc. 2013.","Dans l’histoire politique congolaise, on a épinglé un cas de poursuite d’un chef de gouvernement en fonction. Evariste Kimba, premier ministre sous le régime du président Kasa Vubu, a été exécuté par pendaison après un jugement rendu par un tribunal militaire d’exception, le 1er ju..."]
["2013_CI_16",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",16,0,"Au cours de la période allant de septembre 2012 à septembre 2013, aucune information portant sur des suspicions ou accusations portées à l’encontre du président de la République ou sur une procédure initiée contre ce dernier n’a défrayé la chronique.\n\nLes chefs d'État ou du gouvernement bénéficient d'une immunité à priori étant donné qu'il n'existe aucune loi établissant qu'ils doivent être traduits en justice.","Côte d’Ivoire: ICC Seeking Militia Leader. October 3, 2013. http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/03/cote-d-ivoire-icc-seeking-militia-leader\n\nGenocide Watch, Matt Wells, Côte d'Ivoire / Côte-d'Ivoire, 31 Juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.genocidewatch.org/cotedivoire.html\n\nCote d’Ivoire Report, World Report 2012: Côte d’Ivoire,Human Rights Watch, Jan. 2012. Available at\nhttp://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/cotedivoire_2012.pdf","Au cours de la période allant de septembre 2012 à septembre 2013, aucune information portant sur des suspicions ou accusations portées à l’encontre du président de la République ou sur une procédure initiée contre ce dernier n’a défrayé la chronique...."]
["2013_DJ_16",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",16,0,"Dans la pratique, aucun président de la République n'a été inquiété pour crimes et autres délits durant son mandat, non plus que les ministres du gouvernement. \n\nCette situation s'explique, selon le politiste djiboutien, par le fait que le pays n’a connu que deux présidents de la république, Hassan Gouled (1977-1999) et Ismael Omar Guelleh, actuel président au pouvoir (depuis 1999, réélu en 2011 sur la base d'une révision constitutionnelle qui a mis fin à la limitation des mandats à deux). La Haute Cour de justice constitue ainsi une juridiction fantôme, méconnue aussi bien du grand public que des magistrats et des députés. \n\nLa poursuite d'un président en exercice ainsi que de ses ministres est presque impossible à envisager, selon le juriste, puisque le mécanisme mis en place par la loi est faussé. En effet, la Haute Cour de justice est composée par des députés et ces derniers, depuis l’indépendance, sont du même parti politique que le gouvernement. Le procureur est désigné par le président de la République sur proposition du ministre de la Justice.","1) Omar Aden, doctorant en science politique, directeur, Institut d’études politiques de Djibouti, entretien réalisé le 13 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Mohamed Idriss, juriste, Assemblée nationale de Djibouti, entretien réalisé le 12 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Houmed Mohamed, ex-syndicaliste, fonctionnaire d’état djiboutien, entretien réalisé le 12 octobre 2013.","Dans la pratique, aucun président de la République n'a été inquiété pour crimes et autres délits durant son mandat, non plus que les ministres du gouvernement. ..."]
["2013_EG_16",2013,"EG","Egypt",16,0,"One of the legacies of the January 25th Revolution in Egypt is that executive officials are not safe from being investigated. Egypt is a country where during the sample period both living former presidents were in jail and being investigated on various charges, while the Prime Minister of Egypt, Hisham Kandil, was given a jail sentence - albeit suspended - for failing to implement a court ruling to re-nationalise a state-company sold off by the Hosni Mubarak administration. \n\nThe point can be made that these investigations are not clear-cut cases where the existing rule-of-law is upheld, but a combination of circumstance, power struggles, regime change and (to a much lesser degree), the idea of upholding the rule of law. If these concerns are taken into account, no president or prime minister has ever been investigated, much less indicted.","Ashraf, F.  (2013, September 29) .  Court nulls privatisation contract of Nile Cotton Ginning Company.  Daily News Egypt.  Retrieved from http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/09/29/court-nulls-privatisation-contract-of-nile-cotton-ginning-company/.\n\n(2013, May 30) .  Egypt drags its feet in privatization tussle.  Reuters.  Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/72738/Business/Economy/Egypt-drags-its-feet-in-privatization-tussle.aspx.\n\n(2013, April 17) .  Egyptian court slams PM Qandil with suspended prison sentence.  Al Ahram.  Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/69461/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptian-court-slams-PM-Qandil-with-suspended-pris.aspx.","One of the legacies of the January 25th Revolution in Egypt is that executive officials are not safe from being investigated. Egypt is a country where during the sample period both living former presidents were in jail and being investigated on various charges, while the Prime Mini..."]
["2013_GQ_16",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",16,0,"Corruption is a common practice in Equatorial Guinea and there is impunity at all levels. During the period of review, several foreign governments filed cases against heads of state for money laundering and corruption. Even though the cases directly relate to corrupt operations in Equatorial Guinea at the highest government level, these allegations were not investigated. This was the case also regarding the cases filed by the governments of the United States and France against Tedoro Neguema Obiang, Second Vice-President responsible for national security and defense. \n\nIn Equatorial Guinea, anti-corruption authorities constantly fail to investigate allegations of corruption of heads of state deriving from international corruption cases.  The head of state furthermore enjoys immunity.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n(2013, November) .  Excerpts from the U.S. case against Teodorin Nguema Obiang of Equatorial Guinea.  Open Society Foundation.  Retrieved from http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/briefing-eg-malibu-10282013.pdf \n\nIrujo, J. M.  (2013, December 3) .  Hacienda investiga a los presuntos testaferros rusos del clan Obiang.  El País.  Retrieved from http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2013/11/30/actualidad/1385838884_363732.html \n\n(2012, June 9) .  Lo que hay detras de INSESO Y Farmatural.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/lo-que-hay-detras-de-inseso-y-farmatural/ \n\nMora, M.  (2012, July 12) .  Un juez emite una orden de detención contra Teodorín Obiang en Francia.  El País.  Retrieved from http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/13/actualidad/1342172613_882615.html \n\n(2012, September 29) .  La politica de hablen, pero en voz baja.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/la-politica-de-hablen-pero-en-voz-baja-7/ \n\nReport of investigation 091 exhibit 5, case MI02PR07MI0018.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/auction/DOJ%20v%20TNO%203%20May%202013%20CAL%20Manzanares%20Ex%205%20HSI%20report%20Mayo%20June%202012.pdf","Corruption is a common practice in Equatorial Guinea and there is impunity at all levels. During the period of review, several foreign governments filed cases against heads of state for money laundering and corruption. Even though the cases directly relate to corrupt operations in ..."]
["2013_ER_16",2013,"ER","Eritrea",16,0,"Article 43 of the Constitution states that heads of state and government have immunity, although there is an impeachment procedure that would allow the head of state to forfeit its privilege of immunity if and when a decision were to be taken by Parliament (which - as mentioned before - has not convened).","Human Rights Watch (Eritrea). World Report 2013. http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/eritrea.\n\nConstitution of Eritrea 1997( ratified but not implemented) Article 43  Immunity from Civil and Criminal Proceedings - Global Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.\n\nFreedom House 2013; Freedom in the World, Eritrea, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/eritrea#.UzBejvldWJI.","Article 43 of the Constitution states that heads of state and government have immunity, although there is an impeachment procedure that would allow the head of state to forfeit its privilege of immunity if and when a decision were to be taken by Parliament (which - as mentioned bef..."]
["2013_ET_16",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",16,0,"Because the Body that investigates corruption is under the direct authority of the Prime Minister, sources argue that any investigation of heads of state is exceedingly unlikely to lead to prosecution. Fitih, a newspaper critical of the ruling party that now has been banned, published a story that the PM and his cohorts have embezzled money using their power and notes that he expects no investigation to take place so long as their appointees are in power of the anti-corruption commission.  \n\nAppointees to the commission are picked after thorough review of their loyalty to the ruling party and then made to ‘resign’ their party membership to facilitate for their appointment, but they continue to take orders from the Executive and hence are not free to investigate heads of state or government if they find suspicious leads.","1. Addis Guday, Dr. Dagnachew Assefa, From rebel/public fighters to individualistic corrupts: some analysis on the transition process, vol. 7, no. 166, May 2013.\n\n2. Interview with an former expert with the Commission, September 27, 2013.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n ZeHabesha.com, Associated Press, \"African Union says it will not allow sitting head of state to be prosecuted by ICC,\" Oct. 12, 2013.\nhttp://www.zehabesha.com/african-union-says-it-will-not-allow-sitting-head-of-state-to-be-prosecuted-by-icc/","Because the Body that investigates corruption is under the direct authority of the Prime Minister, sources argue that any investigation of heads of state is exceedingly unlikely to lead to prosecution. Fitih, a newspaper critical of the ruling party that now has been banned, publis..."]
["2013_GA_16",2013,"GA","Gabon",16,25,"There is no criminal evidence to suggest that former President Omar Bongo or current President Ali Bongo Ondimba committed crimes while in office. However, no one in Gabon would be willing to step forward with allegations of treason against the head of state, a source argued. \n\nGabon’s 1991 Constitution, section V (“De la haute cour de justice et des autres jurisdictions d’exception”), articles 78–81, addresses the issue of high treason. In the event a head of state is investigated for a crime while in office, a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly is required to prosecute the president. The prime minister is then tasked with convening parliament. \n\nProfessor Rossatanga-Rignault pointed specifically to Article 80 in the Constitution, which states that a special High Court of Justice would consist of 13 members, seven of whom would be professional judges from the Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) and six members who would be chosen by representatives in the National Assembly. In the event a head of state were prosecuted, the Gabonese parliament would become the de facto judge.\n\nAccording to Télésphore Ondo’s book (“Advocacy for new political regime in Gabon (Plaidoyer pour un nouveau régime politique au Gabon)”, p. 44) the president is not immune from prosecution according to the 1991 Constitution. However, neither the constitution nor the organic law n° 49/2010 clearly define high treason.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nOndo, T.  (2012) .  Plaidoyer pour un nouveau régime politique au Gabon.  Paris: Publibook.\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.","There is no criminal evidence to suggest that former President Omar Bongo or current President Ali Bongo Ondimba committed crimes while in office. However, no one in Gabon would be willing to step forward with allegations of treason against the head of state, a source argued. ..."]
["2013_GM_16",2013,"GM","The Gambia",16,0,"The interviewed sources stated that the president, who is both the head of state and government, is constitutionally immune from criminal proceedings and as such has not and can not be a subject of investigation. \n\nThere have not been any investigations initiated or prosecutions pursued.","1. Interview with Cherno Marena, Registrar General of The Gambia. Attorney General Chambers, Ministry of Justice. October 7 2013.\n\n2. Interview with Tijan Badjie, Deputy Crime Management Coordinator. October 8 2013.","The interviewed sources stated that the president, who is both the head of state and government, is constitutionally immune from criminal proceedings and as such has not and can not be a subject of investigation. ..."]
["2013_GH_16",2013,"GH","Ghana",16,0,"The head of state is immune from prosecution in all matters civil or criminal while he or she is in office. Although there is an elaborate process for investigating the head of state (even while in office), there is no possibility of prosecuting the head of state. \n\nThe Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, the body mandated to investigate allegations of corruption and abuse of office and human rights, can investigate the head of state or the president while he or she is in office. \n\nThe commission has the powers of the high court and therefore, if it finds against a person, it is deemed to be the pronouncement of the high court.\n\nThe commission indicated in a written response in that regard that in the year 2012, it did not receive any complaint against the head of state or the president. \n\nGhana runs a presidential system of government and the country's constitution grants enormous powers to the president. However, even though the president is immune from prosecution while in office, he or she is not immune from being investigated in respect of any matter, civil or criminal. \n\nWere such an investigation to establish a prima facie case against the president, he or she can be impeached and removed from office to face prosecution. However, the constitution provides that he or she only faces prosecution three years after leaving office.\n\nTherefore, immunity from prosecution while in office is intended to give the president the freedom to concentrate on running the affairs of the country. \n\nIn 2001, the commission investigated the then president, Mr John Kufuor, for allegations of misapplying state resources to renovate his private residence, finding that the allegations were false.\n\nThe commission said that since then, and between September 2012 and September 2013, it had received no allegations against the president.","1. Mr D.C. Hammond, legal officer, Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, written correspondence, October 23, 2013, Accra. \n\n2. Mr Roland Akabzaa, research officer, Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Dr Yakubu Zakaria, programmes director, Integrated Social Development Centre, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Dr Franklin Oduro, head of programmes and deputy director, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, telephone interview, September 16, 2013, Accra.","The head of state is immune from prosecution in all matters civil or criminal while he or she is in office. Although there is an elaborate process for investigating the head of state (even while in office), there is no possibility of prosecuting the head of state. ..."]
["2013_GN_16",2013,"GN","Guinea",16,0,"En principe, la loi est impersonnelle et d'application générale, c’est-à-dire qu’elle ne protège pas les plus hauts placés. En ce sens, le principe général selon lequel personne n'est au dessus de la loi devrait s'appliquer normalement.\n\nDans les faits, ce sont surtout les subalternes qui sont visés par la loi. Il peut par exemple y avoir des preuves de crime ou de délit contre un haut fonctionnaire, mais celui-ci ne sera pas inquiété. Un certain laxisme peut être dénoncé à ce niveau.\n\nOn recense ainsi quelques affaires de détournement de fonds publiques, comme l’Affaire des 13 milliards de francs guinéens, où ce ne sont que les plantons et autres petits commis qui ont été sanctionnés. De la même manière, certains problèmes de détournement ont été dévoilés chez l'Électricité de Guinée, une entreprise publique, qui se sont tout simplement soldés par la destitution du coordinateur, sans plus.","Entretien avec Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Jean Kolié, Ministère de la Coopération internationale, 10 Septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n\nEntretien avec Maître  Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15h 20.\n\nEntretien avec François Falcon, Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 09 septembre 2013, 09h45.","En principe, la loi est impersonnelle et d'application générale, c’est-à-dire qu’elle ne protège pas les plus hauts placés. En ce sens, le principe général selon lequel personne n'est au dessus de la loi devrait s'appliquer normalement...."]
["2013_GW_16",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",16,100,"In practice, the heads of state and government have not been investigated while they are in office. There appears to have been no reasons to investigate the head of state during this period of study.","1.        Edinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.        Cherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.        Mario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","In practice, the heads of state and government have not been investigated while they are in office. There appears to have been no reasons to investigate the head of state during this period of study."]
["2013_KE_16",2013,"KE","Kenya",16,0,"The Constitution of Kenya provides immunity to a serving head of state and, therefore, investigations and prosecutions against the president are non-applicable as long as s/he is still discharging their functions.\n\nArticle 143 (1) says criminal proceedings shall not be instituted or continued in any court against the president or a person performing the functions of that office, during their tenure of office.\n\nArticle 143 (2) states that civil proceedings shall not be instituted in any court against the pesident or the person performing the functions of that office during their tenure of office in respect of anything done or not done in the exercise of their powers under this constitution.\n\nArticle 143 (3)  says that where provision is made in law limiting the time within which proceedings under clause (1) or (2) may be brought against a person, a period of time during which the person holds or performs the functions of the office of the president shall not be taken into account in calculating the period of time prescribed by that law.","1. Mr Yasin Aila, spokesman Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, interviewed on September 18, 2013.\n\n2. Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya(interviewed on September 19, 2013.\n\n3. “Why Former Kenyan President Moi is Restless In Retirement\", by Kipchumba Some, Africa Review, November 6, 2011, http://www.africareview.com/Special+Reports/Why+former+Kenyan+President+Moi+is+restless+in+retirement/-/979182/1268184/-/1q4vqcz/-/index.html.\n\n4. The Constitution of Kenya 2010. The constitution was promulgated on August 27, 2010. Article 141 (1) (2) (3) of the constitution bars the prosecution of a head of state or government while still serving in office.","The Constitution of Kenya provides immunity to a serving head of state and, therefore, investigations and prosecutions against the president are non-applicable as long as s/he is still discharging their functions...."]
["2013_LS_16",2013,"LS","Lesotho",16,0,"The king, who serves as the head of state, has immunity from prosecution.\n\nFurther, no sitting head of government has ever been investigated in Lesotho. Opinion varies as to whether the current or future prime minister can, in fact, be probed. The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences believes that anyone other than the king can be investigated and prosecuted. The directorate has actually investigated the office of the prime minister (not the prime minister himself) in the past. It has brought fraud, theft and corruption charges against the former director of the prime minister's poverty reduction programme, Topollo Lephat'soe. It has also investigated the prime minister’s office former principal secretary for administration, deputy principal Secretary, director of finance and the then acting head of procurement. Only the deputy principal secretary was acquitted of all charges. Other interviewees argue that prosecuting a sitting head of government is practically impossible in Lesotho due to the enormous powers the prime minister holds over the appointment of judges.","1. Advocate Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. October 2 2013, Maseru, Lesotho.\n\n2. Litelu Ramokhoro. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. October 11 2013, Maseru, Lesotho.\n\n3. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. October 3 2013, Maseru.\n\n4. Majara Molupe. Informative Newspaper. Lephatsoe insists to eradicate poverty. August 6 2013. http://www.informativenews.co.ls/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id\n\n5.  Constitution of Lesotho, Article 50.","The king, who serves as the head of state, has immunity from prosecution.\n\nFurther, no sitting head of government has ever been investigated in Lesotho. Opinion varies a..."]
["2013_LR_16",2013,"LR","Liberia",16,0,"The President of Liberia can neither be investigated nor prosecuted while in office for anything. He is immune. \n\nThere has never been an instance when the president was taken to court or sued or called for questioning over anything. The presidency is seen as supreme and this superior presidency gives clouts to the president beyond imagination.","1. Johnson-Allison, F. (2013, October 9). Personal Interview. Chairperson - Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission, Monrovia\n\n2. Stabroeknews.com, \"Liberian president’s son quits as head of state oil firm,\" Sept. 18, 2013.\nhttp://www.stabroeknews.com/2013/news/regional/09/18/liberian-presidents-son-quits-as-head-of-state-oil-firm/\n\n3. Reports: 2012 Annual Report, LACC, December 2012;  and 2011 Annual Report, LACC, December 2011.","The President of Liberia can neither be investigated nor prosecuted while in office for anything. He is immune. ..."]
["2013_LY_16",2013,"LY","Libya",16,0,"In practice, there is no case of an investigation of the head of state being prosecuted or investigated while in office neither this study is concerned with (September 2012 - September 2013) nor during the Qaddafi era.","Anonymous - lawyer and women’s rights activist - Benghazi, personal communication, November 9, 2013.\n\nElijarh, M.  (2013, October 22) .  On top of everything else, now Libya has a corruption scandal to worry about.  Transitions.  Retrieved from http://transitions.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/22/on_top_of_everything_else_now_libya_has_a_corruption_scandal_to_worry_about#sthash.CO5a4WPM.dpbs\n\nGeneral National Congress.  (2013, September 25) .  [Letter of the GNC concerning the immunity of Naji Mokhtar]. Attached.\n\nAnonymous - judge of administrative law - Tripoli, personal communication, November 9, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","In practice, there is no case of an investigation of the head of state being prosecuted or investigated while in office neither this study is concerned with (September 2012 - September 2013) nor during the Qaddafi era."]
["2013_MG_16",2013,"MG","Madagascar",16,0,"Pour la période d’étude, aucun crime perpétré par soit le chef de l’État, soit du chef de gouvernement n’a été rendu public. S’il arrivait à de tels crimes de se produire, ils ne seraient pas dénoncés par des sources officielles. Par ailleurs, aucun média n’oserait s’aventurer dans une telle opération, ne serait-ce que sur la base de la présomption d’innocence. \n\nLa haute cour de justice, prévue depuis 1975, n’a pas encore vu le jour jusqu’ici.","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Lejamble Brice, secrétaire exécutif p.i, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 23 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Site du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO).\nhttp://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0, 4 octobre 2013.","Pour la période d’étude, aucun crime perpétré par soit le chef de l’État, soit du chef de gouvernement n’a été rendu public. S’il arrivait à de tels crimes de se produire, ils ne seraient pas dénoncés par des sources officielles. Par ailleurs, aucun média n’oserait s’aventurer dans..."]
["2013_MW_16",2013,"MW","Malawi",16,0,"In practice, heads of state and government cannot be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime. The constitution of Malawi (2010) provides them with immunity as heads of state. Subsequently, criminal allegations against heads of state and the government are not investigated while they are in office.\n\nHeads of state and government are sometimes prosecuted when investigations find evidence of wrongdoing when they are out of office. When they are investigated out of office, the law provides for punishment regardless of who is involved.","Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice. November 12 2013.\n\nNickson Masebo, Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe), Chairperson. November 12 2013.\n\nRobert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee, 13 November 2013","In practice, heads of state and government cannot be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime. The constitution of Malawi (2010) provides them with immunity as heads of state. Subsequently, criminal allegations against heads of state a..."]
["2013_ML_16",2013,"ML","Mali",16,25,"Au Mali, la loi ne s’oppose pas à ce qu’un chef d'État et de gouvernement soit poursuivi en cours de mandat pour crimes. \n\nCependant, les faits sont tout autre dans la pratique. En effet, malgré le fait que les textes ne s'y opposent pas, les allégations contre les chefs d’État et de gouvernement sont rarement examinées lorsqu'ils sont en fonction. \n\nSelon Birama Fall, journaliste, « la justice, qui est le maitre d’œuvre de la procédure, ne s'y lance même pas malgré l'existence de preuves ». On ne saurait donc parler de sanction pénale même si les verdicts de culpabilité sont établis. \n\nEn 2013, le gouvernement du Mali avait présentée au plus haut tribunal du pays un cas de haute trahison contre l'ancien président Amadou Toumani Touré, après qu'il a été renversé par un coup d'Etat l'année dernière.","Entretien avec Karim Fané, magistrat, Pôle économique, réalisé le 21 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Moussa Traoré, Juriste, l’Association malienne des droits de l’Homme, réalisé le 21 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Birama Fall, journaliste, Journal Le Prétoire, réalisé le 21 septembre 2013.\n\nMali's government presents treason case against former president, Reuters, Dec. 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/28/us-mali-toure-idUSBRE9BR00920131228","Au Mali, la loi ne s’oppose pas à ce qu’un chef d'État et de gouvernement soit poursuivi en cours de mandat pour crimes. ..."]
["2013_MR_16",2013,"MR","Mauritania",16,0,"Bien que la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 permette le jugement du chef de l'État et du chef du gouvernement devant la Haute Cour de justice, dans la pratique, de tels jugement n’ont jamais été tenus. \n\nAucun ancien chef de l'État ou chef de gouvernement n'a encore comparu devant la juridiction susmentionnée. La Constitution mauritanienne du 20 juillet dispose que les chefs de l'État et du gouvernement ne sont pas des citoyens ordinaires. Il ne sont justiciables que par une juridiction d'exception dénommée la Haute Cour de justice. \n\nToutefois, la loi fondamentale mauritanienne établit l'irresponsabilité du chef de l'État, et ne stipule sa comparution devant la Haute Cour de justice qu’en cas de haute trahison. Cette notion est assez floue, le constituant mauritanien n'en a pas donné de définition précise . Il n'existe pas frontière délimitée entre l'immunité du chef de l'État et/ou du gouvernement et la notion de haute trahison. Le constituant a établit une sorte d'irresponsabilité du chef de l'État. Qui plus est, dans le droit constitutionnel mauritanien, la notion de responsabilité pénale du chef de l'État et de gouvernement n'est pas formulée. Dans un pays encore peu familier avec les pratiques constitutionnelles, il n'est guère évident d'engager des poursuites contre les chefs de l'État ou du gouvernement.","1. Anonyme, membre du Conseil constitutionnel mauritanien, 4 octobre, 2013. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\n2. Ahmed Salem ould Boubout, professeur de Droit Public, Université de Nouakchott, 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Cheikh Saad Bouh Kamara, ancien professeur des universités, consultant, ancien membre du Conseil constitutionnel, 13 novembre 2013.","Bien que la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 permette le jugement du chef de l'État et du chef du gouvernement devant la Haute Cour de justice, dans la pratique, de tels jugement n’ont jamais été tenus. ..."]
["2013_MU_16",2013,"MU","Mauritius",16,100,"There has been no case since independence (in 1968) of crimes committed by the head of state or the prime minister. \n\nAs well, there have been no allegations against the head of state or the prime minister. As there is no law granting immunity to the head of state from criminal proceedings, allegations could be investigated if such allegations were made. Prosecution would be possible as well.","Interview: Rajen Bablee, Executive Director, Transparency Mauritius, interviewed on Nov 22, 2013.\n\nInterview: Jean-Luc Emile, Editor in Chief, Radio One – Interview date Nov. 21, 2013\n\n ","There has been no case since independence (in 1968) of crimes committed by the head of state or the prime minister. ..."]
["2013_MA_16",2013,"MA","Morocco",16,0,"Due to the fact that the head of state is considered immune, there were never any public allegations voiced, investigations carried out or any prosecution started against the king.","No such law exists (see indicator 16)\n\nAnonymous, lawyer, Marrakech, phone interview on September 9, 2013. \n\nAnonymous.  (2013, September 18) .   [Business reporter, Reuters. Rabat.  Personal communication.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Due to the fact that the head of state is considered immune, there were never any public allegations voiced, investigations carried out or any prosecution started against the king."]
["2013_MZ_16",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",16,50,"In Mozambique no president has ever been indicted or brought to justice for whatever issue. In practice, Presidents are not investigated. \n\nThis can be explained by the fact that the President of the republic names the Supreme Court and the Attorney General as office holders and these individuals are loyal to and trusted by the president. There was not a single allegation over the past year.","Interview with Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. Maputo, March, 20th 2014\n\nInterview with Luis Nhachote. Senior and Freelancer Journalist. March 20th, 2014","In Mozambique no president has ever been indicted or brought to justice for whatever issue. In practice, Presidents are not investigated. ..."]
["2013_NA_16",2013,"NA","Namibia",16,0,"There is no precedent in Namibia of a president being investigated or prosecuted. There were also no corruption cases reported to the commission against the head of state.","Fillemon Enkali, PRO, Electoral Commission of Namibia, September 30 2013.\nFrederiko Links, editor; Insight business magazine, September 23 2013.\nToivo Ndjebela, editor, Namibian Sun, September 28 2013.\nSteven Ndorokaze, journalist and lawyer, NBC, September 26 2013.","There is no precedent in Namibia of a president being investigated or prosecuted. There were also no corruption cases reported to the commission against the head of state."]
["2013_NE_16",2013,"NE","Niger",16,25,"Il n'y a pas eu d'inculpation de ministres ou chefs de gouvernement en exercice depuis le début de la VIIe République, ce qui laisse place un doute quant à l'efficacité de la mise en œuvre de la loi dans la pratique. \n\nAucun journaliste ne s'arrête d'ailleurs sur la question.","Source 1: Haute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. (4 février 2013). Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. Niger\n\nSource 2: Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. (19 septembre 2013). Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. Niger\n\nSource 3: Anonyme. (3 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\n\nSource 4: Anonyme. (7 Février 2013). Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger (AFJN). Niger\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Il n'y a pas eu d'inculpation de ministres ou chefs de gouvernement en exercice depuis le début de la VIIe République, ce qui laisse place un doute quant à l'efficacité de la mise en œuvre de la loi dans la pratique. ..."]
["2013_NG_16",2013,"NG","Nigeria",16,0,"Under section 308 of the Nigerian constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the president and vice president, the governors of the 36 states and their deputies are immune from civil or criminal charges while in office.\n\nThere has been an ongoing effort to remove that section from the constitution, but so far, the senate is opposed to its removal while the house has approved. Any allegations were not investigated.","(1).  African Examiner,Eric Ojo,  Forum seeks Removal of Immunity Clause to curb Impunity in Nigeria, September 26, 2013, http://www.africanexaminer.com/forum-seeks-removal-of-immunity-clause-to-curb-impunity-in-nigeria/\n\n(2) Punch Newspaper, John Ameh, Constitution amendment: Reps reject immunity for President, govs; July 25, 2013; http://www.punchng.com/news/constitution-amendment-reps-reject-immunity-for-president-govs/\n\n(3) Punch, Leke Baiyewu and Allwell Okpi, ‘Immunity clause removal won’t check corruption’, July 28, 2013, http://www.punchng.com/news/immunity-clause-removal-wont-check-corruption/\n\n(4) Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Section 308.","Under section 308 of the Nigerian constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the president and vice president, the governors of the 36 states and their deputies are immune from civil or criminal charges while in office...."]
["2013_RW_16",2013,"RW","Rwanda",16,0,"In the history of Rwanda, a head of state in office has never been investigated or prosecuted. \n\nTo give a brief history, after independence in the 1960s, Rwanda fell under a dictatorship where nobody could dare to accuse a president and left alone investigating or prosecuting. With the current president, the above articles and interview show that there has been many accusations against Paul Kagame, but none of them have been investigated and/or led to prosecution at the national level. There have been some attempts outside Rwanda, but those were also blocked by the immunity of the head of state has while visiting other countries. \n\nHowever, former president Pasteur Bizimungu was prosecuted just after leaving office, but it is not possible today due to the changes in the constitution of 2010.","Haywood, E.  (2012) .  US threatens Rwandan President Kagame over support for Congolese rebels.  World Socialist Web Site.  Retrieved from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/08/kaga-a02.html\n\nHuman Rights Watch.  (2013) .  DR Congo: M23 rebels kill, rape Civilians.  Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/22/dr-congo-m23-rebels-kill-rape-civilians\n\nIneza, Safari Sheja.  (2013, September 20) .  [Lawyer and member of the Rwanda Bar Association].  Personal communication.\n\nRolley, S.  (2013, July 9) .  Kayumba Nyamwasa renews his accusation that Paul Kagame is responsible for bringing down the plane of former president Habyarimana.  ICI Cemac.  Retrieved from http://www.icicemac.com/actualite/kayumba-nyamwasa-reitere-ses-accusationspaul-kagame-est-responsable-del-attentat-contre-l-avion-de-l-ancien-president-habyarimana-15839-189-1.html#.UjLhucqjj30","In the history of Rwanda, a head of state in office has never been investigated or prosecuted. ..."]
["2013_ST_16",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",16,100,"In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government. \n\nIn practice, in Sao Tome and Principe, heads of state and government have never been prosecuted because of crimes they committed while in office. There’s no concrete case and there have not been cases lodged against the President.","1. Nerik Salvaterra. State Prosecutor. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.\n\n2. Carla Castro. State Prosecutor. Department of Justice. September 29 2013.","In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government. \n\nIn practice, in Sao Tome and Principe, heads of state and government have never been prosecute..."]
["2013_SN_16",2013,"SN","Senegal",16,100,"La Constitution sénégalaise a mis un cadre de prévention visant à prévenir tout risque de crime pouvant interpeller le président de la République et les membres du gouvernements. Mais dans la pratique, au Sénégal, il n'y a pas encore d'acte criminel incriminant le président de la République ou son gouvernement, en tout cas durant la période de l'étude (septembre 2012-septembre 2013). Mieux, la justice sénégalaise n'a pas encore posé d'acte allant dans ce sens.","Entretien avec Cheikh M. Tidiane Ba,  juriste, coordonnateur, projet Forum civil, Section Sénégalaise, Transparency International, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Shérif Dame Sall, enseignant en droit à l'université de Dakar, le 25 septembre 2013.\n\nAbdoulaye Dièye, professeur en droit constitutionnel, 'Université de Dakar, le 26 septembre 2013.","La Constitution sénégalaise a mis un cadre de prévention visant à prévenir tout risque de crime pouvant interpeller le président de la République et les membres du gouvernements. Mais dans la pratique, au Sénégal, il n'y a pas encore d'acte criminel incriminant le président de la R..."]
["2013_SC_16",2013,"SC","Seychelles",16,0,"The ombudsman's office confirmed that there have never been reports received, investigated, or prosecuted against the head of state and government in Seychelles.","1. Email: Mrs. Wendy Michel, Assistant Investigation Officer for Ms. Dora Zatte, Seychelles Ombudsman, December 23, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Chief Justice Frederick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Civil Society, November 26, 2013.\n\n4. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, December 7, 2013.\n\n5. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December 10, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The ombudsman's office confirmed that there have never been reports received, investigated, or prosecuted against the head of state and government in Seychelles."]
["2013_SL_16",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",16,0,"No civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against a person performing the functions of the office of president in Sierra Leone. Section 48 (4) prevents the president from being charged in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official or private capacity. Over the years, there have been allegations of the president being involved in corrupt practices and the illegal acquisition of wealth but because of immunity, the anti-corruption commission has never made efforts to investigate.\n\nThere is no section in the constitution that protects the office of the vice president towards immunity. The vice president of Sierra Leone has faced many accusations of corruption. He was allegedly involved in the timber trade which was investigated by the acc but was exonerated on the basis of no evidence.","The Constitution of Sierra Leone, Chapter V – the Executive Part I – the President, Section 48 (1), 1991, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nJoseph F. Kamara, Anti-Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013, Freetown Sierra Leone","No civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against a person performing the functions of the office of president in Sierra Leone. Section 48 (4) prevents the president from being charged in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his of..."]
["2013_SO_16",2013,"SO","Somalia",16,0,"Prosecution of heads of state and government for alleged crimes has not yet happened in Somalia. Under prevailing circumstances, if evidence suggested criminal offence by a head of state/government, there is a high likelihood that the relevant institution may not muster enough courage to institute criminal charges. However, as a form of recourse, the head of state and government may not be re-elected as a result of their tainted image.","Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5). \n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nGoth, Mohamed. Somalia: The corruption tango. Somaliland Press. http://somalilandpress.com/somaliathe-corruption-tango-46562\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Prosecution of heads of state and government for alleged crimes has not yet happened in Somalia. Under prevailing circumstances, if evidence suggested criminal offence by a head of state/government, there is a high likelihood that the relevant institution may not muster enough cour..."]
["2013_ZA_16",2013,"ZA","South Africa",16,50,"Not all allegations are investigated, and not all investigations lead to punishment whilst in office. \n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch says that the South African president as well as senior politicians can be investigated and prosecuted for corruption: \"Our Prevention and Combatting of Corrupt Activities Act, which is South Africa's main anti-corruption statute, applies to everyone, including the president and ministers.\"\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa notes that chapter 9 of the constitution stipulates that everyone is equal before the law, \"Including the President and senior politicians\".\n\nWhittaker adds that, in practice, charges brought against senior government officials are not always followed through with prosecution: \"The corruption charges against  Zuma were withdrawn in 2009. Corruption charges against the former head of crime intelligence were also dropped. This is now the subject of a review in the courts.\"\n\nSome senior officials have been fired over the past 12 months for committing and offence, including Dina Pule. She was axed in 2013 as South Africa's communications minister for giving her boyfriend a R6-million ICT contract and a number of trips overseas. However, Pule remains an MP and was appointed to the parliamentary portfolio transport committee. One could wonder whether the punishment was hard enough.\n\nANC chairperson Baleka Mbete has also been the centre of attention. In 2013, the South African media reported about how mining company Gold Fields \"buried a New York law firm's finding that a R25-million share allocation to Mbete. A law firm found that the company had hugely increased Mbete's cut in a contentious 2010 empowerment deal in response to an alleged threat by her representative. South Africa's new directorate for priority crime investigation unit, The Hawks, have said they would be investigating the matter. \n\nNote: The corruption charges against President Jacob Zuma, despite the fact they were dropped in 2009, are still a matter of concern in South Africa. In August 2013, a judge from North Gauteng high court in Pretoria ordered the National Prosecuting Authority to hand over transcripts of the infamous spy tapes that got Zuma off the hook on corruption charges. The authority has to explain how it arrived at the decision to quash corruption charges against the president.","Nicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch (www.corruptionwatch.org.za), interview, November 6 2013.\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org), interview, October 23 2013.\n\nNPA must inform public why Jacob Zuma charges were dropped – judge, Charl Du Plessis, City Press, August 16 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/npa-must-inform-public-why-jacob-zuma-charges-were-dropped-judge/.\n\nMaximum penalties for Dina Pule, Gaye Davies, City Press, August 7 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/maximum-penalties-for-pule/.\n\nDishonourable Dina: Down, but not out, Rebecca Davis, Daily Maverick, August 8 2013, \nhttp://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-08-08-dishonourable-dina-down-but-not-out/#.UnuB6ZQpbFE.\n\nInvestigators: 'Gold Fields bribed Mbete', Graig McKune, Mail & Guardian, September 6 2013, \nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-06-00-investigators-gold-fields-bribed-mbete.\n\nHawks confirms it will investigate Gold Fields, Mbete deal, Mail & Guardian, September 30 2013, \nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-30-hawks-confirms-it-will-investigated-gold-fields-mbete-deal.","Not all allegations are investigated, and not all investigations lead to punishment whilst in office. ..."]
["2013_SS_16",2013,"SS","South Sudan",16,50,"So far, there is no precedent of a head of state or government being investigated or prosecuted for crimes committed. South Sudan is only slightly over two years independent. The Anti-Corruption Commission says since its establishment in 2009, it has not received any criminal allegations against the head of state. \n\nIn August last year, a senior South Sudanese politician petitioned the country’s High Court to overturn and declare unconstitutional an order by the president that restricted the politician from movement outside of the capital and speaking to the press. However, the judges seen by many as not being independent threw out the petition before they could even investigate the matter.","Ayik, Johnny Saverio.  (2013, December) .  [Deputy chairperson, SSACC].  Personal communication.\n\nS. Sudan’s Supreme Court rejects Pagan Amum petition against Salva Kiir. The Sudan Tribune. Juba, October 30, 2013, Link: http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48630\n\nS. Sudan leader petitions against president orders, KSL.com, August 7, 2013, Charlton Doki, \nhttp://www.ksl.com/?nid=119&sid=26126451","So far, there is no precedent of a head of state or government being investigated or prosecuted for crimes committed. South Sudan is only slightly over two years independent. The Anti-Corruption Commission says since its establishment in 2009, it has not received any criminal alleg..."]
["2013_SD_16",2013,"SD","Sudan",16,0,"There is no single report showing that the president of Sudan had been investigated for crimes, although some reports (Time, 2012; Transparency International, 2012) show that he has been allegedly involved in crimes against humanity and corruption. \nThese accusations have not been investigated, however, could have been investigated if so determined by Parliament which would need to determine his eligibility to be prosecuted.","(2013, September 6) . Senior Sudanese judicial official slams immunity granted to president and VP. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article47957\n\nBoehler, P. (2012, December 5) . Where corruption is king: 2012 Rankings. Time. Retrieved from http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/12/06/where-corruption-is-king-2012-rankings/slide/sudan/\n \nMartin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/342_Corruption_and_anti-corruption_in_Sudan.pdf\n \n ","There is no single report showing that the president of Sudan had been investigated for crimes, although some reports (Time, 2012; Transparency International, 2012) show that he has been allegedly involved in crimes against humanity and corruption. ..."]
["2013_SZ_16",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",16,0,"The king, as head of state and head of government, cannot be prosecuted. The constitution is silent on whether the king may be investigated; this is a moot point. The privilege of legal immunity is in practice extended to the prime minister, who the king appoints from amongst his male family members. It impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish the King or the Prime Minister.","Interview: Anonymous, traditional leader, Ludzidzini, September 19, 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n \"The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland\" Buhle Dube and Alfred Magagula, Hauser Global Law School Programme, 2012.\n \n \"Swaziland Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, March 2013.","The king, as head of state and head of government, cannot be prosecuted. The constitution is silent on whether the king may be investigated; this is a moot point. The privilege of legal immunity is in practice extended to the prime minister, who the king appoints from amongst his m..."]
["2013_TZ_16",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",16,100,"The president of the United Republic of Tanzania enjoys immunity from any criminal proceeding during and after his service as provided for in the country's constitution save of impeachment procedures which requires the involvement of Parliament. There has not been any attempt to consider or conduct any impeachment procedures against either the current or past presidents. \n\nThere is no recollection of any time that the public has alleged wrong-doing or agitated for the removal of the president for any criminal activities or commission and omission during their work. The Presidency has for many years remained above censure even though that changed after the multi-party systems came into being in 1992. As a caveat, the office of the president is also not audited as far as use of public resources is concerned.","Doctor Benson Bana, Political Science Senior Lecturer – University of Dar es Salaam. March 23, 2014.\n \n Mr Wilson Kaigarula, Revise Editor – The Citizen newspaper, March 21, 2014","The president of the United Republic of Tanzania enjoys immunity from any criminal proceeding during and after his service as provided for in the country's constitution save of impeachment procedures which requires the involvement of Parliament. There has not been any attempt to co..."]
["2013_TG_16",2013,"TG","Togo",16,0,"Les plaintes contre les chefs d'État et de gouvernement n'aboutissent presque jamais. Les plaintes concernant l'État, et donc les chefs de l'État et du gouvernement, sont nombreuses, mais aucune enquête n'est diligentée. Certaines plaintes sont ainsi instruites à la cour de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDAO).\n \n Les membres du système en place bénéficient d’une immunité totale, de sorte que les seules poursuites qui ont été intentées ont porté sur des membres du gouvernement tombés en disgrâce. Par exemple, l’ancien premier ministre Agbéyomé Kodjo n’a été poursuivi pour détournement de fonds publics qu’après avoir tourné le dos au régime et rejoint l’opposition. De même, alors ministre de l’Administration territoriale, Pascal Bodjon avait été auditionné sous la foi du serment, et son inculpation subséquente semble plutôt relever d'un règlement de compte au plus haut niveau.","Ghislain Nyaku, responsable, Département de protection des droits de l'homme, Collectif des associations contre l'impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 novembre 2013.\n \n Anonyme, Publiez ce que vous payez, 24 novembre 2013. Global Integrity connaît les noms de sources anonymes et a convenu de ne pas divulguer.\n \n Togoone. (14 octobre 2013). « Togo : l’affaire Pascal Bodjona ». Repéré à http://www.togoone.com/news_actutg_affairebodjonac.html.","Les plaintes contre les chefs d'État et de gouvernement n'aboutissent presque jamais. Les plaintes concernant l'État, et donc les chefs de l'État et du gouvernement, sont nombreuses, mais aucune enquête n'est diligentée. Certaines plaintes sont ainsi instruites à la cour de la Comm..."]
["2013_TN_16",2013,"TN","Tunisia",16,0,"In the history of Tunisia, the head of state and government has never been accused or investigated. Today, voices are rising to ask to reduce the protection of immunity for the head of state, in the framework of writing a new constitution.","September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independant lawyer, Tunis\n \n September 28, 2013: Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis\n \n October 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections)","In the history of Tunisia, the head of state and government has never been accused or investigated. Today, voices are rising to ask to reduce the protection of immunity for the head of state, in the framework of writing a new constitution."]
["2013_UG_16",2013,"UG","Uganda",16,0,"The heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them. Besides, there are sections of the society that are even advocating for the amendment of article 96 clause 5 of the constitution so that presidents are not prosecuted for anything reason whatsoever even after leaving office. Article 98 clause 5 states that “civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a person after ceasing to be president, in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity before or during the term of office of that person; and any period of limitation in respect of any such proceedings shall not be taken to run during the period while that person was President”.\n \nIn the last 12 months, there are reported legal cases against the president brought before the court or the national ombudsman. However, in the past, there have been attempts to take legal action against the president, but none was successful. One such case is the “Brigadier Henry Tumukunde vs. Attorney General and Another -Constitutional Court Const. This is an example to show that no case can be brought against the president while still in office.","Daily Monitor, Yasiin Mugerwa; “IGG probes fraud in Museveni case”; May 4, 2013\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/IGG+probes+fraud+in+Museveni+case/-/688334/1841354/-/rvyvnn/-/index.html.\n \nAhura Mujuni Mark; “MP Drito to Push for Presidents’ Immunity of Prosecution When Out of Power” October 12, 2012\n http://www.ugandapicks.com/2012/10/mp-drito-to-push-for-presidents-immunity-of-prosecution-when-out-of-power-66139.html.\n \nWhat gives Africa Head of State immunity: http://justiceinconflict.org/2014/07/07/what-gives-african-union-head-of-state-immunity/.\n\nBrigadier Henry Tumukunde vs. Attorney General and Another - Constitutional Court Const. Petit. No. 6 2005 - 8/25/2005. http://www.ugandalawlibrary.com/ull/lawlib/judgment_display.asp?Key=4&Section=j_other_judgments&Case=Brigadier+Henry+Tumukunde+vs%2E+Attorney+General+and+Another","The heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them. Besides, there are sections of the society that are even advocating for the amendment of article 96 clause 5 of the constitution so that presidents ..."]
["2013_ZM_16",2013,"ZM","Zambia",16,0,"Because the law does not permit the investigation of a president while in office, it never happens in practice.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n2. Zambian Watchdog, \"There is evidence Hamasaka’s laptop was opened in his absence- State witness,\" Jan. 9, 2014.\nhttp://www.zambianwatchdog.com/there-is-evidence-hamasakas-laptop-was-opened-in-his-absence-state-witness/\n\n3. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Zambia National Assembly, Accountability, Dismissal and/or impeachment of Government and other public officials (sub-report), Circumstances and persons concerned, , http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/CtrlParlementaire/2359_F.htm.\n \n4. The Zambian Constitution, 1996, article 43 (1), (2), (3), (4), Protection of President in respect of legal proceedings.","Because the law does not permit the investigation of a president while in office, it never happens in practice."]
["2013_ZW_16",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",16,0,"According to the constitution, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for things done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity while in office. The country has had one president since independence in 1980, and to date, no cases have been brought against him. All the while, there are widespread allegations against the head of state.","Zimbabwe Constitution. Part 2. The President and Vice-presidents. Presidential Immunity.\n \n Voice of America, (nd), 31 July 2013, Vote Rigging, Fraud Allegations Overshadow Zimbabwe Vote\n http://www.voanews.com/content/zimbabweans-vote-for-president-parliament/1713482.html\n\nInternational Crisis Group, \"Zimbabwe: Election Scenarios,\" May 6, 2013.\nhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/southern-africa/zimbabwe/202-zimbabwe-election-scenarios.aspx","According to the constitution, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for things done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity while in office. The country has had one president since independence in 1980, and to date, no cases have b..."]
["2013_DZ_17",2013,"DZ","Algeria",17,0,"Toute personne qui se considère victime d’une inconduite policière peut aller déposer une plainte au niveau de la justice, au commissariat ou à la gendarmerie nationale. La plainte enregistrée sera alors transmise au procureur de la République qui décidera des suites éventuelles à y donner. La victime peut encore s’adresser directement auprès de l’inspection générale de la direction générale de la sûreté nationale.","-Décret exécutif n° 10-322 du 22 décembre 2010 portant sur le\nstatut particulier des fonctionnaires appartenant aux corps spécifiques de la sûreté nationale.\nArt 61, 62, 63. (2010). http://www.dgfp.gov.dz/texte/SURTF1078.pdf","Toute personne qui se considère victime d’une inconduite policière peut aller déposer une plainte au niveau de la justice, au commissariat ou à la gendarmerie nationale. La plainte enregistrée sera alors transmise au procureur de la République qui décidera des suites éventuelles à ..."]
["2013_AO_17",2013,"AO","Angola",17,100,"The Organic Law (Law 4/06 and Law 5/06) established the position and office of the Ombudsman in 2005. The Ombudsman can only make recommendations and can only respond to complaints raised, except in cases of very serious human rights abuses. Some issues can only be addressed with the approval of the president’s office.","Provedor de Justiça (Ombudsman) http://www.provedor-jus.co.ao/\n\nOrganic Law (Law 4/06 and Law 5/06). Unavailable online","The Organic Law (Law 4/06 and Law 5/06) established the position and office of the Ombudsman in 2005. The Ombudsman can only make recommendations and can only respond to complaints raised, except in cases of very serious human rights abuses. Some issues can only be addressed with t..."]
["2013_BJ_17",2013,"BJ","Benin",17,100,"Le Médiateur de la République est habilité à recevoir les plaintes émanant des citoyens sur les litiges qui les opposent aux entités et démembrements de l'administration publique. Dans ce cadre, elle peut recevoir et enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. \n\nSelon Article 8 de la loi créant le Médiateur, \"\"Le Médiateur de la République reçoit les griefs des administrés relatifs au fonctionnement des administrations centrales de  l’Etat, des collectivités décentralisées, des établissements publics et les  étudie afin d’y apporter des solutions équitables. Il suggère au Chef de l’Etat des propositions tendant au fonctionnement normal et à l’efficience \ndes services publics. Il contribue de façon générale à l’amélioration de l’Etat de droit et de la gouvernance administrative.\"\"\n\nL'article 210 du Code de procédure pénale fournit aussi une base légale pour introduire un recours contre un abus de droit effectué par un dépositaire de la force publique, mais cet article n'institue pas un organe spécifique à cette fin.\n\nSelon le Code en son article 210, « toute personne ayant fait l’objet d’une garde à vue ou d’une détention abusive peut, lorsque la procédure aboutit à une décision de non-lieu, de relaxe ou d’acquittement passée en force de chose jugée, obtenir une indemnisation si elle établit qu’elle a subi du fait de sa détention ou garde à vue un préjudice actuel d’une gravité particulière » .\n\nDe plus, le Code indique à l'article 634 que « lorsqu’un officier de police judiciaire est susceptible d’être inculpé d’un crime ou d’un délit qui aurait été commis dans la circonscription où il est territorialement compétent hors ou dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, le procureur de la République saisi de l’affaire présente sans délai la requête à la chambre judiciaire de la Cour Suprême qui procède et statue comme en matière de règlement de juge et désigne la juridiction chargée de l’instruction ou du jugement de l’affaire ».","Loi N° 2009-22 du 11 août 2009 instituant le Médiateur de la République. http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Loi_Num_2009-22_DU_11_AOUT_2009_INSTITUANT_LE_MEDIATEUR_DE_LA_REPUBLIQUE_AU_BENIN.pdf\n\nLoi n° 2012-15 portant code de procédure pénale en République du Bénin. (2012). Articles 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 et 634. http://ppja.org/countries/benin/Benin%20CPC.pdf/at_download/file","Le Médiateur de la République est habilité à recevoir les plaintes émanant des citoyens sur les litiges qui les opposent aux entités et démembrements de l'administration publique. Dans ce cadre, elle peut recevoir et enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la for..."]
["2013_BW_17",2013,"BW","Botswana",17,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2013_BF_17",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",17,0,"Il n'y a pas de loi qui crée un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler des cas d'abus de la force ou d'inconduite policière. Cependant, il existe au sein de la police nationale un « Service de contrôle » qui est chargé d'assurer : \n- le contrôle du fonctionnement normal et régulier des services de police ;\n- le respect, par les fonctionnaires de police, des lois et règlements, notamment du Règlement de discipline générale ;\n- le suivi des procédures disciplinaires et judiciaires dans lesquelles des personnels de la police nationale sont impliqués.\nLe Service de contrôle comporte un « Bureau de discipline » chargé du contrôle du respect, par les fonctionnaires de police, du Règlement de Discipline Générale des fonctionnaires de la Police nationale, des enquêtes administratives, disciplinaires et judiciaires et du suivi des procédures disciplinaires et judiciaires. Mais il n'est donné nul part de mécanisme qui permet aux citoyens de signaler les cas d'abus. De façon courante, les citoyens s'adressent aux supérieurs hiérarchiques des agents concernés par les abus.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'y a pas de loi qui crée un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler des cas d'abus de la force ou d'inconduite policière. Cependant, il existe au sein de la police nationale un « Service de contrôle » qui est chargé d'assurer : ..."]
["2013_BI_17",2013,"BI","Burundi",17,100,"L'Ombudsman peut être saisi en cas d'inconduite policière. Selon l'article 6 de la loi nr. 1/03 \"l'Ombudsman a pour missions:\n1. D'examiner les plaintes et de mener les enquêtes concernant les fautes de gestion et les violations des droits de l'homme commises par des agents de la fonction publique, du service judiciaire, des collectivités locales, des établissements publics et de tout organisme investi d'une mission de service public.\"","Law 1 / 05 of April 22, 2009, Revision de Code Penal, article 204 http://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php/Code_P%C3%A9nal_du_Burundi_%28Burundi_Penal_Code%29\n\nLaw 1/03 of Jan. 25, 2010 Organization et Fonctionnement de l'Ombudsman, Article 6, http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Burundi/Burundi-Loi-2010-organisation-Ombudsman.pdf","L'Ombudsman peut être saisi en cas d'inconduite policière. Selon l'article 6 de la loi nr. 1/03 \"l'Ombudsman a pour missions:\n1. D'examiner les plaintes et de mener les enquêtes concernant les fautes de gestion et les vi..."]
["2013_CM_17",2013,"CM","Cameroon",17,0,"In Cameroon, there is no existing law providing a methodology or procedure through which citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force to an independent authority. The police are considered under law (the Constitution of Cameroon) as any other ordinary citizen. As such, police misconduct can be treated by the courts through a case file or petition submitted against a police official who, by means of the discharge of his function, used force against a fellow citizen or abused his authority. Reporting police abuse is therefore the personal responsibility of the citizen concerned and no mechanism exists at present through which citizens can report police abuse by law.","Decree No. 2002/003 of 4 January 2002 on the organization of the General Delegation for National Security. http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/decret-n-2002003-du-4-janvier-2002-portant-organisation-de-la-delegation-generale-a-la-surete-nati.html","In Cameroon, there is no existing law providing a methodology or procedure through which citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force to an independent authority. The police are considered under law (the Constitution of Cameroon) as any other ordinary citizen. As such, p..."]
["2013_CV_17",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",17,100,"The 2003 agreement upon institution of an ombudsman has finally received another push and the law is likely to be indeed implemented at the beginning of 2014. S/he will work with a large team that will have the purpose of hearing complaints from citizens about abuses, including police. \n\nFurthermore, there is a Cape Verdean commission on human rights. Article 4 of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship Law states the mission of the commission includes investigation of the assault and other human rights violations which have been brought to the commission's attention or investigated on its own initiative.","1. Article 21 Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde (\"Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde\"), 2010 Revision, published in Official Gazette - Supplement I Series-Number 17 of May 3, 2010 (Rectified by BO No. 28 of July 26, 2010 I Series). \n\n2. Ombudsman Act 29/IV/2003, August 4, article 36 crcv habeas corpus; Dec Leg 2/95 public administration.\n\n3. National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship (Decree-Law No. 38/2004 of October 11, published in the Official Bulletin of the Republic of Cape Verde, Series I, No. 30-11 October 2004). http://www.portaldoconhecimento.gov.cv/bitstream/10961/1582/1/Brochura_Plano_Nacional_de_Accao_Direitos_Humanos.pdf.","The 2003 agreement upon institution of an ombudsman has finally received another push and the law is likely to be indeed implemented at the beginning of 2014. S/he will work with a large team that will have the purpose of hearing complaints from citizens about abuses, including pol..."]
["2013_CF_17",2013,"CF","CAR",17,0,"Il n'existe pas en ce moment de mécanisme spécial permettant aux citoyens de signaler les cas d'inconduite des policiers en RCA. \n\nToutefois, un citoyen qui se sent lésé par un policier peut déposer une plainte contre ce dernier à la Gendarmerie nationale. Il sera convoqué et entendu. Dans les cas où les  faits sont de nature grave et contraires à la loi, certaines dispositions du Code pénal seront appliquées en vertu du principe « nul n'est au-dessus de la loi ». Dans certains cas, les victimes ne mènent pas cette démarche par crainte des représailles.","Appoline Trop, adjointe du commandant de Brigade motorisée, sous-officier de la Gendarmerie nationale, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Memot, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 12 septembre 2013.","Il n'existe pas en ce moment de mécanisme spécial permettant aux citoyens de signaler les cas d'inconduite des policiers en RCA. ..."]
["2013_TD_17",2013,"TD","Chad",17,100,"The office of the ombudsman was created in 1997 to mediate in all conflicts between citizens and public institutions, which would also assist in any police misconduct against citizens.","Décret N° 095/PR/PM/MSPI/2013 du 30 janvier 2013. (2013).\n\nLaw 09-031 2009-12-11 Establishing the Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic. http://legitchad.cefod-tchad.org/texte/1388","The office of the ombudsman was created in 1997 to mediate in all conflicts between citizens and public institutions, which would also assist in any police misconduct against citizens."]
["2013_KM_17",2013,"KM","Comoros",17,0,"Aucun mécanisme spécial n'est prévu dans la loi comorienne pour les cas où un citoyen serait victime de bavure policière. Le citoyen peut simplement s'appuyer sur le Code pénal, qui réprime les policiers auteurs d'atteintes à la liberté. \nAinsi, l’article 105 du Code pénal stipule que lorsqu’un fonctionnaire public, un agent, un préposé ou un membre du gouvernement, aura ordonné ou fait quelques actes arbitraires ou attentatoires, soit à la liberté individuelle, soit aux droits civiques d’un ou plusieurs citoyens, soit à la Constitution, il sera condamné à la peine de la dégradation civique.","Loi n°- 082 P/A.F – Loi 96-012/AF portant Code pénal (Crimes et délits). (1995). Article 105. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Code%201981%20penal.pdf","Aucun mécanisme spécial n'est prévu dans la loi comorienne pour les cas où un citoyen serait victime de bavure policière. Le citoyen peut simplement s'appuyer sur le Code pénal, qui réprime les policiers auteurs d'atteintes à la liberté. ..."]
["2013_CD_17",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",17,100,"Sur le plan institutionnel, la Loi n° 9 - 98 du 31 octobre 1998  portant institution, attributions et fonctionnement  du Médiateur de la République permet à la population d'adresser des requêtes pour dénoncer non seulement le comportement des forces de la police et de la gendarmerie, mais aussi de l'administration en générale.\n\nArticle 3 : «Le Médiateur de la République ne se substitue pas aux tribunaux. Il joue le rôle d'intermédiaire entre les pouvoirs publics et les particuliers au sujet de leurs revendications relatives au fonctionnement de l'administration.» \n \nArticle 4 : «Le Médiateur de la République est saisi directement des requêtes des administrés « personnes physiques ou morales ». \n\nArticle 16 : «Toute personne physique ou morale qui estime, à l'occasion d'une  affaire la concernant, qu'un organisme visé à l'article 12 n'a pas fonctionné conformément à la mission de service public, peut, par une réclamation  individuelle, saisir le Médiateur comme prévu à l'article 4 de la présente Loi.» \n \nArticle 17 : «La réclamation doit être précédée des démarches nécessaires auprès des administrations intéressées. Elle n'interrompt pas les délais de recours, notamment devant les juridictions  compétentes.»\n\nAussi, il existe bien un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force c'est l’Inspection Générale de la Police (IGP). Suivant le cas, il y a une commission d'enquête administratif en vue de sanctionner l'agent où le fonctionnaire de police auteurs des faits. Cette commission est circonstancielle, elle n'est pas permanente.\n\nDès que l'affaire est importante, l'administration policière, par le biais du directeur général de la police, transmet à l'inspection générale de la Police Nationale pour enquête. Cette inspection peut directement recevoir les plaintes et dénonciation des particuliers.  Et lorsque l'inspection des enquêtes a monté le dossier, celle-ci le transmet directement au ministre de l'Intérieur pour ce qui est du volet disciplinaire le ministre de l'Intérieur peut sanctionner. En revanche, pour ce qui relève du volet pénale, le dossier est transmis au parquet.","1 - Loi n° 9 - 98 DU 31 octobre 1998  portant institution, attributions et fonctionnement du Médiateur de la République.  http://track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Laws/Loi%209%20Mediateur%20(1998).pdf\n\n2 - Décret 2011-792 du 2 décembre 2011 portant attribution et organisation de l'Inspection Générale de la Police Nationale (IGPN).\n\n3- La loi 6-2011 du 2 mars 2011 fixant les missions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la police Nationale.\n\n4 - Décret n°2011-427 du 25 juin 2011 portant attribution et organisation de la direction générale de la police.\n\n5 - Décret n°2009-394 du 13 octobre 2009 relatif aux attributions du ministre de l'Intérieur et de la décentralisation.\n\n6 - La loi n° 9-98 du 31 octobre 1998 portant création et attribution du médiateur de la République.\n\n7 - Entretien le jeudi 18 octobre 2013 avec le Colonel Jean-Claude NDOUDI, Commissaire de la Police, Directeur de la Police Administrative et de la Réglementation, l'entretien a eu lieu au siège de la Direction Générale de la Police à Brazzaville.\n\n8- Entretien le mardi 22 octobre 2013 avec M. Séraphin ONDELE,  directeur de cabinet du ministre de l'Intérieur et de la décentralisation, au siège du ministère, rond point du CCF. \n\n9 - Jean-Aive ALLAKOUA, ancien porte parole de la police nationale, entretien effectué le 10 octobre 2013, Direction Générale de la Police Nationale (DGPN).\n\n10 - Entretien du 23 octobre avec M. Jean KIGNOULKOU, chef de secrétaire de direction de l'Inspection Générale de la police Nationale au siège.","Sur le plan institutionnel, la Loi n° 9 - 98 du 31 octobre 1998  portant institution, attributions et fonctionnement  du Médiateur de la République permet à la population d'adresser des requêtes pour dénoncer non seulement le comportement des forces de la police et de la gendarmeri..."]
["2013_CG_17",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",17,0,"Il n’existe aucun mécanisme de protection sui generis des citoyens contre l’inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. Néanmoins, les citoyens qui sont victimes de cette inconduite peuvent saisir l’auditorat militaire et dénoncer les forfaits dont ils ont été victimes.\nVoir loi n° 023/2002 du 18 novembre 2002 portant sur le Code judiciaire militaire.\n\nL’auditeur général des Forces armées remplit les fonctions d’officier du Ministère public près la Haute Cour Militaire et peut exercer les mêmes fonctions auprès de toutes les juridictions militaires établies sur le territoire de la République.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière","Il n’existe aucun mécanisme de protection sui generis des citoyens contre l’inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. Néanmoins, les citoyens qui sont victimes de cette inconduite peuvent saisir l’auditorat militaire et dénoncer les forfaits dont ils ont été victimes...."]
["2013_CI_17",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",17,0,"L’article 6 du Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du ministère d’État, ministère de l’Intérieur stipule que l’Inspection générale des services de police est chargée « d’assurer le contrôle du fonctionnement normal et régulier et reçoit les plaintes et les dénonciations formulées à l’encontre des fonctionnaires de police et conduit les enquêtes subséquentes. Il n'existe cependant pas de corps avec un degré d'indépendance qui peut être approché par les citoyens en dehors  des organes de l'Etat.\n\nIl existe également une Unité de lutte contre le racket (ULCR) créée par l’Arrêté interministériel N°086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011, composée d’éléments de la police, de la gendarmerie, des forces armées, des douanes et des eaux et forêts et placée sous tutelle du ministère d’État, ministère de l’Intérieur et de la Sécurité dans le cadre de la lutte contre le racket et l’insécurité. Parmi ses missions figurent la lutte contre les perceptions illicites par les forces de l’ordre. Cette unité a mis en place des numéros verts à la disposition des citoyens et il est possible de la saisir par le biais de son site Internet (http://www.stopracket.gouv.ci/?q=fr/saisine%20de%20ulcr).","Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du ministère d’État, ministère de l’Intérieur. (2011). Article 6. Repéré à: http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc\n \nArrêté interministériel N°086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011 créant l’Unité de Lutte Contre le Racket (ULCR). (2011).","L’article 6 du Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du ministère d’État, ministère de l’Intérieur stipule que l’Inspection générale des services de police est chargée « d’assurer le contrôle du fonctionnement normal et régulier et reçoit les plaintes et les d..."]
["2013_DJ_17",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",17,100,"Aucun texte n'existe pour ce mécanisme spécifique, mais il existe des autorités administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur ou la Commission Nationale de Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) pour assurer la défense des droits des citoyens. \n\nL'Article 1er de la loi portant Médiateur de la République dispose: «autorité indépendante, le Médiateur de la République reçoit, dans les conditions fixées par la présente loi, les réclamations concernant, dans leurs relations avec les administrés, le fonctionnement des administrations de l'État, des institutions décentralisées, des établissements publics et de tout autre organisme investi d'une mission de service public.»\n\nConcernant la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) : «la Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme est un cadre national de concertation entre les acteurs publics concernés par les questions des Droits de l'Homme, d'une part, et les représentants des associations, mouvements et organisations non gouvernementales de protection et promotion des Droits de l'Homme d'autre part. La Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme est un organe consultatif des Droits de l'Homme. Elle œuvre pour la protection et la promotion des Droits de l'Homme.»","Loi n° 51/AN/99/4ème L relative au Médiateur de la République du 21 août 1999. \n\nDécret n°2008-0103/PR/MJAP portant création de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH)","Aucun texte n'existe pour ce mécanisme spécifique, mais il existe des autorités administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur ou la Commission Nationale de Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) pour assurer la défense des droits des citoyens. ..."]
["2013_EG_17",2013,"EG","Egypt",17,100,"There is a National Council on Human Rights that may inform the public prosecutor and instigate investigations, however not independently conduct such investigations. Article 80 stipulates, \"The National Council for Human Rights shall inform the Public Prosecution of any violation... may join the injured party in a civil action, and may appeal on their behalf.\"\n\nThere are however laws and provisions that can be (and sometimes are) interpreted as allocating such mandate to the public prosecution also. According to articles 80 and 173 of the 2012 Constitution (which was in effect during the period of study - but later suspended in July 2013), the public prosecution is the body entitled to investigate corruption charges (and all other criminal cases). Abuse or misconduct would thus be investigated by a body belonging to the executive power and therefore be dependent. \n\nThe explicit independent mechanism or body specifically mandated to provide redress options is the Human Rights Commission. \n\nFurther, the Criminal Procedure Code 23 of 1971 entitles Public Prosecution and an auditing department affiliated with the interior ministry to investigate police misconduct, this however relates more to administrative misconduct and not to abuse of power. There are other corruption agencies in Egypt as well. Most notably the Administrative Control Authority (ACA), that was mandated through Law 54/1964 and Law 92/1975 to examine citizen complaints with regard to administrative corruption charges.","Al-Youm, A.-M.  (2012, November 8) .  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/ministry-drafts-harsher-police-torture-penalties.\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, articles 80, 173, and 199.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/. \n\nInterview: \n\"Public prosecution as well as an auditing department affiliated to the interior ministry is entitled to investigate any police misconduct\", said Mohamed Shabana, Human rights lawyer, referring to the Egyptian Criminal Procedure Code and police institution law. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE 23 OF 1971 (AS AMENDED TO 14 MARCH 2010).","There is a National Council on Human Rights that may inform the public prosecutor and instigate investigations, however not independently conduct such investigations. Article 80 stipulates, \"The National Council for Human Rights shall inform the Public Prosecution of any violation...."]
["2013_GQ_17",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",17,0,"The score for this \"in law\" indicator is \"no\". There is no single mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.\n\nArticles 178–204 in the Código Penal of 1963 address specific offenses committed by civil servants (\"funcionarios públicos\"), including judges, prison personnel, members of the military and police officers. \n\nFor example, art. 184 in the 1963 Código Penal stipulates that civil servants who illegally arrest an individual are subject to suspension of duties or to fines:\n\nArt. 184: El funcionario público que practicare ilegalmente cualquier detención, incurrirá en la pena de suspensión si la detención no hubiere excedido de tres días, en las de suspensión y multa de 5.000 a 10.000 pesetas si [...]\n\nHowever, no oversight body exists that is specifically tasked by the law with investigating police misconduct or abuse of force.\n\nEquatorial Guinea has not updated its criminal justice system since independence from Spain in 1968. It continues to enforce Spain’s Código Penal (penal code) of 28 March 1963 (Decree 691/1963). There has been no attempt to update criminal law since the penal code was last revised on 17 February 1966 (Decree 480/1966), says Amnesty International.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Penal Code, título II, capítulo II, sección Segunda, “De los delitos cometidos por los funcionarios públicos contra el ejercicio de los derechos de la persona reconocidos por las leyes,\" articles 178–204.  (1963) .  [Decree 691/1963 (March 28, 1963) adopting the “Texto revisado de 1963” of Spain’s Penal Code]  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=13:penal2&Itemid=79\n\nAmnesty International.  (2009) .  Equatorial Guinea: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review: Sixth session of the UPR working group of the Human Rights Council November–December 2009.  Retrieved from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR24/002/2009/en/19e4a019-8d7e-49f8-bb1a-8c3bf38d3ff6/afr240022009en.pdf","The score for this \"in law\" indicator is \"no\". There is no single mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force...."]
["2013_ER_17",2013,"ER","Eritrea",17,0,"There is no specific police oversight body, though the police are covered as public servants for whom the law forbids abuse of authority. \n\nThe Transitional Penal code stipulates that: \n\nArt. 425. — Corrupt Practices.\n(1) Any public servant who, in consideration for the performance of or omission of\nan act, in violation of the duties proper to his office, seeks, exacts a promise of\nor receives a gift or any other advantage to which lie is not entitled,\nis punishable with simple imprisonment for not less than three months, and\nfine.\n(2) Where the purpose of the breach of duty solicited, the size of the sums or gifts\nreceived in consideration, the official capacity or powers of the person\ncorrupted, or the extent of the breach of duty committed renders the case of\nparticular gravity, the punishment shall be rigorous imprisonment not\nexceeding five years and a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars.\n(3) In like case, arbitrators, experts, jurors, translators, or interpreters engaged by\nthe public authorities in their technical capacity are liable to the same\npunishments.\n\nArt. 304. Abuse of Authority.\nA superior officer who exceeds the authority he exercises by virtue of his commission, abuses such authority or improperly assumes authority no conferred by such commission, is punishable, where his act does not constitute an offence under this Code, in accordance with the provisions of military regulations.\nArt. 305. Threats or Violence against an Inferior.\n(1) Whosoever threatens a person subject to his orders or of lower rank, strikes him, uses cruelty or violence towards him, or treats him in a degrading manner, is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding six months.\n(2) Where the offender has made use of a weapon or other dangerous instrument, he, is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding five years.\nArt. 349. Principle of Application.\nThe provisions of the two preceding Chapters (Art. 296-346) shall apply where any of the offences provided therein has been attempted or committed by or against a member of the police force and where it does not come under any other special provisions of the law.\n\nFurthermore, the Constitution stipulates that:\n\nArticle 16 Right to Human Dignity\n(1) The dignity of all persons shall be inviolable.\n(2) No person shall be subject to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.\n(3) No person shall be held in slavery or servitude or required to perform forced labor not authorized by law. \nArticle 17 Arrest, Detention and Fair Trial\n(1) No person may be arrested or detained save pursuant to due process of law.\n(2) No person shall be tried or convicted for any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence at the time when it was committed.\n(3) Every person arrested or detained shall be informed of the grounds for his arrest or detention and the rights he has in\nconnection with his arrest or detention in a language he understands.\n(4) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be brought before the court within forty-eight (48) hours of his arrest, and if this is not reasonably possible, as soon as possible thereafter, and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond such period without the authority of the court.\n(5) Every person shall have the right to petition the court for a Writ of Habeas Corpus. Where the arresting officer fails to bring him before the court of law and provide the reason for their arrest, the court shall accept the petition and order the release of the prisoner.\n(6) Every person charged with an offence shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a court of law; provided, however, that such a court may exclude the press and/or the public from all or any part of the trial for reasons of morals, the public order or national security, as is necessary in a just and democratic society.\n(7) A person charged with an offence shall be presumed to be innocent, and shall not be punished, unless he is found guilty by a court.\n(8) Where an accused is convicted, he shall have the right to appeal. No person shall be liable to be tried again for any criminal offence on which judgment has been rendered. \n\nArticle 29 Residual Rights\nThe rights enumerated in this Chapter shall not preclude other rights which ensue from the spirit of this Constitution and the principles of a society based on social justice, democracy and the rule of law.","The Transitional Penal Code (1991)\n\nThe Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997)\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","There is no specific police oversight body, though the police are covered as public servants for whom the law forbids abuse of authority. ..."]
["2013_ET_17",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",17,100,"There are general provisions, including the proclamations that establish the Institution of the Ombudsman and the Human Rights Commission, that describe possible mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting government organs in cases of human rights abuses and/or maladministration. However, no specific instrument with which to address police conduct, use of force or abuses exists. Both the Comission and the Ombudsman have their establishment by proclamation.  \n\nAccording to Articles 6 (4) and 7 of the Human Rights Commission Proclamation No. 210/2000, the commission shall have the powers and duties to undertake investigation, upon complaint or its own initiation, in respect to human rights violations. The commission shall have full powers to receive and investigate all complaints on human rights violations made against any person, save cases brought before the House, the House of the Federation, Regional Council or before the courts of law, at any level.","1. Human Rights Commission Proclamation No. 210/2000. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_229633.pdf \n\n2. Proclamation No. 211/2000: A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of the Institution of the Ombudsman, 2000. http://chilot.me/2011/08/03/proclamation-no-211-2000-establishment-of-the-institution-of-the-ombudsman/","There are general provisions, including the proclamations that establish the Institution of the Ombudsman and the Human Rights Commission, that describe possible mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting government organs in cases of human rights abuses and/or maladministration...."]
["2013_GA_17",2013,"GA","Gabon",17,0,"Gabon instituted a system in December 1970 whereby sheriffs or bailiffs, known as \"huissiers de justice\", can help citizens make legal claims against the police. However, these bailiffs help citizens file claims and are a procedural mechanism. Law No. 11/70 (December 17, 1970) was passed to regulate the activity of the bailiffs (huissiers de justice), but it lacked key aspects that would facilitate their day-to-day activity. Their mandate also overlapped with that of lawyers, which has led to turf wars. As of 2013, a temporary president was appointed to the Chambre Nationale des Huissiers de Justice du Gabon (CNHJG) in Libreville: Roland Yves Nguéma. At the national level, the president of CNHJG was Eliane Oberdono Ontala Lewori. There are currently a total of 39 legally recognized huissiers de justice in Libreville, Port-Gentil, Franceville and Oyem.\n\nOtherwise, there is no mechanism which provides for addressing the complaints of citizens against security officers for abuse of power. The Code of Criminal Procedure does not mention such a mechanism, which means that this type of complaint can take be an ordinary one.\n\nArticle 139 of the Gabon Penal Code provides for penalties for abuse of power, but provides no complaints mechanism outside the regular court system.\n\nArticle 139: \"When an official or public officer, director, agent or employee of the government or the police, an enforcer of judicial decisions, a commander or subordinate law enforcement has, without a legitimate reason, used or authorized the use of violence against persons in the exercise or on while discharging his duties, he shall be punished with imprisonment of one to ten years and in addition shall be fined in the amount of up to one million francs ($2000). \"\n\nThe legal mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force (\"abus de pouvoir\") are contained in the Code Pénal and the subsequent amendments to its articles from 1976 and 1993.\n\nProfessor Rossatanga-Rignault pointed to the Code Pénal, Loi No. 21/63 (May 31, 1963), livre II (“Crimes and offenses against public affairs\" (Des crimes et délits contre la chose publique)), chapitre IX (“Crimes and offenses committed by civil servants\" (Des crimes et délits commis par les fonctionnaires)), articles 134–139. Article 134 was amended by Ordonnance No. 53/76 of August 24, 1976. Article 138 was amended by Law No. 19/93 from August 27, 1993.\n\nAccording to the body of legislation in Gabon’s Code Pénal, if an agent of government or public official commits an arbitrary act against a citizen’s individual liberty or violates his or her civil rights, the perpetrator will be sentenced to five years in prison (article 134). In the event a police officer makes use of physical violence against a citizen without legitimate cause in the exercise of his or her duties, he or she will be sentenced to 10 years in prison and will pay a maximum penalty of CFA 1 million (article 139).","Penal Code, Law No. 21/63. (May 31, 1963), Book II (Crimes and offenses against the State), Chapter IX (Crimes and offenses committed by officials), 134-139 articles.\n\nLaw No. 11/70.  (1970, December 17) . Portant statut des huissiers de justice. \n\nLaw No. 19/93.  (1993, August 27) .\n\nOrdonnance No. 53/76.  (1976, August 24) . \n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n\n(2013, July 11) .  Du rififi à la Chambre nationale des huissiers de justice du Gabon (CNHJG).  Infos Gabon.  Retrieved from http://infosgabon.com/?p=27541\n\nJRB.  (n.d.) .  Pour la mise en place d'un cadre légal de la CNHJG.  COCOM [Communications Service of Presidency of Gabon posts a PDF of a newspaper story that could be Libreville's daily L'Union].  Retrieved from http://cocom.rggov.org/veille/2_2013/_files/v20130624%20JUSTICE.pdf\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nNzuey, G.F.  (2013, July 2).  Chambre des huissiers de justice: d’un putsch à un autre.  Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/chambre-des-huissiers-de-justice-dun-putsch-a-un-autre/\n\n(2013, June 23) .  Un bureau provisoire pour les huissiers de justice. PDG Members Abroad.  Retrieved from http://ancienspdgetranger.vefblog.net/123.html","Gabon instituted a system in December 1970 whereby sheriffs or bailiffs, known as \"huissiers de justice\", can help citizens make legal claims against the police. However, these bailiffs help citizens file claims and are a procedural mechanism. Law No. 11/70 (December 17, 1970) was ..."]
["2013_GM_17",2013,"GM","The Gambia",17,100,"There is no specific law in place vesting any institution with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. However, the Ombudsman is established to hear citizen complaints, and to investigate those complaints. This does not exclude complaints about police misconduct or abuse of force. \n\nThe Ombudsman Act:\n3.  (1)   In addition to the functions of the Ombudsman under the Constitution, the Ombudsman shall have the following functions -\na.        to investigate complaints of injustice, corruption, abuse of power, maladministration and unfair treatment of any person or a public officer in the exercise of official duties;\n\nb.        to investigate complaints concerning the functioning of the Public Service Commission, the administrative and security organs of the State, the Police Service and Prisons Services in so far as the complaints relate to the failure to achieve a balanced structuring of those services or equal access by all to the recruitment to those services or fair administration in relation to those services.\n\n     (2)  The Ombudsman may, where it is considered desirable, investigate into any matter referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1).","The Ombudsman Act of 1997. Article 3. \nhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theioi.org%2Fdownloads-ioi%2Fflunq%2FOMBUDSMAN%2520ACT.doc&ei=Y5oAVYDpHYa0sATOxoLQBg&usg=AFQjCNGU-RM-7cuMe-TKvCHw6Nf5vCBE-w","There is no specific law in place vesting any institution with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. However, the Ombudsman is established to hear citizen complaints, and to investigate those complaints. This does not exclude complaints about police miscon..."]
["2013_GH_17",2013,"GH","Ghana",17,100,"The 1992 established the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice and gave it the mandate to protect human rights and address issues of administrative injustice. Under this mandate, the commission receives complaints from the general public on police abuses and, as such, investigates them.\n\nArticle 216 of the 1992 constitution states: \"There shall be established by act of parliament within six months after parliament first meets after the coming into force of this constitution, a Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice which shall consist of:\n(a) a Commissioner for Human Rights and Administrative Justice; and\n(b) two Deputy Commissioners for Human Rights and Administrative Justice\n\n217.The president shall appoint the members of the commission under article 70 of this constitution. \n\nArticle 218 of the constitution states: \"The functions of the commission shall be defined and prescribed by act of parliament and shall include the duty\n(a) to investigate complaints of violations of fundamental rights and freedoms, injustice, corruption, abuse of power and unfair treatment of any person by a public officer in the exercise of his official duties;\n(b) to investigate complaints concerning the functioning of the Public Services Commission, the administrative organs of the state, the armed forces, the police service and the prisons service in so far as complaints relate to the failure to achieve a balanced structuring of those services or equal access by all to the recruitment of those services or fair administration in relation to those service;\n(c) to investigate complaints concerning practices and actions by persons, private enterprises and other institutions where those complaints allege violations of fundamental rights and freedoms under this constitution.\"","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter 18, (Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice), article 218, sections (a), (b) and (c).","The 1992 established the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice and gave it the mandate to protect human rights and address issues of administrative injustice. Under this mandate, the commission receives complaints from the general public on police abuses and, as suc..."]
["2013_GN_17",2013,"GN","Guinea",17,0,"En Guinée, il n'y a pas d’organe reconnu par les citoyens pour dénoncer les inconduites policières. Dans la pratique, le procureur étant le responsable direct des officiers de la police judiciaire, il y a possibilité de déposer des plaintes à l'encontre de ses agents. Mais quand il s'agit des autres forces de l'ordre qui ne sont pas sous sa responsabilité, les choses deviennent plus difficiles. \n\nLes victimes d’exactions policières se résignent majoritairement et ne portent presque jamais plainte. Dans le cas contraire, ces victimes s’adressent aux tribunaux. \n\nIl existe des cellules de discipline créées au sein des différentes unités des forces de l'ordre. En général, cependant, ces cellules n’interviennent que pour exercer une répression envers les agents qui n'observent pas les ordres de leurs supérieurs. En conséquence,  aucun citoyen ne s'est jamais présenté devant l’une de ces cellules pour déposer une plainte.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","En Guinée, il n'y a pas d’organe reconnu par les citoyens pour dénoncer les inconduites policières. Dans la pratique, le procureur étant le responsable direct des officiers de la police judiciaire, il y a possibilité de déposer des plaintes à l'encontre de ses agents. Mais quand il..."]
["2013_GW_17",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",17,100,"Penal code article 179 stipulates that any complaint may be made by any citizen in respect of public offences and can be presented to the public ministry, or an police agent who will communicate with the ministry\n\nSection II is about complaints. Article 180 states that possessors of the right to complain are the offended citizens, or the protectors of their interests that the law would protect. Complaints can be made by any citizen, particularly in relation to crimes of corruption or abuse of functions by public authority.","Penal Code Guinea Bissau 1993 Article 179. Denounciation Section II Article 180 complaints.","Penal code article 179 stipulates that any complaint may be made by any citizen in respect of public offences and can be presented to the public ministry, or an police agent who will communicate with the ministry..."]
["2013_KE_17",2013,"KE","Kenya",17,100,"The Independent Policing Oversight Authority Act of 2011 provides for the creation of an independent body to provide a civilian oversight of the police service. Articles 6 and 7 of the act of 2011 spell out the roles and powers of the autonomous body.\n\nArticle 24 of the act also explains the procedure by which the public can file complaints with the independent agency.","1. Independent Policing Oversight Authority Act of 2011. The law was published in 2011 and revised in 2012, http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/Independent_Policing_Oversight_Authority_Act__No._35_of_2011.pdf.\n\n2. Mr Erick Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya, interviewed September 19, 2013.\n\n3. \"Independent Policing Oversight Authority probes woman’s death in Mathare slum shooting\",  Cyrus Ombati, published by the Standard newspaper on July 22, 2013, \nhttps://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000088998&story_title=ipoa-probes-woman-s-death-in-mathare-slum-shooting.\n\n4. Independent Policing Oversight Authority, chairman Mr Macharia Njeru, interviewed on September 19, 2013.","The Independent Policing Oversight Authority Act of 2011 provides for the creation of an independent body to provide a civilian oversight of the police service. Articles 6 and 7 of the act of 2011 spell out the roles and powers of the autonomous body...."]
["2013_LS_17",2013,"LS","Lesotho",17,100,"Section 22 of the Police Service Act 1998 establishes the Police Complaints Authority to monitor and investigate allegations of human rights violation by members of the police services. Subsection (3) of this act reads as follows: “The Police Complaints Authority shall have responsibility for investigating and reporting to the police authority on any complaint referred to it by the police authority of the commissioner [of police], which is a complaint from a member of the public about the conduct of a member of the police service.” \n\nThe Lesotho Mounted Police Service also has its internal oversight mechanism, but the name of the complaints and discipline unit. This unit processes complaints about the quality of police services and allegations of corruption by the police.\n\nAlso, section 7 of the Ombudsman Act 1996 empowers the Ombudsman to investigate public institutions and officers for allegations of human rights violations and misconduct.","1. Lesotho Mounted Police Service Act, 1998. Part II. Sections 21 and 22.\n\n2. Ombudsman Act 1996. Section 7 (11). http://www.lesotholii.org/files/ombudsman_act_1996.pdf","Section 22 of the Police Service Act 1998 establishes the Police Complaints Authority to monitor and investigate allegations of human rights violation by members of the police services. Subsection (3) of this act reads as follows: “The Police Complaints Authority shall have respons..."]
["2013_LR_17",2013,"LR","Liberia",17,100,"The Human Rights Commission is empowered in Article III (3) to - among other items - receive citizen complaints and act upon them with quasi judicial powers, including issuing subpoenas, investigating and refering cases to the prosecuting agencies on any police or other state forces misconduct or abuse of force, representing citizens and guaranteeing their well-being and their human rights.","Article IV (1) of the Independent Human Rights Commission Act, 2005, http://www.infoliberia.org/doc_download/Independent_National_Commission_on_Human_Rights_of_Liberia_Act_2005.pdf?a4705305cd27e04fb1f66830e7e0ef9d=MTU1\n\nIndependent National Commission on Human Rights (INCHR) Act, Amendment of \nAN ACT TO AMEND CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF ARTICLES VI, VIII, IX, XI AND XVII \nOF THE INDEPENDENT NATIONAL COMMISION, 2005, \nhttp://www.infoliberia.org/doc_download/Independent%20National%20Commission%20on%20Human%20Rights%20(INCHR)%20Act,%20Amendment%20of.pdf?a4705305cd27e04fb1f66830e7e0ef9d=NTM=","The Human Rights Commission is empowered in Article III (3) to - among other items - receive citizen complaints and act upon them with quasi judicial powers, including issuing subpoenas, investigating and refering cases to the prosecuting agencies on any police or other state force..."]
["2013_LY_17",2013,"LY","Libya",17,100,"There is no specific law providing for an independent body or complaints mechanism for citizens to report police action or misconduct, but the Human Rights Council is an autonomous body, organized under the National Transitional Council that can investigate these cases. The statutes were recently approved and the head office will be based in Tripoli. The tasks for the rights council will be similar to that of a human rights ombudsman while it will organize itself around a set of thematic commissions. It will also undertake to raise awareness of what human rights are, and link international human rights language with Islamic principles (to increase accessibility). The hope is also that the council will function as a national think-tank for the development of human rights. The linkages with civilian groups will be important from the perspective of technical knowledge and sharing.\nThere is an administrative monitoring mechanism that accepts claims from citizens willing to report misconduct by police officers and other civil servants. Reports confirm the appointment of Abdu Assalam Mohammed Saad Al Hassi as head of this mechanism.","General National Congress, Decree 78 - creation of an institution and appointment of its head for administrative monitoring\n\nAnonymous - NGO worker on multiple anti-corruption projects - Transparency Libya - Tripoli, personal communication, November 9, 2013.\n\nAnonymous. - judge of administrative law - Tripoli, personal communication, November 9, 2013.","There is no specific law providing for an independent body or complaints mechanism for citizens to report police action or misconduct, but the Human Rights Council is an autonomous body, organized under the National Transitional Council that can investigate these cases. The statute..."]
["2013_MG_17",2013,"MG","Madagascar",17,0,"Tout abus d’un agent commis dans le cadre de ses fonctions est  réprimé par le Code pénal, et peut faire l’objet d’une poursuite pénale. Par déduction de ce que prévoit la Loi n° 96-026 du 2 octobre 1996 portant sur le Statut général autonome des personnels de la Police nationale, on peut donc poursuivre les agissements abusifs des agents de la Police nationale. En effet, l’article 17 spécifie que « hors les cas de crimes et délits flagrants, la poursuite des fonctionnaires de Police est soumise à l’autorisation du ministre chargé de la Police nationale ».\n\nEnfin, selon l’Arrêté n° 24.480/2012 portant sur le Code de conduite de la police nationale, le non-respect du code de la part de l’agent est un acte punissable et constitue soit une faute disciplinaire soit une faute pénale – article 52. Dans ces cas, les particuliers peuvent entamer des recours hiérarchiques ou au niveau des instances répressives. Le Décret 96-174 donne plus de précisions : « tout manquement aux prescriptions du présent code expose son auteur à des sanctions disciplinaires, sans préjudice, le cas échéant, de poursuites pénales, mais aussi civiles » – article 52.","- Code pénal, mise à jour du 31 mars 2005, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 841. www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/.../les%20codes/CODE%20PENAL.pdf‎\n- Loi n° 96-026 du 2 octobre 1996 portant sur le Statut général autonome des personnels de la Police nationale.\nhttp://www.policenationale.gov.mg/?page_id=148\n- Décret n° 96-174 portant sur le Code de déontologie de la Police Nationale. \nhttp://www.policenationale.gov.mg/?page_id=1229\n- Arrêté n° 24.480/2012 portant sur le Code de Conduite de la Police Nationale.\nhttp://www.policenationale.gov.mg/?page_id=1129","Tout abus d’un agent commis dans le cadre de ses fonctions est  réprimé par le Code pénal, et peut faire l’objet d’une poursuite pénale. Par déduction de ce que prévoit la Loi n° 96-026 du 2 octobre 1996 portant sur le Statut général autonome des personnels de la Police nationale, ..."]
["2013_MW_17",2013,"MW","Malawi",17,100,"The Police Act of 2010 provides a mechanism for public complaints against the police. Sections 128 to 132 establish and outline the composition, function and powers of the police independent complaints commission. This is headed by a legal practitioner appointed by the public appointments committee of parliament from nominees submitted by the public. Its core function is to receive and investigate complaints from the public and make recommendations for action to the relevant authorities. The Commission is supposed to operate independently.\n\nThe constitution of the Republic of Malawi, which establishes and gives power to the Malawi Service, does not establish any specific oversight body.\n\nThe Malawi human rights commission, founded by chapter XI of the constitution of the Republic of Malawi, is mandated to consider all cases of human rights violation. Its enabling act, the human rights commission act, gives the commission powers to \"hear and consider complaints and petitions within its competence brought before it by individuals or groups of individuals\" (section 16 (1)). However, this is general but can include matters concerning the conduct of the police.","1. The Police Act. Sections 128-132, of 2010.\n\n2. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Sections 152-158 as amended in 2001, Section 129-131 as amended in 2001.\n\n3. The Human Rights Commission Act, Section 16, of 1998.","The Police Act of 2010 provides a mechanism for public complaints against the police. Sections 128 to 132 establish and outline the composition, function and powers of the police independent complaints commission. This is headed by a legal practitioner appointed by the public appoi..."]
["2013_ML_17",2013,"ML","Mali",17,100,"La Commission nationale des droits de l'homme a été créé en 2009 par la loi 19 novembre 2009. Elle est placé sous la tutelle du ministère de la Justice et a pour mission entre autre d'enregistrer les plaintes afférentes aux violations des droits des civils par la police.","Code et textes usuels de la République du Mali. Adopté le 25 février 1992. Article 1 à 122. http://ddata.over-blog.com/xxxyyy/1/35/48/78/Mali-Constitution-1992.pdf\n\nDécret du 30 novembre 2009, www.cndh-mali.com","La Commission nationale des droits de l'homme a été créé en 2009 par la loi 19 novembre 2009. Elle est placé sous la tutelle du ministère de la Justice et a pour mission entre autre d'enregistrer les plaintes afférentes aux violations des droits des civils par la police."]
["2013_MR_17",2013,"MR","Mauritania",17,100,"Il existe plusieurs institutions étatiques et de la société civile à travers lesquelles il est possible de faire des recours contre diverses formes d'injustice policière :\n\nAu niveau étatique :\n- Le commissariat aux droits de l'homme et aux relations avec la société civile\n- le médiateur de la République\n- La police des polices\n- La brigade mixte de la gendarmerie\n\nAu niveau de la société civile :\n- La ligue Mauritanienne des droits de l'Homme\n- L'association Mauritanienne des droits de l'Homme\n- Le Forum des Organisations Mauritaniennes des droits de l'homme\n- L'ordre national des avocats.\n\nIl convient de rappeler que le constat de la violation des droits des citoyens a été globalement tel que l'Etat a créé un commissariat en charge des droits de l'Homme en 1998. C'est à cet effet qu'un PLAN NATIONAL D’ACTION POUR LA PROMOTION ET LA PROTECTION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME a été élaboré. Ce document prend en compte les droits des citoyens face aux bavures policières.\n\n-        Promulgation de la nouvelle loi N° 2010-031 abrogeant et remplaçant l'ordonnance N° 015-2006 portant institution de la CNDH\n-        La Déclaration universelle des Droits de l’Homme \n-        Les Principes de Paris \n-        Déclaration de Bamako\n-        Ordonnance n°2006-015 portant  institution  d’une Commission nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH) (abrogée par la loi n° 2010-031)\n-        La Charte africaine des droits de l’Homme et des peuples","REPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE DE MAURITANIE, COMMISSARIAT AUX DROITS DE L’HOMME, A LA LUTTE CONTRE LA PAUVRETE ET A L’INSERTION, PLAN NATIONAL D’ACTION POUR LA PROMOTION ET LA PROTECTION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (1998). http://www.dhnet.org.br/dados/pp/a_pdfmundo/pndh_mauritania.pdf\n\nDiscours du Bâtonnier 2012, Discours du Président de l'ONA 26 avril 2012","Il existe plusieurs institutions étatiques et de la société civile à travers lesquelles il est possible de faire des recours contre diverses formes d'injustice policière :..."]
["2013_MU_17",2013,"MU","Mauritius",17,100,"In 1998, the Protection of Human Rights Act was passed, thus establishing the National Human Rights Commission, with a former judge of the Supreme Court named as chairperson. The law states that:\n\nThe commission may, without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts or the powers conferred on the director of public prosecutions or the appropriate service commission, inquire into any written complaint from any person alleging that any of his or her human rights has been, is being or is likely to be violated by the act or omission of any other person acting in the performance of any public function conferred by any law or otherwise in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public body;\n\n• Inquire into any other written complaint from any person against an act or omission of a member of the police force in relation to him, other than an act or omission which is the subject of an investigation by the ombudsman;\n\n• Visit any police station, prison or other place of detention under the control of the state to assess the living conditions of the inmates and the treatment afforded to them;\n\nWhere the inquiry discloses a violation of human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation, refer the matter to \n\n(i)        the Director of Public Prosecutions where it appears that an offence may have been committed;\n(ii)        the appropriate service commission where it appears that disciplinary procedures may be warranted;\n(iii)        to the chief executive officer of the appropriate public body where it appears that disciplinary action is warranted against an employee of a public body who is not within the jurisdiction of a service commission.\n\nMost of the times, cases are filed at the NHRC and the Complaints Investigation Bureau of the police, the body that investigates complaints lodged against members of the police force and which conducts the inquiry. The Complaints Investigation Bureau, however, remains under the administrative control of the commissioner of police.","Name of the law(s): Protection of Human Rights Act\n        • Year passed: 1998\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 4\n        • Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_country=MUS&p_classification=01.05&p_origin=COUNTRY&p_sortby=SORTBY_COUNTRY","In 1998, the Protection of Human Rights Act was passed, thus establishing the National Human Rights Commission, with a former judge of the Supreme Court named as chairperson. The law states that:..."]
["2013_MA_17",2013,"MA","Morocco",17,100,"There are no dedicated mechanisms  to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force, but teporting of police misconduct can be done through more than one possible channels, including the Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) or the Ministry of Interior. \n\nUnder Decree no. 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007 that established the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention, there was also the creation of a portal to denounce corruption. \n\nComplaints can be filed at the institution of ombudsman (articles 5 and 6) or the National Council for Human Rights (CNDH). Complaints against corruption should be addressed to the Central Agency of Corruption Prevention (ICPC). But none of these is specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.","Ombudsman: Dahir No. 1-11-25 of 17 March 2011 BO No. 5926 of 17-3-2011.\n\nCNDH: Dahir No. 1-11-19 of 1 March 2011 establishing the National Council for Human Rights BO No. 5922 of March 3, 2011.\n\nPenal Code: Dahir approving the text of the Criminal Code Official Bulletin No. 2640 bis of, June 5, 1963, sections 225 and 226.\n\nMorocco.  Decree no 2-05-1228.  (2007) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/DECRET%20N%202-05-1228INSTITUANT%20LINSTANCE%20CENTRALE%20DE%20PREVENTION%20DE%20LA%20CORRUPTION%20-DIVER-.htm\n\n(n.d.) .  Stop Corruption.  [Website to report corruption].  Retrieved from http://www.stopcorruption.ma/.","There are no dedicated mechanisms  to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force, but teporting of police misconduct can be done through more than one possible channels, including the Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) or the Ministry of Interior. ..."]
["2013_MZ_17",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",17,100,"In 2006, the post of justice ombudsman was established in accordance with Article 256 of the constitution. The Law of the Justice Ombudsman [Law No. 7 of August 16, 2006] defines its function as guaranteeing the rights of all citizens and defending legality and justice. The function of the ombudsman is to examine complaints brought by individuals or groups concerning acts or omissions by public bodies and make recommendations to the appropriate body to take preventive or corrective action. The ombudsman is able to take up cases without a complaint if they amount to serious violations of human rights by members of the public administration. The ombudsman has the authority to carry out investigations into situations surrounding complaints and to institute proceedings relative to these complaints.\n\nThe National Commission of Human Rights is empowered to carry out inquiries into alleged violations by public and private bodies, as well as by individuals. Public authorities will be obliged to cooperate with the commission and provide all information required, so long as the provision of such information is not prohibited by law. The commission will also be able to call upon the public prosecution service to use legal means to compel an individual to answer questions from the commission.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, Article 256. 2004, http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/constituicao_republica/constituicao.pdf.\n2. Law No. 7 of  August 16, 2006 [Lei No.7/2006 de 16 de Agosto], http://www.atneia.com/atneia/fac/1004047F.pdf?tipo_link=1","In 2006, the post of justice ombudsman was established in accordance with Article 256 of the constitution. The Law of the Justice Ombudsman [Law No. 7 of August 16, 2006] defines its function as guaranteeing the rights of all citizens and defending legality and justice. The functio..."]
["2013_NA_17",2013,"NA","Namibia",17,100,"The Ombudsman Act chapter 3 also gives the ombudsman authority to investigate the a) alleged or apparent or threatened instances or matters of violations or infringements of fundamental rights and freedoms, abuse of power, unfair, harsh, insensitive or discourteous treatment of an inhabitant of Namibia by an official in the employ of any organ of government (whether national or local), manifest injustice, or corruption or conduct by such official which would properly be regarded as unlawful, oppressive or unfair in a democratic society.\n\nBy law, under chapter 3 of the Anti-Corruption Act of 2003, section 17, (I), any person may furnish to the commission information in connection with any matter which that person suspects on reasonable grounds concerns or may concern practice. The persons suspected also include police officers.","Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 (Act No.8 of 2003), Government Gazette, August 4 2003.\n\nOmbudsman Act  1990, (Act no 7 of 1990), chapter 3, Government Gazette,June 14 1990, available at http://www.parliament.gov.na/acts_documents/156_ombudsman_act_7_of_1990.pdf.","The Ombudsman Act chapter 3 also gives the ombudsman authority to investigate the a) alleged or apparent or threatened instances or matters of violations or infringements of fundamental rights and freedoms, abuse of power, unfair, harsh, insensitive or discourteous treatment of an ..."]
["2013_NE_17",2013,"NE","Niger",17,100,"Les citoyens peuvent dénoncer ou signaler les inconduites policières au Bureau d’informations-réclamations, lutte contre la corruption et le trafic d'Influence sous tutelle du ministère de la Justice. Il existe aussi un numéro vert (gratuit) et une boite courriel que les citoyens peuvent utiliser afin de préserver leur anonymat.\n\nArt 2: « Le bureau est chargé de: (...) recevoir les plaintes et les réclamations des citoyens pour faits de corruption au sein de l'appareil judiciaire ».\n\nArt 4: « Le bureau Informations-réclamations, lutte contre la corruption et le trafic d'influence (BIR/LCTI) dans le secteur judiciaire peut être saisi directement par écrit, par mail ou par téléphone ; un numéro téléphonique vert et une adresse électronique sont mis, à cet effet, à la disposition du public ».\n\nCependant, il s'agit d'un arrêté ministériel propre à la dénonciation de la corruption au sein du secteur judiciaire, ce qui ne lui donne pas la force d'une loi nationale. La loi n'a pas établis une commission des droits de l'homme  ou un organe indépendant auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent déposer plainte pour usage abusif de la force par la police.","Arrêté n° 000056/GS/PPG du 12 août 2011 portant création d'un Bureau Informations Réclamations. Lutte contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Art 2 et Art 4\nhttp://www.justice.gouv.ne/sites/default/files/corruption.pdf","Les citoyens peuvent dénoncer ou signaler les inconduites policières au Bureau d’informations-réclamations, lutte contre la corruption et le trafic d'Influence sous tutelle du ministère de la Justice. Il existe aussi un numéro vert (gratuit) et une boite courriel que les citoyens p..."]
["2013_NG_17",2013,"NG","Nigeria",17,100,"The police service commission has a constitutional mandate to \"dismiss and exercise disciplinary control\" over police officers, except the inspector general. \n\nThe commission is regarded as being responsible for investigating citizens' complaints against officers, although there is no specific mention of such mandate in the law. Furthermore the police would be investigating their own and therefore be biased. \n\nThere is also the public complaints commission (Nigerian Ombudsman), an independent organization established by the federal government of Nigeria in 1975 through decree No. 31 of 1975, amended through decree No. 21 of 1979, now cap 377 laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 and re-validated in section 315 (5)  of the 1999 constitution. The National Human Rights commission also intervenes where rights have been violated, including violation by law enforcement agencies.","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. Third Schedule Part 1; Section 30.\n\nPolice Service Commission Act, 2001, Part 2, Section 6,\nhttp://www.psc.gov.ng/node/41\n\nCap 377 laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 and re-validated in section 315 (5)  of the 1999 Constitution establishing the Public Complaints Commission Part 1 (1). Section of National Human Rights Act 1995.","The police service commission has a constitutional mandate to \"dismiss and exercise disciplinary control\" over police officers, except the inspector general. ..."]
["2013_RW_17",2013,"RW","Rwanda",17,100,"Yes, there is a law providing mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force - the law establishing the human rights commission. The commission has in its prerogatives, as mentioned in its article 4, to receive and examine claims relating to human rights violations. This can be upon its own initiative or request. \n\nThis means among other things that citizens can report to the commission any human rights violations. Police misconduct and abuse of force can be one of them. In addition, the commission has to investigate (article 3) and suggest that those who committed human rights violations be prosecuted.","Republic of Rwanda Law No. 04/99.  (1999).  [Establishing the National Human Rights Commission (O.G. n° 6 du 15/03/1999). Modified and completed by Law No. 37/2002 of 31/12/2002 (O.G. n° special of 16/01/200)].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7779&iid=185&rid=2045","Yes, there is a law providing mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force - the law establishing the human rights commission. The commission has in its prerogatives, as mentioned in its article 4, to receive and examine claims relating to human rights viol..."]
["2013_ST_17",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",17,0,"No such law exists. Currently there's not public sector mechanism to report specific cases of police misconduct.\n\nArticle 1 of Law No. 1/2007, regarding the exercise of the right of petition, states: “The right to present petitions, complaints and claims before the competent authority, other than the courts, to demand the restoration of violated rights and in defence of public interest is exercised in accordance to this law.” But there is no specific mechanism in law for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","No such law exists.","No such law exists. Currently there's not public sector mechanism to report specific cases of police misconduct...."]
["2013_SN_17",2013,"SN","Senegal",17,0,"Au Sénégal, il n'y a pas de loi qui établisse l'existence d'un organe ou d'une entité de surveillance chargé d'enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. La seule possibilité offerte au citoyen est d'aller porter plainte devant le procureur qui va se charger de l'enquête.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Au Sénégal, il n'y a pas de loi qui établisse l'existence d'un organe ou d'une entité de surveillance chargé d'enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. La seule possibilité offerte au citoyen est d'aller porter plainte devant le procureur qui va se charg..."]
["2013_SC_17",2013,"SC","Seychelles",17,100,"Complaints of police misconduct and/or abuse of force may be reported to the police commissioner. But the office and mechanism do not qualify as independent or as specifically mandated to investigate without a vested interest.\n\nThe president has complete control over the security apparatus, which includes the national guard, army, presidential protection unit, coast guard, and police. The police commissioner, who reports to the president, commands the unarmed police and the armed paramilitary police mobile unit, which together have primary responsibility for internal security. When necessary, the police are assisted by the army on issues of internal security, as police resources can be limited. The special support unit, a division of the police force, is responsible for crowd and riot control. Corruption within the police force remains a problem. \n\nHowever, the National Human Rights Commission was established by law under the Protection of Human Rights Act in 2009 for better protection and promotion of human rights in Seychelles. Its mandate is to investigate and act upon reports of human rights abuse in the country. The appointment of the chairperson and its members was in accordance with Section 3(9) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 2009 for a four year tenure. The Commission comprises of three members, among them the chairperson of the Commission is the person appointed as the Ombudsman under article 143 (1) and the two other members should be a person who has been a Judge or is a barrister for more than five years standing or a person having knowledge of, or practical experience in matters relating to human rights.\n\nIn 6(1), the act notes the relevant mandate of the Commission, which includes among other things:\n(a) inquire into any written complaint from any person alleging that any of his human rights has been, is being or is likely to be violated by an act or omission of any other person;\n(b) visit any police station, prison or other place of detention under the control of the State to study the living conditions of the inmates and the treatment afforded to them;","1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles, Chapter XIII, 159.(1) \nand (2): \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\nProtection of Human Rights Act, 1999. Art 6. http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/act/2009/3\n\nSeychelles Police Website: http://www.police.gov.sc/\nPenal Code, Cap 158: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidatedact/158.\n\nJuris prudence of misconduct by police, Civil Side No 306 of 2003: \nhttp://www.saflii.org/sc/cases/SCSC/2005/14.html.","Complaints of police misconduct and/or abuse of force may be reported to the police commissioner. But the office and mechanism do not qualify as independent or as specifically mandated to investigate without a vested interest...."]
["2013_SL_17",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",17,100,"The complaints discipline and internal investigations department was established during the re-structuring process of the Sierra Leone police prior to the end of the civil conflict. Its authority is anchored in the police (discipline) regulations 2001 and an administrative decision taken by the police council and the inspector general of police. The cdiid mandate is to receive complaints from members of the public against police officers and disciplinary infractions.\n\nIn addition, section 7 of the 1997 ombudsman act authorises the office of the ombudsman to \"investigate any administrative act of a prescribed authority\" in respect of which a complaint is made and information received by him, and take appropriate action to remedy, correct or reverse the act complained of through fair, proper and effective means.","The Ombudsman Act, Part 3, Functions and Administration of Office of the Ombudsman, Section 7, 1997, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1997-2.pdf\n\nThe Police (Discipline) Regulations, Part III - Discipline, section 8 (1-2)ff, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2001-PDR.pdf\n\nSierra Leone Police website, CDIID strategises a plan of activities, Structure of the Department 2013, http://police.gov.sl/UserFiles/download/ANNUAL_REPORT_2012.pdf","The complaints discipline and internal investigations department was established during the re-structuring process of the Sierra Leone police prior to the end of the civil conflict. Its authority is anchored in the police (discipline) regulations 2001 and an administrative decision..."]
["2013_SO_17",2013,"SO","Somalia",17,100,"The provisional constitution does not mandate the creation of body/bodies specifically designed to handle the complaints made by citizens against police harassment or misconduct. It does, however, establish “a Human Rights Commission that is independent of State control, and has adequate resources to carry out its functions effectively.”\n\nThe constitution specifies the job of the commission by saying: “The functions of the Human Rights Commission shall include the promotion of knowledge of human rights, and specifically Shari’ah, setting implementation standards and parameters for the fulfillment of human rights obligations, monitoring human rights within the country, and investigating allegations of human rights violations.”","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved by the members of the National Constituent Assembly and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 41 (1 and 2).https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","The provisional constitution does not mandate the creation of body/bodies specifically designed to handle the complaints made by citizens against police harassment or misconduct. It does, however, establish “a Human Rights Commission that is independent of State control, and has ad..."]
["2013_ZA_17",2013,"ZA","South Africa",17,100,"Members of the public can contact the Independent Police Investigative Directorate when reporting police misconduct. The aim of this body is to \"ensure independent oversight over the South African Police Service and the Municipal Police Services\" and to conduct \"independent and impartial investigations of identified criminal offences allegedly committed by members of the South African and the Municipal police services, and make appropriate recommendations.\"\n\nThe Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act (Act 1 of 2011) gave way to the directorate. Chapter 1 (section 2) states that the act has to \"ensure independent oversight of the South African police service and 15 municipal police services [...] to provide for independent and impartial investigation of identified criminal offences allegedly committed by members of the South African police service and municipal police services [...] to make disciplinary recommendations in respect of members of the South African police service and municipal police services resulting from investigations conducted by the directorate [...] to enhance accountability and transparency by the South African police service and municipal police services in accordance with the principles of the constitution.\"","Independent Police Investigative Directorate (website), www.ipid.gov.za\n\nIndependent Police Investigative Directorate Act (Act 1 of 2011)","Members of the public can contact the Independent Police Investigative Directorate when reporting police misconduct. The aim of this body is to \"ensure independent oversight over the South African Police Service and the Municipal Police Services\" and to conduct \"independent and imp..."]
["2013_SS_17",2013,"SS","South Sudan",17,100,"In law, there is no specific mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Though the Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009, mentions that complaints against police by civilians will be heard, it does not specify who would investigate such cases or the consequences of police misconduct.\n\nArticle 52, Subsection (2) of the police act states: “Complaints against police personnel received through a civilian complaint system, established by regulations, shall be referred to judicial courts subject to the regulations.\n\nHowever, the Constitution does also establish a Human Rights Commission which can investigate complaints of citizens in relation to violation of their rights.  \n\n146: Functions of the Commission\n1. The functions of the Commission shall be to:\na. monitor the application and enforcement of the rights and freedoms enshrined in this Constitution;\nb. investigate, on its own initiative, or on a complaint made by any person or group of persons, against any violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms;","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011. Chapter IV. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf\n\nSouthern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009.\nhttp://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/South%20Sudan/policeact.pdf","In law, there is no specific mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Though the Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009, mentions that complaints against police by civilians will be heard, it does not specify who would investigate such cases or the con..."]
["2013_SD_17",2013,"SD","Sudan",17,100,"There is a National Human Rights Commission Law from 2009. The commission was actually established in 2012. The law consists of 21 articles, only two of which address  the commission's mandate. \n\nArticle 9 of the NHRC law mandates the commission to protect and promote human rights in Sudan. Paragraph 9 (2) (h) clarifies that the commission will receive complaints from individuals and other entities to investigate and take necessary action regarding human rights violations. \n\nArticle 5 also clarifies that the commission shall be independent in the performance of its functions and powers and decision-making, use and manage their money.","National Commission for Human Rights Act of 2009, Article 9, http://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12b/3.htm","There is a National Human Rights Commission Law from 2009. The commission was actually established in 2012. The law consists of 21 articles, only two of which address  the commission's mandate. ..."]
["2013_SZ_17",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",17,0,"No such law exists. While establishing a national police force and its administrative operations, the Police Act No. 29/1957 and the Swaziland Constitution 2005 are silent about any civilian or governmental oversight body. The Royal Swaziland Police Force falls under the office of the prime minister, who is an appointee and answerable to the king.\n \nOccasionally, grievances against police in which police conduct has been formally reported to the police has been reported in the local media. More often, incidents of questionable police conduct that are reported in the media are divorced from any complaints against police officers involved - in other words, no one files a report. \n \nPolice disciplinary cases are handled internally. The public is not privy to the process or outcome. There is no civilian oversight of the police or any independent regulatory body. The extent to which corruption in the police force is addressed depends entirely on the zeal of the police commissioner.","No law exists to review.","No such law exists. While establishing a national police force and its administrative operations, the Police Act No. 29/1957 and the Swaziland Constitution 2005 are silent about any civilian or governmental oversight body. The Royal Swaziland Police Force falls under the office of ..."]
["2013_TZ_17",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",17,100,"There is no such provision or mechanism enshrined in the law. However, and for the lack of a specific police complaint body/agency, citizens have tended to resort to the commission for human rights and good governance that has a general mandate to receive and investigate rights violations. The police has no popular internal mechanism to collect public complaints against its officers for investigation. The police is not trusted by the public to investigate their own which explains why such internal mechanism is not visible. \n\nThe Human Rights Commission has the mandate \"to investigate or inquire into complaints concerning practices or actions by persons holding office in the service of the government, public authorities or other public bodies, including private institutions and private individuals where those complaints allege abuse of power, injustice, unfair treatment of any person, whether complainant or not, in the exercise of their official duties\" (Section 6 (1) (g)).","The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance Act , 2001","There is no such provision or mechanism enshrined in the law. However, and for the lack of a specific police complaint body/agency, citizens have tended to resort to the commission for human rights and good governance that has a general mandate to receive and investigate rights vio..."]
["2013_TG_17",2013,"TG","Togo",17,100,"De manière générale, la missions de la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH) est de procéder à la vérification des cas de violation des droits de l’Homme (article 2), et notamment ceux que les forces de l'ordre auraient pu commettre. \nPlus précisément, la CNDH a pour missions :\n \n a) d’assurer la protection et la défense des droits de l’homme sur le territoire de la République togolaise;\n b) de promouvoir les droits de l’homme par tous les moyens;\n c) de procéder à la vérification des cas de violation des droits de l’homme.\n \n Toute personne qui s’estime victime d'une violation d’un droit de l’homme peut adresser une requête à la CNDH. À la demande de son président ou de l’un de ses membres, la Commission peut aussi se saisir d’office de cas de violation des droits de l’homme.","Loi organique n°2005-004 du 9 février 2005 modifiant et complétant la loi organique n°96-12 du 11 décembre 1996 relative à la composition, à l’organisation et au fonctionnement de la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH). (2005). Articles 2 et 17.","De manière générale, la missions de la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH) est de procéder à la vérification des cas de violation des droits de l’Homme (article 2), et notamment ceux que les forces de l'ordre auraient pu commettre. ..."]
["2013_TN_17",2013,"TN","Tunisia",17,0,"Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011, issued 18 Feb. 2011, has created the Commission d'établissement des faits, with the aim of collecting evidence and investigating cases in which police officers have abused citizens. \n\nThe commission started examining facts that took place since 17 Dec. 2010 (date of the beginning of the Tunisian revolution and the change of regime in Tunisia). During this period, many cases of police abuse of citizens were reported. However, this commission is not a mechanism to report current abuses to, but only those prior to the success of the revolution.\n\nIn addition to this specific mechanism, citizens can report police abuse directly at a police station, just like with any crime.\n\nThere is an ombudsman, but he has not specific mandate to receive complaints about police. Ombudsman is not a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Law No. 8/2011, issued on 18 Feb. 2011. Not available online.","Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011, issued 18 Feb. 2011, has created the Commission d'établissement des faits, with the aim of collecting evidence and investigating cases in which police officers have abused citizens. ..."]
["2013_UG_17",2013,"UG","Uganda",17,100,"Citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force as provided for under Section 70(1)(2)(3) of the Police Act, 1994. In corruption-related cases, complaints against a police officer can be addressed to the most senior officer in charge of the district or unit to which the accused officer is stationed or to the inspector general. Other complaints related to neglect, nonperformance and misconduct are addressed to a senior police officer.\n\nAs for outside mechanisms, article 51 of the Constitution; establishes the Uganda Human Rights Commission.  Article 53 (1) In the performance of its functions, the commission shall have the powers of a courtto issue summons or other orders requiring the attendance of any person before the commission and the production of any document or record relevant to any investigation by the commission; (b) to question any person in respect of any subject matter under investigation before the commission; (c) to require any person to disclose any information within his or her knowledge relevant to any investigation by the commission; and (d) to commit persons for contempt of its orders.\n\nAccording to Article 52(1) ,The commission shall have the following functions:  (a) to investigate, at its own initiative or on a complaint made by any person or group of persons against the violation of any human right; (b) to visit jails, prisons, and places of detention or related facilities with a view to assessing and inspecting conditions of the inmates and make recommendations; (c) to establish a continuing programme of research, education and information to enhance respect of human rights; (d) to recommend to Parliament effective measures to promote human rights, including provision of compensation to victims of violations of human rights or their families; (e) to create and sustain within society the awareness of the provisions of this Constitution as the fundamental law of the people of Uganda; (f) to educate and encourage the public to defend this Constitution at all times against all forms of abuse and violation; (g) to formulate, implement and oversee programmes intended to inculcate in the citizens of Uganda awareness of their civic responsibilities and an appreciation of their rights and obligations as free people; (h) to monitor the Government’s compliance with international treaty and convention obligations on human rights; and (i) to perform such other functions as may be provided by law.\n\nAccording to section 7 of the Uganda Human Rights Commission Act, Uganda Human Rights Council receives citizens' complaints about their abuse of rights by police and does investigate the police.","The Police Act, 1994, Section 70 (1)(2)(3)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/297/POLICE%20ACT.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Articles 51, 52. \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution\n\nHuman Rights Commission Act, 4/1997, Section 7, http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/400/UGANDA%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%20COMMISSION%20ACT.pdf","Citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force as provided for under Section 70(1)(2)(3) of the Police Act, 1994. In corruption-related cases, complaints against a police officer can be addressed to the most senior officer in charge of the district or unit to which the acc..."]
["2013_ZM_17",2013,"ZM","Zambia",17,100,"The Police public Complaints Authority is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was established pursuant to the Zambia Police Amendment Act No. 14 of 1999, to effectively and efficiently address public complaints against police misconduct in order to secure individual fundamental human rights and freedoms and achieve professionalism in the Zambia Police Force.                                                            \n\nThe Zambian Human Rights Commission is a national institution established under Article 125 of the Constitution of Zambia and mandated by the Human Rights Commission Act No. 39 of 1996 to inter alia investigate and remedy human rights violations, conduct human rights education, monitor the conditions under which individuals are detained in prisons and police cells and monitor government’s fulfilment of international and regional human rights treaties and human rights obligations under national law.\n\nIts functions, as provided by Section 9 of the Human Rights Commission Act No 39 of 1996, are to investigate human rights violations, investigate any maladministration of justice, propose effective measures to prevent human rights abuses and visit prisons and other places of detention and related facilities with a view to assessing and inspecting conditions of those held in such places and make recommendations to redress existing problems. The commission also is mandated to establish a continuing program of research, education, information and rehabilitation of victims of human rights abuse to enhance the respect for and protection of human rights.","Zambia Police (Amendment) Act, Cap 107, Police Public Complaints Authority, Part XA, 57B, complaints authority, 1966. http://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/107\n\nHuman Rights Commission Act, Section 9, Chapter 48, 1997.\nhttp://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/48","The Police public Complaints Authority is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was established pursuant to the Zambia Police Amendment Act No. 14 of 1999, to effectively and efficiently address public complaints against police misconduct in order to secure individual fundamental ..."]
["2013_ZW_17",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",17,100,"Section 210 of the constitution provides for the establishment of an independent complaints mechanism for receiving and investigating complaints from members of the public about misconduct on the part of members of the security services (including the police service). However, the police act has not yet been amended in this regard. \n \n Additionally, the Zimbabwe human rights commission act under section 243 (e) and (f) has the mandate to receive complaints from the public and to investigate the conduct of any authority or person, where it is alleged that any of the human rights or freedoms set out in the declaration of rights has been violated by that authority or person.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act, Section 210, 203. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646\n\nZimbabwe Human Rights Commission Act, Section 243, 2012.","Section 210 of the constitution provides for the establishment of an independent complaints mechanism for receiving and investigating complaints from members of the public about misconduct on the part of members of the security services (including the police service). However, the ..."]
["2013_DZ_18",2013,"DZ","Algeria",18,50,"En Algérie, il existe différents mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. La Direction générale de la sûreté nationale (DGSN) a mis en place au cours de cette année un numéro vert (115) à travers lequel des citoyens peuvent signaler les abus de pouvoir de la police. Il existe, aussi, l’inspection générale, relevant de la Direction générale de la sûreté nationale, qui a pour mission d'inspecter les structures de la direction générale de la sûreté nationale, d'évaluer l’organisation par rapport aux objectifs assignés, de déterminer éventuellement les dysfonctionnements afin de contribuer à une meilleure appréciation des services et à une bonne évaluation des cadres et du personnel et d'effectuer des enquêtes relatives aux fautes graves commises par des cadres supérieurs de la sûreté nationale sur instruction du directeur général de la sûreté nationale. Il y a, également, le procureur de la République garant des intérêts des citoyens et de l’action publique et les différentes ligues et associations de défense des droits de l’homme, dont le rôle principal, sont de signaler et dénoncer tout dépassement constaté. Il faut noter que la police est sous l’autorité du ministère de l’Intérieur et a juridiction sur l’ensemble du territoire national. Quant à la gendarmerie, elle est sous l’autorité du ministère de la Défense.\n\nLes cas d’usage excessif de la force signalés lors des mouvements de protestation ne sont pas tous examinés.","-Zeinelle. (2013, le 16 mars). Un numéro vert 115 pour dénoncer les comportements irrespectueux des policiers. Algérie Focus. Repéré à http://www.zeinelle.com/index.php?page=article&articleID=304.\n-Site web de la direction générale de la sûreté nationale (inspection générale)\nhttp://www.dgsn.dz/?L-inspection-generale-de-la-surete.\n\n-Djazairess. (2013, le 18 septembre). Un enquêteur de la PJ crie l’injustice. El Watan. Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/428307.\n\n -Al Karama. (2012, le 15 octobre). Algérie : Un homme de 33 ans battu à mort par la police : « simple maladresse » ou grave bavure policière ?. Al Karama. Repéré à http://fr.alkarama.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1213:algerie-un-homme-de-33-ans-battu-a-mort-par-la-police-l-simple-maladresse-r-ou-grave-bavure-policiere-&catid=18:communiques-ak&Itemid=5.\n\n-(2012, le 20 octobre). Algérie : la police agresse un citoyen en Kabylie. Siwel. Repéré à http://www.siwel.info/Algerie-la-police-agresse-un-citoyen-en-Kabylie_a4142.html.\n\n-Essaid Wakli. (2013, le 1ier mai). Les policiers sommés de respecter les femmes. Algérie Focus. Repéré à http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/05/les-policiers-algeriens-sommes-de-respecter-les-femmes-au-volant/.","En Algérie, il existe différents mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. La Direction générale de la sûreté nationale (DGSN) a mis en place au cours de cette année un numéro vert (115) à travers lequel des citoyens peuv..."]
["2013_AO_18",2013,"AO","Angola",18,0,"There is no specific system in Angola to present complaints of alleged police abuse. \n\nThe National Police website has two forms of complaints that can be filed on line (http://cgpn.gov.ao/):\n\n- One, regarding police complaints (Queixas Policiais), which can supposedly include allegations of police abuse, is often off-line or directing to a random page. \n- The other, \"Anonymous Complaints\" (\"Denuncias Anonimas\") includes a contact form for citizens to anonymously file claims.\n\nFurthermore, is not clear how allegations of police abuse could be received by the National Police itself. \n\nFrom September 2012 to October 2013, at least three videos of police brutality in Luanda’s Viana Prison surfaced in social media and online communities, producing shock waves in Angolan society. The outcry provoked by the level of violence revealed in the videos (which in one case involved National Police officers, prison guards and members of the fire department), took the Interior Ministry to suspend and fire high-ranking officers in the Luanda prison. In a press release dated 27 August 2013, the Interior Ministry appealed to the “permanent collaboration of citizens in denouncing such acts,” but no specific mechanism was indicated. \n\nThis public display of openness to receiving complaints of police abuse is however considered generally as mere lip service in the face of a public scandal and not indicative of a structural change.\n\nHuman Rights Watch (HRW) documented extensively, in a September 2013 report, multiple abuses against street vendors (zungueiras) in Luanda, which include routine beatings and extortion. “Impunity for such abuses has been the rule [and] journalists, family members, passersby, and other witnesses who try to intervene, complain, or document the abuses face arbitrary detention and beatings at the hands of police,” indicated HRW.","[Anonymous complaints].  Retrieved from http://cgpn.gov.ao/DenunciasAnonimas/Create. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nHuman Rights Watch.  (2013) .  Angola: Police abuse luanda’s street vendors.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/29/angola-police-abuse-luanda-s-street-vendors. \n\n(2013, August 24) . Police brutality in a Luanda prison..  Maka Angola.  Retrieved from ://makaangola.org/2013/08/24/brutalidade-policial-em-prisao-de-luanda-2/?lang=en.\n\n(2013, October 5) .  Vídeo: Mais abusos na cadeia de viana.  Maka Angola.  Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2013/10/05/video-mais-abusos-na-cadeia-de-viana/?lang=pt.\n\n[Police complaints webpage].  Retrieved from http://queixas.bullray.net/","There is no specific system in Angola to present complaints of alleged police abuse. \n\nThe National Police website has two forms of complaints that can be filed on line (http://cgpn..."]
["2013_BJ_18",2013,"BJ","Benin",18,0,"Il n'existe pas formellement d’organe à part entière chargé des abus de la police. Parce-que la Constitution prône l'Etat de droit où nul n'est au-dessus de la loi, tout citoyen peut donc porter plainte contre un agent de la police. Récemment, le juge Angelo Houssou a porté plainte contre le directeur général de la police pour abus et le prévenu s'est présenté devant le procureur. Les ciitoyens peuvent aussi reporter des cas au médiateur de la République.\nDans une décision rendue le 9 août 2013, la Cour constitutionnelle  a affirmé que l’arrestation et la garde à vue de Monsieur Auguste Egounléty étaient arbitraires et constituaient une violation de la Constitution et que les traitements infligés à Monsieur Auguste Egounléty par l’Inspecteur de Police Pacôme Dossou constituent aussi une violation de la Constitution ouvrant droit à réparation.\nMais, il s'agit là de la réponse à une requête qui date du 27 décembre 2012 et qui n'a été enregistrée au secrétariat de la Cour que le 14 janvier 2013.","Emmanuel GBETO, L’évènement  Précis. 17 Juin 2013. \"Justice: Louis-Philippe Houndégnon convoqué en qualité de simple citoyen devant le juge.\"  http://levenementprecis.com/?p=18543\n\nMarcel Zoumènou, La Nouvelle Tribune, 29 mai 2013. \"Après les persécutions du juge Angelo Houssou : ses avocats portent plainte contre Houndégnon et consorts\".  http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/14666-apres-les-persecutions-du-juge-angelo-houssou-ses-avocats-portent-plainte-contre-houndegnon-et-consorts\n\nLéonce Gamaï, La Nouvelle Tribune, 19 juin 2013. \"Affaire Juge Angelo Houssou : Houndégnon écouté par le juge d’instruction du 1er cabinet\". http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/14910-affaire-juge-angelo-houssou-houndegnon-ecoute-par-le-juge-d-instruction-du-1er-cabinet\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 22 août 2013. \"Recours pour violation des droits de Auguste Egounléty : L’Inspecteur de Police Pacôme Dossou a violé la Constitution\".   http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=83930&t=","Il n'existe pas formellement d’organe à part entière chargé des abus de la police. Parce-que la Constitution prône l'Etat de droit où nul n'est au-dessus de la loi, tout citoyen peut donc porter plainte contre un agent de la police. Récemment, le juge Angelo Houssou a porté plainte..."]
["2013_BW_18",2013,"BW","Botswana",18,0,"The only body that receives and investigates cases of police misconduct and abuse of force is the Botswana police service itself. Complaints are made through the phone, online or physically. However, investigations may take more than a week. Therefore, some citizens are sceptical about whether justice will be served without bias.  Public opinion holds that the country needs a police ombudsman.","1. Website: Report Police Misconduct, Botswana Police, www.police.gov.bw.\n\n2. Article: BMD activist to sue Police for brutality, The Voice, June 21 2013,  http://www.thevoicebw.com/2013/06/21/bmd-activist-to-sue-police-for-brutality/.\n\n3. Article: Police, BURS officers thrive on bribes, Midweek Sun, August 1 2013, http://www.themidweeksun.co.bw/ghetto-metro/4390-police-burs-officers-thrive-on-bribes.","The only body that receives and investigates cases of police misconduct and abuse of force is the Botswana police service itself. Complaints are made through the phone, online or physically. However, investigations may take more than a week. Therefore, some citizens are sceptical a..."]
["2013_BF_18",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",18,25,"Au Burkina les cas de bavures policières sont généralement rapportés par la presse. Les populations n'ont pas l'habitude de signaler les cas. Toutes les personnes contactées affirment que le mécanisme existe au sein de la police nationale et du ministère de l'Administration territoriale. Aucune statistique, cependant, n’est disponible sur les cas enquêtés au cours de l'année 2012-2013.  Le dernier cas est l'affaire Justin Zongo, un élève qui avait trouvé la mort en 2011 après son arrestation par la police. Cette affaire avait été l’occasion d’une véritable crise sociale, accompagnée de violents affrontements entre les policiers d’une part et les étudiants et la population en général d’autre part.","Anonyme, communicateur, Police nationale, 04 Octobre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview avec Victorien Sawadogo, coordonnateur, Service d’information du gouvernement (SIG), 03 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Ouoba Boukari, journaliste d'Investigation, Mutations, 03 Octobre 2013.","Au Burkina les cas de bavures policières sont généralement rapportés par la presse. Les populations n'ont pas l'habitude de signaler les cas. Toutes les personnes contactées affirment que le mécanisme existe au sein de la police nationale et du ministère de l'Administration territo..."]
["2013_BI_18",2013,"BI","Burundi",18,25,"À part les commissions d’enquête qui sont créées pour dénoncer l’abus de force, il existe une Commission nationale indépendante des droits de l’homme (CNIDH) créée en 2011. Mais la CNIDH n’est pas un organe adéquat ou effectif pour faciliter la dénonciation d’un simple citoyen relatif à des abus de police.\n\nSelon la Communication d’Amnesty International à l’ONU de janvier-février 2013, la justice au Burundi reste faible et politisée et les autorités s’abstiennent généralement de traduire en justice les auteurs d’atteintes aux droits de la personne. L’organisation reconnaît que le gouvernement a créé en 2011 une Commission nationale indépendante des droits de l’homme (CNIDH) et a promulgué un nouveau Code pénal. \n\nCependant, les autorités se servent de l’arrestation arbitraire et de la détention provisoire pour faire taire les personnes qui revendiquent leur droit légitime à la liberté d’expression et pour dénoncer des actes de corruption présumés au niveau de l’État ou des violations des droits de l’homme, y compris les abus de la police et des forces de sécurité. \n\nSelon Come Bageni : \"Dans la pratique, le mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l’inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force n'est pas effectif. C’est surtout sur les ondes que cette inconduite est signalée et des enquêtes sont menées sans succès. Pour cette raison, cette modalité mérite la note de 20%. Le plus souvent les fautifs ne sont pas punis, mais simplement mutés. Quand les abus de la police sont signalés par les citoyens, leurs autorités hiérarchiques font la sourde oreille ou mutent les auteurs de crimes au lieu de les arrêter ou les libèrent aussitôt après leur arrestation. \n\nD’après Gérard Bizindavyi : le mécanisme est effectif, mais toutes les dénonciations de la population ne sont pas prises en compte par les chefs du corps de police.»\n\nPour sa part, Isaïe Nizigiyimana estime que «En pratique, le mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l’inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force n’est pas effectif parce que malgré les dénonciations de la population, les autorités policières et administratives ne font rien aux policiers fautifs.»","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nBizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, (FOCODE), 24 octobre 2013.\n\nAmnesty International , «L’heure du changement : le point sur les droits humains», Rapport Burundi, Communication présentée à l’Examen périodique universel de l’ONU, janvier-février 2013.\nhttps://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/AFR16/003/2012/fr/d5536d79-1935-4236-997b-9051b4dac91f/afr160032012fr.pdf\n\n«L’ex-commissaire adjoint Rwembe fait encore parler de lui», Net Press, 2 décembre 2013. http://www.netpress.bi/spip.php?article6089","À part les commissions d’enquête qui sont créées pour dénoncer l’abus de force, il existe une Commission nationale indépendante des droits de l’homme (CNIDH) créée en 2011. Mais la CNIDH n’est pas un organe adéquat ou effectif pour faciliter la dénonciation d’un simple citoyen rela..."]
["2013_CM_18",2013,"CM","Cameroon",18,0,"In Cameroon there is no formal mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force as there is no law providing for such mechanism. \n\nThere is a Special Police for the Control of Services which has the responsibility to receive complaints regarding administrative misconduct of public personnel under the civil service. This unit often times receives complaints from citizens on police misconduct as well. The system is however ineffective as there is no functioning system in place specifically to receive citizens' complaints on police misconduct and abuse of force. In general all reported cases are treated as offenses committed by a citizen and not a police officer as the default starting point for investigations. Investigating the case then takes several months before it is concluded. There are no investigations that are conducted based on the initiative of the Special Police for the Control of Services in Cameroon.","Antoine, Nyamsi.  (2013, September 28) .  [Assistant Police Commissioner, Buea, Ministry of National Public Security Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nEramus, Konnyuy.  (2013, October 16) .  [Police, Special Control of Services, Buea].  Personal communication.\n\nMao, Ngongan Chao.  (2013, September 28) .  [Colonel, Rapid Intervention Battalion, Ministry of Defense Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nPaul, Jean.  (2013, September 28) .  [Commander-in-Chief of the Buea police force, Ministry of National Public Security Cameroon].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon there is no formal mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force as there is no law providing for such mechanism. ..."]
["2013_CV_18",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",18,0,"The ombudsman's office is not yet functional, although there is an indication that the office might finally function at the beginning of 2014. At that point in time, the office should have a system in place to receive such allegations. However, at the time of this research, there is no dedicated mechanism that allows for police misconduct reporting or abuse of force reporting. Citizens often retreat to using social communication means, such as television, to denounce police misconduct or abuse of power. \n\nThe public prosecutor's office which has received allegations thus far is understaffed and overburdened with a backlog of cases. Cases therefore take a long time to be investigated.","1. Zelinda Cohen, President Human Rights Cape Verde, Praia, October 15, 2013.\n\n2. Marco Rocha, Journalist and Editor of Television Cape Verde, Praia, October 21, 2013.\n\n3. Amadeu Oliveira, Lawyer, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n4. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - US State Department 2012, http://photos.state.gov/libraries/praia/328666/pdf_pt/capeverde_hrr-port_pt.pdf.","The ombudsman's office is not yet functional, although there is an indication that the office might finally function at the beginning of 2014. At that point in time, the office should have a system in place to receive such allegations. However, at the time of this research, there i..."]
["2013_CF_18",2013,"CF","CAR",18,0,"Ce type de mécanismes ne sont pas encore opérationnels en RCA. Cependant, toute personne victime d'abus de pouvoir ou subissant des actes ignobles de la part des policiers peut en saisir les instances compétentes pour jouir de ses droits en tant que citoyen protégé par la loi fondamentale de la République centrafricaine (voir plus particulièrement les articles 4 et 5).","Appoline Trop, adjointe du commandant de la Brigade motorisée, officier de la Gendarmerie nationale, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 12 septembre 2013.\n\nManda Timothée Feikoumou (juriste de formation), chef de service, secteur n°3, Direction régionale n°7, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 12 septembre 2013.","Ce type de mécanismes ne sont pas encore opérationnels en RCA. Cependant, toute personne victime d'abus de pouvoir ou subissant des actes ignobles de la part des policiers peut en saisir les instances compétentes pour jouir de ses droits en tant que citoyen protégé par la loi fonda..."]
["2013_TD_18",2013,"TD","Chad",18,0,"Il n'existe pas de mécanisme pour citoyens tel que la mise en place de numéro vert, et dans la pratique le manque de ce mécanisme a encouragé la prolongation des détentions provisoires arbitraires. \n\nCependant, dès 2013 il existe la Commission nationale de contrôle des services de la police nationale de contrôle des services de la police nationale (CONACOPOL), qui fait des investigations. \n\nPar example, selon les médias, en 2013: \"Sur 1446 agents renvoyés sur un effectif global de 26007, nous avons ceux qui détiennent de faux diplômes, d’autres ont fait usage de faux, d’autres encore, sont inaptes. Il y a des cas qui sont franchement particuliers, a expliqué Mahamat Ismaël Chaïbo, président de la CONACOPOL. La sous-commission matérielle a constaté que sur 203 véhicules affectés à la police, 84 sont opérationnels et le reste est mis hors d’usage et parqué dans les commissariats, a ajouté le président de la commission. Plusieurs irrégularités ont été également constatées dans la gestion du personnel. Beaucoup de policiers affectés en province, n’ont jamais regagné leur lieu de service, mais perçoivent leur salaire à N’Djaména. Il y a des cas très flagrants. Des gens émargent sur la liste de la police avec le même nom, mais possèdent trois matricules différents qui leur donnent droit à trois salaires. En plus de leur traitement, d’autres agents perçoivent des salaires dans des différents départements, a déclaré Mahamat Ismaël Chaïbo qui déplore que ces rémunérations indûment touchés constituent un manque à gagner pour l’Etat qui a déboursé pour ce mois de février 969 384 000 francs Cfa pour payer les salaires des agents de police. Avec le renvoi de ces 1446 agents, l’Etat va faire de l’économie, a-t-il ajouté.\"","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nFin du contrôle des services de la police nationale du Tchad : 1446 policiers dégagés du corps de la police, mars 2013, http://tchadpages.com/2013/03/13/tchad-1446-policiers-degages-du-corps-de-la-police/.\n\nTchad: le Premier ministre lance la Commission Nationale de Contrôle des services de la Police (CONACOPOL), février 2013. http://tchadpages.com/2013/02/08/tchad-le-premier-ministre-dadnadji-lance-la-commission-nationale-de-controle-des-services-de-la-police-conacopol/","Il n'existe pas de mécanisme pour citoyens tel que la mise en place de numéro vert, et dans la pratique le manque de ce mécanisme a encouragé la prolongation des détentions provisoires arbitraires. ..."]
["2013_KM_18",2013,"KM","Comoros",18,0,"L'inexistence du  mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force est alarmante aux Comores. Mais le 3 octobre 2012, l'Union des Comores vient d'instaurer la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme et des libertés (CNDHL). Cette commission est dotée de 15 membres nommés pour un mandat de cinq ans, renouvelable une seule fois : Ahmed Mohamed Allaoui, Abdou Mohamed Fatouma, Chalane Ahamed Said Ali, Dr Ben Imane Issa, Abdallah Saandi Kemba, Me Harmia Ahmed Ali, Mohamed El Had Madi, Idrissa Said Ben Ahamada, Amir Saindou, Dr Abderemane Issulah, Said Ben Ousseini, Mohamed Ahmed Salim, Justine Emma Razafiarisoa, Djaffar Ahmed Said et Abdou Soimadou Mohamed. Une initiative qualifiée de « décisive » dans la construction d’un État de droit ( Soulé, 3octobre2012). \n\nCe mécanisme devrait servir pour recevoir les plaintes individuelles ou collectives à propos de toute allégation de violation des droits de l’homme et des libertés sur le territoire national, à constater les atteintes qui pourraient être portées et à dresser rapport. Les cas signalés sont rarement étudiés. L’arbitraire joue pleinement dans ce domaine de l’inconduite policière, selon le président de l’Organisation Patronale des Comores (OPACO). Un cas est relevé concernant un jeune homme de 25 ans, arrêté le soir du mardi 17 avril 2013 et conduit à la gendarmerie de Mutsamudu et qui a été retrouvé mort dans sa cellule le matin (Malango, 20 avril 2013). Le jeune homme a été transporté « mort » à l’hôpital. Selon les médecins, il a la mâchoire fracturée et du sang coagulé dans les narines. Il pourrait être victime de « lynchage » de la part des forces de l’ordre pendant sa détention. Toujours selon Malango (20 avril 2013), une affaire semblable a eu lieu un an  auparavant : « Dhoumouroiti Saïd Omar alias Ginola, une basketteuse de trente ans. Après un vif échange de propos au port de Mutsamudu avec un gendarme qui voulait l’empêcher de « partir à pieds » (au port de Mutsamudu les passagers accèdent ou sortent du port en voiture, pas à pieds) avec un passager, le gendarme finit par s’en prendre physiquement à la jeune femme. D’abord lui seul, ce passage à tabac de la jeune athlète se fit par la suite à plusieurs, dans la cour du port puis à la brigade. Hospitalisée le soir même, son rapport médical à elle avait fait état d’une « douleur abdominale diffuse », une « douleur thoracique » ainsi qu’une « impossibilité de soulever les deux membres inférieurs ». Pour cette affaire-là, le commandant de la gendarmerie de l’île avait seulement regretté « le manque de formation » de ses hommes. La victime avait porté plainte au palais de justice de Mutsamudu pour agression, violences, coups et blessures volontaires par un gendarme.","Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nMalango. ( 20 avril 2013). « Bavures ou accident de la gendarmerie aux Comores ? ». Comores-Infos: www.comores-infos.net.\n\nSoulé, K, (3 octobre 2012). « La Commission nationale des droits de l’Homme et des libertés est entrée en fonction, hier». Comores- Actualités: http://www.comores-actualites.com.","L'inexistence du  mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force est alarmante aux Comores. Mais le 3 octobre 2012, l'Union des Comores vient d'instaurer la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme et des libertés (CNDHL). Cet..."]
["2013_CD_18",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",18,50,"Selon M. Séraphin ONDELE, « un bilan est fait chaque année avec toutes les structures de la police. Pour préparer le bilan de tout le ministère de l'Intérieur. Nous avons besoin de rendre compte de façon publique les activités du ministère de l'intérieur. Ce bilan et fait chaque année au moins de janvier. Nous faisons le point de manière exhaustive ». \n\nLe Médiateur de la République du Congo peut recevoir les doléances des citoyens vis-à-vis de l'administration publique, \n\nAu Congo la force publique n'est pas syndiquée. Mais les ONG des droits de l'homme, dont l'OCDH, contestent ce bilan annuel et évoque de nombreux cas où les policiers ne sont pas sanctionnés. L'ONG dénonce même des cas de tortures constatés dans des commissariats et les auteurs des faits n'ont jamais été sanctionnés (voir interview de du septembre intégrer en point). L'OCDH évoque également les cas où les plaignants ont dû abandonner leurs plaintes.","1 - Entretien le jeudi 18 octobre 2013 avec le Colonel Jean-Claude NDOUDI, Commissaire de la Police, Directeur de la Police Administrative et de la Réglementation, l'entretien a eu lieu au siège de la Direction Générale de la Police à Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Entretien le mardi 22 octobre 2013 avec M. Séraphin ONDELE,  directeur de cabinet du Ministre de l'intérieur et de la décentralisation, au siège du ministère rond point du CCF. \n\n3 - Page 6 du Rapport annuel d'activité de l'inspection générale de la police.(Demande de l'intégralité du rapport refusée).\n\n4 - Jean-Aive ALLAKOUA, ancien porte parole de la police nationale, entretien effectué le 10 octobre 2013, Direction Générale de la Police Nationale (DGPN)\n\n5 - OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L'HOMME\nblog.ocdh.org/‎ 9 août 2013 \n\n6 - La LP-UMOJA condamne les propos du DGPN, Jean François Ndenguet et le phénomène des Kuluna, fr.umoja-org.com/la-lp-umoja-condamne-les-propos-du-dgpn-jeanhttp://fr.umoja-org.com/la-lp-umoja-condamne-les-propos-du-dgpn-jean-francois-ndenguet-et-le-phenomene-des-kuluna/","Selon M. Séraphin ONDELE, « un bilan est fait chaque année avec toutes les structures de la police. Pour préparer le bilan de tout le ministère de l'Intérieur. Nous avons besoin de rendre compte de façon publique les activités du ministère de l'intérieur. Ce bilan et fait chaque an..."]
["2013_CG_18",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",18,0,"Il n’existe pas de système mis en place pour recevoir les allégations des citoyens en cas d’inconduite policière ou de recours abusif à la force. Les ONG de défense des droits de l’homme ne cessent de fustiger les cas de violences répétitifs restés impunis.\n\nLe mécanisme est inexistant, d’où l’accroissement des cas de violences contre les citoyens. \nDans un rapport publié à la veille de la tenue du XIVe sommet de la francophonie, Reporters sans frontières et Journaliste en danger dressent un tableau sur l’état de la liberté de presse dans les pays francophones. En ce qui concerne la République démocratique du Congo, les deux ONG de défense de la liberté de presse rappellent la promesse de lutter contre l’impunité faite par le président de la République, Joseph Kabila, à Montreux, lors du 13e sommet de la francophonie en Suisse. \n\nPourtant, 131 cas d’atteinte à la liberté de presse ont été répertoriés au cours de l’année 2012, et huit cas d’assassinat de journalistes ont été enregistrés depuis que Joseph Kabila est à la tête de l’État. Ces données figurent dans un rapport sur la liberté de presse publié ce jeudi 11 octobre à Kinshasa par les ONG Reporters sans frontières et Journaliste en danger. Ce rapport est intitulé : « Monsieur Kabila, vous avez pourtant promis de lutter contre l’impunité ». \n— « RDC : 8 journalistes assassinés sous la présidence de Joseph Kabila, selon JED et RSF », sur le site de Radio Okapi, 11/10/2012, in http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/10/11/rdc-8-journalistes-assassines-sous-la-presidence-de-joseph-kabila-selon-jed-rsf/.\n\nDans le même rapport, Journaliste en danger fait état de 59 arrestations ou détentions de journaliste pour des périodes plus ou moins longues (6 agressions ou tortures des journalistes, 25 menaces ou harcèlements des journalistes, 16 pressions de tous ordres [administratifs, économiques ou judiciaires] sur les journalistes ou les médias, 78 cas de censures des médias ou d’émissions).\nEn outre, JED ne reconnait qu’une « seule note positive, pour la première fois depuis huit ans, aucun cas d’assassinat de journaliste n’a été enregistré en 2012. Par contre, les arrestations, menaces, agressions des journalistes, les censures contre les médias se sont considérablement accrue », précise ledit rapport.\n— JED dénonce la « détérioration du climat de travail de la presse et du droit de l’information en RDC », Stanislas Ntambwe, sur le site « Les médias du citoyen », 13/12/2012, http://www.lesmediasducitoyen.cd/actus/jed-denonce-la-%C2%AB-deterioration-du-climat-de-travail-de-la-presse-et-du-droit-de-linformation-e.","1. RDC : 8 journalistes assassinés sous la présidence de Joseph Kabila, selon JED et RSF', Site Radio Okapi, 11/10/2012, in http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/10/11/rdc-8-journalistes-assassines-sous-la-presidence-de-joseph-kabila-selon-jed-rsf/.\n\n2. JED dénonce la « détérioration du climat de travail de la presse et du droit de l’information en RDC », Stanislas Ntambwe, site « Les médias du citoyen », 13/12/2012, http://www.lesmediasducitoyen.cd/actus/jed-denonce-la-%C2%AB-deterioration-du-climat-de-travail-de-la-presse-et-du-droit-de-linformation-e.","Il n’existe pas de système mis en place pour recevoir les allégations des citoyens en cas d’inconduite policière ou de recours abusif à la force. Les ONG de défense des droits de l’homme ne cessent de fustiger les cas de violences répétitifs restés impunis...."]
["2013_CI_18",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",18,50,"Malgré l’existence formelle d’un mécanisme chargé de recevoir les plaintes des citoyens en cas d’inconduite et d’abus par des éléments de la police, il est difficile de juger de son effectivité. De prime abord, il n’est pas certain que les citoyens sont bien informés de l’existence de ce mécanisme, ce qui soulève un problème d’information et de sensibilisation. Quand bien même ce serait le cas, il n’est pas certain non plus que les citoyens y auront recours, par peur notamment de représailles. Toujours est-il qu’il ne nous a pas été possible par exemple de recueillir des informations sur le nombre de plaintes déposées par des citoyens, le nombre de plaintes instruites et sur les actions qu’elles ont pu engendrer.\n\nLa seule information pertinente trouvée faisait état des difficultés matérielles (précisément informatiques) rencontrées par le service supposé recevoir les plaintes des citoyens, « l’inspection 16 ». Ainsi, un article de presse en date du 14 juin 2013 fait état du fait que « l’ordinateur sur lequel les dossiers sont traités, avant d’être acheminés, soit au Tribunal militaire, soit au ministère de l’Intérieur même, pour les cas de faute contre l’honneur, est hors d’usage », paralysant ce service depuis plus de deux mois.\n\nLes démarches entreprises auprès dudit bureau afin d'obtenir des informations sur le nombre de plaintes reçues, d'enquêtes menées et de mesures disciplinaires ou judiciaires prises ont été infructueuses.","Kikie, A.N. (14 juin 2013). « Inspection générale de la Police nationale: des dossiers compromettants contre des agents bloqués ». Soir Info. Repéré à: http://fr.africatime.com/cote-d-ivoire/articles/inspection-generale-de-la-police-nationale-des-dossiers-compromettants-contre-des-agents\n\nKahofi, S. (11 septembre 2013). « Corruption: la police nationale ivoirienne toujours à l’heure du racket ». Monblog. Repéré à: http://eburnietoday.mondoblog.org/2013/09/11/corruption-la-police-nationale-toujours-a-lheure-du-racket/\n\nDémarches auprès de l’Inspection générale de la Police nationale.","Malgré l’existence formelle d’un mécanisme chargé de recevoir les plaintes des citoyens en cas d’inconduite et d’abus par des éléments de la police, il est difficile de juger de son effectivité. De prime abord, il n’est pas certain que les citoyens sont bien informés de l’existence..."]
["2013_DJ_18",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",18,0,"Il n’existe aucun mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. \n\nEn effet, selon Mohamed Abayazid, avocat, enseignant-chercheur en droit privé, président, association Amis juristes de Djibouti, le cadre légal régissant le statut de la police est très ancien et n'a pas fait l'objet de révision afin de permettre la prise en compte d'un tel mécanisme utile pour les citoyens. \n\nAli Omar Farah, membre de la société civile déplore l'inexistence d'un tel mécanisme et affirme que les policiers bénéficient d'une impunité totale concernant les bavures dont ils peuvent être accusées, car les citoyens djiboutiens saisissent rarement les tribunaux compétents. Ce mécanisme n'existe ni pour la police, ni pour la gendarmerie, ni pour les membres de l'armée, de la garde républicaine, etc.","1) Mohamed Abayazid, avocat, enseignant-chercheur en droit privé, président, association Amis juristes de Djibouti, entretien réalisé le 10 octobre 2013. \n\n2) Ali Omar Farah, membre de la société civile de Djibouti, entretien réalisé à le 12 octobre 2013. \n\n3) Madame Aicha Ali, officier, police de Djibouti, ancienne étudiante en droit, Université de Djibouti, entretien réalisé le 13 octobre 2013.","Il n’existe aucun mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. ..."]
["2013_EG_18",2013,"EG","Egypt",18,25,"Egypt does have a system for investigating improper behaviour and police activity from the police.\n\nPublic prosecutors can order investigations of police misbehavior and in theory each regional police unit has an internal affairs division. These procedures existed in the Mubarak era as well.  In the most famous case, of Khaled Mohamed Saeed, two police officers were given seven years for beating Saeed to death during police custody in October 2011.\n\nDuring the reign of President Morsi and subsequently, the police in Egypt have been arrested, tried and investigated for gross human rights abuses, including for their involvement in the football riots in 2012. Following the violence in Port Saeed in 2012, a special judge was tasked with investigating misbehavior both by the police and fans involved with the event.\n\nFollowing the recent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood following the overthrow of President Morsi, a number of police were also investigated. However, despite these high profile cases, many lower-level abuses continue without any remedy being administered.","Al-Youm, A.-M.  (2013, January 17) .  Prosecutors investigate sudden death of man in police custody.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/prosecutors-investigate-sudden-death-man-police-custody.\n\n(2013, November 7) .  Egypt to investigate claims of police torture in Upper Egypt.  World News Bulletin.  Retrieved from www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=122314.‎\n\nHafez, Mohammed.  (2013, November 22) .  [Lawyer in Alexandria and advisor to No Military Trials Coalition].  Personal communication.\n\nKing, L.  (2013, October 22) .  Egypt orders arrests of police in Muslim Brotherhood deaths.  Los Angeles Times.  Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/22/world/la-fg-wn-egypt-arrests-police-muslim-brotherhood-20131022.\n\nYoussef, N. A. and Ismail, A.  (2013, February 3) .  Prosecutors allege police role in deadly Egypt soccer riot.  McClatchy Newspapers.  Retrieved from  http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/02/01/181750/prosecutors-allege-police-role.html#storylink=cpy.","Egypt does have a system for investigating improper behaviour and police activity from the police...."]
["2013_GQ_18",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",18,0,"During the period of review, there was an increase in the number of allegations of police officers' involvement in the mugging through public taxis, particularly targeting women and foreign nationals. Foreigners are also constantly stopped at checkpoints by police officers and the military to check paperwork. These officials routinely ask for bribes. Several police officers had been detained at the end of the period of review accused of robbery, but no case had been opened against them. \n\nThere was no formal mechanism in place to denounce police misconduct and the allegations brought to police attention either via the news media or other informal means (mouth-to-mouth means that escalate to high-level officials) were seldom investigated, as citizens fear to file complaints at the police stations. Foreigners let their embassies know, for example. Police officers continue to torture civilians under their care with impunity.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Civil servant].  Personal communication.\n\nEG Justice.  (2013) .  UPR submission.  Retrieved from  http://www.egjustice.org/post/upr-submission \n\n(2013, September 30) .  El Comisario Jefe Superior de la Policía de Bata Implicado en un asunto de Extorsión y Robo a Mano Armada.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/el-comisario-jefe-superior-de-la-policia-de-bata-implicado-en-un-asunto-de-extorsion-y-robo-a-mano-armada/ \n\n(2012, October 25) .  Nueva detención y tortura: El detenido se halla en coma.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/nueva-detencion-y-tortura-el-detenido-se-halla-en-coma/ \n\nOkenve, N. Z.  (2013, September 3) .   El Estado imposible o la complejidad del Caos Guineano.  Radio Macuto.  Retrieved from http://radiomacuto.info/el-estado-imposible-o-la-complejidad-del-caos-guineano/\n\nUnited States Department of Diplomatic Security.  (2013, March) .  [Equatorial Guinea 2013 crime and safety report].  Retrieved from https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13829","During the period of review, there was an increase in the number of allegations of police officers' involvement in the mugging through public taxis, particularly targeting women and foreign nationals. Foreigners are also constantly stopped at checkpoints by police officers and the ..."]
["2013_ER_18",2013,"ER","Eritrea",18,0,"There is no body to receive allegations against the police.  There is widespread feeling and official hints that dissent is \"unpatriotic.\" For these reasons, citizens are not inclined to report police misconduct or abuse of force. According to Clement Nwankwo's report \"The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa - Eritrea\" published by the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library, Eritreans are under pressure to respect and not challenge authorities.","Applying a US Police Integrity Measurement Tool to the Eritrean Context: Perceptions of Top-Level Eritrean Police Officers Regarding Police Misconduct, Yemane Desta, \nVolume 10 Issue 3 (November 2013), pp. 238-261, http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/1477963313Z.00000000015.\n\nUniversity of Minnesota. The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa: Eritrea. \nhttp://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/eritrea.htm.\n\nFreedom House Report on Eritrea, 2013.\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/eritrea-0.","There is no body to receive allegations against the police.  There is widespread feeling and official hints that dissent is \"unpatriotic.\" For these reasons, citizens are not inclined to report police misconduct or abuse of force. According to Clement Nwankwo's report \"The Status o..."]
["2013_ET_18",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",18,0,"One can submit complaints to the Ombudsman, the Human Rights Commission, or directly to the police force, but little attention is paid to such requests. The appointees running these agencies, according to sources, are political appointees in the thrall of the ruling party, and exercise little independence.  \n\nExisting institutions are not effective and do not promote redressal of abuse and/or misconduct.","1. Interview with a legal researcher, September 25, 2013.\n2. Addis Guday, The Abuse of Rights of a Prisoner of Conscience Reyot Alemu by the Police, September 2013.\n3. Interview with a federal judge, October 2, 2013.","One can submit complaints to the Ombudsman, the Human Rights Commission, or directly to the police force, but little attention is paid to such requests. The appointees running these agencies, according to sources, are political appointees in the thrall of the ruling party, and exer..."]
["2013_GA_18",2013,"GA","Gabon",18,25,"There are no recent cases in which police misconduct or abuse of force have been denounced through the \"huissiers de Justice\". While the mechanism exists, it lacks teeth due to an incomplete legal framework in which to exercise its mandate. \n\nThe citizens of Gabon do have legal recourse through the judicial system. In theory, the oversight mechanism/entity is known as the \"huissiers de justice\" (bailiffs) mechanism. It was created by Law No. 11/70 (December 17, 1970). But the law regulating its activity is no longer adapted to the complexities of Gabon's current political and economic context, and ultimately ineffective.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, July 11) .  Du rififi à la Chambre nationale des huissiers de justice du Gabon (CNHJG).  Info Gabon.  Retrieved from http://infosgabon.com/?p=27541\n\nIvembi, S.  (2013, July 22) .  Un bureau provisoire pour les huissiers de justice.  Commission de surveillance du marché financier de l'Afrique centrale (COSUMAF).  Retrieved from http://ancienspdgetranger.vefblog.net/123.html\n\nJRB.  (n.d.) .  Pour la mise en place d'un cadre légal de la CNHJG.  COCOM [Communications Service of Presidency of Gabon posts a PDF of a newspaper story that could be Libreville's daily L'Union].  Retrieved from http://cocom.rggov.org/veille/2_2013/_files/v20130624%20JUSTICE.pdf","There are no recent cases in which police misconduct or abuse of force have been denounced through the \"huissiers de Justice\". While the mechanism exists, it lacks teeth due to an incomplete legal framework in which to exercise its mandate. ..."]
["2013_GM_18",2013,"GM","The Gambia",18,25,"The Gambia police force is newly restructured with the creation of legal affairs and human rights units. \n\nThis unit does not have a separate legal mandate (as previously inquired for indicator 17). Nonetheless it has the guidelines to investigate and receive complaints of police abuse. Yet not all cases of police abuse are reported \"due to fear of reprisal, lack of substantive redress, and a general mistrust of police\".\n\nThe human rights and community policing unit of The Gambia police force receives complaints against the police for any abuse of their powers. However, attempts to access the number of complaints received and investigations carried out within the year in review proved futile.","1. Police Human Rights Unit Awaited for Action as Two Complainants Claim Abuse of Rights. Foroyaa Newspaper. Alagi F.S. Kora,  October 9 2013. http://www.foroyaa.gm/burning-issues/14313-police-human-rights-unit-awaited-for-action-as-two-complainants-claim-abuse-of-rights\n\n2. United States Department of State. 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - The Gambia. April 19 2013. http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6dc816.html\n\n3. Sonko, head of human rights unit, Gambia Police Force. Interview November 23 2013.\n\n3. Operational Guidance - The Gambia - The Gambia OGN v 6.0. June 21 2013. \nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51cbfc524.pdf","The Gambia police force is newly restructured with the creation of legal affairs and human rights units. ..."]
["2013_GH_18",2013,"GH","Ghana",18,50,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice has a functioning system in place to handle police misconduct and abuse of force. A complaint can be made in writing, orally or online.\n\nA written response from the commission, dated October 23, 2013, and signed by its legal officer, in response to a request for latest statistics on the situation, said: \"The period for completion of investigations may vary according to the nature of the case and could take between one week to two years.\" \n\nThe commission also interprets its legal mandate to mean that it has to receive complaints before commissioning investigations, so it does not initiate investigations into cases unless a complaint is made to it. \n\nAccording to the written response, the commission said that, in the year 2012, it received \"a total of 106 cases which included cases of abuse of office/power/functions, misappropriation/embezzlement, fraud, conflict of interest, bribery and extortion of money\".\n\nThe commission said: \"The cases were against public office holders, both junior and senior levels\" but could not specify how many of the 106 cases were against police officers.\"\n\nDespite being asked, the commission did not give any definite or specific statistics on the number of the cases it had so far investigated. It only stated that \"two cases are pending before the high court and the supreme court respectively\".\n\nEven though the commission is an independent investigative body, its effectiveness is hampered or limited by inadequate funding rendering it unable to investigate most of the cases brought before it on time.\n\nThe commission also does not have adequate staff to assign to the various cases to ensure their timely resolution.  \n  \nThere is also a body within the police service called Police Intelligence and Professional Standards, which also receives citizens' complaints of police abuse of force and misconduct and investigates such complaints.","3. Mr D.C. Hamond, legal officer, Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, written correspondence, October 23, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Ms Evelyn Nuvor, programmes manager, Gender Studies and Human Rights Documentation Centre, telephone interview, October 23, 2013, Accra.\n\n3.Dr Maurice Ampaw, founder, Legal Advocacy Foundation, telephone interview, October 10, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Roland Akabzaa, research officer, Ghana Anti-corruption Coalition, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice has a functioning system in place to handle police misconduct and abuse of force. A complaint can be made in writing, orally or online...."]
["2013_GN_18",2013,"GN","Guinea",18,25,"Il existe en Guinée un mécanisme pour signaler les cas d’abus policiers, mais ce mécanisme est insuffisamment spécifié pour pouvoir être reconnu. Il permet tout au plus aux citoyens de porter plainte suivant les mêmes procédures que pour des infractions de droit commun, et les rapports consultés à l'Inspection générale de la justice ne mentionnent aucune plainte déposée contre des agents de la police ou des forces armées. Le système est lent et défaillant, au point que certaines victimes préfèrent ne pas s’y adresser du tout. Il arrive, comme dans le cas de la plainte portée par l’ONG Les mêmes droits pour tous (MDT) contre la gendarmerie mobile n°4 de Matoto, que les accusés ne répondent tout simplement pas à la convocation de leur juge, démontrant ainsi la faiblesse du système de justice. \n\nLes grèves ou les autres démarches de la société civile sont plus susceptibles de conduire les juges à ordonner des arrestations ou à prononcer des condamnations. Celles du lieutenant-colonel Moussa Tiégboro Camara ou des gendarmes de l'escadron numéro 7 de Kindia (dont l'un a été condamné à une peine de quinze ans lors des dernières assises de février 2013) sont exemplaires à cet effet. \n\nIl est par ailleurs possible aux victimes d’exactions policières de se tourner vers les services d’ONG de défense des droits de l'homme, pour les aider à recouvrer leurs droits. Depuis 2012, par exemple, MDT s’est constituée partie civile à quatre reprises contre des agents de la police judiciaire accusés de torture. Ces affaires sont toujours en instance.","Entretien avec Maître Foromo Fréderic Loua, Président de l'ONG Les mêmes droits pour tous (MDT), 19 septembre 2013, 20h00.\n\nEntretien avec Ousmane Bah, Président de la Coalition guinéenne de défense et de promotion des droits de l'homme,  20 septembre 2013, 7h30.\n\nEntretien avec Aimé Raphael Habah, Directeur de Avocat sans frontière - Guinée, 20 septembre 2013, 8h15.","Il existe en Guinée un mécanisme pour signaler les cas d’abus policiers, mais ce mécanisme est insuffisamment spécifié pour pouvoir être reconnu. Il permet tout au plus aux citoyens de porter plainte suivant les mêmes procédures que pour des infractions de droit commun, et les rapp..."]
["2013_GW_18",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",18,50,"Police misconduct or abuse of force in Guinea Bissau needs to be denounced by a citizen to be prosecuted. The public ministry works in these cases on the basis of a complaint. \n\nJudiciary police can be addressed to denounce abuses or police misconduct, so there is a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations. The problem is that, generally, the population is not aware of its rights as citizens and, consequently, do not use the right to complaint and present allegations.\n\nHowever, not all cases reported are investigated and, when investigations are requested, they take more than one week to start. Furthermore, most of investigations are not self-started by the body.","1.\tEdinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.\tCherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.\tMario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","Police misconduct or abuse of force in Guinea Bissau needs to be denounced by a citizen to be prosecuted. The public ministry works in these cases on the basis of a complaint. ..."]
["2013_KE_18",2013,"KE","Kenya",18,0,"The reporting mechanism is yet to be acted upon since the Independent Policing Oversight Authority is still in the process of setting up shop. The authority was established through an act of parliament published in November 2011 to provide for civilian oversight over the work of the police in Kenya. The inaugural board was sworn into office in June 2012. \n\nMr Macharia Njeru, the authority’s chairman, says it is still building its capacity in terms of human resources and other infrastructure that would enable it to fully discharge its duties. The online reporting mechanism has been made available however and is proving popular with Kenyans seeking to report abuses of/by the police. \n\nAs of 8.30 pm on September 20th, 2013, the website had received 19,669 hits just two weeks after it went live. This means it is a first and necessary step, the effectiveness of the institution can however be only assessed once the complaints are investigated.","1. Independent Policing Oversight Authority probes woman’s death in Mathare slum shooting, Cyrus Ombati, the Standard newspaper, July 22, 2013, https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000088998&story_title=ipoa-probes-woman-s-death-in-mathare-slum-shooting.\n\n2. Independent Policing Oversight Authority chairman Macharia Njeru, interviewed September 20, 2013.\n\n3. Independent Policing Oversight Authority website http://ipoa.go.ke/.","The reporting mechanism is yet to be acted upon since the Independent Policing Oversight Authority is still in the process of setting up shop. The authority was established through an act of parliament published in November 2011 to provide for civilian oversight over the work of th..."]
["2013_LS_18",2013,"LS","Lesotho",18,0,"There are several reasons why the Police Complaints Authority is not effectively discharging its duties. \n\nFirstly, its autonomy is highly compromised in that it belongs to the ministry of home affairs and is subject to the rules and regulations governing the public service. \n\nSecondly, it only investigates cases referred to it by the police commissioner or the minister in the prime minister's office. And as one of the investigators put it, \"even if we are aware of a particular allegation of police abuse, we cannot investigate until the commissioner decides to refer such allegations\". In addition, the authority does not have prosecuting powers. Also, the recommendations it makes regarding referred complaints are not available to the public.\n\nLastly, the authority does not have the legal mandate to follow up on its recommendations. As a result, authority investigators do not know whether the authorities do in fact act on their recommendations. Between September 2012 and September 2013, the authority investigated only 13 allegations of police misconduct.","1. Mathealea Lerotholi. Police Complaints Authority. Investigator. Interviewed October 3 2013, Maseru.\n\n2. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Democracy and Human Rights Officer. Interviewed October 8 2013, Maseru.\n\n3. Billy Ntaote. Public Eye. Shocking Police Brutality. January 11 2013.\n\n4. United States Department of State, 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Lesotho,  April 19 2013, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6e1518.html","There are several reasons why the Police Complaints Authority is not effectively discharging its duties. ..."]
["2013_LR_18",2013,"LR","Liberia",18,0,"There have been numerous complaints in the media by citizens of police brutality, but such complaints, when deemed necessary by the President, the Ministry of Justice and the authorities of the Liberian National Police, can be handled by the police itself of the Ministry of Justice. \n\nPolice have cracked down on demonstrators, and many cried, but no one listened. Abuses of individual rights are rampant  with in the Liberian National Police. In an interview with a victim, Keita explained how he was pulled out of his vehicle and dragged for questioning at the police headquarters in Monrovia. When contacted by journalist the police spokesman said he could not discuss the situation in public; he neither denied nor confirm what Keita reported to the press.","1. Wennah, C. (2013, October 19). Personal Interview. County Attorney - Ministry of Justice (Bong County), Gbarnga City\n\n2. Report: Oversight of the Liberian National Police, 2009\n\n3. Kamara, V. (2013, May 17). News stories: Woman Faints: During Police Sand Mining Raid, New Democrat.","There have been numerous complaints in the media by citizens of police brutality, but such complaints, when deemed necessary by the President, the Ministry of Justice and the authorities of the Liberian National Police, can be handled by the police itself of the Ministry of Justice..."]
["2013_LY_18",2013,"LY","Libya",18,0,"There is no phone number or address to locate or contact the administrative monitoring mechanism. \n\nThe police force is much weaker than existing militias such as the Supreme Security Committee (SSC) or the Libya Shield Force who operate outside the rule of law in all cities including Tripoli (the capital). The effectiveness of such a mechanism (if it was counted as a mechanism against police misconduct in the first place) equals zero.","Anonymous  - legal xonsultant - DFID, personal communication, November 10, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - politician and former head of the Tripoli Brigade (militia) - Tripoli, personal communication, November 10, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - army officer - Benghazi - November 10, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no phone number or address to locate or contact the administrative monitoring mechanism. ..."]
["2013_MG_18",2013,"MG","Madagascar",18,25,"Il n’existe aucun mécanisme destiné à signaler l’inconduite policière. Les personnes interviewées sont toutes d’accord là-dessus. En effet, aucune annonce n’a été faite en ce sens par la Police nationale. Sur son site, il est fait mention d’un numéro gratuit avec les spécifications suivantes : à appeler « pour demander l’intervention et signaler un événement ». Dans la pratique, c’est surtout utilisé pour appeler de l’aide ou signaler un cas nécessitant l’intervention de la police.\n\nToutefois, les citoyens peuvent signaler de tels cas au BIANCO ou, mieux encore, au Centre d’assistance juridique et d’action citoyenne (CAJAC) de Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar (TI-IM). En effet, pour la période de janvier à juillet 2013, les allégations de corruption liées à la police représentaient près de 9% des plaintes. Selon la méthode du CAJAC, ces cas sont traités soit par l’assistance aux plaignants suite au dépôt de la plainte suivi d’un renvoi vers la chaîne pénale anti corruption (juridiction spéciale pour juger les cas de corruption), soit par l’envoi des dossiers au BIANCO pour enquête judiciaire.\nD’après la journaliste, ce mécanisme n’existe pas. Elle estime en plus que même si les citoyens signalent des cas similaires, les responsables ne réagissent pas. Elle parle des cas d’inconduites policières, voire même des bavures policières, relatées dans la presse, et auxquelles les responsables n’apportent ni démenti ni confirmation. Toutefois, lors d’une cérémonie officielle, comme dans le cas cité par L’Express de Madagascar, on arrive à glaner quelques informations sur la police : « Le ministère de la Sécurité intérieure a sanctionné cinquante-et-un policiers pour corruption au cours de l'année 2012. Ce chiffre avancé a connu une hausse comparée à 2011, pour laquelle seulement quarante-deux éléments véreux se sont retrouvés cloués au pilori. »","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Lejamble Brice, secrétaire exécutif p.i, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 23 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 1 0ctobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Site de la Police nationale\nhttp://www.policenationale.gov.mg/, 4 octobre 2013.\n- Site du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO).\nhttp://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0, 4 octobre 2013.\n- Rakotoarisoa V. Angela, assistante juridique du Centre d’assistance juridique et d’action citoyenne (Advocacy and Legal Advisory Center), Antananarivo, 2 octobre 2003. (Interview)\n- «Corruption : 51 policiers sanctionnés», Andriamarohasina Seth, L’Express de Madagascar, 12 avril 2013. \nhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/corruption-madagascar/42500-cinquante-et-un-policiers-sanctionnes.html\n- Tsihiavonana Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 4 Octobre 2013. (Interview)","Il n’existe aucun mécanisme destiné à signaler l’inconduite policière. Les personnes interviewées sont toutes d’accord là-dessus. En effet, aucune annonce n’a été faite en ce sens par la Police nationale. Sur son site, il est fait mention d’un numéro gratuit avec les spécifications..."]
["2013_MW_18",2013,"MW","Malawi",18,25,"In practice, mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct or the abuse of force are not effective. \n\nYet, the Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHRC) is mandated to receive complaints and has received such complaints. Other than that, there is no dedicated functioning system/body (whether within the police or the prosecutor’s office) in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force. The Police Act (2010) proposed such a body. However, such mechanism has not been rolled out and implemented. \n\nThe Malawi police service has been accused of violating the rights of vulnerable citizens including the poor, children and sex workers when discharging its duties, including using excessive force.\n\nAny of the few Investigations of allegations of police misconduct that have been carried out were rarely initiated within one week of being reported. The current system seldom exercises its own initiative to start investigations when or if needed. The number of reports against police misconduct are difficult to ascertain as the information is not made public.","Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice. November 12 2013.\n\nNickson Masebo, Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe), Chairperson. November 12 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice, 12 November, 2013","In practice, mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct or the abuse of force are not effective. ..."]
["2013_ML_18",2013,"ML","Mali",18,0,"Les cas signalés au niveau de la justice sont rarement étudiés. C'est dire que dans la pratique, le mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force n'est pas effectif. \n\nSelon Moussa Dolo, en dépit de l’absence d'organe spécifique de recours, les citoyens doivent utiliser le système judiciaire standard en attendant pour se faire entendre. « Ils peuvent porter plainte chaque fois qu'ils subissent un abus de la part d'un quelconque porteur d'uniforme ».","Entretien avec Cyriaque Dembélé, contrôleur général de police, Direction nationale de la Police, réalisé le 22 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mahamadou Coulibaly, Juriste, Association malienne des droits de l’Homme, réalisé le 22 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Moussa Dolo, Syndicat de la justice, Ministère de la Justice, réalisé le 18 novembre 2013.","Les cas signalés au niveau de la justice sont rarement étudiés. C'est dire que dans la pratique, le mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force n'est pas effectif. ..."]
["2013_MR_18",2013,"MR","Mauritania",18,0,"Il n'existe à ce jour un mécanisme efficace permettant aux citoyens de signaler l’inconduite des policiers ou le recours abusif à la force. L'absence d'un tel mécanisme de protection des citoyens pourrait encourager les forces de l'ordre à développer des comportements peu cohérents. Toutefois, il convient de signaler la courtoisie des forces de l'ordre mauritaniennes. Les cas d'inconduite policière ou de recours à la force sont rares. Elles le sont d'autant plus que les mauritaniens se connaissent tous. Cette exception donne lieu à des résolutions de litige par le dialogue et par la concertation. Ce n'est pas la seule raison, il existe une sorte de professionnalisme des forces de l'ordre dans les situations de tension et d'application des dispositions règlementaires. \n\nIl y a eu un scandale dans le Groupement général de la sécurité routière (GGSR), qui menait des opérations de police dans la capitale, Nouakchott. Tout récemment, quatre membres du GGSR ont été impliqués dans un viol d'une jeune sénégalaise. Cette faute a donné lieu à des sanctions et surtout au licenciement des coupables. Il y a peu de personnes qui essaient de signaler l'inconduite policière et/ou le recours à la force. Cette attitude est motivée par le fait qu'elle a peu de chances d'aboutir. Les plaintes contre les forces de l'ordre sont classées sans suite, et donnent rarement lieu à des poursuites. Il convient de signaler que les abus des forces de l'ordre sont davantage dirigés contre les étrangers que contre les mauritaniens.","1. Mohamed Abellahi ould Belil, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n2. Mine ould Habiboullah, avocat à la cour, président, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3.Interview Maitre Fatimata Mbaye, avocate à la Cour, Présidente de l'Association Mauritanienne des Droits de l'homme(AMDH), novembre 13, 2013.","Il n'existe à ce jour un mécanisme efficace permettant aux citoyens de signaler l’inconduite des policiers ou le recours abusif à la force. L'absence d'un tel mécanisme de protection des citoyens pourrait encourager les forces de l'ordre à développer des comportements peu cohérents..."]
["2013_MU_18",2013,"MU","Mauritius",18,0,"In Mauritius, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is the body responsible for making decisions about alleged cases of police misconduct against citizens. Cases are initially reported to the Complaints Investigation Bureau (CIB) of the police which works in collaboration with the NHRC. The cases are investigated by the CIB and then referred to the NHRC for actions and follow-up. Where there are grounds for further investigation, NHRC can refer cases to the director of public prosecutions.\n\nIt should be noted that the NHRC has not published any reports of its activities since 2008. Moreover, there is reluctance from the institution to provide information. Frequent inquiries remained unanswered. One newspaper reports that from January to April 2013, 223 cases of police brutality have been reported but the NHRC remained unresponsive. The journalist goes further to say that the institution is not functioning at all. Another newspaper mentions that the NHRC is under-staffed and does not have the means to be effective.\n\nSince the cases reported go to the CIB first and are referred to the NHRC only later and there is no data being made available, both independence and effectiveness of a working mechanism for citizens to meaningfully complain and seek remedy are in strong doubt.","Press Article: BRUTALITÉ POLICIÈRE : Aux travers des bourreaux (Police Brutality: See through the tormentors) – Weekend Scope – April 18, 2013, available online at http://www.lemauricien.com/article/brutalite-policiere-aux-travers-des-bourreaux \n\nPress Article: Hilbert P. “Sous-équipée et surchargée – Interrogations autour de la National Human Rights Commission\" (Under-equipped and overwhelmed – Interrogations concerning the National Human Rights Commission,\" http://www.defimedia.info/defi-quotidien/dq-actualites/item/35950-sous-equipee-et-surchargee-interrogations-autour-de-la-national-human-rights-commission.html, July 18, 2013\n\nConversation with the secretary to the chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission on Nov. 20, 2013","In Mauritius, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is the body responsible for making decisions about alleged cases of police misconduct against citizens. Cases are initially reported to the Complaints Investigation Bureau (CIB) of the police which works in collaboration wit..."]
["2013_MA_18",2013,"MA","Morocco",18,0,"There isn't an existing body to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. Corruption among police officers is very common, especially small corruption to get away from paying a speeding ticket, for example. Citizens, and non-profit organizations have tried to fight corruption but whistle blowers have gotten in trouble for denouncing high levels of corruption.","(2013, September 28) .  In Rabat, the screening of a film denouncing corruption is forbidden.  Lakome.  Retrieved from http://fr.lakome.com/index.php/maroc/1421-rabat-interdiction-arbitraire-de-la-projection-publique-d-un-film-contre-la-corruption.\n\n(2013, June 19) .  No follow up in lawsuit against Mezouar and Bensouda.  Lakome.  Retrieved from https://fr.lakome.com/index.php/maroc/963-affaire-des-primes-mezouar-bensouda-la-plainte-des-associations-classee-sans-suite.\n\nSadki, A.  (2013, September 19) .  Moroccan whistleblowers: The public's conscience.  [Blog post].    Retrieved from http://blog.transparency.org/2013/09/19/moroccan-whistleblowers-the-publics-conscience/.\n\nStop Corruption.  (2009) .  Rapport annuel de l'ICPC.  Retrieved from http://www.stopcorruption.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=37&lang=fr.","There isn't an existing body to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. Corruption among police officers is very common, especially small corruption to get away from paying a speeding ticket, for example. Citizens, and non-profit organizations have tried to fight corruptio..."]
["2013_MZ_18",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",18,25,"Both the ombudsman and the national commission of human rights began operating in September 2012 only. Therefore, the impacts of their work are still unknown for the majority of the Mozambican citizens, even those living in Maputo where the offices are located. During his first appearance before the parliament, the ombudsman said that, over the first year, his office received only 249 petitions from various regions of the country.\n\nAs for the commission, the first year was mainly for its inception phase, dealing with the creation of a legal basis as the newly created commission had to provide documents for the approval of the Council of Ministers. On the other hand, the commission spent time creating an internal structure of functioning, drawing the strategic plan and participating in international meetings to introduce the commission. At the national level, the commission and its work is still invisible and results or its effectiveness unknown.","1.\tBaltazar Fael. Research Director. Centre for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013.\n2.\t\"Provedor da Justiça prestou primeira informação anual ao Parlamento\". Redaccao. A Verdade. May 2, 2013, http://www.verdade.co.mz/destaques/democracia/36709-provedor-da-justica-presta-informacao-ao-parlamento.\n3.\t\"Moçambique ainda tem muitos desafios na área dos direitos humanos\". Alfredo Manjate. A Verdade. September 19, 2013, http://www.verdade.co.mz/destaques/democracia/40147-mocambique-ainda-tem-muitos-desafios-na-area-dos-direitos-humanos.\n4.\t\"Protecção dos Direitos Humanos: Moçambique regista avanços na área legislativa\". Ricardo Pequenino. TVM. September 6, 2013, http://noticias.tvm.co.mz/index.php/programas/item/1888-protec%C3%A7%C3%A3o-dos-direitos-humanos-mo%C3%A7ambique-regista-avan%C3%A7os-na-%C3%A1rea-legislativa.","Both the ombudsman and the national commission of human rights began operating in September 2012 only. Therefore, the impacts of their work are still unknown for the majority of the Mozambican citizens, even those living in Maputo where the offices are located. During his first app..."]
["2013_NA_18",2013,"NA","Namibia",18,25,"The Business Anti-Corruption Portal reported in 2013 that, in 2011, the Namibian police force opened nine cases of corruption or extortion against members of the police; all cases were still on-going as of December 2012. Reporting of police misconduct is not such a problem. The ombudsman reported in 2013 that complaints against the police were second highest among the reports his office had received. He also confirmed that several complaints launched against the police were referred to their complaints and discipline unit.  However, the public hardly gets to hear how far internal investigations and how disciplinary measures went.\n\nBecause of the lack of transparency in the affairs of the police investigations a score of 25 is warranted, as a media report during the year under review shows that some investigations do take place.","Fillemon Enkali, PRO, Anti- Corruption Commission, September 30 2013.\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\nJaqueline Asheeke, columnist and writer, former CEO FENATA, and chairperson of the board of directors, Namibia Wildlife Resorts, September 30 2013.\nAppeal system broken’, Werner Menges, The Namibian, July 12 2013, available at http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=111715&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=177.\nBusiness Anti-Corruption Portal , http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/corruption-levels/police.aspx.","The Business Anti-Corruption Portal reported in 2013 that, in 2011, the Namibian police force opened nine cases of corruption or extortion against members of the police; all cases were still on-going as of December 2012. Reporting of police misconduct is not such a problem. The omb..."]
["2013_NE_18",2013,"NE","Niger",18,25,"Les statistiques ne sont pas disponibles. Il y a eu un cas où une dizaine des policiers, en service à la Direction de la surveillance du territoire (DST), se sont fait arrêter du fait de leurs activités au sein d'un réseau de trafic de passeports. Toutefois, il n'existe aucun système permettant à un citoyen de rapporter des conduites non professionnelles de la police, mis à part le rapport via le numéro vert du ministère de la Justice. Quand une des sources a appelé, aucune réponse a été donnée par téléphone et il était impossible de parler à un responsable de la police.","Source 1 :  Anonyme. (3 octobre 2013 ). Ministère de la Justice Bureau informations, réclamations, lutte contre la corruption et le trafic d'influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger\n\nSource 2 : Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger\n\nSource 3 : Des policiers mis aux arrêts pour fraude de passeports ! (2 septembre 2013). Le Canard Déchaîné N° 560.\nhttp://www.tamtaminfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10799:des-policiers-mis-aux-arrets-pour-fraude-de-passeports&catid=104:societe&Itemid=676\n\nSource 4 : Appel téléphonique. Police nationale du Niger.10 septembre 2013.","Les statistiques ne sont pas disponibles. Il y a eu un cas où une dizaine des policiers, en service à la Direction de la surveillance du territoire (DST), se sont fait arrêter du fait de leurs activités au sein d'un réseau de trafic de passeports. Toutefois, il n'existe aucun systè..."]
["2013_NG_18",2013,"NG","Nigeria",18,0,"The police service commission is expected to investigate all public complaints against the police and, accordingly, enforce discipline. But allegations are rarely investigated. \n\nIndicative of the low volume of response and confidence - in a country with some of the highest cases of police abuse and brutality - the latest statistics obtained from the police service commission say that only ninety-two (92) petitions and appeals from aggrieved members of the police and the general public were dealt with in 2010. Indeed, all of the complaints came from the police.\n\nThe police said in the report justifying why there were no public complaints: \"Owing to the commission’s intolerant posture on matters of police misconduct, especially cases of extra-judicial killings, there has been a drastic decline in the number of petitions received during the year. This reflects improvement in discipline among the police personnel.\"\n\nCitizens who bother to seek remedy, still go to the same police, or to the national human rights commission or the public complaints committees of the senate of the house of representatives. \nJustice remains slow at any of these institutions, however.","1. Enayaba I. Napoleon, Assistant Program Officer - Public Safety and Security, CLEEN Foundation(Justice Sector Reforms) via phone, October 16, 2013.\n\n2.  Punch, Police brutality: Blind in the service of fatherland, January 6, 2013, http://www.punchng.com/feature/police-brutality-blind-in-the-service-of-fatherland/\n\n3. Informationng, Shettima Pays N3.5m To Family Of Police Brutality., September 15, 2013, Niyi, http://www.informationng.com/2013/09/shettima-pays-n3-5m-to-family-of-police-brutality.html\n\n4. Police Service Commission Report, 2010, http://www.psc.gov.ng/files/2010%20Annual%20Report.pdf, accessed October 2013.","The police service commission is expected to investigate all public complaints against the police and, accordingly, enforce discipline. But allegations are rarely investigated. ..."]
["2013_RW_18",2013,"RW","Rwanda",18,50,"Sources agree that there are some exceptions to the rule that a case gets started within a week's time. All cases do get however investigated. There are functional reporting mechanisms such as sending text messages using a mobile phone to a toll-free number (2641) or filling out a form online that is available on the website ifatetirwanda.org. Some investigations and results are furthermore stated on the webpage and in local newsmedia. \n\nAt the same time, the webpage has not had any updates since July 2012, and the latest annual report dates back to the year 2011/2012.","Ingabire, Marie Immaculée.  (2013, September 15) .  [Head of Transparency international Rwanda].  Personal communication.\n\nMutaboba, Joseph.  (2013, September 15) .  [Current UN representative in Darfur and former Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Internal Security]. Interviewed on 15/09/2013.\n\nOjulu, E.  (2013, August 24) .  Rwanda: Transparency International takes battle against graft online.  AllAfrica.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201308260048.html\n\nRepublic of Rwanda, National Human Rights Commission, \nhttp://www.cndp.org.rw/spip.php?rubrique16","Sources agree that there are some exceptions to the rule that a case gets started within a week's time. All cases do get however investigated. There are functional reporting mechanisms such as sending text messages using a mobile phone to a toll-free number (2641) or filling out a ..."]
["2013_ST_18",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",18,25,"Citizens regularly call on the department of justice to report abuse of force or police misconduct. In fact, there are a lot of police agents facing processes due to police misconduct or abuse of force. For example, on July 4 2013, a group of artists called “criativos” organised a vigil in front of the national television against them being cast out from a popular humoristic TV show called “Nós Por Cá”. The former minister of justice who was taking part in the vigil was arrested without any explanation and only released on the following day. Apart from reporting this police misconduct to the department of justice, he also used social media to publicize the arrest. \n\nThe department of justice can take longer than a week to start investigations. A prerequisite to actually star an investigation is furthermore that someone files an official complaint. The department of justice never starts an investigation on its own initiative. Furthermore the department of justice is evidently linked to the executive branch and not independent.","1. Wildiley Barroca. Journalist. STP Press. October 3 2013.\n2. André Aureliano Aragão. Lawyer. AAA-ADV. October 2 2013.\n3. Apolinário dos Santos. Comedian. Os Criativos. November 29 2013.","Citizens regularly call on the department of justice to report abuse of force or police misconduct. In fact, there are a lot of police agents facing processes due to police misconduct or abuse of force. For example, on July 4 2013, a group of artists called “criativos” organised a ..."]
["2013_SN_18",2013,"SN","Senegal",18,25,"Au Sénégal, le seul système qui permet aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force est de porter plainte au près du procureur, dont l’accessibilité pose souvent problème à cause d'une procédure très lente. Ce qui porte le plus souvent préjudice aux citoyens, dans la mesure où la majeure partie des cas signalés n’est pas examinée. S'ils le sont, l'enquête peut prendre des semaines avant de démarrer. Ce qui a beaucoup frustré et découragé des citoyens cette année de saisir le procureur qui malheureusement s'autosaisi rarement pour enquêter sur l'inconduite policière.","Entretien avec Me Assane Dioma Ndiaye, président, Ligue sénégalaise des droits de l'homme, le 8 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Abdoulaye Diédhiou, journaliste spécialisé en faits divers, journal L'Observateur, le 16 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Me Felix Sow, avocat, coordonnateur-adjoint, Forum Civil, le 7 octobre 2013.","Au Sénégal, le seul système qui permet aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force est de porter plainte au près du procureur, dont l’accessibilité pose souvent problème à cause d'une procédure très lente. Ce qui porte le plus souvent préjudice a..."]
["2013_SC_18",2013,"SC","Seychelles",18,25,"This mechanism is available (albeit not defined by law and stipulated to be independent), and not effective. Some complaints are investigated and disciplinary action is taken, but many other omplaints go un-investigated or are simply ignored. This includes complaints made by lawyers on behalf of clients. For allegations of misconduct, citizens can write to the commissioner of police. \n\nIf nothing comes out of such complaint, they can go to the court for action. If the in-house mechanism finds that the officer is liable for abuse of force, he is either removed from the force or legal actions are taken. Often, letters to the commissioner are not answered. Largely, investigations are based on a complaint.\n\nThree emails were sent to the ombudsman, and email reminders were sent to the ministry of foreign affairs in an effort to obtain relevant statistics. The email response eventually received from the ombudsman's office provided vague data on police misconduct and abuse of force. The respondent explained that the body does indeed have a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force, and it does exercise its own initiative to start investigations if/when needed. Five reports of police misconduct were received in the last year. By law, the mediation procedure must be activated as soon as the allegation is accepted for processing.  The investigation follows if no solution is reached in the mediation process.\n\nThus, investigations are largely based on complaints and therefore rarely self-started by the body, there is however no independent oversight authority mechanism. Instead complaints go to the commissioner of police.","1. Interview: Anonymous Source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, December 7, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Chief Justice Frederick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice of Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Civil Society, November 26, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Anonymous source, Representative from a Media Organization in Seychelles, December 12, 2013.\n\n5. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December 10, 2013.\n\n6. Email: Mrs. Wendy Michel, Assistant Investigation Officer for Ms. Dora Zatte, Seychelles Ombudsman, December 23, 2013.","This mechanism is available (albeit not defined by law and stipulated to be independent), and not effective. Some complaints are investigated and disciplinary action is taken, but many other omplaints go un-investigated or are simply ignored. This includes complaints made by lawyer..."]
["2013_SL_18",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",18,50,"In 2013, the CDIID embarked on conducting disciplinary court hearings speedily, and also re-vamped the mobile court system to fast track completed investigation cases across the country. Because of a lack of resources, the cdiid failed to investigate most of the cases reported to them from the public. In September 2012, they received 1,138 cases, and a total of 56 suspensions were made, while 230 cases were treated with corrective training and 92 dismissals were made within the police. Often it takes longer than one week, though, to start proceedings or investigations.","Ibrahim Samura, Head of Media, Sierra Leone Police, October 13, 2013\n\nSheka Tarawalie, Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Internal Affairs, October 13, 2013\n\nSalifu Conteh, Court Reporter, Standard Times Newspaper, October 11, 2013\n\nSierra Leone Police, Annual Operational Plan for  CDIID 2013, police.gov.sl/UserFiles/download/ANNUAL_REPORT_2012.pdf","In 2013, the CDIID embarked on conducting disciplinary court hearings speedily, and also re-vamped the mobile court system to fast track completed investigation cases across the country. Because of a lack of resources, the cdiid failed to investigate most of the cases reported to t..."]
["2013_SO_18",2013,"SO","Somalia",18,0,"Alhough the police force occasionally enjoys negative public opinion due to their complicity in crimes and other forms of abuse, no mechanism exists for citizens to report police misconduct. The Provisional Constitution calls for the creation of a Human Rights Commission \"that is independent of state control, and has adequate resources to carry out its functions effectively\", but such a commission was not yet set up.","Anonymous independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nDr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5). \n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nBari, Shamsul. (2013 August). Report of the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia. Human Rights Council. www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session24/Documents/A-HRC-24-40_en.doc\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Alhough the police force occasionally enjoys negative public opinion due to their complicity in crimes and other forms of abuse, no mechanism exists for citizens to report police misconduct. The Provisional Constitution calls for the creation of a Human Rights Commission \"that is i..."]
["2013_ZA_18",2013,"ZA","South Africa",18,50,"There is a body that is tasked with the investigation of police misconduct, and it can start investigations on its own. The finalisation rate of the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) is low at about 54%. In addition, the directorate is highly understaffed, which hampers its effectiveness experts say.\n\nCitizens can lodge complaints with the directorate, formerly known as the Independent Complaints Directorate. This body is tasked with responding to complaints, and investigating them. It may start an investigation on its own. The body publishes its findings in annual reports. The 2012/2013 annual report states that 98% of the cases received/ reported in the 2012/2013 financial year (April 2012 / March 2013) involved members of the National South African Police Service and 2% involved members of the Metro Police Service. In 2012/2013, the directorate had 6,728 complaints on its books, including 6,563 South African police service cases (1,805 cases more than the previous financial year) and 165 metropolitan police service cases. Last year's South African police service cases included 116 complaints of corruption and six complaints of systematic corruption. The metropolitan police service cases included four cases of corruption and zero cases of systematic corruption.\n\nAll in all, the number of complaints increased by 37% between 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The number of cases that were completed stood at 3,963 (54% of all cases). Most complaints are not finalised. In addition, 2.5% of South African police service members charged with corruption, defeating the ends of justice, fraud, and other forms of misconduct were suspended last year.\n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch adds: \"When it comes to the effectiveness of the directorate, Corruption Watch has received some complaints over the past year.\"\n\n\"They are drowning in work,\" says Paul Hoffman, founder of the founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa. \"They do not have sufficient human resources to deal with the work\". Hoffman's statements reflect recent media reports, suggesting that the directorate is without a leader. The annual report furthermore states that the vacancy rate stands at 13%, with 45 vacant posts that have not been filled. These posts include heads of all of the directorate's provincial units (nine in total). \n\nWilliam Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town calls the efficiency of the directorate \"appalling\". he says: \"As far as complaints against the police go, the directorate has been a disaster because it is understaffed and under-capacitated. Too few people and to small of a budget to carry out their duties. There was a huge backlog. They weren't able to deal with vast majority of complaints.\"\n\nWith regards to the police in general, Kerfoot says that there is \"no integrity within the police system from the top down. Marikana revelations have shown that. With luck, there will be a clean up in the Western Cape with a special commission, which is now able to start after a court battle. Fighting a commission all the way to the court is an example of hindering and obstructing proper governance. Our office administrator lives in Gugulethu. Earlier this year, she and her daughter went to the police station to report a theft of the daughter's cellphone. The two were messed around, to which daughter commented to her mother how unprofessional the police was. In response, the police pepper sprayed them and put the mother in a cell for the day, over the weekend. We had to go to the police station to help out. The South African police are a nightmare. There are not just a few rotten apples. The police is in crisis.\"","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org), interview, October 23 2013.\n\nPolice watchdog 'headless' , Denise William, Times Live, September 11 2013, http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2013/09/11/police-watchdog-headless.\n\nNicola Whittaker, head of legal and investigations of Corruption Watch (www.corruptionwatch.org.za), interview, November 6 2013.\n\nWilliam Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town (www.lrc.org.za), interview, October 25 2013.","There is a body that is tasked with the investigation of police misconduct, and it can start investigations on its own. The finalisation rate of the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) is low at about 54%. In addition, the directorate is highly understaffed, which h..."]
["2013_SS_18",2013,"SS","South Sudan",18,0,"The mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is not effective in South Sudan. Generally South Sudanese do not only have a negative perception but also fear their police force. According to a recent report titled “Police Service and Law Enforcement in South Sudan” by the Sudd Institute (a local think tank), ordinary South Sudanese citizens see the police not only as an ineffective force incapable of protecting lives and property but one which harasses, beats up, tortures and extorts money from civilians. \n\nBecause of the many incidents in which the police have been involved in perpetration of crime or abuse, civilians think of the police not just as having failed to protect them but also as being part of the problem.\n\nHowever, despite the numerous complaints about police abuses against civilians, victims are reluctant to report such incidents because they don’t think the officers will be punished, according to Jok Madut Jok, the founder of the Sudd Institute and a former government undersecretary.  \n\nSecondly, in practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is not effective in South Sudan partly because although the Police Act requires a civilian complaints system to be established, such a system has not yet been established. \n\nThe Secretary General of South Sudan’s law society, Wani Mathias Jumi, says South Sudan has not yet established any police code of conduct, which would ensure police personnel can be disciplined for abusing their powers. “What happens if a police officer has gone wrong, not necessarily that he should be prosecuted, but that there should have been an administrative decision taken to investigate his actions? For example if he is corrupt, assuming he has released somebody when this person is not supposed to be released, where do you go within the police and what are the consequences? All these have to be made very clear so that people can be transparent and so that these rights can be safeguarded,” he said.\n\nThe Deputy Inspector General of Police, Andrew Kuol Nyuon, admits that a mechanism to address civilian complaints against the police has not been established. \n\nHe says leadership of the South Sudan Police service is aware that some police officers abuse civilians and that a number have been punished for misconduct.\n\n“If there are police involved in crime we don’t forgive them. We have a law. We have the Police Act. And whoever commits any crime within the police force is actually taken for justice. Of course we have dismissed a lot of members of the police. We have even arrested some of them,” Nyuon said.\n\nAccording to Nyuon, the government plans to introduce community policing - a method of policing that requires the police and the community to work in partnership in the provision of police services, as one way to ensure the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force can be made more effective.","Jok, Jok Madut.  (2013, September 28) .  Founder of the Sudd Institute and a former government undersecretary.  Personal communication. \n\nJumi, Wani Mathias.  (2013, October 1) .  [Secretary general of South Sudan’s law society.  Personal communication. \n\nNyuon, Andrew Kuol.  (2013, October 3) .  [Deputy Inspector General of Police].  Personal communication.\n\nThe Sudd Institute.  (2013 ) .  Police service and law enforcement in South Sudan.  Jok, J. M.  Retrieved from http://www.suddinstitute.org/publications/show/police-service-and-law-enforcement-in-south-sudan/","The mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is not effective in South Sudan. Generally South Sudanese do not only have a negative perception but also fear their police force. According to a recent report titled “Police Service and Law Enforcement in Sou..."]
["2013_SD_18",2013,"SD","Sudan",18,0,"Even though there is no legal mechanism for citizens to report police abuses, some still report abuse, the mechanism is not effective however. For example, law enforcement organs started abusing churches after the independence of South Sudan by taking their properties and forcing them out. Religious leaders tried to talk to the government, as Rev. James Par Tap, moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Sudan stated. Women were abused also. However, when a report was done, law enforcement claimed the victims to be \"lying or spreading false information,\" according to the report from the State Department (2012). There is no legal mechanism that citizens can retreat to in order to demand justice.","Martin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/342_Corruption_and_anti-corruption_in_Sudan.pdf\n \n Nzwili, F. (2013, July 16) . Christians in Sudan face increased hostility. Religion News Service. Retrieved from http://www.religionnews.com/2013/07/16/christians-in-sudan-face-increased-hostility/\n \n United States State Department. (2012) . Sudan 2012 Human Rights Report. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.","Even though there is no legal mechanism for citizens to report police abuses, some still report abuse, the mechanism is not effective however. For example, law enforcement organs started abusing churches after the independence of South Sudan by taking their properties and forcing t..."]
["2013_SZ_18",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",18,0,"Police disciplinary cases are handled internally. The public is not privy to the process or outcome. There is no civilian oversight of the police or any independent regulatory body. The extent to which corruption in the police force is addressed within the police force itself depends entirely on the zeal of the police commissioner.\n \n There's no system to receive citizens' allegations on police misconduct. Occasionally, grievances, in which officers' conduct has been formally reported to the police, have been reported in the local media. More often, incidents of questionable police conduct that are reported in the media are separated from any complaints against police officers involved - in other words, no one files a report. \n \n Some highly-publicised allegations of police brutality have compelled the police force to release the results of internal probes. None of these probes have ever found fault in the conduct of any police officer. \n \n In the absence of a formal independent body to investigate charges against the police, one ad hoc effort occurred when a high court judge, noting the many charges of torture of criminal defendants by police, called for a commission of inquiry. The commission was not instituted, however.\n \n Some charges of police abuses are investigated, as opposed to this never being done.","Interview with Slindelo Nkhosi, case officer, Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse, (Manzini), 19 September 2013.\n \n \"King Offside on Police Brutality,\" Richard Rooney, Swazi Media Commentary, 11 August 2013. http://swazimedia.blogspot.com/2013/08/king-offside-on-police-brutality.html\n \n \"Annual Report: Swaziland 2013,\" Amnesty International, May 23, 2013.","Police disciplinary cases are handled internally. The public is not privy to the process or outcome. There is no civilian oversight of the police or any independent regulatory body. The extent to which corruption in the police force is addressed within the police force itself depen..."]
["2013_TZ_18",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",18,0,"In Tanzania, there is no agency nor clear mechanism through which the public can report misconduct by members of the police force. Individual cases are referred to respective stations of the officers implicated, but investigations are often frustrated and no conclusive outcomes are reached. The fact that police investigate themselves has raised the number of trumped up charges against innocent members of the public while law abiding citizens do the best to avoid the police or have simply given up reporting abuse.","1. National Police Service website http://www.policeforce.go.tz/.\n \n 2. Tanzania Human Rights Report 2012, published by The Legal and Human Right Centre- http://www.humanrights.or.tz/reports.\n \n 3. Bernard James, senior court reporter, The Citizen, October 7, 2013.\n \n 4. Harold Sungusia, Director-Legal and Human Right Centre, October 8, 2013.","In Tanzania, there is no agency nor clear mechanism through which the public can report misconduct by members of the police force. Individual cases are referred to respective stations of the officers implicated, but investigations are often frustrated and no conclusive outcomes are..."]
["2013_TG_18",2013,"TG","Togo",18,25,"L'enquête disponible en ligne la plus récente de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH). Produite sur une demande du Garde des Sceaux, elle porte sur des cas de violences faites par des membres des forces de l'ordre (CNDH, 2012). Ce rapport avait été falsifié par les autorités (ANC, 2012).\n \nLa CNDH recueille effectivement les allégations des citoyens sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. Elle le fait notamment au moyen d’un formulaire en ligne. La période de mise à l'étude des allégations, qui implique une procédure importante, peut varier entre 15 jours et 1 mois selon les cas. Cette année, aucune enquête en autosaisie n'a été menée. Il est à noter que le rapport de 2012 de la CNDH n'est toujours pas disponible. \n \nOutre la méconnaissance du rôle de la CNDH, les risques de représailles découragent les citoyens de déposer une plainte.\n \nAucune enquête en autosaisie n'a été menée cette année et parce que l'étude des allégations met plus d'une semaine.","AfreePress. (18 avril 2013). « Violence policière et mort d’homme à Dapaong : Alilou Sam-Dja Cissé exige des «sanctions exemplaires » contre les auteurs ». Ici Lomé. Repéré à http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=30585.\n \n Claire Quenum, présidente, Women in Law and Development in Africa/Femmes, droit et développement en Afrique (WiLDAF/FeDDAF) – TOGO, le 9 novembre 2013. Global Integrity connaît les noms de sources anonymes et a convenu de ne pas divulguer.\n \n Anonyme, responsable communication, Commission nationale des droits de l'homme (CNDH), 20 novembre 2013. Global Integrity connaît les noms de sources anonymes et a convenu de ne pas divulguer.\n \n Commission nationale des droits de l ‘homme (CNDH). (2012). Rapport de la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH) sur les allégations de cas de torture faites par les personnes détenues dans le cadre de la procédure ouverte pour atteinte à la sureté de l’État. Lomé, Togo. Récupéré à http://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2012/03/10/rapport-cndh-sur-la-torture-au-togo/6121.\n \n Alliance national pour le changement (ANC). (21 février 2012). « Deux rapports de la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH) qui jettent le discrédit sur le Togo. » Repéré à http://www.anctogo.com/deux-rapports-de-la-commission-nationale-des-droits-de-lhomme-cndh-qui-jettent-le-discredit-sur-le-togo-6558.\n \n Republicque togolaise, « La CNDH dénonce la violence d’où qu’elle vienne ». Togo société. Repéré à http://frwww.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Societe/La-CNDH-denonce-la-violence-d-ou-qu-elle-vienne.\n \n Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH) Togo, Formulaire en ligne : http://cndh-togo.org/cndh-togo/query.php.","L'enquête disponible en ligne la plus récente de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH). Produite sur une demande du Garde des Sceaux, elle porte sur des cas de violences faites par des membres des forces de l'ordre (CNDH, 2012). Ce rapport avait été falsifié par les ..."]
["2013_TN_18",2013,"TN","Tunisia",18,50,"The Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011 issued on February 18, 2011, which created the \"Commission d'établissement des faits\", has encouraged citizens to report systematically cases where police officers abuse citizens (beating or torturing, for example).\n \nCitizens go to the \"Bureau des relations avec les citoyens\" in the Ministry of Interior, where they can lodge their complaint. Afterwards, the police investigate. But the initial phase of the investigation can take more than two weeks, as the police are under-resourced and overloaded with assignments. In fact, a high number of complaints have been made against police mistreatment during the period before the revolution, and it takes a long time to investigate and come to conclusions. Globally, the process takes a long time.","September 26, 2013: Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, Tunis\n \nOctober 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis\n \nOctober 9, 2013: Interview with Capt. X, police officer (anonymous), Tunis, Border Dept.","The Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011 issued on February 18, 2011, which created the \"Commission d'établissement des faits\", has encouraged citizens to report systematically cases where police officers abuse citizens (beating or torturing, for example)...."]
["2013_UG_18",2013,"UG","Uganda",18,50,"The professional standards unit was put in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force. Its mandate is to receive public complaints against police officers who are caught on the wrong side of the law. When the unit receives complaints, it investigates and makes recommendations to the inspector general of police. \n \n Likewise, if the police officers have complaints against fellow officers, they take their grievances to the same unit. The officers report that one can lodge a complaint using one of their toll free phone numbers that are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Alternatively one can lodge a complaint in person at the professional standards unit head office in Kampala. They also have ten regional offices (Jinja, Mbale, Gulu, Arua, Hoima, Fort Portal, Mbarara, Kabale, Masaka and Kampala Metropolitan). \n \nRegarding how long it takes to start an investigation after being reported, the officers pointed out that inquiries usually start after a week and the whole process (from beginning to conclusion) that takes as long as the nature of the case demands. All cases reported in the regional offices are first forwarded to the headquarters before investigations can start. Otherwise, the unit can exercise its own initiative to start investigations when the need arises.","Complaints\n Professional Standards Unit\n http://www.upf.go.ug/Complaints-Information.html.\n \n Complaints\n Professional Standards Unit, September 20, 2013 \n http://www.upf.go.ug/index.php/component/content/category/22-complaints.\n \n Daily Monitor, Andrew Bagala; ‘Police misconduct on the rise’; July 26, 2013\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/+Police+misconduct+on+the+rise+/-/688334/1927032/-/15cac36z/-/index.html.\n \n Emmanuel Kajubu; “PSU Investigates Kabarole DPC”; July 15 2013\n http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=54475.\n \n Kennedy Muhire; “Corruption Scandal Engulfs Omara, Top Police Shots”; August 13, 2014\n http://chimpreports.com/index.php/mobile/special-reports/crime-investigation/12140-corruption-scandal-engulfs-omara-top-police-shots.html","The professional standards unit was put in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force. Its mandate is to receive public complaints against police officers who are caught on the wrong side of the law. When the unit receives complaints, it investiga..."]
["2013_ZM_18",2013,"ZM","Zambia",18,50,"Police officers do get investigated, arrested and convicted. Citizens can report police misconduct to the mandated Police Complaints Commission or the Anti-corruption Commission, but can also consult organisations such as the Legal Resource Foundation, Transparency International Zambia, Human Rights Commission and other human rights organisations in the country. \n \n How soon investigations start depends on the evidence availed to the investigating authority and varies from one organisation to the other. There is no set standard to that effect, but a case reported by this author was started the next day, even though it has since then taken more than six months and no results have been communicated. \n \n As Goodwell Lungu from Transparency International observes, investigations tend to take long and can go on for one or two years at times, which results into continuous police misconduct, such as brutality, unlawful detention, etc. The investigating authority rarely starts investigations of its own accord.","1. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia, in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n 2. Lusakatimes.com, ACC arrests five Chipata police officers, September 20 2013, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gVfAK-Payk0J:www.lusakatimes.com/2013/09/20/acc-arrests-five-chipata-police-officers/+&cd=1&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n 3. Zambian Watchdog, Police In Mongu To Arrest Individuals Who Sued Them And Attorney General Malila, July 15 2013, http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/police-in-mongu-to-arrest-individuals-who-sued-them-and-attorney-general-malila/.","Police officers do get investigated, arrested and convicted. Citizens can report police misconduct to the mandated Police Complaints Commission or the Anti-corruption Commission, but can also consult organisations such as the Legal Resource Foundation, Transparency International Za..."]
["2013_ZW_18",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",18,25,"The independent complaints mechanism that is provided for in the constitution had not yet been established as at September 30, 2013. Further, the Zimbabwe human rights commission, as at September 30, 2013, did not have a fully functional secretariat to receive complaints from the public regarding the conduct of the police. \n \nHowever, within the police, there are structures that receive or handle complaints from the public (complaints desks). There is also an internal investigation section at the police general headquarters.","Interview with anonymous source, Harare, 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Giving Immediate Effect to the New Constitution – Part II, Constitution Watch 34/2013, August 23, 2013 (http://www.swradioafrica.com/giving-immediate-effect-to-the-new-constitution-part-ii/)\n \n Zimbabwe: Human Rights Agenda for the next administration, Human Rights Watch, September 4 2013 (http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/04/zimbabwe-human-rights-agenda-next-administration)","The independent complaints mechanism that is provided for in the constitution had not yet been established as at September 30, 2013. Further, the Zimbabwe human rights commission, as at September 30, 2013, did not have a fully functional secretariat to receive complaints from the p..."]
["2013_DZ_19",2013,"DZ","Algeria",19,0,"La Commission nationale de surveillance des élections est consacrée par la loi électorale. Elle est composée d’un Secrétariat permanent regroupant des compétences nationales, des représentants des partis politiques participant aux élections et des représentants des candidats indépendants tirés au sort par les autres candidats.\nLa loi électorale confère à la commission nationale de surveillance des élections de larges prérogatives (art 173-181), mais ne prévoit pas son indépendance du pouvoir exécutif, législatif et judiciaire.","Code électoral, Loi organique n° 12--01 du 12 janvier 2012 relative au régime électoral. Titre VI: Des mécanismes de supervision et de contrôle, Chapitre II: De la commission nationale de surveillance des élections, Articles : 173-181 [Format PDF]. (2012). Repéré à http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FElect.pdf.","La Commission nationale de surveillance des élections est consacrée par la loi électorale. Elle est composée d’un Secrétariat permanent regroupant des compétences nationales, des représentants des partis politiques participant aux élections et des représentants des candidats indépe..."]
["2013_AO_19",2013,"AO","Angola",19,100,"The Electoral Law indicates that the National Electoral Commission (Comissão Nacional Eleitoral CNE) is an independent body (Electoral Law, article 154º, 1). But the law also indicates that the CNE is composed of eleven members: two citizens indicated by the President of the Republic, three members indicated by the majority party, three members by the opposition parties, a judge from the Supreme Court indicated by the court, a representative of the Interior Ministry, and one member of the National Council for Mass Media (Electoral Law, article 156º, 1).\n\nTherefore, all but three members of the CNE are either indicated by the President of the Republic directly or indirectly or by bodies under his control, compromising the independence of the Electoral Commission in practice. \n\nIn law, the independence is guaranteed through the varied appointment process. \n\nThe law furthermore in Article 155 specifies the Election Commissions mandate to review and monitor the procedural safeguarding of the elections. Yet the Commission does not have final authority of decision-making cases - the High Court is the body of appeal for any and all parties or citizens who claim the commission to have not acted with due diligence or in good faith.","Republic of Angola Electoral Law No. 06/05 of 10 August 2005.  (2008) .  Retrieved from  http://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=132.\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, articles 107 (1), http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ao/ao001en.pdf.","The Electoral Law indicates that the National Electoral Commission (Comissão Nacional Eleitoral CNE) is an independent body (Electoral Law, article 154º, 1). But the law also indicates that the CNE is composed of eleven members: two citizens indicated by the President of the Republ..."]
["2013_BJ_19",2013,"BJ","Benin",19,100,"Selon la Constitution du Bénin, en ses articles 4, 49, 81 et 117, c'est la Cour constitutionnelle qui veille à la régularité et à la validité des élections législatives, présidentielles et du référendum, notamment en proclamant les résultats et en statuant sur les contestations éventuelles.\n\nMais, à l'approche de chaque élection, une loi organique spéciale est votée par l'Assemblée Nationale pour en fixer les règles. L'organisation desdites élections est alors assurée par une Commission Électorale Nationale Autonome (CENA) qui transmet les grandes tendances à la Cour constitutionnelle.\n\nToutefois, les contentieux électoraux liés aux élections municipales et locales sont adressés à la Cour suprême.","Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Articles 4, 49, 81 et 117. http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5364.html\n\nLa loi 2013-16 portant Code électoral en République du Bénin. (2013). Article 15 et 19. http://www.fraternitebj.info/spip.php?article61","Selon la Constitution du Bénin, en ses articles 4, 49, 81 et 117, c'est la Cour constitutionnelle qui veille à la régularité et à la validité des élections législatives, présidentielles et du référendum, notamment en proclamant les résultats et en statuant sur les contestations éve..."]
["2013_BW_19",2013,"BW","Botswana",19,0,"Section 65A of the constitution (appointment of independent electoral commission 18 of 1997, s. 2.) states: (1) There shall be an independent electoral commission which shall consist of [...]\n\n(8) The commission shall regulate its own procedure and proceedings [...]\n\n(12) a) It shall be responsible for the conduct and supervision of elections. \n\n(c)Must ensure that elections are conducted efficiently, properly, freely and fairly.\n\nThe IEC reviews and reports upon elections, submits its to a Minister, who is then supposed to present those reports to Parliament within seven days. \n\nBy Part X of the Botswana Electoral Act, the High Court is the only institution empowered by law to review the validity of elections and issue binding decisions.  The IEC has no such authority.","1. Constitution of Botswana 1966, section 65A  (1, 8, 12): appointment of independent electoral commission 18 of 1997, s. 2, http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf\n\n2. Botswana Electoral Act, part X:\nhttp://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Botswana-Electoral%20Act%201968.pdf","Section 65A of the constitution (appointment of independent electoral commission 18 of 1997, s. 2.) states: (1) There shall be an independent electoral commission which shall consist of [...]..."]
["2013_BF_19",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",19,100,"Le Code électoral du Burkina Faso a créé la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI). Il est dit dans ce Code que : « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) a pour missions:\n- la constitution, la gestion et la conservation du fichier électoral national; pour ces opérations, la CENI est assistée à sa demande par l’Administration publique dans les conditions définies par décret pris en Conseil des ministres;\n- l’organisation et la supervision des opérations électorales et référendaires.\nIl est également dit en l’article 4 que « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) est responsable de la gestion des fonds qui lui sont alloués pour l’accomplissement de ses missions. » C'est donc dire que cette structure jouit d'une indépendance en droit comme le signifie d'ailleurs son nom.","Burkina Faso, Commission électorale indépendante. (2012). Code électoral de 2001 et textes d'application. http://www.legiburkina.bf/SitePages/code-electoral.aspx\n\n Loi n° 024-2005/AN du 25 mai 2005. Article 2.  http://www.ceni.bf/sites/default/files/02%2008%202012%20Code_%C3%A9lectoral-BF-2012.pdf","Le Code électoral du Burkina Faso a créé la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI). Il est dit dans ce Code que : « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) a pour missions:..."]
["2013_BI_19",2013,"BI","Burundi",19,100,"L’article 89 de la Constitution du Burundi de 2005 stipule que : « Une commission électorale nationale indépendante garantit la liberté, l’impartialité et l’indépendance du processus électoral. »\nL’article 90 de la même constitution souligne que : « La commission est composée de cinq personnalités indépendantes. Ses membres sont nommés par décret après avoir été préalablement approuvés séparément par l’Assemblée nationale et le Sénat à la majorité de trois quarts. »\n\nArticle 74 de la loi nº 1/ 015 du 20 avril 2005, portant code électoral : « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante dresse rapport des opérations électorales sur l’ensemble du territoire qu’elle communique sans délai à la population. »\n\n« La loi établit le droit à rendre des décisions contraignantes et à choisir les cas devant être entendus par l’organe (ou les organes). » Arrêté nº 001/CENI du 16 juillet 2009, portant édiction des sanctions administratives et morales en complément de sanctions pénales prévues par le code électoral.","- Constitution du Burundi de 2005. Articles 89 et 90. http://www.bi.undp.org/election2010/doc/constitution_rpburundi.pdf\n- Loi nº 1/ 015 du 20 avril 2005, portant Code électoral.","L’article 89 de la Constitution du Burundi de 2005 stipule que : « Une commission électorale nationale indépendante garantit la liberté, l’impartialité et l’indépendance du processus électoral. »..."]
["2013_CM_19",2013,"CM","Cameroon",19,100,"SECTION 4.- (1) “'Elections Cameroon' shall be an independent body responsible for the organization, management and supervision of all election and referendum operations.\"\n\nIn Cameroon ELECAM is mandated to organize and monitor all national elections organized in the country. Moreover, ELECAM is autonomous and thus independent from the executive, legislative and judiciary branches of government as stipulated in section 4 of Law 2012/001.\n\nHowever, according to section 132 of the same law, the Constitutional Council is responsible for rulings on the validity/cancellation of elections.  ELECLAM doesn't have that right.","Republic of Cameroon Law 2012/001 of 19 April relating to the Electoral Code, chapter 1, § 4 (1).  Retrieved from http://www.elecam.cm/uploads/media/Electoral_Code_Fnl_.pdf","SECTION 4.- (1) “'Elections Cameroon' shall be an independent body responsible for the organization, management and supervision of all election and referendum operations.\"..."]
["2013_CV_19",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",19,100,"The national electoral commission is the top organ of the electoral administration organization whose composition, competence and functioning is regulated by law. The commission and its mandate are to independently monitor and supervise the elections. \n\nAccording to articles 11 and 15 of the Electoral Law, the commission is an independent and permanent organ which works with the national assembly. Moreover, members of the commission are independent, irremovable and not liable for their decisions and votes that express in the exercise of their functions in the same way as magistrates\n\nArticle 29\n(Activity Report)\n1. The national electoral commission shall submit to the national assembly by March 31 each year, a detailed report of their activities which included an assessment of their organisation and its operation, the activities undertaken during the previous year, in conjunction with the subjects of the electoral process and its financial situation.\n2. The report referred to above, as respects the year in which elections have occurred, contains, for each of the elements of the general count, complaints and claims filed, any irregularities occurred, the assessment of electoral and other factors deemed relevant.\n3. The report also presents the most relevant aspects of the organisation and development of electoral process abroad, with the government department in charge of relationships with communities.\n\nThe directorate is an organ of the central government, but it works in close coordination with the commission, especially at election time and is responsible for the logistical background to making the elections happen.","1. Constitution, article 96, National Electoral Commission.\n\n2. Electoral Code, Article 11, 15, (Law No. 56/VII/2010: Amends the Electoral Code approved by Law No. 92/V/99) http://www.dgape.cv/index.php/site-map/legislacao.\n\n3. Decree-Law No. 47/2003 of November 10, Article 17. http://www.dgape.cv/index.php/site-map/legislacao.","The national electoral commission is the top organ of the electoral administration organization whose composition, competence and functioning is regulated by law. The commission and its mandate are to independently monitor and supervise the elections. ..."]
["2013_CF_19",2013,"CF","CAR",19,0,"Le nouveau Code électoral adopté par le Conseil National de la Transition et promulgué par le chef de l'État en 2013 dans son article 6 stipule que : « Il est institué un organe technique, permanent, indépendant, neutre par rapport à l’administration publique et aux partis politiques, dénommé Autorité Nationale des Élections (abrégé A.N.E.) L’A.N.E est dotée de la personnalité juridique, de l’autonomie administrative et financière. Elle dispose de prérogatives de puissance publique. Cependant, son pouvoir se limite à l'organisation et proclamation des résultats provisoires des élections. Le reste relève de la compétence de la Cour constitutionnelle qui doit valider et statuer sur les conflits électoraux. \n\nL’ A.N.E est indissoluble. Son siège est à Bangui. » En outre, l'article 7 du même Code souligne que « L’Autorité nationale des élections est chargée de la préparation, de l’organisation, de la supervision des élections présidentielle et législatives, ainsi que du référendum constitutionnel, et d’en assurer la publication des résultats provisoires au vu des procès-verbaux provenant des centres de compilation ». Enfin, l'article 16 renforce l'indépendance de cette institution dans la mesure où elle est  irrévocable et inamovible pendant la durée de leur mandat sauf cas de violation de leur serment.","Code électoral. (2013). Articles 6, 7 et 16.","Le nouveau Code électoral adopté par le Conseil National de la Transition et promulgué par le chef de l'État en 2013 dans son article 6 stipule que : « Il est institué un organe technique, permanent, indépendant, neutre par rapport à l’administration publique et aux partis politiqu..."]
["2013_TD_19",2013,"TD","Chad",19,100,"La Commission nationale électorale indépendante est chargée d’organiser les élections, de les superviser et de contrôler les opérations électorales. Les partis politiques et candidats peuvent, s’ils le souhaitent, envoyer un représentant pour observer le travail de la commission ou de ses structures. Une telle requête ne peut être refusée.\n\nLa loi prévoit qu’en sa composition, l'organe est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire: « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante est composée de vingt-et-un (21) membres choisis parmi les personnalités indépendantes, désignées par tiers égal, par le gouvernement, le Conseil supérieur de la transition et les partis politiques.\nCes personnalités ne doivent appartenir ni au gouvernement, ni au Conseil supérieur de la transition ni à une formation politique » (Article 4).\n\nEn plus, la loi établit le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat de l'organe à surveiller le déroulement des élections, à émettre des décisions contraignantes et à choisir les cas devant être entendus par l'organe (ou les organes): « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante a pour mission générale l’organisation, le contrôle des opérations référendaires et électorales. Elle est chargée notamment de :\n- assurer le bon déroulement des opérations relatives au référendum, à l’élection présidentielle et aux élections législatives ;\n- coordonner ces opérations tant au niveau national que local ;\n- veiller à la régularité des scrutins ;\n- faire respecter les dispositions des lois électorales ;\n- surveiller l’édition et la distribution des cartes d’électeurs ;\n- participer à la mobilisation des ressources financières et matérielles nécessaires à la bonne organisation des élections et en assurer leur gestion ;\n- apprêter le matériel électoral et veiller à sa répartition dans les bureaux de vote ;\n- contrôler et vérifier le recensement électoral ;\n- établir la carte des circonscriptions électorales et celles de bureau de vote ;\n- arrêter la liste nominative des présidents des bureaux de vote et assurer leur formation ;\n- confectionner les bulletins de vote et les autres documents électoraux ;\n- fabriquer des urnes transparentes ;\n- fournir aux bureaux de vote de l’encre indélébile ;\n- travailler en collaboration avec les observateurs nationaux et internationaux invités par le gouvernement ;\n- proclamer les résultats provisoires du référendum et des autres consultations électorales ;\n- assister la Cour d’appel dans la proclamation des résultats définitifs des différentes consultations » (Article 2).","Loi 94-044 1994-12-07 PR/94 portant création de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante. Articles 2 et 4. http://www.cefod.org/legitchad/web/texte/3346","La Commission nationale électorale indépendante est chargée d’organiser les élections, de les superviser et de contrôler les opérations électorales. Les partis politiques et candidats peuvent, s’ils le souhaitent, envoyer un représentant pour observer le travail de la commission ou..."]
["2013_KM_19",2013,"KM","Comoros",19,100,"Selon la loi organique n° 05-009/AU du 04 juin 2005 portant Code électoral, la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est un organe indépendant de régulation des opérations électorales, ayant un caractère autonome (article 42) et jouissant d'une autonomie de gestion et de décision (article 43).","Loi organique n° 05-009/AU du 04 juin 2005 portant Code électoral. (2005). Articles 42 et 43. http://comoresconstitution.skyrock.com/1683550344-Loi-Electorale-apres-Amendement.html","Selon la loi organique n° 05-009/AU du 04 juin 2005 portant Code électoral, la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est un organe indépendant de régulation des opérations électorales, ayant un caractère autonome (article 42) et jouissant d'une autonomie de gestion et..."]
["2013_CD_19",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",19,100,"LOI ELECTORALE EN REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO CHAPITRE III : DE LA PRÉPARATION, DE L’ORGANISATION ET DU SUIVI DES ÉLECTIONS précise en son Article 15 : La préparation des élections relève de la compétence du ministère de l’Intérieur. L'organisation et le suivi des différents scrutins incombent à la commission nationale d'organisation des élections (CONEL). Les crédits nécessaires à la préparation, à l’organisation et au suivi des élections font l’objet d’une inscription au budget de l’Etat. La désignation des membres CONEL se fait à travers un décret présidentiel.\n\nPar ailleurs, le décret n° 2012-716 du 12 juin 2012 fixant l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale d’Organisation des Elections (CONEL) et les modalités de désignation de ses membres en son Chapitre 1 définit bien les prérogatives de la Commission Nationale d’Organisation des Elections (CONEL).\n\nEn son chapitre 1, De l’organisation, il est dit dans son article premier : La commission nationale d’organisation des élections comprend : une coordination ; un comité technique ; un comité de suivi et de contrôle ; des commissions locales.\n\nSection 1 : De la coordination, Article 2 : La coordination assure la direction et l’orientation de la commission nationale d’organisation des élections ainsi que la discipline en son sein.\n\nA ce titre, elle est chargée, notamment, de : coordonner les activités de la commission nationale d’organisation des élections ; d’observer et suivre le déroulement des différents scrutins ; garantir la bonne marche des élections. De plus dans un document remis par le ministère de l'Intérieur (suite à des rencontres avec le responsable des questions électorales du ministère de l'intérieur), le ministère précise bien lui-même : « l'organe chargé de l'organisation et de la gestion des élections est la Commission Nationale d'Organisation des Elections (CONEL) ».\n\nEnfin la loi n° 9-2012 du 23 mai 2012, en son article 17 stipule « il est crée une Commission Nationale d'Organisation des Elections (CONEL) ». Il est indiqué dans la loi que cet organe est indépendant, doté d'une autonomie financière. Selon le texte la CONEL a une capacité de fonctionnement, elle prend des décisions concernant l'organisation, la gestion et la conduite des élections dans le respect des textes en vigueur. Le législateur confère à la CONEL son indépendance et cette indépendance s'impose au pouvoir exécutif et judiciaire. Cette institution est indépendante du pouvoir exécutif, législatif, et judicaire selon les textes. Cependant dans la pratique l'opposition ne lui reconnait pas cette indépendance.","1 - Loi électorale n°9-2001 du 10 décembre 2001 portant loi électorale.\nArticle 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. Modifiée et complétée par la loi n°S 5-2007 du 25 mai 2007 et par la loi n°9-2012 du 23 mai 2012n°9-2012\n\n2 - La loi électorale du 24 novembre 2001 portant loi électorale en République du Congo\n\n3 - Décret n° 2012-26 du 26 février 2012, modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions du décret n°2008-407 du 9 octobre 2008 modifiant et complétant le décret n°2001-530 du 31 octobre 2001 portant création, attributions et organisation des commissions administratives de révision des listes électorales.\n\n4 - Décret n°2007-397 du 29 août 2007\n\n5 - Décret n° 2012-716 du 12 juin 2012 fixant l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Commission\nNationale d’Organisation des Elections (CONEL).\n\n6 - Charte Africaine de la démocratie des élections et la gouvernance en Afrique.\n\n7 - FOSOCEL (document en question 22).","LOI ELECTORALE EN REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO CHAPITRE III : DE LA PRÉPARATION, DE L’ORGANISATION ET DU SUIVI DES ÉLECTIONS précise en son Article 15 : La préparation des élections relève de la compétence du ministère de l’Intérieur. L'organisation et le suivi des différents scrutins incom..."]
["2013_CG_19",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",19,100,"L’indépendance de l’organe chargé de l’organisation des élections est garantie. C’est la Commission électorale nationale indépendante qui a reçu le mandat d’organiser les élections. Notons que la CENI est une institution d’appui à la démocratie qui jouit de la personnalité juridique. (article 211 de la constitution : il est institué une Commission électorale nationale indépendante dotée de la personnalité juridique). La Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) est une institution d’appui à la démocratie, consacrée par la loi organique n° 10/013 du 28 juillet 2010 portant sur l’organisation, l’attribution et le fonctionnement de cette institution telle que modifiée par la loi n° 13/012 du 19 avril 2013. Elle est un organisme de droit public congolais autonome, neutre et doté de la personnalité juridique (article 9).\n\nConstitution du 18/02/2006 et loi organique n° 10/013 du 28 juillet 2010 précitées.","1. Article 211, Constitution du 18/02/2006\n\n2. Article 9, loi Organique n° 10/013 du 28 juillet 2010 portant organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de Cette Institution telle que modifiée par  la loi n° 13/012 du 19 avril 2013.","L’indépendance de l’organe chargé de l’organisation des élections est garantie. C’est la Commission électorale nationale indépendante qui a reçu le mandat d’organiser les élections. Notons que la CENI est une institution d’appui à la démocratie qui jouit de la personnalité juridiqu..."]
["2013_CI_19",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",19,100,"L’article premier de la loi n° 2004-642 du 14 décembre 2004 portant composition, organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission électorale indépendante (CEI) stipule qu’il s’agit d’ « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la personnalité morale et de l’autonomie financière ». Par ailleurs, avant leur entrée en fonction, les membres de Commission centrale de la CEI prêtent serment devant Conseil constitutionnel en ces termes: « Je m’engage à bien et fidèlement remplir ma fonction, à l’exercer en toute indépendance et en toute impartialité, dans le respect de la Constitution et du Code électoral (…) ».\n\nSelon l'article 3 (nouveau) de la Loi n° 2004-642 du 14 décembre 2004 modifiant la loi n° 2001-634 du 9 octobre 2001 portant composition, organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission électorale indépendante (CEI), la loi établit le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat de l'organe à surveiller le déroulement des élections, à émettre des décisions contraignantes et à choisir les cas devant être entendus par l'organe (ou les organes).\n\nArt. 3 (nouveau).\n« La Commission électorale indépendante veille à l’application du Code électoral et des textes subséquents aussi bien par les autorités administratives que par les partis politiques, les membres de la société civile, les candidats et les électeurs.\n\nEn cas de non respect par une autorité administrative des dispositions législatives et règlementaires relatives aux élections, la CEI l’invite à s’y conformer. Le cas échéant, la CEI doit saisir les autorités hiérarchiques ou des juridictions compétentes qui statuent sans délai.\n\nLorsque la violation des dispositions légales est le fait des partis politiques, des candidats et des électeurs, la CEI doit les rappeler à l’ordre ou saisir soit les autorités administratives, soit les autorités judiciaires compétentes qui statuent sans délai ».","Loi n° 2004-642 du 14 décembre 2004 modifiant la loi n° 2001-634 du 9 octobre 2001 portant composition, organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission Electorale Indépendante –CEI. (2004).  Articles 1 et 3. repéré à:  http://www.ceici.org/elections/ci/index.php?ivoire=loi; \nDécision n° 2005-06/PR du 15 juillet 2005 relative à la Commission Electorale Indépendante (CEI).","L’article premier de la loi n° 2004-642 du 14 décembre 2004 portant composition, organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission électorale indépendante (CEI) stipule qu’il s’agit d’ « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la personnalité morale et de l’autono..."]
["2013_DJ_19",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",19,100,"La loi organique de1993 avait prévu la mise en place d'une institution chargée de l’organisation et de la surveillance des élections nationales et locales. En effet, son article 40 disposait: « Il est institué au plan national et dans chaque circonscription administrative une commission de supervision des élections chargée de l'organisation des différents scrutins, du suivi et du contrôle de toutes les opérations de vote prévues dans la présente loi. Ces commissions sont composées à parité de magistrats, de fonctionnaires et de représentants des partis régulièrement constitués, ou de représentants des candidats à l'élection présidentielle. »\n\nPar la suite, et seulement à partir de 2000, des commissions non permanentes ont été instituées aux niveaux national et local. Ce nouveau cadre règlementaire garantit dans ses dispositions l’indépendance de l’institution du contrôle des élections. Tout d'abord, le cadre a mis en place des incompatibilités: « Les fonctions des membres de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) sont incompatibles avec celles de membre du gouvernement, de membre de l’Assemblée nationale ou de membre de Conseil régional. »\n\nEnsuite, le cadre prévoit notamment que : « Dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, les membres de la CENI ne doivent solliciter ni recevoir d’instruction ou d’ordre d’aucune autorité publique ou privée. » Par ailleurs, ils prêtent serment devant le conseil constitutionnel. \n\nEnfin, il faut noter que ces institutions ont vu le jour tardivement, c’est-à-dire dans les années 2000, alors que la loi Organique sur les élections date de 1992.","1) Loi Organique n° 2 /AN/93/3ème L Modifiant la loi organique n°1 /AN/92 du 29 octobre 1992. Article 40.\n\n2) Décret n°2002-0198/PR/MID portant composition et fonctionnement de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante.\n \n3) Décret n°2010-0241/PR/MID portant composition et fonctionnement de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante. \n\n4) Décret n°2005-0189/PR/MID Portant composition et fonctionnement de la Commission Électorale Régionale Indépendante (CERI).","La loi organique de1993 avait prévu la mise en place d'une institution chargée de l’organisation et de la surveillance des élections nationales et locales. En effet, son article 40 disposait: « Il est institué au plan national et dans chaque circonscription administrative une commi..."]
["2013_EG_19",2013,"EG","Egypt",19,100,"The National Electoral Commission (NEC) is established by articles 208-211 of the 2012 Constitution, but it must delegate the overseeing of voting and counting of votes to members of the judiciary (2012 Constitution, article 210) for the first ten years from the date the constitution is ratified (i.e. until 2022).\n\nIn the terms of article 209, is comprised of a board of ten members. These are selected from among the Deputies of the Court of Cassation, the Courts of Appeal, the State Council, the State Affairs and Administrative Prosecution, elected by their respective assemblies from outside their board members and are fully delegated for exclusive work at the Commission for a single term of six years (the membership of half the members is renewed every three years); the NEC is chaired by its longest-serving member from the Court of Cassation.\n\nThe NEC is entitled to draw on outside expertise from public figures or specialists to create an executive arm and to employ staff to conduct voting and counting operations (Constitution 2012, articles 209 and 210). For the first ten years from the date the constitution is ratified (i.e. until 2022) the NEC must delegate the overseeing of voting and counting of votes to members of the judiciary (2012 Constitution, article 210).\n\nAppeals brought against the decisions of the NEC are heard by the Supreme Administrative Court (SAC), except for appeals pertaining to elections, which are brought before an administrative court (Constitution 2012, Article 211).  In both cases, the SAC is the final authority on election appeals, which means that the NEC does not have ultimate judicial authority.  The final results of referenda or presidential elections may not be challenged once they've been announced in any case; results must be announced within eight days from the ballot date (Constitution 2012, Article 211).\n\nArticle 228 states, \"The High Elections Commission, existing at the time this Constitution comes into effect, shall undertake the full supervision of the first parliamentary elections. The funds of the Committee and of the High Presidential Elections Committee are transferred to the National Electoral Commission, as soon as the latter is formed.\"","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Constitution, articles 208 - 211 and 228.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://niviensaleh.info/constitution-egypt-2012-translation/","The National Electoral Commission (NEC) is established by articles 208-211 of the 2012 Constitution, but it must delegate the overseeing of voting and counting of votes to members of the judiciary (2012 Constitution, article 210) for the first ten years from the date the constituti..."]
["2013_GQ_19",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",19,0,"There is no law establishing an independent agency tasked with organizing and monitoring national elections.\n\nThe Ley Fundamental (2012 Constitution), articles 31 and 34, and the Ley Reguladora de las Elecciones Presidenciales (Law No. 5/1995), article 49, are tasked with regulating the electoral process in Equatorial Guinea. \n\nNeither body of legislation has created an agency tasked with organising and monitoring elections, or reviewing election results and issuing binding decisions.\n\nAccording to Law No. 4/2011 (14 Jully 2011), “Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional”, the Constitutional Court of Equatorial Guinea is tasked with issuing binding results for presidential, legislative and municipal elections, as well as for referendums. \n\nAccording to Adolfo Fernandez Marugan, there is a Junta Electoral Nacional (JEN) tasked by law with organising electoral processes. This includes organising local elections in Equatorial Guinea's 130 municipalities. However, the JEN seems to be an extension of the Ministry of the Interior. \n\nThe JEN has been presided for years by the Minister of the Interior, a member of the ruling PDGE (Partido Democrático de Guinea Ecuatorial). There are less than 20 members in the JEN and at least three are usually cabinet ministers. The rest consists of judges, PDGE representatives and small political allies of the PDGE. Members of the official opposition, according to Fernandez Marugan, are usually in a ratio of 1-to-14.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however:\n\nInternational Bar Association.  (2003) .  Guinea Ecuatorial en un momento decisivo: Informe de la misión de la IBA en Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from www.iba.net\n \nMarugan, A. F.  (2013, April 9) .  Guinea Ecuatorial: : Las elecciones de Obiang: Manual para dar pucherazos.  Tiempos Canallas.  Retrieved from http://www.tiemposcanallas.com/guinea-ecuatorial-las-elecciones-de-obiang-manual-para-dar-pucherazos/\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nCapítulo II (“Del presidente de la república”), Article 33-2: La ley fija las condiciones del desarrollo del proceso electoral.\n\nCapítulo IV (“Del Parlamento, Disposiciones comunes de las cámaras”), Article 56-3: La Ley Electoral determina el número de escaños correspondientes a cada circunscripción electoral, el régimen de elegibilidad e inelegibilidad y compatibilidad e incompatibilidad de los Diputados y Senadores, y desarrolla los demás aspectos del proceso electoral. \n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Decree No, 15/2009.  (2009) .  [“Por el que se convocan elecciones presidenciales en la República de Guinea Ecuatorial”].  Retrieved from http://guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2009/ELECCCIONESPRESIDENCIALES.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 15/1995.  (1995) .  [Reguladora de las Elecciones Presidenciales en la República de Guinea Ecuatorial].\n\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 4/2011 Ley orgánica del tribunal constitucional, título I, capítulo 1, art. 2-c.  (2011) .  [\"Proclamar los resultados definitivos de las elecciones Presidenciales, Legislativas, Municipales y de Referéndum”].  Retrieved from  http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71\n\n(n.d.) .  Republic of Equatorial Guinea.  Political groups.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=128","There is no law establishing an independent agency tasked with organizing and monitoring national elections...."]
["2013_ER_19",2013,"ER","Eritrea",19,100,"Article 58 of the Eritrean Constitution of 1997 stipulates that there shall be an electoral commisssion operating independently, without interference, which shall on the basis of the electoral law determine its mandate. Chapter VII (Article 58) states: \"1) There shall be established an Electoral Commission, operating independently, without interference, which shall, on the basis of the electoral law, ensure that free and fair elections are held and administer their implementation; decide on issues raised in the course of the electoral process; and formulate and implement civic educational programmes relating to elections and other democratic procedures. 2) An Electoral Commissioner shall be appointed by the President with the approval of the National Assembly. 3) The detailed organisation, powers and duties of the Electoral Commission shall be determined by law.\"\n\nThe electoral commission noted in the constitution has never materialized, and there has not been a proclaimed national election. Further, the election law was never adopted. Proclamation 140/2004 is about the election of regional parliamentarians, and it refers to an ad hoc committee that is for regional and local administrative purposes. It has nothing to do with a national election or the election of representatives to the national parliament. \n\nThe election law is in a draft form and has not been issued since the last draft was prepared by the National Election Law Drafting Committee. After the drafting committee came up with a draft law in 2001, some of the committee members were  jailed, and the draft law was never adopted. Some of its members (called G15) who opposed the powers of the president are currently behind bars in undisclosed location. An electoral law ratified in 2002 governs regional parliamentary elections; it is different from the national election law that never took effect after its drafting in 2001.","The Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997)\nhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan040909.pdf\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.\n\nThere is no election law in Eritrea. The election law is in draft form, and it has not been issued since the last draft was prepared by the National Election Law Drafting Committee in early 2001.","Article 58 of the Eritrean Constitution of 1997 stipulates that there shall be an electoral commisssion operating independently, without interference, which shall on the basis of the electoral law determine its mandate. Chapter VII (Article 58) states: \"1) There shall be establishe..."]
["2013_ET_19",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",19,100,"The Establishment Proclamation of the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia declares that \"there shall be established a National Election Board independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial manner free and fair election in Federal and State constituencies.\" It further states that the NEB has the authority to \"investigate, cancel election results, order re-election or order injunction of results\" when it has credible evidence that a violation of electoral law has occurred.\n\nIn law, the Board is accountable to the House of Peoples' Representatives. According to Article 6 of the amended proclamation number 532/1999 E.C, the board has nine members who are nominated by the Prime Minister, and appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives. The composition of the Board Members takes into consideration national diversity, gender representation and includes legal professionals. The proclamation also states that Board Members must be: loyal to the Constitution, non-partisan, professionally competent, and known for their good conduct.","-The Establishment Proclamation of the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia, Proclamation number 64/1985 E.C.","The Establishment Proclamation of the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia declares that \"there shall be established a National Election Board independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial manner free and fair election in Federal and State constituencies.\" It further sta..."]
["2013_GA_19",2013,"GA","Gabon",19,100,"The Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente (CENAP) is tasked with organizing and monitoring national elections in Gabon. CENAP was first created by Law No. 07/96 (March 12, 1996), modified by Law No. 10/98 (July 10, 1998) and later amended by several decrees, the latest of which is Decree No. 009/PR/2011 (August 11, 2011). Decree No. 009/PR/2011 updated the mandate of CENAP in 2011.\n\nCENAP has the right, authority and mandate to review elections and issue binding decisions. In law, the impartiality of CENAP is ensured through checks and balances detailed in Decree No. 009/PR/2011. \n\nCENAP’s president is appointed by the Constitutional Court based on criteria that includes a sense of morality and impartiality (see article 12 in Law No. 07/96). As of August 2013, according to the website of the Réseau des compétences électorales francophones (RECEF), CENAP was headed by René Aboghé Ella. \n\nAccording to Prof. Rossatanga-Rignault, there is a whole body of legislation contained in Gabon’s Code Electoral codifying CENAP’s powers to organize and review the election process. In addition, there are special laws governing the election of representatives to the National Assembly, mayors and departmental governors.","Code Electoral du Gabon, partie I, Loi n° 07/96.  (1996, March 12) .  Retrieved from http://radiogaboma.over-blog.net/pages/Code_Electoral_du_GABON_partie_1-1622227.html\n\nDecree No. 009/PR/2011 (August 11, 2011).  [Amending Law No. 07/96 (March 12, 1996) which first created CENAP]. Retrieved from http://www.google.fr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoireonline.com%2F12%2F09%2F3008%2Fm_La-cour-constitutionnelle-et-le-contentieux-electoral-au-Gabon17.html&ei=2U96UpXTHevlsATHs4C4Aw&usg=AFQjCNGovsGAnRx1daZPU_suLQZ0D1WO1g\n\nLaw No. 07/96, (March 12, 1996). [Governing Gabon's election process (\"Loi n° 07/96 du 12 mars 1996, portant dispositions communes à toutes les élections politiques en République Gabonaise\")].\n[See Article 12 for checks and balances guaranteeing impartiality of CENAP]. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/17768418/Loi-electorale-du-Gabon\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(n.d.) .  Crise au bureau de la commission nationale electorale autonome et permanente.   Alibendegage.com.  Retrieved from http://www.alibendegage.com/interne.php?page=article.php&idmenu=63&idsmenu=161&idarticle=201\n\nMoulenda, J.  (2013, October 22) .  Gabon: Les élections locales pourraient être reportées.  Koaci.com.  Retrieved from http://koaci.com/articles-86681\n\nRéseau des compétences électorales francophones (RECEF). [With list of presidents of national election commissions in French-speaking Africa as of August 2013].  Retrieved from http://recef.org/membres/liste-des-membres/\n\nRossatanga-Rignault, Guy. (2013, December 13) .  [Professor of public law at Omar Bongo University in Libreville and legal counsel to the president, Libreville].  Personal communication.","The Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente (CENAP) is tasked with organizing and monitoring national elections in Gabon. CENAP was first created by Law No. 07/96 (March 12, 1996), modified by Law No. 10/98 (July 10, 1998) and later amended by several decrees, the la..."]
["2013_GM_19",2013,"GM","The Gambia",19,0,"Section 42 (1) of the constitution provides that there shall be an independent electoral commission, with the function of supervising and conducting all public elections and referenda and also the registration of voters (s. 43), including the registration of political parties; (d) ensuring that the dates, times and places of public elections and referenda are determined in accordance with law and that they are publicised and elections held accordingly; and (e) ensuring that candidates in elections make a full declaration of their assets at the time of nomination. \n\nSection 43 (3), which establishes its independence, provides that \"In the exercise of its functions under this constitution or any other law, the commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority\".\n\nArticle 44 furthermore specifies independence of the budget proposal (to be presented to the legislative branch), while allowing the executive to comment on the budget proposal. \n\nThe law therefore mandates the Independent Electoral Commission to organize and monitor national elections independent from the executive, legislative and judicial branches. \n\nThe commission does not, however, deal with cases and such decisions. All cases on the conduct of elections and the registration of voters are dealt with by the courts as seen in Section 100 Elections Decree 78.","1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia. Articles 42 (1), 43 (3) and Section 44.\nhttp://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/gambia-constitution.pdf\n\nElections Decree No. 78 of 1996\nhttp://www.iec.gm/files/images/Elections_Decree_78_of_1996.pdf","Section 42 (1) of the constitution provides that there shall be an independent electoral commission, with the function of supervising and conducting all public elections and referenda and also the registration of voters (s. 43), including the registration of political parties; (d) ..."]
["2013_GH_19",2013,"GH","Ghana",19,100,"Article 46 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana states: \"Except as provided in this constitution or in any other law not inconsistent with this constitution, in the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nArticles 47-54 of the constitution mandate the commission to undertake functions to ensure a successful conduct of elections. These provisions of the constitution mandate the commission to review elections and/or its own decisions and issue binding decisions on the conduct of elections, amongst other functions.\n\nThe constitution also specifies ways by which those aggrieved at decisions of the commission can seek redress.","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, chapter seven (Representation of the Law), article 46.\n\n2. Official website of the Electoral Commission: http://www.ec.gov.gh/page.php?page=389§ion=41&typ=1.","Article 46 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana states: \"Except as provided in this constitution or in any other law not inconsistent with this constitution, in the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control ..."]
["2013_GN_19",2013,"GN","Guinea",19,100,"L'article 132 de la constitution et les articles 1 et 2 du Code Electoral disposent des compétences de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dans le processus electoral. La CENI est dotée de la personnalité juridique et de l’autonomie financière.\n\nArticle 132: La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est chargée de l’établissement et de la mise à jour du fichier électoral, de l'organisation, du déroulement et de la supervision des opérations de vote. Elle en proclame les résultats provisoires.\n\nArticle 1 : Il est créé en République de Guinée conformément aux articles 2 et 132 de la Constitution et à l’article 2 du Code Electoral, une institution dénommée Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), chargée de l’établissement et de la mise à jour du fichier électoral, de l’organisation, du déroulement, de la supervision des opérations de vote et de la proclamation des résultats provisoires. \n\nArticle 2 de la loi organique (Code électoral): \"La commission électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est l'institution chargée de l'organisation de toutes les élections politiques et du referendum en République de Guinée. Elle est techniquement aidée par les départements ministériels concernés par le processus électoral, notamment, le ministère en charge de l'administration du territoire.\n\nLes cours et tribunaux veillent à la régularité des élections, règlementent le contentieux électoral, et prescrivent toutes mesures qu'ils jugent utiles au bon déroulement des élections.\"","Constitution Guinéenne. (2010). Articles 118, 119 et 120. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf \n\nLoi organique. (2010). L/ 2010/CNT/DU 22 AVRIL 2010 REVISANT LA LOI ORGANIQUE n° 91/012/CTRN PORTANT CODE ELECTORAL MODIFIEE PAR LES LOIS ORGANIQUES N° L93/038/ et L/95/011CTRN du 12/05/1995 RESPECTIVEMENT. http://www.ceniguinee.org/doc/CodeElectoral_91_012_ctrn.pdf","L'article 132 de la constitution et les articles 1 et 2 du Code Electoral disposent des compétences de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dans le processus electoral. La CENI est dotée de la personnalité juridique et de l’autonomie financière...."]
["2013_GW_19",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",19,100,"Chapter 1 of the national elections commission law stipulates in article 1: The national elections commission is an independent and permanent body that works with the national assembly and is responsible for the oversight, organisation and management of the electoral and referendum process.\n\nThe National Election Commission is indeed independent from the Executive and Legislative through a clear stipulation of its powers and mandate in the law, including specific authority to run and supervise the elections including ascertaining due process of the election. \n\nCommissioners cannot be removed through either branch but only through a peer review process by the body itself. The body has financial autonomy and self-jurisdiction regarding management of the electoral process and all procedural items within the agency. \n\nThere is an elaborate selection process that depends on a multitude of stakeholders to concur and participate in the commission.\n\nCHAPTER I\nNational Elections Commission\nArticle 1.\nNature and purpose\n1. The national elections commission  is an independent and permanent body that works with the national assembly, and is responsible for the oversight, organisation and management of the electoral and referendum process.\n\nARTICLE 2. Composition \n1. The National Elections Commission is constituted by: \na) An Executive Secretariat; \nb) A representative of the President of the legislative and municipal tier; \nc) A representative of the Government; \nd) A representative of each of the Parties or Coalition Parties. \ne) A representative of the National Council of Social Communication; \nf) A representative of each candidate for presidential election. \n2. The Parties and the Coalition of Parties have up to 60 days before the elections to have representation in the CNE. They loose such right, if they have not applied for in time or give up the candidacy. \n3. The Executive Secretariat, a permanent collegiate body of the direction, is composed of four members, one of whom is the President, who chairs the CNE, an Executive Secretary and two  Deputy Executive Secretaries.\n\nARTICLE 3 . Appointment and term of members of the Executive Secretariat\n1. The members of the Executive Secretary are elected by two-thirds members of the ANP (national assembly) in office for a four-year term .\n2 . Candidates for the positions of President and Executive Secretary the C.N.E. must be nationals of recognized suitability and preference Judges of Appeal .\n3 . Candidates for the positions of Deputy Executive Secretariat are proposed by the parties or coalitions of parties depending on their parliamentary representation .\n4 . Candidates for the post of Executive Secretary of the CNE, in time of submission of their applications to the ANP, cannot be leaders in office of a political party and, when elected, they shall immediately suspend their current functions.\n5 . Members of the Executive Secretariat of the CNE begin their mandates with the swearing-in ceremony and cease with the onset of functions of the new members.\n6 . Parties entitled to tender for the offices of President and Executive Secretary of the CNE must submit one candidate for each position to be elected by plenary session of the National Assembly.\n\nARTICLE 4 . Appointment and term of the remaining members of the CNE  \nThe remaining members are appointed by the respective institutions, parties or coalitions of parties 90 days before the date of elections and end their tenure with the final announcement of the election result","Law N. 12/2013, Law of the National Election Commission, 27 December, 2013. Articles 1, 2, 3, 4. See also Article 11, 12 and 18.","Chapter 1 of the national elections commission law stipulates in article 1: The national elections commission is an independent and permanent body that works with the national assembly and is responsible for the oversight, organisation and management of the electoral and referendum..."]
["2013_KE_19",2013,"KE","Kenya",19,0,"The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act 2011 grants independence to a commission to handle electoral matters in Kenya. Article 3 and 4 of the act provides for the establishment of an agency to organize and monitor national elections, register citizens as voters, revise voters’ registers, delineate constituency and ward boundaries, hear and settle election disputes emanating from nomination exercises (but not from disputes resulting from declared results) among others.  According to article 88, the High Court hears and resolves cases that regard declared results.  \n\nThe Independent Offices Act 2011 buttresses the independence of the commission. Article 3 (1) of the act grants autonomy to several commissions, including the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission, in line with chapter 15 article 248 (1 and 2) of the constitution.","1. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act 2011. Articles 3, 4, 88, downloaded from the Centre for Mufti-Party Democracy website on September 20, 2013, http://www.cmd-kenya.org/files/iebc-act-2011.pdf\n\n2.  Independent Offices Act 2011. The law was published on July 5, 2011. Article 3 (1) of the act grants autonomy to several commissions, including the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission in line with chapter 15 article 248 (1 and 2) of the constitution.\n\n3. Mr Onyango Oloo, secretary-general The National Alliance party, interviewed on September 18, 2013.\n\n4. Mr James Oswago, CEO of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission, interviewed on September 20, 2013.","The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act 2011 grants independence to a commission to handle electoral matters in Kenya. Article 3 and 4 of the act provides for the establishment of an agency to organize and monitor national elections, register citizens as voters, revise voters’..."]
["2013_LS_19",2013,"LS","Lesotho",19,0,"Section 66 of the Constitution of Lesotho as amended in 1997 establishes the Independent Electoral Commission. The commission is made up of a chairperson and two commissioners appointed by the king acting on the advice of the Council of State. The state council comprises the prime minister, attorney general, speaker of the National Assembly, commander of the defence force, the commissioner of police, the principal chief nominated by the college of chiefs, two members of the opposition parties and a member of the legal profession nominated by the Law Society of Lesotho. The council of state selects commissioners from a list of no fewer than five names that are jointly nominated by all registered political parties. \n\nThe constitution and section 5 of the National Assembly Election Order 1992 provide for the independence of the commission. Section 5 of the Order stipulates that \"for purposes of safeguarding the independence of the electoral commission, every member and every officer of the commission shall perform his functions impartially and independently in good faith and without fear, favour or prejudice.\"\n\nArticle 107 of the same order makes the High Court the highest arbiter of electoral disputes.  The IEC lacks supreme judicial authority in regards to elections.","1. The Constitution of Lesotho (Amendment 1997).\n\n2. National Assembly Election Order 1992. Part 1: Section 5.\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LS/lesotho-national-assembly-elections-order-1992/at_download/file","Section 66 of the Constitution of Lesotho as amended in 1997 establishes the Independent Electoral Commission. The commission is made up of a chairperson and two commissioners appointed by the king acting on the advice of the Council of State. The state council comprises the prime ..."]
["2013_LR_19",2013,"LR","Liberia",19,100,"The National Elections Commission has a definitive independence and has enjoyed that independence since 2005. NEC is free from interference by the three branches of government. The president appoints commissioners and refer them to the Senate for confirmation. Once confirmed the president has little control over their work. \n\nThe Elections Law of Liberia empowers the Commission to be independent from all branches of government and equates it to a quasi court. Appeals from hearings by the Commission can only be heard by the Supreme Court.\n\nSpecifically Article 83 states that: \n\nThe returns of the elections shall be declared by the Elections Commission not later than fifteen days after the casting of ballots. Any party or candidate who complains about the manner in which the elections were conducted or who challenges the results thereof shall have the right to file a complaint with the Elections Commission. Such complaint must be filed not later than seven days after the announcement of the results of the elections. \n\nThe Elections Commission shall, within thirty days of receipt of the complaint, conduct an impartial investigation and render a decision which may involve a dismissal of the complaint or a nullification of the election of a candidate. Any political party or independent candidate affected by such decision shall not later than seven days appeal against it to the Supreme Court. \n\nThe Elections Commission shall within seven days of receipt of the notice of appeal, forward all the records in the case to the Supreme Court, which not later than seven days thereafter, shall hear and make its determination. If the Supreme Court nullifies or sustains the nullification of the election of any candidate, for whatever reasons, the Elections commission shall within sixty days of the decision of the Court conduct new elections to fill the vacancy. If the court sustains the election of a candidate, the Elections Commission shall act to effectuate the mandate of the Court.","The Constitution of Liberia 1986, Chapter VIII Article 83 c); Chapter VII Article 77 b); Elections Law 2004, Section 2.9, www.necliberia.org","The National Elections Commission has a definitive independence and has enjoyed that independence since 2005. NEC is free from interference by the three branches of government. The president appoints commissioners and refer them to the Senate for confirmation. Once confirmed the pr..."]
["2013_MG_19",2013,"MG","Madagascar",19,100,"La Constitution de la IVe République du 11 décembre 2010 prévoit la mise en place d’une structure indépendante pour s’occuper de l’organisation et de la gestion de toutes les opérations électorales (art. 5).\nPlus tard, la Loi n° 2012-004 du 1er février 2012 fixant l’organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante pour la transition (CENI-T) précise l’indépendance de la commission chargée d’assurer le bon déroulement de l’élection en son article 2 : « La Commission électorale nationale indépendante est un organe collégial chargé de l’organisation et de la gestion, en toute indépendance, neutralité et impartialité de tout le processus électoral pendant la période de Transition […] Elle jouit de l’autonomie administrative et financière.» La loi organique  n°2012-005 du 22 mars 2012 portant sur le Code électoral rappelle encore cette autonomie administrative.","- Constitution de la IVe République du 11 décembre 2010.\nhttp://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm\n- Loi n° 2012-004 du 1er février 2012 fixant l’organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante pour la transition.\nwww.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/Loi_2012-004_CENIT.pdf‎\n- Loi organique n° 2012-005 du 22 Mars 2012 portant sur le Code électoral.\nwww.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/cod_electoral_2012_005.pdf‎","La Constitution de la IVe République du 11 décembre 2010 prévoit la mise en place d’une structure indépendante pour s’occuper de l’organisation et de la gestion de toutes les opérations électorales (art. 5)...."]
["2013_MU_19",2013,"MU","Mauritius",19,0,"Section 40 of the constitution states that there must be an electoral commissioner who is nominated by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission. Section 40 (3) stresses that: “(…) in the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the electoral commissioner shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.”\n\nThe constitution also states that there must be an electoral boundaries commission to determine the constituency boundaries prior to elections as well as an electoral supervisory commission to supervise and monitor the conduct of elections. The two commissions are appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister, the leader of the opposition and any other leader of parties present in the National Assembly if the president thinks it is necessary. Moreover, Section 38 (3) states that: “No person shall be qualified for appointment as a member of the Electoral Boundaries Commission or the Electoral Supervisory Commission if he is a member of, or a candidate for election to, the Assembly or any local authority or a public officer or a local government officer.” \n\nThe Office of the Electoral Commissioner, the Electoral Supervisory Commission and the Electoral Boundaries Commission are commissions that do not fall under the aegis of any ministry or of the National Assembly.\n\nIn the Constitution it is mentioned that the Commission shall have such powers and other functions relating to such registration and such elections as may be prescribed. However those powers and functions haven’t been prescribed in some other laws as they should have been. As things are now, they do not have the power or resources to investigate, verify, check, control, to sanction and take appropriate measures where offences or malpractices have taken place.","Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius  \n• Year passed: 1968 \n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Sections 38 and 40 \n• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/constitution/Pages/Constitution-Contd1.aspx\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf ","Section 40 of the constitution states that there must be an electoral commissioner who is nominated by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission. Section 40 (3) stresses that: “(…) in the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the electoral commissioner shall not be sub..."]
["2013_NG_19",2013,"NG","Nigeria",19,0,"Section 158 (1) of the Nigerian Constitution grants the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) independence as stated below: \n\n\"In exercising its power to make appointments or to exercise disciplinary control over persons, the Code of Conduct Bureau, the National Judicial Council, the Federal Civil Service Commission, the Federal Judicial Service Commission, the Revenue Mobilisation and Fiscal Commission, the Federal Character Commission, and the Independent National Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.\"\n\nINEC's powers to conduct key elections lies in Section 15 (a), which states that the commission shall: \"organise, undertake and supervise all elections to the offices of the president and vice-president, the governor and deputy governor of a state, and to the membership of the senate, the House of Representatives and the house of assembly of each state of the federation.\"\n\nHowever, INEC has no powers to receive complaints and issue binding decisions on electoral matters. All enforcement of electoral cases fall to the courts. There is no section of the Electoral Act or Constitution that gives INEC any such powers, and all disputes are settled in court. Specifically, Sections 133 upward, outline that disputes go to election tribunals and courts.\n\nINEC lacks clear, substantive legal mandate to hear disputes, and to pursue and punish. The best the law allows INEC on non-electoral issues is to investigate and publicize. Powers of sanctions are not with INEC in most cases. The closest to sanctions, perhaps, is INEC's powers to de-register a political party -- that happens essentially on account of whether an organization has/has not met stipulated requirements to be a political party.\n\nOn other matters, the commission can probe, if it wishes, and then make its findings open for anyone to seek sanctions from the court. \n\nThis is the same for finances. The law says INEC can investigate the parties for compliance, and can trigger audits, but nothing more.  Although there are penalties found in the Electoral Act, it is difficult to evaluate how they have been utilized by INEC, even on account of precedents, since the commission itself has repeatedly admitted not doing anything on finance in the past.\n\nWhatever maneuvering INEC makes with regards to its power to investigate or punish, is not derived from the Electoral Act, but the Constitution's general provisions. This states as follows:\n\nThird Schedule(Section 15). The Commission shall have power to -\n(c) monitor the organisation and operation of the political parties, including their finances;\n(d) arrange for the annual examination and auditing of the funds and accounts of political parties, and publish a report on such examination and audit for public information;\n (f) monitor political campaigns and provide rules and regulations which shall govern the political parties;","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Section 158 (1) and Schedule F.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1","Section 158 (1) of the Nigerian Constitution grants the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) independence as stated below: ..."]
["2013_SC_19",2013,"SC","Seychelles",19,0,"According to article 115 of the constitution, the electoral commissioner is appointed by the president from candidates nominated by the constitutional appointments authority. However, there are no provisions for the removal of the commissioner from office. Relevant aspects of article 115 state, \n\"(1) There shall be an electoral commission which shall perform the functions conferred upon it by this constitution.        \n(2) Subject to this constitution the electoral commission shall not, in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.         \n115.A (1)The commission shall consist of a chairperson and four members all of whom shall be appointed by the president selected from seven candidates of proven integrity and high repute, proposed by the constitutional appointments authority constituted under article 139 of the constitution. \n115.B A person is qualified to be a chairperson and members of the commission if the person is a citizen of Seychelles who− \n(a) is qualified to be registered as a voter; and \n(b) the person is not a candidate of an election under the constitution or is not the president, vice president, minister or a member of the national assembly and not an executive office bearer of a political party. \n115.C(1) The chairperson and the members of the commission shall be appointed for a term of seven years, and may, at the end of a term, be eligible for re-appointment.\n(2) The chairperson may be writing addressed to the president and a member who is not the chairperson, to the Chairperson resign. \n(3) A resignation under clause (2) shall have effect on the date it is last received by any person specified in that clause.\"\n\nThe electoral commissioner is broadly responsible for (constitution 1993, article 116, 118; Political Parties Act, 1991, 2(3), 29): the conduct and supervision of voter registration, the conduct and supervision of elections and referenda, the delimitation of constituencies, the monitoring of election campaigns, and the registration and public financing of political parties.\n\nChoosing those in the electoral commission are based on appointments to the constitutional appointments authority, but the final decision of its members is made by the president. Therefore, the electoral commission is not clearly independent from the executive branch.","1. 1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles, article 115:\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400.\n\n2. Elections Act, chapter 68A, 3.(1):\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SC/seychelles-electoral-act-1996.\n\n3. Office of the Electoral Commission:\nhttp://www.ecs.sc/pages/aboutus/Default.aspx.\n\n4. Additional Information from the Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa:\nhttp://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/sey4.htm.","According to article 115 of the constitution, the electoral commissioner is appointed by the president from candidates nominated by the constitutional appointments authority. However, there are no provisions for the removal of the commissioner from office. Relevant aspects of artic..."]
["2013_SZ_19",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",19,0,"No law exists that specifies the independence of the electoral body from the other branches of government and the right of this body to issue binding decisions. \n \nThe Elections commission is nominally independent, however its appointment is predicated upon the king and the judicial service commission making a selection. Under the constitution, the king has supreme executive, legislative and judicial authority. There is thus clear evidence that the Executive has a predominant role with respect to the National Elections Commission. \n\nArticle 90. of the Swaziland Constitution: \"There shall be an independent authority styled the Elections and Boundaries Commission (“the Commission”) for Swaziland consisting of a chairperson, deputy chairperson and three other members. (2) The members of the Commission shall be appointed by the King on the advice of the \n\nJudicial Service Commission. (3) A person shall not be appointed member of the Commission where that person ­(a) is a member of Parliament; (b) is or has been in the last five years actively engaged in politics; (c) is a public officer other than judge of a superior court or magistrate; (d) is an unrehabilitated insolvent; (e) has been convicted of an offence involving dishonesty in any country during the last ten years. (4) A person shall be deemed to be “actively engaged in politics” or to have been so engaged during the relevant period or any part of that period where that person − (a) is or was at any time during that period a member of the House or a Senator; (b) is or was at any time during that period, nominated as a candidate for election to the House or Bucopho Committee; or (c) is or was at any time during that period the holder of an office in any organisation that sponsors or supports or has at any time sponsored or supported a candidate for election as a member of the House or Bucopho \n committee.\"","Constitution of Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter VII, part 1 (c), 2006, Article 90.\n http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=217889,","No law exists that specifies the independence of the electoral body from the other branches of government and the right of this body to issue binding decisions. \n ..."]
["2013_ZM_19",2013,"ZM","Zambia",19,100,"Article 76 of the Constitution creates the Electoral Commission, and states that it is an autonomous body mandated \"to supervise the registration of voters, to conduct Presidential and Parliamentary elections and to review the boundaries of the constituencies into which Zambia is divided for the purposes of elections to the National Assembly.\"\n \n The Electoral Commission Act establishes in Article 2 that the Commission is impartial and independent. The same article also empowers the Commission to \"adjudicate disputes which may arise from the organisation, administration or conducting of elections and which are of an administrative nature.\"\n \n Section 111 of the Electoral Act states that the Commission has \"powers to facilitate the establishment of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for the management of electoral disputes,\" and section 129 gives it the authority to delineate and regulate the rules of electoral processes.\n \n Further, by section 93 of the same act, only the High Court has the final authority to review and invalidate electoral results. The Commission itself has the mandate to substantively monitor material proceedings or wrong-doings during the elections.\n \n According to Articles 18-20 of the Electoral Commission Act, there is an Electoral Court that shall review the decisions of the Commission, and may also hear appeals of the Commission's decisions \"in so far as such decision[s] relate[s] to the interpretation of any law or any other matter for which an appeal is provided by law.\"\n \n The Commission has the mandate of holding power to account through issuing guidelines and procedures that actors have to adhere to and the Commission is empowered to condemn them when they break the rules, as well as through assisting the courts with necessary information and other corporation in legal cases.","\"Electoral Act of 2006 http://www.elections.org.zm/media/electoral__act_2006.pdf, Article 103, 111, 129 etc.\n \n The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, article 76 (1), page 51, Electoral Commission, http://aceproject.org/eroen/regions/africa/ZM/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%201996.pdf\n \n Electoral Commission Act of 1996, chapter 2, chapter 9 http://www.pprotect.org/legislation/docs/ELECTORAL%20COMMISSION%20ACT%2 051%20OF%201996.pdf (now repealed).\"","Article 76 of the Constitution creates the Electoral Commission, and states that it is an autonomous body mandated \"to supervise the registration of voters, to conduct Presidential and Parliamentary elections and to review the boundaries of the constituencies into which Zambia is d..."]
["2013_BF_20",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",20,75,"Les nominations au sein de l'organe chargé de l'organisation des élections, la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI), se fait sur une base consensuelle. Selon le code électoral, validé par toutes les parties, la CENI est composée ainsi :\n\n- cinq personnalités désignées par les partis et formations politiques de la majorité ;\n- cinq personnalités désignées par les partis et formations politiques de l’opposition ;\n- cinq personnalités représentant les organisations de la société civile à raison de :\n- trois représentants des communautés religieuses ;\n- un représentant des autorités coutumières ;\n- un représentant des associations de défense des droits humains.\n\nLe président est choisi parmi les représentants des organisations de la société civile. Les autres membres du bureau sont choisis parmi les personnalités désignées par les partis et formations politiques de la majorité et de l’opposition sur une base paritaire.\nDans la pratique, c'est ce qui se fait également. Le principe est respecté et tous les membres viennent des partis de la majorité et de l'opposition, puis de la société civile et des religieux.","Interview avec Boukari Ouoba, Journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 3 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Fako Bruno Ouattara, Ex-Magistrat (avocat et observateur pour la CEDEAO des élections au Burkina), 16 septembre 2013.","Les nominations au sein de l'organe chargé de l'organisation des élections, la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI), se fait sur une base consensuelle. Selon le code électoral, validé par toutes les parties, la CENI est composée ainsi :..."]
["2013_CF_20",2013,"CF","CAR",20,25,"En RCA, la Commission Électorale Mixte Indépendante (CEMI) est constituée de 31 membres, soit 10 membres représentants les partis, 10 membres de la société civile, 10 membres pour l'administration et un président censé être une personnalité nommée par le chef de l'État. \n\nDe fait, le système de désignation des membres de cette auguste institution ne respecte pas souvent les critères de mérite ou d'objectivité, ce qui explique le plus souvent la mauvaise organisation des élections en RCA. En effet, certaines personnes désignées par leur entité n'ont pas les compétences requises. Tel a été le cas des élections présidentielle et législatives de 2011 contestées par l'opposition démocratique en raison de l'incompétence notoire de son ex-président, ce qui a conduit au changement brutal de régime le 24 mars 2013.","Fulgence Zeneth (juriste de formation), conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections en RCA, 11 septembre 2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nFerdinand Samba, journaliste,  journal Le Démocrate, 11 septembre 2013.","En RCA, la Commission Électorale Mixte Indépendante (CEMI) est constituée de 31 membres, soit 10 membres représentants les partis, 10 membres de la société civile, 10 membres pour l'administration et un président censé être une personnalité nommée par le chef de l'État. ..."]
["2013_DJ_20",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",20,25,"Pour chaque élection, présidentielle ou législative, une nouvelle commission est mise en place avec une composition différente. Ceci pose un problème de permanence pour cette institution administrative. Les personnes interrogées considèrent que la procédure de nomination ne renforce pas l'indépendance de l'institution. En effet, la plupart de ces personnes sont déjà en poste au sein de la fonction publique (des fonctionnaires) et leur nomination n'est pas faite suite à un concours, ou bien à une autre procédure très sélective.\n\nLa Commission électorale Indépendante (CENI) est composée de la manière suivante :\n- trois (3) membres désignés par le gouvernement ;\n- trois (3) membres désignés par le Président de l’Assemblée Nationale en tenant compte de sa configuration politique ;\n- trois (3) magistrats du siège ayant au moins six (6) ans d’expérience professionnelle, élus en assemblée générale des magistrats; Ne sont pas éligibles les membres de la Cour Suprême et du Conseil Constitutionnel;\n- Trois représentants de la société civile;\n- Une personne désignée par chaque parti politique régulièrement constitué.\n\nCette composition qui ne prévoit pas de représentant des candidats indépendant, notamment aux élections présidentielles, a été corrigée en 2010 par un nouveau décret du 18 décembre. Ainsi, il est prévu dans la composition de la Commission au niveau de Djibouti et régions de l’intérieur : une (1) personne désignée par chaque candidat indépendant (n'appartenant à aucun parti) aux élections présidentielles. Cette disposition est insuffisante compte tenu du nombre des représentants des partis politiques, mais aussi de l’absence remarquée des représentants des listes indépendantes et de la société civile aux élections législatives et locales. De plus, la question de la parité homme-femme n’a pas été prise en compte. Les membres de la commission prêtent serment devant le Conseil Constitutionnel.","1) Mohamed Ibrahim, membre de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) lors des elections législatives de février 2013, entretien réalisé le 13 octobre 2013. \n\n2) Nadira Ibrahim, enseignante-chercheur en droit public, Université de Djibouti, chargée d'encadrer les étudiants sélectionnés afin de participer à la surveillance des bureaux de vote, entretien réalisé le 10 octobre 2013. \n\n3) Wahib Mohamed, directeur des élections, ministère de l’Intérieur, entretien réalisé le 10 octobre 2013.\n\n4) Mohamed Osman, instituteur, école primaire à Balbala, président d'un bureau de vote de la capitale, entretien réalisé le 9 octobre 2013.","Pour chaque élection, présidentielle ou législative, une nouvelle commission est mise en place avec une composition différente. Ceci pose un problème de permanence pour cette institution administrative. Les personnes interrogées considèrent que la procédure de nomination ne renforc..."]
["2013_ER_20",2013,"ER","Eritrea",20,0,"Elections have not been held since Eritrea gained independence in 1993. Although constitution (ratified in 1997) enshrines political pluralism--it has never been implemented.","The Country That's Never Had an Election, Foreign Policy, Nov 2013.\nhttp://transitions.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/11/06/the_country_thats_never_had_an_election.\n\nElectoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa, Feb 2014. http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/comprehensive-african-election-calendar.\n\nThe Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997)\nWorld Report 2013, Human Rights Watch (Eritrea) (retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/eritrea on 03/09/2013).","Elections have not been held since Eritrea gained independence in 1993. Although constitution (ratified in 1997) enshrines political pluralism--it has never been implemented."]
["2013_GW_20",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",20,25,"Electoral officials have to be chosen through a merit-based selection system, but in practice, this merit-based selection system is weak and not always respected. The interviewees agree that, often, candidates with less merit are selected based on other criteria. \n\nAs an example, in 2013, agents in charge of the electoral census have been deployed in the quarters and districts by the national agency for the elections. The operation is controversial, due to discussion about different approaches about how to implement the new electoral census. The officials in charge of fulfilling data in the computer kits are incredibly lacking in the minimum computer skills to register citizens and print the electoral cards. As a result, people have to wait in long queues to exercise their right to be correctly listed. The electoral census officials have not been hired based on a  merit selection systems. This is an example of what frequently happens in all positions and levels.","1.\tEdinilson Gomes, Lawyer in Ministerio Publico, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.\n\n2.\tCherno Sano Jalo, Service Identification Director, Ministry of Justice, interviewed in Bissau December 2, 2013.\n\n3.\tMario Nhaga, teacher in economics in Rui Barcelo Cunha Secondary School, interviewed in Bissau, November 25, 2013.","Electoral officials have to be chosen through a merit-based selection system, but in practice, this merit-based selection system is weak and not always respected. The interviewees agree that, often, candidates with less merit are selected based on other criteria. ..."]
["2013_KE_20",2013,"KE","Kenya",20,75,"The current team of officials of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission were nominated and later appointed to office by the past government. There is a lot of on-going debate about the independence of the team serving within the commission, with some sections of the political class calling for its disbandment to allow for a more competitive and transparent appointment process. This was in part due to the fact that, in the last elections, the commission succumbed to pressure to release the election results from the political party leaders before they were 100% ready.\n\nThe officers who serve in the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) are competitively sought. The top most officials including the chair, commissioners and the CEO are vetted rigorously by the National Assembly before appointment. The mid-level staff also go through a competitive process where applicants are taken through interviews.","1. James Oswago, CEO, Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission, interviewed September 20, 2013.\n\n2. Onyango Oloo, secretary-general. The National Alliance party, interviewed, September 18, 2013.\n\n3. Magerer Lang'at, executive director, Orange Democratic Party, interviewed September 18, 2013. \n\n4. The Night Uhuru and Raila pleaded with IEBC over results, by Isaac Ongiri, Daily Nation newspaper, August 16, 2013. The article captures the mistrust over the independence of officials of the commission, http://mobile.nation.co.ke/News/Night+Uhuru+and+Raila+pleaded+with+IEBC+over+results+/-/1950946/1956884/-/format/xhtml/-/wyai3d/-/index.html","The current team of officials of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission were nominated and later appointed to office by the past government. There is a lot of on-going debate about the independence of the team serving within the commission, with some sections of the po..."]
["2013_ML_20",2013,"ML","Mali",20,50,"Les nominations au sein de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) sont de nature à renforcer son indépendance. Les dispositions de la loi électorale prévoient des nominations fondées sur le mérite. Selon Alexis Kalambry, le choix des membres de la CENI repose sur ses critères objectifs consignés dans la Loi électorale. Et pour cause, les partis sont représentés par des hommes méritants.\n\nCependant la CENI ne fait que superviser l'élection, c'est le ministère de l'Administration Territorial qui les organise, ce qui limite l'indépendance de la CENI vis-à-vis de l'exécutif dans la pratique.","Entretien avec Alexis Kalambry, Journaliste, Les Echos, réalisé le 23 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Ibrahima Sangho, Observateur électoral, PEME, réalisé le 23 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Oumou Touré, Vice-présidente, Commission électorale nationale indépendante, réalisé le 23 septembre 2013.","Les nominations au sein de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) sont de nature à renforcer son indépendance. Les dispositions de la loi électorale prévoient des nominations fondées sur le mérite. Selon Alexis Kalambry, le choix des membres de la CENI repose sur se..."]
["2013_MA_20",2013,"MA","Morocco",20,0,"Moroccan law doesn't have provisions for an agency to monitor elections. However, it allows NGOs and political parties to be present and monitor the elections. \n\nThe Justice and Development Party that is currently leading the government is asking for a law that provides for the presence of international observers at the next elections.\n\nHowever, all elected politicians are commonly acknowledged to be functioning under the king's benevolence in the first place.","(2013, January 3) .  At the next elections, the PJD wants international observers.  Lakome.  Retrieved from http://fr.lakome.info/index.php/maroc/205-aux-prochaines-elections-le-pjd-veut-des-observateurs-internationaux.\n\n(2011, November 25) .  Elections Législatives.  Retrieved from http://www.elections2011.gov.ma/fr/index.html.\n\nLindsey, U.  (2013, June 5) .  All the king's men.  The New York Times.  [Blog post].  Retrieved http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/all-the-kings-men/?ref=morocco.\n\nMoroccan National Council of Human Rights.  (2007) .  [Report on the 2007 legislative elections].  Retrieved from http://www.ccdh.org.ma/IMG/pdf/CCDH_election_2007-2.pdf.","Moroccan law doesn't have provisions for an agency to monitor elections. However, it allows NGOs and political parties to be present and monitor the elections. ..."]
["2013_ST_20",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",20,25,"Appointees are chosen through merit-based selection systems. The national electoral commission is composed of:\na) A lawyer or a citizen qualified to be appointed by the national assembly who shall be chairman;\nb) Citizens of recognised professional standards and morals appointed by the national assembly on the proposal of each party legally existing;\nc) A designated technical by the national assembly, which shall act as the secretary, and each of the government departments responsible for foreign affairs, the media and the territorial administration.\n\nThe NEC includes both people of high moral standing and people appointed based on political considerations by the national assembly. Also, the national electoral commission has a chairman, who is appointed by the National Assembly. In practice, Sao Tome and Principe follow a system of appointments that is mixed and while it is merit-based and power is shared between different actors, the National Assembly ultimately decides who is appointed.","1. Wildiley Barroca. Journalist. STP Press. October 3 2013.\n\n2. Djamila Gomes. Journalist. TVS. October 1 2013.\n\n3. José Bouças. National Electoral Commission spokesman. NEC. September 29 2013.","Appointees are chosen through merit-based selection systems. The national electoral commission is composed of:\na) A lawyer or a citizen qualified to be appointed by the national assembly who shall be chair..."]
["2013_ZA_20",2013,"ZA","South Africa",20,75,"Commissioners of the commission are appointed through independent mechanisms and on a merit-based system. The debacle around current commission chairperson Pansy Tlakula (found guilty of misconduct / conflict of interest in 2013) has however tainted the independent reputation of the body, as well as the independent image of its chairperson. This was however one case, and is not widespread. \n\nThe  Independent Electoral commission (IEC) is a chapter 9 institution created under the constitution. Unlike other chapter 9 institutions like the public protector, the commissioners of the commission are not appointed in a parliamentary process. They are appointed by the president, on the recommendations of a national assembly committee which is proportionally composed of members of all parties represented in the assembly. \n\nThis particular committee can't appoint whomever they want: they have to appoint the five commissioners from a list of no less than eight recommended candidates submitted by the panel of external experts. This panel of experts consists of the chief justice as the chairperson, a representative of the SA Human Rights Commission, a representative of the Commission on Gender Equality, and the public protector.\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa says that in theory appointments to the commission support the independence of the agency, but that in practice this isn't always the case: \"Take present chairperson Pansy Tlakula , when she responded to the calls for her resignation. She said that she would go nowhere until the people who put her in that position would remove her.\"\n\nIn mid-2013 the public protector found improper conduct and maladministration on Tlakula's part. According to Public Protector Thuli Madonsela, Tlakula had failed to follow \"her own commissions procurement policy\" by running the procurement process herself instead of leaving it to the relevant departments. The most problematic aspects was an \"undisclosed conflict of interest\" with regards to the lease for the commission's new offices, between Tlakula and businessperson Thaba Mufamadi - who has a stake in the property through his company Manaka Property. In addition, the two are alleged to be romantically involved. In 2006, it has been reported that Tlakula was Mufamadi's business partner in a mining logistics company (Lehotsa Investment).\n\n\"Tlakula is a business partner of a member of parliament, Thaba Mufamadi. Mufamadi is also chairman of Manaka Property Investments, the BEE partner and holder of a 20% stake in the company who was awarded the lease contract with the commission,\" wrote constitutional law export Pierre de Vos in September 2013 on his website. \"It is imperative that the commission remains an institution trusted by all South Africans. The adverse findings of the public protector against the chairperson of the commission – the highly respected advocate Pansy Tlakula – cast a shadow over the commission; it needs to act swiftly to restore confidence in its work.\"\n\nThe commission has been tainted by this, particularly how this was handled by parliament. Pointing at some technical mistakes made by Madonsela in her report, an ad-hoc parliamentary committee decided that Tlakula should be let off the hook. “We are going to draft a report that says it is not within our competency to take any action; that any remedial action proposed in her [Madonsela’s] report will be dealt with in our report,” committee chairman Luwellyn Landers was quoted in the press, adding  that it would be illegal for the committee to take any action based on Madonsela’s report. “It will simply say something to the effect that treasury, the commission and home affairs need to tighten up any procurement processes in the commission and that’s it.”\n\nIn October 2013, commissioners said they wanted Tlakula to be suspended. They were quoted by the City Press saying they were afraid the ANC would try to protect Tlakula. “There are a few politicians in parliament and outside parliament who want to save their comrade. What they do not realise is that this (the Tlakula alleged misconduct) is damaging the image of the institution,\" a source was quoted in the story.","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org ), interview, November 11 2013.\n\nRestoring the Electoral Commission: What happens next? Pierre de Vos, Daily Maverick,  September 30 2013, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2013-08-30-restoring-the-electoral-commission-what-happens-next/#.UoC-e5QpZKk.\n\nStep down – IEC to Pansy Tlakula, Thanduxolo Jika and Xolani Mbanjwa, City Press, October  6 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/news/step-down-iec-pansy-tlakula/.\n\nPansy Tlakula free for now, City Press, October 25 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/pansy-tlakula-free-now/.\n\nPansy Tlakula's IEC lease was irregular, says Madonsela, Verashni Pillay, Mail & Guardian,  August 26 2013, http://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-26-iecs-pansy-tlakula-found-guilty-by-madonsela.","Commissioners of the commission are appointed through independent mechanisms and on a merit-based system. The debacle around current commission chairperson Pansy Tlakula (found guilty of misconduct / conflict of interest in 2013) has however tainted the independent reputation of th..."]
["2013_TG_20",2013,"TG","Togo",20,50,"Les agents électoraux sont recrutés par la CENI. Cette situation n’a pas manqué de soulever une polémique lors du recensement préélectoral d’octobre 2012. Cependant, bien que le pouvoir ait pu placer certains de ses éléments à la CENI, aucune contestation n’à été émise à ce sujet lors des dernières élections législatives. Cependant, en prévision des prochaines élections, il a été recommandé à la CENI de renforcer les capacités des agents électoraux qu’elle installe dans les bureaux de vote, de sorte que son contrôle du scrutin cesse de passer pour une « mission improvisée ».\n Selon la loi sur la CENI : \"La CENI est composée de dix-sept membres dont :\n  Cinq désignés par la majorité parlementaire ;\n  Cinq désignés par l’opposition parlementaire ;\n  Trois désignés par les partis politiques extraparlementaires élus par l’Assemblée nationale ;\n  Trois de la société civile élus par l’Assemblée nationale ;\n  Un désigné par l’administration.\n Après leur désignation, ils sont nommés par l’Assemblée nationale pour un mandat d’un an non renouvelable, mais ils restent en place jusqu’à l’installation d’une nouvelle CENI. Les membres de la CENI prêtent serment devant la Cour Constitutionnelle. Ils élisent en leur sein un Bureau Exécutif composé de :\n  Un Président et un Vice-président ;\n  Un 1er Rapporteur et un 2ème Rapporteur.\"","- Noel Kokou Tadegnon, journaliste indépendant, correspondant, Deutsche Welle, 1er novembre 2013.\n \n - Focus Info. (19 novembre 2012). « Recrutement des agents électoraux : la CENI dénonce une désinformation. » focus infos.net. Repéré à http://www.focusinfos.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=513:2012-10-19-23-07-23&catid=2:politique&Itemid=44\n \n - Togo Info. (27 aout 2013). « La CNSC interpelle la CENI et le gouvernement sur les processus électoraux à venir ». Togo infos. Repéré à http://togoinfos.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=886\n \n - Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), http://www.ceni-tg.org/","Les agents électoraux sont recrutés par la CENI. Cette situation n’a pas manqué de soulever une polémique lors du recensement préélectoral d’octobre 2012. Cependant, bien que le pouvoir ait pu placer certains de ses éléments à la CENI, aucune contestation n’à été émise à ce sujet l..."]
["2013_DZ_21",2013,"DZ","Algeria",21,25,"La commission nationale indépendante de surveillance des élections, composée de représentants des partis et des listes des indépendants, n’a aucun autorité ni outil juridique lui permettant d’intervenir pour mettre fin aux dépassements. \n\nQuant à la commission nationale de supervision des élections, composée exclusivement de magistrats désignés par le président de la République et chargés d’apprécier tout dépassement touchant à la crédibilité et à la transparence de l’opération électorale et d’étudier les questions qui lui sont transmis par la commission nationale de surveillance des élections, elle n’est pas à l’abri d’ingérence politique, particulièrement, lors des élections présidentielles. Il convient de noter que les élections municipales du 29 novembre 2012 et les élections pour le renouvellement de la moitié des membres élus du conseil de la nation, dont le scrutin s’est déroulé le 29 décembre de la même année, ont eu lieu dans un cadre réglementé et organisé sans enregistrer aucune ingérence de la part des partis politiques.","-Yahia Arkat. (2013, le 27 août). Le RCD pour un front anti fraude : il propose une commission permanente d’organisation des élections. Liberté. Repéré à http://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/le-rcd-pour-un-front-antifraude-il-propose-une-commission-permanente-d-organisation-des-elections-205882.\n\n-Algérie presse service. (2013, le le 6 février). Présentation du rapport de la commission nationale de surveillance des élections locales (CNISEL) du 29 novembre 2012. Repéré à http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7aiWMXUjjA.\n\n-Cherif Ouazani. (2012, le 28 novembre). Algérie : Dernière élections avant la présidentielle 2014. Jeune Afrique. Repéré à http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJA20121128135028/.\n\n-Mohamedi Said, membre de l'association el Karama, Étudiant à l'université, Saida, 08/09/2013","La commission nationale indépendante de surveillance des élections, composée de représentants des partis et des listes des indépendants, n’a aucun autorité ni outil juridique lui permettant d’intervenir pour mettre fin aux dépassements. ..."]
["2013_BI_21",2013,"BI","Burundi",21,0,"En pratique, l’organe chargé de la surveillance  des élections n’est pas à l’abri de toute ingérence politique vu les tractations qui se font autour de la mise en place de cet organe. Le parti politique majoritaire continue à imposer les membres de cet organe, même s’ils sont décriés par d’autres partis politiques. Le cas de la mise en place de l’actuelle CENI est parlant. Il serait étonnant qu’elle ne soit pas influencée par le parti au pouvoir. \n\nLa CENI n’est pas indépendante et a perdu sa crédibilité auprès de la société civile lors du processus électoral national de 2010. De plus, le Président a nommé directement le président de la Commission, accusé d’avoir triché lors de la campagne de 2010 en faveur du parti au pouvoir, le CNDD FDD.\n\nLe site web de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) contient des documents tels que le code électoral, la Constitution, la Loi communale, les Décrets et les Arrêtés en rapport avec le processus électoral. Il contient aussi des activités de la CENI et dit vouloir «réussir les élections démocratiques : libres, apaisées et transparentes». \n\nEn janvier 2013, le président de la CENI, Pierre Claver Ndayicariye, au cours d’une réunion de prise de contact avec les partenaires électoraux, a déclaré vouloir mieux gérer les prochaines élections de 2015 en tirant des leçons des erreurs commises lors de la dernière campagne électorale de 2010. Les membres de l’opposition n’ont pas participé à cette réunion, selon l’Agence Xinhua, vu que les nouveaux membres de la CENI ont été nommés par décret présidentiel, le 5 décembre 2012. La société civile burundaise, selon l’Agence Xinhua, n’a jamais digéré le retour contesté de Pierre Claver Ndayicariye comme président de la CENI, ainsi que la nomination du porte-parole de cette Commission, Prosper Ntahorwamiye. Les deux seraient accusés par l’opposition d’avoir triché lors des élections de 2010 en faveur du parti au pouvoir, le CNDD FDD.","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nBizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nUne femme, Directrice administrative et financière dans une organisation de  la société civile. 22 septembre 2013.\n\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, militant des droits de l'homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l' Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.\n\nCommission électorale nationale indépendante - site web de la CENI.\nhttp://www.ceniburundi.bi\n\n«Rencontre de la CENI avec les Présidents et Représentants des Partis Politiques - 11 octobre 2013», site web de la CENI, 17 octobre 2013. http://www.ceniburundi.bi/Rencontre-de-la-CENI-avec-les,185\n\n«La société civile doit veiller au bon déroulement des élections de 2015», Net Press, 7 novembre 2013, http://www.netpress.bi/spip.php?article6060\n\n«Burundi : La CENI promet de mieux organiser les élections de 2015», Afriqinfos, repris de l'Agence Xinhua, 22 janvier 2013.\nhttp://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2013/1/22/burundi-ceni-promet-mieux-organiser-elections-2015-216570.asp","En pratique, l’organe chargé de la surveillance  des élections n’est pas à l’abri de toute ingérence politique vu les tractations qui se font autour de la mise en place de cet organe. Le parti politique majoritaire continue à imposer les membres de cet organe, même s’ils sont décri..."]
["2013_CF_21",2013,"CF","CAR",21,25,"La loi prévoit théoriquement l'indépendance de la Commission électorale mixte indépendante (CEMI). Dans la réalité, cette indépendance ne se vérifie pas. \n\nÀ titre d'exemple, le président de la CEMI en 2011, censé être une personnalité neutre, était nommé par le chef de l'État. En guise de reconnaissance, il a attribué la majeure partie des marchés liés à l'organisation des élections aux proches du chef de l'État. Il préférait suivre les instructions du gouvernement par l'intermédiaire de la personne du président de la République plutôt que de respecter le Code électoral. Cette attitude a entrainé des mésententes au sein de l'institution. Une autre faiblesse est attribuable à la dépendance de cet organe aux fonds extérieurs (partenaires au développement). Enfin, la dernière faiblesse s'explique par son instabilité. À titre d'illustration, le changement de régime en 2013 a occasionné la dissolution pure et simple de l'institution. Un nouveau code électoral est en voie de validation avec la possibilité de la mise en place d'un nouvel organe responsable de l'organisation des élections en 2014.","Fulgence Zeneth  (juriste de formation), conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections en RCA, 11 septembre 2013;\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Confident, 10 septembre 2013.\n\nFerdinand Samba, journaliste, journal Le Démocrate, 11 septembre 2013.","La loi prévoit théoriquement l'indépendance de la Commission électorale mixte indépendante (CEMI). Dans la réalité, cette indépendance ne se vérifie pas. ..."]
["2013_EG_21",2013,"EG","Egypt",21,0,"The assessment of Egypt's Supreme Electoral Commission to be a biased authority did not change during the Morsi regime. Shayfeenkum, Egypt's oldest NGO noticed several irregularities in the behavior of the Electoral Commission. Similarly and following the ousting of President Morsi, the new appointment to the head of the organization, a long-time critic of President Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood, did underscore its political affiliation even though the commission is dubbed \"independent\". The Carter Center reported complaint mechanisms not to be working and the commission not to monitor and/or investigate complaints.","(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Supreme Electoral Commission.  Retrieved from www.elections.eg.\n\n(2013, August 13) .  Egypt's media openly embrace political bias.  Deutche Welle.  Retrieved from http://www.dw.de/egypts-media-openly-embrace-political-bias/a-17027990.\n\nElgohari, M.  (2013, September 11) .  Nabil Salib heads Egypt's Supreme Electoral Commission.  Atlantic Council.\n\nHegazy, Mustafa.  (2013, December 2) .  [Member of Shayfeenkum, election watchdog NGO].  Personal communication.\n\nUnited Kingdom International Affairs and Defence Section.  (2012) .  Egypt's presidential election 2012.  Smith, B.  Retrieved from  www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN06338.pdf‎\nMay 23, 2012.\n\nwebsite review The Arabist blog coverage of Egyptian elections.","The assessment of Egypt's Supreme Electoral Commission to be a biased authority did not change during the Morsi regime. Shayfeenkum, Egypt's oldest NGO noticed several irregularities in the behavior of the Electoral Commission. Similarly and following the ousting of President Morsi..."]
["2013_GH_21",2013,"GH","Ghana",21,100,"The Electoral Commission, its staff and agents discharge their functions without fear or favour. Issues of national or local level elections have become very sensitive in the Ghanaian society and are therefore handled with utmost precision so as not to compromise the system or election organisation and management. Therefore, all election-related matters are handled by the commission, which also engages the political parties in the best way to carry out its functions.\n\nStaff members of the commission are not disciplined or removed without recourse to due process. Within the past year, September 2012 to September 2013, no member of staff of the commission was removed or arbitrarily sacked, despite a bribery allegation against two of them, allegations which could not be substantiated. Members of staff of the commission are not removed when a new government takes office. However, opposition parties have expressed reservations at the conduct of the commission and some of its staff members.\n\nBut when those opposition parties win elections, they consider the commission as a flawless institution. For instance, in 2008, the current ruling National Democratic Congress, which was then an opposition party, castigated the commission in a lot of things while the New Patriotic Party, which was the then ruling party, saw nothing wrong with it or its conduct. In 2012, the New Patriotic Party, now in opposition, was and is still not happy with the commission while the ruling National Democratic Congress is happy with its decisions. Interestingly,  whichever political party comes to power does not interfere with the functions of the commission and its staff members are not victimised, nor are they removed.","1. Dr Franklyn Oduro, head of research and programmes, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, and programmes manager of the Coalition of Domestic Election Observers, telephone interview, September 16, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Kwesi Jonah, political science department, University of Ghana, telephone interview, September 24, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Christian Owusu Parry, acting director of public affairs, Electoral Commission, telephone interview, September 18, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. News story: title, Two officials of Ghana's Electoral Commission in trouble for alleged bribe, publication: Ghanabusinessnews.com, date: October 23, link: http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/10/23/two-officials-of-ghanas-electoral-commission-in-trouble-for-alleged-bribe/\n\n5. News story: title,NPP’s Calls For Afari-Gyan’s Resignation “Risible” Says Asiedu Nketia, author: Ameyaw Adu Gyamfi, publication: Peacefmonline.com/Ghana, date: September 18, 2013, link: http://elections.peacefmonline.com/politics/201309/174778.php?page=2&storyid=100&","The Electoral Commission, its staff and agents discharge their functions without fear or favour. Issues of national or local level elections have become very sensitive in the Ghanaian society and are therefore handled with utmost precision so as not to compromise the system or elec..."]
["2013_LS_21",2013,"LS","Lesotho",21,75,"Since the establishment of the Independent Electoral Commission in 1996, section 66 (6) of the constitution has not been applied in order to remove any of its commissioners. There is no evidence suggesting that retired commissioners have been - at any point during their tenure - subjected to political pressures to leave before their terms expired. \n\nHowever, a recent incidence in which the current Prime Minister expressed his desire for Commissioner Likoti to retire as soon as possible borders on political interference. There is a recent case in which the commission spokesperson, Tuoe Hants'i, was suspended for alleged incompetence. Hants'i won the disciplinary case brought against him by the director of elections and was subsequently reinstated. Likewise, commissioner Likoti did not leave the commission as the prime minister wished, instead, he was promoted into the position of an interim chairperson of the commission. This shows that employees of the commission are only removed through the due process.","1. Ntsebeng Motsoeli. Lesotho Times. Thabane, Mosisili at odds over IEC composition. May 30 3013\n\n2.Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Lecturer and Head of Department of Political and Administrative Studies Department.  October 18 2013.\n\n3. Staff Reporter. Sunday Express. Suspended IEC officer wins case.  November 17 2012 http://sundayexpress.co.ls/?p=7960","Since the establishment of the Independent Electoral Commission in 1996, section 66 (6) of the constitution has not been applied in order to remove any of its commissioners. There is no evidence suggesting that retired commissioners have been - at any point during their tenure - su..."]
["2013_ML_21",2013,"ML","Mali",21,50,"Le code électoral stipule que le mandat de la CENI s’achève au plus tard 3 mois après la sortie des résultats des élections. La durée du mandat de ses membres n’est pas fixée par cette loi. La CENI ne fait que superviser l'élection, c'est le ministère de l'Administration Territorial qui les organise, ce qui limite l'indépendance de la CENI vis-à-vis de l'exécutif dans la pratique. \n\nLe ministère de l'Administration Territoriale chargé de l'organisation et de la surveillance des élections nationales n'est pas à l'abri d'ingérence politique. Le ministre en charge du dit ministère a été reconduit par le gouvernement récemment élu, et il avait été critiqué pour avoir donné des tendances avant le dépouillement définitif des bulletins de vote. Bien que cela n'ait pas entaché la régularité du vote, cela a contribué à discréditer les élections et son organisation.","Entretien avec Ibrahima Labass Keïta, Journaliste, Journal le Scorpion, réalisé le 24 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Habibatou Gologo, Observatrice électorale, ONG Oneworld, réalisé le 24 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Ibrahim Sissoko, représentant parti Codem, Commission électorale nationale indépendante, réalisé le 24 septembre 2013.\n\nLoi O6-044 portant Loi électorale du Mali, adoptée le 4 septembre 2006. http://www.sgg.gov.ml/Journal0/CodElect.pdf","Le code électoral stipule que le mandat de la CENI s’achève au plus tard 3 mois après la sortie des résultats des élections. La durée du mandat de ses membres n’est pas fixée par cette loi. La CENI ne fait que superviser l'élection, c'est le ministère de l'Administration Territoria..."]
["2013_MR_21",2013,"MR","Mauritania",21,50,"S'interroger sur la capacité de la CENI à se soustraire des ingérences politiques revient à se demander si la CENI telle qu'elle est avec ses attributions et sa composition est capable de mener à bien un processus électoral neutre et impartial. Cette question est lancinante tant est si bien que l'actuelle CENI ne manque pas de susciter des controverses. Si les textes consacrent grandement son indépendance et la mettent à l'abri des ingérences dans la pratique, le défi est de taille. Il l'est pour trois raisons:\n\n1) Contrairement aux précédentes CENI, la présente est pérenne. Elle a une durée qui va au-delà des élections municipales, législatives et présidentielles. Il s'agit de travailler dans le temps et de gérer un processus électoral complexe.\n\n2) La seconde est que la CENI actuelle va organiser des scrutins multiples dans un contexte marqué par des crispations. Beaucoup de partis de l'opposition radicale doutent de la capacité de cette structure à gérer un processus électoral neutre et impartial. Il prévaut une sorte de méfiance, pour ne pas dire de suspicion à son égard. \n\n3) Les CENI de 2006-2007 avait géré un processus électoral dans lequel les autorités sortantes s'étaient engagées à ne solliciter aucun mandat et avaient proclamé leur neutralité. L'absence d'enjeu a permis à la CENI de mener à bien sa tâche. La CENI de 2009, née du coup d'État militaire de 2008, était davantage précipitée. Elle était davantage politique et correspondait à un compromis fragile appelé les Accords de Dakar. Cette sortie de crise a donné lieu à des violations flagrantes des dispositions de la CENI de l'époque. L'imbroglio électoral avait donné lieu à la démission du président de la CENI de l'époque. La présente CENI va devoir gérer des scrutins dans lesquels les autorités vont probablement solliciter les suffrages des urnes. La question qui se pose est la marge dont disposera la CENI face à des autorités sortantes candidates et à une administration soupçonnée en permanence de partialité.","1. Cheikh Sid Ahmed ould Babamine, ancien président de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI), 16 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Cheikh Sid Ahmed ould Babamine, ancien président de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante CENI, juillet 2013.\n\n3. CENI : Un communiqué trouble à propos des élections en Mauritanie. 3 mars 2013. http://medseib.mondoblog.org/2013/03/03/ceni-un-communique-trouble-a-propos-des-elections-en-mauritanie/","S'interroger sur la capacité de la CENI à se soustraire des ingérences politiques revient à se demander si la CENI telle qu'elle est avec ses attributions et sa composition est capable de mener à bien un processus électoral neutre et impartial. Cette question est lancinante tant es..."]
["2013_RW_21",2013,"RW","Rwanda",21,0,"There are two examples for the situation. The first one is that though it is not frequent, it is possible that appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body. The anonymous former commissioner said he/she believes the decision to remove him/her was taken by senior member of RPF, the ruling party. \n\nThe second reason is yes, when there was a new administration, the electoral body was completely changed, though in Rwanda there was a war forcing people to flee. So, almost the whole public service was changed. In addition, the preliminary statement of the East African Community stressed the fact that there is one strong political party: \"The dominance by the ruling party and its coalition members was apparent. Other political parties and independent candidates were generally thin on the ground.\" This is a proof that the ruling party controls everything and the electoral body may not be an exception if and when they want to. Gasasira's article says that the electoral commission is a \"kitchen\" of President Kagame, meaning that he does what he wants in it. This shows direct political interference.","Anonymous.  (2013, September 14) .  [Former commissioner at the NEC].  Personal communication.\n\nTengera, Francesca.  (2013, September) .  [President of the National Women's Council].  Personal communication.\n\nEast African Community.  (2013) .  EAC election observer mission to the 18th-18th September 2013 parliamentary elections in the Republic of Rwanda.  Retrieved from eac.int/index.php?option=com_docman \n\nGasasira, J-B.  (2013), September) .  How President Kagame got rid of RFP members for delaying the law to get him [to] govern for ever.  Umuvigizi.  \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There are two examples for the situation. The first one is that though it is not frequent, it is possible that appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body. The anonymous former commissioner said he/she bel..."]
["2013_SN_21",2013,"SN","Senegal",21,50,"Le Sénégal, dans la recherche d’un système électoral transparent, a mis en place une Commission nationale électorale autonome (CENA) dotée de prérogatives pour remplir sa mission principale qui est de superviser et de contrôler les opérations électorales. Cette structure reconnue et acceptée par les différents acteurs politiques, de la société civile, des observateurs nationaux. Les membres de la CENA sont nommés par décret du président de la République, après simple avis consultatif des organismes et institutions d’origine. Donc, les sanctions par les pairs ou organismes de surveillance sont inexistantes. \n\nToutefois, au niveau de la structure chargée d'organiser les élections, les membres sont parfois révoqués lorsqu'une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir. Ainsi, cette année, nous avons assisté au remplacement du directeur des élections par le nouveau pouvoir. Un tel mode de nomination ne met pas à l’abri de manipulations politiciennes.","Entretien avec Issa Sall, membre, Commission nationale électorale autonome, 9 octobre 2013 .\n\nEntretien avec Babacar Gaye,président, Plateforme de surveillance des acteurs non étatiques, 9 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Abdoulaye Dieye, professeur de droit, Université Cheik Anta Diop de Dakar.\n\nNettali.net. (21 février 2013) .«Nomination en conseil des ministres: Thiendella Fall quitte la direction des élections et remplacé par Oumar Top». Xalimasn.com: http://xalimasn.com/nomination-en-conseil-des-ministresthiendella-fall-quitte-la-direction-des-elections-et-remplace-pat-oumar-top/","Le Sénégal, dans la recherche d’un système électoral transparent, a mis en place une Commission nationale électorale autonome (CENA) dotée de prérogatives pour remplir sa mission principale qui est de superviser et de contrôler les opérations électorales. Cette structure reconnue e..."]
["2013_SD_21",2013,"SD","Sudan",21,25,"There is no recent activity from the Electoral Commission in Sudan. Researchers who have studied studied elections in Sudan prior to the period of research have however found that there is “intimidation, the use of government resources in campaigning, interference in news media, and the deliberate exclusion of candidates deemed unsuitable by the ruling party” (Willis, El-Battahani, Woodward, 2009, p. 54).\n  \n The 2010 elections EU report did not show any evidence of government interference in Electoral Commission’s work. However, the report notes that “criminal and national security laws depart from those (election laws) standards by undermining free speech and campaigning rights” (EU, 2010, p. 2).\n \n All political parties other than the National Conference accused the Election Commission to be biased. They describe the Electoral Commission as \"the Office of the National Conference\" (http://www.sudantribune.net/,1058).\n \n The political secretary of the Popular Congress Party described the voting process in the paper «Yesterday» as exposed to violations in the capital Khartoum and the States. He furthermore accused the National Elections Commission of failing to manage the process efficiently and professionally and impartially, and complained of the excesses carried out by agents of the National Congress Party as quoted in the Al Sahafa News Paper in December 4, 2010. \n \n Based on the evidence of violations and allegations not addressed from prior years, there is the grounded suspicion that the Electoral Law process determining the president to be appointing the Commissioners is not free of bias. Removal of commissioners can only be conducted by going through a panel however. \n \n The law specifies minimum merit-based criteria and lays out a framework that should be adhered to by the President when appointing commissioners.","Anonymous. (n.d.) . Personal communication.\n \n Willis, J., El-Battahani, A., & Woodward, P. (2009). “Elections in Sudan: Learning from experience.” Rift Valley Institute.\n \n European Election Observation Mission. (2010). “Executive and Legislative Elections-2010.”\n \n National Elections Commission Sudan, http://nec.org.sd/en/.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There is no recent activity from the Electoral Commission in Sudan. Researchers who have studied studied elections in Sudan prior to the period of research have however found that there is “intimidation, the use of government resources in campaigning, interference in news media, an..."]
["2013_UG_21",2013,"UG","Uganda",21,75,"Appointees are disciplined or removed only through the due process, and appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power. Mr. Tumwebaza explained that the chairman and the commissioners are appointed for a seven-year term in office, renewable only once. For the rest of the staff, they are appointed either on temporary or permanent basis. And whenever the terms of the commissioners expire, the staff stay on their jobs. For most sections of the public, they are not disgruntled at the way commission appointees are disciplined or removed; the issue is how they come in. The commissioners are appointed by president and some of them have run for elective office as members of the ruling party and are perceived to be sympathetic to them.","Juliet Kigongo, Daily Monitor; “10 political parties want EC boss out” September 26, 2013\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/10-political-parties-want-EC-boss-out-/-/688334/2007416/-/13xeaqmz/-/index.html\n \n Nelson Wesonga, Daily Monitor; “EC joins calls for electoral reforms”; September 20, 2013\n http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/EC-joins-calls-for-electoral-reforms/-/688334/2000034/-/y870v5/-/index.html\n \n Tumwebaze Mukigga, Head Planning and Research, Electoral Commission, September 23, 2013\n \n Jotham Taremwa, Public Relations Officer, Electoral Commission, September 23, 2013","Appointees are disciplined or removed only through the due process, and appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power. Mr. Tumwebaza explained that the chairman and the commissioners are appointed for a seven-year term in office, renewable only once. For the rest..."]
["2013_BW_22",2013,"BW","Botswana",22,100,"On its website, the independent electoral committee publishes audit reports and election reports, as well as election and audit summaries after every election (which occur every five years).They also, from time to time, publish electoral reforms drafts and news reports mentioning/concerning the organisation, which are accessible online. Publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at cost of photocopying.","1. Website: Independent Electoral Commission, Botswana Government Portal, www.iec.gov.bw.\n\n2. Article: How free and fair are elections?, Mmegi newspaper, July 24 2013,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=10&aid=1555&dir=2013/July/Wednesday24.\n\n3. Article: OP rejects IEC's Electoral Reforms, Mmegi newspaper, November 1 2012","On its website, the independent electoral committee publishes audit reports and election reports, as well as election and audit summaries after every election (which occur every five years).They also, from time to time, publish electoral reforms drafts and news reports mentioning/c..."]
["2013_CV_22",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",22,50,"The national election commission is in charge of both providing reports prior and after elections. Election reports are made available, however not always in a timely fashion, and it can take up to a few months until the report becomes available publicly. Based on the draft report which is shared with parliament, political stakeholders can form their opinion on how the elections have taken place and what may be the points of contest. Political parties then have a chance to appeal the elections (or parts thereof with the commission). Following the finalisation of the report, stakeholders can then appeal to the supreme court for any irregularities they deem incorrectly addressed by the commission. Sources confirm that the disclosure practice of the commission is untimely. Election reports are published in the official bulletin and are critical of the process and indeed report on the fairness of elections. Neither the general directorate of support to electoral process nor the commission, however, publish the reports on their websites. Citizens and journalists thus have to search the official bulletin for the latest reports.\n\n\nThe law reflects the reality in this case particular article 29\n(Activity Report)\n1. The national electoral commission shall submit to the national assembly by March 31 each year, a detailed report of their activities which includes an assessment of the organisation and its operation and the activities undertaken during the previous year in conjunction with the subjects of the electoral process and its financial situation.\n2. The report referred to above, as respects the year in which elections have occurred, contains, for each of the elements of the general count, complaints and claims filed, any irregularities occurred, the assessment of electoral and other factors deemed relevant.\n3. The report also presents the most relevant aspects of the organisation and development of\nelectoral process abroad, with the government department in charge of relationships with communities.","1. Helio Sanches, Attorney, National State Elections, Praia, October 14, 2013.\n\n2. Rosa Vicente, former President of the National Electoral Commission in Cape Verde, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n3. Julio Rodrigues,  Television Director, Praia, October 19, 2013.","The national election commission is in charge of both providing reports prior and after elections. Election reports are made available, however not always in a timely fashion, and it can take up to a few months until the report becomes available publicly. Based on the draft report ..."]
["2013_CG_22",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",22,100,"Les recherches sur le site de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) montrent suffisamment les résultats de tout le processus électoral de 2011. Nous y voyons aussi les résultats des élections présidentielles. L’organe publie le rapport avant et après le processus électoral, et les publications sont facilement accessibles aux citoyens moins d'un mois après la publication en ligne.  Les résultats de tout le processus électoral est régulièrement consulté au niveau du site de la CENI.","Site du CENI : http://www.ceni.gouv.cd.\n\nPrésident de la CENI, Monsieur l’Abbé Apollinaire MALUMALU, site de la CENI (sept 2011) : mot de bienvenue, http://www.ceni.gouv.cd/info.aspx?id_rubrique=11&id_page=20, consulté le 14/10/2013.\n\nMr Matiaba Patrick, responsable d'une église de réveil à Kinshasa, entrevu du 22 déc. 2013.","Les recherches sur le site de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) montrent suffisamment les résultats de tout le processus électoral de 2011. Nous y voyons aussi les résultats des élections présidentielles. L’organe publie le rapport avant et après le processus é..."]
["2013_GQ_22",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",22,0,"In the parliamentary elections of May 2013, the Minister of Interior Clemente Engonga Nguema Onguene, who was also the head of the electoral commission, released the results through the public broadcast system. The final report from the election was read through the public broadcast system, but was not published or made publicly available later. \n\nOpposition leaders questioned the results released by the government and expressed their concern due to numerous irregularities, including the early release of results by the National Election Commission while votes were still being counted, and the lack of formal meetings of the local election committees which failed to fulfill their obligations during the electoral process. \n\nThe opposition representatives did not sign the minutes and official documents from each voting table during the election of 2013. As a result, opposition representatives did not receive a copy of the final report from the National Electoral Commission, despite being mandated by electoral law. According to sources, the results were being sent directly by the National Electoral Commission to the district-level commissions, instead of following the process mandated by the law by which the results have to be sent by the district-level commissions.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Civil society organisation/party member Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(2013, June 1) .  El PDGE, vencedor en las elecciones del 26 de mayo.  Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=3855 \n\nMolano, E.  (2013, June 2) .  Los resultados de las elecciones de Guinea Ecuatorial son inventados.  ABC.  Retrieved from http://www.abc.es/internacional/20130602/abci-guinea-ecuatorial-resultados-201306011542.html \n\nPDGE.  (2012) .  El PDGE renueva su Consejo Nacional.  Retrieved from http://archive.is/f1zeu","In the parliamentary elections of May 2013, the Minister of Interior Clemente Engonga Nguema Onguene, who was also the head of the electoral commission, released the results through the public broadcast system. The final report from the election was read through the public broadcas..."]
["2013_GN_22",2013,"GN","Guinea",22,0,"Depuis septembre 2012, il n' y a pas encore eu d’élections en République de Guinée. Néanmoins, plusieurs manquements sont à rapporter dans le cadre de la production de divers rapports, ou en tout cas là où il aurait normalement dû y en avoir. Ainsi, seul le président a occasionnellement émis quelques décrets pour informer la population de situations légalement dévolues à la CENI. \n\nDe manière tout à fait représentative, on citera un décret publié par les médias d’États le dimanche 22 septembre 2013 et par lequel le chef de l’État guinéen convoquait le corps électoral pour le 28 septembre 2013, soit six jours plus tard. Ce décret précise au surplus que : « Le président de la CENI, la présidente du CNC, les ministres d’État à la justice et de l’économie et des finances, les ministres de l’administration du territoire et de la décentralisation et de la sécurité et de la protection civile, sont invités à prendre toutes les dispositions utiles pour l’application de cette décision ».\n\nDes élections législatives étaient prévues le 24 septembre. Suite aux anomalies constatées ça et là par l’opposition relatives au fichier électoral, l’opposition a menacé de faire une marche le 23 septembre. Toutefois, la médiation des Nations Unies a permis de décrisper la situation.","Entretien avec Me Antoine Pépé Lamah, 23 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Docteur Dansa Kouroumah, Conseil National de la transition.\n\nEntretien avec Me Foromo Fréderic Loua, Avocat à la Cour, 23 septembre 2013.","Depuis septembre 2012, il n' y a pas encore eu d’élections en République de Guinée. Néanmoins, plusieurs manquements sont à rapporter dans le cadre de la production de divers rapports, ou en tout cas là où il aurait normalement dû y en avoir. Ainsi, seul le président a occasionnell..."]
["2013_LY_22",2013,"LY","Libya",22,50,"The 2012 Libya Elections Media Center ensured all the latest news on election-related issues were available for the public. It provided information services to 2,000 local and international journalists, observers and HNEC guests. \n\nHNEC Media Center effectively used:\nEmail: press@libyaelections.ly\nAn internet website: http://www.hnec.ly\nA Twitter account: http://www.twitter.com/lemcenter2012\nA Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/LEMCenter2012 \n\nThe latter was particularly effective in disseminating information about the elections. Some of the reports are posted there and are still downloadable for free.\n\nThe weakness of the system was in the information provided before the elections. The HNEC started public campaigns very late, but valuable and effective activities were conducted, often in partnership with civil society organizations. Nevertheless, no report was available before elections.","(n.d.) .  High National Election Commission.   Retrieved from http://www.hnec.ly/\n\nHigh National Election Commission. (2013) .  Civic education report.  Retrieved from http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/Civic-Education/2012/~/media/Files/Events/2012/Libya/1_NC_Elections_HNEC_of_Libya_En.pdf\n\nInternational Foundation for Electoral Systems. (n.d.) .  Libya.  Retrieved from http://www.ifes.org/countries/Libya.aspx","The 2012 Libya Elections Media Center ensured all the latest news on election-related issues were available for the public. It provided information services to 2,000 local and international journalists, observers and HNEC guests. ..."]
["2013_MW_22",2013,"MW","Malawi",22,50,"The Malawi electoral commission publishes a report after every election, which is made available to the public. The publication is distributed to all electoral stakeholders at no cost and also made available to citizens through public libraries. The last published report was for the 2009 presidential elections.\n\nThe report includes incidents that happened during the election period/day. For example, the 2009 election report included former president Bakili Muluzi’s submission of nomination funds. He was rejected on the grounds that he had already served the maximum two terms permitted under Malawi law.\n\nCitizens and other interested parties can collect the reports (available in hard copy only at present) free of charge from the Malawi electoral commission’s headquarters in Blantyre and from its various regional and district offices. Requests for postal deliveries depend on the availability of funds. Sangwani Mwafulirwa, the Malawi electoral commission’s regional officer, says election reports will be available electronically from the Malawi electoral commission’s website following next year’s presidential elections, scheduled for May 20, 2014.","Sangwani Mwafulirwa, Regional Officer, Malawi Electoral Commission. November 11 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice. November 11 2013.\n\nWaliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi. November 11 2013.","The Malawi electoral commission publishes a report after every election, which is made available to the public. The publication is distributed to all electoral stakeholders at no cost and also made available to citizens through public libraries. The last published report was for th..."]
["2013_NG_22",2013,"NG","Nigeria",22,50,"The last report published by the electoral commission was for the 2011 general election -presidential, governorship and federal legislature. The report was published more than a month after the election.\n\nThe commission has organised a number of elections since then, but reports were not published online. Reports, however, do evaluate the fairness of elections.","1. Independent National Electoral Commission, downloads and reports: http://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REPORT-ON-THE-2011-GENERAL-ELECTIONS.pdf, accessed October 2013.\n\n2. Interview with Kayode Idowu, Chief Press Secretary, INEC, via phone, October 10, 2013.\n\n3. Lanre Lasisi, Senior Correspondent, Channels Television, Abuja, October 10, 2013.","The last report published by the electoral commission was for the 2011 general election -presidential, governorship and federal legislature. The report was published more than a month after the election...."]
["2013_RW_22",2013,"RW","Rwanda",22,100,"The National Electoral Agency reports on due process and fairness of elections as well as on the results and the numbers. However, it is rare that its reports be challenged since the system is closely knit and everybody tends to agree with the reports.\n\nThe National Electoral Commission of Rwanda publishes public and timely reports before and after elections. Sources show that a report is made before the elections and another report afterwards. These reports are available for the public in less than one month both online and at the cost of photocopying in person. The sources display how information was communicated before and after elections in the period between September 2012 and September 2013. In addition, Mr Ruhigana said: \"We do our best to inform people before elections so that they can make sound choices and after the elections so that they can all know what happened.\"","(2013, September 17) .  Kagame's RPF party wins parliamentary polls.  New Vision.  Retrieved from http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/647344-kagame-s-rpf-party-wins-parliamentary-polls.html\n\nKwibuka, E.  (2013, August 14) .  Preliminary list of candidates released.  The New Times.  Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15449&a=69524 \n\n(n.d.) .  The National Electoral Commission (NEC).  Retrieved from http://www.nec.gov.rw/about-nec/ \n\nLists ten news reports and two publications. News reports appear twice a week but only because it was an electoral period.\n\nRuhigana, Venuste.  (2013, September 20) .  [Commissioner at NEC].  Personal communication.","The National Electoral Agency reports on due process and fairness of elections as well as on the results and the numbers. However, it is rare that its reports be challenged since the system is closely knit and everybody tends to agree with the reports...."]
["2013_SD_22",2013,"SD","Sudan",22,25,"There are no recent activities to answer the question within the period required in this research. However, past elections in Sudan show that the Electoral Commission did not make timely public reports on the elections.\n \nThe commission has published reports on the distribution of constituencies, the initial and final registration lists of the voters, the initial and final lists of the candidates and the report of the results at the end of the process. But many national and external observers and political parties have blamed the Commission for delaying the announcements of each phase, especially the appeal stages on the voters' and candidates' lists and that led to technical defects and confusion for the citizens and political parties as well.","Anonymous. (2013, October 19) . [Journalist at UN radio in Sudan]. Personal communication. \n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 19) . [Observer at Sudanese monitoring center]. Personal communication. \n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 19) . [Sudanese observer at Carter Institution]. Personal communication.\n \n Copnall, J. (2010, April 22) . Sudan delays landmark election result. BBC. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8636616.stm\n \n (n.d.) . Election Commission. Retrieved from http://nec.org.sd/ \n  \n Hsiao, A. (2011, May 11) . Tensions build As Sudan election results delayed. Enough. Retrieved from http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/tensions-build-election-results-delayed\n \n Miraya, F.M. (2010). Pagan Amun urges NEC to release elections results in Southern Sudan to avoid tensions. UNMISS.\n \n Omer, Kamal. (2013, October 19) . [Chariman of the political sector of the Popular Congress opposition party]. Personal communication.\n\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","There are no recent activities to answer the question within the period required in this research. However, past elections in Sudan show that the Electoral Commission did not make timely public reports on the elections...."]
["2013_SZ_22",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",22,50,"Swaziland's Elections and Boundaries Commission did not release a report prior to the 2013 parliamentary elections - Swaziland's only national elections which are held every five years. The commission releases information via the media in the forms of ad hoc announcements. The commission does have a website - a page incorporated into the government's website (www.gov.sz). It's media announcements prior to the 2013 elections were not posted on this website.\n \nThe commission produced a brief report, Conduct of Elections in Swaziland, following the last parliamentary elections of 2008. The report was informally written and is candid about some of the failings administering the elections, particularly the primary elections. The report was not released within one month of the 2008 elections. The report is currently posted on the commission website, but it is not known when the report was posted.","Interview: Ndumiso Maziya, polling monitor, Elections and Boundaries Commission, Manzini Region, Manzini, 22 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Sandile Lukhele, journalist who writes about Swaziland elections, 19 August 2013.\n \n \"Ballot Box Tampering at Election,\" Richard Rooney, Swaziland Media Commentary, 30 August 2013. http://swazimedia.blogspot.com/2013/08/ballot-box-tampering-at-election.html\n \n \"Swaziland - Democracy and Political Participation,\" Lomcebo Dlamini, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, 22 June 2013. \n \n \"Conduct of Elections in Swaziland,\" Elections and Boundaries Commission, 2009.","Swaziland's Elections and Boundaries Commission did not release a report prior to the 2013 parliamentary elections - Swaziland's only national elections which are held every five years. The commission releases information via the media in the forms of ad hoc announcements. The comm..."]
["2013_ZW_22",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",22,25,"The Zimbabwe electoral commission website does not currently have a 2013 election report. The website has results from the 2013 elections and from the 2008 elections, as well as delimitation reports from 2008. The commission generally provides information upon written request, as experienced by an international election observer to the 2013 elections. \n \n While the election commission has pointed out failures and irregularities, some of its members resigned immediately after the last election due to their alleged unwillingness to furthermore serve for an organization that is not able (or being influenced) to conduct and then accept elections that are not based on due process and fairness of the vote.","Anonymous Source Interview (International Election Observer), 2013. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) Website (http://www.zec.gov.zw/) accessed October 30, 2013\n \n Zec promises to rectify election weaknesses, Staff Reporter, Bulawayo 24 News, September 25, 2013, http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-36528.html\n \n Zimbabwe Electoral Commission: 305,000 voters turned away, 8 August 2013, BBC World News, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23618743\n \n Zimbabwe’s Electoral Commission Shaken by Vote, 8 august 2013, Jeffrey Moy, Interpress News Agency, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/08/zimbabwes-electoral-commission-shaken-by-vote/","The Zimbabwe electoral commission website does not currently have a 2013 election report. The website has results from the 2013 elections and from the 2008 elections, as well as delimitation reports from 2008. The commission generally provides information upon written request, as e..."]
["2013_BF_23",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",23,50,"L'égalité d’accès des partis politiques aux médias en période électorale a toujours suscité des débats au Burkina. Le conseil supérieur de la communication (CSC), pour résoudre définitivement cette question, a fait appel à la numérisation du processus de sélection de l'ordre de passage. \n\nPour les élections passées, c'est ce procédé qui a permis le tirage au sort qui s'est fait devant les partis politiques et les médias. Les médias privés ont aussi été impliqués pour synchroniser les émissions produites par les médias publics. Ils ont aussi pu proposer d’autres types d'émissions à leur guise, mais en respectant l'égalité. Globalement, les acteurs ont jugé le processus assez transparent, bien que l'égalité d’accès demeure toujours une quête, surtout pour les partis d'opposition. Comme l'a affirmé Ouoba Boukari: « les partis de l’opposition et la société civile ne cessent de dénoncer la caporalisation des médias publics par le parti majoritaire. Les autres partis y ont accès également, mais ni l’égalité ni l’équité ne sont encore à jour. » \n\nDe manière plus spécifique, les griefs retenus contre les médias publics concernent le temps de parole plus long au parti de la majorité en comparaison de temps alloué à ceux de l'opposition. On leur reproche aussi de faire une plus large couverture médiatique des meetings et autres manifestations aux allures de campagne électorale, soit parce que le candidat est ministre de la communication, donc patron de la presse étatique, ou qu’il provient du parti au pouvoir et a plus d'influence. De l'autre côté, le parti majoritaire répond à ces reproches en mentionnant le fait que certains partis ne répondent pas à l'invitation faite par les médias, selon le programme de passage établit par le Conseil supérieur de la communication.","Interview avec Modeste Compaore, candidat aux élections du 2 Décembre, Le Faso Autrement, 07 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Boukari Ouba, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 03 octobre 2013.\n\nOuedraogo, R.H. et Kando, S. (9 novembre 2012). Couverture médiatique de la campagne électorale : L’ordre de passage des partis dans les médias publics est connu. Le Quotidien: http://news.aouaga.com/h/2381.html\n\nParé, F. (2 novembre 2012). Accès aux médias publics pendant la campagne électorale à venir : le Conseil supérieur de la communication (CSC) opte pour un tirage au sort assisté par ordinateur.  Lefaso.net: http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article51029","L'égalité d’accès des partis politiques aux médias en période électorale a toujours suscité des débats au Burkina. Le conseil supérieur de la communication (CSC), pour résoudre définitivement cette question, a fait appel à la numérisation du processus de sélection de l'ordre de pas..."]
["2013_CD_23",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",23,0,"Les partis politiques de la majorité présidentielle et ses affilées ont généralement plus d'accès aux media malgré les textes régissant notamment l'accès au média durant les campagnes nationales ou locales. Elles reçoivent de manière indéniable un meilleur traitement dans les médias d'État, et certains organes de presse privés (détenus par les proches du pouvoir) leurs offriront de belles tribunes à travers des magazines télévisés ou dans les articles de presse écrite. L'accès aux médias est caractérisé par une inégalité flagrante dans le traitement de l'information. D'ailleurs en période de campagne les perdiems octroyés au journaliste sont plus élevés par les partis principaux. Les journalistes préfèrent couvrir à ce moment ces reportages. Les candidats des partis politiques leaders ont plus de moyens financiers pour communiquer. Campagne télévisée, campagne d’affichage, achat d'espace dans la presse écrite et diffusion de spots de campagne, c'est un véritable rouleau compresseur pour conquérir les électeurs. Et pour leurs études (sondages et autres) le parti leader a lui recours à des cabinets internationaux payés à coups de millions d'euros. Les partis d'opposition ou les petits partis n'ont pas les moyens financiers de communiquer avec une telle force. \n\nM. Clément MIERASSA confirme lors de notre entretien les difficultés que son parti a eu pour avoir accès aux médias durant les législatives de 2012. Le parti au pouvoir et ses affiliés ont plus d'accès et reçoivent un meilleur traitement dans les médias d'État et les médias privés (la majorité des médias privés sont tenus par des personnes proches du pouvoir. (DRTV: le général DABIRA, MNTV ET MNRADIO, par Maurice Nguesso, TOP TV par Claudia Sassou Nguesso).\n\nIl déplore que l'accès soit inégal dans les reportages ou les commentaires éditoriaux. Concernant les tarifs pour les spots tout le monde a le même prix. Mais en fonction des revenus financiers, le parti au pouvoir aura plus d'argent pour faire passer plus de publicités.\n\n1 - Malgré les dispositifs de la loi et la création du Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de Communication (CSLC), au Congo les partis politiques n'ont pas tous accès de manière égale aux médias. Certains journalistes ont même peur d'interviewer les partis d'opposition. \nSelon Clément MIERASSA : « relatif à l'accès à l'information, la presse n'est pas libre. Elle est l'objet de beaucoup de tracasseries. Il y a caporalisation des médias d'Etat qui ont été transformés en des outils de propagande personnelle et de culte de la personnalité du Président de la République, de sa famille, de son clan et du parti au pouvoir. Les partis de l'opposition sont interdits d'accès aux médias d’État. Le traitement parfois réservé aux journalistes qui sont soupçonnés de ne pas partager la vision du pouvoir est des plus déplorables. L'un des exemples les plus récents concerne la journaliste Sadio Kanté de Reuters (dans le cadre de la couverture du procès du 4 mars), elle a fait l'objet de brutalité policière ».\n\n2 - Dans un document intitulé : « Lettre ouverte à monsieur le président de la République du Congo Brazzaville », du 17août 2012, signé par le Collectif des partis de l’opposition congolaise, signataires de la déclaration du 17 août, relative aux élections législatives de 2012, (document daté du 26 octobre 2012). Le collectif déclare : \n« Des organes indépendants de presse sont suspendus de façon arbitraire par le Conseil supérieur  de la liberté de la communication, instance dont la vocation est pourtant de protéger la liberté de la presse. Les médias d’Etat sont caporalisés et consacrent toutes leurs émissions à la célébration du culte de la personnalité du président de la République et à la propagande du parti congolais du travail (P.C.T), parti au pouvoir. La souveraineté du peuple est obérée par des élections truquées ».\n3 - Dans le RAPPORT SYNTHESE DU FOSOCEL SUR L’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS LEGISLATIVES DU 15 JUILLET ET 5 AOUT 2012  est fait les constats suivants en page 7 : « Implication du conseil supérieur de la liberté de communication au 2ème tour dans la réglementation des passages des différents candidats dans les médias ». Des dysfonctionnements aussi, tels que « la monopolisation à la limite scandaleuse des médias d’Etat par les candidats du parti au pouvoir lors du 1er tour ; l’inapplication déconcertante des sanctions à l’égard des cas de fraudes avérées et d’inconduite des membres des bureaux de vote et certaines autorités administratives (Préfets, sous Préfets et de certains candidats), des sanctions prévues pourtant par la loi électorale en ses articles 136, 140,141 et 142, la formation insuffisante pour beaucoup de membres des bureaux de vote et des membres des Commissions locales d’organisation des élections ; l’esprit partisan de plusieurs Présidents des bureaux de vote, le manque ou déficit de matériel électoral dans plusieurs bureaux de vote dont l’insuffisance des bulletins de vote de certains candidats lors du 1er tour; le refus de remise des fiches des dépouillements des résultats aux délégués des candidats dans plusieurs bureaux de vote lors du 1er tour au mépris des textes en vigueur notamment l’article 99 de la loi électorale ; la distribution hasardeuse, tardive et incomplète des cartes d’électeurs ; l’utilisation par certains candidats, de l’image du Président de la République dans la campagne électorale; le manque de formation des délégués des candidats dans les bureaux de vote ; l’usage abusif des ressources financières pour corruption, achat de conscience, instrumentalisation de l’électorat détruisant le caractère démocratique des élections qui devraient se fonder sur les débats d’idées, de vision, de programmes etc.) » .\n\n3 - Le Conseil Supérieur de Liberté et de la Communication (CSLC) est un organe constitutionnel chargé de veiller au bon fonctionnement de la liberté de l’information, et de la communication (article 161 et 162 de la constitution). De novembre 2011 à avril 2013, j'assumais les fonctions de directrice générale de MNTV et MNRadio, j'ai pu moi même assister aux dysfonctionnements du CSLC dans la couverture des élections législatives 2012. Par ailleurs nous avions mis un place un projet de magazine intitulé : « Législatives 2012 », sur le rôle et la fonction du député, ce programme avait l'ambition de donner la parole à tous les courants politique. Ce programme n'a jamais vu le jour, les subventions d'accompagnement promis par le CSLC dans le cadre de la couverture des élections ne nous ont jamais été allouées. De plus ma hiérarchie (Mme Lydie Kourissa-Nguesso, nièce du chef de l'Etat et épouse du député Jean- Dedieu Kourissa, député de la majorité présidentielle) à tout fait pour que nous ne puissions pas produire le magazine.","1 - Entretien du jeudi 17 octobre 2012, avec M. Clément MIERASSA (président du Parti Social Démocrate Congolais (PSDC). Lieu de l'entrevue CCF - Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Déclaration du 17 août, relative aux élections législatives de 2012 \"Lettre ouverte à monsieur le président de la République du Congo Brazzaville\" signée par un collectif de 12 partis d'opposition congolaise, datée du 26 octobre 2012.\n\n3 - Rapport de synthèse du FOCOSEL sur les élections législatives du 15 juillet et 5 août 2012, daté du 6 août 2012.\n\n4 - Entretien dans les locaux de la chaîne avec Paul SONI-BENGA, directeur général de DRTV Congo.\n\n5 - Entretien avec Joachim BENZA, directeur de la rédaction du journal la Semaine Africaine. L'entretien a eu lieu au siège de la rédaction.\n\n6 - Entretien le 8 octobre avec Jean OBAMBI, directeur général de Télé Congo (la chaine publique), dans les locaux de la chaine publique à Kombo.","Les partis politiques de la majorité présidentielle et ses affilées ont généralement plus d'accès aux media malgré les textes régissant notamment l'accès au média durant les campagnes nationales ou locales. Elles reçoivent de manière indéniable un meilleur traitement dans les média..."]
["2013_DJ_23",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",23,0,"Malgré l'existence d'une obligation légale contenue dans les lois portant liberté de communication et celles relatives aux élections, les candidats et les partis politiques n’ont pas un accès inéquitable aux médias d'État. En effet, l'article 52 alinéa 1 de la loi portant liberté de communication dispose: « Un temps d'antenne équitable est accordé à la radiodiffusion sonore et à la télévision publique aux partis politiques. » L'article 60 dispose quant à lui que: « Les candidats et les partis politiques peuvent utiliser les antennes de la radio d'État et de la télévision d'État pour leur campagne électorale. Une émission d'une durée de 60 minutes par candidat pour les élections présidentielles, et par parti pour les élections législatives, est mise à la disposition des candidats. Cette durée de 60 minutes, tant à la radio qu'à la télévision, peut être utilisée de façon fractionnée. Les émissions doivent être enregistrées et réalisées dans les studios de la RTD. »\n\nDans la pratique, le temps d'antenne entre les partis politique au pouvoir et ceux de l’opposition est largement déséquilibré. La coalition au pouvoir bénéficie de plus de temps de parole que les partis de l'opposition. La personne de l'opposition interrogée nous a affirmé avoir chronométré pour se rendre compte de cette inégalité de traitement. Cette situation s'explique aussi par l'absence de médias indépendants. À Djibouti, il n'existe à ce que la Radio Télévision Djibouti qui appartient à l’État.  \n\nEn dehors des périodes électorales, les partis de l’opposition n'ont droit à aucun accès aux médias. Les différents meetings de l’opposition ne sont donc pas transmis à la télévision de Djibouti.","1) Mohamed Ahmed, journaliste, Radio et télévision de Djibouti, entretien réalisé  le 13 octobre 2013. \n\n2) Nadira Ibrahim, enseignante-chercheur en droit public, Université de Djibouti, chargée d'encadrer les étudiants sélectionnés afin de participer à la surveillance des bureaux de vote, entretien réalisé le 10 octobre 2013. \n\n3) Wahib Mohamed, directeur des élections, ministère de l’Intérieur, entretien réalisé le 10 octobre 2013.\n\n4) Ali Mohamed, membre du parti politique d'opposition Union pour le salut Nationale (USN), entretien réalisé le 14 octobre 2013.","Malgré l'existence d'une obligation légale contenue dans les lois portant liberté de communication et celles relatives aux élections, les candidats et les partis politiques n’ont pas un accès inéquitable aux médias d'État. En effet, l'article 52 alinéa 1 de la loi portant liberté d..."]
["2013_GA_23",2013,"GA","Gabon",23,50,"Some candidates and political parties generally have more access and receive better treatment by state-owned media (RTG and media outlets closely aligned with the presidency). \n\nThe Conseil National de la Communication (CNC) was created as a result of Law No. 14/91 (March 24, 1992), as was a special ad-hoc committee during election campaigns known as the Commission d'Accès Equitable aux Médias Publics, as a result of Decree 900 (December 4, 1986). \n\nGabonEco describes the CNC as a constitutional institutions established when the fundamental law of 1990 was drafted. Its objective is to regulate equal access of political parties and candidates to public media during electoral campaigns. Outside of campaign periods, the CNC also monitors contents of media programs. The body is comprised of nine members, of which three are nominated after proposal by the president, three by the President of the National Assembly and three by the President of the Senate. \n\nHowever, according to the blog by the Convention de la Diaspora Gabonaise, the CNC is characterized as being easily controlled by the Presidency of Gabon because of the way appointments are made. It points to Article 98 in the Constitution of Gabon, claiming  that is allows for the ruling power to establish a favorable majority and to control their decisions in terms of the media. \n\nThe CNC together with the Commission d'Accès Equitable aux Médias Publics is supposed to ensure equal access to state-owned media during election cycles. They have devised a system that distributes media exposure according to a four-fourths rule: One quarter for the Democratic Gabonese Party (PDG), a quarter for the majority parties, a quarter for the opposition and a quarter for independent candidates. There is no difference in rates charged by state-owned media for political parties. However, the amount of money political parties actually disburse for access to public and private media outlets is unclear.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Communication personnelle.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.  \n\nConstitution of Gabon, septième partie - Conseil national de la communication, articles 94–102.  Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126858.pdf\n\nNdouanis, J.  (2013, August 11) . Impossibilité juridique et institutionnelle d'alternance démocratique au Gabon\".  Convention de la Diaspora Gabonaise. Retrieved from http://conventiondiasporagabonaise.org/actualités/actualités-gabon/221-impossibilite-juridique-et-institutionnelle-d-alternance-democratique-au-gabon.html\n\n(2008, April 15) .  Gabon: Le CNC doit veiller à l'équité dans la médiatisation des candidats aux élections.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=7010\n\n(2012, March 19) .  Gabon: Renforcer les relations entre le CNC et le ministère des Relations avec les institutions constitutionnelles.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25012\n\nOndo Mvé, A.P.  (2009, August) .  Les organes de régularisation du droit gabonais de la communication.  Ministry of Digital Economy.  Retrieved from http://www.communication.gouv.ga/10-evenements/16-ateliers/311-les-organes-de-regularisation-du-droit-gabonais-de-la-communication/#.Unpx3qW6lG4","Some candidates and political parties generally have more access and receive better treatment by state-owned media (RTG and media outlets closely aligned with the presidency). ..."]
["2013_KE_23",2013,"KE","Kenya",23,50,"The coverage of political parties and coverage by the state-owned media outlets of the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation has become fairer compared to earlier years. Given the competition by other private outlets, the corporation has had little chance for discrimination, because the parties would be covered by them. \n\nHowever, the coverage still remains sloppy and in favour of the big political parties and candidates, leaving smaller players discriminated against. Although the national broadcaster has attempted to strike a balance in coverage, elements of bias still remain. In the period under review the dominant political coalitions, Jubilee and Cord, enjoyed more coverage, just as their luminaries, Uhuru Kenyatta/William Ruto and Raila Odinga/Kalonzo, Musyoka respectively, did. The rates offered are equal but the big coalitions have deeper budgets that allowed for more frequent bookings and advertising than the smaller ones.","1. Haron Mwangi, CEO, Media Council of Kenya, interviewed on September 17, 2013.\n\n2.Onyango Oloo, secretary-general The National Alliance party, interviewed on October 2, 2013.\n\n3. Magerer Langat, executive director, Orange Democratic Movement party, interviewed on  October 2, 2013.\n\n4. Francis Ole Kaparo, chairman, United Republican Party, interviewed on October 8, 2013. \n\n5.Edwin Mutai, senior political writer, Business Daily, Nation Media Group, interviewed on October 7, 2013.\n\n6. \"Kenyans demonstrate strong commitment to democratic elections\", a preliminary report by the European Union Election Observation Mission on Kenya General Elections, March 4, 2013. The report was published on March 6, 2013, http://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/eom-kenya-preliminary-statement-6-march-2013-en.pdf.","The coverage of political parties and coverage by the state-owned media outlets of the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation has become fairer compared to earlier years. Given the competition by other private outlets, the corporation has had little chance for discrimination, because the p..."]
["2013_MW_23",2013,"MW","Malawi",23,50,"In practice, the opposition political parties are usually given limited time on public broadcasters including the Malawi broadcasting corporation and TV Malawi. However, of late, editors and journalists have been daring the authorities by covering the functions of opposition parties – which some authorities are still uncomfortable with. \n\nOpposition candidates are offered the same rates for campaign advertising although the ruling elite always take advantage and actually force them to pay. On the other hand, the private media covers a lot of opposition parties and has set up an agenda for media change.","Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi. November 11 2013.\nSangwani Mwafulirwa, Regional Officer, Malawi Electoral Commission. November 11 2013.\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Justice. November 10 2013.","In practice, the opposition political parties are usually given limited time on public broadcasters including the Malawi broadcasting corporation and TV Malawi. However, of late, editors and journalists have been daring the authorities by covering the functions of opposition partie..."]
["2013_MZ_23",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",23,100,"Political parties and candidates regardless of political affiliation, during the electoral period, have the right to and are given airtime on public broadcasting radio (Rádio Moçambique) and television (Televisão de Moçambique). Opposition parties with seats in parliament and others without a seat have enjoyed the right of airtime on public and private broadcasting and television for their political positioning in reply to statements by government as well. Fees are waived ruing the election period.","1.        Saimone Macuiane. Deputy. Assembly of the Republic. September 25, 2013. \n2.        Luis Nhachote. Senior and Freelancer Journalist. September 26, 2013.\n3.        Jeremias Candido Mondlane. Journalist. Radio Mocambique. September 12, 2013.\n4.        \"Por Eleicoes Transparentes, Livres e Justas\". Joseph Hanlon. IREX and AWEPA. 2013, http://www.cip.org.mz/election2013/ndoc/20_Por%20Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20Transparentes%20Livres%20e%20Justas%202013.pdf. \n5.        \"Senhor Presidente, os mensageiros da verdade não se desmilitarizam, nunca\". Adelino Timoteo. Canal de Mocambique. July 29, 2013. http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2013/07/senhor-presidente-os-mensageiros-da-verdade-n%C3%A3o-se-desmilitarizam-nunca.html.","Political parties and candidates regardless of political affiliation, during the electoral period, have the right to and are given airtime on public broadcasting radio (Rádio Moçambique) and television (Televisão de Moçambique). Opposition parties with seats in parliament and other..."]
["2013_NG_23",2013,"NG","Nigeria",23,0,"Although the electoral act section 100, subsections 4, 5 and 6, stipulates equitable access to all electronic and print media, opposition parties do not have the same access to state-run television and radio. \n\nOpposition parties usually and fervently complain about the state-run Nigerian television authority and the federal radio corporation of Nigeria running programs and editorial that give more attention to the ruling people's democratic party.\n\nFurthermore, not all but some journalists in Nigeria are co-opted to report on certain events, based on financial incentives or status rewards awarded to them.","Interviews:\n(1) Lai Mohammed, National Publicity Secretary, All Progressive Alliance, October 10, 2013, via telephone.\n\n(2) Emma Ezeazu, General Secretary, Alliance for Credible Elections, October 9, 2013, via telephone.\n\n(3) Helen Aliyu, Correspondent, Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, October 15, 2013, Abuja.\n\n(4) Electoral Act, 2010, Section 100, subsection 4,5 and 6.","Although the electoral act section 100, subsections 4, 5 and 6, stipulates equitable access to all electronic and print media, opposition parties do not have the same access to state-run television and radio. ..."]
["2013_ZA_23",2013,"ZA","South Africa",23,25,"Opposition parties have access to state outlets such as the SABC, but that access is apparently not equitable. The advertising rates are the same.\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa, says that parties do not have equitable access to public broadcasters and state media outlets: \"We are supposed to have a public broadcaster, the SABC, but it seems to be the ANC's cheerleader during election time. It tends to spend a lot of time on the ANC and very little on the other parties. If you are part of the opposition, you need to find other strategies to bypass the SABC. Advertising rates are the same though, for all parties.\"\n\nIn 2011, during the latest local government elections, opposition party Azanian People’s Organisation’s (Azapo) accused the SABC of “unfair and unequal” coverage of the various political parties. Azapo also claimed that the SABC was giving preference to the ANC. “We’ve invited them to rallies and they did not show face. When they covered it, it was only shown on TV for about 30 seconds so it’s not true that there was fair coverage,” Azapo's youth leader was quoted saying in the media.\n\nIn 'The politics of public broadcasting', which was published on the website of Rhodes University in Grahamstown before the last local elections, Nompumezo Makinana wrote how, during a debate on the politics of public broadcasting in South Africa, smaller parties complained they didn't get enough airtime. The event was attended by representatives of the various political parties and key local organisations. \"Xola Mali, spokesperson for the UPM in Grahamstown, felt that the SABC’s election coverage has been problematic. He said that the broadcaster has not assisted in educating the public about what is happening on the ground. The UPM has held a number of demonstrations against corruption and the lack of service delivery but their plight has received minimal coverage,\" Makinana wrote. \n\nIn September 2012, the Inkhata Freedom party protested to demand equal SABC coverage of all political parties. IFP leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi accused the broadcaster of blatantly \"snubbing the party, and keeping him off the screen. The SABC should be the voice of the people... [But] its ANC, ANC everywhere you look,\" said Buthelezi. \"We are not here to fight. We are here to demand fairness for all South Africans.\"\n\nIFP's protest came a week after a union statement that former African National Congress Youth League leader Julius Malema, who is a critic of President Jacob Zuma, had been banned from the SABC's airways. While the broadcaster denied the allegations, an investigation by the Mail & Guardian suggested that the SABC is covering the opposition sparingly. \"No one has told us that he [Malema] was banned, but we can see it in their actions,\" the newspaper quoted an SABC staffer (who asked not be named). \"Every time we submit stories, the Malema clips are edited out. This has been happening for a while on TV. The decision is now being implemented on radio as well.\" \n\nIn March 2011, before the last local elections, The Democratic Alliance accused the SABC of being biased and that it refused the alliance live coverage. \"The decision by the SABC to broadcast live for two hours the ANC’s final election rally, with three days to go before election day, while refusing to cover the alliance in the same manner, is neither equitable nor consistent,\" a statement read. \"It is to disproportionately promote the views of the ANC and thereby to give prominence to one agenda over others. A two hour live crossing is incomparable with a hard news story on a bulletin. In doing so, it is to promote one choice before South Africans over another which is both contrary to the SABC’s mandate and undemocratic.\"","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org ), interview, November 11 2013.\n\nIFP demands equal coverage from SABC, Times Live, September 14 2012, http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2012/09/14/ifp-demands-equal-coverage-from-sabc.\n\nSABC journalists say Zuma opponents are silenced, Matuma Letsoalo, Mail & Guardian,  September 7 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-09-07-00-journalists-say-zuma-opponents-are-silenced-on-sabc.\n\n‘Boycott TV licence over election coverage’, South African Press Agency, May 18 2011, http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/boycott-tv-licence-over-election-coverage-1.1070654#.UoHgDpQpZKk.\n\nThe politics of public broadcasting (Nompumezo Makinana - journalism graduate from Rhodes University and social worker, July 15 2011, http://www.ru.ac.za/jms/news/thepoliticsofpublicbroadcasting/\n\nSABC’s decision to cover ANC final rally live is biased, media statement Democratic Alliance,  May 15 2011, http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action=view-news-item&id=9469.\n\nSABC dismiss DA 'bias' allegation, Mail & Guardian, May 16 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-16-sabc-dismiss-da-bias-allegation.","Opposition parties have access to state outlets such as the SABC, but that access is apparently not equitable. The advertising rates are the same...."]
["2013_SS_23",2013,"SS","South Sudan",23,0,"In practice, candidates and political parties do not have equitable access to state-run media outlets. Here is why:\n\n-Late last year, an editor with the state-owned South Sudan Television (SSTV) in December 2012 was reprimanded for broadcasting a public discussion on how government was using oil revenues. Panelists in the debate included civil society activists and opposition politicians who made critical comments. Speaking on the condition of anonymity, the editor says when he broadcasted the debate a senior government official called the station and ordered that the program be taken off air immediately.   \n\n-Another incident happened just in May this year (2013) when security personnel stormed the television offices of South Sudan’s The Citizen newspaper and Televsion, warning staff at gunpoint not to broadcast stories on the then Vice President, Riek Machar. \n\n- This week during a meeting with the visiting Vice President of the International Republican Institute (IRI), Thomas Garrett, South Sudan’s former Vice President, Riek Machar expressed concern that the government had issued some directives “to the public media, particularly the state-run South Sudan TV and South Sudan Radio, not to broadcast statements and activities of some figures, including ruling party leaders\".","Anonymous.  (2013, October 15) .  [One of the mid-level editors of the state-owned South Sudan Television].  Personal communication.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nBardi, A.  (2013, June 17) .  Crackdown on journalists in South Sudan pits the people against the People’s Army.  Media Global News.  Retrieved from http://www.mediaglobal.org/2013/06/17/crackdown-on-journalists-in-south-sudan-pits-the-people-against-the-peoples-army/\n\n(2013, October 19) .  Machar and IRI VP discuss importance of building democracy in South Sudan.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48497\n\n(2013, May 30) .  South Sudan security officer threatens private TV Station at gun point.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46760","In practice, candidates and political parties do not have equitable access to state-run media outlets. Here is why:..."]
["2013_TN_23",2013,"TN","Tunisia",23,100,"During the elections of October 2011 (the last elections organised in Tunisia), the ISIE (Instance supérieure pour l'Indépendance des élections) prepared a programme of for media to access, using the state-owned media outlets (television and radio). \n \n Forty-four political parties have participated in the programme, based on four daily hours divided among the 44 political parties, with equal time given to each party. In this programme, priority depends on a random selection. \n \n The production and broadcast of the TV and radio advertising spots were free for all political parties.\n With regards to print media, the report from ISIE states the following (p. 141) : \"An equal balance between all parties has been observed concerning articles in the news.\"","October 7, 2013: Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of ISIE (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections), Tunis\n \nOctober 14, 2013: Telephone interview with Mrs. Kochbati, journalist in RTT (main public radio station)\n\nWebsite of the ISIE, http://www.isie.tn/Fr/accueil_46_3\n Report ISIE, February 2012","During the elections of October 2011 (the last elections organised in Tunisia), the ISIE (Instance supérieure pour l'Indépendance des élections) prepared a programme of for media to access, using the state-owned media outlets (television and radio). ..."]
["2013_DZ_24",2013,"DZ","Algeria",24,100,"La loi exige que tout marché, dont la valeur nominale dépasse huit millions de dinars, doive faire l’objet d’un avis d’appel d’offres afin de garantir la transparence et la mise en concurrence dans l'octroi des marchés publics. L'avis d'appel d'offres constitue la règle générale et le gré à gré l'exception. (Article 25 du Code des marchés publics).\n\nL'appel d'offres, qui peut-être national et international, se fait sous différentes formes : appel d'offres ouvert; appel d'offres restreint; consultation sélective; adjudication; concours.","-Décret présidentiel n° 12-23 du 18 janvier 2012 modifiant et complétant le décret présidentiel n° 10-236 du 7 octobre 2010 portant sur la réglementation des marchés publics, Art 6, (2012).\n-Code des marchés, Décret présidentiel n° 10-236 du 7 octobre 2010 sur la portant réglementation des marchés publics, modifié et complété. Art 24, 25, 30 et 49. (2010).","La loi exige que tout marché, dont la valeur nominale dépasse huit millions de dinars, doive faire l’objet d’un avis d’appel d’offres afin de garantir la transparence et la mise en concurrence dans l'octroi des marchés publics. L'avis d'appel d'offres constitue la règle générale et..."]
["2013_CM_24",2013,"CM","Cameroon",24,100,"ARTICLE 2 : The rules laid down in this code are based on the principles of freedom of access to public procurement, equal treatment of candidates and transparent procedures.\nARTICLE 7 :\n(1) Public contracts are awarded after competitive tenders from potential contractors Administration of tender.\n\nIn Cameroon public procurement is conducted following a competitive bidding process as required by law under articles 2 and 7 of the Public Contract Code. Major procurements in Cameroon are those which are conducted either by the national tenders board or the regional and divisional tender boards of Cameroon. The procedures ensure that public procurement is based on the principles of freedom of access to public procurement, equal treatment of candidates and transparent procedures. Public contracts in Cameroon are awarded after competitive tenders from potential contractors.","Republic of Cameroon Public Contract Code, arts. 2 & 7.  (2004) .  Retrieved from http://www.armp.cm/histori.htm","ARTICLE 2 : The rules laid down in this code are based on the principles of freedom of access to public procurement, equal treatment of candidates and transparent procedures.\nARTICLE 7 :..."]
["2013_CD_24",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",24,100,"Selon le décret n°2009-156 du 20 mai 2009  portant Code des marchés publics, Article 28 :\n1) Les marchés publics sont passés après mise en concurrence des candidats potentiels sur appel d’offres.\n2) Ils peuvent exceptionnellement être attribués selon la procédure de gré à gré dans les conditions définies dans le présent décret. \n\n1 - A tous les textes mentionnés s'ajoutent les traités en rapport avec les marchés publics ratifiés par la République du Congo, les divers arrêtés, circulaires et notes de services précisant l'un ou l'autre des aspects du secteur des marchés publics. La constitution range les marchés publics dans le domaine du règlement, c'est pourquoi le texte portant code des marchés publics est un décret. Tous les textes mentionnés en sources sont tous utiles s'agissant par exemple de la loi fixant l'organisation administrative territoriale. Elle confère aux collectivités locales (Conseil départementaux et municipaux) une autonomie administrative, financière et une personnalité juridique. Et le code des marchés publics sur ce fondement leur confère la qualité de maître d'ouvrage devant passer les marchés au même titre que les ministères sectoriels, les établissements publics etc.\n2 - La direction générale de l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics, a vu nommé un nouveau directeur général, M. David-Martin OBAMI. \n3 - L’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) vérifie l'utilisation de tous les fonds publics (entreprises publiques, administrations). Elle n'a pas droit de saisine, elle assure uniquement la régulation du système des passations des marchés publics et des conventions, des délégations des services publics. La DGCMP contrôle l'application de la réglementation des marchés publics et délégation des services publics.","1 - Décret n°2000-187 du 10 août 2000 portant Règlement général sur la comptabilité publique.\n\n2 - Le décret n°2006-493 du 3 août 2006 portant réorganisation de l'inspection générale de l'Etat.\n\n3 - Le décret n°2002-371 du 3 décembre 2002 portant création, attributions et organisation de la Délégation générale des grands travaux.\n\n4 - Le décret n°2009-156 du 20 mai 2009  portant Code des marchés publics.\nArticle 15 consacre l'existence de l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP)\nArticle 16 qui consacre l'existence du Direction Générale de Contrôle des marchés publics (DGCMP).\n\n5 - Le décret n°209-157 du 20 mai 2009 portant attributions, organisations et fonctionnement de l'Autorité de régulation des marchés publics.\n\n6 - Le décret n°2009-158 du 20 mai 2009 portant réorganisation de la Délégation générale des grands travaux.\n\n7 - Le décret n°2009-159 du 20 mai 2009 portant attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Direction générale du contrôle des marchés publics. \n\n8 - Le décret n°2009-160 du 20 mai 2009 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la cellule de gestion des marchés publics.\n\n9 - Le décret n°2009-161 du 20 mai 2009 fixant les modalités d'approbation des marchés publics.\n\n10 - Le décret n°2009-162 du 20 mai 2009 fixant les seuils de passation, de contrôle et d'approbation des marchés publics.\n\n11 - Bulletin officiel d'annonces des marchés publics 4 e année : N°107 du 17 avril 2013.\n\n12 - Revue des marchés Publics n°0009 du mois d'août 2013, éditée par la Direction Générale de l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics.\n\n13 - Entretien du mercredi 16 octobre avec M. David-Martin, Directeur Général de l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP), au siège de l' ARMP Bld Denis Sassou Nguesso - centre -ville à Brazzaville.\n\n14 - Entretien le vendredi 11 octobre à l'Inspection Général d’Etat, M. Germain KIAMBA, contrôleur général d’Etat, immeuble ARC - centre ville Brazzaville.\n15 - Manuel de procédure de l'Inspection Général d'Etat.\n\n16 - Direction Générale de Contrôle des Marchés Publics (DGCMP)\n\n17 - Manuel de procédure de l'Inspection Général d'Etat.","Selon le décret n°2009-156 du 20 mai 2009  portant Code des marchés publics, Article 28 :\n1) Les marchés publics sont passés après mise en concurrence des candidats potentiels sur appel d’offres...."]
["2013_EG_24",2013,"EG","Egypt",24,100,"Article 39, of Law 89 of 1998, issued by the Ministry of Finance, requires competitive bidding and draws on a previous laws passed in 1992. The tender law states that tenders are open to all parties, \"provided they act in compliance of the process in terms of purchase or procedures and commissioning\".\n\nThese laws require competitive bidding for all government projects regardless of scope, including the oil and gas sector. \n\nHowever, in September 2013 the interim government issued a presidential law exempting some projects from this requirement to account for exceptional measures and special circumstances. The original law suggests some exceptions for minor projects only. In practice, no government agency can afford to break the law explicitly. \n\nEgypt is not a member of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  (1998) .  Law 89. \n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Trade & Industry website.  Retrieved from http://www.tas.gov.eg/English/WTO/Egypt%20in%20WTO/others.\n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of State for Administrative Development.  Retrieved from http://www.ad.gov.eg/Default.\n\nArab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Trade & Industry.  (n.d.) .  E-Procurement project.  Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/36238298.pdf. \n\n(n.d.) .  Monakasat.com.  [Egypt's first online tender guide].  Retrieved from www.monakasat.com/.\n\nRaus, Laura.  (n.d.) .  Journalist at Egypt Oil & Gas.  Personal communication.\n\nAnonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Clandestine source at a consultant to Egypt's energy sector].  Personal communication.","Article 39, of Law 89 of 1998, issued by the Ministry of Finance, requires competitive bidding and draws on a previous laws passed in 1992. The tender law states that tenders are open to all parties, \"provided they act in compliance of the process in terms of purchase or procedures..."]
["2013_GH_24",2013,"GH","Ghana",24,100,"Section 44(1) of the Public Procurement Act, 2003, (Act 663) states: \"In procurement proceedings in which the procurement entity decides that only domestic suppliers or contractors may submit tenders, the procurement entity shall employ national competitive tendering procedures.\"\n\nSection 2 states that the procurement entity is not required to employ the procedures set out in sections 47 and 48 of this act if the estimated contract amount is lower than the value threshold specified in schedule 3.\n\nSection 3 states that the procurement entity may stipulate in the tender documents that tenderers must quote only in the local currency and payments must be made wholly in the local currency. \n\nSection 45 (1) states: \"International competitive tendering shall be used whenever open competitive\ntendering is used and effective competition cannot be obtained unless foreign firms are invited to tender.\"\n\nThese provisions ensure that public procurement is open to competitive tendering.","Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), sections 44, 45, 46 and 47. Link: http://www.ppbghana.org/documents/Public%20Procurement%20Act%202003%20Act%20663.pdf","Section 44(1) of the Public Procurement Act, 2003, (Act 663) states: \"In procurement proceedings in which the procurement entity decides that only domestic suppliers or contractors may submit tenders, the procurement entity shall employ national competitive tendering procedures.\"..."]
["2013_LR_24",2013,"LR","Liberia",24,100,"The law establishing the Public Procurement and Concession Commission provides for unbiased competition open to all citizens and residents of Liberia. \n\nRegulation number 3 sets out clear rules regarding the thresholds of international competitive and national competitive bidding. The thresholds have different value for service contracts, goods and work contracts and lie at 200,000 USD, 500,000 USD and 1,000.000 USD respectively. The regulation also sets out clearly that international competitive bidding can be used below these thresholds if such bidding is in line with effective and efficient procurement procedures.","PPCC Regulation No. 3 \nhttp://www.ppcc.gov.lr/doc/Thresholds.pdf\n\nPPCC Act 2010, Part I (e). http://ppcc.gov.lr/doc/PPCA%20_Sept%2013%202010%20_FINAL.pdf","The law establishing the Public Procurement and Concession Commission provides for unbiased competition open to all citizens and residents of Liberia. ..."]
["2013_MU_24",2013,"MU","Mauritius",24,100,"Section 8 of the Public Procurement Act states that:\n“There is established a Central Procurement Board, which shall be a body corporate and  be responsible for the approval of the award of major contracts by public bodies.” \n\nMajor contracts are defined as contracts for the procurement of goods, services or execution of work to which a public body is party and which exceeds the prescribed amount as per the schedule of the law. For example, for all ministries, the prescribed amount is Rs. 50 million ($1.7 million) for all contracts.\n\nSection 15 (2) furthermore stipulates competitive bidding to be the default choice for public procurement: \n\n(a) Except in the cases referred to in paragraph (d), procurement shall, in the case \nof goods, other services or works, be made by means of open advertised \nbidding, to which equal access shall be provided to all eligible and qualified \nbidders without discrimination. \n \n(b) Open advertised bidding proceedings may include a pre-qualification stage, or \npost-qualification procedures, before selection of the winning bidder. \n \n(c) Open advertised bidding proceedings shall be carried out in a single stage or in \ntwo stages in the cases referred to in Section 29. \n \n(d) A method of procurement referred to in subsection (1) (a) (ii) to (vi) may be \nused only if the public body has reason to believe that open advertised bidding  \n \n(i) will not be efficient or practical for the procurement in question; or \n \n(ii) will be too costly to apply given the value of the procurement. \n \n(e) Where a public body uses a method of procurement other than open advertised \nbidding or, in the case of the procurement of consultancy services, a method \nother than one specified in subsection (1)(b)(i), it shall note in the record of the \nprocurement proceedings the ground for the choice of the procurement method.","Name of the law(s): Public Procurement Act  \n\t• Year passed: 2006\n\t• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 8 (1), Section 15 (2) \n\t• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://ppo.gov.mu/English/Documents/PPA2006.pdf","Section 8 of the Public Procurement Act states that:\n“There is established a Central Procurement Board, which shall be a body corporate and  be responsible for the approval of the award of major contracts by public bodies.” ..."]
["2013_NE_24",2013,"NE","Niger",24,100,"Comme le montrent les articles de loi ci-dessous, les marchés publics nécessitent un appel d'offre au préalable.\n\nArt 1 : « Le présent texte fixe les règles applicables à la passation, l’approbation, l’exécution et le contrôle des marchés publics. Ces règles reposent sur les principes suivants : libre accès à la commande publique, égalité de traitement parmi les candidats et transparence des procédures d’attribution ».\n\nArticle 16 : « Tous les marchés passés par appel d’offres sont précédés d’un avis général de publicité dont l’objet est d’informer le public des marchés que l’autorité contractante prévoit de lancer au cours de l’année à venir. L’Agence de régulation des marchés publics définira le modèle de cet avis général qui est publié dans le Journal des marchés publics ».\n\nArticle 17 : « Chaque marché passé par appel d’offres ouvert est précédé d’un avis public d’appel d’offres dont le modèle est défini par l’Agence de Régulation des Marchés publics ».\n\nArticle 30 : « L’avis de pré-qualification est publié dans les mêmes conditions que l’avis d’appel d’offres visé à l’article 17 ci-dessus ».\n\nArt 122: « L’Agence de régulation des marchés publics assure le secrétariat du Comité de règlement des différends en matière d’attribution et du comité ad hoc d’arbitrage en matière d’exécution des marchés publics et publie leurs décisions. »","Mise à jour de l’Ordonnance n°2002-007  du 18 Septembre 2002 portant Code des Marchés Publics au Niger modifiée par  l’Ordonnance n°2008-06 du 21 février 2008.  \n- TITRE I : DISPOSITIONS GENERALES . CHAPITRE I : CHAMP D’APPLICATION. Article  1er.\n- TITRE II : PASSATION DES MARCHES. CHAPITRE I : DU MODE DE PASSATION DES MARCHES PUBLICS. Section 2. Publicité. Art 16 et 17\n- TITRE II : PASSATION DES MARCHES. CHAPITRE I : DU MODE DE PASSATION DES MARCHES PUBLICS. Section 3 : Marchés sur appel d’offres. Art 30\n- TITRE VI : REGULATION DES MARCHES PUBLICS .Art 122\nhttp://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Niger/Niger%20-%20Code%20marches%20publics%202002-2008.pdf","Comme le montrent les articles de loi ci-dessous, les marchés publics nécessitent un appel d'offre au préalable...."]
["2013_SC_24",2013,"SC","Seychelles",24,100,"The 2008 Procurement Act is “an act to provide for the basic principles and procedures to be applied in, and regulate, the public procurement of goods, public works, consultancy services, and other services and for the institutions responsible for those matters, and to provide for related matters”.\n\nSection 42 of the Act states that \"(1) The procuring entity shall use open tendering under Part VI for every tendering, or an alternative procurement procedure under Part VII.\"\n\nThe act also defines the following: “‘International competitive bidding’ means bidding open to all bidders,  including citizens of Seychelles, local and foreign bidders; ‘limited bidding’ means a procurement method for goods, works and non-consultancy services, where bids are obtained by direct invitation to a shortlist of bidders, without open advertisement; and ‘limited selection’ means a procurement method for consultancy services, where bids are  obtained by direct invitation to a shortlist of bidders, without open advertisement.”","1. Public Finances (Control and Management) Act, Cap: 188: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/188.\n\n2. National Tender Board of Seychelles: http://www.ntb.sc/.\n\n3. Procurement Act 33, 2008: http://www.ntb.sc/docs/Procurementact33of2008.pdf.\n\n4. Document laying out a number of jurisprudence cases:\nhttp://www.legal500.com/assets/images/stories/firmdevs/kbw_bhprocurementupdate.pdf.\n\n5. Additional information can be found at the public administration reform project, a World Bank-funded project for ‘Advisory Support and Capacity Development on Critical Aspects of the Public Administration Reform Process in the Republic of Seychelles,' undertaken by Linpico:\nhttp://www.linpico.com/public-administration-reform-project-in-the-seychelles/.","The 2008 Procurement Act is “an act to provide for the basic principles and procedures to be applied in, and regulate, the public procurement of goods, public works, consultancy services, and other services and for the institutions responsible for those matters, and to provide for ..."]
["2013_SS_24",2013,"SS","South Sudan",24,0,"In South Sudan some major procurement must be done through competitive bidding while others don’t require bidding. The Public Procurement Bill was being drafted in 2011, but as of 2013, had not been approved. \n\nSection 8 of the Public Procurement and Disposal Bill (2011) states that “Any authorized procuring entity, shall in conducting any procurement activity, ensure that public funds and resources are used in the most efficient, transparent and cost effective manner. The philosophy for public procurement in South Sudan is to continually introduce higher standards and to achieve the following: -\n(a) That Open Tendering is the default procedure for public procurement and that 80 per cent to 85 per cent of tenders shall be conducted through this method. \n(b) That all tendering is conducted in an open, fair and transparent manner.” \n\nThe same Public Procurement and Disposal Bill (2011) explains the circumstances under which certain procurements are exempted or excluded from competitive bidding.\n-Section 7 (1) of the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (2011) states that “Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Bill, the Central Procurement Unit (UNIT) or any procuring entity as the case may be, shall not be required to comply with any provision of this Bill on advertising, or transparency or requiring the use of a specific procurement procedure, if the Council of Ministers, having previously sought the legal advice of the UNIT, and subsequently issued a decision determining that such compliance may compromise classified information or national security interests. The Council of Ministers may only issue such a decision if:-\n(a) The performance of the concerned contract may require the use of special security measures, or the procurement involves classified information, and (b) Such decision is not contrary to the provisions of any law guaranteeing public access to public documents and information.\"\n\nSection 7 (2) states “The provisions of this Bill shall not apply to procurement activities leading to the award of a public contract falling within the scope of an agreement that provides for the application of other procurement rules or procedures where.\n(a) Such an agreement makes the availability of financing for the specific contract conditional upon the use of such other rules and or procedures;\n(b) Such agreement has been entered into between the Government and an intergovernmental, bilateral, multilateral or international financing institution.\n\nSection 7 (3) states, “The provisions of this Bill shall not apply to procurement activities leading to the award of a civil service contract or employment contract between the Unit or a procuring Entity and a natural person, and only applies to employment contracts.\"\n\nSection 7 (4) states, “Upon consultation and agreement with the Unit, Public Enterprises, or companies may be formally granted certain exemptions from the full scope of this Bill, if operating as a commercial company, provided that appropriate and necessary procurement principles of transparency, fair and equal treatment, promote competition, participation regardless of nationality, value for money, and maximizing economy and cost efficiency in procurement practices shall be adhered thereof, and subject to increased checks by the Unit.”\n\nSection 7 (5) states, that “activities of the Police, Prisons, Wildlife, Custom, Fire Brigade, and Security Services, or other institutions, engage in strategic and or security sensitive procurements, may request prior written approval from the Unit, to selectively keep confidential the activities, which may be subjected to increased audit checks by procurement compliance teams.\"\n\nSection 7 (6) states that, “certain types of contract may be unsuitable to be procured by the principles set forth in this Bill, that include, but not limited to, the following types of contract.\n(a) Contracts of Employment;\n(b) Contract related to the privilege of emission of financial instruments by the Central Bank;\n(c) Certain types of Arbitration Services;\n(d) Organisations shall seek advice from the Unit prior to embarking of any unusual type of procurement contracts.\"\n\nSection 7 (7) states that, “except for advisory consulting services, this Bill shall not apply to the tendering or any other related activity undertaken for ‘Privatization’ exercises, which its tendering shall be governed by other applicable law.”","Republic of South Sudan.  Public Procurement and Disposal Bill.  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/South%20Sudan/PublicProcurementandDisposalBill.pdf\n\n2013 Investment Climate Statement - South Sudan, US Dept of State. February, 2013. http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204855.htm","In South Sudan some major procurement must be done through competitive bidding while others don’t require bidding. The Public Procurement Bill was being drafted in 2011, but as of 2013, had not been approved. ..."]
["2013_UG_24",2013,"UG","Uganda",24,100,"The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act, 2003 provide for competitive bidding in all major procurements. Section 51 states that “a procuring and disposing entity shall use open bidding as the preferred method of procurement and disposal”, and Sections 79-83 explain all the procedures to be followed so that maximum competition is ensured.","Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act, 2003, Section 51, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/365/The_Public_Procurement_And_Disposal_Of_Public_Assets_Act,_2003.pdf.","The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act, 2003 provide for competitive bidding in all major procurements. Section 51 states that “a procuring and disposing entity shall use open bidding as the preferred method of procurement and disposal”, and Sections 79-83 explain..."]
["2013_ZM_24",2013,"ZM","Zambia",24,100,"The Zambia Public Procurement Authority was in the past known as the Zambia National Tender Board, which was formed on December 2 2008, with a goal to institutionalise best procurement practices in the public sector by 2011 in order to obtain value for money. The ZPPA regulates and controls public sector procurement to promote favourable, competitive procurement/ bidding environments in all public procurement processes.","The Public Procurement Act No 12 of 2008, Section 25 and 26\n Available online: http://www.zppa.org.zm/downloads.php","The Zambia Public Procurement Authority was in the past known as the Zambia National Tender Board, which was formed on December 2 2008, with a goal to institutionalise best procurement practices in the public sector by 2011 in order to obtain value for money. The ZPPA regulates and..."]
["2013_BF_25",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",25,50,"Les dossiers d'appels d'offres, les offres elles-mêmes et les résultats des dépouillements sont disponibles dans la Revue des Marchés publics, un document en version papier édité en vendu au prix de 200 francs CFA et accessible pour tous. Mais les dossiers de contrat restent inaccessibles au public. Selon le spécialiste au sein de l’autorité de régulation des marchés publics, seul les entreprises ayant obtenus les marchés ont connaissance de ces documents. Ceci est corroboré par M. Sawadodogo, de la Compagnie général des entreprises, qui est chargé de chercher les soumissions aux marchés, bâtiments et travaux publics.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: La pression exercée par la hiérarchie sur la Direction générale des marchés publics est telle qu’on ne saurait parler de transparence dans la démarche d’octroi des marchés public dans le pays. Les partisans du parti au pouvoir ont souvent accès aux informations à l’avance afin de se préparer à soumissionner aux marchés dès leur publication, tandis que les fournisseurs plus éloignés du parti au pouvoir n’ont pas ces privilèges.;","1. B. Hervé Kafimbou, chargé des Marchés, Autorité de régulation des marchés publics (ARMP), 27 septembre 2013\n\n2. M. Roland Sawadogo, administrateur, Bureau d'étude, Compagnie général des entreprises (CGE-BTP), 07 Octobre 2013\n\n3. Noël Pierre Scian, communicateur, Laboratoire citoyenneté, 3 Octobre 2013","Les dossiers d'appels d'offres, les offres elles-mêmes et les résultats des dépouillements sont disponibles dans la Revue des Marchés publics, un document en version papier édité en vendu au prix de 200 francs CFA et accessible pour tous. Mais les dossiers de contrat restent inacce..."]
["2013_CV_25",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",25,75,"As a general rule all public procurement invitations (bids) are announced and published via newspapers including all the necessary specifications. \n\nThe agency for public procurement has a website with general statistics, rules, procedures and redress mechanisms. Likewise there is the ministry of finance that has a public procurement handbook online, too. These agencies spell out the requirements in general, including the bid evaluation criteria. \n\nConcrete advertisements for particular procurement items are however done by the ministries themselves. The agency has units installed in each ministry to observe due process of procurement taking place. The agency thus standardises the process of evaluating and makes available the information. \n\nThe agency also collects and synchronises all bids on its website and there is a section with current bids at all times. These bids are also advertised on the the ministry websites. \n\nIn recent years, however, several cases of direct contracting were reported by the media and parliament investigation reports:  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Although in general public procurement prioritise competitive bidding, in recent years several cases of direct contracts were reported by the media and parliament investigation reports:\n - http://asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article95041&ak=1.\n - http://caboverdedirecto.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3628:ponte-de-ribeira-d-agua-monte-adriano-mete-ao-bolso-mais-370-milhoes-em-ajuste-directo&catid=52&Itemid=434.\n - http://www.governo.cv/documents/reao_do_mtie.pdf.","1. Sara Boal, Judge Counsellor, Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Carla Soares Sousa, President of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n3. Teresa Monteiro, Lawyer, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n4. Website review, October 2013\nMinistry of Finance and Planning, Handbook of Procurement, http://www.minfin.gov.cv/WebManual/apresentacao.html.\n\nRegulatory Agency for Public Acquisitions, Statistics for public purchases,\nhttp://www.arap.cv/index.php/estatisticas/compras-publicas.\n\nMedia/Government reports on direct contracting: \nhttp://asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article95041&ak=1\nhttp://caboverdedirecto.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3628:ponte-de-ribeira-d-agua-monte-adriano-mete-ao-bolso-mais-370-milhoes-em-ajuste-directo&catid=52&Itemid=434\nhttp://www.governo.cv/documents/reao_do_mtie.pdf.","As a general rule all public procurement invitations (bids) are announced and published via newspapers including all the necessary specifications. ..."]
["2013_CI_25",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",25,50,"Bien que le seuil d’obligation établi pour passer un marché public tel que prévu à l’article 6.1 du Code des marchés publics soit fixé de manière uniforme à 30.000.000 de francs CFA pour tous les assujettis audit code et selon la procédure définie, devant permettre plus de transparence et favoriser une compétition ouverte, tous les marchés publics, surtout les plus gros, ne font généralement pas l’objet d’appels d’offres.\n\nAux dires même du président de l’Autorité nationale de régulation des marchés publics (ARMP), les marchés publics passés de gré à gré, c’est-à-dire sans appel d’offre, souvent à l’issue de procédure manquant de transparence et de compétition ouverte, ont représenté en 2012 40% du total des marchés publics. Pour 2013, il est évoqué un chiffre encore plus élevé, les marchés publics ayant été attribués de gré à gré oscillant, selon certaines sources, entre 50% et 60%. Au premier semestre 2013, on serait, selon le président de l’ARMP, à près de 81% de marchés publics passés de gré à gré.\n\nLes raisons généralement avancées, y compris par le président de la République, pour justifier cette proportion élevée de marchés publics de gré à gré, notamment pour les gros projets, est le temps relativement long que nécessiteraient des appels d’offres selon les formes prescrites par le Code des marchés publics, la complexité de la procédure, la nature des financements à recevoir, l’urgence de la situation du pays, avec la fin de la crise postélectorale, les défis socioéconomiques qui en ont résulté et la volonté du pouvoir actuel d’y apporter des réponses et de mettre en œuvre au plus vite son programme de gouvernement.\n\nIl existe un site Internet censé apporter plus de transparence en matière de marchés publics, le Système intégré de gestion des marchés publics (SIGMAP). Une visite sur ce site nous a permis de constater qu’il est possible d’y obtenir certaines informations sur le planning de passation des marchés, sur les résultats des appels d’offre jugés ou encore une liste de marchés approuvés. Sur cette dernière liste sont disponibles des informations succinctes (le numéro du marché, le numéro de passation, le numéro de l’appel d’offre, l’objet du marché, l’attributaire, le montant du marché, l’autorité contractante, la date d’approbation et l’année de gestion). Le constat est le même pour les autres rubriques, les informations disponibles sont très succinctes.","Lia, J-S  et Kouadio, B. (27 septembre 2013). « Scandale à la SOTRA: une marché de 1,5 milliards FCFA passé gré-à-gré ». Notre Voie, n° 4530, 27 septembre 2013, p. 12.\n\nSite internet du Système Intégré de gestion des marchés publics (SIGMAP): http://www.sigmap.gouv.ci/cgi-bin/search.cgi?, accédé septembre 2013 t=dmp&g=PREPARATION_DES_DAO%2FPlanning_de_passation_des_march_eacute_s%2Findex.html&sb=PPR_EPL_CODE&so=DESC&catid=3&Title=Lin\n\nL’intelligent d’Abidjan. (12 aout 2013).  « Dépenses publiques/Passation de marchés publics: le gré à gré deviendrait-il la norme ? ». Abidjan.net. repéré à: http://news.abidjan.net/h/467692.html \n\nKahofi, S. (16 aout 2013).  « Marchés de gré à gré: pourquoi la Côte d’Ivoire est championne dans l’espace UEMOA? » West Africa Democracy Radio (WADR). Repéré à: http://wadr.org/fr/site/news_fr/5392/March%C3%A9s-de-gr%C3%A9-%C3%A0-gr%C3%A9--Pourquoi-la-C%C3%B4te-d%E2%80%99ivoire-est-championne-dans-l%E2%80%99espace-UEMOA.htm\n\nLe Patriote. (9 aout 2013). « Interview/Alassane Ouattara (Président de la République): “Je souhaite que le contentieux de la crise soit vidée d’ici la fin de l’année”. Abidjan.net. Repéré à : http://news.abidjan.net/h/467517.html","Bien que le seuil d’obligation établi pour passer un marché public tel que prévu à l’article 6.1 du Code des marchés publics soit fixé de manière uniforme à 30.000.000 de francs CFA pour tous les assujettis audit code et selon la procédure définie, devant permettre plus de transpar..."]
["2013_ER_25",2013,"ER","Eritrea",25,0,"The ruling PFDJ government party maintains complete control of the economy. The government has imposed an arbitrary and complex set of regulatory requirements that discourage investment from both foreign and domestic sources, and it often reclaims successful private enterprises and property. Government agencies don’t have capital budget allocation (since 2004/2005, these agencies have been making use of external assistance e.g. African Development grants), there have not been major public procurements. Big procurements involve external funds and the procurement guidelines from the external bodies such as the United Nations Development Fund, African Development Fund, World Bank, etc. dictate. \n\nEritrea was ranked 182nd out of 185 countries in the World Bank/International Finance Corporation’s Doing Business Index (2013). There are a handful of companies in the country which are able to participate in procurement bids. Procurement is however entirely in the hand of the ruling elite. With these two limitations, it is safe to assert that procurement processes are entirely non-transparent and criteria are not published.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS:  Public management is exceedingly concealed from the general public.  This became more visible after 2001. Because of the deep political crises in the country, any meaningful officially information on major public procurements is unavailable. Mr. Kubrom Dafla a former Treasure of the Eritrean Government, currently lives in exile in the Netherlands, discloses government practice in this regard is extremely corrupt. The Independent UN expert report also accuses the Eritrean government for sending a large amount of arms and ammunition to armed groups in Somalia in contravention to its international obligations and without the knowledge of the Eritrean people. See “Mr. Kibrom Dafla, has spoken out!,” available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deLw5f4CIM0; Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea, Pursuant to UN Security Council Resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009), 18 July 2011.\n\nThe truth not to have competitive bidding is not as a result of lack of capital budget allocation to public agencies since 2004\\2005. The government has driven out all private sectors from principal economic activity. Major economic activities are currently reserved for the ruling party (PFDJ) business entities. The ruling party entities are the once who monopolized all the economic activities in the country. The finical practice of Eritrean government is characterized by extremely opaque fashion. A group of the UN experts on the state of transparency gave a very good insight. The expert report reveals that power in Eritrea is concentrated in the hands of individuals rather than institutions and is exercised through largely informal and often illicit networks of political and financial control. Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea, Pursuant to UN Security Council Resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009), 18 July 2011, p. 11.;","Interview with key informant from the Ministry of Agriculture who requested anonymity, 2013.\n\nDoing Business 2013, World Bank/International Finance Corporation. http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB13-full-report.pdf\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The ruling PFDJ government party maintains complete control of the economy. The government has imposed an arbitrary and complex set of regulatory requirements that discourage investment from both foreign and domestic sources, and it often reclaims successful private enterprises and..."]
["2013_GN_25",2013,"GN","Guinea",25,50,"Depuis septembre 2012, il n'y a pas eu de publication d'audit proprement indiquant des problèmes. Avant, à la prise du pouvoir par le professeur Alpha Condé (President), un audit des marchés publics a été effectué par la Cour des comptes de France. On avait remarqué que les exceptions étaient la règle et que la règle est devenue exception. C'est à dire que la plus grande part des marchés étaient passés de gré à gré sans appel d'offre. Ce qui a motivé l'arrêt et le gel de tous ces marchés. Depuis 2010, il y a des efforts qui sont faits en la matière. Les règles sont suivies dans la pratique, mais pas dans 100% des cas.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Dans la pratique, les marchés publics sont offerts de gré à gré derrière un semblant d'appel d'offre. ;","- Mamadou Baldé, Inspecteur général adjoint des finances, 19 septembre 2013.\n- Michel Dramou, Inspecteur des impôts, 18 septembre 2013.\n- Alhassane Kaba, Professeur de droits fiscaux, Sonfonia, 18 septembre 2013.","Depuis septembre 2012, il n'y a pas eu de publication d'audit proprement indiquant des problèmes. Avant, à la prise du pouvoir par le professeur Alpha Condé (President), un audit des marchés publics a été effectué par la Cour des comptes de France. On avait remarqué que les excepti..."]
["2013_MG_25",2013,"MG","Madagascar",25,25,"Dans la pratique, il y a des gros investissements publics qui n’ont pas fait l’objet d’appels d’offres. Il s’agit notamment de ceux entrant dans le cadre des travaux découlant d’une «promesse présidentielle», tel que spécifié par le Madagascar Tribune du 27 décembre 2012.\nPar ailleurs, des cas de non-paiement des fournisseurs après exécution des travaux ou prestations ont été signalés cette année auprès du ministère de la Pêche, pour des marchés se situant entre 30 millions et 300 millions d’ariarys. (L’Express de Madagascar du 12 juillet 2013)\nIl a été également noté que la pratique de paiement de commission pour l’obtention d’un marché public continue d’exister. En effet, il est avancé que de 10% auparavant, la commission est passée à 60%, selon un article de la Gazette de la Grande Ile du 31 juillet. L’article stipule que ce sont les ministres eux-mêmes qui exigent le versement d’un pot-de-vin égal à 60% du montant du marché. Au vu de tout ce qui précède, il peut être affirmé que l’exigence d’appels d’offres pour les grands marchés publics ne s’applique pas à tous les projets et dans les normes.\nPour l’accès aux dossiers complets  en ligne ou hors ligne pour examen par les journalistes, les auditeurs, les concurrents et tout citoyen qui en fait la demande, la situation est la suivante selon le premier responsable de l’ARMP lors d’une interview :\n* pour les grands marchés : on peut trouver les archives auprès du site de l’ARMP (Commissions nationale et régionale) et des autorités contractantes (ministères par exemple).\n* pour les contrats : ils ne sont pas disponibles au public.\n*les grands marchés font l’objet d’une publication dans le Journal des Marchés Publics  édités par l’ARMP sur une base mensuelle, et dont le contenu est le suivant:\n     - les appels d’offres\n     - les avis d’attribution\n     - les avis de passation\nMais, dans la pratique, il y a des gros investissements publics qui n’ont pas fait l’objet d’appels d’offres.","- «Conjoncture : les marchés publics en nette régression», Lantoniaina Razafindramiadana, L’Express de Madagascar, 15 janvier 2013. \nhttp://www.lexperessmada.com/conjoncture-madagascar/40123-le-marche-public-en-regression.html\n- «Financements des hôpitaux manarapenitra. Le ministre des Finances explique», Madagascar Tribune, 27 décembre 2012. \nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Le-ministre-des-Finances-explique,18299.html\n- «Marchés publics Les impayés de la pêche devant la chaîne pénale», Mahefa Rakotomalala, L’Express de Madagascar, 12 juillet 201.\nhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/marches-publics-madagascar/44713-les-impayes-de-la-peche-devant-la-chaine-penale.html\n- «Marchés dans l’administration: Les « commissions » passent à 60%», Fanjanarivo, La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 31 juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33326:marches-dans-ladministration-les-l-commissions-r-passent-a-60&catid=45:newsflash&Itemid=58)\n- Razafy Harison Vonjy, directeur général p.i, Autorité de régulation des marchés publics, 24 septembre 2013. (Interwiew)","Dans la pratique, il y a des gros investissements publics qui n’ont pas fait l’objet d’appels d’offres. Il s’agit notamment de ceux entrant dans le cadre des travaux découlant d’une «promesse présidentielle», tel que spécifié par le Madagascar Tribune du 27 décembre 2012...."]
["2013_MA_25",2013,"MA","Morocco",25,50,"Bids are generally well regulated and are invited through open advertising. All the information is available on a government website. However, some politicians have in the past taken advantage of their position to grant public procurement contracts to their business partners or families, gaming the system. The article from 2011 is gives an excellent summary of dubious tenders that happened that year, including using a variety of mechanisms, such as false dates and incomplete information made public. \nAccording to Mounir Bensalah, the author of the article of 2011, that information is still valid for the period of study in 2013. Nonetheless, the government website does list many tenders with sufficient information that should allow for fair bidding.","Benhamou, Z. A.  (2013, September 18) .  [Moroccan blogger who follows the economy closely].  Personal communication.\n\nMost public contracts are available on this website.\n(n.d.) .  Les derniers appels d'offres.  Portail Marocain des Marchés Publics.  Retrieved from https://www.marchespublics.gov.ma/pmmp/?lang=fr\n\nMounir.  (2011, May 4) .  34th Council of Arab Ministers of Youth and Sports: Another dubious public procurement for Moncef Belkhayat.  Des maux à dire.  [Blog post].  Retrieved from http://mounirbensalah.org/2011/05/04/923/","Bids are generally well regulated and are invited through open advertising. All the information is available on a government website. However, some politicians have in the past taken advantage of their position to grant public procurement contracts to their business partners or fam..."]
["2013_NE_25",2013,"NE","Niger",25,50,"Les appels d'offres sont publiés de façon transparente (sites internet et en version papier) mais les dossiers ne sont pas disponibles pour consultation par le public une fois les résultats remis, et les conditions et critères ne sont pas toujours spécifiés sur les appels (d'ailleurs, les documents avec les appels sur le site sont erronés et ne peuvent être ouverts). L’Autorité de régulation des marchés publics publie tous les marchés publics. Ses membres viennent de l’administration, du secteur privé, de la société civile. Les sites internet publics où sont publiés les appels d'offres: on observe que les conditions du contrat et l'objet de l'appel sont spécifiés, mais les critères et la portée du projet ne sont pas toujours complétés dans l'appel.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Il y a toujours des possibiltés de gré à gré ou de consultation restreinte.;","Haute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. (4 février 2013). Niger\n\nAssociation Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. (19 septembre 2013). Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. Niger\n\nSite internet de l'Agence de régulation des marchés publics.\nhttp://www.armp-niger.org/agence-regulation-marches-publics-niger-alertes-appels-offres.php\n\nPortail des marchés publics du Niger.\nhttp://www.marchespublics-niger.net/index.php?option=com_appeloffres&view=listsectact&lang=fr&Itemid=104\n\nAnonyme, ancien spécialiste gouvernance/société civile au PNUD Niger (2011-2012). (30 Septembre 2013).\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Les appels d'offres sont publiés de façon transparente (sites internet et en version papier) mais les dossiers ne sont pas disponibles pour consultation par le public une fois les résultats remis, et les conditions et critères ne sont pas toujours spécifiés sur les appels (d'ailleu..."]
["2013_SO_25",2013,"SO","Somalia",25,0,"Major public procurements rarely involve competitive bidding. Tenders are usually given to preferred companies under the cover of non-governmental organizations; or companies privately owned by political leaders; or private companies co-owned by political leaders and private businessmen. The process is also at times characterized by nepotism and monopolized by competing interest groups.\n\nMeanwhile, there have been ongoing concerns over transparency of procurement contracts in Somaliland.","There is no government procurement portal in Somalia.\n\nAnonymous independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5). \n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nFartaag, A. (2013 May 1). Reconstructing Somalia and the politics of public sector finance. LSE-IDEAS Africa Programme, Occasional Paper. http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/programmes/africaProgramme/pdfs/Abdirazak-Fartaag-LSE-IDEAS-Occasional-Paper-Reconstructing-Somalia-and-the-Politics-of-Public-Sector-Finance.pdf\n\nHasan, Y. (2013 June 10). Somaliland: State institutions defy presidential procurement directive.” Somaliland Sun. http://www.somalilandsun.com/index.php/component/content/article/3092-somaliland-state-institutions-defy-presidential-procurement-directive-\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Major public procurements rarely involve competitive bidding. Tenders are usually given to preferred companies under the cover of non-governmental organizations; or companies privately owned by political leaders; or private companies co-owned by political leaders and private busine..."]
["2013_TZ_25",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",25,50,"There are substantial efforts to make the public tendering process more open and transparent, but gaps still remain in the implementation of the law, allowing for for abuse of the act and corruption. \n\nFor instance, while tenders are floated openly and posted on government websites, many of them do not disclose full details in terms of scope and details and do not contain the evaluation criteria either. Such details are often supplied physically and at a price that is officially set, meant to deter frivolous bidders, at the same time opening avenues for discretionary behaviour on the administrations side.","1. The Public Procurement Regulaltory Authority website has a tender portal; http://tender.ppra.go.tz/. Accessed in September 2013. \n2. The Government Procurement Services Agency tender results page http://www.gpsa.go.tz/tender-result-2013-2014.html. Accessed in September 2013.\n3. Ministry of Finance vehicle tender; http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/tender/ADVERT%20FOR%20TENDER%20NO.%20G.8%20%20MOTORVEHICLES.pdf. Accessed September 2013.\n4. The Guardian Reporter in IPP Media, \"PPRA: Some govt tendering marred by forgery and graft\" - Published November 30, 2012   http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=48535.\n5. Rose Athumani of the  Daily News Published date January 15, 2013- http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/13644-how-10-pc-syndrome-eats-up-procurement-sector.\n6. \"EDITORIAL : Get rid the rot in government tendering\", The Citizen Newspaper on July 25, 2013 - http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/oped/EDITORIAL---Get-rid-the-rot-in-government-tendering/-/1840568/1927156/-/j91fl4/-/index.html.","There are substantial efforts to make the public tendering process more open and transparent, but gaps still remain in the implementation of the law, allowing for for abuse of the act and corruption. ..."]
["2013_ZW_25",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",25,25,"The state procurement board is a body established to regulate state procurement. The board's website is not functional and there is no government procurement portal in the country. Bid invitations are published by individual state enterprises. At times there are a number of tenders have lacked the criteria by which the bids are evaluated. For example, Harare city council has been accused of awarding tenders for the supply of water treatment chemicals to shady and incompetent companies that offered them kickbacks.","1. Musanzikwa M. 2013. Public procurement system challenges in developing countries: the case of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences. 1 (2): 119-127\n\n2. Det: Fidelis Mazivisa. The Sunday Mail. June 9, 2013. Procurement fraud taking new twist. http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35947:procurement-fraud-taking-new-twist&catid=46:crime-a-courts&Itemid=138#.Uosae8RBOSo. Accessed November 18, 2013.\n\n3. Postal and telecommunications regulatory authority of Zimbabwe (Potraz.) 2013. Provision of consultancy services for the calculation of the weighted average cost of capital for telecommunication network operations in Zimbabwe. Informal tender No. Patraz / Wacc / Inf T1 / 13.","The state procurement board is a body established to regulate state procurement. The board's website is not functional and there is no government procurement portal in the country. Bid invitations are published by individual state enterprises. At times there are a number of tenders..."]
["2013_BF_26",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",26,50,"Les informations disponibles sur les marchés publics sont les appels d'offres et les résultats. Les résultats des différents rapports et audits sont aussi disponibles. N'importe qui peut y avoir accès, soit en achetant et consultant le Revue des marchés publics ou en interrogeant les sites web des services de l'administration ou celui de l'ARMP où sont publiés les documents d'audits, d’enquêtes et les rapports .(http://www.armp.bf/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=57). \n\nLes informations relatives aux contrats ne sont pas disponibles pour le grand public.","Interview avec B. Hervé Kafimbou, chargé des marchés, Autorité de régulation des Marchés publics (ARMP), 27 septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec M. Roland Sawadogo, Administrateur, Bureau d'étude, Compagnie Général des Entreprises (CGE-BTP), 07 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Noël Pierre Scian, communicateur, Laboratoire citoyennetés, 3 Octobre 2013.","Les informations disponibles sur les marchés publics sont les appels d'offres et les résultats. Les résultats des différents rapports et audits sont aussi disponibles. N'importe qui peut y avoir accès, soit en achetant et consultant le Revue des marchés publics ou en interrogeant l..."]
["2013_BI_26",2013,"BI","Burundi",26,0,"Dans la pratique, les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics. Les contrats des marchés publics découlent le plus souvent de procédures non transparentes.","Chantal Nzopfindekuye, représentante de l'Organisation de Lutte contre la Corruption au Burundi au sein de l'Agence de régulation des marchés publics. 13 octobre 2013.\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nAgence de régulation des marchés publics, site web, http://armp.bi","Dans la pratique, les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics. Les contrats des marchés publics découlent le plus souvent de procédures non transparentes."]
["2013_CG_26",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",26,50,"Sur le site de l’ARMP (Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics), on retrouve certains rapports et procès verbaux d’attribution des marchés publics à quelques soumissionnaires. Par exemple, celui du procès-verbal de la réception définitive des matériels informatiques et fournitures de bureau pour le Service national des coopératives et des organisations paysannes; publié le 21/10/2013.\n\nCertains rapports sont publics, d’autres ne le sont pas, il faut donc compter au moins deux à trois semaines pour les avoir.\n\nIl existe une archive, où certains documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics sont disponibles en ligne, mais elle ne contient pas les dossiers complets de l’ensemble des contrats de marchés publics, que ce soit au niveau de l’autorité de régulation des marchés publics, organe habilité pour ce faire. Certains autres documents exigent une autorisation de nos supérieurs qui peut prendre trois semaines.","Me Timothée Mukeng, président de Objectif efficience, entrevue du 24/10/2013.\n\nMe Lukoki n'sanga T., avocat au barreau de Kinshasa, entrevue du 28 déc. 2013.\n\nSite de l'ARMP http://www.armp-rdc.com/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=40&view=finish&catid=24&cid=425.","Sur le site de l’ARMP (Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics), on retrouve certains rapports et procès verbaux d’attribution des marchés publics à quelques soumissionnaires. Par exemple, celui du procès-verbal de la réception définitive des matériels informatiques et fournitur..."]
["2013_DJ_26",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",26,0,"Les citoyens ne peuvent pas avoir accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats de marchés publics (intégralité du contrat, propositions, rapports d'exécution, audits financiers, etc.). \n\nTout d'abord, il n'existe pas de site internet permettant de suivre la procédure de sélection des dossiers ainsi que les modalités de résultats. Ces derniers sont rarement publiés dans le journal La Nation, et les candidats retenus sont informés directement. Selon le journaliste, il n'existe pas d'archives à proprement parler. Les dossiers sont traités au fur et à mesure des appels d'offre et les citoyens ne peuvent généralement pas avoir accès aux documents d'archive. Cette pratique n'est par ailleurs pas courante à Djibouti. Le mécanisme de sélection étant technique, les citoyens peuvent être détournés de demander les résultats d'un appel d'offre ou un accès aux archives des dossiers concernés. Aucune enquête particulière n'a été menée par les institutions de contrôle comme l'audit ou l'inspection des finances afin d'évaluer l'impact de l'application de la loi portant code des marchés publics.","1) Noofal Mohamed, journaliste, journal La nation, entretien réalisé le 17 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Kadar Ismaël Guelleh, ancien directeur général, Agence djiboutienne d'exécution des travaux d'intérêt Public (ADETIP),  Comité national de coordination et de suivi (CNCS) pour la réforme du système de passation des marchés publics, entretien réalisé le 17 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Osman Farah, membre de la société civile, entretien réalisé le 17 octobre 2013.\n\n4) Abdillahi Hassan, auditeur, sous-direction de l'audit, ministère du Budget, entretien réalisé le 17 octobre 2013.","Les citoyens ne peuvent pas avoir accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats de marchés publics (intégralité du contrat, propositions, rapports d'exécution, audits financiers, etc.). ..."]
["2013_GM_26",2013,"GM","The Gambia",26,0,"Access to official or public documents in The Gambia generally proves very difficult. However, according to an interview with an official at The Gambia public procurement authority, which is the government institution that oversees all public procurement, there is an archive where procurement documents are saved. \n\nSuch documents, however, are not available for public consumption. The GPPA website does not have anything on the information sought and all the documents available date back to 2005. None of those documents address full procurement contracts.","1. Website of the Gambia Public Procurement Authority, http://www.gppa.gm/. Last accessed September 28 2013.\n\n2. Anonymous, Official, Gambia Public Procurement Authority, September 28, 2013. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Access to official or public documents in The Gambia generally proves very difficult. However, according to an interview with an official at The Gambia public procurement authority, which is the government institution that oversees all public procurement, there is an archive where ..."]
["2013_LS_26",2013,"LS","Lesotho",26,25,"The government does not have a central e-portal where information from procurement units of different ministries is stored and made available to the public. A few ministries (e.g public service, health) have some very sketchy information on procurement. None of these show records of the number of tenders awarded or cancelled. Procurement units of different ministries keep printed copies of advertised and awarded tenders. But these reports do not include all financial information concerning awarded tenders. While this is considered as public information, it is generally difficult for members of the public, researchers and journalists to obtain it. \n\nIn general, mechanisms of systematic collection of procurement information and ensuring its public accessibility are very poor. There are plans to improve public transparency concerning government spending and public debt. These include regular production and releasing of a debt bulletin which would explain in simple terms to the public, the size, the structure and sources of or reasons for Lesotho’s public debt.","1.Tsebo Matsasa. Media Institute of Southern Africa. National Director, Lesotho. Interviewed October 14 2013.\n\n2. Ralph Makafane. Roads Directorate. Director of Roads Network and Planning. Interviewed October 17 2013, Maseru.\n\n3. Litelu Ramokhoro. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Director, Public Education and Corruption Prevention. Interviewed October 11 2013.\n\n4. Wiggins John et al (2012) Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Lesotho: Final Report. European Union.","The government does not have a central e-portal where information from procurement units of different ministries is stored and made available to the public. A few ministries (e.g public service, health) have some very sketchy information on procurement. None of these show records o..."]
["2013_MW_26",2013,"MW","Malawi",26,0,"In practice, reports and documents associated with procurement contracts are not readily available - especially to citizens from outside the civil service. There is no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts which the media and citizens can access easily.","Tamani Nkhono-Mvula, National Director, Civil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET). October 25 2013.\n\nAndrew Mopiha, Administrator, Office of the Director of Public Procurement. November 5 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace. November 5 2013.","In practice, reports and documents associated with procurement contracts are not readily available - especially to citizens from outside the civil service. There is no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts which the media and citizens can access easily."]
["2013_NA_26",2013,"NA","Namibia",26,50,"In practice citizens have access to results, reasons for rejection of bids and annual reports. It is therefore also worth noting that, because the  procurement process is controlled by bureaucrats,  who  guard to ensure all processes are fair, reports aren't readily available and most of it is only disclosed to the public when parties pursue legal routes. \n\nBut, generally, only at the opening of tenders does the public get to hear the amounts the companies were bidding for. The Tender Board does have an offline archiving system available to the public.","Leonie Du Toit, spokesperson Tender Board of Namibia,October  2 2013.\n\nFrederiko Links, editor, Insight business magazine, September 23 2013.\n\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\n\nKaitira Kandji, media expert, former director, Media Institute for Southern Africa, October 3 2013","In practice citizens have access to results, reasons for rejection of bids and annual reports. It is therefore also worth noting that, because the  procurement process is controlled by bureaucrats,  who  guard to ensure all processes are fair, reports aren't readily available and m..."]
["2013_SN_26",2013,"SN","Senegal",26,25,"Au Sénégal les citoyens ne peuvent pas avoir accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics (intégralité du contrat, propositions, rapports d'exécution, audits financiers). L'agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie archive pourtant les dossiers complets de l'ensemble des contrats de marchés publics. Pour les citoyens, les résultats et autres documents ne sont pas accessibles sur papier, et encore moins en ligne. Les responsables de la direction des statistiques soutiennent qu'ils ne sont pas autorisés à rendre ces informations publiques","Entretien avec Birahim Seck, expert en marché public, membre du Forum civil, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Babacar Diop, membre de l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics, 12 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec El Hadju Malick Guèye, chargé de diffusion, Division de la documentation, de la diffusion et des relations avec les usagers, Agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie, 13 octobre 2013.","Au Sénégal les citoyens ne peuvent pas avoir accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics (intégralité du contrat, propositions, rapports d'exécution, audits financiers). L'agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie archive pourtant le..."]
["2013_ZA_26",2013,"ZA","South Africa",26,25,"The government-initiated tender websites does not contain any results for awarded contracts. Information about what company was awarded a tender is available, but not information such as full contract, proposals, execution reports, and financial audits. Consultants confirm this and and that this information that makes it to the public domain.\n\nThere is a database of expired tenders, which can by found on the government's website (http://www.info.gov.za/view/DynamicAction?pageid=578) but it doesn't function properly. When clicking on 'expired tenders', 'year' and 'date', the website gives an error message. TenderLink website isn't functional either in this regard: it doesn't the available tenders and has no section of expired tenders.\n\nGuy Harris, former head of the Durban office of consulting firm Deloitte and currently a consultant focusing on government and industry relations as well as strategic and empowerment matters says that in practice citizens don't have access to information regarding expired and awarded tenders. \"Technically this information should be public domain, but people do not know where to go to access this information, or whom to talk to and what questions to ask. Citizens requesting information about awarded tenders are easily fobbed off.\"\n\n\"If you return with a more aggressive approach, you might be told whom got the tender but that is it. They however should be able to give you more information regarding the tender, such as technical evaluation scores at high summary level and price scores. I know that there is supposed to be due diligence when it comes to the ability to deliver, basically whether the government received value for money but this rarely happens.\"\n\nSome municipalities such as Cape Town and Durban disclose whom tenders were awarded to, the value, when they were awarded and what type of company the tender was awarded to, but these records do not disclose information such as full contract, proposals, execution reports, and financial audits.","Tenders - Website government, http://www.info.gov.za/view/DynamicAction?pageid=578.\n\nSouth African Government e-Tendering, https://www.tenderlink.com/sagt/.\n\nGuy Harris -  former head of the Durban office of Deloitte and currently a consultant focusing on government and industry relations as well as strategic and empowerment matters - Interview: 16 October 2013\n\nDurban - Tenders Awarded between 2010 and 2013 (City of Durban Website), http://www.durban.gov.za/Resource_Centre/Tenders/Pages/awarded.aspx","The government-initiated tender websites does not contain any results for awarded contracts. Information about what company was awarded a tender is available, but not information such as full contract, proposals, execution reports, and financial audits. Consultants confirm this and..."]
["2013_TN_26",2013,"TN","Tunisia",26,0,"Every public institution keeps written records of all procurement contracts, but they are considered confidential and are not available for scrutiny by citizens. \n\nThese records are kept in the archives department of every institution, but are only available to government officials for such things as inquiries, surveys or the preparing of national statistics.\n\nThe data are not available on line.","September 25, 2013: interview with Mr. Taieb, responsible for tenders, purchasing department, STEG (Société D'électricité et du Gaz, public company providing electricity and gas)\n \n September 28, 2013: interview with Mr. Adel, responsible for archives, Tunis Rabta Hospital\n \n September 28, 2013: Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis","Every public institution keeps written records of all procurement contracts, but they are considered confidential and are not available for scrutiny by citizens. ..."]
["2013_AO_27",2013,"AO","Angola",27,0,"No such law exists. The Public Procurement Law No. 20/10 does not establish barring procedures.","Republic of Angola Law on Public Procurement No. 20/10 of 7 September 2010.  (2010) .","No such law exists. The Public Procurement Law No. 20/10 does not establish barring procedures."]
["2013_BW_27",2013,"BW","Botswana",27,100,"The code of ethics under the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board Act 2008 (7.1) provides that it is a serious breach of the public trust to undermine the public purchasing\nprocess by directing purchases to certain favoured vendors, or to tamper with the competitive bidding process, whether for kickbacks, friendship or any other reason. \n\nMisuse of purchasing power by an organisation or by an individual carries civil and/or criminal penalties. Such action will also result in the inclusion of persons and organisations in the de-listing register of the board or, in the case of a civil servant, the punishment stipulated by law.\n\nArt. 124 and 126 state:\n\"124. Suspension and de-listing from the register: A contractor who does not comply either with the code of conduct or the contract concluded with a procuring entity may be suspended or delisted by the Board from the Register of Contractors.\n[...]\n126. Restriction on defaulting contractor: Where the defaulting shareholders, directors and senior officers of the suspended contractor join another contractor in key operational positions, that contractor shall be debarred from bidding on new tenders until the period of suspension has lapsed.\"","Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board Act 2008, chapter 14, code of ethics (7),  Commitment to the Highest Ethical Standards. http://www.ppadb.co.bw/Act_Reg/PPAD%20Act_revised.pdf","The code of ethics under the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board Act 2008 (7.1) provides that it is a serious breach of the public trust to undermine the public purchasing\nprocess by directing purchases to certain favoured vendors, or to tamper with the competitive ..."]
["2013_CD_27",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",27,100,"Le code de passation des marchés publics, décret n°2009-156 du 10 mai 2009, en son article 146 pose le principe de l'exclusion de la commande publique en cas de faute grave commise par l'attributaire :\n« Les sanctions suivantes peuvent être prononcées, et, selon le cas, de façon cumulative :\n- la confiscation des garanties constituées par le contrevenant dans le cadre des procédures d’appel d’offres incriminées ;\n- l’exclusion de la concurrence pour une durée déterminée en fonction de la gravité de la faute commise, y compris, en cas de collusion établie par l’Autorité de régulation des marchés publics, de toute entreprise qui possède la majorité du capital de l’entreprise sanctionnée, ou dont l’entreprise sanctionnée possède la majorité du capital ;\n- le retrait de leur agrément et/ou de leur certificat de qualification ;\n- une sanction à caractère pécuniaire sous la forme d’une amende dont le seuil maximum sera fixée par le décret visé au paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 du présent décret.\nLa décision d’exclusion de la commande publique ne peut dépasser cinq ans. En cas de renouvellement des atteintes à la réglementation des marchés publics par la même personne physique ou morale, une décision d’exclusion définitive peut être prononcée par les juridictions compétentes.\nL’Autorité de régulation des marchés publics établit périodiquement une liste des personnes physiques et morales exclues de toute participation à la commande publique. Cette liste est régulièrement mise à jour, distribuée aux maîtres d’ouvrage ou aux maîtres d’ouvrage délégués et publiée sur le site internet de ladite autorité.\"","1 - Code de marché public, Décret n°2009-156 du 10 mai 2009, article 146. https://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congo-site.com%2Ffile%2F111511%2F&ei=UaSdUqXrOYaihgezooGwAw&usg=AFQjCNEOjZ7taQjpGZWQhrEhlXLosgmuEQ&bvm=bv.57155469,d.ZG4","Le code de passation des marchés publics, décret n°2009-156 du 10 mai 2009, en son article 146 pose le principe de l'exclusion de la commande publique en cas de faute grave commise par l'attributaire :..."]
["2013_GQ_27",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",27,0,"There is no law in Equatorial Guinea that explicitly bans companies from participating in future bids, if they are guilty of violating procurement, tax, labour or corruption regulations. Equatorial Guinea has no public procurement regulatory framework. In addition, there is no centralised agency tasked with issuing tenders or bids for public sector infrastructure. \n\nLaw No. 9/2003 (11 Nov. 2003) “Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas del Estado de Guinea Ecuatorial” was meant to bring the country in line with the budgetary legislation of other countries in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). However, it did not legislate on procurement regulations.","No such law exists.\n\nThere is, however:\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003.  (2003) .  [“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas del Estado de Guinea Ecuatorial”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71\n\nWorld Bank.  (2010) .  Equatorial Guinea: Public Expenditure Review (PER).  Retrieved from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/14/000356161_20111214235651/Rendered/PDF/516560ESW0GQ0P00disclosed0120130110.pdf","There is no law in Equatorial Guinea that explicitly bans companies from participating in future bids, if they are guilty of violating procurement, tax, labour or corruption regulations. Equatorial Guinea has no public procurement regulatory framework. In addition, there is no cent..."]
["2013_GM_27",2013,"GM","The Gambia",27,100,"By virtue of section 29 of The Gambia Public Procurement Act, persons and companies found in breach of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of five years. The list of procurement faults is extensive and specific and includes the following grounds for debarment. \n\n(a) Refusal by a successful bidder to: \n(i) sign a procurement contract, or \n(ii) furnish a performance security, if required to do so in accordance with the terms of the bidding \ndocuments; \n \n(b) provision of false information supplied in the process of submitting a bid; \n \n(c) collusion between the bidders or a bidder and a public officer concerning the formulation of terms of reference or the bidding documents; \n \n(d) connivance to interfere with the participation of competing bidders; \n \n(e) misconduct relating to the submission of bids, including corruption, collusion, price fixing, a pattern of under-pricing of bids, and breach of confidentiality; \n \n(f) breach of contractual obligations under a procurement contract deemed serious enough to warrant debarment, provided that the breach was not due to circumstances beyond the control of the supplier or bidder; \n \n(g) conviction of a criminal offence relating to obtaining or attempting to obtain a contract or subcontract; or \n \n(h) conviction for an economic crime.","The Gambia Public Procurement Act 2001. Section 29. http://www.gppa.gm/assets/Downloads/GPPA-ACT-2001.pdf","By virtue of section 29 of The Gambia Public Procurement Act, persons and companies found in breach of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of five years. The list of procurement faults is ext..."]
["2013_GH_27",2013,"GH","Ghana",27,100,"Sections 1.7.6 of the Manuals - Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) provides sanctions for non-compliance with ethical standards in public procurement. \n\nIt states: \"Any supplier, contractor or consultant who attempts to influence a procurement process, or the administration of a contract by any unfair method, will be subject to sanctions. This may include debarment of the company from government contracts for a period of five years, in addition to any remedies that may be sought in a court of law.\"\n\nThis provision is expected to deter bidding companies from trying to influence or corrupt the procurement process and award of contracts.","Manuals - Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) 1.7.6 Link: http://www.ppaghana.org/documents/FINALMANUAL_PPB.pdf?story_id=23","Sections 1.7.6 of the Manuals - Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) provides sanctions for non-compliance with ethical standards in public procurement. ..."]
["2013_LY_27",2013,"LY","Libya",27,0,"In the absence of any laws regulating public procurement (the only existing text is a recommendation sent to the government in 2012), there is no penalty for violations of procurement regulations.","No such law exists. There is however: \n\nRoyda.  (2013, August 14) .  Chairman of the Libyan Transparency Association: General budget worth 66.9 billion Libyan dinars will be exposed to theft and looting.  Libya Al Salam. Retrieved from http://libyaalsalam.net/?p=7422","In the absence of any laws regulating public procurement (the only existing text is a recommendation sent to the government in 2012), there is no penalty for violations of procurement regulations."]
["2013_MA_27",2013,"MA","Morocco",27,100,"There is a decree that establishes a system preventing delinquent companies from participating in public procurement processes (Decree N° 2-94-223 (1994).","Morocco.  Decree no. 2-94-223.  (1994). https://www.marchespublics.gov.ma/pmmp/IMG/pdf/1-6.pdf","There is a decree that establishes a system preventing delinquent companies from participating in public procurement processes (Decree N° 2-94-223 (1994)."]
["2013_NE_27",2013,"NE","Niger",27,100,"Décret 2013-569/PRN/PM, portant Code des Marchés Publics au Niger Chapitre III: de la participation des candidats et soumissionnaires,  Article 17:  Tout soumissionnaire ou attributaire d'un marché public ou de délégations de service public, qui s'est rendu complice ou a sciemment bénéficié des actes incriminés aux articles 6 à 8 ci-dessus, encourt une pénalité d'un million (1.000.000) à cent millions (100.000.000) de francs CFA, et sera interdit de marché public pour une période allant de 6 mois à 2 ans. Ces sanctions sont prononcées, sans préjudice des poursuites judiciaires auxquelles les faits peuvent donner lieu devant les juridictions compétentes.","I. Décret 2013-569/PRN/PM, portant Code des Marchés Publics au Niger\n-Chapitre III: de la participation des candidats et soumissionnaires,  Article 17: http://www.armp-niger.org/workspace/uploads/reglementation/decre-2014-127-du-26-fevrier-2014-sur-les-sanctions.pdf.\n\nII. Décret 2013-570/PRN/PM, portant modalités particulières  spécifique de passation de Marchés de travaux, d'équipements, de fournitures et de service concernant  les besoins de défense et de sécurité nationales\nChapitre III, Article 6: http://www.armp-niger.org/workspace/uploads/reglementation/code-millitaire.pdf","Décret 2013-569/PRN/PM, portant Code des Marchés Publics au Niger Chapitre III: de la participation des candidats et soumissionnaires,  Article 17:  Tout soumissionnaire ou attributaire d'un marché public ou de délégations de service public, qui s'est rendu complice ou a sciemment ..."]
["2013_SL_27",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",27,100,"Section 35 (1) of the Public Procurement Act states that the authority may exclude a bidder or a supplier from participation in public procurement for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of six years after non-settlement of tax obligations, after assessment by the national revenue authority or the evasion of tax by any means.","Public Procurement Section 35 (1), 2004, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2004-14p.pdf","Section 35 (1) of the Public Procurement Act states that the authority may exclude a bidder or a supplier from participation in public procurement for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of six years after non-settlement of tax obligations, after assessment by the nat..."]
["2013_SZ_27",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",27,100,"A relatively new law, the Procurement Act has already seen some companies banned from bidding for government tenders due to some breach of its rules. Article 55, 56 and 57 clearly specify on what grounds companies may be debarred. These reasons include a variety of offences among them violations of various laws, criminal activity and convictions. Companies that have been \"blacklisted\" by the tenders board may appeal to an independent review board, according to the act.\n \n Suspension of Tenderers and Suppliers 55. (1) The Agency may suspend a tenderer or supplier from participation in public procurement on the grounds specified in section 56. (2) A tenderer or a supplier shall not be suspended prior to- (a) reasonable notice in writing to the tenderer or supplier involved of the grounds for the proposed suspension and the details of the alleged grounds; (b) reasonable opportunity for the tenderer or supplier to respond to the alleged grounds and provide information in its defence; and, (c) a thorough investigation of the facts of the case by the Agency. (3) Any suspension shall be for a minimum period of one year and a maximum \n period of five years. (4) A suspension in accordance with subsection (1) may also apply to named directors, shareholders or staff of a tenderer or supplier, where the investigation demonstrates the involvement of such individuals. (5) Where an investigation into a tenderer or supplier causes the Agency to suspect misconduct or breach of this Act by a public officer or politician, such suspicions shall be referred to the appropriate authority for further investigation. (6) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2), any tenderer, supplier or person endorsed on the Register for Tender Defaulters in accordance with the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, shall automatically be suspended from participation in procurement. (7) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (3), the suspension shall be for \n the full duration of the time the tender, supplier or person is endorsed on the Register. \n  \n Grounds for Suspension \n 56. A tenderer or supplier may only be suspended from participation in procurement on the following grounds – (a) knowing provision of false information in a tender or any other document submitted to a procuring entity in connection with a procurement process or contract; (b) connivance to interfere with the participation of other tenderers; to obtain a contract or subcontract; or, (j) conviction of a crime related to business or professional activities\n  \n Appeal against Suspension \n 57. (1) A tenderer or supplier may appeal against a decision to suspend the tenderer or supplier from participation in public procurement by submitting an appeal in writing to the Agency for review by an Independent Review Committee. (2) The Agency shall not entertain an appeal unless it was submitted within ten working days of the date of issue of the suspension notice by the Agency.. (3) For the purposes of hearing such appeals the Agency shall constitute an Independent Review Committee composed of three members of the standing review panel selected in accordance with section 50(3). (4) The Independent Review Committee shall-(a) immediately review the original investigation and decision by the Agency; and, (b) issue a written decision, within fifteen working days after the submission of the appeal. \n (5) In conducting its review, the Independent Review Committee shall have the power to- (a) access any information, documents, records and reports in respect of any aspect of the procurement process or contract; and, (b) summon witnesses and examine witnesses and parties concerned. (6) The decision of the Independent Review Committee shall state- (a) whether the suspension is upheld or overturned or the period of the suspension or named individuals revised; and, (b) the reasons for the decision. \n (7) A tenderer or supplier seeking to appeal against suspension may be required to pay a fee, in accordance with public procurement regulations. \n (8) Where an investigation into a tenderer or supplier causes the Independent Review Committee to suspect misconduct or breach of this Act by a public officer or politician, such suspicions shall be referred to the appropriate authority for further investigation.","Swaziland Procurement Act 2010, part VI, section 55,56,57. http://www.gov.sz/the_procurement_bill_2010_for_publication1%20doc-.pdf","A relatively new law, the Procurement Act has already seen some companies banned from bidding for government tenders due to some breach of its rules. Article 55, 56 and 57 clearly specify on what grounds companies may be debarred. These reasons include a variety of offences among t..."]
["2013_ZM_27",2013,"ZM","Zambia",27,100,"Under the Public Procurement Act, the public procurement authority can suspend or debar any bidder or supplier from participating in public procurement in accordance with the act. The act indicates that a suspension \"shall be for a minimum period of one year\" and \"a maximum period of five years\". It also outlines grounds when bidders or suppliers \"shall be permanently barred from participating in procurement\". The grounds include misconduct relating to the submission of bids; substantial non-performance or under-performance of contractual obligations; and conviction of a criminal offense. The Public Procurement Act No 12 of 2008 regulates and controls public procurement/bidding practices.","The Public Procurement Act No 12 of 2008, section (67) sub-section (1)a. Available\n online at: http://www.zppa.org.zm/.","Under the Public Procurement Act, the public procurement authority can suspend or debar any bidder or supplier from participating in public procurement in accordance with the act. The act indicates that a suspension \"shall be for a minimum period of one year\" and \"a maximum period ..."]
["2013_BW_28",2013,"BW","Botswana",28,25,"The public procurement and asset disposal board makes the decisions on whether a company that has violated the procurement laws should be blacklisted or not. \n\nOnce blacklisted, companies are not allowed to bid for any government tenders. In most cases, the list of companies forbidden from bidding is confidential and not leaked. It is usually accessible to Government and parastatals only. It cannot be accessed online. The board keeps records of the blacklisted companies and these records can - in extraordinary cases and based on valid justification - be accessed within two weeks.","1. Website: Public Procurement & Assest Disposal Board. Board Aducation Decisions.  Feb 16, 2012 http://www.ppadb.co.bw/16th_feb_12.html.\n\n2. Article: Way to go Mr President, Mmegi blogs, February 22 2013,  http://www.mmegi.bw/blogs.php?sid=6&aid=601.\n\n3. Article: Overpricing Companies cautioned, Botswana Guardian, August 29 2013,  http://www.gazettebw.com/?p=4735.","The public procurement and asset disposal board makes the decisions on whether a company that has violated the procurement laws should be blacklisted or not. ..."]
["2013_CF_28",2013,"CF","CAR",28,0,"L'article 105 du Code des marchés publics n'a jamais été respecté en RCA en raison de la corruption, de l'ingérence ou de l'influence des hautes autorités dans les contentieux. Il faut dire que la plupart des marchés publics sont exécutés par des entreprises fictives appartenant aux proches du pouvoir. Celles-ci ne finissent parfois pas les travaux bien qu'elles aient empoché la totalité des sommes allouées par l'État. \n\nTel est le cas des marchés relatifs à la construction d'un immeuble du ministère des Finances et du Budget et à celui de l'Agence de régulation de communication attribués à un proche du chef de l'État (parent député du même village) chassé par la rébellion. Cet individu n'a pas terminé les travaux et il est en ce moment en exil, ont souligné les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche.","Jean Kokide, maître assistant d'histoire économique et sociale, vice-doyen, Faculté  des sciences humaines, Université de Bangui, 17septembre 2013.\n\nEdith Hursulla Konguiwe, directrice-gérante, établissement Miséricorde Divine, 17 septembre 2013.\n\nFerdinand Samba, journaliste, journal Le Démocrate, 17 septembre /2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, Le Confident, 17 septembre 2013.","L'article 105 du Code des marchés publics n'a jamais été respecté en RCA en raison de la corruption, de l'ingérence ou de l'influence des hautes autorités dans les contentieux. Il faut dire que la plupart des marchés publics sont exécutés par des entreprises fictives appartenant au..."]
["2013_CD_28",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",28,50,"Les différentes institutions en charge du contrôle des marchés publics tentent d'assainir les appels d'offres. Les entreprises reconnues coupables de violation de la loi (marchés publics, impôts, travail, corruption, etc.) ne sont pas autorisées à participer aux futurs appels d'offres dans le pays. Cependant, il existe certaines exceptions. L'accès des citoyens à la liste complète des entreprises interdites de soumissionner peut être obtenu après plus de deux semaines.\n\nIl y a encore en la matière d'énormes efforts à faire. Ce n'est qu'en mai 2009 que le nouveau code des marchés publics à vu le jour, suite à la revue analytique des marchés publics fait par la Banque Mondiale et le FMI. Auparavant, c'était une opacité totale et un manque de transparence. \nSelon M. Jean Didier Elongo, Directeur Général du Contrôle des Marchés Publics (DGCMP), « l'ARMP effectue des contrôles a postériori et fait les audits du système. Il y a trois parties prenantes : l'administration, la société civile et le secteur privé. Le concept d'émergence doit commencer par les comportements, il est impératif d'éduquer les différents acteurs. Si par le passé nous avions 100% de marché gré à gré, aujourd'hui cela est de l'ordre de 10%. Il y a maintenant 15 corps de contrôle et le suivi de modalités d'exécution nous oblige à publier l'avis de non objection dans le cadre du Dossier d'Appel d'Offre (DAO). La commission d'analyse établit un procès verbal d'analyse, il est envoyé à la DGCMP avec tous les dossiers de soumissionnaires ».\n\nCette année l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) a élaboré une nouvelle pièce exigée des opérateurs économiques dans la constitution de leur dossier fiscal. Cette pièce s'appelle le certificat de non-exclusion qui a pour avantage de certifier le maître d'ouvrage de l'inexistante de sanctions, notamment d'exclusion à la commande publique, pouvant peser sur le soumissionnaire. Dans le cadre des procédures de passations de marchés publics, le certificat de non-exclusion est exigible de toutes entreprises qui répondent a un appel d'offres. Et si l'entreprise est reconnue coupable de violation des règles de passation des marchés publics et ne peut fournir les renseignements demandés (sur la fiche de non-exclusion), elle ne peut en aucun cas participer aux futurs processus de soumission.\n\nIl est à noter qu'il existe deux autorités d’approbation. Au-dessus de 2 milliards de FCFA, cela relève du Président de la République, en deçà, c'est le ministre des Finances. D'autre part, un citoyen ou un opérateur lésé peut saisir l'ARMP. En matière de marchés publics tout est centralisé à Brazzaville. Il existe une très forte corruption au Congo et la réforme a connu beaucoup de réfractaires dans les faits.","1 - Entrevue le mercredi 16 octobre 2013 à 9 h avec M. David-Martin OBAMI, directeur général de l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) au siège de l'institution.\n\n2 - Entrevue du décembre 2013 avec M. Jean Didier Elongo, Directeur Général du Contrôle des Marchés Publics (DGCMP). \n\n3 - Certificat de  non-exclusion aux marchés publics (ARMP) \n\n4 - Flyers Etapes de procédures de passation des marchés publics et délégation des services publics édité par l'ARMP.\n\n5 - Flyers Etapes et procédures de soumission aux marchés publics et délégation des services publics édité par l'ARMP.","Les différentes institutions en charge du contrôle des marchés publics tentent d'assainir les appels d'offres. Les entreprises reconnues coupables de violation de la loi (marchés publics, impôts, travail, corruption, etc.) ne sont pas autorisées à participer aux futurs appels d'off..."]
["2013_ET_28",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",28,50,"Some blacklisted organizations are listed on the website of the Procurement and Property Administration Agency. The PPAA also provides a link to the ban list of the World Bank ban list. \n\nTherefore, according to sources, such measures might exist, but some are immune from such prohibition despite their involvement in unethical business practices. In fact, any prohibitions are more politically motivated.","1. Interview,  Anonymous, Legal Researcher, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 1, 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n2. The World Bank, World Bank Corporate Procurement Listing of Non-Responsible Vendors, February 22, 2013, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/OPPORTUNITIES/EXTCORPPROCUREMENT/0,,contentMDK:22030810~pagePK:64147231~piPK:64147158~theSitePK:438017,00.html\n\n3. Ethiopian Public Procurement, Lists of Debarred Suppliers. http://www.ppa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_ppa&view=supplier&layout=BlacklistedSuppliers&Itemid=40&lang=en#","Some blacklisted organizations are listed on the website of the Procurement and Property Administration Agency. The PPAA also provides a link to the ban list of the World Bank ban list. ..."]
["2013_GW_28",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",28,0,"None of the governments of the post-conflict period have made efforts to implement procurement regulations and pursue violations. In practice, companies competing in important bidding exercises are frequently related to members of the government, or are people who have simultaneous responsibilities with public agencies. \n\nThe relative lack of enterprises, and the fact that the offer is very limited, contributes to a market environment characterised by the quest of relationships. This explains why companies have rarely been found guilty of violating procurement regulations. Failing to respond to public expectations is common, however, and has been experienced in several occasions in public infrastructures works in the capital city. Violations or not respecting procurement regulations or initial obligations has been shared widely in the media. When this has been registered, no measure has been taken, however, and enterprises haven't been forbidden from participating in other bidding.","1. Tairo Djalo, Secretary of Bafata Region, Regional Government of Bafata\nInterviewed in Bafata, November 16, 2013.\n\n2. Mafuge Djalo, Director of Insular issues, Ministry of Territorial Administration \nInterviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.\n\n3. Antonio Te, PAIGC Political party local leader in Bissau\nInterviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.","None of the governments of the post-conflict period have made efforts to implement procurement regulations and pursue violations. In practice, companies competing in important bidding exercises are frequently related to members of the government, or are people who have simultaneous..."]
["2013_KE_28",2013,"KE","Kenya",28,0,"The public procurement oversight authority states it has blacklisted firms and companies that breach the rules and regulations stipulated in Kenya. The information on what firms have been debarred by the authority is however not available to the public. It is therefore impossible for the public to tell which companies have been blacklisted from dealing in future state contracts. \n\nIn contrast, institutions such as the World Bank publicly state the Kenyan companies that have been debarred from the future contract and put the information on their website for all to access freely.","1. Mwalimu Mati, executive director MARS Group. Interviewed on September 26, 2013.\n\n2. Moses Muia, former chairman of Kenya Contractors Association. Interviewed on this matter on October 8, 2013.\n\n3. \"World Bank slaps ban on five Kenyan firms\". An article by James Waithaka, published by The Star newspaper on September 17, 2013. http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-136148/world-bank-slaps-ban-five-kenyan-firms.\n\n4. Public Procurement Oversight Authority, Kenya website http://www.ppoa.go.ke/. Accessed on October 8, 2013.","The public procurement oversight authority states it has blacklisted firms and companies that breach the rules and regulations stipulated in Kenya. The information on what firms have been debarred by the authority is however not available to the public. It is therefore impossible f..."]
["2013_MG_28",2013,"MG","Madagascar",28,0,"La loi le prévoit, mais dans la pratique, c’est difficile à vérifier, car la liste n’existe pas. Deux raisons sont avancées par le directeur général de l’Autorité de régulation des marchés publics (ARMP) : \n• Pas de doléances de la part des personnes responsables des marchés publics des autorités contractantes pour servir d’éléments à la liste noire.\n• Pas de doléances de la part des fournisseurs et des entreprises, lesquels en cas d’anomalies devront les dénoncer à l’ARMP.\n\nIl y a surtout  ceux qui changent de dénomination avec les mêmes responsables. Mais, comme la liste des entreprises exclues n’existe pas, il est toujours possible de passer à travers les mailles du filet. C’est un bruit qui court au sein des fournisseurs des établissements ministériels et publics, mais personne ne veut s’engager à le déclarer. Pourtant, les dénonciations existent, mais pas auprès de l’ARMP. Les plaignants vont vers l’agence gouvernementale de lutte contre la corruption (Bureau indépendant anticorruption), selon l’extrait de l’article de Vonjy Radasimalala du 31 octobre 2012 :  \n\n« […] Des moyens pour contourner la loi existent et sont pratiqués par les entreprises. Le clientélisme constitue la forme de corruption la plus répandue dans cette affaire (marchés publics). Ses impacts s’avèrent nombreux. Lors de la réception technique des travaux, l’ouvrage ne respecte pas les normes requises. Le dosage de ciment ou le calibrage de fer utilisé fait par exemple défaut. Le surcoût des travaux est également enregistré dans certains cas.» « Certains responsables multiplient par deux la valeur des travaux. Il est ainsi fréquent de voir une facture de 10 milliards d’ariarys demandée à la caisse de l’État, alors que le montant réel ne représente que 4 milliards d’ariarys, ajoute Arthur Benjamina Ratovoson, directeur du BIANCO Antananarivo. Cette situation se déroule notamment au sein des collectivités décentralisées, entre autres, la région et la commune, avec 136 doléances de corruption réelles. »","- Razafy Harison Vonjy, directeur général p.i, Autorité de régulation des marchés publics, 24 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- «Corruption : Les passations de marché en tête du hit-parade», L’Express de Madagascar, 31 octobre 2012.\nhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/corruption-madagascar/38167-les-passations-de-marche-en-tete-du-hit-parade.html\n\n- Site de l’Autorité de régulation des marchés Publics.\nhttp://www.armp.mg/, 4 octobre 2013","La loi le prévoit, mais dans la pratique, c’est difficile à vérifier, car la liste n’existe pas. Deux raisons sont avancées par le directeur général de l’Autorité de régulation des marchés publics (ARMP) : ..."]
["2013_MZ_28",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",28,0,"Given the weaknesses in applying the law of public procurement in the country as a result of promiscuous connections between companies and political elite and public managers, there is no public evidence of companies that have been found guilty and penalised. Rather, quite often companies that win tenders, often fraudulently and questionably, end up abandoning their tasks halfway, despite having received the funds. This happens with total impunity and the state has not been able to bring these cases to court.","1.        Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013.\n\n2.        \"A herança e os pecados do “Glorioso”.Luis Nhachote. A Verdade. September 19, 2013. http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2013/09/presidente-guebuza.html. \n\n3.        \"Lei das Parcerias Público - Privadas apresenta fragilidades que podem ser aproveitadas pela elite politico - empresarial\". Baltazar Fael.CIP-Servico de Partilha de Informacao. September 2013. \n\n4.        \"Um Pais nao pode conviver e progredir em regime de rapina e sapques permanentes\". Noe Nhantumbo. Canal de Mocambique. February 28, 2013, http://comunidademocambicana.blogspot.com/2013_02_01_archive.html.","Given the weaknesses in applying the law of public procurement in the country as a result of promiscuous connections between companies and political elite and public managers, there is no public evidence of companies that have been found guilty and penalised. Rather, quite often co..."]
["2013_SC_28",2013,"SC","Seychelles",28,0,"An expert on accountability and the judiciary said that a couple of companies have been blacklisted. One was an international company with regards to the oxygen plant. (There is an oxygen plant to be installed in the ministry of health.) During the contractual process, the company was supposed to install the plant but it kept on delaying it. It has gone well past beyond the operational period so the company has been blacklisted.\n\nThe director of the procurement oversight unit confirmed that the list is not available at present. There is not yet a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access.","1. Email: Ms. Annie Dugasse, Director Procurement Oversight Unit, Ministry of Finance, December 11, 2013.\n\n2. Email: Anonymous source,  Expert on Public Procurement and Private Sector Investment, December 5, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, December 7, 2013. \n\n4. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December 10, 2013\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","An expert on accountability and the judiciary said that a couple of companies have been blacklisted. One was an international company with regards to the oxygen plant. (There is an oxygen plant to be installed in the ministry of health.) During the contractual process, the company ..."]
["2013_SO_28",2013,"SO","Somalia",28,0,"There is no registry of companies forbidden from participating in future bidding if found guilty of violating procurement regulations. Given the lack of transparency in the procurement process, no company has been found guilty of violating procurement regulations so far.","There is no registry of companies forbidden from bidding due to procurement violations.\n\nAnonymous independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5). \n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nSecondary sources published over the last one year not readily available.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There is no registry of companies forbidden from participating in future bidding if found guilty of violating procurement regulations. Given the lack of transparency in the procurement process, no company has been found guilty of violating procurement regulations so far."]
["2013_TG_28",2013,"TG","Togo",28,25,"Selon certains informateurs, l’État tient effectivement une liste d’exclusion des entreprises fautives. Néanmoins, seules y sont inscrites les entreprises ne bénéficiant pas de l’appui du pouvoir. Les autres entreprises peuvent toujours soumissionner, indépendamment de leur intégrité, quitte le faire par le biais de sociétés écrans.\n \n Le coordonnateur de l’Initiative pour la transparence dans les industries extractives (ITIE) − Togo, est en désaccord avec cette lecture de la situation. Selon lui, les coupables sont disqualifiés et les sociétés en conflit d'intérêt sont écartées.\n \n La liste existe, mais ne mentionne que certaines sociétés sans appui.","Didier Kokou Agbemadon, coordonnateur national, Initiative pour la transparence dans les industries extractives (ITIE) − Togo, 01 novembre 2013.\n \n Me Zeus Ata Messan Ajavon, ex-président, Collectif des associations contre l’impunité (CACIT), 1er novembre 2013.\n \n oël Kokou Tadegnon , journaliste indépendant, correspondant, Deutsche Welle, 1er novembre 2013.\n \n Liste rouge des entreprises: interdiction de concourir pour l'obtention de marchés publics au Togo\n http://www.armp-togo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=88.","Selon certains informateurs, l’État tient effectivement une liste d’exclusion des entreprises fautives. Néanmoins, seules y sont inscrites les entreprises ne bénéficiant pas de l’appui du pouvoir. Les autres entreprises peuvent toujours soumissionner, indépendamment de leur intégri..."]
["2013_DZ_29",2013,"DZ","Algeria",29,25,"Les rapports annuels de la plupart des entreprises publiques ne sont pas disponibles en lignes. Toutefois, ils peuvent être obtenus par les journalistes sur demande. En ce qui concerne les rapports financiers, ils sont souvent publiés en retard et parfois complètement inaccessibles au public. Par exemple, le groupe pétrolier public SONATRACH a publié sur son site, au début de l’année 2013, son rapport financier de 2011, qui devait se faire au plus tard le 31 mars 2012.","-SONATRACH. (2013). Rapport annuel 2011 [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.sonatrach.com/rapport2011/RAPPORT%20ANNUEL%202011.pdf\n-SONATRACH. (2013). Rapport financier de 2011. Repéré à http://www.sonatrach.com/rapport-annuel.html\n\n-Farouk Djouadi. (2013, le 11 juin). Bilan Sonelgaz : déficit, créances et fuites d’énergie. TSA. Repéré à http://www.tsa-algerie.com/actualite/item/817-bilan-sonelgaz-deficit-creances-et-fuites-d-energie\n\n- APS. (2013, le 10 juin). Sonelgaz a investi plus de 233 milliards DA en 2012 (bilan). APS. Repéré à http://www.aps.dz/Sonelgaz-a-investi-plus-de-233.html\n-Liès Sahar. (2013, le 11 juin).  Bilan de Sonelgaz : le déficit atteint 79 milliards de dinars. Djazairess. Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/416957","Les rapports annuels de la plupart des entreprises publiques ne sont pas disponibles en lignes. Toutefois, ils peuvent être obtenus par les journalistes sur demande. En ce qui concerne les rapports financiers, ils sont souvent publiés en retard et parfois complètement inaccessibles..."]
["2013_CM_29",2013,"CM","Cameroon",29,0,"In Cameroon there is no law which obliges state-owned companies to make their financial records accessible to citizens. The granting of access to financial records or information by state-owned companies to citizens is based on the discretion of the company manager who may approve or decline such requests for access. Since there is no formal requirement for company managers to make their financial records publicly available, access to financial information of state-owned companies by ordinary citizens in Cameroon is restricted and where such information exists it cannot be accessed online; all requests are required to go through a formal application process which may take months to be granted or denied.\n\nThe researcher's request to obtain the financial records of the two state-owned companies was declined. Clearance will need to be obtained from the Minister of Agriculture or Finance in which the purpose for requesting such information is stated. Thus in practice it is difficult for ordinary citizens to be granted access to financial records and accounts of state-owned corporations.","Banbong, Mbuwir Tobias.  (2013, September 2) .  [Regional delegate, Ministry of Public Contracts Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nGeorge, Musssongui.  (2013, September 2) .  [Regional delegate, Agency of the Regulation of Public Contracts].  Personal communication.\n\nMarcus, Ndumbe Mbessa.  (2013, October 3) .  [Inspector no. 1, Ministry of Public Contract].  Personal communication.\n\nMichel, Penka.  (2013, October 3) .  [Chief of Service Legal Department, Ministry of Public Contract, Yaounde].  Personal communication.\n\nSaibo, Wabo Asta.  (2013, October 3) .  [Inspector no. 2, President, Anti-Corruption Commission, President, National Tenders Board, Ministry of Public Contract, Yaounde].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon there is no law which obliges state-owned companies to make their financial records accessible to citizens. The granting of access to financial records or information by state-owned companies to citizens is based on the discretion of the company manager who may approve ..."]
["2013_KM_29",2013,"KM","Comoros",29,0,"Quand bien même la Constitution de l’Union des Comores proclame le droit à l’information plurielle et à la liberté de la presse pour chaque citoyen, les citoyens ont rarement accès aux données financières des entreprises publiques. \nPar ailleurs, une source affirme que le citoyen ne peut pas accéder aux dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques, parce que les responsables ne le permettent tout simplement pas.\nUne autre source, inspecteur des finances publiques et président du Cercle des économistes, constate que les citoyens n'ont pas accès aux documents financiers essentiels et attribue cela au manque d'une loi organique pour renforcer la transparence et l’efficacité de la gestion des finances publiques.","Interview of Sitty Karima Mohamed, juriste, assistante des élus, Union des chambres de commerce d’industrie et d’agriculture (UCCIA), 13 octobre 2013.\n\nInterview of Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.\n\n- La Gazette des Comores. (29 aout 2013). « Comores : pour un recouvrement plus efficace des recettes publiques ». La Gazette des Comores : http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article1867","Quand bien même la Constitution de l’Union des Comores proclame le droit à l’information plurielle et à la liberté de la presse pour chaque citoyen, les citoyens ont rarement accès aux données financières des entreprises publiques. ..."]
["2013_EG_29",2013,"EG","Egypt",29,0,"Very few private companies and very few state-owned companies make an overview of their financial records available, usually in annual reports and in a non-informative, or at least non-granular way. There is no obligation for state-owned industries to do so. The practice of making financial records available is not observed in Egypt unless the state company is being privatized which leads the companies reporting their financials to the respective stock market authorities' oversight body.\n\nThe financial records of state-owned companies are not commonly available in Egypt.","Review Ministry of Finance Website, November 2013\n\nEl-Behary, H. & Aggour, S.  (2013, July 30) .  Will Arab Gulf investments follow their aid commitments?.  Daily News Egypt.  Retrieved from http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/30/will-arab-gulf-investments-follow-their-aid-commitments/\n\nSelim, Salma.  (2013, November 19) .  Egypt Oil & Gas News.  Personal communication.\n\nTolba, Magdy.  (2013, November 20) .  [Economic expert and chairman of the Arabian House of Consultancy for Financial and Economic Investment].  Personal communication.","Very few private companies and very few state-owned companies make an overview of their financial records available, usually in annual reports and in a non-informative, or at least non-granular way. There is no obligation for state-owned industries to do so. The practice of making ..."]
["2013_GA_29",2013,"GA","Gabon",29,25,"The financial records of state-owned companies are generally difficult to obtain for reporters, auditors, competitors and private citizens. In addition, publication of financial records is done on a less than quarterly basis. If one can obtain records, it takes two weeks to a month and the costs are higher than photocopying. \nThe annual reports of parastatal companies, even those that are part-owned by foreign companies, are often not downloadable. The only exceptions are large oil companies such as Total Gabon and the manganese producer in southeastern Gabon, COMILOG. \nTotal Gabon: the company's annual financial report for 2012 is available for downloads on the website (3MB).\nAgence Nationale des Grands Travaux (ANGT): no financial annual reports are available on the company website. There is, however, a page detailing the contractual terms for an ongoing (December 2013) project for the Libreville waterfront (Port Môle). There is also an ANGT page that allows users to request reports on public procurement tenders, as well as a press contact page. But without access to the office of Public Affairs, the financial performance of ANGT and details of project finances for these contracts are not easily obtainable.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication, January 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(2013, December 4) .  [Public affairs at ANGT in Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(n.d.) .  2012 annual financial report.  Total Gabon website.  Retrieved from http://www.total-gabon.com/index.php/lentreprise/publications-financieres\n\nAvis de concours, n° dossier: n° 13TLT02-002.  (2012, July 1) .  Aménagement du Bord de Mer, source de financement: Budget de l’État gabonais.  [Example of public tender for Libreville waterfront on ANGT website].  http://www.angt-gabon.com/appels-d-offres/appels-d-offres\n\n(n.d.).  Demande de dossier.  ANGT.  [ANGT page to request reports on public procurement tenders].  Retrieved from http://www.angt-gabon.com/demande-de-dossier?dossier=N°%2013TLT02-002&marcheref=22176&titremarche=Avis%20de%20concours\n\n(n.d.) .  Société d'Electricité et d'Eaux du Gabon (SEEG).  [Veolia's page dedicated to SEEG - no annual report available on website].  Retrieved from http://www.veoliaeau.com/profil/implantations/gabon.htm","The financial records of state-owned companies are generally difficult to obtain for reporters, auditors, competitors and private citizens. In addition, publication of financial records is done on a less than quarterly basis. If one can obtain records, it takes two weeks to a month..."]
["2013_LS_29",2013,"LS","Lesotho",29,0,"Lesotho’s state-owned companies are Lesotho Freight Bus Service Corporation (LFBS) and the Lesotho PostBank (LPB). \nOnly the Lesotho PostBank has a website on which statements for 2007 and 2008 can be downloaded. Hard-copy reports for other years can be obtained for free at the bank headquarters in Maseru as soon as they are available to the public (which however may only happen with delays, within a year or two in delays).","1. Bereng Mpaki. Public Eye. Jobs Carnage Looms at Lesotho Freight. June 28 2013. \n\n2. Tsebo Matsasa. Media Institute of Southern Africa. National Director, Lesotho. Interviewed October 14 2013.\n\n3. Anonymous. Lesotho PostBank Limited. Contacted, October 30 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Lesotho’s state-owned companies are Lesotho Freight Bus Service Corporation (LFBS) and the Lesotho PostBank (LPB). \nOnly the Lesotho PostBank has a website on which statements for 2007 and 2008 can be downloade..."]
["2013_ML_29",2013,"ML","Mali",29,0,"Au Mali, les citoyens accèdent rarement aux dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques. Ces documents sont très souvent gardés confidentiels. \nL'accès physique aux documents n'est pas favorisé à fortiori celui informatisé (en ligne). Selon le témoignage du Groupe suivi budgétaire: « pour accéder à un document financier d'une entreprise publique, il faut des jours et des jours et des vas et viens incessants ». Une source explique cette situation par le fait que « l'information financière est une épée à double tranchant qui peut mettre la réputation des parties concernées en jeu ; elle ne doit pas être dévoilé à quiconque ».","Entretien avec Dramane Baguiba, économiste, Groupe suivi budgétaire, réalisé le 25 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien Modibo Keïta, Directeur général, AGEROUTE (entreprise publique chargée des routes), réalisé le 25 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Tiona Matthieu Koné, Conseiller, Société Énergie du Mali (entreprise publique), réalisé le 25 septembre 2013.","Au Mali, les citoyens accèdent rarement aux dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques. Ces documents sont très souvent gardés confidentiels. \nL'accès physique aux documents n'est pas favorisé à fortiori celui informatisé (en ligne). Sel..."]
["2013_MU_29",2013,"MU","Mauritius",29,100,"All companies whether owned 100% or partially by the state as any other private or public company as defined by the Companies Act 2001 have to file in their audited accounts with the Registrar of Companies. ANY member of the public can call at the Registrar of Companies and against payment of a nominal fee access the shareholding, the constitution and accounts of all private and public companies! All the financial records, including filed balance sheets, profit and loss accounts, are thus available to any citizens upon request for a nominal fee. The system works in practice.  In the year since the launch of the new Parastatals Information Management System in March of 2012, the availabilty of financial information further improved.","Interview: Jean-Luc Emile, Editor in Chief, Radio One. Interview date: Nov. 21, 2013.\nInterview: Rajen Bablee, Executive Director of the NGO, Transparency (Mauritius). Interview date: Nov. 21, 2013.                                                                                                                                               \"Public Sector Governance: Parastatals Information Management System Launched.\"  Mauritius Government website.  http://www.gov.mu/English/News/Pages/Public-Sector-Governance-Parastatals-Information-Management-System-Launched.aspx  March 7, 2012.","All companies whether owned 100% or partially by the state as any other private or public company as defined by the Companies Act 2001 have to file in their audited accounts with the Registrar of Companies. ANY member of the public can call at the Registrar of Companies and against..."]
["2013_NA_29",2013,"NA","Namibia",29,25,"The production and publication of annual reports is very patchy and often very late. For example, annual reports of the Namibia Wildlife Resort and Air Namibia are published late and often times with a significant delay from the reporting period. Some of the annual reports are up to date, though.\nThe availability of financial information on company websites also varies. Audited financials are submitted to parliament by the auditor general, and are then available to the public. However, these reports are for the most part a few years outdated. There’s no mechanisms which allows citizens to demand financial information directly from a given state-owned enterprise. This is because there is no access to information regime in the country.","Brigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\nJaqueline Asheeke, columnist and writer, former CEO FENATA, and chairperson of the board of directors, Namibia Wildlife Resorts.  September 30 2012.\nGraham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.\nFrederiko Links, Editor; Insight Business Magazine, 23 September 2013.\nKaitira Kandji, media expert, former director, Media Institute for Southern Africa, October 3 2013.\nNamPower no accounting slouch, Denver Isaacs, The Namibian Sun, August 5 2013, http://sun.com.na/business/nampower-no-accounting-slouch.55637.","The production and publication of annual reports is very patchy and often very late. For example, annual reports of the Namibia Wildlife Resort and Air Namibia are published late and often times with a significant delay from the reporting period. Some of the annual reports are up t..."]
["2013_SC_29",2013,"SC","Seychelles",29,0,"One of the sources who is an expert on public procurement and private sector investment said that records cannot be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks from date of request. However, that source said that these documents are available from the company’s registry, paper copies are available immediately upon payment of a small charge. Access online is only possible if the relevant entity posts the information.\n\nAnother source explained that the public enterprises which are registered as a company should submit a copy of their annual financial statements to the registrar and this would be available at any time. A copy of the annual financial statements is submitted to the national assembly. In respect to the public enterprising monitoring commission, once the website is set up the annual financial statements of all the public enterprises should be posted. Therefore, these documents are rarely available to the public.\n\nAt the end of the financial year, news coverage provide accounts of how much state-owned companies have made or lost. One such company is Air Seychelles. They issue a press release on their annual budget, but the public does not have access to the full report.","1. Email: Anonymous source, Expert on Public Procurement and Private Sector Investment, December  5, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Accountability and the Judiciary, December  7, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Anonymous source, Representative from the National Bureau of Statistics, December  10, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Anonymous source, Expert from the National Bureau of Statistics, December 11, 2013.\n\n5. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Banking, Compliance, and Procurement, December  1, 2013.\n\n6. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December  10, 2013.\n\n7. Email: Anonymous source, Representative from the Ministry of Finance, Trade, and Investment, December  11, 2013.  The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n8. Efforts to reach two state-owned companies failed: Seychelles Trading Company and Islands Development Company","One of the sources who is an expert on public procurement and private sector investment said that records cannot be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks from date of request. However, that source said that these documents are available from the co..."]
["2013_SS_29",2013,"SS","South Sudan",29,0,"In practice citizens cannot access the financial records of state-owned companies. First, the few state-owned corporations including South Sudan Electricity Corporation, South Sudan Water Corporation and Nile Petroleum Corporation were only recently established. \n\nGenerally these corporations do not allow citizens to access their financial records. Several journalists have tried to access financial records of Nile Petroleum Corporation and Nile Commercial Bank without success.\n \nIn addition, the state-owned corporations either have no websites or their websites are rarely updated and don’t have financial records.\n\nBoth opposition and civil society activists say there is a lack of transparency in the country’s petroleum sector under which Nile Petroleum Corporation falls. Citizens only access information that the government feels they should know. Occasionally, Nile Petroleum sends out statements but these do not usually include financial information.","Adigo, Onyoti.  (2013, October 9) .  [Minority Leader in South Sudan’s parliament (National Legislative Assembly)].  Personal communication.\n\nMulumba, Badru.  (2013, October 22) .  [Editor/journalist, The New Times].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Nile Petroleum Corporation.  Retrieved from http://nilepetsouthsudan.com/\n\nRhodes, T.  (2013) .  Oil, money, and secrecy in East Africa.  The Committee to Project Journalists.  Retrieved from http://www.cpj.org/2013/02/attacks-on-the-press-oil-money-and-the-press.php","In practice citizens cannot access the financial records of state-owned companies. First, the few state-owned corporations including South Sudan Electricity Corporation, South Sudan Water Corporation and Nile Petroleum Corporation were only recently established. ..."]
["2013_TN_29",2013,"TN","Tunisia",29,25,"Financial records of state-owned companies exist, but are not available to the public. Once a year, in March, the balance sheets, financial results, etc. are published in newspapers. \n\nThe balance sheets are rarely published on line, and if they are, it is with long delays. For example, if one goes to the website of the STEG (www.steg.com.tn), the public electricity supplier for Tunisia, the most recent financial figures they will find will be for 2009.","Interview with Mr. Adel, responsible for the archives at Tunis Rabta Hospital; September 28, 2013\n\nInterview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis; September 28, 2013\n\nInterview with Mr. Taieb, responsible for tenders, purchasing department, STEG (Société D'électricité et du Gaz, public company providing electricity and gas); September 25, 2013","Financial records of state-owned companies exist, but are not available to the public. Once a year, in March, the balance sheets, financial results, etc. are published in newspapers. ..."]
["2013_BJ_30",2013,"BJ","Benin",30,25,"Les dossiers financiers liés à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles (gaz, pétrole et mines), qu'ils impliquent ou non la participation des entreprises publiques ou privées, ne sont pas disponibles et ne sont pas accessibles au grand public.\n\nLe site web du ministère des Finances dresse une liste des potentialités minières du Bénin. Mais les données ne sont pas actualisées et n'incluent pas les travaux des entreprises d'exploitations.\nLa Société d'extraction des ressources minières donne sur son site web quelques informations générales sur ses activités, notamment dans les carrières de granites au Bénin.\n\nLes occasions pour le grand public d'avoir des informations sur l'exploitation des mines sont soit lors de découvertes de nouveau gisements, soit lors de l'annonce de l'arrêt immédiat des exploitations illégales des ressources par les populations, soit lors des dénonciations publiques des impacts négatifs des travaux sur l'environnement. En août 2013, le ministre des mines Barthélémy Kassa s'est rendu dans la commune de Ouèssè où l'exploitent illégale des pierres précieuses par les populations est monnaie courante afin de d'éduquer les forces de sécurité ainsi que les populations. En septembre 2013, le maire de Lokossa a suspendu une entreprise d'exploitation de sable dans sa commune parce que celle-ci voulait ouvrir une carrière derrière la préfecture. Une photo d'une carrière dans la localité montrant un grand trou est affichée sur le site web de l'Agence Sud Presse qui a rapporté les faits.","Ministère de l'économie et des finances du Bénin. Les Potentialités Minières du Bénin. . http://www.finances.bj/spip.php?article82\n\nImportante découverte d’or à Banikoara. (13 mqrs 2013). 24H au Bénin. http://www.journauxdubenin.com/article/importante-decouverte-d-or-banikoara\n\nBarthélémy Kassa opte pour la sécurisation des sites miniers. (2 septembre 2013). 24H au Bénin. http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article2434#main-two-columns\n\nGrégoire BAZIE. (7 octobre 2012). Exploitation minière en Afrique de l’Ouest : Des journalistes et parlementaires au diapason de la problématique environnementale. lefaso.net.  http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article50619\n\nSite web de la Société d'extraction des ressources minières. http://sermbenin.com/index.php?page=qui-sommes-nous\n\n- Dakpè Sossou interdit l’extraction du gravier dans les périphéries de la ville de Lokossa. (20 septembre 2013). Agence Sud Presse. http://agencesudpresse.com/?p=1800\n\n- Mining in Benin. http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/ming/af/be/p0005.htm#news","Les dossiers financiers liés à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles (gaz, pétrole et mines), qu'ils impliquent ou non la participation des entreprises publiques ou privées, ne sont pas disponibles et ne sont pas accessibles au grand public...."]
["2013_CF_30",2013,"CF","CAR",30,0,"Le Décret n° 08.260 du 18 juillet 2008 crée un dispositif institutionnel (Initiative de transparence des industries extractives – ITIE) en RCA . En outre, elle dispose d'un code minier en révision. En dépit de l'adhésion de la RCA à l'ITIE, les informations relatives aux revenus des ressources naturelles ne sont pas publiées en ligne ni sur papier. C'est le cas des contrats de permis d'exploration de l'uranium de Bakouma, de l'Or de Ndassima, etc. Après les événements du 24 mars 2013, la RCA est exclue du processus de Kimberley. Il faut ajouter que la RCA dispose a elle seule de 470 indices miniers, d'après le rapport du ministère des Mines en 2008, avec un taux de pauvreté estimé à 68 % (DSRP 2).","KOKIDE Jean, maître assistant d'histoire économique et sociale, vice-doyen de la Faculté  des sciences humaines à l'Université de Bangui, 17/09/2013.\n\nZENETH Fulgence (juriste de formation), conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections en RCA, 17/09/2013.\n\nSAMBA Ferdinand, journaliste au journal Le Démocrate, 17/09/2013,\n\nMOMET Constant Nestor Mathurin, directeur de publication du journal Le Confident, 17/09/2013.\n\nYAKA MAÏDE Prosper, journaliste au journal Le Confident, spécialiste des questions de gestion des revenus des ressources naturelles, 17/09/2013.","Le Décret n° 08.260 du 18 juillet 2008 crée un dispositif institutionnel (Initiative de transparence des industries extractives – ITIE) en RCA . En outre, elle dispose d'un code minier en révision. En dépit de l'adhésion de la RCA à l'ITIE, les informations relatives aux revenus de..."]
["2013_CD_30",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",30,50,"Les dossiers financiers relatifs aux projets de ressources naturelles ne sont pas tous disponibles en ligne. Cependant hors ligne, les journalistes et les citoyens peuvent en faire la demande écrite avec une autorisation délivrée par le ministère de tutelle. Les auditeurs accrédités par l'Etat congolais peuvent avoir accès aux dossiers sans aucune difficulté. Pour les journalistes et les citoyens, le processus d'obtention des dossiers prend parfois plusieurs semaines après la demande. Les coûts ne sont pas supérieurs à ceux de la photocopie.\n\n1 - Le ministre des Mines et de la Géologie du Congo n'a pas de site internet opérationnel, cependant un portail a été créé pour la 1ère conférence organisée sur le secteur minier au Congo-Brazzaville.\n\n2 - La Société Nationale Pétrolière du Congo (SNPC) a bien un site internet où l'on peut avoir accès à certaines informations. La SNPC a été contrainte suite à différents audits et par la pression de la communauté internationale, notamment par l'initiative internationale « Publiez ce que vous payez » de rendre publique les contrats pétroliers, ses bilans comptables et ses rapports annuels dans le cadre de la gestion des ressources du pays.\nSur le site internet de la SNPC, il y a bien les différents types de contrat, mais le public ne peut télécharger les rapports annuels.\nVoici quelques informations pris sur le site internet de la SNPC.\nACCORDS D'ASSOCIATION (joint Operating Agreement) : contrats passés entre groupes pétroliers détenant une participation dans un permis d'exploration ou de production, qu'ils soient opérateurs, tiers opérateurs ou actionnaires d'une société opératrice. Ces accords déterminent les règles de conduite entre associés. Ils sont complétés par des accords comptables.\nACCORDS DE TRANSIT DES BRUTS : accords qui organisent la répartition et la refacturation des frais d'exploitation et des investissements entre les groupes pétroliers qui font transiter leur production par le terminal de Djéno.\nCONTRAT DE PARTAGE DE PRODUCTION (CPP) : régime fiscal particulier, négocié entre l'entreprise et l'Etat, qui a remplacé le système de concession. Il est différent pour chaque permis. Ces contrats ont une valeur supra légale car ils sont signés par les parties et ratifiés par les chambres, et une simple loi peut s'y substituer.\nCONVENTION D'ETABLISSEMENT : convention qui organise la relation contractuelle, juridique, financière et fiscale avec l'Etat congolais. Elle constitue le cadre général contractuel et a une valeur supranationale. Depuis 1968, plusieurs avenants sont venus adapter ce cadre essentiel pour la filiale, qui a tout à gagner de relations stables avec l'Etat.\nPERMIS DE RECHERCHE : il confère le droit exclusif à son titulaire d'effectuer tous les travaux de recherche et d'exploration permettant de trouver l'existence d'un gisement d'hydrocarbures. Il est accordé pour quatre ans, renouvelable deux fois par tranches de trois ans, à compter de la date de publication du décret d'attribution.\nPERMIS D'EXPLOITATION : il permet de procéder à la mise en production du périmètre identifié durant la phase d'exploration. La durée d'attribution initiale de ce titre n'excède pas vingt ans. Elle est ensuite fixée au cas par cas en fonction des réserves prouvées. Ce permis constitue un droit immobilier transmissible.\nTITRES MINIERS : permis de recherche ou d'exploitation qui reposent sur un engagement mutuel entre deux parties : la République du Congo et le groupe contracteur, représenté par l'opérateur. Un titre minier est accordé par décret en conseil des ministres sur rapport du ministère chargé des hydrocarbures. Le domaine minier congolais compte une vingtaine de titres miniers. Une fois rendus, les permis font l'objet de nouvelles attributions. TEP Congo dispose de deux zones d'exploration (MTPS et la ZIC), est opérateur sur quatre zones d'exploitation (PNGF, PEX, Yanga-Senhi et Nkossa) et est associé à ENI Congo sur Madingo.\nCOST OIL : part de la production affectée au remboursement des coûts pétroliers supportés par le contracteur.\nREDEVANCE : prélèvement versé à l'Etat de 12 à 15 % de la production.\nPROFIT OIL : après déduction de la redevance et du cost oil, part de la production affectée à la rémunération de l'Etat et du contracteur, variable selon les contrats.\n\n3 - Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) entend engager un processus par lequel tous les paiements, recettes (l'Etat et ses démembrements) générés par l'exploitation pétrolière, gazière et minière soient publiés dans des rapports indépendants et vérifiés. \nDans une de ses brochures, EITI indique : « Plusieurs pays en développement disposent d'énormes ressources pétrolières, gazières et minérales dont l'exploitation génère d'importants revenus. Paradoxalement, ces ressources n'ont pas engendré le développement du fait de la mauvaise gouvernance, du manque de transparence et du non-respect de l'obligation de rendre compte ».\nEITI souhaite accroitre la transparence des revenus en mettant à la disposition du public, de la communauté internationale et de la société civile le récapitulatif des versements effectués. La connaissance de ces revenus donnera ainsi aux citoyens et aux institutions les moyens de demander des comptes aux gouvernements.\n\n4 - Le sol de la République du Congo regorge de richesses naturelles importantes. La production journalière moyenne de pétrole est de 330 000 barils. Il y a aussi du magnésium dans le Kouilou, de fer dans le Niari, la Lékoumou et la Sangha. De polymétaux au Pool. Il y a aussi une exploitation artisanale de l'or et du diamant. \n\n5 - Dans le rapport intitulé « Gestion de la rente pétrolière au Congo Brazzaville : mal gouvernance et violations des droits de l’Homme » publié en 2003 par la Fédération Internationale des Droits de l'homme (FIDH), il est indiqué entre autre en page 102 - 103 rubrique 1/ Le Congo peine à devenir un créditeur crédible , 2/ Les dettes gagées sont désormais interdites : « Dans la partie rendue publique du rapport d’audit de la SNPC daté du 1er août 2003, le cabinet KPMG indique « une partie importante des revenus générés pour le compte de la SNPC ou pour le compte de l’Etat est en effet affecté directement au remboursement de préfinancements, dettes gagés ou remboursement de coûts pétroliers dont le coût financier global est très lourds ». De quoi conforter le FMI qui estimait en juin 2003 : « Les importants frais associés aux prêts gagés ont aussi contribué à\u008e la détérioration de la situation fiscale (03/193, page 9) ». Dans ses 103 recommandations, le même cabinet estime : « N¡6 : Dans son budget, l’Etat devrait capitaliser le coût réel du remboursement de sa dette (gagé, ndlr), soit 40 millions de dollars pour les 3 années (1999, 2000, 2001) ».","1 - Joachim BANZA, directeur de la rédaction du journal la Semaine Africaine, mercredi 9 octobre au siège du journal à Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Site internet www.publishwhatyoupay.org/fr\n\n3 - Communiqué de presse du 4 mars 2013 de l'ONG Publiez ce que vous payer.\n\n4 - www.congopetrole.fr/Ministère des Hydrocarbures: Accueil\n\n5 - Entretien le octobre avec Michel OKOKO, Président du Comité exécutif de l'ITIE (ETIE) au siège de la structure Tour ARC Brazzaville Centre ville.\n\n6 - ITIE Congo I Initiative pour la Transparence des Industries ...www.itie-congo.org/index.php?option=com_content...7‎\n\n7 - RAPPORT : Gestion de la rente pétrolière au Congo Brazzaville : mal gouvernance et violations des droits de l’Homme, International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/cg1805f.pdf\n\n8 - Rapport sur les procédures convenues relatives aux encaissements pétroliers sur les comptes du Trésor, Période du 1er juillet au 30 septembre 2012, 8 mars 2013, KPMG Congo, http://www.itie-congo.org/images/rapports/rapporttroisimetrimestrerevujyp-30-04-2013.pdf","Les dossiers financiers relatifs aux projets de ressources naturelles ne sont pas tous disponibles en ligne. Cependant hors ligne, les journalistes et les citoyens peuvent en faire la demande écrite avec une autorisation délivrée par le ministère de tutelle. Les auditeurs accrédité..."]
["2013_ER_30",2013,"ER","Eritrea",30,25,"There are close to thirty foreign companies involved in the exploration of different minerals. Most of these companies belong to developed countries like Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and by law, they are required to publish their financial activities online. Private mining companies may have their auditing reports made accessible to their own constituencies outside Eritrea, but government entities have never published such reports. Their financial statements are never accessible to citizens. In fact, they are treated as top government secrets. The private companies have the unaudited financial statements online, but the detailed audited statements are only available to shareholders.","Sunridge Gold Financial statements (unaudited prepared by management), Nov. 2013.  http://www.sunridgegold.com/s/FinancialStatements.asp\n\nNevsun Unaudited Financial statements, Dec. 2013. http://www.nevsun.com/investors/financials/\n\nField verification: search for statements, with partial results.\n\nInterviews with source from academia who requested anonymity, 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","There are close to thirty foreign companies involved in the exploration of different minerals. Most of these companies belong to developed countries like Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and by law, they are required to publish their financial activities online. Private mi..."]
["2013_GN_30",2013,"GN","Guinea",30,25,"Bien que cela soit autorisé par la loi et que l'exploitation des ressources naturelles soit un secteur économique très dynamique en République de Guinée, dans la pratique, les citoyens n'accèdent presque jamais aux dossiers financiers des entreprises qui y sont liées. Il est plus commun d’obtenir de l’information au sujet des taxes et impôts que ces entreprises doivent payer à l'État, et plus rarement aux communautés de bases sur la terre desquelles l'exploitation est effectuée. Même dans ces cas, l’information n'est jamais tout à fait claire. \n\nOn notera le scandale occasionné par les transactions de la société brésilienne Vale dans le village de Zoghota, où la société minière a donné les droits de superficie à l'autorité préfectorale qui les a détournés.\nIl y a aussi le programme ITIE (Initiative pour la Transparence dans les Industries Extractives).","Entretien avec Adrien Tossa, Consultant à NDI en Guinée, 03 Octobre 2013, 14h30.\n\nEntretien avec Fassou Elisée, Coordinateur du Réseau des ONG YDAY-GUINEE, le 04 Octobre 2013, 11h00.\n\nEntretien avec Me Pépé Antoine Lamah, Avocat à la Cour, le 04 Octobre 2013, 13h10.","Bien que cela soit autorisé par la loi et que l'exploitation des ressources naturelles soit un secteur économique très dynamique en République de Guinée, dans la pratique, les citoyens n'accèdent presque jamais aux dossiers financiers des entreprises qui y sont liées. Il est plus c..."]
["2013_LY_30",2013,"LY","Libya",30,25,"The state-owned National Oil Corporation, due to public pressure and requests to know where the revenues of oil sales are, started publishing monthly reports of crude oil sales and volumes for the first months of 2012 on the company website. The last report published was in February 2013.","T. Carlise - editor-in-chief, Platts - Dubai, personal communication, November 10, 2013.\n\n(n.d.) .  Information and reports.  National Oil Corporation.  Retrieved from http://www.noclibya.com.ly/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=18&id=75&Itemid=75\n\n(n.d.) .  Lights on the successes of the Arabian Gulf in the field of oil exploration.  National Oil Company.  Retrieved from http://www.noclibya.com.ly/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3708&Itemid=75\n\nA. Mayuf - marketing and information manager at AGOCO (http://www.agoco.com.ly/index.php) - Benghazi, personal communication, November 10, 2013. \n\n(2011, January 17) .  National Oil Corporation Activity 2010.  Arabian Gulf Oil Company. Retrieved from http://www.agoco.com.ly/news/index.php?cid=75&id=1022 \n\nA. Shawky - crude oil marketing manager at NOC - Tripoli, personal communication, November 10, 2013.","The state-owned National Oil Corporation, due to public pressure and requests to know where the revenues of oil sales are, started publishing monthly reports of crude oil sales and volumes for the first months of 2012 on the company website. The last report published was in Februar..."]
["2013_MU_30",2013,"MU","Mauritius",30,100,"Mauritius does not have exploitable natural resources such as gas, oil or minerals. Since no public or private corporation is involved in such activities, there are no records available either.","Interview: Jean-Luc Emile, Editor in Chief, Radio One. Interview date: Nov. 21, 2013.\n\nInterview: Rajen Bablee, Executive Director of the NGO, Transparency (Mauritius). Interview date: Nov. 21, 2013.","Mauritius does not have exploitable natural resources such as gas, oil or minerals. Since no public or private corporation is involved in such activities, there are no records available either."]
["2013_NG_30",2013,"NG","Nigeria",30,0,"Financial statements associated with oil and gas, Nigeria's main natural resources, are not publicly available either online or in hard copy. Those data are not released by the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation, the government-run corporation. The corporation only publishes yearly statistics of oil and gas produced.","1. Central Bank of Nigeria monthly economic report, August 2013, http://cenbank.org/Out/2013/RSD/Central%20Bank%20of%20Nigeria%20Economic%20Report%20for%20August%202013%20%20Final2.pdf\n\n2. Central Bank of Nigeria quarterly statistical bulletin, Quarter Two, 2013, Page 72, http://cenbank.org/Out/2013/SD/2013Q2%20Statistical%20Bulletin_Reports.pdf\n\n3. Bassey Udoh, Business Udo, Premium Times, Abuja, October 20, 2013.","Financial statements associated with oil and gas, Nigeria's main natural resources, are not publicly available either online or in hard copy. Those data are not released by the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation, the government-run corporation. The corporation only publishes ye..."]
["2013_SN_30",2013,"SN","Senegal",30,50,"Au Sénégal, les entreprises agissant dans le secteur de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles (gaz, pétrole et mines), qu’elles soient entièrement privées ou qu’elles reposent sur la participation de fonds publics, diffusent généralement leurs dossier financier en ligne. Cette diffusion reste cependant loin de satisfaire les citoyens, qui n'arrivent toujours pas à connaitre les clauses des contrats entre ces entreprises et l'État, ces clauses demeurant confidentielles. De telles zones d’ombre dans la gestion des minières ont été particulièrement dénoncées au cours des 12 derniers mois, par ce que l’État aussi bien que les acteurs de la société civile souhaitent accélérer l'adhésion du Sénégal à l'initiative dans la transparence des industries extractives (ITIE). Les dossiers sont disponibles au moins trimestriellement, même si les clauses particulières des contrats demeurent largement confidentielles.","Entretien avec Aly Sagne, expert en mine, membre de la coalition pour l' Initiative de transparence des industries extractives (ITIE), 8 octobre 2013.\n\nDossiers financier de la société Teranga Gold, disponible sir le site : http://www.terangagold.com/English/Investors/StockQuotes/default.aspx\n\nTamba, B. (11 octobre 2013). « Kedougou, exploitattion de l’or : qui négocie les contrats, que gagnent l’État et les communautés ? » Sud Quotidien : http://www.ouestaf.com/KEDOUGOU-EXPLOITATION-DE-L-OR-Qui-negocie-les-contrats-que-gagnent-l-Etat-et-les-communautes_a2166.html","Au Sénégal, les entreprises agissant dans le secteur de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles (gaz, pétrole et mines), qu’elles soient entièrement privées ou qu’elles reposent sur la participation de fonds publics, diffusent généralement leurs dossier financier en ligne. Cette d..."]
["2013_SL_30",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",30,0,"Citizens cannot access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation, simply because they are not available to the public or the press. The mining companies in Sierra Leone only account to their shareholders and investors overseas. \n\nIt is, however, possible to access some of the transfers made to government through the national revenue authority through an online repository, but this does not include all types of transfer. It has been the practice in the last couple of years that the ministry of finance does make public on its website some figures showing revenue in-take from mining companies. But it is not consistent, timely, nor comprehensive.","Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9 \n\nAnonymous, Finance Officer, Ministry of Mines and Mineral Resources, October 25, 2013\n\nTheo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL, October 10, 2013\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Citizens cannot access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation, simply because they are not available to the public or the press. The mining companies in Sierra Leone only account to their shareholders and investors overseas. ..."]
["2013_TZ_30",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",30,50,"There is generally a build up in campaigns to open up financial accountability and transparency in the extractive sector, with more oil and gas resources finds. The minerals audit agency is responsible for publishing the audit reports of the mining sector and it produces annual financial reports available on its website. Reports are published only annually. Tanzania is also compliant with the extractive industries transparency initiative reporting. See also the Revenue Watch website.","1. Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative; http://eiti.org/Tanzania.\n \n 2. \"Tanzania mineral audit agency; http://www.tmaa.go.tz/publications/view/tmaa-annual-report-2012.\n \n 3. Tanzania Mineral Audit Agency; http://www.tmaa.go.tz/uploads/Annual_Report_2012.pdf.\n\n 4. Revenue Watch Country Summary http://www.revenuewatch.org/countries/africa/tanzania/transparency-snapshot.","There is generally a build up in campaigns to open up financial accountability and transparency in the extractive sector, with more oil and gas resources finds. The minerals audit agency is responsible for publishing the audit reports of the mining sector and it produces annual fin..."]
["2013_ZW_30",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",30,0,"In practice, it is difficult for citizens to access financial records associated with natural resources exploitation, whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations. Evidence in this regard is substantiated by the well-documented challenges that the parliamentary portfolio committee on mines and energy experienced in accessing information for its report.","1. Interviews with anonymous sources.The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n 2. Parliamentary Committee on Mines and Energy, Fifth Session - Seventh Parliament. First Report of the Portfolio Committee on Mines and Energy (with special reference to Marange Diamond Fields) 2009 - 2013, June 2013 (http://nehandaradio.com/2013/06/25/diamond-mining-in-zimbabwe-the-chininga-report/)\n \n 3. Parliamentary Committee on Mines and Energy, Fifth Session - Seventh Parliament, Chrome Mining sector report 2013, June 2013 (http://nehandaradio.com)","In practice, it is difficult for citizens to access financial records associated with natural resources exploitation, whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations. Evidence in this regard is substantiated by the well-documented challenges that the parlia..."]
["2013_BW_31",2013,"BW","Botswana",31,50,"Every year, the ministry of finance delivers a national budget speech, which contains information about how much funding will be provided to the various governmental departments for that financial year. Prior to that, the different departments submit their budget requests/proposals with information about how much capital they need as well as how they plan to utilise it. Expenditure is usually approved in closed hearings.","1. Speech: National Budget Speech, February 2013, Government of Botswana (Attached).\n\n2. Article: CRB under review at CBC, Mmegi newspaper, August 22 2013,  https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=172&dir=2013/August/Thursday22.\n\n3. Article: Immigration budget falls due to decentralisation, Mmegi newspaper, February 27 2013, https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=172&dir=2013/August/Thursday22.","Every year, the ministry of finance delivers a national budget speech, which contains information about how much funding will be provided to the various governmental departments for that financial year. Prior to that, the different departments submit their budget requests/proposals..."]
["2013_TD_31",2013,"TD","Chad",31,25,"Le corps législatif approuve généralement en audiences publiques les modifications budgétaires en cours d'année (Afrique 7, 15 octobre 2012). \n\nPar exemple fin 2012, les députés tchadiens ont adopté le budget de l’année après examen approfondi du projet de loi relatif à l’année. Les recettes financières attendues par le pays sont d’environ 3,32 milliards de dollars, ce qui représente une augmentation de 2,3% sur les prévisions du budget initial. Cependant, les dépenses présentées sur le projet de loi s’élèvent à près de 3,47 milliards de dollars.\n\nMais les dépenses considérables du gouvernement ne sont pas toutes approuvées sur une base annuelle par le corps législatif et le budget n’est pas exécuté selon les normes des finances publiques.\n\nD'après le journal Tchadoscopie (Hattaby, 16 octobre 2012) : « Du côté des dépenses, c’est l’opacité la plus totale. Les budgets votés par l’Assemblée nationale sont des faire-valoir. Les engagements sont bloqués par le gouvernement jusqu’à un mois de la fin de l’année budgétaire. Les engagements pour les dépenses de fonctionnement sont alors autorisés pour un mois. Un collectif budgétaire doit alors permettre de consolider l’état de l’exécution du budget. Le budget n’est pas exécuté selon les normes des finances publiques. Le président de la République peut alors ordonner des dépenses sur simple ordre de paiement, en dehors de la nomenclature de la comptabilité publique (Dépenses avant ordonnancement ou DAO, qui s’élèvent, de janvier à aout, à 285 milliards de francs, selon la Loi de finances rectificative 2012). Depuis 5 ans, c’est un désordre total. La gestion des finances publiques dépasse l’entendement. »","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nHattaby. (16 octobre 2012). « Tchad : Dérapage dans les finances publiques ». Tchadoscopie : http://www.tchadoscopie.com/article-tchad-le-derapage-dans-les-finances-publiques-111335606.html\n\nAfrique 7. (15 octobre 2012). « Tchad : Adoption du budget ». Tchad Infos : http://tchadinfos.com/tchad/tchad-adoption-budget/","Le corps législatif approuve généralement en audiences publiques les modifications budgétaires en cours d'année (Afrique 7, 15 octobre 2012). ..."]
["2013_CG_31",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",31,100,"Le projet de loi de finances de l’exercice 2013 se développe dans l’optique de mise en œuvre, en pleine année, du programme d’actions du gouvernement approuvé par l’Assemblée nationale en mai 2012.\nInscrit dans le cadre de la stratégie budgétaire de la mandature et la trajectoire des finances publiques 2012-2016, ce projet de loi prend en compte le développement récent de la situation politique, sécuritaire et diplomatique du pays qui exerce une influence sur l’exercice 2013 et met en perspective les réformes essentielles et prioritaires qui doivent accompagner l’action du gouvernement. \nLa commission économique, financière et du contrôle budgétaire de l’Assemblée nationale (Ecofin) vont présenter, ce mercredi 4 juillet, son rapport de l’examen du projet de budget 2012 à la plénière pour adoption. Au regard de ce rapport, cette commission a revu à la baisse le budget de l’État congolais pour l’exercice 2012, le ramenant de huit à sept milliards de dollars américains. \nLe projet de loi budgétaire de l’exercice 2012  a été déclaré recevable à la plénière de l’Assemblée nationale du lundi, 25 juin 2012. Après les explications fournies par le premier ministre Matata Ponyo aux préoccupations des députés nationaux, le projet du budget a été envoyé à la commission économique, financière et du contrôle budgétaire (Ecofin) pour une révision. Il sera ensuite envoyé au Sénat pour une seconde lecture.\nLe budget est de l’ordre de 8 milliards de dollars américains. Au cours de la présentation du projet de budget le vendredi 22 juin, Matata Ponyo avait indiqué que ce budget présente un taux d’accroissement de 20,3 % par rapport au budget 2011.\nLes deux chambres du Parlement (Sénat et Assemblée nationale) ne sont parvenues à accorder leurs violons qu’en seconde délibération de la loi de finances 2013.\nLes membres de la commission mixte paritaire, qui ont travaillé sur ce projet les 13 et 14 janvier 2013, se sont séparés sans arriver à une entente. Les discussions ont achoppé à propos des coupes opérées sur les crédits alloués au Sénat, mais aussi sur la réaffectation des crédits dégagés à la suite de différentes coupes. Le Sénat s’est opposé à toute forme de compromission avant de s’en remettre à l’arbitrage du chef de l’État. \nRenvoyé en seconde délibération sur décision du président de la République dans sa lettre du 31 décembre 2012 au président de l’Assemblée nationale, le projet de loi de finances 2013 traîne encore dans les couloirs du Parlement, pour cause de faute de compromis entre le Sénat et l’Assemblée nationale.\n\nLes dépenses publiques considérables telles le budget de l’État sont approuvés par l’Assemblée nationale sur une base annuelle. Les séances de l’Assemblée nationale sont toujours publiques. Il appartient à celui qui veut y participer de se prononcer. Il n’y a pas d’entraves à l’obtention de ces informations.","Sources : - Site du Ministère du Budget : http://www.ministeredubudget.cd/2012/budget2013.html\n\n- Radio Okapi, nouvelles du 4/7/2012, in ; http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/07/04/assemblee-nationale-la-commission-ecofin-revoit-le-budget-2012-la-baisse-7-milliards-usd/.\n\n- Radio Okapi du 26 juin 2012, in http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/06/26/rdc-le-budget-2012-adopte-lassemblee-nationale/.\n\n- Journal \"Le potentiel\" du 15/01/2013 : http://www.lepotentielonline.com/","Le projet de loi de finances de l’exercice 2013 se développe dans l’optique de mise en œuvre, en pleine année, du programme d’actions du gouvernement approuvé par l’Assemblée nationale en mai 2012...."]
["2013_ET_31",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",31,50,"It is difficult to say that the parliament has the power to propose changes to the budget because in most cases, all that is presented to it is approved. The ruling party dominates the parliament and holding meaningful discussions that would lead to revisions in the proposals are a rarity, if they exist at all. However, it does formally approve annual budgets, even if the hearings in which it does so are not always open.","1. Inteview, Addis Ababa University-based researcher, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 13, 2013. \n\n2. Ethio-Channal Newspaper, The Parliament Approves Budget (and Ministerial) Appointments, 5th yr No. 406, June 23, 2013\n\n3. The House of People's Representatives, Budget & Finance Affairs Standing Committee of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, http://www.hopr.gov.et/web/guest/budget\n\n4. http://ethiopiaobservatory.com/2012/06/11/7-8-billion-budget-foreseen-could-auditors-play-their-proper-role-to-ensure-legal-use-of-national-resources/#more-5701","It is difficult to say that the parliament has the power to propose changes to the budget because in most cases, all that is presented to it is approved. The ruling party dominates the parliament and holding meaningful discussions that would lead to revisions in the proposals are a..."]
["2013_KE_31",2013,"KE","Kenya",31,100,"Parliamentary proceedings in Kenya are public except for cases deemed of national security. All public expenditure budgets are debated and approved publicly by the National Assembly.\n\nThe budget approval process in Kenya is quite elaborate in that approval must be granted for major expenditure plans. All major expenditure items are first put in a budget policy statement which is presented to the parliamentary committee on appropriations for scrutiny.\n\nThe national treasury also presents revenue and expenditure estimates to the parliamentary budget committee for review. The recommendations are then incorporated in a final budget speech which is tabled in parliament as a motion for debate and approval with possible amendment. In the approval of the current budget for 2013-14, parliament rejected a key expenditure targeted at financing the construction of an office block for the former President Mwai Kibaki.","1. \"Sh1 trillion budget estimates tabled in House\", an article by Jackson Okoth, published in the May 3, 2013 edition of the Standard newspaper. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/story.php?articleID=2000082830&story_title=Sh1-trillion-budget-estimates-tabled-in-House.\n\n2. \"Kenya targets the rich to shore up revenues in 2013/14 budget\". An article by Duncan Miriri, published by Reuters news agency on June 13, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/13/kenya-budget-idUSL5N0EP2FX20130613.\n\n3. 'Kenya 2013/14 Budget Statement by National Treasury Cabinet Secretary Henry Rotich. The budget statement was delivered to the Kenya National Assembly  Committee on the Budget Appropriation on June 13, 2013. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.go.ke%2Fplone%2Fnational-assembly%2Fnews%2Fbudget-statement-for-the-fiscal-year-2013-2014-1st-july-2013-30th-june%2Fat_download%2Ffile&ei=SjNAUrvPDqaJ4AS93IGoCw&usg=AFQjCNG3BHaPkWmlGAxJ-etN9RRZZY-yKw&sig2=85WrRx9PcSwxaydqrpU0lQ.\n\n4. \"Uhuru rolls out Sh1.6 trillion inaugural Budget\". An article by Geoffrey Irungu, published in May 2, 2013 edition of the Business Daily.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Uhuru+rolls+out+Sh1+6+trillion+inaugural+Budget/-/539546/1839942/-/27wmbk/-/index.html.\n\n5. \"Budget Committee rejects Sh700m proposal for Kibaki office\". An article by Caroline Wafula in the July 18, 2013 edition of the Business Daily Newspaper. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Budget-team-rejects-Sh700m-Kibaki-office-proposal/-/539546/1886860/-/t9gsh/-/index.html.\n\n6. \"Spy agency retains veil of secrecy on its spending plan\" An article by George Omondi, published on May 2, 2013 by the Business Daily newspaper.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Spy-agency-retains-veil-of-secrecy-on-its-spending-plan/-/539546/1843080/-/npfb38z/-/index.html.","Parliamentary proceedings in Kenya are public except for cases deemed of national security. All public expenditure budgets are debated and approved publicly by the National Assembly...."]
["2013_MW_31",2013,"MW","Malawi",31,50,"Significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis through the National Budget in July and Mid-term Budget in January. The Malawi Law Commission has said that any amendments that may have occurred during the research period of September 2012-September 2013 would have been procedural and carried out in accordance with the law.\n\nThe National budget is approved by the legislature on annual basis, but not in hearings that are open to Malawian citizens. Rather, there are pre-budget consultations and at each stage in the budget process, formal and informal institutions interact. Legislative changes, donor conditionalities, and capacity-building have increased across formal institutions over the past years. \n\nNonetheless, decisions continue to be influenced by informal practices in a manner that reduces transparency, limits distribution and civil society input to the budget process. These informal processes undermine the formal institutions of the budget process. As a result, despite stated intentions expressed in the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, the outcome of the budget process in Malawi is a budget that secures the interests of the politically powerful actors in the public sector.","Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge. November 12 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice. November 12 2013.\n\nNickson Masebo, Public Appointments Committee of Parliament (Lilongwe), Chairperson. November 12 2013.\n\nRobert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee, 13 November 2013","Significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis through the National Budget in July and Mid-term Budget in January. The Malawi Law Commission has said that any amendments that may have occurred during the research period of September 2012-September 2..."]
["2013_MR_31",2013,"MR","Mauritania",31,75,"En Mauritanie, le parlement dispose des pouvoirs pour voter la loi des finances (loi sur le budget) et  approuveaussi les dépenses non-prévues engagées par le gouvernement pendant l'exécution dudit budget. Cela se fait par le biais d'une loi des finances rectificatives. Toutefois le chef de l'État dispose d'une majorité absolue à lassemblée nationale, et donc certaines dépenses de grande envergures peuvent ne pas être soumises à l'approbation des députés.","1. Mokhtar ould Ahmed Leli, ancien directeur général adjoint du Budget, ancien directeur général adjoint du Trésor, 19, septembre 2013\n\n2. Saad Bouh ould Sidaty, professeur d'Économie, Université de Nouakchott.\n\n3. Agence Nouakchott d'Information (Nouakchott), 29 DÉCEMBRE 2012. \"Mauritanie: La loi de finances 2013 adoptée par l'assemblée nationale.\" http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201212300043.html","En Mauritanie, le parlement dispose des pouvoirs pour voter la loi des finances (loi sur le budget) et  approuveaussi les dépenses non-prévues engagées par le gouvernement pendant l'exécution dudit budget. Cela se fait par le biais d'une loi des finances rectificatives. Toutefois l..."]
["2013_ST_31",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",31,75,"The state general budget, which is approved on the basis of a law includes the public expenditures for the upcoming year. The national assembly approves the budget every year. The government makes the proposal that is discussed and voted on at the national assembly and published as a law in the official gazette. There is evidence of in-year budget amendments as well. Amendments are usually done before the state general budget publication in the Official Gazette.","1. João Ramos. Journalist. TVS. October 1 2013.\n\n2. Idrissa Sanoussi. Economist. UNDP. October 4 2013.\n\n3. AFDB, African Economic Outlook, Sao Tomé, Page 12. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Sao%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Principe%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note_01.pdf","The state general budget, which is approved on the basis of a law includes the public expenditures for the upcoming year. The national assembly approves the budget every year. The government makes the proposal that is discussed and voted on at the national assembly and published as..."]
["2013_ZA_31",2013,"ZA","South Africa",31,100,"Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa says that all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis, in open hearings: \"The legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. The South African budget is ranked as one of the most open and transparent budgets in the world.\"\n\nThe 2012 Open Budget Index Survey by the Washington-based International Budget Partnership, which was published in January 2013, shows that South Africa ranks second out of 100 countries (below New Zealand) for the transparency and accountability of its budget processes. South Africa scored 90 out of a 100 points in this regard.\"\n\nTo put this into context: the 2012 achievement is conform the achievements of the previous years. In 2010, South Africa has in fact the most transparent budget, and in 2008 it ranked number two. The 2012 survey gave South Africa a 100 out of a 100 points in the categories\n\n* Do legislative committees hold public hearings on the individual budgets of central government administrative units in which testimony from the executive branch is heard?\n\n* Does a legislative committee hold public hearings on the individual budgets of central government administrative units in which testimony from the public is heard?\n\nBudget hearing schedules, for instance for the medium term budget policy statements, can be found online, on parliament's website. The same counts for the complete budget speeches. These are always made available on the day of the announcement. \n\nThe policy statement is an announcement (usually made in October of each year, half a year after the announcement of the national budget) of particular interest to the financial markets and the national budget, including revisions to government projections of its borrowing requirements and fiscal deficit, as well as inflation and GDP forecasts and the loosening of exchange controls).\n\nNote regarding \"Accessibility\" >>> It has to be noted that while the auditor general's reports can be found online, not all South Africans have access to the internet. Statistics reveal that less than half, only 40%. of the population of 51 million has access to the web. This does not mean this 40% has daily access, or that the access is adequate to download documents.  Particularly people living in rural areas tend not to have access to the web. This is important to take into account when talking about accessibility. The fact that these documents are available online does not mean they are available to the masses. Please see the indicators revolving around internet and access to the web. This could affect the 100% score.","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org ), interview, November 11 2013.\n\n2012 Open Budget Index Survey (Budget Partnership / January 2013),  \nhttp://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-Report-English.pdf.\n\nSA ranked number one for budget transparency, Money Web, February 21 2011, \nhttp://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-south-africa/sa-ranked-number-one-for-budget-transparency?sn=2009+Detail.\n\nSA ranks 2nd in budget transparency index, SA The Good news, February 2 2009, http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/south_africa_in_the_world/sa_ranks_2nd_in_budget_transparency_index_3.html.\n\nDaily Schedule of Parliamentary hearings (Parliamentary Monitoring Group, October 29 2013), http://www.pmg.org.za/daily-schedule/2013/10/29/daily-schedule.\n\n2013-2014 Medium Term Budget Policy Statements, Pravin Gordhan, October 23 2013, http://www.iol.co.za/business/budget/pravin-gordhan-s-full-mini-budget-speech-1.1596544#.UoCi0JQpZKk.\n\nSchedule of Parliamentary committee meetings  and parliamentary programme, Parliament.gov.za, http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Category_ID=45.","Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa says that all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis, in open hearings: \"The legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the governmen..."]
["2013_TZ_31",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",31,100,"Articles 136 (1)b; and 137(2) and (3) of the country's 1977 Constitution stipulate the role of the legislative in deliberating and approving financial commitments of the executive and its agencies.\n \n The Tanzania parliament approves annual government revenue and expenditure plans during what is commonly known as the budget session of the national assembly. The house has powers to approve, change or reject estimates as presented by the different government ministries. The sessions are held in open hearings.","1. 'The New Budget Cycle in Tanzania', By Mr Luhanga Joelson Mpina, Member of Parliament for Kisesa Constituency, July 26, 2013.\n \n 2. \"Summary of Public Expenditure 2013/2014 - Consolidated Fund services and supply votes\" Via Tanzania Parliament website; http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/home/pages/44. \n \n 3. Semkae Kilonzo, Co-ordinator, Policy Forum (network of over 100 civil society organisations working to influence policy).\n \n 4. Constitution of 1977, accessed at http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf.","Articles 136 (1)b; and 137(2) and (3) of the country's 1977 Constitution stipulate the role of the legislative in deliberating and approving financial commitments of the executive and its agencies...."]
["2013_TG_31",2013,"TG","Togo",31,0,"Les modifications budgétaires intervenant en cours d’année sont essentiellement proposées par les services de l’État. Bien que l’Assemblée puisse proposer des modifications à ces propositions, elle ne dispose pas des compétences pour le faire et évite généralement de s’aventurer sur cette voie. Le budget de 2013 a ainsi été revu à la baisse sur simple décision du gouvernement.\n \n De même, les dépenses et recettes présentées par l’État sont globales, alors que l'ITIE exige qu'elles soient ventilées de manière détaillée.","Didier Kokou Agbemadon, coordonnateur national, Initiative pour la transparence dans les industries extractives (ITIE) − Togo, 01 novembre 2013.\n \n  Anonyme, assistant technique expatrié, spécialiste en finances publiques, le 1er novembre 2013. Global Integrity connaît les noms de sources anonymes et a convenu de ne pas divulguer.\n \n Togo Infos. (12 juin 2013). « La loi de finances rectificative : le budget exercice 2013 revu à la baisse ». togoinfos.com. Repéré à http://togoinfos.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=676","Les modifications budgétaires intervenant en cours d’année sont essentiellement proposées par les services de l’État. Bien que l’Assemblée puisse proposer des modifications à ces propositions, elle ne dispose pas des compétences pour le faire et évite généralement de s’aventurer su..."]
["2013_AO_32",2013,"AO","Angola",32,0,"The approved budget is published by law every year. The proposed budget is not. The 2013 State Budget was approved by Law No. 2/13 of 7 March 2013.","Republic of Angola Law No. 15/10 of July 14 2010.  (2010) .  [Law of the state budget].\n\nRepublic of Angola Law No. 24/12 of  22 August 2012.  (2012) .  [Amendment of law of the state budget].","The approved budget is published by law every year. The proposed budget is not. The 2013 State Budget was approved by Law No. 2/13 of 7 March 2013."]
["2013_CV_32",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",32,0,"In Cape Verde, the law demands only the approved state budget to be published. This is done in the official gazette. The minister of finance delivers the tentative budget (draft budget) to parliament and in the process publishes the draft budget on the ministry's website. Publishing the draft budget is however not mandated or specified in the law.\n\nFramework Law 78/V/98 of December 7, Article 20 (Discussion and vote on the budget) provides that \"The State Budget is approved and published in the Official Bulletin with all the features listed in Articles 17, 18 and 19 of this law.\"\n\nThe state budget is unified and specifies the revenue and expenditure according to the respective organic and functional classification assigned to it. It respects the principle of annuity and advertising and must be established so that all expenditure therein is effectively covered by revenue.","Framework Law 78/V/98 of December 7, Article 20 (Discussion and vote on the budget). Not accessible online","In Cape Verde, the law demands only the approved state budget to be published. This is done in the official gazette. The minister of finance delivers the tentative budget (draft budget) to parliament and in the process publishes the draft budget on the ministry's website. Publishin..."]
["2013_KM_32",2013,"KM","Comoros",32,100,"Selon l’article17 de la Constitution, le président de l’Union doit promulguer les lois de l’Union dans les quinze jours qui suivent la transmission au Gouvernement de  la loi définitivement adoptée. Le budget (loi de finances) suit cette règle. La loi de finances est votée annuellement et la séance de l’Assemblée de l’Union doit se faire publiquement. La publicité est donc assurée en théorie. En effet, l’article 24 de la Constitution énonce que les séances de l’Assemblée de l’Union sont en principe publiques, sauf les cas prévus par le Règlement intérieur de l’Assemblée.","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001, Modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009. (2009). Articles 17 et 24. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Constitution%20revisee%202009.pdf","Selon l’article17 de la Constitution, le président de l’Union doit promulguer les lois de l’Union dans les quinze jours qui suivent la transmission au Gouvernement de  la loi définitivement adoptée. Le budget (loi de finances) suit cette règle. La loi de finances est votée annuelle..."]
["2013_GQ_32",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",32,0,"No such law exists. \n\nThe score for this in-law indicator is \"no\".\n\nBy law, the Minister of Taxes (\"Ministro de Hacienda\") submits the draft budget of Equatorial Guinea to Parliament at the beginning of each fiscal year. There is, however, no mention in the 2012 Constitution or in Law No. 9/2003 governing the publication of the draft or approved government budget.\n\nLaw No. 9/2003 (11 Nov. 2003) “Regulating Public Finances in Equatorial Guinea” laid down a new set of rules for preparing, approving and executing the government budget. It was an attempt to bring Equatorial Guinea in line with budgetary laws in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). \n\nAccording to Law No. 9/2003, chapter 2, article 37, the Minister of Taxes is tasked with drafting the budget law and submitting it to Parliament (\"Cámara de Representantes\") at the beginning of September. According to article 38, the draft budget must be submitted for approval one day before deliberations begin in the House of Representatives and Senate. Although Article 42 mentions the publication of the budget law as a decree-law (\"decreto ley\"), there is no mention of publication of the budget law.\n\nCapítulo II (“Del Consejo de Ministros”), art. 49-c: Fuera de los casos expresamente definidos en esta Ley Fundamental y los que son determinados por la demás leyes, el Consejo de Ministros tiene las siguientes atribuciones: Elaborar el Proyecto de Presupuesto General del Estado y una vez aprobado por la Cámara de los Diputados y el Senado y sancionado por el Presidente de la República, velar por su ejecución.\nCapítulo IV (“Del parlamento: disposiciones comunes de las cámaras”), Artículo 70: \n1. Los Presupuestos Generales del Estado presentados por el Gobierno en el curso de la segunda sesión son votados por la Cámara de los Diputados y el Senado. En caso de que no fueran aprobados antes de la expiración del ejercicio financiero en curso, el Presidente de la República puede prorrogar la Ley Presupuestaria del año precedente hasta la adopción de la nueva.\n2. A petición del Gobierno, la Cámara de los Diputados y el Senado son convocados diez días para reunirse en sesión extraordinaria para una nueva deliberación.\n3. En caso de que los Presupuestos no hayan sido adoptados al final de la sesión extraordinaria, la Ley Presupuestaria queda definitivamente establecida por el Presidente de la República.\n\nArtículo 71: Si los Presupuestos no fuesen presentados por el Gobierno en el curso de la segunda sesión ordinaria de la Cámara de los Diputados y del Senado, el Presidente de la República convocará una sesión extraordinaria de éstas para tal fin.\nArtículo 72: Antes de promulgarse la Ley, el Presidente de la República puede pedir una segunda o tercera lectura de la misma a la Cámara de los Diputados y al Senado.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003, capítulo 2, articles 37–43.  (2003) .  [“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas del Estado de Guinea Ecuatorial”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71\n\nArticle 37: El Ministro de Hacienda, bajo la autoridad el Consejo de Ministros, elabora el proyecto de Ley de Presupuestos Generales del Estado.\n\nArticle 38: El proyecto de Ley de Presupuesto General, con el informe y los anexos explicativos previstos en el artículo 31, se depositará en la Cámara de Representantes del Pueblo antes del día de la apertura de la sesión ordinaria de septiembre para su aprobación, enmienda o devolución al Gobierno.\n\nArticle 42: En el momento de la promulgación de la Ley de Presupuesto General del Estado o de la publicación del decreto-ley previsto en el artículo 37 y 38 tercer párrafo, el Gobierno promulgará decretos que regulan, por una parte, asignación por capítulo para cada ministerio o presupuesto anexo, por créditos aperturados y, por otra, asignación por cuenta particular de las operaciones de las cuentas especiales del Tesoro.","No such law exists. \n\nThere are however various laws researched with respect to the budget: \n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003, Chapter 2, Articles 37–43.  (2003) .  [“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas del Estado de Guinea Ecuatorial”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71","No such law exists. \n\nThe score for this in-law indicator is \"no\"...."]
["2013_GM_32",2013,"GM","The Gambia",32,0,"The Standing Orders of the National Assembly of The Gambia provide for the public accounts and public enterprises committees (PAC/PEC) rules and procedures. Once the budget goes through parliament, it is then published in the official gazette. There is, however, no law requiring the draft budget to be published before it is approved by the national assembly.","Section 102 (a) and (c), Section 109 (1) (b), Section 109 (2) (a) (b) of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia and Section 77 (2) of the Standing Orders of the National Assembly of The Gambia.","The Standing Orders of the National Assembly of The Gambia provide for the public accounts and public enterprises committees (PAC/PEC) rules and procedures. Once the budget goes through parliament, it is then published in the official gazette. There is, however, no law requiring th..."]
["2013_LS_32",2013,"LS","Lesotho",32,100,"As soon as the finance minister has presented it to the committee of the whole house, the Appropriation Bill is then published in the Gazette or in such other manner as the Speaker of the National Assembly may direct.  Article 52 of the standing orders of the national assembly lays out the manner in which bills must be published and circulated. The national assembly clerk should ensure that all bills are published in full, and this includes the appropriation bill as specified in section 71 (2) of the standing orders.  Section 52 (4) indicates that “In the case of a bill involving the expenditure of public money an indication of the cost shall be annexed to the bill [and] the annexure shall be provided by the minister of finance […]” The Appropriation Act is also published in full annually.","1. Lesotho's Constitution. Chapter X (Finance), Sections 110, 111, 112 and 113. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. Finance Order 1988. http://books.google.com/books/about/Finance_Order_1988.html?id=RzQ2twAACAAJ\n\n3. Standing Order of the National Assembly of Lesotho. Chapters IX and X. http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Lesotho_Standing%20Orders%20of%20Parliament_en.pdf","As soon as the finance minister has presented it to the committee of the whole house, the Appropriation Bill is then published in the Gazette or in such other manner as the Speaker of the National Assembly may direct.  Article 52 of the standing orders of the national assembly lays..."]
["2013_MR_32",2013,"MR","Mauritania",32,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi qui impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le projet de budget initial, mais la Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF) impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le budget annuel et dans son intégralité. \n\nLe droit budgétaire mauritanien est régulé par deux piliers majeurs. \n1. La Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF) dispose que « les lois de finances déterminent la nature et le montant des charges et des ressources de l’État  ainsi que l’équilibre financier qui en résulte dans le cadre de la politique générale définie par le gouvernement. Elles contiennent notamment les dispositions relatives à l’assiette, aux taux et aux modalités de recouvrement des impositions de toute nature perçues pour le compte de l’État ainsi qu’aux emprunts contractés, aux avals accordés et aux conventions financières passées par l’État ». Aux termes de la présente disposition, il y a lieu de comprendre que le gouvernement présente la loi des finances qui fixe les recettes et dépenses de l'État au cours de l'année à venir. Cette disposition encadre les mécanismes des finances publiques. Ceux-ci reposent sur les règles d'unité, d'universalité, d'annualité. \n\n2. Le second aspect qui régule le droit budgétaire mauritanien repose sur la fonction constitutionnelle que remplit le Parlement. La Constitution mauritanienne dispose notamment en son article 68 que le Parlement vote la loi des finances. Conformément à la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991, notamment en son article 70, la loi des finances est promulguée par le Président de la République et publiée au Journal Officiel. ","1. Constitution du 20 juillet 1991. (1991). Article 70.\nhttp://www.carim.org/public/legaltexts/MAUConstitution.pdf\n\n2. La Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF)","Il n'existe aucune loi qui impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le projet de budget initial, mais la Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF) impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le budget annuel et dans son intégralité. ..."]
["2013_NE_32",2013,"NE","Niger",32,0,"C'est l'Assemblée nationale (équivalent du Congrès) qui vote le projet de loi de finances proposé par l'exécutif. Cette procédure se passe à chaque ouverture de session budgétaire (chaque année). \nConstitution :\nArt. 113 : « L'Assemblée nationale vote le projet de loi de finances dans les conditions déterminées par la loi ».\nArt. 114 : « L'Assemblée nationale est saisie du projet de loi de finances dès l'ouverture de la session budgétaire ; le projet de loi de finances doit prévoir les recettes nécessaires à la couverture intégrale des dépenses ».\nL'Assemblée nationale vote le budget en équilibre.\nSi l'Assemblée nationale ne s'est pas prononcée dans les soixante (60) jours du dépôt du projet, les dispositions de ce projet peuvent être mises en vigueur par ordonnance.\nLe gouvernement saisit, pour ratification, l'Assemblée nationale convoquée en session extraordinaire, dans un délai de quinze (15) jours.\nSi l'Assemblée nationale n'a pas voté le budget à la fin de cette session extraordinaire, le budget est établi définitivement par ordonnance.\nSi le projet de loi de finances n'a pu être déposé en temps utile pour être promulgué avant le début de l'exercice, le Premier ministre demande d'urgence à l'Assemblée nationale l'autorisation de continuer à percevoir les impôts et à reprendre en dépenses, le budget de l'année précédente par douzièmes provisoires.\nArt. 115 : « L'Assemblée nationale règle les comptes de la Nation selon les modalités prévues par la loi de finances ».\nLa loi de règlement doit être déposée sur le bureau de l'Assemblée nationale à la session budgétaire de l'année suivant celle de l'exécution du budget pour être débattue à la prochaine session parlementaire et adoptée au plus tard le trente-un (31) décembre de la deuxième année qui suit l'exécution du budget.\nL'Assemblée nationale peut demander à la Cour des comptes de mener toutes enquêtes et études se rapportant à l'exécution des recettes et des dépenses publiques.\nL’article 1er de la loi organique n° 2003-011 du 1er avril 2003 portant loi organique relative aux lois de finances dispose en ses alinéas 1, 2, 4, et 5 : « les lois de finances déterminent pour l’année, la nature, le montant et l’affectation des ressources et des charges de l’Etat, compte tenu d’un équilibre économique et financier qu’elles définissent. Les lois de finances contiennent toutes dispositions relatives à l’assiette, aux taux et aux modalités de recouvrement des impositions de toute nature. Aucun projet de loi ne peut être définitivement voté, aucun décret ne peut être signé, s’il a pour effet d’entrainer des charges qui n’ont pas été prévues, évaluées et autorisées dans les conditions fixées par la présente loi. L’Etat ne peut engager des dépenses au-delà des crédits ouverts annuellement par les lois de finances. »\n\nCependant, la loi n'exige pas la publication du projet de budget. Loi exige seulement la publication du budget voté au plutard en décembre de chaque année.","Constitution de la VIIe République du Niger. (2010).TITRE V : DES RAPPORTS ENTRE LES POUVOIRS EXÉCUTIF ET LÉGISLATIF. Art. 113-115.\nhttp://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/constitution.pdf\n\nL’article 1er de la loi organique n° 2003-011 du 1er avril 2003 portant loi organique relative aux lois de finances dans ses alinéas 1, 2, 4, et 5. (Rapporté dans l'AVIS N°07/CCT/2012 du Conseil Constitutionnel: http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/avis/2012/avis_n_007_cct_2012.pdf)","C'est l'Assemblée nationale (équivalent du Congrès) qui vote le projet de loi de finances proposé par l'exécutif. Cette procédure se passe à chaque ouverture de session budgétaire (chaque année). ..."]
["2013_ST_32",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",32,100,"Article 13 of law No.3  from February 12 2007 states that: “In its preparation and implementation, the state budget must follow, among others, the following principles and rules: \nh) advertising, in accordance with the budget law, the tables of revenue and expenditure tables, as well as other information, economic and financial, deemed appropriate shall be published in the official gazette.”","1. Law No. 3 from 12 February 2007. Unavailable online. \n\n2. Chapter I (State Budget Subsystem), Section II (Budget), Article 13, 2007.\nhttp://www.min-financas.st/pdf/do/classificador/3_2007.pdf\n\n3. Ministry of Finance, Budget Proposal Website.\nhttp://www.min-financas.st/","Article 13 of law No.3  from February 12 2007 states that: “In its preparation and implementation, the state budget must follow, among others, the following principles and rules: \nh) advertising, in accordance with the budget law, the tables of revenue and expenditure table..."]
["2013_SD_32",2013,"SD","Sudan",32,0,"Even though article 114 of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, states steps that should be taken for final accountability, it is silent on whether or not the proposed and the approved budget should be published in full every year. However, the international organizations and the interviewed official say that the budget is published by the end of every year, but it is not transparent enough.","AfDB, OECD, UNDP, and UNECA. (2012) . Sudan. African Economic Outlook. Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Sudan%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n \n Anonymous. (n.d.) . Personal communication.\n \n Martin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/342_Corruption_and_anti-corruption_in_Sudan.pdf\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Even though article 114 of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, states steps that should be taken for final accountability, it is silent on whether or not the proposed and the approved budget should be published in full every year. However, the inte..."]
["2013_UG_32",2013,"UG","Uganda",32,0,"Sections 3(1), 4(2) and 6(1) of the Budget Act 2001 provide for the submission of the proposed executive budget. And article 155(1) of the constitution states that “the president shall cause to be prepared and laid before parliament in each financial year, but in any case not later than the 15th day before the commencement of the financial year, estimates of revenues and expenditure of government for the next financial year”.\n \n Publishing the executive budget proposal is not mandatory by law. The approved budget is published, but it is also not mandatory for the general public.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 9, Article 155(1)\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf.\n \n The Budget Act, 2001, Sections 3(1), 4(2), 6(1). http://www.ulii.org/files/Budget%20Act%202001.pdf","Sections 3(1), 4(2) and 6(1) of the Budget Act 2001 provide for the submission of the proposed executive budget. And article 155(1) of the constitution states that “the president shall cause to be prepared and laid before parliament in each financial year, but in any case not later..."]
["2013_ZM_32",2013,"ZM","Zambia",32,0,"Under the article cited above, the minister of finance presents budget reports to parliament, relating to cost estimates and actual expenditures, as well as the country's financial position, each year. This also includes revenue and other monies received by government, as well as other relevant information required by parliament. The budget is presented and published in full every year, but legally is not required to be.","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, article 116 - 118, pages 69-71, Supplementary Estimates In Respect of Expenditure, Appropriation Acts and Supplementary Appropriation Acts, Financial Report, http://www.unza.zm/zamlii/const/1996/partx.htm#116","Under the article cited above, the minister of finance presents budget reports to parliament, relating to cost estimates and actual expenditures, as well as the country's financial position, each year. This also includes revenue and other monies received by government, as well as o..."]
["2013_BJ_33",2013,"BJ","Benin",33,50,"Les mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de soumettre leurs contributions sont insuffisants, limités à notamment à la société civile. Cela dit, les ministres des Finances donnent les grandes tendances du projet de budget de l'année à venir. Ce qui donne parfois l'occasion à certains groupes qui ne peuvent pas participer de faire des recommandations ou des protestations devant le Parlement afin que leurs points de vues soient pris en compte.","Junior Fatogninougbo. (29 mai 2013). Quatrième revue sectorielle sur les finances publiques au Bénin: L’Union Européenne réclame le contrôle du budget et la transparence budgétaire. La Presse du Jour. http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=25205\n\nAbdourhamane Touré. (29 mai 2013). Réformes du système de gestion des finances publiques: L’Union européenne salue les efforts du gouvernement. http://actubenin.com/?Reformes-du-systeme-de-gestion-des\n\nProjet de Budget de l’Etat gestion 2013: Sévère réquisitoire de la société civile. (30 octobre, 2012). Visages du Bénin. http://actualites.visages-du-benin.com/?p=2046\n\nLéonce Gamaï. (8 octobre 2012).Budget général de l’Etat béninois exercice 2013: le gouvernement table sur une croissance de 4,5%. La Nouvelle Tribune. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/12381-gouvernement-croissance-4-5","Les mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de soumettre leurs contributions sont insuffisants, limités à notamment à la société civile. Cela dit, les ministres des Finances donnent les grandes tendances du projet de budget de l'année à venir. Ce qui donne parfois l'occasion à certains ..."]
["2013_CV_33",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",33,0,"In Cape Verde, citizens do not contribute directly to the formation of the state budget. However, non-governmental organisations and civic organisations may request funding of certain projects oriented toward the civic and social sphere before the government prepares its draft budget with the respective ministries. This is not a citizen-focused effort of transparency and participation though, but falls into the category of regular lobbying efforts. The state budget is approved in parliament where citizens are formally represented through their elected representatives.","1. Joao Pinto, Attorney Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Avelino Bonifacio,  Former  Minister of the Economy, Adviser, Praia, October 20, 2013.\n\n3. Sara Boal, Judge Counsellor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.","In Cape Verde, citizens do not contribute directly to the formation of the state budget. However, non-governmental organisations and civic organisations may request funding of certain projects oriented toward the civic and social sphere before the government prepares its draft budg..."]
["2013_EG_33",2013,"EG","Egypt",33,0,"Egypt, during the sample period, was undergoing a lot of political change. At one point, following a decree by Egyptian President Morsi, he was effectively running the government by fiat. Following a legal ruling, the parliament was effectively dissolved as well, leaving very little opportunity for individual citizens to influence policy. Since the coup that overthrew President Morsi in July the civilian government appointed by the military has passed major spending by decree as well. There are also serious problems with the way that the Egyptian government calculates its budget and expenditures, which make the situation even more problematic. There are no citizen-input mechanisms in place.","Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Finance.  (2012) .   Budget circular of the fiscal year 2012/2013.  Retrieved from  http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/pdf/econmey/circular2012-13.pdf. \n\n(2013, August 28) .  Egyptian cabinet approves $3.2 billion economic stimulus plan.  Reuters.  Retrieved from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/08/28/uk-egypt-economy-idUKBRE97R0SJ20130828.\n\nFarahat, A.  (2012, October) .  Egypt Oil & Cheques and Balances.  Egypt & Oil.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptoil-gas.com/admin/industry/InFocus%20EOG%20Newspaper%20October%202012%20Issue.pdf.\n\nHalime, F.  (2013, August 9) .  Why Egypt's energy bill is higher than official figures suggest.  Rebel Economy.\n\nInternational Budget Partnership.  (2012) .  Open Budget Survey 2012.  Washington, D.C.  \nRetrieved from http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-Report-English.pdf.","Egypt, during the sample period, was undergoing a lot of political change. At one point, following a decree by Egyptian President Morsi, he was effectively running the government by fiat. Following a legal ruling, the parliament was effectively dissolved as well, leaving very littl..."]
["2013_ER_33",2013,"ER","Eritrea",33,0,"The National Assembly has not met since 2002, and many of its members are either in prison or have fled the country. Legislative as well as executive functions are now exercised by President Isaias Afwerki. According to the Freedom House report, the president rules the country with advise from his close confidents from the ruling party and the military. This select group \"gather in closed meetings with Isaias to make policy decisions outside of the formal governing structure. The National Assembly also holds closed meetings, and its numbers have steadily dwindled as members have been jailed or gone into exile [...]. It is these informal channels linked to Isaias, rather than formal institutions, that have genuine governing power in Eritrea.\" This situation continues as confirmed by an Eritrean Academic who chose to remain anonymous.","Interview with source from the academia who requested anonymity, 2013.\n\nBertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2012 — Eritrea Country, Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012, \nhttp://www.bti-project.org/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/BTI_2012_Eritrea.pdf.\n\nFreedom House. Countries at a Crossroads 2011. http://freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/eritrea#.UxgvoeeSwuG.","The National Assembly has not met since 2002, and many of its members are either in prison or have fled the country. Legislative as well as executive functions are now exercised by President Isaias Afwerki. According to the Freedom House report, the president rules the country with..."]
["2013_GW_33",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",33,0,"The budget is elaborated by the ministry of finances and approved by the national popular assembly. There is no functioning mechanism for citizens to submit their input. So in practice citizens cannot provide any input for decisions about the budget.","1. Tairo Djalo, secretary of Bafata Region, Regional Government of Bafata. Interviewed in Bafata, November 16, 2013.\n\n2. Mafuge Djalo, director of insular issues, Ministry of Territorial Administration. Interviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.\n\n3. Antonio Te, PAIGC political party local leader in Bissau. Interviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.","The budget is elaborated by the ministry of finances and approved by the national popular assembly. There is no functioning mechanism for citizens to submit their input. So in practice citizens cannot provide any input for decisions about the budget."]
["2013_MG_33",2013,"MG","Madagascar",33,0,"La réponse est catégorique : ce n’est pas le cas à Madagascar. Les trois sources contactées confirment cette assertion.\n\nSur le site web de la Direction générale du budget, à la rubrique « Programmation budgétaire », aucune des 18 étapes énoncées ne fait référence aux citoyens. En effet, la première étape consiste en un envoi de lettres demandant des prévisions pluriannuelles aux partenaires financiers (institutions, ministères et Régions).\nToutefois, après la publication de la Loi sur les finances, certains groupes d’intérêt peuvent adresser des réclamations au ministère des Finances et du Budget. Il s’agit notamment de groupes d’opérateurs économiques (industriels, importateurs exportateurs). Mais, c’est en quelque sorte un « médecin après la mort », comme l’illustre l’article de l’Express de Madagascar du 22 novembre 2012 qui suit :\n« Même si la tenue des élections constitue une priorité pour 2013, le secteur économique ne peut être laissé de côté. C'est avec de tels propos que le ministre des Finances et du Budget, Hery Rajaonarimampianina, a démontré que le projet de Loi de Finances 2013 prévoit des dispositions avantageuses pour le secteur privé, moteur de la croissance économique.\n\nCes dispositions seront portées à la connaissance des opérateurs économiques au cours d'une rencontre prévue avec le ministère. « Le ministère prévoit d'organiser, prochainement, une rencontre avec le privé pour apporter des éclaircissements sur les atouts auxquels ils pourront profiter dans le cadre de la loi de Finances 2013 ».  Des opérateurs privés, de leur côté, n'ont pas attendu longtemps critiquer cette législation. Le maintien de la TVA (taxe sur la valeur ajoutée) à 20 %, la hausse des droits d'accise, notamment sur la filière du tabac, ont été fustigés par des industriels. « Nous avons proposé au gouvernement la réduction de la TVA, mais notre proposition n'a pas été prise en compte. Le taux de 20 % appliqué actuellement favorise les ventes sans factures et la prolifération de l'informel », a déclaré un opérateur industriel de  l'agroalimentaire.","- Rakoto Raharilanto Rado, chef de service d’appui à l’intégrité, 24 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- Rajoarihery W. Victor, président de l’association nationale des enseignants publics non fonctionnaires, Antananarivo, 26 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n\n-«Le projet de loi de Finances 2013 est adopté sans amendement par le Congrès. Le ministre des Finances se tourne vers le secteur privé pour une séance d'éclaircissement», Razafindramiadana Lantoniaina, L’Express de Madagascar, 22 novembre2012.\nhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/loi-de-finances-2013-madagascar/38700-une-rencontre-public-prive-en-vue.html\n\n- Site de la Direction générale du budget.\nhttp://www.dgbudget.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=4","La réponse est catégorique : ce n’est pas le cas à Madagascar. Les trois sources contactées confirment cette assertion...."]
["2013_MU_33",2013,"MU","Mauritius",33,75,"The Ministry of Finance accepts memoranda prepared by non-state actors such as NGOs and trade unions and participates in pre-budgetary consultation, which are normally organised by private-sector organisations. In that respect, it can be said that citizens, and especially informed and organised citizens or their associations, can provide input for budget decisions. \n\nCitizens can send their recommendations in writing (either by post or by email) to the Ministry of Finance. However, apart from well-informed organisations, individual citizens do not know how to go about  voicing their recommendations except through the press. As pointed out by a journalist, most citizens are unaware of the established channels through which citizens can provide input.","Press article:  Consultations pré budgétaires, Xavier Duval : « Les dépenses constituent un des défis du budget »\" (Pre-budgetary consultations – Xavier Duval: \"Spending constitutes one of the major challenges of the budget\"), Sept. 10, 2012,  Star (newspaper) online http://www.starpress.info/actualites/item/2028-consultations-pr%C3%A9-budg%C3%A9taires-xavier-duval---les-d%C3%A9penses-constituent-un-des-d%C3%A9fis-du-budget.html [accessed Nov. 19, 2013]\n\nPress Article: Mauritius Council of Social Service (MACOSS) budget proposals, Sept. 21, 2012, News on Sunday (Newspaper) online at  http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/nos-news/item/19097-mauritius-council-of-social-service-macoss-%E2%80%93-budget-proposals.html, accessed Nov. 19, 2013. \n\nInterview: Jean-Luc Emile, Editor in Chief, Radio One. Interview date: Nov. 21, 2013","The Ministry of Finance accepts memoranda prepared by non-state actors such as NGOs and trade unions and participates in pre-budgetary consultation, which are normally organised by private-sector organisations. In that respect, it can be said that citizens, and especially informed ..."]
["2013_RW_33",2013,"RW","Rwanda",33,100,"The government publicly invites citizens to contribute to the budget and they are given enough time to do so. When launching the budget guide, the minister said: “The public should know that activities planned in the budget are meant for them. They need to take part in activities that are initiated (by the government) in their interests.\" \n\nThe second point in regard to functioning mechanisms is also fulfilled. The interviewee from the office of the Auditor General testified that the budget starts to be made by the district council in which each district sector is represented by a citizen. It then goes to the provincial level where citizens are again represented and have to voice their needs. At the national level, MPs keep carrying the voice of citizens and the Ministry of Finance is just there to consolidate the ideas and decisions of citizens. \n\nThe first mechanism for the public to provide input is the monthly collective cleaning activities known as \"umuganda.\" They are done the last Saturday of each month. They are followed by meetings where citizens give their input to local leaders who will then take them to higher levels. The other mechanism is the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy plan, which is discussed and presented by government workers to the general public for discussion and input. It can be at their workplaces or in tow halls meetings. \n\nIn September 2013, the government released the fourth version of the citizen guide to the Budget to arouse public interest on matters relating to public financial management.","Dada, Richard.  (2013, September 9) .  [Deputy Commissioner for Small and Medium Taxpayers Office at Rwanda Revenue Authority].  Personal communication.  \n\nIyamuremye, Yassin.  (2013, September 9) .  [Chief accountant at the auditor's office].  Personal communication.\n\nKwibuka, E.  (2013, September 10) .  Government launches citizens’ Budget guide.  The New Times.  Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15476&a=70253","The government publicly invites citizens to contribute to the budget and they are given enough time to do so. When launching the budget guide, the minister said: “The public should know that activities planned in the budget are meant for them. They need to take part in activities t..."]
["2013_SO_33",2013,"SO","Somalia",33,0,"The Minister of Finance is supposed to prepare the budget which should be discussed by a parliamentary committee while taking into account public representation and contributions before it is passed by parliament. As it stands, there are no functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their budgetary input. The process is largely controlled by the Ministry of Finance and parliament. The same applies for Somaliland and Puntland.","Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nAnonymous Somaliland Member of Parliament. UCID party. (2013 Dec 24). \n\nAnonymous second Somali Member of Parliament. UCID party. (2013 Dec 24). \n\nAnonymous Somaliland Member of Parliament. UCID party. (2013 Dec 24). \n\nAnonymous independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland. (2013 Dec 5).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Minister of Finance is supposed to prepare the budget which should be discussed by a parliamentary committee while taking into account public representation and contributions before it is passed by parliament. As it stands, there are no functioning mechanisms for citizens to su..."]
["2013_SZ_33",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",33,0,"Swaziland's parliament approves government's annual budget, and can offer advice but leaves the ministry of finance to create the budget as per the desire of the country's leadership. The ministry does not invite the public to contribute ideas or input. Government's position is that MPs, as the people's representatives, can liaise with their constituencies and raise matters with the finance minister during parliamentary debate. \n\nIn practice, however, this is not done, and parliament is widely seen as \"rubber stamping\" all matters put before it by cabinet. Meanwhile, there is public dissatisfaction with the way treasury money is spent. Some areas of the budget are off-limits to debate, such as spending on the army.","Interview: Absalom Dlamini, former MP, Manzini, 22 September 2013.\n \n \"Swaziland Budget Snubs IMF advice,\" Richard Rooney, Swazi Media Commentary, 23 February 2013. http://www.swazimedia.blogspot.com/\"Swaziland Budget Speech 2013/14,\n \n \" TradeMark Southern Africa, 22 February 2013, http://www.trademarksa.org/news/swaziland-budget-speech-2013-14.\n \n \"Army to spend R2,4 million a day,\" Times of Swaziland, 10 March 2013, http://www.times.co.sz/News/85249.html","Swaziland's parliament approves government's annual budget, and can offer advice but leaves the ministry of finance to create the budget as per the desire of the country's leadership. The ministry does not invite the public to contribute ideas or input. Government's position is tha..."]
["2013_ZW_33",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",33,100,"For the 2013 budget, public hearings were conducted by Parliament for the public to input into the budget across the country (Harare, Marondera, Mutare, Masvingo, Chiredzi, Beitbridge, Chinhoyi, Kwekwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Gwanda, Lupane and Victoria Falls) in October 2012. \n\nThe hearings gave all stakeholders – interest groups, business organisations, farmers, miners and members of the general public – an opportunity to influence the crafting of the 2013 Budget through the portfolio committee. \n\nPublic input at the hearings was included in a report presented to the minister of finance and at the pre-budget seminar for parliamentarians in November 2012. The practice was that all interested persons were given an opportunity to make contributions. During the public hearings, oral and written submissions are received from the public. Written submissions could be made at any time by those who could not attend the public hearings, including Zimbabweans in the diaspora to the clerk of parliament (clerk@parlzim.gov.zw).","1. Budget Statement, Hon. Tendai Biti, Minister of Finance, November 2012 (http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/30/15_Nov_2012_39-50.pdf.pdf).\n \n 2. Bill Watch Parliamentary Committee Series, Veritas, October 2012 (www.veritaszim.net).\n \n 3. Parly embarks on budget consultations, John Makamure, Newsday Column/Opinion, October 12, 2012 (https://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/10/12/parly-embarks-on-budget-consultations/).","For the 2013 budget, public hearings were conducted by Parliament for the public to input into the budget across the country (Harare, Marondera, Mutare, Masvingo, Chiredzi, Beitbridge, Chinhoyi, Kwekwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Gwanda, Lupane and Victoria Falls) in October 2012. ..."]
["2013_BF_34",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",34,25,"La Commission des Finances et du Budget (COMFIB) existe au sein de l'Assemblée Nationale (AN). Ses attributions couvrent les secteurs relatifs aux finances publiques, au budget, à la monnaie, au crédit et aux domaines. Cette commission ne se réunit pas de façon régulière pendant les sessions de l'Assemblée nationale. Pour la session ordinaire qui se réunira de septembre à décembre 2013, la commission se réunit trois fois selon le calendrier publié sur le site de l'Assemblée nationale.","Interview avec Noël Pierre Scian, communicateur, Laboratoire citoyennetés, 07 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Victorien Sawadogo, coordinateur, Service de l'information du gouvernement, 03 Octobre 2013.\n\nAssemblée nationale du Burkina Faso, site Internet: http://www.assembleenationale.bf","La Commission des Finances et du Budget (COMFIB) existe au sein de l'Assemblée Nationale (AN). Ses attributions couvrent les secteurs relatifs aux finances publiques, au budget, à la monnaie, au crédit et aux domaines. Cette commission ne se réunit pas de façon régulière pendant le..."]
["2013_CM_34",2013,"CM","Cameroon",34,0,"In Cameroon, for various reasons either of confidentiality or case management, the legislative committee rarely exercises oversight of public funds and as such there has been no investigation in the last two years on public funds management set up by any parliamentary oversight committee. Thus a check on the excesses of government is seldom carried out by Parliament.","Banbong, Mbuwir Tobias.  (2013, September 2) .  [Regional delegate, Ministry of Public Contracts, Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nCharles, Mbella Moki.  (2013, September 5) .  [Senator, Cameroon Upper House of Assembly].  Personal communication.\n\nGeorge, Mussongui.  (2013, September 2) .  [Regional delegate, Agency of the Regulation of Public Contracts].  Personal communication.\n\nHaman Dahiro, Haman.  (2013, September 2) .  [Inspector General of Regional Services, Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization, Cameroon].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon, for various reasons either of confidentiality or case management, the legislative committee rarely exercises oversight of public funds and as such there has been no investigation in the last two years on public funds management set up by any parliamentary oversight com..."]
["2013_TD_34",2013,"TD","Chad",34,25,"Le contrôle des entreprises publiques entre dans le champ des commissions d'enquête parlementaires. La Chambre des comptes fait chaque année un rapport à l'exécutif, dont le Parlement est destinataire. Les membres du Parlement peuvent poser des questions au gouvernement sur les irrégularités relevées dans ce rapport. \n\nCependant, le comité dispose de peu d'autonomie dans les enquêtes. Le comité se réunit de plein droit en deux (2)  sessions ordinaires par an. La première session s’ouvre le 5 mars. La  deuxième session s’ouvre le 5 octobre. \n\nMais selon les médias, les membres de Parlement expriment parfois des préoccupations au sujet du budget. Par exemple, en décembre 2012, quand l’Assemblée Nationale a adopté le projet de loi de finances 2013, un article de journal  :  « Il ressort du rapport de la Commission Finances, Budget et Comptabilité Publique que le déficit est lié à certaines contraintes. Au rang desquelles figurent la faiblesse de la pression fiscale pour les ressources traditionnelles qui est de moins de 8% du produit intérieur brut (PIB), la fraude et l’évasion fiscale...Certaines taxes ont été introduites dans la loi de finances 2013 à l’exemple de celles relatives au foncier. Plusieurs députés se sont inquiétés des effets de ces taxes sur la population car à leur avis, cette mesure risque d’aller à l’encontre des vœux du Chef d l’Etat qui voudrait voir chacun de ses compatriotes avoir son propre logement. D’autres disent ne pas comprendre qu’au moment où les ministères se plaignent de l’accès à leur crédit budgétaire, le ministre des finances puissent abolir les marchés de gré à gré.L’effet financier que pourraient apporter les salaires de 9610 agents fictifs décelés par le ministère de la Fonction Publique et du Travail a été également au centre des préoccupations de quelques élus du peuple. »","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nTchadpages. (28 décembre 2013). « Tchad: Evaluation du budget 2013 à l’Assemblée nationale ». Tchadpages: http://tchadpages.com/2012/12/28/tchad-budget-2013-est-evalue-a-lassemblee-nationale/\n\nBudget Général de l’Etat 2013 : Les élus s’inquiètent à propos de certaines taxes, Agence Tchadienne de Presse, Dec 2012. http://www.infotchad.com/details.asp?item_id=4067","Le contrôle des entreprises publiques entre dans le champ des commissions d'enquête parlementaires. La Chambre des comptes fait chaque année un rapport à l'exécutif, dont le Parlement est destinataire. Les membres du Parlement peuvent poser des questions au gouvernement sur les irr..."]
["2013_DJ_34",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",34,0,"Il existe, au sein de l'Assemblée nationale, une Commission de l'économie générale, des finances et du plan. Elle s'occupe des recettes et dépenses de l’État, de l'exécution du budget, de la monnaie et du crédit, des activités financières intérieures et extérieures, du contrôle financier des entreprises, des établissements publics. Elle ne se réunit pas de manière régulière, mais uniquement à l'occasion de l'examen des lois de finances. \n\nElle n'a pas mené d’enquêtes relatives au contrôle de fonds publics.","1) Fathia Djama, membre de la société civile, entretien réalisé le 18 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Idriss Mohamed, assistant juridique, Assemblée nationale, entretien réalisé le 18 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Ali Soubaneh, député, Assemblée nationale, entretien réalisé le 18 octobre 2013.","Il existe, au sein de l'Assemblée nationale, une Commission de l'économie générale, des finances et du plan. Elle s'occupe des recettes et dépenses de l’État, de l'exécution du budget, de la monnaie et du crédit, des activités financières intérieures et extérieures, du contrôle fin..."]
["2013_GA_34",2013,"GA","Gabon",34,25,"The commissions do exist in both the National Assembly and the Senate. But they are ineffective because they have not conducted any investigations during the study period.\n\nAlthough there is a budgetary oversight commission (Commission des Finances, du Budget et de la Comptabilité Publique) at the National Assembly, it has not conducted investigations in the last two years. The senate has an additional budgetary oversight commission (Commission des Finances, du Budget et des Comptes Economiques de la Nation).\n\nHowever, the Libreville daily L'Union (\"Projet de loi de Finances 2014: Des ministres auditionnés à l'Assemblée national\") reported that the Minister of Economy and the Budget Minister had been questioned by the Finance Commission in parliament (headed by Maurice Eyamba Tsima) about Budget 2014.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(2012, September 3) .  Gabon: Démarrage de la 2ème Session ordinaire de l’Assemblée Nationale.  Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://infosgabon.com/?p=20619\n\nOndo, T. (2008) .  Le droit parlementaire gabonais.  Paris: L'Harmattan.\n\nSAM.  (2013, November 7) .   Projet de loi de Finances 2014: Des ministres auditionnés à l'Assemblée nationale.  L'Union.  Retrieved from http://www.union.sonapresse.com/politique-gabon/projet-de-loi-de-finances-2014-des-ministres-auditionnes-a-lassemblee-nationale-071113-25696\n\n(2012, March) .  Union des jeunes du parti démocratique gabonais (UJPDG).  [List of names of people heading commissions in the Gabonese parliament as of March 2012].  Retrieved from http://www.ujpdg-france.fr/index.php/component/k2/item/147-les-noms-des-présidents-des-commissions-parlementaires-de-lassemblée-nationale-désormais-connus","The commissions do exist in both the National Assembly and the Senate. But they are ineffective because they have not conducted any investigations during the study period...."]
["2013_KE_34",2013,"KE","Kenya",34,75,"The budget and appropriations committee of the national assembly in Kenya plays an active oversight role in keeping the executive in check with regard to utilization of public funds and resources. The committee has so far played an impressive role by questioning suspect or wasteful items in the national budget that would have led to wastage of resources.\n\nHowever, given the technical nature of accounting and audit procedures, there is concern that the committee may not have the adequate capacity to interrogate government books. The MP are all elected through a political process, but there is no regulation in place to ensure its membership has expertise to interrogate government expenditure plans or actual expenditure.\n\nThe budget and appropriations committee has become quiet vibrant in trying to interrogate public expenditure. In November last year, the committee recommended for a probe of the financial accounts of the Kenya revenue authority. In May 2013, the public accounts committee of the national assembly recommended the ongoing audit of the budget spend to hire a plane for Deputy President William Ruto to fly to various African countries, as part of efforts to build consensus over the pending trials at the International Criminal Court. \n\nBased on these few examples it is clear that the budget and public expenditure teams are aggressively trying to exercise their role and they meet regularly.","1. Public Finance Management Act 2012. This law was published in 2012. http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyalaw.org%2Fklr%2Ffileadmin%2Fpdfdownloads%2FLawsonDevolution%2FPublicFinanceManagementNo18of2012.doc&ei=HXk9UrzGKqGf0QWc9YGoAg&usg=AFQjCNH9ZIrOknTrdn523En4PjEKthwnvA&sig2=3z8a8NCOvxq1Pe26EqC72A&bvm=bv.52434380,d.d2k.\n\n2. The Kenya National Assembly, The Budget and Appropriations Committee Report On The Estimates Of Revenue & Expenditure for FY 2013/14. The report was published in June 2013. \nhttp://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CFEQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.go.ke%2Fplone%2Fnational-assembly%2Fnews%2Freport-of-the-budget-and-appropriations-committee-on-the-estimates-of-revenue-and-expenditure-for-financial-year-2013-2014%2Fat_download%2Ffile&ei=_qA9Us37IqLO0QWrn4C4CQ&usg=AFQjCNEBF7Tbn4fmtn0CF5_-7edqGyu29w&sig2=A85dXvV6TjJUeEv6oVtpXg&bvm=bv.52434380,d.d2k.\n\n3. Geoffrey Irungu, finance and public policy reporter, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on September 20, 2013.\n\n4. \"Kenya Parliament rejects former President's office perks\". An article by Caroline Wafula. Published by Africa Review on Tuesday, June 18,  2013. http://www.africareview.com/News/Kenya+Parliament+rejects+former+President+office+perks/-/979180/1886982/-/15u1iqx/-/index.html.\n\n5. \"Parliamentary Budget Committee wants taxes raised for government to meet Sh163 billion deficit\" an art6icle by Allan Kisia published on May 23 ,2013.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000084270&story_title=house-committee-wants-taxes-raised. \n\n6. New Parliamentary Committee Report Recommends Independent Forensic Audit into Kenya’s Revenue Accounts. 1st November 2012, http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/blog/2012/11/01/new-parliamentary-committee-report-recommends-independent-forensic-audit-into-kenyas-revenue-accounts/.","The budget and appropriations committee of the national assembly in Kenya plays an active oversight role in keeping the executive in check with regard to utilization of public funds and resources. The committee has so far played an impressive role by questioning suspect or wasteful..."]
["2013_ML_34",2013,"ML","Mali",34,100,"Il existe à l'Assemblée nationale du Mali, une Commission appelée « Commission Loi des Finances ». \n\nSelon Oumar Mariko, son rôle « c'est d'assurer le contrôle des fonds publics ».\n\nCette commission de contrôle est très opérationnelle et siège au moins chaque semaine. Mieux, elle a effectué régulièrement des enquêtes pendant l'année budgétaire. \n\nPour Alpha Touré, l'objectif recherché par l’État est d'accroitre la transparence dans la gestion des fonds publics.","Entretien avec Alou Traoré, Economiste, Groupe suivi budgétaire, réalisé le 27 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Oumar Mariko, ancien député, Assemblée nationale, réalisé le 27 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Alpha Touré, Agent comptable, Ministère du budget, réalisé le 27 septembre 2013.","Il existe à l'Assemblée nationale du Mali, une Commission appelée « Commission Loi des Finances ». ..."]
["2013_NE_34",2013,"NE","Niger",34,0,"Il existe la commission des Finances et Budget, mais au vu du nombre de détournement de fonds publics, toute initiative de contrôle est inefficace puisque les fonds continuent à être mal utilisés. Aucune information ne permet de dire si la commission a mene d'enquêtes au cours des deux dernières années.","Source 1: Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger\n\nSource 2 : Amadou Oumarou, Directeur Scientifique du LASDEL, Enseignant-chercheur au département de sociologie de la FLSH de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey. (Décembre 2012).\n\nSource 3: H B Tcherno. (5 mars 2013). Le Niger, encore mauvais élève. Alternatives Niger. \nhttp://www.alternativeniger.org/spip.php?article622\n\nSource 4:  Habidou Abdou. (24 avril 2013). Nécessité pour le Niger de se doter des lois très fortes contre les détournements des deniers publics. Niger Diaspora.","Il existe la commission des Finances et Budget, mais au vu du nombre de détournement de fonds publics, toute initiative de contrôle est inefficace puisque les fonds continuent à être mal utilisés. Aucune information ne permet de dire si la commission a mene d'enquêtes au cours des ..."]
["2013_ST_34",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",34,0,"The legislative branch of the government oversees government spending, and the governmnet should submit a report to the legislature twice a year. Within the legislature, there is no separate commission established to that end. \n\nThere is a separate committee in the court of auditors to work on it, but a report of public accounts was never presented to the legislature. The current government did try to take a step in this direction, but it was just once. This year (2013) on the June 13, the report on the general state accounts for 2010 was presented by the minister of planning and finance and submitted to the supreme audit institution.","1. João Ramos. Journalist. TVS. October 1 2013.\n\n2. Idrissa Sanoussi. Economist. UNDP. October 4 2013.\n\n3. Arlete Zeferino. Congresswoman. National Assembly. October 5 2013.","The legislative branch of the government oversees government spending, and the governmnet should submit a report to the legislature twice a year. Within the legislature, there is no separate commission established to that end. ..."]
["2013_SS_34",2013,"SS","South Sudan",34,25,"In South Sudan the legislative committee that exercises oversight over public funds is the Public Accounts Committee (PAC).\n\nThe chairperson of the Public Accounts Committee, Kom Kom Geng, says the body goes into session at least once every six months. However, evidence shows that the committee rarely goes into session. Simon Waakhe, a journalist who regularly covers parliament says the committee rarely meets. It usually meets once in several months. In addition, there is no agreed upon timeframe within which the committee should mandatorily go into session.\n\nHowever, though the committee rarely goes into session, it has conducted at least one investigation in the last 14 months. The last investigation the committee carried out was an inquiry into financial irregularities contained in the Auditor General’s reports released in July 2012. This report indicated that in the 2007/2008 financial year, Sudan’s finance ministry officials did not base the release of funds to spending agencies on approved budget lines, as required by law (at least partly - as noted in the auditor's report).","(2013, August 13) .  Financial mismanagement unearthed: S. Sudan assembly investigates auditor's report.  Al Bawaba.  Retrieved from http://www.franklincoveyme.com/news/orlagh/index.php/hop/latest/1/59823\n\nGeng, Kom Kom.  (n.d.) .  Chairperson, Public Accounts Committee, National Legislative Assembly].  Personal communication.\n\n(2012, August 8) .  S. Sudan MPs quiz finance officials over auditor’s report.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article43505","In South Sudan the legislative committee that exercises oversight over public funds is the Public Accounts Committee (PAC)...."]
["2013_TG_34",2013,"TG","Togo",34,0,"La Commission des finances et du développement économique de l’Assemblée nationale se réunit lors des sessions budgétaires annuelles et lors de sessions extraordinaires concernant des mesures de modification du budget. Selon les informations reçues au cours de la recherche, elle n’a conduit aucune enquête au cours des deux dernières années et ne dispose pas du personnel qualifié suffisent pour mener à bien de telles enquêtes.","Didier Kokou Agbemadon, coordonnateur national, Initiative pour la transparence dans les industries extractives (ITIE) − Togo, 01 novembre 2013\n \n Noël Kokou Tadegnon , journaliste indépendant, correspondant, Deutsche Welle, 1er novembre 2013.\n \n Anonyme, assistant technique expatrié, spécialiste en finances publiques, le 1et novembre 2013. Global Integrity connaît les noms de sources anonymes et a convenu de ne pas divulguer.","La Commission des finances et du développement économique de l’Assemblée nationale se réunit lors des sessions budgétaires annuelles et lors de sessions extraordinaires concernant des mesures de modification du budget. Selon les informations reçues au cours de la recherche, elle n’..."]
["2013_DZ_35",2013,"DZ","Algeria",35,0,"C'est une obligation législative pour toute personne (pas spécifiquement pour les fonctionnaires), de dénoncer des cas de corruption. \nSelon l’article 47 de la loi du 20 février 2006, intitulée « De la non-dénonciation des infractions », « Est punie d’un emprisonnement de 6 mois à 5 ans et d’une amende de 50.000 DA à 500.000 DA, toute personne qui, de par sa fonction ou sa profession, permanente ou provisoire, prend connaissance d’une ou de plusieurs infractions prévues à la présente loi, et n’informe pas à temps les autorités publiques compétentes. »","-Loi n°06-01 relative à la lutte contre la corruption et de la dénonciation des infractions, Art 47. (2006).\nhttp://www.droit.mjustice.dz/loi_prev_lut_corrupt.pdf","C'est une obligation législative pour toute personne (pas spécifiquement pour les fonctionnaires), de dénoncer des cas de corruption. \nSelon l’article 47 de la loi du 20 février 2006, intitulée « De la non-dénonciation des infrac..."]
["2013_CM_35",2013,"CM","Cameroon",35,0,"After consultation of the various sources listed above and many others, no such law exists.","Benjamin, Enow.  (2013, October 3) .  [Advocate attorney, Liberty Law Firm].  Personal communication.\n\nEtom, Alfred.  (2013, October 2) .  [Executive Secretary, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nFegue, Richard..  (2013, September 30) .  Chief journalist, National Anti-Corruption Commission of Cameroon, Yaounde].  Personal communication.\n\nRepublic of Cameroon Code de Procédure Pénale no. 2005/007 du 27 Juillet 2005.  (2005).","After consultation of the various sources listed above and many others, no such law exists."]
["2013_CD_35",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",35,100,"Il existe une édition spéciale du Journal Officiel de novembre 2012 qui fait une compilation des textes relatifs au régime disciplinaire des agents de la fonction publique.\n\nLe décret du n° 2003-327 du 19 décembre 2003, portant code de conduite des agents publics, en son article 9 alinéa 5 : « dans l'exercice de ses fonctions, l'agent public doit : dénoncer les cas de fraude, de corruption, de concussion, de népotisme ou de toute autre acte qui constitue un délit ou qui cause un préjudice à l'intérêt général ». \n\nIl faut le relever que la corruption demeure un fléau au fonctionnement des institutions des Etats et se camoufle sous divers formes qui tendent à la rendre licite aux yeux des usagers des services public. \n\nExemple : les policiers censés réguler la circulation, ont pris l'habitude au Congo de percevoir de manière illicite de l'argent auprès des conducteurs (contrôles abusifs auprès des chauffeurs de taxi, des conducteurs de véhicules poids lourds. \n\nExemple : les agents des Impôts et du Trésor perçoivent de manière illégale des commissions auprès de toutes personnes qui vient décaisser une créance. Dans le cadre des indemnisations du drame du 4 mars 2012, certains agents du trésor ont perçu des commissions sur l'indemnité octroyés aux victimes. Dans certains sur les 3 million de francs CFA alloué par le gouvernement, certains agents prenaient une commission de 1 million de francs CFA;\n\nExemple: certains agents de la fonction publique réclame de manière illicite une somme pour le traitement d'un dossier pour intégrer la fonction publique.\n\nExemple: dans les hôpitaux pour pouvoir avoir accès aux soins, les populations sont contraintes de payer auprès de l'agent de santé (et non à la caisse) une somme allant de 5000 FCFA et plus pour avoir un meilleur suivi.","1- Décret du n° 2003-327 du 19 décembre 2003, portant code de conduite des agents publics, article 9 alinéa 5.\n\n\n2 - Loi n° 021-89 du 14 novembre 1989\n\n3 - Décret n° 2003-267 du 14 novembre 2003\n\n4 - Décret n° 2003-327 du 19 décembre 2003\n\n5 - La loi n°1-82 du 7 janvier 1982 sur les règles disciplinaires applicables aux agents de l'Etat.","Il existe une édition spéciale du Journal Officiel de novembre 2012 qui fait une compilation des textes relatifs au régime disciplinaire des agents de la fonction publique...."]
["2013_DJ_35",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",35,0,"Il n'existe pas d'obligation légale imposant aux agents publics de déclarer les cas de corruption présumée. Par contre, l'article 200 du Code Pénal prévoit l'infraction de corruption passive.\n\nL'article 200 du Code Pénal réprime la corruption passive en ces termes :\n\"Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique ou chargée d'une mission de service public, par une personne investie d'un mandant électif public, un juré, un arbitre ou un expert, de solliciter ou d'agréer, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, des offres ou promesses, des dons ou présents, ou des avantages quelconques, pour l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte de sa fonction, ou facilité par sa fonction, est puni de dix ans d'emprisonnement et de 5 000 000 F d'amende. Lorsque l'infraction définie à l'alinéa précédent a été commise par un magistrat au bénéfice ou au détriment d'une personne faisant l'objet de poursuites pénales, la peine est portée à quinze ans de réclusion criminelle et à 7 000 000 F d'amende.\"","Article 200 du Code Pénal","Il n'existe pas d'obligation légale imposant aux agents publics de déclarer les cas de corruption présumée. Par contre, l'article 200 du Code Pénal prévoit l'infraction de corruption passive...."]
["2013_GQ_35",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",35,100,"Law No. 2/2005 (May 9, 2005) “On civil servants,” Chapter VI (“On duties and responsibilities”), Section 1 (“On general duties”), Article 98 (q) stipulates that civil servants must come forward and inform their superiors of any act or procedure that could be damaging to the state or constitute a criminal act.\n\nCorruption by civil servants is criminalized as a specific offense under Título II, Capítulo II, Sección Segunda of the Código Penal of 1963.  Therefore, civil servants are required to report cases of corruption.\n\nOther laws touch on these issues.  Chapter III (“On the Prosecutor’s Office for Administrative Investigations”), Articles 31–36, lists the duties of the prosecutor’s office to carry out an inquiry, without an explicit requirement for civil servants to step forward with claims of irregularities.\n\nThere is also no explicit provision in Decree Law No. 1/2004 (Feb. 5, 2004) “On ethics and dignity in the exercise of civil service” that requires civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption among their ranks. \n\nIn Chapter IV of Decree Law No. 1/2004 (“Rules on gifts to civil servants and administrative inquiry”), Articles 17–20 do not mention the possibility of reporting such cases. In Chapter V (“National Public Ethics Commission”), Article 23 makes reference to filing claims of misconduct against officials or civil servants with the Anti-Corruption Commission. But it does not state that other civil servants are required to report them.\n\nArticle 23: The Commission shall have the following functions: a) To receive claims from individuals or legally registered intermediary entities with regard to the ethical misconduct of officials or agents of the administration.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 2/2005,Título II, Chapter 6, (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”), Capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”), Articles 31–36, 2005 (“Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado”).  \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5:administrativa&Itemid=71\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Penal Code, Title II, Chapter II, Section II, \"Crimes committed by public officials against the exercise of the rights of people recognized by law,\" Articles 198-204, 394 (1963) . [Decree 691/1963 (March 28, 1963) Adopting the \"1963 revised text\" of Spain 's Penal Code].\nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=13:penal2&Itemid=79\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Decree Law No. 1/2004, Capítulo V (“Comisión Nacional de Etica Pública”), Articles 21–23, 2004 (“Sobre la ética y dignidad en el ejercicio de la Función Pública”).   \nhttp://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf","Law No. 2/2005 (May 9, 2005) “On civil servants,” Chapter VI (“On duties and responsibilities”), Section 1 (“On general duties”), Article 98 (q) stipulates that civil servants must come forward and inform their superiors of any act or procedure that could be damaging to the state o..."]
["2013_GH_35",2013,"GH","Ghana",35,0,"No such law exists. \n\nThe Civil Service Law, the Local Government Service Law and the Public Services Commission Codes only talk about what constitutes an impropriety or acts of corruption but do not provide any explicit legal requirement for civil servants to report any cases of alleged corruption.\n\nHowever, the Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720) provides in section 1 (1): \"A person may make a disclosure of information where that person has reasonable cause to believe that the information tends to show\n(a) an economic crime has been committed, is about to be committed or is likely to be committed;\n(b) another person has not complied with a law or is in the process of breaking a law or is likely to break a law which imposes an obligation on that person;\n(c) a miscarriage of justice has occurred, is occurring or is likely to occur\n(d) in a public institution there has been, there is or there is likely to be waste, misappropriation or mismanagement of public resources;\n(e) the environment has been degraded, is being degraded or is likely to be degraded; or\n(f) the health or safety of an individual or a community is endangered, has been endangered or is likely to be endangered.\"\n\nThis act creates both the legal avenue and also empowers any member of the public, including civil servants, to report alleged corruption cases that they are aware of to the appropriate bodies for action.","1. Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720), Section 1.\nLink: http://www.gapa-gh.org/publications/whitsleblower-act-720-2006-57.pdf","No such law exists. \n\nThe Civil Service Law, the Local Government Service Law and the Public Services Commission Cod..."]
["2013_LY_35",2013,"LY","Libya",35,0,"There are a few laws against corruption but no specific law states that civil servants are compelled to report cases of corruption, as confirmed by expert sources interviewed for this report.","Anonymous - journalist - legal affairs specialist - Tripoli, personal communication, November 16, 2013. \n\nNo such law exists. Confirmed with: \nAnonymous  - head of the league to support of free press - Tripoli, personal communication, November 16, 2013. \n\nThere is a civil work law: \nCivil service work law  number  55  of  1976 approved by the GNC in 2012 - http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhq.org.ly%2F%3Fp%3D158&ei=IuOHUtjEM4LmswaG0ICYCw&usg=AFQjCNHqR2YBZU4b3zfAFo0qFp1H1C2H5Q&sig2=VMe_2xDVoe5wG9gr0bU79w&bvm=bv.56643336,d.Yms","There are a few laws against corruption but no specific law states that civil servants are compelled to report cases of corruption, as confirmed by expert sources interviewed for this report."]
["2013_MR_35",2013,"MR","Mauritania",35,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi obligeant les fonctionnaires de signaler des actes de corruption","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi obligeant les fonctionnaires de signaler des actes de corruption"]
["2013_NG_35",2013,"NG","Nigeria",35,100,"Section 23, subsections 1 and 2 of the corrupt practices act makes it mandatory for public officers to report alleged cases of bribery. This section states: \n\n\"(23) (1) Any public officer to whom any gratification is given, promised, or offered, in contravention of any provision of this act, shall report such gift, promised or offered, together with the name, if known, of the person who gave, promised or offered such gratification to him to the nearest officer of the commission or police officer.\n\n(2) Any person from whom gratification has been solicited or obtained, or from whom an attempt has been made to obtain such gratification, in contravention of any provision of this act, shall, at the earliest opportunity thereafter, report such soliciting or obtaining, or attempt to obtain, the gratification together with the name, if known, or a true and full description of the person who solicited, or obtained, or attempted to obtain the gratification from him, to the nearest officer of the commission or police officer.\"","1. Corrupt Practice and other Related Offences Act, 2000.\nSection 23, subsections 1, 2 and 3\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","Section 23, subsections 1 and 2 of the corrupt practices act makes it mandatory for public officers to report alleged cases of bribery. This section states: ..."]
["2013_SN_35",2013,"SN","Senegal",35,0,"Au Sénégal, il n'existe pas de loi créant une obligation légale explicite pour les fonctionnaires de signaler les cas de corruption présumée dont ils ont connaissance. À l'article 10 de la Loi n° 61-33 du 15 juin 1961 relative au statut général des fonctionnaires, on constate tout au plus qu’il est interdit à tout fonctionnaire de solliciter ou d'accepter, en échange de l’exécution du service, soit directement soit par personne interposée, des urgences de services publics, des dons ou prêts; en nature ou en espèce des services gratuites ou à tarifs minorés ou quelque avantage que ce soit.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière","Au Sénégal, il n'existe pas de loi créant une obligation légale explicite pour les fonctionnaires de signaler les cas de corruption présumée dont ils ont connaissance. À l'article 10 de la Loi n° 61-33 du 15 juin 1961 relative au statut général des fonctionnaires, on constate tout ..."]
["2013_SD_35",2013,"SD","Sudan",35,0,"No law requiring civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption exists in Sudan","No such law exists.","No law requiring civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption exists in Sudan"]
["2013_ZM_35",2013,"ZM","Zambia",35,0,"No such law exists. \n \nThe law refers to the protection of whistleblowers, but it is not specific as to whether or not it is a duty for civil servants to report alleged corruption. The wording in the act says 'may' rather than 'must' when discussing procedures for making public disclosures.\n \nMoreover, section 40(1) of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act chapter 91 states that \"A public officer to whom any gratification is corruptly given, promised or offered shall make a full report of the circumstances of the case to a police officer or an officer of the commission within 24 hours of the occurrence of the event, and if he fails to do so without reasonable cause, he shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable, upon conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to a fine not exceeding one thousand penalty units or to both. Public officer's powers of report, etc\".\n \n There is no obligation to report any allegation of corrupt activity.","No such law exists. \n \nThe Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Whistleblowers) Act, no. 4 of 2010, part II, public interest disclosures, Employee not to be subjected to occupational detriment. Available online at: http://www.acc.gov.zm/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/WHISLEBLOWERS-ACT.pdf.\n \n The Anti-Corruption Act Chapter 91, Section 40 (1), http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/91","No such law exists. \n \nThe law refers to the protection of whistleblowers, but it is not specific as to whether or no..."]
["2013_BW_36",2013,"BW","Botswana",36,100,"Section 45a of the amended Corruption and Economic Crime Act of 2013 criminalises the punishment or threatening  of any whistleblower who points out instances of corruption and/or economic crime.  Any person convicted under this section of intimidation or reprisal will be liable to a fine of 10,000 pulas, or five years imprisonment, or to both.\n\nThe legal provisions are however not specifically geared at public servants.","1. Corruption and Economic Crime Act, section 45a, as amended, 2013.\nhttps://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Botswana_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime_Act_1994.pdf\n\n2. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC). http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Department-of-Corruption-and-Economic-Crime-DCEC/","Section 45a of the amended Corruption and Economic Crime Act of 2013 criminalises the punishment or threatening  of any whistleblower who points out instances of corruption and/or economic crime.  Any person convicted under this section of intimidation or reprisal will be liable to..."]
["2013_CV_36",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",36,0,"No such law exists. \n\nIn Cape Verde, employees or any person who denounce corruption or crime and collaborate with the authorities receive protection. There is no law however that protects civil servants specifically as witnesses and or from negative consequences applicable to maintain their status in the public administration. There is no whistle blower protection law as such.","No such law exists. \n\n\"Protection of witnesses in criminal proceedings\" law. \n81/VI/2005 Law of September 12, (BO No. 37, series I); \nArticle nos 1, 2, 3.\nNo link available.\n\nRegulatory Decree No. 2/2006, of  February 13, (BO No. 7, series I). art. n1\nNo link available.\n\nMoney Laundering Act, n 17/VII / 2002, December 16, n3 art, paragraph a), B), C)\nNo link available.","No such law exists. \n\nIn Cape Verde, employees or any person who denounce corruption or crime and collaborate with t..."]
["2013_CI_36",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",36,0,"L’article 67 de ladite Ordonnance prévoit que « les dénonciateurs, témoins, experts, victimes et leurs proches, les informateurs, ainsi que les membres de la Haute Autorité pour la bonne gouvernance bénéficient d’une protection spéciale de l’État contre les actes éventuels de représailles ou d’intimidation ». Toutefois, cette protection n’est pas spécifique aux fonctionnaires et les conditions de cette protection n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’une définition précise. L’article 68 prévoit même une peine de prison « d’un à cinq ans quiconque recourt à la vengeance, à l’intimidation ou à la menace, sous quelque forme que ce soit, contre la personne des témoins, experts, dénonciateurs ou victimes ou leurs parents ou autres personnes qui leur sont proches ».","Aucune loi de ce type n'existe.\n\nOrdonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées. (2013). Articles 67 à 72.\nhttp://www.cnps.ci/im2s/Documents%20divers/JOURNAL%20OFFICIEL%20DU%2003%20JANVIER%202014.pdf","L’article 67 de ladite Ordonnance prévoit que « les dénonciateurs, témoins, experts, victimes et leurs proches, les informateurs, ainsi que les membres de la Haute Autorité pour la bonne gouvernance bénéficient d’une protection spéciale de l’État contre les actes éventuels de repré..."]
["2013_ET_36",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",36,0,"No such law exists.\n\nBoth the FEACC Proclamation and the Proclamation to Provide for the Protection of Witnesses and Whistle-Blowers of Criminal Offenses set forth clear protections for whistle-blowers, including the following: \n\na) Physical protection of person and property;\nb) Providing secure residence including relocation;\nc) Concealing identity and ownership;\nd) Change of identity;\ne) Provision of self-defense weapon;\nf) Immunity from prosecution for an offense for which he renders information;\n\nHowever, no mention is made of protections for public sector or civil servant whistleblowers. The law does not mention explicit protections for public officials: it doesn't forbid termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blower.","1. International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities, Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Article 8, February, 2, 2005, http://www.iaaca.org/AntiCorruptionLaws/ByCountriesandRegions/E/Ethiopia/201202/t20120221_808823.shtml.\n\n2. Ethiopian Legal Brief, Abrham Yohannes, A Proclamation to Provide for the Protection of Witnesses and Whistle-blowers of Criminal Offenses, Proclamation No. 699/2010, Article 4, Section 1, sub-sections (a)-(l),Protection Measures and Types, July 31, 2011,\nhttp://chilot.me/2011/07/31/proclamation-no-6992010-a-proclamation-to-provide-for-the-protection-of-witnesses-and-whistleblowers-of-criminal-offences.","No such law exists.\n\nBoth the FEACC Proclamation and the Proclamation to Provide for the Protection of Witnesses an..."]
["2013_GN_36",2013,"GN","Guinea",36,0,"En droit, il n' y a pas de loi spécifique obligeant l'Etat à protéger les fonctionnaires qui dénoncent les cas de corruption, ce qui n'est pas sans conséquences. Par exemple, la directrice nationale du Trésor public a été tué dans des circonstances non encore élucidées au début de l'année 2013, tout juste après qu'elle ait dénoncé une tentative de détournement de 13 milliards de francs guinéens, soit environ 2 000 000 dollars. Ce n'est qu'après cette situation qu'on a affecté un garde du corps à l'un de ses collaborateurs dans cette affaire de dénonciation.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","En droit, il n' y a pas de loi spécifique obligeant l'Etat à protéger les fonctionnaires qui dénoncent les cas de corruption, ce qui n'est pas sans conséquences. Par exemple, la directrice nationale du Trésor public a été tué dans des circonstances non encore élucidées au début de ..."]
["2013_GW_36",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",36,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2013_MG_36",2013,"MG","Madagascar",36,0,"Il n'y a pas une loi\"whistle-blower,\" mais certaines protections existent. La Loi n° 2004-030 du 9 septembre 2004 en son Chapitre 5 consacre 3 articles sur la protection des dénonciateurs et des témoins de cas de corruption. Les fonctionnaires, en tant que citoyens à part entière, bénéficient des dispositions de cette loi.\n\nCHAPITRE V: De la protection des dénonciateurs et des témoins \n\nArticle 32. - Le Directeur général (du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption) veille à ce que : \na) l’identité des personnes en cause dans le cadre d’une dénonciation soit protégée, notamment celle du ou des dénonciateurs, des témoins et de l’auteur présumé de l’acte de corruption ; \nb) les mécanismes visant à assurer la protection de l’information recueillie et liée à une dénonciation soient mis en place. \nArticle 33. - Au cours d’un procès civil ou pénal, le témoin d’une affaire de corruption ne peut être contraint de révéler le nom et l’adresse d’un dénonciateur ou d’un informateur du Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption ni de répondre à des questions permettant d’identifier le nom ou l’adresse d’un dénonciateur ou d’un informateur du Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption lorsque le dénonciateur ou l’informateur lui-même n’est pas cité en tant que témoin dans cette procédure. \nSi après une investigation complète de l’affaire, il ressort que les déclarations du dénonciateur sont fausses ou ne reflètent pas la vérité, ou que la justice ne peut se prononcer sans que l’identité du dénonciateur ou de l’informateur ne soit révélée, le tribunal peut lever l’interdiction du précédent alinéa. \n\nArticle 34. - Il est interdit d’exercer des représailles contre un dénonciateur ou un témoin.\nL’article 180.2 du Code pénal, mis à jour au 31 mars 2005, assure la protection des personnes ayant signalé des cas de corruption avant toutes poursuites ou après l’engagement de poursuites. \n\nArticle 180.2 (nouveau) : - Des exemptions et atténuations de peines\n« Sauf le cas de récidive en matière de corruption, sera exemptée de peine toute personne, auteur de corruption active par un ou plusieurs des procédés visés aux articles 177 à 179, qui, avant toute poursuite, aura révélé l’infraction à l’autorité administrative ou judiciaire et permis d’identifier les autres personnes en cause. Hormis le cas prévu à l’alinéa précédent, la peine maximale encourue par toute personne, auteur ou complice de l’une des infractions prévues aux articles 177 à 179 et 181, qui après l’engagement de poursuites, aura permis ou facilité l’arrestation des autres personnes en cause, sera réduite de moitié. En outre, elle sera exemptée des peines accessoires et des peines complémentaires facultatives prévues aux articles 180 et 180.1. »\n\nLa loi n° 2003-011 du 3 septembre 2003 sur le Statut général des fonctionnaires n’inclut aucune disposition sur la protection d’un agent de l’État en cas de dénonciation de cas de corruption. Toutefois, elle mentionne dans son article 3 que : « lorsqu’un fonctionnaire est poursuivi par un tiers pour faute de service et que le conflit d’attribution n’a pas été élevé, l’Administration dont il relève doit le couvrir des condamnations civiles prononcées contre lui, dans la mesure où une faute personnelle détachable du service ne lui est pas imputable. Dans le cas contraire, le fonctionnaire responsable est poursuivi devant les juridictions compétentes.»","Aucune loi de ce type n'existe.\n\nLoi N° N°2003-011 du 3 septembre 2003 Portant Statut Général des Fonctionnaires http://www.mfptls.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73:decrets-et-lois&catid=3:fonction-publique&Itemid=7\n\nLoi N° 2004-030 du 09 Septembre 2004 sur la Lutte Contre la Corruption, Journal Officiel de la République de Madagascar, n° 2928 ,16 septembre 2004, p. 3307\n\nCode Pénal mis à jour au 31 mars 2005. Journal Officiel ,n° 240, 7 septembre 1962, pp. 1766 et suivantes","Il n'y a pas une loi\"whistle-blower,\" mais certaines protections existent. La Loi n° 2004-030 du 9 septembre 2004 en son Chapitre 5 consacre 3 articles sur la protection des dénonciateurs et des témoins de cas de corruption. Les fonctionnaires, en tant que citoyens à part entière, ..."]
["2013_NA_36",2013,"NA","Namibia",36,0,"There is no law specifically protecting public sector whistle-blowers from termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers.\n\nArticle 52 of the Anti Corruption Act (2003) provides for the protection of informers, but only during a trial for an offence under this act. It attempts to protect the identity of the informer, but that is all.","No such law exists.\n\n1. Anti-corruption Act 2003 http://www.saflii.org/na/legis/num_act/aa2003200.pdf\n\n2. Namibian Sun, \"Protect whistleblowers - ACC\" <http://sun.com.na/content/national-news/protect-whistleblowers-acc> August 20 2012. \n\n3. Welcome to Whistleblowers: \"Whistleblowers in Namibia are blowing in the wind\" <https://www.internationalwhistleblowers.com/component/content/article/896-whistleblowers-in-namibia-are-blowing-in-the-wind>.","There is no law specifically protecting public sector whistle-blowers from termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers...."]
["2013_RW_36",2013,"RW","Rwanda",36,100,"Whistleblowers are protected by the law. The departure as usual is the constitution which guarantees that citizen should be protected by the law if what they have done does not violate any law in the country. Article 16 of the constitution reads: \"All human beings are equal before the law. They shall enjoy, without any discrimination, equal protection of the law.\" To be more specific, the law related to punishment of corruption and related offences in its article 36 on the evidence and protection of witnesses reads: \"In the legal proceedings and judgment of offences provided for by this law, the judge or any qualified authority handling the offences provided for by this law, must take all the necessary measures to ensure effective and appropriate protection for the following persons:\na) those who have supplied information concerning the offences provided for by this law or who collaborated in another way with authorities in charge of investigations or court proceedings;\nb) witnesses who have made statements concerning the offences.\" \n\nThe law created to protect whistleblowers clearly states in article 1: \"This law aims to promote general interest by protecting persons who disclose information relating to offences, misconduct and maladministration from public and private institutions.\" This is evidence that the law has been objectively created to protect those who reveal information.\nThe Law No. 35/2012.  relating to the protection of whistleblowers also protects whistleblowers from negative consequences.\n\nArticle 16 states that \"Protection from suing a whistleblower: No employee or any other person who discloses information shall be sued in civil and criminal matters or under administrative process on the\nground of whistle-blowing, when such information is made in a good faith.\"\n\nArticle 19 states that \"Punishment for an authority who takes action against a whistle-blower: An authority who takes action against a civil servant, an employee of public or private entity because he/she has disclosed information in connection with offences, illegal acts and behaviors shall be punished in accordance with legal provisions governing him/her at work or the penal code or both.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n \nRepublic of Rwanda Law No.  23/2003.  (2003).  [Related to the punishment of corruption and related offences].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7726&iid=1170&rid=30692141 \n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 35/2012.  (2012) .  [Relating to the protection of whistleblowers].","Whistleblowers are protected by the law. The departure as usual is the constitution which guarantees that citizen should be protected by the law if what they have done does not violate any law in the country. Article 16 of the constitution reads: \"All human beings are equal before ..."]
["2013_ZA_36",2013,"ZA","South Africa",36,100,"The Protected Disclosures Act (Act 26 of 2000), also known as the Whistleblowers Act, protects public and private employees who disclose corruption and unlawful conduct by colleagues and/or superiors.\n\nThe preamble of the act states that \"every employer and employee has a responsibility to disclose criminal and any other irregular conduct in the workplace\" and that  \"every employer has a responsibility to take all necessary steps to ensure that employees who disclose such information are protected from any reprisals as a result of such disclosure\".\n\nSection 2 stipulates that the act has the objective to protect an employee, whether employed in the private or public sector, from being subjected to an occupational detriment on account of having made a protected disclosure. In case a whistleblowing employee has faced or is facing consequences because of his / her action, section 4.a grants him/her the right to \"approach any court having jurisdiction, including the labour court [...] for appropriate relief; or pursue any other process allowed or prescribed by any law\". Section 4.2 furthermore says that any dismissal as a result of whistleblowing is automatically an unfair dismissal and that any other occupational detriment is an unfair labour practice. This may be referred to the labour court for adjudication.","National Anti-Corruption Forum website, http://www.nacf.org.za/guide_to_the_whistle_blowing_act/section_two.html","The Protected Disclosures Act (Act 26 of 2000), also known as the Whistleblowers Act, protects public and private employees who disclose corruption and unlawful conduct by colleagues and/or superiors...."]
["2013_TZ_36",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",36,0,"Sections 51 and 52 of the Prevention and Combatting of Corruption Act provides special protection for informers, witnesses and victims, but does not however address specifically public sector whistle-blowers. \n \n 51-(1) No information related to commission of an offence under this Act shall be admitted in evidence in any civil or criminal proceedings and no witness in any civil or criminal proceedings shall be obliged-\n (a) disclose the name or address of any informer who has given information to the Bureau with respect to an offence under this Act or the name or address of any person who has assisted the Bureau in any way in\n relation to such an offence; or\n (b) answer any question, if the answer to such question would lead, or would tend to lead, to discovery of the name or address of such informer or person.\n \n(2) In any book, document or paper which is the subject of evidence or liable for inspection in any civil or criminal proceedings contain an entry in which any such informer or person is named or described, or which might lead to the discovery of that informer by public the court shall cause all such passages to be concealed from view by public or to be obliterated so far as may be necessary to protect the informer or such other person from discovery by public.\n\n(3) Any informer who shall suffer reprisal or retaliation or victimization or injury or any harm from a person accused of corruption, perpetrators of offences of corruption and their accessories shall be afforded reasonable protection, compensation and assistance by the Government upon ascertainment by the Bureau the magnitude of victimization, injury or harm.","No such law exists. The law does not provide protections for public sector whistleblowers.\n\n1. The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act. 2007.\n http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/PREVENTION_AND_COMBATING_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_sw.pdf.\n \n 2. The Economic and Organized Crime Control Act.\n  http://www.pccb.go.tz/images/stories/laws/eoca.pdf.\n \n 3. The Anti-Money Laundering Act.\n  http://www.pccb.go.tz/images/stories/laws/AML2006.pdf,","Sections 51 and 52 of the Prevention and Combatting of Corruption Act provides special protection for informers, witnesses and victims, but does not however address specifically public sector whistle-blowers. ..."]
["2013_ZW_36",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",36,0,"Currently, there are no specific provisions in the corruption laws that protect public sector whistle-blowers.","No such law exists.\n\nPrevention of Corruption Act chapter 9:16\nhttp://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/95/PREVENTION_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_9_16.pdf","Currently, there are no specific provisions in the corruption laws that protect public sector whistle-blowers."]
["2013_BI_37",2013,"BI","Burundi",37,100,"Loi portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes interdit le favoritisme et les conflits d’intérêts.\n\nArticle 59: Est punie d’une servitude pénale d’un an à trois ans et d’une amende de cinquante mille à cent mille francs, toute personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique, chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat public électif ou exerçant des fonctions déterminées dans les structures étatiques, des administrations publiques, des collectivités locales, des établissements publics, des sociétés à participation publique ou d’économie mixte, des organismes bancaires, des unités autogérées de consommation, de production industrielle ou agricole, de tout organisme de droit privé assurant la gestion d’un service public, qui aura procuré ou tenté de procurer à autrui un avantage injustifié par un acte contraire aux dispositions législatives et réglementaires ayant pour objet de garantir l’égalité d’accès et l’égalité des candidats dans les marchés publics et les transferts contractuels de la gestion des services publics.\n\nArticle 60: Est punie d’une servitude pénale de cinq ans à dix ans et d’une amende de cinq cent mille à un million de francs, toute personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique, chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat public électif, qui prend, reçoit ou conserve, directement ou indirectement, un intérêt quelconque dans une entreprise ou dans une opération dont elle a, au moment de l’acte, en tout ou en partie, la charge d’assurer la surveillance, l’administration, la liquidation, ou le paiement.\n\nEst punie d’une servitude pénale de deux à cinq ans et une amende de deux cent mille francs, toute personne ayant été chargée, en tant que fonctionnaire public ou préposé ou agent d’administration publique, en raison même de sa fonction d’exercer la surveillance ou le contrôle direct d’une entreprise privée, soit d’exprimer son avis sur les opérations effectuées par une entreprise privée et qui, soit en position de congé, mise en disponibilité, soit après l’admission à la retraite, soit après démission, destitution ou révocation et pendant un délai de 2 ans à compter de la cessation de la fonction, exercera dans cette entreprise un mandat quelconque ou une activité rémunérée de quelque manière que ce soit. \n\nLe statut général des fonctionnaires, dans son article 5, interdit les conflits d’intérêts, le népotisme, et le favoritisme. \n\n(4): Le fonctionnaire doit s’abstenir de toute activité contraire à l’éthique et à la morale, telle que le détournement de derniers publics, le favoritisme, le népotisme, la discrimination, le trafic d’influence, ou l’indiscrétion administrative.\n\n(9): Le fonctionnaire doit, dans les conditions prévues par la Loi portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes, déclarer ses intérêts financiers ou commerciaux ou les activités entreprises à des fins lucratives, par lui-même ou par les membres de sa famille, si cela peut donner lieu à conflit d’intérêts. En cas de conflit d’intérêts éventuel ou apparent entre sa situation professionnelle et son intérêt particulier, il doit mettre fin aux activités susceptibles de donner lieu à un tel conflit.","Loi n° 1/36 du 13 décembre 2006, portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes. http://www.justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/C_L_-_T1_-_3_Code_penal_COMPLET.pdf\n\nLoi n° /28 du 23 août 2006, portant statut général des fonctionnaires. Article 5, alinéa 9. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi_n1-28_du_23_aout_2006-2.pdf","Loi portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes interdit le favoritisme et les conflits d’intérêts...."]
["2013_CV_37",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",37,100,"The law clearly defines all acts of conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage as a digression by public servants. The criminal code, article 362 defines public servants to include all civil servants acting in or on behalf of all three branches. MPs are considered to be included as political office holders, too. \n\nThere are specific regulations and laws that govern the merit-based entry as well as promotions within the public service. Safeguards against arbitrary actions are found in the Labour code. \n\nThe basic Law of the Civil Service, Article 39, specifies, for example that employees are prohibited from:\na) keeping conflict interests or accept situations in which context their personal, professional, economic, financial or labour interests can be in conflict with their duties and functions. \nb) obtaining an undue advantage, consistent in obtaining or seeking benefits for themselves or others through the use of his position, authority, influence, or appearance of influence;\nc) Carry out political proselytism, consistent in carrying out political activities through the use of his office or through the use of infrastructure, property or public funds for or against political parties, political organisations or candidates;\nd) Making improper use of inside information, consistent participate in transactions and financial transactions, using inside information of the entity they serve or who might have access because of or in the exercise of their functions, as well as allow the improper use of such information to benefit any person.\"","1. Criminal Code of Cape Verde, Ministry of Justice, May 2004, Articles 362º and 365º, http://www.reformadoestado.gov.cv/index.php?Itemid=405\n\n2. Law No. 42/VII/2009, Law of the Civil Service, Official Bulletin, I Series, nº 30,  July 27, 2009, Article 39º.\n\n3. Disciplinary Status of the Agents of the Civil Service, Legislative Decree No. 8/97 of May 8, 1997; Article 3º.","The law clearly defines all acts of conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage as a digression by public servants. The criminal code, article 362 defines public servants to include all civil servants acting in or on behalf of all three branches. MPs are considered to b..."]
["2013_DJ_37",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",37,100,"Les articles 199 à 207 du Code Pénal traitent des manquements à la probité dans les atteintes à l'administration publique commises par les dépositaires de l'autorité publique. Le Code Pénal n'établit pas de distinction entre les délits dans les organes exécutifs du gouvernement et dans la fonction publique. Il réprime les 6 infractions suivantes :\n- concussion\n- corruption passive\n- le trafic d'influence\n- la prise illégale d'intérêts\n- la destruction ou soustraction d'actes ou objets publics\n- le détournement de deniers publics","Articles 199 à 207 du Code Pénal.\n\nTABLE DES MATIERES DU CODE PENAL, http://www.djibouti.mid.ru/doc/UK.htm\n\nhttp://www.presidence.dj/","Les articles 199 à 207 du Code Pénal traitent des manquements à la probité dans les atteintes à l'administration publique commises par les dépositaires de l'autorité publique. Le Code Pénal n'établit pas de distinction entre les délits dans les organes exécutifs du gouvernement et ..."]
["2013_GM_37",2013,"GM","The Gambia",37,100,"Section 222 (1) (4) (9) (10) (13) of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia frowns at nepotism and favouritism by public officers. In accordance with s. 222 (4) of the constitution, a public officer is required in exercising his or her duties to avoid nepotism and favouritism. Further on, a public officer \"shall not put himself or herself in a position where his or her personal interest conflicts with his or her duties or responsibilities\". s. 222 (10).\n\nThis is further buttressed in s. 222 (13) (a) of the constitution, which requires that a public officer \"shall not allow his or her political affiliation to interfere with the discharge of his or her duties\".\n \nThe constitutional provisions apply to all branches of government.","No such law exists. \nThere is, however, Section 222 (1) (4) (9) (10) (13) and the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia, guide and frowns at nepotism and favouritism by public officers.","Section 222 (1) (4) (9) (10) (13) of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia frowns at nepotism and favouritism by public officers. In accordance with s. 222 (4) of the constitution, a public officer is required in exercising his or her duties to avoid nepotism and favo..."]
["2013_LS_37",2013,"LS","Lesotho",37,100,"Section 28 (1) of the Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 prohibits conflicts of interest for public servants as follows: \"A member or an employee of a public body commits the offence of corruption if he or an immediate member of his family has direct or indirect interest in any company or undertaking with which such body proposes to deal, or he has a personal interest in any decision which such body is to make, and he, knowingly, fails to disclose the nature of such interest, or votes or participates in the proceedings of such body reliant to such dealing or decision.\"\n\nSecion 25 (1) regards it as an offence when an agent shows or forbers \"to show favour or disfavour to any person in relation to his principal's affairs or business.\"\n\nSection 8 of the Public Service Act of 1995 establishes merit as the only basis for recruitment into and promotion within the public service. Section 19-23 of the same act outlines disciplinary procedures within the public service.  Section 24 establishes a public service tribunal and provides that a civil servant \"found guilty of breach of discipline may, within 21 days as from the date upon which he is informed of his punishment, appeal to the tribunal by giving to the secretary of the tribunal a written notice of appeal where he shall set out fully the grounds upon which the appeal is based\". Section 27 outlines possible disciplinary measures against a public officer guilty of ill-discipline.","1. Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act 1999, Part IV, Section 28. http://www.commonlii.org/ls/legis/num_act/pocaeoa1999457.pdf\n\n2. Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act (Amendment) Act Number 8 of  2006. Section 14 (1). http://www.lesotholii.org/files/prevention_of_corruption_and_economic_offences_amendment_act_2006.pdf\n\n3. Public Service Act 1995; Section 8, 19-23 and 27. http://www.lesotholii.org/files/node/12229/public_service_act_of_2005_pdf_14765.pdf","Section 28 (1) of the Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 prohibits conflicts of interest for public servants as follows: \"A member or an employee of a public body commits the offence of corruption if he or an immediate member of his family has direct or indi..."]
["2013_LR_37",2013,"LR","Liberia",37,0,"There are guidelines that allow for the merit-based evaluation of public servants and that specify entry barriers (or restrictions against nepotism). Article 5 c in the 1986 Constitution is the only law that speaks about nepotism and other forms of corrupt practices and it applies to all people in the three branches of government. Save for the anti-corruption law that does not specify concrete definitions of nepotism, conflict of interest and patronage, there are no other laws.","No such law exists. \n\nDocument: Human Resource Policy Manual, csa.gov.lr\n\nDocument: Civil Service Management System, csa.gov.lr","There are guidelines that allow for the merit-based evaluation of public servants and that specify entry barriers (or restrictions against nepotism). Article 5 c in the 1986 Constitution is the only law that speaks about nepotism and other forms of corrupt practices and it applies ..."]
["2013_ML_37",2013,"ML","Mali",37,100,"La législation malienne interdit les conflits d'intérêts, le népotisme, le copinage et le favoritisme. La loi s'applique à toutes les branches du gouvernement, y compris la fonction publique. Elle protège contre les mesures disciplinaires arbitraires et contre le licenciement et la récusation. Selon les responsables de la Fonction publique, « la loi promeut des mécanismes tels que des procédures de recrutement et de promotion compétitives ».\nL'article 120 du Code Pénal stipule : « Quiconque pour obtenir, soit l'accomplissement ou l'obtention d'un acte, soit un des avantages ou faveurs prévus aux articles précédents, aura usé de voies de fait ou menaces, des promesses, offres, dons ou présents, ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s'il n'en a pas pris l'initiative sera, que la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des peines édictées par l'article 120 du présent code contre la personne corrompue ».\nL'article 102 interdit aussi explicitement le favoritisme en ces termes: \"Toute personne physique dépositaire de l'autorité publique, chargée d'une mission de service public, investie d'un mandat électif; exerçant des fonctions de représentant, administrateur ou agent de l'Etat ou d'une collectivité publique, d'un établissement public ou d'une société d’état, d'une société à participation financière publique majoritaire, d'une personne morale de droit privé agissant pour le compte de l'Etat ou d'une personne morale de droit public bénéficiant de son concours financier ou de sa garantie, ainsi que toute autre personne agissant pour le compte d'une des personnes susmentionnées, ainsi que leurs complices, qui aura procuré ou tenté de procurer à autrui un avantage injustifié par un acte contraire aux règles du code des marchés publics, ayant pour objet de garantir la liberté d'accès et d'égalité des candidats dans les marchés publics, sera punie d'un emprisonnement de deux mois à dix huit mois et d'une amende de 5 000 000 à 100 000 000 de francs ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement\".","Loi n°82-40 / AN-RM portant Répression de la corruption. Adoptée le 1er avril 1982. Article 3. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20repression%20de%20la%20corruption.pdf\n\nLoi n°01-079 portant Code Pénal. Adoptée le 20 août 2001. Articles 112, 120 et 122.  http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20code%20penal.pdf","La législation malienne interdit les conflits d'intérêts, le népotisme, le copinage et le favoritisme. La loi s'applique à toutes les branches du gouvernement, y compris la fonction publique. Elle protège contre les mesures disciplinaires arbitraires et contre le licenciement et la..."]
["2013_NA_37",2013,"NA","Namibia",37,100,"Nepotism, cronyism, and patronage are addressed by Section 18 (3) of the Public Service Act, No. 13 of 1995. Article 25, (a) I-Q  addresses misconduct of civil servants and provides regulations concerning conflicts of interest and gifts and hospitality for civil servants.\n\nThe Anti-Corruption Act in Chapter four furthermore provides definitions of conflict of interest, patronage and cronyism to be unlawful.","Public Service Act 13 of 1995, August 7 1995, Government Gazette,  http://www.saflii.org/na/legis/num_act/psa1995152.pdf.\n\n\"[i]n the filling of any post in the Public Service or the employment of any person additional to the establishment, only the qualifications, experience, level of training, relative merit, efficiency and suitability of the persons or staff members being considered for appointment, promotion or transfer shall be taken into account.\"\n\nAnti-Corruption Act No. 8 of 2003, Chapter 4, www.accnamibia.org/pnTemp/downloads_upload/anti_corruption_act.pdf","Nepotism, cronyism, and patronage are addressed by Section 18 (3) of the Public Service Act, No. 13 of 1995. Article 25, (a) I-Q  addresses misconduct of civil servants and provides regulations concerning conflicts of interest and gifts and hospitality for civil servants...."]
["2013_SO_37",2013,"SO","Somalia",37,0,"Article 118 of the constitution mandates a competitive recruitment process for permanent jobs within government except under circumstances described by law. The Somaliland civil service law outlines guidelines for promotion procedures and disciplinary actions and dismissal. Other laws reviewed do not explicitly prohibit conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage nor do they provide safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissals.","Chapter 11 (Civil Service)\nArticle 118 (Civil Servants and Public Employees) of the Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution adopted in August 2012\n\nSomaliland civil service law\nLaw No. 7/96\n\nSomali Penal Code\n\nConstitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000\n\nFirst Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional Puntland State of Somalia","Article 118 of the constitution mandates a competitive recruitment process for permanent jobs within government except under circumstances described by law. The Somaliland civil service law outlines guidelines for promotion procedures and disciplinary actions and dismissal. Other l..."]
["2013_SS_37",2013,"SS","South Sudan",37,100,"The following laws address conflicts of interest, patronage, and competitive recruitment. \n\nPenal Code Act, 2008:\n\n-Section 104 of the Penal Code prohibits civil servants from engaging in trade. Section 104 states that “Whoever, being a public servant engages in any trade or business contrary to the provisions of any law, order or regulation, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or with a fine or with both.”\n\n-Section 105 of the Penal Code prohibits a civil servant from engaging in purchasing or bidding. Section 105 states that, “Whoever, being a public servant and being legally bound as such public servant not to purchase or bid for certain property, purchases or bids for that property either in his or her own name or in the name of another or jointly or in shares with others, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nThe Judiciary Act, 2008:\n\n-Article 28 of the Judiciary Act prohibits justices and judges from engaging in business that’s incompatible with the judicial office. Article 28, subsection (1) states that, “Justices and Judges shall not engage in trade or associate their judicial office with any other employment or business incompatible with their duties and which compromise the independence of Judiciary.”\n\n-Article 28, subsection (2) states that “The Judicial Code of Conduct shall specify the businesses and activities which are incompatible with the judicial office and which compromise the independence of Judiciary.”\n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009:\n\n-Section 14 specifies the requirements for eligibility and appointment as a senior staf of the anti-corruption commission. Section 14, subsection (2) of the act states that, “A person shall be eligible for appointment to serve as the Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson or a member of the Commission if he or she meets the following additional requirements:\n(d) not employed in the civil service or any other branch of Government;\n(e) not a holder of an official office or an employee of a political party;\n(f) not a holder of an elected position at any level of government...\"\n\n-Section 21 requires members of the Anti-Corruption Commission to disclose interests in organizations or companies being investigated to prevent conflict of interest. Section 21,  subsection (1) states that, “Any member of the Commission who has a direct or an indirect interest in any matter to be considered by the Commission shall disclose the nature or extent of his or her interest at the meeting of the Commission, before the matter is discussed or considered.”\n\n-Section 21, subsection (3) states that, “A member of the Commission who makes a disclosure under subsection (1) above, shall not participate in the deliberations or take part in any decision of the Commission with respect to that matter.”\n\nCivil Service Provisional Order, 2011\n\n-Section 12 of the Civil Service Provisional Order requires the Civil Service Commission to promote civil service principles and values when exercising its functions and duties. Section 12, subsection (i) states that, “The public service shall be broadly representative of the people of South Sudan with employment and personnel management practices based on ability, objectivity, fair competition for jobs, and the need to redress any imbalances  of the past  to achieve broad  representation  through affirmative action.”\n\nSection 12, subsection (l) states that, “Public officials shall not engage in party politics; no public official may be favoured or victimised because of his or her political opinion; any public official seeking an elective office shall resign from the public service.\"\n\n-Section 26 of the Civil Service Provisional Order restricts senior staff of the civil service commission from seeking employment outside to prevent conflict of interest. Section 26 states that “The chairperson, Deputy Chairperson, Members of the Board and support staff shall not practice any private profession, transact commercial business, or receive remuneration or accept employment of any kind from any other source that the commission.”","Republic of South Sudan, Anti-Corruption Commission Act, section 14, subsections (2), parts (d), (e), and (f) and section 21, subsections (1) and (3).  (2009) .  Retrieved from http://southsudanngoforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Anti-Corruption%20Commission%20Act%202009.pdf \n\nRepublic of South Sedan.  Civil Service Provisional Order, section 12, subsections (i) and (I) and section 26.  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Independant-Commissions-and-Chambers/Civil-Service-Commision/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file0/Civil%20Service%20Commission%20Provional%20Order%202011.pdf \n\nRepublic of South Sudan.  Judiciary Act, article 28, subsections (1) and (2).  (2008) .  Retrieved from http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file7/10.pdf\n\nRepublic of South Sudan. Penal Code Act, sections 104 and 105.  (2008) .  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf","The following laws address conflicts of interest, patronage, and competitive recruitment. \n\nPenal Code Act, 2008:..."]
["2013_TN_37",2013,"TN","Tunisia",37,0,"The law on the Civil Service Statute only addresses conflicts of interest in its Art. 5.","Loi n° 112-1983 du 12 décembre 1983 organisant le statut général de la fonction publique \n \n Tunisian Constitution: http://www.marsad.tn/uploads/documents/Projet_Brouillon_Constit.pdf\n \n http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/tunisia/snapshot.aspx","The law on the Civil Service Statute only addresses conflicts of interest in its Art. 5."]
["2013_BJ_38",2013,"BJ","Benin",38,75,"Les fonctionnaires sont sanctionnés ou révoqués uniquement dans le respect de la procédure prévue par le statut général des agents permanents de l'Etat et assimilés ; les fonctionnaires ne sont donc pas révoqués lorsqu'une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir.\n\nToutefois, pour les postes dits politiques comme les directions des ministères ou des sociétés d'Etat, les ministres font nommer de nouveaux cadres lors du Conseil des ministres après leur prise de fonction à la faveur d'un remaniement ministériel. Cela a été le cas plusieurs fois au cours de la période d'étude.","Les récentes nominations en Conseil des Ministres. (4 août 2013). 24H au Bénin. http://www.journauxdubenin.com/article/les-recentes-nominations-en-conseil-des-ministres\n\nEugène Dossoumou. (5 août 2013). Plusieurs nominations aux Affaires étrangères, à l’Industrie, à l’Energie et à la Famille. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/conseils-des-ministres/15366-plusieurs-nominations-aux-affaires-etrangeres-a-l-industrie-a-l-energie-et-a-la-famille\n\nLe Conseil des Ministres du Mercredi 06 Mars 2013: Plusieurs nominations dans les ministères. (6 mars 2013). Nouvelles Mutations. http://www.nouvellesmutations.com/?p=8319","Les fonctionnaires sont sanctionnés ou révoqués uniquement dans le respect de la procédure prévue par le statut général des agents permanents de l'Etat et assimilés ; les fonctionnaires ne sont donc pas révoqués lorsqu'une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir...."]
["2013_CM_38",2013,"CM","Cameroon",38,0,"The separation of power in Cameroon is very blurred as power is concentrated in the hands of the president who appoints and dismisses public servants without any due process or consultation. \n\nIn addition, 90 per cent of civil servants with authority or senior positions have moved to the top through means of political appointments, which remains the prerogative of the president. As a result, civil servants perform their function with the object of serving the interest of the president and the ruling party and not the state as a whole. \n\nAny due processes through which civil servants can be disciplined in their conduct are weak and made ineffective by party affiliations and patronage. Consequently the work of civil servants in Cameroon is compromised by political interference. In the wake of the September 2013 campaigns for the legislative and municipal elections, 90 per cent of all senior civil servants abandoned their duty post for campaigns on behalf of the ruling party. Since 1982 to the present no new administration has been able take over power and as such civil servants have only been removed when they fall out of their party or act against their party.","Banbong, Mbuwir Tobias.  (2013, October 1) .  [Regional delegate, Ministry of Public Contracts, Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nEbot, Tambe Robert.  (2013, October 1) .  [Head of Teaching and Research, University of Buea, Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nDahiro, Haman.  (2013, September 2) .  [Inspector General of Regional Services, Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization, Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nDibo, Mosamai Emmanuel.  (2013, October 1) .  [Regional delegate, Ministry of Land Tenure, State Property and Survey, Cameroon].  Personal communication.","The separation of power in Cameroon is very blurred as power is concentrated in the hands of the president who appoints and dismisses public servants without any due process or consultation. ..."]
["2013_CG_38",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",38,25,"Les ingérences politiques existent. Pour certaines informations, certains politiciens sollicitent des fonctionnaires pour avoir des faveurs en vue d’un service, souvent avec l’accord des fonctionnaires supérieurs.  \n\nLes politiciens ont souvent pensé qu’ils avaient la mainmise sur les fonctionnaires. Parfois, pour exécuter certains jugements rapidement, on passe par le Ministère de la Justice qui a disposé tout un service de contrôle d’exécution des jugements.\n\nLes ingérences politiques ne manquent pas, elles sont de divers ordres.\n\nLes politiciens se permettent parfois, sans se cacher, d’obtenir des services ou des facilités administratifs des fonctionnaires allant jusqu’à les contrôler alors qu’ils n’ont reçu aucun mandat pour ce faire. L’organisme de surveillance des pratiques des politiciens qui s’ingèrent dans la gestion des fonctionnaires des affaires de l’État n’est pas efficace.","— Mme Lysette Bideme, agent à la fonction publique, direction finances, entrevue du 31/10/2013.\n\n— Mr Okito, greffe civil au tribunal de grande instance de Kinshasa/Matete, entrevue du 31/10/2013.\n\n— Mr Matundu Marcel, agent à la direction des impôts, direction étude et contentieux, le 31 déc. 2013.","Les ingérences politiques existent. Pour certaines informations, certains politiciens sollicitent des fonctionnaires pour avoir des faveurs en vue d’un service, souvent avec l’accord des fonctionnaires supérieurs.  ..."]
["2013_EG_38",2013,"EG","Egypt",38,25,"The Egyptian civil service, especially at its upper echelons, has been ruled by the whims of political elites. For example, in Egypt there is no election, indirect or direct, of governors or mayors. Thus competing governments, whether military-ruled (as of July 2013) or that of Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Morsi (2012-2013), have simply placed their preferred favorites in these positions. \n\nThe most famous case of political inference during the sample period was the decision of the Civil Aviation Authority to hire the president's son at a salary as high as 5,000 dollars a month, though the usual salary for a new graduate in the Egyptian civil service would be 75 dollars a month. Following the coup the military has removed or forced the resignation of many Morsi-era appointments. However, such cases of higher and mid-level positions aside, the Egyptian public sector unions have generally ensured that there is job security and stability at the lower ranks within the civil service.","(2013, March 23) .  Egypt’s police: What happened to reform?.  The Economist.  Retrieved from  http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21574017-police-are-rotten-ever-what-happened-reform.\n\nKingsley, P.  (2013, June 17) .  Egypt's Mohamed Morsi appoints hardline Islamist to govern Luxor.  Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/morsi-appoints-islamist-governor-luxor.\n\n(2013, February 14) .  Nepotism not behind Morsi’s son’s government job, says minister Ahmed Aboul Enein.  Retrieved from http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/02/14/nepotism-not-behind-morsis-sons-government-job-says-minister/.","The Egyptian civil service, especially at its upper echelons, has been ruled by the whims of political elites. For example, in Egypt there is no election, indirect or direct, of governors or mayors. Thus competing governments, whether military-ruled (as of July 2013) or that of Mus..."]
["2013_GH_38",2013,"GH","Ghana",38,75,"In the past year (September 2012 to September 2013), there has been no change in government. The government is formed by the National Democratic Congress that was re-elected in December 2012. Within the period observed, there has not been any arbitrary disciplinary action against any civil servant. \n\nHowever, a large number of civil servants has been disciplined and/or removed from office for various offences or acts which contravened the civil service rules. Those whose offences were considered major, such as stealing, were sacked, while minor offences attracted salary suspension for some months. \n\nAll the disciplined civil servants were probed by investigative panels constituted by the local government service. Notwithstanding, some top level officials in charge of government institutions were asked to go on leave. Those affected were considered political appointees, who had earned their appointments without undergoing any established merit-based system.","1. Madam Charlotte Hanson, public relations officer, National Labour Commission, telephone interview, October 1, 2013, Accra\n\n2. Dr Callistus Mahama, executive director of Local Government Service, telephone interview, October 7, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Isaac Bampoe Addo, executive secretary, Civil and Local Government Staff Association of Ghana, table interview, October 1, 2013, Tamale. \n\n4. Mr Austin Gamey, labour consultant and chief executive officer of Gamey and Gamey Academy of Mediation, contributing to a radio discussion on Joy FM, October 9, 2013, time: 07:25GMT - 07:35GMT, Accra.","In the past year (September 2012 to September 2013), there has been no change in government. The government is formed by the National Democratic Congress that was re-elected in December 2012. Within the period observed, there has not been any arbitrary disciplinary action against a..."]
["2013_LY_38",2013,"LY","Libya",38,0,"The army, the judiciary and the interior are increasingly at the heart of the political struggle. There are certain positions that are supposed to be non-partisan and those who hold them shouldn't have political affiliation, the Department of Justice being the most visible example. But again, that is just on paper. The reality is that the vast majority of positions are allocated according to allegiance, patronage and political favor.","Anonymous - legal xonsultant - DFID, personal communication, November 16, 2013.\n\nAnonymous  - candidate in last year's national elections against Ali Zeidan, current PM, personal communication, November 16, 2013. \n\nAnonymous - head of the league to support free press - Tripoli, personal communication, November 16, 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The army, the judiciary and the interior are increasingly at the heart of the political struggle. There are certain positions that are supposed to be non-partisan and those who hold them shouldn't have political affiliation, the Department of Justice being the most visible example...."]
["2013_MU_38",2013,"MU","Mauritius",38,50,"Removal and transfer of civil servants has to be initiated and approved by the Public Service Commission (PSC). However, it has happened that with changes in power, some civil servants have been transfered. For instance, a permanent secretary from a ministry might be moved to another ministry but for the same post and the same conditions on grounds that a newly appointed minister prefers to work with a permanent secretary with whom he/she is more at ease. There have been no cases of  civil servants being removed with a change of regime except for political appointees at the head of parastatals. Chairpersons of boards of administration of parastatals, who are usually close to the ruling regime and not appointed by the PSC, will normally be removed if a new political party comes into power.\n\nHowever, interviewees have mentioned that there is some degree of political interference in the work of civil servants, especially those at the highest level. A trade unionist interviewed, as well as a former senior official in the public service, argued that there is, at times, political interference, even in recruitment and promotion. Opposition parties are also critical of the way civil service is managed. \n\nOne particular case is the situation at the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development (MITD), following an alleged case of pedophilia from one of the tutors of the MITD with his minor student. The minister of education and human resources publicly spoke in favour of this tutor while the investigation was still ongoing, leading the opposition to condemn what they saw as political interference in the matter.\n\nThe recently nominated vice-chancellor of the University of Mauritius speaks of rumors of political interference concerning her predecessors, which she has yet to experience.","1. Radakrishna Sadien, President of the State Employees’ Federation, interviewed Oct. 2013. \n\n2.  Krish Ponnusamy, former Senior Chief Executive, Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Shipping, on Oct.2, 2013.\n\n3. Title of News Story: MMM : « L’ingérence politique conduit à la dérive du MITD » (MMM :  \"Political Interference leads the MITD to drift away,” Le Mauricien, May 17, 2013. http://www.lemauricien.com/article/mmm-l-ingerence-politique-conduit-la-derive-du-mitd \n\n4. Title of News Story: Romila Mohee : La femme des toutes premières fois (Romila Mohee: A pioneering woman),  M. Annick Savripen, Sept. 9, 2013, online at http://www.lexpress.mu/article/romila-mohee-la-femme-des-toutes-premieres-fois","Removal and transfer of civil servants has to be initiated and approved by the Public Service Commission (PSC). However, it has happened that with changes in power, some civil servants have been transfered. For instance, a permanent secretary from a ministry might be moved to anoth..."]
["2013_MZ_38",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",38,0,"Just as described for the period last year, during the period of study from September 2012 to Septmeber 2013, the Frelimo party - in power for over 38 years - has continued to control all spheres of the state. Civil servants are subject to the will of the party. Generally, and outside the capital Maputo, the employees who identify  themselves as members of the opposition parties, particularly Renamo and the Movimento Democratico de Mocambique, are subject to abuse, demotions, transfers to hidden locations or are intimidated. Frelimo holds closed party meetings in workplaces during working hours which is not permitted for other political forces. Some civil servants take part in such meetings, not because they want to, but because they fear reprisals.","1. Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integhrity. September 17, 2013.\n\n2. \"RENAMO acusa FRELIMO de partidarizar Estado moçambicano\". Guilherme Correia da Silva. Deutsche Welle. May 7, 2013, http://www.dw.de/renamo-acusa-frelimo-de-partidarizar-estado-mo%C3%A7ambicano/a-16796235.\n\n3. \"Magistrados denunciam interferência do Governo\". Redaccao. O Pais. May 23, 2013. http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2013/03/magistrados-denunciam-interfer%C3%AAncia-do-governo.html.\n\n4. “Nunca tive uma interferência directa do poder político”. Arsenio Henriques. O Pais.  April 17, 2013. http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/component/content/article/63-politica/24992-nunca-tive-uma-interferencia-directa-do-poder-politico.html.","Just as described for the period last year, during the period of study from September 2012 to Septmeber 2013, the Frelimo party - in power for over 38 years - has continued to control all spheres of the state. Civil servants are subject to the will of the party. Generally, and outs..."]
["2013_NG_38",2013,"NG","Nigeria",38,50,"While the government officially maintains a non-interference policy towards the civil service, occasionally, however, civil servants are punished in ways that reflect the opposite. In September, a member of staff was sanctioned for writing an article critical of a senior minister. Incidentally, the article criticised the minister's decision to appoint people without following due process.\n\nUnder such circumstances, discipline will be delivered by an oversight panel, but at the behest of the government. \n\nOn the other hand, the government refused to punish another senior civil servant indicted by the senate, for massive corruption. The alleged plausible reason was that the official was close to the powers. With immense pressure from the lawmakers, the official was fired eventually. \n\nThe government has not changed between 2012 and 2013 to assess whether staff were removed, although such removal occurred in the past.","1. Eagle Online, Segun Adebowale, NEMA Head of PR removed over offending article on Okonjo-Iweala, April 18, 2013, \nhttp://theeagleonline.com.ng/news/nema-head-of-pr-removed-over-offending-article-on-okonjo-iweala/\n\n2. Yushau Shuaib, sacked spokesperson, National Emergency Management Agency, Abuja, October 15, 2013.\n\n3. Punch newspaper, FG sacks ex-NEMA spokesman over article on Okonjo-Iweala, October 9, 2013, \nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/fg-sacks-ex-nema-spokesman-over-article-on-okonjo-iweala/\n\n4. Vanguard, Senate declares war with Jonathan over Maina, Henry Umoru & Joseph Erunke, February 14, 2013, \nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/senate-declares-war-with-jonathan-over-maina/","While the government officially maintains a non-interference policy towards the civil service, occasionally, however, civil servants are punished in ways that reflect the opposite. In September, a member of staff was sanctioned for writing an article critical of a senior minister. ..."]
["2013_SL_38",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",38,50,"Most civil servants in Sierra Leone are disciplined and removed through due process by a committee set up in respective agencies and ministries in collaboration with the human resource management office and they are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nHowever, in very “sensitive positions” civil servants are concerned with political interference. In fact, civil servants are sometimes transferred or “called to other duties” when they do not “obey” their supervisor or when, according to their new “supervisor”, they do not fit in a specific position.  In the government, the top supervisor is the Head of State of the President.","Joseph F. Kamara, Anti Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013\n\nMr. Kargbo, Civil service Training College, Training Instructor, October 22, 2013","Most civil servants in Sierra Leone are disciplined and removed through due process by a committee set up in respective agencies and ministries in collaboration with the human resource management office and they are not removed when a new administration takes power...."]
["2013_SZ_38",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",38,50,"Competition for positions in the security forces is high, and jobs are secured through patronage and bribery. Civil servants in Swaziland can obtain their jobs through nepotism, and the issue becomes not so much their removal through irregular means, but how to remove them at all when they fail to perform their work. Similarly, ghost employees are kept on payroll so ministry officials will be able to pocket their salaries. This is an on-going concern. \n\nDepending on whether they could be considered as civil servants, it is common for members of the boards of government-controlled companies who are government-paid workers to have their services terminated whenever a new administration (a new minister in charge) assumes office.\n \n The Swaziland civil service union and the Swaziland National Association of Civil Servants are strong organisations that protect their members' rights. The union challenges unfair dismissals. Dismissals and disciplinary hearings for civil servants must be conducted according to standard procedures endorsed by the union. \n \n An example from 2012 illustrates how civil servants firings could be done against procedure. The minister of education fired about 200 teachers for engaging in a prolonged strike and defined the legality of doing so without any disciplinary hearing on the grounds that the teachers \"had been warned\". Local pressure from the teachers union, which had the support of international partners, resulted in a decree of clemency from King Mswati III, who said the teachers must be reinstated. Neither the firings or reinstatement of the teachers was done according to laid-down procedures.","Interview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 19 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Anonymous, Civil servant, Mbabane, 15 September 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Interview: Anonymous, Police Officer, Shiselweni Region, 15 September 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n \"King Reinstated Fired Teachers,\" Samkelo Ngwenya, Times of Swaziland, 16 August 2012.","Competition for positions in the security forces is high, and jobs are secured through patronage and bribery. Civil servants in Swaziland can obtain their jobs through nepotism, and the issue becomes not so much their removal through irregular means, but how to remove them at all w..."]
["2013_ZM_38",2013,"ZM","Zambia",38,0,"The history of politics in Zambia has been such that new adinistrations tend to pick some people they want to work with. The current administration which came in to power two years ago is not an exception. \n\nThere have been a number of people who have been retired (dismissed) in what the government terms as the 'national interest', across various government ministries, since the Patriotic Front government came into power. Sometimes the retired civil servants are accused of being incompetent or violating their terms of employment, while others are not. Dismissal is sometimes instant and mostly not known to involve any panel. \n\nState-owned media is mostly affected by these dimissals/retirements. Workers normally belong to different political parties and sometimes those who belong to the ruling parties tend to do what they want, even if it is against their terms and conditions of work. It is difficult to discipline such workers, because they get the backing of the politicians, who have their loyalty. Sometimes, it is difficult for an institution to operate freely as was the case when the current President Sata castigated the Anti-Corruption Commission over probing Justice Minister Wynter Kabimba (source cited).","(1) Lusakatimes.com, Government confirms retiring Clive Chirwa in national interest, June 17 2013 5:13, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/06/17/government-confirms-retiring-clive-chirwa-in-national-interest/.\n \n (2) Zambian Watchdog, Lubinda Fires ZNBC Bosses, Recycles Kenneth Maduma, October 6 2011, http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/lubinda-fires-znbc-bosses-recycles-kenneth-maduma/comment-page-1/.\n \n (3) Tumfweko, ZNBC ‘Clean Up’ Begins As Himanje, Doris Mulenga Are Retired, November 6 2011, http://tumfweko.com/2011/11/06/znbc-clean-up-begins-as-himanje-doris-mulenga-are-retired/.\n \n (4) Lusakatimes.com, President Sata retires Permanent Secretary Major. Francis Kamanga, October 1 2012, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/10/01/president-sata-retires-permanent-secretary-major-francis-kamanga/.\n \n (5) Interview with Simeon Kaleji, assistant secretary general, National Union of Communication Workers, on September 25 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia. \n \n (6) Daily Nation, ACC under pressure to clear Wynter Kabimba, October 18 2012, http://zambiadailynation.com/2012/10/18/acc-under-pressure-to-clear-wynter-kabimba/.\n \n (7) Lusakatimes.com, NGOCC calls on Wynter Kabimba to apologise to ACC, December 5 2012, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/12/05/ngocc-calls-wynter-kabimba-apologise-acc/.","The history of politics in Zambia has been such that new adinistrations tend to pick some people they want to work with. The current administration which came in to power two years ago is not an exception. ..."]
["2013_BW_39",2013,"BW","Botswana",39,50,"Some appointments to leadership positions in the civil service are politically influenced. \n\nHowever, some departments are renowned for appointing the best minds judging from their previous work experience and contributions to their particular sector of interest. In some cases, appointments in the civil service have been used as a reward for loyalty to those affiliated to the ruling party. \n\nAs the articles provided will prove, a number of those sent for lucrative diplomatic missions, ministerial positions, heads of various government departments are those of made from political affiliations instead of merit.","1. Website:  Department of Public Service Management , Botswana Government Portal,  www.gov.bw/Ministries--Authorities/...DPSM1/.../DPSM-Services/‎.\n\n2. Article: Botswana’s diplomatic missions dominated by BDP appointees (news), Oliver Modise, Sunday Standard, August 1 2013, www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?newsid=17458&groupid=1.\n\n 3. Article: Fatshe leno la bone (analysis), Tshireletso Motlogelwa, Mmegi newspaper, September 28 2012, www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=10&aid=26&div=2012/september/friday28.\n\n4. Article: Public service must introspect if it is to remain relevant, Mmegi blog, Lawrence Ookeditse, June 2013, www.mmegi.bw.php?sid=6&aid=697.","Some appointments to leadership positions in the civil service are politically influenced. \n\nHowever, some departments are renowned for appointing the best minds judging from their previo..."]
["2013_KM_39",2013,"KM","Comoros",39,0,"L’administration publique comorienne est minée par le clientélisme. Les fonctionnaires ne sont pas recrutés selon le mérite, mais sur des critères personnels et discrétionnaires tels que l'appartenance familiale, clanique ou politique. Cette situation prévaut même si la loi dit que les fonctionnaires doivent être recrutés sur concours.\n\nConscient de ce problème, le gouvernement a tenu un séminaire en septembre 2013 sur la réforme de la fonction publique, dont le thème a porté sur le leadership et la vision sur la stratégie de réforme de la fonction publique.\n\nEn octobre 2013, l’État comorien a organisé un atelier visant l’évaluation de ses agents. Une évaluation qui, selon Saïd Mohamed Ali Saïd, Secrétaire général du gouvernement, s’articule sur trois principaux objectifs : efficacité, compétence et modernité.","Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nComores Info. (17 septembre 2013). « Séminaire gouvernemental, réforme de la fonction publique». Comores-info: http://www.comores-infos.net/seminaire-gouvernemental-reforme-de-la-fonction-publique/\n\nMSA, (12 octobre 2013). « FOP: bientôt débutera l'évaluation des agents des agents de l'État ». Al-watwan Magazine: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&title=Fop-bientot-debutera-l-evaluation-des-agents-de-l-Etat&actu_id=5793)","L’administration publique comorienne est minée par le clientélisme. Les fonctionnaires ne sont pas recrutés selon le mérite, mais sur des critères personnels et discrétionnaires tels que l'appartenance familiale, clanique ou politique. Cette situation prévaut même si la loi dit que..."]
["2013_CI_39",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",39,50,"Les fonctionnaires ivoiriens sont, selon la règlementation en vigueur, censés être évalués et notés sur la base des critères suivants: discipline, performance, esprit d’équipe, ponctualité, présence au travail et esprit d’initiative. Dans les faits, ces critères de notation n’ont pas été effectifs au cours des dernières années. Cependant, les choses semblent être en train de changer. Tous les fonctionnaires ont récemment été priés de soumettre au plus tard le 30 juin 2013 les notes attribuées par leurs chefs hiérarchiques à travers un système en ligne hébergé sur le site Internet du ministère de la Fonction publique et de la Réforme administrative.\n\nL’objectif de ces notes n’était pas de mesurer la performance des fonctionnaires en tant que tel. Il s’agissait plutôt de s’assurer de leur présence effective et particulièrement d’identifier ceux qui, sans se présenter au travail, continuaient à être payés.\n\nCela étant, la notation des fonctionnaires sert généralement de base aux décisions de promotion et d’avancement dans les différentes catégories et indices de la fonction publique. Selon le ministre de la Fonction publique et de la Reforme administrative, les notations seront dorénavant prises en considération lorsqu’il s’agira de promouvoir les fonctionnaires à des postes de responsabilité; ce qui n’était pas vraiment le cas jusqu’à présent.\n\nDans le même ordre d’idées, le mérite professionnel, bien que pris en compte dans une certaine mesure, était rarement le critère déterminant considéré avant la nomination des fonctionnaires, particulièrement ceux occupant des postes de responsabilités ou de direction. Les nominations au sein de la fonction publique brillent généralement par leur absence de transparence et reposent significativement sur des loyautés et liens personnels, familiaux, des sympathies ou affiliations politiques et/ou régionales.","Interview avec un fonctionnaire du ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Anonyme. 31 août 2013.\n\nRépublique de Côte d’Ivoire, ministère de la Fonction publique et de la Réforme administrative. (13 aout 2013). Conférence de presse du ministre de la Fonction publique et de la Réforme administrative sur l’opération d’identification/notation et les concours de l’ENA. Portail du ministère de la Fonction publique et de la Réforme administrative. Repéré à : http://www.fonctionpublique.gouv.ci/\n\nSory, D. « Opération de notation des fonctionnaires : Gnamien Konan menace encore : \"Des fonctionnaires bientôt devant le Conseil de discipline\" ». Abidjan.net. repéré à : http://news.abidjan.net/h/463517.html\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Les fonctionnaires ivoiriens sont, selon la règlementation en vigueur, censés être évalués et notés sur la base des critères suivants: discipline, performance, esprit d’équipe, ponctualité, présence au travail et esprit d’initiative. Dans les faits, ces critères de notation n’ont p..."]
["2013_GA_39",2013,"GA","Gabon",39,25,"The merit-based systems in place are largely ineffective. Not all civil servants are appointed for their merit and not all are free of political party affiliations, personal loyalties or family connections. However, administrative reforms since 2010 have begun to streamline administrative procedures.\n\nSince President Bongo Ondimba launched the reforms of the civil service in 2010, successive plans have led to the streamlining (\"régularisation\") of approximately 70,000 public sector jobs. The reforms are aimed at reducing overstaffing, especially of those between the ages of 41 and 55 or with a minimum of 15 years of pensionable service.\n\nWith the implementation of civil service reforms, performance evaluations will increasingly be based on standard benchmarks. Budget Ministry oversight of recruitment practices has already led to efficiency gains. In 2013, a new wave of early retirements began to streamline the civil service and helped to improve accountability.\n\nSince 2010, the government has tried to reduce inefficiencies in the civil service and improve public expenditure. The Budget, National Accounts and Civil Service Ministry (Ministère du Budget, des Comptes Publics et de la Fonction Publique) has been tasked with appointing and evaluating civil servants. The Ministry has instituted a card-based system to prevent fraud or favoritism as part of the recruitment process. Previously, lack of oversight resulted in the uncontrolled hiring of civil servants.\n\nStill, the civil service continues to be heavily influenced by the officials and policies laid out by the ruling Gabonese Democratic Party (Parti Démocratique Gabonais, PDG). Since a multi-party system was instituted in 1990, the PDG has been dominant in civil service, both nationally and in the country’s nine provinces. As of September 2013, the multi-pronged approach to public sector staff reductions had improved hiring transparency as well as a decrease in rent-seeking behavior.\n\nA draft bill was adopted by the Council of Ministers  (Direction centrale des ressources humaines, DCRH) setting up human resource centers at each ministry. These entities will report directly to the General Directorate of Administration (Direction Générale de l’Administration et de la Fonction Publique, DGAFP). The DCRH will examine candidate profiles and the DGAFP will oversee performance, competencies and internal mobility.\n\nOn 27 June 2013, the government launched a new plan for early retirements and voluntary redundancies. At the annual planning sessions on 15 July 2013, Budget Minister Rose Ossouka Raponda stated that her ministry would now be in charge of the appointment of civil servants. She added that this would help correct inequalities and contain salary growth in the public sector.\n\nOn 14 October 2013, the Budget Minister was given the go-ahead by the Council of Ministers to officially deploy the early retirement program, known as the Programme de Départ Volontaire et de Retraite Anticipée des Agents Publics (PDVRA).\n\nAn anonymous source cites the case of his spouse, previously a civil servant at the Ministry of Planning (now the Ministry of Economy). She was removed from her post at the Ministry in 2010 when new officials were appointed at the ministry. According to this source, every year or every three years, the ministries sent personnel to the Administrative Career Preparation School (EPCA/École de préparation aux carrières administratives), as a recycling mechanism of civil servants by changing categories.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(2013, October 14) . Communiqué final du Conseil des Ministres et Mesures Individuelles.  Union des jeunes du parti démocratique gabonais (UJPDG).  Retrieved from http://ujpdg-france.vefblog.net/757.html#Communique_Final_du_Conseil_des_Ministres_du_Lundi_2\n\n(2013, May 18) .  Gabon: la politique du partage à la fonction publique.  Infosgabon.  Retrieved from http://infosgabon.com/?p=26444\n\n(2013, August 1) .  La fonction publique va se prévaloir du droit de recrutement des agents publics.  GabonEdito.\n\nMoumomba, B.  (2013, June 30) .  Gabon – UPG: Réduction des effectifs de la fonction publique, la principale faute économique du gouvernement Ndong Sima.  Médiapart.  Retrieved from http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/ben-moubamba/300613/gabon-upg-reduction-des-effectifs-de-la-fonction-publique-la-principale-faute-economique-du-gouver\n\nRépublique Française, Ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, Ministère du Commerce Extérieur, and Direction Générale du Trésor.  (2013, Feburary 28) .  Budget 2013 de l’état gabonais.  Retrieved from https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/6898_budget-2013-de-letat-gabonais","The merit-based systems in place are largely ineffective. Not all civil servants are appointed for their merit and not all are free of political party affiliations, personal loyalties or family connections. However, administrative reforms since 2010 have begun to streamline adminis..."]
["2013_GW_39",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",39,0,"No merit-based system is applied in Guinea Bissau. On the contrary, numerous civil servants are arbitrarily appointed through personal networks and relationships. The main appointment criterion is relationships held in confidence.\n\nAs professional criteria are generally not considered, but personal loyalties, family connections or political party affiliations, the public administration is very weak. Numerous conflicts of interest exist between career employees and those who have accessed to public functions by arbitrary appointments. There are hardly any performance evaluations, and it is a frequent occurrence that senior staff exercises political power and are responsible for conducting evaluations. People rarely end their mandates and are replaced before having conducted the evaluations.\n\nEvaluations with professional criteria are rare and most of the promotions are made according to personal loyalties and patronage. New civil service appointments are done through loyalties, and relations of confidence thicken the number of employees in public administration.","1. Name: Tairo Djalo, \nPosition: Regional Secretary, Region of Bafata\nWhere he works: Bafata, Regional Government\nDate of interview: October 17, 2013.\n\n2. Name: Mafuge Djalo, \nPosition: Director of Insular Affairs, Ministry of Territorial Administration\nWhere he works: Bissau, Ministry of Territorial Administration\nDate of interview: October 17, 2013.\n\n3. Name: Adul Cande\nPosition: Civil registry officer in region of Gabu, Ministry of Justice\nWhere he works: Gabu & Bissau, Ministry of Justice\nDate of interview: October 17, 2013.","No merit-based system is applied in Guinea Bissau. On the contrary, numerous civil servants are arbitrarily appointed through personal networks and relationships. The main appointment criterion is relationships held in confidence...."]
["2013_MG_39",2013,"MG","Madagascar",39,25,"Les lois et autres réglementations et autres procédures existent bel et bien en matière de recrutements, de nominations et d’avancements des fonctionnaires. Mais elles ne sont pas suivies, quel que soit le niveau de la catégorie d’emplois, surtout depuis la crise politique de 2009. Le copinage et la corruption sont devenus une pratique courant et l’argent y joue un rôle majeur. Ainsi, la connaissance de quelqu’un sur place est inévitable pour les recrutements et les nominations. Il en va de même pour les affectations. Tous les secteurs sont touchés, même les Forces armées. Les interventions de toutes sortes jouent aussi un rôle, toujours basées sur la connaissance de quelqu’un.\n\nL’Exposé des motifs de la Loi n° 2003-011 sur le statut général des fonctionnaires spécifie que l’un des points forts de la loi est la dépolitisation de l’administration.  Mais la réalité est tout autre, car la politisation de la fonction publique n’a pas du tout changé si l’on se réfère à l’article de Madagascar Tribune du 10 avril 2013, qui parle des actions engagées au niveau du ministère de l’Éducation nationale d’enrôler dans le parti politique du ministre des fonctionnaires du ministère. Dans de telles conditions, il va sans dire que les critères de nomination et d’évaluation seront fonction de critères purement politiques et non professionnels. C’est à ce sujet que, dans son interview, la journaliste a spécifié que les nominations et autres sont plutôt basées sur des relations personnelles. \n\nLe Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité (dont l’une des missions est d’appuyer la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale en matière d’intégrité) avoue qu’il n’y a pas de « récompenses pour les comportements favorables à la gouvernance des responsables publics » (Rapport annuel CSI 2012, page 8). C’est une constatation capitale, car il y a eu des nominations, des avancements et des promotions au sein du corps des fonctionnaires. De ce constat du CSI, ceux-ci ont donc été exécutés sur des bases autres que professionnelles.\nIl y a presque deux mois, un certain nombre de hauts fonctionnaires (chefs de régions) ont été limogés en Conseil des ministres. Si l’on se réfère à l’article de Madagascar Tribune du 7 août 2013, les sept chefs de région ont été limogés pour des raisons purement politiques. \n\nPour les concours administratifs, notamment aux hauts emplois de l’État (administrateurs civils, magistrats, officiers de l’armée et de la gendarmerie, commissaires de police, diplomates), les ministères concernés signent une convention de collaboration pour instaurer un climat de confiance entre toutes les parties. Mais cela n’empêche pas les trafics de tous genres, d’où la déclaration présidentielle sur le niveau de la corruption dans le pays (cf. Source 1).\n\nPour les journalistes, la réponse est non, car « à chaque nouveau régime, le système, voire les hauts fonctionnaires changent aussi ».","-«Discours de Rajoelina. Les plaies de la Transition mises à nu», Kolorindra Garry, Fabrice Ranaivoson, L’Express de Madagascar, 2 janvier 2013.\nhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/discours-de-rajoelina-madagascar/39740-les-plaies-de-la-transition-mises-a-nu.html\n- Revue des communiqués de l’Observatoire de la vie publique, 27 septembre 2013. \nhttp://justmad.canalblog.com/archives/2012/01/01/19546895.html\n- «Administration des régions. 7 chefs de région, donnés pour être remplacés», Madagascar Tribune, 7 août 2013. \nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/7-chefs-de-region-donnes-pour-etre,19005.html\n- Site du Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité (CSI).\nhttp://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/ , 1 octobre 2013.\n- «Politisation de l’éducation nationale. Manoro Régis réplique», Madagascar Tribune, 10 avril 2013. \nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Manoro-Regis-replique,18614.html\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 1 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rajoarihery W. Victor, président de l’Association nationale des enseignants publics non fonctionnaires, Antananarivo, 02 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Rakotoarisoa V. Angela, assistante juridique du centre d’assistance juridique et d’action Citoyenne (Advocacy and Legal Advisory Center), Antananarivo, 02 septembre 2003.  (Interview)\n- Tsihiavonana Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 4 octobre 2013. (Interview)","Les lois et autres réglementations et autres procédures existent bel et bien en matière de recrutements, de nominations et d’avancements des fonctionnaires. Mais elles ne sont pas suivies, quel que soit le niveau de la catégorie d’emplois, surtout depuis la crise politique de 2009...."]
["2013_MZ_39",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",39,0,"Although the country has recorded a few cases of civil servants that were appointed based on merit, generally Frelimo (in power since independence), controls all spheres of the state and influences the appointment of civil servants for many positions. Conflict within Frelimo results in competing imperatives that modulate appointments sometimes.  \n\nHowever, though various factions compete, Frelimo still dominates appointment processes.","1.        Baltazar Fael. Reserach Director. Center for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013.\n\n2.        “Os jovens não podem continuar instrumentalizados por sonhos alheios”. Redaccao. O Pais. December 27, 2012, http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2012/12/os-jovens-n%C3%A3o-podem-continuar-instrumentalizados-por-sonhos-alheios.html.\n\n3.        \"RENAMO acusa FRELIMO de partidarizar Estado moçambicano\".Guilherme Correia da Silva. Deutshe Welle. May 7, 2013, http://www.dw.de/renamo-acusa-frelimo-de-partidarizar-estado-mo%C3%A7ambicano/a-16796235.\n\n4.        \"Sonho inalcancavel\". Redaccao. A Verdade. April 11, 2013, http://ambicanos.blogspot.com/2013/04/editorial-sonho-inalcancavel.html","Although the country has recorded a few cases of civil servants that were appointed based on merit, generally Frelimo (in power since independence), controls all spheres of the state and influences the appointment of civil servants for many positions. Conflict within Frelimo result..."]
["2013_ST_39",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",39,0,"Professional criteria are not considered when people are appointed and evaluated in the civil service of Sao Tomé.  \n\nAppointments to positions in the public service, especially for management positions or division heads, are made according to political conviction.","1. Daena Neto. Civil servant. Ministry of Foreign Affaires and Cooperation. October 2 2013.\n\n2. Celiza de Deus Lima. President of the Bar. Bar Association. September 23 2013.","Professional criteria are not considered when people are appointed and evaluated in the civil service of Sao Tomé.  ..."]
["2013_SL_39",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",39,25,"The public service commission is charged with the responsibility of recruiting members of the civil service. Over the past year, not all appointments are free from conflicts of interest within the civil service. \n\nBecause of the many flaws in appointments, there have been many reported cases of conflict of interest within the civil service that had even caused the anti-corruption commission to be charged with more than five reported cases of conflict of interest among members of the civil service. Appointment into the civil service is based on connections. There is inefficiency among members since there is no standard benchmark that is applied to all officers.","Joseph F. Kamara, Anti-Corruption Commission, Commissioner, October 10, 2013\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013  \n\nSalifu Conteh, Standard Times, Court Reporter, October 23, 2013","The public service commission is charged with the responsibility of recruiting members of the civil service. Over the past year, not all appointments are free from conflicts of interest within the civil service. ..."]
["2013_ZA_39",2013,"ZA","South Africa",39,50,"There is ample evidence that large parts of the civil service work according to the rules agreed upon. While there are isolated (yet in a few cases massive) incidences of either conflicts of interest, non-merit-based appointments, or questionable promotions, by and large the South African Civil service is doing a good job of maintaining the rules established and abiding by the mechanisms to adhere to a merit-based public service. \n\nThe issue of skills, merits and qualifications of South Africa's civil servants has been making headlines for quite some time. In September 2013, senior KwaZuluNatal police spokesperson Vincent Mdunge quit his job after being told he would face disciplinary action and criminal prosecution over his fake high school diploma. Recently, the department of education confessed that it has over 7,000 unqualified teachers (only in possession of a high school diploma) on its payrolls, as well as some 2,600 under-qualified teachers. \n\nIn April 2013, South Africa's Auditor General, Terence Nombembe, stated how the majority of South African civil servants lacked the necessary skills to do their job. He stated that \"people who are in government are beyond the ability to be trained, and that is in the majority of the departments\". \"Skills are in short supply. There is no direct match of skills to the job. We are dealing with the basics that are known, important basic things that make people upset, basic things that result in lack of service delivery. It is elementary knowledge that there is a lack of a culture of respecting the rule of law or of compliance to the rule of law in most government departments.\n\n\"Financial governance is critical but there is a lack of quality in financial statements and reports. There are improvements but also regressions. Of concern is that there is a lack of consequences for poor performance and transgressions,\" he noted. \n\nThe national audit over the 2011/12 tax year showed something similar. The outcome showed that over R60 billion in irregular expenditure had gone unaccounted for in the 2011/12 financial year (up from R46 billion in the year before). Minister Lindiwe Sisulu responded to the audit saying how all 1.3 million civil servants had to go back to school to make the public sector and particularly service delivery more competent, professional and efficient. While this is a step in the right direction, this particular development will only produce results in a couple of years – after everyone has been retrained.  \n\nCorruption within the public sector, and among civil servants, as well as political influence and ties remains a huge problem. Between 2007 and 2012, South Africa  has dropped 26 places on the Transparency International corruption perceptions index. Earlier in 2013, it came to light how former communications minister Dina Pule had given her boyfriend’s company a large government contract. In October 2013, the eThekwini municipality started an investigation into the awarding of a R3.7 million contract for entertainment during the BRICS summit hosted in Durban, to a company headed by Jacob Zuma’s cousin Sibusiso Mzobe. \n \nThe Public Service Commission has the task to investigate, monitor, and evaluate the administration of the public service and to evaluation of achievements of government programmes. Then there is the Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation, which aims to strengthen the use of monitoring and evaluation to improve performance of civil servants (“evaluation benchmarks”).The latter organisation has introduced various monitoring and evaluation tools including the management performance assessment tool). The 2012/13 results show that there has not been sufficient improvement in the level of compliance with regulatory frameworks and policies. The results point to weaknesses in human resource management, financial management, governance and accountability. The overall conclusion is that departments need to do more to improve the quality of their management practices.","Public Service Commission to examine irregular appointment at agriculture department, Business Day, July 19 2013, www.bdlive.co.za/national/2013/07/19/public-service-commission-to-examine-irregular-appointment-at-agriculture-department.\n\nKZN cop resigns over 'invalid' matric certificate, Eye Witness News, September 28 2013, http://ewn.co.za/2013/09/28/KZN-cop-resigns-over-invalid-matric-certificate.\n\nAG Flunks SA's public servants, Sunday World, April 29 2013, www.sundayworld.co.za/news/2013/04/28/a-g-flunks-sa-s-public-servants.\n\nSouth Africa National Audit 2011/2012, the South African Auditor General, March 2013,                              http://www.agsa.co.za/Documents/Auditreports/PFMAgeneralreportsnational.aspx.\n\nValue in the classroom: the quantity and quality of South Africa's teachers, Centre for Development and Enterprise, September 2011, www.cde.org.za/education-skills-and-markets/79-education/111-value-in-the-classroom-the-quantity-and-quality-of-south-africa-s-teachers.\n\nProbe into tender handed to Zuma cousin, The Mercury, October 2 2013, www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/probe-into-tender-handed-to-zuma-cousin-1.1585693#.Uk-y3GQpaiJ.\n\n2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, Transparency International, 2013, www.transparency.org/cpi2012/in_detail.\n\nIs South Africa really complying with the anti-corruption protocols it has ratified?, Hamadziripi Tamukamoyo, Governance Crime and Justice Division, Institute for Security Studies, July 2013, \nwww.issafrica.org/iss-today/is-south-africa-really-complying-with-the-anti-corruption-protocols-it-has-ratified.\n\nState of management practices in the Public Service- Results of management performance assessments for the 2012/13 financial year, Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation, July 22 2013, www.thepresidency-dpme.gov.za/dpmewebsite/_admin/Images/ProductDocuments/AB%20MPAT%2020112%20Results%20report%20printer%20version.pdf.\n\nA-G Flunks SA's public servants, Madala Thepa, The Sowetan, April 28 2013, http://www.sundayworld.co.za/news/2013/04/28/a-g-flunks-sa-s-public-servants.","There is ample evidence that large parts of the civil service work according to the rules agreed upon. While there are isolated (yet in a few cases massive) incidences of either conflicts of interest, non-merit-based appointments, or questionable promotions, by and large the South ..."]
["2013_TG_39",2013,"TG","Togo",39,25,"Il s’agit d’un sujet extrêmement sensible, voire carrément tabou. L’administration publique et les forces armées seraient composées en majorité de Kabyié, une ethnie issue du nord du pays, dont la famille Gnassingbé, à la tête du pays depuis plus de 50 ans, est originaire. Le sujet est très peu développé dans les médias ou dans des études, et la question du clivage nord/sud, politiquement omniprésente, est véritablement passée sous silence.\n \n Toutefois, une timide évolution est perceptible depuis l’élection de Faure Gnassimgbe à la Présidence de la République en 2005.\n \n Têvi, 2013 « Le constat est pour lui mitigé. Une partie des fonctionnaires ne sont en effet pas nommés pour leurs compétences, mais il est difficile d’apprécier dans quelle proportion. » \n \n Alipui, Diallo, Mansah-Pierucci et Abiyi, 2013, « la CVJR insiste dans ses recommandations 23, 30 et 31 sur la question de l’accès aux emplois publics et privés. Ils doivent être basés sur des critères uniques de formation et d’expérience et non pas d’appartenance régionale. La pratique inverse au Togo, ancienne et continue, est porteuse de conflits à long terme. »\n \n Koffigan, 2012, «Les informations décrites dans le tableau sont invérifiables, mais donnent un aperçu de la prédominance de l’éthnie Kabyié dans tous les corps professionnels de l’administration publique. » \n \n Kédjagni, 2013, l’article revient sur l’arrestation du directeur de la publication de « La Nouvelle », Bonéro Lawson-Betum. Ce dernier a été appréhendé chez lui par des éléments du Service de recherche et d’investigation (SRI) après une plainte déposée par Tony Sodji pour violence. De sources proches du dossier, M. Lawson-Betum aurait également été interrogé sur certains de ses écrits, notamment un article sur les femmes de Faure Gnassingbé et un second portant sur la problématique du tribalisme dans l’administration togolaise. \n \n Œil du Lynx, 2012, « Hormis la police nationale et le service des douanes, le service des impôts est de loin le plus corrompu des administrations publiques au Togo. L’on y entre uniquement par cooptation ou sur recommandation. »","Sébastien Ayikoué Têvi, Secrétaire général, Confédération syndicale des travailleurs du Togo (CSTT), 2 octobre 2013.\n \n Kédjagni, R. (16 mai 2013). « La plainte de Tony Sodji retirée, la libération de Bonéro Lawson s’impose ». icilome.com. Repéré à http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=31809.\n \n Victor Alipui, Kanny Sokpoh Diallo, Marcelline Mansah-Pierucci et Awakizim Abiyi. (2013). Groupe de travail CVJR du PASCRENA. Rapport final. Lomé, Togo. Repéré à http://www.pascrena.tg/IMG/pdf/Rapport_final_du_groupe_de_travail_CVJR-2.pdf.\n \n Koffigan, A. (1er aout 2012). « Togo: l’ethnie Kabyè domine l’administration ». Etiame.com. Repéré à http://www.etiame.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=350:togo-lethnie-kabye-domine-ladministration-togolaise&catid=6:information&Itemid=5.\n \n Œil du Lynx. (9 octobre 2012). « Togo. Bienvenu dans le club fermé des impôts. La gestion de la cité selon l'économiste Faure Gnassingbé ». Taffa Biassi Lynx.info. Repéré à http://www.lynxtogo.info/links/oeil-du-lynx/3041-togo-bienvenu-dans-le-club-ferme-des-impotsla-gestion-de-leconomiste-faure-gnassingbe.html.","Il s’agit d’un sujet extrêmement sensible, voire carrément tabou. L’administration publique et les forces armées seraient composées en majorité de Kabyié, une ethnie issue du nord du pays, dont la famille Gnassingbé, à la tête du pays depuis plus de 50 ans, est originaire. Le sujet..."]
["2013_AO_40",2013,"AO","Angola",40,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2013_BI_40",2013,"BI","Burundi",40,0,"Il n'existe pas de restrictions conformément à la loi.","La loi n°1/28 du 23 aout 2006 portant statut général des fonctionnaires, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_145396.pdf","Il n'existe pas de restrictions conformément à la loi."]
["2013_KM_40",2013,"KM","Comoros",40,100,"Des restrictions sont prévues pour une certaine catégorie de fonctionnaires, comme le stipule l'article 4 de la loi sur la transparence qui modifie et complète l’article 156 et 156.1 du Code pénal.\nArticle 156: « Toute personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique ou chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat public électif qui a dans l’exercice de ses fonctions ou dans le délai de deux ans de la cessation de celles-ci ne peut prendre, recevoir ou conserver directement ou par personne interposée, un avantage ou un intérêt quelconque dans une entreprise ou dans une opération dont elle a ou avait, en tout ou partie, la charge d’assurer la surveillance, l’administration, la liquidation ou le paiement ».\nL'article 156.1  définit « la prise d’emploi prohibé ». Il est ainsi interdit à tout fonctionnaire public, tout agent ou préposé d’une administration publique chargé d’exercer la surveillance ou le contrôle direct d’une entreprise privée d'exercer dans cette entreprise un mandat social quelconque ou une activité rémunérée de quelque manière que ce soit, même s'il est en position de congé ou de disponibilité, ou à la retraite, ou après démission, destitution ou révocation et ce pendant un délai de 5 ans à compter de la cessation de la fonction.","Loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publiques, économiques, financières et sociales de l’Union des Comores. (2008). Article 4. http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=1548","Des restrictions sont prévues pour une certaine catégorie de fonctionnaires, comme le stipule l'article 4 de la loi sur la transparence qui modifie et complète l’article 156 et 156.1 du Code pénal...."]
["2013_DJ_40",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",40,100,"L'article 203 du Code Pénal prévoit une peine applicable pendant 5 ans suite à la cessation de fonction pour un certain nombre d'opération (conseil, contrat..):\n\"Est puni de deux ans d'emprisonnement et de 500 000 F d'amende le fait, par une personne ayant été chargée, en tant que membre du gouvernement, fonctionnaire public ou agent ou préposé d'une administration publique, à raison même de sa fonction, soit d'assurer la surveillance ou le contrôle d'une entreprise privée, soit de conclure des contrats de toute nature avec une entreprise privée, soit d'exprimer son avis sur les opérations passées par une entreprise privée, de prendre ou de recevoir une participation par travail, conseil ou capitaux dans l'une de ces entreprises avant l'expiration d'un délai de cinq ans suivant la cessation de cette fonction.\nEst punie des mêmes peines toute participation par travail, conseil ou capitaux, dans une entreprise privée qui possède au moins 30 % de capital de fait avec l'une des entreprises mentionnées à l'alinéa qui précède. Au sens du présent article, est assimilée à une entreprise privée toute entreprise publique exerçant son activité dans un secteur concurrentiel et conformément aux règles du droit privé.\nCes dispositions sont applicables aux agents des établissements publics et des sociétés d'économie mixte dans lesquelles l'Etat détient directement ou indirectement plus de 50 % du capital.\"","Loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L  du 26 juin 1983 portant statut général des fonctionnaires. http://www.presidence.dj/\n\nArticle 203 du Code pénal de 1995. http://www.djibouti.mid.ru/doc/UK.htm","L'article 203 du Code Pénal prévoit une peine applicable pendant 5 ans suite à la cessation de fonction pour un certain nombre d'opération (conseil, contrat..):\n\"Est puni de deux ans d'emprisonnement et de 500 000 F d'amende le fait, par une personne ayan..."]
["2013_GM_40",2013,"GM","The Gambia",40,0,"No such law exist.\n\nA review of the laws reveals there is no such law.","No such law exists.","No such law exist.\n\nA review of the laws reveals there is no such law."]
["2013_LR_40",2013,"LR","Liberia",40,0,"No such law exists. \n\nConflict of Interest provisions within the Code of Conducts applied when a government employee or appointee awards contracts or do business with himself. \n\nOther than that, every citizen has the right to get involved in private business. There are many people with private businesses despite their employment with government. There are no laws barring former civil servants from venturing into private businesses after service in government. Government does not have control over its former employees and they are free to enter into private ventures and can bid for government contracts when necessary.","no such law exists. \n\nCertain stipulations on conflict of interest are however mentioned in the Civil Service Human Resources Policy Manual.","No such law exists. \n\nConflict of Interest provisions within the Code of Conducts applied when a government employee..."]
["2013_MR_40",2013,"MR","Mauritania",40,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière."]
["2013_NA_40",2013,"NA","Namibia",40,0,"No such law exists. Civil servants are required to seek permission from the chairperson of the public service commission to enter into private sector enterprise while still engaged in the civil service. However, this provision is largely ignored. Namibia does not have legislation prohibiting civil servants from entering the private sector after leaving government.","No such law exists.","No such law exists. Civil servants are required to seek permission from the chairperson of the public service commission to enter into private sector enterprise while still engaged in the civil service. However, this provision is largely ignored. Namibia does not have legislation p..."]
["2013_SC_40",2013,"SC","Seychelles",40,0,"After review of the aforementioned documents, there is no law forbidding civil servants to take a position in the private sector after leaving government, if the position involves a conflict of interest, influence of their former government colleagues, or a relationship between the former public service employment and the new private sector work.","1. 1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400.\n\n2. Penal Code: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\n3. Public Service Orders (Second Edition), June 1996 (updated based on circulars issued between 1996 and December 2003): http://www.mamd.gov.sc/PSO%20UPD%2003_04.pdf.\n\n4. Civil Code: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/33.\n\n5. Code of Civil Procedures Act: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/213.","After review of the aforementioned documents, there is no law forbidding civil servants to take a position in the private sector after leaving government, if the position involves a conflict of interest, influence of their former government colleagues, or a relationship between the..."]
["2013_ZA_40",2013,"ZA","South Africa",40,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2013_TN_40",2013,"TN","Tunisia",40,0,"There is no law that restricts civil servants from leaving a government position to enter the private sector. No such law exists in the labour code, Code de procédure pénale nor the Code des obligations et des contrats.","No such law exists.","There is no law that restricts civil servants from leaving a government position to enter the private sector. No such law exists in the labour code, Code de procédure pénale nor the Code des obligations et des contrats."]
["2013_UG_40",2013,"UG","Uganda",40,0,"There are no regulations restricting a public servant from entering the private sector after leaving the government. However, while sections 16 and 17 of the Leadership Code Act, 2002 provide for post employment of leaders, they do not explicitly forbid the former leader from taking a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position would present a conflict of interest, involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or establish a relationship between the former and the new office.\n \n The Leadership Code Act puts emphasis on the former leader not to offer advice in a negotiation/case where the former leader acted for government as well as not using information that is not available to the public concerning government programmes and policies.","The Leadership Code Act, 2002, Section 16(2)(3); 17(1)(2) \n http://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/leadership-code-act.pdf.","There are no regulations restricting a public servant from entering the private sector after leaving the government. However, while sections 16 and 17 of the Leadership Code Act, 2002 provide for post employment of leaders, they do not explicitly forbid the former leader from takin..."]
["2013_BJ_41",2013,"BJ","Benin",41,0,"Aucune loi spécifique n'a encore été votée sur l'accès à l'information au Bénin. Cependant, il existe des cadres juridiques qui abordent la question sans trop de précisions. \n\nD'abord la Constitution du Bénin prévoit en son article 8 que l’État assure à ses citoyens l’égal accès à l’information. \n\nLa loi organique sur la Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication complète la Constitution sur la question de la liberté de presse. Elle stipule que « toute personne a droit à l’information. Nul ne peut être empêché, ni interdit d’accès aux sources d’information, ni inquiété de quelque façon que ce soit  dans l’exercice régulier de sa mission de communicateur s’il a satisfait aux dispositions de la présente loi ». \n\nLe décret sur les Archives Nationales dispose en son article 4 que les archives « sont au service de l'administration et des citoyens ». L’organisme public en charge des archives, à savoir la Direction des Archives Nationales s’occupe de « la mise des archives publiques à la disposition des utilisateurs ».","Loi n° 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Article 8. http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/0/134e66807991fc04c125768e004807c0/$FILE/Constitution_fr.pdf\n\nLoi organique n° 92-021 du 21 août 1992 relative à la Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication. (1992). Article 1er.http://www.haacbenin.org/rubrique-Fon.php3?id_rubrique=57\n\nLe décret N° 90-376 du 4 décembre 1990 portant organisation et fonctionnement du Journal Officiel du Bénin. (1990)\n\nLe décret N° 2007-532 du 02 novembre 2007 portant attributions, organisation et fonctionnement des Archives Nationales. (2007). Article 4, alinéa 2,","Aucune loi spécifique n'a encore été votée sur l'accès à l'information au Bénin. Cependant, il existe des cadres juridiques qui abordent la question sans trop de précisions. ..."]
["2013_TD_41",2013,"TD","Chad",41,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi précise en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi précise en la matière."]
["2013_CG_41",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",41,0,"1. Les citoyens ont le droit de demander des renseignements publics auprès des organismes étatiques. En effet, l’article 27 de la constitution du 18 février 2006 énonce que tout Congolais a le droit d’adresser individuellement ou collectivement une pétition à l’autorité publique qui y répond dans les 3 mois. \n2. Les lois qui régentent l’accès à l’information sont des piliers importants de la démocratie. Le droit de rechercher l’information est un instrument important dans un État de droit, lequel droit est consacré par la convention internationale des droits civils et politiques.\n\nLe droit de demander des renseignements publics est garanti par la loi susénoncée (article 27 de la constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo du 18 févr. 2006). Ce droit qui est un des piliers importants de la démocratie est garanti à tout citoyen même dans les conventions internationales. Or, il n’existe aucune loi spécifique sur l’accès aux informations qui établit la procédure à suivre pour mettre en œuvre ce droit.","- Constitution du 18/02/2006, article 27\n\n- David Beetham, Parlement et Démocratie au 21ème siècle: Guide de bonnes pratiques, éd. Union Internationale des parlementaires, 226 pages. \nVoir : books.google.fr/books?isbn=9291423653.","1. Les citoyens ont le droit de demander des renseignements publics auprès des organismes étatiques. En effet, l’article 27 de la constitution du 18 février 2006 énonce que tout Congolais a le droit d’adresser individuellement ou collectivement une pétition à l’autorité publique qu..."]
["2013_ER_41",2013,"ER","Eritrea",41,0,"There is no specific access to information law. The 1997 Constitution of Eritrea guarantees “every citizen shall have the right of access to information.” The Eritrean citizen have access to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through the media, newspapers, radio and television and through the Internet. The Internet service was introduced at the end of 2000. The government has permitted a number of private Internet cafes. Every person has the right to access the Internet upon payment of the prescribed fee--the challenge remains expanding the Internet service throughout the country. Moreover, the government and communities have been making efforts to open libraries all over the country. However, the limited availability of libraries and the poor quality of books remain challenging. The main problem is serious shortages of materials and resources to receive and impart information.","The Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997 but not impemented)\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","There is no specific access to information law. The 1997 Constitution of Eritrea guarantees “every citizen shall have the right of access to information.” The Eritrean citizen have access to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through the media, newspapers, radio and tel..."]
["2013_GN_41",2013,"GN","Guinea",41,100,"La liberté d'accès à l'information est garantie par la constitution guinéenne en son article 7 stipulant que \"chacun est libre de croire, de penser et de professer sa foi religieuse, ses opinions politiques et philosophiques. Il est libre d'exprimer, de manifester et de diffuser ses idées et opinions par la parole, l'écrit et l'image. Il est libre de s'instruire et de s'informer aux sources accessibles à tous. \nLa liberté de presse est garantie et protégée. La création d'un organe de presse ou de média pour l'information politique, économique, sociale, culturelle, sportive, récréative ou scientifique est libre. Le droit d'accès à l'information publique est garanti au citoyen. La loi fixe les conditions d'exercice de ces droits, le regime et les conditions de création de la presse et des médias. \n\nCette disposition constitutionnelle est complétée par une loi organique portant droit à l'accès à l'information qui stipule en son article1 alinéa 2 que \"Toute personne, quelle que soit sa nationalité ou sa profession, peut demander et obtenir de l'information n'importe où sans qu'il soit nécessaire de justifier pourquoi l'information est recherchée. L'organisme public ou assimilé a le devoir d'assister les demandeurs dans leur quête d'information.\" \nLa procédure à suivre est détaillée dans l'article de presse. Chaque fois qu’un citoyen le demande, l’organisme public est désormais tenu de communiquer \"les textes législatifs et réglementaires, les dossiers , rapports, études, comptes-rendus, procès-verbaux, statistiques, directives, instructions, circulaires, manuel des procédures administratives, avis, décisions, offres de recrutement et appels d’offres\".\n\nPour ce faire, chaque organisme public doit nommer un fonctionnaire ou employé uniquement chargé de fournir les informations sollicitées, selon l’article 7 de la nouvelle loi.\"","Constitution de la République de Guinée (2010), article 7. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf \n\nLoi organique portant droit à l'accès à l'information L/2010/004/CNT/du 24 Novembre 2010. Article 1, alinéa 2, cité  'Médias: Le CNT adopte la loi d'accès à l'information publique', conakryinfos.com, Tiré de http://conakryinfos.com/fichiers/videos2.php?langue=fr&idc=fr_M_dias__Le_CNT_adopte_la_loi_d__acc_s___l__information_publiq","La liberté d'accès à l'information est garantie par la constitution guinéenne en son article 7 stipulant que \"chacun est libre de croire, de penser et de professer sa foi religieuse, ses opinions politiques et philosophiques. Il est libre d'exprimer, de manifester et de diffuser se..."]
["2013_LY_41",2013,"LY","Libya",41,0,"Such a law for freedom of access to information does not exist in Libya. However, several NGOs have been asking for it since early 2013.","No such law exists. \n\nRoyda.  (2013, August 14) . Chairman of the Libyan Transparency Association: General budget worth 66.9 Libyan dinars will be exposed to theft and looting.  Libya Al Salam.  Retrieved from http://libyaalsalam.net/?p=7422","Such a law for freedom of access to information does not exist in Libya. However, several NGOs have been asking for it since early 2013."]
["2013_MA_41",2013,"MA","Morocco",41,0,"The constitution states that citizens have the right to have access to public information from state bodies, but there isn't yet an access to information law.","Morocco.  Constitution, article 27.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf","The constitution states that citizens have the right to have access to public information from state bodies, but there isn't yet an access to information law."]
["2013_NA_41",2013,"NA","Namibia",41,0,"There is no right in law. The constitution lacks an access to information clause in its bill of rights.","No such law exists.","There is no right in law. The constitution lacks an access to information clause in its bill of rights."]
["2013_SL_41",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",41,0,"In Sierra Leone, there is no law that mandates citizens to request public information from public servants. This has been the practice since colonial times and there is presently a battle to pass a freedom of information law but the government is playing lip service to the issue and no law is yet in existence.","No such law exists","In Sierra Leone, there is no law that mandates citizens to request public information from public servants. This has been the practice since colonial times and there is presently a battle to pass a freedom of information law but the government is playing lip service to the issue an..."]
["2013_TZ_41",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",41,0,"No such law exists. \n \n In Tanzania, the right to be informed, and to access and disseminate information, is recognised in article 18 of the constitution: “Every person has a freedom of opinion and expression of his ideas; has a right to seek, receive and, or disseminate information regardless of national boundaries; has the freedom to communicate and a freedom with protection from interference from his communication; has a right to be informed at all times of various important events of life and activities of the people and also of issues of importance to the society.” \n In practice the constitutional mandates are not guaranteed and often lacking, as the country does not have a specific law regarding public access to information. Legal and institutional reforms are however ongoing to raise government accountability and openness. As such, efforts are under way to drafting a right to information law.","No such law exists.","No such law exists. \n \n In Tanzania, the right to be informed, and to access and disseminate information, is recognis..."]
["2013_ZM_41",2013,"ZM","Zambia",41,0,"Even though the country has not yet enacted the Freedom of information bill/law, there is a provision under the law on Freedom of expression for people to access public information. The Article 20 (1) states that a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, from receiving ideas and information. There are no specific laws however.","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Article 20 (1), page 20, Freedom of Expression.","Even though the country has not yet enacted the Freedom of information bill/law, there is a provision under the law on Freedom of expression for people to access public information. The Article 20 (1) states that a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of exp..."]
["2013_BW_42",2013,"BW","Botswana",42,0,"The public, including journalists, does not have access to information on public spending or government operations in general. There is no freedom of information or right-to-information bill that has been passed.  \n\nIn most cases if and when journalists ask for information from authorities, national security restrictions are cited as the reason to withhold information. Most records are not available online and the process of requesting information from a government department is long-winding. Journalists and/or citizens are not guaranteed their information request would be approved or released.   \n\nThe Department of Information Services was awarded the 2012 Golden Lock Award in recognition of the department being extremely secretive and not sharing information.","1. Article: Info dept gets MISA's most secretive dept award, Mmegi newspaper, October 4 2012,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=92&dir=2012/october/thursday4.\n\n2. Article: There is goodwill for freedom of information, Mmegi newspaper, September 7 2012,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6aid=116dir=2013/March/Friday29&aid=1096&dir=2012/September/Friday7.\n\n3. Article: MISA Botswana vows no backing down on Information Bill, Sunday Standard, September 17 2012, http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php/email.php?NewsID=15061.","The public, including journalists, does not have access to information on public spending or government operations in general. There is no freedom of information or right-to-information bill that has been passed.  ..."]
["2013_BF_42",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",42,25,"L'information est un droit reconnu pour tous les citoyens mais dans les faits tous n'ont pas accès à l'information publique. Il existe une perception que de manière générale l’administration burkinabè et le gouvernement développent une culture de rétention de l’information. \nLe service de l'information du gouvernement estime qu'il met tout en œuvre pour que les informations soient disponibles en tout temps et tous lieux, même s'il reconnait que tout n'est pas parfait non plus en ce moment. Il indique de son côté tout est mis en œuvre pour ouvrir l'information: annonces du conseil des ministres par mail aux journalistes et de certains particuliers, existence d'un numéro vert (1167) qui est géré par des téléconseillers et qui permet aux citoyens d'appeler directement et d’avoir les réponses qu'ils veulent; organisation des émissions comme 'Dialogue avec le gouvernement' qui passent une fois par mois et qui permettent aux citoyens de poser directement une question au ministre invité; et enfin chaque ministère a un site web qui fonctionne et qui fournit des informations, quoique avec certaines lacunes. Les liens ci-après donnent accès à des pages web du ministère de la Santé où les citoyens peuvent se prononcer et trouver réponse: http://www.sante.gov.bf/index.php/foire-aux-questions, http://www.sante.gov.bf/index.php/contact-us-topmenu-18.\nEn parcourant, les sites des ministères, on se rend compte effectivement qu'il y a des forums qui permettent de poser des questions et de trouver des réponses, même si elles ne sont pas systématiques.\nNous avons enregistré 77 questions, dont 30 ont été trouvé réponse sur place. Les autres questions différées parce qu'elles s'adressent à un autre ministre, qui pourra répondre quand ce sera sont tour. Nous avons aussi ce que nous appelons des actions quotidiennes, qui font le point des réalisations sectorielles. Il est certain que le SIG met tout en œuvre pour ouvrir l'information. Il nous a ainsi permis d'avoir accès à certaines institutions qui nous faisaient tourner dans le cadre de cette enquête. Mais il y a des institutions indépendantes pour lesquelles le SIG ne peut intervenir, du fait justement de leur indépendance.\nEn résumé, l'information publique est difficilement accessible pour plusieurs raisons: rétention délibérée de l'information de la part des services publics, manque de moyens modernes de diffusion, ignorance de la population.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There is no specific law to explain the procedures of access to information and to limit the exceptions. Citizens can rarely receive responses to specific questions and requests presented to the government or its agencies. Proactive disclosure of public information is crucial but the responses for specific requests as indeed important. There is no obligation for the government to respond to a request after a specific period.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Par rapport aux demandes d’information émises par les citoyens, il faut indiquer que  la plupart des documents d’informations ne sont pas disponibles. Par ailleurs, les documents qui existent mettent plus de quatre semaines pour être accessibles. Et puis lorsque ces rares documents sont parfois disponibles en ligne, les coûts d’accès à l’internet trop élevé pour le citoyen moyen. Par ailleurs le taux d’alphabétisation est élevé en milieu rural, ce qui ne permet pas à  la majorité de la population d’accéder aux informations qui peuvent être requises. ;","1. Barnabé Tiemtarboum, chef de département, Données et webdiffusion, Service de l'information du gouvernement, 03 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Victorien Sawadogo, coordinateur, Service de l'information du gouvernement, 03 septembre 2013.\n\n3. Boukari Ouoba, joournaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 03 Octobre 2013.","L'information est un droit reconnu pour tous les citoyens mais dans les faits tous n'ont pas accès à l'information publique. Il existe une perception que de manière générale l’administration burkinabè et le gouvernement développent une culture de rétention de l’information. ..."]
["2013_TD_42",2013,"TD","Chad",42,25,"Les informations, bien qu’elles soient disponibles dans les ministères tels que le Ministère des Finances, ne sont pas mises à la disposition du public. La transparence fait particulièrement défaut à propos des recettes et dépenses budgétaires. Les citoyens qui le souhaitent obtiennent plus facilement les informations publiques auprès d’ONG qu’auprès des organismes publiques. Ces informations sont gratuites et il prend en moyenne moins d’une semaine pour les obtenir. La multiplicité des remaniements ministériels (cinq pour la seule année 2013) ne contribue pas à la fluidité des informations.","[Interview] Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013.\n\n[Interview] Source anonyme 3, 30 Janvier  2014\n\nAhmat, D. (8 févrieer 2013). « La censure de l’internet au Tchad est totale, même le site Alwihda est bloqué ! » Tcahdpages: http://tchadpages.com/2013/02/08/la-censure-de-linternet-au-tchad-est-totale-meme-le-site-alwihda-est-bloque/\n\nFreedom House. (2013). Freedom in the Worls 2013 - Chad, Freedom of the Press: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2013/chad\n\nAfrica Times. (18 octobre 2013). « Tchad: remaniement ministériel ». Africa Times: http://www.africa-times-news.com/2013/10/tchad-remaniement-ministeriel/\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Les informations, bien qu’elles soient disponibles dans les ministères tels que le Ministère des Finances, ne sont pas mises à la disposition du public. La transparence fait particulièrement défaut à propos des recettes et dépenses budgétaires. Les citoyens qui le souhaitent obtien..."]
["2013_ER_42",2013,"ER","Eritrea",42,0,"For reasons of national security, the legal and social norms that protect and promote free speech and access to public information have been suspended since September 2001.\n\nDue to the extent of repression and paranoia by the ruling party, there is not access to information whatsoever. Access to information is tightly controlled.\n\nAn article states that \"Issayas' system keeps itself in power because it controls all components of Eritrea's culture, media, education system, judiciary, economy, foreign affairs and even religious organisations. Moreover, Issayas has systematically eliminated alternative power bases and concentrated authority in a tiny inner circle.\"  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: For reasons of national security, the legal and social norms that protect and promote free speech and access to public information have been suspended since September 2001.\n\n<http://www.irex.org/sites/default/files/u115/Eritrea%202012%20MSI.pdf>;","Interview with key informant from the academia who requested to remain anonymous, 2013.\n\nMesfin, B. (2013 Feb). Eritrea: Where Is Eritrea Heading?. http://allafrica.com/stories/201302051020.html?viewall=1\n\nOperational Guidance Note, Home Office - United Kingdom, Feb 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/281186/Eritrea_OGN_v14_0_February_2014.pdf\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","For reasons of national security, the legal and social norms that protect and promote free speech and access to public information have been suspended since September 2001...."]
["2013_GA_42",2013,"GA","Gabon",42,25,"Most public records in Gabon are not available online. In addition, the cost of Internet access is high ($1 - $2 per half hour at a cyber cafe in Libreville). \n\nAccording to one of the sources, efforts have been made since the election of President Ali Bongo Ondimba to facilitate access to public information. Most ministries now have websites/portals where citizens can, in theory, consult information. But lack of computer literacy and the cost of Internet access mean these platforms are not accessible to all. \n\nThe annual reports of parastatals, even those part-owned by foreign companies, are often not downloadable, except for large oil investors such as Total Gabon.\n\nFor example, the Société d'Electricité et d'Eaux du Gabon (SEEG) is the national utility company that was part-privatized in 1997. Currently, 51 per cent is owned by French-based Veolia, which is responsible for electricity generation and distribution in Gabon. Information on SEEG is hosted on the Veolia website. But no annual reports are available on the SEEG-dedicated page. \n\nDespite repeated phone calls and physical visits to the SEEG headquarters, the research could not secure the company's annual report.\n\nHowever, Total Gabon, one of the largest investors in the country, is 58.28 per cent owned by the Total Group and 25 per cent stake is in the hands of the government while 16.72 per cent is owned by minority shareholders. The company's annual financial report for 2012 is available for download on the website (3MB): http://www.total-gabon.com/index.php/lentreprise/publications-financieres\n\nThe Agence Nationale des Grands Travaux (ANGT), the parastatal company created by President Ali Bongo Ondimba to streamline large-scale infrastructure projects in 2010, has no financial annual reports on its website. There is also an ANGT page to request reports on public procurement tenders, as well as a press contact page. But without access to the ANGT Communications department, the financial performance of the company and the financial terms of its contracts are not easily available.","Avis de concours, n° dossier:  n° 13TLT02-002.  (2013, July 1) .  Aménagement du Bord de Mer, source de financement: budget de l’état gabonais.  [Example of public tender for Libreville waterfront on ANGT website].  Retrieved from http://www.angt-gabon.com/appels-d-offres/appels-d-offres\n\n(n.d.) .  Demande de dossier.  ANGT - Demande de Dossier.  [ANGT page to request reports on public procurement tenders].  Retrieved from http://www.angt-gabon.com/demande-de-dossier?dossier=N°%2013TLT02-002&marcheref=22176&titremarche=Avis%20de%20concours\n\n(2012) .  Rapport financier annuel 2012.  Port-Gentil, République gabonaise. Total Gabon.  Retrieved from http://www.total gabon.com/images/Fichiers_pdf/Rapports_financiers_annuels/RFA_2012/total_gabon_rfa2012_ok.pdf\n\n(n.d.) .  Société d'Electricité et d'Eaux du Gabon (SEEG).  [Veolia's page dedicated to SEEG - no annual report available on website].  Retrieved from http://www.veoliaeau.com/profil/implantations/gabon.htm\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.","Most public records in Gabon are not available online. In addition, the cost of Internet access is high ($1 - $2 per half hour at a cyber cafe in Libreville). ..."]
["2013_KE_42",2013,"KE","Kenya",42,75,"While there is no official access to information legislation in place, Kenyan authorities have a good track record of responding to information requests. Several random filings for information were made for this research with the several agencies such Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya Sugar Board and the controller of budget office and they responded within a day with the information required. However, a request for information from the public procurement oversight authority and the NGO Co-Ordination Board proved largely unsuccessful. In fact, both procurement oversight authority and the NGO board were yet to get back at the time of submitting the scorecard.\n\nKenya has made big strides towards ensuring that information is accessible to the public. Various state agencies have come up with interactive online portals on which some information and data have been regularly uploaded. \nHowever, a lot still needs to be done in terms of transparency through full disclosure of information on vital and sensitive matters such as national budget and financial activities, so that the citizenry is able to hold the government fully accountable for its actions.\n\nPresenting partial information is not helpful to a citizenry that seeks to ascertain transparency and press for accountability.\nFor instance, a key flaw in Kenya is that its national treasury does not disclose to the public the contents of its mid-term and end-year reviews and only uses the information internally. The mid-year review, authored by the treasury, is an overview of the effect of the budget at mid-point of the financial year and discusses any changes in the economic assumptions that affect approved proposals. The full-year report shows the actual budget execution against the one enacted by parliament.","1. Mr Kennedy Onyonyi, senior deputy commissioner in the marketing and communication department,Kenya Revenue Authority. Interviewed on September 13, 2013.\n\n2. Dr Bitange Ndemo, former permanent secretary, Ministry of Information, Kenya. Interviewed on  September 11, 2013.\n\n3. Kenya Revenue Authority website accessed on September 14, 2013. Website http://www.revenue.go.ke/\n\n4. Kenya Open Data Website. This is an online portal that is aimed at making key government data freely available to the public through a single online portal. The portal contains data such as population and census reports, expenditure patterns. poverty indices, education enrolment reports. I accessed the website on September 13, 2013. https://www.opendata.go.ke/\n\n5. Office of the controller of budget website. The controller of budget plays the oversight role of monitoring the implementation of the budgets of the national and county government and evaluate to ensure that they are being done in accordance with the law and take.The office runs a website where it has uploaded quarterly updates from its oversight role. http://www.cob.go.ke/ Accessed in September 2013.\n\n6. National Council For Law Reporting.The council runs an interactive online portal where it publishes the Kenya law reports which contain the judicial opinions of the superior courts of record and which are the official law reports of the Republic of Kenya; to revise, consolidate and publish the official laws of Kenya and to issue such other related publications. The website was accessed on September 13, 2013. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php.\n\n7.  \"Uganda beats Kenya in budget openness score\", an article by Geoffrey Irungu, published by in the February 12, 2013 edition of the Business Daily newspaper online portal. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Uganda+beats+Kenya+in+budget+openness+score/-/539552/1692324/-/12i528m/-/index.html.\n\n8.International  Budget Partnership, Open Budget Survey 2012 report. The report was published on January 23, 2013 in London.The Open Budget Index 2012 is carried on page 9 of the report. http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-Report-English.pdf.","While there is no official access to information legislation in place, Kenyan authorities have a good track record of responding to information requests. Several random filings for information were made for this research with the several agencies such Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya..."]
["2013_ML_42",2013,"ML","Mali",42,50,"Dans la pratique, les demandes d'informations publiques émises par les citoyens sont une réalité au Mali. Mais très souvent les usagers sont déçus, car n'arrivant pas à avoir les informations au moment voulu. Souvent, il faut deux à trois semaines et des vas et viens incessants pour avoir des informations. De plus, le problème est que de nombreux documents ne sont pas disponibles en ligne. \n\nDans le cadre de cette recherche, une demande a ete introduite le 7 septembre 2013 afin d'obtenir les statistiques des demandes d'information au bureau du Médiateur de la République. Il aura fallu trois semaines (précisément le vendredi 27 septembre) pour obtenir l'information. \n\nSelon une source, un portail gouvernemental a été créé par ministère pour permettre aux citoyens de déposer des requêtes en ligne. Mais il n'ya aucun suivi. Et la mise à jour de ces portails n'est pas régulière et permanente.","Entretien avec Issa Fakaba Sissoko, Journaliste, Journal L'Indicateur, réalisé le 3 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Harouna Diallo, Juriste, Programme de développement institutionnel (PDI), réalisé le 3 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Gaoussou Haïdara, Chargé de communication, Médiateur de la République, réalisé le 3 octobre 2013.","Dans la pratique, les demandes d'informations publiques émises par les citoyens sont une réalité au Mali. Mais très souvent les usagers sont déçus, car n'arrivant pas à avoir les informations au moment voulu. Souvent, il faut deux à trois semaines et des vas et viens incessants pou..."]
["2013_MZ_42",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",42,25,"The Government of Mozambique has in recent time implemented an e-government pilot project connecting 15 national public administration entities in Maputo. Called Government Electronic Network (GovNet)-Pilot, the project is part of Mozambique's national Information and Communications Technology Policy Implementation Strategy. \nHowever, given the penetration of internet in the country, not many people have access to that information in practice.","1.\tBaltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013.\n\n2. E-Government enables online efficiency in Mozambique. No date.\nhttp://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/en/issue-no-262/web-and-mobile-data/e-government-enables/en\t\n\n3. \"Parlamento Acusado de Encobrir Falta de Transparencia do Estado\". Redaccao.O Pais. October 2, 2012. http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/politica/63-politica/22441-parlamento-acusado-de-encobrir-falta-de-transparencia-do-estado.html.\n\n4.\t\"Lei de Direito à informação vai mudar filosofia do acesso à informação\".Redaccao. O Pais. March 18, 2013. http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/24591-lei-de-direito-a-informacao-vai-mudar-filosofia-do-acesso-a-informacao.html.\n\n5.\t\"Sem acesso à informação democracia está incompleta\". Redaccao. Diario de Mocambique. September 3, 2012. http://diariomoz.com/index.php/sociedade/2745-sem-acesso-a-informacao-democracia-esta-incompleta","The Government of Mozambique has in recent time implemented an e-government pilot project connecting 15 national public administration entities in Maputo. Called Government Electronic Network (GovNet)-Pilot, the project is part of Mozambique's national Information and Communication..."]
["2013_ST_42",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",42,50,"The government has created the registration office of public information - GRIP - where records are available on paper less than two weeks after requested, at the cost of photocopying. However, citizens don’t really request information. It started functioning at the end of 2012 and so far only five requests for public information have been received and all five were about oil. \n\nGRIP also has a website: http://grip.st/, but it’s not possible to request public information online yet.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The Gabinete de Registo e Informação Pública (GRIP), created by law in 2007 after considerable delays, provides only information related to the oil sector. See also at http://www.grip.st/sitegrip/ Typically, the first and last information bulletin published by GRIP is dated March 2011. There are no similar institutions where citizens can request and easily receive public information on other sectors. ;\n||\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: There is no significant improvement in terms of managing  the revenues from any hydrocarbon endowment .The report by Human Right Watch indicated there is no transparency in this aspect. Though the report was from 2010 there is no report which shows an improvement \n( http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/08/24/uncertain-future-0)\nThe BBC report on this aspect has added doubts (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093493).;","1. Silvério Pereira. Interim Administrator. Registration Office of Public Information - GRIP. October 4 2013.\n\n2. Vivalda dos Prazeres. Technical of Communication. Registration Office of Public Information - GRIP. October 4 2013.\n\n3. Teotónio Menezes. Economist. Retired. October 5 2013.","The government has created the registration office of public information - GRIP - where records are available on paper less than two weeks after requested, at the cost of photocopying. However, citizens don’t really request information. It started functioning at the end of 2012 and..."]
["2013_SO_42",2013,"SO","Somalia",42,0,"There is no government portal that processes citizen requests for public information.There are no established institutional mechanisms for citizens to access public information as the freedom of information law has not yet been enacted by parliament. While the level of awareness on political issues is quite high among citizens, they have not yet exercised agency to engage with the government in public policy processes and oversight of public institutions.","Interview with an independent Somali consultant in the field of planning and public policy analysis who wishes to remain anonymous; 06/12/2013\n\nInterview with Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University; 06/12/2013\n\nInterview with a data analyst (on governance and conflict) working with a local civil society organization in Somaliland who wishes to remain anonymous; 05/12/2013\n\nInterview with a Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company, who wishes to remain anonymous; 11/12/2013\n\nInterview with a Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station, who wishes to remain anonymous; 18/12/2013\n\nInterview with Ali Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse; 21/12/2013\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSecondary sources published over the last one year not readily available.","There is no government portal that processes citizen requests for public information.There are no established institutional mechanisms for citizens to access public information as the freedom of information law has not yet been enacted by parliament. While the level of awareness on..."]
["2013_TG_42",2013,"TG","Togo",42,0,"Il est très difficile d'obtenir de l’information publique, même pour les parlementaires. À moins de disposer de contacts dans l'administration, ces documents sont très peu accessibles. Pour compenser ce manque d'informations, la Banque mondiale a créé le Centre d'information du public de Lomé, qui est malheureusement inaccessible en ligne.","Me Zeus Ata Messan Ajavon, ex-président, Collectif des associations contre l’impunité (CACIT), 1er novembre 2013.\n \n Noël Kokou Tadegnon, journaliste indépendant, correspondant, Deutsche Welle, 1er novembre 2013.\n \n Banque mondiale, Centre d'information du public de Lomé, site Internet: http://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/togo.","Il est très difficile d'obtenir de l’information publique, même pour les parlementaires. À moins de disposer de contacts dans l'administration, ces documents sont très peu accessibles. Pour compenser ce manque d'informations, la Banque mondiale a créé le Centre d'information du pub..."]
["2013_AO_43",2013,"AO","Angola",43,0,"The full text of approved bills is published in the National Registry (Diario da Republica) and most diplomas are available online: http://www.imprensanacional.gov.ao/. It is not clear how long it takes for approved legislation to be posted online.\n\nAccording to interviewed sources, debates at the National Assembly are not transcribed or the transcripts are not public. The National Assembly committees do not provide transcripts (if they in fact exist) nor any formal information on draft bills. Drafts may circulate in restrictive circles and there is no public debate.","Anonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Journalists and representatives of national and international organisations].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Republic of Angola Assembleia Nacional.  Retrieved from http://www.parlamento.ao/#http://www.parlamento.ao/glue/AN_Navigation_home.jsp?\n\n(n.d.) .  Republic of Angola Imprensa Nacional.  Retrieved from http://www.imprensanacional.gov.ao/","The full text of approved bills is published in the National Registry (Diario da Republica) and most diplomas are available online: http://www.imprensanacional.gov.ao/. It is not clear how long it takes for approved legislation to be posted online...."]
["2013_BJ_43",2013,"BJ","Benin",43,25,"Toutes les lois votées par le Parlement sont publiées au Journal Officiel de la République du Bénin. Les médias diffusent l'intégralité des lois votées au terme des votes au Parlement. Les débats du Parlement sont diffusés sur la télévision nationale du Bénin.\nAvant toute session du Parlement, son président invite les députés par voie de presse en précisant l'ordre du jour. A la fin des sessions auxquelles les médias assistent, les dossiers de presse et l'intégralité des lois votées sont distribués aux journalistes et à tout citoyen qui le désirent. Du coup, la presse béninoise est très habituée à publier les lois en intégralité.\n\nToutefois, la plupart des lois promulguées ne sont pas accessibles en intégralité en ligne sur un site Internet dédié au Parlement.","- L’intégralité de la nouvelle loi sur la Lépi. (18 janvier 2013). La Nouvelle Tribune. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/13214-l-integralite-de-la-nouvelle-loi-sur-la-lepi\n\n- L’intégralité du nouveau code de procédure pénale en République du Bénin. (7 février 2013). 24H au Bénin. http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article1160\n\n- Tobi P. Ahlonsou. (24 septembre 2013). Ouverture de session extraordinaire à l’Assemblée nationale : Les députés Goutolou, Sinkpota et Houssou désormais installés. La Presse du Jour. http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=28443","Toutes les lois votées par le Parlement sont publiées au Journal Officiel de la République du Bénin. Les médias diffusent l'intégralité des lois votées au terme des votes au Parlement. Les débats du Parlement sont diffusés sur la télévision nationale du Bénin...."]
["2013_KM_43",2013,"KM","Comoros",43,25,"Malgré l'existence d'un site web (www.auc.km/) de l' Assemblée nationale comorienne, les textes intégraux des projets de loi ne sont parfois pas accessibles en ligne au public.\nSelon l’article 24 de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, l'Assemblée se conforme en général aux prescriptions constitutionnelles selon lesquelles les séances de l’Assemblée de l’Union sont publiques, sauf les cas prévus par le Règlement Intérieur de l’Assemblée. \nLe Parlement comorien s'efforce ainsi de mettre à la disposition du grand public les informations. En ce sens, une collaboration avec le Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD) a  permis l’élaboration d’une brochure à vocation pédagogique sur le rôle et les missions du Parlement et des députés, communément appelée « Guide parlementaire », et d’une revue parlementaire appelée « Wakili », actuellement en phase de finalisation. Cela permet aux citoyens comoriens de savoir et comprendre ce que les parlementaires font. Wakili informait par exemple que : « L’assemblée de l’Union des Comores (AUC) dispose désormais d’équipements et d’un réseau informatiques installés dans tout le bâtiment, incluant la connexion en wifi avec un rayon de 1 km autour de l’AUC et la création du site internet et de l’intranet qui sont déjà opérationnels. Ses fonctionnaires ont, de ce fait, bénéficié d’une formation du 02 au 07 décembre dernier (2012),  sur l’utilisation du réseau intranet et l’exploitation du site web, en vue du développement de leur savoir et de leur savoir faire. \" (http://www.km.undp.org/a1.htm). A l'issue de cette collaboration avec le PNUD, le parlement comorien a pu disposer d’outils de communication interne et externe, comme la mise en place d'un site web (www.auc.km/) Ce site offre les services suivant : accès direct : Projets de lois/ Textes adoptés/  Rapports parlementaires ; Agendas : Ordre du jour/ Réunions des commissions/Agenda international ; Contacts : Contactez le Président/ Contactez un Député/ Contactez le Webmestre.\nMais ce site n'est pas tout à fait opérationnel.  Seule la page d'accueil est d'un accès facile.\nIl faut noter qu'en matière d’informations sur le budget, les remarques contenues dans le document de stratégie des finances publiques montrent clairement que le  droit d’accès à l’information est limité par « l’inexistence de documents comptables normalisés et à des sources d’informations qui sont produites, conservées et diffusées pour les besoins de prises de décision, de la gestion budgétaire et des rapports à établir » (Union des Comores, Vice-Présidence chargée du Budget, des Finances et de l’Entreprenariat féminin, décembre 2009). Concernant l'accès des journalistes aux informations parlementaires, le président de l'Assemblée s'est engagé à faciliter le travail des médias, notamment par la mise à disposition de la presse d'une salle spécialisée. Il envisage aussi de créer une station de télévision parlementaire pour une large diffusion des activités du parlement (Al Watwan, 9 février 2010), mais la télévision parlementaire n'est pas encore opérationnelle.","Interview de Sitty Karima Mohamed, juriste, assistante des élus, Union des chambres de commerce d’industrie et d’agriculture (UCCIA), 13 octobre  2013.\n\nConstitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 Modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009. (2009). Article 24.\n\nProgramme des Nations Unies pour le développement. Union des Comores. (Décembre 2012). « Le PNUD renforce les capacités de l’assemblée de l’Union des Comores »: http://www.km.undp.org/a1.htm\n\nUnion des Comores, Vice-Présidence chargée du Budget, des Finances et de l’Entreprenariat féminin. (Décembre 2009). Document de stratégie de réforme des finances publiques, 2010-2019. Encadré 1: relevé des insuffisances relevées par l’évaluation PEFA : http://www.beit-salam.km/arle.php3?id_article=1420, site officiel de la Présidence de l’Union des Comores\n \nAl Watwan. (9 février 2010). « Le président de l’assemblée nationale reçoit la presse nationale ». Al Watwan: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=2352)","Malgré l'existence d'un site web (www.auc.km/) de l' Assemblée nationale comorienne, les textes intégraux des projets de loi ne sont parfois pas accessibles en ligne au public.\nSelon l’article 24 de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par ..."]
["2013_CD_43",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",43,0,"Apres le vote, les documents sont d'abord validés par la Cour suprême, puis ensuite ils sont adressés au journal officiel pour publication (il faut compter au moins 15 jours après les procédures législatives avant leurs publications en ligne). Les transcriptions des débats / votes, du vote par appel nominal ne sont pas mis en ligne, seul le texte intégral des projets de loi est publié.\nAu Journal Officiel, les documents sont accessibles en version papier. Les citoyens ont un accès à l'archive législative en ligne par le biais du journal officiel à l'adresse suivant www.sgg.cg. Un abonnement en ligne existe, le coût est de 24 000 FCFA par an. Le chercheur a pris un abonnement en ligne, cependant pour ses recherches, elle a préféré se rendre directement sur place pour consulter les documents sur papier. Muni de la référence de la loi, il lui est immédiatement remis la copie du document et elle a payé 25 francs CFA la page.","1 - Consultation du site internet du journal officiel : www.sgg.cg\n\n2 - Entrevue le 3 octobre 2013 à 11h avec M. Jean NOMBO, directeur de cabinet du médiateur de la République, au siège 8, rue Bouaboua bis Moukondo Brazzaville (centre ville).\n\n3 - Entretien le 17 octobre avec M. Clément MIERASSA, président du Parti Social Démocrate Congolais (P.S.D.C).\n\n4 - Entretien du septembre avec le président de l'OCDH.\n\n5 - Entretien le avec M.Joseph TSALABIENDZE, député et membre de la Commission plan urbanisme et aménagement du territoire.\n\n6 - Entretien le lundi 14 octobre 2013 avec le sénateur Nicéphore Fylla de SAINT-EUDES, président de la Commission économie et finances.","Apres le vote, les documents sont d'abord validés par la Cour suprême, puis ensuite ils sont adressés au journal officiel pour publication (il faut compter au moins 15 jours après les procédures législatives avant leurs publications en ligne). Les transcriptions des débats / votes,..."]
["2013_GQ_43",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",43,0,"Equatorial Guinea does not have an archive and registration system in place and legislative records are not accessible. During the period of review the new parliament had its first meeting and several laws were approved but not made publicly available online or in paper. There is no library or repository of Equatorial Guinea’s legislation maintained by state institutions. During the period of review and as in previous years, the legislative did not keep records of the debates and votes of the bills.","Anonymous.  (2013, September) .  [Parliamentarian, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\n\nCEID-GE, Red PerSida, SEJOF.  (2013) .   Informe de Sociedad Civil de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/EPU%20GE%202013%20DRAFT%20CEID.pdf \n\nEquatorial Guinea Office of Press and Information.  (2013) .  Ceremonia de apertura de la Legislatura del Parlamento y el Senado.  Retrieved from http://guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=3996&forcedfoto=1373658714.jpg","Equatorial Guinea does not have an archive and registration system in place and legislative records are not accessible. During the period of review the new parliament had its first meeting and several laws were approved but not made publicly available online or in paper. There is n..."]
["2013_GH_43",2013,"GH","Ghana",43,100,"Copies of parliamentary records are available at the parliament's library for all to access at a cost less than the cost of photocopying. Transcripts of the previous day's proceedings are available moments after parliament's sitting and are brought to the house the following day for members of parliament to review and correct any mistakes before the proceedings of the day begin. \n\nThere is also a Hansard, which archives all parliamentary proceedings and records and can be used as a reference material. The Hansard is also available to obtain at a cost equal to photocopying cost. It takes a week for one to receive the Hansard if a request is made for it. The transcripts of parliamentary proceedings, the Hansard and all bills are all available online on the official website of parliament for all to access. However, what is on the website are just teasers and not as detailed as what is contained on the hard copy documents that are available at the parliament's library.","1. Mr Jones Kugblenu, director of public affairs, Parliament of Ghana, telephone interview, October 6, Accra. \n\n2. Mr Benedict Yiyugsah, research officer, Tamale Office of the Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, table interview, September 26, Tamale.  \n\n3. Mr Kenneth Sackey, parliamentary correspondent, Ghana News Agency, telephone interview, October 4, Accra.","Copies of parliamentary records are available at the parliament's library for all to access at a cost less than the cost of photocopying. Transcripts of the previous day's proceedings are available moments after parliament's sitting and are brought to the house the following day fo..."]
["2013_LR_43",2013,"LR","Liberia",43,0,"There is no repository for legislative records in Liberia. The archive system at the National Legislature is very ineffective and there is no interest by the administrative arm of the Legislature to improve records-keeping. Legislative proceedings are not closed to the public, but there is not a lot of interest by the populace either. While there was a program in the prior year and expectations were high that results in terms of informational openness would be achieved, no positive outcome was achieved.","1. Sayngbeh, N. (2013, October 24). Personal Interview. Secretary - The Liberian Senate, Monrovia\n\n2. Massaquoi, P. (2013, October 23). Personal Interview.\n\n3. Colee, F. (2013, October 22). Personal Interview. Program Officer - Green Advocate, Monrovia","There is no repository for legislative records in Liberia. The archive system at the National Legislature is very ineffective and there is no interest by the administrative arm of the Legislature to improve records-keeping. Legislative proceedings are not closed to the public, but ..."]
["2013_MR_43",2013,"MR","Mauritania",43,0,"Selon les sources, le processus et les textes législatifs sont rarement accessibles au public, et lorsqu’ils le sont,  on les obtient avec un certain retard. La rétention de l'information à l'égard de l'usager est une pratique très développée. Cette rétention est accentuée par le fait que les textes sont parfois en arabe ou en français. On comprendra aisément qu'un public francophone aura du mal à comprendre des documents législatifs en arabe et vice-versa. Ce problème linguistique représente un obstacle important à la disponibilité de tous les documents officiels, et des textes législatifs en particulier. En outre, les lieux de production de sources d'information législative sont souvent méconnus.","1. Amadou Sall, enseignant-chercheur, sociologie et anthropologie, Université de Nouakchott, 3 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Mine ould Habiboullah, avocat à la cour, président, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Amadou Ousmane Diallo, ancien conseiller du premier ministre, direction, Bureau organisation et méthode (BOM), ancien Secrétaire permanent, Observatoire des fonctions publiques africaines (OFPA), consultant international, 14 novembre 2013.","Selon les sources, le processus et les textes législatifs sont rarement accessibles au public, et lorsqu’ils le sont,  on les obtient avec un certain retard. La rétention de l'information à l'égard de l'usager est une pratique très développée. Cette rétention est accentuée par le f..."]
["2013_RW_43",2013,"RW","Rwanda",43,50,"Legislative records are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying. However, roll call votes on bills are not available. In addition, according to both interviewees, it happens that  records are not available within a day of legislative proceedings though complete archives are available online or offline. They both mentioned that there is a library and an information office in the Parliament. In addition, there is a public gallery where the public can come and assist how Parliament functions. The Rwanda Parliament archives is a site publishing information about activities of the Parliament and the Senate.","Banamwana, Bernard.  (2013, September 18) .  RPF-designated MP.  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Parliament of Rwanda.  Rwanda Parliament archives.  Retrieved from http://www.itezimbere.com/tag/rwanda-parliament\n\n(n.d.) .  Parliament of Rwanda.  Retrieved from https://www.google.fr/?gws_rd=cr&ei=7C5EUvGlFYPTtAaR oDoCQ#q= parliament +archives+ rwanda \n\nUwantege, Astérie.  (2013, August 27) .  [Works at the Parliament of Rwanda as a secretary].  Personal communication.","Legislative records are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying. However, roll call votes on bills are not available. In addition, according to both interviewees, it happens that  records are not available within a day of legislative proceedings though comple..."]
["2013_SC_43",2013,"SC","Seychelles",43,75,"There is access the website of the parliament and the national assembly, but a lot of the information, when it gets to the attorney general’s office, it is harder for citizens to access. A copy of legislative proposals and the legislative acts once they are enacted is available in the government Gazette. Proceedings of the national assembly are available online. Transcripts are available online in Creole, the language of the national assembly, but legislation itself is in English. The website of the national assembly of Seychelles and Seylii, the judiciary portal give legislative records, usually but not always within a day of the proceedings.","1. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, Civil Society Expert, November 26, 2013.  The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n3. Email: Mr. Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December 10, 2013.","There is access the website of the parliament and the national assembly, but a lot of the information, when it gets to the attorney general’s office, it is harder for citizens to access. A copy of legislative proposals and the legislative acts once they are enacted is available in ..."]
["2013_SD_43",2013,"SD","Sudan",43,0,"It is very rare for the Government of Sudan to give citizens access to legislative documents. The bills and general laws are accessible to the citizens, but the legislative proceeding is forbidden to be public. According to the Sudanese legislative assembly regulations, access is possible only after 10 years of debate, voting, etc. have passed.  \n\n\nREVIEWER:\nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Not all legislative processes can be accessed, especially those that concern national security (AlItibaha Newspaper,  27\\12\\2011).;","AfDB, OECD, UNDP, and UNECA.  (2012) .  Sudan.  African Economic Outlook.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Sudan%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n\nAlamin, Mohammed Alhassan.  (2013, October 20) .  [Deputy speaker of the Sudanese legislative assembly].  Personal communication.\n\nHamin, Suleman.  (2013, October 21) .  [Former parliamentarian].  Personal communication.\n\nMusa, Abdallah.  (2013, October 20) .  [Former legislature member].  Personal communication. \n\nUnited Nations Development Program.  (2012) .  Accountability and citizens’ participation (ACP) project. ","It is very rare for the Government of Sudan to give citizens access to legislative documents. The bills and general laws are accessible to the citizens, but the legislative proceeding is forbidden to be public. According to the Sudanese legislative assembly regulations, access is p..."]
["2013_UG_43",2013,"UG","Uganda",43,0,"A number of documents are available online like the order paper that shows what is to be discussed in the next sitting and it is up-to-date. The official reports of parliament (Hansard) showing debates and  votes up to June 2012 are also available, but the ones of the third session (July 2012-June 2013) are yet to be uploaded. Also available in the database are bills, sessional committee reports, and business transacted among others. But the portal for standing committee reports is empty.\n \nFor other records not online, one would have to pay a visit to parliament and make a formal request as stipulated under the Access to Information Act. But since the instruments needed are not yet in place, it would be hard to access the information through the formal channel. Alternatively one can put a written request to the parliamentary spokesperson stating the reason for wanting to access the documents and wait for the decision by the office. \n\nThe indicator merits a 0 score as the websites have not been updated from May 2012 onward.","Parliament of the Republic of Uganda, Parliamentary Business, Order Paper\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/parliamentary-business/order-paper. Accessed in September 2013. \n\nParliament of the Republic of Uganda, Parliamentary Business, Bills\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/parliamentary-business/bills. Accessed in September 2013. \n\nParliament of the Republic of Uganda, Documents and Reports, Hansard\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/documents-and-reports/daily-hansard. Accessed in September 2013. \n\nNikolaus Hastreiter; “Why is Parliament inaccessible?” August 11, 2013\nhttp://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26881&catid=36&Itemid=62","A number of documents are available online like the order paper that shows what is to be discussed in the next sitting and it is up-to-date. The official reports of parliament (Hansard) showing debates and  votes up to June 2012 are also available, but the ones of the third session..."]
["2013_BJ_44",2013,"BJ","Benin",44,0,"Au Bénin la loi fait obligation aux hauts fonctionnaires de l'État de déclarer leur patrimoine, mais la loi n'exige pas la divulgation des avoirs de la famille immédiate et ne rend pas les divulgations publiques.\nVoici un extrait de l'article 3 : « les hautes personnalités de l’Etat et les hauts fonctionnaires, les directeurs centraux de l’administration, les directeurs de projets, les directeurs des régies financières financiers, les régisseurs, les comptables décentralisées et déconcentrées, de tout organisme public ou des membres des états majors des armées, sociétés d’Etat, les directeurs de la douane, de police et de gendarmerie et des eaux et forêts, tout commandant ou commissaire de police, les directeurs des offices, les présidents de commissions administratives, les administrateurs d’un ouvrage public ou d’un bien appartenant au domaine de l’Etat, les Président de tribunaux, juges, procureurs et greffiers et plus généralement tout ordonnateurs de dépense de tout organisme public et de toute personnes morale de droit public, les administrateurs, directeurs, comptable et contrôleurs des entreprises publiques et sociétés de droit privé dont le capital est détenu par l’Etat, les ambassadeurs et les membres de l’Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption ont obligation de déclarer à la prise de le service, leur patrimoine. Ces dispositions s’étendent également aux personnalités élues à un mandat public et à tout agent public de l’Etat dont l’acte de nomination en fait obligation. Un décret pris en conseil des ministres déterminera la liste des hautes personnalités de l’Etat et des hauts fonctionnaires concernés par les présentes dispositions ».","Loi n°2011-20 du 12 octobre 2011 portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. Article 3. http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=30121&t=direct","Au Bénin la loi fait obligation aux hauts fonctionnaires de l'État de déclarer leur patrimoine, mais la loi n'exige pas la divulgation des avoirs de la famille immédiate et ne rend pas les divulgations publiques...."]
["2013_CF_44",2013,"CF","CAR",44,0,"Le Décret n° 08.338 portant déclaration du patrimoine des personnalités, des fonctionnaires et dirigeants des entreprises et offices publics fait seulement  allusion à la déclaration de patrimoine des hautes personnalités. Le délai de déclaration est notamment de 30 jours pour le chef de l'État après sa prestation serment, et de 60 jours pour le premier ministre et les ministres. Cette déclaration se fait par simple écriture. Par ailleurs, on constate que la teneur de ce décret  ne précise pas la nature des choses à déclarer et que cette déclaration ne concerne pas les membres de la famille de ces hautes personnalités. \n\nCe texte présente un certain nombre de faiblesses, à savoir l'absence de mesures contraignantes en cas de non-respect en termes de déclaration du délai. Autre manquement : l'absence de mécanismes de contrôle de la sincérité de ces biens déclarés. \n\nAussi, on remarque que la Charte constitutionnelle de transition de 2013 ne fait pas mention d'une disposition précise relativement à la déclaration de patrimoine, contrairement à l'ancienne constitution de 2004 dissoute après la chute du régime défunt. De même, on observe qu'aucun mécanisme a été mis en place pour permettre au public d'avoir accès à cette information.","Décret n° 08.338 portant déclaration du patrimoine des personnalités, des fonctionnaires et dirigeants des entreprises et offices publics du 28 septembre 2008. (2008) www.uncsd2012.org/.../584QUESTIONNAIRE_Rep_Centrafricaine;  http://webs.ono.com/juanfandos/jorca.htm.","Le Décret n° 08.338 portant déclaration du patrimoine des personnalités, des fonctionnaires et dirigeants des entreprises et offices publics fait seulement  allusion à la déclaration de patrimoine des hautes personnalités. Le délai de déclaration est notamment de 30 jours pour le c..."]
["2013_KM_44",2013,"KM","Comoros",44,0,"Les déclarations de patrimoine ne sont pas disponibles aux citoyens car les membres de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de lutte Contre la Corruption (CNPLC) sont tenus de garder le secret (par respect au chapitre VII de la loi sur la transparence, intitulé « de l’obligation de respect de la confidentialité et du secret »). \n\nEn vertu de ce chapitre, la publication de ces déclarations de patrimoine dans la presse est interdite. (source: Comoresdroit, 07 mars 2012, Ali ABDOU ELANIOU, \"Rapport de l'AJPRED sur la loi anti-corruption\", http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/876-).\n\nSelon l'article 2 de la loi sur la transparence, les hautes personnalités publiques « sont tenues, dans les trois (3) mois qui suivent leur nomination ou leur entrée en fonction, d’adresser ou de déposer au siège de la Commission de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption une déclaration certifiée exacte et sincère de leur situation patrimoniale, ainsi que celle de leurs conjoints et enfants mineurs. Cette déclaration doit être renouvelée annuellement. Ces dispositions s’appliquent au président de l’Union des Comores et aux membres du gouvernement de l’Union ». \n\nLes membres de la législature sont tenus aux mêmes obligations que le chef d'État .\nCes dispositions s’appliquent aux députés.","Déclaration de patrimoine, décret N° 11 - 103 / PR du 21 juin 2011 portant promulgation de la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publiques, économiques, financières et sociales de l’Union des Comores.(2011). Article 2.\nhttp://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/644-","Les déclarations de patrimoine ne sont pas disponibles aux citoyens car les membres de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de lutte Contre la Corruption (CNPLC) sont tenus de garder le secret (par respect au chapitre VII de la loi sur la transparence, intitulé « de l’obligatio..."]
["2013_ER_44",2013,"ER","Eritrea",44,0,"While there are some general laws in the Transitional Code against corruption, there is no specific law requiring public disclosure of assets.\nThe Transitional Penal Code (1991) Art. 425. — Corrupt Practices stipulates that:\n(1) Any public servant who, in consideration for the performance of or omission of\nan act, in violation of the duties proper to his office, seeks, exacts a promise of\nor receives a gift or any other advantage to which lie is not entitled,\nis punishable with simple imprisonment for not less than three months, and\nfine.\n(2) Where the purpose of the breach of duty solicited, the size of the sums or gifts\nreceived in consideration, the official capacity or powers of the person\ncorrupted, or the extent of the breach of duty committed renders the case of\nparticular gravity, the punishment shall be rigorous imprisonment not\nexceeding five years and a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars.\n(3) In like case, arbitrators, experts, jurors, translators, or interpreters engaged by\nthe public authorities in their technical capacity are liable to the same\npunishments.","The Transitional Penal Code (1991)\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","While there are some general laws in the Transitional Code against corruption, there is no specific law requiring public disclosure of assets.\nThe Transitional Penal Code (1991) Art. 425. — Corrupt Practices stipulates that:..."]
["2013_ET_44",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",44,0,"Article 4 of the Disclosure and Registration of Assets Proclamation includes an obligation for government officials to register their assets. Specifically, it states: \n\n\"1/ Any appointee, elected person or public servant shall have the obligation to disclose and register:\na) The assets under the ownership or possession of himself and his family; and\nb) Sources of his income and those of his family.\"\n\nDisclosures are supposed to be transparent and open to the public according to Article 12 on Accessibility of Registered Information: \n\n12. Accessibility of Registered Information\n1/ All information regarding the registration of assets of an appointee, elected person or a public servant shall be open to the public.\n2/ Any person who wishes to access information regarding the registration of assets may apply in writing to the Commission or to the concerned ethics liaison unit.\n3/ The Commission or the concerned ethics liaison unit shall accept and grant the information requested to the requesting person.\n4/ Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article the information regarding the registration of \nfamily assets shall be confidential unless disclosure is required in the interest of justice or for other purposes to be determined by the Commission as necessary.\n5/ The Commission shall provide the public with general information regarding the registration of assets under this Proclamation every two years by way of reports.","1. Disclosure and Registration of Assets Proclamation, Proclamation No. 668 /2010,b Article 4, Sub-articles 1 and 2, 2010. PART TWO DISCLOSURE AND REGISTRATION OF ASSETS\nhttp://chilot.me/2011/01/20/proclamation-no-6682010-a-proclamation-to-provide-for-the-disclosure-and-registration-of-assets/\n (1) of this Article shall fill the particulars of his assets and sources of income and those of his family in separate forms designed for such purposes and authenticate the same by his signature.","Article 4 of the Disclosure and Registration of Assets Proclamation includes an obligation for government officials to register their assets. Specifically, it states: ..."]
["2013_GW_44",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",44,0,"Article 1º of law n7/99 establishes that senior officials from all three branches of government, article 2º  officials are obliged to disclose records of their assets every 4 years. Article 4º, the disclosure of assets includes the totality of their belongings and vehicles and their income. However, article 8º states that disclosures are confidential and may only be made available to the president, legislative commissions of inquiry, public ministry and judicial courts.","1.  Disclosure Law, Law 7/99, 7 September 1999.\n2.  Political positions, Law 14/97, 2 December 1997.","Article 1º of law n7/99 establishes that senior officials from all three branches of government, article 2º  officials are obliged to disclose records of their assets every 4 years. Article 4º, the disclosure of assets includes the totality of their belongings and vehicles and thei..."]
["2013_MW_44",2013,"MW","Malawi",44,0,"Disclosure of assets by senior government officials is tackled by section 88A as well as section 213 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Section 88A is specifically for the President and Cabinet while section 213 refers to members of parliament and other public officers holding positions of such grades as may be specified by parliament.  \n\nUnder both sections, the officials are required to file a record of their assets with the office of the Speaker of Parliament who should in turn deposit the document with a public office specified by the Standing Orders of Parliament. There is no requirement that the declarations of assets should be made public. Furthermore, neither the act nor the standing orders of parliament referred to in the constitution exist. \n\nIn terms of the scope of the law, senior officials of the judiciary are not covered in these constitutional provisions. For those in positions required to declare assets, the law does not demand declaration of assets of other immediate members of the family apart from spouses.\n \nHowever, a bill has been drafted which details the regulation of the disclosure of assets by public officials including those of the judiciary. This is yet to be tabled in parliament.\n\nThe Corrupt Practices Act of 1996 does not add much to the constitution provisions cited above. The closest it gets is the regulation of conflict of interest by public officials, specifically those involved in discussing or making decisions on government contracts. Under Section 25D, the act only requires the concerned officials to declare their interests and to take no part in the decision making. Otherwise, there is no further requirement from public officials in the form of disclosure of their assets.","1. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, Section 88A of  2001, Section 213 of 1997.\n2. Corrupt Practices Act, Section 25D, of 1996.\n\nBackground:\n3. The Nation, \"Malawi Should Move Fast on Assets Declaration,\" accessed at http://mwnation.com/malawi-should-move-fast-on-assets-declaration/\n4. Nyasa Times, \"Malawi Assets Declaration Bill Fails to Pass,\" accessed at http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/10/31/malawi-assets-declaration-bill-fails-to-pass-mps-send-back-for-further-scrutiny/","Disclosure of assets by senior government officials is tackled by section 88A as well as section 213 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Section 88A is specifically for the President and Cabinet while section 213 refers to members of parliament and other public officers ..."]
["2013_MA_44",2013,"MA","Morocco",44,0,"No such detailed law exists. \n\nHowever, there is a constitutional principle: Article 158 of the Moroccan Constitution states that every person elected must disclose records of their assets. But there isn't a law on asset disclosures and they aren't available to the public.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however a constitutional provision in the Moroccan constitution:\nMorocco.  Constitution, article 158.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.","No such detailed law exists. \n\nHowever, there is a constitutional principle: Article 158 of the Moroccan Constitution states ..."]
["2013_RW_44",2013,"RW","Rwanda",44,0,"The content of assets declarations is not available to the public. Article 7 of the Ombudsman Law states that one of the objectives of the Office of the Ombudsman is to receive assets declarations of senior officials in the three branches of government, among them the Head of State, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of Parliament, the Prime Minister, Deputies, Cabinet Members, Senior officers of the army, mayors, judges, prosecutors and police officers. In addition, the article clarifies that assets should be declared first after taking office and then every year before the 30th of June. \n\nThis is proof that those mentioned have to submit a list of their assets. However, the information about people's assets is not disclosed to the public. The last part of article 7 says: \"Faithful declaration of assets shall be confidentially kept such that knowledge of their content shall only be known to the owners and their receivers. If considered necessary, the President of the Supreme Court or the Prosecutor General of the Republic, after requesting for it in writing from the Chief Ombudsman, or the Bureau of the Senate, may be shown a faithful declaration of an accused person so that investigations may be carried out. However, if it is concerned with those dignitaries, the faithful declarations shall be requested for by their Assistants.\"","Republic of Rwanda Law Establishing the Organisation and Functioning of the Office of the Ombudsman.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7779&iid=189&rid=2127","The content of assets declarations is not available to the public. Article 7 of the Ombudsman Law states that one of the objectives of the Office of the Ombudsman is to receive assets declarations of senior officials in the three branches of government, among them the Head of State..."]
["2013_SL_44",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",44,0,"Section 119 (1) of the Anti-Corruption Act of 2008 indeed calls on every public officer to deposit with the commission a sworn declaration of assets, income and liabilities, but it does not guarantee such disclosure to be public in subsection (13) which states that it shall be dealt with in secret and confidentially.","No such law exists. \n\nPart of the criteria is however mentioned in: \nThe Anti-corruption Act, Part VIII - Integrity in Public Life, Section 119 (1), 2008, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf","Section 119 (1) of the Anti-Corruption Act of 2008 indeed calls on every public officer to deposit with the commission a sworn declaration of assets, income and liabilities, but it does not guarantee such disclosure to be public in subsection (13) which states that it shall be deal..."]
["2013_TZ_44",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",44,0,"The public leadership code of ethics, in sections 9-11, stipulates asset disclosure, but does not explictly require it to be made public and leaders have routinely failed to declare their assets as required.","1. Article 132 -(1) of the constitution provides establishment of a public leaders’ ethics secretariat\n with powers to inquire into the behaviour and conduct of any public leader. It also requires \"persons holding certain public offices to make a formal declaration from time to time concerning their income, assets and liabilities\".\n \n 2. Article 28 (1), of The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau Act, 2007 empowers the anti-corruption agency personnel to require, in writing, public officials to disclose full and true accounts of their properties, including those held by agents when in service, and how they were acquired.","The public leadership code of ethics, in sections 9-11, stipulates asset disclosure, but does not explictly require it to be made public and leaders have routinely failed to declare their assets as required."]
["2013_ZW_44",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",44,0,"Section 198 of the 2013 constitution states that an act of parliament that provides measures that require public officers to make regular disclosure of their assets should be enacted to enforce the constitution. As of September 30, 2013, no such legislation has been enacted.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20), Section 198, act 1/2013","Section 198 of the 2013 constitution states that an act of parliament that provides measures that require public officers to make regular disclosure of their assets should be enacted to enforce the constitution. As of September 30, 2013, no such legislation has been enacted."]
["2013_BI_45",2013,"BI","Burundi",45,0,"Bien que la loi fait obligation à une catégorie de fonctionnaires de déclarer leurs biens, peu s'y acquittent et lorsqu'ils le font, ce n'est pas public. \n\nSelon Alexandre Simbizi, la déclaration des actifs est faite par certains individus, même si en droit c’est obligatoire. Il manque des mesures d’application en cas de refus de le faire pour ces autorités. Même celui qui le fait, le fait à huit clos. Les citoyens ne peuvent pas avoir accès à ces informations pour en faire usage. \n\nD’après Come Bageni : «Dans la pratique, le processus de divulgation des actifs des hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches du gouvernement (y compris les chefs d’État et de gouvernement, les ministres, les députés, les juges, etc.) n’est pas effectif, car un bon nombre d’entre eux ne font pas ces divulgations. Et ceux qui ne le font pas ne sont pas sanctionnés pour ça.»","Simbizi Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, 19 septembre 2013.\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.","Bien que la loi fait obligation à une catégorie de fonctionnaires de déclarer leurs biens, peu s'y acquittent et lorsqu'ils le font, ce n'est pas public. ..."]
["2013_TD_45",2013,"TD","Chad",45,0,"Les hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches du gouvernement ne procèdent pas tous à la divulgation de leurs actifs. Seules les membres du gouvernement (l'exécutif) sont tenus de le faire. En pratique, les divulgations des actifs ne sont pas mises à la disposition du public. Les nombreux cas d'arrestations ou de détournement suggèrent que les contrôles en vigueur ne sont pas efficaces.","Begoto, S.(5 juillet 2013). « Corruption à ciel ouvert : Le SG du ministère du Tourisme et l’affaire de 200 000 000 fcfa ». Info-Tchad: http://tchadonline.com/index.php/corruption-a-ciel-ouvert-le-sg-du-ministere-du-tourisme-et-laffaire-de-200-000-000-fcfa/\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Les hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches du gouvernement ne procèdent pas tous à la divulgation de leurs actifs. Seules les membres du gouvernement (l'exécutif) sont tenus de le faire. En pratique, les divulgations des actifs ne sont pas mises à la disposition du public. Les nom..."]
["2013_EG_45",2013,"EG","Egypt",45,0,"Mohamed Ramdan states, \"Asset disclosures are not available for public. They are only available upon a request from the judiciary based on investigations that shows suspicious corruption or unreasonable increase in the wealth of an official. Yet, according to law, every official must submit asset disclosures to avert any accusations.\"\n\nAfter Mubarak's ousting, the Illicit Gain Authority found out that he had much more money than he had mentioned in his wealth disclosure statement that he used to file with auditing authorities every five years. Laymen had no access to these statements.\n\nIn practice, corrupt officials, when they first take office, file a wealth disclosure to auditing authorities, claiming they have wealth so when they leave the office, no accusations or suspicions leveled at them concerning the unreasonably increased wealth value are made. \n\nAsset disclosures are not available to the public and asset disclosures contain very little information, much of which is intentionally misleading.","Illicit Gain Authority was requested many times to provide a statement about asset disclosures of senior officials, but they never responded after filing three requests from October 23 to 30, 2013.\n\nRamdan, Mohamed.  (2013, October 30) .  Human rights lawyer and member of the Revolutionary Socialists Movement.  Personal communication.\n\nEgypt to freeze assets of 14 Brotherhood, Islamist July 14, 2013. leadershttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/14/us-egypt-politics-assets-idUSBRE96D06X20130714\n\n(2006) .  [A Ministry of Justice link showing the bill text called Asset Disclosure Law].  Retrieved from http://www.moj.gov.jo/finance/law.","Mohamed Ramdan states, \"Asset disclosures are not available for public. They are only available upon a request from the judiciary based on investigations that shows suspicious corruption or unreasonable increase in the wealth of an official. Yet, according to law, every official mu..."]
["2013_ET_45",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",45,0,"A researcher at the Addis Ababa University states that asset disclosures are not in practice accessible to the public. Given the cases of apparent embezzlement, it is clear that despite the law, officials rarely if ever disclose the full scope of their assets to the public and continue to be undisturbed by lack of implementation of the legislation existent.   \n\nThough the FEACC is supposed to publish the relevant information on officials' assets, it has yet to do so.","1. Interview, Anonymous, Researcher (consultant in Economics), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Sep. 30, 2013. \n\n2. Temesgen Desalegne, Life Magazine, vol. 7, no. 110 , P.3, July 2013.\n\n3.  Interview, Anonymous, Former Anti-corruption officer and researcher, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Oct. 05, 2013.\n\n4. Capital Newspaper, Anti Corruption Commission to Disclose Government Officials’ Assets, July 2013,\nhttp://www.capitalethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3248:anti-corruption-commission-to-disclose-government-officials-assets-&Itemid=27.","A researcher at the Addis Ababa University states that asset disclosures are not in practice accessible to the public. Given the cases of apparent embezzlement, it is clear that despite the law, officials rarely if ever disclose the full scope of their assets to the public and cont..."]
["2013_KE_45",2013,"KE","Kenya",45,50,"Although Kenya has laws on wealth declaration, implementation remains a challenge - largely defeating of the purpose of the laws.\n\nThe existing laws are not compelling enough for even public official to make full declarations of wealth and assets despite the potential benefits to the public. The wealth declaration laws can help protect the private assets of public officials from wrongful and extra-legal confiscation and protect public officials from undue suspicion, baseless allegations of wrongdoing, and all manner of clumsy claims.\n\nThere a general feeling of lack of political goodwill to enforce this law especially among the political class in Kenya in that some of the leading politicians has a questionable source of the current wealth.\n\nMany officials are therefore making incomplete declarations just to meet the legal requirements and not providing their factual wealth and wealth status.\n\nPublic access to the declared wealth and assets is still not effective partly due to the conditions and lengthy period involved.\n\nArticle 6 (3) of the Legal Notice 179 of November 2011 says: \"Where the public officer does not respond to the notice within 14 days, the responsible commission may extend the period within which the public officer may respond by up to 14 days.\" This clause gives room for delay in providing information to the public.\n\nFurthermore, the regulations gives the various state officials a lee way to unfairly reject applications for public disclosure of declared information. Article 7 of the regulations on grounds in which commission may deny access says that \"a commission may deny in writing, access to the declaration or information contained in that declaration if, it is of the opinion that the application is frivolous, vexatious or that the disclosure of such information would be against public interest or is likely to be used in a manner that is detrimental to the security or safety of the concerned public officer\".","1. Yasin Aila, spokesman Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission,Kenya. Interviewed on September 10, 2013.\n\n2. 'I'm ready to declare my wealth, says Ruto\", an article by Jeremiah Kiplagata, published on the February 15, 2013 online edition of the Nation newspaper. http://elections.nation.co.ke/news/I+am+ready+to+declare+my+wealth+says+Ruto/-/1631868/1694836/-/u1e1ms/-/index.html.\n\n3. \"Existing Integrity and Wealth Declaration Laws inadequate for credible vetting of Public office holders\", a statement by the International Centre for Policy and Conflict, executive director Ndung'u Wainaina on May 3, 2013. http://www.icpcafrica.org/index.php/news/events/277-existing-integrity-and-wealth-declaration-laws-inadequate-for-credible-vetting-of-public-office-holders-.html#sthash.lQZpiV2t.dpuf.\n\n4. \"Public Servants Should Declare Their Wealth As Required By Law\", an editorial by the People newspaper. The article ran on the online edition of the newspaper on August 9, 2013. http://www.thepeople.co.ke/14537/public-servants-should-account-for-their-wealth-as-required-by-law/.\n\n5. Legal Notice no. 179 of November 25, 2011. Public Officer Management Verification regulations, 2011. These regulations give terms for the conditional public disclosure of assets and wealth declared by public officers. Article 4. (1) of Legal Notice 179 of November 2011 says a person may access information contained in a declaration upon making an application to the authorised officer of the responsible commission in the form set out in the schedule. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=831.","Although Kenya has laws on wealth declaration, implementation remains a challenge - largely defeating of the purpose of the laws...."]
["2013_LS_45",2013,"LS","Lesotho",45,0,"Although the Public Service Commission has developed and gazetted the asset declaration process, officials of the three branches have not disclosed their assets in accordance with the Public Service Regulations 2008. \n\nIt has been reported that the requirements of the asset declaration form complicated and compromised its effective implementation. The form’s allegedly unnecessary information requirements also appeared to be inconsistent with the constitutional right to privacy. Also, the information verification requirements proved too costly for the whole asset declaration system to work effectively. The current amendment bill provides for a significantly improved asset declaration form and a revised system of asset disclosures. The bill empowers supervisors to enforce declarations and prevent conflict of interests. Under this bill, public officers are required to declare ‘interests’ without revealing details of such interests. For example, public officers will be required to declare their ownership of shares in a particular company and not the number of shares. It is only when - in the opinion of the individual or office responsible for monitoring public officers’ work - such an interest is likely to compromise an officer’s integrity, that he will be required to provide detailed information concerning the interest. This will be used to determine the likelihood of conflict between the ‘interest’ and the proposed public officer’s duties in that respect. The form requires public officers to declare their interests and those of their immediate family members. Assets disclosures will be available to the public.","1. Litelu Ramokhoro. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Director, Public Education and Corruption Prevention. October 11 2013.\n\n2. Caswell Tlali. Sunday Express. Government to Declare Assets. May 11 2013. http://sundayexpress.co.ls/?p=8415\n\n3. Thabang Matjama. Osisa Open Society Initiative. A Year of Coalition Government in Lesotho. July 26 2013. http://www.osisa.org/hrdb/blog/year-coalition-government-lesotho","Although the Public Service Commission has developed and gazetted the asset declaration process, officials of the three branches have not disclosed their assets in accordance with the Public Service Regulations 2008. ..."]
["2013_MR_45",2013,"MR","Mauritania",45,0,"La loi n°2007-054 instituant la Commission Financière de la transparence de la vie publique rend obligatoire la déclaration de patrimoine à certaines catégories de personnalités des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire. Elle ne mentionne pas pour autant l'obligation de rendre public ces déclarations de patrimoine. \n\nL'absence d'une telle disposition affaiblit la portée de la loi, qui visait à accroitre la transparence financière des différentes personnalités de l’État. Sous sa forme actuelle, meme si les fonctionnaires declare leur patrimonie, la loi présente de nombreuses insuffisances. Elle n'oblige pas les personnalités à déclarer le patrimoine de leurs proches, comme leurs enfants ou de leurs cousins. Dans une société fortement structurée par les liens familiaux comme l’est la Mauritanie, il est facile de transférer la gestion de ses biens à un parent. La loi 2007-054 échoue en cela à répondre aux objectifs qui lui étaient fixés : à travers un dispositif institutionnel contenant  des sujétions et des devoirs aux personnalités de l'État, elle devait constituer une étape vers l’intégrité et l'accès de la déclaration du patrimoine devait être opposable à tout citoyen.","1. Mohamed Abdallahi ould Bilil, Coalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), membre de 2 CM, 19 septembre 2013.\n\n2. Mine ould Habiboullah, avocat à la cour, Président, dCoalition publiez ce que vous payez (PCQVP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Ahmed Youra ould Haye, enseignant, Faculté des sciences juridiques et économiques, Université de Nouakchott, ancien Secrétaire permanent, Programme national de bonne gouvernance, 14 novembre 2013.","La loi n°2007-054 instituant la Commission Financière de la transparence de la vie publique rend obligatoire la déclaration de patrimoine à certaines catégories de personnalités des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire. Elle ne mentionne pas pour autant l'obligation de rendr..."]
["2013_MZ_45",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",45,0,"As was true last year, the situation has not changed: Although enshrined in law, there is no mechanism or institution that allows for checking whether or not the members of the three branches declare their assets, given the non existing obligation to actually disclose assets. It is impossible for citizens to obtain access to the records because they are protected, and their inappropriate diffusion is sanctioned according to the law.","1.        Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013.\n\n2.        \"Governo propõe alargamento dos prazos do início da implementação do Pacote Anti-Corrupção para 2013\". Center Public Integrity. October 2012.\n\n3.        \"Governo não cumpriu com o pacote anti-corrupção \".Redaccao. O Pais. April 25, 2013. http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/25088-governo-nao-cumpriu-com-o-pacote-anti-corrupcao.html","As was true last year, the situation has not changed: Although enshrined in law, there is no mechanism or institution that allows for checking whether or not the members of the three branches declare their assets, given the non existing obligation to actually disclose assets. It is..."]
["2013_SN_45",2013,"SN","Senegal",45,0,"Seuls les actifs du président de la République sont connus. Comme le stipule la Constitution, le président produit en effet une déclaration de patrimoine, qu’il adresse au Conseil Constitutionnel et qui est rendue publique par lui. Aucune loi n’oblige la divulgation des actifs des hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches du gouvernement (les ministres, les députés, les juges, etc). De telles divulgations n’ont donc pas cours.\n\nToutefois, le président à annoncé cette année une Loi portant code de transparence pour la gestion budgétaire. Cette loi vise à imposer la déclaration de patrimoine à tous les ordonnateurs de dépenses publiques dont les budgets sont supérieurs à 500 millions par an.","Entretien avec Marième Mbaye, directrice exécutive, Forum civil, le 17 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Bouna Manel Fall, spécialiste en droit des médias, enseignant, Centres d'études des sciences et techniques de l'information de Dakar, 15 octobre, 2013.\n\nMane, B.C. (23 juillet 2013). « Corruption, traque des biens mal acquis, reddition des comptes, enrichissement illicite… : Macky étale ses convictions ». Sud Quotidien : http://www.xibar.net/CORRUPTION-TRAQUE-DES-BIENS-MAL-ACQUIS-REDDITION-DES-COMPTES-ENRICHISSEMENT-ILLICITE-Macky-etale-ses-convictions_a50067.html","Seuls les actifs du président de la République sont connus. Comme le stipule la Constitution, le président produit en effet une déclaration de patrimoine, qu’il adresse au Conseil Constitutionnel et qui est rendue publique par lui. Aucune loi n’oblige la divulgation des actifs des ..."]
["2013_SS_45",2013,"SS","South Sudan",45,0,"In practice, the asset disclosure processes of the three branches of government are ineffective. Like most institutions in South Sudan, the Anti-Corruption Commission is still in its embryonic stage. Senior government officials from the legislature, executive and judiciary filed asset disclosures with the Anti-Corruption Commission for the first time in 2012. \n\nHowever, given that the disclosures were done in private, civil society activists believe the process was not effective. Citizens believe most officials under-declared their assets, given that there was no follow up to double check the accuracy of the information provided.\n\nOfficials were expected to disclose what they own in terms of real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, income from investments and assets belonging to the immediate family. But an official with the commission speaking on the condition of anonymity says most officials seem to have under-declared their assets. In addition, some only list assets without including a monetary value to them.  Also, since the disclosures were filed, there has been no statement regarding what will happen to those who have not declared or who under-declare. It is also not clear if all those required to declare have done so. \n\nThere is no provision in the law that indicates what punishment would be meted out to an official who either under-declares or fails to declare his wealth.\n\nAlso civil society activists say most senior staff of the Anti-Corruption Commission are members of the ruling SPLM and could find it hard to expose their colleagues who fail to disclose their wealth.\n\nThe asset disclosures are not made public.","Africa Center for Strategic Studies.  (2013) .  Fragility and state-society relations in South Sudan.  Washington, D.C.: Knopf, K.A.  Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ARP-4-EN.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Director at the South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission].  Personal communication. \n\nYakani, Edmond.  (2013, October 8) .  Executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organisation.  Personal communication.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","In practice, the asset disclosure processes of the three branches of government are ineffective. Like most institutions in South Sudan, the Anti-Corruption Commission is still in its embryonic stage. Senior government officials from the legislature, executive and judiciary filed as..."]
["2013_TN_45",2013,"TN","Tunisia",45,0,"In 2012, all members of the governments have declared their assets to the Cour des comptes, the official agency in charge of auditing the government accounts.\n \n But these data are accessible only to the first president of the Cour des comptes and are considered confidential. If a civil servant wants to publish the list of his assets, it is his responsibility and his own choice; nothing obliges him to do so.\n \n Until now, the only official who has published his assets is the former minister of the administrative reform, Mohamed Abbou (See attached, in the portal of the government website). He declared his houses and cars. In general though, asset disclosures are not available to the public.","Portal of the government, containing the assets of Mr. Abbou, former minister of administrative reform, http://www.tunisie.gov.tn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&lang=fr&id=1839&Itemid=540\n \n September 28, 2013: Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government of Beki Caid Essebsi, now a retired professor at the University of Tunis\n \n October 25, 2013: Interview with Prof. Karray, senior lecturer of public law, University of Sfax","In 2012, all members of the governments have declared their assets to the Cour des comptes, the official agency in charge of auditing the government accounts.\n ..."]
["2013_AO_46",2013,"AO","Angola",46,0,"The existing law does not require asset disclosures to be made public. While assets of the public service should be disclosed to the Attorney General, they are not made public. Furthermore the law is not specific in asking civil servants to also disclose family assets.\n\nARTICLE 27\n(Declaration of assets)\n\n\"1.The performance of public functions shall be subject to the declaration of rights earnings securities shares or any other type of goods and securities located in the country or abroad according to the annexed form which constitute the private property of the following persons:\n\na) holders of political office whether elected or appointed;\nb) magistrates both judicial and of the Public Prosecution Service without exception;\nc) managers and executives of the Central and Local State Administration;\nd) managers of public property attached to the Angolan Armed Forces and the National Police irrespective of their capacity;\ne) managers and executives of public institutions funds or public foundations and public-sector corporations;\nf) office holders on local authority executive and deliberative bodies.\n\n\"2. The declaration of assets must be renewed every two years.\n3. False declarations made intentionally or negligently omissions and failure to declare assets are equivalent to false declarations to the public authority and as such are susceptible of political disciplinary and criminal liability.\n\n4. Any public officer who refuses to make a declaration of assets within the time limit determined by law will be punished with the penalty of dismissal or removal from office without prejudice to the other sanctions provided by law.\n\n5. The declaration of assets will be submitted in a closed and wax-sealed envelope within 30 days from taking up possession of office to the entity that exercises authority of direction superintendence or oversight which will send it to the Attorney General within eight working days.\n\n6. The Attorney General shall be the faithful depository of the declaration of assets to which access will be granted only by court order provided that this is justified in the context of criminal and/or disciplinary and administrative proceedings or by other reasons of strong circumstantial evidence of criminal and/or administrative unlawful acts.\n\n7. The information and data contained in the declaration of assets and also in an accusation of an act of improbity will be treated as information sub judice and failure to respect this in any way will be liable to the relevant criminal and disciplinary process.\"","No such law exists. \n\nHowever the requirements are partially met through the Republic of Angola Probity Law No. 03/10 of 29 March 2010, art 27.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://srvtcsa2.tcontas.ao:7779/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Leis/Lei-3-10.pdf","The existing law does not require asset disclosures to be made public. While assets of the public service should be disclosed to the Attorney General, they are not made public. Furthermore the law is not specific in asking civil servants to also disclose family assets...."]
["2013_CM_46",2013,"CM","Cameroon",46,0,"Having reviewed the Law on the Declaration of Assets no such law exist for the civil service.\n\nSection 1: This law, enacted pursuant to Article 66 of the Constitution, relates to the declaration of assets and property.\n\nChapter 1\nGeneral Provisions\nSection 2: (1) The following shall be liable to declaration of assets and property, in accordance with the provisions of this law:\nthe President of the Republic;\nthe Prime Minister;\nmembers of Government and persons ranking as such;\nthe President and members of the Bureau of the National Assembly;\nthe President and members of the Bureau of the Senate;\nmembers of Parliament, Senators;\nall holders of elective offices;\nSecretaries-General of Ministries and persons ranking as such; Directors of the Central Administration;\nGeneral Managers of public and semi-public enterprises; Judicial and Legal Officers;\nPersonnel of government services in charge of the tax base, collection and handling of public funds and budget control;\nAll managers of the public votes and property.\n\n(2) The following shall also be liable to declaration of assets and property:\n- the President of the Economic and Social Council;\n- Ambassadors;\n- Rectors of State Universities;\n- Government Delegates to certain councils;\n- Board Chairpersons of enterprises of the public and semi-public sector;\n-Provincial Governors and Senior Divisional Offices;\n- Chairpersons of Tender Boards;\n- President of Trade Chambers;\n- Managers of projects funded externally and/or with State subsidies;\n- Officials in charge of Administrative and judicial liquidations;\n \n- Officials of the public administrative establishments and State-owned corporations up to the rank of Director;\n- Central Administration officials ranking as Central Administration Directors.\n\n(3) Any authorizing officer in a partnership or private body that receives public funds in the form of subventions or donations shall also declare his assets and property at the beginning and the end of his tenure of office.\n\nSection  3:  (1)  Mandatory  declaration  of  assets  and  property  shall  concern  all property.\n\n(2) Declaration shall concern movable and immovable property and tangible and intangible property in and out of the country and belonging to the person liable, his spouse and their minor descendants right up to the first degree.\n\n(3) It shall also concern any benefit enjoyed by the person concerned and his minor descendants of the first degree or beneficiary ascendants, as well as any interest they hold in any private company, whatsoever.\n\n(4) Household equipment and personal effects shall not be subject to the declaration of assets and property.\n\nChapter II\nConditions of Assets and Property Declaration\nSection 4: (1) The officials and persons referred to in Section 2 above shall file the declaration of assets and property on their honour in the form and under conditions provided for by law, and forward same to the competent body within 90 (ninety) days of their election or appointment and no more than 60 (sixty) days following the end of their tenure of office.\n\nSection 5: Where and when necessary, the declaration of assets and property may be updated within 30 (thirty) days of its submission.\n\nChapter III\nAssets and Property Declaration Reception Commission\nSection 6: A Commission responsible for receiving, exploring and preserving declarations from the persons referred to in Section 2 above, hereinafter refereed to “Assets and property Declaration Commission”, is hereby set up.\n \nSection 7: (1) The Commission shall be composed as follows: Chairman\nA personality appointed by the President of the Republic. Members\ntwo personalities appointed by the president of the Republic;\na personality appointed by the President of the National Assembly;\na personality appointed by the President of the Senate;\na State Inspector, representing the Supreme State Audit Services;\ntwo representatives of the Supreme Court, including one members from the audit\nBench;\na representative of the Association of Notaries.\n\n(2) Commissioners shall be appointed by decree of the President of the Republic, for\n5 (five)-year term of office, renewable once, where necessary. They may be replaced only in the same form, in the event of death, resignation or gross misconduct.\n\n(3) Commissioners shall take the following oath before the Supreme Court prior to assuming office: “I swear to discharge my duties with objectivity and integrity and to keep secret any information I have been acquainted with in the discharge of such duties”.\n\n(4) Commissioners shall be bound, before and after assuming office, by mandatory declaration of assets and property, under the conditions provided for in Section 4 above.\n\n(5) During and after the performance of their duties, Commissioners shall be bound to reserve and secrecy in respect of all or part of the assets and property declarations issues.\n\n(6) The organization and functioning of the commission shall be defined by decree of the President of the Republic.\n\nSection 8: (1) The Commission may communicate its comments on the declaration of assets and property to any declarant through any written means. The declarant shall be bound to acknowledge receipt thereof and respond within 45 (forty-five) days.\n\n(2) Any refusal to reply to Commission’s comments shall be tantamount to failure to declare assets and property.\n\n(3) The Commission shall ensure the confidentiality of the information received and of its discussions with declarants.\n\n(4) However, the Commission may, within the context of a criminal investigation, forward all or part of the declaration to judicial authorities should the latter so request.\n\nSection 9: (1) When in doubt of the authenticity of a declaration of assets and property and in the absence of supplementary information from the official concerned, the Commission may request the competent State bodies to probe the actual status of the property of the person concerned.\n\n(2) In the event of false declaration, the declarant shall be liable to sanctions provided for under Section 15 of this Law.\n\nSection 10: In the event of refusal to declare assets and property by the persons liable or doubt on the declaration, the Commission may request any competent public or private service to communicate to it, any information that may help establish the assets and property of the persons concerned.\n\nSection 11: (1) The premises of the Commission shall be inviolable during the performance of its duties.\n\n(2) The records of the Commission may not be published or disclosed in whole or in part by any means whatsoever.\n\nChapter IV\nTransitional, Miscellaneous and final provisions\n\nSection 12:  Persons liable who are currently in office shall declare their assets and property within 90 (ninety) days, with effect from the date of the setting up of the Commission.\n\nSection 13: (1) Where after the declaration of assets and property provided for by this law, the Commission notices that the delcarant is in possession of assets of unjustified origin or not commensurate with the declarant’s annual income or earnings serving as such, it may resort to compromise, for the benefit of State, of all or part of the declarant’s movable and immovable property, under conditions provided for by Law No. 73/7 of 7 December 1973 on the treasury’s rights to safeguard  public funds.\n\n(2) In the event of non-acceptance of the compromise, the Commission shall propose to the President of the Republic the transmission of the file to the Minister of Justice for the intention of public proceedings.\n\nSection 14: (1) The Commission shall, each year, forward a progress report to the\nPresident of the Republic.\n\n(2) The Commission shall, at any time, inform the president of the Republic of any obstacle to the performance of its duties, compliance or non-compliance by the officials referred to in Section 2 above, with the mandatory declaration of assets and property.\n\nSection 15: (1) Any holder of an elective office, who either makes a false declaration or fails to declare his assets and property, shall not be eligible for any election at the end of his tenure of office.\n\n(2) Any person appointed to a position provided  for in section 2 of this law, who fails to  declare  his  assets  and  property,  shall  be  dismissed  from  office,  subject  to compliance with the appointment procedure.\n\n(3) Any appointed manager of public property and funds, who makes a false declaration of his assets and property, shall also de dismissed from office, subject to compliance with the appointment procedure. In addition, such person may not be appointed to any of the positions specified in Section 2 of this law, for a period of\n5 (five) years.\n\n(4) However, dismissal may occur only following a warning for further period of 45 (forty-five) days issued to the defaulting official by the Commission.\n\n(5)Any public funding in the form of subventions or donations of a partnership or any other body whose expenditure authorizing officer has not declared his assets and property, shall be suspended. Such suspension shall be lifted once the official concerned declares his assets and property.\n\nSection 16: (1) Whoever discloses all or part of a declaration of assets and property in any manner whatsoever without authorization shall be liable to the sanctions provided under Section 310 of the Penal Code.\n\n(2) However, the declaration of assets and property may be disclosed to their parties where the declarant so requests in writing, giving reasons for such request.\n\nSection 17: Decrees of the President of the Republic shall, as and when necessary, define the conditions of implementation of this law.\n\nSection 18: This law shall be registered, published according to the procedure of urgency, and inserted in the Official Gazette in English and in French.","Republic of Cameroon Law no. 2006/001 Of 25 April 2006 Relating to the Declaration of Assets and Property.  (2006) .  Retrieved from http://www.iaaca.org/AntiCorruptionLaws/ByCountriesandRegions/C/Cameroon/201202/t20120221_808588.shtml","Having reviewed the Law on the Declaration of Assets no such law exist for the civil service.\n\nSection 1: This law, enacted pursuant to Article 66 of the Constitution, relates to the declar..."]
["2013_TD_46",2013,"TD","Chad",46,0,"La loi ne s'applique pas à tous les membres de la fonction publique. Seuls les membres du gouvernement sont tenus de communiquer leur patrimoine à la Cour suprême.","République du Tchad. Constitution du 31 mars 1996 révisée. 2006. Articles 4 et 22.\nhttps://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/f53b3f1871db6a6cc125707b004c77e8/$FILE/Constitution%20-%20Chad%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nRépublique du Tchad. Loi 017/PR/ 2001 portant statut general  de la fonction publique. (2001).","La loi ne s'applique pas à tous les membres de la fonction publique. Seuls les membres du gouvernement sont tenus de communiquer leur patrimoine à la Cour suprême."]
["2013_GQ_46",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",46,0,"Article 116 of the 2012 Constitution stipulates that all members of government, public and quasi-public officials must submit a statement disclosing their assets before they carry out their public service. \n\nHowever, there is a more specific law from 5 February 2004, mandating the disclosure of assets of public officials in all branches of government (Decree Law No. 1/2004, “On ethics and dignity in the exercise of civil service”). It does not require asset disclosures to be made public.\n\nArticle 10 in Decree Law No. 1/2004 stipulates that the National Public Ethics Commission will keep copies of asset disclosure documents for civil servants. The commission will keep a record of the documents. But it will only be allowed to publish them in order to verify and confirm an individual’s actual assets.\n\nIn Decree Law No. 1/2004, chapter II (“System of affidavits and past records”), articles 5–11, lays out the terms for the disclosure of assets by civil servants. Article 5 stipulates that public officials will present a detailed asset disclosure statement 30 days after taking office. \n\nThe asset disclosure provisions of Decree Law No. 1/2004 apply to all civil servants and public officials cited in article 6:\na) Members of the Executive Branch.\nb) Representatives in parliament (‘Representantes del Pueblo en la Camara’)\nc) Justices and Judges of the Judiciary and the Constitutional Court (‘Tribunal Constitucional’).\nd) Attorney General (‘Fiscal General de la República’) and other Prosecutors of the Tribunals and Courts.\ne) Directors and Advisors.\nf) General Secretaries and General Directors.\ng) Provincial Governors, Delegates and Deputy Delegates.\nh) Mayors of Municipalities.\ni) Ambassadors, consuls and officials seconded to permanent missions abroad.\nj) The active staff of the Armed Forces and State Security.\nk) Rectors, Deans and Secretaries of State Universities.\nI) Public officials or government employees, whether centralized or decentralized, state-run companies and partnerships, and staff appointed by the State managing mixed economy partnerships, stock corporations with state participation or other public sector bodies. \n\nAccording to article 7 in Decree Law No. 1/2004, the detailed asset disclosure statement must include the civil servant’s assets, his or her spouse’s and their communal property, as well as the assets and properties of their children, in Equatorial Guinea or abroad. \n\nArticle 7 lists other assets that must be disclosed:\na) Real estate and improvements made to properties.\nb) Domestic belongings that can be registered. \nc) Other belongings, expressed as a single sum. If any item is valued at CFA 5 million, it shall be itemized separately. \nd) Capital invested in bonds, shares and other listed or non-listed securities, or personal or corporate investments.\nf) Annual income and expenditures from work as an employee or as an independent or professional practitioner. \ng) Annual revenue and expenditures, derived income or pension systems. \n\nAccording to article 8 in Decree Law No. 1/2004, the detailed asset disclosure statement must be filed within the civil servant’s organization and a copy must be forwarded to the National Public Ethics Commission within 30 days. According to article 9, those who fail to submit asset disclosure statements will be barred from carrying out public service.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nArtículo 116: Todas las personalidades del Estado, los asalariados públicos y para-públicos deben prestar una declaración de sus bienes patrimoniales antes de ejercer las funciones que les sean designadas.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Decree Law No. 1/2004, capítulo II, art. 5-11.  (2004) .  [“Sobre la ética y dignidad en el ejercicio de la Función Pública”].  Retrieved from http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf","Article 116 of the 2012 Constitution stipulates that all members of government, public and quasi-public officials must submit a statement disclosing their assets before they carry out their public service. ..."]
["2013_GN_46",2013,"GN","Guinea",46,0,"Les membres de la fonction publique ne procèdent pas à la divulgation de leurs actifs, qu'il s'agisse de biens mobiliers ou de biens immobiliers. Il n'y a pas de loi spécifique obligeant les fonctionnaires de l'État à un tel processus.\nIl y a seulement certaines catégories de fonctionnaires publics qui sont soumis à cette obligation. Il s'agit des fonctionnaires qui occupent des postes de responsabilités, ayant à leurs dispositions des régies financières, qui sont tenus de divulguer leurs actifsselon l'article 36 de la Constitution Guinéenne (2010).","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Les membres de la fonction publique ne procèdent pas à la divulgation de leurs actifs, qu'il s'agisse de biens mobiliers ou de biens immobiliers. Il n'y a pas de loi spécifique obligeant les fonctionnaires de l'État à un tel processus...."]
["2013_LR_46",2013,"LR","Liberia",46,0,"The Executive Order #38 states in its article 10.1 that \"a public official and civil servant […] shall in addition declare her/his income, assets and liabilities prior to taking office […].\"\n\nHowever, the a subsequent article establishes that such declaration shall be treated as classified information and access shall only be granted to authorized personnel.","Executive Order #38 Part X ","The Executive Order #38 states in its article 10.1 that \"a public official and civil servant […] shall in addition declare her/his income, assets and liabilities prior to taking office […].\"..."]
["2013_MR_46",2013,"MR","Mauritania",46,0,"Dans la foulée de la transition démocratique de 2005-2007, les nouvelles autorités issues des élections transparentes ont fait adopter la loi n°2007-054 rendant obligatoire la déclaration périodique du patrimoine à certains membres de la fonction publique. \n\nLe législateur mauritanien énumère une liste de hauts fonctionnaires soumis à cette obligation de déclaration de patrimoine. Cette énumération restrictive montre que la présente disposition ne concerne que la haute administration. Elle ne s'applique à tous les membres de la fonction publique, qui ne sont pas tenus de divulguer leurs actifs. \n\nAucune disposition n'impose à un jeune fonctionnaire qui vient d'être recruté de faire une déclaration de patrimoine. \n\nLoi sur la transparence financière intervenait dans un contexte de transition démocratique. Elle aurait gagné efficacité si elle avait été intégrée dans un processus de modernisation de l'administration publique et si elle avait étendu le principe de l'obligation de déclaration des actifs à tous les membres de la fonction publique.","Loi 2007-.054 du 18 septembre 2007relative à transparence Financière de la\nvie publique. (2007). Article premier.\nhttp://www.coursupreme.mr/NR/rdonlyres/41ED141C-F91A-4CA1-A613-B211B96C6A71/7752/loirelativealatfv1.pdf","Dans la foulée de la transition démocratique de 2005-2007, les nouvelles autorités issues des élections transparentes ont fait adopter la loi n°2007-054 rendant obligatoire la déclaration périodique du patrimoine à certains membres de la fonction publique. ..."]
["2013_MU_46",2013,"MU","Mauritius",46,0,"No such law exists. \n\nCertain public institutions, such as the Mauritius Revenue Authority (which deals with all public revenue, including customs), the Financial Intelligence Unit (which deals with money laundering cases) and the Independent Commission Against Corruption, require that all their employees at all levels declare their assets and those of their immediate relatives. However, this measure does not extend to all civil servants, as there is no provision for declaration of assets in the constitution and the Public Service Commission regulations.","No such law exists that covers all of the above aspects. \n\nThere are however laws covering parts of the scoring criteria elements, including:\n\n1.        Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius \n        • Year passed: 1968\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Chapter VIII\n        • Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/constitution/Pages/Constitution-Contd2.aspxLaws:\n\n2.        Name of the law(s): Public Service Commission Regulations        \n• Year passed: ?\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: None\n        • Link to the law(s) if/when available: attached\n\n3.        Name of the law(s): Mauritius Revenue Act  \n        • Year passed: 2004\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 14\n        • Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/M/Page%205/MAURITIUSREVENUEAUTHORITY1.pdf \n\n4.        Name of the law(s): Financial Intelligence and Anti-Money-Laundering Act\n        • Year passed: 2002\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 31\n\n        • Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/F/Page%201/FINANCIALINTELLIGENCEANTIMONEYLAUNDERING1.pdf \n\n5. Name of the law(s): The Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA)\n        • Year passed: 2002\n        • Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 25\n        • Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/P/Page%204/PREVENTIONCORRUPTION1.pdf","No such law exists. \n\nCertain public institutions, such as the Mauritius Revenue Authority (which deals with all pub..."]
["2013_ST_46",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",46,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists","No such law exists."]
["2013_SC_46",2013,"SC","Seychelles",46,0,"Chapter V, code of conduct and discipline in the Public Service Orders (second edition), June 1996 states: \n\n\"(d) Every employee shall, on first appointment to the public service, disclose to the principal secretary (ministry of administration and manpower development) particulars of any investment or shareholding which he/she or his/her spouse or minor children may possess in any undertaking carrying on business in the republic. If the principal secretary (ministry of administration and manpower development) decides that by reason of the facts disclosed, the employee's private affairs might be brought into real or apparent conflict with public duties or in any way influence him/her in the discharge of duties, the employee shall, to such extent as the principal secretary (ministry of administration and manpower development) may direct, divest himself/herself or cause his/her spouse or minor children to divest themselves of such interest.\"  \n\nOther than this clause that is basically in place to prevent conflict of interest, there is no law that expressly states that Seychellois members of the civil service are required to make their disclosures public.","1. Seychelles Penal Code, Cap 158, chapter 10: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\n2. Public Service Orders (Second Edition), June 1996 (updated based on circulars issued between 1996 and Dec 2003): http://www.mamd.gov.sc/PSO%20UPD%2003_04.pdf.\n\n3. General offshore banking information: http://www.sterlingoffshore.com/about-offshore/offshore-company/seychelles-ibc.html.","Chapter V, code of conduct and discipline in the Public Service Orders (second edition), June 1996 states: ..."]
["2013_SZ_46",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",46,0,"No such law exists.\n \n Swaziland's constitution calls for government officials to disclose their assets to an integrity commission (although in the absence of a commission, this was handled during the year under review by the commission on human rights and public administration), and also mentions amongst those required to disclose assets those \"in the public service or any other institution as parliament may prescribe\". \n \n Whatever declarations are being submitted to commission on human rights and public administration are secret and off-limits to public scrutiny. Critics say that such secrecy undermines the transparency required by a democracy or any efficient, corruption-free government. The secrecy is constitutionally mandated, and the constitution even calls for parliament to make stiffer secrecy laws with regard to non-disclosure of assets if parliament chooses.","No relevant law exists to review.","No such law exists.\n \n Swaziland's constitution calls for government officials to disclose their assets to an integr..."]
["2013_ZM_46",2013,"ZM","Zambia",46,0,"Ordinary civil servants (those who enter the civil service based on merit and not in political positions) are not required to disclose their assets.","No such law exists. \n \n There is however: \n PartVII, Code of Ethics and Conduct of Public Officers, pertaining to public officers' requirement to disclose assets, failure to do so meaning they would have committed an offence. (without date) Available online at: http://www.ncczambia.org/media/schedule_partvii_xiv_xv_xvi_public_service.pdf.","Ordinary civil servants (those who enter the civil service based on merit and not in political positions) are not required to disclose their assets."]
["2013_BF_47",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",47,0,"La déclaration des biens par les personnalités publiques est obligatoire au Burkina selon la loi. \n\nMais cette loi ne fait pas obligation de publier ces déclarations. De plus en son article 2, la loi exigence la confidentialité de ces déclarations. En d'autres termes, les personnalités doivent déclarer leurs biens à leur prise de fonction et à la fin de la fonction, mais cela ne doit être connu de tous. En conséquence, il y a beaucoup de déclarations selon le Conseil Constitutionnel, même si toute la liste citée dans l'article 1 de la loi n'est pas totalement à jour. Il s’agit de déclarations qui resteront secrètes.","Interview avec Marceline Ilboudo, directrice de la communication, Conseil Constitutionnel, 04 octobre 2013.\n\nAgence de presse africaine, (28 aout 2013). Vers l’obligation de la déclaration des biens des personnalités burkinabè. Ouaga.com: http://news.aouaga.com/h/12340.html\n\nBazie G.B. et Pare P.B. (4 juin 2013). Déclaration de biens des personnalités de l'État : échanges nourris entre parlementaires et membres du Conseil constitutionnel.  Lefaso.net: http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article54482,","La déclaration des biens par les personnalités publiques est obligatoire au Burkina selon la loi. ..."]
["2013_CF_47",2013,"CF","CAR",47,0,"La loi n'a pas prévu cette procédure en ce qui concerne la déclaration de patrimoine des fonctionnaires de la fonction publique, donc son efficacité n'est pas démontrable.","MOMET Constant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication du journal Le Confident, 22 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 22 septembre 2013.\n\nLucienne Maka Gbossokotto, Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption en Afrique centrale; 23 septembre 2013.","La loi n'a pas prévu cette procédure en ce qui concerne la déclaration de patrimoine des fonctionnaires de la fonction publique, donc son efficacité n'est pas démontrable."]
["2013_CI_47",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",47,0,"Le Code de déontologie des agents publics stipule que ces derniers, « notamment les hauts fonctionnaires et les cadres supérieurs de l’administration publique ainsi que toute autre personne agissant pour le compte de l’État et utilisant dans le cadre de ses fonctions, les moyens financiers de l’État, sont astreints à l’obligation de déclarer leur patrimoine, conformément aux textes en vigueur ». \nOr, compte tenu de la date récente de la signature de l’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées, le processus de déclaration de patrimoine des membres de la fonction publique n’a pas encore été mis sur pied et on peut par conséquent conclure que cette divulgation n’est pas encore effective.\n\nIl a d'ailleurs été impossible d’obtenir des informations précises pour le chercheur (articles de presse, rapports de la Cour des Comptes, demandes d’information) susceptibles d’affirmer que le dispositif règlementaire prévoyant la divulgation de leurs actifs par les membres de la fonction publique est déjà en place et que ce dernier est effectif.\n\nDe plus, l’article 9 de l’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées précise que les déclarations de patrimoine ont un « caractère confidentiel ». Elles ne peuvent donc pas être rendues publiques.","- Demande de documents d'information auprès de la Cour des Comptes. Octobre 2013.\n\nRépublique de Côte d’Ivoire, Cour suprême, Chambre des Comptes. (n.d.). Le rôle des institutions supérieures de contrôle des finances publiques (ISC)  dans la lutte contre la corruption. Cour des Comptes de la République de Côte d’Ivoire. Repéré à : http://www.courdescomptesci.com/attachments/File/Le%20rôle%20des%20ISC%20dans%20%20la%20lutte%20contre%20la%20corruption.pdf","Le Code de déontologie des agents publics stipule que ces derniers, « notamment les hauts fonctionnaires et les cadres supérieurs de l’administration publique ainsi que toute autre personne agissant pour le compte de l’État et utilisant dans le cadre de ses fonctions, les moyens fi..."]
["2013_ER_47",2013,"ER","Eritrea",47,0,"No law requires asset disclosures and no disclosures are done in practice.","-Interview with key informant from the academia who requested to remain anonymous, 2013.\n\n-Field Verification: search of asset disclosure showed none are available, 2013.\n\n- Financial Disclosure Law Library (accessed March 2014), The World Bank\nhttp://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/law-search?&f[3]=im_field_law_region:(220)%20&items_per_page=All&sort_by=score&sort_order=#searchlibrary\n\n- Ministry of information webpage, http://www.shabait.com/\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","No law requires asset disclosures and no disclosures are done in practice."]
["2013_GW_47",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",47,0,"In Guinea Bissau, no asset disclosure process is set up for members of the civil service and no asset disclosures are available to the public. \n\nAll sources agree that Guinea Bissau is still far away from standard democratic behaviour in this regard. The political elites are not educated, nor have frequented democratic systems where the integrity of members of the civil service is a concern, and is then regulated via asset disclosure mechanisms (as one example). \n\nOn the contrary, politics in Guinea Bissau is considered a way to ensure income, that is, state officials manage public funding in a way that could be beneficial for his / her own interests. It is unfortunately common and visible to see state officials with new houses and cars that can not be purchased just with their known salaries, raising doubts that they do not shy away from using public funds for their own interests.\n\nThose are reasons why the practice of the state officials is far from engaging asset disclosure. Extraordinarily, it has been the case of a head of government that diffused his assets, which has been the exception to the norm.","1. Tairo Djalo, Secretary of Bafata Region, Regional Government of Bafata. Interviewed in Bafata, November 16, 2013.\n\n2. Mafuge Djalo, Director of Insular issues, Ministry of Territorial Administration. Interviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.\n\n3. Antonio Te, PAIGC Political party local leader in Bissau. Interviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.","In Guinea Bissau, no asset disclosure process is set up for members of the civil service and no asset disclosures are available to the public. ..."]
["2013_MG_47",2013,"MG","Madagascar",47,0,"Un tel processus n’existe pas à Madagascar. Les personalités et autres fonctionnaires obligés de faire une déclaration de patrimoine déposent celle-ci auprès du Bureau Indépendant Anticorruption (BIANCO). Mais, les statistiques contenues sur son site ne sont pas mises à jour. \n\nLes déclarations de patrimoine ne sont pas rendues publiques. D’ailleurs, elles ne devront être utilisées que dans le cadre d’une enquête officielle. Elles restent donc confidentielles. Par exemple, le dépôt collectif par les hauts gradés de la gendarmerie nationale mentionné par l’article n’est cité qu’à titre d’information. Le contenu de ces déclarations ne sera jamais connu du grand public.\n\nCela étant, les personnes obligées par la loi de faire une déclaration de patrimoine ne montrent pas d’enthousiasme, même si elle n’est pas publiée.","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES), Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- Lejamble Brice, secrétaire exécutif p.i, comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 23 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- Site du Bureau indépendant anticorruption (BIANCO).\nhttp://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0, 4 octobre 2013\n\n- «Lutte anticorruption : 600 gendarmes ont déjà fait leurs déclarations de patrimoine», Simon R.,  La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 31 janvier 2013. \nhttp://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28842:lutte-anticorruption--600-gendarmes-ont-deja-fait-leurs-declarations-de-patrimoine&catid=41:politique&Itemid=55","Un tel processus n’existe pas à Madagascar. Les personalités et autres fonctionnaires obligés de faire une déclaration de patrimoine déposent celle-ci auprès du Bureau Indépendant Anticorruption (BIANCO). Mais, les statistiques contenues sur son site ne sont pas mises à jour. ..."]
["2013_ML_47",2013,"ML","Mali",47,0,"Le système de divulgation des actifs des membres de la fonction publique n'est pas une réalité effective au Mali. Selon Abdoulaye Sanogo, cet exercice est seulement dévolu au président de la République et aux ministres. « Au Mali, l'organisme chargée de recevoir les déclarations de biens, à savoir la Cour Suprême, n'est pas habilité pour enjoindre aux fonctionnaires », indique-t-il.","Entretien avec Modibo Sylla, Conseiller, Fonction publique, réalisé le 07 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Abdoulaye Sanogo, fonctionnaire, Ministère de l'agriculture, réalisé le 07 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Bassidiki Touré, journaliste, Journal Le Guido, réalisé le 07 octobre 2013.","Le système de divulgation des actifs des membres de la fonction publique n'est pas une réalité effective au Mali. Selon Abdoulaye Sanogo, cet exercice est seulement dévolu au président de la République et aux ministres. « Au Mali, l'organisme chargée de recevoir les déclarations de..."]
["2013_RW_47",2013,"RW","Rwanda",47,0,"The majority of the members of public service file their assets disclosures. However, there are some who do not and measures have been put in place to force them do so. \n\nThe article by Tabaro stated that: \"Forty-seven civil servants are set to lose a quarter of their May salary for failure to declare their wealth to the Ombudsman’s office by the end of the last fiscal year.\" \n\nIn addition, the article by Arinaitwe shows that the number of defaulters has increased in the period of this study: \"The number of civil servants who did not declare their wealth this year has increased to 494 from 371 last year according to a report released by the Ombudsman’s office.\" \n\nFurthermore, on the comments of Tabaro's article, a reader called Landry requested that the list of disclosures and defaulters be made public. This is proof that the list is not available to the public. It was also confirmed by the anonymous human rights activist who requested his name be withheld.","Anonymous.  (2013, October 7) .  [Human rights activist from CLADHO].  Personal communication.\n\nArtinaitwe, O.  (2012, November 1) .  Wrong fortune: 494 government officials fail to declare wealth.  The Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.ug/rwanda-ed/rwanda/6706-wrong-fortune-\n\nTabaro, J. C.  (2013, May 23) .  Defaulters to lose salary over wealth declaration.  Retrieved from www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15366&a=67160\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The majority of the members of public service file their assets disclosures. However, there are some who do not and measures have been put in place to force them do so. ..."]
["2013_ST_47",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",47,0,"There is no law that requires asset disclosures from members of the civil service.","1. Daena Neto, civil servant, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, October 3, 2013.\n\n2. André Aureliano Aragão, lawyer, AAA-ADV, October 2, 2013.","There is no law that requires asset disclosures from members of the civil service."]
["2013_SZ_47",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",47,0,"When contacted, the commission that receives asset disclosures from government officials would not comment on the percentage of civil servants filing declarations. The commission cited the confidentiality rule. Although this rule applies to the content of individual asset disclosures and not the number of disclosures files held by the commission, further information was not forthcoming. \n \nOther sources say the commission is understaffed and is overwhelmed also having to do the work of the integrity commission, which is tasked to process asset disclosures but has not been formally established and funded by parliament. Conversations with civil servants have found that some have filed disclosures, and some have not.\n \n The fact that any and all financial and asset disclosures are kept off-limits from public knowledge defeats the purpose of having government officials and workers make these disclosures, critics charge. Without public scrutiny, there is no way to verify the veracity of asset claims made by public officials.","Interview: Sanele Vilane, civil servant, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Mbabane, 21 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Charles Vilakati, civil servant, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Mbabane, 21 September 2013.\n \n \"Swaziland Justice Sector and Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative of Southern Africa (OSISA), March 2013.","When contacted, the commission that receives asset disclosures from government officials would not comment on the percentage of civil servants filing declarations. The commission cited the confidentiality rule. Although this rule applies to the content of individual asset disclosur..."]
["2013_TZ_47",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",47,0,"No law exists requiring members of the civil service to fill asset declaration forms other than public service leaders in senior-level political and state administration ranks.","1. Mr Tixon Nzunda, the Ethics Secretary in-charge of Public Service Leaders, September 23, 2013.\n \n 2. Semkae Kilonzo, Co-ordinator Policy Forum (Network of civil society on policy), October 8, 2013.\n \n 3. Moses Kulaba, Executive Director, Agenda Participation 2000 (Corruption tracker), October 7, 2013.\n \n 4. \"Ethics Secretariat widens scope\". By Pius Rugonzibwa, Daily News Sept, 13, 2013 http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/22212-ethics-secretariat-widens-scope.","No law exists requiring members of the civil service to fill asset declaration forms other than public service leaders in senior-level political and state administration ranks."]
["2013_DZ_48",2013,"DZ","Algeria",48,0,"La loi organique relative aux partis politiques stipule que « le parti politique peut bénéficier d’une aide financière de l’État, selon le nombre de sièges obtenus au Parlement, et le nombre de ses élues dans les assemblées. Le montant des aides éventuelles à allouer par l'État aux partis politiques est inscrit au budget de l'État. Ces aides peuvent être soumises à un contrôle sur l’usage qui en est fait. » Par ailleurs, l’article 60 de ladite loi stipule que « le responsable du parti est tenu de présenter obligatoirement aux délégués réunis en congrès ou en assemblée générale, en sus du rapport moral, un rapport financier validé par un commissaire aux comptes.»","-Loi organique n° 12-04 du 12 janvier 2012 relative aux partis politiques. Titre IV, Dispositions financières, Chapitre I : Ressources, art 58, 59 et 60; Chapitre II, Comptabilité et patrimoine, Art 61. [Format PDF]. (2012). Repéré à http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/JO-FRANCAIS/2012/F2012002.pdf","La loi organique relative aux partis politiques stipule que « le parti politique peut bénéficier d’une aide financière de l’État, selon le nombre de sièges obtenus au Parlement, et le nombre de ses élues dans les assemblées. Le montant des aides éventuelles à allouer par l'État aux..."]
["2013_BI_48",2013,"BI","Burundi",48,0,"La loi prévoit seulement que:\n40: Tout parti politique doit ouvrir un compte auprès d’une institution financière installée sur le territoire national.\n41: Tout parti politique doit tenir une comptabilité régulière ainsi qu’un inventaire annuel de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Tout parti politique est tenu de présenter au mois de mars ses comptes annuels aux ministres ayant l’Intérieur et les Finances dans leurs attributions. Il doit être en  mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation.\n18: Aux fins de promouvoir la démocratie, la loi peut autoriser le financement des partis politiques de manière équitable, proportionnellement au nombre de sièges qu’ils détiennent à l’Assemblée nationale. Ce financement peut s’appliquer aussi bien au fonctionnement des partis politiques qu’aux campagnes électorales, et doit être transparent. Les types de subventions, d’avantages et de facilités que l’État peut accorder aux partis politiques sont fixés par la loi.","- Loi n° 1/16 du 10 septembre 2011, portant révision de la loi n° 1/006 du 26 juin 2003, portant organisation et fonctionnement des partis politiques. Articles 18, 40 et 41. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi%20n%C2%B01_16_du_10_septembre_2011.pdf","La loi prévoit seulement que:\n40: Tout parti politique doit ouvrir un compte auprès d’une institution financière installée sur le territoire national...."]
["2013_CG_48",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",48,0,"Selon l’article 21 de la loi portant sur l’organisation et le fonctionnement des partis politiques, chaque parti politique est tenu de déposer chaque année le compte financier de l’exercice écoulé auprès du ministre des Affaires intérieures au plus tard le 31 mars.\nCe compte doit démontrer que le parti ne bénéficie pas d’autres sources que celles provenant des subventions éventuelles de l’État, des cotisations, des dons et des legs de ses adhérents et sympathisants, des opérations mobilières et immobilières et des recettes réalisées à l’occasion des manifestations ou publications. L’article 25 de ladite loi stipule que le parti politique enregistré peut bénéficier des subventions de l’État.\n\nLa loi n’oblige pas les partis politiques à mettre ces informations à la disposition du public. Elle dit simplement que les partis politiques ont l’obligation de déclarer leur état financier auprès du gouvernement et non de mettre ces informations directement à la disposition du public.","-Loi n° 04/002 du 15 mars 2004 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement des partis politiques.","Selon l’article 21 de la loi portant sur l’organisation et le fonctionnement des partis politiques, chaque parti politique est tenu de déposer chaque année le compte financier de l’exercice écoulé auprès du ministre des Affaires intérieures au plus tard le 31 mars...."]
["2013_EG_48",2013,"EG","Egypt",48,0,"There is no article either in the constitution or Political Parties Law or Electoral Law that necessitates that political parties publish their donations or sources of funding. But rather they must inform auditing bodies who make this information accessible upon request.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Law 40, article 11.  (1977) .  [Political Party Law].\n\n \".​.​.​The party shall notify the Central Audit Agency for the donations it received, and of the data of the donors, at the end of the year.​\" \n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Amended Law on Political Parties, decree No. 12 issued by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, article 7.  (2011).\n\"A written notification of the establishment of the party shall be submitted to the Committee on Political Parties described under Article 8 of the law; a list of the names and signatures of 5000 of its founding members should be attached; the signatures should also be officially ratified. Also to be attached are all party-related documents, particularly the statutes and bylaws, the names of the founding members, the funds raised to establish said party, its sources, and the names of the representatives handling party establishment procedures.\"","There is no article either in the constitution or Political Parties Law or Electoral Law that necessitates that political parties publish their donations or sources of funding. But rather they must inform auditing bodies who make this information accessible upon request."]
["2013_GM_48",2013,"GM","The Gambia",48,100,"No such law exists. \n\nThere is no law on campaign financing or a law requiring political parties to disclose public donations. The elections act is silent on the matter and no other laws provides for the same. There is no law on public contributions.","No such law exists. \nThere is no law requiring political parties to disclose public donations.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is no law on campaign financing or a law requiring political parties to disclose public ..."]
["2013_LS_48",2013,"LS","Lesotho",48,0,"There is no legal imperative for political parties to publicly disclose government funding. The Independent Electoral Commission, which allocates party and campaign funding according to a prescribed formula, knows how much of the public funding each political party has received. Political parties have to account for these monies to the commission according to the law. However, there is no legal requirement for public disclosure of their financial records.","National Assembly Electoral Act 2011. Section 70 (2) (3) (4)","There is no legal imperative for political parties to publicly disclose government funding. The Independent Electoral Commission, which allocates party and campaign funding according to a prescribed formula, knows how much of the public funding each political party has received. Po..."]
["2013_ML_48",2013,"ML","Mali",48,100,"Aux termes de article 27 loi (Loi n°05-047 )les rapports financiers doivent etre soumis à la Section des Comptes de la cour Suprême et une fois la vérification faite, ce rapport est public.\n\nAu Mali, les partis politiques sont tenus de communiquer régulièrement les informations relatives aux dons publics. La charte des partis politiques, en son article 25, stipule que les partis politiques peuvent librement recevoir des aides de toute nature dans le cadre de la coopération avec d’autres partis politiques. Ils peuvent également bénéficier de dons et legs de toute personne bienfaisante, physique ou morale. \"L’ensemble des acquisitions des partis politiques au titre de l’aide, des dons et legs, doivent faire l’objet d’une déclaration adressée au ministre chargé de l’Administration territoriale, qui mentionne l’identité des donateurs, la nature et la valeur de ces dons, legs et libéralités\". Cependant, la loi ne requiert pas que cette déclaration soit rendu publique.","Ordonnance 91-075 Charte des Partis politiques, article 25, adoptée 10 octobre 1991, http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/mali/shared/documents/fr/codestextes/1164088846.pdf \n\nLoi n°05-047 portant Charte des partis politiques. Adoptée le 18 août 2005. Articles 27 et 30. http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/ChartePartis.pdf\n\nLoi n°06-044/ Portant Loi électorale. Adoptée le 4 septembre 2006. Article 1 et suivant.","Aux termes de article 27 loi (Loi n°05-047 )les rapports financiers doivent etre soumis à la Section des Comptes de la cour Suprême et une fois la vérification faite, ce rapport est public...."]
["2013_NA_48",2013,"NA","Namibia",48,0,"Namibia’s legislation on political party funding only requires that parties disclose information relating to donations from foreign sources. The legislation does not require parties to disclose funds they receive from government, and neither does it require these parties to account for the expenditure of these funds.","No such law exists.","Namibia’s legislation on political party funding only requires that parties disclose information relating to donations from foreign sources. The legislation does not require parties to disclose funds they receive from government, and neither does it require these parties to account..."]
["2013_RW_48",2013,"RW","Rwanda",48,0,"Political organisations are required to regularly disclose public donations. They normally don't receive funds from the government except for electoral years. Such money is then given to political parties that have managed to obtain 5 per cent of the electorate. In article 34 of the organic law governing political organisations and politicians, political parties are required to submit their financial statements to the minister in charge of political organisations and the Office of the Ombudsman before the 31 March each year.\n \nThere is however no obligation to make such funding public.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Organic Law No. 16/2003.  (2003) .  [Governing political organisations and politicians].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8650&iid=1448&rid=30694894","Political organisations are required to regularly disclose public donations. They normally don't receive funds from the government except for electoral years. Such money is then given to political parties that have managed to obtain 5 per cent of the electorate. In article 34 of th..."]
["2013_SS_48",2013,"SS","South Sudan",48,0,"No such law exists.\n\nAlthough, Article 22, subsection (I) of the Political Parties Act, 2012, states that the financial resources of a political party shall consist of support by the government as approved in the general budget. The law does not oblige parties to disclose these funds.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however the: \nPolitical Parties Act, 2012,  Article 22","No such law exists.\n\nAlthough, Article 22, subsection (I) of the Political Parties Act, 2012, states that the finan..."]
["2013_SD_48",2013,"SD","Sudan",48,0,"Paragraph (3) of article 40 (Freedom of Assembly and Association) stats that: \n (3) No association shall function as a political party at national, Southern Sudan or state level unless it has:-\n (a) its membership open to any Sudanese irrespective of religion, ethnic origin or place of birth;\n (b) a programme that does not contradict the provisions of this Constitution;\n (c) democratically elected leadership and institutions;\n (d) disclosed and transparent sources of funding; \n \n Articles 21 and 22 of the law of the political parties states that the government may fund political parties according to the state budget and prohibits any fund from foreigner organizations, whatever the reasons are. \n \n Article 28 finally specifies that \"any citizen - on the basis of a reasoned request - submitted to the Council to keep the record of any political party and basic documents may gain access [to such documents] after payment of the prescribed fee.\"\n \n While the law does not specify that political parties have to publish their financial statements, the law does however offer an avenue for citizen or journalist inquiries.","Republic of the Sudan. Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, article 40, branch (3). [Freedom of Assembly and Association]. (2005) . Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf. \n \n Republic of Sudan. Law of Political Parties, articles 21 and 22 and 28 (2007) . Retrieved from http://www.ashorooq.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3318:-2007&catid=100:2009-07-21-10-57-23&Itemid=1128.","Paragraph (3) of article 40 (Freedom of Assembly and Association) stats that: \n (3) No association shall function as a political party at national, Southern Sudan or state level unless it has:-..."]
["2013_UG_48",2013,"UG","Uganda",48,100,"The law requires that all political parties and organizations should disclose any kind of donations. For instance, section 9 of the Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, provides for the declaration of assets and liabilities. Sub-section 3 states that political parties must submit a declaration to the electoral commission in which the party states sources of funds and any other assets. Sub-section 5 goes on to state that within 30 days of submission, the electoral commission shall publish in the Gazette that the declaration has been received and is available for inspection by the public at the commission offices upon payment of a fee as prescribed by the act.","Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, Section 9(1)(2)(3); 12(1)(2)(4)(5); 14(4)\n http://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/Political_Parties_and_Organisations_Act2005_en.pdf\n \n The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 5, Article 71, Clause 1(e) \n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","The law requires that all political parties and organizations should disclose any kind of donations. For instance, section 9 of the Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, provides for the declaration of assets and liabilities. Sub-section 3 states that political parties mus..."]
["2013_AO_49",2013,"AO","Angola",49,25,"All the political parties contacted indicated that their reports are public but are only available in print.\n\nTherefore, all the political parties contacted indicated that they don’t have a mechanism in place to publicly disclosed public funds received (information which is already made public through the annual state budget) and that they submit reports on the spending of public funds only annually, as required by law (funds received in the first trimester of 2012, for instance, are only accounted for in the annual report, which must be submitted before the end of the first trimester in 2013).\n\nDespite the legal obligation to disclose public donations, political parties rarely do so. There is no information available online on public donations from UNITA, Casa-CE, PRS or FNLA. \n\nThe Law on the Financing of Political Parties indicates that all political parties with representation at the National Assembly should be assigned a specific amount of public funds, according to the number of votes registered by each party in the latest general elections (1,000 kwanzas per vote). These public funds are contemplated in the annual state budget, which is a public document, and are disbursed every trimester. \n\nSince public funds assigned to political parties are publicly disclosed in the state budget, the political parties contacted don’t seem to find it relevant to implement a mechanism for disclosure of public funds received. \n\nThe Law on the Financing of Political Parties requires political parties to submit annual reports on the spending of public funds. All the political parties contacted (UNITA, FNLA, PRS, CASA-CE) indicated that they submit annual reports on the spending of public funds to the National Assembly.","Anonymous. [Journalists and representatives of national and international organisations].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nParty representatives contacted March 2014:\n- PRS - Benedito Daniel, secretary-general\n- UNITA – Adalberto da Costa Junior, MP\n- CASA-CE - Leonel Gomes, National Executive Secretary\n- FNLA - Lucas Ngonda, President","All the political parties contacted indicated that their reports are public but are only available in print...."]
["2013_CV_49",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",49,25,"According to the court of accounts and the sources interviewed, detailed data regarding public donations is not being made available to the ​​public. Citizens can formally request to see the accounts of the court if they wish. Disclosure may take a long time though. The data published in the national gazette is overly general and does not contain disaggregated data according to each donation or donor.  \n\nThere is draft legislation and a new bill proposed that would enforce the publication of donation data in more detail however.","1. Sara Boal, Judge Counsellor Court of Accounts, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n2. Rosa Vicente, former President of the National Electoral Commission in Cape Verde, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n3. Antonio Monteiro, President UCID party, Praia, October 19, 2013.\n\n4. Julio Rodrigues,  Television Director, Praia, October 19, 2013.","According to the court of accounts and the sources interviewed, detailed data regarding public donations is not being made available to the ​​public. Citizens can formally request to see the accounts of the court if they wish. Disclosure may take a long time though. The data publis..."]
["2013_CG_49",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",49,0,"Les renseignements récoltés sur le site du Parti du peuple pour la reconstruction et le développement (PPRD), parti au pouvoir, et celui de l’Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social (UDPS), parti de l’opposition, ne disposent nullement de renseignements sur les dons publics qu’ils auraient reçus.\nLes partis politiques ne divulguent pas les dons publics. Pour avoir ces renseignements, nous patientons depuis plus de deux semaines.\nJ’ai fait un tour au siège du parti Forum des chrétiens pour la reconstruction nationale et je n’ai pas pu avoir accès aux documents relatifs aux dons publics.\n\nLes partis politiques ne divulguent pas les dons publics dont ils peuvent être bénéficiaires.","- Site des partis politiques PPRD et UDPS précités : www.pprd-rdc.net/, http://www.udps.org/. consulté en octobre 2013. \n\n- Mr Ruphin Mbuyi, collecteur des données, ONG Gouvernance pour tous, entrevue du 31/10/2013.\n\n-Mr Patrick Matiaba, membre du parti Forum des Chrétiens pour la Reconstruction Nationale, entrevue du 31/10/2013.","Les renseignements récoltés sur le site du Parti du peuple pour la reconstruction et le développement (PPRD), parti au pouvoir, et celui de l’Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social (UDPS), parti de l’opposition, ne disposent nullement de renseignements sur les dons publics q..."]
["2013_GQ_49",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",49,0,"During the period of review, international organisations, local civil society organisations and opposition leaders expressed their concerns for the irregularities during the legislative elections held in May 2013. One of the many concerns was the unequal access to funds by the opposition and the ruling party. While official communications state the funds were distributed in equitable parts with a view to the contested posts parties campaigned for, sources indicated that the ruling party used other channels to access government funds.\n\nThe electoral regulations in Equatorial Guinea provide political parties access to public funds according to the posts the parties are contending for. The funds allocated for each political party are announced by the president or a high-level official through the broadcast system. The information is also published through the government public news website, but there was no further disclosure. The disclosure observed essentially consisted of two numbers made available by the government. According to sources this information is unreliable given the actual spending and allocations.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nCPDS.  (2013) .  Declaracion institucional de CPDS sobre las elecciones del 26 de mayo de 2013 en Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.cpds-gq.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=267:declaracion-institucional-de-cpds-sobre-las-elecciones-del-26-de-mayo-de-2013-en-guinea-ecuatorial&catid=4:noticias&Itemid=6 \n\nDe la Torre, R.  (2013, May) .   Justificacion fondos campaña electoral a partidos politicos.  Guinea Ecuatorial Net.  Retrieved from  http://guinea-ecuatorial.net/ms/main.asp?cd=ni8789\n\nEquatorial Guinea Press and Information Office.  (2013) .  Comunicado del Gobierno de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=3791 \n\nIdea.  (2012) .  Political finance data for Equatorial Guinea.  Retrieved from http://www.idea.int/political-finance/country.cfm?id=88","During the period of review, international organisations, local civil society organisations and opposition leaders expressed their concerns for the irregularities during the legislative elections held in May 2013. One of the many concerns was the unequal access to funds by the oppo..."]
["2013_GN_49",2013,"GN","Guinea",49,50,"Selon la loi, les partis politiques sont dans l'obligation de publier régulièrement les fonds qui leurs sont octroyés par l'État, mains ils ne l'aient jamais fait. C'est quelque fois la CENI, organisme indépendant chargé de l'organisation des élections générales en République de Guinée, qui publie les montants affectés par l'État aux partis politiques. \nDe temps à autres, lorsque les médias obtiennent ces informations, ils les publient aussi pour les besoins de l'information de la population. Ils ne sont jamais inquiétés pour cela.","Entretien avec Adrien Tossa, Consultant à NDI en Guinée, 03 Octobre 2013, 14h30.\n\nEntretien avec Fassou Elisée, Coordinateur du Réseau des ONG YDAY-GUINEE, 04 Octobre 2013, 11h00.\n\nEntretien avec Me Pépé Antoine Lamah, Avocat à la Cour, 04 Octobre 2013, 13h10.\n\nEntretien avec Dr Dansa Kouroumah, membre du CNT, 03 septembre 2013, 13h45.","Selon la loi, les partis politiques sont dans l'obligation de publier régulièrement les fonds qui leurs sont octroyés par l'État, mains ils ne l'aient jamais fait. C'est quelque fois la CENI, organisme indépendant chargé de l'organisation des élections générales en République de Gu..."]
["2013_LY_49",2013,"LY","Libya",49,0,"Not only do the political parties rarely disclose and/or publish their assets and funding, but their governance, legitimacy and functioning is seriously compromised as well. Political parties are not independent. They are not allowed any activities under the current state of emergency and the government funding has been frozen since mid-2012. \n\nMilitias are not authorized by the GNC, but they have political agendas and are sometimes funded by GNC special funds or by GNC members' donations beyond any government institutions' oversight.","Anonymous - legal consultant - DFID, personal communication, November 10, 2013. \n\nAnonymous - lawyer and women's rights activist - Benghazi - personal communication, November 10, 2013.\n\nAnonymous - women's rights activist, part of the transparency network - general Manager and senior consultant at ECAST (Libyan experts) - Misrata, personal communication, November 17, 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Not only do the political parties rarely disclose and/or publish their assets and funding, but their governance, legitimacy and functioning is seriously compromised as well. Political parties are not independent. They are not allowed any activities under the current state of emerge..."]
["2013_MA_49",2013,"MA","Morocco",49,0,"The Court of Accounts controls the money political parties receive. Financial records are disclosed to the Court of Accounts by the parties, however they are not made available by the Court of Accounts. Neither parties nor the Court of Accounts therefore publish such information to citizens and journalists. \n\nThe state allocates money to parties that have received over 5 per cent of the electoral vote.","Anonymous.  (2013, October 1) . [Journalist, Rabat].  Personal communication.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, October 1) .  [Member of Parliament].  Personal communication.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nMorocco.  Law 36-04, articles 33 - 47.  (2006) .  Retrieved from http://www.sgg.gov.ma/part_pol_fr.pdf or http://www.kenitra.ma/document/fr/Loi%20relative%20aux%20partis%20politiques.pdf","The Court of Accounts controls the money political parties receive. Financial records are disclosed to the Court of Accounts by the parties, however they are not made available by the Court of Accounts. Neither parties nor the Court of Accounts therefore publish such information to..."]
["2013_NG_49",2013,"NG","Nigeria",49,50,"Nigerian political parties no longer receive grants from the government after the 2010 review of the electoral law. The new law also does not ask the parties to publish their donations. However, it stipulates that all donations from any source must be documented and filed to the electoral commission within three months after elections. That has not been happening. \n\nA spokesperson for the commission said if they do not do so, it is assumed they did not receive donations. Otherwise such revenues would be filed in the respective parties' financial statement to the commission at the end of the year. The commission - according to the law - would then have to publish donations for the public to scrutinize. \n\nThus and in practice political parties do not disclose their funding neither to the authority in charge nor to the public.","Interview: Kayode Idowu, Chief Press Secretary, Independent National Electoral Commission, Abuja, via telephone, October 10, 2013\n\nFestus Owete, General Editor, Premium Times, Abuja, October 9, 2013.\n\nRise Networks. \"Subsidising political parties\". April 3, 2013. http://risenetworks.org/2013/04/03/subsidising-political-parties/\n\nElectoral Act (2010), Section 93, sub section 4","Nigerian political parties no longer receive grants from the government after the 2010 review of the electoral law. The new law also does not ask the parties to publish their donations. However, it stipulates that all donations from any source must be documented and filed to the el..."]
["2013_SL_49",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",49,50,"Political parties in Sierra Leone do not receive donations or funding from the government. Therefore, there is no need for donation reporting or donation publication of public money as it is not applicable.","Lucien Momoh, Public Relations Officer, Political Parties Registration Commission, October 22, 2013\n\nMomoh Kuyateh, Account Section, Sierra Leone Peoples Party,  October 21, 2013\n\nMohamed Ngaujah, Account Officer, Peoples Movement Democratic Change, October 22, 2013","Political parties in Sierra Leone do not receive donations or funding from the government. Therefore, there is no need for donation reporting or donation publication of public money as it is not applicable."]
["2013_SD_49",2013,"SD","Sudan",49,50,"Public Funding is not given to political parties. Most of the political parties rarely reveal their financial sources in Sudan. They do so not publicly but to the Commission. Parties state they depend on their own members' contributions. Opposition parties accused the ruling party of misusing governmental resources to finance the party's activities, meanwhile the ruling party accused the opposition parties of receiving financial support from foreign organizations, which is illegal according to the law and national values. \n \n During the last election in 2010, most of the parties especially the ruling National Congress Party, have exceeded the permitted financial limitation for the electoral campaigns. While parties do not proactively disclose the information, there is a provision in the law that allows citizens to make reasoned requests to the Commission (against a fee) and then obtain financial records submitted by the parties.","AfDB, OECD, UNDP, and UNECA. (2012) . Sudan. African Economic Outlook. Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Sudan%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 22) . [Member of Communist Party]. Personal communication.\n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 22) . [Member of the opposition Popular Congress Party (PCP)]. Personal communication. \n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 22) . [Leader in the ruling National Congress Party (NCP)]. Personal communication.. \n \n Anonymous. (2013, October 22) . Political science professor at Khartoum University. Personal communication.\n \nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n Martin, M. (2012) . Corruption and anti-corruption in Sudan. Transparency International. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/342_Corruption_and_anti-corruption_in_Sudan.pdf","Public Funding is not given to political parties. Most of the political parties rarely reveal their financial sources in Sudan. They do so not publicly but to the Commission. Parties state they depend on their own members' contributions. Opposition parties accused the ruling party ..."]
["2013_ZM_49",2013,"ZM","Zambia",49,50,"Political parties do not receive public donations.","(1) Interview with a senior government journalist (who sought anonymity, due to fear of reprimand for not following the right protocol to conduct an interview), in Lusaka, Zambia, October 2013\n \n (2) Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa observer mission report, EISA election observer mission in Zambia, presidential, parliamentary and local government elections, September 20 2011, A Voter Information Billbord, 3.4. Funding For Political Parties, Page 31 - 32, 2012, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:XNJHBjVyuwcJ:www.eisa.org.za/PDF/zam2011eom.pdf+&cd=1&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n (3) CPLO, Nicolette Peters, Briefing Paper 298, Political Funding, Closer To Home, Other States in The SADC Region, page 4, September, 2012, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:StDzcDUNEZoJ:www.cplo.org.za/%3Fwpdmdl%3D2%26%26ind%3D16+&cd=10&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm\n \n (4) Open Society Foundation for South AfricA, Political Party Funding Regulationin Southern and Central Africa, Party Funding Laws, Zambia, page 2, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:KpP7pcx9uX0J:osf.org.za/publication/fact-sheet-party-funding-in-southern-central-africa-may-2012/+&cd=1&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.","Political parties do not receive public donations."]
["2013_ZW_49",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",49,50,"Political parties in Zimbabwe do not receive public donations. Political parties do not disclose sources of public donations. The Political Parties Finance Act (Chapter 2:11) does not force political parties to disclose the sources of their funding, but this obligation falls on the Minister of Finance.","1. Anonymous 1: MDC-N Official. interviewed November 15, 2013, Mutare, Zimbabwe. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n 2. Political Parties Finance Act. Chapter 2:11. Government of Zimbabwe.\n \n 3. The Africa Report. September 30, 2013. Should African political parties publish their lists of donors? http://www.theafricareport.com/The-Question/should-african-political-parties-publish-their-lists-of-donors.html. Accessed November 13, 2013.","Political parties in Zimbabwe do not receive public donations. Political parties do not disclose sources of public donations. The Political Parties Finance Act (Chapter 2:11) does not force political parties to disclose the sources of their funding, but this obligation falls on the..."]
["2013_BI_50",2013,"BI","Burundi",50,0,"La loi prévoit seulement:\nArticle 20 : Les personnes physiques de nationalité burundaise peuvent faire des libéralités aux partis politiques sous forme de dons ou legs, pourvu que l’origine licite de ces libéralités puisse être établie.\nArticle 41 : Tout parti politique doit tenir une comptabilité régulière ainsi qu’un inventaire annuel de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Tout parti politique est tenu de présenter au mois de mars ses comptes annuels aux ministres ayant l’Intérieur et les Finances dans leurs attributions. Il doit être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation.","Loi n° 1/16 du 10 septembre 2011, portant révision de la loi n° 1/006 du 26 juin 2003, portant organisation et fonctionnement des partis politiques, articles 20, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 et 46. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi%20n%C2%B01_16_du_10_septembre_2011.pdf","La loi prévoit seulement:\nArticle 20 : Les personnes physiques de nationalité burundaise peuvent faire des libéralités aux partis politiques sous forme de dons ou legs, pourvu que l’origine licite de ces libéralité..."]
["2013_CF_50",2013,"CF","CAR",50,0,"Il n’existe pas de mesure contraignant les partis politiques à divulguer les dons reçus de la part de leurs partenaires privés. En d'autres termes, les partis politiques en RCA ne divulguent pas les dons privés reçus.","Fleury Otto, secrétaire adjoint du Rassemblement démocratique centrafricain, conseiller national, 24 septembre 2013.\n\nFulgence Zeneth, conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections en RCA, 24 septembre2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Démocrate, 23 septembre 2013.","Il n’existe pas de mesure contraignant les partis politiques à divulguer les dons reçus de la part de leurs partenaires privés. En d'autres termes, les partis politiques en RCA ne divulguent pas les dons privés reçus."]
["2013_DJ_50",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",50,0,"Il n'existe pas de loi spécifique obligeant les partis politiques à publier toutes les contributions privées. Il existe cependant une disposition générale, contenue dans la loi relative aux partis politiques, qui oblige les partis politiques à faire une déclaration générale. En effet, l'article 11 de la loi n°1/AN/92/2e L relative aux partis politiques en République de Djibouti dispose: « les partis politiques doivent déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice écoulé ainsi que l'inventaire de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Ce compte doit faire apparaitre que le parti politique ne bénéficie d’autres ressources que celles provenant des cotisations, dons et legs de ses adhérents et sympathisants nationaux et des bénéfices réalisés à l’occasion des manifestations. En outre, il est tenu de présenter ses comptes annuels au ministère des Finances et d'être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation.","1) Loi n°1/AN/92/2e L relative aux partis politiques en République de Djibouti. Article 11.","Il n'existe pas de loi spécifique obligeant les partis politiques à publier toutes les contributions privées. Il existe cependant une disposition générale, contenue dans la loi relative aux partis politiques, qui oblige les partis politiques à faire une déclaration générale. En eff..."]
["2013_ET_50",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",50,0,"The Revised Parties Registration Proclamation (No. 573/2008) i) provides that donors (individuals or companies) can give donations in line with the NEBE directives (Article 51/1); ii), and instructs that every party should be transparent and should maintain accounting books that reveal its property and all its accounts including the contributor’s name and the pledged amount (Article 54/2 and 54/3). Periodically, the National Electoral Board will furnish Parliament with detailed financial records of the parties. There is, however, no obligation for parties or the Electoral Board to publicly report on the donations received by parties.","1. The Revised Parties Registration Proclamation (No. 573/2008): http://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba7a24c2.html","The Revised Parties Registration Proclamation (No. 573/2008) i) provides that donors (individuals or companies) can give donations in line with the NEBE directives (Article 51/1); ii), and instructs that every party should be transparent and should maintain accounting books that re..."]
["2013_GW_50",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",50,100,"Yes, in Guinea Bissau the political parties law of May 9, 1991, states in chapter 25 (accountability) that political parties shall submit annual accounts, with revenues and expenditure indicating the origin of the first and the application of the second, and its properties. That means that, in order to comply with this law, political parties have to reveal public and private donations annually. They have to be published in the official gazette.","Framework law of political parties, Law 2/01 of 9 May (4) The contributions referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be declared president of the national assembly, under penalty of fine equivalent to twice the amount received.\nArticle 25 (Accountability):\n1. Political parties submit annual accounts report, to them disciplinary revenues and expenditure indicating the origin of the first and the application of the second, and the state's heritage.\n2. The accounts of the parties shall be published in the official gazette and can be submitted for consideration of accountants, by decision of the supreme court.","Yes, in Guinea Bissau the political parties law of May 9, 1991, states in chapter 25 (accountability) that political parties shall submit annual accounts, with revenues and expenditure indicating the origin of the first and the application of the second, and its properties. That me..."]
["2013_MW_50",2013,"MW","Malawi",50,0,"In Malawi, there is no law demanding that political parties disclose their sources of financing, whatever the source.\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, Section 40 (2) only gives qualifying parties access to state funding. It reads: \"The state shall provide funds so as to ensure that during the life of any parliament, any political party which has secured more than one-tenth of the national vote in elections to the parliament has sufficient funds to continue to represent its constituency\". It does not make reference to any private donations.\n\nThe Political Party (Registration and Regulation) Act, which supposedly should regulate political party financing issues, does not mention anything regarding this. \n\nIssues of party financing are partly addressed by the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Act of 1993. In Section 66, it states that \"Every political party may, for the purpose of financing its campaign, appeal for and receive voluntary contributions from any individual or any non-governmental organisation or other private organisation in or outside Malawi\". However, it does not provide any further regulation, let alone require disclosure of the said donations.","1. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, Section 40 (2) of 1995.\n2. Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Act, Section 66 of 1993.\n3. Political Parties (Registration and Regulation) Act of 1993.","In Malawi, there is no law demanding that political parties disclose their sources of financing, whatever the source...."]
["2013_MZ_50",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",50,100,"The Political Parties Law stipulates that donations and bequests should be declared to the state organ responsible for the registration of political parties, indicating (disclosing) who has donated, the nature of the donation, and the amount involved. The Elections Commission is then obliged to make the donations received public.","Political Parties Law: Law No. 7/91 of January 23 1991, Chapter IV, Article 18.\nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/politica/lei%20dos%20partidos%20politicos.pdf.","The Political Parties Law stipulates that donations and bequests should be declared to the state organ responsible for the registration of political parties, indicating (disclosing) who has donated, the nature of the donation, and the amount involved. The Elections Commission is th..."]
["2013_NG_50",2013,"NG","Nigeria",50,100,"Section 93 of the electoral act makes it mandatory for all political parties to disclose contributions received from all sources. Such reports are to be filed, however, to the electoral commission, the INEC. And the commission is expected to publish all audited accounts of all parties at year end.\n\nSubsection 4 states: \"A political party sponsoring the election of a candidate shall, within 3 months after the announcement of the results of the election, file a report of the contributions made by individuals and entities to the commission.\"\n\nSection 89 (1) states: \"A political party shall submit to the commission a detailed annual statement of assets and liabilities and analysis of its sources of funds and other assets, together with a statement of its expenditure in such a form as the commission may from time to time require.\"\n\nSubsection (4) adds: \"The commission shall publish the report on such examinations and audit in three national newspapers.\"\n\nThe law then says this for election expenses only (expenses incurred, according to the law, between when notice of an election is given and the election proper).\n\n92 (3) \"Election expenses of a political party shall be submitted to the commission in a separate audited return within 6 months after an election and such return shall be signed by the political party's auditors and counter-signed by the chairman of the party and be supported by a sworn affidavit by the signatories as to the correctness of its contents.\"\n\nSubsection (8) states: \"The commission shall make available for public inspection during regular business hours at its headquarters and state offices the audit returns of the political parties required by subsection (3) of this section which shall include the names, addresses, occupation, and amount contributed by each contributor to a party.\"","1. Electoral Act, section 93, subsection 4\nWebsite: http://resourcedat.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2010-Electoral-Act.pdf","Section 93 of the electoral act makes it mandatory for all political parties to disclose contributions received from all sources. Such reports are to be filed, however, to the electoral commission, the INEC. And the commission is expected to publish all audited accounts of all part..."]
["2013_ZA_50",2013,"ZA","South Africa",50,0,"There are no laws that require parties to disclose their private funding, says Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa. \"There are no regulations with regards to private funding, not with regards to disclosure or limitations. In that respect, elections might be considered free but they are not fair. If one political party raises funds in a certain manner, via certain channels it has ties with and access to, you can't call an election fair.  During the elections of 2008, the ANC spent on t-shirts what the main opposition party, the Democratic Alliance, spent on its entire campaign.\" \n\nIn January 2013, the DA made headlines after it received a significant amount of money from a private donor. In response to the outcry, leader Helen Zille said that her party \"made a commitment of confidentiality\" to its donors. Experts are increasingly calling for private funding of political parties to be regulated by law. The reason for this is that \"as long as private contributions are kept hidden and unregulated, it is possible for narrow private interests, such as those of corporations and wealthy individuals, to exercise undue influence over political parties\", writes Hamadziripi Tamukamoyo, researcher at the governance, crime and justice division of the Institute for Security Studies. \n\nTamukamoyo adds: \"It would be problematic if private individuals and companies were to receive government tenders in exchange for such funding, as this puts paid to the ethos of free and fair competitive bidding for government contracts. The consequence is that the state is likely to pay for substandard work and those who suffer the most are the poor, who rely on government services.\"\n\nOccasionally, media stories are published disclosing private corporate party donors. In March 2013, the media reported how SABMiller donated R9 million to six political parties ahead of the next national election in 2014. \n\nFabian Scherer,  political analyst at Political Analysts South Africa, adds in his essay 'South African businesses remain silent about political donations?' that an investigation of over 100 corporate annual reports from 2012 shows that  \"not a single company listed political donations in its integrated report. Of 111 major South African companies, 82 did not mention political donations in their annual reports. Is it unrealistic that not a single one of those South African companies donated to a political party. Obviously, companies try to avoid the stigma that they have any party affiliation. Instead, they present themselves as completely impartial\".","No such law exists.\n\nDisclosure of party funding is the way to go, say experts, Thalia Holmes, Mail & Guardian,  January 31 2013, http://mg.co.za/article/2013-01-31-new-age-zille-regulate-private-funding-for-parties-da.\n\nThe political party funding jungle in South Africa, Paul Hoffman, The Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa, February 2013, http://www.ifaisa.org/political_party_funding_jungle.html.\n\nDemocracy for sale? The need for transparency in political party funding, Hamadziripi Tamukamoyo, researcher at the governance, crime and justice division of the Institute for Security Studies, September 24 2013, http://www.issafrica.org/iss-today/democracy-for-sale-the-need-for-transparency-in-political-party-funding.\n\nPaul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa (IFAISA / www.ifaisa.org), interview, October 23 2013.\n\nSABMiller’s political donations in spotlight, Donwald Pressly, The Post, March 25 2013, http://www.thepost.co.za/sabmiller-s-political-donations-in-spotlight-1.1491543#.UnzKMJQpbFE.\n\nSouth African businesses remain silent about political donations?, Fabian Scherer, Political Analysts South Africa, March 5 2013, http://www.politicalanalysis.co.za/2013/05/05/south-african-businesses-remain-silent-about-political-donations/.","There are no laws that require parties to disclose their private funding, says Paul Hoffman, advocate and founder/director of the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa. \"There are no regulations with regards to private funding, not with regards to disclosure or limitation..."]
["2013_TG_50",2013,"TG","Togo",50,0,"La loi (non disponible au format numérique) ne prévoit pas la divulgation des dons privés.\n \n Il convient de souligner que la précédente loi sur le financement des partis politiques, votée en 2007, n’a jamais été appliquée, et que la nouvelle loi n'oblige pas les partis à divulguer de manière régulière les financements publics qu’ils reçoivent.","Loi du 5 juin 2013 portant financement public des partis politiques et campagnes électorales. (2013).","La loi (non disponible au format numérique) ne prévoit pas la divulgation des dons privés.\n \n Il convient de souligner que la précédente loi sur le financement des partis politiques, voté..."]
["2013_DZ_51",2013,"DZ","Algeria",51,0,"Les ressources financières des partis politiques en Algérie sont constituées de cotisations des militants et des élus et des aides financières de l’État. Certains partis politiques reçoivent également de la part des entrepreneurs et hommes d’affaires des dons et legs qui sont rarement divulgués publiquement. Les sites internet des partis politiques ne contiennent aucune information concernant les dons privés. À noter que nous avons tenté de joindre les représentants des partis politiques, mais en vain.","-Abbes Zineb. (2013, le 22 mars). Le DRS a enquêté à l’étranger sur le blanchiment d’argent. Algerie1. Repéré à http://www.algerie1.com/actualite/algerie-le-drs-a-enquete-a-letranger-sur-le-blanchiment-dargent/\n-Safia Berkouk. (2012, le 3 décembre). Les candidats tributaires de «généreux donateurs». Algeria Watch, (source :El watan) Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/pol/partis/financements_campagnes.htm\n-Safia Berkouk. (2012, le 3 décembre). Le système de prébendes alimente les caisses noires des partis politiques. Algeria Watch, (source : El watan). Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/pol/partis/financements_campagnes.htm\n\n-Site du RND (Rassemblement nationale Démocratique)\nhttp://www.rnd-dz.com/\n-Site du parti HMS\nhttp://www.hmsalgeria.net/portal/\n-site du PFLN\nhttp://www.pfln.org.dz/\n-site du RCD (Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie)\nhttp://www.rcd-algerie.org/rcd.php?id_galerie=5","Les ressources financières des partis politiques en Algérie sont constituées de cotisations des militants et des élus et des aides financières de l’État. Certains partis politiques reçoivent également de la part des entrepreneurs et hommes d’affaires des dons et legs qui sont rarem..."]
["2013_BI_51",2013,"BI","Burundi",51,0,"Les 44 partis politiques agréés au Burundi sont dans l’obligation de s’autofinancer. Selon Bageni Come : « Dans la pratique, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas régulièrement les dons privés et le public ne peut pas accéder aux informations qui y sont relatives. »\n\nDans un article posté sur le site de Radio Isanganiro, Hassan Ngendakumana aborde la question de financement des partis au Burundi et la corruption électorale du fait que les partis politiques sont obligés par la loi de s’autofinancer.","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nJean Ikoraneza , «Le financement des partis politiques est-il possible?», Burundi Informations, 28 janvier 2013. http://www.burundi-info.com/spip.php?article1846&lang=fr\n\nHassan Ngendakumana, «Élections de 2015: promesses, dons et lobbyings», Radio Isanganiro, 17 septembre 2013. http://www.isanganiro.org/spip.php?article5122","Les 44 partis politiques agréés au Burundi sont dans l’obligation de s’autofinancer. Selon Bageni Come : « Dans la pratique, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas régulièrement les dons privés et le public ne peut pas accéder aux informations qui y sont relatives. »..."]
["2013_CM_51",2013,"CM","Cameroon",51,0,"In Cameroon there is no formal requirement by law for political parties to regularly disclose donations from private sources on their official websites. Thus in practice, political financing is noticeably under-regulated, making private donation fundraising by political parties a matter of unregulated self-help. And even though the law demands political parties to keep an account of their public funding, it is not strictly enforced. Private funding is used by opposition political parties in Cameroon as a tool to enhance the absence of a level playing field. The phenomenon of a candidate owning a party as a businessman is fairly frequent and the differences in getting financial resources between governing and opposition parties seems to be greater thanks to levies imposed on managers of state-owned companies and government officials from the period of study (September 2012- October 2013). The opposition, which stands to benefit the most from the adoption or amendment of regulations that enhance transparency and limit private funding and spending of political parties in Cameroon, has usually been too divided and too weak to influence these provisions strongly. As a result, regular public updates and disclosures of private donations by political parties in Cameroon hardly occur. This has therefore made undisclosed private donations a significant source of private income for political parties in Cameroon.","Agbor, Okesack Thomas. (2013, October 16) .  [Program Director, Action Group for Democracy and Good Governance].  Personal communication.\n\nEnang, Melle Daniel.  (2013, October 16) .  [Section member, Social Democratic Front, Ekona].  Personal communication.\n\nFrancis, Ngundu.  (2013, October 16) .  [Secretary, Cameroon Peoples' Democratic Movement, Fako North].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon there is no formal requirement by law for political parties to regularly disclose donations from private sources on their official websites. Thus in practice, political financing is noticeably under-regulated, making private donation fundraising by political parties a m..."]
["2013_CI_51",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",51,0,"De la même manière que les informations relatives aux fonds publics reçus par les partis et groupements politiques demeurent inaccessibles au public, aucune informations portant sur les dons privées sont diffusées. Ces informations ne sont publiées nulle part. Elles ne sont probablement connues que de quelques responsables au sein des partis politiques. Outre le rapport à fournir à la Cour des Compte demeure tout a fait inneffective.","Interview téléphonique avec un fonctionnaire de la Cour des Comptes. Anonyme. 2 octobre 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nChambre des Comptes de Côte d'ivoire, site Internet: http://www.courdescomptesci.com/. consulté en octobre 2013.\n\nRassemblement des Républicains (RDR), site Internet officiel : http://www.rdr.ci/. consulté en octobre 2013. \n\nParti démocratique de Côte d'Ivoire - Rassemblement démocratique africain (PDCI-RDA), site internet officiel: http://pdcirda.org/. consulté en octobre 2013. ","De la même manière que les informations relatives aux fonds publics reçus par les partis et groupements politiques demeurent inaccessibles au public, aucune informations portant sur les dons privées sont diffusées. Ces informations ne sont publiées nulle part. Elles ne sont probabl..."]
["2013_EG_51",2013,"EG","Egypt",51,0,"Most of the political parties' practice is based on common law, i.e. traditions of the mainstream parties as long as the law is not binding. For instance, the Free Egyptian Party said they do not publish private donations, and no party in Egypt does that. They will only file a report with government agencies when served with a judicial warrant.\n\nFurthermore, the biggest party during Mubarak (the National Democratic Party) was above the law because the state's president held the leading position in this party. During Morsi's tenure, the Freedom and Justice party (FJP) - the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood - was also above the law. Despite all NGOs' calls for the party to disclose and publish their sources of funding, the party shrugged off these calls. Such practices and non-strict laws create space for corruption amongst political parties.\n\nMohsen Bahnasy echoes this point, stating, \"In practice, no party discloses or publishes donations received. Abiding by law when it comes to publishing donations is based entirely on personal motivations rather than legal obligations.\"","Bahnasy, Mohsen.  (n.d., October 30, 2013) .  [Human rights lawyer].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, October 8) .  Egypt to seize Muslim Brotherhood funds.  Al-Ahram.  Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/83519/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-to-seize-Muslim-Brotherhood-funds-.aspx\n\nEl-Meehy, Tamer.  (2013, October 30) .  [Member of Supreme Committee, Egyptian Social Democratic Party].   Personal communication.\n\nRamdan, Mohamed.  (2013, October 30) .  Human rights lawyer and member of the Revolutionary Socialists Movement.  Personal communication.","Most of the political parties' practice is based on common law, i.e. traditions of the mainstream parties as long as the law is not binding. For instance, the Free Egyptian Party said they do not publish private donations, and no party in Egypt does that. They will only file a repo..."]
["2013_GH_51",2013,"GH","Ghana",51,0,"The political parties receive private donations but do not publish them. The parties send their annual audited accounts to the Electoral Commission six months into each financial year. This means the 2012 audited accounts of the political parties must have been sent to the commission after June 2013. Neither does the commission publish the accounts. Any member of the public who seeks to have access to the accounts must formally apply to the commission. The commission then meets to review the application and, if it deems it satisfactory, the applicant will be required to pay for the document. The fee is usually higher than photocopying cost.","1. Mr Perry Okudjeto, acting director of communications, New Patriotic Party, telephone interview, September 30, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr George Lawson, deputy general secretary in charge of operations, National Democratic Congress, telephone interview, September 30, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Nii Armah Akomfra, communications director, Convention People's Party, telephone interview, September 30, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Christian Owusu Parry, acting director of public affairs, Electoral Commission, telephone interview, September 30, 2013, Accra.\n\n5. Dr Franklin Oduro, head of research and programmes and deputy director, the Ghana Centre for Democratic Democratic Development, and programmes manager of the Coalition of Domestic Election Observers, telephone interview, September 30, Accra.","The political parties receive private donations but do not publish them. The parties send their annual audited accounts to the Electoral Commission six months into each financial year. This means the 2012 audited accounts of the political parties must have been sent to the commissi..."]
["2013_LR_51",2013,"LR","Liberia",51,0,"Political parties in Liberia are ineffective, and lack the capacity to publish financial records for public benefits. There are several secret financial transactions between political party officials and people who may want to influence party decisions. In an interview with several members of various parties, an official admitted that there are several private contributions that cannot be disclosed even if parties have the financial or technical capacity to publish such transactions.","1. Yarsiah, J. (2013, October 23). Personal Interview. Liaison Officer - National Elections Commission, Monrovia\n\n2. Freeman, S. (2013, October 23). Personal Interview. Program Manager - IFES Liberia, Monrovia\n\n3. Statement: Political Parties Beg For Mercy, 20/09/2013\nhttp://www.necliberia.org/admin/pg_img/POLITICAL%20PARTIES%20BEG%20FOR%20MERCY.pdfERCY.pdf","Political parties in Liberia are ineffective, and lack the capacity to publish financial records for public benefits. There are several secret financial transactions between political party officials and people who may want to influence party decisions. In an interview with several..."]
["2013_ML_51",2013,"ML","Mali",51,0,"Les partis politiques maliens ne communiquent pas régulièrement les informations relatives aux dons privés. Selon Aminata Traoré, « en général, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas les dons privés qu'ils reçoivent de particulier et de privée. Par contre ils sont toujours prompts à demander à l’État l'augmentation de l'enveloppe de l'aide publique aux partis politiques ». Les dons privés sont gardés comme des secrets de polichinelle dont le monopole reste détenu par les seuls responsables des partis. « Mon parti n'a jamais produit de rapport sur les dons privés qu'il reçoit », témoigne Mamoutou Thiam.","Entretien avec Mamoutou Thiam, Secrétaire à la communication, parti ADEMA, réalisé le 9 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Boukary Daou, Journaliste, Journal Le Républicain, réalisé le 9 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Aminata Traoré, Sociologue, Conseil national de la société civile, réalisé le le 9 octobre 2013.","Les partis politiques maliens ne communiquent pas régulièrement les informations relatives aux dons privés. Selon Aminata Traoré, « en général, les partis politiques ne divulguent pas les dons privés qu'ils reçoivent de particulier et de privée. Par contre ils sont toujours prompts..."]
["2013_NE_51",2013,"NE","Niger",51,0,"La loi sur les partis politiques n'a pas été adoptée à l'Assemblée nationale, et les dons privés ne sont pas accessibles au public.\n\nAu Niger, les partis politiques reposent en grande partie sur les poches des militants de premier ordre, particulièrement les opérateurs économiques. Ces derniers financent formellement et informellement leurs formations politiques.","Source 1: Entretien avec Mme ABDOULAYE née FATI ABARCHI, Inspectrice principale des Impôts. 4 février 2013). Haute Autorité de la Lutte contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées du Niger. Niger\n\nSource 2: Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger\n\nSource 3: Anonyme. (3 octobre 2013). Ministère de la Justice. Bureau Informations, Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). Niger. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSource 4: Ibrahim YERO. (24 septembre 2013). Financement des partis au Niger : les hommes politiques peuvent-ils s’affranchir de l’emprise des opérateurs économiques ? Le Canard Déchaîné.","La loi sur les partis politiques n'a pas été adoptée à l'Assemblée nationale, et les dons privés ne sont pas accessibles au public...."]
["2013_SC_51",2013,"SC","Seychelles",51,0,"The present laws do not oblige them to do so and it is not done. The public is generally not aware of political parties' funding sources and this is not seen as unacceptable. In fact the whole issue of disclosure is one of the major aspects of reforms being recommended by the electoral commission.","1. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, Civil Society Expert, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Anonymous source, Expert on Elections, December 9, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Mr Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law,  December 10, 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The present laws do not oblige them to do so and it is not done. The public is generally not aware of political parties' funding sources and this is not seen as unacceptable. In fact the whole issue of disclosure is one of the major aspects of reforms being recommended by the elect..."]
["2013_SS_51",2013,"SS","South Sudan",51,0,"Though South Sudan’s Political Parties Act requires political parties to disclose private donations, at the moment no single party is doing what is required by the law.\n \nAside from the ruling Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the Sudan People Liberation Movement for Democratic Change (SPLM-DC) and the United Democratic Front (UDF), the other South Sudan political parties could be referred to as briefcase parties.\n\nIn addition, none of South Sudan’s political parties have registered in accordance with the requirements of the Political Parties Act. Therefore, it could be said that all parties are currently operating illegally. With regards to disclosure of private donations, none of the parties have done so. \n\nPerhaps given the infancy of most of the parties, most of them do not even have websites. The SPLM, which has an online presence, does not have information on its sources of funds or details of private donations on its website. \n\nThe minority leader in South Sudan’s National Legislative Assembly, Onyoti Adigo, says political party leaders, civil society activists and experts need to hold a national consensus dialogue to agree on how to best practice multi-party democracy. Adigo says once people understand transparency and accountability then parties will be able to disclose private donations.","Adigo, Onyoti.  (2013, October 9) .  [Minority Leader in South Sudan’s parliament (National Legislative Assembly)].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM).  Retrieved from http://www.splmtoday.com/. Accessed October 2013. \n\nWudu, Waakhe Simon.  (2013, October 2) .  [Reporter, Gurtong news website / AFP correspondent in Juba.  Personal communication.","Though South Sudan’s Political Parties Act requires political parties to disclose private donations, at the moment no single party is doing what is required by the law.\n ..."]
["2013_UG_51",2013,"UG","Uganda",51,0,"Political parties do not disclose the private donations they receive. Both spokespersons of the Ugandan People's Congress and Forum for Democratic Change parties pointed out they make annual declarations to the electoral commission but declined to give the researcher a copy. At the commission the request was also turned down, with reason that it is a tedious process and its staff were busy using their machines for polling station activities, but advised the researcher to get them from the respective parties. And a search on the internet did not yield any positive results.","Okello Lucima, Spokesperson, Uganda People’s Congress, September 2013\n \n Wafula Ogutu, Spokesperson, Forum for Democratic Change, September 24, 2013\n \n Andante Okanya; “EC asks court to de-register 10 political parties”; July 17, 2013 \n http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/645151-ec-asks-court-to-de-register-10-inactive-political-parties.html\n \n Edward Ssekika; “EC moves to ban political parties”; April 8, 2013\n http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24637&Itemid=114","Political parties do not disclose the private donations they receive. Both spokespersons of the Ugandan People's Congress and Forum for Democratic Change parties pointed out they make annual declarations to the electoral commission but declined to give the researcher a copy. At the..."]
["2013_BJ_52",2013,"BJ","Benin",52,100,"Les principales organisations médiatiques divulguent les noms de leurs propriétaires au public et ces informations sont facilement accessibles à tout citoyen (en ligne, dans le journal, dans les documents publiés par l'autorité de régulation des médias au Bénin.)\nLe site internet de la Haute autorité de l'audiovisuelle et de la communication inclut les noms et adresses des propriétaires des organes de presse.","Liste des stations de radios et  télévisions privées. http://www.haacbenin.org/article-Med.php3?id_article=103\n\nL'équipe rédactionnelle de La Nouvelle Tribune. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/notre-equipe\n\nL'équipe rédactionnelle de La Tribune de la Capitale. http://latribunedelacapitale.com/?page_id=2\n\nL'équipe rédactionnelle du Journal Adjinakou Benin. http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=3&jour=09&mois=08&an=2012","Les principales organisations médiatiques divulguent les noms de leurs propriétaires au public et ces informations sont facilement accessibles à tout citoyen (en ligne, dans le journal, dans les documents publiés par l'autorité de régulation des médias au Bénin.)..."]
["2013_BF_52",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",52,75,"Les patrons de presse sont connus au Burkina. C'est encore plus facile au niveau de la presse écrite où les directeurs de publications, qui sont la plupart du temps les propriétaires, figurent dans l'ours. Pour les autres presses, les informations peuvent être obtenues facilement, sauf dans les cas où les propriétaires ont prêté leur nom. \n\nSelon Ouoba Boukari: « Il y a souvent des propriétaires délégués et dans ce cas, les vrais propriétaires ne sont pas toujours dévoilés au grand public. » Mais selon Victorien Sawadogo, c'est parce qu'on a aucun intérêt à le savoir qu'on ne le sais pas, sinon ce sont des informations facilement disponibles. Par exemple, les propriétaires des deux plus grands quotidiens privés (L'Observateur Paalga et Le Pays) sont respectivement Edouard Ouédraogo et Boureima Sigué. Au niveau de la télévision, en dehors de la RTB qui est étatique, on sait que la chaine Canal3 appartient à Fadoul, du groupe Fadoul, et que BF1 est une télévision pilotée par l'un des plus grands opérateurs économiques du pays, Lassiné Diawara.","Interview avec Victorien Sawadogo, coordinateur, Service de l'information du gouvernement, 03 septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Haycinthe Sanou, journaliste, l'Observateur Paalga, 07 Octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Boukari Ouoba, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 03 Septembre 2013.","Les patrons de presse sont connus au Burkina. C'est encore plus facile au niveau de la presse écrite où les directeurs de publications, qui sont la plupart du temps les propriétaires, figurent dans l'ours. Pour les autres presses, les informations peuvent être obtenues facilement, ..."]
["2013_CG_52",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",52,25,"Après avoir mené une enquête sur les trois chaînes de référence, seulement une révèle l’identité de son propriétaire. Le groupe de presse l’avenir révèle l’identité de son propriétaire. Il s’agit de M. Pius Mwabilu. Notons qu’il s’agit d’un journal qui est en même temps une chaîne de télévision. \nLes autres chaînes de télévision, telles que Digital Congo (www.digitalcongo.cd) et Télé 50 (www.télé50.cd) ne divulguent pas cette information.","Recherche des sites web de trois principales chaines médiatiques. Consulté en Octobre 2013:\n\nGroupe de presse l’avenir, www.groupelavenir.cd \n\nDigital Congo, www.digitalcongo.cd\n\nTélé 50, www.télé50.cd","Après avoir mené une enquête sur les trois chaînes de référence, seulement une révèle l’identité de son propriétaire. Le groupe de presse l’avenir révèle l’identité de son propriétaire. Il s’agit de M. Pius Mwabilu. Notons qu’il s’agit d’un journal qui est en même temps une chaîne ..."]
["2013_CI_52",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",52,50,"L’article 6 de la Loi portant régime juridique de la presse fait obligation aux entreprises de presse de fournir au procureur de la République l’adresse du siège de la parution. Une déclaration de publication doit par ailleurs préciser les noms, prénoms, filiation, nationalité et adresse complète du directeur de publication et des principaux associés détenant individuellement ou collectivement plus des deux tiers du capital social. \nL’article 14 de la même loi stipule également que « l’utilisation de prête-nom est interdite à toute personne qui possède ou contrôle une entreprise de presse ». On peut ainsi affirmer que l’identité des propriétaires des organes de presse est normalement connue des autorités publiques.\n\nDans la pratique, la plupart des entreprises de presse qui éditent des quotidiens ou des périodiques fournissent, dans chacune de leur publication, la dénomination, la raison sociale, la forme de la société, le numéro du dépôt légal, le capital et le nom de son représentant légal ou de son propriétaire, qui est souvent en même temps son éditeur. Celui-ci est généralement une personne morale. \n\nOn trouve par exemple : la Société nouvelles éditions de Cote d’Ivoire (SNECI), qui est propriétaire du quotidien l’Éléphant déchainé, la Société nouvelle de presse et d’Édition de Cote d’Ivoire (SNPECI), qui est propriétaire de Fraternité Matin, les Éditions Le Réveil, qui sont propriétaires du Nouveau Réveil, le Groupe Olympe, qui est éditeur et propriétaire de L’inter et de Soir Info notamment, et La Refondation S.A, qui est propriétaire de Notre Voie.\n\nToutefois, telles que présentées, ces informations ne permettent pas au public d’identifier les propriétaires réels de ces sociétés et partant de ces organes de presse. La même difficulté s’observe dans l’identification des propriétaires des publications en ligne (organes de presse écrite ne paraissant que sur Internet) ou encore des radios. Pour disposer de ces informations, il faut s’en référer aux autorités publiques, en supposant que les personnes qui exercent effectivement le contrôle matériel ou financier y aient été réellement déclarées.","Consultation de plusieurs exemplaires de quotidiens papiers; Octobre 2013: L’Intelligent, L’Inter, Le Nouveau Réveil, Notre Voie, Soir Info, L’éléphant déchainé, le Patriote, etc..\n\nVisite des sites Internet des principaux médias: \n\nFraternité Matin : http://www.fratmat.info/ \n  \nL’Intelligent: http://www.lintelligentdabidjan.org/ \n\nNord-Sud: http://www.nordsudquotidien.com/\n\nNotre Voie: http://www.notrevoie.com/\n\nSoir Info: http://www.linfodrome.com/\n\nL’éléphant déchainé: http://www.lelephantdechaine.net/\n\nLe Patriote: http://www.lepatriote.net/\n\nLa Dépêche d’Abidjan: http://www.ladepechedabidjan.info/\n\nVisite des sites Internet des principales radios privées:\n  Nostalgie: http://www.nostalgie.ci/\n  Radio Jam: http://www.radiojam.biz/","L’article 6 de la Loi portant régime juridique de la presse fait obligation aux entreprises de presse de fournir au procureur de la République l’adresse du siège de la parution. Une déclaration de publication doit par ailleurs préciser les noms, prénoms, filiation, nationalité et a..."]
["2013_GH_52",2013,"GH","Ghana",52,50,"Some media houses do not publish identities of their owners on their websites or in the newspapers. Some publish the identities of members of their boards of directors and chief executive officers. Others do not have any information on their websites disclosing the identities of their owners. For others, they only mention the names of their owners when their owners are involved in any public project that they cover and present as news stories. \n\nJoy FM publishes the names of its board of directors on its websites but does not identify the owner. Graphic Communications Group Limited publishes information about its owners or shareholders but does not mention specifically individual names of its shareholders. It is common knowledge in Ghana that the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation is a public entity and as such it has published an extensive information on its website about its ownership.","1. Naana Obeng, human resource department, Joy FM, telephone interview, September 30, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Roland Affail Monney, director of radio, Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, telephone interview, October 3, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Zakaria Alhassan, head of editorial, Graphic Communications Group Limited, Northern region, table interview, October 7, 2013, Tamale.\n\n4. Mr Sulemana Braimah, deputy executive director, Media Foundation for West Africa, telephone interview, October 8, 2013, Accra.\n\n5. Official website of Ghana Broadcasting Corporation: http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?launch=about_us\n\n6. Official website of Graphic Communications Group Limited: http://graphic.com.gh/Company-Profile/about-graphic-communications-group-ltd.html\n\n7. Official website of Joy FM: http://www.multimediaghana.com/board.html","Some media houses do not publish identities of their owners on their websites or in the newspapers. Some publish the identities of members of their boards of directors and chief executive officers. Others do not have any information on their websites disclosing the identities of th..."]
["2013_GN_52",2013,"GN","Guinea",52,0,"L'identité des propriétaires des médias privés n’est connue que par le gouvernement, qui ne les révèle pas au grand public. La population apprend l'identité de ces propriétaires par la rumeur.  C'est le cas de la radio Planète, qui aurait pour propriétaire le porte-parole des partis de l'opposition, monsieur Sylla, ou de la radio Djoliba qui appartiendrait à l'opposant Kouyate. Il y a pourtant plus d'une trentaine de chaines de radio et  télévision en Guinée, dont on ne sait rien des propriétaires.","Entretien avec Adrien Tossa, Consultant à NDI en Guinée, 03 Octobre 2013, 14h30.\n\nEntretien avec Fassou Elisée, Coordinateur du Réseau des ONG YDAY-GUINEE, 04 Octobre 2013, 11h00.\n\nEntretien avec Me Pépé Antoine Lamah, Avocat à la Cour, le 04 Octobre 2013, 13h10.\n\nEntretien avec Dr Dansa Kouroumah, Membre du CNT, 03 septembre 2013, 13h45.","L'identité des propriétaires des médias privés n’est connue que par le gouvernement, qui ne les révèle pas au grand public. La population apprend l'identité de ces propriétaires par la rumeur.  C'est le cas de la radio Planète, qui aurait pour propriétaire le porte-parole des parti..."]
["2013_MG_52",2013,"MG","Madagascar",52,50,"Pour les journalistes, la réponse est affirmative. En effet, la législation rend obligatoire la  publication des certaines données, notamment les noms et prénoms du directeur de publication et du rédacteur en chef. Pour certains journaux, on publie aussi les noms et les coordonnées des différents rédacteurs et chefs de rubriques. Les renseignements sur l’adresse et les moyens de contacter le journal sont aussi publiés. Il en est de même pour le propriétaire. Mais tous les journaux publient cette information.","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, Journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 1er octobre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- Tsihiavonana Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 4 Octobre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- Andriamanambe Raoto, journaliste, Revue de l’Océan Indien, 12 octobre 2013. (Interview)","Pour les journalistes, la réponse est affirmative. En effet, la législation rend obligatoire la  publication des certaines données, notamment les noms et prénoms du directeur de publication et du rédacteur en chef. Pour certains journaux, on publie aussi les noms et les coordonnées..."]
["2013_MZ_52",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",52,100,"As was the case in the first round of this research, there is full transparency of ownership and transparency in the management of media companies (television, radio and newspapers) observed in Mozambique. All products of media companies display the shareholders. In addition, all media products have an editorial statute that defines their orientation and objectives. Media companies, with no exception, publicly disclose their ownership through the Boletim da Republica (Bulletin of the Republic). Further, in the first edition of a particular organ, there is a public presentation of the owners and the editorial statute.","1.        Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. September 17, 2013. \n2.        Luis Nhachote. Senior and Freelancer Journalist. September 23, 2013.\n3.        Jeremias Candido Mondlane. Journalist. Radio Mocambique. September 16, 2013.\n4.        SADC Media Law: A Handbook for Media Practitioners -The Republic of Mozambique, http://www.kas.de/db_files/dokumente/7_dokument_dok_pdf_9875_1.pdf. \n5.        PLMJ. October 2012. Acesso e Trasnparencia de Propriedade nos Media em Portugal, Angola e Mocambique. http://www.plmj.com/xms/files/newsletters/2012/Outubro/ACESSO_E_TRANSPARENCIA_DA_PROPRIEDADE_NOS_MEDIA_EM_PT_AO_MZ.pdf.","As was the case in the first round of this research, there is full transparency of ownership and transparency in the management of media companies (television, radio and newspapers) observed in Mozambique. All products of media companies display the shareholders. In addition, all m..."]
["2013_NG_52",2013,"NG","Nigeria",52,50,"The names of owners of media organisations are not clearly stated on their outfits. Some organisations list the names of their owners as chief executives, chairman or publisher - not as owners. But a researcher can easily obtain information about media ownership in Nigeria. Two of the four biggest media organisations, namely, This day and Vanguard, indicate the names of their owners online. One other, Guardian, has the name in the paper. Other outfits do not disclose the names of their owners.","Website Review, October 2013 http://www.punchng.com/\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/about/\nhttp://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php/about-us-sp-819268386\nhttp://www.thisdaylive.com/about","The names of owners of media organisations are not clearly stated on their outfits. Some organisations list the names of their owners as chief executives, chairman or publisher - not as owners. But a researcher can easily obtain information about media ownership in Nigeria. Two of ..."]
["2013_SO_52",2013,"SO","Somalia",52,25,"Some of the major media organizations disclose the identity of their owners to the public while others don’t, and the information is not generally available.","Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nFadal, M. O. Media Sustainability Index. (2012 September). Social Research and Development Institute. \nhttp://www.irex.org/sites/default/files/u128/Somaliland.pdf\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Some of the major media organizations disclose the identity of their owners to the public while others don’t, and the information is not generally available."]
["2013_TZ_52",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",52,25,"Other than the state media organs, many other of the media companies are privately owned. Many of them do not keep websites where one could get the details of their owners. To a large extent, the names of the owners are not readily available or known to the public. It is also true that some of the media outlets are owned by individuals whose interests (registration and shareholding) is held on their behalf by others. \n \n Those media companies listed on the stock market, however, do disclose their owners.","1.http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/.\n \n 2.http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php; http://www.tanzanian-tanzania.com/ipp-media-tanzanian-tanzania.html.\n \n 3.http://www.newhabari.com/.\n \n 4.Mr Abu Mgeta, Legal Officer, Mwananchi Communications Limited, Publishers of The Citizen, Mwananchi and Mwanaspoti, October 10, 2013.\n \n 5. Hussein Bashe, Chief Executive Officer, Habari Corporation, October 9, 2013.\n \n 6. Kajubi Mkajanga, Executive Secretary, Media Council of Tanzania, October 10, 2013.\n\nWebsites accessed October 2013. ","Other than the state media organs, many other of the media companies are privately owned. Many of them do not keep websites where one could get the details of their owners. To a large extent, the names of the owners are not readily available or known to the public. It is also true ..."]
["2013_ZW_52",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",52,50,"Major media organisations such as Zimpapers, Alpha Media Holdings and Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe disclose the names of their owners to the public; the information is readily available to any citizen on the newspaper. Online media organisations like New Zimbabwe Media Ltd, ZimEye and Nehanda Radio also show their owners online. \n \n A few others have not, and remain evasive on their ownership. These include the Financial Gazette, NewZimbabwe.com website, the Observer and The Patriot.","1. Tafadzwa Tseisi. Voluntary Media Council of Zimbabwe. Information Department Tafadzwa. November 19, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe.\n \n 2. The Zimbabwean - About Us. A Voice for the Voiceless. http://www.thezimbabwean.co/pages/about-us. Accessed November 20, 2013.\n \n 3. New Zimbabwe.com. Contact New Zimbabwe Media Ltd. http://www.newzimbabwe.com/contact/contact.aspx. Accessed November 20, 2013.\n \n 4. ZimEye. Editorial Team. http://www.zimeye.org/?page_id=1365. Accessed November 20, 2013.\n \n 5. Nehanda Radio. About Us. http://nehandaradio.com/about-2/. Accessed November 20, 2013.","Major media organisations such as Zimpapers, Alpha Media Holdings and Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe disclose the names of their owners to the public; the information is readily available to any citizen on the newspaper. Online media organisations like New Zimbabwe Media Ltd, Zi..."]
["2013_BF_53",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",53,50,"Le manque de rigueur et de professionnalisme a été très souvent reproché aux journalistes burkinabés. \n\nLa charte du journaliste burkinabé, publiée par l’Association des journalistes burkinabés, n'est pas maitrisée par les journalistes, la plupart de ceux-ci ayant fait leur apprentissage sur le terrain. Ce document, qui énonce l'éthique et la déontologie de la profession, n'est pas perceptible dans les organes de presse. \n\nM. Victorien Sawadogo confie que: « Il y a des façons de faire dans chaque rédaction qui sont transmises. Du côté de la presse étatique nous sommes en train d'élaborer une charte éditoriale dont la première mouture est déjà prête. Une commission est mis en place pour la valider. » \nM. Tiemtarboum pense que le problème se situe plus au niveau des jeunes qui pensent plus au vedettariat.","Interview avec Victorien Sawadogo, coordinateur, Service de l'information du gouvernement, ex-rédacteur en chef, Journal Sidwaya, 03 Septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Boukari Ouoba, journaliste d'investigation, Mutations, 03 Septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Barnabé Tiemtarboum, chef du département, Données et web-diffusion, Service de l'information du gouvernement (SIG), 03 septembre 2013.\n\nSomé, J. (13 mai 2013).Observatoire burkinabè des médias (OBM). Mise en garde ferme de Cheriff Sy. Lefaso.net: http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article54161\n\nKindo, B.(12 novembre 2012).  Médias : Les journalistes ne sont pas des « majestés ». L’Express du Faso, Faso.net : http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article51182\n\nMitbkèta, R. (19 novembre 2012). Alain Edouard Traoré: ministre de tutelle ou Père Fouettard ?, Rabi Mitbkèta, L’Observateur, Ouaga.com: http://news.aouaga.com/h/2703.html","Le manque de rigueur et de professionnalisme a été très souvent reproché aux journalistes burkinabés. ..."]
["2013_TD_53",2013,"TD","Chad",53,50,"Les grandes organisations médiatiques au Tchad disposent du Code d’éthique et de déontologie du journaliste tchadien, un document officiel qui énonce les normes guidant la profession journalistique (Observatoire de la déontologie et de l’éthique des médias au Tchad (ODEMET), 2004). \n\nL’article 3, par exemple, traite de l’esprit critique du journaliste et l’article 2 de la véracité des faits, alors que les articles 8 et 9 codifient l'utilisation des sources anonymes, les conflits d'intérêts et l'impartialité.\nPour le président des journalistes tchadiens, le majeur problème se rapportant au code de déontologie est de deux ordres :\n1) Certains éditorialistes exercent la profession de journaliste sans être accrédités;\n2) Le manque d’indépendance lié aux affinités avec des partis politiques. \n\nToutefois, et bien que certains journalistes aient été arrêtés dans le courant de l’année, les médias tchadiens sont dans l’ensemble assez critiques. Une journée de réflexion sur le Code d’éthique et de déontologie du journaliste a été organisée le lundi 15 octobre 2012 par l’Union des Journalistes. 72 Journalistes y ont pris part.","Interview, Source anonyme 3, 30 janvier 30. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nNdodegué, N. (12 octobre 2012). « Les journalistes se forment sur la notion du code d’éthique et déontologie ». Agence Tchadienne de Presse: http://www.infotchad.com/details.asp?item_id=3973\n\nAhmat, D. (10 janvier 2013). « Tchad:  Mme  Achta  Damane,  vice-présidente du Haut Conseil de la Communication se confie à Alwihda ». Alwihda Info: http://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Mme-Achta-Damane-vice-presidente-du-Haut-Conseil-de-la-Communication-se-confie-a-Alwihda_a6282.html\n\nObservatoire de la déontologie et de l’éthique des médias au Tchad (ODEMET). (2004). Code d’éthique et de déontologie du journaliste tchadien. Maison des médias du Tchad : http://www.maisondesmediastchad.org/odemet.html","Les grandes organisations médiatiques au Tchad disposent du Code d’éthique et de déontologie du journaliste tchadien, un document officiel qui énonce les normes guidant la profession journalistique (Observatoire de la déontologie et de l’éthique des médias au Tchad (ODEMET), 2004)...."]
["2013_CG_53",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",53,25,"Il existe un seul code de déontologie et d’éthique du journaliste congolais qui régente l’exercice de la profession auquel tous les professionnels des organisations médiatiques doivent se soumettre.\n\nMalgré l’existence des normes éthiques et déontologiques, et compte tenu de leur rémunération insuffisante (moyenne de 200 $ par mois), beaucoup de journalistes se livrent à des pratiques qui leur permettent de gagner un peu plus. Et pour la plupart, ces pratiques entrent en contradiction avec les normes éthiques et déontologiques. \n\nLes organisations médiatiques ne disposent pas chacun d’un code de déontologie propre. Il n’y a qu’un seul code de déontologie et d’éthique du journaliste congolais qui régente l’exercice de la profession auquel tous les professionnels des organisations médiatiques doivent se soumettre. Voir ce Code : Journal Officiel – Numéro Spécial -20 juin 2006.\n\nLe Bureau du Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel et de la communication (CSAC), siégeant le vendredi 25 octobre 2013 et examinant le dossier relatif à la récurrence d’écrits contenant des accusations sans preuve, des propos à caractère diffamatoire, attentatoire à l’honneur et à la dignité humaine, voire injurieux, publiés dans la presse, a noté que cette tendance négative mine dangereusement les médias congolais depuis quelques mois.\nEn effet, trop d’invectives gratuites, d’attaques personnelles, d’atteintes à la vie privée, visent parfois de paisibles citoyens, mais plus généralement, des membres d’institutions publiques, des personnalités de la République ou des leaders de l’opposition.\nCette pratique va à l’encontre de la législation nationale, notamment les articles 8 et 10 de la loi n° 96/002 du 22 juin 1996 fixant les modalités d’exercice de la liberté de la presse ainsi que les normes déontologiques. En l’occurrence, il s’agit des articles 5 et 11 de code d’éthique et de déontologie des journalistes en République Démocratique du Congo. Cette attitude est contraire à l’esprit et à la lettre des recommandations issues des concertations nationales engageant l’État dans la voie de la protection des journalistes et dans celle pouvant conduire vers la dépénalisation des délits de presse. \n\nM. Joël Cadet Ndanga, l’éditeur du journal « Impact news » paraissant à Kinshasa, vient d’écoper une exclusion temporaire de quatre mois. C’est une décision de la commission de discipline et d’éthique professionnelle de l’Union nationale de la presse congolaise (UNPC), tribunal des pairs des journalistes œuvrant en République Démocratique du Congo.\nDans son communiqué de presse n° CEDP004/2012 rendu public il y a deux semaines, cette commission de l’UNPC informe le public en général et les professionnels des médias en particulier qu’elle vient d’infliger une exclusion temporaire de 4 mois, soit du 20 décembre 2012 au 19 avril 2013, à l’éditeur Joël Cadet Ndanga du Journal Impact news. Cette sanction est intervenue à l’issue d’un jugement rendu le 7 décembre dernier.\nRappelons que le responsable d’Impact news a été cité à comparaitre suite à une plainte de M. Omer Mijimbu sha Kalau, président de l’Assemblée provinciale du Kasaï-Occidental, qui l’accuse de diffamation, de dénonciation calomnieuse et d’imputations dommageables contenues dans ses articles « mensongers et injurieux » publiés dans quatre éditions dudit journal.\nL’éditeur incriminé a été reconnu coupable, par le tribunal des pairs, de violation avérée du code de déontologie des journalistes en République Démocratique du Congo, notamment dans ses articles 2 et 3, qui recommandent aux professionnels des médias de faire preuve d’éthique, d’honnêteté, du sens de responsabilité et de décence dans la relation des faits, liés aux individus et à la société.\nPar ailleurs, Joël Ndanga a été condamné pour être allé à l’encontre de l’article 5 du même code, qui fait obligation au journaliste de bannir l’injure, la diffamation, la calomnie, les accusations sans preuve, la déformation des faits, le mensonge, l’incitation à la haine tribale, ethnique, etc. Enfin, le tribunal des pairs a reproché au journaliste Ndanga d’avoir enfreint l’article 11 du code de déontologie qui demande à tout bon journaliste de respecter la dignité humaine, la vie privée et la sphère d’intimité des individus ainsi que les institutions et les autorités publiques.","Site du Journal Le Potentiel, nouvelles du 31/10/2013, Accusations non fondées dans les médias : le CSAC rappelle à l’ordre, in  http://lepotentielonline.com/site2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3856:accusations-non-fondees-dans-les-medias-le-csac-rappelle-a-l-ordre&catid=96&Itemid=510 \n\nSite du Groupe l’avenir du 31/12/2012, Pour avoir violé le code de déontologie des journalistes, l’éditeur de l’Impact News écope d’une exclusion temporaire de 4 mois par JDL Kabamba, voir http://www.groupelavenir.cd/spip.php?article48347.\n\nCode de déontologie et d'éthique du journaliste congolais : Journal Officiel – Numéro Spécial -20 juin 2006.   ","Il existe un seul code de déontologie et d’éthique du journaliste congolais qui régente l’exercice de la profession auquel tous les professionnels des organisations médiatiques doivent se soumettre...."]
["2013_GA_53",2013,"GA","Gabon",53,0,"Most major media organizations in Gabon (television, radio and print) lack a formal document regulating the practice of journalism. In addition, the country’s communications code (Code de la Communication, December 12, 2001) is obsolete due to broadband technology.\n\nAccording to the anonymous source, the three largest media organizations in Gabon are Gabon Télévision, Téléafrica and L’Union. They are followed in order of importance by Radio Télévision Nazareth (RTN, privately run Protestant network) and Gabon Matin (state-backed newspaper with second-highest circulation after L’Union). None of these media organizations has a codified set of ethics for the practice of journalism. \n\nAs confirmed by a phone call to a reporter at Gabon Télévision, there is also no formal document for broadcast journalists at the state television station. Téléafrica, a privately run broadcaster, also lacks a formal ethics document. \n\nThere is definitely no code of ethics at L’Union, the country’s leading newspaper. In practice, reporters at L’Union adhere to an editorial line that has been decided in the directors' boardroom and during editorial meetings. At L'Union, reporters also make an effort to apply the principles contained in the communications code.\n\nIn February 2012, a special commission consisting of journalists proposed a revision of the Code de la Communication, which dates back to 2001. An updated code would include provisions for electronic media outlets that have emerged due to the arrival of fiberoptic connections to the Libreville estuary. The former Minister of Communications (Paul Ndong Nguéma) heard the recommendations from the special commission, which proposed to rewrite 229 articles in the Code de la Communication and to add 6 new articles. The adoption of a new Code de la Communication will be in the hands of the new Minister of Communications, Blaise Louembé, who is now in charge of implementing the revisions proposed by the commission. Many changes will be driven by the access to broadband Internet. See article in GabonEco on the handover process at the Ministry (\"Gabon : Les quelques chantiers de la communication\"):\n\nHowever, independent watchdog Reporters without Borders, urged the government in May 2013 to scrap the Code de la Communication and draft a new text.","AGP.  (2012, March 5) .  Gabon: Les quelques chantiers de la communication.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=24834\n\nAGP.  (2012, February 24) .  Gabon : Restitution des travaux sur la révision du code de la communication.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=24732\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, October 1) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, December 14) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nCode de la communication audiovisuelle, cinématographique et écrite.  [PDF with the full text of Law No. 07/2001 from December 12, 2001, Gabon's 'Code del Communication'].  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/Docs/Gabon%20-%20Code%20de%20la%20communication.pdf\n\n(n.d.) .  Nouveau Code de la Communication au Gabon et Séminaire sur la Bonne Gouvernance!.  [Website of Gabon's Embassy in Morocco].  Retrieved from http://www.ambagabon.ma/article/nouveau-code-de-communication-au-gabon-et-seminaire-sur-bonne-gouvernance\n\nNtoutoume, L.  (2013, May 3) .  Révision du Code de la Communication au Gabon : RSF rend sa copie.  À La Une [reprinted in Gabon Review].  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/revision-du-code-de-la-communication-au-gabon-rsf-rend-sa-copie/\n\n(2013, December 14).  [Reporter at Gabon Télévision].  Personal communication.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Most major media organizations in Gabon (television, radio and print) lack a formal document regulating the practice of journalism. In addition, the country’s communications code (Code de la Communication, December 12, 2001) is obsolete due to broadband technology...."]
["2013_KE_53",2013,"KE","Kenya",53,75,"The media industry in Kenya has a self-regulating mechanism under the Media Council of Kenya which has a code of conduct for the practice of journalism. This code covers 25 cardinal issues such Accuracy and Fairness, Independence, Integrity, Accountability, Opportunity to Reply, Unnamed Sources, Confidentiality, and Misrepresentation among others. http://journalism.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/journalism/journalism/code_of_conduct.pdf.\n\nThe media industry has shown improved professionalism, thanks to the set code of regulations under the Media Act 2007. An apology shall be published or broadcast whenever appropriate in such manner as the council may specify. \n\nA challenge, however, remains with handling bogus training colleges that continue springing up around town, ruining the image of the industry. Most of the graduates from this college end up practicing in the alternative media platforms and with little regard to professional ethics.","1. Dr Haron Mwangi, CEO Media Council of Kenya. Interviewed September 17, 2013.\n\n2. Owino Opondo editorial training coordinator, Nation Media Group. Interviewed September 17, 2013.\n\n3. Joseph Bonyo, Business Editor, KTN, Standard Group. Interviewed September 17, 2013.\n\n4. Media Council of Kenya,Code of Conduct for the Practice of Journalism in Kenya. Downloaded from the University of Nairobi website on September 17, 2013. http://journalism.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/journalism/journalism/code_of_conduct.pdf.\n\n5. Media Act 2007, later revised in 2009. The second schedule of the act contains the code of conduct for the practice of journalism in Kenya. The code contains 24 articles, one of which is on accuracy and fairness. http://www.mediacouncil.or.ke/jdownloads/Media%20Laws/media_act_2007_and_rules_of_procedure..pdf.\n\n6. \"Time to rein in unscrupulous journalism training institutions\", An opinion article by Mr Victor Bwire, Deputy CEO of the Media Council of Kenya. It was carried in the August 4, 2013 edition of The People newspaper. http://www.thepeople.co.ke/13709/time-to-rein-in-unscrupulous-journalism-training-institutions/.","The media industry in Kenya has a self-regulating mechanism under the Media Council of Kenya which has a code of conduct for the practice of journalism. This code covers 25 cardinal issues such Accuracy and Fairness, Independence, Integrity, Accountability, Opportunity to Reply, Un..."]
["2013_LS_53",2013,"LS","Lesotho",53,50,"Although the ethics code for print media that MISA-Lesotho drafted has not yet been adopted by the Lesotho government, the two biggest newspapers have formal documents that codify journalistic standards which reporters and editors should uphold. These documents specify among other things procedures for gathering and reporting information as well as protecting sources. \n\nElectronic broadcasters must follow the Broadcasting Code of Practice provided in the Lesotho Telecommunications Authority Rules 2004. The broadcasting code of practice prohibits a licensee from broadcasting content which, according to contemporary community standards, offends good taste or decency, contains the use of offensive language, presents sexual matters in an explicit and offensive manner, glorifies violence and is likely to incite crime or lead to disorder. Most importantly, this code demands that broadcasters report news and information accurately, fairly and impartially. Apart from this code, none of the broadcasters (typically radio stations) have a formal code of ethics. It is alleged that many announcers in privately owned radio stations often violate the LTA code of practice largely due to negligence and lack of proper training, as many of them work on a voluntary basis.","1. Tsebo Matsasa. Media Institute of Southern Africa. National Director, Lesotho. interviewed October 14 2013.\n\n2. Kapa Motlamelle (2013). Lesotho Political Participation and Democracy. A Review by AfriMap and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. Open Society Foundations.\n\n3. Billy Ntaote. Lesotho Times. Reporter. Interviews October 18 2013.","Although the ethics code for print media that MISA-Lesotho drafted has not yet been adopted by the Lesotho government, the two biggest newspapers have formal documents that codify journalistic standards which reporters and editors should uphold. These documents specify among other ..."]
["2013_MW_53",2013,"MW","Malawi",53,75,"In practice, most major media players do have ethical codes of conduct, which they appear to enforce. There has been a trend of more balanced news and investigative reportage especially in the privately owned media. Most of the editorial policies of media houses indicate how its reporters and editors can best handle issues like conflict of interest and use of anonymous sources. Anonymous sources are normally kept as such. \n\nThe Media Council of Malawi issues a code of conduct, ethics and professional conduct that offers guidance on how to deal with issues like conflict of interest, impartiality etc. The Malawi communications regulatory authority has a monitoring mechanism in place to enforce the code of ethics. Malawian media consumers and aggrieved parties can lodge an official complaint to the council, the authority, and the Media Institute of Southern Africa about professional misconduct by media players.\n\nHowever, the state broadcasters are not fully open to cover the opposition as there is currently no written document or policy mandating them to be impartial, balanced, professional and ethical.  An act passed by parliament would help make their journalists and editors more effective and enable them to cover news without fear or favour. Currently, there are only verbal directives to the newsroom within state broadcasters.","Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, November 11 2013.\n\nSangwani Mwafulirwa, Regional Officer, Malawi Electoral Commission, November 11 2013.\n\nChris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Justice, November 10 2013.","In practice, most major media players do have ethical codes of conduct, which they appear to enforce. There has been a trend of more balanced news and investigative reportage especially in the privately owned media. Most of the editorial policies of media houses indicate how its re..."]
["2013_NA_53",2013,"NA","Namibia",53,75,"The major media in the country are guided by independent editorial guidelines. To add to that, journalists are generally also guided by a code of ethics that has been agreed on by the Namibian Editors' Forum. It is also safe to say that journalists generally adhere to good professional practices. The media in Namibia had set up a media ombudsman, which is a self-regulatory body that intervenes in cases of professional misconduct.  Allegations of bribery among Namibian journalists are rarely made. The majority of Namibian journalists now have a university degree, from many different higher education institutions, which includes training in ethics. \n\nOn the negative side, a number of 'tabloid' newspapers, reporting sensational stories, have been established in recent years, and this may bode ill for accurate and ethical reporting.","Graham Hopwood, director, IPPR, September 10 2013.\n\nToivo Ndjebela, editor, Namibian Sun, September 28 2013.\n\nBrigitte Weidlich, freelance journalist, September 30 2013.\n\nHugh Ellis, media lecturer, Polytechnic of Namibia, September 16 2013.\n\nCode of Ethics for the Namibian Media, Media Ombudsman, 2012, http://www.mediaombudsmannamibia.org/downloads/Code_of_Ethics_Namibian_media.pdf","The major media in the country are guided by independent editorial guidelines. To add to that, journalists are generally also guided by a code of ethics that has been agreed on by the Namibian Editors' Forum. It is also safe to say that journalists generally adhere to good professi..."]
["2013_SL_53",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",53,25,"Only a few of the media houses in Sierra Leone operate within strict editorial guidelines. The code of ethics and conduct designed and formulated by the regulatory body, the independent media commission, is not adhered to by the majority of the media houses and their journalists/editors. There is no system to ensure that their guidance on the use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest and impartiality among media officers is used.\n\nThere is a formal document of code of conduct but it was not designed by the media houses themselves but by the regulatory body; the Independent Media Commission. Occasionally also, the regulatory body design conducts for journalists/media houses to follow such as the election code of conduct. That document provides guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflict of interest and impartiality.\n\nWhile all media houses protect their anonymous sources, not all media houses/journalists in Sierra Leone ensure they abstain from conflict of interest and impartiality.","Moses Kargbo, Editor, Concord Times Newspaper, October 22, 2013\n\nTheo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL, October 10, 2013\n\nMohamed Massaquoi, President, Sierra Leone Reporters' Union, October 22, 2013","Only a few of the media houses in Sierra Leone operate within strict editorial guidelines. The code of ethics and conduct designed and formulated by the regulatory body, the independent media commission, is not adhered to by the majority of the media houses and their journalists/ed..."]
["2013_ZA_53",2013,"ZA","South Africa",53,100,"South African media are bound by the South African Press Code, which was drawn up by the National Press Council to root out irresponsible journalism. The code was tightened in 2011 in response to an increasing number of complaints (from 213 in 1010 to some 300 in 2011). Complaints are usually dealt with in a the legal sphere. There are no press tribunals in South Africa. \n\nSection 1 states that \"the press shall be obliged to report news truthfully, accurately and fairly\", that \"news shall be presented in context and in a balanced manner, without any intentional or negligent departure from the facts whether by distortion, exaggeration or misrepresentation; material omissions; or summarisation\".\n\nSection 1 (3) furthermore stipulates what can be presented as fact, and that \"such facts shall be published fairly with due regard to context and importance. Where a report is not based on facts or is founded on opinions, allegation, rumour or supposition, it shall be presented in such manner as to indicate this clearly\".\n\nSection 1 (9) also stresses that \"news obtained by dishonest or unfair means, or the publication of which would involve a breach of confidence, should not be published unless a legitimate public interest dictates otherwise\", while section 2 goes deeper into hate speech and defamation: \"The press should avoid discriminatory or denigratory references to people's race, colour, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or preference, physical or mental disability or illness, or age ... the press has the right and indeed the duty to report and comment on all matters of legitimate public interest. This right and duty must, however, be balanced against the obligation not to publish material which amounts to hate speech.\"\n\nSection 2 touches on how news should be reported: \"The press shall take care to report news truthfully, accurately and fairly. News shall be presented in context and in a balanced manner, without any intentional or negligent departure from the facts whether by distortion, exaggeration or misrepresentation, material omissions, or summarisation.\" \n\nIn Section 3, journalists are urged to remain impartial: \"The press shall not allow commercial, political, personal or other non-professional considerations to influence or slant reporting. Conflicts of interest must be avoided, as well as arrangements or practices that could lead audiences to doubt the press's independence and professionalism.\"\n\nSection 11 deals with protection of sources: \"The press has an obligation to protect confidential sources of information. The press shall avoid the use of anonymous sources unless there is no other way to deal with a story. Care should be taken to corroborate the information. The press shall not publish information that constitutes a breach of confidence, unless a legitimate public interest dictates otherwise.\"\n\nBesides the national press code, media companies often have their own code of conduct. The media division of the Times Media Group, for instance, has a code which is \"closely aligned to the South African press code\". Revised in November 2012, the code pledges the group to perform its duties to the highest standards of excellence and integrity; true, accurate, fair and balanced reporting; to investigate and expose abuses of power – whether political, economic, commercial or social – with courage and with commitment to the \ntruth. We will do so without being beholden to any interest group other than our readers and the citizens of South Africa; to uphold the South African press code (section A).\"\n\nSection B of the group's code of conduct says that the company will \"try to persuade anonymous sources to go on the record. We use anonymous sources only when there is no other way to publish the story. Anonymous sources must have direct knowledge of the facts. Wherever possible they should provide evidence. We try to confirm the information using other sources\".\n\nThe South African Broadcasting Corporation's code of conduct (approved by ICASA, the regulator for the South African communications sector) says that the corporation is required to adhere to the rules set out by the Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa, which ensures that broadcasters adhere to certain minimum standards of programme content. The commission in case of the corporation and other broadcasting companies deals with complaints, and can force the corporation to hand over any material for review when it comes to the investigation. This includes any on-screen and/or verbal consumer advice. If appropriate, a transcription of the text is required, and/or the final control sheet for the programme. These complaints can be heard in a tribunal. When found guilty, the corporation can be summoned to broadcast a correction, retraction, or apology, or to pay a fine up to R40.000.\n\nRay Joseph, a veteran journalist and part of the panel of the 2013 African Media Barometer (South Africa edition) verifies that the South African press, generally speaking, does its work with integrity: \"There is no brown envelope journalism in South Africa. You might get isolated cases of biased reporting, but most editors insist on their staff checking their facts, contacting multiple sources and adhering to best practices. Journalists have been fired in the recent past for not doing their job accordingly.\" \n\nIn July 2013, FHM features editor Maxim Barashenkov and writer Montle Moorosi were fired for making controversial comments on correctional rape (raping a gay person in an attempt to turn them heterosexual) on social media platforms.","Ray Joseph, journalist/editor/panel member of the 2013 South Africa edition of the African Media Barometer, interview, October 17 2013.\n\nNew South African press code released, http://www.peherald.com/news/article/3146.\n\nTimes Media Group, code of conduct, http://www.timesmedia.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Times-Media-Policy-Guide-November-2012.pdf.\n\nFHM fires writers over rape comments, Mail & Guardian, July 19 2013, http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-19-fhm-fires-rape-comment-writers","South African media are bound by the South African Press Code, which was drawn up by the National Press Council to root out irresponsible journalism. The code was tightened in 2011 in response to an increasing number of complaints (from 213 in 1010 to some 300 in 2011). Complaints ..."]
["2013_TN_53",2013,"TN","Tunisia",53,50,"Before the revolution, journalists and editors were not allowed to act freely, and did not have the opportunity to adhere to professional practices in their reporting. They did not have an ethical code, for example. After the revolution, the idea of having a code of ethics emerged.\n \n The European Union has organised the adoption by Maghrebi journalists, of a Maghrebi code of ethics, on March 12, 2013, to which many Tunisian journalists adhere. \n \n Most Tunisian major media organisations adhered to the code of ethics, but impartiality is not included in the code. The code is promulgated by the five Maghrebi countries. The first meeting was held in Tunisia on January 22-23, 2013 in Hammamet (Tunisia). The second meeting was held in Nouakchott on March 12, 2013 in partnership with the Mauritanian journalists' association.","Review of the Syndicat national des journalistes tunisiens website in October 2013, http://www.snjt.org.tn/.\n\nOctober 16 2013: interview of Mrs Kéfi, journalist at La Presse (main public journal in Tunisia).\n \n Code promulgated by the five Maghrebi countries, including Tunisia\n http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/mauritania/documents/press_corner/2013/20130312_code_de_deontologie_rpm_26022013_fr.pdf.\n \n ","Before the revolution, journalists and editors were not allowed to act freely, and did not have the opportunity to adhere to professional practices in their reporting. They did not have an ethical code, for example. After the revolution, the idea of having a code of ethics emerged...."]
["2013_AO_54",2013,"AO","Angola",54,0,"No such law exists. Article 44 of the constitution guarantees freedom of the press and states that media practitioners are not to be subjected to censorship. However, this only covers the publishing of accurate information, and makes no mention of malicious intent.\n\nThe Penal Code does not provide for any protection against or exception of journalistic work to be not prosecuted under charges of defamation or honour crimes committed by journalists in relation to a public figure.","Republic of Angola Constitution, art. 44.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498\n\nRepublic of Angola Penal Code, art. 407-420 (honour crimes, defamation, libel and slander).  (2006) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=244267\n\nRepublic of Angola Press Law No. 7/06 of 15 May 2006.  (2006) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=17955","No such law exists. Article 44 of the constitution guarantees freedom of the press and states that media practitioners are not to be subjected to censorship. However, this only covers the publishing of accurate information, and makes no mention of malicious intent...."]
["2013_CV_54",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",54,0,"In Cape Verde, it is legal and expected from journalists to report the facts even if this may damage the reputation of a public figure. The media law in connection with the explicit (and well detailed) right of information provision in the constitution guarantees journalists' right to disseminate information without prejudice. \n\nThere is however no explicit requirement for proving malice or malign intent that would give journalists an additional layer of protection in libel or slander cases brought against them.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is however the\n\nMedia Law No. 70/VII/2010.\n\nArticle 9 on freedom of expression of thought states: \"Everyone has the freedom to express and disseminate his ideas through the media. ...\" \n\nArticle 10 on the right to information states: \"Everyone has the freedom to inform and be informed by the media, seeking, receiving information and ideas, without limitation, discrimination or hindrance.\" \n\nArticle 11 on Freedom of communication states:\n\"1. Companies and the media have the right to transmit the information to the public and news they collect, subject to the limits under the law.\n2. No entity or individual may use physical violence or other means for the purpose of destroying materials or information gathered to capture images or sounds.\n3. No one can under any pretext or reason, seize or otherwise embarrass the free dissemination, publication or dissemination of information, products or media containing information published by the media or media companies, except for final court decision.\n\nArticle 12  on prohibition of censorship states:\n\"Freedom of expression is exercised by the media without subordination to any form of censorship, authorisation, deposit or qualifications prior.\"\n\nArticle 13 on limits to freedom states: \n\"Freedom of information and expression has limits as the right of every citizen to honour and good name, image and intimacy of personal and family life, as well as the protection of children and youth may not be published or disseminated by the mass media news or information that violates these limits.\"\n\nArticle 14 on judicial restriction states:\n\"In cases expressly provided by law, and upon final court decision, there can be an order of preventing disclosure, publication or the ordered the withdrawal of movement of media or information support or edited or published in the media and broadcast multimedia computer containing facts likely to be considered crimes or violating the limits of press freedom.\"\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde, 2010 Revision, published in Official Gazette - Supplement, I-Series Number 17 of May 3rd, 2010 (Rectified by BO No. 28 of July 26, 2010, Series I), \nArticle 48 (Freedom of expression and information).","In Cape Verde, it is legal and expected from journalists to report the facts even if this may damage the reputation of a public figure. The media law in connection with the explicit (and well detailed) right of information provision in the constitution guarantees journalists' right..."]
["2013_CD_54",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",54,0,"En l'absence de loi traitant explicitement cet indicateur, les journalistes se réfèrent à leur code déontologique. Si après enquête, il est constaté que le (ou les) journaliste(s) ont publié des articles mensonges ou diffamatoires (car les faits ne sont pas exactes), ils peuvent être condamnés dans le cadre des textes relatifs à la diffamation.\n\nIl arrive régulièrement en République du Congo que des articles soient publiés, tout en sachant l'histoire mensongère. Et dans différents cas le (ou les) journaliste(s) la savai(en)t fausse. Relatif à la vérification des sources, c'est un véritable problème. D'une part les journalistes n'ont pas toujours accès aux sources (notamment dans les cas d'affaires de corruption ou détournement de fonds publics). Et d'autre part, ils leurs est souvent difficile de pratiquer ce que l'on appelle dans les pays occidentaux le journalisme d'investigation.\n\nLe Congo Brazzaville est face à un vide juridique sur cette question et à une presse émergente, la loi n'impose aucunement un tel dispositif. Comme on peut le constater à la question suivante toutes les informations mettant en cause le pouvoir ne sont pas toujours traitées dans la presse locale. Souvent ces affaires sont rendues publiques par la presse internationale, comme exemple, le dossier des biens mal acquis, l'anniversaire de la 1er Dame à Saint-Tropez en 2013 ou d'autres grandes affaires. Bien que certains informateurs soient des acteurs locaux, ils préfèrent cependant pour des raisons de sécurité, que ce soit la presse occidentale qui sortent les dossiers. Beaucoup de journalistes craignent pour leurs vies, ou de représailles en direction des membres de leurs familles. \n\nSelon Paul Hervey KENGOUYA : « Un contre pouvoir doit être responsable, en rapportant des informations précises, même si cela nuit à la réputation d'une personnalité publique, c'est un devoir journalistique. Cependant au Congo on constate une presse de prédation anti démocratique qui souvent publie des informations mensongères et non vérifiées. Le drame, c'est que les populations non-éclairées qui n'ont pas l'esprit critique vont prendre pour argent comptant ce qui est publié. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de la presse et de la communication (CSLPC) a du à plusieurs reprises suspendre certains titres ». \nEffectivement au Congo, comme dans d'autres pays d'Afrique il existe une presse non conforme. Il y a plusieurs raisons à cela : \n1 - Il manque des écoles de formations journalistique au Congo.\n2 - Le régime étant qualifié par l'occident de dictatoriale, c'est le seul moyen qu'on certains acteurs de la société civile, des partis de l'opposition ou tout autre acteurs de sortir des dossiers impliquant l'exécutif ou des personnalités politiques. Et traiter de la mauvaise gestion des deniers publics, de dénoncer les violations permanente aux droits de l'homme. Cela devient en quelque sorte un régulateur (non conventionnel) de la société congolaise. D'ailleurs malgré les nombreuses interdictions, ses organes de presse écrite parviennent toujours à publier sous un autre titre.","1 - Entretien le vendredi 25 octobre avec le directeur de cabinet du président du Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de Communication (CSLC), entretien au siège de l'institution qui est maintenant dans l'immeuble du ministère de la Justice.\n\n2 - Entretien le vendredi 25 octobre avec M. Paul Hervey KENGOUYA, conseiller administratif et juridique au Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de Communication (CSLC), entretien au siège de l'institution qui est maintenant dans l'immeuble du ministère de la justice.\n\n3 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 avec M. Joachim MBANZA, directeur de la rédaction de la Semaine Africaine au siège du journal.\n\n4 - Entretien avec le 20 octobre M. Paul SONI-BENGA, directeur général de la chaine privé DRTV au siège de la chaine.","En l'absence de loi traitant explicitement cet indicateur, les journalistes se réfèrent à leur code déontologique. Si après enquête, il est constaté que le (ou les) journaliste(s) ont publié des articles mensonges ou diffamatoires (car les faits ne sont pas exactes), ils peuvent êt..."]
["2013_GQ_54",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",54,0,"The 2012 Constitution, article 13(b), guarantees freedom of speech, thought, ideas and opinions. Article 10 of the media law (Law No. 6/1997) recognizes the right of media to request information, but is limited if it constitutes an act of defamation due to violations of personal honor, one’s reputation or family intimacy. As a result media outlets cannot request information that might be deemed a potential infrangement to a person's honor, reputation or intimacy.\n\nJournalist cannot report information if it may dammage reputation, given all the restrictions established by law, particularly libel. Right to request information is further limited, to prevent reporting on issues that may dammage the reputation of public figures.\n\nLibel continues to be a crime under article 240 of the Criminal Code\n\nJournalists have been suspended in the past for reporting on issues that may affect government officials.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nTítulo Primero: Principios Fundamentales del Estado\nArt. 13: Todo ciudadano goza de los siguientes derechos y libertades:\nb) A la libertad de expresión, de pensamiento, ideas y opiniones. \n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 6/1997, capítulo I (“Disposiciones Generales”), art.o 2 (“Principios Publicísticos”), art. 6 (“De la censura”), capítulo X (“De las responsabilidades y de las sanciones”), artículo 66.  (2012) .  [“De Prensa, Imprenta y Medios Audiovisuales”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=9&Itemid=75\n\nArt. 2-l: La Prensa respeta la vida privada y al esfera íntima de las personas. Pero si el comportamiento de una persona afecta los intereses públicos, entonces también puede ser discutido en la prensa. No obstante, ha de examinarse si su publicación pudiera afectar los derechos personales de personas ajenas al caso.\n\nArt. 2-ll: Contradice el decoro periodístico publicar acusaciones infundadas, sobre todo, de naturaleza injuriosa.\n\nArt. 6-1: La Administración no podrá aplicar la censura previa ni exigir la consulta obligatoria, salvo en los estados de excepción y de la guerra expresamente previsto en la Ley Fundamental de Guinea Ecuatorial, y demás Leyes. \n\nArt. 66-2 (Clases de Responsabilidad): El derecho a la libertad de Prensa y Comunicación Audiovisual no excluye la posibilidad de delitos de injuria, alumnia, lo que conlleve la intromisión ilegítima en los derechos del honor, la buena reputación, intimidad familiar y personal así como los demás derechos reconocidos por la Ley Fundamental y demás Leyes a las personas, instituciones y autoridades, en la difusión de información por medio de impresos, sonido o imágenes.\n\nIREX.  (2012) .  Media sustainability index 2012, Equatorial Guinea, September 2012.  Retrieved from http://www.irex.org/sites/default/files/u115/Equatorial%20Guinea%202012%20MSI.pdf","The 2012 Constitution, article 13(b), guarantees freedom of speech, thought, ideas and opinions. Article 10 of the media law (Law No. 6/1997) recognizes the right of media to request information, but is limited if it constitutes an act of defamation due to violations of personal ho..."]
["2013_GM_54",2013,"GM","The Gambia",54,0,"Section 181 of the criminal code makes the publication of any defamatory matter criminal. \n\nHowever, where the publication is true and for public benefit, such publication is not unlawful (s.181(a)). If a journalist knew a story to be false and its publication was not for the benefit of the public, he or she would be convicted of criminal benefit. Thus, it is not enough for the journalist to merely prove the information published was true, he or she must go ahead and prove that the published story was for public benefit. Thus, there could be a conviction even if the story published was true.","Section 181 of the Criminal Code Vol. 3 Cap.10. Laws of The Gambia, 2009.","Section 181 of the criminal code makes the publication of any defamatory matter criminal. \n\nHowever, where the publication is true and for public benefit, such publication is not unlawfu..."]
["2013_LR_54",2013,"LR","Liberia",54,100,"According to the Penal Law of Liberia, \"a person has committed a first degree misdemeanor if he exposes to the public any writing, or makes any public broadcast, in which he has accused the incumbent President of the Republic of Liberia of conduct which constitutes the commission of a crime, provided, that at the time of such publication:\n(a) The conduct charged is untrue and the actor knows it to be untrue; and\n(b) The purpose of the actor is to thereby injure the President in his reputation.\" \nWhile this law specifically refers to the President, it is understood that it also sets the standard for other public figures. \n\nIt is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations. Press freedom to report the truth gives journalist the leverage to report any information on public officials even to the extent of invading privacy once the information is true. Information of public officials are for public consumption as the public deserves the right to know anything factual about those serving them and paid by their taxes. \n\nThe truth is defense against libel and so there is nothing illegal about anyone publishing damaging news about another person so long as information is true. In some cases even if the information is untrue, for the plaintiff to recover, he or she must prove malice on the part of the journalist. A journalist reporting on public officials can only be convicted if malice is proved as the basis for the story that caused damage to the person reported.\n\nArticle 15 of the 1986 Liberian Constitution guarantees the freedom of speech, and by extension the freedom of the press. There is no provision in this section that legally insulates the president from criticism by the press. Hence, the press has used this freedom to hold the president accountable. The pages of the various newspapers - FrontPageAfrica, The Inquirer, etc. - show stories critical of the president.","The Penal Law of Liberia, Section 11.11 b) and a). 1978. http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Liberia/Penal%20Code%20Liberia%201978.pdf \n\nLiberian Constitution, Article 15, 1984. http://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/const/col1984235/","According to the Penal Law of Liberia, \"a person has committed a first degree misdemeanor if he exposes to the public any writing, or makes any public broadcast, in which he has accused the incumbent President of the Republic of Liberia of conduct which constitutes the commission o..."]
["2013_MR_54",2013,"MR","Mauritania",54,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière."]
["2013_MA_54",2013,"MA","Morocco",54,0,"The Moroccan press code punishes with imprisonment of three to five years anyone who publishes information that harms the image of members of the royal family.","Morocco.  Press Code, article 41.  (2002/2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.lavieeco.com/pdf/documents_officiels/Code+de+la+presse.pdf.","The Moroccan press code punishes with imprisonment of three to five years anyone who publishes information that harms the image of members of the royal family."]
["2013_NE_54",2013,"NE","Niger",54,0,"Code d'éthique et de déontologie des Journalistes nigériens :\nA. Devoirs des journalistes - Dans son travail permanent de collecte, de traitement et de diffusion de l’information, le journaliste doit : (...) Article 8 : « refuser toute forme de corruption pour la publication ou la suppression d'une information » ;\nB. Droits des journalistes - Dans le cadre de l’exercice de sa profession, le journaliste a droit : Article 1 : « au libre accès à toutes les sources d’information et à enquêter librement sur tous les faits relatifs à la vie publique. Le secret des affaires publiques ou privées ne peut en ce cas lui être opposé que par exception et en vertu de motifs exprimés et bien fondés » ;\nOrdonnance Liberté de Presse : \nArticle premier : « la presse écrite, électronique et la communication audiovisuelle, ainsi que l'impression et la diffusion sont libres. Le droit à l'information  est un droit inaliénable de la personne humaine ».\nArticle 78 : « Constitue un délit d'entrave à la liberté de la presse et de la communication, tout fait ou action de nature à empêcher l'impression ou la libre circulation de la presse ou à empêcher le journaliste d'exercer librement son activité ».\n\nInterview :\nLe Niger est le seul pays africain à signer la table de la montagne dans le cadre de la dépénalisation du délit de presse. Aucune censure, il suffit de lire certains journaux pour avoir la preuve.","Code d’éthique et de déontologie des Journalistes nigériens. A : Devoir des Journalistes, Article 8. B : Droit des journalistes, Article 1. http://arnniger.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/code-dc3a9thique-et-de-dc3a9ontologie-des-journalistes.pdf\n\nORDONNANCE N° 2010-035 du 4 juin 2010 portant régime de la liberté de Presse. CHAPITRE PREMIER : Des dispositions Générales. Art 1.\n\nORDONNANCE N° 2010-035 du 4 juin 2010 portant régime de la liberté de Presse. CHAPITRE XI : Des entraves à la liberté de la presse et de la Communication. Art 78.\nhttp://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/ordonnance.pdf\n\nInterview de LAOUAL SAYABOU, Coordonnateur National du Réseau des Ong de Développement et Associations de Défense des Droits de l'Homme et de la Démocratie-RODADDHD. (4 février 2013). Niger.","Code d'éthique et de déontologie des Journalistes nigériens :\nA. Devoirs des journalistes - Dans son travail permanent de collecte, de traitement et de diffusion de l’information, le journaliste doit : (...) Article 8 : « refuser toute forme de corru..."]
["2013_SL_54",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",54,100,"Sections 29 and 30 of the Public Order Act of 1965 made it legal to report accurate information on public figures, and journalists can only be convicted if they publish material with a malicious intent.","The Public Order Act, 1965, Section 29 and 30, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1965-46s.pdf\n\nArticle 30)\n No person shall be criminally liable for the publication of a defamatory matter in the following cases— \na) where the defamatory matter consists of an extract from, or an abstract of, a petition to, or a Gazette or \ndocument published by or under the authority of, the Governor-General or a Minister and the publication is \nmade without express malice to the person defamed; or \nb) where the defamatory matter constitutes, in whole or in part a fair report, for the information of the public, \nof any proceeding of any Court, whether preliminary or final; or of any public proceeding of any body \nconstituted or authorised to hold such proceeding, by any Act or Order or of any public meeting so far as the \npublic is concerned in the matter published if, in every case the publication is made without express malice \nto the person defamed; or \nc) where the publication is for the information of the public at the request of any Minister or public officer, or \nwhere the defamatory matter is any notice or report issued by a department of Government or public officer, \nfor the information of the public, and where in every such case the publication is made without express \nmalice to the person defamed; or \nd) where the defamatory matter consists of fair comment wither on any matter the publication of which or on \nnay report which, is referred to in sections 26 to 29 or in this section; or \ne) where the defamatory matter consists of fair comment upon the public conduct of any person in public \naffairs, or upon the public conduct of any person employed in the public service in the discharge of his \npublic duties, or upon the character of any such persons so as it appears by such conduct; or \nf) where the defamatory matter consists of fair comment on any published book or other literary production, or \nany composition or work of art, or performance publicly exhibited, or any subject; or of the character of the \nauthor of such book, production, composition, work of art, or the person exhibiting such performance, so far \nas their characters may appear therefrom respectively; or \ng) where the publication is in good faith for the purpose of seeking remedy or redress for any private or public \nwrong or grievance from a person who has or is reasonably believed by the person publishing to have, the \nright to remedy or redress such wrong or grievance; or \nh) where the publication is made in good faith by a person having any lawful authority over another, and is","Sections 29 and 30 of the Public Order Act of 1965 made it legal to report accurate information on public figures, and journalists can only be convicted if they publish material with a malicious intent."]
["2013_SD_54",2013,"SD","Sudan",54,0,"Article 39 of the Sudan Constitution states that : \n Every citizen shall have an unrestricted right to the freedom of expression, reception and dissemination of information, publication and access to the press without prejudice to order, safety or public morals as determined by law.\n (2) The State shall guarantee the freedom of the press and other media and shall be regulated by law in a democratic society.\n (3) All media shall abide by professional ethics, shall refrain from inciting religious, ethnic, racial or cultural hatred and shall not agitate for violence or war. \n \n The code of ethics states that journalists should refrain from any violations to the privacy of the people. Public order or blackmailing of the reputation of the people and journalists can be convicted according to uncertain definitions of such value. \n  \n Article 28 (Journalists' Duties) of the press and publication law states that journalists should not to publish any secret information. The list also includes a new duty for journalists to refrain from causing irritation and from exaggerating when presenting the news of crimes or civil offenses and a prohibition on commenting on investigations or trials before a final decision is reached.","Republic of the Sudan. Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, article 39. (2005) . Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf. \n \n Press and publication law, passed in 2009. http://www.ashorooq.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1508:-2009&catid=100:2009-07-21-10-57-23&Itemid=1128. \n \n 3- The code of ethics, passed in 2009. http://www.sudaress.com/sudansite/2280. \n \n 4- Relevant report http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/sudan-press-freedom.html.","Article 39 of the Sudan Constitution states that : \n Every citizen shall have an unrestricted right to the freedom of expression, reception and dissemination of information, publication and access to the press without prejudice to order, sa..."]
["2013_UG_54",2013,"UG","Uganda",54,100,"Though not explicitly put word for word that it is legal to report accurate information on public figures, regardless of damage to their reputations, the available laws by implication provide for this. Journalists can be convicted if malice is proved as the basis for publishing false information. Section 50 of the penal code states that “any person who publishes any false statement, rumour or report which is likely to cause fear and alarm to the public or to disturb the public peace commits a misdemeanor”. However, it goes on to add that “it shall be a defense […] if the accused proves that prior to publication, he or she took such measures to verify the accuracy of such statement, rumour or report as to lead him or her reasonably to believe that it was true\". Further, all journalists are subject to the professional code of ethics provided in the fourth schedule to the Press and Journalist Act. And, under the professional code of ethics, it is stated that no journalist shall disseminate information or an allegation without establishing its correctness or truth. Besides, a journalist shall take the necessary steps to correct any damaging report he or she has made on any individual or organisation.","Penal Code, 1950, Section 50 (1) (2)\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/290/PENAL%20CODE%20ACT.pdf\n \n Press and Journalist Act, 1995, Section 3(b); 40(1)\n http://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/105","Though not explicitly put word for word that it is legal to report accurate information on public figures, regardless of damage to their reputations, the available laws by implication provide for this. Journalists can be convicted if malice is proved as the basis for publishing fal..."]
["2013_BW_55",2013,"BW","Botswana",55,50,"The government  occasionally censors or otherwise restricts news sources or stories that it finds undesirable. Journalists can generally cover the news freely and are seldom the targets of attacks, though instances of harassment have increased in recent years.\n\nIn September 2012, journalists were assaulted by defendants at a local courthouse as the police looked on.\n\nThe government has restricted state advertising in private newspapers that are deemed too critical of the government, and has even made unsuccessful efforts to ban private advertising in the daily Mmegi and the Sunday Standard. There is a fair number of reports of media intrusion and harassment available online.\n\nAccording to the Freedom House 2013 Freedom of the Press Report, lawmakers passed the Communications Regulatory Authority Act in 2012, \"which merges regulation and licensing under the Botswana communications regulatory authority. Critics expressed fear that the legislation favours state-owned media and may be used to monitor communications and social networks.\"\n\nIn November 2013, the president announced that he would be supporting a motion that MPs who want to take the media to court for defamation will have their legal fees covered by the taxpayer.","1. Article: Freedom of the Press, 2013, Freedom House, Botswana,  http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2013/botswana.\n\n2. Article: Gov't sponsors Minister's law suits, Weekend Post, December 2 2013,  http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1311%3Agovt-sponsors-ministers-law-suits&catid=58%3Anews&Itemid=27.\n\n3. Article: Public contempt for Private Media, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, August 29 2013, http://www.osisa.org/media-and-ict/blog/public-contempt-private-media.","The government  occasionally censors or otherwise restricts news sources or stories that it finds undesirable. Journalists can generally cover the news freely and are seldom the targets of attacks, though instances of harassment have increased in recent years...."]
["2013_CF_55",2013,"CF","CAR",55,25,"On a noté dernièrement quelques cas isolés de menaces subies par des journalistes suivant leurs publications. À titre d'illustration, d'après un article publié par le groupe Sozo wala et paru le 22 octobre 2013 (www.groupesozowala.com), trois journalistes de la presse privée ont été successivement convoqués par le Service de renseignement rattaché à la présidence de la République (le 25 septembre 2013, puis les 4 et 9 octobre 2013). Toujours selon la même source, ces journalistes auraient été tabassés et soumis à un trafic d'influences.\n\nLe gouvernement de la République centrafricaine fait des efforts pour garantir la liberté de la presse. Cette volonté se manifeste par le biais de l'article 14 de la Charte constitutionnelle de la transition de 2013, qui mentionne: « La liberté d'informer, d'exprimer et de diffuser ses opinions par la parole, la plume et l’image, sous réserve du respect des droits d'autrui... » \n\nEn outre, l'adoption et la promulgation de la loi n° 05.002 de 2005 relative à la liberté de communication confirme cette démarche gouvernementale. À cela, il faut ajouter la mise en place du Haut Conseil de la Communication. Ceci signifie que le gouvernement ne fait  pas au préalable obstruction à la diffusion de l'information. Toutefois, comme l’indique clairement l'article 14 de la Charte constitutionnelle, en son 4e paragraphe : « II ne peut être ordonné de restriction qu'en application d'une loi. »","Gervais Voyemakoa, secrétaire d'instruction, Haut-conseil à la communication, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nConstant Nestor Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le Démocrate, 25 septembre 2013.","On a noté dernièrement quelques cas isolés de menaces subies par des journalistes suivant leurs publications. À titre d'illustration, d'après un article publié par le groupe Sozo wala et paru le 22 octobre 2013 (www.groupesozowala.com), trois journalistes de la presse privée ont ét..."]
["2013_CD_55",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",55,0,"Bien que le dispositif légal interdit tout acte de censure et de contrôle des médias, de nombreux cas démontrent qu'en République du Congo cette liberté d'expression et uniquement dans les textes et non dans les faits. \n\nLes journalistes qui veulent enquêter sur le financement des partis politiques sont menacés et se voient confisqués leurs matériels.  Il y a en République du Congo, des sujets sur lesquelles les journalistes ne peuvent  pas enquêter : par exemple l'affaire du 4 mars, les disparus du Beach ou l'affaire des biens mal acquis, les sources de financement de certaines associations, par exemple le financement de la fondation de la 1ère Dame (la majorité des fonds sont décaissés au Trésor Public).\n\nDernièrement en aout 2013 la 1ère Dame a fêté son anniversaire à Saint-Tropez en France en décaissant plus d'1 million d'euros au Trésor Public. Aucun journaliste au Congo n'a osé parler de cette affaire mais ce sont les journalistes de Canal + (chaine française qui ont sorti l’affaire preuve à l'appui l'information. Cette information n'a pas été reprise par les média locaux). \n\nSous couvert de l'anonymat, les journalistes parlent mais refusent que leur noms soient cités. Les personnes de la société civile consultées dans le cadre de cette étude ont refusé catégoriquement d'aborder ce sujet. Plusieurs informations mettant en cause la gestion du pouvoir sont en réalité relayées par la presse internationale. La presse locale n'en fait pas échos. Il y a une véritable autocensure et censure sur certains sujets.\n\nIl arrive régulièrement que des organes de presse soient sanctionnés et font l'objet de suspension. Le gouvernement empêche INDIRECTEMENT la publication des informations. Les journalistes et organes de presse en République du Congo appliquent eux-mêmes l'autocensure. En fait, lorsque de grosses affaires impliquant des personnalités ou faisant état d'une question politique épineuse, les médias qui oseront publier l'information feront l'objet de menaces. Et subiront tous types d’intimidations physiques ou tracasseries de tous genres. Les journalistes ayant été confrontés à plusieurs cas graves préfèrent d'eux-mêmes ne rien dire.","1 - Entretien le vendredi 25 octobre 2013 avec le directeur de cabinet du président du Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de Communication (CSLC), entretien au siège de l'institution qui est maintenant dans l'immeuble du ministère de la Justice.\n\n2 - Entretien le vendredi 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Paul Hervey KENGOUYA, conseiller administratif et juridique au Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de Communication (CSLC), entretien au siège de l'institution qui est maintenant dans l'immeuble du ministère de la justice.\n\n3 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 avec M. Joachim MBANZA, directeur de la rédaction de la Semaine Africaine au siège du journal.\n\n4 - Entretien avec le 20 octobre 2013 M. Paul SONI-BENGA, directeur général de la chaine privé DRTV au siège de la chaine.","Bien que le dispositif légal interdit tout acte de censure et de contrôle des médias, de nombreux cas démontrent qu'en République du Congo cette liberté d'expression et uniquement dans les textes et non dans les faits. ..."]
["2013_ET_55",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",55,0,"Sources indicate that self-censorship exists and is reinforced by imposing closure on newspapers critical of the government, and also imprisonment of journalists as well as intimidation and eventual self-imposed exile state on those who write and publish content critical of it. Those who are still operational write under pressure and self-scrutinize whether what gets published will 'offend' or appease government officials.","1. Temesgen Desalegne in Abel Alemayehu and Elias Gebru, “Ethiopian Man Yitadegat? Ke 12 Mihuran, Poletikegnoch, Yehaimanot Lihikanina Gazetegnoch Gar Yetederege Wuyiyit, p. 114, 2013.\n\n2. Dawit Kebede, in Abel Alemayehu and Elias Gebru, Ethiopian Man Yitadegat? Ke 12 Mihuran, Poletikegnoch, Yehaimanot Lihikanina Gazetegnoch Gar Yetederege Wuyiyit, p.114, 2013. \n\n3. Newspaper, Ethio-channel, Year Five, no. 393. Sat. April 2013.","Sources indicate that self-censorship exists and is reinforced by imposing closure on newspapers critical of the government, and also imprisonment of journalists as well as intimidation and eventual self-imposed exile state on those who write and publish content critical of it. Tho..."]
["2013_GW_55",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",55,25,"Due to the political turbulence of the post-conflict period (since 1999), characterised by instability, putsches and interference by the military in politics, the military has occasionally prevented the publication of information in the written press or radio. During the past year, some radio stations have been subject to interventions by the security forces, strongly seeking to encouraging the media to self-censor its publications.\n\nDuring the year in question, one radio station, for example, Radio Bombolong, was threatened by the military (or at least people wearing military uniforms). This is an example of why there is, to some extent, a climate that purports self-censorship. Furthermore, some radios have been object to interventions and interrogations by the security forces strongly encouraging the media to self-censor its publications. At the same time, several arrests of human rights activists have been registered, these facts also encouraging self-censorship on all fronts.","1. Tairo Djalo, Secretary of Bafata Region, Regional Government of Bafata. Interviewed in Bafata, November 16, 2013.\n\n2. Mafuge Djalo, Director of Insular issues, Ministry of Territorial Administration. \nInterviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.\n\n3. Antonio Te, PAIGC Political party local leader in Bissau. Interviewed in Bissau, November 17, 2013.","Due to the political turbulence of the post-conflict period (since 1999), characterised by instability, putsches and interference by the military in politics, the military has occasionally prevented the publication of information in the written press or radio. During the past year,..."]
["2013_MG_55",2013,"MG","Madagascar",55,25,"Dans la pratique, on s’accorde à dire qu’il n’existe aucune restriction. Mais, pour certains, la publication dans les médias est quand même réglementée. Pour illustrer cette forme de réglementation légale ou non, le quotidien Madagascar Tribune (14 février 2013) stipule que « le ministre de tutelle (de la Communication) s’est particulièrement fait remarquer par ses sorties médiatiques répétées soit pour se livrer à des attaques verbales contre les membres de la presse, soit pour annoncer des décisions intempestives s’apparentant à de la censure à peine déguisée. C’était le cas notamment sur ses explications absolument farfelues concernant la non-réouverture des stations radio qui ont été arbitrairement fermées pendant ce régime de Transition, ou encore l’interdiction d’accès aux médias publics des tendances politiques autres que les partisans du Président de la Transition. » \nCertes, certaines stations de radio privées ont été fermées, mais suite à une décision du tribunal. Cela ne s’apparente donc pas à une censure. L’un des journalistes interviewés, qui appartient à une chaîne de radio privée réputée pour sa virulence envers l’administration et ses abus, a reconnu que cela n’existe pas.\nUne conférence sur « Le journalisme et la corruption » a marqué la journée de la démocratie, le 16 septembre 2013, au Centre Presse Malagasy. L’extrait de l’ouvrage cité a provoqué le débat, l’autocensure étant une conséquence de l’existence de  la corruption dans le journalisme : \n« L’autocensure. La presse malgache est malade de l’autocensure. Si les infos ne circulent pas, ou ne sont pas présentées de manière sûre, ce n’est plus un problème de censure. C’est une volonté des journalistes eux-mêmes. À nos yeux, l’autocensure est pire que la censure. Dans la censure, le journaliste sait, mais il ne peut pas. Mais dans l’autocensure, le journaliste sait, mais il ne veut pas. »","- Rakotomalala Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 27 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- «Syndicat des Journalistes Malgaches. Communiqué de presse», Madagascar Tribune, 14 février 2013.\nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Syndicat-des-Journalistes,18456.html\n\n- Rakotozanany Vahatra, Journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 1er octobre 2013. (Interview)\n\n- Tsihiavonana Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 4 Octobre 2013. (Interview)","Dans la pratique, on s’accorde à dire qu’il n’existe aucune restriction. Mais, pour certains, la publication dans les médias est quand même réglementée. Pour illustrer cette forme de réglementation légale ou non, le quotidien Madagascar Tribune (14 février 2013) stipule que « le mi..."]
["2013_MA_55",2013,"MA","Morocco",55,0,"In the past year, there has been one known case of government censorship of the media in relation to the Western Sahara conflict. Moreover, there are other ways used to silence the independent press in Morocco: advertisement pressures, intimidation of journalists and so on. Morocco ranks 136th in the Reporters Without Borders Press Index and is considered to be \"not free\" by Freedom House. One of the only independent voices in Morocco, Ali Anouzla, is currently in prison and awaiting a trial for \"inciting terrorism\".","(n.d.) .  Reporters Without Borders Morocco.  [Webpage].  Retrieved from http://fr.rsf.org/report-maroc,160.html.\n\n(n.d.) .  Committee to Protect Journalists Morocco.  [Webpage].  Retrieved from http://www.cpj.org/mideast/morocco/.\n\n(2013, September 17) .  Critical Moroccan editor arrested for posting Al Qaeda video.  Reuters.  Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/17/us-morocco-qaeda-arrest-idUSBRE98G0XR20130917.\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, October 1) . [Journalist, Rabat].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Freedom House Morocco.  [Webpage].  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/country/morocco.\n\n(2013, June 4) .  Reporters Without Borders condemns constraints against freedom of information on the Western Sahara.  Reporters San Frontières.  Retrieved from http://fr.rsf.org/maroc-rsf-condamne-les-recentes-entraves-04-06-2013,44713.html.","In the past year, there has been one known case of government censorship of the media in relation to the Western Sahara conflict. Moreover, there are other ways used to silence the independent press in Morocco: advertisement pressures, intimidation of journalists and so on. Morocco..."]
["2013_RW_55",2013,"RW","Rwanda",55,25,"Occasionally, the government of Rwanda happens to prevent publication of information. The article of Roderick reads: \"Rwanda is one of the countries that has substantial Internet censorship, as the result of a repressive regime. The level of censorship in Rwanda has been increasing in recent years, and the main websites that have been blocked are those that support the viewpoints of opposing political parties.\"\n \nMitali's article reads: \"Today, in a context of intense international pressure following the UN report accusing the ruling party of supporting the M23 rebellion, the Kigali regime gets tough and steps up with regard to censorship of information.\"\n \nIn a separate interview, Mitali gave the example of some papers like Rushyashya that have to be printed in Uganda because printing costs have been deliberately increased to suppress private papers. In addition, the same paper,  along with two more (Intego and Impamo) were seized on 4 June 2013 at the border of Rwanda and Uganda because the government did not like some of the articles. \n\nYet, there is basic media freedom in Rwanda and many times even offensive material does not get censored.","Mitari, J.  (2012, August 17) .  Rwanda: Censorship reaches a scary level.  Ijambo News.  Retrieved from http://www.jambonews.net/en/news/20120817-rwanda-censorship-reaches-a-scary-level/\n\nMitari, Jean.  (2013, October 8) .  [Journalist at Ijambo News (Belgium)].  Personal communication.\n\nRoderick B.  (2013, February 7) .   Internet censorship in 2013 - A VPN for Rwanda.  Street articles.  [Web comment].  Retrieved from http://www.streetarticles.com/international/internet-censorship-in-2013-a-vpn-for-rwanda","Occasionally, the government of Rwanda happens to prevent publication of information. The article of Roderick reads: \"Rwanda is one of the countries that has substantial Internet censorship, as the result of a repressive regime. The level of censorship in Rwanda has been increasing..."]
["2013_SC_55",2013,"SC","Seychelles",55,50,"Prior to the introduction of multiparty politics soon after 1977, prior government restraint was the case with the state media. With the introduction of multiparty politics in the early 1990s, this restraint has been relaxed. Opposition newspapers can publish whatever they want at their own discretion and use whatever angle they want. Given what the opposition papers print, there is freedom of the press. However, there is censorship for the people who are funded by the government in terms of the national television and what they can show to viewers, because it is the only television station. SBC and Nation are selective in their presentation of news and may omit sensitive issues at times. The national media still practises self-censorship to some extent. \n\nNo sources knew of any examples of media censorship that had occurred in the last 12 months.","1. Interview: Anonymous source, civil society expert, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, expert on children’s and human rights, December 1, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Mr Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December 12, 2013.\n\n5. Email: Anonymous source, representative from a media organisation in Seychelles, December 12, 2013.","Prior to the introduction of multiparty politics soon after 1977, prior government restraint was the case with the state media. With the introduction of multiparty politics in the early 1990s, this restraint has been relaxed. Opposition newspapers can publish whatever they want at ..."]
["2013_SO_55",2013,"SO","Somalia",55,50,"There is a media bill generally perceived to be draconian that has been approved by parliament and assented to by the president. Previous administrations that made attempts to censor the media were not successful. While government has the affinity for censorship, it is unable to do so as it is not in full control of the country. It has neither the power nor resources to do so. Occasionally however, the government encourages the media to self-censor through intimidation.","Dr. Ibrahim Farah, Lecturer of International Studies, Nairobi University. (2013 Dec 6).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Head of Production with an international broadcasting company.(2013 Dec 11).\n\nAnonymous Somali journalist who is Senior Editor with a local Somali radio station. (2013 Dec 18).\n\nAli Musa, Senior Reporter, Agence France Presse. (2013 Dec 21).\n\nGoth, M. (2013 Feb 15). Attacks and censorship erode press freedom worldwide. Somaliland Press.\nhttp://somalilandpress.com/world-attacks-and-censorship-erode-press-freedom-worldwide-39925 \n\nUnnamed author. (2013 Mar 25). Journalists continue to be killed, censored in Somalia. IFEX.\nhttp://www.ifex.org/somalia/2013/03/25/journalist_death_shows/\n\nFadal, M. O. Media Sustainability Index. (2012 September). Social Research and Development Institute. \nhttp://www.irex.org/sites/default/files/u128/Somaliland.pdf","There is a media bill generally perceived to be draconian that has been approved by parliament and assented to by the president. Previous administrations that made attempts to censor the media were not successful. While government has the affinity for censorship, it is unable to do..."]
["2013_TG_55",2013,"TG","Togo",55,25,"Au Togo, il n’existe aucune restriction préalable à la publication. Un régime de déclaration est en place, mais aucun contrôle a priori n’a lieu sur les contenus médiatiques. \n\nOn note cependant l’existence des sanctions en aval, alors que les médias locaux documentent plusieurs cas de convocations et de menaces. Les pressions agissent également du côté des ressources financières, la difficulté à obtenir d’éventuels contrats de publicité influençant souvent des décisions de nature éditoriale.\n \n A noter que la radio Légende, proche de l'opposition, a été fermée le 26 août 2013 à la suite d’un refus de l’HAAC renouveler sa licence d'exploitation.","Anonyme, journaliste, 29 novembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \n Jean-Paul Agboh Ahouelete, directeur de publication, Focus Infos, 31 octobre 2013.\n \n Me Gil-Benoit Afangbedji, président, Association ensemble pour les droits de l’homme, 28 octobre 2013.\n \n Committee to Protect Journalists. (5 avril 2013). « Au Togo, grave atteinte à la vie d'un reporter-photographe ». cpj.org. Repéré à http://www.cpj.org/fr/2013/04/au-togo-grave-atteinte-a-la-vie-dun-reporter-photo.php.\n \n Sepé Dzaké. (14 mai 2013). « Togo: Le journaliste Bonéro Lawson-Betum déféré à la prison civile de Lomé ». Mouvement patriotique du 5 octobre. Repéré à http://www.mo5-togo.org/index.php/actualite/item/128-togo-le-journaliste-bonero-lawson-betum-defere-a-la-prison-civile-de-lome.","Au Togo, il n’existe aucune restriction préalable à la publication. Un régime de déclaration est en place, mais aucun contrôle a priori n’a lieu sur les contenus médiatiques. ..."]
["2013_DZ_56",2013,"DZ","Algeria",56,0,"En Algérie, le gouvernement encourage l’autocensure des blogueurs et des citoyens en ligne à travers les arrestations, les poursuites judiciaires et les menaces de poursuites judiciaires. Durant cette année, au moins quatre blogueurs ont été poursuivis en justice, dont deux ont été condamnés par le tribunal de Tébessa pour avoir truqué et diffusé sur Facebook une photo montrant un responsable accompagné d’une jeune fille au niveau d’une station de métro en France.","lakehal Samir. (2013, le 22 avril). Tébessa : six mois de prison requis contre deux blogueurs. Djazairess, (source :El Watan). Repéré à www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/411163\n\nUrgent : un blogueur poursuivi pour « tentative de renversement du gouvernement ». Djazairess, (source :El Watan). Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lequotidien/29004\n\nAAI. (2013, le 12 juillet). Algérie : Les services de renseignements dotés d'un nouveau matériel pour \"surveiller\" les militants. Siwel. Repéré à http://www.siwel.info/Algerie-Les-services-de-renseignements-dotes-d-un-nouveau-materiel-pour-surveiller-les-militants_a5209.html\n\nMeziane Abane. (2013, le 28 janvier). Le nom de domaine du Blog DZMilitant est bloqué en Algérie (www.dzmilitant.com). DZMILITANT. Repéré à http://dzmilitant.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/le-nom-de-domaine-du-blog-dzmilitant-est-bloque-en-algerie-www-dzmilitant-com/","En Algérie, le gouvernement encourage l’autocensure des blogueurs et des citoyens en ligne à travers les arrestations, les poursuites judiciaires et les menaces de poursuites judiciaires. Durant cette année, au moins quatre blogueurs ont été poursuivis en justice, dont deux ont été..."]
["2013_BF_56",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",56,75,"En fait de restriction ou de menaces en tant que telles, il n’y en a pas eu de façon explicite. Surtout pas ces 12 derniers mois. Cependant, il arrive très souvent que certains médias soient interpelés par rapport aux réactions des internautes sur leurs sites. Ils sont sommés de filtrer systématiquement les réactions des internautes. C’est par exemple le cas de « lefaso.net ». Lors de la cérémonie de commémoration de son neuvième anniversaire, en octobre 2012, son responsable, Cyriaque Paré, l’a relevé dans son discours, en présence de la présidente du Conseil Supérieur de la Communication, organe de régulation (CSC). \n\nSur les réseaux sociaux comme Facebook, certains citoyens exerçant dans l’administration publique se gardent de faire certains commentaires, ou de publier certains contenus, de peur de représailles de leur hiérarchie ou de la part du politique. Par exemple, certaines personnes déclarent parfois aimer des commentaires de journalistes sur Facebook. Cependant, elles avouent ne pas pouvoir s’afficher publiquement en cliquant sur « j’aime » ou en commentant ces publications, car elles ont peur. C’est dire que même si les restrictions explicites n’existent pas, la nature du système politique est telle que la peur est là.","Interview avec Abdou Zouré, journaliste, Burkina24, blogueur, usager de Facebook , Ouagadougou, 9 septembre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Cyriaque Paré, chercheur, spécialiste en communication, responsable du site d'information lefaso.net, Ouagadougou, 18 septembre 2013.\n\nAnonyme, gestionnaire des ressources humaine, Fonction publique burkinabé, Ouagadougou, 12 septembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","En fait de restriction ou de menaces en tant que telles, il n’y en a pas eu de façon explicite. Surtout pas ces 12 derniers mois. Cependant, il arrive très souvent que certains médias soient interpelés par rapport aux réactions des internautes sur leurs sites. Ils sont sommés de fi..."]
["2013_KM_56",2013,"KM","Comoros",56,50,"ComoresTelecom, qui est une société d'État, a désactivé tous les services de voix sur le réseau Internet en liaison avec les Comores, le 4 août 2013. Les consommateurs sont privés de Skype, Tango, TeamSpeak. L'Association comorienne des consommateurs des TIC (ACTIC), des divers professionnels, et de simples consommateurs, dénoncent ce blocage et le qualifie de violation de leurs droits de communiquer ( Le Rapporteur, 5 aout 2013).\n\nLe 26 aout 2013, les consommateurs ont prévu une marche contre les décisions de  ComoresTélécom, mais une lettre du préfet interdisant cette manifestation a freiné les consommateurs. Selon ces derniers, la désactivation des réseaux de téléphonie sur internet n'est autre qu'une manipulation des dirigeants.( Mchangama 26 aout 2013). Le blocage de tous les services de voix sur le réseau Internet des Comores se justifie de \"raisons économiques.\" En dehors, le gouvernement des Comores ne bloque pas la publication d'informations en ligne par les citoyens et n'encourage pas l'autocensure.","Le Rapporteur. (5 aout 2013). « Comores: contre la censure d’accès aux TICs par ComoresTelecom ! ». Comores-Actualités: http://www.comores-actualites.com/non-classe/comores-contre-la-censure-dacces-aux-tics-par-comorestelecom/\n\nMchangama, S. (26 aout 2013). « La marche de \"Non aux censures de Comores Télécom». Afrik.com:, http://mlimadji.skyrock.com/3181986955-La-marche-de-Non-aux-censures-de-Comores-Telecom-interdite.html","ComoresTelecom, qui est une société d'État, a désactivé tous les services de voix sur le réseau Internet en liaison avec les Comores, le 4 août 2013. Les consommateurs sont privés de Skype, Tango, TeamSpeak. L'Association comorienne des consommateurs des TIC (ACTIC), des divers pro..."]
["2013_CI_56",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",56,75,"Les ivoiriens ne se sont approprié l'usage des plates-formes d’expression en ligne que tout récemment. La crise qu'a connu la Cote d Ivoire en 2011 a provoqué une réelle explosion des blogs et autres supports d'informations. Le gouvernement, de son côté, a suivi assez lourdement cette révolution et sa mainmise sur la toile est encore maladroite. Le gouvernement n'empêche pas la publication d'informations en ligne par les citoyens et ne pousse vers aucune autocensure. Toutefois, au début de l'année 2013, un premier incident du genre dans la capitale économique ivoirienne, Abidjan, a conduit à l'interpellation de deux blogueurs par la police judiciaire, au motif « d'interférence dans les affaires gouvernementale ». Les deux hommes avaient lancé sur la toile une solidarité pour soutenir les familles victimes d'un accident grave là ou le gouvernement tardait à intervenir. \n\nDans un entretien, le président du groupe de blogueurs et networker Akendewa a confirmé qu'il n'existe aucune restriction gouvernementale préalable sur les contenus créés par les citoyens et disponibles en ligne et que le gouvernement n'encourage pas l'autocensure des citoyens en ligne. Toutefois, se plaint-il, des incidents isolés liés à des agents des forces de sécurité « zélés » inquiètent souvent les acteurs de la toile. Ces incidents s'expriment par des « post agressifs » et autres menaces verbales.\n\nSelon Ouattara Lancinan, la technologie n'est pas tout à fait vulgarisée dans le pays. La connexion Internet n’est pas disponible sur l’ensemble du territoire et son débit n’est pas encore rapide. Pour lui, dans ces conditions de faible implantation, la webosphère ivoirienne ne peut qu'être libre de toute restriction politique.","- Entretien avec Jean Patrick Ehouman, président du groupe de blogueurs et networker Akendewa, 16 septembre 2013.\n\n- Entretien avec Ouattara Lancinan, journaliste à la Télévision nationale ivoirienne et chef du service multimédia,16 septembre 2013.\n\n- Fontaine, A. (4 janvier 2013). « Deux blogueurs ivoiriens brièvement interpellés par la police suite au drame du 31 décembre ».  Jeune Afrique. Repéré à: http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20130104112539/cote-d-ivoire-twitter-reseaux-sociaux-justice-ivoiriennedeux-blogueurs-ivoiriens-brievement-interpelles-par-la-police-suite-au-drame-du-31-decembre.html","Les ivoiriens ne se sont approprié l'usage des plates-formes d’expression en ligne que tout récemment. La crise qu'a connu la Cote d Ivoire en 2011 a provoqué une réelle explosion des blogs et autres supports d'informations. Le gouvernement, de son côté, a suivi assez lourdement ce..."]
["2013_GA_56",2013,"GA","Gabon",56,100,"There is no pre-publication censorship of online content by Gabon's Conseil National de la Communication (CNC) or the Agence de Régulations des Communications Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP).\n\nInternet access is still unaffordable for regular citizens, which makes this indicator less relevant in terms of actual intention to censor. The price for a half-hour of internet access in Libreville in September 2013 ranged from CFA 500 to CFA 1,000. Therefore, the impact of online content (blogs, social media) on public opinion is not yet perceived as a threat by government officials, the CNC or ARCEP. \n\nThis could change with the drafting of a new Code de la Communication as well as the reforms leading to the unbundling of Radio Gabon, Gabon Télévision and Télédiffusion du Gabon. The migration of television channels from analogue to digital in 2015 could elicit more attention by government officials to online social networks.\n\nAccording to Oxford Business Group (The Report: Gabon 2013), the customer base for broadband Internet in 2011 was extremely low at 6,651, mostly in urban areas. In contrast, there were 276,125 so-called \"narrowband\" customers. Gabon has seven registered ISPs according to the Agence de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP). In terms of subscribers in 2011, the market leader was Airtel (226,683 subscribers), followed by Moov (30,046) and Gabon Telecom (23,657).\n\nOn February 21, 2011, police forces dispersed protestors who had answered a call on social media titled \"Déloger Ali Bongo\". The use of online social networks was attributed by the press as having drawn inspiration from Arab Spring movements in North Africa. Andre Mba Obame, of the opposition party Union Nationale (UN), qualified the events at the time as an internet phenomenon.","The Report: Gabon 2013 [print edition], IT Overview, \"Linked in - ISP Main Players\", p. 163\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Alibendegage.com.  [Website calling for ouster of President Ali Bongo Ondimba in February 2011].  Retrieved from http://www.alibendegage.com/interne.php?page=article.php&idmenu=60&idsmenu=153\n\n(2011, February 10) .  Déloger Ali Bongo.  Gabon Libre.  [Opposition posting calling for people to stage protests on Libreville's waterfront to oust the President; website counter has 1,636 hits; see also thread of comments encouraging activists to open Twitter accounts].  Retrieved from http://www.gabonlibre.com/Tribune-Libre-Une-date-pour-aller-deloger-Ali-Bongo_a8253.html\n\nEssangui, M.O. et al.  (2011, June 15) .  Gabon : La société civile dénonce un fonctionnement anti-démocratique du CNC.  GabonEco.  [Press release on CNC's temporary shutdown of Echos du Nord and La Nation].  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=22725\n\n(2011, February 22) .  Gabon : La contagion du syndrome révolutionnaire arabe n’a pas fonctionné.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=21638\n\n(2013, February 4) .  Liberté de la presse : Le Gabon se réjoui de son classement 2013 établi par RSF.  Nouvelles du Gabon.  Retrieved from http://www.nouvellesdugabon.com/?link=details_art&id=490&type=Soci%E9t%E9\n\n(n.d.) .  Press Freedom Index.  Reporters without Borders.  [Gabon in position #89, +12 in the rankings over 2012].  Retrieved from http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html","There is no pre-publication censorship of online content by Gabon's Conseil National de la Communication (CNC) or the Agence de Régulations des Communications Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP)...."]
["2013_LS_56",2013,"LS","Lesotho",56,100,"In Lesotho, social media is not yet as powerful a political communication tool as it is in other countries. Due to a small percentage (4.2%) of the population having access to the internet, social media is not used extensively. As a result, it is understandable that web content created by citizens or organisations is not as politically significant as it may be in other countries. This is probably why the government does not take measures to monitor citizens’ online activities. There are no incidences in which the state threatened or actually shut down Twitter or Facebook accounts belonging to individuals or organisations. There have never been court cases in which bloggers or ordinary citizens were prosecuted as a result of their internet activities.","1. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Democracy and Human Rights Officer. Interviewed October 7 2013.\n\n2.Tsebo Matsasa. Media Institute of Southern Africa. National Director, Lesotho.  Interviewed October 14 2013.\n\n3. Billy Ntaote. Lesotho Times. Reporter. Interviewed October 18 2013.\n\n4. United States Department of State, 2012. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Lesotho, April 19 2013, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6e1518.html","In Lesotho, social media is not yet as powerful a political communication tool as it is in other countries. Due to a small percentage (4.2%) of the population having access to the internet, social media is not used extensively. As a result, it is understandable that web content cre..."]
["2013_ML_56",2013,"ML","Mali",56,100,"Le gouvernement n'empêche jamais la publication d'informations en ligne par les citoyens, et le gouvernement n'encourage pas l'autocensure des citoyens. Aucune information relative à une arrestation ou mesure encourageant l'autocensure n'a été rapportée. Au contraire, le gouvernement cherche à équiper l'ensemble des universités d'internet pour promouvoir et encourager son usage par un plus grand nombre fin 2013. Le nombre d'inscrits sur le compte Facebook « Tu es du Nord et tu es du Mali » en est une illustration.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct. 28, 2013. \n\nMali’s Internet access manages gains but needs stability to achieve full potential, March 2013. http://www.oafrica.com/city-profile/malis-internet-access-manages-gains-but-needs-stability-to-achieve-full-potential/\n\nMali, \"Freedom of Press\", Freedom House, 2013. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2013/mali","Le gouvernement n'empêche jamais la publication d'informations en ligne par les citoyens, et le gouvernement n'encourage pas l'autocensure des citoyens. Aucune information relative à une arrestation ou mesure encourageant l'autocensure n'a été rapportée. Au contraire, le gouverneme..."]
["2013_MU_56",2013,"MU","Mauritius",56,50,"Interview of legal staff at Mauritius Telecom stated that the government does not require any filtering or blocking of online content. However, it was mentioned that the Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA), the national regulator for the ICT sector, does have a system of tracking people who have access to sensitive websites (child pornography). \n\nThe 'Yashvin, pages of my life' blog covers diverse contemporary issues being debated in Mauritius. Most of the blogs are political issues on which the blogger provides his opinions, including those critical of the current administration. The mere fact that these blogs are published and accessible for everyone to read indicates that there is no pre-publication censorship. However, the blogger acknowledges the following in one of his blogs:\n\"Please note that comments will be highly moderated. I won’t want to see myself behind the bars because of defamatory or other type of comments. And as you noticed, I did not even take the risk of putting her picture here,\" which indicates a degree of self-censorship for fear of repercussions. The warning mentioned referred to his blog on a man being arrested for taking a picture of a member of the current Labour Party administration. \nDuring his interview, Mohammad Santally confirmed that he is subjected to a degree of self-censorship and fears the repercussions for his professional career, for example, discriminated against if ever he applies to a higher position in his institution or elsewhere. He gave the example of wanting to write an article on the inconsistencies at the Tertiary Education Commission with regards to its work and the qualification of its personnel but refrained from it.","1. Anonymous - Senior Staff. Orange/Mauritius Telecom. Sept. 20, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius.\n\n2. Yashvin, pages of my Life. Last updated Oct. 1, 2013. Available online at http://www.yashvinblogs.com/\n\n3. \"Man arrested for taking pictures of Labour Party activist!\"Yashvin Awootar. Dec. 18, 2012. Available at http://www.yashvinblogs.com/arrested-for-taking-pictures-labour-party/\n\n4. Mohammad Santally, blogger, senior lecturer in education technology and officer-in-charge at Virtual Centre for Innovative Learning Technologies, University of Mauritius. Responded via email on Oct. 7, 2013. \n\n5. Débats sur la motion de remise en liberté de Nitin Chinien. Le Mauricien. Nov.21, 2013. \nhttp://www.lemauricien.com/article/en-detention-debats-sur-la-motion-remise-en-liberte-nitin-chinien [Though the above article is outside the period of study, the original complaint against the artist Nitin Chinien was lodged in July 2013 on the basis of \"breach of ICTA (Information and Communication Act): using an information and communication service for the purpose of causing annoyance\" and presents additional proof that self-censorship is encouraged through arrest]","Interview of legal staff at Mauritius Telecom stated that the government does not require any filtering or blocking of online content. However, it was mentioned that the Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA), the national regulator for the ICT sector, does hav..."]
["2013_SN_56",2013,"SN","Senegal",56,100,"L’État n’impose aucune restriction préalable aux contenus citoyens affichés en ligne (blogues, médias sociaux), et l’autocensure ne semble pas devoir être considérée comme une pratique courante. Durant les douze mois à l’étude, les citoyens ont particulièrement pris conscience de leur capacité à utiliser la toile sans contrainte, sans risques de sanction ou de représailles, pour partager de l’information. Cette prise de conscience a permis l’apparition d’un journalisme citoyen au Sénégal.","Fatou Jagne Senghor, directrice, Article 19, Sénégal/Afrique de l’Ouest. \n\nEntretien avec Basile Niane, membre de l'association des blogueurs sénégalais, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nAbdoulaye Kanté, chargé de projet, médias sociaux et citoyens, l'Institut Panos Afrique de l'Ouest (IPAO), 7 octobre 2013.","L’État n’impose aucune restriction préalable aux contenus citoyens affichés en ligne (blogues, médias sociaux), et l’autocensure ne semble pas devoir être considérée comme une pratique courante. Durant les douze mois à l’étude, les citoyens ont particulièrement pris conscience de l..."]
["2013_SS_56",2013,"SS","South Sudan",56,25,"In practice, there is no evidence of any prior government restraint of citizen-created content online. However, the government has effectively created and promoted the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.). Speaking on the condition of anonymity, an official in the Ministry of Information says the government thinks social media is not influential here and that’s why there have been no efforts to censor citizens. In addition, the source says the government is unable to control some of the social media websites that are being hosted outside the country.\n \nBut this does not mean that the government tolerates citizen journalists. A popular government critic and blogger Isaiah Abraham was killed on 5 December 2012, after he received several threats from state security personnel and unknown people. Also, John Penn Ngong, who was a blogger for the New Sudan Vision, fled South Sudan about a year ago alleging threats and warning from security forces.","(2013, November 6) .  Government warns journalists over irresponsible reporting.  Radio Miraya.  Retrieved from http://www.radiomiraya.org/news-202/south-sudan/12402-government-warns-journalists-against-irresponsible-reporting.html#gsc.tab=0\n\nModi, Oliver.  (n.d.) .  [Head of the Union of Journalists of South Sudan].  Personal communication.\n\nRwakarining, Mugume Davis.  (2012, October 21) .  [Editor of Nile Fortune and Stringer VOA].  Personal communication.\n\nSouth Sudanese blogger and government critic killed. Reuters, Friday, 07 December 2012, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/07/253840.html\n\nUN condemns killing of South Sudanese columnist Isaiah Abraham. The Sudan Tribune. Juba December 7, 2012, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44775","In practice, there is no evidence of any prior government restraint of citizen-created content online. However, the government has effectively created and promoted the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.). Speaking on the condition of anonymity, an offi..."]
["2013_TG_56",2013,"TG","Togo",56,100,"Il n’existe aucune réglementation en matière de médias en ligne ou autres réseaux sociaux, de sorte que les nouveaux médias évoluent dans une liberté totale, voire dans l’anarchie. Une réflexion est actuellement menée à ce propos. \n \nLes médias en ligne ont une plus grande marge de manœuvre que les médias plus traditionnels. Il est toutefois à noter qu'une plainte a été déposée contre un blog au sujet d'un article sur une campagne de vaccination de masse, et qu'une vidéo d'une ministre togolaise a été supprimée du site YouTube à la demande du ministère des Postes et Télécommunications (MPT) (Pihiloticus, 2013). Il n’y a pas d'incitation à l'autocensure.","Anonyme, journaliste, 29 novembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \nJean-Paul Agboh Ahouelete, directeur de publication, Focus Infos, 31 octobre 2013.\n \nMe Gil-Benoit Afangbedji, président, Association ensemble pour les droits de l’homme, 28 octobre 2013.\n \nPhiloticus. (23 février 2013). « Censurée par le MIT, la video qui déplait à Cina Lawson (ministre togolaise des P&T) ». Philoticus. Wordpress. Repéré à http://philoticus.wordpress.com/2013/02/23/censuree-par-le-mit-la-video-qui-deplait-a-cina-lawson-ministre-togolaise-des-pt/.","Il n’existe aucune réglementation en matière de médias en ligne ou autres réseaux sociaux, de sorte que les nouveaux médias évoluent dans une liberté totale, voire dans l’anarchie. Une réflexion est actuellement menée à ce propos. ..."]
["2013_TN_56",2013,"TN","Tunisia",56,50,"The Tunisian government no longer restrains citizen-created content online, and it does not promote the self-censorship of citizens or the media online. Prior to the regime change, this was common practice. For example, before 2010, bloggers publishing news about the president of the republic were jailed. After the revolution, bloggers were set free, and some of them even entered the new government. \n \nBut even under the new regime, there are laws that prohibit insults to Islam. For that reason, it is still forbidden for example to publish, in blogs and websites, images mocking the religion as this is considered a crime. The government actively enforces this censorship.","October 16 2013: Interview with Mrs Kéfi, journalist at La Presse (main public journal in Tunisia).\n \n UNESCO, Etude sur le développement des medias en Tunisie, Paris, September 2012, p. 24 and pp. 47 to 51 (http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/tunisia/documents/more_info/unesco_etude_surlesmedias_2012_fr.pdf).\n \n October 20 2013: interview with Mr. Farhat, journalist specialising in political analysis, Nessma TV (private TV channel), Tunis.\n \n Global Voices Online, April 10, 2013. Tunisian Graffiti Artists Fined, Most Serious Charges Dismissed\n http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/04/10/tunisian-graffiti-artists-fined-most-serious-charges-dismissed/.","The Tunisian government no longer restrains citizen-created content online, and it does not promote the self-censorship of citizens or the media online. Prior to the regime change, this was common practice. For example, before 2010, bloggers publishing news about the president of t..."]
["2013_BJ_57",2013,"BJ","Benin",57,100,"Il n'existe aucune preuve démontrant que les sites, les mots clés, les résultats de recherche ou les contenus politiquement sensibles sont filtrés, bloqués ou supprimés dans la période d'étude et les internautes du pays sont en mesure d'accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde sans aucune restriction.","Pour une révision à marche forcée ? (20 septembre 2013). Mediapart Bénin. http://mediapartbenin.over-blog.com/pour-une-r%C3%A9vision-%C3%A0-marche-forc%C3%A9e\n\nBenin : Boni Yayi nomme son beau-frère premier ministre. (9 août 2013). http://www.marichesse.com/article-benin-boni-yayi-nomme-son-beau-frere-premier-ministre-119472204.html\n\nOlympe BHÊLY-QUENUM : Ce que Yayi Boni ne sait pas. (26 janvier 2013). http://blaisap.typepad.fr/mon_weblog/2013/01/olympe-bhly-quenum-ce-que-yayi-boni-ne-sait-pas.html\n\nLA KLEPTOCRATIE QUI VOUDRAIT FAIRE DE KOUPAKI LE SUCCESSEUR DE YAYI BONI.(20 juillet 2013). http://professeur.andoche.amegnisse.over-blog.com/\n\nReveiw of Herdict Website 2012\nhttp://www.herdict.org/explore/indepth?fc=BJ#fed=10/15/2013&fsd=10/15/2012","Il n'existe aucune preuve démontrant que les sites, les mots clés, les résultats de recherche ou les contenus politiquement sensibles sont filtrés, bloqués ou supprimés dans la période d'étude et les internautes du pays sont en mesure d'accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde s..."]
["2013_CF_57",2013,"CF","CAR",57,100,"D'après ces personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, qui sont des professionnels du corps des médias en RCA, le gouvernement de la République Centrafricaine n'a pas encore utilisé cette approche qui consiste à influencer les sociétés de TIC en filtrant les informations mises en ligne. En d'autres termes, le gouvernement centrafricain n'a jamais supprimé de contenus en ligne, qu’ils soient politiques ou autres, et se maintient en ce moment dans la logique du respect des lois garantissant la liberté de la communication. En d'autres termes, la RCA ne figure pas sur la liste des pays gérés par les organisations de filtrage de l'information. À titre d'exemple, les sites suivants publient de l'information sur tous les sujets :\n- www.journaldebangui.com\n- www.lapresse.ca/Le quotidien \n- www.leconfident.net","Gervais Voyemakoa, secrétaire d'instruction, Haut-conseil de la communication, 25 septembre2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 25 septembre 2013\n\nPaul Service, journaliste, radio Centrafrique, expert en communication, projet Cadre intégré renforcé, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 26 septembre 2013.\n\nBertrand Bouba, journaliste, Télévision centrafricaine, ministère de la Réconciliation et de la Communication, 26 septembre 2013.","D'après ces personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, qui sont des professionnels du corps des médias en RCA, le gouvernement de la République Centrafricaine n'a pas encore utilisé cette approche qui consiste à influencer les sociétés de TIC en filtrant les informatio..."]
["2013_CD_57",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",57,100,"Il n'existe aucune preuve démontrant que les sites, les mots clés, les résultats de recherche ou les contenus politiquement sensibles sont filtrés, bloqués ou supprimés. \n\nLes internautes du pays sont en mesure d'accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde sans aucune restriction. \nEn consultant les sites suivants : \na) http://www.google.com/transparency report/removals/government/, \nb) www.herdict.org, \nc) http://opennet.net, \nd) www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2012, \nLe Congo Brazzaville ne figure pas parmi les pays qui ont envoyé au moins une demande de suppression à Google depuis le 1er juillet 2009. Aucun rapport à ce sujet au Congo n'est publié.","Entretien le 17 octobre 2013 avec M. Luc  MISSIDIMBAZI, directeur de la Cellule des Marchés du Très Haut Débit et Coordonnateur Projet Central Africa Backbone (CAB) à l'Agence de Régulation des Postes et des Communications Electroniques (ARPCE).\n\nEntretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Bonaventure ONDONDA, directeur de cabinet du président du Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de la Communication (CSLC), au ministère de la Justice (siège où a été installé la structure).\n\nEntretien du 25 octobre avec M. Paul HERVEY KENGOUYA, conseiller administratif et juridique au Conseil Supérieur de la Liberté de la Communication (CSLC), au ministère de la Justice (siège où a été installé la structure).\n\nGoogle Transparency Report. Consulté en octobre 2013. http://www.google.com/transparency report/removals/government/\n\nHerdict. Consulté en octobre 2013. www.herdict.org\n\nFreedom House. www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2012","Il n'existe aucune preuve démontrant que les sites, les mots clés, les résultats de recherche ou les contenus politiquement sensibles sont filtrés, bloqués ou supprimés. ..."]
["2013_ER_57",2013,"ER","Eritrea",57,0,"Reporters Without Borders reports the following: although the government has not set up any widespread automatic Internet filtering system, it has not hesitated to order the blocking of several diaspora websites critical of the regime. Access to these sites is blocked by two of the Internet service providers, Ersol and Ewan. YouTube has also been blocked in Eritrea. The two other Internet access providers, Eritel and Tifanus. \n\nAccording to the state department report, some citizens expressed fear of arrest if caught viewing web sites that speak against the government. Nonetheless, the sites were generally available.","Reporters Without Borders, Reporters Without Borders provides UN with report on disastrous situation in Eritrea, June 2013. http://en.rsf.org/surveillance-eritrea,39762.html\n\nInterview with key informants (different IT officers) who requested anonymity, 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nUSA State Department Reports: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012  http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204328.pdf\n\nBBC Eritrea Profile, August 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349077.\n\nReview of www.eritel.com (02/10/13).","Reporters Without Borders reports the following: although the government has not set up any widespread automatic Internet filtering system, it has not hesitated to order the blocking of several diaspora websites critical of the regime. Access to these sites is blocked by two of the..."]
["2013_GH_57",2013,"GH","Ghana",57,100,"Some people, especially political commentators known in Ghana as serial callers, make and publish outrageous and sometimes unsubstantiated statements. \n\nPeople affected by such provocative statements ask the publishers to retract them or face court actions. However, there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down. Web users in the country are also able to access any website in the world without restriction. December 2012 was an election year where the political atmosphere was charged but no such incidents took place.","1. Mr Emmanuel Ofori, staff officer, policy division, Ministry of Communications, telephone interview, October 7, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Ms Dora Mawutor, coordinator, Coalition on Internet Freedom in Ghana, table Interview, October 17, 2013, Tamale. \n\n3. Mr Joseph Ziem, editor, savannahnewsblogspotcom.blogspot.com, table interview, October 8, 2013, Tamale.\n\n4. Mr Jerry Sam, project manager, Africa Elections Project, International Centre for ICT Journalism (penplusbytes), telephone interview, October 8, 2013, Accra.","Some people, especially political commentators known in Ghana as serial callers, make and publish outrageous and sometimes unsubstantiated statements. ..."]
["2013_LR_57",2013,"LR","Liberia",57,100,"The government does not deny anyone access to information from any site, and there is no evidence of blockade on any site on the internet.","1. Freeman, B.  (2013, October 10). Personal Interview. Chairman - Freedom of Information Commission, Monrovia\n\n2. Korbah, W. (2013, October 10). Personal Interview. Chairperson - Department of Mass Communications, University of Liberia, Monrovia\n\n3. Kanneh, M. (2013, October 10). Personal Interview. Managing Editor - Herritage Newspaper","The government does not deny anyone access to information from any site, and there is no evidence of blockade on any site on the internet."]
["2013_MU_57",2013,"MU","Mauritius",57,100,"According to Freedom House, Mauritius is one of just four African countries with free press. The organisation gave Mauritius a score of 30 in 2013 for freedom of the press, with the lowest score for a free country being a 10 and highest score for a not-free status at 96. The Google Transparency Report has not reported any request to take down information for the period of July-December 2012, its latest figures, indicating that the government does not interfere with online content. \nInterviews of legal staff at Mauritius Telecom stated that the government does not require filtering or blocking of online content. However, it was mentioned that the Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA), the national regulator for the ICT sector, does have a system of tracking people who have access to sensitive websites (child pornography). Mauritians are not restricted in accessing any websites in the world.","1. Freedom House 2013 Scores on Mauritius. Available at http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/mauritius\nor: \nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Global%20and%20regional%20tables.pdf\n\n2. Google Transparency Report - Mauritius. accessed September 2013. Available at http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/removals/government/MU/?p=2012-12\n\n3. Anonymous, senior staff, Orange/Mauritius Telecom. Sept. 20, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","According to Freedom House, Mauritius is one of just four African countries with free press. The organisation gave Mauritius a score of 30 in 2013 for freedom of the press, with the lowest score for a free country being a 10 and highest score for a not-free status at 96. The Google..."]
["2013_NG_57",2013,"NG","Nigeria",57,100,"There is no evidence of filtering of online contents in Nigeria in the past year. \n\nAll sites are accessible except for technical reasons. The government has just begun moves to suggest that filtering may begin in the near future, with the award of an internet spy contract to a foreign firm, and the consideration of a cyber regulation bill by the senate.\n\nThere is no evidence of filtering on Opennet.net, freedomhouse.org, and herdict.org.","1. http://opennet.net\n2. freedomhouse.org, \n3. herdict.org.\nAll websites accessed October 2013. \n\n4. Premium Times, Jonathan awards $40 million contract to Israeli company to monitor computer, Internet communication by Nigerians, Emmanuel Ogala, April 25, 2013, http://premiumtimesng.com/news/131249-exclusive-jonathan-awards-40million-contract-to-israeli-company-to-monitor-computer-internet-communication-by-nigerians.html\n\nInterview:\nEfem Nkanga, Assistant to Minister of Communications, Abuja, October 7, 2013.","There is no evidence of filtering of online contents in Nigeria in the past year. \n\nAll sites are accessible except for technical reasons. The government has just begun moves to ..."]
["2013_SN_57",2013,"SN","Senegal",57,100,"Depuis sa première connexion officielle au réseau Internet en 1996, le Sénégal n’a cessé d’accomplir des avancées considérables dans le secteur des TIC. La vision du e-Sénégal a vite placé le pays au cœur de la société de l’information, ce qui lui a valu de se voir confier le volet TIC du Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD). \n\nAujourd'hui, la liberté de naviguer dans Internet est une réalité au Sénégal. Bien que l'accès devienne de plus en plus facile, le gouvernement ne bloque pas et ne demande pas aux entreprises de TIC de bloquer le contenu en ligne. D'après tous les sites visités, il n'existe aucune preuve permettant d’affirmer que les sites, les mots clés, les résultats de recherche ou les contenus politiquement sensibles sont filtrés, bloqués ou supprimés. Les internautes sénégalais peuvent accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde, sans aucune restriction. Toutefois, la lutte contre les producteurs de pornographie infantile, comme le réseau pédopornographes ou l’ensemble des éditeurs de sites de pornographie infantile, s'est accentué cette année, surtout avec l'application de la loi sur la cybercriminalité.","- Entretien avec Ibrahima Lissa Faye, journaliste blogueur, 6 octobre 2013.\n\n- Entretien avec Alioune Dramé, directeur de la Communication, ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et de l'Economie numérique, le 4 octobre 2013. \n\n- Entretien avec Isaac Cissokho, membre de  l’Agence de régulation des télécommunications et des postes (ARTP), 30 octobre 2013.","Depuis sa première connexion officielle au réseau Internet en 1996, le Sénégal n’a cessé d’accomplir des avancées considérables dans le secteur des TIC. La vision du e-Sénégal a vite placé le pays au cœur de la société de l’information, ce qui lui a valu de se voir confier le volet..."]
["2013_SZ_57",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",57,100,"Swaziland was not listed by Google in its transparency report/removals as a country that has requested the blocking of a web site. \n\nOpenNet has no data on Swaziland attempting to deny internet access to web sites. Freedom House cannot cite examples of Swaziland's government interfering with or blocking access to internet access. \n\nThis confirms what interviewees say, that the government, mostly likely due to budgetary constraints, lacked the capacity to control this means of communication during the period under review.","Interview: Charles Ngubane, internet specialist, Mbabane, 19 September 2013. \n \n Google Transparency Report/removals: www.google.com\n \n Opennet: www.opennet.net.\n \n Freedom House: www.freedomhouse.org.\n\n (Websites accessed in September 2013.)","Swaziland was not listed by Google in its transparency report/removals as a country that has requested the blocking of a web site. ..."]
["2013_ZM_57",2013,"ZM","Zambia",57,50,"There are some media organisations that have established blogs as a medium to publish their work and have provisions for the citizens to make comments. There is always a string of comments that condemn certain actions by government or indeed some politicians from the ruling party. \nHowever, these portals get targeted by government with negative comments and alleged threats of possible closure.\n\nThere is no evidence of requests by the Zambian government to block content, on the websites provided under source number three, except one (source 4), which relates to closure threats. Some websites fail to come up, but the content can be viewed partially. \n\nThere have also been unconfirmed reports of some websites having been blocked, as indicated in the articles cited under the last two sources. Still, it is not clear whether it is a problem with the particular organisation's administration of the website or not. The case of the Watchdog could be censorship or a mere claim, but there is no sufficient evidence to confirm that indeed the websites were blocked as a result of government censorship or if it is just based on suspicion or speculation.","(1) Interview with Henry Kabwe, executive director, Media Network on Child Right and Development, on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (2) Interview with a senior government journalist (who sought anonymity, due to fear of reprimand for not following the right protocol to conduct an interview), on September 25 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (3) Zambia Reports, PF Government Targets Social Media - Zambia Reports, zambiareports.com/….government-targets-social-media.\n \n \n (4) Africa News, Africa - News and Analysis - Is Sata trying to block Zambia ...,africajournalismtheworld.com/…/24/is-sata-trying...\n \n (5) http://www.google.com/transparency report/removals/government/, b) www.herdict.org, c) http://opennet.net, d) www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2012.\n \n (6) Freedom House, Zambia -Freedom of the Press 2013, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2013/zambia\n \n (7) Zambia Reports, Zambia Requested to Stop Blocking Access to Websites, July 25 2013 , http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9HajfWBWbQ0J:zambiareports.com/2013/07/25/zambian-government-requested-to-stop-blocking-access-to-news-websites/+&cd=2&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n  (8) Zambian watchdog, Zambia blocks third website: Barotse Post\n September 10 2013, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:bBUMsPCeLdcJ:www.zambianwatchdog.com/zambia-blocks-third-website-barotse-post/+&cd=4&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.","There are some media organisations that have established blogs as a medium to publish their work and have provisions for the citizens to make comments. There is always a string of comments that condemn certain actions by government or indeed some politicians from the ruling party. ..."]
["2013_ZW_57",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",57,100,"There is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content have been filtered, blocked or taken down in the last year. However, President Robert Mugabe has reportedly offered a $300,000 reward to anyone who can unmask an anonymous whistleblower on Facebook behind a string of leaks about alleged Zimbabwean government assassination plots, corruption and plans to rig the July 31 election. Baba Jukwa's Facebook page is still up.","1. OpenNet Initiative (2013). Zimbabwe. accessed July 2013. https://opennet.net/research/profiles/zimbabwe.\n \n 2. Freedom House (2012). Zimbabwe Freedom on the Net 2012. http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Zimbabwe%202012.pdf.\n \n 3. Herdict (2013). accessed July 2013. http://www.herdict.org/. \n \n 4. Jane Flanagan, July 14, 2013. The Telegraph. Mugabe hunts for internet mole 'Baba Jukwa' revealing his secrets. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/10178570/Mugabe-hunts-for-internet-mole-Baba-Jukwa-revealing-his-secrets.html.","There is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content have been filtered, blocked or taken down in the last year. However, President Robert Mugabe has reportedly offered a $300,000 reward to anyone who can unmask an anonymous whistleblower on..."]
["2013_BW_58",2013,"BW","Botswana",58,100,"In practice, all ministries and autonomous agencies have websites. These websites explain their mandate as well as their activities and depending on the website concrete data points. Yet, the websites do not in all cases provide invitations or easily accessible mechanisms for meaningful two-way communication between the public and the government body in question. The Ministry for Agriculture, for example, provides monthly price points for agricultural goods. There are other examples such as the Office for Statistics that also releases monthly statistics updates. \n\nIf citizens have questions they still have to pick up the phone and call the respective organisation or visit their offices. In most cases the websites are updated, especially with news and current events but also with recent data points, such as studies and or quarterly reports. Archived information is however not always searchable and could be improved.","Reviewed Websites during study period.\n\n1. Website: List of Botswana's national government agencies and ministries online, Botswana government, http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/botswana-government.htm\n\n2. Website: Ministry of Agriculture, www.moa.gov.bw.\n\n3. Website: Ministry of Trade and Industry, www.mti.gov.bw.\n\n4. Website: University of Botswana, www.ub.bw.","In practice, all ministries and autonomous agencies have websites. These websites explain their mandate as well as their activities and depending on the website concrete data points. Yet, the websites do not in all cases provide invitations or easily accessible mechanisms for meani..."]
["2013_CF_58",2013,"CF","CAR",58,50,"En République centrafricaine, certains ministères et les organismes indépendants disposent de sites Internet. C'est le cas des ministères du Plan et de l'Économie, du Commerce et de l'Industrie (www.miniplan-rca.org et www.minco.org) et des organismes indépendants (www.journaldebangui.com; www.lapresse.ca/Le quotidien, centrafrique presse.com). \n\nMais force est de constater que les sites appartenant aux institutions gouvernementales ne sont pas régulièrement alimentés en information.","Gervais Voyemakoa, secrétaire d'instruction au Haut Conseil de la Communication, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nPaul Service, journaliste, radio Centrafrique, expert en communication, projet Cadre intégré renforcé, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 26 septembre 2013.\n\nBertrand Bouba, journaliste, Télévision centrafricaine, ministère de la Réconciliation et de la Communication, 26 septembre,2013.\n\nYves Rangba, ministère des Postes et du Développement des nouvelles technologies, 26 septembre 2013.\n\nMinistère du Plan et de l'Économie : www.miniplan-rca.org.\n\nMinistère du Commerce et de l'Industrie et www.minco.org.\n\nSites Internet des organismes indépendants (www.journaldebangui.com; www.lapresse.ca, www.centrafriquequotidien.com, centrafrique presse.com)\n\nSites consultés en septembre 2013.","En République centrafricaine, certains ministères et les organismes indépendants disposent de sites Internet. C'est le cas des ministères du Plan et de l'Économie, du Commerce et de l'Industrie (www.miniplan-rca.org et www.minco.org) et des organismes indépendants (www.journaldeban..."]
["2013_GQ_58",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",58,0,"Equatorial Guinea lacks an adequate Internet infrastructure. There are very few government agencies with official websites and their content is extremely limited. During the period of review, the main website for the publication of information online was the Equatorial Guinea Press site. The information on the site is very limited, usually publicising the events and information regarding the president's activities, news on the different ministries and activities by the PDGE. The website does not have a section for information on other ministries, the judicial branch or parliament.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(n.d.) .  Dirección General de Estadística y Cuentas Nacionales.  Retrieved from http://www.dgecnstat-ge.org/\n\n(n.d.) .  Republic of Equatorial Guinea.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/buscador.php?cat=21\n\nWebsites accessed January 2014.","Equatorial Guinea lacks an adequate Internet infrastructure. There are very few government agencies with official websites and their content is extremely limited. During the period of review, the main website for the publication of information online was the Equatorial Guinea Press..."]
["2013_ET_58",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",58,25,"There is one dedicated gateway providing links to official websites of government ministries, agencies and commissions.\n\nThe governmental portal provides the links to the websites of 26 government institutions. The websites of some of the institutions are not active (http://www.moj.gov.et/), some don't have a website at all and still others were last updated several months ago. \n\nAn example is the Ministry of Education website that still has the message and picture of the former Minister of Education months after a new minister replaced him following a reshuffling in the government. Again, the website of the Ministry of Education has a call for a consultancy service that is more than a year old, dating back to October 2012.","1.        http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/: the gateway to links that take to websites of government ministries, agencies and commissions. \n\n2.        http://www.moe.gov.et/English/OfficeoftheMinister/Pages/OfficeoftheMinister.aspx\n\n3.        http://www.moe.gov.et/English/Pages/index.aspx\n\nAll websites were accessed in October 2013. ","There is one dedicated gateway providing links to official websites of government ministries, agencies and commissions...."]
["2013_KE_58",2013,"KE","Kenya",58,50,"Most government ministries and agencies have websites in line with a policy on deepening ICT. The jubilee government has a policy to increase the use of ICT to boost efficiency in service delivery and to decrease officer to public contact, which might encourage corruption.\n\nSome of the websites are, however, not up to date with regard to providing current information and statistics.","Website review in October 2013:\n\n1. National Treasury website http://www.treasury.go.ke\n\n2. Agriculture Ministry website http://www.kilimo.go.ke\n\n3. Ministry of Energy and Petroleum website http://www.energy.go.ke\n\n4. Ministry of Education website http://www.education.go.ke/ShowPage.aspx?department=1&id=4\n\n5. Ministry of Industrialization website http://www.industrialization.go.ke\n\n6. Ministry of Environment website http://www.environment.go.ke/\n\n7. Ministry of Foreign Affairs website http://www.mfa.go.ke\n\n8. Ministry of Devolution and Planning website www.planning.go.ke\n\n9. Ministry of Lands website www.ardhi.go.ke\n\n10. Ministry of Information Communication and Technology website www.information.go.ke\n\n11. Ministry of Health website http://www.publichealth.go.ke/\n\n12. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure website www.transport.go.ke\n\n13. Ministry of East Africa Affairs, Tourism and Commerce website http://www.tourism.go.ke/ministry.nsf/pages/profiles\n\n14. Ministry of Defence website http://www.mod.go.ke/\n\n15.Ministry of Labour, Social Security and Services website www.labour.go.ke\n\n16. Kenya Revenue Authority website http://www.revenue.go.ke/\n\n17. Kenya Ports Authority website http://www.kpa.co.ke\n\n18. Kenya Airports Authority website https://www.kaa.go.ke/\n\n19. Energy Regulatory Commission website http://www.erc.go.ke/\n\n20. Kenya Sugar Board website www.kenyasugar.co.ke\n\n21. Coffee Board of Kenya website: http://www.coffeeboardkenya.co.ke/\n\n22. Tea Board of Kenya website: www.teaboard.or.ke\n\n23. Capital Markets Authority website: http://www.cma.or.ke/\n\n24. Kenya Bureau of Standard website: http://www.kebs.org\n\n25. Kenya Wildlife Service website: http://www.kws.org\n\n26. Kenya Forestry Service website: http://www.kenyaforestservice.org\n\n27. Dr Bitange Ndemo, former permanent secretary, Ministry of Information, Kenya. Date interviewed: September 11, 2013.\n\n28. Ezekiel Mutua, Information secretary, Ministry of ICT, Kenya. Interviewed on October 8, 2013.","Most government ministries and agencies have websites in line with a policy on deepening ICT. The jubilee government has a policy to increase the use of ICT to boost efficiency in service delivery and to decrease officer to public contact, which might encourage corruption...."]
["2013_MW_58",2013,"MW","Malawi",58,25,"Of the 21 government ministries in Malawi only 5 have websites.\n\nSome ministries and agencies are in the process of making their presence felt on the internet. In the past, a website could be updated once a month or not at all, simply because there were no procedures, or a team or person dedicated to ensure that the website is updated in the respective agency or government ministry. However, most agencies and government ministries now are realising the purpose of the website as well as the importance of having it updated.\n\nThe main Malawi government website showcases official information and documents of the government of the Republic of Malawi, which include the presidency, government ministries and departments and all other institutions under the government.\n\nIt also features links to government ministries, which have their own websites. Autonomous agencies including the anti-corruption bureau also have websites. Some of the websites are updated monthly, and others if and when necessary.","Richard Msukumwa, Systems Analyst, ICT Dept, Ministry of Information, October 9 2013.\n\nPeter Mawanga, Musician, October 9 2013.\n\nEmma Kaliya, Programmes Manager, Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre, October 7 2013.\n\nGovernment ministries can be accessed online independently or through the main Malawi government website for ease of access which is www.malawi.gov.mw. Accessed October 2013.\n\nOthers include:\nMalawi parliament (www.parliament.gov.mw)\nAnti-corruption bureau (www.acbmw.com)\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs  (http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.mw)\nMinistry of Finance (http://www.finance.gov.mw)\nMinistry of Agriculture and Food Security (http://www.moafsmw.org)\nMinistry of Industry and Trade (http://www.trade.gov.mw)\nMinistry of Tourism, Wildlife and Culture (http://www.visitmalawi.mw)","Of the 21 government ministries in Malawi only 5 have websites.\n\nSome ministries and agencies are in the process of making their presence felt on the internet...."]
["2013_MA_58",2013,"MA","Morocco",58,50,"All ministries and autonomous agencies have websites. However, they are not all updated once a month.","Website review, October 2013. \n\n[Communication ministry's website].  Retrieved from http://www.mincom.gov.ma/fr/adresses-utiles.html.\n\n[Government's General Secretariat website].  Retrieved from http://www.sgg.gov.ma/sgg.aspx.\n\n[Prime minister's website].  Retrieved from http://www.pm.gov.ma/.\n\n[Website that compiles all public services in Morocco].  Retrieved from http://www.service-public.ma/.","All ministries and autonomous agencies have websites. However, they are not all updated once a month."]
["2013_ST_58",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",58,25,"The government website http://gov.st/ has been permanently in \"maintenance\", while the president's site http://www.presidencia.st/ has not been available either. Not even half of the ministries and agencies have websites. Many of the existing official websites are only updated occasionally, if at all.","1. Edlena Barros, journalist, RTP África, October 1, 2013.\n2. Enerlid Costa Soares, vice-president, Galo Cantá NGO, October 1, 2013.\n\nThe Government website: http://www.gov.st/\nMinistry of Plan and Finances website: http://www.min-financas.st/\nMinistry of Defence and Internal Order website: http://defesa.portal-stp.net/\nMinsitry of International Affairs website: http://www.mnecc.gov.st/\nSupreme Court website: http://www.stj.st/stj/index.html\n\nWebsites checked October 2013.","The government website http://gov.st/ has been permanently in \"maintenance\", while the president's site http://www.presidencia.st/ has not been available either. Not even half of the ministries and agencies have websites. Many of the existing official websites are only updated occa..."]
["2013_ZA_58",2013,"ZA","South Africa",58,75,"The overall majority (more than half) of departments and government institutions have functional websites that are updated at least once a month. Only a few fail to meet these standards. \n\nAll national departments have websites. They are listed on the government page. The overall majority of websites is updated regularly, either in the press/media section or the section where speeches of ministers and other prominent officials are published. Some department websites were being updated and could not be accessed, including the one of the department for veterans. It gave out a message stating \"Update in progress, Please check in again soon!\" when checking the website. When visiting the website of the department of home affairs, the website's service was unavailable. The website of the department for women, children and people with disabilities was offline too. \n\nThere is also a website that lists all the various government services and responsible agencies: www.services.gov.za. The various government bodies can be found here: http://www.gov.za/links/govt_bodies.htm. Most of them are updated a minimum of once per month. Some of them are not, including the:\n\nFilm and Publication Board - Last time it was updated (press release section) was in August 2013 and the time before that was April 2013. \nCouncil for Geosciences (last press release dated back to February 2013)\nCompetition commission: Only sporadic newsletters (one on march this year and one in June)\nChief Surveyor General - last press release dates back to 2003.\nAlexkor (state mining company) website - last annual report is missing. Last updated in 2012.","List of South Africa's National Government Departments (National government website)\nhttp://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/dept.htm.\n\nSouth African Government Services (government website dedicated to its social services)\nhttp://www.services.gov.za/services/content/Home.\n\nFilm and Publication Board website, http://www.fpb.org.za/media.\n\nChief Surveyor General website, http://csg.dla.gov.za/press.htm.\n\nWebsites accessed October 2013. ","The overall majority (more than half) of departments and government institutions have functional websites that are updated at least once a month. Only a few fail to meet these standards. ..."]
["2013_TZ_58",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",58,50,"Although there is a well-established online presence for Tanzanian ministries and public service providers and all 26 bodies have websites, these are poorly maintained and not always updated. \n \n The maintenance of these sites falls under the national information and communications technology policy of 2003. They often do not provide contacts for their staff and, furthermore, many sections are under construction. There is variation, however, between the sites of various ministries and autonomous agencies. \n \n For example, the Tanzania revenue service, updates their site regularly while others such as the ministry of agriculture does not. Websites may also appear up to date, but haven't been updated. In one case, a source visited a government agency, whose address he found online on the government website. He was told that they had vacated the building six months ago. It is not common for the public to get feedback by engaging through the websites that serve mostly to pass information on from the ministries.","Mustafa Suleimanji b. X-Commodity c. Co-Founder (Entrepreneur online commodity trading) Telephone Interview: September 20, 2013.\n \nAthuman Mtulya b.The Citizen c. Journalist d. September 20, 2013.\n\nList of ministry and Institution websites, checked September 2013 : http://www.tanzania.go.tz/ministriesf.html.\n \nNational Information and Communications Technology Policy 2003, http://www.tanzania.go.tz/pdf/ictpolicy.pdf.","Although there is a well-established online presence for Tanzanian ministries and public service providers and all 26 bodies have websites, these are poorly maintained and not always updated. ..."]
["2013_DZ_59",2013,"DZ","Algeria",59,25,"La plupart des organismes de réglementation des services publics, relevant des institutions nationales, ne possèdent pas de site web. \n\nLe ministère de l’Intérieur et des Collectivités locales possède un site internet. Ce dernier dispose d’une page « services publics et procédures » et une autre « requêtes », ce qui permet aux citoyens de déposer des plaintes. Par ailleurs, un département ministériel auprès du premier ministère chargé de la Réforme du service public a été créé en septembre 2013 pour promouvoir le service public.","Consultation des sites en septembre 2013:\n-Site du ministère de l’intérieur : Services publics et procédures\n                 http://www.interieur.gov.dz/Dynamics/default.aspx?s=2\n-Site du ministère de l’intérieur : requêtes\n                 http://www.interieur.gov.dz/Requetes/frmRequetes.aspx?s=32\n\n-APS. (2013, le 18 septembre). Un ministère chargé de la Réforme du service public pour répondre aux revendications de la société civile (Ksentini). APS. Repéré à http://www.aps.dz/Un-ministere-charge-de-la-Reforme.html ","La plupart des organismes de réglementation des services publics, relevant des institutions nationales, ne possèdent pas de site web. ..."]
["2013_BI_59",2013,"BI","Burundi",59,0,"Les organismes de régulation ne disposent pas en général de sites web. L’exception c’est l’ARMP, mais le site n’a pas été mis à jour depuis longtemps. Pourtant l'ARMP réglemente les contrats de marchés publics et des appels d’offres. Le Conseil National de la Communication aussi a un site web qui contient des informations sur leur travail au quotidien. \n\nSelon Come Bageni : « À ma connaissance, il n’y a pas de site de ces organismes de réglementation des services publics ou du médiateur national. Même s’ils existaient, le citoyen n’en aurait pas été informé. »","1. SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat, entretien du 15/10/2013\n\n2. BAGENI COME, cadre du Conseil National de la Communication, Licencie en histoire, ancien journaliste du journal Renouveau du Burundi et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara. Date de l’interview: dimanche le 20/10/2013,Bujumbura Burundi\n\n3. Chantal NZOPFINDEKUYE, enseignante à l' école secondaire, militante des droits de l' homme et représentante de l' OLUCOME à l' agence de régulation des marchés publics,22/9/2013,Bujumbura Burundi\n\nSites web des organismes de regulation au Burundi, accédé 22 Jan. 2014.\n\nARMP - http://armp.bi/\n\nCNC- http://www.refram.org/membres/Burundi","Les organismes de régulation ne disposent pas en général de sites web. L’exception c’est l’ARMP, mais le site n’a pas été mis à jour depuis longtemps. Pourtant l'ARMP réglemente les contrats de marchés publics et des appels d’offres. Le Conseil National de la Communication aussi a ..."]
["2013_CV_59",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",59,50,"In practice, all regulatory agencies have websites and they are updated and working well. The examples of the agency of economic regulation, agency for the regulation and supervision of pharmaceuticals and nutrition, agency of civil aviation and the national communication agency provide a good sample of agencies displaying information. \n\nAt the same time, they do not offer easily comprehensible information to illiterate citizens or citizens with a limited educational background. While there are some interactive elements found on the websites, such as the possibility to sign up for news and or contact the agency, there are no dedicated mechanisms for citizens’ complaints, save for a general contact ability. In order to bridge the digital divide though, there are in-person complaint books at the various agencies to record citizens’ grievances. There is a state-sponsored effort to make the basic information simpler, specifically catering to people in their Creole mother tongue. This initiative has not yet borne fruit though.\n\nAn ombudsman’s website does not exist during the period of study (although this website may be operational sometime during 2014), as the office of the ombudsman was still in the process of being set up.","Website reviews in October 2013: \n\n1. http://www.are.cv/index.php -  Agency of economic regulation \n2. http://www.arfa.cv/ - Agency for the regulation and supervision of pharmaceuticals and food\n3. http://www.aac.cv/ - Agency of Civil Aviation \n4. http://www.anac.cv/ - National Communication Agency\n\nInterviewd\n\n1. Carla Lima, Journalist , President of AJOC (Journalists Association of Cape Verde), Praia, October 21, 2013.\n\n2. Avelino Bonifacio,  Former  Minister of the Economy, Adviser, Praia, October 21, 2013.\n\n3. Floresvindo Barbosa, Economist, Consultant in the area of decentralisation, October 21, 2013.\n\n4. Marco Rocha, Journalist and Editor of Television Cape Verde, Praia, October 21, 2013.","In practice, all regulatory agencies have websites and they are updated and working well. The examples of the agency of economic regulation, agency for the regulation and supervision of pharmaceuticals and nutrition, agency of civil aviation and the national communication agency pr..."]
["2013_KM_59",2013,"KM","Comoros",59,0,"Il n’y a pas d’ombudsman aux Comores. Aux Comores, la Commission Nationale des Droits Humains et des Libertés (CNDHL) reçoit les plaintes individuelles ou collectives déposées à propos de toutes allégations de violation des droits de l'homme et des libertés sur le territoire national, constate les atteintes qui pourraient être portées et dresse rapport. Mais la Commission ne dispose pas de site Internet (http://archive1.diplomacy.edu/poolbin.asp?IDPool=1341). Il n'existe ni de site ni d’application mobile pour porter plainte/déposer des requêtes.\n\nToutefois, le nombre des sites Internet des institutions de l’État est limité. Il existe cependant des organisations non-gouvernementales comme la Fondation comorienne des droits de l’homme (FCDH), Avocats Sans Frontières (ASF) aux Comores, la fédération comorienne des organisations de la société civile (FECOSC) ou la confédération des travailleurs comoriens (CTC) pour défendre les droits de l'homme dans l'archipel. \nLa population peut leur envoyer des messages électroniques.\n\nRares sont les organismes de réglementation des services publics qui disposent de site web. C’est le cas de la Chambre de Commerce, d’industrie et d’agriculture (www.uccia.comores.com) de Comores télécom (www.comorestélécom.km) , l’Organisation patronale des Comores (www.opaco.km), la radio télévision (www.ortc.fr),  l'Agence de Promotion des Investissements (ANPI, Invest in Comoros / Investir aux Comores).\n\nPar contre, les sites web des organismes suivants ne sont pas répertoriés sur la toile (donc on peut dire qu’ils n’ont pas de site web): les institutions de l’eau et de l’electricité (Mamwe, EEDC).","Comoresdroit. (15 octobre 2012). « Formation de la CNDHL: arrivée aux Comores de Koffi Kounté ». Skyrock: comoresdroit\n\nComoresdroit. (16 mai 2013). «La liberté religieuse aux Comores, la charge de l’IRPP ». Comoresdroit: http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/1277-la-liberte-religieuse-aux-comores-la-charge-de-l-irpp\n\nGouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail. (2012). Rapport pays sur les pratiques en matière de droits de l’homme pour l’année 2012 – Comores. Human rights.gov : http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/COMOROS-FRE-FINAL.pdf","Il n’y a pas d’ombudsman aux Comores. Aux Comores, la Commission Nationale des Droits Humains et des Libertés (CNDHL) reçoit les plaintes individuelles ou collectives déposées à propos de toutes allégations de violation des droits de l'homme et des libertés sur le territoire nation..."]
["2013_EG_59",2013,"EG","Egypt",59,50,"There are public service regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman in Egypt. Agencies have survived decades of bureaucracy by adhering to an outdated mentality and refusing to open to the modern world, and modern bureaucracy developments of public service delivery and technological advances. \n\nTo that end, the public prosecution never thought of launching an electronic website as a platform for information and communication with the public until the revolution occurred.\n\nSince then though, the public prosecution has started working on its website as an effective means for service delivery. However, the ombudsman's website is not accessible. Instead, it relies on its Facebook page. Users' rights are spelled out to at a bare minimum but not in an easily accessible mode.","(2013, November 17) .  Beginning the work on the public prosecution website.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1343121.\n\n[Facebook page for the National Ombudsman].  Facebook.  Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/El.Niaba.\n\n[Website for Administrative Prosecution].  Retrieved from http://www.ap.gov.eg/ \nPortal for all Egyptian ministries:  http://www.egypt.gov.eg/arabic/guide/directory.aspx.\n\n[Website of the National Ombudsman].  Retrieved from : http://www.ppo.gov.eg.  \n It was launched in 2012 but is not working.\n\nWebsites accessed November 2013","There are public service regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman in Egypt. Agencies have survived decades of bureaucracy by adhering to an outdated mentality and refusing to open to the modern world, and modern bureaucracy developments of public service delivery and technolo..."]
["2013_GM_59",2013,"GM","The Gambia",59,50,"Regulatory bodies such as the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority and the Gambia Public Procurement Authority have websites. \n\nOthers such as the Office of the Ombudsman do not have websites. \n\nThe evidence of complaint mechanisms accessible is mixed. \nWhile the Public Utilities regulatory agency has a fair webpage for consumer to register all types of complaints, the Procurement Authority has a general Contact us form that lacks specifics. User rights are mentioned on the websites, but are not spelled out fully.","1. Public Utilities Regulatory Authority, http://www.pura.gm/index.php, accessed October 2013\n\n2. Gambia Public Procurement Authority, http://www.gppa.gm/, accessed October 2013\n\n3. The Office of the Ombudsman does not have a website","Regulatory bodies such as the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority and the Gambia Public Procurement Authority have websites. ..."]
["2013_LS_59",2013,"LS","Lesotho",59,50,"The Lesotho Communications Authority and the Lesotho Electricity Authority are the only public services regulatory agencies that have websites. The communications authority regulates telecommunications, broadcasting and postal services while the electricity authority oversees the provision of electricity and urban water and sewerage services. \n\nBoth agencies allow consumers to file complaints by telephone, e-mail or by filling in and submitting the relevant complaints form. Consumers can complain about poor service provision in billing information, faults and the untimely provision of services amongst other things. They can also complain about the quality of  services. Procedures on how to lodge a complaint against a communications service provider can be downloaded from the communications authority website in either Sesotho or English. \n\nHowever, complaint procedures against electricity and water services are not downloadable. In addition, they are not available in Sesotho, which is the first language for over 90% of the population. The office of the ombudsman does not have a website.","1. Lesotho Electricity Authority 2012-2013 Annual Report.\n\n2. Lesotho Communications Authority 2012-2013 Annual Report. \n\n3. Communications Sector Consumer Complaint Procedure. http://www.lca.org.ls/index.php/lodging-a-complaint","The Lesotho Communications Authority and the Lesotho Electricity Authority are the only public services regulatory agencies that have websites. The communications authority regulates telecommunications, broadcasting and postal services while the electricity authority oversees the p..."]
["2013_MR_59",2013,"MR","Mauritania",59,0,"Bien que la Mauritanie ait entrepris un véritable effort de modernisation de son administration en dotant ses principaux départements de site web, on observe de véritables insuffisances sur l'e-administration. Ce volet est davantage axé sur la création de sites web, sans pour autant établir une passerelle avec les usagers. A vrai dire, cette absence d'informations pour les citoyens et les usagers démontre l'inexistence d'un mécanisme de communication approprié de l'administration publique. \n\nEn dépit de cet écueil, quelques organismes règlementaires ont dans leur site web des informations à l'intention des usagers, mais ils demeurent marginaux. Ce dysfonctionnement parle de la faible couverture internet en Mauritanie. Dans un pays connaissant un faible taux d'alphabétisation, l'usage des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication (NTIC) est limité. Qui plus est, l'administration n'a pas encore intégré la communication électronique avec les usagers. Ces écueils situent l'une des failles de la modernisation de l'administration publique, à savoir une administration peu portée sur les NTIC dans ses rapports avec les usagers et des citoyens peu habitués à faire des NTIC un vecteur de communication avec le service public. Ces insuffisances s’observent également dans le fait que le médiateur de la République ne dispose pas d'un site web.","1. Abdel Aziz ould Dahi, ancien ministre de la Fonction publique et de la Modernisation de l'administration, 8 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Moctar ould Ahmed Leli : ancien directeur général de la fonction publique mauritanienne, ancien directeur général adjoint du Budget, ancien Trésorier général adjoint, ministère des Finances, 14 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Amadou Ousmane Diallo, ancien conseiller du premier ministre, direction, Bureau organisation et méthode (BOM), ancien secrétaire permanent, Observatoire des fonctions publiques africaines (OFPA), consultant international, 14 novembre 2013.","Bien que la Mauritanie ait entrepris un véritable effort de modernisation de son administration en dotant ses principaux départements de site web, on observe de véritables insuffisances sur l'e-administration. Ce volet est davantage axé sur la création de sites web, sans pour autan..."]
["2013_NG_59",2013,"NG","Nigeria",59,50,"Public services' regulatory agencies have websites. The public complaints commission -ombudsman - has a website. \n\nMany of the websites are not updated within a month; they also have barely functional descriptions/tools for public/consumer complaints beyond the generic \"contact us\". The Public Complaints Commission is not functional: (http://www.ipfm.tradewize.net/complain.php) is not functional.","Websites of Public services regulatory agencies, accessed during September and October 2013: \n\nNational Ombudsman (Public Complaints Commission)- http://www.publiccomplaints-ng.org/\nNational Communications Commission- http://www.ncc.gov.ng/\nCentral Bank of Nigeria-http://cenbank.org/\nSecurities and Exchange Commission- http://www.sec.gov.ng/\nNational Broadcasting Commission- http://www.nbc.gov.ng/\nNational Electricity Regulatory Commission- http://www.nercng.org/\nFederal Airport Authority of Nigeria- http://www.faannigeria.org/\n\nInterview:8\n1. Orji , Assistant Director, Ministry of Communications, Abuja, September 28, 2013\n2. Yakubu Oleleye, Head, Media, Securities and Exchange Commission, Abuja, October 9, 2013.","Public services' regulatory agencies have websites. The public complaints commission -ombudsman - has a website. ..."]
["2013_SN_59",2013,"SN","Senegal",59,50,"Au Sénégal, le Médiateur de la République dispose de sites web, ce qui n’est pas le cas de tous les organismes de règlementation des services publics. Les quelques organes qui disposent de tels sites, y compris celui du Médiateur de la République, affichent de l’information au sujet des droits de l’usager comme les droits et obligations du consommateur, les obligations du concessionnaire ou sur la manière de faire valoir une réclamation. Ces informations, cependant, sont difficiles à saisir pour les utilisateurs n’ayant qu’une éducation limitée. En ce sens, les contenus ne sont pas assez explicites. Non seulement les mises à jour ne sont pas suffisamment fréquentes, mais ces sites ne prévoient pas d’espace où le citoyen pourrait directement porter plainte, en ligne. Cette année, les quelques plaintes reçues ont été déposées par écrit.","- Entretien avec Alioune Dramé, directeur de la communication, ministère de la Communication, 11 octobre 2013.\n\n- Entretien avec Babacar Diop, membre de l'Autorité de régulation des marchés publics. 12 octobre 2013.\n\n- Autorité de régulation des marchés publics du Sénégal (ARMP) site web: www.armp.sn\n\n- Commission du secteur de régulation de l'électricité (CRSE), site web: http://www.crse.sn\n\n- Agence de régulation des télécommunications et postes (ARTP), site web: http://www.artpsenegal.net/index.php\n\n- Médiateur de la République, site web : http://www.gouv.sn/-Le-Mediateur-de-la-Republique-.html\n\nSites consultés en octobre 2013.","Au Sénégal, le Médiateur de la République dispose de sites web, ce qui n’est pas le cas de tous les organismes de règlementation des services publics. Les quelques organes qui disposent de tels sites, y compris celui du Médiateur de la République, affichent de l’information au suje..."]
["2013_SD_59",2013,"SD","Sudan",59,50,"While there are some government institutions in Sudan that have websites, the public service and regulatory agencies do not have websites with mechanisms for the submission of complaints.","List of websites accessed 2013:\n\nMedical board. Retrieved from www.sudamedic.com\n \nNational Assembly of the Republic of the Sudan. Retrieved from http://www.cbs.gov.sd/\n \nSudanese higher council of wages. Retrieved from http://www.wagescouncil.gov.sd/\n \nNational Assembly of the Republic of the Sudan. Retrieved from http://www.cbs.gov.sd/\n\n(1998) . Sudanese standard & metrology organization (SSMO). International Association for Cereal Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://www.icc.or.at/node/1059","While there are some government institutions in Sudan that have websites, the public service and regulatory agencies do not have websites with mechanisms for the submission of complaints."]
["2013_UG_59",2013,"UG","Uganda",59,50,"There is a multitude of governmental regulatory bodies, including the Civil aviation authority; Uganda communications commission; public procurement and disposal of public assets authority; national environment management authority; Uganda revenue authority; national forest authority; Uganda national roads authority; Uganda national bureau of standards; Uganda investment authority; national planning authority; dairy development authority; office of administrator general; Uganda human rights commission; electricity regulatory authority; national drug authority; Uganda export promotion board; cotton development organisation; Uganda prisons service;\n \n There is a government policy directing all government ministries, departments, agencies and enterprises to have websites. The challenge is that a few agencies are not following the recommended guidelines and some websites contain little or out-dated information; others do not have explicit and easily graspable information about users’ rights and how to exercise them; While most websites have a contact page, the agencies are often times non-responsive. Besides, only some website allow users to file complaints online.","Website review during study period between September 2012 and September 2013 of \n \n Electricity Regulatory Authority\n http://www.era.or.ug/.\n \n Uganda Communications Commission.\n http://www.ucc.co.ug/data/smenu/64/Complaint-Handling-.html.\n \n National Forest Authority\n http://www.nfa.org.ug/.\n \n National Drug Authority\n http://www.nda.or.ug/.","There is a multitude of governmental regulatory bodies, including the Civil aviation authority; Uganda communications commission; public procurement and disposal of public assets authority; national environment management authority; Uganda revenue authority; national forest authori..."]
["2013_BJ_60",2013,"BJ","Benin",60,100,"Voici ce que dit le Code de procédure pénale en son article 655 : « La juridiction pour enfants prononcera contre un mineur de moins de treize ans, suivant le cas, des mesures de protection, d’assistance, de surveillance ou d’éducation qui sembleront appropriées ».\n\n« Tout mineur de quinze à dix huit ans, lorsque les circonstances paraissent l’exiger, peut faire l’objet de détention provisoire lorsqu’il commet une infraction criminelle. »\n\n« Lorsque les circonstances l’exigent, elle prononce à l’égard d’un mineur de plus de quinze ans une condamnation pénale. »","Loi n° 2012-15 portant code de procédure pénale en République du Bénin. (2012). Article 655. http://lebeninoisindigne.com/?page=actualites&type=dossiers&id=bf8229696f7a3bb4700cfddef19fa23f","Voici ce que dit le Code de procédure pénale en son article 655 : « La juridiction pour enfants prononcera contre un mineur de moins de treize ans, suivant le cas, des mesures de protection, d’assistance, de surveillance ou d’éducation qui sembleront appropriées »...."]
["2013_CV_60",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",60,100,"The penal code establishing a minimum age for individuals to be formally accused was approved on March 1, 2004. It expresses immunity by reason of age, which means that only individuals above 16 years old are criminally accountable.","Capeverdean Penal Code, article 17 (immunity for reason of age) which states that  only individuals above 16 years old can be formally accused, March 1, 2004, https://www.google.cv/search?newwindow=1&site=&source=hp&q=c%C3%B3digo+penal+cabo+verde&oq=c%C3%B3digo+penal&gs_l=hp.1.0.0l10.19012.24899.0.28742.12.4.0.8.8.0.269.882.0j1j3.4.0....0...1c.1.29.hp..0.12.988.H4sc2pYZqf8.","The penal code establishing a minimum age for individuals to be formally accused was approved on March 1, 2004. It expresses immunity by reason of age, which means that only individuals above 16 years old are criminally accountable."]
["2013_CG_60",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",60,100,"Il y a bel et bien un âge minimal pour la responsabilité pénale. La responsabilité pénale jadis fixée à 16 ans est actuellement fixée à 14 ans, ce qui revient à dire que l’enfant âgé de moins de 14 ans bénéficie en matière pénale d’une présomption irréfragable d’irresponsabilité, comme le stipule l’article 95 de la loi portant sur la protection de l’enfant, même si la minorité civile est fixée à 18 ans (article 41, de la Constitution).","- Loi n° 09/001 du 10 janvier 2009 portant sur la protection de l’enfant.\n- Constitution du 18/02/2006.","Il y a bel et bien un âge minimal pour la responsabilité pénale. La responsabilité pénale jadis fixée à 16 ans est actuellement fixée à 14 ans, ce qui revient à dire que l’enfant âgé de moins de 14 ans bénéficie en matière pénale d’une présomption irréfragable d’irresponsabilité, c..."]
["2013_EG_60",2013,"EG","Egypt",60,100,"The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Egypt is 12.\n\nThe law promulgating the Child Law and its amendments state, \"Criminal responsibility shall not apply to the child who has not reached the age of twelve (12)  years at the time of committing the crime. Yet, if the child is at or above seven (7) years and below twelve (12) calendar years, and has committed a felony or a misdemeanor, only the Child Court being the competent court, may rule in accordance with any of the measures set forth in Article 101 Items 1, 2, 7, and 8 of this Law.  Appeals against rulings placing a child under institutional care are permissible in accordance with Items 7 and 8 before the Appellate Court concerned with child cases, and in accordance with Article 132 of this Law.\"\n\nAccording to the same law, article 97, \"A child under seven years of age shall be considered liable to 'perversion' if he is found to fulfill any of the cases defined in the previous article, or if he commits an act constituting an offence or delinquency. In case he or she is perverted, article 98 stipulates, the Juvenile Prosecution shall serve a warning in writing to his guardian to control the child's conduct and behavior in future.\"","Arab Republic of Egypt.  Law 12 promulgating the Child Law amended by Law 128 of 2008, article 94.  (1996). http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/Egypt/egypt_children_2008_en.pdf","The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Egypt is 12.\n\nThe law promulgating the Child Law and its amendments state, \"Criminal responsibility shall no..."]
["2013_ER_60",2013,"ER","Eritrea",60,100,"The Draft Penal Code has lowered the criminal majority from 15 to 12 years and criminal responsibility \nfrom 12 to 9 years (the Draft Code was not promulgated until 2007).","The Transitional Penal Code (1999), article 52.\n\nThe Constitution of Eritrea (1997).\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","The Draft Penal Code has lowered the criminal majority from 15 to 12 years and criminal responsibility \nfrom 12 to 9 years (the Draft Code was not promulgated until 2007)."]
["2013_GN_60",2013,"GN","Guinea",60,100,"L'article 339 du Code de  l'enfant fixe la responsabilité  pénale à 10 ans et dispose que  \"Les faits commis par un Enfant de 10 ans ne sont pas susceptibles de qualification et de poursuites pénales.\" \n\nL'article 64 du code pénal de 1988 fixe également l'âge de la responsabilité pénale à 10 ans. \nArticle 64 : - Les faits commis par un mineur de 10 ans ne sont pas susceptibles de  qualification et de poursuites pénales.  Le mineur de 13 ans bénéficie de droit, en cas de culpabilité, de l’excuse absolutoire de  minorité. \nLes mineurs de 10 à 13 ans ne peuvent faire l’objet que de mesures de protection,  d’assistance, de surveillance et d’éducation prévues par la Loi.  L’excuse atténuante ou absolutoire de minorité bénéficie aux mineurs de 16 à 18 ans  dans les conditions prévues par le Code de procédure pénale. \nEn matière de crime et délit, l’excuse atténuante de minorité produit les effets prévus  par l’article 48 du présent Code.","Code de l'enfant guinéen (2008), Article 339. http://www.hcch.net/upload/ce_gn.pdf\n\nCode Pénal de la République de Guinée, article 64. http://www.hcch.net/upload/cp_gn.pdf","L'article 339 du Code de  l'enfant fixe la responsabilité  pénale à 10 ans et dispose que  \"Les faits commis par un Enfant de 10 ans ne sont pas susceptibles de qualification et de poursuites pénales.\" ..."]
["2013_MG_60",2013,"MG","Madagascar",60,100,"L'âge de la responsabilité pénale est 13 ans en vertu de l'article 6 de l'Ordonnance sur la protection de l'enfant (1962). \nArticle 6. Si le mineur est âgé de moins de treize ans, il ne pourra faire l'objet que d'une admonestation du tribunal de simple police ;","- Ordonnance n°62-038 du 19 septembre 1962 sur la protection de l’enfance, article 6. http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afe/madagascar/Madag_Ord62038_Fr.pdf","L'âge de la responsabilité pénale est 13 ans en vertu de l'article 6 de l'Ordonnance sur la protection de l'enfant (1962). \nArticle 6. Si le mineur est âgé de moins de treize ans, il ne pourra faire l'objet que d'une a..."]
["2013_MU_60",2013,"MU","Mauritius",60,0,"The Ombudsperson for Children’s annual report states that a proposal was made to introduce a minimum age for criminal responsibility, indicating that there was none. Investigators of the Office, when asked, confirmed this information. However, Article 15 of the Juvenile Offenders Act stipulates the following:\n \n\"A juvenile under the age of 14 shall not be ordered to be imprisoned or sentenced to penal servitude for any offence, or be committed to prison in default of payment of a fine, damages or costs.\"\n\nThis would translate to a de facto minimum age of 14 for criminal responsibility. \nAt present, a child under 14 can be technically found responsible for a crime but will not be imprisoned or sentenced. A minimum age of criminal responsibility presumes that a child below a specific age is deemed incapable of committing a crime. This is not presumed in the Mauritian context.","1. Annual Report September 2011-2012. Ombudsperson for Children. September 2012. Available at http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/oco/report2012/report2012.pdf\n\n2. Juvenile Offenders (Amended) Act: Section 15. Restrictions on punishment of juveniles. 1998. Available at http://socialsecurity.gov.mu/English/Documents/Act/Juvenile%20Offenders%20Act/juvenileoffendersact.pdf\n\n3. I.A. Bawamia, Y. Rhungapen-Veeramootoo, S.P. Mauree and S. Purushotam, iInvestigators. Ombudsperson for Children. Responded via email on Oct. 7, 2013.","The Ombudsperson for Children’s annual report states that a proposal was made to introduce a minimum age for criminal responsibility, indicating that there was none. Investigators of the Office, when asked, confirmed this information. However, Article 15 of the Juvenile Offenders A..."]
["2013_RW_60",2013,"RW","Rwanda",60,100,"First of all, article 100 of the organic law instituting the penal code reads: \"A child who is under the age of fourteen (14) years shall not be criminally liable.\"\n \nSecondly, article 58 of the law relating to the rights and the protection of the child says: \"A child under fourteen (14) years old shall not be held criminally responsible for his/her deeds. Dammages resulting from an infringement committed by a child are guaranteed by his/her parents or guardians in accordance with laws.\"\n \nWith the above articles of the two laws, it is clearly stated that in law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability. A child under that age cannot be prosecuted no matter the offences he committed. Laws to protect him/her will be applied in order to make sure that his/her rights are not violated.","Republic of Rwanda Law No. 54/2011.  (2011) .  [Relating to the rights and the protection of the child].  Retrieved from http://rema.gov.rw/rema_doc/Laws/FONERWA.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Organic Law No.  01.  (2012) .  [Instituting the penal code].  Retrieved from http://www.police.gov.rw/uploads/tx_download/Official_Gazette_no_Special_of_14.06.2012-4.pdf","First of all, article 100 of the organic law instituting the penal code reads: \"A child who is under the age of fourteen (14) years shall not be criminally liable.\"\n ..."]
["2013_SC_60",2013,"SC","Seychelles",60,100,"Chapter IV, section 15 of the Seychelles penal code explicitly states: \"A person under the age of seven years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission. A person under the age of 12 years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, unless it is proved that at the time of doing the act or making the omission he had capacity to know that he ought not to do the act or make the omission. A male person under the age of 12 years is presumed to be incapable of having carnal knowledge.\"","1. Seychelles Penal Code, Chapter IV, section 15, General Rules as to Criminal Responsibility\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.","Chapter IV, section 15 of the Seychelles penal code explicitly states: \"A person under the age of seven years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission. A person under the age of 12 years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, unless it is proved that at ..."]
["2013_SZ_60",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",60,100,"Swaziland's age of criminal responsibility is 12 years, according to section 79 of the Child Welfare and Protection Act 2012 that became law in June 2013. Previously, the age of criminal responsibility was seven, based on centuries-old Roman-Dutch law that Swaziland adopted in 1907.\n \n The new law helps Swaziland conform to various international child welfare accords to which the country is signatory.","Child Welfare and Protection Act 2012, section 79, 2013. http://www.osall.org.za/docs/2011/03/Swaziland-Childrens-Protection-and-Welfare-Act-6-of-2012-Part-1.pdf","Swaziland's age of criminal responsibility is 12 years, according to section 79 of the Child Welfare and Protection Act 2012 that became law in June 2013. Previously, the age of criminal responsibility was seven, based on centuries-old Roman-Dutch law that Swaziland adopted in 1907..."]
["2013_ZW_60",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",60,100,"Chapter 2: Part 1 of the Criminal Law Act states that a child below the age of seven years shall be deemed to lack criminal capacity and shall not be tried for or convicted of any crime which he or she is alleged to have committed before attaining that age. According to the act, 'a child who is of or over the age of seven years but below the age of 14 years at the time of the conduct constituting any crime which he or she is alleged to have committed shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved beyond a reasonable doubt:\n (a) to lack the capacity to form the intention necessary to commit the crime; or\n (b) where negligence is an element of the crime concerned, to lack the capacity to behave in the way that a reasonable adult would have behaved in the circumstances'.\n \n Section 8 of part 1 states that 'no person who is of or over the age of 14 years shall be presumed to lack the capacity to form the necessary intention to commit any crime or, where negligence is an element of the crime concerned, to behave in the way that a reasonable person would have behaved in the circumstances of the crime'.","Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (2004). Chapter II Elements of Criminal Liability. Part I Criminal Capacity.","Chapter 2: Part 1 of the Criminal Law Act states that a child below the age of seven years shall be deemed to lack criminal capacity and shall not be tried for or convicted of any crime which he or she is alleged to have committed before attaining that age. According to the act, 'a..."]
["2013_BF_61",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",61,100,"Aux termes de la loi N°010/93/ADP, il ressort que l'organisation judiciaire au Burkina Faso prévoit des procédures spécifiques applicables aux enfants. Près d'une dizaine d'articles de ladite loi traitent spécifiquement de cette matière. Il est institué au siège de chaque tribunal de grande instance un ou plusieurs juges des enfants, compétents pour connaitre des contraventions et délits commis par les mineurs âgés de moins de dix-huit (18)ans. Il est aussi créé au siège de chaque cour d’appel un tribunal pour enfants.\n\nLes articles 63 à 69 font mention de la responsabilité pénale, donc des personnes susceptibles d'êtres responsables ou non de crimes. Il est donc prévu des centres de réinsertion sociale, la mise sous-tutelle des mineurs généralement dans leur propre famille etc.","1. LOI N° -010/93/ADP PORTANT ORGANISATION JUDICIAIRE AU BURKINA FASO. (1993). Article 63 à 72. http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/bf/bf014fr.pdf","Aux termes de la loi N°010/93/ADP, il ressort que l'organisation judiciaire au Burkina Faso prévoit des procédures spécifiques applicables aux enfants. Près d'une dizaine d'articles de ladite loi traitent spécifiquement de cette matière. Il est institué au siège de chaque tribunal ..."]
["2013_CF_61",2013,"CF","CAR",61,100,"Le Code pénal de la République centrafricaine, dans son article 9, stipule que :\n« Lorsqu’un mineur de moins de 18 ans aura commis une infraction, il sera déféré au Juge des enfants qui informera avec tous les pouvoirs du Juge d’Instruction et pourra ensuite : \n- soit condamner le mineur aux peines portées par le présent code; \n- soit le condamner à une peine inférieure dont le minimum sera celui de peines de simple police ; \n- soit ne prononcer aucune condamnation et prendre toutes mesures qu’il jugera utiles pour assurer l’amendement du mineur et sa rééducation. \nToutefois, le mineur âgé de moins de 14 ans ne pourra faire l’objet que de mesures de rééducation dans les conditions fixées par une loi particulière »","Loi n° 10.001 portant Code pénal centrafricain. (2010). Article 9\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=195086","Le Code pénal de la République centrafricaine, dans son article 9, stipule que :\n« Lorsqu’un mineur de moins de 18 ans aura commis une infraction, il sera déféré au Juge des enfants qui informera avec tous les pouvoirs du Juge d’Instruction et pourra ensuite : ..."]
["2013_DJ_61",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",61,100,"La Loi n°79/AN/10/6ème L modifiant la Loi n°52/AN/94/3ème L portant création d’une Cour d’Appel et d’un tribunal de première Instance stipule en son article 6 que «le juge des enfants est compétent pour connaître les contraventions et délits commis par les mineurs âgés de moins de 18 ans. Il est également compétent pour ordonner toute mesure utile lorsque le mineur de moins de 18 ans est en danger. Il est juge d'instruction en matière criminelle.»\n\nEn son article 7, elle stipule que «les audiences des juridictions pour mineurs se déroulent à huis clos. Sont admis les témoins, les proches parents, les tuteurs, les représentants des associations oeuvrant pour le bien être de l'enfant et les défenseurs. Le juge des mineurs apprécie l'admission en audience de toute autre personne dont la présence s'avère nécessaire.»\n\nSelon l'article 498 du Code de procédure pénale, «le juge d'instruction ne peut placer un inculpé mineur sous mandat de dépôt que par décision spéciale et motivée et pour une durée qui ne doit pas excéder six mois. Si le mineur paraît devoir être maintenu en détention au-delà de six mois, le juge d'instruction ou le procureur de la République adresse une requête à la chambre d'accusation, qui décide si la détention doit être prolongée et prescrit toutes mesures utiles. Les mineurs de 13 ans ne peuvent faire l'objet que de mesures de garde.»\n\nLa loi prévoit également la protection des mineurs dans les tribunaux par la garantie de la confidentialité des informations les concernant. Selon l'article 609, «sur le bulletin n° 2 délivré aux autorités et administrations autres que les autorités judiciaires ne figurent pas : \n- les décisions concernant les mesures de protection, d'éducation ou de correction prises à l'égard de mineurs délinquants».","1) La loi 59/AN/94 du 5 janvier 1995 portant Code Pénal Djiboutien, article 32. www.presidence.dj\n\n2) Site officiel de la République de Djibouti. www.presidence.dj","La Loi n°79/AN/10/6ème L modifiant la Loi n°52/AN/94/3ème L portant création d’une Cour d’Appel et d’un tribunal de première Instance stipule en son article 6 que «le juge des enfants est compétent pour connaître les contraventions et délits commis par les mineurs âgés de moins de ..."]
["2013_GA_61",2013,"GA","Gabon",61,100,"Gabon has established court procedures and arrest conditions that take into consideration the needs of children, including the adoption of Law No. 39/2010.\n\nHowever, conditions for minors at prisons in Gabon are extreme. As of 2012, there were 114 incarcerated minors (under 21) in Gabon, 65 of whom were at the Libreville central prison. They shared cells with incarcerated adults (\"Quid des droits humains en milieu carcéral?\").\n\nThis is a description of Law No. 39/2010 (November 25, 2010) by Minister of Justice and Human Rights Ida Reteno Assonouet during the 5th annual Human Rights Day in Libreville (\"Promouvoir l’autre rôle de la prison\"): The law puts in place a framework for the reintegration through education and traninig of minors in conflict with the law. It also foresees Gender friendly provisions and pushes for the improvement of social and hygenic conditions. A draft law is also on the way for institutionalizing \"judges for sentence application\" who will be responsible for controling the execution conditions of sentences. \n\nSee also the article in GabonEco about the outreach program of the Sylvia Bongo Ondimba Foundation (FSBO) at the Libreville central prison (\"Six jeunes mineurs détenus obtiennent leur Certificat d’études primaries\"). \nThanks to financial support from the FSBO, \"Education at prison\" allowed minors ranging in age from 14 to 22 to obtain school certificates. The Foundation paid for teachers of math, French and general literacy. FSBO was inspired by Resolution 1990/20 of the General Assembly of the UN which seeks to ensure primary education for all children, including those incarcerated. \n\nIn July 2012, the Ministry of Social Affairs (Ministère de la Famille et des Affaires Sociales) sponsored a multimedia center for minors detained at the Libreville central prison. See the article in GabonEco \"Un centre multimédia pour les mineurs de 'Sans Famille'.\" The Ministry is cited here as complying with Article 2 of Law No. 3/78 (June 1, 1978) on the rehabilitation of detainees.","AGP.  (2012, June 13) .  Promouvoir l’autre rôle de la prison.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25686\n\nAGP.  (2012, July 3) .  Un centre multimédia pour les mineurs de Sans Famille.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from  http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25855\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nCode Civil du Gabon, partie 1 [Penal Code of Gabon].  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=209873\n\n(2012, February 27) .  Gabon : Un sujet malien présenté devant le juge d’instruction pour plusieurs chefs d’accusation.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=24755\n\nMalouana, B.  (2012, June 2) .  Quid des droits humains en milieu carcéral?.  Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/quid-des-droits-humains-en-milieu-carceral/\n\n(2012, July 3) .  Six jeunes mineurs détenus obtiennent leur Certificat d’études primaires (CEP).  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25842","Gabon has established court procedures and arrest conditions that take into consideration the needs of children, including the adoption of Law No. 39/2010...."]
["2013_GW_61",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",61,100,"The following laws apply for minors for procedures in courts and jails:\n\nSection I, Article 3 of the EAJM ( Law-Decree N. 417/71) creates juvenile courts. Each court has a judge, a trustee of minors, a secretary and social assistant service.  Article 14º a) stipulates that the social assistance service should conduct the necessary social inquiries of the minor in order to define what processes the court ought to apply in criminal prevention processes and b) monitor and guide minors in probation. \n\nChapter III, Section I, Articles 15º - 33 º- establishes measures of criminal prevention. With the objective of socially recovering minors, of monitoring them and executing measures of criminal prevention, article 127º creates criminal prevention establishments, such as medical and psychology institutions, educational and reeducation institutions and housing centres.\n\nLastly, the Penal Code, Article 12º, 1993 (on young delinquents) states that offenders of less than 20 years' old have applicable penalties mitigated.","1. Penal Code October 13, 1993, (Title II Of Crime. Chapter I, The officers of Crime, Article 12).\n\n2. Law-Decree N. 417/71, (Overseas) Statutes for Jurisdictional Assistance of Minors,  1971.\n\n3. Law Decree N 484/71, Regulation  for Jurisdictional Assistance of Minors,  1971.","The following laws apply for minors for procedures in courts and jails:\n\nSection I, Article 3 of the EAJM ( Law-Decree N. 417/71) creates juvenile courts. Each court h..."]
["2013_KE_61",2013,"KE","Kenya",61,100,"The legal system in Kenya provides a plethora of protection to the child when it comes to trial in court or treatment in jail. There are five different laws to safeguard the child. However, the practice of some of the legal provisions remains debatable within legal circles. The principal law on children in Kenya in its current formulation is a fairly virgin area. The reason for this is that the law relating to children in Kenya was re-conceptualised in the year 2001. \n\nThe Children Act, 2001 (hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) is the current piece of legislation principally dealing with children’s matters. The law as reconceptualised under the Act is yet to be tested fully in courts of law for its full tenor and meaning.\nThe Children Act 2001 spells out the terms and procedures of handling court proceedings involving children. \n\nArticle 73 of the Act says there shall be courts to be known as Children’s Courts constituted in accordance with the provisions of this section for the purpose of:\n(a) conducting civil proceedings on matters set out under Parts III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XIII of the Act;\n(b) hearing any charge against a child, other than a charge of murder or a charge in which the child is charged together with a person or persons of or above the age of eighteen years; \n(c) hearing a charge against any person accused of an offence under this Act;\n(d) exercising any other jurisdiction conferred by this or any other written law; \nProvided that -   \n(i) reference to subordinate courts of any class, in the First Schedule to the Criminal Procedure Code, shall include a Children’s Court; \n(ii) the Chief Justice may, by notice in the Gazette, appoint a magistrate to preside over cases involving children in respect of any area of the country;  \n(iii) where in the course of any proceedings in a Children’s Court it appears to the court that the person charged, or to whom the proceedings relate, is over eighteen years of age, or where in the course of any proceedings in any court other than a Children’s Court it appears to the court that the person charged or to whom the proceedings relate, is under eighteen years of age, nothing in this section shall prevent the court, if it thinks fit, from proceeding with the hearing and determination of the case; \n(vi) where any conviction or sentence made or passed by a court other than a Children’s Court is appealed against or is brought before the High Court for confirmation or revision and it appears that the person convicted was at the time of the commission of the offence under eighteen years of age, the High Court shall have power to substitute for the conviction a finding of guilty in accordance with section 196 and substitute for the sentence an order under section 125(2) of this Act. \n\nArticle 74 says a Children’s Court shall sit in a different building or room, or at different times, from those in which sittings of courts other than Children’s Courts are held, and no person shall be present at any sitting of a Children’s Court except –\n(a) members and officers of the court; \n(b) parties to the case before the court, their advocates and witnesses and other persons directly concerned in the case;\n(c) parents or guardians of any child brought before the court;\n(d) bona fide registered representatives of newspapers or news agencies; (e) such other persons as the court may specially authorise to be present. \n\nArticle 75 says where in any proceedings in relation to an offence against or by a child, or any conduct contrary to decency or morality, a person who, in the opinion of the court, is under eighteen years of age is called as a witness, the court may direct that all or any persons, not being members or officers of the court, or parties to the case or their advocates, shall be excluded from the court. \n\nArticle 76 says: \n(1) Subject to section 4 where a court is considering whether or not to make one or more orders under this Act with respect to a child it shall not make the order or any other orders unless it considers that doing so would be more beneficial to the welfare of the child than making no order at all. \n(2) In any proceedings in which an issue on the upbringing of a child arises, the court shall have regard to the general principle that any delay in determining the question is likely to be prejudicial to the welfare of the child.  \nSitting\n3) Where the court is considering whether or not to make an order with regard to a child, it shall have particular regard to the following matters -  \n (a) the ascertainable feelings and wishes of the child concerned with reference to the child’s age and understanding;\n (b) the child’s physical, emotional and educational needs and in particular, where the child has a disability, the ability of any person or institution to provide any special care or medical attention that may be required for the child;  \n(c) the likely effect on the child of any change in circumstances; \n(d) the child’s age, sex, religious persuasion and cultural background; \n(e) any harm the child may have suffered, or is at risk of suffering;  \n(f) the ability of the parent, or any other person in relation to whom the court considers the question to be relevant, to provide for and care for the child; \n(g) the customs and practices of the community to which the child belongs; \n(h) the child’s exposure to, or use of drugs or other psychotropic substances and, in particular, whether the child is addicted to the same, and the ability of any person or institution to provide any special care or medical attention that may be required for the child;  (i) the range of powers available to the court under this Act.  \n(4) The court may, if it considers it imperative for the proper determination of any matter in issue before it, of its own motion or upon application, call any expert witness it shall deem appropriate to provide assistance to the court, and the expenses of any such witness shall be determined by the court and shall be defrayed out of moneys provided by Parliament.  \n(5) In any proceedings concerning a child, whether instituted under this Act or under any written law, a child’s name, identity, home or last place of residence, school shall not, nor shall the particulars of the child’s parents or relatives, any photograph or any depiction or caricature of the child, be published or revealed, whether in any publication or report (including any law report) or otherwise. \n(6) Any person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (5) commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or to both.\n\nArticle 191 specifies ways in which a child offender may be punished. One of such ways includes being placed in a probation hostel. The Act furthermore states that no child shall be subject to corporal punishment.","1. Children and Young Persons Act, Cap 141. This law was passed in 1963. Parts II and III of the Act spell out the special procedures on how proceedings would be carried out in Juvenile Courts and the protection and discipline of children and juveniles.\nhttp://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDoQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyalaw.org%2Fklr%2Ffileadmin%2Fpdfdownloads%2FRepealedStatutes%2FChildren_and_Young_Person__Cap_141_.doc&ei=RcJKUoCyOsjb0QXDz4HYBQ&usg=AFQjCNH_N6SUpx5epvIFbg1EcSZTBWh2Yg&bvm=bv.53371865,d.d2k.\n\n2. The Penal Code 2008. This law was revised in 2009. Article 14 of the Penal Code gives protection for the under-aged.\nhttp://www.kenyalaw.org/Downloads/GreyBook/8.%20The%20Penal%20Code.pdf.\n\n3.\"The Emerging Jurisprudence on the Provisions of Act No. 8 of 2001, Laws Of Kenya – The Children Act\"by  Ongoya Z. Elisha, an Advocate of the High Court in Kenya. Published in 2007.\nhttp://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Elisha_Paper.pdf.\n\n4. The Evidence Act. This law was published in 2008 and revised in 2009.Article 124 of this Act gives special consideration to children.\nhttp://www.kenyalaw.org/Downloads/GreyBook/10.%20The%20Evidence%20Act.pdf.\n\n5. The Law of Succession Act. This law was published in 1984 and revised in 2008. This law places children in a special segment in the succession hierarchy of the family in that they are included in key decision making.  \nhttp://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyalaw.org%2Ffamily%2Fstatutes%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3DThe%2520Law%2520of%2520Succession%2520Act.pdf&ei=GMxKUvWKEOnJ0QXW0YDoAQ&usg=AFQjCNEAvftfmyg6IrZYQPaEGOj9ytd_LA&bvm=bv.53371865,d.d2k.\n\n6. The Children Act. This law was published in 2001 and revised in 2007.\nhttp://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyalaw.org%2Ffamily%2Fstatutes%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3DThe%2520Children%2520Act%2C%25202001.pdf&ei=cc1KUp6cNYmr0QWb0IHwBA&usg=AFQjCNEfjBEe3YEoYfS7NkeL3lJGupfYvQ&bvm=bv.53371865,d.d2k.\n\n7. Harold Ayodo, an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on September 30, 2013.","The legal system in Kenya provides a plethora of protection to the child when it comes to trial in court or treatment in jail. There are five different laws to safeguard the child. However, the practice of some of the legal provisions remains debatable within legal circles. The pri..."]
["2013_MW_61",2013,"MW","Malawi",61,100,"Court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses. The procedures for children in courts are provided for under the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act, which provides for guidelines on arrest; age determination; preliminary inquiries; diversion; legal representation; establishment of a separate court system for children; detention places pending trial in safety homes; and detention after trial in reformatory centres.\n\nSection 89: In addition to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code or of any other written law, relating to the arrest of a child, a police officer or any person arresting the child or the person who appears to be a child shall- \na) have due regard to the observance of the principle of the best interests of the child as well as the general welfare of the child; and \nb) make the arrest in accordance with the guidelines set out under this division.\n\nSection 127 of the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act orders the state to provide a child with legal representation financed by government. This ensures that the child has legal representation even when she or he cannot afford it.\n\nThe same act, in section 132, establishes Child Justice Courts to ensure that children are tried within a friendly system, not the regular courts of law.","Child Care and Protection Justice Act of 2010: Section 88, 89 (2), 127, 132\nhttp://www.malawilii.org/mw/legislation/act/2010/22","Court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses. The procedures for children in courts are provided for under the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act, which provides for guide..."]
["2013_NE_61",2013,"NE","Niger",61,100,"Il existe des mentions sur les procédures judiciaires.\nArt. 59 : « Il est institué un tribunal des mineurs au siège de chaque tribunal de grande instance ».\nArt. 61 : « L’organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions des juridictions des mineurs sont fixés par la loi ».\n\nSur les conditions d'arrestation:\n\nArt.46 : (Loi n°62-24 du 20 juillet 1962). Lorsque le mineur aura moins de 18 ans, s’il est décidé qu’il a agi sans discernement, il sera acquitté. Mais il sera, selon les circonstances, l’objet de mesures de protection, d’assistance ou de rééducation.\n\nArt.47 : (Loi n°62-24 du 20 juillet 1962). S’il est décidé qu’il a agi avec discernement, les\npeines seront prononcées ainsi qu’il suit :\n- s’il a encouru la peine de mort ou la peine criminelle d’emprisonnement à\nvie, il sera condamné à une peine de dix à trente ans ;\n- s’il a encouru une peine criminelle d’emprisonnement de dix à trente\nans, il sera condamné à une peine de deux à moins de dix ans.","Source 1: Loi organique n° 2004-50 du 22 juillet 2004 fixant l’organisation et la compétence des juridictions en République du Niger. TITRE II : ORGANISATION DES JURIDICTIONS DE L’ORDRE JUDICIAIRE. Chapitre VI : Les juridictions du premier degré. Section II : Les juridictions spécialisées. Sous-section V : Les tribunaux des mineurs. Art. 59 et Art. 61.\nhttp://www.hubrural.org/IMG/pdf/11-loi-2004-050.pdf\n\nSource 2 : Ordonnance N°99-11 du 14 mai 1999 portant création, composition, organisation et attributions des juridictions des mineurs. http://www.childsrights.org/html/site_en/law_download.php?id=18\n\nSource 3: Niger: Code pénal [Niger],  15 July 1961, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/47fb8e642.html [accessed March 2014].","Il existe des mentions sur les procédures judiciaires.\nArt. 59 : « Il est institué un tribunal des mineurs au siège de chaque tribunal de grande instance »...."]
["2013_ST_61",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",61,100,"There is a law to regulate the jurisdiction over children. Article 9 of the criminal code states that those over 16 and under 21 are applied standards under special legislation. \n\nArticle 1 of Decree Law No. 417/71 defines the scope and jurisdiction for cases involving children. Among other provisions, It says children should be given protective measures and assistance in the education. The law provides for child-focused procedures, including a Children's Court. \n\nThe law may be outdated in some respects. However, it establishes Children's Court, which has  jurisdiction over civil procedures and criminal prevention processes involving children. Criminal prevention is applied for children younger than 16 and includes measures to prevent them from being subjected to the same procedures for adult criminals. This includes different prison sentences (Article 21).","Regime of Assistance to Minors in the Outer Sea Territories - Decree Law No. 417/71, Chapter 1, Article 1; Chapter 2, Section 1, Article 3; Chapter 4, Section 1, Article 15. https://www.dropbox.com/s/8nqbqzmavalkpr2/child%20estatutes%20law%20decree%20law%20417.71.pdf?dl=0\n\nPenal Code, Law No. 6/2012, Book 1, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 9. \nhttp://www.rjcplp.org/sections/informacao/anexos/legislacao-sao-tome-e2539/codigos-e-estatutos-sao2859/codigo-penal-sao-tome-e/preview_html?file=file&file_html=file_html","There is a law to regulate the jurisdiction over children. Article 9 of the criminal code states that those over 16 and under 21 are applied standards under special legislation. ..."]
["2013_SS_61",2013,"SS","South Sudan",61,100,"The government of South Sudan, since its establishment in 2005 had put a legal framework to protect children's rights and developed the Child Act, 2008. The act is also reiterated in chapter (I), article 40 of the Transitional Constitution as follows: The South Sudan Child Act, 2008, section 138m states that a child under the age of twelve cannot be prosecuted and a child between twelve and fourteen can only prosecuted if it is proved that he or she has a capacity to know the difference between right and wrong. But section 129 of the Child Act states that police officers can arrest children without a warrant in serious crimes and there is no alternative to arrest and that the child must be kept in lawful custody until released.","(n.d.) .  Government of the Republic of South Sudan.  [Website].  Retrieved from  www.goss-online.org\n\nRepublic of South Sudan.  Child Act.  (2008) . \n\nUnited Nation International Children Education Fund, child protection unit. www.unicef.org","The government of South Sudan, since its establishment in 2005 had put a legal framework to protect children's rights and developed the Child Act, 2008. The act is also reiterated in chapter (I), article 40 of the Transitional Constitution as follows: The South Sudan Child Act, 200..."]
["2013_TG_61",2013,"TG","Togo",61,100,"D'après le Code de procédure pénale, les enfants sont soumis à un dispositif particulier:\n \n Chapitre I - Principes Généraux Art. 455 à 456\n Chapitre II - Le juge des mineurs Art. 457\n Chapitre III- Procédure d’instruction Art.458 à 464\n Chapitre IV- L’audience du juge des mineurs Art. 465 à 469\n Chapitre V- Le tribunal pour mineurs Art. 470 à 472\n Chapitre VI- L’audience du Tribunal pour mineurs Art.473 à 475\n Chapitre VII- Des instances modificatives Art.476 à 477\n Chapitre VIII- Des voies de recours Art. 478 à 481\n Chapitre IX- Dispositions diverses Art. 482 à 484\n \n Dans le code de l'enfant, toutes les procédures sont mentionnées dans le sous titre III (enfants auteurs d'infraction) et sous titre IV (enfants victimes).\n \n Exemples de procédures spécifiques:\n Tout enfant suspecté d'infraction à la loi pénale a le droit de bénéficier d'un traitement qui préserve sa dignité, sa santé physique et mentale et qui aide à sa réinsertion sociale.\n Les enfants de quatorze (14) ans sont pénalement irresponsables.\n Pour les besoins des mesures de protection judiciaire, l'enfant de quatorze (14) ans peut être auditionné. Toutefois, cette audition ne peut excéder quatre (04) heures d'affilée. Elle doit être entrecoupée d'au moins trois (03) pauses de quinze (15) minutes.\n Aucune mesure de garde à vue ne peut être prise concernant un enfant de quatorze (14) ans.\n Dans les lieux de détention ou d'emprisonnement, les enfants auteurs d'infraction doivent être séparés des adultes et détenus dans des établissements distincts ou dans une partie distincte d'un établissement qui abrite également les adultes.\n \n Cas où l'enfant est victime:\n Le juge tient compte des nécessités liées à la préservation du tissu familial, des droits de l'enfant\n à une famille et aux aliments, pour faire jouer en faveur des deux parents:\n a. le sursis;\n b. le pardon judiciaire;\n c. les circonstances atténuantes;\n d. les mesures de sûreté.\n Il est à noter qu'un atelier de révision et de validation du Code pénal et de procédure pénale a été tenu le 10 avril 2012.","Loi n° 83-1 du 2 mars 1983 instituant le Code de procédure pénale. Articles 455 à 484.\n \n Loi n° 07-017 du 6 juillet 2007 portant code de l'enfant (2007). Articles 300 à 441.","D'après le Code de procédure pénale, les enfants sont soumis à un dispositif particulier:\n \n Chapitre I - Principes Généraux Art. 455 à 456..."]
["2013_DZ_62",2013,"DZ","Algeria",62,25,"En Algérie, le système pénal a seulement défini quelques procédures judiciaires et conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins de l’enfant en tant que mineur délinquant. Pour ce qui est des enfants, victimes ou témoins, les dispositifs juridiques et la mise en œuvresont sont très insuffisants.\n\nDans un interview publié sur le site électronique d’Algerie News, le 13 novembre 2012, l’avocate Asma Aliche considère que « le système judiciaire algérien n’offre pas le climat favorable et les conditions adéquates afin de permettre aux enfants de s’exprimer librement sans avoir peur ».","-Maître Zekouki Lamine. (2012, le 24 octobre). La justice met les délinquants sous la responsabilité des parents. Horizons. Repéré à http://www.horizons-dz.com/?La-justice-met-les-delinquants\n\n-Neila.B. (2013, le 24 juin). « Des salles d’accueil » pour les mineurs délinquants. Horizons. Repéré à http://www.horizons-dz.com/?Des-salles-d-accueil-pour-les\n\n-Karima Alloun. (2012, le 19 novembre). Plaidoyer pour un code de l’enfance. Horizons. Repéré à http://www.horizons-dz.com/?Plaidoyer-pour-un-code-de-l\n\n-Zohra Chender. (2012, le 13 novembre). Un tribunal spécial pour juger les crimes contre les enfants. Algerie News. Repéré à http://www.algerienews.info/un-tribunal-special-pour-juger-les-crimes-contre-les-enfants/","En Algérie, le système pénal a seulement défini quelques procédures judiciaires et conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins de l’enfant en tant que mineur délinquant. Pour ce qui est des enfants, victimes ou témoins, les dispositifs juridiques et la mise e..."]
["2013_CM_62",2013,"CM","Cameroon",62,50,"In Cameroon, trials of minors or children are very rare. Estelle Eloumou recalls such that whenever she had the opportunity to defend a minor or a child, magistrates always followed proper procedure. This view is shared by Judge Edimo, who indicates that trials involving children are rare and that when they do occur, procedures are followed in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code.\n\nHowever, according to Charles Forgang, journalist and head of written press at JADE Cameroon, proceedings are often biased. When a child does not have a lawyer, or when judges have no interest in children’s trials, he/she is thrown into prison. So it goes that helpless children land up in jail with no one to follow the case through before the courts.","Edimo, Patrice.  (2013, October 7) .  [Judge sitting at the Ekounou Court in Yaoundé].  Personal communication.\n\nEloumou, Estelle.  (2013, September) .  [Lawyer and children's attorney, Douala].  Personal communication.\n\nForgang, Charles.  (2013, October 6) .  [Journalist and head of written press at JADE].  Personal communication.","In Cameroon, trials of minors or children are very rare. Estelle Eloumou recalls such that whenever she had the opportunity to defend a minor or a child, magistrates always followed proper procedure. This view is shared by Judge Edimo, who indicates that trials involving children a..."]
["2013_CF_62",2013,"CF","CAR",62,0,"La RCA est un champion des textes, mais leur application est problématique. La disposition 9 du code pénal relative aux procédures de traitement juridique spécial des enfants n'est pas appliquée de façon globale. Les enfants jugés par leur tribunal sont en effet traités dans les mêmes conditions que les adultes, c’est-à-dire qu’ils sont maintenus dans des prisons ou des geôles à même les locaux de la gendarmerie et de la police. Ce qui signifie qu'il n'existe pas de structure adaptée aux besoins juridiques des enfants en dehors de l'existence d’un tribunal de la jeunesse.","Marie Blandine Songuéléma-Yakondji, avocate, présidente de l'Association  des juristes de Centrafrique, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nEdmond Yamindi, avocat, barreau de la cour, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M’bomba Mebourour, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Démocrate, 13 septembre 2013.","La RCA est un champion des textes, mais leur application est problématique. La disposition 9 du code pénal relative aux procédures de traitement juridique spécial des enfants n'est pas appliquée de façon globale. Les enfants jugés par leur tribunal sont en effet traités dans les mê..."]
["2013_EG_62",2013,"EG","Egypt",62,0,"The Egyptian government has since 2011 done little to improve the rights of children. In particular, a number of minors have been tried by special \"military trials\" in violation of their civil rights. Egypt also announced that it would seek the death penalty for minors accused of rape during that period. This law has not been repealed at the time of writing. Egypt has also prosecuted children for such crimes as \"insulting Islam\" and in one popular case, only the intervention of President Morsi saved them from sentencing during the sample period.","Al Badry, Wafaa.  (n.d.) .  [Freelance journalist].  Personal communication. 2013\n\n(2012, October 4) .  Egypt court frees Christian children over Islam insult.  Al Arabbiya.  Retrieved from http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/10/04/241846.html.\n\n(2012, June 15) .  Update on SCAF member count (23 current members) and discussion of military trials with a focus on minors.  Ducoht.  Retrieved from http://www.ducoht.org/1/post/2012/06/update-on-scaf-member-count-23-current-members-and-discussion-of-military-trials-with-a-focus-on-minors.html#.UpSRKfnI2k4.","The Egyptian government has since 2011 done little to improve the rights of children. In particular, a number of minors have been tried by special \"military trials\" in violation of their civil rights. Egypt also announced that it would seek the death penalty for minors accused of r..."]
["2013_GH_62",2013,"GH","Ghana",62,50,"Child-friendly procedures exist in Ghana's criminal system and they are implemented to protect children who face court actions. Children are tried at juvenile courts and the proceedings held in the judges' chamber or in-camera, not open to just any member of the public except for those directly linked or connected to the case or matter being tried. \n\nThe names and photos of children in court cases being tried at the juvenile courts are not published. \n\nHowever, when children are arrested alongside adults as alleged accomplices in a crime, the rights of the children in terms of child-friendliness of the criminal system are not respected.\n\nThis is because the law requires that all persons arrested for the same crime must be arraigned in the same court for trial. Therefore, when children are arrested as alleged accomplices of adults in criminal or other matters, they are all paraded at the same court, not juvenile courts because the adults cannot be admitted to juvenile courts. \n\nChildren in this circumstance are exposed to the public because child-friendly facilities or procedures do not exist in the adult courts. When children are sentenced in this circumstance, they are referred to correctional centres to serve their prison terms.","1. Mr Christopher Arko, courts correspondent, Ghana News Agency, telephone interview, October 1, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Salia Abdul-Kuddus, principal state attorney, Ministry of Justice and Attorney General's Department, Northern Region, table interview, October 2, 2013, Tamale.\n\n3. Mr Anthony Forson, public relations officer, Ghana Bar Association, telephone interview, September 14, 2013, Accra.","Child-friendly procedures exist in Ghana's criminal system and they are implemented to protect children who face court actions. Children are tried at juvenile courts and the proceedings held in the judges' chamber or in-camera, not open to just any member of the public except for t..."]
["2013_LR_62",2013,"LR","Liberia",62,50,"The court system in Liberia has clearly defined procedures and arrest conditions for children under 16. These procedures and conditions are not implemented as stipulated in the laws, but efforts are made to comply with laws. They are intended for all people in the minimum age for criminal responsibility category. They cannot be tried through the normal court procedures, but there is a juvenile section where cases involving children are handled.\n\nExcept for serving as witnesses, all cases involving children are handle through the juvenile court. The Judiciary Law, sections 7.3 (b) and 9.1; 7.3(c) 10.1, 11.2 and 11.21 explained procedures to follow in cases involving children.","1. Jackson, K.L. (2013, November 6). Personal Interview. Arttoney At Law - Heritage Partners, Monrovia\n\n2. Matthews, F. (2013, November 6). Personal Interview. \n\n3. Seeky, N. (2013, November 6). Personal Interview. Program Assistant - NDI Liberia","The court system in Liberia has clearly defined procedures and arrest conditions for children under 16. These procedures and conditions are not implemented as stipulated in the laws, but efforts are made to comply with laws. They are intended for all people in the minimum age for c..."]
["2013_LY_62",2013,"LY","Libya",62,25,"Overall, Libya lacks the institutional capacity to ensure the application of the laws. Justice officials lack training and courts lack specific procedures and social workers. Moreover, civil society is just forming now after 42 years of dictatorship, so a solid network of social workers that could support the courts' work is still missing.\n\nThe following concers are raised in terms of juvenile justice in Libya: \n- The low age of criminal responsibility \n- Poor conditions in detention, and the Collective Punishment Law. With regard to the latter, deprivation of liberty should be used only as a last-resort measure, and persons under 18 years of age should not be detained with or tried as adults. \n- Professionals in the area of social rehabilitation of children need to be provided with training.\n- Lack of data on violence against children, abuse, child labour and exploitation, children in contact with the law and migrant children. \n- Unequal treatment of children (you cited Tawerghans, but children of migrants are also discriminated).","G. Alcheen, lawyer in family rights, personal communication, November 14, 2013.\n\nE. Swehli, lawyer in family rights, personal communication, November 14, 2013.\n\nF. A. Elajaly, director of Human Rights Field Operation, personal communication, November 13, 2013.","Overall, Libya lacks the institutional capacity to ensure the application of the laws. Justice officials lack training and courts lack specific procedures and social workers. Moreover, civil society is just forming now after 42 years of dictatorship, so a solid network of social wo..."]
["2013_MR_62",2013,"MR","Mauritania",62,50,"Afin de se conformer à la Convention des droits de l'enfant, les autorités ont adopté des mesures allant dans le sens d'une protection pénale des enfants en conflit avec la loi. \n\nDans ce cadre, une brigade spéciale chargée de la gestion des cas d’enfants en conflit avec la loi a été créée, qui administre des procédures spéciales. \n\nEn dépit des procédures propres à l'enfant destinées à lui assurer un procès à huis clos, ces procédures ont mis à l’avant-plan les nombreux cas portant sur des mineurs victimes d'esclavage. Du fait de la vivacité de cet héritage de la société mauritanienne, l'application des procédures spéciales sur les mineurs en conflit avec la loi se heurte à des situations complexes de pressions sociales. Elle constitue un véritable obstacle à la mise en œuvre des dispositions portant sur la protection pénale de l'enfant.","1.Mohamed El Moctar Touré, avocat à la cour, 11 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Fatimata Mbaye, avocate à la cour, président,Association mauritanienne des droits de l'homme (AMDH), 14 novembre  2013.\n\n3.Brahim ould Ebbety, avocat à la cour, 14 novembre 2013.","Afin de se conformer à la Convention des droits de l'enfant, les autorités ont adopté des mesures allant dans le sens d'une protection pénale des enfants en conflit avec la loi. ..."]
["2013_NE_62",2013,"NE","Niger",62,75,"Le Code pénal nigérien a en effet défini des procédures judiciaires et des conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins des enfants (loi organique et ordonnance - voir question 61), et d'après les entretiens, ces procédures et conditions sont mises en œuvre comme prévu pour tous les enfants. Or, un entretien montre que le juge a toutefois des difficultés à le mettre en œuvre, mais il fait tout ce qu'il peut pour que les lois à ce niveau soient respectées. \n\nIl existe des tribunaux pour mineurs dans l'ensemble des 10 tribunaux de grande instance que compte le Niger dont le fonctionnement est attesté. Une assistance judiciaire est régulièrement apportée aux mineurs en conflits avec la loi. Il y aussi des services sociaux qui sont sollicités lorsque des mineurs sont en conflits avec la loi.","Source 1: Maman Awal Hambali, Directeur de l'ONG Centre Aide et Secrétaire général de la CONAFE Niger (Coalition des ONG Africaines en faveur des Enfants). (5 février 2013). Niger\n\nSource 2:  Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger.","Le Code pénal nigérien a en effet défini des procédures judiciaires et des conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins des enfants (loi organique et ordonnance - voir question 61), et d'après les entretiens, ces procédures et conditions sont mises en œuvre co..."]
["2013_ZA_62",2013,"ZA","South Africa",62,75,"The criminal system has clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children. These procedures and conditions are usually (not always - rules are occasionally broken) implemented as prescribed, and apply to all children regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\n--\nAdila Hassim,  co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social justice NGO Section27, says that South Africa has very good laws in place to protect children in court, whether victims, defendants or witnesses. These laws are followed through in most cases. \"Sometimes, things go wrong. One of my clients, a 13-year old girl, was seeking a protection order against her teacher who allegedly abused her. At most magistrates' courts, you will have a special room dealing with these issues. The problem in this case was that she had to sit with the alleged perpetrator in the same room. There was little support for her. In this case it is not the system that was insensitive, but that particular magistrates' court - at administrative level.\"\n\nHassim says that during trials and court hearing, protection is better. \"Protection of children has to start from the moment they enter the system,\" she says. \n\nStories have been published over the past 12 months with regards to the justice system and minors, with rape and sexual offences specifically. The Mail & Guardian reported in February 2013 that the criminal justice system remains badly broken when it comes to sexual violence and child abuse. The newspaper wrote: \"After a case against an allegedly abused child was withdrawn, says Childline’s Joan van Niekerk, \"she [the child] basically told me bluntly not to expect her to expose future abuse to us, because she had lost all faith in the system\".\n\nVan Niekerk was quoted saying that prosecutors are selecting which child- and rape-related cases go for trial: \"Hundreds of cases are withdrawn. That is the end of justice for those children. We’ve seen cases where the abuser lives with the child, and when the case is withdrawn, the abuser goes home and abuses the child again, and punishes the child for speaking out.\"\n\nAccording to the South African Justice Department, the Child Justice Act is working. In September 2012, two years after the implementation of the law that stipulates how children should be treated in court and by the justice system, Praise Kambula told members of parliament  that the act was bearing fruit. He said that, in the first year of the act, 60 people served community-based sentences (including community service), while 795 people were sentenced to the same punishment in the next 12 months.","Adila Hassim, co-founder and head of litigation and legal services at social justice NGO Section27 (www.section27.org.za), interview, November 18 2013.\n\nSexual offences courts still wouldn’t bring rape justice, Philip de Wet, Mail & Guardian, 2013. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-02-13-sexual-offences-courts-still-wouldnt-bring-rape-justice.\n\n'Child Justice Act is working', Regan Thaw, Eyewitness News, September 13 2012, http://ewn.co.za/2012/09/13/Child-Justice-Act-is-working.","The criminal system has clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children. These procedures and conditions are usually (not always - rules are occasionally broken) implemented as prescribed, and apply to all children regardl..."]
["2013_SD_62",2013,"SD","Sudan",62,50,"Even though there are juvenile courts that try children cases in Sudan, Human Rights Advocate reports show that Sudan is among the countries that \"allow capital punishment for crimes committed by minors\".\n \n Despite laws forbidding appearances before normal courts, jail with adults, investigation in hard conditions and detention for more than a week, many violations occur. Examples: \n - Homeless children are jailed with adults without any special care. \n - More than 60 child soldiers with the Justice and Equality Movement have been tried in front of anti-terrorism court. \n \n Although the criminal system has clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, these procedures and conditions are not always implemented.","Anonymous. Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n \n(2012, July) . Sudan: Sentencing children - A report prepared for the child rights information network. Retrieved from http://childreninprison.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/sudan-sentencing-children-a-report-prepared-for-the-child-rights-information-network/\n \n (2013, September) . Sudan. Death Penalty Worldwide. Retrieved from http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Sudan\n \n Vincent, M. and Newman, F.E. (2012) . Juvenile sentencing schemes. Human Rights Advocates.","Even though there are juvenile courts that try children cases in Sudan, Human Rights Advocate reports show that Sudan is among the countries that \"allow capital punishment for crimes committed by minors\"...."]
["2013_UG_62",2013,"UG","Uganda",62,25,"The criminal system has clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that are supposed to be followed to ensure that the needs of children are catered for, whether defendants, victims or witnesses. Unfortunately, these procedures and conditions are rarely implemented as prescribed. \n \n Mr. Mulugga a local council 1 chairman points out that whereas they are mandated to hold these child courts within the community and procedures are well laid out, usually the local community members (both the offenders and the offended) have no regard for the proceedings, with each party presuming that the local council is favoring the other side. Besides, the local councils (especially local council 1 and local council 11) are no longer vibrant as the communities have little respect for them and are usually seen as imposters. He explained that local councils are not well constituted as the last local council 1 elections were held over ten years ago. He added that a big proportion of the elected chairpersons have passed on, moved to other areas, or got tired and left the chairmanship. Therefore community members view them as imposters who have set themselves there to make some money. Ms. Nakanjaka added that community members have reduced them to being witnesses in their land selling/buying deals. She also added that they also do not have the capacity in terms of logistics, adequate knowledge, skills and facilities to hold the courts. Many local council members, especially the women secretaries who also handle child affairs, have limited knowledge on the right of a child and others are uninformed about how a child court should function. They pointed out that in their village when they get cases of children in conflict with the law, they usually refer them to the police family and child protection unit at the nearby police station.","Emmanual Kajubu; “Justice Eludes Child Offenders”; January 10, 2013\n http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=48797&PHPSESSID=5cf28e320f8f83307904683a8605f026.\n \n \n (01/10/2013) Mulugga Daudi, LCI Chairperson, Kitende Village, Ssisa Sub County.\n \n (01/10/2013) Nakanjako Eseza, Women Secretary, Kitende Village, Ssisa Sub County.\n \n Asan Kasingye, Commissioner of Police/Community Affairs; “Role of the Police under Diversion: An Assessment, Successes and Failures” p.3-5\n http://www.createsolutions.org/unicef/Documents/resources/country/africa/ugandapoliceroleindiversion.pdf.","The criminal system has clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that are supposed to be followed to ensure that the needs of children are catered for, whether defendants, victims or witnesses. Unfortunately, these procedures and conditions are rarely implemen..."]
["2013_BW_63",2013,"BW","Botswana",63,100,"Section 107 of the Employment Act provides that:\n(2) A child who has attained the age of 14 years and is not attending school may be employed on light work not harmful to his health and development -\n(a) by a member of the family of such child; or\n(b) if such work is of a character approved by the commissioner, but so that, where the employment is other than of a domestic character in connection with which suitable accommodation is provided ,the child shall be readily able to return each night to the house of his parent or guardian or such other persons as may be approved by his parent or guardian:\nProvided that no child shall be required or permitted to work more than six hours a day or 30 hours a week.\n(3) A child who has attained the age of 14 years and is still attending school may, whilst on vacation from school, be employed on light work not harmful to his health and development of a character approved by the commissioner for not more than five hours a day between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m.","1. Employment Act : chapter 47:01, part XI :Employment of Children and Young Persons, section 107.","Section 107 of the Employment Act provides that:\n(2) A child who has attained the age of 14 years and is not attending school may be employed on light work not harmful to his health and development -..."]
["2013_CV_63",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",63,100,"The Capeverdean labour code makes clear that 15 years old is the minimum age for admission to employment in the formal and informal sectors. For the maritime sector (fisherman, cargo) the minimum age is 16 years old.","1. Labour Code, article 261, number 1, minimum age of 15 for admission to employment to formal and informal system. Minimum of 16 for maritime employment, article 328.\n\n2. Julio Ascenção Silva, General Secretary for the National Union of Capeverdean workers.\n\n3. Monica Ramos - General Director for Labour.\n\n4. Isabel Moniz - Labour Inspector.","The Capeverdean labour code makes clear that 15 years old is the minimum age for admission to employment in the formal and informal sectors. For the maritime sector (fisherman, cargo) the minimum age is 16 years old."]
["2013_CI_63",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",63,100,"L'article 23.8. de la loi portant code du travail stipule que \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans une entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de 14 ans, sauf dérogation édictée par voie réglementaire."," Loi n° 95-12 du 12 janvier 1995 portant Code du travail en Côte d'Ivoire. (1995). Articles 12.4, 12.5 et 23. Repéré à: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/39815/64951/F95CIV01.htm","L'article 23.8. de la loi portant code du travail stipule que \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans une entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de 14 ans, sauf dérogation édictée par voie réglementaire."]
["2013_GQ_63",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",63,100,"The minimum age for admission to employment in Equatorial Guinea is 14. Law No. 2/1990 (“Sobre Ordenamiento General de Trabajo”), article 11 (sections 1–6) stipulates that employment for those less than 14 years of age is forbidden. \n\nHowever, those who have turned 13 years of age can carry out certain types of light work (\"trabajos ligeros\"). In addition, children who have turned 12 years of age can be employed in arts and crafts or agricultural activities (the informal sector). \n\nFor admission to types of work that are by nature dangerous for the health, security or moral senses of children, article 11-4 stipulates a minimum age of 16 years. However, the authorities may raise the minimum age of admission to 18 if they deem it necessary to protect the child.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 2/1990, título I (“Disposiciones Generales”), art. 11, 1-6.  (1990) .  [“Sobre Ordenamiento General de Trabajo”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=6&Itemid=72\n\nArt. 11-1: El trabajo de los menores de 14 años está prohibido.\nArt. 11-2: No obstante, quienes hayan cumplido 13 años podrán realizar trabajos ligeros…\nArt. 11-3: Los niños de 12 años podrán ser admitidos en determinados empleos o trabajos ligeros de carácter artesanal o agrícola…\nArt. 11-4: La edad mínima de admisión a los trabajos que por su naturaleza o por las condiciones en que se realicen puedan resultar peligrosas para la salud, la seguridad o la moralidad de los menores será de 16 años…las autoridades del trabajo podrán además, elevar a 18 años la edad mínima de admisión a ciertos de esos trabajos…\nArt. 11-5: Los menores de edad no celebran contratos de trabajo sin la autorización de su padre, madre o representante legal.","The minimum age for admission to employment in Equatorial Guinea is 14. Law No. 2/1990 (“Sobre Ordenamiento General de Trabajo”), article 11 (sections 1–6) stipulates that employment for those less than 14 years of age is forbidden. ..."]
["2013_GN_63",2013,"GN","Guinea",63,100,"LL'âge minium pour l'adminssion à l'emploi en Guinée est fixé par le Code du travail à 16 ans en ses articles 5, 145 et 417.  \n\nArticle 5 : Le contrat de travail ne peut être conclu qu’avec un individu ayant atteint l’âge minimum de seize ans. Les mineurs ayant au moins seize ans ne peuvent être engagés qu’avec l’accord de l’autorité dont ils relèvent.\n\nArticle 415 : Il est interdit d’employer les jeunes travailleurs de moins de 18 ans aux travaux suivants :\n1. Graissage, nettoyage, visite ou réparation des machines ou mécanismes en marche ;\n2. Travaux nécessitant la présence ou le passage dans un local où se trouvent des machines actionnées à la main ou par moteur animal ou mécanique, des moteurs, transmissions et mécanismes dont les parties dangereuses ne sont point couvertes d’organes protecteurs appropriés ;\n3. Conduite ou manoeuvre d’appareils de levage ou de manutention ;\n4. Manipulation et emploi de matières explosives, irritantes, corrosives ou vénéneuses ;\n5. Travail des abattoirs, équarrissages, boyauderies, tanneries, etc.… ;\n6. Extraction de minerais stériles, matériaux et déblais dans les mines et carrières, ainsi que dans les travaux de terrassement ;\n7. Travaux de soutiens, chauffeurs, conducteurs de moteurs, véhicules et engins mécaniques ;\n8. Tous travaux exécutés pendant les heures de nuit ;\n9. Tous travaux qui, même s’ils ne tombent pas sous le coup des lois pénales sont de nature à blesser leur moralité.\n\nArticle 416 : Il est interdit d’employer les jeunes travailleurs de moins de 16 ans aux travaux suivants :\n1. Travail moteur au moyen de pédales, roues, manivelles, leviers, manoeuvres de lits et tables à secousses mus à la main ou au pied ;\n2. Usage et alimentation des scies circulaires ou à rubans, ou à lances multiples, travail sur cisailles ou tranchantes mécaniques et aux meules ;\n3. Travaux de bâtiment, à l’exclusion de finition ne nécessitant pas l’emploi d’échafaudage.\nArticle 417 : Les jeunes travailleurs de moins de 18 ans ne peuvent porter, traîner ou pousser, tant à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur des établissements, des charges d’un poids supérieur aux poids suivants :\n1- Port des fardeaux :\nGarçons de 14 et 15 ans.……………….………………………………. 10 kg\nGarçons de 16 et 17 ans ……………….…………………………….… 15 kg\nFilles de 16 et 17 ans …………………….… …………………………..10 kg\n2- Transport sur brouette (véhicule compris)\nGarçons de 14 et 15 ans ……………………..……………………….… 20 kg\nGarçons de 16 et 17 ans …………………………..………………….… 25 kg\nFilles de 16 et 17 ans …………………………………………………... 15 kg\n3- Transport sur véhicules à 2, 3 et 4 roues (véhicule compris)\nGarçons de 14 et 15 ans …………………………………...…………… 40 kg\nGarçons de 16 et 17 ans …………………………………………...…… 50 kg\nFille de 16 et 17 ans …………………………………………..……...….35 kg","Code de l'Enfant guinéen du 19 Août 2008. (2008). Articles 412, 415, 416 et 419. http://www.hcch.net/upload/ce_gn.pdf\n\nCode du travail, Chapitre V, articles 415 416 et 417. (1988) http://www.tagumjoel.com/document/c_t/c_guinee.pdf","LL'âge minium pour l'adminssion à l'emploi en Guinée est fixé par le Code du travail à 16 ans en ses articles 5, 145 et 417.  ..."]
["2013_MG_63",2013,"MG","Madagascar",63,100,"La première source stipule clairement en son article 100 cet âge minimum à l'emploi : «L'âge minimum légal d'accès à l'emploi est de quinze (15) ans sur toute l'étendue du territoire de Madagascar. Cet âge minimum ne doit pas être inférieur à l'âge auquel cesse la scolarité obligatoire.»\n\nL'article 2, paragraphe 3 de la Convention n°138 sur l’âge minimum d’admission à l’emploi stipule :\n« L’âge minimum spécifié conformément au par. 1 du présent article ne devra pas être inférieur à l’âge auquel cesse la scolarité obligatoire, ni en tout cas à quinze ans.»","- Loi n° 2003-044 sur le Code du travail du 28 juillet 2004, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 2956, 21 février 2005, article 100. \n- Convention n°138 sur l’âge minimum d’admission à l’emploi du 26 juin 1973, ratifiée en 1999.","La première source stipule clairement en son article 100 cet âge minimum à l'emploi : «L'âge minimum légal d'accès à l'emploi est de quinze (15) ans sur toute l'étendue du territoire de Madagascar. Cet âge minimum ne doit pas être inférieur à l'âge auquel cesse la scolarité obligat..."]
["2013_MA_63",2013,"MA","Morocco",63,100,"The minimum age in Morocco to work is 15.","Morocco.  Labor Law, article 143.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.tanmia.ma/attachments/code_de_travail.pdf.","The minimum age in Morocco to work is 15."]
["2013_NA_63",2013,"NA","Namibia",63,100,"Namibian Constitution Chapter 3 (15) (3), specifies that no children under the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine, save under conditions and circumstances regulated by an act of parliament. Constitution chapter 3 (15) (4) says that any arrangement or scheme employed on any farm or other undertaking  the object or effect of which is to compel the minor of an employee to work for or in the interest of the employer of such employee, shall for the purpose of this article be deemed to constitute an arrangement or scheme to compel the performance of forced labour.\n\nLabour Act  11 2007 chapter 2 and 3 (a)(c)(d): A person must not employ a child under the age of 14 years. (3) In respect of a child who is at least aged 14 but under the age of 16 years a person (a) must not employ that child in any circumstances, (c) Must not employ that child in respect of any work between 20h00 and 07h00.","Namibian Constitution chapter 3 (15) (3) and (4)\n\nLabour Act  11 2007 chapter 2 and 3 (a)(c)(d)","Namibian Constitution Chapter 3 (15) (3), specifies that no children under the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine, save under conditions and circumstances regulated by an act of parliament. Constitution chapter 3 (15) (4) says that any arrangement or s..."]
["2013_RW_63",2013,"RW","Rwanda",63,100,"Article 4 of the labour law reads: \"It is prohibited to employ a child in any company, even as an apprentice, before the age of sixteen (16). A child aged between sixteen (16) and eighteen (18) may be employed under the provisions of articles 5, 6 and 7 of this law. \n\nArticle 52 of the law relating to the rights and the protection of the child mentions the following: \"The minimum age for admission to employment and working conditions for the child are determined by the labour law. No child under seventeen (17) years shall work in underground mines.\"\n\nThe two articles of the two laws explicitly state that there is a minimum age for admission to employment for both formal and informal sectors. It is clear that a child under the age mentioned must not be employed under any circumstances and doing so is punished by the law since it will be a violation of child's rights. Even when a child of the allowed age is employed, there are things to respect like the rest period and working conditions so that his/her health is not affected.","Republic of Rwanda Law No. 13/2009.  (2009) .  [Regulating labour in Rwanda].  Retrieved fromh ttp://www.mifotra.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/downloads/laws/NEW%20LABOUR%20LAW%20N13.2009%20OF%2027.5.2009.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 54/2011.  (2011) .  [Relating to the rights and the protection of the child].  Retrieved from http://rema.gov.rw/rema_doc/Laws/FONERWA.pdf","Article 4 of the labour law reads: \"It is prohibited to employ a child in any company, even as an apprentice, before the age of sixteen (16). A child aged between sixteen (16) and eighteen (18) may be employed under the provisions of articles 5, 6 and 7 of this law. ..."]
["2013_SO_63",2013,"SO","Somalia",63,100,"According to the Constitution in 29(3) \"No child may perform work or provide services that are not suitable for the child’s age or create a risk to the child’s health or development in any way.\" A child is defined as under 18 in the Constitution. \n\nAccording to the Labor Code of 1970, sections 90-95, it is unlawful to employ children under 15, though some exceptions are made for children as young as 12. Additionally, children may be employed at a younger age by family members in certain circumstances.","The Labor Code, Law No. 65 of 1970, 18 October 1972. Chapter III, sections 90-95. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2172/Labour%20Code%20-%20extracts%20-%20ILO.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of Somalia, 2012. Article 29. http://www.constitution.org/cons/somalia/120708_ENG_constitution.pdf","According to the Constitution in 29(3) \"No child may perform work or provide services that are not suitable for the child’s age or create a risk to the child’s health or development in any way.\" A child is defined as under 18 in the Constitution. ..."]
["2013_TZ_63",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",63,100,"Part II, sub-part A -5 of the Employment and Labour Relations Act of 2004 prohibits child labour and states that no person should employ a young person 14 years-old or younger, and that people under the age of 18 should not be employed in mines, factories, ships (as crew,) or within the informal sector. However, the law is full of contradictions. In 5.2 the act states that children under 14 years of age should only be employed to conduct light work that benefits them. Furthermore, in section 5 (5) the act states that children under the age of 18 may work in industries considered hazardous, as mentioned in 5 (3) if it is part of their training. \n \n It is important to note that Zanzibar has separate labour laws.","1. Emloyment and Labour Relations Act, 2004, part II. 5. (1-8)\n \n 2. The Laws of the Child Act, 2009 a. (12), part VII a. (77-86), http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_151287.pdf.","Part II, sub-part A -5 of the Employment and Labour Relations Act of 2004 prohibits child labour and states that no person should employ a young person 14 years-old or younger, and that people under the age of 18 should not be employed in mines, factories, ships (as crew,) or withi..."]
["2013_ZW_63",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",63,100,"Part 4 (section 11) of the Labour Act (chapter 28: 01) regulates employment of children. According to the act \"...no employer shall employ any person in any occupation—\n (a) as an apprentice who is under the age of 13 years;\n (b) otherwise than as an apprentice who is under the age of 15 years\". \n \n The act further state that \"a person under the age of 15 years but not younger than 13 years may—\n (a) perform work other than work referred to in subsection (4) at a school or technical or vocational institution that is carried out as an integral part of a course of training or technical or vocational education for which the school or institution is primarily responsible\"; and that \"no employer shall cause any person under the age of 18 years to perform any work which is likely to jeopardise that person’s health, safety or morals...\".\n \n Part 3, section 10A of the Children's Act (chapter 5: 06) also provides restrictions on the employment of young persons. The Act provides that \"no—\n (a) parent or guardian of a child or young person of school-going age shall knowingly cause or permit the child or young person to absent himself from school in order to engage in employment for gain or reward; and \n (b) person shall employ for gain or reward a child or young person of school-going age at a time when the child or young person might reasonably be expected to attend school\".","1. Children's Act, chapter 5:06. Part III Prevention of Neglect, Ill-treatment and Exploitation of Children and Young Persons. Section 10A Restriction on employment of children and young persons. 2002\n \n 2. Labour Act, chapter 28:01. Part IV General Conditions of Employment. Section 11 Employment of young persons. 2002.","Part 4 (section 11) of the Labour Act (chapter 28: 01) regulates employment of children. According to the act \"...no employer shall employ any person in any occupation—\n (a) as an apprentice who is under the age of 13 years;..."]
["2013_BF_64",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",64,25,"L'âge minimum d'admission au travail est loin d'être respecté au Burkina Faso, un fait confirmé par les spécialistes (contrôleurs du travail et juristes) interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche. Le secteur informel surtout emploie beaucoup d'enfants en deçà de l'âge. Du reste, fait remarquer le juriste, la loi n'interdit pas totalement le travail des enfants dont l'âge est inférieur à 16 ans. La loi prévoit des types de travaux bien précis que ces enfants peuvent mener, supposés être sans conséquences dommageables à leur santé. \nAussi, le contexte socioéconomique du pays est tel que l'autorité n'est pas très rigoureuse sur la question. Interdire aux enfants de travailler reviendrait aussi augmenter le nombre de nécessiteux.","Interview avec Bancé antoine, contrôleur du travail, ministère de la Fonction publique, du Travail et de la Sécurité sociale, 14 septembre 2012.\n\nInterview avec Xavier Bayala, juriste, ministère des Droits humains et de la Promotion civique, 14 septembre 2013.\n\nLe Faso. (21 décembre 2012). Burkina-États-Unis : 5 millions de dollars pour lutter contre le travail des enfants. lefaso.net : http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article51930","L'âge minimum d'admission au travail est loin d'être respecté au Burkina Faso, un fait confirmé par les spécialistes (contrôleurs du travail et juristes) interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche. Le secteur informel surtout emploie beaucoup d'enfants en deçà de l'âge. Du reste, f..."]
["2013_CD_64",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",64,25,"Bien que les textes relatifs l'âge minimum d'admission à l'emploi soient bien définis, celle-ci ne sont pas toujours respectées. Les inspecteurs de la direction départementale du travail habilités à enquêter constatent sur le terrain certaines dérives. \n\nEn milieu citadin, dans les bus certains mineurs travaillent comme contrôleurs de bus. De jeunes mineurs (des jeunes filles en général) sont utilisés comme ménagères. Souvent au mépris des règles sociales (absences de contrat de travail, pas de couverture sociale etc.). \nDans le secteur du BTP, les jeunes garçons travaillent sur des chantiers de constructions et sont parfois exposés à des risques d'accident de travail. Dans les réparations automobiles, beaucoup de garages exploitent les jeunes garçons à la répartition mécanique et le lavage des voitures. \nDans le secteur de la boulangerie, travaillent aussi des enfants. Sur les marchés en ville (mais aussi dans les villages), il existe également des pousse-pousse (ceux qui ramassent les des déchets domestiques) où certains jeunes garçons mineurs (souvent des travailleurs étrangers) travaillent.\nEn milieu rural, le secteur minier qui n'est pas encore à son apogée en République du Congo fait travailler parfois des jeunes garçons venus de villages avoisinant sur les lieux de production. Les travaux aux champs conduit les familles à faire travailler les enfants aux champs. \nEn effet, pour les familles les jeunes mineurs sont une source de revenus (Voir les chiffres et analyses dans la partie intégration socio-économiques des jeunes 2.5 Welfare, question 101) dans les fermes ou les petites entreprises familiales.\nCe travail des mineurs à différentes causes, le manque de formation, le manque de travail qualifié et la nécessité d'une assistance envers les familles. Beaucoup de familles vivent avec moins d'un dollar par jour.\n\nEn conséquence, il est parfois possible de trouver des enfants employés en-dessous de l'âge minimum, que ce soit dans le secteur formel ou informel. Le gouvernement applique rarement des sanctions à l'encontre des personnes employant les enfants n'ayant pas l'âge requis. \nLes politiques publiques relatives à l'intégration des jeunes (qu'ils soient diplômés ou non) ne sont pas assez efficaces ou offensives. Selon l'évaluation de l'Organisation Internationale du Travail, près de 85% des enfants vivant en milieu rural travaillaient en échange d’un maigre salaire.\nPour information sur le travail des enfants. Source Enquête Congolaise auprès des Ménages pour l’évaluation de la pauvreté (ECOM), réalisée entre juin et août 2005 par le Centre national de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (CNSEE) sur l’ensemble du territoire national. Celle-ci portant essentiellement sur les conditions de vie des ménages en vue de l’évaluation de la pauvreté. Les données relatives au travail des enfants se trouvent aux pages 80-81. \n4.1.5 Travail des enfants : \nSur 47 000 enfants qui travaillent, 85,1% résident en milieu rural et un peu plus de la moitié (52,7%) sont de sexe féminin. Ces enfants exercent ces activités à titre d’aide familial ou sous forme de travail rémunéré. L’enquête ayant eu lieu pendant les grandes vacances scolaires, ces chiffres doivent être pris avec beaucoup de précaution car près de 70 % des enfants interrogés vont à l’école. La participation des enfants au marché de l’emploi serait certainement moins importante si l’enquête s’était déroulée pendant la période scolaire. En considérant le travail des enfants selon le niveau de pauvreté, l’on constate que plus de sept enfants sur dix sont pauvres. Parmi eux les filles sont plus nombreuses (55,4 %) que les garçons (44,6 %).","1 -  Entretien du 14 octobre 2013 avec Mme Micheline NGOULOU, présidente, de l'Association congolaise de lutte contre les violences à l'égard des femmes et des filles (ACOLVF). \n\n2 - Rencontre le 25 octobre avec M. OBAMBI-GUECKO, statisticien, auditeur directeur de l'informatique et de la gestion des bases de données, ministère de l'Economie, du plan, de l'Aménagement du territoire et de l'intégration (immeuble du plan 66 bis, rue du 18 mars Mikalou Brazzaville).\n\n3 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Gabriel MONKA, administrateur du travail, directeur départemental, à la Direction Départementale du Travail de Brazzaville au siège de la direction (immeuble des rapports CNSS rond point city center centre ville Brazzaville).\n\n4 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Michel MOUANGA, directeur de l'emploi, à la Direction Générale de la Formation qualifiante et de l'emploi, au siège de la direction (immeuble des rapports CNSS rond point city center centre ville Brazzaville).\n\n5 - Entretien du 29 octobre 2013 avec Arsène SEVERIN, journaliste à terrAfrica au Centre international de la presse à Brazzaville.\n\n6 - Enquête intitulée \"Enquête Congolaise auprès des Ménages pour l’évaluation de la pauvreté\" (ECOM), réalisé par le Centre national de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (CNSEE) de juin et août 2005, publiée en avril 2006 par le ministère du Plan, de l'Aménagement du territoire et de l'intégration economique. \n\n7 -Statistiques sur le travail des enfants. www.ilo.org/dyn/clsurvey/lfsurvey.home?p_lang=fr‎\n(l'étude sur le lien internet est intitulé Enquête Congolaise auprès des Ménages, les données se trouvent aux pages 80-81)","Bien que les textes relatifs l'âge minimum d'admission à l'emploi soient bien définis, celle-ci ne sont pas toujours respectées. Les inspecteurs de la direction départementale du travail habilités à enquêter constatent sur le terrain certaines dérives. ..."]
["2013_DJ_64",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",64,50,"Bien que les textes prévoient un âge minimum pour l’emploi à Djibouti, il arrive que des mineurs travaillent. \n\nC’est le cas de Mohamed Hassan, un jeune djiboutien qui a perdu très tôt ses parents et qui est âgé de 14 ans. Il travaille comme cireur de chaussures au centre ville de Djibouti depuis déjà 3ans. Nombreux sont les jeunes qui, comme lui, travaillent surtout dans le secteur informel et qui sont âgés de moins de 16 ans. La majorité d’entre eux est issue de la population dite flottante, c’est-à-dire qui n’a pas de statut de résident régulier à Djibouti.\n\nDans le domaine du public et dans les entreprises privées, l’âge minimum à l’emploi est généralement respecté. C’est dans le secteur informel que le problème se pose, avec le recrutement des jeunes mineures qui exercent parfois des tâches difficiles. Ainsi, un jeune Djiboutien travaillant  à l’Électricité de Djibouti comme mécanicien a dû attendre d’avoir 18 ans révolus pour pouvoir remplacer son père décédé et intégrer l’ntreprise. Le directeur de l’EDD ne l’a pas embauché avant en respectant l’âge minimum à l’emploi.","1) Mohamed Hassan, cireur,  jeudi 03 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Radwan Moussa, cadre, Inspection du travail et des lois sociale, mardi 01 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Hassan Farah, jeune djiboutien travaillant à l'Électricité de Djibouti (EDD), le mardi 01 octobre 2013.","Bien que les textes prévoient un âge minimum pour l’emploi à Djibouti, il arrive que des mineurs travaillent. ..."]
["2013_GM_64",2013,"GM","The Gambia",64,0,"The minimum age of employment is not adhered to. According to one source, \"it is common to see children as young as ten years old, engaged in some sort of labour, paid or unpaid, young girls under 16 years working as domestic help, or young boys and girls working in the informal sector. I doubt if the labour department also monitors work establishments to check if they employ persons below the minimum age of employment.\" \n\nThis assessment is confirmed: the government does not monitor the degree of child labor prevalent and children working in the worst forms of child labor conditions, including commercial sexual exploitation.","1. Interview with Njundu Drammeh, national coordinator, Child Protection Alliance. Interview was conducted on October 4 2013.\n\n2. Interview with Fanta Bai Secka, director, Department of Social Welfare, October 11 2013.\n\n3. 2012 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, The United States Department of Labour, available at http://www.dol.gov/ilab/programs/ocft/2012TDA/gambia.pdf.","The minimum age of employment is not adhered to. According to one source, \"it is common to see children as young as ten years old, engaged in some sort of labour, paid or unpaid, young girls under 16 years working as domestic help, or young boys and girls working in the informal se..."]
["2013_KE_64",2013,"KE","Kenya",64,25,"Child labour remains rampant in Kenya especially in the agriculture sector and in urban households, where children serve as maids. The agriculture sector, being the single largest contributor to the national gross domestic product, attracts a large number of child labourers. In addition, farming is mainly done in rural Kenya where there is little government supervision to arrest the vice of child labour.\n\nHouseholds in urban centres in Kenya also take advantage mainly of under-age girls to work for them as house helps. Most of the affected girls are from poor families in rural areas and accept low-paying jobs in the towns and cities to earn a coin to send back to their folks in the village.","1. \"Clamour for policy on child labour\", an article by George Kebaso. Published in The People Newspaper edition of June 12, 2013.\nLink: http://www.thepeople.co.ke/4478/clamour-for-policy-on-child-labour/\n\n2. \"Kenya: Tobacco’s Immigrant Child Labour\". An article by Gitonga Njeru. Published by Think Africa Press edition of January 15, 2013.\nLink: http://thinkafricapress.com/kenya/child-tobacco-farmers-kenya.\n\n3. \"European Union says Kenya has 1.9 million child labourers\", an article by Anthony Gitonga. Published in the Standard Newspaper edition of Thursday June 13, 2013.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000085879.","Child labour remains rampant in Kenya especially in the agriculture sector and in urban households, where children serve as maids. The agriculture sector, being the single largest contributor to the national gross domestic product, attracts a large number of child labourers. In add..."]
["2013_MW_64",2013,"MW","Malawi",64,25,"Although the government of Malawi appears to have made combating child labour a priority, the practice remains a concern, particularly in domestic service and agriculture, including in the cultivation of tobacco and tea. Child labour is also believed to be an issue in other poorly-researched areas including the production of cotton and sugarcane, as well as in cattle rearing and fisheries.\n\nThe government estimates that more than 1.4 million children are employed as child labour, mostly as domestic servants and in tobacco production. In tobacco production, children as young as five work alongside their parents on small-holder tobacco farms. Many work 12-hour stretches without protective clothing against the hazardous effects of dangerous pesticides, fertilisers and nicotine. Extreme poverty and a cultural tradition of using children in agriculture are among the main reasons the problem persists.\n\nIn recognising that the problem requires joint concerted efforts from all spheres for it to be dealt with, the government has put in place a national steering committee whose secretariat is at the ministry of labour. It comprises of all stakeholders in the fight against child labour including the tobacco industry. \n\nThrough the ministry of agriculture, the government has also approved the use of the integrated production system, in which small-scale farmers are provided with farm inputs for tobacco and maize, and agree not to engage children in the production of tobacco. Leaf technicians from the lenders  provide technical expertise and check whether they are conforming to the terms and conditions of their contract. The tobacco industry says it is committed to eradicating child labour.","Baldwin Chiyamkwaka, National Coordinator, Human Rights Consultative Committee (HRCC), October 10 2013.\n\nEmma Kaliya Programmes Manager, Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre, October 10 2013.\n\nSamson Kalimba, Communications Officer, Tobacco Association of Malawi, October 11 2013.","Although the government of Malawi appears to have made combating child labour a priority, the practice remains a concern, particularly in domestic service and agriculture, including in the cultivation of tobacco and tea. Child labour is also believed to be an issue in other poorly-..."]
["2013_NA_64",2013,"NA","Namibia",64,25,"Story published in the Villager newspaper, on June 24 2013 written by Herbert Jauch a distinguished researcher and former director of Namibia's Labour Resource and Research Institute.\n\nAccording to Jauch children are often paid even lower wages than adults and are therefore at great risk of being exploited.  Poverty is the biggest contributor to child labour as it forces children to work just to survive.  Some of them lost their parents while in other cases parents are too sick or too poor to support their children.  Therefore, fighting poverty and ensuring that all Namibians can meet their basic needs is crucial in the struggle against child labour.\n\nJauch adds that work that most Namibian children do is mostly done in the home. In rural households, children (especially girls) collect water and firewood.  Other common tasks carried out by children include looking after animals and cooking.  This can take several hours and may affect school attendance and performance negatively.  As a result, such children have no time to play, have no time to do homework and are often tired when they go to school.\n\nAvailable information indicates that in Namibia, almost 40% of all children between the ages of 6-17 are affected by child labour, Jauch adds. Most of them are girls and children in rural areas.  Over 80,000 Namibian children work long hours in the household and 160,000 children suffer at school due to the work they have to do.  This undermines their chances for a better future.\nAlthough most child labour takes place in private households, there are also other forms of child labour in Namibia.  Some children are living with their families on farms and are involved in charcoal production. This undermines their education and is hazardous to their health.  Some children are used by adults to commit crimes such as housebreaking, theft and even rape and murder.  In addition, there is even some child trafficking in Namibia when children are brought in for domestic work, mining and commercial livestock work, charcoal production, road construction, vending and commercial sex work, Jauch wrote.\n\nA story by Edgar Brandt in the New Era newspaper, published June 18 2013, titled Many Still Use Child Labour in Namibia (http://allafrica.com/stories/201306181022.html)        \n\nIn the story the Deputy Minister of Labour and Social Welfare, Alpheus Maheua, said the exploitation of child labour by Namibian employers spans the spectrum of the country's racial and ethnic groups.\n\nMuheua said improvement is required in several key areas in order to succeed in eliminating child labour in the country completely. \n\nMinister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare, Rosalia Nghidinwa, said her ministry deals with high cases of child labour or exploitation. She said however, in most cases, parents or guardians of such exploited children tried to hide the offence from authorities because they are benefiting from child labour. She blamed poverty as the major driver of child labour in the country.","Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare, Rosalia Nghidinwa, telephone interview, September 27 2013.\n\nStory published in the Villager newspaper, on June 24 2013 written by Herbert Jauch a distinguished researcher and former director of Namibia's Labour Resource and Research Institute.\n\nA story by Edgar Brandt in the New Era newspaper, published June 18 2013, titled Many Still Use Child Labour in Namibia\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201306181022.html","Story published in the Villager newspaper, on June 24 2013 written by Herbert Jauch a distinguished researcher and former director of Namibia's Labour Resource and Research Institute...."]
["2013_SN_64",2013,"SN","Senegal",64,25,"Le Code du travail du Sénégal dit clairement que les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de quinze ans, sauf dérogation édictée par arrêté du ministre chargé du Travail, compte tenu des circonstances locales et des tâches qui peuvent leur être demandées. \n\nAu Sénégal, il arrive que ces règles soient contournées, surtout dans les régions minières et aurifères, ou encore dans des entreprises familiales ou individuel des secteurs formel et informel. Il arrive aussi que ces règles soient contournées dans certaines familles religieuses, qui font travailler des enfants en prenant prétexte de l'enseignement coranique, une situation qui fait que le gouvernement peine à appliquer des sanctions. Ce contexte, où les services de protection sont souvent insuffisants, rend les enfants très vulnérables. \n\nLes articles de presse et autres alertes de la société civile n'ont pas encore réussi à faire réagir les autorités pour faire respecter la loi. Selon Senenews.com, \"plus d’un enfant sur quatre âgé de 7 à 14 ans (25,5%) abandonne le système scolaire du fait de son insertion professionnelle précoce dans le marché du travail. Cette situation est plus récurrente en milieu urbain (27,2%) et à Dakar en particulier (28,7%).\"\n\nSelon le rapport \"2011 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (September 2012), du United States Department of Labor, \"Senegal’s laws do not fully protect children from child labor. In particular, laws contain exceptions allowing children to work in underground mines and quarries. Although both the Ministry of Labor and the police force have units dedicated to enforcing laws related to child labor and child protection, these enforcement agencies lack adequate resources and jurisdiction to effectively carry out their work.\"","Entretien avec Aly Sagne, président,  Lumière synergie pour le développement, Kédougou, Sénégal, 23 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Djibril Badiane, président, lOrganisation nationale des droits de l'homme, 23 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Anta Mbow, présidente, association Empire des enfants, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nSud Quotidien. (18 mai 2013). « Kedougou: prostitution, travail des enfants, traite des personnes: au cœur de l'esclavage moderne ». Sud Quotidien : http://fr.africatime.com/senegal/articles/kedougou-prostitution-travail-des-enfants-traite-des-personnes-au-coeur-de-lesclavage","Le Code du travail du Sénégal dit clairement que les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans aucune entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de quinze ans, sauf dérogation édictée par arrêté du ministre chargé du Travail, compte tenu des circonstances locales et des tâches qui p..."]
["2013_SO_64",2013,"SO","Somalia",64,0,"It is a common practice to find children working. A recent report by Maplecroft put Somalia first on its list of countries with the most child labor (Hiraan). According to Hiraan Online, \"Eritrea and Somalia tied for the number one ranking with both countries experiencing high rates of poverty and insufficient legal structures to adequately support efforts to combat child labor [...] In Somalia, the Somalia National Army and other non-government militias throughout the country contribute to the problem by recruiting, abducting and using children as soldiers.\"\n\nAccording to the 2013 US Department of State Trafficking of Persons Report, \"The respective authorities operating in Somalia’s three regions struggled to address human trafficking, demonstrating weak efforts in prosecution, protection, and prevention in all regions.\" According to this report, children in Somalia are subject to forced labor and sex trafficking, and child soldiers are abducted and forced into service.\n\nChild labor has lately been increasing, according to Barkhad Dahir's report (Dahir, 2013): \"Child labour has escalated here because of the increase in the number of displaced people, recent droughts, urban migration and loss of livestock, said Ahmed Hassan Yusuf, who directs the Somaliland branch of the African Network for the Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect.\"","Barkhad Dahir, \"Somalia: Worries grow as child labor grows in Somaliland.\" June 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201306120150.html\n\nChmelenko, Julia. \"Child labour around the globe.\" August 2013.  http://english.pravda.ru/society/anomal/09-08-2013/125336-child_labor-0/\n\n(2013 October). Eritrea and Somalia top list of countries with most child labour. Hiraan Online. http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Oct/41695/eritrea_and_somalia_top_list_of_countries_with_most_child_labor.aspx\n\nUS Department of State. 2013 Trafficking of Persons Report: Somalia. http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2013/215653.htm","It is a common practice to find children working. A recent report by Maplecroft put Somalia first on its list of countries with the most child labor (Hiraan). According to Hiraan Online, \"Eritrea and Somalia tied for the number one ranking with both countries experiencing high rate..."]
["2013_SS_64",2013,"SS","South Sudan",64,0,"In practice, the minimum age of employment is not adhered to in South Sudan. Reports indicate that the South Sudan government has yet to fully enforce its child labour laws. Consequently, many children still work in fields like agriculture and herd cattle and work on construction sites breaking rocks and making bricks, among other jobs. \n\nAccording to an official in the Ministry of Gender who spoke on the condition of anonymity, many children as young as five years old work in the transport sector as touts or conductors in mini-buses. “Though we don’t have statistics on the number of children working in the transport sector, these cases of child labour are visible.”\n\nThough the government of South Sudan says it does not condone the employment of children, especially in construction sites, evidence shows children indeed work in these sites.","Anonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Official at the Ministry of Labour, Public Service and Human Resource Development].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(2013, April 26) .  Children's situation in South Sudan.  Save The Children.  Retrieved from http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/start/countries/south-sudan\n\nOwaka, S.P.  (2013, October 23) .  South Sudan: Government does not allow employment of children says labour undersecretary.  AllAfrica.com.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201310231393.html\n\nUnited States Department of Labor's Bureau of International Labor Affairs.  (2013) .  2012 findings on the worst forms of child labor - South Sudan.  Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/5268e5da87a.html","In practice, the minimum age of employment is not adhered to in South Sudan. Reports indicate that the South Sudan government has yet to fully enforce its child labour laws. Consequently, many children still work in fields like agriculture and herd cattle and work on construction s..."]
["2013_TN_64",2013,"TN","Tunisia",64,50,"Although it is forbidden by law, children found below the age of 16 years are occasionally found to be employed. This happens in informal sectors such as commerce, mechanics, tourism (during summer, when there are a lots of tourists), etc. \n \nThe government sometimes fails to apply sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age, as they may represent the only resource for a poor family to sustain financial income. There are also children under 16 years of age who are begging in the street, washing cars, selling bottles of water, etc.","September 25, 2013: Interview with Mrs Gribaa, responsible of children in the NGO SOS Village Tunisia (cares for children with no family).\n \n September 23, 2013: interview with Mr Ghachem, vice president of the NGO Association vigilance et egalite des chances), which gives support to vulnerable children.\n \n September 25, 2013: interview with Mrs Mrabet, employee in the ministry of social affairs, in charge of working children.\n \n http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/01/30/post-revolution-child-labor-in-tunisia-enduring-issues-rise-to-the-surface/","Although it is forbidden by law, children found below the age of 16 years are occasionally found to be employed. This happens in informal sectors such as commerce, mechanics, tourism (during summer, when there are a lots of tourists), etc. ..."]
["2013_BJ_65",2013,"BJ","Benin",65,75,"Les travailleurs s'organisent en syndicats indépendamment de l'idéologie politique, de la religion et les organisateurs syndicaux disposent de droits et sont à l'abri de toute intimidation ou violence. Les syndicats naissent régulièrement. Par exemple, en septembre, un nouveau syndicat de magistrats est né. Les centrales syndicales organisent régulièrement des points de presse pour « dénoncer le gouvernement » ou pour donner leur point de vue sur une actualité précise. Selon une déclaration des syndicalistes en prélude à la rentrée scolaire 2013-2014, des retenues sur salaire ont été effectuées.","Briand DJOKO. (17 juillet 2013). Assemblée générale extraordinaire de l’UNAMAB hier : La grève des magistrats suspendue jusqu’au 15 octobre. Le Matin. http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article11177\n\nAnalyse de la situation socio-politique du Bénin : Les syndicats adressent un carton rouge à Yayi. (3 juin 2013 ). La Presse du Jour. http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=25301\n\nVictorin Fassinou. (19 septembre 2013). Après sa naissance le vendredi dernier : L’Amab promet assurer une justice au service du développement. La Presse du Jour. http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=28351\n\nEmmanuel E. Creppy. (19 septembre 2013). L’Amab affiche ses ambitions. La Nouvelle Tribune. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/politique14/15965-l-amab-affiche-ses-ambitions\n\nBénin : Les syndicalistes menacent de boycotter la prochaine rentrée académique. (13 septembre 2013). Xinhua. http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2013/9/13/benin-syndicalistes-menacent-boycotter-prochaine-rentree-academique-230485.asp","Les travailleurs s'organisent en syndicats indépendamment de l'idéologie politique, de la religion et les organisateurs syndicaux disposent de droits et sont à l'abri de toute intimidation ou violence. Les syndicats naissent régulièrement. Par exemple, en septembre, un nouveau synd..."]
["2013_CM_65",2013,"CM","Cameroon",65,100,"Cameroon counts a host of unions in all sectors of the economy. Antoinette Ekoan, Chair of the General Confederation of Workers (CGT), mentions that that she does not know of another country in the world with as many unions as Cameroon. These unions can operate freely and never come under threat. Moreover, in cases where they may be seen to threaten government stability, the government is required to negotiate with union members. \n\nHowever, there are widespread suspicions of corruption. These unions meet at their own discretion, within the limits of the law. There are so many unions that they are grouped into seven union federations.\n\nFor Paul Guy Hyomeni, these unions are not strong enough because civil service and private sector, for example, employees are afraid to join unions for fear of reprisals from their superiors. This means that only unions for self-employed professionals are able to keep their heads above water by holding regular events to compel the government to comply with their requirements.\n\nOn the whole, workers from all sectors in Cameroon are able to organize themselves into unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives and irrespective of ethnic or tribal origins.","Ekoan, Antoinette.  (2013, September 16) .  [Chair of the General Confederation of Workers (CGT) in Cameroon].  Personal communication.\n\nHyomeni, Paul Guy.  (2013, September 30) .  [Chair of the Réseau national des organisations des droits de l'homme (National network of human rights organizations)].  Personal communication.\n\nOling, J.  (2013, May 10) .  Cameroon: The National Union of Journalists of Cameroon (SNJC) calls for the dissolution of the National Council of Communications.  Le Messager.  Retrieved fromhttp://www.cameroon-info.net/reactions/@,46058,7,cameroun-le-syndicat-national-des-journalistes-du-cameroun-snjc-demande-la-disso.html\n\nRepublic of Cameroon Law no. 68/LF/19 of 18 November 1968.  (1968) .  [On associations or trade unions for civil servants, governing the conditions for the creation and functioning of trade unions in Cameroon].","Cameroon counts a host of unions in all sectors of the economy. Antoinette Ekoan, Chair of the General Confederation of Workers (CGT), mentions that that she does not know of another country in the world with as many unions as Cameroon. These unions can operate freely and never com..."]
["2013_CD_65",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",65,50,"Bien qu'en pratique, il n'est pas interdit aux travailleurs de s'organiser en syndicats, les manifestations publiques sont particulièrement cadrées, aucun syndicat ne peut décider de faire une manifestation pour revendiquer des acquis sociaux ou dénoncer des dysfonctionnements. Toutes les manifestations qui se font aujourd'hui sont générées par le dysfonctionnement de l'Etat. Il n'existe pas en République du Congo de manifestations syndicales d'envergure au niveau du secteur privé. Les citoyens congolais jouissent bien des libertés syndicales et du droit de grève (dans les conditions fixées par la loi). \n\nCependant, il existe des obstacles occasionnels à l'organisation en syndicats. Dernièrement les enseignants et les élèves ont souhaité faire grève pour dénoncer leurs conditions d'étude, d'évolution et de travail. Les droits des organisateurs syndicaux ne sont parfois pas bien compris. Lors des manifestations estudiantines, il arrive souvent qu'à travers la GMP qui est déployé pour maitriser et contrôler ses mouvements que l'on puisse constater beaucoup de dégâts et de dommages collatéraux. \n\nIl y a trois corpus virulents au Congo c'est les enseignants, les étudiants et les taxis. Les militaires ne sont pas autorisés constitutionnellement à générer des mouvements de grèves à travers leur insatisfaction par rapport à leurs émoluments, ration etc. Cependant, une à deux fois par an, se crée des mouvements de mécontentement qui entrainent souvent des pillages de boutiques. Lors de ces évènements, l'Etat est contraint de déployer la gendarmerie ou la Gendarmerie Mobile de Protection (GMP) pour stopper ces débordements.","1 - Entretien du septembre avec M. Placide ELEKA, magistrat colonel et Inspecteur des juridictions et des services judiciaires au ministère de la Justice et des Droits Humains.\n\n2 - Entretien du 15 octobre avec Mme NDOU, Association des femmes juristes du Congo (AFJC).\n\n3 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 Me Ludovic ESSOU, avocat à la cour de Brazzaville.\n\n4 - Entretien avec M. Joachim BANZA, directeur de la rédaction de la Semaine Africaine, entretien du 17 octobre 2013 au siège de la Semaine Africaine.\n\n5 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Gabriel MONKA, administrateur du travail, directeur départemental, à la Direction Départementale du Travail de Brazzaville au siège de la direction (immeuble des rapports CNSS rond point, centre ville Brazzaville).","Bien qu'en pratique, il n'est pas interdit aux travailleurs de s'organiser en syndicats, les manifestations publiques sont particulièrement cadrées, aucun syndicat ne peut décider de faire une manifestation pour revendiquer des acquis sociaux ou dénoncer des dysfonctionnements. Tou..."]
["2013_EG_65",2013,"EG","Egypt",65,50,"Egypt under a number of presidents since the end of the monarchy in the 1950s has paid lip service to the idea of labour unions and tried to co-opt them within the state. The decade preceding 25 January 2011 saw the most sustained wave of strikes in Egypt since 1952. This was not always successful and during the January 25 revolution, organized strikes were a big part of the efforts there. In 2011, a new independent Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions was established. \n\nIn 2012 after the inauguration of Mohammed Morsi, Egypt saw 2,400 labour stoppages or strikes. In September 2012, Egypt handed out the hardest ever punishment since the Sadat era. Following the coup in the summer of 2013, which deposed the democratically elected President Mohammed Morsi, a new Egyptian Minister of Labour was named - Kamal Abu Eita, the president of the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions. While there are obstacles to labour organization in Egypt it is an established organ of civil society.","Alwi, Aliya.  (2013, November 14) .  [Al-Jazeera fixer and journalist in Cairo arrested for reporting on labour movements in Egypt].  Personal communication.\n\nBeinin, J.  (2013, January 18) .  Workers, trade unions and Egypt's political future.  MERIP.  Retrieved from http://www.merip.org/mero/mero011813.\n\nCharbel, Jano.  (2013, October 15) .  Workers protest against harshest sentences for strikers since Sadat.  Egyptian Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/workers-protest-against-harshest-sentences-strikers-sadat.\n\n(n.d.) .  Egypt faces third revolution unless workers' demands are met, warns union.  The Guardian.  Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/egypt-third-revolution-workers-union.\n\n(2013, June 7) .  Egypt placed on ILO blacklist due to receding workers' freedoms.  Al Ahram.  Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/73432/Business/Economy/Egypt-placed-on-ILO-blacklist-due-to-receding-work.aspx.","Egypt under a number of presidents since the end of the monarchy in the 1950s has paid lip service to the idea of labour unions and tried to co-opt them within the state. The decade preceding 25 January 2011 saw the most sustained wave of strikes in Egypt since 1952. This was not a..."]
["2013_GH_65",2013,"GH","Ghana",65,50,"Trade unionisation or forming trade unions at work places is a right for workers in Ghana and this right is respected by all agencies and/or employers.\n\nIn keeping with the country's labour law, trade unions instruct their members to stay away from work, sometimes indefinitely, in protest over conditions of service related to salaries and allowances. \n\nSometimes, strikes can last for almost six weeks but the workers are paid at the end of the month for no work done. \n\nHowever, individual workers sometimes succumb to subtle threats or attempts to dismiss them for complaining about poor conditions of service or other issues. In these instances, the affected workers can report to the National Labour Commission for redress, and, if dissatisfied, proceed to a court of law. During the period of study, some workers were prevented from unionizing (General Transport, Petroleum and Chemical Workers Union) and when 15 some did they were fired.","1. Mrs Charlotte Hanson, public relations officer, National Labour Commission, telephone interview, October 1, Accra.\n\n2. Ms Kafui Amoafo, secretary, Association of Ghana Industries, telephone interview, October 3, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Austin Gamey, labour consultant and chief executive officer, Gamey and Gamey Academy of Mediation,contributing to a radio discussion on Joy FM, October 9, 07:25GMT to 07:35GMT.\n\n4. News story, title: TEWU, FUSSAG yet to call off strike, author: Marian Efe Ansah, publication: www.citifmonline.com, date: September 24, 2013, link: http://www.citifmonline.com/?id=1.1542686\n\n5. February 15, 2013. Oil company sacks 15 workers for joining union\nhttps://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2013/02/15/oil-company-sacks-15-workers-for-joining-union/","Trade unionisation or forming trade unions at work places is a right for workers in Ghana and this right is respected by all agencies and/or employers...."]
["2013_LY_65",2013,"LY","Libya",65,25,"In Libya only state-run trade unions are allowed. Independent ones are still outlawed. \n\nAccording to the Labour Code (No. 58 of 1970), trade unions should be registered at the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs and join the General Trade Union Federation of Workers' (GTUFW). Furthermore, Law No. 12 of 2010 \"Labour Relations Law\" enforced the role of the state unions providing that for disputes between employer and employee, \"an arbitration court shall be set up within the jurisdiction of each court of appeal; it shall be composed of three counsellors selected in plenary session of the court, as well as representatives of the competent authority, the employer and the trade union concerned, and shall be presided by the ranking counsellor.\" The law regarding the trade unions did not change in Libya after the end of the former Qaddafi's regime.\n\nEach city and town in Libya has its own trade union branch which was usually ruled by the government-appointed representative.\n\nHowever, after the revolution in 2011, the members of the government-run trade unions rejected the previous mechanism and they imposed to the government to recognize a local trade union representative elected by the local groups' workers. Libyan Parliament has been called to review the trade union law.\n\nIn 2013, a series of protests and strikes involved oil workers in Libya and Petroleum Field Guard (PFG) acting out of the law framework. They demanded a review of working hours, better overtime allocation, a management review, improved security, the revision of contracts and the early completion of health insurance arrangements. However that workers' movement should be set in the Libyan local tribal tension's framework towards the central government rather then proper trade unions' movements.\n\nIn the eastern region of Cyrenaica, the strikers took control over the plants by force last July, pushed by the armed men from the federalist movement. In the West, the workers at the oil and gas plants went on strike in September and they shortly after resumed production. The state trade union of teachers were on strike for one week in November 2013 to demand an increase of salary and better working conditions.","U. Garri, head of Zwara engineering architects' trade union, personal communication, January 18, 2014.\n\nY. Al Hars, lawyer - Tripoli, personal communication, January 18, 2014.\n\nA. Kashar, corporate and tax lawyer at Kashar & Associate, personal communication, November 11, 2013.\n\nA. Ibribish, customer care manager at Libyana Company, personal communication, November 12, 2013.","In Libya only state-run trade unions are allowed. Independent ones are still outlawed. \n\nAccording to the Labour Code (No. 58 of 1970), trade unions should be registered at the Minist..."]
["2013_MU_65",2013,"MU","Mauritius",65,100,"As of Dec. 31, 2012, there were 359 trade unions registered in Mauritius, with 110,483 members, comprising about 20 percent of the workforce. This high percentage of unionised workers indicates that organising through trade unions is not restricted. \n\nThe article cited discusses how the Chemical Manufacturing and Connected Trades Employees Union (CMCTEU) had amended its status in 2010 to be able to recruit casual workers in all manufacturing sectors. In two years, the union had managed to triple its membership by recruiting 3,000 contract workers and is now a key player in Mauritian social dialogue. As of March 2013, the CMCTEU and its sister unions report signing 15 collective agreements, securing equal pay for contract workers doing work similar to permanent workers. \n\nThe article does, however, mention that, in December 2012, the government attempted to further deregulate the labour market and undermine the power of unions, but their attempts were stopped by a mobilisation of trade unions.  \n\nAppasamy from the ministry mentioned that workshops are held throughout the year with employees from public, private and parastatal bodies to ensure that workers are aware of their rights. \n\nMuthen, who is a member of the staff trade union at the University of Mauritius, stated that membership was never restricted; people with different political ideologies, religions, etc. were invited to join.","1. Returns of trade unions registered in the permanent registry as of Dec. 31, 2012. Registrar of Associations. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment. June 2013. Available at http://labour.gov.mu/English/Publications/Pages/Reports-and-publications.aspx\n\n2. Mauritius unions mobilise against increasing casualisation of labour in the private sector. Reeaz Chutto. IndusALL. March 2013. Available at \nhttp://www.industriall-union.org/mauritian-unions-mobilize-against-increasing-casualization-of-labor-in-the-private-sector\n\n3. R. Appasamy - Ag. Principal Labour and IR Officer, Information, Education and Communication Section, Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment. Interviewed in person on Sept 25, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius.\n\n4. Krishnen Muthen, web and multimedia developer. University of Mauritius. Interviewed on Oct. 9, 2013. Quatre Bornes, Mauritius.","As of Dec. 31, 2012, there were 359 trade unions registered in Mauritius, with 110,483 members, comprising about 20 percent of the workforce. This high percentage of unionised workers indicates that organising through trade unions is not restricted. ..."]
["2013_NE_65",2013,"NE","Niger",65,50,"Les travailleurs ont la possibilité de s'organiser en syndicats, mais il arrive que les groupes syndiqués soient victimes de menaces. De plus, par complaisance ou manque d'éducation, les syndicats ne jouent pas toujours leur rôle et leurs actions ne vont pas dans la défense des travailleurs. Cependant, les choses avancet et ces derniers temps, des syndicats ont commencé à organiser quelques mobilisations. Par exemple, le Syndicat national des travailleurs du pétrole (Synatrap) a dénoncé le samedi 23 février 2013 une atteinte à la liberté syndicale au sein des différentes sociétés sous-traitantes de la société chinoise CNPC. \n\nAujourd'hui, au Niger les travailleurs sont répartis en plusieurs centrales syndicales qui fédèrent une pluralité de syndicats. Certains parlent de « sur-syndicalisation » de la vie active dans un contexte où il existe plusieurs syndicats dans presque tous les secteurs d'activités professionnelles. Par exemple, rien que dans le domaine de l'éducation, on dénombre aujourd'hui plus de 70 syndicats. Dans la magistrature, avec 300 magistrats, il existe 2 syndicats (le SAMAN et le SIMAN).\n\nEn son article 9 de la Constitution, le Niger « reconnaît la liberté d'association aux partis politiques, aux syndicats, aux organisations non gouvernementales et autres associations ou groupements d'associations qui peuvent exercer leurs activités librement dans le respect des lois et règlements en vigueur. De façon concrète, cette liberté s'exprime entre autres dans l'article 15 du statut de la fonction publique qui \"reconnaît le droit de grève aux agents de la fonction publique ».","Source 1: LAOUAL SAYABOU. (4 février 2013). Coordonnateur National du Réseau des ONG de Développement et Associations de Défense des Droits de l'Homme et de la Démocratie-RODADDHD. Niger.\n\nSource 2: Amadou Oumarou, Directeur Scientifique du LASDEL, Enseignant-chercheur au département de sociologie de la FLSH de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey. (Décembre 2012).\n\nSource 3: Des graves menaces vis-à-vis des travailleurs du pétrole. (24 février 2013). Niger Online Info. http://www.nigeronline.info/actualites/archives.php?id=1322\n\nSource 4:  Aboubacar ISSA NIGER : Le syndicalisme est malade au Niger. (12 août 2013). Afriques en Lutte. \nhttp://www.afriquesenlutte.org/afrique-de-l-ouest/niger/article/niger-le-syndicalisme-est-malade\n\nSource 5: Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger.","Les travailleurs ont la possibilité de s'organiser en syndicats, mais il arrive que les groupes syndiqués soient victimes de menaces. De plus, par complaisance ou manque d'éducation, les syndicats ne jouent pas toujours leur rôle et leurs actions ne vont pas dans la défense des tra..."]
["2013_SL_65",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",65,0,"Workers or groups are occasionally restricted to organising or forming trade union groups in their respective places of work. There has been an instance where trade unionists received intimidation while performing their functions at the now Octea Mining in Kono. The police response towards trade unionists is often bloody and the police can shoot live bullets when trade unionists are on peaceful strikes. \n\nQuoting from the 2013 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights - Sierra Leone: \n\"Violence against trade unionists: In January 2013, police opened fire on workers protesting against the non-payment of bonuses, for an end to racism, and improved conditions at Sierra Leone's largest diamond mine in Koidu. Two workers were killed.\"\n\nPublic authorities refuse to grant workers at African Minerals Limited the right to belong to the union of their choice. All workers are assigned to one union. The Ministry of Employment, Labour and Social Security cancelled the registration certificate of the Mining and Allied Services Employees Union for no tangible reason and by extension the bargaining certificate, thereby making it redundant.\n\nEmployer refusal to deduct union dues: \"African Minerals Limited refuses to deduct union dues from workers' salaries in violation of national labour laws. The Ministry of Employment, Labour and Social Security has not reacted to this violation.\"\n\nSome of the rights of the trade unionists are infringed because trade unionists themselves should obtain police clearance before protesting. Protests, however, are normally done without such clearance which then results in excessive use/abuse of power.\n\nSome of the police officers are also paid by the companies against which the strike goes themselves.","\"Anonymous\", Child and Social Worker, Ministry of Labour\n\nTheo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL, October 10, 2013\n\nBakarr Kargbo, Parliament and Labour Reporter, Standard Times, October 25, 2013\n\n2013 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights - Sierra Leone. International Trade Union Confederation. 6 June 2013. http://www.refworld.org/docid/51b8515918.html","Workers or groups are occasionally restricted to organising or forming trade union groups in their respective places of work. There has been an instance where trade unionists received intimidation while performing their functions at the now Octea Mining in Kono. The police response..."]
["2013_SS_65",2013,"SS","South Sudan",65,50,"In practice, South Sudan workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions. That’s why in 2010, just a year before South Sudan declared its independence, representatives of workers from all the country’s ten states met in Juba for a general convention and to form a country-wide South Sudan Workers Trade Union. The objective of the Workers Trade Union is to look into the welfare of workers throughout the country. \n\nHowever, due to the low literacy rates in South Sudan due in part to the long civil war, workers trade unions are a new phenomenon known only by a few people. Consequently, most people do not understand the roles of trade unions. In addition, many workers do not understand the objectives of trade union organisers.\n\nAccording to Wani Bini Stephen, Secretary General of the State Workers Trade Union, Central Equatoria state, some employers, especially those who mistreat or underpay workers, often look at trade unions as a threat to their businesses. \n\nSome of the government officials are also hostile to workers trade unions. For example, in April last year, the governor of South Sudan’s Warrap state suspended the state’s workers trade union because the body tried to oppose her decision to deduct from workers a day’s wage from all state employees in order to raise funds for the Greater Bahr el Ghazal sports tournament.","(2013, April 5) .  Labour unions in Sudan & South Sudan sign agreement on workers’ outstanding rights.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46103\n\nStephen, J.J.  (2013, April 1) .  South Sudan trade union to demand pensions from Khartoum.  Gurtong.  Retrieved from http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/10437/South-Sudan-Trade-Union-To-Demand-Pension-From-Khartoum.aspx\n\nStephen, J.J.  (2013, May 2) .  South Sudan workers' union calls for harmonization of salaries.  Gurtong.  Retrieved from http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/10957/South-Sudan-Workers-Call-For-Harmonization-Of-Salaries.aspx\n\nStephen, Wani Bini.  (2013, April 25) .  [Secretary General, State Workers Trade Union, Central Equatoria state].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, April 28) .  Warrap governor suspends workers’ trade union.  Sudan Tribune article.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46397","In practice, South Sudan workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions. That’s why in 2010, just a year before South Sudan declared its independence, representatives of workers from all the country’s ten states met in Juba for a general convention and t..."]
["2013_UG_65",2013,"UG","Uganda",65,50,"Workers can organise into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and currently there are over 50 trade unions in Uganda organised under two umbrella groups i.e. National Organisation of Trade Unions and Central Organisation of Free Trade Unions. They are even represented in parliament by five members under special groups. However, there are occasional obstacles to organising into trade unions that arise from some employers that do not want their employees to unionise. Otherwise, trade union organisers have widely understood rights, but they are subject to intimidation or violence from both government and private sector companies. \n \nThe umbrella organisations often meet resistance from companies who alleged that these organisations incite workers to protest if they have grievances. For instance, NOTU was blocked from meeting workers at Tilda Uganda a rice producing company, over long-standing issues concerning workers welfare. Anti-riot and regular police deployed at the premises denied them access at the request of management, saying NOTU officials were bent on inciting workers to strike, an allegation the unionists denied. NOTU had been pushing for the creation of a trade union to boost workers’ bargaining power, but management obstructed this. The company wanted to decide which union should represent the workers, and they did not want NOTU. \n \nThere is also government interference as evidenced in the case of the ministry of gender, labour and social development that interfered in the affairs of the Uganda nurses and midwives union in December, by not allowing them to use their own method of selecting their next general secretary. The union wanted members to select a new leader at their next annual general meeting in accordance with its constitution. Yet the ministry insisted the new person should be selected by interview panel. \n \n Employer refusal to recognise and negotiate with trade unions remained widespread and increasing use of casual labour weakens the ability of workers to enforce these rights, as employees are not given written contracts of employment and have no job security or union representation. In the absence of union protection, employee bargaining power is severely weakened by the high rate of unemployment.","“Uganda - Labour Market Profile 2013,”\nhttp://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/sites/default/files/uploads/public/PDF/LMP/uganda_2013_final_web.pdf.\n \nAssumpta Namaganda, Education and Organising Secretary, Uganda Hotels, Food, Tourism and Allied Workers’ Union, September 24, 2013.\n \n“ITUC Survey 2012 – Uganda 2012”\nhttp://survey.ituc-csi.org/Uganda.html\nhttp://survey.ituc-csi.org/Uganda.html#tabs-4.","Workers can organise into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and currently there are over 50 trade unions in Uganda organised under two umbrella groups i.e. National Organisation of Trade Unions and Central Organisation of Free Trade Unions. They..."]
["2013_ZM_65",2013,"ZM","Zambia",65,50,"Workers are free to organise into trade unions and the corporations recognise them. When unionists meet, their time out of the offices is still considered served and the union meetings are considered official. Some trade unionists have studied trade union issues, but there is no education requirement to be part of trade unions. Generally members and organisers understand their rights and are free from intimidation. However, some cases exist. For example, \"the Kitwe City Council has engaged in disciplinary action against trade union leaders and members who had participated in a prolonged work stoppage over delayed salaries. Two trade union leaders from the Zambia United Local Authority Workers Union (ZULAWU) who were linked to the strike action, were suspended. Furthermore, ZULAWU Kitwe branch deputy secretary Stephen Kamponge and Joshua Phiri were transferred to different positions in order to prevent future union activities,\" according to ITUC (International Trade Union Confederation) reports. On the other hand, \"the government seized Collum Mine over poor working conditions and violations of trade union rights.\"","Interview with Simeon Kaleji, assistant secretary general , National Union of Communication Workers, on September 25 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n University of Zambia website, Munungu, Mbalala B, Trade union development and the law in Zambia, October 30 2012, http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1889.\n \n RefWorld, United States Department of State, 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Zambia, section 7. Worker Rights a. Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining, April 2013, http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6c5618.html.\n\n2013 reports of the International Trade Union Confederation,  rhttp://survey.ituc-csi.org/Zambia.html#tabs-3","Workers are free to organise into trade unions and the corporations recognise them. When unionists meet, their time out of the offices is still considered served and the union meetings are considered official. Some trade unionists have studied trade union issues, but there is no ed..."]
["2013_BW_66",2013,"BW","Botswana",66,50,"All corporations based in Botswana are expected to observe labour laws as well as uphold human rights. Occasionally some corporations fail to observe the labour laws and recognise human rights, and are thus required by law to appear before the labour court if reported.The government generally enforced wage, hour, health, and safety requirements, but the number of labor inspectors was insufficient to inspect all workplaces.","1. Report: Labour Laws in Botswana,  www.elaw.co.za/african%20legislation/Botswana/labour_issues.pdf‎ .\n\n2. Article: RIPCO loses Appeal, Mmegi newspaper, July 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=43&dir=2013/July/Friday26.\n\n3. Article: Botswana teachers gagged and oppressed - Boko, Sunday Standard, September 29 2013, http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=1976&GroupID=1.\n\n4. Article: Court defines pre-retrenchment 'consultation' for ..., Sunday Standard, January 28 2013,  www.sundaystandard.info/article.php/email.php?NewsID=16072.","All corporations based in Botswana are expected to observe labour laws as well as uphold human rights. Occasionally some corporations fail to observe the labour laws and recognise human rights, and are thus required by law to appear before the labour court if reported.The governmen..."]
["2013_KM_66",2013,"KM","Comoros",66,25,"L’observation de la législation du travail et la reconnaissance et le respect des droits de l’homme par l’entreprise ne sont pas effectifs. Selon le Département d’État américain : « Les problèmes courants étaient notamment l’irrégularité ou les retards des versements de salaires, surtout dans la fonction publique, et les pratiques de licenciement inéquitables ou abusives, telles que les renvois d’employés sans préavis correct ou le versement des indemnités exigées » (Gouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail, 2012).\nDe manière semblable, pour Bocar Dossar, le Secrétaire général des Confédérations des travailleurs comoriens (CTC) : « Le travail forcé qui fait l’objet des conventions ratifiées par les Comores, ne disparait toujours pas. Il prend des allures inquiétantes dans un pays démocratique comme les Comores, qui, depuis 1982 a déjà ratifié plus de 10 conventions pour les droits du travailleur» (Jaffar, 2mai 2013).\nLe non-respect de la durée légale de travail est fréquemment cité. (Soulé, 24 mai 2013).\nIl en est de même des accidents liés au travail et de leur indemnisation, le travail des enfants que le Conseil consultatif du travail et de l’emploi (CCTE) tente de résoudre. (Mzembamba, 1er juillet 2013). \nPire, un inspecteur du travail a même été suspendu pour avoir protégé un travailleur dans ses droits (Mlimadji, 2 octobre 2013).","Jaffar, N. (2 mai 2013). « Célébration de la fête du travail à Anjouan: \"Nos dirigeants ne priorisent que leurs avantages\" »,  ia Gazette des Comores: http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article1130\n\nMzembamba, A. (1er juillet 2013). « Travail et emploi : appliquer les textes pour un meilleur rendement ». Al Watwan Magazine, n° 2215,  p. 8: http://www.alwatwan.net/pdf/01072013.pdf\n\nMlimadji. (2 octobre 2013). « Un inspecteur du travail suspendu pour avoir fait son travail ». Comores Actualités: http://www.comores-actualites.com/actualites-comores/un-inspecteur-du-travail-suspendu-pour-avoir-fait-son-devoir/\n\nSoulé, K. (24 mai 2013). « Conditions de travail au port de Moroni : vers des modalités d’application de la durée légale de travail ». Al-Watwan : http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5303 \n\nGouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail. (2012). Rapport pays sur les pratiques en matière de droits de l’homme pour l’année 2012 – Comores. Human rights.gov: http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/COMOROS-FRE-FINAL.pdf","L’observation de la législation du travail et la reconnaissance et le respect des droits de l’homme par l’entreprise ne sont pas effectifs. Selon le Département d’État américain : « Les problèmes courants étaient notamment l’irrégularité ou les retards des versements de salaires, s..."]
["2013_CI_66",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",66,50,"Il arrive que certaines entreprises ne respectent pas la législation du travail, ne reconnaissant pas et ne respectent pas non plus les droits de l'homme en dépit des actions du gouvernement pour améliorer les conditions de vie des travailleurs.\n\nSoro Mamadou, Secrétaire général de la Confédération syndicale Humanisme, révèle dans l'entretien du 28 septembre 2013 que « beaucoup de familles dans notre pays n'arrivent plus à s'offrir deux repas par jour, du fait de l’inadéquation des grilles salariales des employeurs avec la cherté grandissante de la vie. Le taux de pauvreté touche 50% de la population ivoirienne ».\n\nLors de la célébration de la fête des travailleurs du 1 er mai 2013, les centrales syndicales ont présenté, comme doléances, le relèvement du salaire minimum interprofessionnel garanti (SMIG) à 60 000 francs CFA (120 dollars) contre 37 500 francs CFA (moins de 100 dollars) actuellement, le déblocage des salaires avec effets financiers dans la fonction publique, l'adoption du nouveau statut général de la fonction publique, la revalorisation des allocations familiales et de logement (Xinhua, 02 mai 2013).\n\nLe premier ministre ivoirien Daniel Kablan Duncan a indiqué lors de la célébration de la fête du travail le 1er mai 2013 que : « Les autorités ivoiriennes partagent avec les travailleurs le légitime souci de l'amélioration de leurs conditions de vie et de travail » (Xinhua, 02 mai 2013). Il a insisté sur la « reprise » de l'économie ivoirienne avec une croissance de 9,8% en 2012, indiquant au surplus que les performances méritent d'être consolidées sur plusieurs années pour dégager des marges budgétaires.","- Entretien avec Soro Mamadou, Secrétaire général, Confédération syndicale humanisme, 28 septembre 2013\n\n- Xinhua. (2 mai 2013). « Côte d’Ivoire : les travailleurs dénoncent le coût élevé de la vie ». Abidjan.net. Repéré à: http://news.abidjan.net/h/458522.html, Xinhua le 02 mai 2013\n\n- Maurice, K.K. (1er avril 2012). « Lutte contre le rattrapage: Les travailleurs se soulèvent contre les abus ». Le  Temps. Repéré à:  http://eburnienews.net/2012/04/lutte-contre-le-rattrapage-les-travailleurs-se-soulevent-contre-les-abus/","Il arrive que certaines entreprises ne respectent pas la législation du travail, ne reconnaissant pas et ne respectent pas non plus les droits de l'homme en dépit des actions du gouvernement pour améliorer les conditions de vie des travailleurs...."]
["2013_ET_66",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",66,50,"Corporations, particularly in  construction, floriculture and industries are extremely abusive, and it seems as if they operate in a lawless country. Both in the capital and the outside, workers for such corporations receive a sub-human treatment, are beaten up and even mutilated with torture for speaking up for their rights, for trying to organize a union. Local authorities in most cases condone the violations, in some they even serve as accomplices.\n\nThe working condition of many workers leaves much to be desired and their plight is worse as the possibility for them to organize and demand their rights is very much restricted.","Interview, Researcher based at the AAU, Addis Ababa, Oct. 7, 2013.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nSalon, \"Sweatshops still make your clothes,\" March 21, 2013.\nhttp://www.salon.com/2013/03/21/sweatshops_still_make_your_clothes/\n\nThe Oakland Institute, Understanding Land Investment Deals in Africa, \"Ignoring Abuse in Ethiopia: DFID and USAID in the Lower Omo Valley,\" July 2013.\nhttp://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/OI_Brief_Ignoring_Abuse_Ethiopia_0.pdf\n\n ","Corporations, particularly in  construction, floriculture and industries are extremely abusive, and it seems as if they operate in a lawless country. Both in the capital and the outside, workers for such corporations receive a sub-human treatment, are beaten up and even mutilated w..."]
["2013_GW_66",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",66,25,"In practice, corporations do not observe the labour law in Guinea Bissau. Corporations rarely comply with the law when recruiting employees in clear violation of workers' rights. Usually, entrepreneurs do not consent to enrol employees properly. The reason is that they consider the sums needed to comply with this law too high. Finally, big corporations and international organisations are the only ones to observe the labour law. Generally, medium and small companies don’t comply with the law. What is more, some public services and enterprises linked to the state do not observe the labour law.","1. Sabino Santos Lopes, INPS, National Institute for Social Foresight, Communication officer and Rádio Pindjiguiti (local private radio) journalist. Interviewed in Bissau, October 23, 2013.\n\n2. Santos Da Silva, Public Function Ministry official. Interviewed in Bissau, October 23, 2013.\n\n3. Natália Martins, Public Function Ministry official in the General Directorate. Interviewed in Bissau. October 23, 2013.","In practice, corporations do not observe the labour law in Guinea Bissau. Corporations rarely comply with the law when recruiting employees in clear violation of workers' rights. Usually, entrepreneurs do not consent to enrol employees properly. The reason is that they consider the..."]
["2013_MG_66",2013,"MG","Madagascar",66,50,"Aucun rapport ou publication d'organisation ni de plainte récemment déposée à l'inspection du travail n'atteste l'existence de violation de la législation du travail ou des droits de l'homme par les entreprises entre septembre 2012 et septembre 2013. \n\nPar contre les médias ont fait écho le 30 octobre dernier d'un cas de violation de la législation du travail ou des droits de l'homme, mêlée à de l'escroquerie, à l'endroit de travailleurs marins. Les sources médiatiques sus-citées relatent ces faits.","- Rajaonarivoni FaraHanta, chef du service des normes et relations extérieures, ministère de la Fonction publique et des Lois sociales, 15 octobre 2013.\n\n- Razafindrahibe Lucien, secrétaire général du Syndicat général maritime de Madagascar (SYGMMA) (syndicat privé sous la tutelle technique du ministère du Transport), Orange Marine, 15 octobre 2013.\n\n- «Un recrutement de marin mêlé d'escroquerie devoilée», Express de Madagascar, 30 octobre 2013.\n\n- «Fisolkiana tan-tsambo», Malaza, 30 octobre 2013.\n\n- «Envoi de marins à l'étranger: corruption dévoilée au grand jour», Midi Madagasikara, 30 octobre 2013.\n\n- «Fisolokiana tantsambo very 3 tapitrisa ariary», Taratra, 30 octobre 2013.","Aucun rapport ou publication d'organisation ni de plainte récemment déposée à l'inspection du travail n'atteste l'existence de violation de la législation du travail ou des droits de l'homme par les entreprises entre septembre 2012 et septembre 2013. ..."]
["2013_MZ_66",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",66,50,"The violation of workers’ rights are a major concern in Mozambique. The main problem that exists in Mozambique is the fact that there is not a clear mechanism that can force companies to safeguard the fundamental rights of man, besides labour rights. For example, when multinationals enter the country, the concern is for profit and not for the welfare of the workforce.\n\nFrom the sources provided, one can cite examples of Movitel (cellphone provider) which is in a labour dispute with its employees over excessive working hours and lack of formal contracts; Alfa, a private security company whose employees are on strike because of several months without pay, just to mention two cases. \n\nIn 2013, there were 13,850 violations of Mozambican labour legislation \n\nViolation of labour rights are more common in the private sector, particularly in construction, private security, and also, but in few cases in public sector, in education. An example was the case of secondary teachers in Inhambane and Zambezia provinces who did not get paid for more than six months, despite initiatives with authorities at various levels.","1. Anibal Lucas. Head of Department of Administration. Ministry of Labour. October 9, 2013.\n\n2. \"LDH diz que empresas violam direitos humanos no país\". Redaccao. O Pais.  September 17, 2013.  http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/27159-ldh-diz-que-empresas-violam-direitos-humanos-no-pais.html. \n\n3. \"Crescimento económico em Moçambique esconde atropelos aos direitos humanos\". Orfeu Lisboa. Radio France International. September 16, 2013. \n\n4. \"Trabalhadores da Movitel denunciam violação de direitos laborais\". Redaccao. Folha de Maputo. September 3, 2013. http://www.folhademaputo.co.mz/001.aspx?dqa=0:0:5449:2:0:0:-1:0:0&chnl=37.","The violation of workers’ rights are a major concern in Mozambique. The main problem that exists in Mozambique is the fact that there is not a clear mechanism that can force companies to safeguard the fundamental rights of man, besides labour rights. For example, when multinational..."]
["2013_NE_66",2013,"NE","Niger",66,25,"Le code du travail est en effet respecté dans le secteur privé. Toutefois, il y a beaucoup de violations du code du travail, surtout dans le secteur privé. Plusieurs articles rapportent des situations alarmantes. \n\nDes dysfonctionnements observés et rélévé concernent entre autre la non ratification de certaines conventions de l’OIT ; le non respect de la réglementation en matière de travail, de recrutement, de formation, de santé, de sécurité ; le coût souvent élevé de la procédure en dépit du principe de gratuité de la justice en matière sociale ; la non tenue des audiences liée à l’absentéisme des assesseurs. On peut également compter la mauvaise gestion et le manque de suivi environnemental, social et sanitaire, un manque de traitement et de contrôle de l’eau destinée à la consommation humaine et animale, l’accès limité aux soins médicaux, le non respect du code de travail, de la convention collective inter professionnel de la République du Niger et des protocoles d’accord signés entre la direction générale et les représentants du personnel. Il a aussi noté le non respect des normes sécuritaires des travailleurs dans l’usine. Par exemple, les travailleurs n’ont pas une tenue de travail, ni de gants ou de chaussures adéquates.","Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger.\n\nMoussa Hamidou. (4 janvier 2013). Etats généraux de la Justice au Niger : les dysfonctionnements de la justice. Niger Diaspora.\nhttp://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php/les-infos-du-pays/politique/item/41051-etats-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux-de-la-justice-au-niger--les-dysfonctionnements-de-la-justice\n\nNaomi Binta Stansly, coordinatrice du Réseau des Organisations pour la transparence et l'analyse budgétaire. (2 juillet 2013). Mines au Niger - Les travailleurs de la Somina sur la paille. Site internet \"publiez ce que vous payez\".","Le code du travail est en effet respecté dans le secteur privé. Toutefois, il y a beaucoup de violations du code du travail, surtout dans le secteur privé. Plusieurs articles rapportent des situations alarmantes. ..."]
["2013_SO_66",2013,"SO","Somalia",66,0,"In Somalia, there is little to no enforcement of labour laws, and employers rarely recognize or observe labour laws or human rights, including those listed in the 2012 Constitution restricting child labour. \n\nAccording to the US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, \"Child labor was widespread. Recruitment and use of child soldiers remained a problem. Young persons were commonly employed in herding, agriculture, and household labour from an early age. Children broke rocks into gravel and worked as vendors of cigarettes and khat on the streets.\" The US Department of State notes, \"Somalia continued to lack nearly all elements necessary to address the worst forms of child labor, including a solid legal framework, law enforcement, policies, and programs. Children continue to engage in the worst forms of child labor, many of them in dangerous activities in agriculture and some as child soldiers.\"\n\nIn Somaliland, child labour is on the increase, according to Hiraan Online. They note that \"working children aged 11 and under are visible all over Somaliland, toiling away as shoe-shiners, car washers, bus conductors and dishwashers, he said, adding that employers prefer to hire under-age workers because they can put in long hours for low wages.\"","Barkhad D. (2013 June). Somalia: Worries grow as child labor grows in Somaliland. http://allafrica.com/stories/201306120150.html\n\n(2013 October). Eritrea and Somalia top list of countries with most child labour. Hiraan Online. http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Oct/41695/eritrea_and_somalia_top_list_of_countries_with_most_child_labor.aspx\n\nUS Department of State. 2013 Trafficking of Persons Report: Somalia. http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2013/215653.htm\n\nUS Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013 - Somalia. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper","In Somalia, there is little to no enforcement of labour laws, and employers rarely recognize or observe labour laws or human rights, including those listed in the 2012 Constitution restricting child labour. ..."]
["2013_TG_66",2013,"TG","Togo",66,50,"Une portion importante de l’économie togolaise repose sur le secteur informel. Plusieurs entreprises ou micro-entreprises établies dans le pays effectuent leurs activités hors de tout cadre légal, respectant peu, voire pas du tout la législation du travail et la question des droits de l’homme. En ce qui concerne les entreprises déclarées, les textes sont globalement respectés. La situation prévalent particulièrement dans les plus grandes entreprises mérite d’être soulignée, les employés pouvant au besoin saisir le tribunal du travail. \n Les tensions les plus vives sont localisées dans la zone franche. Cette zone franche était maintenu jusqu’à récemment dans l’objectif d’attirer les investisseurs. Les entreprises y bénéficiaient d’un statut particulier, et même après l'entrée en vigueur de la convention collective sectorielle, on y dénonçait régulièrement des licenciements abusifs, des entraves à la liberté syndicale et une absence totale de sécurité sociale. Grâce aux pressions de diverses organisations, notamment ouvrières, cette zone franche est aujourd’hui en voie de démantèlement.\n \n L'exploitation du fer de Bandjéli dans le nord du Togo par une entreprise indienne témoigne également de ce que le mépris des droits de l'homme se cultive aussi bien dans le secteur formel que dans la zone franche.\n \n  Certaines entreprises ne respectent pas la législation du travail ou les droits de l'homme.","Solidarité et action pour le développement durable (SADD). (2013). Nord Togo. Des droits des citoyens mis à rude épreuve. Rapport 2012 sur la situation des droits de l’homme au nord Togo. Repéré à http://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/0/27/77/36/201309/ob_218897_rapport-dhnt-2012-final2-1.pdf.\n \n Jean-Paul Agboh Ahouelete, directeur de publication, Focus Infos, 31 octobre 2013.\n \n Me Gil-Benoit Afangbedji, président, Association ensemble pour les droits de l’homme, 28 octobre 2013.\n \n Pierre Claver Kuvo. (17 mai 2013). « Mise en œuvre de la Convention collective sectorielle : Les employés de la Zone franche togolaise dénoncent, préviennent et menacent… ». L’Alternative. Repéré à http://lalternative-togo.com/mise-en-oeuvre-de-la-convention-collective-sectorielle-les-employes-de-la-zone-franche-togolaise-denoncent-previennent-et-menacent/.","Une portion importante de l’économie togolaise repose sur le secteur informel. Plusieurs entreprises ou micro-entreprises établies dans le pays effectuent leurs activités hors de tout cadre légal, respectant peu, voire pas du tout la législation du travail et la question des droits..."]
["2013_ZW_66",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",66,50,"Some corporations occasionally fail to recognise and observe human rights. For example, while the constitution provides for employees' freedom to join unions of their choice, the Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe workers took their employer to the ministry of labour in August 2013 on allegations of unfair labour practices, after the parastatal tried to prevent them from joining a trade union of their choice. The Worker of June 2013 reported disputes that occurred between Maranatha and 145 retrenchees to whom the company failed to pay dues. In January 2013, a 24-year-old Chinese woman was jailed for three years for attempting to run over a worker with a vehicle following a labour dispute. These three cases provide evidence that some corporations have been failing to recognise and observe human rights.","1. Munda J. Freelance Journalist. September 30, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe.\n \n 2. Mahove C (2013). The Standard. August 25, 2013. Forestry Commission, workers clash over trade union affiliation. 26/08/2013. http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2013/08/25/forestry-commission-workers-clash-over-trade-union-affiliation/.\n \n 3. The Worker. April, 2013. Maranatha failing to pay 145 retrenchees. http://www.theworkerzimbabwe.com/index2.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=52.\n \n 4. The Diaspora. January 12, 2013. Hostile Chinese business woman jailed in Zimbabwe. http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10639:hostile-chinese-business-woman-jailed-in-zimbabwe&catid=38:travel-tips&Itemid=18.","Some corporations occasionally fail to recognise and observe human rights. For example, while the constitution provides for employees' freedom to join unions of their choice, the Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe workers took their employer to the ministry of labour in August 2013 on..."]
["2013_BF_67",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",67,50,"En matière de liberté d'association, il semble que le Burkina soit très en avance tant cette liberté est manifeste et tant il est facile de créer une association dans ce pays. Cela explique qu'il existe une pléthore d'associations reconnues légalement. Cependant, il faut reconnaitre que le droit d’association n'est toujours pas acquis une fois pour toute. Souvent, cette liberté d'association subit de graves atteintes de la part du gouvernement. L'article relatif à l'audition des responsables de l'Association des journalistes du Burkina en juillet 2013 par le ministère en charges des Libertés publique est assez symptomatique de cet état de fait. \nDans son interview, le Président du CES reconnait qu'il y a trop d'associations au Burkina Faso, 7000 à 10000 associations. Toutes choses qui rendent difficile leur représentation au CES.","1. Bassolma Bazié, Secrétaire général adjoint, Confédération générale du travail (CGT),  24 septembre 2013\n\n2.  Bazié, G. et Bationo F. (31 aout 2012). Interview de Paramanga Ernest Yonli, Président du Conseil économique et social (CES). aouaga.com : http://news.aouaga.com/h/323.html\n\n3. Anonyme, cadre, ministère de l'Administration territoriale et de la Sécurité, 26 septembre 2013\n\n4. Médah, J.C. (19 juillet 2013). Sit-in des médias publics : L’AJB entendue par le Ministère de l’Administration territoriale et de la Sécurité. lefaso.net: lien:http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article55135","En matière de liberté d'association, il semble que le Burkina soit très en avance tant cette liberté est manifeste et tant il est facile de créer une association dans ce pays. Cela explique qu'il existe une pléthore d'associations reconnues légalement. Cependant, il faut reconnaitr..."]
["2013_BI_67",2013,"BI","Burundi",67,75,"Au cours de la période d'étude, la liberté d’association est vécue au Burundi par les citoyens. Le ministère de l’Intérieur n’intervient que pour réguler et éviter le désordre. \nSelon une source, en pratique, les citoyens sont libres de s’associer librement comme le stipule même notre constitution. Une autre source ajoute que dans la pratique, les citoyens sont capables de s’associer librement, et l’existence de plusieurs associations le prouve très bien. Il y a autant d’associations qu’il y a d’activités.","- Bizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 25 septembre 2013.\n- Une femme, directrice administrative et financière dans une organisation de  la société civile. 22 septembre 2013.\n- Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara. 20 octobre 2013.","Au cours de la période d'étude, la liberté d’association est vécue au Burundi par les citoyens. Le ministère de l’Intérieur n’intervient que pour réguler et éviter le désordre. \nSelon une source, en pratique, les citoyens sont libres de s’associer librement comme le stipu..."]
["2013_KM_67",2013,"KM","Comoros",67,100,"Les citoyens peuvent s'associer librement avec leurs pairs en public.\nLe préambule de la Constitution garantit « les libertés d’expression, de réunion, d’association et la liberté syndicale dans le respect de la morale et de l’ordre public ». L'Union des Comores compte 40 syndicats (Centre international de formation, 2011).\nUne source explique qu'au cours de ces dernières années, le pays a bénéficié d’une relative liberté d’expression. Les médias publics et privés  bénéficient d’une liberté de ton qui tranche avec les pratiques dirigistes des régimes passés. Les partis politiques organisent sans encombre des manifestations publiques pour critiquer le gouvernement sans que cela émeuve personne. Depuis la prise de fonction du président Ikililou Dhoinine, on assiste à la renaissance et à la création de plusieurs partis politiques ».\nUne source écrit que les partis politiques dépassent le nombre d’élus à la représentation nationale.\nAu mois d'aout 2013, les consommateurs ont manifesté publiquement leur désaccord vis-à-vis de la décision prise par la société Comores Télécom de désactiver la ligne téléphonique VoIP, dont : Skype, Viber, TeamSpeak , etc. (Afrik.com, 21 Aout 2013).","Centre international de formation (2011). La liberté syndicale et la réforme structurelle des syndicats: http://actrav-courses.itcilo.org/fr/a1-04023/a1-04023\n\nAmir, A.A. (10 avril 2013). « Quand le paysage politique change à la vitesse de la lumière ». Al Watwan: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5144\n\nAfrik.com. (21 Aout 2013). « Comores : manifestation contre les censures de Comores Télécom ». Afrik.com: http://www.afrik.com/comores-manifestation-contre-les-censures-de-comores-telecom\n\nComoresdroit. (19 aout 2013). « Comores : Censure stalinienne contre Sambi ». Skyrock : http://wongo.skyrock.com/3180707917-COMORES-Censure-stalinienne-contre-SAMBI.html","Les citoyens peuvent s'associer librement avec leurs pairs en public.\nLe préambule de la Constitution garantit « les libertés d’expression, de réunion, d’association et la liberté syndicale dans le respect de la morale et de l’ordre public ». L'Union des Com..."]
["2013_ET_67",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",67,0,"Citizens are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations. Free association has consequences as the security apparatus has penetrated deep into all aspects of life. Getting permission to demonstrate is particularly difficult. Even if the constitution guarantees right to assemble and demonstrate ideas freely, restrictions are routinely imposed on the rights of citizens to assemble and express dissent.\n\nFor example, the Semayawi Party accused government figures of disrupting their recent demonstration, expropriating their property, and torturing party members in concert with police. This sort of experience is typical.","1.\tAddis Guday Magazine No. 184, vol. 7, Sep. 2013.  Accessed at http://www.mereb.com.et/?mpid=8255136323\n\n2.\tThe Reporter May 18, 2013 vol.xvii   No.890 Sep. 28, 2013.  Accessed at http://www.thereporterethiopia.com/issues/Reporter-Issue-890.pdf\n\n3. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204120.","Citizens are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations. Free association has consequences as the security apparatus has penetrated deep into all aspects of life. Getting permission to demonstrate is particularly difficult...."]
["2013_GM_67",2013,"GM","The Gambia",67,25,"Citizens cannot freely come together to protest against the government, even though the right to peaceful assembly and demonstration is guaranteed in the 1997 constitution. Two journalists were arrested in the last quarter of last year for applying for a permit that would have allowed them to protest the executions of nine inmates by the Government. There are strong restrictions in place.\n\nFreedom of association is legally guaranteed. \nWhile a source suggested that the government generally respected this right in practice, the second and third sources report that the government held civilians based on their political views or associations, and some were held incommunicado for prolonged periods\", and that, even though the right to associate freely is guaranteed, it is \"constrained by state intimidation in practice.","1. United States Department of State, 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - The Gambia, April 19 2013, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6dc816.html.\n\n 2. Countries at the Crossroads 2012 , The Gambia, Freedom House, available at http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/The%20Gambia%20-%20FINAL.pdf.\n\n3. Operational Guidance Note - The Gambia The Gambia OGN v 6.0  June 21 2013, available at \nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51cbfc524.pdf.\n\n4. Two journalists arrested over ‘protest permit’, The Point, by Baboucarr Senghore, Monday, September 10 2012, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/two-journalists-arrested-over-protest-permit.","Citizens cannot freely come together to protest against the government, even though the right to peaceful assembly and demonstration is guaranteed in the 1997 constitution. Two journalists were arrested in the last quarter of last year for applying for a permit that would have allo..."]
["2013_LS_67",2013,"LS","Lesotho",67,50,"In Lesotho, the constitutional rights to freedom of association and peaceful assembly are largely respected. However, most observers worry about the seeming undemocratic appeal of Public Meetings and Processions Act 2010. This empowers the government through the police (or headman for the rural areas) to grant or refuse to grant permission to hold public meetings or processions. The act is open to abuse by the police who are often inclined to refuse to grant permission for those public meetings and processions that may seem to challenge the ruling party or government. Although there are no instances within this reporting period in which the police rejection of a request for public meeting or procession was challenged in courts, there have been such cases in the past (see CIV/APN/405/2011).","1. Kapa Motlamelle (2013). Lesotho Political Participation and Democracy. A Review by AfriMap and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. Open Society Foundations.\n\n2. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Democracy and Human Rights Officer. October 7 2013.\n\n3. United States Department of State, 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Lesotho, April 19 2013, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6e1518.html [accessed October 22 2013]","In Lesotho, the constitutional rights to freedom of association and peaceful assembly are largely respected. However, most observers worry about the seeming undemocratic appeal of Public Meetings and Processions Act 2010. This empowers the government through the police (or headman ..."]
["2013_MR_67",2013,"MR","Mauritania",67,25,"Bien qu'en théorie les citoyens ont la liberté de s'associer librement, en pratique, il existe parfois des obstacles à ces droits associatifs. Ces entraves visent notamment une catégorie de groupes anti-esclavagistes ou de revendication des droits citoyens. Ainsi, bien que les mouvements abolitionnistes ou de revendication citoyenne sont parfois tolérés, il n'existe aucun cadre légal organisant leurs activités. \n\nAinsi, des mouvements comme Initiative de résurgence abolitionniste (IRA) ou le Mouvement touche pas à la nationalité (MTPN) sont engagent une confrontation politique avec l'État. La contrepartie est leur relative tolérance. A vrai dire, l'occupation de l'espace public par ces organisations constitue un défi pour l'État, dans la mesure où leurs revendications renvoient à la quête d'une revendication citoyenne.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: See also MAURITANIA 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204355.pdf;","1. Amadou Sall, enseignant-chercheur, sociologie et anthropologie, Université de Nouakchott, 3 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Mballo, M. (2 octobre 2013). \"Mauritanie: Arrestation de 10 autres militants antiesclavagistes à Boutilimit (IRA)\". PDF Points Chauds : http://www.pointschauds.info/fr/2013/10/02/mauritanie-arrestation-de-10-autres-militants-antiesclavagistes-a-boutilimit-ira/\n\n3. Aucune information trouvée entre septembre 2012 et septembre 2013.","Bien qu'en théorie les citoyens ont la liberté de s'associer librement, en pratique, il existe parfois des obstacles à ces droits associatifs. Ces entraves visent notamment une catégorie de groupes anti-esclavagistes ou de revendication des droits citoyens. Ainsi, bien que les mouv..."]
["2013_NA_67",2013,"NA","Namibia",67,100,"According to a high ranking official of the Namibia Police, Namibia upheld its constitution and respected citizens rights to associate freely anywhere and any time, as long as they do not commit any crime or infringe on other citizens' rights.\n\nAnother source within a reputable organization, Namrights suggested that the constitution guarantees every Namibian citizen the right to associate freely and so far the government was upholding this.\n\nA third source who is a journalist said there have been no reports of citizens being denied their right to associate freely, as long as they will not impinge on other people's rights.\n\nIn practice Namibia still upholds its constitutional rights on freedom of association and there are no laws put in place to try to muzzle or stop people from associating and these laws do translate into reality.","Namibia Police head, Lieutenant Sebastian Ndeitunga, telephone interview, September 20 2013.\nPhil Ya Nangolo, Executive Director, NamRights, telephone interview, September 20 2013.\nFaith Sankwasa, Journalist, face to face interview, September 26 2013.","According to a high ranking official of the Namibia Police, Namibia upheld its constitution and respected citizens rights to associate freely anywhere and any time, as long as they do not commit any crime or infringe on other citizens' rights...."]
["2013_SN_67",2013,"SN","Senegal",67,100,"Il y a beaucoup d’associations au Sénégal. On note d’ailleurs une prolifération de syndicats, dont les conditions de créations ont été facilitées par la convention n°98 de l’OIT ratifiée par l’État du Sénégal. Alors que le Code du Travail assujettissait la création des syndicats à une autorisation du ministère de l’Intérieur, cette convention ne prévoit que l’information de l’autorité administrative. \n\nCe nouveau contexte explique la fréquence des marches pacifiques, les sit-in dans les lieux publics ou toute autre manifestation publique des citoyens. Ces pratiques ont été souvent utilisées pendant la période septembre 2012 à septembre 2013, amenant parfois l’autorité publique à prendre un arrêté pour changer le lieu ou l’itinéraire de la rencontre de manière à garantir leur sécurité. Ces pratiques ont souvent été dénoncées par les associations.","Entretien avec Migniane Diouf, membre du Conseil des organisations non gouvernementales d'appui au développement (CONGAD), coordonnateur, Forum Social Sénégalais, 8 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Sidya Ndiaye, Secrétaire général, Fédération générale des travailleurs du Sénégal (FGTS), 8 octobre 2013.\n\nFerloo. (30 juillet 2013). « Le préfet de Dakar autorise la marche des jeunes du PDS ». Ferloo : http://www.ferloo.com/Derniere-minute-Le-prefet-de-Dakar-autorise-la-marche-des-jeunes-du-Pds_a2681.html","Il y a beaucoup d’associations au Sénégal. On note d’ailleurs une prolifération de syndicats, dont les conditions de créations ont été facilitées par la convention n°98 de l’OIT ratifiée par l’État du Sénégal. Alors que le Code du Travail assujettissait la création des syndicats à ..."]
["2013_ZA_67",2013,"ZA","South Africa",67,75,"Generally speaking people have the right to protest and express their dissent. Occasionally, protests are halted or hindered by the authorities, and sometimes police violence is used. It has to be noted that this violence is regularly in response to violence by protesters. However, there have been a few instances of protesters being shot without apparent reason.\n\nSouth Africans are allowed to associate freely, and they are free to express their dissent in public settings, and participate in civic and political organisations. Proof lies, among other things, in the countless protests and marches for better service delivery.  According to research by Media24, one of the largest media houses, South Africa has seen 3,258 service delivery protests between January 2009 and November 2012.\n\nInformation by municipal data and research firm Municipal IQ shows that there is no clamp down on service delivery protests, although the number had slightly dropped in 2013. According to the organisation, there were 97 major demonstrations between January and July 2013, compared to 170 over the whole of 2012. This number only includes major strikes, and no smaller protests.\n\nThere have however been occasions of protests, marches and strikes being halted by the police and other authorities. This has led to violence against and arrest of protesters. The Marikana strike of August 2012 is considered a classic example of how a demonstration/strike got out of hand, and during which violence used by the authorities led to dozens of casualties. There have been other protests during which people lost their lives.","Revealed – the true scale of SA service delivery protests, Athandiwe Saba and Jeanne van der Merwe, Media24, January 22 2013, http://www.m24i.co.za/2013/01/22/revealed-true-scale-sa-service-delivery-protests-with-original-offical-data/.\n\nSA records fewer protests in 2013, Chantal September, Eye Witness news, August 13 2013, \nhttp://ewn.co.za/2013/08/13/SA-records-fewer-protests-in-2013.\n\nJanine Ogle, coordinator of the Independent Code Inyathelo at the South African Institute for Advancement (a Cape Town-based organisation that assists NGOs), interview October 6 2013.\n\nAbahlali baseMjondolo: The fight goes on, Greg Nickolson, Daily Maverick, October 8 2013, \nhttp://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-10-07-abahlali-basemjondolo-the-fight-goes-on/#.UnoBbZQpbFE.\n\n45 arrested after service delivery protest turns violent, City Press. August 7 2013, \nhttp://www.citypress.co.za/news/45-arrested-after-service-delivery-protest-turns-violent.\n\nCape ‘has most violent protests’, Bronwynne Jooste, Cape Argus, October 11 2013, \nhttp://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/cape-has-most-violent-protests-1.1401071.\n\nDeath and destruction in service delivery protest, eNCA, April 22 2013, http://mobi.enca.com/south-africa/man-dead-delivery-protest.\n\nThe Deeper Implications of Widespread Lawlessness in South Africa, Institute for Security Studies, Johan Burger, senior researcher at the Crime and Criminal Justice Programme, August 3 2013, http://www.issafrica.org/crimehub/hot-topics/iss-today-the-deeper-implications-of-widespread-lawlessness-in-south-africa.","Generally speaking people have the right to protest and express their dissent. Occasionally, protests are halted or hindered by the authorities, and sometimes police violence is used. It has to be noted that this violence is regularly in response to violence by protesters. However,..."]
["2013_TN_67",2013,"TN","Tunisia",67,75,"Before December 2010, it was not accepted that citizens could associate and participate in public debates. Citizens could not express their opinions on government policy, for example. Since the revolution of December 2010, things have changed. Citizens are now able to associate freely with their peers in public. The television and radio channels are organizing programmes where any citizen can express their opinion freely in the framework of public settings. But even though the political situation of Tunisia has changed drastically, allowing more freedom of association, there are still reports of harassment of those who criticize the status quo.","September 23: interview with Mr Ghachem, vice president of the NGO Association vigilance et egalité des chances, which tries to support the most vulnerable (children, the poor, women, disabled...)\n\nSeptember 26: interview with Mrs Khadija Madani, lawyer. \n\nOctober 7: interview with Mrs Fatma Al Aydi, president of the Association Aydi","Before December 2010, it was not accepted that citizens could associate and participate in public debates. Citizens could not express their opinions on government policy, for example. Since the revolution of December 2010, things have changed. Citizens are now able to associate fre..."]
["2013_BJ_68",2013,"BJ","Benin",68,100,"Les ONG peuvent s'organiser librement, il n'existe pas d'obstacles majeurs à la mise en place d'une nouvelle ONG, et les ONG ne sont pas tenues de remplir plus de documents que les autres personnes morales.\nSelon le rapport du Colloque international sur l'implication des ONG dans les processus de prise de décisions et à l'affermissement de la démocratie au Bénin, la veille citoyenne est en marche grâce à une société civile bien implantée. \n\nLes frais de déclaration des associations (ou d'ONG) sont désormais à 50 000 francs CFA alors qu'ils étaient de 7500 avant mai 2012. Firmin Akpo, de l'ONG Valeurs Albinos (qui n'a pas encore terminé son processus de déclaration), pense que la nouvelle somme à payer n'est pas un obstacle alors que cela permettrait de réduire les ONG fantômes qui se contentent de se déclarer sans être opérationnelles sur le terrain parce que c'est une question de moyens.","Firmin Akpo, ONG Valeur Albinos, Vice-président, Abomey Calavi, 20 septembre 2013, Bénin.\n\nRapport du COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SUR L’ \" IMPLICATION DES ORGANISATIONS DE LA SOCIETE CIVILE A LA PRISE DE DECISIONS ET A L’AFFERMISSEMENT DE LA DEMOCRATIE\". (Avril 2013). http://www.mdscbenin.org/IMG/pdf/Rapport_Colloque_23_au_25_avril_2013.pdf\n\nSite de e-Regulation Bénin. Procédures de déclaration d'association au Bénin, . http://benin.eregulations.org/show-step.asp?l=fr&mid=90&rid=81","Les ONG peuvent s'organiser librement, il n'existe pas d'obstacles majeurs à la mise en place d'une nouvelle ONG, et les ONG ne sont pas tenues de remplir plus de documents que les autres personnes morales...."]
["2013_BW_68",2013,"BW","Botswana",68,100,"NGOs can organise freely, as is evident in the increase of new NGOs annually. There are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. The Botswana Council of Non-Governmental Organisation also ensures that the process for setting up legitimate NGOs is easier.","1. Annual report: OBS annual report 2013: Violations of the right of NGOs to funding - from harassment to criminalisation, Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders,  September 23 2013, http://www.fidh.org/en/human-rights-defenders/Annual-Reports/obs-annual-report-2013-violations-of-the-right-of-ngos-to-funding-from-12892.\n\n2. Report: Botswana, UNHCR, 2013, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485456.html.\n\n3. Website: Botswana Council of Non-Governmental Organisations, www.bocongo.org.bw.","NGOs can organise freely, as is evident in the increase of new NGOs annually. There are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. The Botswana Council of Non-Governmental Organisation also ensures that the..."]
["2013_CD_68",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",68,100,"Il y a une facilité administrative dans la création ou la mise en place des ONG comparativement aux personnes morales. Les défenseurs des Droits de L'Hommes n'éprouvent pas beaucoup de difficultés administratives dans la création et la mise en place des ONG.\nLes ONG peuvent s'organiser librement, il n'existe pas d'obstacles majeurs à la mise en place d'une nouvelle ONG. \n\nMme Marguerite HOMB a publié en août 2013, une note intitulé « Changer le mode d'enregistrement des organisations de la société civile » pour améliorer la démarche qualité concernant l’accomplissement des formalités administratives d’enregistrement et création d’une  organisation à but lucratif ou non-lucratif, dans les guichets uniques ». \n\nLa loi de 1901 régit la création et organisation des ONG. La loi 1901 est française, elle est appliquée au Congo, il n'existe pas de loi proprement congolaise. Cette loi est héritée de la colonisation lorsque le Congo était sous tutelle française.","1 - Entretien du samedi 21 septembre 2013 M. Loamba MOKE, président de l'Association pour les Droits de l'Homme et l'Univers Carcéral (ADHUC) au siège de l'organisation à Brazzaville. \n\n2 - Entretien du 14 octobre avec Mme Micheline GOULOU, président de l'Association de lute contre les violences à l’égard des femmes et filles.\n\n3 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 Me Ludovic ESSOU, avocat à la cour de Brazzaville.\n\n4 - Entretien du vendredi 20 décembre 2013 avec M. Fructueux, chef de cabinet du préfet de Brazzaville, directeur général de l'administration du territoire.\n\n5 - Marguerite HOMB, développeur économique, président de l'Association Espace Créateurs (août 2013). Changer le mode d'enregistrement des organisations de la société civile.","Il y a une facilité administrative dans la création ou la mise en place des ONG comparativement aux personnes morales. Les défenseurs des Droits de L'Hommes n'éprouvent pas beaucoup de difficultés administratives dans la création et la mise en place des ONG...."]
["2013_CG_68",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",68,50,"Les ONG peuvent s’organiser librement dans l’ensemble sous réserve du respect de bonnes mœurs, de la politique et des lois les régissant. Il existe peu d’obstacles majeurs à la mise en place d’une nouvelle ONG, bien que certaines d’entre elles en fassent l’expérience de la corruption et de la subornation lorsqu'elle s'interessent à certains sujets, tels que les droits de l'homme ou les sujets politiques en général.\n\nLes ONG existantes ne sont pas inquiétées dans l’ensemble, hormis certains cas d’interpellations qui sont lancés à l’endroit de certaines ONG évoluant dans le secteur des droits de l’homme, par exemple lorsqu’elles publient certains rapports ou font des analyses critiques.\nLa question des problèmes des ONG existantes ou futures n’est pas à l’ordre du jour. Aucun ne se pose tant qu'il demeure apolitique sur toute la ligne.\n\nUne source affirme: \"nous venions de créer notre ONG œuvrant dans le domaine des marchés publics et nous étions heureux de constater qu’on nous avait facilité les autorisations nécessaires dans un domaine où il n’existe pas beaucoup d’ONG.\"","-Maître MODIO BALENOYO, avocat au barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe, entrevue du 12/10/2013 à Kinshasa. \n\n-Maître LUKOKI N'SANGA TABUKA, vice-président ,ONG \"Initiative pour le Développement Durable\", IDD/ONGD, entrevue du 14/10/2013.  \n\n-Me Timothée MUKENG, président de l'ONG \"Objectif efficience, Transparence dans la passation des marchés publics\", entrevu du 09/10/2013 à Kinshasa.","Les ONG peuvent s’organiser librement dans l’ensemble sous réserve du respect de bonnes mœurs, de la politique et des lois les régissant. Il existe peu d’obstacles majeurs à la mise en place d’une nouvelle ONG, bien que certaines d’entre elles en fassent l’expérience de la corrupti..."]
["2013_ER_68",2013,"ER","Eritrea",68,0,"The last NGOs left the country some 18 months ago, so there were no NGOs during the year under review. Conditions remain harsh for NGOs to set up shop as they are considered with suspicion. \n\nAccording to Freedom House: the government maintains a hostile attitude toward civil society, and independent NGOs are not tolerated. A 2005 law requires NGOs to pay taxes on imported materials, submit project reports every three months, renew their licenses annually, and meet government-established target levels of financial resources. The six remaining international NGOs that had been working in Eritrea were forced to leave in 2011.","Interview with key informant (ex NGO affairs officer at the Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare) who requested anonymity. (2013 September 21).\n\nFreedom House, Freedom in the World Report (2013). http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/eritrea-0\n\nProclamation No. 145/2005, A Proclamation to Determine the Administration of Non-governmental Organizations.","The last NGOs left the country some 18 months ago, so there were no NGOs during the year under review. Conditions remain harsh for NGOs to set up shop as they are considered with suspicion. ..."]
["2013_GN_68",2013,"GN","Guinea",68,100,"Une loi spécifique régissant les ONG et associations a été élaborée et promulguée en 2002. Cette loi est respectée. En tout cas, depuis septembre 2012 jusqu'à nos jours, aucune ONG ne s'est vue refuser l'agrément. Par conséquent, les ONG foisonnent en Guinée et la société civile commence à se consolider et à prendre part aux grandes décisions publiques. \n\nDeux représentants de la société civile font partie de l'organisme chargé de l'organisation des élections (la Commission électorale nationale indépendante – CENI). Le Président de la CENI, Bakary Fofana, est issu de la société civile.\n\nIl n'est même pas difficile d'obtenir une autorisation officielle (agrément) d'association ou la formation de groupement. Toutes les ONG évoluent librement et peuvent se développer à partir du moment où elles restent dans leur domaine de définition.","Entretien avec Maître Foromo Fréderic  Loua, Avocat à la Cour, Président de MDT, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Elisée Fassou Lamah, Président de l'ONG- Club des Amis du Livre, Coordinateur YDAY- Guinée, 21 septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Marie Reine Houemou, Directrice Générale de l'ONG- Action d'Intégration Mère et Enfant (AIME!) 16 septembre 2013.","Une loi spécifique régissant les ONG et associations a été élaborée et promulguée en 2002. Cette loi est respectée. En tout cas, depuis septembre 2012 jusqu'à nos jours, aucune ONG ne s'est vue refuser l'agrément. Par conséquent, les ONG foisonnent en Guinée et la société civile co..."]
["2013_LY_68",2013,"LY","Libya",68,50,"In the wake of the overthrow of the former 42-year regime, non-profit organizations are perceived to be a value for society, in addition to all other types of civil society organizations. The freedom granted to the NGOs is actually an outcome of the current Libyan stateless condition. Some regulations exist imposing conditions for the registration of NGOs but not beyond the normal system present in most countries. \n\nOnly the militias actually represent a threat to the political activists. In fact, on August 2013 the lawyer and human rights activist Abdulsalam Al-Mesmari was killed allegedly from the fundamentalists operating in the Eastern Libya. The militias have nowadays the control over the streets in Libya.\n\nIslamist militias are known to be unfavorable to NGO working on secular issues, so setting up an NGO is areas they control might involve serious obstacles.","S. Amer, President of Crisis Center - Benghazi, personal communication, November 14, 2013. \n\nF. A. Elajaly, director of Human Rights Field Operation, personal communication, November 13, 2013.\n\nR. El Haj, president of \"The New Libya Foundation,\" personal communication, November 14, 2013.","In the wake of the overthrow of the former 42-year regime, non-profit organizations are perceived to be a value for society, in addition to all other types of civil society organizations. The freedom granted to the NGOs is actually an outcome of the current Libyan stateless conditi..."]
["2013_MU_68",2013,"MU","Mauritius",68,100,"The report from the Voluntary Action Network India (VANI) stated that registration laws were not restrictive in Mauritius. NGOs even benefit from enabling taxation laws, as they do not pay taxes and are even eligible for value added tax and levy refund. \n\nThe registration process is straightforward and does not contain any hurdles or obstacles. This was confirmed by Mr. Nookadee, secretary of an umbrella body for NGOs in Mauritius. The attached FAQ list provides an overview of what is required to register an association (NGOs) and a trade union in Mauritius. \n\nRegistration takes approximately two months if all papers are in order according to a phone enquiry made to an official from the Registry of Associations. However, Mohammad Santally, president and founder of Help our People, said it took him almost a year from his first meeting with his members in December 2011 to receive official NGO status in November 2012, although the process was relatively straightforward and hassle-free.","Mohammad Santally. Founder and President of Help our people. Interviewed on Oct. 1, 2013. \n\nMrs. Badal - Registry of Associations. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment. Phone interview on Oct. 10, 2013. \n\nRam Nookadee, Secretary. Mauritius Council of Social Services. Responded via email on Oct. 9, 2013.\n\nEnabling environment for voluntary organisations: A global campaign. Voluntary Action Network India. May 2013. Available at http://www.ong-ngo.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Vani_Enabling-Environment-eng.pdf\n\nFrequently Asked Questions. Registry of Associations. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment. Available at http://labour.gov.mu/English/Documents/FAQ%20ROA.pdf accessed 2013","The report from the Voluntary Action Network India (VANI) stated that registration laws were not restrictive in Mauritius. NGOs even benefit from enabling taxation laws, as they do not pay taxes and are even eligible for value added tax and levy refund. ..."]
["2013_ST_68",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",68,100,"There are no obstacles to the creation of NGOs or for those that already exist. Rather, there is a greater lack of control of the activities and accounts of all NGOs.\n\nArticle 35 of the constitution is dedicated to the association freedom. It states that citizens have the right, freely and without any authorsation, to form associations, as long as they are not contrary to criminal law or do not harm the constitution and national independence. It also mentions that associations freely pursue their goals.\n\nThe website of the Federation of the NGO's in STP lists a variety of events, such as transparency events and does not portray any obstacles in place to do so.","1. Manuel Jorge de Carvalho do Rio, president, NGOs Federation of São Tomé and Príncipe (FONG STP), October 4, 2013.\n\n2. José Cardoso, director, Public Integrity Centre, October 1, 2013.\n\n3. Federation of the NGO's in STP: http://fong-stp.net/.","There are no obstacles to the creation of NGOs or for those that already exist. Rather, there is a greater lack of control of the activities and accounts of all NGOs...."]
["2013_SL_68",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",68,50,"There are occasional obstacles created by the government for NGOs. The ministry of finance and economic development demands that NGOs include at least five staff persons in their offices, and registration procedures require NGOs to sign an agreement with the government, and subjugate an NGO to potential field verification visits and in-person interviews. Re-registration is also required  every two years, as well as stringent and detailed reporting requirements.\n\nIn many instances, NGOs may not be allowed to express their views with ease. The police regularly deny them clearance to express their views in the streets, unless they use the media to express their concerns.","1. Theo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL, October 10, 2013.\n\n2. Anonymous,  Advocacy Officer, National Youth Coalition, October 23, 2013. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n3. Anonymous, Ministry of economic Development, October 20, 2013. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n4. Sulaiman Kabbah Koroma, Legal Practitioner, Sander Chambers, October 22, 2013.","There are occasional obstacles created by the government for NGOs. The ministry of finance and economic development demands that NGOs include at least five staff persons in their offices, and registration procedures require NGOs to sign an agreement with the government, and subjuga..."]
["2013_SZ_68",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",68,100,"The Coordinating Assembly of Non-Governmental Organisations is an umbrella body for 60 Swazi NGOs, and reports no problems setting up NGOs in the country. The process is straight-forward, though it must be done by an attorney.\n \n Dependent on donor aid to augment many of its social welfare, health, education, communications, agricultural, scientific and other programmes, the government of Swaziland does not stand in the way of new NGOs, which might prove a source of revenue for government if the NGO supplements a government programme or need.\n \n Some NGOs that overtly involve themselves in political issues can experience tension with the government. However, they are not de-registered or subject to official harassment.","Interview: Rudolph Maziya, National Director, Alliance of Mayor's Initiative of Coordinated Action on AIDS at the Local Level (AMICAALL) Swaziland, Manzini, 19 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Mphile Nhlongane, Programme Officer, Coordinated Assembly of Non-governmental Organisations (CANGO), Mbabane, 19 September 2013.\n \n \"Swaziland: Democracy and Political Participation,\" Lomcebo Dlamini, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), March 2013.","The Coordinating Assembly of Non-Governmental Organisations is an umbrella body for 60 Swazi NGOs, and reports no problems setting up NGOs in the country. The process is straight-forward, though it must be done by an attorney...."]
["2013_ZM_68",2013,"ZM","Zambia",68,25,"The government hasn't created obstacles for existing non-profit organisations and citizens are free to register. However, NGOs fear that with the new Non-governmental Organisation Act's requirement to renew registration after five years, those organizations working to hold the government accountable may face new conditions and obstacles for the renewal.\nIn regards to new NGOs, the rules have now changed and there is a requirement for citizens who want to register to first go to the police for registration of finger prints, which may affect the process and cause intimidation. Other issues may be financial, as organisations have to pay K2,000ZM (about US$400) to register.","(1) Interview with Henry Kabwe, executive director, Media Network on Child Rights and Development, on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (2) Interview with Simeon Kaleji, assistant secretary general, National Union of Communication Workers, on September 25 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (3) Universal periodic review, Human Rights Council, joint submission (by various human rights-oriented organisations in Zambia) 16.Freedom of Expression and Assembly, page 8, paragraph 4, September 2012, lib.ohchr.org/.../JS2_UPR_ZMB_S14_2012_JointSubmission2_E.pdf‎.\n \n (4) Non-governmental Organisation Act, 2009.","The government hasn't created obstacles for existing non-profit organisations and citizens are free to register. However, NGOs fear that with the new Non-governmental Organisation Act's requirement to renew registration after five years, those organizations working to hold the gove..."]
["2013_BW_69",2013,"BW","Botswana",69,75,"No NGO employee was killed, imprisoned, interrogated, or physically harmed in relation to their work in  Botswana last year or this year. The country continues to be considered as one of the most peaceful countries to work in Africa. In fact, the number of NGO's is increasing annually. \n\nThe biggest issue this year was the Botswana Government 's visa restriction on human rights lawyer, Gordon Bennett. At the time Bennett was supposed to represent the Basarwa who currently have an ongoing case with the government.","1. Annual report: OBS annual report 2013: Violations of the right of NGOs to funding - from harassment to criminalisation, Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders,  September 23 2013, http://www.fidh.org/en/human-rights-defenders/Annual-Reports/obs-annual-report-2013-violations-of-the-right-of-ngos-to-funding-from-12892.\n\n2. Article: Botswana bars Bushmen’s lawyer as landmark case starts, Just Conservation, July 25 2013, http://www.justconservation.org/botswana-bars-bushmen-lawyer.\n\n3. Article: Botswana slaps visa restrictions on Malema and Bennett, Sunday Standard, July 8 2013, http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=17266.","No NGO employee was killed, imprisoned, interrogated, or physically harmed in relation to their work in  Botswana last year or this year. The country continues to be considered as one of the most peaceful countries to work in Africa. In fact, the number of NGO's is increasing annua..."]
["2013_TD_69",2013,"TD","Chad",69,50,"Les ONG opérant dans le domaine de la défense des droits de l’homme sont décriées lorsqu'elles émettent des observations critiques a l'endroit du gouvernement dans leur rapport. Néanmoins, aucun cas d'enlèvement ou de mort n'a été signalé durant la période de allant de septembre 2012 à septembre 2013.\n\nSelon le Report de droits de l'homme du Département d'Etat de 2013, \"travailleurs des ONG qui voyagent entre les camps étaient parfois victimes de détournements de voitures et vols à main armée, mais il avait moins de ces rapports que les années précédentes.\"","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nHumanitarian Response. (26 février 2013). Présence des ONG Internationales et Nationales - Tchad. Humanitarian Response: https://chad.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/visuals/tchadpr%C3%A9sence-des-ong-internationales-et-nationales-f%C3%A9vrier-2013\n\nTerrenoire, J. (Juin 2013). « Au Tchad, la situation humanitaire  reste extrêmement préoccupante ». Reliefweb: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Lettre%20de%20plaidoyer%20des%20ONG%20Internationales%20pour%20le%20Tchad%20%20-%20FRANCAIS%20.pdf\n\nReport de droits de l'homme du Département d'Etat de 2013, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220308.pdf","Les ONG opérant dans le domaine de la défense des droits de l’homme sont décriées lorsqu'elles émettent des observations critiques a l'endroit du gouvernement dans leur rapport. Néanmoins, aucun cas d'enlèvement ou de mort n'a été signalé durant la période de allant de septembre 20..."]
["2013_CD_69",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",69,100,"Durant l'année 2012 et l'année 2013, aucun employé d'ONG n'a été tué, emprisonné, interrogé, menacé ou lésé en raison de son travail. S'il est vrai que parfois les délais d'obtention du certificat d'immatriculation délivré par les préfectures peut prendre un certain délai, la liberté associative est dans les faits exercée. Des ONG ont fait mention de tortures et d'exactions, mais cela ne s'est pas fait en direction d'employés d'ONG. \n\nDans les rapports 2012 sur les pratiques des pays en matière de droits de l’Homme, publiés par le Département d’État des États-Unis - Bureau pour la démocratie, les droits de l’Homme, il est spécifié en page 2 du rapport, aux sections A et B :\n« Privation arbitraire ou illégale de la vie. Aucune exécution arbitraire ou illégale imputée aux pouvoirs publics ou à leurs agents n’a été signalée au cours de l’année.\nIl n’a été signalé aucune disparition ni aucun enlèvement ou kidnapping pour motif politique. Aucune exécution arbitraire ou illégale imputée aux pouvoirs publics ou à leurs agents n’a été signalée au cours de l’année ».","1 - Entretien du samedi 21 septembre 2013 avec M.Loamba MOKE, président de l'Association pour les Droits de l'Homme et l'Univers Carcéral (ADHUC) au siège de l'organisation à Brazzaville.\n\n2 - Entretien le 12 octobre 2012 avec Stanislas NGODI, coordonateur Avenir NEPAD Congo.\n\n3 - Entretien le avec M. Roch Euloge NZOBO, directeur exécutif de l'Observatoire Congolais des Droits de l'Homme (OCDH).\n\n4 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 avec M. Joachim BANZA, directeur de la rédaction de la Semaine Africaine, au siège de la Semaine Africaine.\n\n5 - Entretien du vendredi 20 décembre 2013 avec M. Fructueux, chef de cabinet du préfet de Brazzaville, directeur général de l'administration du territoire.\n\n6 - Rapports 2012 sur les pratiques des pays en matière de droits de l’Homme, publié par le\nDépartement d’État des États-Unis - Bureau pour la démocratie, les droits de l’Homme et le travail.","Durant l'année 2012 et l'année 2013, aucun employé d'ONG n'a été tué, emprisonné, interrogé, menacé ou lésé en raison de son travail. S'il est vrai que parfois les délais d'obtention du certificat d'immatriculation délivré par les préfectures peut prendre un certain délai, la liber..."]
["2013_ET_69",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",69,75,"Although the legal framework in which NGOs operate has changed quite significantly and negatively, the government is not targeting the personnel as such.  There are no cases of NGO personnel being imprisoned or killed in the past year.","1. Interview with an Addis Ababa University-based Researcher focusing on NGOs in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, September 29, 2013.\n\n2. Interview, Anonymous, Development Expert Working an International Aid Organization, Addis Ababa, October 6, 2013.  Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n3.IFEX, 4TH SEPTEMBER 2013. A year after long time leader's death, NGOs, opposition groups and journalists still repressed in Ethiopia. http://www.ifex.org/ethiopia/2013/09/04/year_later/","Although the legal framework in which NGOs operate has changed quite significantly and negatively, the government is not targeting the personnel as such.  There are no cases of NGO personnel being imprisoned or killed in the past year."]
["2013_GA_69",2013,"GA","Gabon",69,50,"Over the year of study, there was the high-profile trial against Marc Ona Essangui, the head of a network of NGOs, including Brainforest. \n\nThe anonymous source cites the case of Marc Ona Essangui's environmental activism and the government reaction after he accused Liban Soleiman, Chief of Cabinet, of owning stakes in Singapore-based OLAM, an agribusiness consortium with timber and agribusiness interests in Gabon. \n\nOn March 29, 2013, Marc Ona Essangui was convicted of defamation and sentenced to a six-month suspended prison sentence, as well as a fine of CFA 5 million for accusing the president's Chief of Cabinet of shady business transactions with OLAM. \n\nThe state prosecutor requested a one-year prison sentence. After the verdict was announced, the environmental activist declared his intention to appeal. The trial was based on statements that Ona Essangui made in October 2012 during a public event.\n\nMarc Ona Essangui was also accused of making defamatory statements during a televised debate at a local TV station, TELEAFRICA, on November 9, 2012. It was alleged that during both events Ona Essangui stated that the president's Chief of Cabinet held personal stakes in OLAM's ventures in Gabon. \n\nBrainforest and other NGOs have criticized OLAM for taking advantage of land-grab practices and contributing to environmental fallout. However, he was not imprisoned after losing the trial. The NGO has proposed a historic reform of land ownership rights in Gabon, something the government in Libreville is opposed to.","Anonymous. (n.d.) . [Libreville].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n(2013, May 4). Conviction of prominent human rights defender Mr Marc Ona Essangui.  Front Line Defenders. Retrieved from http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/22241\n\nSEE. (2012, December 27).  Liban Soleman et Marc Ona Essangui au tribunal depuis hier matin.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27453","Over the year of study, there was the high-profile trial against Marc Ona Essangui, the head of a network of NGOs, including Brainforest. ..."]
["2013_KE_69",2013,"KE","Kenya",69,0,"This year has seen several ngo activists beaten and arrested and charged in court. Although no deaths have been reported so far, there is concern among activists that there is growing profiling of those believed to hold views that are contrary to the content.\n\nThe NGO congress claims many of its members have received direct threats this year amid accusations that they were working with foreign partners to discredit the government.","1. \"Two charged for disrupting Labour Day celebrations\" An article by Pamela Chepkemei, published in the May 2, 2013 edition of the Standard Newspaper.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/story.php?articleID=2000082803&story_title=Two-charged-for-disrupting-Labour-Day-celebrations.\n\n2. Maurice Odhiambo, President of the National Civil Society Congress. interviewed on September 18, 2013. \n\n3. \"NGOs fury over IGP ban on gatherings\" Article by Peter Ngetich, published in the March 25, 2013 edition of the Star Newspaper.\nhttp://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-113660/ngos-fury-over-igp-ban-gatherings.\n\n4. \"Seventeen activists challenge charges over demo against MPs' pay\" Article by Galgalo Fayo published in the June 25, 2013 edition of The Business Daily Newspaper http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/17+activists+challenge+charges+over+demo+against+MPs+pay/-/539546/1894182/-/5uwio4z/-/index.html","This year has seen several ngo activists beaten and arrested and charged in court. Although no deaths have been reported so far, there is concern among activists that there is growing profiling of those believed to hold views that are contrary to the content...."]
["2013_ML_69",2013,"ML","Mali",69,50,"D'une manière générale, les ONG opèrent sans difficulté. Aucun emprisonnement n’a été signalé. Toutefois, ce constat est a relativiser. \n\nEn effet, le contexte fragile au Nord Mali limite quelque peu le champ d’action des ONG. Dehors de la période d'etude, en février 2014, le Global Policy Forum rapporte les blessures subies par 2 employés de l'ONG Medecins du Monde lorsque leur voiture a sauté sur une mine.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nBaba Ahmed. (Sept. 2013). INSÉCURITÉ : LE NORD DU MALI FACE AUX COUPEURS DE ROUTES. Nord-Mali. http://www.nord-mali.com/accueil/5847-insecurite--le-nord-du-mali-face-aux-coupeurs-de-routes\n\nCountry report, Mali, 2012 Freedom House 2012. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/mali\n\nLandmine attack wounds two NGO workers in Mali's Kidal, IHS Jane's Terrorism Watch Report, 02/26/2014, http://www.janes.com/article/34759/landmine-attack-wounds-two-ngo-workers-in-mali-s-kidal\n\nMali: Negotiating Humanitarian Access in the North, Global Policy Forum, 1/05/2012, http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/role-of-ngos-in-the-international-arena/51687-mali-negotiating-humanitarian-access-in-the-north.html?itemid=id#1576","D'une manière générale, les ONG opèrent sans difficulté. Aucun emprisonnement n’a été signalé. Toutefois, ce constat est a relativiser. ..."]
["2013_MZ_69",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",69,100,"During the period under review (September 2012 – September 2013), and after an information search process including database reviews from the Human Rights League, there was no report relating to killings or imprisonment of any NGO employees.","1. Marcos Chissano. Programme Officer. People Service International. October 9, 2013.\n\n2. Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. October 9, 2013.\n\n3. Carlos Arnaldo. Director. Center for the Study of Population and Health. October 9, 2013.","During the period under review (September 2012 – September 2013), and after an information search process including database reviews from the Human Rights League, there was no report relating to killings or imprisonment of any NGO employees."]
["2013_ST_69",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",69,100,"In Sao Tome, there were no case of of death, persecution, aggression or anything like that to people who work in NGOs. Rather, the work of NGOs is very welcome and supported by the government.","1. Manuel Jorge de Carvalho do Rio, president, NGOs Federation of São Tomé and Príncipe (FONG STP), October 4, 2013.\n\n2, José Cardoso, director, Public Integrity Centre, October 1, 2013.\n\n3. Edlena Barros, journalist, RTP África, October 1, 2013.","In Sao Tome, there were no case of of death, persecution, aggression or anything like that to people who work in NGOs. Rather, the work of NGOs is very welcome and supported by the government."]
["2013_SO_69",2013,"SO","Somalia",69,0,"According to Freedom House, \"According to the Aid Worker Security Database, in 2012 alone, nine aid workers were killed, one was wounded, and four were kidnapped, including two international aid workers. In January, two aid workers abducted in October 2011 by Somali pirates were rescued by a team of American Navy SEALs. In August 2012, a representative of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization was killed in Marka, in southern Somalia.\" \n\nConsidering the relatively low presence of aid workers in the country, the Aid Worker Security Report for 2013 ranks Somalia as having the highest attack rate of all countries worldwide (3).","Aid Worker Security Report 2013. \nhttps://aidworkersecurity.org/sites/default/files/AidWorkerSecurityReport_2013_web.pdf\n\nFreedom of the World 2013, Somalia. Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/somalia#.Ux4yTPSwLAI\n\n(2013 Aug). Doctors Without Borders Forced to Close All Medical Programmes in Somalia. http://allafrica.com/stories/201308141165.html\n\n(2013 June 20). Three Denel Somalia Attack Victims Named. http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00025110.html","According to Freedom House, \"According to the Aid Worker Security Database, in 2012 alone, nine aid workers were killed, one was wounded, and four were kidnapped, including two international aid workers. In January, two aid workers abducted in October 2011 by Somali pirates were re..."]
["2013_TG_69",2013,"TG","Togo",69,50,"Le cas d’Olivier Amah a été rapporté cette année. Amah est le président de l’Association des victimes de tortures au Togo (ASVITTO), une association plutôt politique, ou en tout cas menant des actions politiques aux côtés de partis ou regroupements de partis. Il est poursuivi pour « avoir appelé au soulèvement les forces armées togolaises (FAT) ». \n\nDans une interview qu’il a accordée à Radio Légende, le mercredi 22 mai 2013, il a déclaré que, comme en 1966, les Forces armées togolaises devraient prendre leurs responsabilités pour jouer un rôle d’arbitre afin de pousser le chef de l’État à dialoguer avec son opposition.","Jean-Paul Agboh Ahouelete, directeur de publication, Focus Infos, 31 octobre 2013.\n \nMe Gil-Benoit Afangbedji, président, Association ensemble pour les droits de l’homme, 28 octobre 2013.\n \nTogo Infos. (3 juin 2013). « Arrestation de Olivier Amah, Faure confirme que l’armée reste son seul rempart actuel ». togoinfos.com. Repéré à http://togoinfos.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=626.\n \nAta Messan Zeus Ajavon. (27 mai 2013). « Togo: Arrestation et incarcération du commandant Olivier Poko Amah ». letogolais.com. Repéré à http://www.letogolais.com/article.html?nid=7636.","Le cas d’Olivier Amah a été rapporté cette année. Amah est le président de l’Association des victimes de tortures au Togo (ASVITTO), une association plutôt politique, ou en tout cas menant des actions politiques aux côtés de partis ou regroupements de partis. Il est poursuivi pour ..."]
["2013_DZ_70",2013,"DZ","Algeria",70,25,"Aucune ONG n'a été dissoute au cours de l’année dernière, mais le gouvernement continue de bloquer les visites des ONG de défense des droits de l’homme. \n\nD’autre part, l’adoption de la loi 12-06 relative aux associations a provoqué une indignation dans le mouvement associatif à cause des restrictions imposées par les articles de ladite loi. À titre d’exemple, l’article 39 stipule qu’« Il est procédé à la suspension d’activité de l’association ou à sa dissolution en cas d’ingérence dans les affaires internes du pays ou d’atteinte à la souveraineté nationale. » L’article 65, quant à lui, stipule que « l’agrément accordé à une association étrangère est suspendu ou retiré par décision du ministre de l’Intérieur, lorsque cette dernière exerce des activités autres que celles prévues par ses statuts ou se livre à une ingérence caractérisée dans les affaires du pays hôte ou que son activité est de nature à porter atteinte à la souveraineté nationale; à l’ordre institutionnel établi; à l’unité nationale ou à l’intégrité du territoire national; à l’ordre public et aux bonnes mœurs; aux valeurs civilisationnelles du peuple algérien. »","-Ann Harrison, directrice adjointe du programme Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord d’Amnesty International. (2013, le 7 mai). Algérie : la société civile bâillonnée en vertu d’une nouvelle loi sur les associations. Amnistie Internationale. repéré à http://www.amnesty.org/fr/news/algeria-new-law-associations-used-stifle-civil-society-2013-05-07\n\n- Yasmine Said. (2013, le 16 août). Comment bâillonner la société civile en 7 leçons. Algeria Watch, (source : El Watan). Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/mrv/mrvrepr/baillonner_societe_civile.htm\n\n-MAP. (2013, le 15 janvier). Des ONG et syndicats autonomes algériens \"condamnent fermement\" les restrictions à la liberté d'association et syndicale dans le pays. Menara. Repéré à http://www.menara.ma/fr/2013/01/15/458749-des-ong-et-syndicats-autonomes-alg%C3%A9riens-condamnent-fermement-les-restrictions-%C3%A0-la-libert%C3%A9-dassociation-et-syndicale-dans-le-pays.html\n\n-Ghania Lassal. (2013, le 8 juin). Menaces sur le mouvement associatif. Algeria Watch, (source El Watan). Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/just/menaces_mouvement_associatif.htm\n\n-Ghania Lassal. (2013, le 8 juin). Saïd Salhi, organisateur d'un colloque sur la loi sur les associations : «Cette loi a déjà mené à la disparition de centaines d’ONG». Algeria Watch, (source El Watan). Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/just/menaces_mouvement_associatif.htm\n\n-Sabrina Benaoudia. (2013, le 30 mars). Le CFDA porte plainte auprès des instances internationales en charge des droits de l'homme. Le Temps d’Algérie. Repéré à http://www.letempsdz.com/content/view/90073/1/","Aucune ONG n'a été dissoute au cours de l’année dernière, mais le gouvernement continue de bloquer les visites des ONG de défense des droits de l’homme. ..."]
["2013_CM_70",2013,"CM","Cameroon",70,100,"Based on our research and the persons contacted from NGOs and the MINATD (Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation), \"No NGOs were closed in Cameroon\" during the period from September 2012 to September 2013.\n\nNo NGOs were threatened or harassed by the Cameroon government for whatever reason.","Alexander, Yomo Mar.  (2013, September 30) .  [Director of Political Affairs at the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization].  Personal communication.\n\nHyomeni, Paul Guy.  (2013, September 30) .  [Chair of the Réseau national des organisations des droits de l'homme (National network of human rights organizations)].  Personal communication.\n\nKamga, Hilaire.  (2013, October 3) .  [Lawyer and spokesperson for the Cameroonian civil society platform].  Personal communication.","Based on our research and the persons contacted from NGOs and the MINATD (Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation), \"No NGOs were closed in Cameroon\" during the period from September 2012 to September 2013...."]
["2013_KM_70",2013,"KM","Comoros",70,50,"Suite à la publication d’un rapport des Nations Unies qui place les Comores parmi les pays qui violent le droit des enfants et qui tolèrent encore le travail des enfants, la maison qui abritait l’ONG de l’Association comorienne des droits de l’homme (ACDH) a été démolie (Hamdi, septembre 2013a).\n\nConstruit par les américains, le site abritait presque toutes les sociétés civiles. Le terrain a été octroyé par le gouvernement au quartier Djoumoimdji pour la construction d’une place publique. Les États-Unis avaient financé la construction de ce bâtiment pour donner un coup de pouce aux ONG protégeant les droits de l’homme (Hamdi, septembre 2013a).\nLe siège de cette association était devenu au fil des années le lieu de travail de plusieurs associations du pays, notamment des syndicats. Comme certains blogueurs le dénoncent : « Remplacer une maison des droits de l’homme par une place publique destinée à accueillir les madjliss, on aura tout vu dans ce pays » (Comoresdroit, 23 septembre 2013).\n\nIl est à noter que cette Maison des droits de l’homme, construite dans les années 90, avait préalablement obtenu un acte de donation de l’État, avec certificat d’immatriculation immobilière et plans croquis dont les originaux sont encore détenus par les responsables de l’ACDH. Pour ces derniers, « l’argument fallacieux » selon lequel le site sera affecté à un foyer « pour soutenir la jeunesse » n’est pas défendable, quand on voit la finalité de nombreux foyers de Moroni qui ne servent plus qu’aux seules cérémonies de mariage, s’ils ne sont pas purement et simplement fermés faute d’activités (CCLB, CASM, BARGUM, etc.). (Hamdi, septembre 2013b).","Hamdi, A.A. (Septembre 2013a). « La société civile sans toit ».  La Gazette des Comores: http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article2098\n\nHamdi, A.A. (Septembre 2013b). « Djoumoimdji et Madjenini réagissent ». La Gazette des Comores: http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article2114\n\nComoresdroit. (23 septembre 2013). « La Maison des droits de l’homme est rasée ». Comoresdroit: http://wongo.skyrock.com/3186923283-COMORES-La-maison-des-droits-de-l-homme-est-rasee.html","Suite à la publication d’un rapport des Nations Unies qui place les Comores parmi les pays qui violent le droit des enfants et qui tolèrent encore le travail des enfants, la maison qui abritait l’ONG de l’Association comorienne des droits de l’homme (ACDH) a été démolie (Hamdi, sep..."]
["2013_GQ_70",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",70,0,"The registration process for NGOs is costly, vague and subject to discretionary actions by the authorities. During the period of review there was limited and discriminatory access to public funds. In addition, a new procedure for registering NGOs was established, requiring the prior authorisation of the Minister of Interior so public notaries can certify the bylaws of the organisations. As a result of this burdensome process, the government has refused to register the National Network of NGOs as a legal entity. \n\nIn addition, during the period of review all registered organisations were required to either show proof of their registration payment or make a new payment, notwithstanding that nearly all the organisations had already been required to complete these process to become legal entities a long time ago and were successfully registered.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organisation, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nCEID-GE, Red PerSida, SEJOF.  (2013) .   Informe de Sociedad Civil de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/EPU%20GE%202013%20DRAFT%20CEID.pdf \n\nCommittee of Social, Economic and Cultural Rights.  (2012) .  Concluding observations of the Committee in the absence of an initial report from Equatorial Guinea as approved by the Committee at its forty-ninth session (14–30 November 2012).  Paper presented at the United Nations Economic and Social Council.  Retrieved from http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW2hdL%2b83WnSN1VPRhpv1negO03tlSYNmYL97lHPRPeQwh%2bEQGdp4%2blzQRzF5vDqIG1bi88iI7%2fuO0i2AuY1uERhVbCFiDBRLcTZBmBI%2ft62V","The registration process for NGOs is costly, vague and subject to discretionary actions by the authorities. During the period of review there was limited and discriminatory access to public funds. In addition, a new procedure for registering NGOs was established, requiring the prio..."]
["2013_GA_70",2013,"GA","Gabon",70,50,"The trial of Marc Ona Essangui, the director of the NGO Brainforest Gabon in 2013 is an example of the harassment face by some NGOs in Gabon. Though the government harassed Ona Essangui with unwarranted administrative burdens and sanctions in retribution for his environmental and political activism, Brainforest was not shut down.\n\nThe anonymous source cites the case of Marc Ona Essangui's environmental activism and the government reaction after he accused Liban Soleiman, Chief of Cabinet, of owning stakes in Singapore-based OLAM, an agribusiness consortium with timber, rubber and oil palm interests in Gabon. \n\nOn March 29, 2013, Marc Ona Essangui was convicted of defamation and sentenced to a six-month suspended prison sentence, as well as a fine of CFA 5 million for accusing the president's Chief of Cabinet of shady business transactions with OLAM. However, the court finally opted to have him pay a symbolic fine of CFA 1. \n\nThe state prosecutor requested a one-year prison sentence. After the verdict was announced, the environmental activist declared his intention to appeal. The trial was based on statements that Ona Essangui made in October 2012 during a public event.\n\nMarc Ona Essangui was also accused of making defamatory statements during a televised debate at a local TV station, TELEAFRICA, on November 9, 2012. It was alleged that during both events Ona Essangui stated that the president's Chief of Cabinet held personal stakes in OLAM's ventures in Gabon. \n\nBrainforest and other NGOs have criticized OLAM for taking advantage of land-grab practices and contributing to environmental fallout. However, Ona Essangui has not been imprisoned after losing the trial. The NGO has proposed a historic reform of land ownership rights in Gabon, something the government in Libreville is opposed to.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n(2013, May 4) .  Conviction of prominent human rights defender Mr Marc Ona Essangui.  Front Line Defenders.  Retrieved from http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/22241\n\nSEE.  (2012, December 27) .  Liban Soleman et Marc Ona Essangui au tribunal depuis hier matin.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27453","The trial of Marc Ona Essangui, the director of the NGO Brainforest Gabon in 2013 is an example of the harassment face by some NGOs in Gabon. Though the government harassed Ona Essangui with unwarranted administrative burdens and sanctions in retribution for his environmental and p..."]
["2013_LS_70",2013,"LS","Lesotho",70,75,"Generally, civil society organisations are free to conduct their business in Lesotho. They have always freely criticised and engaged with government on various governance and development issues. Despite reports that some senior members of the previous government considered popular civil society organisations as supporters of opposition parties, the Lesotho government did not close them down or launch an investigation into their work. \n\nIn the period under review, no civil society organisations were sanctioned or employees imprisoned for any reason as a result of their work of holding government to account. Interviewed sources agree that government and civil society organisations have a working relationship.","1. Tsebo Matsasa. Media Institute of Southern Africa. National Director, Lesotho. Interview, October 15 2013.\n\n2. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Human Rights Officer. October 7 2013.\n\n3. Advocate Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. October 2 2013.\n\n4. Dr. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Lecturer: Political and Administrative Studies Department. October 9 2013.","Generally, civil society organisations are free to conduct their business in Lesotho. They have always freely criticised and engaged with government on various governance and development issues. Despite reports that some senior members of the previous government considered popular ..."]
["2013_LR_70",2013,"LR","Liberia",70,100,"NGOs are working freely with no harassment or threats from the government. There are so many NGOs working in various parts of Liberia, and none has reported incidents of harassment or closure for the work they do.","Badio, T. (2013, November 6). Personal Interview. Finance Manager - UNMIL, Monrovia\n\nDulleh, A. (2013, November 6). Personal Interview. Editor - New Democrat Newspaper\n\nKessely, G. (2013, November 6). Personal Interview. ","NGOs are working freely with no harassment or threats from the government. There are so many NGOs working in various parts of Liberia, and none has reported incidents of harassment or closure for the work they do."]
["2013_MU_70",2013,"MU","Mauritius",70,100,"There is no evidence that indicates that NGOs are shut down as retribution for their work. The VANI did not report a hostile relationship between the government and NGOs. However, an interview with an NGO member indicates that the particular NGO was subject to unwarranted investigation and administrative burdens from government officials after highlighting government deficiencies. \n\nThere have been cases where the activities of an association have been temporarily closed due to non-compliance with the laws or due to services not being up to the defined and expected standard. No operations, however, were shut down.","1. MACOSS Annual Report 2013-2014. Mauritius Council of Social Service. August 2013. Available at http://www.macoss.intnet.mu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Annual-Report-2013-page-17-to-311.pdf\n\n2. Enabling environment for voluntary organizations: A global campaign. Voluntary Action Network India. May 2013. Available at http://www.ong-ngo.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Vani_Enabling-Environment-eng.pdf\n\n3. Ram Nookadee, Secretary. Mauritius Council of Social Services. Responded via email on Oct. 9, 2013.\n\n4. Anonymous. NGO member. Interviewed on Dec. 4, 2013. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no evidence that indicates that NGOs are shut down as retribution for their work. The VANI did not report a hostile relationship between the government and NGOs. However, an interview with an NGO member indicates that the particular NGO was subject to unwarranted investiga..."]
["2013_NA_70",2013,"NA","Namibia",70,100,"Namibia head of police, Lieutenant General, Sebastian Ndeitunga, said as long as NGOs work within the confines of the Namibian law, there was no need for law enforcement agencies to interfere or investigate them. He concluded by saying last year they never investigated or placed sanctions on any NGO.\n\nAccording to Namrights executive director, Phil Ya Nangoloh, no NGO has either been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work because government was mindful of what the law says about freedom of expression, association among other rights enshrined in the constitution. He said Namibia remained a free country where the courts and police offered assistance to anyone regardless of their backgrounds.\n\nJournalist Penda Hashoongo also said Namibia over the past year had not  reported any cases of NGOs being shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions as retribution for their work.\n\nNo NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","Namibia head of Police, Lieutenant General, Sebastian Ndeitunga, telephone interview, September 20 2013.\n\nNamrights, executive director, Phil Ya Nangoloh, telephone interview, September 20 2013.\n\nPenda Hashoongo, journalist, Confidente Newspaper, face to face interview. September 2013","Namibia head of police, Lieutenant General, Sebastian Ndeitunga, said as long as NGOs work within the confines of the Namibian law, there was no need for law enforcement agencies to interfere or investigate them. He concluded by saying last year they never investigated or placed sa..."]
["2013_SC_70",2013,"SC","Seychelles",70,75,"In general, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work, but some NGOs felt informally pressured to toe the government line. \n\nEmployees of one human rights and advocacy NGO felt like the government was getting back at them for being a part of the organisation. An expert on civil society said: “You will find there are certain ways the government can get back at you like it will be difficult to renew your licence. Or one woman was considered to be a judge but she was overlooked each time. [Even though] the bar association put her first and she was considered number one, the government was getting back at her. They cannot do it overtly of course, but it does happen. You will find that it is very difficult for you to renew your licence or other delays”, like that as retribution for their work.","1. Interview: Anonymous source, expert on civil society, November 26, 2013. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, expert on children’s and human rights, December 1, 2013. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n3. Email: Mr Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University, December 12, 2013.","In general, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work, but some NGOs felt informally pressured to toe the government line. ..."]
["2013_SD_70",2013,"SD","Sudan",70,0,"The Sudan government harasses and expels NGOs often, \"accusing them of working to destabilise the country\". Multiple instances of harassment and expulsion of NGOs took place in 2013. In particular, government forces harassed NGOs that received international assistance.","(2012, June) . Khartoum expels foreign aid agencies from eastern Sudan. BBC. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18296430\n \n(2013, January) . Sudan: End harassment of Human Rights Defenders. Human Rights Defenders. Retrieved from http://www.defenddefenders.org/2013/01/sudan-end-harassment-of-human-rights-defenders/\n \n(2013, May) . UN concerned over Khartoum's suspension of local NGO's activities. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46631","The Sudan government harasses and expels NGOs often, \"accusing them of working to destabilise the country\". Multiple instances of harassment and expulsion of NGOs took place in 2013. In particular, government forces harassed NGOs that received international assistance."]
["2013_UG_70",2013,"UG","Uganda",70,0,"It is not a very cosy relationship between government and NGOs. Government views the operations of NGOs as acts of sabotage of official programmes. NGOs that are critical of government’s operations and failed services have always been threatened with deregistration and closure. Examples of these include Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment, Uganda Land Alliance, Oxfam-Uganda, and Open Society Initiatives for East Africa. \n \n Government has set in place laws that seem to be aimed at pushing NGOs out of business. There are media reports that government, through its internal affairs ministry, is preparing to conduct a comprehensive audit of 41 NGOs deemed to be involved in suspicious or subversive activities (Daily Monitor, 23rd.June, 2012). It is common knowledge that the government has withdrawn from virtually all service arenas and left so much to be done by the private sector, to which NGOs are integral. However, in executing their complementary role and exercising their power to keep government in check, NGOs have often found themselves caught between people demanding their rights and repressive policies, laws and governance. NGOs have been sensitising, educating and training the people to demand accountability from their leaders and even developers. For example, NGOs in the oil region work with communities to ensure equitable environmental and public health protection from their leaders through effective implementation of policies and procedures. Unfortunately government, while at times appreciating what NGOs are doing, continues to view NGOs as “political enemies” that should be eliminated or silenced so that it can do whatever it wants without checks and balances.\n \n One such NGO that has faced investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work is Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment, which has, for a long time, been involved with local governance issues and hosted a gathering of over 300 councillors including senior government and opposition leaders under the National Local Government Councillors Association. This did not go down well with the government and the central bank asked all concerned commercial banks to avail details of the coalition’s accounts because it was suspected of engaging in suspicious transactions.","Gerald Tenywa, The New Vision; 'ACODE not opposed to government'; September 26, 2013\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/647666--acode-not-opposed-to-government.html.\n \nAnthony Wesaka, Daily Monitor; “ACODE boss not forced out, says board chairperson”; September 26, 2013\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/ACODE-boss-not-forced-out--says-board-chairperson/-/688334/2009156/-/l3c8l4/-/index.html.\n \nMark Tran, The Guardian; “Transparency in Uganda”; June 13, 2013\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/jun/13/transparency-uganda-beatrice-nabajja-mugambe.","It is not a very cosy relationship between government and NGOs. Government views the operations of NGOs as acts of sabotage of official programmes. NGOs that are critical of government’s operations and failed services have always been threatened with deregistration and closure. Exa..."]
["2013_BJ_71",2013,"BJ","Benin",71,100,"L'article 2 de la Charte culturelle en République du Bénin stipule clairement que la politique culturelle est fondée sur le respect des différences et des spécificités culturelles nationales, ce qui interdit toute discrimination du fait de l'appartenance à une minorité nationale tandis que l'article 21 indique que l'Etat assure une égale promotion des langues. A l'article 7 on peut lire, \"toutes les cultures ont un droit à un respect égal. La loi confère également un droit à maintenir et à développer les éléments essentiels de leur identité.\"","Loi N° 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Article 11. https://yenianayasa.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/Benin-FR%2810.12.1990%29.pdf\n\nLOI N° 91-006 du 25 février 1991 portant CHARTE CULTURELLE EN RÉPUBLIQUE DU BÉNIN. (1990). Article 2, 7 et 21. http://www.artsinafrica.com/uploads/2011/08/Benin_-_Charte_culturelle.pdf","L'article 2 de la Charte culturelle en République du Bénin stipule clairement que la politique culturelle est fondée sur le respect des différences et des spécificités culturelles nationales, ce qui interdit toute discrimination du fait de l'appartenance à une minorité nationale ta..."]
["2013_CV_71",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",71,0,"No such law exists. \n\nThere is no such law ruling or law, although the constitution guarantees, in Part II (Fundamental Rights and Duties, General Principles, article 24, that \"all citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law, no one can be privileged, benefited or harmed, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty on the basis of race, sex, ancestry, language, origin, religion, social conditions and economic or political or ideological convictions\".","No such law exists. \n\nA general principle is however found in the Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde, May 3, 2013,  http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=206290.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is no such law ruling or law, although the constitution guarantees, in Part II (Fundamen..."]
["2013_KM_71",2013,"KM","Comoros",71,0,"Selon la Loi référendaire portant révision de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, préambule, point 6, qui proclame l’égalité de tous en droits et en devoirs sans distinction de sexe, d’origine, de race, de religion ou de croyance, la protection des minorités ethniques contre la discrimination est garantie.","- Loi référendaire portant révision de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009. (2009). Préambule, point 6.\n www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?","Selon la Loi référendaire portant révision de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, préambule, point 6, qui proclame l’égalité de tous en droits et en devoirs sans distinction de sexe, d’origine, de race, de religion ou d..."]
["2013_ER_71",2013,"ER","Eritrea",71,0,"There are nine recognized ethnic groups in Eritrea: Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni Amir, Nera) 5% \nNo specific law exists in the Constitution that protects ethnic minorities, although Chapter III, Article 14 (Equality Under the Law) does more generally state that:\n1. All persons are equal under the law.\n2. No person may be discriminated against on account of race, ethnic origin, language, colour, gender, religion, disability, age, political view, or social or economic status or any other\nimproper factors.\n3. The National Assembly shall enact laws that can assist in eliminating inequalities existing in the Eritrean society.","Constitution of Eritrea (1997) \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126648.pdf\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","There are nine recognized ethnic groups in Eritrea: Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni Amir, Nera) 5% \nNo specific law exists in the Constitution that protects ethnic minorities, although Chapter I..."]
["2013_GW_71",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",71,0,"No such law exists. \n\nIn accordance with the Guinea Bissau constitution, all citizens are equal and have the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual and cultural, religious belief or philosophical belief.\n\nThe constitution does not have a principle guaranteeing specific protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination. The constitution has just a generic principle. Furthermore, a specific law for protecting ethnic minorities does not exist.\n\nTitle II\nRights, Freedom, Warranties and Fundamental Duties\nArticle 24\nAll citizens are equal before the law, enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural, religious belief or philosophical belief.","Generic principle in the Guinean Constitution 1996. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7611","No such law exists. \n\nIn accordance with the Guinea Bissau constitution, all citizens are equal and have the same ri..."]
["2013_LY_71",2013,"LY","Libya",71,0,"No law exists that protects minorities in a comprehensive form. \n\nEthnic minority groups in Libya such as the Tuareg, Tabu and Amazigh were neglected during Qaddafi's era, because they were considered not Arab and a threat to the unity of Libya. To start with, the clearly defined legal term “ethic minorities” is not used by Libyan legislators, but they substitute it with an undefined term called “cultural components.” Despite what the term might logically indicate, legislators do not consider Arabs a cultural component in Libya as they are only one of the components, although the majority.\n\nIn the wake of the 2011 uprising, their rights have been granted by the Constitutional Declaration issued by the National Transitional Council.\n\nHowever, with the expiation of the ambiguous Constitutional Declaration and an unapplied law issued this year regarding ethnic minorities, there is no legislation protecting the rights of ethnic minorities in place.\n\nAll minority groups have received a seat in the 60-member-strong future Constitutional Assembly. Their six seats of a total of 60 is close to the proportion they represent in comparison to the total population. The struggle of the Amazigh minority has been to have a right of veto recognized, so that they can veto anything that would potentially curtail their rights or not ensure their protection in the future Constitution.","No such law exists. There is however:\nConstitutional Declaration, article no. 6.  (2011) .\n\"All the Libyan citizens shall enjoy equal civil and political rights […] without discrimination due to religion, doctrine, language, wealth, race, kinship, political opinions, and social status, tribal or eminent or familial loyalty.”\n\nNTC Announcement, 29 March 2011, A vision of a democratic Libya, available at http://www.ntclibya.org/english/libya\nAmnesty International, September 2011, The battle for Libya - Killings, disappearances and torture, available at","No law exists that protects minorities in a comprehensive form. \n\nEthnic minority groups in Libya such as the Tuareg, Tabu and Amazigh were neglected during Qad..."]
["2013_MU_71",2013,"MU","Mauritius",71,100,"The constitution, Chapter 2, Article 16: Protection from discrimination\nSubsection (3) “In this section, 'discriminatory' means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, caste, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages that are not accorded to persons of another such description.”\n\nEqual Opportunities Act (EOA) 2008, Part 1 (2): Interpretation of \"status.\"\n \n“Status” means age, caste, colour, creed, ethnic origin, impairment, marital status,\nplace of origin, political opinion, race, sex or sexual orientation;”\n\nThe EOA is solely conceived to provide a legal framework against discrimination, including process and rights. Under the Equal Opportunities Act 2008, an equal opportunities commission was established to work towards the elimination of discrimination with regards to people of different status. The commission is mandated to investigate discrimination charges and provide guidelines to public and private bodies on how to avoid discrimination as defined by the EOA 2008. An equal opportunity tribunal was established in 2013 to hear and determine complaints from the commission. \n\nThe inclusion of 'place of origin' in the definition of 'status' in the EOA 2008 serves to prevent discrimination against elements of a particular group's identity (religion, language and traditions). It is important to note that Mauritius' population is entirely made up of descendants of immigrants who came from different geographical areas. To this day, people whose origins are from a particular area still observe the essential elements of the associated identify of that area. For example, Mauritians from South Asian Tamil origin still practice Tamil traditions and speak the Tamil language. It is also important to note that all government primary schools provide the facilities for children to learn an optional language. The choice of languages is based on the different identities represented including Mandarin, Tamil, Hindi, Urdu, and Mauritian Creole.","The Constitution, Chapter 2, Article 16: Protection from discrimination. 1968. http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=03654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD\n\nEqual Opportunities Act 2008, Part 1 (2): Interpretation of 'status'. Proclaimed 2012. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/EOC/downloads/equal%20opportunities%20act%202008.pdf\n\nEqual Opportunities Commission. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/EOC/index.html","The constitution, Chapter 2, Article 16: Protection from discrimination\nSubsection (3) “In this section, 'discriminatory' means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, caste, pl..."]
["2013_MA_71",2013,"MA","Morocco",71,0,"The constitution generically states: \n[It] constitutes discrimination, any distinction between individuals due to national or social origin, color, sex, marital status, state of health, disability, political opinion, union membership, membership or non-membership, real or supposed, to an ethnic group, nation, race or religion.\nIt also states a prohibition to discriminate based on national minority and can be punished to up to one year of imprisonment. \n\nThe Moroccan Constitution states in its preamble that all kind of discrimination, including discrimination against ethnic minorities, must be fought against.","Morocco.  Constitution, preamble.  (2011).  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf.\n\nMorocco.  Penal Code, articles 431 - 432.  (1963) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/Code%20Penal.htm.","The constitution generically states: \n[It] constitutes discrimination, any distinction between individuals due to national or social origin, color, sex, marital status, state of health, disability, political opinion, union mem..."]
["2013_SN_71",2013,"SN","Senegal",71,0,"Au Sénégal, il n'existe pas de loi spécifique sur la protection des droits des minorités ethniques. La Constitution comporte cependant quelques dispositions qui protègent les droits des minorités ethniques. Dans son préambule, le texte constitutionnel affirme en effet « le rejet et l’élimination, sous toutes leurs formes de l’injustice, des inégalités et des discriminations ». L’article 8 du même texte stipule que « la République du Sénégal garantit à tous les citoyens les libertés individuelles fondamentales, les droits économiques et sociaux ainsi que les droits collectifs. Ces libertés et droits sont notamment : les libertés civiles et politiques : liberté d’opinion, liberté d’expression, liberté de la presse, liberté d’association, liberté de réunion, liberté de déplacement, liberté de manifestation, les libertés culturelles, les libertés religieuses ». L'absence d'une législation spécifique découle du fait qu'il n' y a pas de précédent ethnique au Sénégal. Autrement dit, le Sénégal ne connait pas un problème ethnique.","Constitution du 22 janvier 2001. Préambule et article 8. www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf‎","Au Sénégal, il n'existe pas de loi spécifique sur la protection des droits des minorités ethniques. La Constitution comporte cependant quelques dispositions qui protègent les droits des minorités ethniques. Dans son préambule, le texte constitutionnel affirme en effet « le rejet et..."]
["2013_SL_71",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",71,0,"The 1991 constitution of Sierra Leone, in section 6 (2), forbids all forms of discrimination and requires the state to promote national integration and unity and discourage discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties. There is no specific sect or ethnicity that is protected by law in Sierra Leone but all are regarded as one.","The Constitution of Sierra Leone, chater II – Fundamental Principles of State Policy, section 6 (1), 1991, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf.","The 1991 constitution of Sierra Leone, in section 6 (2), forbids all forms of discrimination and requires the state to promote national integration and unity and discourage discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion, status, ethnic or lin..."]
["2013_TZ_71",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",71,0,"No such law exists.","1. The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania 1977. http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf\n\n 2. Minority Rights Group International Website : http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4789 \n\n 3. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs Website 2013 update\n http://www.iwgia.org/images/stories/sections/regions/africa/documents/2013/Tanzania.pdf","No such law exists."]
["2013_ZW_71",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",71,0,"Section 56 of the constitution provides for everybody’s right not to be treated in an unfairly discriminatory manner on grounds such as their nationality, race, colour, tribe, place of birth, ethnic or social origin, language, class, religious belief, political affiliation, opinion, custom, culture, sex, gender, marital status, age or pregnancy. Section 6 (1) officially recognises minority languages including Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Shangani, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa. \n \n There is, however no specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013). Chapter 1 Founding Provisions and Chapter 4 Declaration of Rights. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646","Section 56 of the constitution provides for everybody’s right not to be treated in an unfairly discriminatory manner on grounds such as their nationality, race, colour, tribe, place of birth, ethnic or social origin, language, class, religious belief, political affiliation, opinion..."]
["2013_BI_72",2013,"BI","Burundi",72,0,"Le Burundi a trois ethnies reconnues que sont les Hutus, les Tutsis et les Twas. Bien que la constitiution prévoit des quotas dans la répartition des ministères, aucune mesure n'est prise pour répondre aux requêtes de ceux qui s'estiment victimes de discrimination ethniques. \n\nSelon Come Bageni : « Dans la pratique, le gouvernement protège les minorités ethniques contre la discrimination, car des taux de participation ou de cooptation ont été fixés pour que les différentes minorités ethniques soient intégrées dans les institutions publiques. Il n’y a pas d’exclusion politico-sociale des minorités ethniques. »\n\nSelon Isai Nizigiyimana : « Oui, en pratique le gouvernement protège les minorités ethniques contre la discrimination. Cela transparait dans le respect de certains quotas tel que prévu par les textes légaux comme l’Accord d’Arusha et la Constitution. Les cooptations des minorités les protègent aussi contre la discrimination. Ceci concerne essentiellement les minorités ethniques auxquelles les Burundais sont plus sensibles.\n\nD’après deux sources consultées, des quotas ont été mis en place pour assurer la présence de Tutsis au sein de l’appareil gouvernemental. Et selon l’International Crisis Group, les élections de 2010 ont respecté ces quotas ethniques de la Constitution en ce qui a trait aux deux chambres du Parlement.\n\nAu Burundi, les Pygmées Batwa (Twa; le préfix 'Ba' indique une forme au pluriel) se sont retrouvés pris au piège de la violence post-indépendance et de la guerre civile (1990-2000) qui a opposé les Tutsi et les Hutu. Beaucoup ont dû fuir les violences et vivent comme déplacés dans leur propre pays. Certains se sont installés à proximité d’un groupe Hutu ou Tutsi et servent de boucliers humains en échange de rations quotidiennes. Selon le Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, les Pygmées Batwa constituent 1 % de la population du Burundi. La naissance d’enfants n’est que rarement inscrite auprès des autorités et ils continuent d’être perçus comme des serviteurs pour les fermiers hutu et tutsi, parfois comme des esclaves. Les autorités sont conscientes de la discrimination sociale dont ils souffrent. \n\nSelon Lawrence Gahungu, défenseur des droits de l’homme, la situation des Pygmées Batwa s’améliore depuis quelques années. En avril 2012, on comptait 69 Batwa dans les 67 conseils des communautés du Burundi, ce qui représente presque 52 % des communes. Gahungu y voit un progrès significatif dans leurs statuts sociaux. Il argumente dans un article pour Africa Faith and Justice Network que la discrimination positive menée par le gouvernement est en train de contribuer à une présence plus active dans la société civile et dans la politique du Burundi. \n\nDans la Déclaration de coalition des organisations de Batwa du Burundi sur les droits des peuples autochtones (2012), les représentants des Pygmées Batwa réclament plus de participation dans les affaires publiques du pays. Ils font état des pas déjà franchis par le gouvernement burundais que leur a accordé une représentation au parlement, à l’inspection générale de l’État et à la commission terre et autres biens.\n\nMais en même temps, ils dénoncent « les viols sexuels, les coups et blessures, la non-scolarisation des filles Batwa qui fait que la plupart des femmes autochtones du Burundi ne savent ni lire ni écrire. Dans le domaine économique, les femmes Batwa n’ont pas les moyens comme les autres de mener les activités d’entrepreneuriat, car leur métier de la poterie n’est pas actuellement rentable suite à la concurrence des industries. »\n\nEn ce qui concerne les conditions de détention, torture et exécutions extrajudiciaires, les peuples autochtones Batwa du Burundi restent toujours dans les conditions pénibles du fait qu’il existe beaucoup de Batwa injustement incarcérés, selon les signataires de la Déclaration. Ils citent le cas de la prison centrale de Ngozi où ils comptaient 150 Batwa en 2011. Dans la prison centrale de Bujumbura, il existait également des Batwa. Quelques extraits de la Déclaration :\n\n« Comme exemple, nous citons un cas d’un militaire twa qui est maintenant emprisonné par son supérieur tout en l’accusant du viol sexuel de son enfant. Selon les enquêtes faites par les 4 organisations des Batwa en 2010, dans certaines prisons, ces prévenus sont souvent accusés des vols qualifiés, des viols sans montrer les indices de culpabilités. En plus, ces prévenus peuvent passer dans les prisons pendant 2 ou 3 ans et plus, sans suivre leurs dossiers pour le jugement. D’où le manque de justice équitable pour les peuples autochtones Batwa.\n\n«En plus, les cas d’assassinats s’observent encore dans la province de NGOZI où nous enregistrons 2 Batwa et 10 maisons incendiées en 2012, 3 Batwa et des maisons incendiées dans la province de KAYANZA dans la commune de GAHOMBO en 2010 et dans la province de CIBITOKE, 2 Batwa ont été assassinés dans la commune de MABAYI et MUGINA en 2009. Enfin, dans la province de BUBANZA, nous avons 1 MUTWA assassiné au début 2012.\n\n«Concernant la justice burundaise, les Batwa ne jouissent pas le droit d’égalité devant la loi comme en témoignent les copies des jugements sur l’expropriation des terres des Batwa de la commune GAHOMBO, de la commune NTEGA, où nous avons actuellement un twa appelé MISAGO qui est maintenant emprisonné suite à son refus d’accepter l’expropriation des terres de plus de 15 ménages Batwa en colline KAMENYA, commune de NTEGA, province de KIRUNDO.»\n\nSelon le Sénateur Vital Bambanze, qui s’exprime dans un article publié dans Slate Afrique et repris du site de Radio Nederland, la Constitution du Burundi prévoit la représentativité des ethnies hutue (60 %) et tutsie (40 %), un partage qui exclut les Pygmées Batwa. C’est pourquoi il plaide pour que chacune des ethniques majoritaires cède 5 % de ses parts. «Tout est fermé au profit des seuls Hutu et Tutsi. Nous n’avons droit à aucun ministre, ni gouverneur de province, ni administrateur communal, ni chef de zone, ou encore directeur général, etc.».","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, militant des droits de l'homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l' Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.\n\n«Burundi: The situation of Tutsis, including their treatment by society and the authorities; state protection and support services available to them», Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 2009-January 2013. http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/246264/356322_en.html\n\n«An indigenous community in Burundi battles for equal treatment», UN: Office of the High Commissioners for Human Rights, 2012. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/BatwaDiscriminated.aspx\n\n«Positive discrimination strengthens the development of BATWA in Burundi», Lawrence GAHUNGU, Africa Faith and Justice Network, April 17, 2012. \nhttp://www.afjn.org/focus-campaigns/other/other-crisis-areas/49-news-items/1044-positive-discrimination-strengthens-the-development-of-batwa-in-burundi.html\n\n«Déclaration de coalition des organisations de Batwa du Burundi». www.worldwewant2015.org\n\n«Batwa du Burundi, dans l'ombre des ethnies majoritaires», Slate Afrique, 16 décembre 2013. http://www.slateafrique.com/421897/les-batwa-du-burundi-dans-lombre-des-ethnies-majoritaires","Le Burundi a trois ethnies reconnues que sont les Hutus, les Tutsis et les Twas. Bien que la constitiution prévoit des quotas dans la répartition des ministères, aucune mesure n'est prise pour répondre aux requêtes de ceux qui s'estiment victimes de discrimination ethniques. ..."]
["2013_TD_72",2013,"TD","Chad",72,50,"Il existe une multitude de groupes ethniques au Tchad, cependant la loi n'établit pas d'ethnies minoritaires et majoritaires. Malgré la persistance des tensions intercommunautaires qui sont source de conflits, il n'y a pas de service spécialisé au recueil des plaintes sur les discriminations sur la base d'appartenance à un groupe minoritaire. \n\nC'est d'ailleurs l'une des raisons pour lesquels les affrontements sont fréquents entre les agriculteurs chrétiens des différents groupes ethniques du sud et les groupes arabes musulmans vivant principalement dans le nord. Des tensions communautaires dans l'est du Tchad ont empiré en raison de la prolifération des armes légères et les conflits en cours sur l'utilisation des ressources en terres et en eau. Le Directeur des affaires religieuses et traditionnelles, sous la tutelle du ministre de l’Intérieur, est en charge de l’arbitrage des conflits intercommunautaires. À travers ses rapports, il rend compte au gouvernement. La police est active et le gouvernement s’efforce de contenir les velléités de conflit entre les populations. Aucun conflit ethnique majeur n’a menacé d’éclater entre Septembre 2012 et Septembre 2013.","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nFreedom House. (2013). Freedom in the Worls 2013 - Chad, Freedom house. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/chad#.UuXJm9LFLIU","Il existe une multitude de groupes ethniques au Tchad, cependant la loi n'établit pas d'ethnies minoritaires et majoritaires. Malgré la persistance des tensions intercommunautaires qui sont source de conflits, il n'y a pas de service spécialisé au recueil des plaintes sur les discr..."]
["2013_DJ_72",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",72,0,"Il n'existe pas à Djibouti d’entité gouvernementale spécialisée dans la lutte contre la discrimination des minorités ethniques auprès de laquelle les citoyens pourraient obtenir de l'aide.\n\nLa coalition au pouvoir représente tous les grands clans et groupes ethniques du pays. Des représentants des groupes minoritaires occupent également des fonctions importantes. Néanmoins, selon les personnes interrogées, la discrimination sur la base de l’appartenance ethnique a persisté en termes d’embauche et de promotion professionnelle.","1) Adawa Hassan, historien, ancien ministre de l'Éducation nationale, le 13 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Abdillahi Okieh Nour, cadre, ministère de l'Intérieur et de la Décentralisation, 13 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Loula Farah Aptidon, propriétaire d'un salon de coiffure à Djibouti, 12 octobre 2013.","Il n'existe pas à Djibouti d’entité gouvernementale spécialisée dans la lutte contre la discrimination des minorités ethniques auprès de laquelle les citoyens pourraient obtenir de l'aide...."]
["2013_ET_72",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",72,25,"The degree to which minority rights are respected in Ethiopia could be seen from two perspectives. If and in so far as the minority is occupying what is considered to be its 'indigenous' land, their rights are protected. If however those minority groups reside outside what is traditionally called their 'indigenous land', their rights are not protected and often times persecuted both by local communities and in some cases the state is implicated.\n\nFor example, the State Dept. report states that on March 12, 2013, \"armed gunmen stormed a bus in the Gambella Region, forced passengers off the bus and divided “highlanders” from locals (the term “highlanders” generally referred to persons from the Tigray or Amhara regions, although in Gambella the term also was applied more broadly to refer to those from outside the region). The gunmen opened fire on the highlanders, killing 21 persons and wounding nine.” The government's failure to protect this group is evidence of its general lack of interest in effectively guarding minority rights. There is no official record of the number of cases in which violence is practiced against minorities.","1. Addis Admas, a local Amharic newspaper, vol.13, No. 696, July 10, 2013 \n2. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204120.\n3.  Lomi, vol.3 no.2,  P.4, Sept. 2013.","The degree to which minority rights are respected in Ethiopia could be seen from two perspectives. If and in so far as the minority is occupying what is considered to be its 'indigenous' land, their rights are protected. If however those minority groups reside outside what is tradi..."]
["2013_KE_72",2013,"KE","Kenya",72,25,"The interests of ethnic minorities are not well protected in Kenya across the sociopolitical spheres. The minority groups are still discriminated against in key areas such as employment or development support programmes. The big ethnic groups in Kenya wield immense power in areas such as political representation and often snap up all the major opportunities at the expense of small ethnic groups. Although the Constitution and the Employment Act envisaged protection for the small ethnic groups, this is not duly reflecting in practice.","1. \"Displacement and Resistance: The Ogiek of Kenya\", an article by Chelsea Purvis published by the Think Africa Press on March 22, 2013. http://thinkafricapress.com/kenya/mau-ogiek-displacement.\n\n2. \"If taxes know no tribe, why this discrimination?\" An editorial published by the Standard newspaper on August 12, 2013. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000090817&story_title=Opinion:%20If%20taxes%20know%20no%20tribe,%20why%20this%20discrimination?\n\n3. \"Anti-discrimination laws and work in the developing world: A thematic overview\". A report by Sandra Fredman. This is a background paper for the World Development Report 2013. \nhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024-1320950747192/8260293-1320956712276/8261091-1348683883703/WDR2013_bp_Anti-Discrimination_Laws.pdf.\n\n4. \"Taking diversity seriously: minorities and political participation in Kenya\". A report By Jill Cottrel-Ghai, Yash Ghai, Korir Sing’Oei and Waikwa Wanyoike published by Minority Rights Group International in January 2013. http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDgQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katibainstitute.org%2Fcomponent%2Fdocman%2Fdoc_download%2F26-taking-diversity-seriously-minorities-and-political-participation-in-kenya%3FItemid%3D&ei=c39JUtKyKejE7AaMqYHIBQ&usg=AFQjCNF7OwBfH1rBx0C8Sb1_OD5KaIzPjA&bvm=bv.53217764,d.ZGU.\n\n5. Otiende Amolo, Ombudsman Kenya. Interviewed on September 30, 2013.\n\n6. “Police Raids Alienate Kenya's Largest Ethnic Minority”. An article by Roopa Gogineni published by the Voice of America on November 23, 2012. http://www.voanews.com/content/violent-eastleigh-police-raids-alienating-kenyas-ethnic-somali-minority/1551714.html.\n\n7. “Global Minorities Alliance Calls for Equal Rights for Nubian Community in Kenya”. An article by Jeremy Reynalds, published on June 17, 2013 by ASSIST News Service. http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2013/s13060081.htm","The interests of ethnic minorities are not well protected in Kenya across the sociopolitical spheres. The minority groups are still discriminated against in key areas such as employment or development support programmes. The big ethnic groups in Kenya wield immense power in areas s..."]
["2013_MW_72",2013,"MW","Malawi",72,25,"At present, Malawi does not appear to be troubled with the demands of ethnic minorities, as its various ethnic groups co-habit peacefully. Where there are cases of discrimination against ethnic minorities, victims can report them to a victim support unit at their local police station. Victim support units deal with all general cases of discrimination.\n\nRather than dealing with the challenges of ethnicity disparities, Malawi is grappling issues that have more to do with the inclusion of minority interest groups. Presently, the issue of homosexuality has been pre-occupying both government and civil society organisations and has yet to be addressed. Another interest group the country needs to address is citizens with disabilities. Expunging discrimination from its society is a work in progress.","Leon Matanda, Director, Free Expression Institute of Malawi, October 29 2013.\n\nRobert Mkwezalamba, General Secretary, Communication workers Union of Malawi, October 29 2013.\n\nPirira Ndaferankhande, Programmes Officer, Malawi Interfaith Aids Association, October 25 2013.","At present, Malawi does not appear to be troubled with the demands of ethnic minorities, as its various ethnic groups co-habit peacefully. Where there are cases of discrimination against ethnic minorities, victims can report them to a victim support unit at their local police stati..."]
["2013_MR_72",2013,"MR","Mauritania",72,0,"Il n'existe aucun mécanisme permettant de protéger les minorités ethniques. La Mauritanie, dans sa législation, méconnait l'existence des minorités dites ethniques. Cette dimension n'est nullement consacrée. La construction de l'État mauritanien s'est effectuée sur une approche trans-ethnique. Toutefois, méconnaissant l'existence des populations ethniques, la Constitution mauritanienne du 20 juillet 1991 reconnait l'existence d'une pluralité de langues. Il prévaut une sorte de duplicité dans cette disposition, puisque la loi fondamentale consacre les identités linguistiques, tout en méconnaissant la variable ethnique. Ce paradoxe s'illustre notamment la consécration d'une langue dominante. Il prévaut ainsi une dominante linguistique au détriment des autres. La promotion des langues nationales, si elle a toujours été proclamée, se limite à des formulations incantatoires et ne connait pas de véritable début d'effectivité.","1. Amadou Sall, enseignant-chercheur, sociologie et anthropologie, Université de Nouakchott, 3 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Anonyme, 15 novembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n3. Organisations des Nations Unies (ONU), Haut-commissariat aux droits de l’homme. (9 septembre 2013). Mauritanie: Expert de l'ONU salue le Plan national de lutte contre le racisme, mais appelle à la participation. Genève : http://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13691&LangID=F","Il n'existe aucun mécanisme permettant de protéger les minorités ethniques. La Mauritanie, dans sa législation, méconnait l'existence des minorités dites ethniques. Cette dimension n'est nullement consacrée. La construction de l'État mauritanien s'est effectuée sur une approche tra..."]
["2013_ST_72",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",72,0,"Sao Tome and Principe is a very small island, where there was a mixture of many cultures and races. The issue of ethnic minorities that is observed on the African continent dissipates on the island. Despite the fact that Sao Tome and Principe does not have ethnic minorities, there are a few  groups of people who identify themselves with a particular culture, with customs and language. \n\nThis is the case of the Cape Verdeans who came to the country in the 20th century, as contractors and did not return. In terms of government actions, government planning strategies, and also in terms of education and communication, there are no efforts made.The Cape Verdean community, therefore, ends up being excluded and there are no government offices specialised in this particular topic.","1. André Aureliano Aragão, lawyer, AAA-ADV, October 2, 2013.\n2. Nelson Silva, member, Cape Verdean Association of Social Action in Sao Tome and Principe (Acas-STP), October 5, 2013.","Sao Tome and Principe is a very small island, where there was a mixture of many cultures and races. The issue of ethnic minorities that is observed on the African continent dissipates on the island. Despite the fact that Sao Tome and Principe does not have ethnic minorities, there ..."]
["2013_SN_72",2013,"SN","Senegal",72,50,"Il n'existe aucun bureau ou unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination des minorités ethniques et auprès duquel les citoyens pourraient obtenir de l'aide. \n\nToutefois, il faut reconnaitre que le Sénégal est aujourd’hui une société nationale avancée. Autrement dit, les ethnies négro-africaines qui le composent sont fortement intégrées à la vie collective du pays. C’est ce que les citoyens expriment en disant que le Sénégal, à la différence de certains autres pays d’Afrique, connait une véritable paix ethnique. Le gouvernement ne néglige aucun effort pour sauvegarder cet acquis et maintenir la paix ethnique. Dans les rares cas où un citoyen a un problème de discrimination ethnique, elle peut aller voir les défenseur des droits de l'homme comme la rencontre africaine pour la défense des droits de l'homme (RADDHO).","Entretien avec Alphonse, administrateur d'Assemblée, membre de l'association des cadres sérères (ASCASER) (un petit groupe ethnique), 8 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Abdoul Khadre Gaye, membre de la collectivité Lébou , président, Association nationale Entente des mouvements, Associations de développement » (EMAD), 9 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Djiby Diakhaté, sociologue, directeur de la recherche, École doctorale de l'institut africain de management (IAM ) de Dakar, 9 octobre 2013.","Il n'existe aucun bureau ou unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination des minorités ethniques et auprès duquel les citoyens pourraient obtenir de l'aide. ..."]
["2013_TZ_72",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",72,0,"Although there is a commission for human rights and good governance, there is no specific office mandated to protect ethnic minorities from discrimination. Although Tanzania voted in favour of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, the state does not recognise the existence of any indigenous peoples in the country. Indeed, many programmes seem to work against the interests of indigenous peoples in terms of access to land and basic social services. Refugees, whose ethnic identity is tied to the place they left, often face discrimination, harassment and exploitation.\n \n Albinos experience special abuse because witchdoctors value their body parts.","1.The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance website : http://www.chragg.go.tz/.\n 2. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples website http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4789.\n 3. Yearly report 2013: Tanzania .Navaya ole Ndaskoi, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. http://www.iwgia.org/images/stories/sections/regions/africa/documents/2013/Tanzania.pdf.\n 4. Janemary Ruhundwa, LL.M. Director, Asylum Access Tanzania, October 7, 2013.","Although there is a commission for human rights and good governance, there is no specific office mandated to protect ethnic minorities from discrimination. Although Tanzania voted in favour of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, the state does not recogn..."]
["2013_TG_72",2013,"TG","Togo",72,50,"Il n'existe aucun bureau ou unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination des minorités ethniques auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide.\n \n Il est important de souligner qu'au Togo, les populations qui sont les plus susceptible de subir de la discrimination sont plutôt de la majorité ethnique, la minorité étant perçue comme détentrice du pouvoir politique.","Jean-Paul Agboh Ahouelete, directeur de publication, Focus Infos, 31 octobre 2013.\n \nMe Gil-Benoit Afangbedji, président, Association ensemble pour les droits de l’homme, 28 octobre 2013.\n ","Il n'existe aucun bureau ou unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination des minorités ethniques auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide.\n ..."]
["2013_AO_73",2013,"AO","Angola",73,100,"There is both a fundamental (and well specified) constitutional principle as well as a specific law to protect religious beliefs and religious practice. \n\nArticle 41 of the constitution states, \"Freedom of conscience, religion and belief worship is inviolable.\" Article 41 (Freedom of conscience, religion and worship).\n\"1. Freedom of conscience, religion and belief worship is inviolable.\n2. No one can be deprived of their rights, persecuted or immune from liability because of religious belief or philosophical or political conviction.\n3. It is guaranteed the right to conscientious objection in law.\"\n\nLaw No 2/04 - Law on the Exercise of Freedom of Conscience, Religion and Cult - regulates against discrimination based on religion.","Republic of Angola Constitution, art. 41.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498\n\nRepublic of Angola Law No. 2/04 of 25 May 2004.  (2004) .  [Law on the Exercise of Freedom of Conscience, Religion and Cult, regulates the constitutional principle against discrimination based on religion].","There is both a fundamental (and well specified) constitutional principle as well as a specific law to protect religious beliefs and religious practice. ..."]
["2013_CM_73",2013,"CM","Cameroon",73,100,"In Cameroon, there are many texts governing the guarantee of freedom of religion and belief. This is the case of the preamble of the constitution where about six paragraphs are dedicated to this topic. \n\nThe penal code also contains provisions that punish any attempt to violate any person's religious beliefs, such as disruption of religious meetings (Article 270), there are also article 269, 271 and 272. \n\nA recent report by the embassy of the United States comments on this and cites the law. The report welcomes the fact that these freedoms are respected by the Cameroonian government.\n\nThere are no less than 250 religions in Cameroon. This is illegal, according to Jeannot Tamandjong, sub-prefect of Douala V, as all religions are subject to authorisation. Most of these religions do not have permission and operate under a system of administrative tolerance.\nIn terms of the constitution, Cameroon is a secular state and no religion has primacy over another. There is no law in Cameroon that prohibits citizens from changing their religion. Going on the principle that what is not prohibited is permitted; all citizens have the right to change religion at their will without encountering any problems from a legal point of view. Religious freedom is a principle enshrined in Cameroon. This can be observed on the street and at school; citizens wear a cross around their neck, Muslim women walk in the street wearing the full veil and no one is bothered by it.","Tamajong, Jeannot.  (2013, September 25) .  [Deputy Warden, Douala V district].  Personal communication.\n\nUnited States Embassy - Cameroon.  (2013) .  [Report on religious freedom].  Retrieve from http://photos.state.gov/libraries/cameroon/231771/PDFs/2013irffrcameroon.pdf \n\nRepublic of Cameroon Law no. 96-06.  (1996) .  [Amending the Constitution of 2 June 1972].  Retrieved from http://www.minsep.cm/uploads/media/CONSTITUTION_du_Cameroun-1996_et_2008.pdf\n\nCODE PENAL n° 67/LF/1 12 Juin 1967; http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Cameroon/CM_Code_Penal_Cameroun.pdf","In Cameroon, there are many texts governing the guarantee of freedom of religion and belief. This is the case of the preamble of the constitution where about six paragraphs are dedicated to this topic. ..."]
["2013_CI_73",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",73,0,"La Constitution garantit la liberté de religion et les lois et politiques générales ont favorisé la liberté de culte. Dans l’ensemble, le gouvernement a respecté effectivement ce droit ; il n’a pas été signalé de changement quant au respect de la liberté de religion pendant la période visée par le présent rapport. \n\nLe chapitre premier des libertés et des droits de la Constitution ivoirienne en son article 9 stipule que : « La liberté de pensée et d'expression, notamment la liberté de conscience, d’opinion religieuse ou philosophique sont garanties à tous, sous la réserve du respect de la loi, des droits d'autrui, de la sécurité nationale et de l'ordre public ».\n\nL’article 12 de la Constitution dispose encore que : « Aucun Ivoirien ne peut être contraint à l'exil. Toute personne persécutée en raison de ses convictions politiques, religieuses, philosophiques, ou de son appartenance ethnique peut bénéficier du droit d'asile sur le territoire de la République de Côte d'Ivoire, sous la conduite du se conformer aux lois de la République ».\n\nA part ces principes généraux, il n'existe pas de protections spécifiques dans la loi contre la discrimination fondée sur les croyances religieuses.","Constitution du 1er août 2000, articles 9 & 10. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6479","La Constitution garantit la liberté de religion et les lois et politiques générales ont favorisé la liberté de culte. Dans l’ensemble, le gouvernement a respecté effectivement ce droit ; il n’a pas été signalé de changement quant au respect de la liberté de religion pendant la péri..."]
["2013_GQ_73",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",73,0,"The 2012 Constitution recognizes freedom of religion and the right of citizens to practice according to their beliefs (art. 13-f), as well as the right for religious groups to manage schools (art. 24-3).\n\nThe 2012 Constitution does not mention the freedom to change religion, however. The country is 97 per cent Catholic.\n\nIn May 2010, the government passed Law No. 3/2010 (“Reguladora del Derecho de Extranjería en Guinea Ecuatorial”). Although it was meant to regulate foreigners living and working in the country, it explicitly stated in chapter IV (“De las medidas antidiscriminatorias”) that any act of bigotry based on religious practices constitutes a violation of human rights.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution.  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nTítulo Primero: Principios Fundamentales del Estado\nArtículo 13-f: Todo ciudadano goza de los siguientes derechos y libertades: A la libertad de religión y culto.\nArtículo 24-3: El Estado garantiza a toda persona, entidad privada o comunidad religiosa, legalmente constituida, el derecho a fundar escuelas, siempre que se someta al plan pedagógico oficial.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Organic Law No. 3/2010, título I, capítulo IV (“De las medidas antidiscriminatorias”), art. 18–19.  (2010) .  [“Reguladora del Derecho de Extranjería en Guinea Ecuatorial”].  Retrieved from http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=9&Itemid=75\n\nArt. 18: A los efectos de esta Ley Orgánica, representa discriminación todo acto que, directa o indirectamente, conlleva una distinción, exclusión, restricción o preferencia contra un extranjero basado en la raza, el color, la ascendencia o el origen nacional étnico, las convicciones y prácticas religiosas, y que tengan como fin o efecto destruir o limitar el reconocimiento o el ejercicio en condiciones de igualdad con los nacionales de los derechos humanos y de las libertades fundamentales.","The 2012 Constitution recognizes freedom of religion and the right of citizens to practice according to their beliefs (art. 13-f), as well as the right for religious groups to manage schools (art. 24-3)...."]
["2013_GH_73",2013,"GH","Ghana",73,0,"There is no specific law guaranteeing protection for people based on religious discrimination. However, there is a generic law at article 17 of the 1992 constitution of the republic of Ghana which states:\n\n\"(1) All persons shall be equal before the law.\n(2) A person shall not be discriminated against on grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, creed or social or economic status.\n(3) For the purposes of this article, \"discriminate\" means to give different treatment to different persons attributable only or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, gender, occupation, religion or creed, whereby persons of one description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another description are not made subject or are granted privileges or advantages which are not granted to persons of another description.\"","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Five, Article 17(1-3).\nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst5.html","There is no specific law guaranteeing protection for people based on religious discrimination. However, there is a generic law at article 17 of the 1992 constitution of the republic of Ghana which states:..."]
["2013_LR_73",2013,"LR","Liberia",73,100,"The 1986 Constitution guarantees the right to worship freely.\n\nArticle 14 reads: \nAll persons shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion and no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment thereof except as may be required by law to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. All persons who, in the practice of their religion, conduct themselves peaceably, not obstructing others and conforming to the standards set out herein, shall be entitled to the protection of the law. No religions denomination or sect shall have any exclusive privilege or preference over any other, but all shall be treated alike; and no religious tests shall be required for any civil or military office or for the exercise of any civil right. Consistent with the principle of separation of religion and state, the Republic shall establish no state religion.\n\nSection 13.1 (Offense against civil right) of the Penal Code Revised also guarantees protection against discrimination based on one's religious belief.","1986 Constitution, Chapter III Article 14. ttp://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm\n\nSection 13.1 of the Penal Code Revised. https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Liberia-PenalLaw%20A.pdf","The 1986 Constitution guarantees the right to worship freely.\n\nArticle 14 reads: ..."]
["2013_MR_73",2013,"MR","Mauritania",73,0,"La constitution du 20 juillet 1991 fait de l'islam la religion d'Etat.  \n\nPays musulman, la place de l'islam est manifeste dans la société mauritanienne. La référence à l'islam est également exprimée à travers le préambule de la loi fondamentale qui fait de la charia l'unique source du droit.\n\nConfiant dans la toute puissance d'ALLAH, le peuple mauritanien proclame sa volonté de garantir l'intégrité de son Territoire, son indépendance et son unité nationale et d'assumer sa libre évolution politique, économique et sociale.\nFort de ses valeurs spirituelles et du rayonnement de sa civilisation, il proclame en outre, solennellement, son attachement à l'Islam et aux principes de la démocratie tels qu'ils ont été définis par la déclaration Universelle des droits de l'homme du 10 décembre 1948 et par la charte Africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples du 28 Juin 1981 ainsi que dans les autres conventions internationales aux quelles la Mauritanie a souscrit.\n\nConsidérant que la liberté, l'égalité et la dignité de l'homme ne peuvent être assurées que dans une société qui consacre la primauté du droit, soucieux de créer les conditions durables d'une évolution sociale harmonieuse, respectueuse des préceptes de l'islam, seule source de droit \".","Constitution mauritanienne (1991). http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mr1991.htm","La constitution du 20 juillet 1991 fait de l'islam la religion d'Etat.  \n\nPays musulman, la place de l'islam est manifeste dans la société mauritanienne. La référence à..."]
["2013_NE_73",2013,"NE","Niger",73,0,"Il existe un principe constitutionnel, mais il n'y a pas de loi spécifique avec tous les aspects requis, tels que les garanties spécifiques à la liberté de religion.\n\nArt 8 : « La République du Niger respecte et protège toutes les croyances. Aucune religion, aucune croyance ne peut s'arroger le pouvoir politique ni s'immiscer dans les affaires de l'Etat ».\n\nLe Code pénal du Niger réprime toute atteinte à la liberté de conscience et du culte, mais n'offre pas de mesure de protection particulières. \nCode pénal du Niger: Art. 102 : «Tout acte de discrimination raciale ou ethnique, de même que toute propagande régionaliste, toute manifestation contraire à la liberté de conscience et à la liberté de culte, susceptible de dresser les uns contre les autres, les citoyens, sera punie de un à cinq ans d’emprisonnement et de l’interdiction de séjour. Lorsque l’acte de discrimination raciale ou ethnique, la propagande régionaliste ou la manifestation contraire à la liberté de conscience ou de culte aura eu pour but ou pour effet l’un des crimes ou délits attentatoires à la sécurité de l’Etat ou à l’intégrité du territoire de la République, son auteur ou son instigateur sera poursuivi comme coauteur ou comme complice suivant le cas.»","Constitution de la VIIe République. (2010). TITRE PREMIER : DE L'ETAT ET DE LA SOUVERAINETÉ. Art 8.\nhttp://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/constitution.pdf\n\nCode penal, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/0/3e747f82e6028e32c1257084002f7245/$FILE/Niger%20-%20Criminal%20Code%202008%20fr.pdf","Il existe un principe constitutionnel, mais il n'y a pas de loi spécifique avec tous les aspects requis, tels que les garanties spécifiques à la liberté de religion...."]
["2013_ST_73",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",73,100,"\"Article 27 – Freedom of Awareness, Religion and Cult: 1. The freedom of awareness, religion and cult is inviolable. 2. Nobody will be chased, deprived of rights or exempt from obligations or civil duties based on their religious conviction or practice.” (constitution)\n\nPenal Code \"Article 212 - 1. Whoever a) Found or constitute an organization or develop activities that incites discrimination, hatred or violence, racial or religious, or to encourage, or\nb) Participate in the organisation or the activities referred to in the preceding paragraph or assist them, including the financing thereof; shall be punished with imprisonment for 1-8 years.\n2. Whoever, in a public meeting, in writing intended for dissemination by any means or media:\na) provoke acts of violence against a person or group of persons because of their race, colour, ethnic or national origin, or religion, or\nb) defame or injure person or group of persons because of their race, colour, ethnic or national origin or religion, including the denial of war crimes or crimes against peace and humanity;\nwith intent to incite racial or religious or encouraging, is punished with imprisonment for 1-5 years. (penal code).","a) Part II – Fundamental Rights and Social Order, Title II – Personal Rights - of the National Constitution.\nb) Paragraphs (1-2) of the subsection (Title II – Personal Rights) of the Article 27.\nc) 1975.\nhttp://www.parlamento.st/Legisl/leg%20Constit/Frames_legisl_constit.htm\n\na) Law number 6/2012 Penal Code.\nb) Paragraphs (1-2) of Article 212.\nc) 2012.","\"Article 27 – Freedom of Awareness, Religion and Cult: 1. The freedom of awareness, religion and cult is inviolable. 2. Nobody will be chased, deprived of rights or exempt from obligations or civil duties based on their religious conviction or practice.” (constitution)..."]
["2013_SD_73",2013,"SD","Sudan",73,0,"Article 38 of the Sudanese Constitution makes it clear that citizens shall not be discriminated against based on their religion. \n \nMoreover, Article 6 provides that \"The State shall respect the religious rights to worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to establish and maintain places for these purposes.\"\n \nHowever, Article 126 of the Sudanese Criminal Act states: \"Anyone [every Muslim] shall be deemed to commit the offence of apostasy, who propagates the renunciation of the creed of Islam or publicity declares his renouncement thereof, by an express statement or a conclusive act.\"","Republic of the Sudan. Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, article 136. (2005) . Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf.\n \n Sudanese Criminal Act 1991, Article (126). http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=241802","Article 38 of the Sudanese Constitution makes it clear that citizens shall not be discriminated against based on their religion. \n ..."]
["2013_SZ_73",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",73,100,"The constitution of Swaziland does not designate a state religion. Chapter III, \"Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms,\" section 23, \"Protection of Freedom of Conscience or Religion,\" of Swaziland's constitution presents a detailed description of the rights to have and practice a religion. \n\nSwaziland has a variety of religions, including all main Christian denominations, Baha'i, Islam, Judiasm, traditional beliefs and popular hybrid Christian/traditional denominations. All are allowed to function without government interference. \n\n23. (1) A person has a right to freedom of thought, conscience or religion. \n(2) Except with the free consent of that person, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of the freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section freedom of conscience includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change religion or belief, and freedom of worship either alone or in community with others. \n(3) A religious community is entitled to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any place of education which that community wholly maintains, and that community may not be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided at any place of education which that community wholly maintains or in the course of any education which that community otherwise provides. (4) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision: (a) that is reasonably required in the interest of defense, public safety, public order, public morality or public health; or (b) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons, including the right to observe and practice any religion or belief without the unsolicited intervention of members of any other religion or belief.\"\n \n Section 23 (4) (a) and (b) note that the right to hold and practice a religious belief is limited when such a freedom infringes upon national defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health. There have been instances during the year under review when children's lives have been in danger because their parents' religions does not permit medical interventions (trips to the hospital, doctors, medicines) and only prayer is used against illness. The deputy prime minister's office, which intervenes in some matters involving child welfare, has a precedent of removing endangered children from such households and ensuring they receive medical treatment.","Constitution of Swaziland, chapter III, section 23, 2005. www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swa5.htm","The constitution of Swaziland does not designate a state religion. Chapter III, \"Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms,\" section 23, \"Protection of Freedom of Conscience or Religion,\" of Swaziland's constitution presents a detailed description of the rights to..."]
["2013_ZM_73",2013,"ZM","Zambia",73,100,"Under Article 19 (1) of the constitution, “Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purpose of this Article the said freedom includes freedom of thought and religion, freedom to change his religion of belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others , and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.”\n The freedom of expression article also adds more protection to that freedom, by stating that persons have the freedom to impart and communicate ideas, without interference.","The Zambian constitution, 1996, Protection of Freedom of Conscience, Article 19, Page 20, http://www.unza.zm/zamlii/const/1996/partiii.htm#19","Under Article 19 (1) of the constitution, “Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purpose of this Article the said freedom includes freedom of thought and religion, freedom to change his religion of bel..."]
["2013_BJ_74",2013,"BJ","Benin",74,100,"Il y a un ministère chargé du dialogue religieux, notamment celui chargé des relations avec les institutions. Mais les citoyens n'y déposent pas formellement des plaintes.\nChaque année, le gouvernement, à travers ce ministère, appuie les communautés religieuses de façon équitable afin de lutter contre les discriminations. Un appui d'environ 100 millions de FCFA (200 000 USD) est apporté chaque année à chacune des trois principales communautés religieuses du Bénin, à savoir : la communauté animiste, la communauté judéo-chrétienne et la communauté musulmane.","Allégresse Sassé. (24 juillet 2013). Ramadan 2013 : Le gouvernement offre des vivres aux musulmans. Le Matinal. http://news.acotonou.com/h/5616.html\n\nBrèves : Le gouvernement fait don de vivres à la communauté musulmane. (29 juillet 2013). Adjinakou. http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=4&cat=2&id2=18919&jour=29&mois=07&an=2013   \n\nLa Diplomatie américaine s’intéresse au dialogue interconfessionnel au Bénin. (12 septembre 2013). 24 heures au Bénin. http://news.acotonou.com/h/7113.html\n  \nMarcel Zoumènou. (29 mars 2013). Où sont passés les 100 millions des judéo-chrétiens ? La Nouvelle Tribune. http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/14032-ou-sont-passes-les-100-millions-des-judeo-chretiens","Il y a un ministère chargé du dialogue religieux, notamment celui chargé des relations avec les institutions. Mais les citoyens n'y déposent pas formellement des plaintes.\nChaque année, le gouvernement, à travers ce ministère, appuie les communautés religieuses de f..."]
["2013_CF_74",2013,"CF","CAR",74,0,"À l'heure actuelle il n’existe pas, en RCA, d’organe spécial chargé de recevoir les plaintes des victimes de discrimination religieuse. Cependant, les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche laissent entendre que  les personnes lésées ou victime d'une telle discrimination peuvent saisir directement les instances compétentes comme la police, la gendarmerie ou une cour juridictionnelle en se basant sur l'article 11 de la charte constitutionnelle de 2013. Ces instances convoquent les présumés auteurs et les témoins cités dans les plaintes. Lorsque les faits sont avérés, les auteurs sont  sanctionnés conformément à la loi en vigueur. Il faut dire que l’accès aux données témoignant de la situation décrite dans cet indicateur est particulièrement difficile. D’une part, elles tombent sous le sceau du secret professionnel, alors que d’autre part, les dossiers plus anciens ont été systématiquement détruits par les ex-rebelles actuellement au pouvoir avec l’ensemble des autres archives.","Marie Blandine Songuéléma-Yakondji, avocate, présidente de l'Association  des juristes de Centrafrique, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nAugustin Kongatoua (juriste de formation), ex-conseiller près de la cour constitutionnelle, maître assistant, Université de Bangui, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nEdmond Yamindi, avocat, barreau de la cour, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nThierry Anatole M'bomba Mebourou, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Confident, 13 septembre 2013.","À l'heure actuelle il n’existe pas, en RCA, d’organe spécial chargé de recevoir les plaintes des victimes de discrimination religieuse. Cependant, les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche laissent entendre que  les personnes lésées ou victime d'une telle discrimin..."]
["2013_CI_74",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",74,50,"Selon le Rapport 2012 sur les libertés religieuses du Département d’État américain, il n’y a pas eu au cours de la période considérée de cas de violations ou de discriminations fondées sur l’appartenance, les croyances et les pratiques religieuses. Le Rapport note également une absence de violation des libertés religieuses de la part du gouvernement. Le Rapport 2013 de l’organisation Freedom House partage un constat similaire en affirmant que les garanties légales de la liberté de religion sont globalement respectées. Il existe, au sein du ministère d’État, ministère de l’Intérieur et de la Sécurité une Direction générale des cultes, Cette Direction est chargée: « de réaliser les études relatives au régime juridique et à l'organisation des associations cultuelles; d'examiner les dossiers relatifs à l'agrément des missions religieuses; de promouvoir le dialogue entre les différentes religions; de promouvoir de bons rapports entre l'administration et les représentations des différentes religions; d'assister les cultes et les religions dans le cadre de leurs manifestations; d'encadrer l'organisation et d'assurer le suivi des pèlerinages et des visites des lieux saints; d'assister les organisations confessionnelles dans la recherche de financement; de promouvoir la liberté religieuse et la laïcité de l'État; de suivre les dossiers de contentieux » (Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du Ministère d'État, Ministère de l'Intérieur, article 29). \n\nDe plus, étant explicitement prohibé dans le Code pénal, en cas de discrimination religieuse, les citoyens ont la possibilité de porter plainte auprès du procureur de la République. Celui-ci peut également ouvrir une enquête de son propre chef en fonction de la nature de la violation. Au cours de notre recherche, il n'y a pas eu de cas particuliers déclarés, portés sur la place publique ou ayant fait l'objet d'une enquête. Cette situation ne permet pas de véritablement mesurer l’effectivité et l’efficacité des dispositifs en place.\n\nLa loi n° 2008-222 du 4 aout 2008 modifiant et complétant les dispositions du Code pénal relatives a la répression du racisme, de la xénophobie, du tribalisme et des discriminations raciales et religieuses stipule en son article 200 (nouveau) que : « quiconque se rend coupable de racisme, de xénophobie, de tribalisme ou de discrimination raciale ou religieuse, est puni d’un emprisonnement de cinq à dix ans et d'une amende de 500.000 à 5.000.000 de francs CFA ». Il précise que : « la peine est portée au double si: l'infraction a été commise par voie de presse écrite ou de tout autre écrit, de radio de télévision ou de tous autres instruments des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication permettant une diffusion à grande échelle; l'infraction a été commise à l'occasion ou au cours d'une manifestation politique ou d'un rassemblement à caractère politique; l'infraction a été commise par un fonctionnaire au sens de l'article 223 du Code pénal. Dans ce dernier cas, le Tribunal peut ordonner le retrait des fonctions, si l'auteur des faits était chargé de protéger les droits qu'il a violés ».","- Entretien avec Doumbia Yacouba, présidente, Mouvement ivoirien des droits de l’homme, 28 janvier 2014.\n\n- United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. (2012). « International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 – Côte d’Ivoire ». Government of the United States of America. Repéré à: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208140#wrapper\n\n- Freedom House. (2013). « Freedom in the World 2013. Cote d’Ivoire ». Freedom House. Repéré à: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/c%C3%B4te-divoire.\n\n- Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du ministère d'État, ministère de l'Intérieur. (2011).","Selon le Rapport 2012 sur les libertés religieuses du Département d’État américain, il n’y a pas eu au cours de la période considérée de cas de violations ou de discriminations fondées sur l’appartenance, les croyances et les pratiques religieuses. Le Rapport note également une abs..."]
["2013_ER_74",2013,"ER","Eritrea",74,0,"The Isaias government controls all religious activity. The government acknowledges a right to exist only for four “recognized” religious groups, the Orthodox Church, Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the Evangelical (Lutheran) Church. Other religious groups have applied for recognition since 2002, but the government has never acted on their applications. It deposed the Eritrean Orthodox Church patriarch in 2005, after he protested government interference in church affairs. He remains under house arrest in ill health. The government selected his successor and also appointed the current Sunni mufti, the chief Islamic legal authority.\nMembers of “unrecognized” religions are arrested, held in oppressive conditions, and sometimes tortured to compel them to recant their faith. Jehovah’s Witnesses are especially victimized. Twelve were arrested in 2012 while attending a funeral, and one died in 2012 because of heat prostration in an underground cell. Currently, 56 Jehovah’s Witnesses are incarcerated, including 11 in their 70s and 80s and 3 conscientious objectors held since 1994. According to testimonies and reports received by Amnesty International, these arrests often take place during raids on prayer and worship meetings in private homes, and at weddings and funerals. National service conscripts have been detained after being caught reading the Bible or praying during their military training period at Sawa military camp.","Amnesty International. Eritrea: 20 years of Independence, but still no freedom. 2013.\nhttp://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR64/001/2013/en/64b58cdf-a431-499c-9830-f4d66542c8da/afr640012013en.pdf.\n\nHuman Rights Watch (Eritrea). World Report 2013. http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/eritrea.","The Isaias government controls all religious activity. The government acknowledges a right to exist only for four “recognized” religious groups, the Orthodox Church, Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the Evangelical (Lutheran) Church. Other religious groups have applied for recog..."]
["2013_GW_74",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",74,50,"The Guinean government does not protect citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs. In fact, there is no department or law that ensures the protection of citizens in this regard. One of the sources showed photographs of cases of conflicts based on religious discrimination taking place in Guinea Bissau. Nevertheless, the source also stated that these kind of conflicts are not numerous in Guinea Bissau. No specialised government agency responds to people suffering from religious discrimination.","1. Benvindo Gomes, National Commission of Human Rights League Secretary. Interviewed in Bissau October 21, 2013. \n\n2. Judite Nanque, Ministry of Education officer. Interviewed in Bissau, November 2, 2013.\n\n3. Natália Martins, Public Function Ministry, official in the General Directorate. Interviewed in Bissau October 23 , 2013.","The Guinean government does not protect citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs. In fact, there is no department or law that ensures the protection of citizens in this regard. One of the sources showed photographs of cases of conflicts based on religious discriminat..."]
["2013_MG_74",2013,"MG","Madagascar",74,50,"Il n'existe aucun organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination religieuse auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide ou se plaindre. Et à ce jour, il n'y a aucun moyen de dénombrer les cas de violation à la liberté religieuse.","- Andriamiarisoa Vero Henintsoa, chef de service des Affaires juridiques et droits de l'Homme, ministère des Affaires Etrangères.\n- Rakotoarivelo Mamy, membre de l'association malgache des pratiquants juifs, 4 novembre 2013.\n- Rapport international sur la liberté religieuse Madagascar 2012 – Gouvernement US. « Le régime de fait a généralement respecté cette liberté. Cependant, des rapports ont indiqué des restrictions sur la liberté religieuse. » ","Il n'existe aucun organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination religieuse auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide ou se plaindre. Et à ce jour, il n'y a aucun moyen de dénombrer les cas de violation à la liberté religieuse."]
["2013_MZ_74",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",74,50,"Mozambique is a secular state and the state - by definition - is above any religion or creed. In the period under review (September 2012 - September 2013) in Mozambique, there were no reports or evidence of religious discrimination, considering that all religions registered at the ministry of justice have the same rights and obligations under the law of religious confessions, which regulates the action of the churches in Mozambique.There is no evidence or news on religious discrimination cases. There is no website and approaching the the ministry of justice's directorate of religious affairs, there are no records found regarding complaints.","1.        Teresa Cruz e Silva. Professor, Senior Researcher and Gender Activist. African Studies Center. Eduardo Mondlane University. October 12, 2013. \n2.        Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. October 9, 2013.\n3.        Ana Loforte. Professor and Women’s Rights Activist. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Eduardo Mondlane University. October 8, 2012.\n4.        \"EUA elogiam liberdade religiosa em Moçambique\". Redaccao. A Verdade. October 10, 2012. http://www.verdade.co.mz/nacional/31118-eua-elogiam-liberdade-religiosa-em-mocambique. \n5.        \"Comunidade muçulmana moçambicana desconvoca manifestações sábado por questões segurança\". Orfeu Lisboa. Radio France International. September 1, 2012. http://www.portugues.rfi.fr/africa/20120831-comunidade-muculmana-mocambicana-desconvoca-manfefstacoes-sabado-por-questoes-segura.","Mozambique is a secular state and the state - by definition - is above any religion or creed. In the period under review (September 2012 - September 2013) in Mozambique, there were no reports or evidence of religious discrimination, considering that all religions registered at the ..."]
["2013_RW_74",2013,"RW","Rwanda",74,25,"The National Human Rights Commission and the National Police are there to make sure citizens are not discriminated on any grounds, among them religion. However, they didn't want to give statistics. The Refworld article reads: \"The constitution and other laws and policies protect religious freedom and, in practice, the government generally respected religious freedom.\" However, it continues by saying that: \"Government actions against Jehovah's Witnesses remained a problem, as did government practices discouraging religious groups from dissenting from national policies and programs.\" This means that some people may not be able to practice their religious belief if it is not aligned to the government policies. Both interviewees concurred that the government makes sure that nobody is discriminated based on his/her religious belief.","Gitwaza, Paul.  (2013, October 9) .  [Senior Pastor of Zion Temple].  Personal communication.\n\nRefworld.  (2013) .  2012 report on international religious freedom - Rwanda.  Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4963.html \n\nMukazibera, Agnès MUKAZIBERA.  (2013, October 10) .  [MP, chair for the standing Committee on Education, Technology, Culture and Youth in Parliament].  Personal communication.","The National Human Rights Commission and the National Police are there to make sure citizens are not discriminated on any grounds, among them religion. However, they didn't want to give statistics. The Refworld article reads: \"The constitution and other laws and policies protect re..."]
["2013_SO_74",2013,"SO","Somalia",74,0,"Though the Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion and allows individuals the free practice of their religion, Islam is enshrined as the official religion of the state and no other religions are to be propagated. There is no specific office specializing in religious discrimination.\n\nAccording to the US Department of State, \"There were no reports of abuses of religious freedom [...] by the new government from August through year’s end [2012], or by the Puntland or Somaliland authorities.\" However, in December 2013, the new government banned the celebration of Christmas (Addulkadir). \n\nThough the majority of the country are Sunni Muslims of a Sufi tradition, there are small numbers of other religious groups present (Religious Freedom Report). Freedom House notes that in areas governed by al-Shabab, Christians and moderate Muslims both face persecution. According to the Morningstar News, some Christians were harassed and four were shot or killed during the period of this study, some in areas controlled by the government rather than al-Shabab.","Khalif, A. (2013 Dec 25). Somalia bans Christmas celebrations. Daily Nation. http://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Somalia-bans-Christmas-celebrations/-/1950946/2125192/-/format/xhtml/-/774d8c/-/index.html\n\nUS Department of State. International Religious Freedom Report for 2012\nSomalia. Accessed on 11 March 2013. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208194\n\n(2013 Nov 14). Christian Shot Dead in Mogadishu, Somalia. Morningstar news. http://morningstarnews.org/2013/11/christian-shot-dead-in-mogadishu-somalia/\n\nFreedom House. Freedom in the World Report 2013 - Somalia. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/somalia#.Ux4yTPSwLAI","Though the Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion and allows individuals the free practice of their religion, Islam is enshrined as the official religion of the state and no other religions are to be propagated. There is no specific office specializing in religious..."]
["2013_SZ_74",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",74,0,"There is no mechanism for victims of religious intolerance to file complaints. The Constitution's guarantee of freedom to hold and practice a religious belief has not been augmented by legislation that would create and empower an instrument to ensure that right.\n \n Sources say that in the current situation, an incident of religious discrimination, intimidation or crime against a person based on the person's religious beliefs would be treated as a regular police matter. The victim would file a complaint at a police station, and a case would be opened on the basis of standard crimes, such as assault, robbery, property damage and so on, but it wouldn't be categorized as a religion-based offence. \n \n Finding redress against less overt forms of harassment on the basis of the victim's religion would be more problematic if a standard crime was not committed. A complaint could be raised with Swaziland's new human rights commission, or a civil suit filed against the perpetrator that would be similar to cases where Swazis sue others whom they feel have insulted them.","Interview: Petros Ndaba, pastor, Church of Christ Manzini, 14 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Caroline Tsabedze, church board member, Church of Christ, Manzini, 14 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Thab'sile Zwane, church board member, Manzini, Church of Christ, 14 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Mohamed Simelane, practicing Muslim, Manzini, 14 September 2013.","There is no mechanism for victims of religious intolerance to file complaints. The Constitution's guarantee of freedom to hold and practice a religious belief has not been augmented by legislation that would create and empower an instrument to ensure that right...."]
["2013_ZW_74",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",74,0,"There is no office or unit within a government agency specifically mandated to handle cases of religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help. Matters of religious discrimination are referred to the courts. For example, the case of Mr Patson Makhiwa, whose 13-year-old daughter was expelled from the Seventh Day Adventist-run Bulawayo Adventist Secondary School (BASS) for wearing dreadlocks, was heard through the courts.","1. Anonymous. Inspector. Zimbabwe Republic Police. 23 September 2013. Harare. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n 2. NewsdzeZimbabwe. Tuesday, January 22, 2013. Expelled Byo Rastafarian Girl Case Dismissed. http://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2013/01/expelled-byo-rastafarian-girl-case.html.\n \n 3. The Chronicle. Tuesday, September 24, 2013. Rastafarian case dismissed. http://www.chronicle.co.zw/rastafarian-case-dismissed/.","There is no office or unit within a government agency specifically mandated to handle cases of religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help. Matters of religious discrimination are referred to the courts. For example, the case of Mr Patson Makhiwa, whose 13-year-old d..."]
["2013_DZ_75",2013,"DZ","Algeria",75,0,"En Algérie l’homosexualité est pénalisée.\n\nLes peines prévues par le Code pénal sont moins sévères, allant de deux mois à deux ans de prison. Il est à noter les articles 333 et 338 du Code pénal algérien qui criminalise l’homosexualité sont à l’opposé des articles 29, 32, 33,34, 35, 39, 41 et 43 de la constitution. L’Article 333 du code pénal, par exemple, stipule que « toute personne qui a commis un outrage à la pudeur est punie d’un emprisonnement de deux mois à deux ans et d’une amende de 500 à 2000 DA. Lorsque l’outrage public à la pudeur a consisté en un acte contre nature avec individu du même sexe, la peine est un emprisonnement de six mois à trois ans et d’une amende de 1000 à 10 000 DA », tandis que l’article 29 de la constitution dispose que les citoyens sont égaux devant la loi, sans égards à la naissance, à la race, au sexe ou à toute autre condition ou circonstance personnelle ou sociale.","-Ordonnance n° 66-156 du 8 juin 1966 portant sur le Code pénal, modifiée et complétée, TITRE II CRIMES ET DÉLITS CONTRE LES PARTICULIERS, CHAPITRE II CRIMES ET DÉLITS CONTRE LA FAMILLE ET LES BONNES MŒURS,DEUXIÈME PARTIE INCRIMINATION, LIVRE TROISIÈME CRIMES ET DÉLITS ET LEUR SANCTION, SECTION 6 Attentats aux mœurs, Art 333 et 338. (1971). [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FPenal.pdf","En Algérie l’homosexualité est pénalisée.\n\nLes peines prévues par le Code pénal sont moins sévères, allant de deux mois à deux ans de pri..."]
["2013_CM_75",2013,"CM","Cameroon",75,0,"The Cameroonian Criminal Procedure Code prohibit any sexual orientation that is not classic (man and woman). Article 347 of the penal code states clearly the punishment for anyone engaging in a same-sex relationship. This punishment includes a fine of 20,000 to 200,000 francs CFA or US$40 to $400 and imprisonment from six months to five years. \n\nSexual orientation that is proven and known to the public is often the subject of threats. Even mere suspicions are likely to invite condemnation by the courts. This was the case for a young couple arrested by police for watching a gay film.\nThis position, enshrined by law, is frequently taken up and supported by NGOs too, as demonstrated by the rallying of Cameroonian youth who regularly protest against homosexuality, especially concerning the youth. This is a widespread phenomenon supported by the majority of Cameroonians, who do not like talking about homosexuality and discriminate against those who do not have the same sexual orientation as they do.\n\nThe Civil Status Registration Ordinance on the celebration of marriages provides in Section 52(3) the prohibition of any marriage in which those involved are of the same sex.","Penal Code, n° 67/LF/1, 12 juin 1967, art 347 http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Cameroon/CM_Code_Penal_Cameroun.pdf\n\nSection 52(3) of Ordinance No. 81–02 of June 29, 1981, on the civil status registration. http://www.jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Cameroun/ORDONNANCE%20N%C2%B0%2081-002%20%20du%2029%20J%20CAMEROUN.pdf\n\nBarlev, S.  (2013, August 21) .  Members of the RCJ protest in Yaounde.\n\nMbassi, E.  (2013, July 18) .  Cameroon: On trial for homosexuality.  Le Jour.  Retrieved from http://www.camer.be/index1.php?art=27687&rub=11:1\n\nAgence France Presse.  (2012, October 25) .  Cameroun: Nouvelles menaces contre un avocat défendant des homosexuels.  Cameroon-info-net.  Retrieved from http://www.cameroon-info.net \n\nRepublic of Cameroon Criminal Procedure Code no. 2005/007.  (2005) .","The Cameroonian Criminal Procedure Code prohibit any sexual orientation that is not classic (man and woman). Article 347 of the penal code states clearly the punishment for anyone engaging in a same-sex relationship. This punishment includes a fine of 20,000 to 200,000 francs CFA o..."]
["2013_TD_75",2013,"TD","Chad",75,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.\n\nDe plus, selon l'Article 272 du Code Pénal: \"Sera puni des peines portées à l'article précédent, sans préjudice des peines plus graves prévues par les articles 273 à 278, quiconque aura commis un acte impudique ou contre nature avec un individu de son sexe mineur de vingt et un ans.\"","Code pénal de la République du Tchad (1967). Article 272\nhttp://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Chad/TD_Code_Penal.pdf","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.\n\nDe plus, selon l'Article 272 du Code Pénal: \"Sera puni des peines portées à l'article précéden..."]
["2013_EG_75",2013,"EG","Egypt",75,0,"No such law exists. No specific law addressing the rights of gays exists.\n\nLaw 10 of 1961, in Articles 1 and 9, stipulates that any person engaging in or inciting debauchery or prostitution will be subject to criminal charges. \n\nFollowing the 2011 uprising that led to Mubarak’s ousting, the deposed Morsi government continued ignoring personal beliefs, including lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights. The dissolved 2012 constitution only guaranteed the freedom of thought, belief and creativity, inasmuch as they do not contradict Islamic Sharia.\n\nIn March 2013, the Muslim Brotherhood's delegation to the UN backlashed out against the ten-point memorandum calling for equal rights for homosexual people. \"This declaration, if ratified, would lead to the complete disintegration of society, and would certainly be the final step in the intellectual and cultural invasion of Muslim countries, eliminating the moral specificity that helps preserve cohesion of Islamic societies,\" the Brotherhood’s statement claimed.","Law 10/1961 on the Combating of Prostitution. articles 1 and 9.  (1961) . http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/egypt0304/9.htm","No such law exists. No specific law addressing the rights of gays exists.\n\nLaw 10 of 1961, in Articles 1 and 9, stipulates that any person engaging in or inciting debauc..."]
["2013_GM_75",2013,"GM","The Gambia",75,0,"No such law exists. \n\nSection 33 of the 1997 constitution bars discrimination on the following grounds: race, colour, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin. Sexual orientation is not listed as a ground for discrimination and no other law exists in the Gambia to regulate the rights of LGBT persons.\n\nSection 147 of the Criminal Code makes it criminal for males to engage in \"acts of gross indecency\" with other males or for a male to procure another male to engage in \"acts of gross indecency.\" The same section also makes it punishable for a female to engage in \"acts of gross indecency\" or procure another female to engage in 'acts of gross decency.\" Such an offense draws imprisonment of five years.\" Acts of gross indecency\" are defined in Section 147 (3) of the criminal code to include homosexual acts.","Section 144 and 147(3) of the Criminal Code,  Cap 10:01, Volume 3,  Revised Laws of The Gambia 2009.","No such law exists. \n\nSection 33 of the 1997 constitution bars discrimination on the following grounds: race, colour..."]
["2013_LS_75",2013,"LS","Lesotho",75,0,"No law explicitly criminalises homosexuality in Lesotho. \n\nHowever, male sex sodomy is a common law offence that is punishable with up to ten years' prison sentence. Additionally, section 187 (5) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act 1981 includes sodomy among the offences for which arrests can be made without warrant. All of these limit the freedom with which homosexual men can exercise their sexual orientation. Apart from that, Lesotho's laws do not recognise same-sex marriage.","1. Criminal Procedure and Evidence 1981. Section 187 (5). Unavailable online.\n\n2. Marriage Act 1974. http://www.lesotholii.org/files/marriage_act_1974.pdf","No law explicitly criminalises homosexuality in Lesotho. \n\nHowever, male sex sodomy is a common law offence that is punishable with up to ten years' pris..."]
["2013_ML_75",2013,"ML","Mali",75,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière."]
["2013_NA_75",2013,"NA","Namibia",75,0,"The constitution does not expressly mention anything about people's sexual orientation, however, the country uses the Roman Dutch Law of 1927 that outlaws sodomy.\n \nThe Combating of Immoral Practices Act 21 1980 makes it a crime to have unlawful carnal intercourse between persons who are not married or who are not partners in a customary union in terms of the traditional laws and customs applied by a particular population.\n\nHowever, the articles in Confidente newspaper listed as sources show how the media is tolerant of people's sexual orientation.","The Combating of Immoral Practices Act 21 1980.\n\nRoman Dutch law of 1927 on sodomy.\n\nConfidente newspaper, \"Namibia marks first gay marriage,\" published April 18 2013, written by Marianne Nghidengwa: http://www.confidente.com.na/2013/04/18/namibia-marks-first-gay-marriage/\n\nConfidente newspaper, \"Former Mr Gay engaged published,\" August 29 2013: http://www.confidente.com.na/2013/08/29/former-mr-gay-gets-engaged/, shows how the media is tolerant of people's sexual orientation.","The constitution does not expressly mention anything about people's sexual orientation, however, the country uses the Roman Dutch Law of 1927 that outlaws sodomy.\n ..."]
["2013_RW_75",2013,"RW","Rwanda",75,0,"Article 11 of the constitution says: \"All Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights and duties. Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited andpunishable by law.\" This may be seen as proof that no discrimination based on sexual orientation is practiced. However, article 26 of the same constitution only recognises monogamous marriage between a man and a woman. This means that marriage between people of the same sex is not possible though there is no an explicit law forbiding it.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf","Article 11 of the constitution says: \"All Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights and duties. Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, la..."]
["2013_SS_75",2013,"SS","South Sudan",75,0,"There is no such law in existence.\n\nArticle 248, Subsection (1) of the Penal code states: “Whoever, has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any person and whoever allows any person to have such intercourse with him or her commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and may also be liable to a fine.\"","Jumi, Wani Mathias.  (2014, January 5) .  [Secretary General, South Sudan Law Society]. Personal communication.\n\nPenal Code Act, 2008.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf","There is no such law in existence.\n\nArticle 248, Subsection (1) of the Penal code states: “Whoever, has carnal intercourse against..."]
["2013_TN_75",2013,"TN","Tunisia",75,0,"Tunisian law is inspired by the sharia (Islamic law) and there is not a law protecting citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation, or giving freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, nor giving the right to manifest and exercise their sexual orientation in public or private.\n \n Article 230 of the penal code considers sodomy to be a crime, with a punishment of three years in jail. But sodomy does not necessarily or systematically refer to homosexuality. \n \n The website of www.ilga.org (global legal survey, conducted by International Lesbian and Gay Association) shows that Tunisia has no law protecting citizens from sex discrimination (see the map and click on Tunisia).","Tunisian penal code, in accordance with the law no 2005-46 of June 6, 2005, article 230. \n \n www.ilga.org (global legal survey, conducted by International Lesbian and Gay Association)","Tunisian law is inspired by the sharia (Islamic law) and there is not a law protecting citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation, or giving freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, nor giving the right to manifest and exercise their sexual orientation in public or..."]
["2013_AO_76",2013,"AO","Angola",76,0,"There is no office or unit within any government agency mandated to handle cases of sexual orientation discrimination. \n\nNo cases of violent harassment against have been reported, but anecdotal evidence suggests that there is a general sentiment of intolerance against LGBT people and that verbal public harassment is not only tolerated, but often strongly supported. \n\nThe soap opera “Windeck”, broacasted on channel 2 of the national television, which includes a gay storyline, is credited with having generated public debate on the issue and some increase in tolerance towards LGBT people in Angola. \n\nTranssexual kuduro star Titica, who openly discusses her sexuality, can be seen as an exception, so far only possible in the realm of stardom and celebrities.","Ahrens, L.  (2012, December 3) .  Being gay not an issue in independent-minded Angola.  This Is Africa.  Retrieved from http://www.thisisafrica.me/opinion/detail/19709/being-gay-not-an-issue-in-independent-minded-angola \n\nDomingos, M.  (2013, December 18) .  Homossexuais assumem-se.  Sol.  Retrieved from http://sol.sapo.pt/Angola/Interior.aspx?content_id=95168 \n\n(2012, August 28) .  Homossexualidade é tema rejeitado por partidos angolanos.  DW.  Retrieved from http://www.dw.de/homossexualidade-%C3%A9-tema-rejeitado-por-partidos-angolanos/a-16185057 \n\nMujoco, I.  (2013, October 21) .  Casamento gay suscita polémica.  O País.  Retrieved from http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?det=32760 \n\nRedvers, L.  (2012, April 12) .  Transsexual artist Titica takes Angola by storm.  BBC.  Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17628726","There is no office or unit within any government agency mandated to handle cases of sexual orientation discrimination. ..."]
["2013_CM_76",2013,"CM","Cameroon",76,0,"In Cameroon, homosexual practices are punishable by law. The Penal Code stipulates in article 347a on homosexuality that \"Any person who has sex with a person of the same sex shall be liable for imprisonment from six months to five years and a fine of 20 000 to 200 000 francs CFA.\" Those who are openly suspected of having a non-heterosexual orientation face reprisals from homophobes. Me Alice Nkom, Cameroonian human rights lawyer and sexual minorities defender, discusses the many setbacks faced by gay Cameroonians, in an interview available at http://www.aeud.fr.  Even those defending the human rights of sexual minorities have come under fire by homophobes. Such was the case of a journalist who was tortured and killed, as Camille Bordenet mentions in her blog post on 18 July 2013 entitled \"Eric Lembembe: tortured and killed for defending gay rights in Cameroon.\" The article can be found at http://camillebordenet.blog.lemonde.fr/2013/07/18/eric-lembembe-torture-et-tue-pour-avoir-defendu-les-droits-des-homosexuels-au-cameroun/ and lots of other websites.","Nkom, Me Alice.  (2013, September) .  [Lawyer and director of human rights NGO].  Personal communication. \n\nBourdenet, C.  (2013, July 18) .  Eric Lembembe: Tortured and killed for defending the rights of homosexuals in Cameroon.  Le Monde.  Retrieved from http://camillebordenet.blog.lemonde.fr/2013/07/18/eric-lembembe-torture-et-tue-pour-avoir-defendu-les-droits-des-homosexuels-au-cameroun/\n\nHuman Rights Watch.  (2013) .   Authorities should investigate these attacks, and condemn and prosecute the perpetrators.  Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/07/01/cameroun-une-vague-d-attaques-contre-des-defenseurs-des-droits-des-personnes-lgbti\n\nRepublic of Cameroon Penal Code, art. 347(A).  [On homosexuality].  Retrieved fromhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_LGBT_au_Cameroun","In Cameroon, homosexual practices are punishable by law. The Penal Code stipulates in article 347a on homosexuality that \"Any person who has sex with a person of the same sex shall be liable for imprisonment from six months to five years and a fine of 20 000 to 200 000 francs CFA.\"..."]
["2013_CV_76",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",76,25,"There is no office that provides any kind of help. Cape Verde has, however, made progress in the promotion of LGBT rights in its legislations and is the second best performing in this regard in Africa. The labour code specifies in articles 45 (number 2) and 406 (number 3) the legal penalties to individuals that discriminate based on sexual orientations. Regarding the penal code, this law published in 2004 lifted the penalties for homosexual acts that existed on the 1986 penal code.","1. Claudia Rodrigues, specialist on Gender issues at the Millenium challenge Corporation - Cape Verde. October 24, 2013.\n\n2. Academic Article, published at the Uni-CV web site: http://www.unicv.edu.cv/images/stories/EdicoesUniCV/desigualdades_sociais_e_dinamicas_de_participacao_em_cabo_verde.pdf.\n\n3. Academic work by Alfredo Pazmiño, researcher on LGBT issues, Universidad la Laguna. October 24, 2013.","There is no office that provides any kind of help. Cape Verde has, however, made progress in the promotion of LGBT rights in its legislations and is the second best performing in this regard in Africa. The labour code specifies in articles 45 (number 2) and 406 (number 3) the legal..."]
["2013_DJ_76",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",76,0,"A Djibouti, la loi pénalise toute conduite sexuelle consensuelle entre personnes du même sexe. Toutefois, le gouvernement n’a pris aucune mesure contre les personnes gay. Pays musulman à 100%, les normes sociétales ne permettent pas de débattre en public de l’homosexualité, et en règle générale, les personnes ne reconnaissaient pas ouvertement leur homosexualité. Il n’existait aucune organisation connue pour les personnes lesbiennes, homosexuelles, bisexuelles et transgenre. Les personnes interviewées nous ont signalé que dans la société djiboutienne, comme dans beaucoup d'autres pays musulmans, ce sujet est tabou. Cependant, cela ne veut pas dire que l'homosexualité n'existe pas à Djibouti. Il y a de cela quelques mois, trois personnes ont été présentées au parquet de Djibouti pour pratique de l'homosexualité déclarée, avant puis d’être relâchées. Le cas de certains militaires français, qui ont eu des rapports sexuels avec des jeunes djiboutiens, est cité.","1) Moussa Souleiman, enseignant-chercheur, Université de Djibouti, 30 novembre 2013.\n\n2) Mahado Meiraneh,  journaliste, Radio Télévision de Djibouti, 30 novembre 2013.\n\n3) Chehem Watta, écrivain, sociologue de formation, 30 novembre 2013.\n\n4) Gouvernement des États-Unis, Département d’État, Bureau pour la démocratie, les droits de l’homme et le travail. (2012). Rapport 2012 sur les pratiques des pays en matière de droits de l’homme – Djibouti. http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/DJIBOUTI-FRE-Final.pdf","A Djibouti, la loi pénalise toute conduite sexuelle consensuelle entre personnes du même sexe. Toutefois, le gouvernement n’a pris aucune mesure contre les personnes gay. Pays musulman à 100%, les normes sociétales ne permettent pas de débattre en public de l’homosexualité, et en r..."]
["2013_GQ_76",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",76,0,"Social stigmatisation and traditional discrimination remain a problem. LGBT lifestyles are not accepted in Equatorial Guinea. During the period of review, there were no active LGBT organisations in the country and no abuses were reported, although this could also be due to avoidance of social stigma. There are no laws protecting LGBT rights.  \n\nThere is no functioning human rights commission or ombudsman office, and no other government agency is responsible for protecting citizens from sexual orientation discrimination.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organisation, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSociales y Culturales.  (2013) .  Informe de Guinea Ecuatorial sobre la aplicación del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos. \n\nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper\n\nRamón, N.  (n.d.) .  ¿Hay homosexuales en Guinea Ecuatorial?.  Africa Fundacion Sur.  Retrieved from http://www.africafundacion.org/spip.php?article14650 ","Social stigmatisation and traditional discrimination remain a problem. LGBT lifestyles are not accepted in Equatorial Guinea. During the period of review, there were no active LGBT organisations in the country and no abuses were reported, although this could also be due to avoidanc..."]
["2013_GN_76",2013,"GN","Guinea",76,0,"Le phénomène LGBT (lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels et transgenre) est très nouveau en République de Guinée. Il n'y a aucun organisme ayant pour mission de s'occuper de ces questions. Même au ministère d'État chargé des Affaires sociales, de la Promotion féminine et du Genre, il n' y a pas de section LGBT. \n\nCela ne veut pas dire qu'il n'y a pas de LGBT en Guinée. Il en existe, mais seul un très petit nombre affichent leur homosexualité publiquement et dans les grandes villes seulement. Parmi eux, il y a des étrangers, mais aussi des Guinéens. Quand ils passent, soit, ils font l'objet de moqueries, ou de rejet, ou encore, cela amuse les plus jeunes. En tout cas, ils ne sont pas les bienvenus chez la grande majorité de la population. Mais le gouvernement ne dit rien et il va de soi qu'il n'existe aucun bureau ou unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental s’occupant de discrimination en matière d'orientation sexuelle auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide.","Entretien avec Maître Foromo Fréderic Loua, Avocat à la Cour, Président de l'ONG MDT, 29 septembre 2013, 12 h 30.\n\nEntretien avec Souleymane Bah, Président de la CODDH, 29 septembre 2013, 12 h 50.\n\nEntretien avec Ismatou Diallo, Présidente de l'ONG AFD (Action des Femmes et Développement), 29 septembre 2013, 13 h 45.","Le phénomène LGBT (lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels et transgenre) est très nouveau en République de Guinée. Il n'y a aucun organisme ayant pour mission de s'occuper de ces questions. Même au ministère d'État chargé des Affaires sociales, de la Promotion féminine et du Genre, il n' y a ..."]
["2013_LY_76",2013,"LY","Libya",76,0,"LGBT community involvment is considered criminal by law. Hence, they are persecuted by the government instead of being protected. \n\nIt is forbidden to even to talk about sexual orientation as a right, considering that according to the penal code and Shari'a law, it is a crime. Freedom of sexual orientation in Libya is considered the red line. It is said that in Libya there is a big number of homosexual individuals, but the basic rule still valid is \"Don't tell, don't ask.\"","F. A. Elajaly, director of Human Rights Field Operation, personal communication, November 13, 2013.\n\nW. E. Mammer, political activist from the minority ethnic group of the Amazigh, or Berber, personal communication, November 14, 2013.\n\nY. Nanis, spokesperson of the Amazigh protestors at the oil and gas Mellitah complex, personal communication, November 7, 2013.","LGBT community involvment is considered criminal by law. Hence, they are persecuted by the government instead of being protected. ..."]
["2013_MR_76",2013,"MR","Mauritania",76,0,"La législation mauritanienne réprime très sévèrement les pratiques homosexuelles. L'ordonnance 83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 en son article 308 prévoit des sanctions sévères en cas de rapports entre individus de même sexe. La sévérité de cette disposition cache mal l'existence d'homosexuels, lesquels vivent souvent cachés et font montre d'une certaine discrétion dans leur pratique. La société mauritanienne, à 100% musulmane, s'accommode mal avec les pratiques homosexuelles. Les personnes ayant cette orientation sont discriminées et sont ostracisées.","1. Amadou Sall, enseignant-chercheur, sociologie et anthropologie, Université de Nouakchott, 3 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Alakhbar (Mauritanie). (17 mai 2013).  Journée internationale contre l’homophobie. CRIDEM : http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=643137","La législation mauritanienne réprime très sévèrement les pratiques homosexuelles. L'ordonnance 83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 en son article 308 prévoit des sanctions sévères en cas de rapports entre individus de même sexe. La sévérité de cette disposition cache mal l'existence d'homose..."]
["2013_NG_76",2013,"NG","Nigeria",76,0,"There is no office or unit within a government agency specialising in discrimination against LGBT citizens where they can go to for help and provide its name and website. \n\nIndeed, the two arms of Nigeria's national assembly have passed a bill outlawing/criminalising homosexuality. Offenders face up to a 14 year jail term. The bill, which enjoys wide public support, was passed several months ago, and awaits the president's signature.","1. Associated Press, Nigeria lawmakers pass anti-gay marriage bill, BASHIR ADIGUN and JON GAMBRELL, May 30, 2013, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/nigeria-lawmakers-pass-anti-gay-marriage-bill\n\n2. Vanguard, Nigerian law is against our fundamental rights – Gays, Ebun Sessou, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/nigerian-law-is-against-our-fundamental-rights-gays/#sthash.r5fJyPR9.dpuf, June 29, 2013\n\n3. PM News, Nigerian Gay Arrested In Ogun Community,  Eromosele Ebhomele, August 22, 2013, http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/08/22/nigerian-gay-arrested-in-ogun-community/\n\n4. Exclusive Interview With Adebisi Alimi, Gay Rights Activist in Nigeria, Huffington Post, July 25, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/udoka-okafor/adebisi-alimi-interview_b_3647882.html, Udoka Okafor","There is no office or unit within a government agency specialising in discrimination against LGBT citizens where they can go to for help and provide its name and website. ..."]
["2013_SL_76",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",76,0,"In Sierra Leone, there is no office or unit within any government agency mandated to handle cases of sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help.","1. Moijueh Emmanuel KaiKai, Ministry of Social welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, Minister, October 11,  2013, Freetown, Sierra Leone.\n\n2. Sheikh Hassan Dumbuya, Muslim Youth Council, Secretary, October 11, 2013, Freetown, Sierra Leone.\n\n3. Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, Sander Chambers, Legal Practitioner, October 9, 2013, Freetown, Sierra Leone.\n\n4. Ibrahim Samura, Sierra Leone Police, Head of Police Media, October 11, 2013, Freetown, Sierra Leone.","In Sierra Leone, there is no office or unit within any government agency mandated to handle cases of sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help."]
["2013_SD_76",2013,"SD","Sudan",76,0,"The government of Sudan does not protect homosexuals. A report by US Department of State (2013) says that \"Societal discrimination against LGBT persons is widespread\" in Sudan.","Beauchamp, Z. (2013, March) . 10 years later: What everyone should know now about the Darfur Genocide. ThinkProgress, March 2013. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/03/05/1669981/10-years-later-what-everyone-should-know-now-about-the-darfur-genocide/\n \n(2013, January) . LGBT rights in Sudan: someone fights for the rainbow. Il Grande Colibri. Retrieved from http://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/2013/01/gay-rights-sudan.html","The government of Sudan does not protect homosexuals. A report by US Department of State (2013) says that \"Societal discrimination against LGBT persons is widespread\" in Sudan."]
["2013_ZM_76",2013,"ZM","Zambia",76,0,"The government does not condone harassment based on someone's background, but does prosecute homosexuality, because it is illegal in the country. As such, there is no unit/office in government that specialises in sexual orientation discrimination.","(1) Interview with Henry Kabwe, executive director, Media Network on Child Rights and Development, on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia\n \n (2)The case of 'The People vs. Paul Kasonkomona', Lusaka magistrates' court, Lusaka, Zambia, observed September 2013\n \n (3) Lusaka Voice, Gay rights activist, Paul Kasonkomona pleads not guilty, April 12 2013, http://lusakavoice.com/2013/04/12/gay-rights-activist-paul-kasonkomona-pleads-not-guilty/","The government does not condone harassment based on someone's background, but does prosecute homosexuality, because it is illegal in the country. As such, there is no unit/office in government that specialises in sexual orientation discrimination."]
["2013_BW_77",2013,"BW","Botswana",77,50,"Any person whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, is entitled to fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. These rights are subject to whatever limitations are stated by law. The rights may also be limited in matters of public interest and the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.\n\nAll citizens of Botswana are entitled to receive an allocation of tribal land from the district Land Boards. The 1993 amendment to the Tribal Land Act permits any citizen, regardless of tribal affiliation, to apply for any land, and extends the right to women.\n\n(2) Explanation: Enables women, whether married in or out of community of property, to execute deeds and other documents without their husband’s assistance. A husband cannot deal with immovable property registered in his name, which is not excluded from community of property without his wife’s consent, and conversely, a woman cannot deal with property that belongs to the community without her husband's consent. \n\n(3) Explanation: Parliament passed a bill abolishing the structure of marital power under common law, as amended, and provides for equality between men and women in marriage in community of property. It specifically excludes customary and religious marriages.","1.  Botswana Constitution, 1966, section 3. \n    \n2. The Deeds Registry (Amendment) Act 1996. \n\n3. The Marital Power Act, December 2004.","Any person whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, is entitled to fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. These rights are subject to whatever limitations are stated by law. The rights may also be limited in matters of public interes..."]
["2013_BI_77",2013,"BI","Burundi",77,50,"La constitution du Burundi reconnait l'égalité en matière de propriété foncière de façon générale en son article  36: \"Toute personne a droit à la propriété. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d’utilité publique, dans les cas et de la manière établis par la loi et moyennant une juste et préalable indemnité ou en exécution d’une décision judiciaire coulée en force de chose jugée.\"\n\nLes lois et les coutumes limitent l’accès à la propriété foncière pour les femmes. Dans la société patriarcale, il est difficile pour les femmes d’accéder à la propriété foncière.\n\nCependant, selon la publication de Dushimirimana : « La succession est toujours la voie la plus courante à travers laquelle les Burundais peuvent obtenir un accès à une propriété foncière. La terre est transmise de père en fils et les filles ne perçoivent qu’une portion dite “ Igiseke ”. Toutefois, ces pratiques qui discriminent les filles au droit d’accès et au contrôle de la terre commencent à changer grâce au travail des ONGs et des juridictions. Il faut « promouvoir l’équité et l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes pour réaliser un développement économique, politique et socioculturel au Burundi. » (Ce sujet concerne un autre indicateur.)","LOI N°1/ 010 DU 18 MARS 2005 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU BURUNDI, article 36\n\nDushimirimana Laetitia, «Du droit de propriété foncière et de l’accès de la femme burundaise au contrôle de la terre», DESS en droits de l'homme et résolution pacifique des conflits, Université du Burundi, Chaire UNESO, septembre 2013, page 24.\n\n«Property Rights and Resource Governance», USAID Country Profile, Burundi. http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/country-profiles/full-reports/USAID_Land_Tenure_Burundi_Profile.pdf","La constitution du Burundi reconnait l'égalité en matière de propriété foncière de façon générale en son article  36: \"Toute personne a droit à la propriété. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d’utilité publique, dans les cas et de la manière établis par la loi e..."]
["2013_CI_77",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",77,50,"Le Code foncier, en son article 1, n’exclut personne. Pas même la femme : « Seuls l’État, les collectivités publiques et les personnes physiques Ivoiriennes sont admis à être propriétaires ». La Loi ne lie pas ce statut de propriétaire au genre. Les femmes ivoiriennes sont donc concernées au même titre que les hommes. Cependant, la primauté du droit coutumier sur le droit moderne dans cette loi de 1998 fait que la femme semble être exclue.\n\nVoici un extrait tiré du Rapport sur les droits de l'homme en Côte d'Ivoire:\n« Les femmes ivoiriennes accèdent rarement à la propriété, en particulier en zones rurales, non pas en raison de mesures législatives discriminatoires mais de pesanteurs socioculturelles, s’agissant chez les femmes de leur méconnaissance des droits et des lois ou du poids des coutumes, qui constituent pour elles un véritable frein » (International Federation for Human Rights, n.d.: 46-47).","Loi N° 98-750du 23 décembre 1998 relative au domaine foncier rural. (1998). Article 1. Repérée à: http://www.gouv.ci/doc/loi%201998%20foncier%20rural.PDF\n\nInternational Federation for Human Rights (FIDH). (n.d.). « L'Afrique pour les Droits des Femmes: Ratifier et Respecter. Cahier d'exigences ».  FIDH. Repéré à: http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/cahierd_exigences_FR.pdf","Le Code foncier, en son article 1, n’exclut personne. Pas même la femme : « Seuls l’État, les collectivités publiques et les personnes physiques Ivoiriennes sont admis à être propriétaires ». La Loi ne lie pas ce statut de propriétaire au genre. Les femmes ivoiriennes sont donc con..."]
["2013_DJ_77",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",77,100,"Il n'y pas de texte juridique interdisant l'égalité de la propriété foncière.\nLa Constitution de la République de Djibouti prévoit l'égalité devant la loi.","Aucune loi n'interdit l'égalité des deux sexe concernant la propriété foncière.\n\nConstitution du 15 septembre 1992. http://www.presidence.dj/constitution.htm","Il n'y pas de texte juridique interdisant l'égalité de la propriété foncière.\nLa Constitution de la République de Djibouti prévoit l'égalité devant la loi."]
["2013_GN_77",2013,"GN","Guinea",77,100,"Le code foncier et domanial, bien que ne disposant pas d’une disposition claire à cet égard, n’établit pas de distinction entre les femmes et les hommes dans les principes généraux de propriété.\nDans les milieux ruraux, les femmes font quelquefois l'objet de discrimination en la matière. On dit souvent que la femme est partante, donc, susceptible de partager les biens de son mari. Elle n'a donc pas droit à la propriété foncière à égalité avec l’homme. Cela s'arrête seulement à la famille et au niveau traditionnel. Mais si la femme porte l'affaire devant les tribunaux, on lui restitue ses droits. \nArticle 1: L'État, ainsi que les autres personnes physiques et morales privées, peuvent être titulaires du droit de propriété sur le sol et les immeubles qu'il porte, et l'exercer selon les règles du Code civil et celles du présent Code. (1)\n\nArticle 2: Le droit de propriété confère à son titulaire la jouissance et la libre disposition des biens qui en sont l'objet, de la manière la plus absolue. Il s'exerce dans le respect des limitations imposées par l'intérêt général ou celles prévues par les dispositions légales.","Code foncier et domanial guinéen, Chapitre I, Articles 1 et 2. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Guinee/Guinee%20-%20Code%20foncier.pdf","Le code foncier et domanial, bien que ne disposant pas d’une disposition claire à cet égard, n’établit pas de distinction entre les femmes et les hommes dans les principes généraux de propriété...."]
["2013_GW_77",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",77,50,"The Guinea Bissau constitution states that all citizens are equal, enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural background, religious belief or philosophical belief. Men and women are equal in all political, economic, social and cultural spheres.\n\nThe law regulating land tenure that was approved in independence times recognises every citizen's right to the private use of the land, without exception of gender, social origin or provenance within the territory. This act was primarily aimed at motivating property ownership and preventing the non-use of the land. This right can be lost if the land is not valued, but never on the basis of gender since, according to this act, the land “belongs to who works on [it]”.\n\nThe reality, in a number of rural communities in Guinea Bissau, is, however, that customary law is applied. Frequently, this challenges equal land ownership rights and women are discriminated against.","The Constitution, 1986\nTitle II of Rights, Freedoms, Warranties and Fundamental Duties\nArticle 24\nAll citizens are equal before the law, enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural, religious belief or philosophical belief.\nArticle 25\nMen and women are equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life.\n\nLand Act of April 1974\nLaw of the Land no. 5/98 April 23, 1974\nArticle 4 \u2028 The Land Use\n1. Every citizen is given, under this law, the right to private use of the land, without gender, social origin or provenance within the territory.","The Guinea Bissau constitution states that all citizens are equal, enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural background, religious belief or philosophical belief. Men and women are equal in all polit..."]
["2013_MW_77",2013,"MW","Malawi",77,50,"Under Malawi law women have equal land ownership to men. Sections 20, 24 and 28 of the Constitution of Malawi (2010) give women the right to property and the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their gender or marital status.\n24.—(1) Women have the right to full and equal protection by the law, and have the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their gender or marital status which includes the right—\n(a) to be accorded the same rights as men in civil law, including equal capacity—\n(i) to enter into contracts;\n(ii) to acquire and maintain rights in property, independently or in association with others, regardless of their marital status;\n(2) Any law that discriminates against women on the basis of gender or marital status shall be invalid and legislation shall be passed to eliminate customs and practices that discriminate against women, \n\nHowever, the country’s predominantly-patriarchal social organisation tends to discriminate against women. This extends to the system of land ownership and tenure, particularly in rural societies where customary laws prevail. In terms of leasehold land, for example, the law does not make limitations with regard to ownership, meaning that anyone who is not a minor may be registered as an owner. Customary land, however, is subject to a different regime and may be a reflection of the customary law of the particular area.","Constitution of Malawi (2010 )Section 24Rights of women http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n Gender Equality Bill (2012) Section 4","Under Malawi law women have equal land ownership to men. Sections 20, 24 and 28 of the Constitution of Malawi (2010) give women the right to property and the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their gender or marital status...."]
["2013_NA_77",2013,"NA","Namibia",77,50,"The constitution provides a strong backdrop for gender equality and explicitly forbids discrimination on the basis of sex. Article 10 of the constitution guarantees sexual equality stating the following 1) All persons are equal before the law 2) No person shall be discriminated against on the grounds of sex.\n\nArticle 66(1) of the Namibian constitution recognises customary law. Under customary law there is the Communal Land Reform Act which grants women equal rights when they apply for communal land and protects the surviving spouse of the deceased holder of customary land right by giving the surviving spouses who are women in most cases, the right to apply to the chief or traditional authority to relocate such right in their name.\n\nAccording to section 4 (1)(d) of this act, communal land boards, who are responsible for the ratification of land rights, are obliged to include at least four women so as to give women an active role in the decision making process regarding land allocation in communal areas.\n             \nArticle 95 implores the government’s responsibility to enforce policies which ensure equal opportunities for women, so that they are fully enabled to participate in all spheres of Namibian society. It also implements the principle of non-discrimination in remuneration of men and women. In the current context this would include non-discrimination in the national land policy.","The Namibian Constitution (1990) article 10 subsection 1&2,  article 66(1) , article 95\n\nhttp://www.gov.na/documents/10180/30001/Namibia_Constitution.pdf/a6050315-315a-4f65-8a0b-a7fe10a93258\n\nThe Communal Land Reform Act 5 of 2002, section 4(d)","The constitution provides a strong backdrop for gender equality and explicitly forbids discrimination on the basis of sex. Article 10 of the constitution guarantees sexual equality stating the following 1) All persons are equal before the law 2) No person shall be discriminated aga..."]
["2013_RW_77",2013,"RW","Rwanda",77,100,"The constitution as a supreme law guarantees this right in general, while the organic law goes in detail by explaining that men and women have equal rights for private ownership of land and forbids any discrimination including those based on gender (sex). The organic land law grants husbands and wives equal rights to land and has been interpreted as consistent with the constitution: women and men have equal rights to property. Under formal law, women have the ability to purchase and hold property. Therefore, it can be concluded that in Rwanda, the laws allow women to have equal land ownership rights with men. \n\nThe constitution of Rwanda guarantees equal rights to all Rwandese including the right to private ownership. In its title II, chapter one, the following articles explain it: \nArticle 16: \"All Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights and duties.\nDiscrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and punishable by law.\"\nArticle 29: \"Every person has a right to private property, whether personal or owned in association with others. Private property, whether individually or collectively owned, is inviolable. The right to property may not be interfered with except in public interest, in circumstances and procedures determined by law and subject to fair and prior compensation.\"\nArticle 30: \"Private ownership of land and other rights related to land are granted by the State. The law specifies the modalities of acquisition, transfer and use of land.\" \n\nOrganic Law No. 08/2005 determining the use and management of land in Rwanda. \nArticle 4:  \"Any person or association with legal personality has the right over the land and to freely exploit it as provided for by this organic law in article 5 and 6.  Any discrimination either based on sex or origin in matters relating to ownership or possession of rights over the land is prohibited. The wife and the husband have equal rights over the land.\"","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Organic Law Determining the Use and Management of Land in Rwanda.  (2005) .  \n   \nRepublic of Rwanda Succession Law No.  22/99.  (1999) .  Retrieved from http://www.migeprof.gov.rw/IMG/pdf","The constitution as a supreme law guarantees this right in general, while the organic law goes in detail by explaining that men and women have equal rights for private ownership of land and forbids any discrimination including those based on gender (sex). The organic land law grant..."]
["2013_ZA_77",2013,"ZA","South Africa",77,100,"The South African law grants women and men the same land ownership rights. Reference to gender equality is made in chapter 1 and 2 of the South African constitution, which was adopted on February 4 1997. Chapter 1 emphasises that South Africa is a non-sexist state. Section 9 of chapter 2 (the bill of rights) repeats this, adding that “everyone is equal before the law” and that “equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms”. Section 9 furthermore states how that neither the state nor the public may discriminate on the basis of for instance gender. Section 25 specifically tackles the right to land access: “The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures within its available resources, to foster conditions which enable citizens to gain access to land on an equitable basis”\n\nAt least two existing laws protect gender equality, including women's rights to access / ownership of land. Section 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act (passed in 1998) states that “a wife in a customary marriage has, on the basis of equality with her husband, and subject to the matrimonial property system governing the marriage, full status and capacity, including the capacity to acquire assets and to dispose of them; to enter into contracts and to litigate in addition to any rights and powers that she might have”. This is important: in the old South Africa, black women were not allowed to own land or assets.  Section 8 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (passed in 2000) stipulates that “no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including […] the system of preventing women from inheriting family property […] any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men […] any policy or conduct that unfairly limits access of women to land rights, finance, and other resources.”\n\nNB: A new gender equality law is in the pipeline. The Women Empowerment and Gender Equality Bill will probably be signed into law before the end of this year. While this document has a strong focus on the private sector, it is expected to further strengthen (on paper at least) women's (land) ownership rights.\n\nWhen this research was conducted, the Traditional Courts Bill had been making frequent headlines. This bill, which  was first tabled in 2008, would aim to 'provide more South Africans improved access to justice' by recognising traditional authorities and laws, and giving traditional leaders in remote areas the unilateral power to create and enforce customary law. If signed into law, the bill will allow traditional, unelected leaders to hear civil cases including disputes surrounding contract breach, damage to property, ownership of property disputes, divorce, theft and crimen injuria. \n\nIn effect, the bill will make a traditional leader judge, jury and implementer based on traditional law. This could have negative consequences for women, civil society says, as most - if not all - traditional leaders in South Africa are men and many laws are detrimental to gender equality. In many traditional courts, women are inferior to man in the sense that they are not allowed to represent themselves or even speak during proceedings. Constitutional rights with regards to gender equality will be undermined by traditional rules with regards to for instance women's right to inheritance, employment, ownership of property and land. \n\nThe bill was rejected by the women's parliament, various civil society organisations and the authorities of five of nine provinces - and subsequently withdrawn in 2012. In 2013 however, and despite the resistance at provincial level (only two provinces – the Northern Cape and the Free State – support the bill. Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal are yet to decide), parliament decided to send the bill back to the provinces for further consultation.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/.\n\nRecognition of Customary Marriages Act (Act 120 of 1998), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70656\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (Act 4 of 2000),  www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000.\n\nNew Gender Equality Bill aims to change landscape for SA women, Colleen Goko, Business Day, August 19 2013, www.bdlive.co.za/business/2013/08/19/new-gender-equality-bill-aims-to-change-landscape-for-sa-women.\n\nWomen's parliament against Traditional Courts Bill, SABC, August 31 2012,  http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/833fbf004c8c1bb58a44bab3d6d559b2/Womens-parliament-against-Traditional-Courts-Bill-20123108.\n\nTraditional Courts Bill sent back to provinces, Andiswe Makinana, Mail & Guardian, October 12 2013, http://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-15-traditional-courts-bill-sent-back-to-provinces.\n\nTraditional Courts Bill (text), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/bills/2012-b01tradcourts.pdf.","The South African law grants women and men the same land ownership rights. Reference to gender equality is made in chapter 1 and 2 of the South African constitution, which was adopted on February 4 1997. Chapter 1 emphasises that South Africa is a non-sexist state. Section 9 of cha..."]
["2013_TG_77",2013,"TG","Togo",77,50,"Aucune loi n’interdit l’accès des femmes à la terre. L’Ordonnance n° 12 du 6 février 1974 portant réforme agro-foncière n’a cependant pas eu un impact positif sur l’accès général des Togolais à la terre. Pour des raisons liées aux pratiques coutumières, cet impact négatif s’est avéré particulièrement criant pour les femmes.\n \n La Constitution actuellement en vigueur au Togo a été adoptée par référendum constitutionnel le 27 septembre 1992 et promulguée par le Président de la République le 14 octobre 1992. Le droit de propriété (art. 27) y est reconnu, et aux termes de l’article 11 de ladite constitution, «la femme a les mêmes droits que l’homme devant la loi ». Ce texte consacre donc le droit des femmes d’acquérir des biens immobiliers et d’en disposer à volonté. Ledit texte pose le principe de l’égalité devant la loi ; ce qui suppose que les femmes devraient avoir accès à l’héritage et à tous les autres modes d’acquisition de la terre en tant que citoyennes.\n \n Il est à noter que le ministère de l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat organise, du 22 au 24 janvier à Lomé, les États généraux du foncier au Togo. Ils ont pour mission d’examiner les résultats des consultations régionales en vue d’élaborer un avant-projet du code foncier au Togo.\n \n L'ordonnance de 1974 n'est pas disponible en format numérique. Toutefois, l'ordonnance modifiant l'article 11 de l'ordonnance n°12 du 6-2-74 relative à la réforme foncière et domaniale est accessible via le lien:\n http://legitogo.gouv.tg/annee_txt/1977/Pages%20from%20jo_1977-019-5.pdf\n \n Il convient de noter que le régime foncier togolais se caractérise par la coexistence de deux systèmes, l’un dit coutumier et l’autre moderne.","Ordonnance n° 12 du 6 février 1974 portant réforme agro-foncière et domaniale\n \n Constitution de la IVeRépublique du 27 septembre 1992. (1992). Articles 11 et 27.","Aucune loi n’interdit l’accès des femmes à la terre. L’Ordonnance n° 12 du 6 février 1974 portant réforme agro-foncière n’a cependant pas eu un impact positif sur l’accès général des Togolais à la terre. Pour des raisons liées aux pratiques coutumières, cet impact négatif s’est avé..."]
["2013_DZ_78",2013,"DZ","Algeria",78,100,"L’égalité entre les sexes et la protection des droits de la femme en matière de propriété non foncière sont garanties par la loi. Par example:\nArt. 37. (Modifié) — Chacun des deux époux conserve son propre patrimoine. Toutefois, les deux époux peuvent convenir, dans l’acte de mariage ou par acte authentique ultérieur, de la communauté des biens acquis durant le mariage et déterminer les proportions revenant à chacun d’entre eux (Loi n° 84-- 11 du 9 juin 1984 portant sur le Code de la famille).\n— Art. 17 — Toute disposition prévue au titre d’une convention ou d’un accord collectif, ou d’un contrat de travail de nature à asseoir une discrimination quelconque entre travailleurs en matière d’emploi, de rémunération ou de conditions de travail, fondée sur l’âge, le sexe, la situation sociale ou matrimoniale, les liens familiaux, les convictions politiques, l’affiliation ou non, à un syndicat, est nulle et de nul effet (Décret présidentiel n° 96438 du 7 décembre 1996).\n\nNéanmoins, l’article 73 de la Code de la Famille fait la distinction entre \"les objets communs à l’usage de l’homme et de la femme\" et stipule que \"Si un litige intervient entre les épouc ou leurs héritiers relativement aux effets mobiliers du domicile commun sans qu’aucun des conjoints ne fournit de preuve, la déclaration de l’épouse ou ses héritiers fera foi sur son serment quant aux choses à l’usage des femmes seulement, et celle de l’époux ou de ses héritiers fera foi sur son serment quant aux objets à l’usage des hommes seulement.\" Il n’est pourtant pas précisé dans le Code ce qui définit les objets à l’usage des hommes et des femmes respectivement.","-Loi n° 01-14 du 19/08/2001 relative à l’organisation, la sécurité et la police de la sécurité routière, Art 10. (2010). Repéré à http://www.interieur.gov.dz/Dynamics/frmItem.aspx?html=252&s=1\n-Loi n°84--11 du 09 juin 1984 portant sur le Code de la famille, modifiée et complétée, Art 37. [Format PDF]. (2005). Repéré à http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FFam.pdf\n-Décret présidentiel n° 96438 du 7 décembre 1996 relatif à la promulgation au journal officiel de la République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire de la révision constitutionnelle adoptée par référendum du 28 novembre 1996.(JORA n° 76 / 1996), Art 17 et 142. [Format PDF]. (1996). Repéré à http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/-ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_191113.pdf\n-Loi n°08-19 du 15 novembre 2008, Constitution algérienne, art 34. (1996). Repéré à http://www.interieur.gov.dz/Dynamics/frmItem.aspx?html=252&s=1","L’égalité entre les sexes et la protection des droits de la femme en matière de propriété non foncière sont garanties par la loi. Par example:\nArt. 37. (Modifié) — Chacun des deux époux conserve son propre patrimoine. Toutefois, les deux..."]
["2013_BI_78",2013,"BI","Burundi",78,50,"Les articles 13, 22 et 36 de la Constitution garantissent les mêmes droits de propriété aux femmes pour les véhicules, les biens mobiliers, les actifs financiers. Par contre, la cohabitation de droit constitutionnel et droit coutumier au Burundi justifie une note mitigée, car ces droits varient selon les ethnies.","1. LOI N°1/ 010 DU 18 MARS 2005 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU BURUNDI, les articles 12,22,23 et 24","Les articles 13, 22 et 36 de la Constitution garantissent les mêmes droits de propriété aux femmes pour les véhicules, les biens mobiliers, les actifs financiers. Par contre, la cohabitation de droit constitutionnel et droit coutumier au Burundi justifie une note mitigée, car ces d..."]
["2013_KM_78",2013,"KM","Comoros",78,100,"La Loi n° 05-008 du 3 juin 2005 relative au code de la famille énonce que « conformément à la coutume », chacune des filles a droit, au moment de son mariage, aux logements construits par ses propres parents (article 82), sur lesquels logiquement le mari n'a aucun droit (article 83). Les biens meubles qui garnissent la maison « coutumière » sont attachés à celle-ci « quant bien même ils auraient été achetés par le mari pour équiper la maison de sa femme » (article 83).","Loi n° 05-008 du 3 juin 2005 relative au code de la famille. (2005). Articles 82 et 83.","La Loi n° 05-008 du 3 juin 2005 relative au code de la famille énonce que « conformément à la coutume », chacune des filles a droit, au moment de son mariage, aux logements construits par ses propres parents (article 82), sur lesquels logiquement le mari n'a aucun droit (article 83..."]
["2013_CI_78",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",78,100,"Le droit ivoirien est plutôt neutre dans son approche en matière de conditions d’accès à la propriété, aussi bien foncière que non foncière. Il consacre notamment dans l’article 2 de la Constitution l’égalité de tous les êtres humains devant la loi. La loi fondamentale précise également dans son article 7 que : « tout être humain a droit au développement et au plein épanouissement de sa personnalité dans ses dimensions matérielle, intellectuelle et spirituelle ». De plus, l’article 15 de la Constitution stipule que : « le droit de propriété est garanti à tous. Nul ne doit être privé de sa propriété si ce n’est pour cause d’utilité publique et sous la condition d’une juste et préalable indemnisation ». Enfin, l’article 30, abordant les responsabilités de la République, précise que cette dernière « assure à tous l’égalité devant la loi, sans distinction d'origine, de race, d'ethnie, de sexe et de religion ». Ainsi, force est de reconnaitre que le droit ivoirien, y compris le Code civil, n’est pas discriminant et ne restreint pas l’égalité des droits des femmes en matière d’accès à la propriété non foncière. Au contraire, le droit aborde et régit les questions d’accès sans faire référence ni accorder de priorité aux hommes en défaveur des femmes. Il est aussi important de noter que le droit positif ivoirien ne garanti pas non plus spécifiquement l’égalité des femmes en matière de propriété non foncière. En général, c’est dans la pratique, notamment en matière de succession (évalué dans autre indicateur) que, se fondant largement sur des pesanteurs socioculturelles et sur l’absence de dispositif législatifs et institutionnels susceptibles de promouvoir et de protéger cette égalité, des discriminations s’observent et influencent négativement l’application de l’égalité de droit.","Loi N° 2000-513 du 1er aout 2000 portant Constitution de la Côte d’Ivoire. (2000).","Le droit ivoirien est plutôt neutre dans son approche en matière de conditions d’accès à la propriété, aussi bien foncière que non foncière. Il consacre notamment dans l’article 2 de la Constitution l’égalité de tous les êtres humains devant la loi. La loi fondamentale précise égal..."]
["2013_GM_78",2013,"GM","The Gambia",78,100,"Section 11 of the Women's Act provides that: ''Every woman has, whether by means of inheritance or otherwise, has the right to acquire and own movable and unmovable property, and to administer, manage and dispose of, the property freely without restrictions.''\n\nSection 41 of the act provides that: ''A woman has the right to acquire her own property and to administer and manage it freely.''","Section 11 and 41 of the Women's Act 2010.","Section 11 of the Women's Act provides that: ''Every woman has, whether by means of inheritance or otherwise, has the right to acquire and own movable and unmovable property, and to administer, manage and dispose of, the property freely without restrictions.''..."]
["2013_LS_78",2013,"LS","Lesotho",78,100,"The purpose of the Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act 9 2006 was to abolish the minority status of married women. It repealed the enormous marital powers that husbands wielded over the person and property of their wives as established by customary laws. Under this law, married women are legally distinct from their husbands; i.e. they can sue and be sued, enter into legally binding contracts without their husband's consent, secure credit, acquire and register property in their names and perform any other act which was restricted by law as a result of their minority status.","Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act 9 of 2006, Part II, Section 3, Part III Sections 5, 6 and 7.","The purpose of the Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act 9 2006 was to abolish the minority status of married women. It repealed the enormous marital powers that husbands wielded over the person and property of their wives as established by customary laws. Under this law, married w..."]
["2013_LR_78",2013,"LR","Liberia",78,100,"In Liberia, the Constitution provides for freedom to acquire and own properties by all citizens. There are no exceptions to who owns property of any kind. Neither are there restrictions. Women own property as they may be able to acquire and no laws take that right away.\nArticle 11 of the constitution guarantees that: \na) All persons are born equally free and independent and have certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which are the right of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of pursuing and maintaining the security of the person and of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, subject to such\nqualifications as provided for in this Constitution.\nArticle 22a\na) Every person shall have the right to own property alone as well as in association with others; provided that only Liberian citizens shall have the right to own real property within the Republic.\nCustomary laws do exist, but national laws take precedence.","Article 11 and 22a, Constitution of Liberia 1986, http://www.liberianlegal.com/constitution1986.htm#_Article_23","In Liberia, the Constitution provides for freedom to acquire and own properties by all citizens. There are no exceptions to who owns property of any kind. Neither are there restrictions. Women own property as they may be able to acquire and no laws take that right away...."]
["2013_ML_78",2013,"ML","Mali",78,50,"En droit, il y a égalité des droits à la propriété non foncière. L'article 397 dispose que « Un époux peut prouver par tous les moyens admis par la loi, tant à l’égard de son conjoint que des tiers, qu’il a la propriété exclusive d’un bien. En l’absence de preuve de la propriété exclusive d’un bien, celui-ci est censé appartenir indivisément à chacun pour moitié ».\n\nLes lois coutumières ou religieuses existent bien au Mali. Elles ne font cependant pas l’objet d’application générale en raison du principe de la Laïcité. Dans les localités, hameaux où les lois coutumières ou religieuses sont appliquées, elles sont discriminatoires envers les femmes en matière de propriété non foncière.","1.  CODE DES PERSONNES ET DE LA FAMILLE: LOI N° 2011–087 du 30 Décembre 2011.Article: 397.Source : http://justice.gouv.ml/documentation/Code_des_Personnes_et_de_la_Famille.pdf","En droit, il y a égalité des droits à la propriété non foncière. L'article 397 dispose que « Un époux peut prouver par tous les moyens admis par la loi, tant à l’égard de son conjoint que des tiers, qu’il a la propriété exclusive d’un bien. En l’absence de preuve de la propriété ex..."]
["2013_NE_78",2013,"NE","Niger",78,0,"Le droit d’accès à la propriété (foncière ou non) est reconnu à tous les citoyens par la Constitution de la République (Art. 28).\n\nCependant, la loi coutumier demeure discriminatoire envers les femmes et en matière de succession, le Niger est soumis à la loi Islamique qui concède une part pour la femme et deux pour l’homme. \n\nLoi organique :\n« Sous réserve du respect des conventions internationales régulièrement ratifiées, des dispositions législatives ou des règles fondamentales concernant  l’ordre public ou la liberté des personnes, les juridictions appliquent la coutume des parties :\n1) dans les affaires concernant leur capacité à contracter et agir en justice, l’état des personnes, la famille, le mariage, le divorce, la filiation, les successions, donations et testaments ;\n2) dans celles concernant la propriété ou la possession immobilière et les droits qui en découlent, sauf lorsque le litige portera sur un terrain immatriculé ou dont l’acquisition ou le transfert aura été constaté par un mode de preuve établi par la loi ».","Constitution de la VIIe République. (2010). TITRE II : DES DROITS ET DEVOIRS DE LA PERSONNE HUMAINE. Art. 28.\n\nLoi organique N° 2004-50 du 22 juillet 2004 fixant l’organisation et la compétence des juridictions en République du Niger. TITRE III : LA COMPETENCE DES JURIDICTIONS DE L’ORDRE JUDICIAIRE. Chapitre I : Les règles générales applicables aux litiges de droit civil - Art. 63\nhttp://www.hubrural.org/IMG/pdf/11-loi-2004-050.pdf\n\nEntretiens :\n\nSource 1: LAOUAL SAYABOU. (4 février 2013). Coordonnateur National du Réseau des ONG de Développement et Associations de Défense des Droits de l'Homme et de la Démocratie-RODADDHD. Niger.\n\nSource 2: Amadou Oumarou, Directeur Scientifique du LASDEL, Enseignant-chercheur au département de sociologie de la FLSH de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey. (Décembre 2012).\n\nSource 3 : Anonyme. Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger (AFJN). (7 Février 2013). \n\nSource 4 : Sidikou Fatoumata, Présidente de la Coordination des Organisations non gouvernementales et Associations Féminines Nigérienne-CONGAFEN. (7 février 2013).Niger","Le droit d’accès à la propriété (foncière ou non) est reconnu à tous les citoyens par la Constitution de la République (Art. 28)...."]
["2013_SO_78",2013,"SO","Somalia",78,50,"The 2012 Constitution declares \"All citizens, regardless of sex, religion, social or economic status, political opinion, clan, disability, occupation, birth or dialect shall have equal rights and duties before the law.\" 11(1) It also states in Article 26(1) that \"Every person has the right to own, use, enjoy, sell, and transfer property.\"\n\nHowever, while civil law is gender neutral in terms of property ownership, the implementation of Sharia and customary law is discriminatory to women. According to the OECD's SIGI, \"Although women are not discriminated against in civil law pertaining to property ownership, customary and Sharia law govern this area which disadvantages women.\"","The Constitution of Somalia, 2012. Article 11 and 27. http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nThe Civil Code Law No. 37 of 2 June 1973. Articles 779-812. http://www.somalilandlaw.com/civil_law_.html\n\nOECD Development Center Social Institutions and Gender Index 2012. Accessed on 10 March 2014. http://genderindex.org/country/somalia.","The 2012 Constitution declares \"All citizens, regardless of sex, religion, social or economic status, political opinion, clan, disability, occupation, birth or dialect shall have equal rights and duties before the law.\" 11(1) It also states in Article 26(1) that \"Every person has t..."]
["2013_SS_78",2013,"SS","South Sudan",78,50,"In South Sudanese law, women have equal non-land property rights as men. Article 16, which falls under the Bill of Rights chapter of the Transitional Constitution guarantees various rights of women.\n \n-16 (5) states that “Women shall have the right to own property and share in the estates of their deceased husbands together with any surviving legal heir of the deceased.\" \n\nNote that under South Sudan’s judicial system, customary law  ̶  which consists of numerous unwritten tribal laws  ̶  is applied side by side with statutory law. However, under customary law women have no right to own non-land. Even a widow cannot own her late husband’s estate because under customary law a relative of the deceased must inherit both the widow and estate of the deceased.","Republic of South Sudan. Transitional Constitution.  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Sudan/South%20Sudan_Transitional_constitution_2011.pdf  \n\nRepublic of South Sudan, Penal Code Act.  (2008) .  Retrieved from http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf","In South Sudanese law, women have equal non-land property rights as men. Article 16, which falls under the Bill of Rights chapter of the Transitional Constitution guarantees various rights of women...."]
["2013_UG_78",2013,"UG","Uganda",78,100,"Article 26 of the constitution of Uganda guarantees the right of every person to own property either individually or in association with others and this implicitly authenticates women’s equal right to own property. And article 33(5) endorses this laws and states that “[…] women shall have the right to affirmative action for the purpose of redressing the imbalances created by history, tradition or custom”.\n \n Articles 21 and 32 of the constitution say that women and men are equal in dignity and equal before the law and outlaw any laws, cultures, customs or traditions that harm women’s dignity or status. Women and men shall have equal treatment and equal economic, social, and political opportunities.\n \n Section 124 of the Marriage and Divorce Bill, 2009, provides for equal access. Sub-section 1 provides that spouses shall have equal access to matrimonial property; and sub-section 2 provides that equal access includes the right to the use, to benefit from and to enter the property and where there is an agreement between spouses, the disposal of the property.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 4, Article 26(1), 33(5)\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","Article 26 of the constitution of Uganda guarantees the right of every person to own property either individually or in association with others and this implicitly authenticates women’s equal right to own property. And article 33(5) endorses this laws and states that “[…] women sha..."]
["2013_BJ_79",2013,"BJ","Benin",79,100,"Voici ce que dit l'article 619 de la Loi N° 2002-07 portant Code des personnes et de la famille: « Les enfants ou leurs descendants succèdent à leurs père et mère ou autres ascendants sans distinction de sexe ni d’âge encore qu’ils soient issus de différents mariages, sous réserve des dispositions prévues au présent code relativement aux enfants incestueux. Ils succèdent par égales portions et par tête, quand ils sont tous au premier degré et appelés de leur chef, ils succèdent par souche, lorsqu’ils viennent tous ou en partie par représentation ».","Loi N° 2002-07 portant Code des personnes et de la famille. (2004). Article 619. http://www.consulat-benin.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Code-des-personnes-et-de-la-Famille.pdf","Voici ce que dit l'article 619 de la Loi N° 2002-07 portant Code des personnes et de la famille: « Les enfants ou leurs descendants succèdent à leurs père et mère ou autres ascendants sans distinction de sexe ni d’âge encore qu’ils soient issus de différents mariages, sous réserve ..."]
["2013_CF_79",2013,"CF","CAR",79,50,"En RCA, les lois successorales ne prévoient pas de différences entre les hommes et les femmes, comme le confirment les articles 8 et 18 de la charte constitutionnelle de 2013 et l'article 764 du code de la famille de 1997. Ce dernier article stipule d’ailleurs que : « sont désignés les héritiers légaux des parents du défunt: les descendants, les frères ou les sœurs ». \n\nLe véritable problème se pose dans l'applicabilité de ces lois, que certains préjugés rend difficile. Autrement dit, certaines familles ou tribus n'acceptent pas ce droit successoral des femmes, à cause de leur sexe et de leur vie conjugale. Les hommes sont souvent favorisés, parce qu’on les considère mieux qualifiés pour assurer la viabilité de la progéniture.\n\nSelon le droit coutumier, les filles ont la possibilité d'hériter à condition qu'il n'y ait pas d'héritiers masculins.","- Charte constitutionnelle de la transition. (2013). Articles 8 et 18.  http://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/le-texte-integral-de-la-charte-de-la-transition-en-centrafrique-valant-texte-constitutionnel/\n- Code de la famille. (1997). Article 764.\nhttp://webs.ono.com/juanfandos/jorca.htm\n-Banque africaine de Développement (BAD). (2011). Profil de genre de la République centrafricaine. Tunis, Groupe de la Banque africaine de Développement. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/PGP%20RCA%20%C3%A9dit%C3%A9%20(2).pdf, 2011)","En RCA, les lois successorales ne prévoient pas de différences entre les hommes et les femmes, comme le confirment les articles 8 et 18 de la charte constitutionnelle de 2013 et l'article 764 du code de la famille de 1997. Ce dernier article stipule d’ailleurs que : « sont désignés..."]
["2013_CG_79",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",79,100,"Il n’est fait aucune discrimination à l’endroit des femmes en matière des successions. Les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits successoraux que les hommes. Le Code de la Famille qui organise les successions ne fait aucune discrimination lorsqu’il énonce en son article 758 que les enfants de la personne défunte, sans autre forme de distinction fondée sur le sexe, nés dans le mariage de même que ceux nés hors mariage, ainsi que ceux qu’elle a adoptés, forment la 1re catégorie des héritiers de la succession sans autres critères distinctifs.","- Code de la Famille du 1/08/1987, article 758","Il n’est fait aucune discrimination à l’endroit des femmes en matière des successions. Les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits successoraux que les hommes. Le Code de la Famille qui organise les successions ne fait aucune discrimination lorsqu’il énonce en son article 758 que les enf..."]
["2013_ER_79",2013,"ER","Eritrea",79,50,"According to the Constitution, \"the owner of a house may transfer his house to his heirs in accordance with the provisions of the Transitional Civil Code of Eritrea pertaining to succession\" (34.1). \n\nThe written and unwritten customary laws of Eritrea have certain limitations when it comes to gender equality and the ethnic groups that adhere to Muslim religion apply succession law based on the Sharia law (Sharia Law continues to govern Muslim families in cases of marriage and inheritance - Transitional Civil Code, 1991). Under Sharia, women do not receive an equal inheritance to men (FAO). \n\nThe State of Eritrea, to correct these inequalities that have been going on for centuries, amended civil code of Ethiopia (Transitional Civil Code, 1991) in Article 852 to ensure that females have equal rights as males when it comes to inheritance (this is one of the few amended Articles). The previous laws have been criticized for discriminating against females on the ground of gender.  \n\nCustomary land laws are still in place in certain areas of the country. Land Administrative bodies, the decision making authorities under the Land Reform Proclamation (1994 10.1), consist of local members, who may hold to customary views. Succession then tends to move along patrilineal lines, with daughters and sisters only claiming a share where there is no male issue (FAO).","The Transitional Civil Code of Eritrea (1991).\n\nThe Government of the State of Eritrea (1996) Land Reform Proclamation No.\n58/1994. Article 4. http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d4a9ff42.pdf\n\nFAO Gender and Land Rights Database - Eritrea. http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/home/report/en//\n\nThe Eritrean Constitution, which was ratified in May 1997. Article 14(2). \nhttp://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Eritrea1997English.pdf\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","According to the Constitution, \"the owner of a house may transfer his house to his heirs in accordance with the provisions of the Transitional Civil Code of Eritrea pertaining to succession\" (34.1). ..."]
["2013_GH_79",2013,"GH","Ghana",79,50,"Section (6) of the Intestate Succession Law, 1985 (PNDCL 111) provides: \"Where the intestate is survived by a spouse and not a child the residue of the estate shall devolve in the following manner:\n(a) one-half to the surviving spouse;\n(b) one-fourth to the surviving parent; \n(c) one-fourth in accordance with customary law: Provided that where there is no surviving parent one-half of the residue of the estate shall devolve in accordance with customary law.\"\n\nThis provision is explicit but differences in customary law create a situation where what is due to women is not always given.\n\nThe situation is different when it comes to inheriting from parents who die intestate or without a will, where customary law or practice gives precedence to men over women.","1. The Intestate Succession Law, 1985 (PNDCL 111), Sections 5(1)(a) and 6(a). Link: http://thelandeconomist2007.synthasite.com/library/intestate-succession-law-1985-pndcl-111-","Section (6) of the Intestate Succession Law, 1985 (PNDCL 111) provides: \"Where the intestate is survived by a spouse and not a child the residue of the estate shall devolve in the following manner:..."]
["2013_LY_79",2013,"LY","Libya",79,0,"\"Wills are governed by the rules of Islamic law and by laws in will.\"\nArticle 920, disposition during illness preceding death:\n\"Every legal disposition made by a person during illness immediately preceding his death, with the object to make a gift, is deem to be a testamentary disposition and must be governed by the rules applicable to wills, no matters what description has been given to such an act.\"\n\nShari'a Law\nWomen inherit half-legacy compared to the men.The Libyan Civil Code does not mention any difference between women and men regarding the right to inheritance, although it refers to Islamic law, which states that women inherit a half-portion of legacy compared to men, as women are not due to cover the family's expenses.\n\nHowever, in practice, women inherit the same portion of legacy on the basis of the legal disposition usually made by the owner of the property.","Civil Code, chapter 1.  (1970) . \n\nCivil Code (1970), Chapter 1, Section II \"Acquisition of Ownership\"\nAcquisition by inheritance and winding up of an estate: \nArticle 879\n\"The establishment of the heirs, of their hereditary shares and of the devolution of the property of the state on them is governed by Islamic law and laws to regard to inheritance and estates\"\n\nCivil Code (1970),  Chapter 1, Section II \"Acquisition of Ownership\"\n\"Rules applicable to estates that have not been wound up, Acquisition by will\":\nArticle 919","\"Wills are governed by the rules of Islamic law and by laws in will.\"\nArticle 920, disposition during illness preceding death:\n\"Every legal disposition made by a person during illness immediately preceding his death, with..."]
["2013_MU_79",2013,"MU","Mauritius",79,100,"The constitution, Chapter 2, Article 16:\nSubsection (1) “...no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect”.\nSubsection (2) “...no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting in the performance of any public function conferred by any law or otherwise in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority.”\nSubsection (3) “In this section, 'discriminatory' means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, caste, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages that are not accorded to persons of another such description.”\n\nThe language of the constitution is gender neutral; reference is made to the individual throughout the legal document. In practice, this translates into men and women have the same rights under the law. Article 16 stipulates that no law should discriminate in itself or through its effects, which ensures that women have the same inheritance rights as men. For example, upon the death of a parent, the property of the deceased is equally shared among the deceased’s children, irrespective of gender.\nFurthermore, the CEDAW Report (2005) confirms the above by stating, under Article 14, that \"women can hold titles to land on the same basis as men. Indeed, women have the right to buy, own and sell land at par with men. They may also inherit land from their parents or other relatives, just like men.\n\nThere is no customary law followed in Mauritius that restricts the rights of women in this regard.","1. The constitution, Article 16. 1968. Available athttp://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=03654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD\n\n2. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Combined third, fourth and fifth periodic reports of states parties - Mauritius. Submitted by government of Mauritius. January 2005.","The constitution, Chapter 2, Article 16:\nSubsection (1) “...no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect”...."]
["2013_MZ_79",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",79,50,"The constitution guarantees equal civil and political rights for men and women, and article 67 states that men and women shall be equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social, and cultural affairs.\n\nThe Family Law of 2004 (Act No. 10/2004, dated August 25, 2004) also provides for equal inheritance rights for Mozambican men and women, even in instances of customary marriages.\n\nHowever, in the patrilineal systems of southern Mozambique and the matrilineal systems of the north, property is largely controlled by the men in the family (the wife’s family in the north, the husband’s in the south). Upon a husband’s death, the larger family asserts its claims over the household’s property, which is interpreted as the husband’s property and is typically taken back from the widow. The expropriation of the widow is often total, including land, home, productive assets (such as livestock), and personal property. If the widow is able to rely on a good relationship with the family, or if she is able to resist effectively, the expropriation may be partial. In the best cases, she keeps the house, the children, and a garden. More frequently, it seems, she becomes a subordinate member of the husband’s family (patrilineal) or her own relations (matrilineal). In the latter case, she may be given a parcel of surplus land, usually of marginal productivity. In the worst cases, she is left with nothing. In a society where women access property through men, the loss of a husband often puts the survivors at severe risk.","1. Constitution of the Republic, chapter V, article 83, article 67. 2004. http://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\n\n2. The Family Law of 2004 (Act No. 10/2004, dated August 25 2004). https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/adminCivil/lei%20da%20familia.pdf","The constitution guarantees equal civil and political rights for men and women, and article 67 states that men and women shall be equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social, and cultural affairs...."]
["2013_NG_79",2013,"NG","Nigeria",79,50,"Under the Nigerian constitution, women and men are treated alike with equal inheritance rights. But, under customary laws of some of Nigeria's ethnic nationalities, men are given the right of inheritance ahead of women.\n\nCases arising from such laws have been upheld by the higher courts such as the appeal court and even the supreme court. \n\nExamples are: Nezianya v. Okagbue (1963) NLR 352, the court held that under the native law and custom of Onitsha, a widow’s possession of her deceased husband’s property doesn't make her the owner and she cannot deal with his property without the consent of his family. The court upheld the custom that says if a husband dies without a male issue, his real property goes to his family and his female issue cannot inherit it. \n\nIn another case, Nzekwu v. Nzekwu, [1989] 2 NWLR p. 373, the supreme court affirmed the custom that says a widow cannot claim the property of her late husband as her own.  She only has a right to occupy the building or part of it, subject to her good behaviour.","1. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria(1999) Section 15(2).\n\n2. Leadership Newspaper, Legalised Gender Discrimination Under Nigeria Law, August 9, 2013, Aminu Gamawa, a lawyer and Co-ordinator, Harvard Law School Graduate Forum, http://leadership.ng/news/090813/legalised-gender-discrimination-under-nigeria-law#sthash.RofuoU4R.dpuf.","Under the Nigerian constitution, women and men are treated alike with equal inheritance rights. But, under customary laws of some of Nigeria's ethnic nationalities, men are given the right of inheritance ahead of women...."]
["2013_SO_79",2013,"SO","Somalia",79,50,"According to the Constitution, Article 26, \"Every person has the right to own, use, enjoy, sell, and transfer property.\" According to Article 11, individuals may not be discriminated against due to their gender. \n\nBeyond the transfer of property provisions in the Civil Code Law of 1973, The Family Code of 1975 provides details on inheritance. According to Emory Law School, \"Article 158 states that \"In conformity with the principles of the 1st and 2nd Charter of the Revolution females and males shall have equal rights of inheritance\"; heirs are identified as: spouses, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, full siblings, paternal and maternal aunts and uncles; widow or widower entitled to half of estate if there are no children or grandchildren, or one fourth if there are; sons and daughters to receive equal shares, and same applies to grandchildren; shares of other heirs also specified in Code, as are grounds for inclusion or exclusion of heirs and reduction of shares.\"\n\nAccording to the OECD's SIGI, \"Although women in the country are not prohibited from inheriting and acquiring land under civil law, discriminatory customary practices and Sharia laws prevail, thus limiting women’s access to land. Women are largely excluded from owning land: it is the collective property of the family and is passed from father to son.\" Also, \"The government of Somalia adopted inheritance rights based on the principles of Sharia law. As a result, daughters inherit only half the amount awarded to sons.\"","The Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia, adopted in August 2012. Articles 26 and 11. http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf\n\nOECD Development Center Social Institutions and Gender Index 2012. Accessed on 10 March 2014. http://genderindex.org/country/somalia.\n\nThe Civil Code Law No. 37 of 2 June 1973. Articles 779-884. http://www.somalilandlaw.com/civil_law_.html\n\nFamily code. Law 23 of 11 Jan 1975.\n\nEmory Law School Website, accessed 10 March 2014. http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/Somalia.htm","According to the Constitution, Article 26, \"Every person has the right to own, use, enjoy, sell, and transfer property.\" According to Article 11, individuals may not be discriminated against due to their gender. ..."]
["2013_SZ_79",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",79,0,"The Swaziland constitution declares equal rights for women in a general way in section 28 (\"Rights and Freedoms of Women\"), and addresses the issue of inheritance in section 34 (\"Property Rights of Spouses), both of chapter III (\"Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms\"). Section 34 states in subsection (1) that \"a surviving spouse is entitled to a reasonable provision out of the estate of the other spouse whether the other spouse died having made a valid will or not and whether the spouses were married by civil or customary rights\". \n \n It is significant that the constitution mentions customary rights because under the unwritten Swazi law and custom which govern traditional marriages, women entering into a customary marriage are legal minors who cannot own property. The property is in the name of the husband and upon his death goes to the husband's family. Numerous incidents occur where the husband's family provides nothing to the widow, even if the widow is the sole support for any children.\n \n The drafters of the constitution declared that any laws in existence when the constitution went into effect in 2006 would \"fall away\" and must be replaced with constitutionally valid laws.The drafts reinforced this on the subject of inheritance, specifying in chapter III, section 24 subjection (2): \"Parliament shall, as soon as is practicable after the commencement of this constitution, enact legislation regulating the property rights of spouses including common-law husband and wife.\" \n \n Despite the constitution's tone of urgency, the year under review is the seventh year since the commencement of the constitution and such a law was not drafted.","The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter III, section 28 and 34, 2005.\n \n Marriage Act No. 47 of 1964, section 24, 1964.\n \n \"Women's Rights and Marital Power in Swaziland,\" Sarah Copland, The Sydney Globalist, 24 August 2013.\n \n \"SADC Gender Protocol Barameter Baseline Study: Swaziland,\" Doo Apane, Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance, 2009","The Swaziland constitution declares equal rights for women in a general way in section 28 (\"Rights and Freedoms of Women\"), and addresses the issue of inheritance in section 34 (\"Property Rights of Spouses), both of chapter III (\"Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights and F..."]
["2013_ZM_79",2013,"ZM","Zambia",79,50,"The Interstate Succession Act of 1989 recognises women’s rights to inheritance whether married under statutory or customary laws. According to the law, widows have the right to inherit 20% of their husbands’or wives' property - the law applies regardless of sex. \n \nFurther, under some customary laws, women and children are not allowed to inherit anything.","1989 Intestate Succession Act of Zambia. http://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/59.\n \n Sichikwenkwe, P. (2009) Southern African Development Community Gender Protocol Baseline Study: Zambia, available at http://www.genderlinks.org.za/article/sadc-gender-protocol-barometer-baseline-study-zambia-2009-10-16, accessed January 11 2011, page 31.","The Interstate Succession Act of 1989 recognises women’s rights to inheritance whether married under statutory or customary laws. According to the law, widows have the right to inherit 20% of their husbands’or wives' property - the law applies regardless of sex. ..."]
["2013_BF_80",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",80,50,"Le Code des personnes et de la famille reconnait le droit de chacun des époux au divorce lorsque la vie à deux devient impossible. La séparation de corps est envisagée dans un premier temps par le juge, dans l'optique de réconcilier les deux époux. Si cette réconciliation échoue, le divorce est prononcé en dernier recours.\nAux termes de l'article 386, chacun des époux peut demander au juge de rejeter la demande de divorce en évoquant les conséquences morales et matérielles que l’acte de divorce pourrait avoir sur les enfants. \nToutefois, las conditions ne sont pas les memes pour les femmes que pour les hommes dans la loi coutumière.","Loi portant code des personnes et de la famille du Burkina Faso. (1989) Article 386. http://www.justice.gov.bf/files/Documents%20en%20ligne/Textes%20juridiques/Codes%20et%20Lois/Le_code_des_personnes_et_de_la_famille.pdf3","Le Code des personnes et de la famille reconnait le droit de chacun des époux au divorce lorsque la vie à deux devient impossible. La séparation de corps est envisagée dans un premier temps par le juge, dans l'optique de réconcilier les deux époux. Si cette réconciliation échoue, l..."]
["2013_TD_80",2013,"TD","Chad",80,50,"Le droit au Tchad positionne la monogamie comme la préférence matrimoniale prise en exigeant aux époux de se retirer du mariage polygame. Si le couple se retire de la polygamie et le mari ne respecte cette décision, le mariage peut être dissous à la demande de la femme. L’article 158 de la Constitution dispose que : « Les règles coutumières et traditionnelles régissant les régimes matrimoniaux et les successions ne peuvent s'appliquer qu'avec le consentement des parties concernées. A défaut de consentement, la loi nationale est seule applicable. » Il en est de même en cas de conflit entre deux (2) ou plusieurs règles coutumières. L’homme et la femme peuvent tous les deux avoir l’initiative d’une demande de divorce dans un mariage monogame.\n\nEn cas d’adultère comme cause de demande de divorce, les conditions qui s’appliquent aux femmes et aux hommes sont différentes. L’adultère est défini comme étant le fait pour une femme mariée d’avoir des relations sexuelles avec un autre homme que son mari ou le fait pour celui-ci d’avoir des relations sexuelles avec une femme autre que sa ou ses épouses légitimes. Il faut noter que l’adultère de l’homme n’est une cause spécifique de divorce que si le mari entretient une concubine au domicile conjugal ou même en dehors du domicile conjugal. Il faut alors une continuité dans les relations. S’agissant de la femme, un simple adultère suffit.","- Constitution du 31 mars 1996 révisée. (1996). Article 158.","Le droit au Tchad positionne la monogamie comme la préférence matrimoniale prise en exigeant aux époux de se retirer du mariage polygame. Si le couple se retire de la polygamie et le mari ne respecte cette décision, le mariage peut être dissous à la demande de la femme. L’article 1..."]
["2013_CG_80",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",80,100,"La loi susdite consacre l’égalité des droits lorsqu’il s’agit du divorce. Les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits que les hommes en matière de requête en divorce tel qu’il ressort de l’article 555 du Code de la Famille qui stipule ainsi : « Celui des époux qui veut demander le divorce, présente au président du tribunal de paix, de la résidence de l’autre époux, ou de la dernière résidence conjugale, une requête écrite ou verbale indiquant les motifs du divorce ».","- Code de la Famille du 1/08/1987, article 555","La loi susdite consacre l’égalité des droits lorsqu’il s’agit du divorce. Les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits que les hommes en matière de requête en divorce tel qu’il ressort de l’article 555 du Code de la Famille qui stipule ainsi : « Celui des époux qui veut demander le divorc..."]
["2013_GA_80",2013,"GA","Gabon",80,50,"There are different coexisting legal frameworks. There are numerous articles and decrees that can qualify as discriminatory against women, including divorce petition rights. \n\nIn general, divorce petition rights depend on which body of law applies to a given situation, whether constitutional law or customary (traditional) law. By definition, customary law (\"droit coutumier\") is not codified. \n\nBoth the Constitution and customary law recognize polygamous unions, which complicates divorce petition rights. For example, the Fang people (predominant ethnic group in Woleu-Ntem province) are known for their polygamist practices.\n\nStill, the Constitution of Gabon, article 2 (titre premier), states that all citizens are equal before the law, thus laying the ground for gender equality.\n\nWomen need to provide evidence at court of their husband's infidelity if they decide to file for divorce. Men do not need to provide this type of evidence, making it de facto discriminatory. \n\nThe Ministry of Family \"Document de strategies d'égalité et d'equité de genre au Gabon published a publication in 2009 for an assessment of gender discriminatory practices codified in Gabonese law.","Code civil gabonais (1972) article 266. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=209873\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nMinistère de la Famille.  (2009) .  Document de strategies d'égalité et d'equité de genre au Gabon.    Retrieved from http://www.ga.undp.org/publications/projets_et_programmes/Strategie_Nationale_genre_du_GABON.pdf","There are different coexisting legal frameworks. There are numerous articles and decrees that can qualify as discriminatory against women, including divorce petition rights. ..."]
["2013_KE_80",2013,"KE","Kenya",80,0,"The Matrimonial Causes Act gives equal right to both spouses in Kenya to initiate divorce petitions.\n\nSection 8 of the act provides divorce proceedings may be commenced either by the husband or the wife on the ground that the respondent:\n\n(a) has since the celebration of the marriage committed adultery; or\n\n(b) has deserted the petitioner without cause for a period of at least three years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition; or\n\n(c) has since the celebration of the marriage treated the petitioner with cruelty; or\n\n(d) is incurably of unsound mind and has been continuously under care and treatment for a period of at least five years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition, and by the wife on the ground that her husband has been guilty of rape, sodomy or bestiality.\n\nThe court can also dissolve a marriage if parties show that the marriage has irretrievably broken down, and that there is no love between the parties anymore. These are the only grounds upon which parties can seek to have a marriage dissolved.\n\nSection 9 of the act provides that on the petition for divorce presented by the husband or in the answer of a husband praying for divorce, the petitioner or respondent, as the case may be, shall make the alleged adulterer a co-respondent unless he is excused by the court on special grounds from so doing. On a petition for divorce presented by the wife the court may, if it thinks fit, direct that the person with whom the husband is alleged to have committed adultery be made a respondent.\n\nKenyan law prohibits the presentation of a divorce petition to a court of law before three years after the marriage, unless good reasons are shown to the court as to why the petition should be entertained. Parties have to remain within the marriage for a minimum of three years before they lodge a divorce petition. However, the lawmakers took cognisance of the fact that at times exceptional events can occur within the first three years of the marriage. As such the court may, upon an application, allow a petition to be presented before three years have passed on the ground that the case is one where the petitioner is facing some form of exceptional hardship. The petitioner can also argue that there is some exceptional depravity on the part of the respondent.\n\nHowever, women are at a disadvantage in divorce processes and women very likely to loose property if they get divorced.","1. The Matrimonial Causes Act. This law was passed in 1962 and revised in 2008. Article 8 of this act grants equal divorce petition rights to both spouses. http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDwQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyalaw.org%2Ffamily%2Fstatutes%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3DTHE%2520MATRIMONIAL%2520CAUSES%2520Ordince.pdf&ei=8CBMUrqXA4rH0QXHuYDABA&usg=AFQjCNG1219KYmcbVNKTZX9uE0oPa07IjA&sig2=O_TZ9LKVgqm12xcJnHRBog&bvm=bv.53371865,d.d2k.\n\n2. Jane Njeri, programme officer, Federation of Women Lawyers in Kenya. Interviewed on October 2, 2013.\n\n3. \"Divorce in Kenya: What the law says\", an article by John Chigiti, published by the Star newspaper on April 4, 2012. http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-23756/divorce-kenya-what-law-says.","The Matrimonial Causes Act gives equal right to both spouses in Kenya to initiate divorce petitions...."]
["2013_MW_80",2013,"MW","Malawi",80,50,"The Malawi Divorce Act gives both husband and wife the right to put forward a divorce petition. \nThere are various marriage regimes operating in Malawi which are recognised under the Marriage Act. There are traditional, religious and statutory forms of marriage. They offer different rights to the parties on entry, during subsistence and on exit from marriage. \n\nPART II__SEX DISCRIMINATION 4.\n\n(1) A person shall not__\n(a) treat another person less favourably than he or she would treat a person of his or her own sex; or\n(b) apply to the other person an exclusion, distinction or restriction which applies or would apply equally to both sexes\n(i) which is such that the proportion of one sex who can comply with it is considerably smaller than the proportion of the opposite sex who can comply with it;\n(ii) which he or she cannot show to be justifiable irrespective of the sex of the person to whom it is applied; and\n(iii) which is to the detriment of the other person because he or she cannot comply with it,\nwith the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of the rights and fundamental freedoms of that person.\n\nThe act is the most elaborate statute on procedures for marriage and recognises equality of rights to institute divorce. The other forms do confer rights on both parties but with restrictions.\n\nThat notwithstanding, women often shy away from instituting divorce proceedings, mostly due to social pressure.\n\nBoth statutory (licensed) and customary (traditional) marriages are recognised under Malawi’s Marriage Act.","Malawi Divorce Act of 1905 Chapter 22 Grounds for divorce http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/25:04/divorce_act_pdf_16254.pdf\n\nLea Mwambene, \"Divorce in matrilineal Customary Law marriage in Malawi: A comparative analysis with the patrilineal Customary Law marriage in South Africa.\"  http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_init_4338_1176889291.pdf\n\nSection 4 of the Gender Equality Bill 2012","The Malawi Divorce Act gives both husband and wife the right to put forward a divorce petition. \nThere are various marriage regimes operating in Malawi which are recognised under the Marriage..."]
["2013_MZ_80",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",80,100,"Article 195 of the family law indicates that a divorce petition can be requested to court by any spouse independently of being a man or woman.\n\nThe constitution, in the articles cited, mentions that all citizens are equal before the law and enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, independently of colour, race, sex, origin, place of birth, religion, profession or political option. It also indicates that man and woman are equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life.","1. Constitution of the Republic. Title III, chapter I, article 35 and 36. 2004. http://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\n\n2. Family Law no. 10, chapter XII, section I, article 195.  August 25, 2004. http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/adminCivil/lei%20da%20familia.pdf","Article 195 of the family law indicates that a divorce petition can be requested to court by any spouse independently of being a man or woman...."]
["2013_ST_80",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",80,100,"Article 53: Any spouse, indistinctly, may sue for divorce.” Women are not discriminated against based on the Family Law. \nFamily Law No. 2/77 (Sept. 28, 1977 São Tomé and Príncipe)  Chapter III, Section IV,   Article 53","a) Chapter III – The extinction of marriage, Section IV – Divorce - of the Family Law nº 2/77.\n b) Paragraph (6) of the Section IV (Divorce) of the Article 53.\n c) 1977.","Article 53: Any spouse, indistinctly, may sue for divorce.” Women are not discriminated against based on the Family Law. \nFamily Law No. 2/77 (Sept. 28, 1977 São Tomé and Príncipe)  Chapter III, Section IV,   Article..."]
["2013_SL_80",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",80,50,"Under section 13(1) of the Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act of 2009, where a marriage has been registered, it can be dissolved in accordance with the applicable customary law by either party to the marriage, or both parties, within six months of the dissolution. This means that women too can file in for divorce.\n\nHowever, in many areas of the country, customary law still prevails. Customary law often infringes upon the rights of women, including the right to petition for divorce. For example, in some Islamic areas and traditions where early marriages are tolerated, women are not allowed to divorce their husbands unless permission is granted by parents.","The Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act, part IV – Registration of Customary Divorce, section 13(1) 2009, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2009-01.pdf.","Under section 13(1) of the Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act of 2009, where a marriage has been registered, it can be dissolved in accordance with the applicable customary law by either party to the marriage, or both parties, within six months of the dissolution. T..."]
["2013_ZA_80",2013,"ZA","South Africa",80,50,"The South African constitution grants women and men the same rights, including the right to divorce. Reference to gender equality in general is made in chapter 1 and 2 of the South African constitution. Chapter 1 emphasises that South Africa is a non-sexist state while section 9 of chapter 2 (the bill of rights) adds that “everyone is equal before the law” and that “equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms”. Section 9 furthermore notes how that neither the state nor the public may discriminate on the basis of for instance gender. \n\nSection 10 of the Divorce Courts Amendment Bill (1997) adds that “divorce courts shall have jurisdiction [...] relating to the nullity of a marriage and relating to a divorce between persons [...]\". This includes all person respective of gender as this bill emphasises the constitutional right to gender equality.  \n\nSection 2 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (passed in 2000) mentions that this particular piece of legislation was drawn up to give effect to \"the equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by every person; the promotion of equality; the values of non-racialism and non-sexism contained in section 1 of the constitution; the prevention of unfair discrimination and protection of human dignity as contemplated in sections 9 and 10 of the constitution\". Section 6 states that \"neither the state nor any person may unfairly discriminate against any person\", while section 8 notes that no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including [...]  any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men\".\n\nThe Traditional Courts Bull could change this when signed into law. When this research was conducted, the bill had been making frequent headlines. This bill, which was first tabled in 2008, would aim to 'provide more South Africans improved access to justice' by recognising traditional authorities and laws, and giving traditional leaders in remote areas the unilateral power to create and enforce customary law. If signed into law, the bill will allow traditional, unelected leaders to hear civil cases including disputes surrounding contract breach, damage to property, ownership of property, divorce, theft and crimen injuria. \n\nIn effect, the bill will make a traditional leader judge, jury and implementer based on traditional law. This could have negative consequences for women, civil society says, as most - if not all - traditional leaders in South Africa are men and many laws are detrimental to gender equality. In many traditional courts, women are inferior to man in the sense that they are not allowed to represent themselves or even speak during proceedings. Constitutional rights with regards to gender equality will be undermined by traditional rules with regards to for instance women's right to inheritance, employment, ownership of property and land. \n\nThe bill was rejected the women's parliament, various civil society organisations and the authorities of five of nine provinces - and subsequently withdrawn in 2012. In 2013, however, and despite the resistance at provincial level (only two provinces – the Northern Cape and the Free State – support the bill while Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal are yet to decide), parliament decided to send the bill back to the provinces for further consultation.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996),  http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/\n\nDivorce Courts Amendment Bill (1997), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=71699.\n\nWomen's parliament against Traditional Courts Bill, SABC, August 31 2012, \nhttp://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/833fbf004c8c1bb58a44bab3d6d559b2/Womens-parliament-against-Traditional-Courts-Bill-20123108.\n\nTraditional Courts Bill sent back to provinces, Andiswe Makinana, Mail & Guardian, October 12 2013, http://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-15-traditional-courts-bill-sent-back-to-provinces.\n\nTraditional Courts Bill (text), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/bills/2012-b01tradcourts.pdf.\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 (Act No. 4 of 2000), \nhttp://www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000/.","The South African constitution grants women and men the same rights, including the right to divorce. Reference to gender equality in general is made in chapter 1 and 2 of the South African constitution. Chapter 1 emphasises that South Africa is a non-sexist state while section 9 of..."]
["2013_TN_80",2013,"TN","Tunisia",80,100,"Tunisian laws give equal rights to men and women in divorce. Women have the same right to ask for divorce as have men. In addition, if the man asks for a divorce without the woman's consent, she can obtain a pension. \n \n Article 31 of the Code du statut personnel states the following: The court pronounces the divorce in three cases: \n 1. in case of mutual agreement expressed by both spouses,\n 2. at the demand of one of the spouses, due to prejudice,\n 3. at the demand of the husband or of the wife.","Code du statut personnel, decree of 13 August 1956 promulgating\n Of the Personal Status Code, articles 29 to 53","Tunisian laws give equal rights to men and women in divorce. Women have the same right to ask for divorce as have men. In addition, if the man asks for a divorce without the woman's consent, she can obtain a pension. ..."]
["2013_AO_81",2013,"AO","Angola",81,100,"Article 108 and 109 specify that children's custody can be agreed on by the parents or defined by the court. The principles should be (i) minors' best interests and (ii) the guarantee of children's education  and personal development. \n\nThere is no provision of men having precedence over women.","Republic of Angola Law No. 1/88 of 20 February of 1988, art. 3, 108, 109, 130, 131, 133, 136, 139 & 143.  (1988) .  [Approves the Family Law].  Retrieved from http://www.jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Angola/C%D3DIGO%20DA%20FAM%CDLIA.pdf","Article 108 and 109 specify that children's custody can be agreed on by the parents or defined by the court. The principles should be (i) minors' best interests and (ii) the guarantee of children's education  and personal development. ..."]
["2013_BI_81",2013,"BI","Burundi",81,100,"Les articles 184 et 185 du Code des personnes et de la famille du Burundi n'accordent pas la priorité à l'un des parents en matière de garde des enfants. \n\nArticle 184 :\n« Le tribunal ordonne dans leur grand intérêt que tous ou certains des enfants communs mineurs soient confiés à la garde soit du père, soit de la mère ou d’une tierce personne.\n\n«Cette décision peut être prise à la demande de l’un des époux, d’un membre de la famille, du ministère public, ou même d’office. Elle peut être modifiée à même demande à tout moment dans l’intérêt des enfants.»\n\nArticle 185 :\n«Quelle que soit la personne à qui les enfants sont confiés, les père et mère conservent le droit de surveiller l’entretien à l’éducation de leurs enfants et doivent y contribuer à la proportion de leurs facultés. Un droit de visite est accordé à l’époux à qui la garde des enfants n’a pas été confiée.»\n\nEn matière de requête de de garde des enfants, il n'y a pas de lois coutumières ou religieuses discriminatoires.","Décret-Loi nº 1/024 du 28 avril 1993, portant réforme du Code des personnes et de la famille. Articles 184 et 185.\nhttp://www.ligue-iteka.africa-web.org/article.php3?id_article=36","Les articles 184 et 185 du Code des personnes et de la famille du Burundi n'accordent pas la priorité à l'un des parents en matière de garde des enfants. ..."]
["2013_CD_81",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",81,50,"Le Code de la famille, dans la section 3 des effets du divorce article 194 - Situation des enfants issus du mariage, stipule : « La garde et l'autorité parentale sur les enfants issus du mariage seront dévolues par le juge en fonction de l'intérêt des enfants et ce, quelque soit leur âge ».\nArticle 195 - Contribution à l'entretien - Droit de Visite.  « Quel que soit la personne à laquelle les enfants issus du mariage seront confiés, les père et mère conserveront respectivement le droit de surveiller l'entretien et l'éducation de leurs enfants et seront tenus d'y contribuer à proportion de leur facultés. Le Tribunal fixe les conditions dans lesquelles le parent privé de la garde pourra exercer un droit de visite. Il peut également à tout moment modifier le montant de la pension alimentaire, la garde ou seulement le droit de visite si les circonstances l'exigent à la requête des père et mère ou du ministère public.\nCependant à l'article 194 il est à noter que la garde est accordée selon l'appréciation du juge en fonction de l'intérêt de l'enfant. \nIl y a un vide juridique concernant les enfants nés hors mariage. Dans le code de la famille, il n'est nullement mentionné ce cas. Ni celui des enfants issu du mariage coutumier. Or en République du Congo, selon la coutume qui prime, les femmes et les hommes n'ont pas les même droits en matière de garde d'enfants dans la coutume :\n1 - Dans les sociétés matrilinéaires, la chefferie est déterminée par la mère. Le père n'est qu'un simple géniteur, le véritable chef de la famille est le frère de la mère (oncle maternel). Les neveux sont dans le clan utérin. La succession se transmet par la mère. En cas de divorce prononcé selon la coutume, la chose entendu et décidé ne se discute pas. Les enfants vont avec la mère. Cela est vrai chez les Bakongo, les vili, dans le Niari, le Kioulou et Makoua).\n2 - Dans les sociétés traditionnelles patrilinéaires, le pouvoir se transmet par le père. Lorsqu'il y a divorce la mère part, mais les enfants restent avec le père. C'est la nature des rapports claniques qui détermine le sort des enfants même si on n’attribue pas la faute à l'un ou l'autre des ex-partenaires.\n3 - Pour les mariages mixtes traditionnels, il est tenu compte ici de la coutume des partis. Les familles intègrent les éléments de la coutume de l'un et de l'autre. Chaque partis a un juge coutumier qui complète la juridiction moderne.\n4 -Le cas de la communauté musulmane.\nChez les musulmans en République du Congo, il existe une charia. En effet, c'est l'iman qui fait office de juge et d'officier d'Etat civil, il déclare les enfants à l'Etat civil. Les enfants sont déclarés à la mosquée. L'imam tient le registre de l'Etat civil. D'ailleurs au Sénégal au moment de la Réforme du code de la famille, l'Etat sénégalais a prit du temps pour mener la réforme portant la suppression du cadi (un cadi est un « juge » musulman remplissant des fonctions civiles, judiciaires et religieuses).\nVoir le rapport en pièce jointe à l'indicateurs 69 \nRapports 2012 sur les pratiques des pays en matière de droits de l’homme Département d’État des États-Unis - Bureau pour la démocratie, les droits de l’homme et le travail. En page 22, il est précisé :\n« Discrimination : Sur les questions liées au mariage et à la famille, le droit coutumier est discriminatoire envers les femmes ... Le ministère de la Promotion de la femme était chargé de protéger et de faire valoir les droits des femmes ».\n\nNéanmoins, en République du Congo, le droit coutumier, particulièrement discriminatoire à l’égard des femmes, subsiste en parallèle du droit statutaire.","1 - Code de la famille, section 3, des effets du divorce article 194 - Situation des enfants issus du mariage.\n\n2 - Code de la famille, section 3, des effets du divorce article 195 - Situation des enfants issus du mariage.\n\n3 - Entretien du lundi 14 et mercredi 15 octobre 2013 avec Mme Micheline GOULOU, Présidente de l'Association de Lutte des Violences à l'Egard des Femmes et filles (ALVEFF).\n\n4 - Entretien du 15 octobre avec Mme NDOU, Association des femmes juristes du Congo (AFJC).\n\n5 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 Me Ludovic ESSOU, avocat à la cour de Brazzaville.\n\n\n6 - Entretien du vendredi 18 octobre 2013 avec M. Samuel GATABANTOU, magistrat et président de la Chambre administrative (Cour suprême).\n \n7 - Entretien le lundi 21 octobre 2013, avec Mme Albertine MOSSA née ZAMJNJ, directrice de la promotion de la femme.\n\n8 - Entretien le lundi 21 octobre 2013, avec Mme Yvette-Lucie LEBONDZO née BONGO-PASSI, directrice générale de la promotion de la femme.","Le Code de la famille, dans la section 3 des effets du divorce article 194 - Situation des enfants issus du mariage, stipule : « La garde et l'autorité parentale sur les enfants issus du mariage seront dévolues par le juge en fonction de l'intérêt des enfants et ce, quelque soit le..."]
["2013_DJ_81",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",81,100,"Article 64: \"Si le mariage est dissous du vivant des époux, la garde est confiée, soit à l’un d’eux, soit à une tierce personne. Le juge en décide en prenant en considération de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant.\"\nArticle 67 : \"La garde appartient durant le mariage aux père et mère.\"\n\nDans l’article 64 du code de la Famille, si le mariage est dissous du vivant des époux, la garde de l’enfant est confiée à l’un des deux. Donc, aucune des deux personnes n’a la priorité. Il faut signaler qu’à Djibouti, lors des divorces, la garde des enfants est confiée à la mère, sauf dans les cas où celle-ci y renonce par écrit. Nombreux sont les hommes qui se plaignent de cette garde confiée préférablement à la femme. L’article 67 précise que durant le mariage la garde est confiée aux deux parents.","1) Loi n° 152/AN/02/4ème L du 31 janvier 2002 portant Code de la Famille. Articles 64 et 67.\n\n2) Site officiel de la République de Djibouti: www.presidence.dj","Article 64: \"Si le mariage est dissous du vivant des époux, la garde est confiée, soit à l’un d’eux, soit à une tierce personne. Le juge en décide en prenant en considération de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant.\"..."]
["2013_GM_81",2013,"GM","The Gambia",81,50,"The Women's Act at s. 40 provides that \"a man and woman shall jointly contribute to safeguarding the the interests of the family, protecting and educating them\".\n\nSection 43  (1)  of the act also provides that \"in case of separation, divorce or annulment of marriage, women and men shall have reciprocal rights and responsibilities towards their children and at all times, the interests of the children shall be given paramount importance\".\n\nMen and women have equal rights over their children even if they are not married. This is because section 145 of the Children's Act provides:\n\n\"(1) Where the father and mother of a child were not married to each other at the time of his or her birth -\n\n(a)        the children’s court may -\n\n(i)        on the application of the father, order that he shall have parental responsibility for the child; or\n\n(ii)        on the application of the mother, order that she shall have parental responsibility for the child; or\n\n(b)        the father and mother may by agreement have joint parental responsibility for the child.\"\n\nThis means women have the same rights as men when it comes to applying for parental responsibility. \n\nHowever, in accordance with Islamic law, female children over the age of seven and males over age nine are automatically placed in their father's custody, demonstrative of the restrictions to which women are subjected despite established legal codes.","Section 40 and Section 43 (2) of the Women's Act 2010 and Section 145 of the Children's Act 2005\n\nThe African Child Policy Forum, \"Hamonisation of Children’s Laws in The Gambia\", May 2012,\nhttp://acerwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/English-ACERWC-Gambia-Harmonisation-of-Laws-on-Children.pdf.","The Women's Act at s. 40 provides that \"a man and woman shall jointly contribute to safeguarding the the interests of the family, protecting and educating them\"...."]
["2013_LR_81",2013,"LR","Liberia",81,0,"Custody of a child or children is determined firstly by conditions of both the male and female relative. From day one to seven years, the law grants the mother exclusive right to keep the child once she has a habitable environment for the child. After seven years of age, the father may take custody if it is determined by court that he has the time, habitable living environment and necessary support for the child.","Liberian Codes Revised (1973), Vol. III, Title 9 Domestic Relations Law, Chapter 5.16","Custody of a child or children is determined firstly by conditions of both the male and female relative. From day one to seven years, the law grants the mother exclusive right to keep the child once she has a habitable environment for the child. After seven years of age, the father..."]
["2013_MR_81",2013,"MR","Mauritania",81,100,"L'article 123 du statut du code personnel dispose qu'en cas de dissolution des liens de mariage, la garde de l'enfant (connu en droit musulman vous le vocable de « hadhna ») revient à la mère. En cas d'absence de la maman, le législateur confie la garde de l'enfant successivement à:\n\n1.à la grand-mère paternelle de sa mère;\n2. à sa tante maternelle germaine;\n3. à sa tante maternelle utérine;\n4. à sa tante maternelle consanguine;\n5. à la tante maternelle de sa mère;\n6. à la tante paternelle de sa mère;\n7. à sa grand-mère paternelle;\n8. à son père;\n9. à sa tente paternelle;\n10. à sa sœur;\n11. à sa nièce par la sœur ou par le frère suivant son aptitude;\n12. à son tuteur testamentaire;\n13. à son frère;\n14. à son grand père paternel;\n15. à son neveu par le frère;\n16. à son oncle paternel;\n17. au fils de ce dernier.\n\nIl y a lieu de remarquer que le père ne vient qu'en huitième position dans la garde de l'enfant. Cette disposition est une reprise du droit musulman qui accorde la priorité de la garde de l'enfant aux personnes susmentionnées.","1. Loi n° 2001-052 du 19 juillet 2001 portant Code du statut personnel. (2001). Article 123.\n http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afw/mauritania/mauritania_per_status_fr.pdf","L'article 123 du statut du code personnel dispose qu'en cas de dissolution des liens de mariage, la garde de l'enfant (connu en droit musulman vous le vocable de « hadhna ») revient à la mère. En cas d'absence de la maman, le législateur confie la garde de l'enfant successivement à..."]
["2013_MA_81",2013,"MA","Morocco",81,100,"Under the new Family Code, the mother is the first choice for custody of children, and divorced women no longer automatically forfeit custody of their children if they remarry or choose to live in a different town.","Morocco.  Family Code, articles 173-186.  (2004) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/civil/Code%20de%20la%20famille%20Maroc%20Texte.htm","Under the new Family Code, the mother is the first choice for custody of children, and divorced women no longer automatically forfeit custody of their children if they remarry or choose to live in a different town."]
["2013_SC_81",2013,"SC","Seychelles",81,100,"The Seychellois family unit is female-dominated. Interestingly, institutional marriage is not widely practiced, and unwed mothers are the societal norm. Both the father and mother are joint guardians of the child and have equal responsibilities for bringing up their children. Article 203 of the civil code refers to joint obligation when married: “The spouses jointly, by mere fact of the marriage, undertake the obligation to maintain and bring up their children.” Seychellois law requires fathers to provide financial support to their children.\n\nArt 371 of the civil code states that minor children owe respect to both parents: “A child during his minority owes honour and respect to his father and mother.\"","1. Civil Code of Seychelles Act (1989), Cap: 33. http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/33.\n\n2. General information on the family structure in Seychelles: http://www.seychelles.org/seychelles-religion-culture#axzz2kv92P6Le.","The Seychellois family unit is female-dominated. Interestingly, institutional marriage is not widely practiced, and unwed mothers are the societal norm. Both the father and mother are joint guardians of the child and have equal responsibilities for bringing up their children. Artic..."]
["2013_SD_81",2013,"SD","Sudan",81,0,"Article 115 of the Muslim Personal Matters Act, 1991 stipulates that a mother will be responsible for the custody of a boy until he is seven years old and the custody of a girl until she is nine years old. The father takes over from where the mother stops.","Republic of the Sudan. Muslim Personal Matters Act. (1991). Article 115. http://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/6/27.htm","Article 115 of the Muslim Personal Matters Act, 1991 stipulates that a mother will be responsible for the custody of a boy until he is seven years old and the custody of a girl until she is nine years old. The father takes over from where the mother stops."]
["2013_TN_81",2013,"TN","Tunisia",81,100,"In Tunisia, men do not have precedence over women in obtaining custody over children. In cases of divorce, both parents go to court, and the judge decide to whom to give custody for dependants.\n  \n Article 32 of the Code du statut personnel states the following: \"The judge must decide about all measures related to residency of the spouses, alimentary pension, custody of children, and visiting rights.\"","Code du statut personnel, decree of 13 August 1956 promulgating\n Of the Personal Status Code, articles 32 and 54 to 67.","In Tunisia, men do not have precedence over women in obtaining custody over children. In cases of divorce, both parents go to court, and the judge decide to whom to give custody for dependants...."]
["2013_UG_81",2013,"UG","Uganda",81,50,"The existing laws have no specific reference to who gets custody of the children. The custody of children is guided by welfare principle of the Children’s Act, which states that whenever the state, court, local authority or any person determines any question with respect to the upbringing of a child, the child’s welfare shall be of paramount consideration.\n\nHowever, in Muslim families that follow the Sharia Law in Uganda, fathers have custody rights for children above-breast-feeding-age.","The Children Act, 1997, Sections 73, 85\n http://www.mglsd.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Laws/children%20act%20Chapter_59.pdf\n \n The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 4, Article 34(1)\n http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","The existing laws have no specific reference to who gets custody of the children. The custody of children is guided by welfare principle of the Children’s Act, which states that whenever the state, court, local authority or any person determines any question with respect to the upb..."]
["2013_BW_82",2013,"BW","Botswana",82,50,"Article 14 of the constitution guarantees the freedom of movement without any distinction between men and women. \n\nHowever, customary law requires married women to seek permission from their husband to travel. If the husband objects,  usually the woman is forced to cancel her trip to avoid confrontation with the husband.","Constitution of Botswana (1966), Section 14.\nhttp://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/\n\nWomen, Business and the Law 2013.\nhttp://wbl.worldbank.org/Data/ExploreEconomies/Botswana/2013","Article 14 of the constitution guarantees the freedom of movement without any distinction between men and women. ..."]
["2013_TD_82",2013,"TD","Chad",82,50,"Il n'existe aucune loi obligeant les femmes à obtenir une autorisation de déplacement, à se déplacer en présence d'un compagnon ou à conduire en présence d'un compagnon au Tchad.\n\nLes lois coutumières interdisent ou du moins restreignent le droit des femmes à voyager librement","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi obligeant les femmes à obtenir une autorisation de déplacement, à se déplacer en présence d'un compagnon ou à conduire en présence d'un compagnon au Tchad...."]
["2013_CG_82",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",82,100,"Il n'y a pas de lois discriminatoires relatives à la libre circulation des femmes au Congo RDC.\n\nAucune disposition légale n’interdit à une femme de se déplacer. Seulement, en ce qui concerne la femme mariée, il lui est imposé d’habiter avec son mari et de le suivre partout.\nIl sied de faire des nuances lorsqu’on parle de la femme. En effet, la femme non mariée ou qui n’est plus unie dans un quelconque lien de mariage jouit de sa liberté de mouvement.\nLa femme mariée par contre n’est pas libre de tout mouvement, car il lui faut l’autorisation maritale. Par ailleurs, elle est tenue de suivre son mari partout pour cohabiter avec lui (Code de la Famille, article 454).","Article 454, loi n° 87-010 du 1 août 1987 portant sur le Code de la Famille, tel que modifiée à ce jour.","Il n'y a pas de lois discriminatoires relatives à la libre circulation des femmes au Congo RDC...."]
["2013_ET_82",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",82,50,"Article 32 of the Constitution addresses the Freedom of Movement:\n \n1. Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well as the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishes to. \n2. Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to his country.\n\nHowever, according to the EASSI, freedom of movement is restricted in certain parts of the country due to national security concerns.  Further, some women face restrictions due to cultural practices and gender norms, as they must have their husbands' permission to move about.\n\nIn short, though the law guarantees women's right to travel independently, this freedom is sometimes undermined by custom and cultural restrictions.","1. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, Article 32 Freedom of Movement (1995)\n\n2. The Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI) :Restricted Civil Liberties, http://www.eassi.org/ethiopia","Article 32 of the Constitution addresses the Freedom of Movement:\n \n1. Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia has, within the national territory, ..."]
["2013_GN_82",2013,"GN","Guinea",82,100,"Il n'existe pas de loi particulière limitant le déplacement des femmes. Concrètement, la femme ou l'homme peut se déplacer sans restriction tant et aussi longtemps que cela ne représente pas un danger pour le conjoint ou que cela ne nuit pas à son intérêt. Il suffit d'informer l'autre de son déplacement, c’est une question de simple respect et d'humilité.\nLa femme peut même entreprendre des activités séparées de celles de son mari.\n\nArticle 325 : La femme mariée a la pleine capacité de droit. Elle conserve l'administration, la jouissance et la libre disposition de ses biens personnels et des biens qu'elle acquiert par l'exercice d'une activité professionnelle séparée. Elle peut faire ouvrir un compte courant en son nom et y déposer ou en retirer librement les fonds.\n\nArticle 327 : La femme mariée a le pouvoir de représenter le mari pour les besoins du ménage et d'employer à cette fin des fonds qu'il laisse entre ses mains. Les actes ainsi accomplis par la femme obligent le mari envers les tiers, à moins qu'il n'ait retiré à la femme le pouvoir de faire des actes dont il s'agit, et que les tiers n'aient eu personnellement connaissance de ce retrait au moment où ils ont traité avec elle.\n\nIl n’y a pas de lois coutumières ou religieuses discriminant les femmes en matière de droit de voyager.","Code civil guinéen. (1968). Articles 325 et 327, révisés en 1996. http://www.hcch.net/upload/cc_gn.pdf","Il n'existe pas de loi particulière limitant le déplacement des femmes. Concrètement, la femme ou l'homme peut se déplacer sans restriction tant et aussi longtemps que cela ne représente pas un danger pour le conjoint ou que cela ne nuit pas à son intérêt. Il suffit d'informer l'au..."]
["2013_LY_82",2013,"LY","Libya",82,50,"According to the Personal Status, women and men are free to travel within or outside the country. Women do not need any kind of permission to travel outside the country. This law has been strengthened by the CEDAW. However Islamic law states that women should always travel in male relatives' company.\n\nThose who choose to travel alone or with other women are generally members of the elite and are still expected to secure the permission of their families in order to do so. Traveling inside Libya also presents difficulties for Libyan women if they wish to stay in hotels, as rooms are generally not rented to unaccompanied women due to cultural traditions.","Personal Status Law (1984), Chapter 6\n\nPargeter, A.  (2010) .  Libya.  In S. Kelly and J. Breslin  (Eds.), Women's rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress amid resistance.  New York: Freedom House.\n\nUnited Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.  (1989) .  Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.  Retrieved from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm","According to the Personal Status, women and men are free to travel within or outside the country. Women do not need any kind of permission to travel outside the country. This law has been strengthened by the CEDAW. However Islamic law states that women should always travel in male ..."]
["2013_MA_82",2013,"MA","Morocco",82,100,"Under the 2004 Family Code and the 2011 Constitution, all previous restrictions on women’s freedom of movement within the country have been removed. Nowhere does it state that a woman needs her husband's authorisation to travel.","Constitution 2011\n\nMorocco.  Family Code.  (2004) .  Retrieved from http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/civil/Code%20de%20la%20famille%20Maroc%20Texte.htm","Under the 2004 Family Code and the 2011 Constitution, all previous restrictions on women’s freedom of movement within the country have been removed. Nowhere does it state that a woman needs her husband's authorisation to travel."]
["2013_RW_82",2013,"RW","Rwanda",82,100,"As a starting point, the constitution objectively states that every person can leave the country and come back when he/she wants (article 23: Every Rwandan has the right to leave and to return to the country). The law determining the responsibilities, organisation and functioning of the gender monitoring office in Rwanda adds that all genders should be treated equally without exception of any level, area or field. This for sure includes traveling (article 5, point 1 says: \"Monitoring and carrying out evaluation on a permanent basis of compliance with gender indicators intended to respect gender in the context of the vision of sustainable national development and serving as a reference point on matters relating to gender equality and equity\").\n\nArticle 3, 4: resolving problems identified by the National Women‟s Council.\nArticle 6, 6: advocating for the respect of gender equality at all levels.\n \nThe Prime Minister's order of determining the responsibilities, organisation and functioning of organs of the National Women's Council mentions that if any problem is identified, it should be reported and sorted out immediately (article 3, 4, resolving problems identified by the National Women‟s Council). This means that in case there is some injustice forbidding a woman or a group of women to travel, the ban could be lifted as soon as noticed. On top of all these laws, there is no law in Rwanda forbidding women to travel.","Republic of Rwanda Constitution.  (2003) .  Retrieved from http://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 51/2007.  (2007) .  [Law determining the responsibilities, organisation and functioning of the gender monitoring office in Rwanda].  Retrieved from http://www.migeprof.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/GMO_Law.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Prime Minister's Order No. 01/03.  (2011) .  [Determining the responsibilities, organisation and functioning of organs of the National Women's Council].  Retrieved from http://uphls.org/IMG/pdf/Official_Gazette_noSpecial_of_12-02-2011.pdf","As a starting point, the constitution objectively states that every person can leave the country and come back when he/she wants (article 23: Every Rwandan has the right to leave and to return to the country). The law determining the responsibilities, organisation and functioning o..."]
["2013_SC_82",2013,"SC","Seychelles",82,100,"Article 25 of the 1993 constitution refers to freedom of movement:\n(1) Every person lawfully present in Seychelles has a right of freedom of movement and for the\npurpose of this article this right includes the right to move freely within Seychelles, the right to\nreside in any part of Seychelles, the right to leave Seychelles and the right not to be expelled\nfrom Seychelles.\n(2)Every person who is a citizen of Seychelles has a right to enter Seychelles and, subject to\nclause (3)(d), not to be expelled from Seychelles.\n(3) The right under clause (1) may be subject to such restrictions as are prescribed by a law\nnecessary in a democratic society -\n(a) in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health;\n(b) for protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons;\n(c) for the prevention of a crime or compliance with an order of a court;\n(d) for extradition of persons from Seychelles; or\n(e) for lawful removal of persons who are not citizens of Seychelles from Seychelles. \n\nThere is no other law or articles in the penal code that restricts women's free and independent movement or travel.","1. 1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127610.pdf.\n\n2. Penal Code (2012): http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.","Article 25 of the 1993 constitution refers to freedom of movement:\n(1) Every person lawfully present in Seychelles has a right of freedom of movement and for the..."]
["2013_TZ_82",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",82,50,"No such law exists. \n \n 17.-(1) Every citizen of the united republic has the right to freedom of movement in the united republic and the right to live in any part of the united republic, to leave and enter the country, and the right not to be forced to leave or be expelled from the united republic.\n \n However, women’s freedom of movement may be restricted on a day-to-day basis: 48.9% of married women aged 15-49 questioned for the 2010 demographic health service said that their husbands made the final decision as to whether or not they could travel to visit family.","1. Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977, act 17 (Right to Freedom of Movement Act No.15 of 1984) http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf.\n \n 2. Right to Freedom of Movement Act No.15 of 1984.\n \n 3. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) [Tanzania] and ICF Macro. 2011. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: NBS and ICF Macro., table 14.4.1.","No such law exists. \n \n 17.-(1) Every citizen of the united republic has the right to freedom of movement in the unit..."]
["2013_ZW_82",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",82,100,"Section 66 of the constitution provides the rights for every Zimbabwean citizen to enter into, and leave the country, to hold a passport or other travel documents and the right to move freely within Zimbabwe. There are no laws requiring women to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion or drive with a companion.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe (2003). Part 2, Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms. Section 66. Freedom of movement and residence.\n \n 2. Freedom House (2013). Countries at Crossroads 2012: Zimbabwe. http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Zimbabwe%20FINAL.pdf.","Section 66 of the constitution provides the rights for every Zimbabwean citizen to enter into, and leave the country, to hold a passport or other travel documents and the right to move freely within Zimbabwe. There are no laws requiring women to obtain permission to travel, travel ..."]
["2013_DZ_83",2013,"DZ","Algeria",83,100,"En Algérie, les textes juridiques concernant les relations de travail sont favorables aux femmes. Ces dernières ont un accès égal aux opportunités d’emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail. La législation actuelle du travail ne fait aucune différence entre les travailleurs des deux sexes. La loi protège, également, les droits de la femme salariée durant les périodes pré et postnatale.   Par ailleurs, la Constitution en ses articles 28 et 29 interdit le travail de nuit pour les travailleurs de l’un et de l’autre sexe âgés de moins de 19 ans révolus, comme il est interdit à l’employeur de recourir à la personne féminine pour des travaux de nuit. Le Code du travail stipule que : \" les femmes âgées de moins de 19 ans ne peuvent en aucun cas occuper un travail de nuit.\"\nS’agissant du harcèlement sexuel en milieu de travail, le Code pénal affirme qu'“est réputée avoir commis l’infraction de harcèlement sexuel et sera punie d’un emprisonnement de 2 mois à 1 an et d’une amende de 50.000 DA à 100.000 DA toute personne qui abuse de l’autorité que lui confère sa fonction ou sa profession, en donnant à autrui, des ordres, en proférant des menaces, imposant des contraintes ou en exerçant des pressions, dans le but d’obtenir des faveurs de nature sexuelle. En cas de récidive, la peine est portée au double.”","-Décret n°85-59 du 23 mars 1985 portant sur le statut-type des travailleurs des institutions et administrations publics, Titre II, Des droits et obligations, articles 16 à 29. [Format PDF]. (1985). Repéré à http://www.aljazaire.com/code_travail/texte_juridique/statut_type_travail/stat_type/Decret_85-59/Decret_85-59.pdf\n-loi n°88-07 du 26 janvier1988 (journal officiel du 27/10/1988), règles générales en matière d’hygiène en milieu d travail, sécurité, formation, information, médecine du travail et financement,  art 3 à 30. (1988). Repéré à  http://joradp.dz/JRN/ZF1988.htm?zAnn=1988\n- la loi 04-15 du 10 novembre 2004, Code pénal algérien, harcèlement sexuel, art 341 bis. [Format PDF]. (2004). Repéré à http://www.droit.mjustice.dz/legisl_fr_de_06_au_juil_08/code_penal_avec_mod_06.pdf","En Algérie, les textes juridiques concernant les relations de travail sont favorables aux femmes. Ces dernières ont un accès égal aux opportunités d’emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail. La législation actuelle du travail ne fait aucune différence entre les travailleurs des..."]
["2013_BF_83",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",83,100,"L'Article 9 de la loi sur la Fonction publique stipule que : « l’accès aux emplois de la fonction publique est ouvert à égalité de droit, sans distinction aucune, à tous les Burkinabé remplissant les conditions requises pour chaque emploi postulé, sous réserve des sujétions propres à certains emplois définis par décret. » En matière d'accès à l'emploi, il n'y a donc pas de discrimination fondée sur le sexe.\n\nL'article 4 du code du travail dit ceci: « Toute discrimination en matière d’emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, on entend :\n1. toute distinction, exclusion ou préférence fondée notamment sur la race, la couleur, le sexe, la religion, l’opinion politique, le handicap, l’état de grossesse, l’ascendance nationale ou l’origine sociale, qui a pour effet de détruire, d’altérer l’égalité de chance ou de traitement en matière d’emploi ou de profession ;\n2. toute autre distinction, exclusion ou préférence ayant pour effet de détruire, d’altérer l’égalité de chance ou de traitement en matière d’emploi ou de profession. »\n\nDe plus, selon l'Article 147, \"l’employeur ne peut prononcer le licenciement de la femme en congé de maternité. Il ne peut en outre, même avec son accord, l’employer dans les six semaines qui suivent son \naccouchement.\"","Loi n° 013/98/AN du 28 avril 1998 portant régime juridique applicable aux emplois et aux agents de la Fonction Publique. (1998). Article 9.\nhttp://www.fonction-publique.gov.bf/index.php/documents-en-ligne/decrets/59-loi-13-portant-regime-juridique-applicable-aux-emplois-et-aux-agents-de-la-fonction-publique\n\nLoi 28-2008/AN du 13 mai 2008 portant code du travail au Burkina Faso. (2008). Article 4. http://www.mae.gov.bf/documents/Code%20du%20travail.pdf","L'Article 9 de la loi sur la Fonction publique stipule que : « l’accès aux emplois de la fonction publique est ouvert à égalité de droit, sans distinction aucune, à tous les Burkinabé remplissant les conditions requises pour chaque emploi postulé, sous réserve des sujétions propres..."]
["2013_TD_83",2013,"TD","Chad",83,0,"L'article 205 du Code du travail dispose que : « le travail de nuit des femmes est interdit dans les industries. Cette interdiction ne s’applique pas : \na) aux femmes occupant des fonctions d’encadrement ; \nb) aux femmes occupées dans les services n’impliquant pas le travail manuel ; \nc) aux femmes travaillant dans les établissements occupés par les membres d’une même famille. »\n\nCet article peut être cité comme une loi discriminatoire.\n\nCependant, il y a des protections de égalité selon le Code du Travail:\n\nArticle 6: « Sous réserve des dispositions expresses du présent code, ou de tout autre texte de nature législative ou règlementaire protégeant les femmes et les enfants ainsi que des dispositions relatives à la condition des étrangers, aucun employeur ne peut prendre en considération le sexe, l’âge ou la nationalité des travailleurs pour arrêter ses décisions en ce qui concerne notamment l’embauchage, la conduite et la répartition du travail, la formation professionnelle, l’avancement, la promotion, la rémunération, l’octroi d’avantages sociaux, la discipline ou la rupture du contrat de travail. \n\nArticle 112 : « En dehors du cas de faute lourde non liée à la grossesse et du cas d’impossibilité dans lequel il se trouve de maintenir le contrat, aucun employeur ne peut licencier une femme en état de grossesse apparente ou médicalement constatée. » \n \nEn toute hypothèse, aucun employeur ne peut licencier une femme pendant les périodes de suspension prévues aux articles 108 et 109, que la femme use ou non de son droit à suspension.\n\nArticle 246 : « Tout employeur est tenu d’assurer, pour un même travail ou un travail de valeur égale, l’égalité de rémunération entre les salariés, quels que soient leur origine, leur nationalité, leur sexe et leur âge, dans les conditions prévues au présent titre.","Loi n°038/PR/96 du 11 décembre 1996 portant Code du travail. Articles 6, 112 et 205. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Tchad/Tchad%20-%20Code%20du%20travail.pdf","L'article 205 du Code du travail dispose que : « le travail de nuit des femmes est interdit dans les industries. Cette interdiction ne s’applique pas : \na) aux femmes occupant des fonctions d’encadrement ; ..."]
["2013_ER_83",2013,"ER","Eritrea",83,100,"The constitution of Eritrea prohibits any kind of discrimination against any person because of their gender. Article 14 Equality under the Law and Article 16 Right to Human Dignity ensure that women are treated equally as men. The Government of the State of Eritrea has also ratified international conventions such as the International Labour Convention (ILO) No. 100 on equal remuneration and convention No.111, which prohibits discrimination in employment and occupation on the grounds of sex.\n\nThe Labor Law establishes in its Article 23 \"(4) an employee's race, color, nationality, sex, religion, lineage, pregnancy, family responsibility marital status, political orientation or social status.\" as non-legitimate grounds for the termination of the contract of employment.\n\nFurthermore, Article 65 establishes that:\n\"(1) Women may not be discriminated against as regards opportunity or treatment in employment and remuneration, on the basis of their sex.\n(2) The Minister may, where a woman complains against discrimination pursuant to sub-Article (1) hereof, decide whether there is discrimination on the basis of her sex. The Minister may, where he decides there is discrimination, order the employer concerned to rectify the situation.\n(3) The woman or employer may appeal against the decision of the Minister to the High Court within fifteen days from the day they receive a copy of the decision.\"","The Government of the State of Eritrea (2001) Labour Proclamation No. 118/2001.\n \nThe Eritrean Constitution, which was ratified in May 1997. \nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.\n\nConventions ratified by the Government of the State of Eritrea.","The constitution of Eritrea prohibits any kind of discrimination against any person because of their gender. Article 14 Equality under the Law and Article 16 Right to Human Dignity ensure that women are treated equally as men. The Government of the State of Eritrea has also ratifie..."]
["2013_GA_83",2013,"GA","Gabon",83,50,"Articles 1 and 8 guarantee gender equality in terms of employment. In particular, article 8 states that all workers are equal before the law and benefit from the same protection. All discrimination based on gender is prohibited in terms of employment and working conditions.\n\nArticles 171 and 173 of the same code guarantee a fourteen week maternity leave for women and medical care as well as the entirety of their salary during the leave. \n\nIn Muslim and pygmy communities, religious practices are discriminatory against women's right to equal access to employment.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nLabor Code (1994), article 36. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/39615/64948/F94GAB01.htm\n\nMinistère de la Famille.  (2009) .  Document de strategies d'égalité et d'equité de genre au Gabon.    Retrieved from http://www.ga.undp.org/publications/projets_et_programmes/Strategie_Nationale_genre_du_GABON.pdf","Articles 1 and 8 guarantee gender equality in terms of employment. In particular, article 8 states that all workers are equal before the law and benefit from the same protection. All discrimination based on gender is prohibited in terms of employment and working conditions...."]
["2013_LS_83",2013,"LS","Lesotho",83,100,"Section 30 of Lesotho’s constitution provides that men and women have equal opportunity to “be promoted in their employment to an appropriate higher level, subject to no considerations other than those of seniority and competence”. Pursuant to this constitutional provision, section 5 of the Labour Code Order 1992 maintains that “Men and women shall receive equal remuneration for work of equal value”. In addition, section 136 (1) of the labour code stipulates that “any dismissal of any employee that takes effect during her statutory maternity leave shall automatically be an unfair dismissal”. Subsection 2 provides as follows: “Where a female employee […] remains absent from work for a longer period as a result of an illness which a medical officer or a registered nurse or midwife has certified in writing to arise in his or her opinion out of the employee's pregnancy or confinement and to render her unfit to return to work, no employer shall, during the period of her absence […] give notice to dismiss her or terminate her contract of employment.\" \n\nThe Labour Code Wages (Amendment) Notice 2012 provides that \"Any other employee who has completed more than one year of continuous service with the same employer […] shall be entitled to receive six weeks paid maternity leave before confinement and six weeks paid maternity leave after confinement\". However, this law makes exceptions for private security and factory worker employees as follows: \ni)        “An employee who has completed more than one year of continuous service with the same employer in the private security sector shall be entitled to receive six weeks paid maternity leave and six weeks unpaid maternity leave”.\nii)         “An employee who has completed more than one year of continuous service with the same employer in the textile, clothing, leather clothing and leather manufacturing shall be entitled to receive two (2) weeks paid maternity leave”.\n\nIn essence, maternity protection is not applied consistently to all working women in Lesotho.","1. The Constitution of Lesotho. Chapter I. section 30. (1993, last amended in 2001). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. Labour Code Order 1992. Part IX. Sections 133, 134, 135 and 136. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/31536/64865/E92LSO01.htm\n\n3. Labour Code Wages (Amendment) Notice 2012. http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_23.pdf","Section 30 of Lesotho’s constitution provides that men and women have equal opportunity to “be promoted in their employment to an appropriate higher level, subject to no considerations other than those of seniority and competence”. Pursuant to this constitutional provision, section..."]
["2013_ML_83",2013,"ML","Mali",83,50,"L'article 95 du Code du travail dispose que « A conditions égales de travail, de qualification professionnelle et de rendement, le salaire est égal pour tous le travailleurs, quels que soient leur origine, leur sexe, leur âge et leur statut dans les conditions prévues au présent chapitre. »\n\nL'article 197 garantie de plus un congé de maternité de 14 semaines. \n\nPendant la prise de contrôle du nord du Mali par les extrémistes islamistes, \"selon l'interprétation radicale de la charia, les femmes ne sont pas autorisées à travailler\" comme rapporte les médias.","Constitution du Mali, article 2, adoptée le 25 février 1992, http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Mali-2.pdf\n\nLOI n°92 020 DU 23 SEPTEMBRE 1992 portant code du travail, article 95, adoptée le 18 août 1992.\n\nSeneweb. \"Mali : Femmes à vendre au nord du pays\". Octobre 11, 2012. http://www.seneweb.com/news/Afrique/mali-femmes-a-vendre-au-nord-du-pays_n_78817.html\n\nYouphil.com. \"Les femmes, premières victimes du conflit armé au Mali\". Octobre 11, 2012. \nhttp://www.youphil.com/fr/article/05756-femmes-mali-onu-conflit-islamistes-charia?ypcli=ano","L'article 95 du Code du travail dispose que « A conditions égales de travail, de qualification professionnelle et de rendement, le salaire est égal pour tous le travailleurs, quels que soient leur origine, leur sexe, leur âge et leur statut dans les conditions prévues au présent ch..."]
["2013_MZ_83",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",83,100,"The labour law in article 54 mentions that all employees are guaranteed equal rights in work, regardless of their ethnic origin, language, race, sex, marital status, age within the limits set by law, social condition, religious or political ideas or affiliations to a trade union.\n\nThe constitution guarantees equal civil and political rights for men and women, and article 67 states that men and women shall be equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural affairs. Article 111(3) also states that everyone should receive equal pay for equal work.\n\nAccording to Art. 11, however, it is prohibited to occupy women in work that are harmful to their health or to their reproductive function.\n\nThere is no specific community/ethnic group that enforce such customary law  influencing a woman's right to equal access to employment.","1. Constitution of the Republic, article 67  and 111(3). 2004, http://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf.\n\nLabour Law no. 23, chapter II, section VII, subsection I, article 54, no. 1.  August 1 2007.  http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/trabalho/Lei_do_Trabalho.pdf.","The labour law in article 54 mentions that all employees are guaranteed equal rights in work, regardless of their ethnic origin, language, race, sex, marital status, age within the limits set by law, social condition, religious or political ideas or affiliations to a trade union...."]
["2013_SN_83",2013,"SN","Senegal",83,100,"La constitution en son article 25 et le code du travail en son article L.1 accordent aux femmes un droit d’accès égal aux opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail.  \nL'article 25 de la Constitution stipule que : « Chacun a le droit de travailler et le droit de prétendre à un emploi. Nul ne peut être lésé dans son travail en raison de ses origines, de son sexe, de ses opinions, de ses choix politiques ou de ses croyances. Le travailleur peut adhérer à un syndicat et défendre ses droits par l'action syndicale. Toute discrimination entre l'homme et la femme devant l'emploi, le salaire et l'impôt est interdite. » \n\nLe Code du travail, en son article L.1, va dans le même sens : « Le droit au travail est reconnu à chaque citoyen comme un droit sacré. L'État met tout en œuvre pour l'aider à trouver un emploi et à le conserver lorsqu'il l'a obtenu. L'État assure l'égalité de chance et de traitement des citoyens en ce qui concerne l'accès à la formation professionnelle et à l'emploi, sans distinction d'origine, de race, de sexe et de religion. »  Ce qui donne aux femmes un droit d’accès égal aux opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail.\n\nSelon le Code du travail sénégalais (art. L.143), toute femme enceinte a droit à un congé maternité de quatorze semaines, réparties avant et après l’accouchement (6+8). Ce délai peut être prolongé de trois semaines en cas de maladie dûment constatée et résultant de la grossesse ou des couches. Les conditions d’indemnisation du congé sont fixées par le droit de la sécurité sociale (la totalité du salaire est dû).\n\nPendant le congé maternité, l’employeur ne peut en aucun cas licencier son employée, tout licenciement serait considéré comme abusif. Il ne peut pas non plus utiliser ses services.","Constitution de la République du Sénégal du 22 janvier 2001. Article 25.\n\nLoi n°97-17 du 1er décembre 1997 portant Code du travail. Article 1. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Senegal/Senegal%20-%20Code%20du%20travail.pdf","La constitution en son article 25 et le code du travail en son article L.1 accordent aux femmes un droit d’accès égal aux opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail.  \nL'article 25 de la Constitution stipule que : « Chacun a le droit de travailler et le droit de..."]
["2013_SS_83",2013,"SS","South Sudan",83,0,"In South Sudanese law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace. Under the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan (2011), women’s rights at the workplace are guaranteed.\n\n-Article 16 (2) of the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan states that, “Women shall have the right to equal pay for equal work and other related benefits with men.” \n\n-Article 16 (3) states that “Women shall have the right to participate equally with men in public life.”\n\n-Article 16 (4) states that “All levels of government shall: \n(a) promote women participation in public life and their representation in the legislative and executive organs by at least twenty-five per cent as an affirmative action to redress imbalances created by history, customs, and traditions.”\n\nSouth Sudan’s Labour Act (2012) also gives women equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace. According to the Labour Law (2012) both men and women are entitled to gratuity at the workplace. \n\n-Section 59 (1) states that “Subject to the provisions of the Social Insurance law or any other beneficial scheme, the worker who complaints a period of not less than three years of continuous service shall be entitle to a gratuity for period of his or her service to be calculated as follows:\n(a) if he or she has completed a period of not less than three years and not more than ten years shall be entitled to one month basic salary in respect of each year of\nservice;\n(b) if he or she has completed more than ten year, he or she shall be entitled to one and half month basic salary in respect of each year after the succeeding five year and if he or she has completed more than fifteen years, he or she shall be entitled to one and three quarter of a month basic salary in respect to each additional year of service, provided that the gratuity shall not exceed thirty six months basic salary.”\n\n-In addition, the Labour Act also provides that women not be employed at certain times of day. \nSection 22 (1) states that “No women shall be employed to work between 10:00 pm and 6:00 am with the exception of employing women in administrative, professional, technical or other acts of social and health works.” \n\nHowever, though sections of the Labour Act (2012) give women equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace, other sections set out the conditions for the employment of women, including exclusion of women from certain types and types of jobs.\n\n-Section 21 of the Labour Act (2012) states that, “No women shall be employed in dangerous works or works that require a lot of physical effort with health-damaging effects like carrying heavy loads and works performed under the ground or water as well as those that expose workers to toxic substances or cold or heat that exceeds reasonable limits, for women tolerance.”\n\nNote: Under South Sudan’s judicial system, customary law  ̶  which consists of numerous unwritten tribal laws  ̶  is applied side by side with statutory law. However, under customary men are regarded above women.","Republic of South Sudan.  Labour Act .  (2012) .  Retrieved from http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/South%20Sudan/LabourBill2012.pdf\n\nRepublic of South Sudan. Transitional Constitution.  (2011) .  Retrieved from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Sudan/South%20Sudan_Transitional_constitution_2011.pdf","In South Sudanese law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace. Under the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan (2011), women’s rights at the workplace are guaranteed...."]
["2013_TG_83",2013,"TG","Togo",83,50,"L'article 3 du Code du travail indique que toute discrimination directe ou indirecte en matière d'emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, on entend notamment toute distinction, exclusion ou préférence fondée sur le sexe.\n \n L'article 60 stipule que le licenciement pour cause de maternité est abusif.\n\nToutefois, selon la loi coutumière les femmes n'ont pas un accès égal en matière d'emploi.","Loi n° 2006-010 du 13 décembre 2006 portant Code du travail. (2006). Articles 3 et 60.","L'article 3 du Code du travail indique que toute discrimination directe ou indirecte en matière d'emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, on entend notamment toute distinction, exclusion ou préférence fondée sur le sexe...."]
["2013_AO_84",2013,"AO","Angola",84,0,"Women’s access to work opportunities is highly impaired, particularly in the formal sector. Women do a disproportionate burden of care-work, particularly girls and women in the rural areas, and there is a significant gender gap in educational attainment in Angola. \n\nAlthough the Angolan Law mandates equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value,  prohibits hiring discrimination based on gender, and gives special protection against dismissal of pregnant or nursing women, (General Labour Law, articles 164, 227, 268 and 272), women face significant time constraints and little access to the resources and capacity-building they need in order to participate more effectively and extensively in the Angolan formal economy. The vast majority of Angolan women, 70 per cent, are employed in the informal sector, either in rural-based subsistence production or in the urban-based parallel market. \n\nThe number of women working in other sectors is very limited. In the formal economy, the main employers of women are the state (in the central and local administration) and the services sectors which traditionally hire large numbers of female workers, health and education among others.\n\nAngola’s integration into the world economy mainly as an oil – and to some extent, diamond – exporter has significantly constrained the diversification potential of the economy, making it extremely difficult to develop domestic import-competing or export-oriented sectors, and reinforcing the primary extractive character of the economy. This has had negative repercussions on the development of productive activities that could absorb the female workforce and provide women with decent incomes. The limited structural transformation of the Angolan economy has therefore confined the female workforce.\n\nA report by Human Rights Watch denounced the abuses against Luanda’s female street traders (zungueiras), who are routinely subject to police beatings, extortion and arbitrary detention. The report notes that the “vulnerability to abuses of many street traders in Luanda is compounded by a range of concerns related to their economic and social rights”, indicating that these women live in extreme poverty, are poorly educated or illiterate, are the income-providers of their families and are often undocumented.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: The following is also a good source to provide background on the situation and trends discussed here. Though outside of the time period of the study, this information is still pertinent: http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2008-210-EN-ANGOLA-COUNTRY-GENDER-PROFILE.PDF;","Human Rights Watch.  (2013) .  Take that filth away – Police abuses against street vendors in Angola.  (2013) . \n\nRepublic of Angola General Labour Law No. 2/00 of 11 February of 2000.  (2000) .  Retrieved from http://www.sme.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=248:general-labor-law-of-angola&catid=68:legislation&Itemid=141&lang=en\t\n\nUNCTAD.  (2013) .   Who is benefiting from trade liberalization in Angola? A gender perspective.  Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=705\n\nThe World Bank.  (2013) .   Women, business and the law – Creating economic opportunity for women – Angola 2013.  Retrieved from http://wbl.worldbank.org/data/exploreeconomies/angola/2013?topic=getting-a-job#getting-a-job","Women’s access to work opportunities is highly impaired, particularly in the formal sector. Women do a disproportionate burden of care-work, particularly girls and women in the rural areas, and there is a significant gender gap in educational attainment in Angola. ..."]
["2013_CM_84",2013,"CM","Cameroon",84,50,"At the time of this study, according to various statistics and different sources (both in-person and online), 56  per cent of people living in Cameroon are women. According to the latest study by the Ministry for the Advancement of Women and the Family (MINPROFF), there are 4935 positions of responsibility, ranging from the rank of Minister and similar, to office manager (the lowest position of responsibility in the public sector). The same study showed that men occupy 74.89 per cent of those posts, compared to 25.11 per cent for women. For Dr. Edith Mongue Din, coordinator of the Platform \"Ensemble pour la parité\" women’s access to opportunities in the workplace are certainly guaranteed by law, including labour law, but this is not enough. She calls for equality between women and men in terms of benefits and salaries.\nAccording to Professor Colette Florence MEBADA, women could have better access to jobs and receive more benefits, but they are hampered by what she calls “culture.\" In some parts of Cameroon, it is considered that women are destined for the home and not for a career. Claire Ndogmo, a former employee in Cameroon, now an immigrant, thinks that while the situation seems to be stabilising in the public sector, in the private sector, the reality is quite different. Sometimes in order to be recruited or receive benefits in the workplace, women are required to give their bodies to their superiors. This is a situation that frustrates many women.\nWhether in the public or private sector, the Labour Code and Civil Service Statute make no distinction between men and women when it comes to the ranking of officers. Equal salary for equivalent qualifications and experience. The same applies to promotions, whose only requirements are experience and seniority and all candidates stand to benefit from these criteria. As for pregnancy, the labour code provides for three months of maternity leave and all women working in the civil service and even the private sector benefit from this right. Except for a few rare cases, some SMEs do not operate in accordance with the law and violate these legal documents due to their unbridled pursuit of profit.","Din, Edith Mongue.  (2013, October 9) .  [Coordinator of the platform \"Ensemble pour la Parité\"].  Personal communication.\n \nDogmo, Claire.  (2013, October 9) .  [Cameroonian expatriate working in Lebanon].  Personal communication,\n\nFlorence, Colette Mebada.  (2013, October 9) . [Consultant professor, Institut Supérieur de Management Public (ISMP)].  Personal communication.","At the time of this study, according to various statistics and different sources (both in-person and online), 56  per cent of people living in Cameroon are women. According to the latest study by the Ministry for the Advancement of Women and the Family (MINPROFF), there are 4935 po..."]
["2013_CF_84",2013,"CF","CAR",84,50,"Selon les informateurs, bien que les articles 8 et 12 de la charte constitutionnelle de 2013 garantissent l'égalité d’accès à l’emploi des hommes et des femmes, ces dispositions ne sont pas toujours respectées en RCA. Les femmes n'occupent que peu de hautes fonctions d’État, telles que des postes de ministre ou de directeur de cabinet. On compte ainsi seulement trois femmes ministres dans le gouvernement actuel, sur trente-quatre ministères, pour un ratio de moins de 9%. De la même manière, certaines unités de production économiques privées préfèrent majoritairement embaucher des hommes. Cela signifie qu'on accorde beaucoup de confiance aux hommes au détriment des femmes.\nIl convient cependant de signaler que, sur présentation des documents médicaux, la loi accorde un certain nombre d’avantages aux travailleuses enceintes en leur garantissant un congé de maternité. Une femme licenciée en raison d’une grossesse peut intenter une action en justice contre son employeur et réclamer des dommages et intérêts.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: La République centrafricaine compte parmi les pays en développement où les femmes sont encore discriminées quant à l’accès aux opportunités d’emplois et aux avantages en milieu du travail. Nombreux sont les entrepreneurs ou organisations qui préfèrent embaucher les hommes aux femmes, par exemple à cause de l’absence éventuelle de la femme pour raison de maternité.;\n||\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: En RCA, le taux de la représentativité des femmes aux postes de prise de décision est très faible. Cela se confirme sur l'ensemble des institutions étatiques ou privée. Le choix d'une femme est souvent mis en cause. ;","- Marie Blandine Songuéléma-Yakondji, avocate, présidente de l'Association  des juristes de Centrafrique, 13 septembre 2013.\n- Lucienne Maka Gbossokotto, Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption en Afrique centrale, 14 septembre 2013.\n- Thierry Anatole M'bomba Mebourou, rédacteur en chef, journal Le Confident, 13 septembre 2013.\n- Lovia Ndeon, directrice d'études comptables et financières, direction générale, Commission nationale des investissements, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 13 septembre 2013.","Selon les informateurs, bien que les articles 8 et 12 de la charte constitutionnelle de 2013 garantissent l'égalité d’accès à l’emploi des hommes et des femmes, ces dispositions ne sont pas toujours respectées en RCA. Les femmes n'occupent que peu de hautes fonctions d’État, telles..."]
["2013_CD_84",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",84,0,"Dans le domaine de l'emploi, bien qu'il existe dans la législation congolaise une disposition consacrant le principe « un salaire égal pour un travail égal », les femmes sont victimes de pratiques discriminatoires lorsqu'il s'agit de promotion à des postes supérieurs. Les femmes se trouvant dans les zones rurales sont particulièrement défavorisées en ce qui concerne l'éducation et les conditions d'emploi, y compris les salaires. \nDe nombreuses lois et de nombreux décrets, arrêtés et circulaires, ont été publiés pour renforcer et clarifier les dispositions juridiques relatives au respect des droits de l’homme et des Peuples. Mais dans le rapport intitulé « Accès des femmes sur le marché du travail au Congo-Brazzaville contraintes et perspectives » présenté lors du 6ème Conférence Africaine sur la Population Africaine au Ouagadougou (Burkina-Faso) du 5 au 9 décembre 2011, il est indiqué : « Au Congo les femmes sont plus nombreuses (52%) que les hommes (48%). Cependant, la participation des femmes à l’emploi salarié demeure dans des proportions plus faibles que celles des hommes. En 2003, les femmes représentaient 33% des fonctionnaires dans la fonction publique. La plupart d’entre elles se retrouvent dans l’enseignement, l’administration générale, la santé publique, le service social. Seules 13,9 % des femmes occupent des postes d’encadrement dans la Fonction Publique contre 38,5 % pour les hommes (République du Congo, 2004) ».\nL'accès à l'emploi pour les femmes reste difficile malgré les textes. Les femmes congolaises sont confrontées à un plafond de verre de la part de la gent masculine. Elles sont réprimées dans leurs ambitions politiques,  professionnelles et sociales. Pour un grand nombre d'hommes, leur place est à la maison. Le projet de loi sur la parité déposé au Secrétariat général de la présidence depuis 2010, n'est toujours pas présenté en Conseil des ministres.","1. Entretien le lundi 21 octobre 2013, avec Mme Joséphine BAKINDISSA-NSIKA, directrice générale de la direction générale du Centre de recherche d'information et de documentation sur la femme.\n\n2. Entretien le lundi 21 octobre 2013, avec Mme Yvette-Lucie LEBONDZO née BONGO-PASSI, directrice générale de la promotion de la femme.\n\n3. Entretien le lundi 21 octobre 2013, avec Mme Albertine MOSSA née ZAMJNJ, directrice de la promotion de la femme.\n\n4. Journal terrafica Numéro 2 du 20 juillet 2013.\n\n5. Ministère de la Promotion de la femme et de l’intégration de la femme au développement.\n\n6. \"Ces Femmes qui font bouger le Congo\". Article publié le 20 juillet, par Terre Africa. Page 3 dossier spécial.\n\n7. Entretien du 21 octobre avec Mme Marguerite Hombe, chargée de mission au ministère des PME. \n\n8. Toutes ces rencontres (4, 5 et 6) ont eu lieu à la Maison de la femme qui dépend du ministère de la Promotion de la femme et de l'intégration de la femme au développement.\n\n9. Rapport intitulé \"Accès des femmes sur le marché du travail au Congo\nBrazzaville\" durant la 6ème Conférence Africaine sur la Population Africaine,  \nEric MBALAMONA, Ouagadougou Burkina-Faso, du 5 au 9 décembre 2011, édité par le Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Analyses et les Politiques Economiques (CERAPE).\n\n10. Plan national de mise en œuvre de la politique national genre, ministère de la Promotion de la femme et de l'intégration de la femme au développement (2009-2013).","Dans le domaine de l'emploi, bien qu'il existe dans la législation congolaise une disposition consacrant le principe « un salaire égal pour un travail égal », les femmes sont victimes de pratiques discriminatoires lorsqu'il s'agit de promotion à des postes supérieurs. Les femmes se..."]
["2013_GQ_84",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",84,50,"The government of Equatorial Guinea has made increased efforts to ensure gender equality in the past few years, but deeply rooted stereotypes and practices continue to undermine the enjoyment of rights. In the private sector, women continue to be at a disadvantage compared to men for accessing positions of responsibility, mainly due to the education gap. There is however no structural discrimination that is deliberately aimed at denying women the right to be treated equally. \n\nDuring the period of review, the government did not provide information on the employment of women, who in practice are paid the same salary and benefits as men with the same responsibilities (save for some exceptions as noted in the interviews). The labour legislation is not effectively enforced and in certain cases, particularly manual labor, there was a preference to employ men however.   \n\nHigh positions within the administration continued to be men-dominated.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Women's legal guarantees are largely ignored and their place in government often marginalized even if a noticeable yet disproportionately less number of women are given positions in government.  Further, both the first and second conditions for the \"50 criteria\" are present. This fact is also displayed in the following indicators. \n\n(Interview): Anonymous, female government worker, January 2014, Equatorial Guinea\n\n(Publication): Freedom in the World 2013, Equatorial Guinea Freedom House\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/equatorial-guinea#.Uu6N42RdWDF;","African Economic Outlook.  (2012) .  Equatorial Guinea, UNDP, AfDB, OECD, UNECA, 2012.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Equatorial%20Guinea%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nCommittee of Social, Economic and Cultural Rights.  (2012) .  Concluding observations of the Committee in the absence of an initial report from Equatorial Guinea as approved by the Committee at its forty-ninth session (14–30 November 2012).  Paper presented at the United Nations Economic and Social Council.  Retrieved from http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW2hdL%2b83WnSN1VPRhpv1negO03tlSYNmYL97lHPRPeQwh%2bEQGdp4%2blzQRzF5vDqIG1bi88iI7%2fuO0i2AuY1uERhVbCFiDBRLcTZBmBI%2ft62V \n\nCommittee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.  (2012, October 24) .  Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.  Paper presented at the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.  Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/CEDAW.C.GNQ.CO.6.pdf \n\nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper","The government of Equatorial Guinea has made increased efforts to ensure gender equality in the past few years, but deeply rooted stereotypes and practices continue to undermine the enjoyment of rights. In the private sector, women continue to be at a disadvantage compared to men f..."]
["2013_GH_84",2013,"GH","Ghana",84,50,"It is difficult to secure full employment in Ghana because of a lack of jobs. The number of graduates without jobs keeps increasing every year as tertiary institutions continue to produce about 45,000 graduates every year.\n\nWomen face even more difficulties in trying to secure jobs. Most of the time, women face sexual harassment as employers demand sex before hiring them, while some employers prefer men because they will not go on lengthy leave to cater for a baby. Sometimes the decision on who to hire depends on the kind of job that is on offer.\n\nThe situation is different for women who are in employment. They receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job and are not fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.","1. Ms Evelyn Nuvor, programmes manager, Gender Studies and Human Rights Documentation Centre, telephone interview, October 4, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Issahaku Patrick Seidu Zakari-Saa, northern regional director of the Department of Gender, Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, table interview, October 7, Tamale.\n\n3. Ms Kafui Amoafo, secretary, Association of Ghana Industries, telephone interview, October 4, Accra.\n\n4. News story, title: Sex for jobs, a Richard Dela Sky documentary, author: Richard Dela Sky, publication: www.citifmonline.com, date: September 12, 2013, link: \nhttp://www.citifmonline.com/index.php?id=1.1525991\n5. Chief Labour Officer, Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations, Telephone interview","It is difficult to secure full employment in Ghana because of a lack of jobs. The number of graduates without jobs keeps increasing every year as tertiary institutions continue to produce about 45,000 graduates every year...."]
["2013_LR_84",2013,"LR","Liberia",84,75,"There is no discrimination against women in the workplaces in Liberia. Women have equal benefits and all other amenities on the job. There have been no reports of discrimination by employers based on sex. \n\nWomen-focused NGOs like UN Women and other local groups are encouraging women to get more involved in seeking jobs of all nature once it is economically rewarding. \n\nIn summary, women have equal opportunities to men in the workplace. This means equal pay, equal benefits, equal chances of being hired, etc. for the same job. Women also benefit from maternal leave and cannot be fired and or demoted because of pregnancy.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Disagree;\nCOMMENTS: No, I do not agree with the score. This is because in practice men are treated preferentially in terms of salary, promotion and other benefits compared to females doing the same job.;\nSUGGESTED ANSWER: 50;","1. Sheriff, A.H. (2013, November 8). Personal Interview. Arttoney At Law - Centry Law Firm, Monrovia\n\n2. Seeky, N. (2013, November 8). Personal Interview. Assistant Program Officer - NDI Liberia, Monrovia\n\n3. Cooper, C. (2013, November 8). Personal Interview.","There is no discrimination against women in the workplaces in Liberia. Women have equal benefits and all other amenities on the job. There have been no reports of discrimination by employers based on sex. ..."]
["2013_MU_84",2013,"MU","Mauritius",84,50,"Out of the eleven cases of gender discrimination investigated so far, two were as a result of pregnancy.  Both cases were in the private sector and gender discrimination cases investigated were all in parastatal bodies and private sector. Cases of discrimination, including gender discrimination, were prosecuted if complaints are deemed founded after internal investigation based on Section 4 of Employment Rights Act 2008. \n\nThe SADC Gender Protocol Barometer of 2012 reported that, of 25 private and parastatal organisations surveyed, women’s participation was at 6.1 percent and 8.3 percent as board directors and CEOs respectively in the private sector and 14.4 percent and 28.1 percent as board directors and CEOs in parastatal bodies. These numbers indicate that there is indeed unequal access within high-level positions within these sectors. \n\nAn overview of senior management in the public sector ministries does not indicate ground for unequal access to opportunities and benefits in the public sector. Benefits and salary scales are attached to positions, ensuring that women and men receive same pay and benefits for same work done. Again, complaints received at the Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal did not show a gender bias.","1. Danisha Sornum. Member of the Equal Opportunities Commission. Interviewed in person on Sept. 16, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius. \n\n2. Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra, Chairperson, Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal. Interviewed in person on Sept. 20, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius. \n\n3. Yaasin Pohrun, advisor on information matters. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment. Responded via email on Sept. 26, 2013.\n\n4. Chapter 4 - Productive resources and employment, economic empowerment. SADC Gender Protocol 2012 Barometer - Mauritius. October 2012. Available at http://www.genderlinks.org.za/article/sadc-gender-protocol-2012-barometer---mauritius-2012-10-18","Out of the eleven cases of gender discrimination investigated so far, two were as a result of pregnancy.  Both cases were in the private sector and gender discrimination cases investigated were all in parastatal bodies and private sector. Cases of discrimination, including gender d..."]
["2013_RW_84",2013,"RW","Rwanda",84,25,"There are no statistics of discrimination cases available. According to Ms Mutesi, there are some employers who treat women differently by asking them to work harder than men in order for their work to be recognised. The Carlson and Randell article shows how men and women work together at equal levels in different spheres of life among them the workplace. In the article by the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, the minister, Mrs Gasinzigwa, stressed that Rwanda's constitution is gender sensitive. \"We have women in decision-making at all levels to make sure that policies and laws are effectively implemented.\" This is proof that things normally work well to make sure women are equally treated as men in all areas, the workplace included. However, as the other interviewee, Ms Mbabazi, also mentioned, there may be some exceptions where women are discriminated.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Though not documented, there is an important feeling that some employers, especially in private sector, still tend to not hire pregnant women. \nIn addition, art 65 of  the Labour law which stipulates that \"The mother with no maternity insurance coverage shall, during the first six (6) weeks of her maternity leave, have the right to her entire salary. During the last six (6) weeks of her maternity leave, this mother may resume service and receive her full salary or else, on the contraty she shall have the right to twenty per cent (20%) of her salary\" is seen by many as discriminatory. (see N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 Law regulating labour in Rwanda)","Umutesi, Doreen.  (2013, September 6).  [Journalist covering women's issues at the New Times].  Personal communication.\n\nMbabazi, Faith.  (2013) .  [Chair of the Women Journalists Association].  Personal communication.\n\nRandell, S. & Carlson, K.  (2013) .  Gender and development: Working with men for gender equality in Rwanda.  Agenda, 27(1), 114-25.  Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10130950.2013.796075#.UkPwc8qjj30 \n\nRepublic of Rwanda Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion.  (2013) .  Gender equality in livelihood development in participatory slum upgrading.  Retrieved from http://www.migeprof.gov.rw","There are no statistics of discrimination cases available. According to Ms Mutesi, there are some employers who treat women differently by asking them to work harder than men in order for their work to be recognised. The Carlson and Randell article shows how men and women work toge..."]
["2013_SC_84",2013,"SC","Seychelles",84,75,"Women are respected in the workplace. There are no major gender issues in terms of equality in workplace access. Women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, as stipulated by law and in practice. Women receive equal pay and benefits. They have equal opportunities to be hired and promoted. There are more women than men in higher civil servant positions. Even the CEO of the bureau of statistics is a woman. They receive equal pay and benefits to men. They have equal opportunity to be hired and promoted. By law, women get maternity leave and men get paternity leave. They are also guaranteed a number of sick days off each year, up to approximately three months a year off for maternity leave and additional time off if you have accumulated leave. Seychelles is at the forefront for gender equality as they have female pilots, medical doctors, engineers, architect and quantity surveyors.\n\nAn expert on human rights added: “Awareness of the need for greater gender balance is growing, but the main issue is gender imbalance on traditional lines – e.g. a majority of women in education and health and in the lower echelons of the civil service, while men occupy more positions of authority in government and in business. At times, anecdotal evidence that suggests there may be cases of gender discrimination, especially in the private sector.”\n\nStatistics about cases of discrimination at the work place in the last 12 months have been requested twice from the department of social affairs. Lead researcher did not receive a response.","1. Email: Mrs. Linda William-Melanie, Principal Secretary, Social Affairs Department, Ministry of Social Affairs, Community Development and Sports, December 23, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, expert on civil society, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Anonymous, source, expert on human rights, December 9, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Anonymous source, representative from the National Bureau of Statistics, December 10, 2013.\n\n5. Interview: Anonymous source, expert on children’s and human rights, December 1, 2013.\n\n6. Email: Anonymous source, expert from the National Bureau of Statistics, December 11, 2013.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them","Women are respected in the workplace. There are no major gender issues in terms of equality in workplace access. Women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, as stipulated by law and in practice. Women receive equal pay and benefits. They have equal oppo..."]
["2013_SZ_84",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",84,50,"Anecdotal evidence exists to suggest that, by and large, women received generally equitable treatment in employment in Swaziland. This is due to the strength of the Employment Act 1980 and of Swaziland's trade unions, whose power offsets the patriarchal predilections of a traditional society, where the concept of women working and earning a living and in some instances supporting a family is anathema to traditionalists.\n\nHowever, Swaziland has few female CEOs relative to the number of women in the workforce versus men, much less relative to the ration of women to men in the population at large. This suggests a glass ceiling is in place for larger corporations. \n\nIn the garment industry it is a fact that women are relegated to the factory floor and are not given managerial positions in general. This is part of a larger problem in which Swazis of any gender cannot access most managerial posts in an industry owned and run by Asian investors, who tend to staff managerial positions with other Asians and family members.\n\nThere were no reported cases of women fired for pregnancy during the period under review.\n\nProving hiring discrimination is difficult, such as when a man is given a job when there are women candidates in contention. The company will deny that the man was hired on the basis of his gender, but this does not prevent women from having suspicions and discussing these with union representatives.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Women’s equal right to work and right to equal pay is set out in the Employment Act 1980. The act also provides for maternity leave between six and 12 weeks. However there is no entitlement to paid maternity leave either from the employer or through social security.\n\nSource:\nInternational Labour Organisation (ILO) (2010) Database of Conditions of Work and Employment Laws, available at http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.home,;","Interview: Mumu Vilakati, women's activist (bank teller by profession), Manzini, 22 September 2013.\n\nInterview: Silindelo Nkhosi, case worker, Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA), Manzini, 22 September 2013.\n\nInterview: Sesi Mngomezulu, factory worker, Matsapha, 22 September 2013.\n\nSaico Sibusiso Singwane and Mthembeni Gama, \"Contribution of Women Employment on Household in Swaziland - The Case of Zombodze Phasemdzimba Community,\" Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, vol. 14, No. 1, 2012. http://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol14No1-Spring2012A/PDF/Contribution%20of%20Women%20Employment%20on%20Household.Saico%20Sibusiso%20Singwane.pdf","Anecdotal evidence exists to suggest that, by and large, women received generally equitable treatment in employment in Swaziland. This is due to the strength of the Employment Act 1980 and of Swaziland's trade unions, whose power offsets the patriarchal predilections of a tradition..."]
["2013_ZM_84",2013,"ZM","Zambia",84,0,"The problem of salary differences between women and men is a known factor that has received little or no attention in both the private and public sectors. Part of the labour laws states that no person shall be discriminated against on basis of race, gender, colour or religion. But this law has been flouted, mostly due to lack of stringent implementation measures.\n\nIt is a known fact that, of the 400,000 in formal, pensionable employment in Zambia, the majority of the women receive lower salaries than their male counterparts. For example, a female accountant is likely to get less than half the salary of a male accountant with similar qualifications.\n\nWomen are \"vulnerable by nature\" says Derrick Sinjela, a labour and gender consultant. Sinjela says that, on a national level, a female government officer is likely to receive a lower wage than her male counterpart because of her gender. In Zambian society, women are regarded as people who cannot do white collar jobs or challenging assignments. This has lead to the disparity. Sinjela explains that even during recruitment, women are usually hired because they are willing to take up any job offer at a negotiated price, while men can turn down job offers if they are not satisfied with the conditions of service, including salaries.\n\nThat said, the current chairperson for the Electoral Commission of Zambia is a woman. The current director for the ICT regulator, Zambia Information and Communication Technology Authority, is a woman and the article, cited under source two, also shows a woman taking up a higher position as executive director of the Energy Regulation Board. The list is endless, but still there are few women in high or decision-making positions in Zambia, compared to men.\n\nWomen don't get fired because of pregnancy. In fact most are even free to take a mother's day off.","(1) Interview with a representative of the Kalingalinga Youth Resource Centre (name and title withheld, reason not given), on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n\n(2) The Energy Regulator Newsletter, Langiwe Lunngu Appointed ERB Executive, June 2013\n\n(3) Reliefweb, Operational Plan 2011-2015: DFID Zambia, Updated June 2013,  July 8, 2013, paragrah three (Last sentence), http://reliefweb.int/report/zambia/operational-plan-2011-2015-dfid-zambia-updated-june-2013.\n\n(4) Visit/questionnaire to the ministry of labour, in Lusaka, Zambia in September 2013.\n\n(5) Visit/email/request/questionnaire to the ministry of gender, in Lusaka, Zambia on September 16 2013.\n\n(6) \"The Women Gender Wage Gap in the Zambia\", Sanday Chongo Kabange, mywage.org. http://www.mywage.org/zambia/main/women-and-work/the-gender-wage. Accessed September 2013. ","The problem of salary differences between women and men is a known factor that has received little or no attention in both the private and public sectors. Part of the labour laws states that no person shall be discriminated against on basis of race, gender, colour or religion. But ..."]
["2013_BW_85",2013,"BW","Botswana",85,50,"Only four out of the 24 members of the national cabinet are women.This makes up 16% of female representation in the national cabinet since the 2009 elections. Over the years the number continues to decline, even though women remain the majority of voters. Botswana is traditionally a patriarchal society which still has a dual legal system that comprises common and customary law, which goes to show how males continue to dominate the society. Even though advocacy for women's rights has been at its highest in recent years, women are still sidelined when it comes to leadership in positions of influence such as cabinet positions.","1. Article: Ba kae Basadi? Keletso Thobega, Mmegi newspaper, February 6 2013,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=10&aid=815&dir=2013/february/Wednesday6 \n\n2.BDP's most influential Women, Mmegi newspaper, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=10&dir=2012/March/Friday16\n\n3. SADC Gender Barometer 2013.\n\n4. Country report, UNHCR 2012.","Only four out of the 24 members of the national cabinet are women.This makes up 16% of female representation in the national cabinet since the 2009 elections. Over the years the number continues to decline, even though women remain the majority of voters. Botswana is traditionally ..."]
["2013_CF_85",2013,"CF","CAR",85,75,"En RCA, en dépit de l'existence de certaines dispositions constitutionnelles (articles 8 et 12) et de la loi portant statut général de la fonction publique (article 4) mettant en évidence l'égalité entre les hommes et les femmes dans tous les domaines, malgré aussi la ratification des conventions internationales en matière de non discrimination à l'égard des femmes, on constate que les femmes sont encore victimes de préjugés et qu’elles n'occupent pas assez de postes de responsabilité dans les instances publiques. A titre d'exemple, les femmes représentent à peine 8% des membres du gouvernement actuel sur un total de 32 ministres.","- Marie Blandine Songuéléma-Yakondji, avocate, présidente de l'Association  des juristes de Centrafrique, 13 septembre 2013.\n- Lovia Ndeon, directrice d'études comptables et financières, direction générale, Commission nationale des investissements, ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie, 13 septembre 2013.\n- Nestor Constant Mathurin Momet, directeur de publication, journal Le confident, 14 septembre 2013.","En RCA, en dépit de l'existence de certaines dispositions constitutionnelles (articles 8 et 12) et de la loi portant statut général de la fonction publique (article 4) mettant en évidence l'égalité entre les hommes et les femmes dans tous les domaines, malgré aussi la ratification ..."]
["2013_CI_85",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",85,50,"À la lumière des récentes équipes gouvernementales, force est de reconnaitre que le critère de parité des genres ne représente pas une donnée fondamentale dans la constitution du gouvernement en Côte d’Ivoire. Ainsi, sur les vingt-neuf membres du gouvernement nommés le 22 novembre 2012, le premier ministre y compris, seulement cinq sont des femmes – ce qui représente un taux de 17.2%. Il faut cependant noter que ce pourcentage indique une nette augmentation par rapport au gouvernement précédent, dont le taux de représentation féminine n’était que de 11%.","- Entretien avec Me Bitty Kouyaté, juriste, tête de fil des femmes leaders de Côte d’Ivoire, 16 septembre 2013.\n\n- L'Intelligent d'Abidjan. (12 aout 2013). « Promotion du genre/Atteinte de la parité Homme-femme: Anne Ouloto lance un lobbying en faveur de ses consoeurs ». Rassemblement des républicains (RDR). Repéré à: http://www.rdr.ci/news-2619.html\n\n- Banque mondiale. (Juin 2013).  « Être femme en Côte d'Ivoire: quelles stratégies d’autonomisation? ». \nRapport des consultations de la Banque mondiale sur le genre. Repéré à: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/07/24/000333037_20130724131107/Rendered/PDF/797440WP0FRENC0Box0379789B00PUBLIC0.pdf\n\n- République de Côte d’Ivoire, Présidence de la République. (22 novembre 2012). « Communiqué de la Présidence de la République. Nomination des membres du gouvernement par le Décret n° 2012-1119 du 22 novembre 2012 . République de Côte d’ivoire. Repéré à : http://www.gouv.ci/doc/Decret_portant_nomination_GvtDUNCAN.pdf","À la lumière des récentes équipes gouvernementales, force est de reconnaitre que le critère de parité des genres ne représente pas une donnée fondamentale dans la constitution du gouvernement en Côte d’Ivoire. Ainsi, sur les vingt-neuf membres du gouvernement nommés le 22 novembre ..."]
["2013_GQ_85",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",85,25,"Despite efforts to increase women's participation in public life, women continued to have a lower number of high-level positions within the government in Equatorial Guinea. During the period of review, according to official data there were three women ministers, one delegate minister, three vice-ministers and three secretaries of state, which represents 11.6 per cent of the 86 member-cabinet.","African Development Bank.  (2013) .  Equatorial Guinea Country strategy paper 2013-2017.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Equatorial%20Guinea%20-%202013-2017%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper.pdf \n\nAnonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organisation, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\n\nCEID-GE, Red PerSida, SEJOF.  (2013) .   Informe de Sociedad Civil de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/EPU%20GE%202013%20DRAFT%20CEID.pdf \n\n(n.d.) .  Republic of Equatorial Guinea.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=126&lang=en, accessed January 2014.\n\nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper","Despite efforts to increase women's participation in public life, women continued to have a lower number of high-level positions within the government in Equatorial Guinea. During the period of review, according to official data there were three women ministers, one delegate minist..."]
["2013_ET_85",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",85,25,"Only 2 of the 25 cabinet ministers are women (8%).   One of them is the government chief whip and the other is the Minister of Women, Children and Youth(MoWCH).","1. Ethiopian Government Portal--Cabinet Members:\nhttp://www.ethiopia.gov.et/officials-contact","Only 2 of the 25 cabinet ministers are women (8%).   One of them is the government chief whip and the other is the Minister of Women, Children and Youth(MoWCH)."]
["2013_GW_85",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",85,25,"In practice, the current Guinea Bissau government does not take gender into account during appointments. Pre-electoral commitments are priority criterion for appointments in Guinea Bissau. Gender equity is simply not considered most of the time. Appointments of the current transition government did not reflect gender equity. Actually women are less than 15% of the executive.\n\nThe only woman heading a ministry is Gabriela Fernandez, of the ministry of women, family and solidarity. With one woman-led ministry and 15 male-led ministries, that equates to about 6%.","1.  António Oliveira Lima, public school teacher “Grupo Escolar Docentes Unidos”.\nInterviewed in Bissau November 3, 2013.\n\n2.  Benvindo Gomes, National Commission of Human Rights League Secretary. Interviewed in Bissau October 21, 2013.\n\n3. Virgínia Lopes Fernandes, executive secretary Women and Children Institute, Instituto Mulher e Crianças. Interviewed in Bissau October 2013.","In practice, the current Guinea Bissau government does not take gender into account during appointments. Pre-electoral commitments are priority criterion for appointments in Guinea Bissau. Gender equity is simply not considered most of the time. Appointments of the current transiti..."]
["2013_MW_85",2013,"MW","Malawi",85,75,"In practice, appointments to the cabinet appear to take gender into consideration. Of the current 32 members of the Malawi cabinet, ten are women - 32% of the total.\n\nThey include the president, Joyce Banda; Catherine Gotani Hara, Minister for Health; Eunice Kazembe, Minister in the Office of the President and Cabinet responsible for good governance; Anita Kalinde, Minister of Water Development and Irrigation; Halima Daud, Minister of Environment and Climate Change Management; Grace Maseko, Minister of Labour; Rachel Mazombwe, Minister of Local Government and Rural Development; Mary Makungwa, Minister of Gender, Children and Social Welfare; Rachel Kachaje, Minister of Disability and Elderly Affairs and Agnes Mandevu Chatipwa, Deputy Minister of Education.","Wafwile Musukwa, Deputy Labour Commissioner, Ministry of Labour, October 25 2013.\n\n\nFiona Mwale, High Court Judge, October 9 2013.\n\nEmma Kaliya, Programmes Manager, Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre, October 7 2013.","In practice, appointments to the cabinet appear to take gender into consideration. Of the current 32 members of the Malawi cabinet, ten are women - 32% of the total...."]
["2013_MA_85",2013,"MA","Morocco",85,0,"In the government, from September 2012 to September 2013, there was only one woman in the cabinet out of 30 cabinet members, equaling roughly 3 per cent women.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: In the new government from September 2013, the percentage changed slightly compared to last year's.;","Bordat, Stephanie Willam.  (2013, October 1) .  [Founder of Mobilising for Rights Associates].  Personal communication.\n\nAchy, L.  (2013, March 8) .  In Morocco, gender equality failed.  Al Hayat.  Retrieved from  http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/culture/2013/04/morocco-gender-equality-failed.html\n\nNations Unies Assemblée Générale.  (2012) .  Rapport du Groupe de travail sur l’élimination \nde la discrimination à l’égard des femmes: Mission au Maroc.  New York.  Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A-HRC-20-28-Add1_fr.pdf","In the government, from September 2012 to September 2013, there was only one woman in the cabinet out of 30 cabinet members, equaling roughly 3 per cent women.  ..."]
["2013_ST_85",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",85,75,"There is a resolution that stipulates that women are entitled to occupy 30% of seats in the legislature that assures the participation of women in the discussion of the laws. The current government has three women out of ten ministers which equals 30%. \n\nThe National Assembly is composed of 55 members; ten effective deputies and about 20 surrogate deputies are women.\n\nAlthough there is civil society pressure to open more doors to women, especially in decision-making positions, there is still a lot of work to do.","1. Vivalda dos Prazeres, technical communication, Registration Office of Public Information - GRIP, October 4, 2013.\n2. Arlete Zeferino, congresswoman, National Assembly, October 5, 2013.\n3. Website review of the National Assembly of Sao Tome and Principe. http://www.parlamento.st/","There is a resolution that stipulates that women are entitled to occupy 30% of seats in the legislature that assures the participation of women in the discussion of the laws. The current government has three women out of ten ministers which equals 30%. ..."]
["2013_SL_85",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",85,25,"There is a total of 26 full cabinet members, excluding deputy ministers who do not attend cabinet meetings. Of these 26 members, two are  women (8%) and 24 men (92%).","1. Moses Kargbo, Editor, Concord Times Newspaper, October 22, 2013.\n\n2. Theo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL, October 10, 2013.\n\n3. Abubakarr Kargbo, Parliamentary Reporter, Standard Times, October 22, 2013.","There is a total of 26 full cabinet members, excluding deputy ministers who do not attend cabinet meetings. Of these 26 members, two are  women (8%) and 24 men (92%)."]
["2013_TZ_85",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",85,75,"When the current president won the election in 2006, he appointed many new ministers and increased female representation. In 2006 the cabinet had 29 ministers and 30 deputies. Of these, seven ministers and ten deputies are women. This means that 34% of the cabinet was composed of women. During the period of study the ratio was much different: there were 30 ministers, nine women and 21 men; and 24 deputy ministers, four women and 20 men. This means that women currently only represent 24% of the national cabinet.","1.Jovin Ashery Sanga, Legal and Research Offiver/Project coordinator, Tanzanian Women Lawyers Association, October 9, 2013.\n2. Government of Tanzania website - The Cabinet - http://www.tanzania.go.tz/cabinet.htm. Accessed in September 2013. \n3. Rashida Shariff, Course trainer, Tanzania Gender Networking Program, October 4, 2013.\n4. TANZANIA: More women, new faces in Kikwete's cabinet, IRIN, January 4, 2006  http://www.irinnews.org/report/57712/tanzania-more-women-new-faces-in-kikwete-s-cabinet.","When the current president won the election in 2006, he appointed many new ministers and increased female representation. In 2006 the cabinet had 29 ministers and 30 deputies. Of these, seven ministers and ten deputies are women. This means that 34% of the cabinet was composed of w..."]
["2013_DZ_86",2013,"DZ","Algeria",86,75,"La représentativité de la femme au sein des plus hautes institutions judiciaires progresse, mais lentement. \n\nLe Conseil constitutionnel est composé de neuf membres, dont deux femmes (22%). L'une a été désignée par le président de la République, et l’autre élue par le Conseil d’État. Deux autres femmes, qui sont cadres du ministère de la Justice, élues lors du renouvellement partiel de la composante du conseil supérieur de la magistrature qui s’est déroulé le 10 janvier 2013, ont rejoint le conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM).","-Moncef Redha. (2013, le 8 mars). Une forte présence dans le corps judiciaire. La nouvelle République. Repéré à http://lnr-dz.com/index.php?page=details&id=22625\n-APS. (2013, le 19 avril).  Le département d’État US relève des progrès dans la liberté de la presse et l’émancipation des femmes en Algérie. Algerie1. Repéré à http://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-departement-detat-us-releve-des-progres-dans-la-liberte-de-la-presse-et-lemancipation-des-femmes-en-algerie/\n-S.EM. Mourad BENMEHIDI. (2012, Octobre 16). Déclaration de l'ambassadeur et représentant permanent Sur le point intitulé « Promotion de la femme ». New York. [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/documents/ga67/Algeria_(French).pdf","La représentativité de la femme au sein des plus hautes institutions judiciaires progresse, mais lentement. ..."]
["2013_BI_86",2013,"BI","Burundi",86,0,"Selon Alexandre SIMBIZI, avocat près la cours d' appel de Bujumbura: \"Au niveau de la haute autorité de la Cour suprême et de la Cour constitutionnel, aucune femme n’est là actuellement. Parmi toutes les cours existantes actuellement, seule la cours administrative est dirigée par une femme. Une chambre sur trois de la Cours suprême est dirigée par une femme.\"\n\nSelon le ministère de la Justice, la Cour Constitutionnelle est composée de 7 magistrats. La Cour Suprême est constituée de 9 magistrats, dont le Président de la République. La Cour Suprême est sous-divisée en chambre judiciaire, chambre administrative et chambre de cassation. Elle comprend un président, un vice-président, des présidents de chambre et autant de conseillers qu’il y en a besoin. \n\nMais les membres de chacune des cours ne sont pas disponibles sur le site du Ministère de la Justice.\n\nLe 14 juin 2013, le Sénat du Burundi a approuvé la nomination par le président de la République de Charles Ndagijimana au poste de président de la Cour constitutionnelle, en remplacement de Christine Nzeyimana. Par ailleurs, le Sénat a également approuvé la nomination d’Aimée Laurentine Kanyana comme membre non permanent. Elle est chargée d’examiner la validité des élections selon la loi fondamentale burundaise. Le ministre burundais de la Justice et Garde des Sceaux, Pascal Barandagije, a souligné que ces nominations ont respecté les équilibres ethnico-régionaux et du genre convenus lors de l’Accord d’Arusha pour la Paix et la Réconciliation au Burundi (AAPRB) du 28 août 2000.","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nIsaïe Nizigiyimana, militant des droits de l'homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l' Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.\n\nMaître SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d' appel de Bujumbura, entretien du 20/10/2013,Bujumbura -Burundi\n\nCour Constitutionnelle: organisation et fonctionnement, ministère de la Justice. http://www.justice.gov.bi/spip.php?rubrique50\n\nL'organisation de la Cour suprême, ministre de la Justice. http://www.justice.gov.bi/spip.php?article26\n\n«Burundi : Le Sénat approuve le nouveau président de la Cour Constitutionnelle», Agence Xinhua, 15 mars 2013. http://www.arib.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7409\n\nMutoni Nancy, «Le nouveau président de la Cour constitutionnelle a prêté serment devant le président de la République», site web de la présidence du Burundi, 8 juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.presidence.bi/spip.php?article3878","Selon Alexandre SIMBIZI, avocat près la cours d' appel de Bujumbura: \"Au niveau de la haute autorité de la Cour suprême et de la Cour constitutionnel, aucune femme n’est là actuellement. Parmi toutes les cours existantes actuellement, seule la cours administrative est dirigée par u..."]
["2013_TD_86",2013,"TD","Chad",86,50,"À la Cour suprême, on compte deux femmes sur les seize membres et 2 sur neuf au Conseil constitutionnel, soit un poucentage de 16% de femmes dans les hautes sphères du pouvoir judiciaire.","Interview, Adoummadji Doromon, Banque des États de l'Afrique centrale, 11 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Nafe Daba, Banque des États de l'Afrique centrale, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nTchadpages. (10 mars 2013). « Tchad : les femmes revendiquent 50% de postes de responsabilité ». Tchadpages: http://tchadpages.com/2013/03/10/tchad-les-femmes-revendiquent-50-de-postes-de-responsabilite/","À la Cour suprême, on compte deux femmes sur les seize membres et 2 sur neuf au Conseil constitutionnel, soit un poucentage de 16% de femmes dans les hautes sphères du pouvoir judiciaire."]
["2013_EG_86",2013,"EG","Egypt",86,0,"In 2010, there was a big dispute over the appointment of female judges to the State Council. Yet this was settled after the Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) ruled in favour of women.\n\nOn 14 March 2013, two days before Egyptian Women's Day and after a five-hour, closed deliberation, the SCC ruled in favour of women sitting on the bench of the influential State Council. Furthermore, the SCC ruled not only that women had the right to be appointed as judges but that the State Council's General Assembly had no authority to ban them.\n\nThe SCC ruling underlined that there is nothing in Egyptian law to prevent female judges from being appointed to the council. Reporters were denied entry to the courtroom during the deliberations and SCC staff members were instructed not to make statements to the press.\n\nYet, due to religious and cultural barriers, the percentage (of the total) of female judges is at 10 per cent and low compared to men. Only one of the 21 (4.8 per cent) members of the Supreme Constitutional Court is a woman.\n\nOtherwise, there are currently 42 female judges in general courts and many more in the Administrative Prosecution Authority and in state courts. The total number of judges of 9557 is based on accounts of the club of judges.","Atallah, L.  (n.d.) .  Egypt State Council head ignores female judges ban.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt-state-council-head-ignores-female-judges-ban\n\n(n.d.) .  Club of Egyptian Judges.  Retrieved from http://judgesclub.org.eg/\n\nGeorge Washington University Institute for Global and International Studies.  (2012) .  Women’s representation in judiciaries worldwide: Arguments in favor of increasing the gender diversity on the bench.  Washington, D.C.: Doherty, J.  Retrieve from http://www.gwu.edu/~ggi/assets/docs/igis_wp2_ggp_wp1_doherty.pdf\n\nZayan, J.  (n.d.) .  Egypt wrangles over whether women should be judges.  The Telegraph.  Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7314826/Egypt-wrangles-over-whether-women-should-be-judges.html","In 2010, there was a big dispute over the appointment of female judges to the State Council. Yet this was settled after the Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) ruled in favour of women...."]
["2013_GM_86",2013,"GM","The Gambia",86,100,"There are 28 judges of the highest branch of The Gambian judiciary:\nSeven judges of the supreme court (the highest court and these judges include the chief justice)\nSeven judges of the court of appeal\nTen judges of the high court\nFour judges of the cadi appeals panel. \n \nOut of the said 28 judges, 11 are women: two judges of the supreme court including the chief justice, five judges of the court of appeal including the president of the court of appeal and four judges of the high court. This represents 39% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary.","Website of the Judiciary of the Gambia: http://www.gov.gm/judiciary/, accessed October 2013","There are 28 judges of the highest branch of The Gambian judiciary:\nSeven judges of the supreme court (the highest court and these judges include the chief justice)..."]
["2013_KE_86",2013,"KE","Kenya",86,75,"The supreme court has seven members of whom only two are women.These are Justice Kaplana Rawal (Deputy Chief Justice/Vice President ) and Justice Njoki Ndung'u.\n\nThe representation of women in the Supreme Court therefore equals 28.57%.","1. The Judiciary of Kenya website.http://www.judiciary.go.ke/portal/the-supreme-court.html. The website was accessed on September 18, 2013.\n\n2. The National Council For Law Reporting profile on members of the supreme court in Kenya. http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=800. The profile was accessed from the website on September 18, 2013.\n\n3. Hellen Omondi, vice chairman, Law Society of Kenya. Interviewed on September 26, 2013.","The supreme court has seven members of whom only two are women.These are Justice Kaplana Rawal (Deputy Chief Justice/Vice President ) and Justice Njoki Ndung'u...."]
["2013_LS_86",2013,"LS","Lesotho",86,100,"The High Court is the highest branch of the judiciary in Lesotho.  4 of the 11 High Court Judges are women (36,36%).","1. Libakiso Matlho. Women in Law in Southern Africa. National Coordinator. Interviewed October 1 2013, Maseru.\n\n2. Matseliso Mapetla. National University of Lesotho. Lecturer and Gender Expert. Interviewed October 8 2013.\n\n3. Lesotho Legal Information Institute. http://www.lesotholii.org","The High Court is the highest branch of the judiciary in Lesotho.  4 of the 11 High Court Judges are women (36,36%)."]
["2013_ML_86",2013,"ML","Mali",86,75,"Il y a cinq femmes, dont le président, sur les 33 membres de la Cour suprême et trois femmes sur les neuf membres de la Cour constitutionnelle, soit 8 femmes sur 42 au niveau des deux institutions (19%). Le vendredi 26 avril 2013, à l’Assemblée nationale du Mali, deux femmes membres de la Cour Constitutionnelle ont prêté serment devant le président de la République, Dioncounda Traoré. Il s’agit d’Amadou Keïta et Madame Fatoumata Diarra.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nIbrahim M. GUEYEN. (Avr. 29, 2013). Nomination a la cour constitutionnelle du Mali : Deux nouveaux conseillers prêtent serment. \nhttp://www.maliweb.net/news/institutions-politiques/2013/04/29/article,142882.html\n\nClarisse NJIKAM. (Sept. 08, 2013). RU ne faible représentation des femmes qui dément les promesses de IBK. L’Indépendant. \nhttp://mali-web.org/politique/une-faible-representation-des-femmes-qui-dement-les-promesses-de-ibk","Il y a cinq femmes, dont le président, sur les 33 membres de la Cour suprême et trois femmes sur les neuf membres de la Cour constitutionnelle, soit 8 femmes sur 42 au niveau des deux institutions (19%). Le vendredi 26 avril 2013, à l’Assemblée nationale du Mali, deux femmes membre..."]
["2013_NG_86",2013,"NG","Nigeria",86,75,"There are five women out of a total of 17 supreme court justices. The percentage is 29.41%.","1. Supreme Court of Nigeria website: \nhttp://supremecourt.gov.ng/profile/justices; \nhttp://supremecourt.gov.ng/profile/justice/24.\n\nThere are five women out of the total of 17 supreme court justices, namely:\n(a) Justice Muhtar Alooma\n(b) Justice Mary Odili\n(c) Justice Clara Ogunbiyi\n(d) Justice Kudirat Kekere-Edun\n(e) Justice Olufunlola Adekeye\n\n2. PM News, Nnamdi Felix, July 8, 2013, Kekere-Ekun, 5th female apex court judge takes oath, http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/07/08/kekere-ekun-5th-female-apex-court-judge-take-oath/.\n\n3. Samuel Ogala, lawyer, Falana and Falana Chambers, Abuja, September 25, 2013.","There are five women out of a total of 17 supreme court justices. The percentage is 29.41%."]
["2013_SN_86",2013,"SN","Senegal",86,25,"Au Sénégal, les femmes ne  sont presque pas représentées dans la plus haute branche du pouvoir judiciaire, c'est à dire à la Cour suprême. Sur un total de 29 membres, on ne compte que 3 femmes, soit un pourcentage de 10,34% au moment de l'étude. La Cour suprême est donc composée de 16 magistrats au siège dont 2 femmes, de 6 magistrats au parquet dont aucune femme, de 6 conseillers référendaires dont aucune femme et d'un professeur de droit détaché à la Cour qui est une femme.","Entretien avec Virginie Dione, chargée de la documentation, Cour suprême du Sénégal, 18 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Abdoul Aziz Seck, président, Union des magistrat du Sénégal, 14 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Fatou Kiné Diop, présidente, Conseil sénégalais des femmes (COSEF), 14 octobre 2013.","Au Sénégal, les femmes ne  sont presque pas représentées dans la plus haute branche du pouvoir judiciaire, c'est à dire à la Cour suprême. Sur un total de 29 membres, on ne compte que 3 femmes, soit un pourcentage de 10,34% au moment de l'étude. La Cour suprême est donc composée de..."]
["2013_SD_86",2013,"SD","Sudan",86,0,"Although women are now working as judges under President al-Bashir's government, they are not yet represented in the highest courts in Sudan. For example, there is no single woman in the Supreme Court. Women are now campaigning for representation.","Anonymous. (n.d.) . Personal communication. \n \n Kabalo, N. (2012, September 7) . The call of Sudanese women human rights defenders. openDemocracy. Retrieved from http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/nazik-kabalo/call-of-sudanese-women-human-rights-defenders\n \n (2012, November) . Inescapable political realities and the position of women in modern Sudan. Middle East Features Network. Retrieved from http://mefn.org/2012/11/inescapable-political-realities-and-the-position-of-women-in-modern-sudan/","Although women are now working as judges under President al-Bashir's government, they are not yet represented in the highest courts in Sudan. For example, there is no single woman in the Supreme Court. Women are now campaigning for representation."]
["2013_TN_86",2013,"TN","Tunisia",86,100,"Of 29 members of the supreme court, 12 are women and 17 men, so that 41.4% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women. \n \nThis high percentage is due to the fact that Tunisian women (in general and in comparison to many other countries) are indeed largely emancipated and highly educated, especially so in the sectors of justice, medicine and teaching. \n \nIn these branches, it is common to observe high percentages of women.","September 23, 2013: interview with Mr Ghachem, vice president of the NGO Association vigilance et egalité des chances, which tries to give its chance to the most vulnerable (children, poor, women, disabled...)\n \n September 26, 2013: interview with Mrs Khadija Madani, lawyer.\n \n September 23, 2013: Interview with Professor Rahmouni, specialist in gender studies and former president of the Centre de recherche, etudes, documentation et information sur la femme, a gender research centre.\n \n October 7, 2013: telephone interview with Mr Chafiq Sarsar, university professor of public law and member of the Instance supérieure pour l'indépendance des elections.","Of 29 members of the supreme court, 12 are women and 17 men, so that 41.4% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women. \n ..."]
["2013_AO_87",2013,"AO","Angola",87,100,"The National Assembly has 220 members, of which 97 are women (44 per cent).","(n.d.) .  Republic of Angola Assembleia Nacional.  Retrieved from http://www.parlamento.ao/web/guest/deputados-e-grupos-parlamentares/deputados/lista#http://www.parlamento.ao/glue/AN_Navigation.jsp?","The National Assembly has 220 members, of which 97 are women (44 per cent)."]
["2013_CV_87",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",87,75,"In practice, women are not as significantly represented at the legislature level as they are in the judiciary or the cabinet in Cape Verde. In total, there are 72 MPs, of whom 15 are women, representing 20.8%.","1. Graça Sanches - President of the Parliamentary Women Network, October 22, 2013.\n\n2. Talina Pereira - President of the Capeverdean Institute for Gender Equity and Equality, October 25, 2013.\n\n3. Maria das Dores - President of Entrepreneurs Women Association, October 25, 2013.\n\n4. Dúnia Pereira - Member of the Capeverdean Parliament and member of the Club of Young MPs, October 25, 2013.\n\n5. Book, \"Women and Men in Cape Verde 2012\".","In practice, women are not as significantly represented at the legislature level as they are in the judiciary or the cabinet in Cape Verde. In total, there are 72 MPs, of whom 15 are women, representing 20.8%."]
["2013_TD_87",2013,"TD","Chad",87,50,"28 d'un total des 188 députés de l'Assemblée nationale tchadienne sont des femmes (14.9%).  Par ailleurs, la première dame s'implique dans la promotion des femmes parlementaires tchadiennes.","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nPrésidence de la République du Tchad. (2011). «La Première Dame Hinda Deby Itno a reçu ce matin les femmes parlementaires tchadiennes ». Site officiel de la Présidence de la République du Tchad : http://www.presidencetchad.org/affichage_news_prd.php?id=101&titre=%20Audience%20aux%20femmes%20parlementaires%20tchadiennes\n\nWomen in Parliaments Global Forum. Chad : National Assembly. GFWIP : http://gfwip.org/wip/chad-national-assembly","28 d'un total des 188 députés de l'Assemblée nationale tchadienne sont des femmes (14.9%).  Par ailleurs, la première dame s'implique dans la promotion des femmes parlementaires tchadiennes."]
["2013_GQ_87",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",87,25,"The new constitution of 2012 established for the first time a bicameral parliament with a House of Representatives of 100 members and a Senate of 70 members. In practice, the Senate has 75 members as the president named 20 innate senators instead of the 15 that the constitution allows. Before the May 2013 election, women held between 8 per cent to 14 per cent of the seats in Congress. In the new bicameral parliament sources point to 99 members with 12 women in the house and 76 members in the Senate with six members being women, which equals women's participation of about 10.2 per cent both chambers combined.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organisation, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nCEID-GE, Red PerSida, SEJOF.  (2013) .   Informe de Sociedad Civil de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/EPU%20GE%202013%20DRAFT%20CEID.pdf \n\nFreedom House.  (2013) .  Freedom in the world 2013: Equatorial Guinea.  Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/equatorial-guinea\n\nInter-Parliamentary Union.  (2013) .  Women in National Parliaments.  Retrieved from http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm \n \nUnited States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204115#wrapper","The new constitution of 2012 established for the first time a bicameral parliament with a House of Representatives of 100 members and a Senate of 70 members. In practice, the Senate has 75 members as the president named 20 innate senators instead of the 15 that the constitution all..."]
["2013_GN_87",2013,"GN","Guinea",87,100,"Le Conseil national de transition (CNT), qui représente actuellement le corps législatif, compte 75 femmes sur 150 conseillers. C'est donc une parité encourageante. \nLors du processus électoral en cours, il a été demandé à tous les partis politiques de déposer chacun une liste où la parité serait respectée. C'est-à-dire que sur la liste, les députés sont choisis dans l'ordre. Si un homme occupe la tête de liste, la deuxième tête de liste doit être une femme, et ainsi de suite. Beaucoup de partis politiques avaient respecté cette consigne. Il y a donc une forte probabilité qu'un pourcentage élevé de femmes siègent à la prochaine Assemblée nationale.","Entretien avec Alseny Djibril Conte, chargé du suivi-évaluation du projet appui à la promotion du genre (ministère d'Etat chargé des Affaires sociales, de la Promotion féminine et du Genre), septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mamadouba Soumah, Directeur national adjoint de la promotion féminine et du genre, septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mariame Barry, Présidente de l'ONG Association Guinéenne des Assistantes Sociales, septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Dr Dansa  Kourouma, membre du CNT (Conseil National de Transition), qui joue le rôle de l'Assemblée Nationale, septembre 2013.","Le Conseil national de transition (CNT), qui représente actuellement le corps législatif, compte 75 femmes sur 150 conseillers. C'est donc une parité encourageante. \nLors du processus électoral en cours, il a été demandé à tous les partis politiques de déposer..."]
["2013_LY_87",2013,"LY","Libya",87,50,"The general Congress counts 33 women out of 200, appointed after a women's group lobbied hard for an election law that facilitated women’s political participation in the wake of the overthrow of the Qaddafi regime. \n\nAt the General Congress, the women's committee is due to review laws regarding gender issues. Furthermore, the Libyan parliament allocated a quota of 6 out of 60 to the women for the future constituent assembly, which will draft the future Libyan constitution. By the end of the registration for the candidates of the so called \"60 committee,\" 52 ran for the constituent position.\n\nMeanwhile, the government has for long \"debated\" against civil society institutions with regards to the female quota on the ministerial cabinet. Yet, the number of female ministers thus far has not exceeded three (e.g health within the previous government and social welfare and tourism within the current). This clearly demonstrates that the government does not promote female participation and especially in the ministries with \"critical\" nature. ","R. El Haj, president of \"The New Libya Foundation,\" personal communication, November 14, 2013.\n\nL. Z. Muntasser, English teacher and political activist, personal communication, November 24, 2013.\n\nS. Omeir, lawyer at Libyan Investment Authority, personal communication, November 24, 2013.","The general Congress counts 33 women out of 200, appointed after a women's group lobbied hard for an election law that facilitated women’s political participation in the wake of the overthrow of the Qaddafi regime. ..."]
["2013_MG_87",2013,"MG","Madagascar",87,50,"Femmes membres du parlement : 13,04%\nCe résultat a été calculé à partir des listes officielles des membres du Conseil Supérieur de la Transition et du Congrès de la Transition, publiées sur les sites officiels. \n\nÀ noter que, depuis la dissolution des deux chambres parlementaires composées d’élus en 2009 suite à l’éclatement de la crise politique, le Conseil Supérieur de la Transition et le Congrès de la Transition qui ont remplacé le Sénat et l’Assemblée nationale sont composés de personnes nommées par les autorités plutôt que d’élus.","- Sites gouvernementaux avec les listes des femmes dans le Gouvernement, dans les fonctions juridictionnelles et législatives. \nhttp://www.hcc.gov.mg/\nhttp://www.hat.gov.mg/\nhttp://www.congres-transition.mg/\n- Randrianarimanana Tsantaniana, magistrat, juge auprès du tribunal d'Antananarivo, 15 octobre 2013. (Interview)\n- Randrianarison Béatrice Olga, directrice de la promotion du genre, ministère de la Population et des Affaires sociales, 4 novembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Razafindravao Tatiana Eddie, présidente du Syndicat des diplomates de carrière (SYNCORMAE), ministère des Affaires Etrangères. (Interview)","Femmes membres du parlement : 13,04%\nCe résultat a été calculé à partir des listes officielles des membres du Conseil Supérieur de la Transition et du Congrès de la Transition, publiées sur les sites officiels. ..."]
["2013_MU_87",2013,"MU","Mauritius",87,75,"Number of members in parliament: 69 (according to the constitution, there should be 70)\nNo. of female members: 13\nPercentage female representation:18.8\n\nThe numbers used for calculation are based on the list provided by the website of the National Assembly. However, in the notes from the parliamentary debates, the prime minister mentioned that out of 90 elected candidates in the December 2012 local government elections, 33 were women, which is about 36 percent female representation. Since the numbers did not match, the calculation is based on the numbers provided on the official website. \n\nThe article highlights the government’s initiative to provide equal access to men and women in power and decision-making processes at all levels through a training programme addressed to women wishing to embark on a political career. It is part of the government’s endeavor to train at least 300 women in politics by the end of 2013. \n\nSome 200 participants have already been trained since July 2012. Topics discussed during the programme comprise campaign planning and development of campaign materials, public speaking, media relations, and electoral laws, among others.  As a result of these initiatives, Mauritius has jumped in rankings from 14th to 6th on female representation in parliament among the SADC countries.","1. Honourable members. National Assembly. Available at http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/hmembers/Pages/default.aspx\n\n2. New Training Programme in pipeline for the Political Empowerment of Women. Republic of Mauritius website. August 2013. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/English/News/Pages/New-Training-Programme-in-pipeline-for-the-Political-Empowerment-of-Women.aspx\n\n3. Fifth National Assembly - Parliamentary debates. May 2013. Available at \nhttp://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/hansard/Documents/2013/hansard0613.pdf","Number of members in parliament: 69 (according to the constitution, there should be 70)\nNo. of female members: 13\nPercentage female representation:18.8..."]
["2013_NG_87",2013,"NG","Nigeria",87,25,"The percentage of women in the senate and the house of representatives is 6.2%, 29 women out of a total of 469 representatives.","National Assembly website where the names are listed: http://www.nassnig.org/.\n\nTotal number of members in the legislature(Senate and House of Representatives) = 469\nTotal number of women in Senate= eight\nTotal number of women in House=21\n\nTotal number=========29\nPercentage=======6.2%\n\nInterview: Ayisha Osori,  Chief Exexcutive Officer, Women Trust Fund, Abuja, September 18.\n\nOge Ekeanyanwu: Journalist, PREMIUM TIMES, September 16, via phone.","The percentage of women in the senate and the house of representatives is 6.2%, 29 women out of a total of 469 representatives."]
["2013_SS_87",2013,"SS","South Sudan",87,75,"In practice women, are adequately represented in the South Sudan National Legislative Assembly. Out of a total number of 332 legislators, 88 of them are women. This represents 26.51 per cent of the total number.\n \nHowever, women are not adequately represented in some of the state level legislatures where men dominate. This is being attributed to the low literacy levels for women in rural areas where most women are not educated.","(2013, September 19) .  General information About the parliamentary chamber.  Inter-Parliamentary Union.  Retrieved from http://www.ipu.org/english/parline/reports/2390.htm \n \nUbur, Paleki Mathew.  (2013, January 4) .  [Executive Director, South Sudan Women Empowerment Network].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, December 1) .  Women in national parliaments. Inter-Parliamentary Union.  Retrieved from http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm","In practice women, are adequately represented in the South Sudan National Legislative Assembly. Out of a total number of 332 legislators, 88 of them are women. This represents 26.51 per cent of the total number...."]
["2013_SZ_87",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",87,75,"For this item the gender composition of the 2009-2013 parliament was considered, because it was in session for the majority of the year under review. The parliament was dissolved by King Mswati in July in anticipation of parliamentary elections. The results of those elections were a set-back for gender equality in Swaziland. \n \nThere are a total of 65 elected and appointed MPs (the king appoints ten MPs) in the House of Assembly. Including the Senate, there are a total of 95 members of parliament. Of the 95, 21 were women (22%). \n \nAs low as the representation of women was in the 2009-13 parliament, the number of women MPs will decline by 80% in the 2014-18 parliament. Only one female MP was elected to fill one of the 55 elected seats (or 1.82%) in the House of Assembly.","Interview: Jennifer du Pont, parliamentary candidate for 2013 election, 25 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Zanele Gamedze, principal editor, The Hansard, Parliament, Lobamba, 30 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Thomas Ginindza, journalist, Nelspruit, 30 September 2013.","For this item the gender composition of the 2009-2013 parliament was considered, because it was in session for the majority of the year under review. The parliament was dissolved by King Mswati in July in anticipation of parliamentary elections. The results of those elections were ..."]
["2013_ZM_87",2013,"ZM","Zambia",87,50,"Of the 158 members of parliament in Zambia, 24 are women (15%).","(1) Interview with a representative of the Kalingalinga Youth and Sport Centre (name and title withheld, reason not given), on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (2) Visit/questionnaire to the ministry of labour.\n \n (3) Visit/questionnaire to the ministry of gender.\n \n (4) MmegiOnline, Dr Morgen Chawawa, Democracy and the SADC Gender Protocol saga: Women cry foul, July 19 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=1486&dir=2013/July/Friday19.\n \n (5) WIDNET, News and Events, ZARD Memorandum Submitted to the Parliamentary Committee on Legal Affairs, Governance, Human Rights and Gender Matters on Women in Decision Making Positions in Zambia and the Governance of Non-Governmental Organisations, 2013, http://www.widnet.org.zm/news.php?id=64.\n \n (6) Visit/email/request/questionnaire to the ministry of gender, in Lusaka, Zambia on September 16 2013.\n \n Websties accessed in September 2013.","Of the 158 members of parliament in Zambia, 24 are women (15%)."]
["2013_BF_88",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",88,25,"Il n'existe pas de programme à proprement parler visant l'accès des femmes aux TIC. La politique nationale en matière d'accès à l'internet au niveau Burkina ne fait pas distinguo entre hommes et femmes. Il s'agit d'une politique globale, visant l'augmentation de l'accès des citoyens burkinabés dans leur ensemble aux TIC.\nSeules quelques actions sporadiques consistant à doter certaines \"Maisons de la femme\" de matériel informatique sont en place. Cependant, la faible fonctionnalité de ces structures ne permet pas à ces actions de changer la situation.","Moumouni Ouédraogo, Direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle (DCPM), ministère du Développement de l'économie numérique et des postes, 6 octobre 2013.\n\nRouamba, M. (octobre 2012). Femmes et métiers techniques des TIC a Ouagadougou. burkina-ntic.net : http://www.burkina-ntic.net/FEMMES-ET-METIERS-TECHNIQUES-DES.html\n\nMinistère du Développement de l'économie numérique et des Postes, site Internet : (http://www.mtpen.gov.bf/index.php/accueil)","Il n'existe pas de programme à proprement parler visant l'accès des femmes aux TIC. La politique nationale en matière d'accès à l'internet au niveau Burkina ne fait pas distinguo entre hommes et femmes. Il s'agit d'une politique globale, visant l'augmentation de l'accès des citoyen..."]
["2013_CF_88",2013,"CF","CAR",88,0,"Globalement, le gouvernement fait des efforts pour réduire la fracture numérique entre les hommes et les femmes. C'est dans cet esprit que le ministère des Affaires sociales, de la Famille et de la Solidarité a mis en place une direction générale chargée de la promotion du genre et de l'élaboration d’une politique nationale en matière de genre. Ces efforts on conduit à l’adoption du plan d'action de Beijing de 1995,  du Code de la famille de 1997. \nCependant, de façon spécifique, il n'existe pas de politique de la promotion des femmes dans le cadre de TIC. Les femmes bénéficient d'un programme général de TIC, lors de la formation à l'université ou dans des instituts d’enseignement publics et privés.","Marie Blandi4e Songuéléma-Yakondji, avocate, présidente de l'Association  des juristes de Centrafrique, 13 septembre 2013.\n\nYves Rangba, ingénieur communication, chargé des nouvelles technologies, ministère des Postes et Télécommunication, 14 septembre 2013.\n\nEric Anicet Mbarthas, assistant directeur-général, développement des télécommunications et de la promotion des nouvelles technologies, ministère des Postes et Télécommunication, 14 septembre 2013.","Globalement, le gouvernement fait des efforts pour réduire la fracture numérique entre les hommes et les femmes. C'est dans cet esprit que le ministère des Affaires sociales, de la Famille et de la Solidarité a mis en place une direction générale chargée de la promotion du genre et..."]
["2013_DJ_88",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",88,25,"A Djibouti, le gouvernement essaie de réduire la fracture numérique qui existe d’une part entre les zones rurales et urbaines (majorité de programmes), et indirectement entre les sexes. Ainsi, des  « Cyber espaces » ont été créés à Djibouti-ville, Dikhil et Tadjourah. Cette mesure permettra à des centaines de jeunes, de responsables d’associations ou d’élus régionaux de s’imprégner de l’outil informatique, d’acquérir une formation dans ce domaine et d’enrichir leurs connaissances à travers Internet. Selon le secrétaire général de l'ONG Bender Djedid, les cyberespaces sont de véritables lieux de rencontres et d’échanges qui attirent de très nombreux jeunes, leur permettant d’acquérir un savoir et des notions de bases sur l’utilisation de l’informatique. Des ordinateurs avec des liaisons Internet ont été installés dans ces espaces, qui sont gérés et animés par des informaticiens confirmés. \nUne fois l’expérience validée et réussie, d’autres espaces publics numériques seront créés dans la plupart des lieux de regroupement ou de rencontres des jeunes, dont les Centres de développement communautaires (CDC). Ce projet s’inscrit parfaitement dans les efforts menés pour réduire la fracture numérique. Il s’insère également dans un souci de transfert de connaissances et de technologies. Selon la même source, ce projet novateur revêt une importance capitale. Selon lui, l’objectif visé est d’initier les jeunes aux technologies de l’information et de la communication, de permettre à des groupes cibles dont les jeunes qui ont quitté le système éducatif et les membres d’association d’avoir accès à l’outil informatique et aux ressources documentaire, d’offrir un espace afin d’échanger des informations via Internet et enfin de favoriser une meilleure coopération entres diverses organisations de la société civile.  Selon les précisions de l'assistant du directeur général de Djibouti Télécom, ces programmes avaient pour objectif de réduire la fracture numérique.","1) Salah Sadek, Secrétaire général, ONG Bender Djedid, le 13 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Abdoulkarim Abdi, chef de service, chargé des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication (NTIC), Djibouti Télécomn, 11 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Assoweh Moussa, assistant du directeur, Djibouti Télécom, 09 janvier 2014.","A Djibouti, le gouvernement essaie de réduire la fracture numérique qui existe d’une part entre les zones rurales et urbaines (majorité de programmes), et indirectement entre les sexes. Ainsi, des  « Cyber espaces » ont été créés à Djibouti-ville, Dikhil et Tadjourah. Cette mesure ..."]
["2013_ER_88",2013,"ER","Eritrea",88,0,"The vast majority of persons in the country did not have access to the Internet with internet penetration said to be below 6 percent.  Internet users who needed larger bandwidth paid prices beyond the reach of most persons in the country, therefore, Internet access remained the preserve of the rich. There are no specific measures or programs to decrease gender divide as the thrust of Eritrea’s ICT expansion is integration of ICT into education system, with the subject taught and made an examinable subject in the higher grades. There is, however, no specific policy framework addressing the gender divide in ICT use and access, except in respect to the National Education Policy that aims to eliminate gender disparities and ensure girls’ full participation at all levels.","Article 19. (2013 June). Eritrea A Nation Silenced. http://www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/3494/Eritrea-a-Nation-Silence.pdf.\n\nGlobal Resource and Information Directory and Family Online Safety Institute, \"Eritrea Country Profile,\" latest update Jan 2013. http://www.fosigrid.org/africa/eritrea\n\nSpecial Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. \"Eritrea: Special Rapporteur’s Report\". May 28, 2013. http://www.eritrean-smart.org/content/eritrean-smart-rebuttal-to-special-rapporteur-report\n\nThe Eritrean Ministry of Education ICT in Education Policy (2005), its Education Sector Development Programme.","The vast majority of persons in the country did not have access to the Internet with internet penetration said to be below 6 percent.  Internet users who needed larger bandwidth paid prices beyond the reach of most persons in the country, therefore, Internet access remained the pre..."]
["2013_GW_88",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",88,0,"The current government (from May 2012) is a transition government whose main task is to organise general elections (probably in 2014). It does not have any strategic plan to tackle the gender divide. \"I´ve never had the opportunity to see the government engaged in this direction\", one of the interviewees says. All sources agree that actually the government does not show any concern about the digital gender divide in Guinean society.","1. Virgínia Lopes Fernandes, Executive Secretary Women and Children Institute, Instituto Mulher e Crianças. Interviewed in Bissau October 2013,\n\n2. Benvindo Gomes, National Commission of Human Rights League Secretary, Comissão Nacional da Liga dos Direitos Humanos. Interviewed in Bissau October 21, 2013.\n\n3. Militão Lopes Correia, Private School Administrator “Grupo Escolar Docentes Unidos”. Interviewed in Bissau, November 3, 2013.","The current government (from May 2012) is a transition government whose main task is to organise general elections (probably in 2014). It does not have any strategic plan to tackle the gender divide. \"I´ve never had the opportunity to see the government engaged in this direction\", ..."]
["2013_MW_88",2013,"MW","Malawi",88,50,"The government is taking steps to close the gender digital divide with the adoption of the access to information policy, which is generally aimed at expanding all citizen's including women access to the web. \n\nThe government is putting in place a number of special initiatives to increase girl's and women's access to the web. They include participation in the annual girls’ ICT day, in which everyone joins the rest of the world in commemorating the event, and where girls and women are sensitised on the need to take careers in ICTs and make use of ICT services.\n \nThe government is also installing computers and internet access in a number of girls’ schools and facilitating the establishment of telecentres managed by women. Another initiative is the establishment of a universal access fund aimed at closing the gender digital divide.\n\nHowever, Malawi faces a number of challenges in closing the digital divide. This includes low web penetration rates, lack of electricity in many rural areas to support computers, prohibitive costs of access the web as many Malawians remain poor as well as high illiteracy rates among rural women.","Emma Kaliya, Programmes Manager, Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre, October 7 2013.\n\nHenry Silika, Director, IT Department, Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA),  October 25 2013.\n\nRichard Msukumwa, Systems Analyst, ICT Department, Ministry of Communication, October 9 2013.","The government is taking steps to close the gender digital divide with the adoption of the access to information policy, which is generally aimed at expanding all citizen's including women access to the web. ..."]
["2013_MZ_88",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",88,0,"Programmes encouraging women and girls to use the web are embryonic in the country. In fact, even the national informatics policy does not indicate clearly the need to promote or empower women and girls to access or pursue training in ICTs. There is no explicit gender framework in place for this particular aspect, though the policy states that access to the internet should be universal, but gives no emphasis to gender.","1. Ana Loforte. Professor of Anthropology and Women's Rights Activist. Eduardo Mondlane University. October 9, 2013.\n\n2. Teresa Cruz e Silva. Professor and Senior Researcher and Gender Activist. African Studies Center. Eduardo Mondlane University. October 12, 2012.\n\n3. Avelino Mondlane. Researcher. Informatics Center. Eduardo Mondlane University. October 12, 2013.","Programmes encouraging women and girls to use the web are embryonic in the country. In fact, even the national informatics policy does not indicate clearly the need to promote or empower women and girls to access or pursue training in ICTs. There is no explicit gender framework in ..."]
["2013_NE_88",2013,"NE","Niger",88,0,"Mis à part l'objectif visant les femmes qui doivent être sensibilisées à l'utilisation des NTIC, il n'y a aucune référence aux NTIC ou aux femmes dans les programmes du ministère s'occupant de la promotion des femmes ou dans les plans pour la promotion des NTIC au Niger. Il n'y a aucune statistique disponible. Lors de son entretien, la ministre de la Promotion de la femme ne mentionne à aucun moment un projet de promotion d'utilisation des NTIC par les femmes et il n'y a pas de référence à l'accès des femmes aux NTIC lors du Forum sur la gouvernance de l'internet au Niger. Aucune référence à la promotion de l'utilisation des NTIC envers les femmes est faite dans les orientation dans le plan stratégique du ministère nigérien qui s'occupe de la questions des femmes.","Source 1: Programme de mise en oeuvre du Plan NICI au Niger : Abdoulaye Ndiaye, expert en TIC du PNUD et de la CEA auprès du Haut Commissariat à l'Informatique et aux Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication et Koroney Massani, Haut Commissaire à l'Informatique et aux Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication.\nhttp://www.pnud.ne/RaportplanNICI.pdf\n\nSource 2: Tchirgni Maïmouna. (10 mai 2013). Interview de la ministre de la Population, de la Promotion de la Femme et de la Protection de l’Enfant, Dr Maikibi Kadidiatou Dandobi. Niger Diaspora. http://www.nigerdiaspora.net/index.php/les-infos-du-pays/interview/item/63901-interview-de-la-ministre-de-la-population-de-la-promotion-de-la-femme-et-de-la-protection-de-l%E2%80%99enfant-dr-maikibi-kadidiatou-dandobi\n\nSource 3 : 1er Forum sur la gouvernance de l’Internet au Niger : Point sur la gouvernance de l’Internet au niveau national, régional et mondial. (5 juin 2013). Le Sahel, aniamey.\nhttp://news.aniamey.com/h/1812.html\n\nSource 4: Ministère de la Population, de la Promotion de la Femme et de la Protection de l'Enfant les orientations du plan stratégique 2012-2015, document de synthèse.\nhttp://www.btcctb.org/files/web/country/Niger/Minist%C3%A8re%20de%20la%20population_femme_enfant_Plan%20strat%C3%A9gique%202012_2015_2.pdf","Mis à part l'objectif visant les femmes qui doivent être sensibilisées à l'utilisation des NTIC, il n'y a aucune référence aux NTIC ou aux femmes dans les programmes du ministère s'occupant de la promotion des femmes ou dans les plans pour la promotion des NTIC au Niger. Il n'y a a..."]
["2013_ST_88",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",88,0,"The government has put in place programs to increase youth and children's access to the Web, but it’s not specifically directed to girls, even though at least 55% of the beneficiaries are girls. The government, through the innovation and knowledge institute, in partnership with the Taiwanese embassy, has installed digital media library centres in different points of the country to give free access to the web for the populations, mainly the rural ones, and to improve the use of the web and the use of Information technologies.\n\nThere are no dedicated programmes toward combating the digital gender divide.","1. Ernestina Menezes, executive director, National Institute for Equity and Gender Equality, October 5, 2013.\n\n2. Constâncio de Andrade, director, Innovation and Knowledge Institute, October 5, 2013.\n\n3. ICT in Education in São Tomé and Príncipe. June 2007. http://www.infodev.org/infodev-files/resource/InfodevDocuments_424.pdf\n\n4. COUNTRY STRATEGY PAPER (CSP)\n2012-2016. Sao Tome and Principe. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/STP%20-%20CSP%202012%20-%202016.pdf","The government has put in place programs to increase youth and children's access to the Web, but it’s not specifically directed to girls, even though at least 55% of the beneficiaries are girls. The government, through the innovation and knowledge institute, in partnership with the..."]
["2013_ZA_88",2013,"ZA","South Africa",88,25,"Not much effort goes into increasing girls' and women's access to the web, training girls and women to use the web, and encouraging girls and women to pursue careers in ICT. Most schools do not  have IT programmes/computer education. As a result, there is a digital gender gap.\n\nRecent research indicates that South Africa continues to struggle with a digital gender divide. Statistics by the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa show that South African women comprise 20% of those working in ICT.  In addition, fewer and fewer girls' schools are teaching IT, the survey says. \n\nMoira de Roche, director of IITPSA, notes that while more women have access to the internet compared to a couple of years ago, few women are working in IT. According to her it is because South African girls do not grow up thinking of IT as a career choice. \"Only 0.9% of schools in South Africa in general teach ICT. This is 0.2% for girl schools. The department of communication will tell you that girls don't study ICT because they are not interested. However, they are not studying ICT because they don't know about it.\"\n\nDe Roche added that the department of communication doesn't have special programmes in places to close the digital gender divide and to push more women into ICT. She however says that South Africa is not alone in this. \"The figure of 20% women in ICT is a worldwide figure. The women that do work in IT, often do the soft jobs. I visited a girls school recently, to talk about IT and ICT careers. Most girls weren't aware of these options. ICT has a geeky reputation.\"\n \nA paper by Alison Gillwald and Mariama Deen-Swarray of the Research ICT Africa Network (which conducts research on ICT policy and regulation), which was presented during the 2013 WSIS Forum (the world's largest annual gathering of the 'ICT for development' community), showed that 28.6% of women in 2011/12 used the internet, compared to 40.6% of men. The presentation also showed that 23.1% of South African women over 15 are using a computer as opposed to 36.2% of men in that age category and that 28.8% of South African women own a computer, as opposed to 39.4% of their male counterparts. \n\nDe Roche adds that it is vitally important that more South African women see IT as a career choice. \"By 2020, there will be a shortage of two million IT specialists and ICT workers in the EU and the US. If we start training girls now, we can export our skills in 2020 - instead of importing them from elsewhere.\"\n\nIn 2012, the Women in ICT Forum was launched which aims to accelerate the entrance and inclusion of women in the sector); the Gender and ICT Strategy (which aims to help women working or wanting to work in the ICT sector); the continued efforts of the Mobinet Project (which enables women and girls to access the internet through mobile technology); and the long-lasting Technogirl Program which was implemented in 2005 (in collaboration with UNICEF, with the objective to help girls make informed career choices, with an emphasis on science, technology and engineering).","\"The Big Read: A Lousy Land for Women,\" Phumla Matjila, Times Live, June 19, 2012, www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/commentary/2012/06/19/the-big-read-a-lousy-land-for-women\n\nANC Gender Paper, Policy Discussion Document, March 2012, http://www.anc.org.za/docs/discus/2012/gendery.pdf\n\nWomen in ICT Forum launched (IT Web /  Farzana Rasool / 16 October 2012), http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59312\n\nMoira de Roche, director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa, interview, November 14 2013","Not much effort goes into increasing girls' and women's access to the web, training girls and women to use the web, and encouraging girls and women to pursue careers in ICT. Most schools do not  have IT programmes/computer education. As a result, there is a digital gender gap...."]
["2013_TG_88",2013,"TG","Togo",88,0,"Il n’y a pas de programme spécifique pour promouvoir l’utilisation de l’Internet pour les femmes et les filles. Il existe toutefois des initiatives isolées comme les Centres d’utilisation des TIC pour les femmes ou des activités menées par des organisations internationales.","Epiphanie Houmey Eklu-Koevanou, coordonnatrice, Groupe de réflexion et d'action femme démocratie et développement (GF2D), 2 novembre 2013.\n \n Claire Quenum, présidente, Women in Law and Development in Africa/Femmes, Droit et Développement en Afrique (WiLDAF/FeDDAF) - TOGO, 9 novembre 2013.\n \n Liebebat. (7 aout 2013). « Togo : Le ROFAF organise un atelier sur les TIC destiné aux organisations de femmes ». Tech of Africa. Repéré à http://www.techofafrica.com/togo-le-roraf-organise-un-atelier-sur-les-tic-destine-aux-organisations-de-femmes/.","Il n’y a pas de programme spécifique pour promouvoir l’utilisation de l’Internet pour les femmes et les filles. Il existe toutefois des initiatives isolées comme les Centres d’utilisation des TIC pour les femmes ou des activités menées par des organisations internationales."]
["2013_DZ_89",2013,"DZ","Algeria",89,75,"Les droits d'auteurs sont assurés par un organisme d'État dénommé Office national des droits d'auteurs et droits voisins, par abréviation ONDA. Ce dernier a pour mission de veiller à la protection et à la défense des intérêts moraux et matériels des auteurs, ou de leurs ayant droit, et des titulaires des droits voisins, ainsi que de la protection des œuvres du patrimoine culturel traditionnel et des œuvres nationales tombée dans le domaine public, dans les limites de l’objet social. \n\nL’année dernière, le 20 novembre 2013, l’ONDA et la direction générale de la sûreté nationale ont établi un protocole d’accord sur la coopération des deux institutions en matière de lutte contre toutes les formes d’atteintes aux droits de propriété littéraire et artistique. Au cours de la même période, plus d’un million de supports illicites contrefaits ont été saisis et détruits par les services de l’ONDA. Il convient de noter que le piratage et la contrefaçon de la production intellectuelle, artistique et littéraire ont pris une grande ampleur ces dernières années, et ce, malgré les efforts déployés par les services concernés qui ne disposent pas assez de moyens nécessaires pour lutter contre le phénomène. \n\nPar ailleurs, 900 demandes de brevets d’invention et 3800 marques ont été déposées en 2012 auprès de l’institut algérien de propriété industrielle, chargé de protéger les marques, les appellations d’origine, les brevets d’invention et les recherches d’antériorité.","-APS. (2012, le 17 octobre). Plus d’un million de CD et DVD détruits à Alger, Halte au piratage. Midi libre. repéré à http://www.lemididz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&id_article=culture%40art2%402012-10-17\n\n-Sami Bencheikh, directeur de l’ONDA. (2013, le 22 septembre). Désormais nous pourrons saisir Youtube. Algerie News. Repéré à http://www.algerienews.info/desormais-nous-pourrons-saisir-youtube/\n\n-Ali Chaabane (directeur de l’Office national du droit d’auteur (ONDA)). (2013, février). La campagne algérienne de lutte contre le piratage. OMPI Magazine. Repéré à http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/fr/2013/01/article_0007.html\n\n-ONDA. (2012). Protocole d'accord ONDA-DGSN. Repéré à http://www.onda.dz/news.asp?id_news=108&pg=news\n\n-Mourad Arbani. (2013, le 26 février). Propriété industrielle : 900 demandes de brevets d’inventions déposées en 2012. Algerie1. Repéré à http://www.algerie1.com/actualite/propriete-industrielle-900-demandes-de-brevets-dinvention-deposees-en-2012/","Les droits d'auteurs sont assurés par un organisme d'État dénommé Office national des droits d'auteurs et droits voisins, par abréviation ONDA. Ce dernier a pour mission de veiller à la protection et à la défense des intérêts moraux et matériels des auteurs, ou de leurs ayant droit..."]
["2013_BI_89",2013,"BI","Burundi",89,25,"Le gouvernement a créé l’Office Burundais des Droits d’Auteurs et Droits Voisins (OBDA) en 2011. Il s’agit d’une société paraétatique intervenant dans la gestion collective du droit d’auteur pour le compte des auteurs. L’OBDA est placée sous la tutelle du Ministère de la Culture et peut, en théorie, réclamer et percevoir des redevances auprès de toute personne morale ou physique qui exploite de façon lucrative les œuvres littéraires et artistiques. Mais l’OBDA n’a pas la capacité logistique ni de personnel pour surveiller le secteur. Il n’est pas capable non plus de gérer une base de données pour établir le degré d’efficacité de sa surveillance. En dépit de la Loi de décembre 2005 et de la ratification des traités internationaux sur la propriété intellectuelle, ainsi que de la création de l’OBDA, le Burundi ne possède pas les moyens réels pour protéger les brevets et les droits d’auteur déposés.  \n\nLors d’une allocution du Directeur général de l’Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (OMPI), à Bujumbura, en avril 2013, certains musiciens burundais sont montés sur scène pour répéter des chansons d’autres artistes, selon la presse burundaise. Les droits intellectuels sont la plupart du temps ignorés même par les artistes.\n\nEn décembre 2013, lors d’un atelier national de dissémination de la loi sur la propriété industrielle, Dismas Havyarimana, directeur général de l’industrie au ministère burundais du Commerce, de l’Industrie, des Postes et du Tourisme, a souligné que la promotion de la propriété industrielle reste un défi à relever au Burundi. Le pays œuvre pour la modernisation de sa législation nationale en matière de propriété intellectuelle et le renforcement des capacités des ressources humaines pour promouvoir les droits des innovateurs. Il faut protéger les œuvres des inventeurs, des créateurs, des entrepreneurs, des musiciens et des artistes pour les amener à inventer, à innover, a-t-il ajouté. \n\nLors de la journée mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle mondiale (le 26 avril 2013), le secrétaire permanent au Ministère de la Culture, Sylver Nshagirije, a déclaré que la piraterie et les autres formes d’exploitation illicite des œuvres musicales et littéraires constituent au Burundi un fléau aux conséquences néfastes sur l’économie du pays. \n\nSelon Cyriaque Nibitegeka, professeur à l’Université du Burundi, les droits d’auteurs et droits voisins restent au Burundi non protégés malgré la mise en place d’une loi y relative en décembre 2005 et la création de l’Office Burundais des droits d’Auteurs et droits voisins (OBDA) en septembre 2011.","Bizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nNizigiyimana Isaïe, militant des droits de l'homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l' Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.\n\n«Burundi : vers une législation moderne sur la protection des droits de propriété industrielle», Agence Xinhua, 10 décembre 2013. http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/96852/8479923.html\n\n«Le Burundi reste moins avancé dans la protection des droits d'auteurs et droits voisins», Agence Xinhua, 24 avril 2013. http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/96852/8220763.html\n\n«Le Burundi accuse un retard dans la gestion du droit d'auteur», Agence Xinhua, 25 juillet 2013. http://www.arib.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7589\n\nNigongere Blandine, «ABPI et OBDA - Journée mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle», Publications de la Presse Burundaise, 30 avril 2013.\nhttp://ppbdi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1694:abpi-et-obdag-journee-mondiale-de-la-propriete-intellectuelle&catid=61:sport-culture-art-et-loisir&Itemid=208","Le gouvernement a créé l’Office Burundais des Droits d’Auteurs et Droits Voisins (OBDA) en 2011. Il s’agit d’une société paraétatique intervenant dans la gestion collective du droit d’auteur pour le compte des auteurs. L’OBDA est placée sous la tutelle du Ministère de la Culture et..."]
["2013_CG_89",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",89,50,"À vrai dire, le droit d’auteur est jusqu’à ce jour peu connu des juristes congolais et même de la plus grande partie de l’élite à cause de la carence de la formation appropriée. Plusieurs musiciens congolais, écrivains, et auteurs d’œuvres d’art apprennent le droit d’auteur sur le tas sans une initiation systématique. En République Démocratique du Congo, ce droit est à concurrence de 5 % du prix de revente tandis qu’en droit européen, le taux est proportionnel dudit prix. Dans les ouvrages, ce droit s’attache aux manuscrits, car le droit de suite s’applique aux originaux et non pas copies.\n\nLa Société congolaise des droits d’auteurs (SOCODA) est l’unique société nationale des droits d’auteurs et droits voisins, a réaffirmé jeudi le ministre de la Jeunesse, des Sports, de la Culture et des Arts, Baudouin Banza Mukalay Nsungu, aux héritiers des pères de la musique congolaise moderne au cours d’une audience dans son cabinet de travail de la Gombe.\nM. Banza Mukalay réagissait ainsi aux plaintes d’une délégation de ces héritiers composés de Nono Kabasele et Emongo Luambo notamment sur leurs droits qui ne sont plus payés depuis plus de 10 ans alors qu’ils détiennent des preuves de leur paiement par les sociétés étrangères en la matière au compte de l’ex-société nationale des éditeurs, compositeurs et autres (SONECA) depuis 10 ans. Le ministre Baudouin Banza Mukalay a à cet effet promis de s’impliquer personnellement pour mettre définitivement fin à ces abus tout en dénonçant tous les gens qui veulent continuer à pérenniser l’ex-SONECA, déjà liquidée. Jacques Mondonga, président du conseil d’administration de la SOCODA, était présent.\n\nLes droits d’auteur sont garantis, mais le gouvernement devra prendre des mesures efficaces pour lutter contre le piratage des œuvres musicales. Cela nous cause un manque à gagner. \n\nLa protection des droits intellectuels, d’auteurs ou droits voisins ne sont pas assez garantis par le gouvernement. Seule une société coopérative privée qui est la SOCODA (Société congolaise des droits d’auteurs) est créée pour la défense des droits d’auteurs et droits voisins (œuvre de l’esprit) des auteurs-compositeurs.","-Le droit d’auteur dans la législation congolaise de Onassis Mutombo, cité par Digital Congo, le 13/08/2012. Voir à ce sujet http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/85913.  \n- Agence congolaise de presse, La SOCODA est l’unique société des droits d’auteurs et des droits voisins, selon le ministre Banza Mukalay , 22 juin 2013. Voir : http://www.acpcongo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9747:la-socoda-est-lunique-societe-des-droits-dauteurs-et-des-droits-voisins-selon-le-ministre-banza-mukalay-&catid=39:societe&Itemid=60.\n- Mr Pascal Lumbi, artiste musicien, orchestre Talent musika, le 03/01/2014.","À vrai dire, le droit d’auteur est jusqu’à ce jour peu connu des juristes congolais et même de la plus grande partie de l’élite à cause de la carence de la formation appropriée. Plusieurs musiciens congolais, écrivains, et auteurs d’œuvres d’art apprennent le droit d’auteur sur le ..."]
["2013_EG_89",2013,"EG","Egypt",89,0,"Piracy and violation of copyright is a common problem in Egypt with illegitimate copies of software, DVDs and music readily available in Cairo neighborhoods, including upscale Mohandiseen. Most of these efforts are local cottage-industry affairs and Egypt is not a major producer of counterfeit goods for export. \n\nEgypt customs officials fail to be proactive in the destruction of copyright goods. The Intellectual Property Rights Office was only formed in 2002 and is still developing, thus the United States Department of Commerce provided support to Egypt's anti-piracy building efforts in 2012. Egypt hosted a regional meeting of the World Intellectual Property Organization during the sample period as well. No statistics are available for how effective the organization has been during the past year.","Office of the United States Trade Representative.  (2013) .  [Special 301 Report ranking on Egypt].\n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt State Information Service.  Retrieved from http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticleNews.aspx?ArtID=67941\n\nAfro-IP.\"Leading African patent firms of 2013..... according to MIP\". 18 February 2013. http://afro-ip.blogspot.com/2013/02/leading-african-patent-firms-of-2013.html\n\n(n.d.) .  Egypt On.  [IT investment promotion website].  Retrieved from http://www.egypton.com/En/Ourprograms/IndustryInfrastructure/IntellectualPropertyRights/Pages/default.aspx\n\n(n.d.) .  Shadow market: 2011 BSA global software piracy study.  Retrieved from http://www.bsa.org/studies\n\n(n.d.) .  The Egyptian Center of Intellectual Property and Information Technology.  [ECIPIT].  Retrieved from www.ecipit.org.eg\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Law 82.  [Law on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights].  (2002) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=190001","Piracy and violation of copyright is a common problem in Egypt with illegitimate copies of software, DVDs and music readily available in Cairo neighborhoods, including upscale Mohandiseen. Most of these efforts are local cottage-industry affairs and Egypt is not a major producer of..."]
["2013_GH_89",2013,"GH","Ghana",89,75,"The Copyright Office of Ghana is a public agency which is mandated by law to enforce the country's copyright laws. This office collaborates with the police service and intellectual property rights owners to arrest and prosecute those who infringe on the copyright law. \n\nHowever, the ultimate onus lies with the creator or originator of a work to be vigilant and report instances of violations of his or her intellectual property for the agency to take action. People whose intellectual property rights suffer violation opt for amicable settlement than instituting criminal actions in court because the latter is expensive; hiring services of lawyers and going through long court processes.\n\nThe copyright office said that, in 2012, it received 85 cases of infringement on or violations of intellectual property rights. It said 85% of the cases were resolved through amicable settlement while the rest are still pending in court in civil and criminal proceedings.\n\nHowever, industry people, especially musicians, have criticised the office for not being proactive in handling the numerous incidence of violations of intellectual property rights in the form of pirating of music. The Musicians Union of Ghana said that this discouraged most of their members from reporting instances of piracy to the office.","1. Mr Ben Nyazi, executive secretary, Copy Ghana, telephone interview, October 3, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Benedict Ali Kolaan, northern regional chairman of the Musicians Union of Ghana, Table interview, October 9, 2013, Tamale.\n\n3. Mr Alfred Kumi-Atiemo, head of enforcement and education, Copyright Office of Ghana, Telephone interview, October 8, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Kwasi Gyan-Apenteng, member, National Media Commission and president of the Ghana Association of Writers, Table interview, October 17, 2013, Tamale.","The Copyright Office of Ghana is a public agency which is mandated by law to enforce the country's copyright laws. This office collaborates with the police service and intellectual property rights owners to arrest and prosecute those who infringe on the copyright law. ..."]
["2013_LS_89",2013,"LS","Lesotho",89,0,"The Industrial Property Order 1989, (amended in 1997) and the Copyright Act 1989 are the primary legislation that protect patents, industrial designs, trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property rights. The Copyright Order 1989 provides copyright protection for authors of original literary, artistic and scientific works. The law office in the ministry of law and constitutional affairs, the police and recently the ministry of social development are jointly responsible for enforcing all patent laws and regulations. \n\nCopyright laws are weakly enforced in Lesotho. For example, local music shops, hawkers and street vendors freely sell pirated CDs and DVDs in full view of the police. At times, and out of frustration with the weak copyright law enforcement system, local artistes take matters into their own hands and confront those who sell pirated music. Such confrontations often turn violent.\n \nThe very few court cases involving copyright infringements were not decided on the basis of the above mentioned laws. For example, a case in which the South African company, OK Bazaars (1929) Limited sought the high court to forbid Hyperama (Proprietary) Limited from using the name \"Hyperama\", or any confusingly similar name, letterheads and symbols was decided under the common law offence of passing off.  The copyright laws were also not applied in the matter between the Lesotho Congress for Democracy and the Basotho Congress Party concerning the use of certain symbols and colours by the newly formed Lesotho Congress for Democracy.  \n\nNo case of copyright violations was brought to the courts during the period under review.","1. Advocate Monaheng Rasekoai. Law Society of Lesotho. President. Interviewed October 2 2013.\n\n2. Adocate S.T Maqakachane. NatIonal University of Lesotho. Law Lecturer: Procedural & Adjectival Law.  Criminal Procedure. Interviewed October 24 2013.\n\n3. Kuena Thamae. National University of Lesotho. Law Lecturer: Commercial Law and Intellectual Property Law. Interviewed October 31 2013.","The Industrial Property Order 1989, (amended in 1997) and the Copyright Act 1989 are the primary legislation that protect patents, industrial designs, trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property rights. The Copyright Order 1989 provides copyright protection for authors of orig..."]
["2013_ML_89",2013,"ML","Mali",89,50,"Il en existe un mécanisme de protection des brevets, à savoir le bureau Malien des droits d'auteur (BUMAD), mais il mène rarement les enquêtes et/ou traduit rarement les contrevenants en justice. \nSelon des statistiques publiées par le BUMDA, en 2013 le Mali perd par an plus de 55 à 60 milliards de FCFA à cause de la piraterie. Un accent particulier est mis sur les actions de contrôle des marchés tant à l’intérieur des régions que dans le district de Bamako. Plus de 50,000 cassettes ont été détruites à ce jour en présence de journaliste. Le BUMDA ne dispose pas d'autres données récentes. Aucune autre donnée n’est disponible, même sur le site du BUMADA\n\nDans l'article « Lutte contre la piraterie : Le Bureau malien du droit d’auteur renforce la capacité des policiers et des douaniers », l'auteur constate: « Pour une meilleure appropriation du droit d’auteur et pour mieux lutter efficacement contre la piraterie, le ministère de la culture, à travers le bureau malien du droit d’auteur (BUMDA), a décidé de renforcer la capacité des agents des Douanes et du bureau central national de l’Interpol qui sont sensés de mener des actions de grande envergure tant à l’intérieur du pays qu’à l’extérieur ».","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nAssane Koné. (11 juin, 2013). Lutte contre la piraterie : Le Bureau malien du droit d’auteur renforce la capacité des policiers et des douaniers. Le Républicain, \nhttp://www.maliweb.net/news/art-culture/2013/06/11/article,151937.html\n\nBureau malien du droit d’auteur. http://www.bumda.cefib.com/nosmissions.htm\n\nFousseyni SISSOKO. (1 mai 2013). La piraterie des œuvres littéraires et artistiques au Mali : Le bureau malien du droit d’auteur tire la sonnette d’alarme. http://news.abamako.com/h/17967.html","Il en existe un mécanisme de protection des brevets, à savoir le bureau Malien des droits d'auteur (BUMAD), mais il mène rarement les enquêtes et/ou traduit rarement les contrevenants en justice. ..."]
["2013_NE_89",2013,"NE","Niger",89,25,"Il existe un Office de propriété industrielle au Niger, à la direction de l’innovation et de la propriété industrielle au sein du ministère du Commerce, de l’industrie et de la promotion des jeunes entrepreneurs. En les contactant, il n'est toutefois pas possible de connaître leurs statistiques indiquant le degré d'efficacité de son travail. Il y a encore des efforts à faire dans le domaine de la protection de la propriété intellectuelle, et le gouvernement n'applique pas de façon complètement efficace la protection des brevets, copyrights, marques et autres droits à la propriété intellectuelle. Toutefois, de plus en plus d'efforts sont faits et le Niger va vers une protection renforcée du droit de propriété.","Source 1: Ordonnance N° 93-027 du 30 mars 1993 sur le droit d'auteur, les droits voisins et le folklore. http://portal.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_C3DFDA3660A8DAE5B1AF780010312FEC58680500/filename/ne_copyright_1993_fr.pdf\n\nSource 2: Hassane Amadou Diallo, Chargé de Programme. (19 septembre 2013). Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption. Niger.\n\nSource 3. LES NOUVELLES du PPAAO/WAAPP–NIGER N°10. (octobre 2012). Page 3. \nhttp://www.coraf.org/database/publication/publication/waappniger10.pdf\n\nSource 4: OMPI Resources. Niger\nhttp://www.wipo.int/directory/fr/contact.jsp?country_id=127&type=ADMIN_IP","Il existe un Office de propriété industrielle au Niger, à la direction de l’innovation et de la propriété industrielle au sein du ministère du Commerce, de l’industrie et de la promotion des jeunes entrepreneurs. En les contactant, il n'est toutefois pas possible de connaître leurs..."]
["2013_SC_89",2013,"SC","Seychelles",89,0,"Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende explained: “The necessary role is in place. A lot depends on private action. You are looking at a government for 83,000 people. Just by using scale you have to understand it has to be fairly limited. Since the attorney general is responsible for all criminal prosecutions, he will be responsible for any crimes related to intellectual property, counterfeiting or what not. The police will not deny or investigate [those charges].” \n\nThe fair trading commission has advocacy, adjudicatory and investigative functions which deals with competition, counterfeiting, and copyrights. This office only pursues investigation when there is a complaint. There is also the Seychelles Authors and Composers Association who should be investigating and charging offenders of intellectual property rights, but there are no known cases of publicised charges. These specialized offices share its time and resources for the enforcement of other laws. No statistics on the protection of intellectual property is recorded. \n\nSeychelles has a robust trademarks legislation. On the other hand, Seychelles has not acceded to WIPO and lags behind in the protection of copyrights and the local copyright legislation offers no protection to foreign works. There are registrars of trademarks and copyright.","1. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Seychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, civil society expert, November 26, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Mr Bernard Georges, Former Member of the National Assembly and current Lecturer at Seychelles University Law, December 10, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Anonymous source, representative from a media organisation in Seychelles,  December 12, 2013. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Chief Justice Egonda-Ntende explained: “The necessary role is in place. A lot depends on private action. You are looking at a government for 83,000 people. Just by using scale you have to understand it has to be fairly limited. Since the attorney general is responsible for all crim..."]
["2013_ZA_89",2013,"ZA","South Africa",89,50,"The department of trade and industry is responsible for intellectual property policy and legislation, and the enforcement / protection of for instance copyright and patents. In 2011, it gave way to the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission, an independent juristic entity mandated by the Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008) and subject only to the constitution. \n\nThe main function with regards to intellectual property include the registration of companies and intellectual property rights (trademarks, patents, designs and copyright) as well as the maintenance thereof. Other functions include the promotion of education and awareness of intellectual property law; the promotion and enforcement of compliance with relevant legislation; monitoring compliance with and contraventions of financial reporting standards; report, research and advise the minister of the department of trade and industry on matters of national policy relating to intellectual property law.\n\nThe commission issues among other things annual performance plans and annual reports.  It doesn't have statistics readily available. \n\nDawie Roodt, chief economist and director of financial management company the Efficient Group, says: \"Yes, South Africa very much so protects patents, copyright and intellectual property rights, probably more so than other emerging economies. It is very well enforced and people, to my knowledge do get investigated and prosecuted. The legislation is very modern and very solid.\"","Dawie Roodt, director and chief economist at financial services company Efficient Group (Pretoria), interview, October 23 2013.\n\n2012-2013 Annual Report / Companies and Intellectual Property Commission\nhttp://www.cipc.co.za/Publications_files/AnnualReports/CIPC_ANNUAL_REPORT_2013.pdf\n\nCompanies and Intellectual Property Commission (website), www.cipc.co.za. accessed October 2013.\n\nSmit & van Wyk Patent, Trademark, Franchise  and Copyright lawyers (website), http://www.svw.co.za/copyright.html.","The department of trade and industry is responsible for intellectual property policy and legislation, and the enforcement / protection of for instance copyright and patents. In 2011, it gave way to the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission, an independent juristic entity m..."]
["2013_SD_89",2013,"SD","Sudan",89,25,"The Sudan Intellectual Property Office is the government office in charge of the enforcement of intellectual property rights. According to Nour, SIPO keeps records, and does very well in the protection of \"industrial designs, trademarks, related rights to copyright, copyright, patents and invention and protection against unfair competition respectively.\" \n \n However, the hindering factors in adequate property rights protection in Sudan include: \"low integration in the international institutions, lack of legal issues, high costs for innovative producers, lack of government concern, lack of private sector concern, weak institutions setting, lack of public awareness, lack of resources, weak enforcement of IPRs, weak culture for IPRs, lack of cooperation between universities and industry and lack of coordination and harmonization for IPRs related policies.\"\n \n As a result of these issues, SIPO often fails to investigate and prosecute offenders, and the office's efficacy is seriously hindered.","Nour, Samia Satti Osman Mohamed. (2013). \"The economic importance and impacts of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in Sudan.\" Working Paper Series, #2013-014. \n http://portal.unu.edu/calendar/?go=event.page&id=6191\n \n Olivier, D. (2012, August 8 ) . How to start administrative procedure regarding trademark infringement in Sudan [First comment]. Message posted to http://www.linkedin.com/groups/How-start-administrative-procedure-regarding-72488.S.143276861\n \n Sudan Intellectual Property Office website: http://www.ipsudan.gov.sd/interna_agree.html (currently down)","The Sudan Intellectual Property Office is the government office in charge of the enforcement of intellectual property rights. According to Nour, SIPO keeps records, and does very well in the protection of \"industrial designs, trademarks, related rights to copyright, copyright, pate..."]
["2013_UG_89",2013,"UG","Uganda",89,25,"Whereas laws to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights have been in place for quite a number of years, there has been no enforcement body.\n Now that the government is committed to clamp down on trade in counterfeits, the Uganda Registration Services Bureau under the ministry of justice is the government agency tasked with enforcing the copyright law and other intellectual property rights. Under the bureau is the intellectual property directorate which is specialised in registering and enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights. Also working closely with the directorate is the Uganda Performing Right Society for music rights, Uganda Reproduction Rights Organisation for literary, scientific and artistic rights as well as Uganda Federation Of Movie Industry for audiovisual rights.\n \n However, the bureau does not have the mandate to investigate nor prosecute infringements of intellectual property, but in some special cases where a particular issue requiring arbitration by the bureau is brought to its attention e.g. issues of trademark infringements, it does some investigation to establish who actually owns the trade mark. They work closely with the police in such cases. \n \n Mr. Charles Batambuze, the executive secretary of the National Book Trust of Uganda pointed out that there are cases where the bureau has arbitrated over disputes. Intellectual property registrars have given rulings on such cases and the rulings have been respected by the parties. However the parties are free to petition the courts even after the registrar has given a ruling. It is for the owners of the intellectual property to choose to do so. Besides, the parties are actually free to petition the courts directly without using the bureau route, which, means that the bureau never petitions the courst on behalf of anyone. Ms. Juliet Nassuna, the director of the intellectual property directorate, concurred with this, but added that statistics on these cases are not readily available. \n \n Ms. Nassuna went on to explain that the application for trademarks, copyrights and patents is still very low, fewer than ten annually, and added that for instance in the last year they have had only three applications. She said that, currently, complaints about infringement are very minimal and even then in most cases, at the end, they find that actually the complainant never protected their works. Therefore, she said that currently the task is mainly one of sensitising the public about applications for intellectual property rights. Mr. Batambuze pointed out that the president recently authorised the formation of an intellectual property police unit to support enforcement, but Ms. Nassuna explained that the government has not released any funds towards its establishment.","Alon Mwesigwa, The Observer; “Mixed feelings over copyright law”; May 2, 2013\n http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25057&catid=79.\n \n Kenneth Kazibwe “Uganda Artists Embrace The Copyright Law”; April 26, 2013\n http://www.chimpreports.com/index.php/news/9662-uganda-artists-embrace-the-copyright-law.html.\n \n David Tumusiime, Uganda Radio Network; “Tough Measures Enforced To Curb Film Piracy”; November 16, 2012\n http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=47432.\n \n Juliet Nassuna, Director, Intellectual Property Directorate, Uganda Registration Services Bureau, October 18, 2013.\n \n Charles Batambuze, Executive Secretary, National Book Trust of Uganda, October 16, 2013.","Whereas laws to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights have been in place for quite a number of years, there has been no enforcement body.\n Now that the government is committed to clamp down on trade in counterfeits, the Uganda Regis..."]
["2013_BW_90",2013,"BW","Botswana",90,100,"The private sector in Botswana is quite vital to the economy as it is the biggest employer after the government. Therefore, the  government publicly invites company representatives from the private sector to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and there are functioning mechanisms in place for the private sector to provide their input through off line submission of written opinions to in-person meetings.","1. Report: Botswana Tax and Budget Summary, KPMG, February 4 2013,  http://www.kpmg.com/BW/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Tax-and-Budget-Summary-2013-2014.pdf.\n\n2. BURS, BICA to sign agreement in the near future, Sunday Standard, October 8 2012, http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php/article.php?NewsID=15212&GroupID=3.\n\n3. Report: OECD Investment Policy Reviews, OECD, May 2013,  http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/BotswanaDraftIPR%20.pdf.","The private sector in Botswana is quite vital to the economy as it is the biggest employer after the government. Therefore, the  government publicly invites company representatives from the private sector to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue m..."]
["2013_CV_90",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",90,50,"The social dialogue council involves the government, trade unions and private sector and, when the authorities are planning to establish a tax reform or even a new tax code, consultations are held in order to reach the needed consensus for such issues.\n\nThe \"Camara de Comércio\", which is the private sector association participates in most of the consultative forums for business and economics, such as millennium challenge corporation, growth and poverty strategy, and transports reforms.","1. Carlos Santos, coordinator for the Coordination Unit for the State Reform, October 25, 2013.\n\n2. ASemana. \"Social Dialogue: PCCS assured, 13th month is not a priority of the Government\". November 12, 2012. http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article81905\n\n3.News on the approval of the new tax code, October 28, 2013. http://noticias.sapo.cv/info/artigo/1345536.html","The social dialogue council involves the government, trade unions and private sector and, when the authorities are planning to establish a tax reform or even a new tax code, consultations are held in order to reach the needed consensus for such issues...."]
["2013_CG_90",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",90,0,"Aucune consultation de la part du gouvernement n’a été faite.\n\n\"Le gouvernement n’a jamais demandé des avis à qui que ce soit. Lorsque le gouvernement actuel a institué une taxe sur la valeur ajoutée de 16 %, il y a eu de la grogne, mais personne ne nous écoute. Il ne nous a pas consultés pour établir cette taxe\". (Mr Patrick MATIABA, responsable d’une confession religieuse, entrevue du 13/10/2013.)\n  \n\"La TVA a été imposée de force sans requérir notre consentement. Je ne me souviens pas d’avoir été consulté avant sa mise en application par le gouvernement.\"\n(Mr Serge NZEZA, agent à la DGRK (direction générale des recettes de Kinshasa), chef de bureau, service des perceptions, entrevue du 12/10/2013.)\n\n\"Pour l’élaboration des mécanismes fiscaux et d’autres mécanismes de recettes publiques, le gouvernement n’a pas mis en place un cadre de concertation.\"\n(Me LUKOKI N’SANGA TABUKA, vice-président, Initiative pour le Développement durable, IDD/ONGD, entrevue du 14/10/2013 à Kinshasa.)","1. Mr Patrick MATIABA, responsable d’une confession religieuse, entrevue du 13/10/2013.\n  \n2. Mr Serge NZEZA, agent à la DGRK (direction générale des recettes de Kinshasa), chef de bureau, service des perceptions, entrevue du 12/10/2013.\n\n3. Me LUKOKI N’SANGA TABUKA, vice-président, Initiative pour le Développement Durable, IDD/ONGD, entrevue du 14/10/2013 à Kinshasa.","Aucune consultation de la part du gouvernement n’a été faite.\n\n\"Le gouvernement n’a jamais demandé des avis à qui que ce soit. Lorsque le gouvernement actuel..."]
["2013_GQ_90",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",90,0,"Equatorial Guinea rarely conducts consultations with stakeholders. During the period of review, the government did not invite the private sector to provide input to their tax laws or revenue mechanisms. Regulations are imposed by the country without any feedback. The taxation system is not transparent and it was not uniformly enforced. In addition, another main problem for foreign investors in the country was legal uncertainty and lack of protection, as the judiciary is not independent and corruption was a widespread practice at all government levels and branches.","African Development Bank.  (2013) .  Equatorial Guinea Country strategy paper 2013-2017.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Equatorial%20Guinea%20-%202013-2017%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Civil servant, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nUnited States Department of State Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs.  (2013) .  2013 Investment climate statement, Equatorial Guinea.  Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204681.htm","Equatorial Guinea rarely conducts consultations with stakeholders. During the period of review, the government did not invite the private sector to provide input to their tax laws or revenue mechanisms. Regulations are imposed by the country without any feedback. The taxation syste..."]
["2013_GN_90",2013,"GN","Guinea",90,0,"La bonne procédure consisterait à consulter les entreprises pour élaborer le système fiscal. Mais en Guinée, il n' y a pas de consultation. Les règles fiscales sont établies dans le projet de loi sur les finances du gouvernement. Le Parlement vote, et la loi est imposée aux contribuables, essentiellement des entreprises privées et des multinationales. Cela a de graves conséquences, puisque, souvent, ces entreprises ne sont pas à mesure de s'acquitter de leurs taxes. Elles passent alors par des négociations avec les inspecteurs des finances. C'est un grand réseau de corruption qui fait perdre énormément à l'État.","Entretien avec Hassan II Diallo, Secrétaire exécutif de la Réforme du secteur de la justice, 10 septembre 2013, 11 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Jean Kolié, Ministère de la Coopération internationale, 10 septembre 2013, 9 h 15.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Justin Tamba Tolno, Avocat à la Cour, 8h30.\n\nEntretien avec Maître  Alpha Diallo, Avocat à la Cour, 9 septembre 2013, 15 h 20.\n\nEntretien avec François Falcon, Agence nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 9 septembre 2013, 9 h 45.","La bonne procédure consisterait à consulter les entreprises pour élaborer le système fiscal. Mais en Guinée, il n' y a pas de consultation. Les règles fiscales sont établies dans le projet de loi sur les finances du gouvernement. Le Parlement vote, et la loi est imposée aux contrib..."]
["2013_MG_90",2013,"MG","Madagascar",90,25,"Il n'existe aucun système de consultation du secteur privé mis en place par le Gouvernement. Mais les médias sont mitigés quant à l’écoute dont fait preuve le gouvernement face au secteur privé dans l'élaboration de la Loi de finances malgache.\n\nLe score de 25 plutôt que de 0 est motivé par le fait que, même s’il n’existe aucun système gouvernemental de consultation avec le secteur privé, certains médias (voir «Loi des finances 2013: Le secteur privé mieux écouté») estiment que le gouvernement prend en considération les désidératas du secteur privé, même si les moyens restent obscurs – s'agit-il de consultation officieuse ?","- «Projet de loi de Finances 2014 : Le secteur privé non consulté», L'express de Madagascar, 17 octobre 2013.\n- «Madagascar: Loi de finances - Le bugdet 2014 en préparation», http://fr.allafrica.com, 03 octobre 2013.\n- «Loi des finances 2013: Le secteur privé mieux écouté», Gazette de la Grande Ile, 31 janvier 2013.\n- Tsiengeny Tovonkery Jocelyn, adjoint au directeur général du budget, ministère des Finances et du Budget, 4 novembre 2013. (Interview)","Il n'existe aucun système de consultation du secteur privé mis en place par le Gouvernement. Mais les médias sont mitigés quant à l’écoute dont fait preuve le gouvernement face au secteur privé dans l'élaboration de la Loi de finances malgache...."]
["2013_MA_90",2013,"MA","Morocco",90,50,"The government usually opens consultations when they enact some fiscal reform but very marginal feedback is provided. There is the General Confederation of Enterprises, a body of major private business actors who organize to lobby and push for laws. They regularly meet with the Chief of Government to suggest reforms of policies. There are also consultations that are run by an appointed commission at parliament.","Benhamou, Zouhair Ait.  (2013, October 1) .  [Blogger].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .   General Confederation of Enterprises.  Retrieved from http://www.cgem.ma/.\n\nMoha, F.  (2013, June 24) .  Fiscal reform, economists are called out.  Le Matin.  Retrieved from http://www.lematin.ma/journal/Association-marocaine-de-sciences-economiques_Reforme-de-la-fiscaliteA-les-economistes-interpelles/184150.html.\n\nNational Treasury.  (2013) .  La politique fiscale: Colloque sur la réforme des finances publiques et nouvelle gouvernance en Chine.  [Press Book on fiscal policies].  Retrieved from https://www.tgr.gov.ma/wps/wcm/connect/b26262004fb3e783b7fbf73704779627/Press+Book+politique+fiscale.pdf?MOD=AJPERES","The government usually opens consultations when they enact some fiscal reform but very marginal feedback is provided. There is the General Confederation of Enterprises, a body of major private business actors who organize to lobby and push for laws. They regularly meet with the Chi..."]
["2013_NG_90",2013,"NG","Nigeria",90,75,"The government occasionally meets with the private sector on matters of taxes and other levies including, for example, import/export charges. For instance, the government recently named a committee to probe multi-taxation in response to concerns raised by the Manufactures Association of Nigeria when both sides met. Such meetings are not a necessary mechanism and do not happen regularly or too often - at the same time they do happen when there is need to discuss from either side.  The national assembly committees also conducts public hearings on tax matters.","1. Punch, Everest Amafule, FG, states move to end multiple taxes, levies, October 22, 2013, http://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/fg-states-move-to-end-multiple-taxes-levies/.\n\n2. Bassey Udo, Business Editor, Premium Times, October 19, 2013, Abuja.\n\n3. Tribune, Dapo Falade, FCT property tax’ll expose money launderers - Sen Adeyemi, 29 January 2013, http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/4096-fct-property-tax%E2%80%99ll-expose-money-launderers-sen-adeyemi.","The government occasionally meets with the private sector on matters of taxes and other levies including, for example, import/export charges. For instance, the government recently named a committee to probe multi-taxation in response to concerns raised by the Manufactures Associati..."]
["2013_SO_90",2013,"SO","Somalia",90,0,"The Somali federal government has just reintroduced taxation in the country after more than two decades of civil war (Khalif). During the period of the study, there was no centralized taxation system.","Liban Obsiye and Yusuf Salah. \"It is time to take taxation in Somalia seriously\" April 6, 2013, Hiraan Online. http://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2013/Apr/28799/it_s_time_to_take_taxation_seriously_in_somalia.aspx \n\n(2014 Mar 10). Somali cabinet approves new tax system. Sabahi Online. http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2014/03/10/newsbrief-04\n\nKhalif, A. (9 Mar 2014). Somalia reintroduces taxes after 23 years. Africa Review. http://www.africareview.com/News/Somalia-reintroduces-taxes-after-23-years/-/979180/2237214/-/14favcb/-/index.html","The Somali federal government has just reintroduced taxation in the country after more than two decades of civil war (Khalif). During the period of the study, there was no centralized taxation system."]
["2013_TZ_90",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",90,100,"The government invites private sector representatives for public consultations on a regular basis concerning public revenue mechanisms. The task force on tax reform is convened in the first half of the year, before the tabling of the budget, and is mandated to promote transparency in tax policy development and harness the expertise of those outside of government. The government has also institutionalised the consultation process by mandating public expenditure review working groups which work throughout the year, produce annual reports and participate in an annual consultative meeting.\n The private sector also seeks to advance its own interests through associations such as Tanzania chamber of commerce, industry and agriculture, confederation of Tanzania industries, the Tanzania private sector foundation, and the Tanzanian national business council. The latter holds a key role in public/private consultations, participating in events such as the chamber of commerce annual meeting. The Public Private Partnership Act of 2010 reiterates the importance of the involvement of the private sector. \n During the period of study, between February and April 2013, many larger private companies declined to participate in the global competitiveness report survey, due to disagreements regarding disclosure of finances. Therefore, they did use this particular forum to air their grievances.","1. Tanzania: Kikwete Tells Private Sector to Reach Local Business, Tanzania Daily News, August 17, 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201308190023.html.\n 2.Dar’s own ‘Big Business’ skips survey on tax fears, Costantine Sebastian, The Citizen, September 15, 2013, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Big-companies-shun-business-ranking-survey/-/1840392/1993112/-/dw3dv7/-/index.html.\n 3. Government of Tanzania website: Private Sector: http://www.tanzania.go.tz/privatesector.html.\n 4. Tanzania Private Sector Foundation website: http://www.tpsftz.org/index.php. \n 5. Business leaders bemoan high taxes, Veneranda Sumila, The Citizen, July 23, 2013, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/business-week/Business-leaders-bemoan-high-taxes/-/1843772/1923890/-/pry7gjz/-/index.html.\n 6. Confederation of Tanzanian Industries website: http://www.cti.co.tz/.\n 7. Public Expenditure Policy, Ministry of Finance - Government of Tanzania, http://www.mof.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=48.","The government invites private sector representatives for public consultations on a regular basis concerning public revenue mechanisms. The task force on tax reform is convened in the first half of the year, before the tabling of the budget, and is mandated to promote transparency ..."]
["2013_ZM_90",2013,"ZM","Zambia",90,50,"The government does sometimes invite the private sector, and even the general public, when coming up with major financial documents/policies, such as the budget, tariffs, taxes, etc. Sometimes consultations are held even with international organisations. The sources above offer examples of ways in which these consultations/call for inputs are conducted.","1.The Zambian Economist, Invitation of Proposals for Budget 2014, July 6 2013, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:f4PERvIVgXUJ:www.zambian-economist.com/2013/07/invitation-of-proposals-for-budget-2014.html+&cd=5&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n 2.International Monetary Fund, statement at the conclusion of the IMF mission to Zambia, Press Release No. 13/357, September 24 2013, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13357.htm.\n \n 3. Zambia Consultations on the Post the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Agenda Report, 1.4 Overview and Scope of Zambia’s Consultations on Post-2015 Development Agenda, October, 2013, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7KvYcHO9rNsJ:data.worldwewant2015.org/documents/2481/download+&cd=6&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n 4. Interview with Goodwell Lungu, executive director, Transparency International Zambia (TIZ), in Lusaka on October 3 2013.\n \n 5. Henry Sinyangwe, \"Govt begins 2014 budget preparations,\" The Post Newspapers, July 5 2013, http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=35015.","The government does sometimes invite the private sector, and even the general public, when coming up with major financial documents/policies, such as the budget, tariffs, taxes, etc. Sometimes consultations are held even with international organisations. The sources above offer exa..."]
["2013_ZW_90",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",90,50,"At times the government invites the private sector when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms. For example, the ministry of finance undertook public consultations during formulation of the 2013 national budgets which was presented on November 5, 2012. The mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input are however not consistent. During presentation of the 2013 national budget, the then Minister of Finance, Mr Tendai Biti, acknowledged the budget submissions that the ministry received from small to medium enterprises, the mining sector, physically challenged persons and from charitable organisations.","1. Augustine Tawanda. Secretary General. The Zimbabwe Cross Border Traders Association (ZCBTA). September 30, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe.\n \n 2. John Makamure. NewsDay. October 12, 2012. Parly embarks on budget consultations. https://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/10/12/parly-embarks-on-budget-consultations/.\n \n 3. Ministry of Finance. November 15, 2012. THE 2013 NATIONAL BUDGET STATEMENT: “Beyond the Enclave: Unleashing Zimbabwe’s Economic Growth Potential”. Government of Zimbabwe","At times the government invites the private sector when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms. For example, the ministry of finance undertook public consultations during formulation of the 2013 national budgets which was presented on November 5, 2012. The..."]
["2013_BF_91",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",91,0,"L'Institut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INSD) ne dispose pas de statiques récentes sur le chômage des jeunes. Les données les plus récentes sur la situation de l'emploi des individus de 15 ans et plus par région datent de 2007 (http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/Tableaux/T0702.htm). Le manque de moyens financiers pour soutenir les opérations d'enquêtes jugées trop couteuses est invoqué pour justifier cette absence de données récentes.","Institut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INSD), site Internet: http://www.insd.bf/n/\n\nPascal Nakelse, statisticien, Institut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INSD),  3 octobre 2013\n\nKinda, B. (5 septembre 2012). Crise de l’emploi au Burkina : Quand le chômage devient la règle. L'Evénement, Lefaso.net: http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article50014\n\nObservatoire national de l'emploi et de la formation (ONEF), site Internet : (http://www.onef.gov.bf)","L'Institut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INSD) ne dispose pas de statiques récentes sur le chômage des jeunes. Les données les plus récentes sur la situation de l'emploi des individus de 15 ans et plus par région datent de 2007 (http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/Tablea..."]
["2013_CD_91",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",91,0,"En République du Congo, l'Institut national des statistiques s'intitule le Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (CNSEE).\nEn République du Congo, les statistiques sur le chômage des jeunes ne sont pas recueillies tous les ans. Les dernières données statistiques porte sur l'étude ECOM sur la consommation des ménages. Au chapitre VI Emploi en page 74, il est traité de l'emploi des personnes actives. Aucune étude statistique n'est faite spécifiquement pour le chômage des jeunes, ce qui est déploré, d'ailleurs, par certains bailleurs, organisations internationales et la société civile. \nLa République du Congo ne dispose pas encore d'instrument statistique fiable, raison pour laquelle l'Union Européenne, la Banque Mondiale et le PNUD envisagent de soutenir le gouvernement pour améliorer l'étude statistique dans le pays. \nSelon M. OBAMBI-GUECKO, statisticien, auditeur directeur de l'informatique et de la gestion des bases de données, ministère de l'économie, du plan, de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'intégration, en date du 25 octobre 2013, « une étude est en cours et sera disponible d'ici la fin de l'année 2013. Les différentes enquêtes ou rapports montrent que le chômage demeure élevé pour les jeunes (deux fois plus que la moyenne nationale - pour les jeunes de 15 à 29 ans) et que les emplois sont encore précaires, comme le reflète le taux élevé de sous-employés, particulièrement chez les jeunes (presque 40%) ». (Source synthèse du DCERP document intégré dans la 2.3 Business Environment and infrastructure).","1 - Rencontre le 25 octobre avec M. OBAMBI-GUECKO, statisticien, auditeur directeur de l'informatique et de la gestion des bases de données, ministère de l'Economie, du plan, de l'Aménagement du territoire et de l'intégration (immeuble du plan 66 bis, rue du 18 mars Mikalou Brazzaville).\n\n2 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Gabriel MONKA, administrateur du travail, directeur départemental, à la Direction Départementale du Travail de Brazzaville au siège de la direction (immeuble des rapports CNSS centre ville Brazzaville).\n\n3 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Michel MOUANGA, directeur de l'emploi, à la Direction Générale de la Formation qualifiante et de l'emploi, au siège de la direction (immeuble des rapports CNSS rond point, centre ville Brazzaville).\n\n\n4 - Entretien du 8 janvier 2014 avec M. Sékou CAMARA, directeur des opérations du Fonds d'Appui à Couts Partagés (FACP) structure intégré au Projets d'appui à la diversification de l'Economie (PADE).\n\n5 - Entretien du samedi 12 janvier 2014 avec M. Paul OBAMBI, Président de la Chambre de Commerce de Brazzaville.\n\n\n5 - Entretien du 13 janvier 2014 avec M. Jean-Jacques SAMBA, Union Patronale et Interprofessionnelle du Congo (UNICONGO).\n\n\n6 - SOURCE ANONYME. Entretien du samedi 15 janvier 2014 avec M.Xavier MORONI, Attaché de coopération internationale Gouvernance démocratique, paix et sécurité Délégation de l'Union européenne en République du Congo Impasse Auxence Ickonga - B.P 2149, Brazzaville, Congo Président de la Chambre de Commerce de Brazzaville.\n \n7 - www.afristat.org\n\n\n8 - Statistiques Rapport QUIBB ecom 2011 \n(document que j'ai aussi analysé sur la question 92: En pratique, l'Office of National Statistics (Bureau des statistiques nationales) (ONS) ou équivalent recueille et publie des statistiques sur la pauvreté). \n\n9 -  Synthèse du DCERP document intégré dans la 2.3 Business Environment and infrastructure.","En République du Congo, l'Institut national des statistiques s'intitule le Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (CNSEE).\nEn République du Congo, les statistiques sur le chômage des jeunes ne sont pas recueillies tou..."]
["2013_DJ_91",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",91,25,"La Direction de la statistique et des études démographiques (DISED)  a pour mission générale d’établir, de rassembler, de mettre à jour et de diffuser les statistiques et informations relatives à l’activité générale de l’État et des acteurs économiques. Elle publie aussi des statistiques sur le chômage et le marché de l'emploi à Djibouti. \n\nQuant à l’Agence nationale de l'emploi, de l'insertion et de la formation professionnelle (ANEFIP), qui chapeaute l’Observatoire national de l’emploi et des qualifications (l’ONEQ), sa mission est de recueillir les informations du marché du travail et de produire des bases de données sur l’emploi et les qualifications. Elle suit l’évolution des professions, des formations, de même que le flux des diplômés. Elle se charge de la production des statistiques globales sur l’emploi et les secteurs productifs, sur les travailleurs, les chercheurs d’emploi et les entreprises.\nL’ONEQ procède à des enquêtes relatives aux entreprises et à leurs besoins de qualification, aux jeunes diplômés, aux suivis des parcours professionnels. Enfin, il produit des données et des analyses sur l’emploi ainsi que sur les divers dispositifs et mesures accordées aux entreprises et l’impact sur l’emploi. Il est à noter que les statistiques de ces deux organismes ne sont pas souvent mises à jour, étant parfois en retard d’une ou deux années.","1) Ali Kamil, ancien directeur l'Agence nationale pour l'emploi et la formation professionnelle (ANEFIP), 18 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Idris Ali Soultan, directeur, Direction de la statistique et des études démographiques (DISED), 17 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Yonis Awaleh, cadre, Bureau national de l'emploi, 19 octobre 2013.","La Direction de la statistique et des études démographiques (DISED)  a pour mission générale d’établir, de rassembler, de mettre à jour et de diffuser les statistiques et informations relatives à l’activité générale de l’État et des acteurs économiques. Elle publie aussi des statis..."]
["2013_GA_91",2013,"GA","Gabon",91,0,"A score of zero is justified for this \"in practice\" indicator because statistics on youth unemployment are supposedly collected by the Direction Nationale de la Statistique (DNS), but publication has such extreme time lags that it renders the information useless in terms of policymaking.\n\nThe DNS is Gabon's national statistical service. Obtaining up-to-date data is nearly impossible. This may be the result of poor government funding of the DNS. An anonymous source states that the government uses World Bank data for youth unemployment in Gabon (33 per cent) as it cannot rely on surveys by DNS.\n\nThere appears to be another agency compiling unemployment data called the Direction Générale des Ressources Humaines (DGRH)/The General Direction of Human Resources. In an October 2013 article in GabonEco (\"Forum National sur l’Emploi: sur la piste de solutions contre le chômage\"), the DGRH claimed youth unemployment stood at 35 per cent in 2010.","3M.  (2013, October 19) .  Forum National sur l’Emploi: sur la piste de solutions contre le chômage.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30756\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nKK.  (2013, March 12) .  Rapport du Comité monétaire national: Comment va réellement notre économie?.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=28723\n\nSEE.  (2012, December 13) .  Le seuil de pauvreté et le taux de chômage encore trop élevés, selon le FMI.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27244","A score of zero is justified for this \"in practice\" indicator because statistics on youth unemployment are supposedly collected by the Direction Nationale de la Statistique (DNS), but publication has such extreme time lags that it renders the information useless in terms of policym..."]
["2013_KE_91",2013,"KE","Kenya",91,0,"The focus on youth issues is growing by the day in Kenya. However, past population censuses have not investigated a specific category on youth unemployment. The Kenya national bureau of statistics says a yet-to-be released report on the household survey would provide an insight into youth unemployment.","1. James Gatungu, senior statistics officer, Kenya national bureau of statistics. Interviewed on September 24, 2013.\n\n2. Kenya 2009 population and national housing census highlights report. Published on August 28, 2010.\nLink http://www.knbs.or.ke/Census%20Results/KNBS%20Brochure.pdf.\n\n3. Phanuel Ojwaya. communications officer, planning and devolution ministry, Kenya. Interviewed on  September 27, 2013.","The focus on youth issues is growing by the day in Kenya. However, past population censuses have not investigated a specific category on youth unemployment. The Kenya national bureau of statistics says a yet-to-be released report on the household survey would provide an insight int..."]
["2013_MW_91",2013,"MW","Malawi",91,100,"In practice, the national statistics office of Malawi does collect and publish statistics on youth unemployment. Its youth unemployment data is collected by age as part of other surveys such as the welfare monitoring survey. Statistics are carried out and published on a yearly basis. The reports are available online for free from the office website www.nsomalawi.mw\n\nThe office collects information from various studies, such as the annual economic surveys and Malawi census, from which youth unemployment can be calculated. In 2012, a targeted report called the school to work transition survey, was conducted in collaboration with the International Labour Organisation, which will produce all the labour statistics for youth in Malawi. \n\nThis was the first of a series and there are plans to have a panel survey in the future. A full scale labour force survey was also conducted in 2012, which will also produce labour statistics including unemployment for the entire population, including youth. Both surveys are in the analysis stage and are expected to be published by the end of 2013 or next year (2014).\n\nInformation on employment from the 2008 Malawi census is available online free of charge, and the surveys will also be available online once the reports are published.\n\nThe youth unemployment rate was around 16%, with females slightly edging males, 13% and 17%, respectively","Tiope Mleme, Statistician, National Statistics Office of Malawi, October 12 2013.\n\nWinston Harawa, Finance and Administration Officer, NGO Board of Malawi, October 14 2013.\n\nEmma Kaliya, Programmes Manager, Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre, October 7 2013.\nNational Statistics Office NSO website http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/agriculture/wms_2011/2011%20Welfare%20Monitoring%20Survey_Report.pdf","In practice, the national statistics office of Malawi does collect and publish statistics on youth unemployment. Its youth unemployment data is collected by age as part of other surveys such as the welfare monitoring survey. Statistics are carried out and published on a yearly basi..."]
["2013_NA_91",2013,"NA","Namibia",91,100,"Namibia Statistics Agency Statistician General, John Steytler said his agency is mandated by the government to collect and publish statistics on youth unemployment annually since last year.\n\nConfidente newspaper journalist, Tirivangani Masawi, said the agency publishes such statistics and the recent one was published this year in the labour force survey 2013.\n\nStory in the Confidente newspaper by Caroline Nyadenga, under the headline,\"Labour Force Survey launched, NAMIBIA statistics Agency announced that the Labour Force Survey for 2013 will start on the 30th of September until the 13th of October 2013.\n\nStatistician General of Namibia Statistics Agency, Dr John Steytler said that cabinet directed the agency to conduct annual labour force surveys in order to provide public and private sector policy makers with up to date information on developments in the labour market. Steytler said this year’s survey will be entirely conducted by them and will be the first one to be conducted on an annual basis.\n\nDr Steytler said that the survey is the only official source of labour force statistics in the country and it will also bring out the official unemployment rate in Namibia.","Namibia Statistics Agency, Statistician General, John Steytler, email interview, October 10 2013.\n\nConfidente newspaper, Journalist, Tirivangani Masawi, face to face interview, October 4 2013.\n\nStory in the Confidente newspaper by Caroline Nyadenga, under the headline,\"Labour Force Survey launched, on September 12 2013, http://www.confidente.com.na/2013/09/12/labour-force-survey-launched/\nhttp://www.nsa.org.na/","Namibia Statistics Agency Statistician General, John Steytler said his agency is mandated by the government to collect and publish statistics on youth unemployment annually since last year...."]
["2013_NG_91",2013,"NG","Nigeria",91,25,"The National Bureau of Statistics collates and publishes statistics on unemployment, showing age grades that include youth grades.\n\nBut the data is published at best once in two years, and the latest obtained from the office in hard copy is for 2010. That year, youth unemployment for those aged 15-24 was 25.2%, and was 20.7% for those aged 25-44. \n\nThe data are not usually available online.","1. National Bureau of Statistics website, accessed October 2013: http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/.\n\n2. National Bureau of Statistics Data Portal, accessed October 2013:  http://nigeria.prognoz.com/.\n\n3. interview: Leo Sanni, Statistical Information Officer, National Bureau of Statistics, October 9, 2013, Abuja office.\n\n4. This Day newspaper, James Emejo, NBS Puts Nigeria’s Unemployment Rate at 23.9 per cent, May 09, 2013, http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nbs-puts-nigeria-s-unemployment-rate-at-23-9-per-cent/147135/.","The National Bureau of Statistics collates and publishes statistics on unemployment, showing age grades that include youth grades...."]
["2013_ZA_91",2013,"ZA","South Africa",91,100,"Statistics South Africa publishes labour statistics on a quarterly basis. These reports include information around youth unemployment. The reports are available online and easily accessible.\n\nIn the second quarter of 2013, some 3.4 million (32.9%) of the 10.4 million youths aged 15–24 years were not in employment, education or training. This is an increase from the fourth quarter of 2012, when 3.3 million youngsters were in such a position. This doesn't tell the entire story. According to the agency, the figures for Q3 of 2012 show some 71% of South Africa's unemployed were between 25-34 years old. \n\nDawie Roodt, director and chief economist at Efficient Group, says that these statistics don't per se reflect reality. \"They give a rough image, but don't reflect reality. Statistics South Africa is out by 5 to 10%, if you ask me. It is mainly a resource issue. The agency needs more people in the field to collect more data from more people and more regions. They also need more and better statisticians and economists to do the number crunching. The stats that are available don't always add up.\"\n\nRoodt: \"I think youth unemployment and general unemployment is lower when one takes into account the informal sector, which is much larger than we think. The good thing is that there is a consistency in where the unemployment stats are wrong and lacking. The trend is still there, which is important.\"\n\nNote regarding to \"Accessibility\" >>> It has to be noted that while the reports can be found online, not all South Africans have access to the internet. Statistics reveal that less than half, only 40%. of the population of 51 million has access to the web. This does not mean this 40% has daily access, or that the access is adequate to download documents.  Particularly people living in rural areas tend not to have access to the web. This is important to take into account when talking about accessibility. The fact that these documents are available online does not mean they are available to the masses. Please see the Integrity Indicators revolving around internet and access to the web.","Dawie Roodt, director and chief economist at financial services company Efficient Group (Pretoria), interview, October 23 2013.\n\nStatistics South Africa, www.statssa.gov.za.","Statistics South Africa publishes labour statistics on a quarterly basis. These reports include information around youth unemployment. The reports are available online and easily accessible...."]
["2013_TN_91",2013,"TN","Tunisia",91,100,"The National Statistics Institute regularly publishes data on unemployment, including youth unemployment, on a quarterly basis. These data are available for free on the website of INS.\n \n In May 2013, the institute published the unemployment data for the first trimestre of 2013. \n \n These data points were based on a sample composed of 45,000 families.\n \n The young graduated from university are those who suffer the highest rates of unemployment, and there is a total of 231,000 young unemployed according to the institute.","Website of the Institute for National Statistics, www.ins.nat.tn \n \n October 6, 2013: interview with Mr Nemsia, statistician, Institute for National Statistics.\n \n September 23, 2013: interview with Mr Ghachem, vice president of the NGO Association vigilance et egalite des chances, which tries to give support to vulnerable people (children, elder, disabled...)","The National Statistics Institute regularly publishes data on unemployment, including youth unemployment, on a quarterly basis. These data are available for free on the website of INS.\n ..."]
["2013_DZ_92",2013,"DZ","Algeria",92,0,"Aucune information concernant la pauvreté n’a été fournie, ces dernières années, par l’Office national des statistiques (voir le site Internet de l’ONS : http://www.ons.dz/-Statistiques-Sociales-.html). Le dernier rapport de l'ONS, datant de 2009/2011, et intitulé « l’Algérie en quelques chiffres », ne contient pas de données chiffrées concernant le taux de pauvreté. Même les bases de sondage effectuées par les associations auprès des familles pauvres sont différentes, aboutissant à des données contradictoires.","-Nabila Amir. (2013, le 16 juillet). Statistique de la pauvreté ; des secrets jalousement gardés. Elwatan. Repéré à http://www.zemzem.fr/articles/25-algerie/11414-statistiques-de-la-pauvret%C3%A9-en-alg%C3%A9rie-des-secrets-jalousement-gard%C3%A9s.html\n- Naima Benouaret. (2013, le 7 janvier). L’art de la manipulation des chiffres!. Elwatan. Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/eco/manipulation_statistiques.htm\n-Éditorial. (2013, le 17 avril). Le taux de chômage en Algérie : le pourcentage de la discorde. Algérie Focus. Repéré à http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/04/taux-de-chomage-en-algerie-le-pourcentage-de-la-discorde/\n-Latifa Belhadj. (2013, le 22 avril). 20 millions d'Algériens déchirés par la pauvreté. Echorouk. repéré à http://www.echoroukonline.com/ara/articles/162559.html\n-Khaled Mohamedi, membre de l'association des familles démunies, Chômeur, Saidan 03/09/2013","Aucune information concernant la pauvreté n’a été fournie, ces dernières années, par l’Office national des statistiques (voir le site Internet de l’ONS : http://www.ons.dz/-Statistiques-Sociales-.html). Le dernier rapport de l'ONS, datant de 2009/2011, et intitulé « l’Algérie en qu..."]
["2013_BI_92",2013,"BI","Burundi",92,25,"L’Institut de statistiques et d’études économiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU) offre plusieurs publications a télécharger sur son site (annuaires, bulletins, indices, enquêtes). Mais aucun des documents consultés en ligne ne contient de statistiques sur la pauvreté au Burundi. La dernière enquête par le gouvernement auprès des ménages date de 2006 (Enquête 2006 auprès des ménages). Le Document Stratégie Pays (2012–2016) se base sur les données de cette enquête pour son chiffre de 67 % de la population vivant en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. Cette enquête est téléchargeable sur le site de l’ISTEEBU et de la Banque Mondiale, mais il n’y a pas eu une enquête similaire depuis 7 ans.\n\nDans sa publication « Base de données pour les indicateurs développent durable humain 2010 », on trouve la méthodologie servant à évaluer la pauvreté humaine (voir p. 17 du PDF) et la pauvreté monétaire (p. 18). Mais les statistiques elles-mêmes ne sont pas publiées dans les tableaux ou annexes du PDF. Dans l’Annuaire statistique du Burundi 2011 (publié en octobre 2013) on ne trouve pas non plus de statistiques sur la pauvreté. L’Enquête démographique et de santé 2010 non plus ne contient pas d’indicateurs de pauvreté par tranche d’âge, province, etc.","Publications, site web de l'Institut de statistiques et d'études économiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU). http://www.isteebu.bi/index.php/presentation-generale-des-secteurs\n\nhttp://www.isteebu.bi/index.php/publications/rapports-d-enquetes\n\nSite web de la Banque mondiale, données pour le Burundi. http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/burundi\n\nDocument de Stratégie Pays, 2012–2016. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Burundi%20-%20DSP%202012-16.pdf","L’Institut de statistiques et d’études économiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU) offre plusieurs publications a télécharger sur son site (annuaires, bulletins, indices, enquêtes). Mais aucun des documents consultés en ligne ne contient de statistiques sur la pauvreté au Burundi. La dernière..."]
["2013_CM_92",2013,"CM","Cameroon",92,0,"In Cameroon, the government has set up an organization to collect statistical data, namely the Institution national de la Statistique (INS). The role of the INS can be summarised in two steps. It generates structural and short-term statistics, as indicated on its website. On this website, accessing data is difficult, as noted by Kam Simo Severin, economist. The figures are rarely updated. A source within the organization (who would prefer to remain anonymous), claims that the data does exist but can only be viewed on request.\n\nAccording to Christophe Mvondo, the INS only conducts studies on the basis of requests from clients and consequently, some data is outdated and other data simply does not exist. He claims for example that there are no available statistics on \"the number of malaria patients in Yaoundé Central Hospital during a given period\".\n\nMore relevant for this indicator, no statistics on poverty are available on the INS website.","Mvondo, Christophe.  (2013, October 10) .  [Science journalist]. science journalist, interviewed 10 October 2013.\n\nSeverin, Kam Simo.  (2013, October 11) .  [Economist and lecturer].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  [On the frequency of publication of statistics].  Statistics Cameroon.  Retrieved from http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/manager.php?id=9","In Cameroon, the government has set up an organization to collect statistical data, namely the Institution national de la Statistique (INS). The role of the INS can be summarised in two steps. It generates structural and short-term statistics, as indicated on its website. On this w..."]
["2013_CD_92",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",92,25,"Il existe bien des statistiques officielles sur la pauvreté mais elles ne sont pas réalisées sur une base annuelle. Selon OBAMBI-GUEKO dans l'établissement des critères de d'étude statistiques des pays africains, il serait souhaitable de tenir compte de la réalité locale. La situation du Congo sur les indices de la pauvreté s'est amélioré et 46,5% de la population congolaise est en-dessous du seuil de pauvreté. Les statistiques 2011 sont en cours d'analyse et de rassemblement. Ils ont été faits avec le soutien technique d'Afristat (basé à Bamako). Il y a deux volets, le QUIBB et celui de la consommation. QUIBB est l'indicateur de bien être de base qui permet de collecter les données des conditions de vie et d'accès de service sociaux de base.","1 - Rencontre le 25 octobre avec M. OBAMBI-GUECKO, statisticien, auditeur directeur de l'informatique et de la gestion des bases de données.\n\n2 -  www.afristat.org\n\n3 - Publication officielle de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDSC-II), Brazzaville, le 16 octobre 2013.\n\n4 - Note d'information de l'EDSC\n\n5 - Statistiques Profil pauvreté Ecom\n\n6 - Statistiques Rapport QUIBB ecom 2011","Il existe bien des statistiques officielles sur la pauvreté mais elles ne sont pas réalisées sur une base annuelle. Selon OBAMBI-GUEKO dans l'établissement des critères de d'étude statistiques des pays africains, il serait souhaitable de tenir compte de la réalité locale. La situat..."]
["2013_GA_92",2013,"GA","Gabon",92,0,"The Direction Nationale de la Statistique (DNS) has not carried out poverty surveys in Gabon in the last three years. See examples of the time lags in DNS publications by consulting the 2009 report titled \"Annuaire Statistique du Gabon, 2001–2007\".\n\nThe DNS should have been conducting poverty surveys each year to monitor progress toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), like other statistical agencies in the sub-region. Policy makers in other countries can consult the latest indicators for poverty by region. The lack of surveys at DNS could reflect shortages in funding. \n\nIn the meantime, international organizations such as the UNDP still cite data from the 2005 poverty survey, known as the \"Enquête Gabonaise d’Evaluation de la Pauvreté\" (EGEP)/Gabonese Poverty Evaluation Survey. A more recent report on MDG pogress was carried out in 2010 and is known as the \"Troisième Rapport National sur le suivi des OMD\"/Third National MDG Monitoring Report.\n\nThe government announced the launch of a national census in 2013. The last census in Gabon was done in 2005. The Director General of Statistics, Francis Thierry Tiwinot, is in charge of this project, which will include household income, a way to capture poverty. The census is known as \"Recensement Général de la Population et des Logements\" (RGPL 2013)/General Population and Housing Census.\n\nSee the article in GabonEco in which Francis Thierry Tiwinot says the RPGL 2013 will make up for the deficits in Gabon's statistics-gathering system (\"Un recensement général de la population et des logements prévu cette année 2013\").","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\n(2009, July) .  Annuaire Statistique du Gabon, 2001–2007.  Direction Nationale de la Statistique.  Retrieved from http://www.stat-gabon.org/documents/PDF/Donnees%20stat/Compteannuaire/Ann0107d.pdf\n\nASMP.  (2013, January 11) .  Un recensement général de la population et des logements prévu cette année 2013.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27654\n\n(n.d.) .  Les OMD au Gabon.  [UNDP website on progress toward the MDGs].  Retrieved from http://www.ga.undp.org/index.php/omd/les-omd-au-gabon\n\nNtoutoume, L.  (2013, May 31) .  Le Gabon à la traine dans la lutte contre la pauvreté en Afrique.  À La Une.  [Reprinted in Gabon Review].  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/le-gabon-a-la-traine-dans-la-lutte-contre-la-pauvrete-en-afrique/\n\n(2011) .  République gabonaise, document de stratégie pays 2011-2015.  Groupe de la Banque africaine de développement, département régional centre (ORCE).  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Gabon%20-%20Document%20de%20stratégie%20pays%202011-2015%20(Final).pdf","The Direction Nationale de la Statistique (DNS) has not carried out poverty surveys in Gabon in the last three years. See examples of the time lags in DNS publications by consulting the 2009 report titled \"Annuaire Statistique du Gabon, 2001–2007\"...."]
["2013_GH_92",2013,"GH","Ghana",92,0,"The Ghana Statistical Service conducts a Ghana Living Standards Survey once every five years. The survey is administered to about 8,000 households out of the country's population. Statistics on poverty, among other issues, are generated by the survey. This is how data on poverty are collected in the country and the data are updated once in every five years when the survey is conducted. The data are not available online but can be purchased at the cost of 50 dollars, far above photocopying cost.\n\nAlso, data on poverty are collected as part of the national population and housing census which is conducted once every ten years and it is also not online.","1. Mr Edward Asuo Afram, economic statistics department, Ghana Statistical Service, telephone interview, October 3, Accra.\n\n2. Dr Yakubu Zakaria, programmes director, Integrated Social Development Centre, Telephone interview, October 9, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Christian Akorlie, economics journalist and editor, Ghana News Agency, telephone interview, September 26, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Kwame Mensah, programmes officer, International Labour Organisation, telephone interview, October 4, Accra.","The Ghana Statistical Service conducts a Ghana Living Standards Survey once every five years. The survey is administered to about 8,000 households out of the country's population. Statistics on poverty, among other issues, are generated by the survey. This is how data on poverty ar..."]
["2013_LR_92",2013,"LR","Liberia",92,0,"There are no records of poverty tracking in Liberia. The government has never ventured into researching the number of people living in poverty. In a discussion with some of the technocrats at the office for statistics, there was an admittance that people will not believe a good score, and that the government is not ready to report a score that will leave citizens expecting more from it.","1. Ngafuahn, R. (2013, November 5). Personal Interview. Assistant Minister for Statistics - Ministry of Labor, Monrovia\n\n2. Doe-Nah, T. (2013, November 4). Personal Interview. Executive Director - CENTAL, Monrovia\n\n3. Brown, G. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Strategic Planning Manager - General Auditing Commission, Monrovia","There are no records of poverty tracking in Liberia. The government has never ventured into researching the number of people living in poverty. In a discussion with some of the technocrats at the office for statistics, there was an admittance that people will not believe a good sco..."]
["2013_MU_92",2013,"MU","Mauritius",92,0,"Statistics Mauritius conducted its last Household Budget Survey (HBS) in 2012. New poverty statistics were released in April 2013. They showed the estimated number of poor households, based on preliminary findings of the 2012 HBS. It is important to highlight that Mauritius does not have a national poverty line. However, on the basis of available Household Budget Survey data, relative poverty measures have been derived and the relative poverty line has been set at half the median monthly household income per adult equivalent. The proportion of poor households below the relative poverty line (set at the half median monthly household income per adult equivalent) was 9.4 percent in 2012, up from 7.9 percent in 2006-07. The number of poor households increased from 26,400 in 2006-07 to 33,800 in 2012. \n\nHowever, Mauritius does not collect poverty statistics on a yearly basis. HBS data have been collected for the years 2001-02, 2006-07 and 2012, and can be accessed for free on Statistics Mauritius website.","1.  Chandranee Rughoobur, statistician. Statistics Mauritius. Responded via email on Oct. 1, 2013. \n\n2. Household Budget Survey 2012 – preliminary results and updated weights for the Consumer Price Index. Statistics Mauritius. April 2013. Available at http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/ei1035/hbs.pdf\n\n3. Poverty. Statistics Mauritius. Available at http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/StatsbySubj/Pages/Poverty.aspx","Statistics Mauritius conducted its last Household Budget Survey (HBS) in 2012. New poverty statistics were released in April 2013. They showed the estimated number of poor households, based on preliminary findings of the 2012 HBS. It is important to highlight that Mauritius does no..."]
["2013_NE_92",2013,"NE","Niger",92,0,"Il n'y a pas de données sur le site et dans les bulletins de l'INS, à part les rapports datant de 2008-2009. La personne interrogée à l'INS ne pouvait pas répondre à la question.","Source 1: Amadou Oumarou, Directeur Scientifique du LASDEL, Enseignant-chercheur au département de sociologie de la FLSH de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey. (Décembre 2012).\n\nSource 2: Site internet de l'Institut national de la statistique. Niger\nhttp://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/\n\nSource 3: Bulletin trimestriel de statistique. Edition du premier trimestre 2013.\nhttp://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/2013/Bulletin_statistique_1T13%20.pdf","Il n'y a pas de données sur le site et dans les bulletins de l'INS, à part les rapports datant de 2008-2009. La personne interrogée à l'INS ne pouvait pas répondre à la question."]
["2013_SC_92",2013,"SC","Seychelles",92,0,"The first survey on poverty was done by the national bureau of statistics last year. Before that there was no poverty line that was established. \n\nThe household budget surveys which are conducted every five years are meant to generate a poverty line and the idea is to conduct a living conditions survey halfway between two household budget surveys to provide more current data. The first living conditions survey was conducted in 2011 and this produced a relative poverty line. The next household budget survey (currently happening) is expected to produce a poverty line as well. The report is at the printers, not currently online, but can be obtained within two weeks of request. It will be publicly available online early 2014.\n\nGoing forward statistics will be available between every two and three years. The bureau was extremely helpful in providing this data.  To date, however, statistics have been largely unavailable.","1. Interview: Anonymous source, civil society expert, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Email: Anonymous source, representative from the National Bureau of Statistics, December 10, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Anonymous source, expert from the National Bureau of Statistics, December 11, 2013.\n\n4. Email: Anonymous source, public servant, December 11, 2013.","The first survey on poverty was done by the national bureau of statistics last year. Before that there was no poverty line that was established. ..."]
["2013_SS_92",2013,"SS","South Sudan",92,25,"In practice the South Sudan National Bureau of Statists sometimes collects and publishes statistics on poverty.  However, this is not done annually or at a regular frequency. For example, the last time the National Bureau of Statistics collected data on poverty was in 2008, followed by another survey in 2011 and again in 2012.\n\nAccording David Chan Thiang, Director of Economic Statistics at National Bureau of Statistics, the agency is unable to collect statistics on an annual basis due to logistical and funding difficulties. The organization also lack capacity as it has few qualified staff to undertake the task annually.","South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics.  (2012) .  South Sudan poverty estimates at the county level for 2008.  Juba, Sudan.  Retrieved from http://ssnbs.org/storage/County%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates.pdf \n\n(n.d.) .  The Republic of South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics.  Retrieved from http://ssnbs.org/key-indicators-for-southern-su/ \n\nThiang, David Chan.  (2014, January 8) .  [Director of Economic Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics].  Personal communication.","In practice the South Sudan National Bureau of Statists sometimes collects and publishes statistics on poverty.  However, this is not done annually or at a regular frequency. For example, the last time the National Bureau of Statistics collected data on poverty was in 2008, followe..."]
["2013_UG_92",2013,"UG","Uganda",92,25,"A visit to the Uganda bureau of statistics resource centre/library, the government’s official statistics provider, reveals that every year the bureau has been publishing statistics on poverty in a statistical abstract, with the latest being produced in June 2012. In an interview with the bureau public relations manager, he revealed that, depending on the availability of funds, the bureau has been collecting statistics on poverty every 2-5 years through household socioeconomic surveys. For the other years, estimates are used based on previous studies, and the recent 2012 statistics are based on the 2009/10 survey. Otherwise, every year the statistical abstract is published with the most recent statistics on poverty trends. As long as results have been released for public consumption, the statistics can be obtained in paper version on the same day they are requested for at the cost of photocopying. A copy of the full report can also be bought at UGX 45,000 (US$18). For those with access to the internet, the bureau maintains a webpage at [http://www.ubos.org/index.php], where poverty statistics can be accessed free of charge. The public relations manager said that the bureau endeavours to upload statistics on to the website as soon as it is released.\n \n According the 2011/12 statistical abstract, the proportion of the population living below the poverty line reduced from 31.1% (2005/06) to 24.5% (2009/10). The incidence of poverty remained higher in rural areas (27.2%) compared to urban areas (9.1%).","Godfrey Nabongo, Manager Communications and Public Relations, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, September 20, 2013.\n \n Uganda Bureau of Statistics, “Statistical Abstract 2012”, June 2012, p. 25-28.\n \n Poverty\n http://www.ubos.org/index.php?st=pagerelations2&id=37&p=related%20pages%202:Poverty%20.","A visit to the Uganda bureau of statistics resource centre/library, the government’s official statistics provider, reveals that every year the bureau has been publishing statistics on poverty in a statistical abstract, with the latest being produced in June 2012. In an interview wi..."]
["2013_BW_93",2013,"BW","Botswana",93,100,"The central statistics office publishes statistics on infrastructure on a quarterly basis, and they are available online at the CSO website for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying. The most recent one was published in September 2013 and is available online. It covers information on railways, air/water transport and communication, but does not include data on water/electric grid.","1. Website: Transport and Communications, CSO, http://www.cso.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content1&parent_id=370&id=445&nid=370. \n\n2. Article: Infrastructure: The ace up Botswana's sleeve, Mmegi, September 2012,  http://www.cso.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content1&parent_id=370&id=445&nid=370.\n\n3. Article: Privatisation, outsourcing and rationalisation, Sunday Standard, February 14 2013,  http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=16178&GroupID=3.","The central statistics office publishes statistics on infrastructure on a quarterly basis, and they are available online at the CSO website for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying. The most recent one was published in September 2013 and i..."]
["2013_BF_93",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",93,75,"L’Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD) collecte et publie annuellement des données sur les Infrastructures socio-économiques (transport, télécommunications, enérgie, etc.), qui sont accessible sur son site web (http://www.insd.bf/n/index.php/publications?id=36).","Interview avec Pascal Nakelse, statisticien, Institut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INSD), 3 octobre 2013.\n\nInterview avec Sory Amed, Direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle (DCPM), ministère des Infrastructures et du Désenclavement, 3 octobre 2013\n\nInstitut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INSD), site Internet. Accessed in October 2013 : http://www.insd.bf/n/\nhttp://www.insd.bf/n/index.php/publications?id=36","L’Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD) collecte et publie annuellement des données sur les Infrastructures socio-économiques (transport, télécommunications, enérgie, etc.), qui sont accessible sur son site web (http://www.insd.bf/n/index.php/publications?..."]
["2013_CG_93",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",93,50,"L’Institut national des statistiques est appelé à rassembler et analyser, principalement pour le compte du gouvernement, les informations statistiques nécessaires pour sa politique démographique, économique et sociale. Il n'y pas de données sur les infrastructures disponibles en ligne. \n\nAinsi, d’autres institutions comme la Banque centrale du Congo publient chaque année ces rapports dont les plus récents datent de 2011, qui sont disponibles en ligne. Ceux de 2012 sont aussi publiés, mais sont disponibles seulement à la bibliothèque de la Banque où il faut se rendre pour les consulter. \nLes statistiques sur la vie des Congolais en général sont alarmantes. On peut les consulter, elles sont disponibles à la Banque centrale du Congo. \nLes statistiques sur les infrastructures sont disponibles à la Banque centrale du Congo, il suffit de vous rendre à la bibliothèque centrale ou sur le site internet de la Banque centrale.\n\nLes statistiques des années passées (2011) sont consultables sur le site de la Banque centrale. Pour celles de l’année 2012, elles ne sont pas toujours disponibles en ligne. Il faut se rendre à la bibliothèque pour les consulter. On peut les avoir en moins de deux heures. Ces rapports peuvent atteindre 290 pages.","- Voir www.ins.cd ou http://www.bcc.cd/downloads/pub/rapann/Rapport_annuel_2011_bcc_RDC.pdf.\nou voir le BULLETIN D'INFORMATIONS STATISTIQUES D'AOUT 2013, in http://www.bcc.cd/downloads/pub/bulstat/bull_aout_2013.pdf\n\n- Mr Rosy Lukoki, agent du service d'audit, Banque centrale du Congo, entrevue du 23/10/2013.\n\n- Mr Papy Mukadi, agent de la Banque centrale du Congo, service informatique, le 2 janvier 2014.","L’Institut national des statistiques est appelé à rassembler et analyser, principalement pour le compte du gouvernement, les informations statistiques nécessaires pour sa politique démographique, économique et sociale. Il n'y pas de données sur les infrastructures disponibles en li..."]
["2013_CI_93",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",93,0,"Il existe un Institut national de statistique (INS) en Côte d’Ivoire dont la mission est de recueillir, de documenter, de publier et de conserver des données en vue de produire des statistiques susceptibles d’éclairer les pouvoirs publiques dans leurs décisions et de procéder à des comparaisons internationales. Cependant, bien que relevant de sa responsabilité première, l’INS n’est pas la seule structure à effectuer ce travail de collecte de données. Dans la plupart des ministères, on trouve un organe chargé de la collecte de données et de la création de statistiques.\n\nLe site Internet de l’INS donne également accès à un portail de données statistiques (http://cotedivoire.africadata.org) dans lequel il est possible d’obtenir une série d’informations portant sur les infrastructures: infrastructures de distribution d’énergie électrique/nombre de centrales isolées (1998-2006), infrastructures de distribution d’énergie électrique/nombre de foyers (1996-2006), infrastructures de distribution d’énergie électrique/nombre de postes HTA-BTA (1997-2006). Ces informations en ligne, en plus de n’être pas récentes (les dernières remontent a 2006), sont difficiles d’accès du fait de problèmes d’ordre technique.\n\nPar ailleurs, les multiples tentatives téléphoniques auprès des différents services de l’INS afin de nous enquérir de l’existence de statistiques sur les infrastructures nous ont permis de nous rendre compte d’emblée de la difficulté de savoir s’il existait de telles statistiques et plus particulièrement d'heurter à quelques contraintes administratives; il a été demandé d’adresser une demande par écrit pour préciser la nature des statistiques demandées; demande à laquelle il n'y a pas encore eu de réponses. Le chercheur a été informé que l’INS publiait un annuaire des statistiques économiques qui fournit plusieurs données. Cependant, le prix de cette publication ne serait pas a la portée de tous les citoyens.\n\nAfin d’apporter des débuts de solutions aux difficultés auxquelles la Côte d’Ivoire est confrontée dans le recueil et la constitution de statistiques, l’un des résultats stratégiques de développement défini dans le Plan national de développement (2011-2015) est ainsi la réhabilitation du Système statistique national en renforçant en faisant la promotion de la disponibilité de statistiques fiables (PND, p. 25).","- Site internet de l’Institut national des Statistiques de Côte d'Ivoire: http://www.ins.ci/n/. consulté en janvier 2014.\n\n- Portail de données statistiques: http://cotedivoire.africadata.org\n\n- Appels téléphoniques auprès des services de l’INS, 27 janvier 2014.","Il existe un Institut national de statistique (INS) en Côte d’Ivoire dont la mission est de recueillir, de documenter, de publier et de conserver des données en vue de produire des statistiques susceptibles d’éclairer les pouvoirs publiques dans leurs décisions et de procéder à des..."]
["2013_ET_93",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",93,50,"Data on transport and communication exist, in the form of Transport and Communicatoin Statistics Abstract (http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-13-43-35/national-statistics-abstract/145-transport-and-communication). The Abstract is published annually since 2003 and the latest data available online is from 2012.","Ethiopian Statistical Authority. Transport and Communication Abstract. http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-13-43-35/national-statistics-abstract/145-transport-and-communication\n\nEthiopian Statistical Authority, http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-14-51-51/2013-04-01-11-53-00/census-2007.\n\nEthiopian Statistical Authority, \"DIRECTIVE ISSUED TO ESTABLISH PROCEDURES FOR \nACCESSING RAW DATA TO USERS.\"  \n\nEthiopian Statistical Authority, \"Policy Data Request Form.\"","Data on transport and communication exist, in the form of Transport and Communicatoin Statistics Abstract (http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-13-43-35/national-statistics-abstract/145-transport-and-communication). The Abstract is published annually since 2003 and the latest..."]
["2013_GW_93",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",93,0,"Statistics on infrastructures are not collected and diffused frequently. The Agency for the Security of Aerial Navigation in Africa and Madagascar is the subregional organisation in charge of diffusing information about airports and air traffic. There are no other agencies producing statistics on infrastructures (water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.) in Guinea Bissau.","1. Suande Camara, Director Servico Estatistico Demografico e Social, Instituto Nacional Estatistica, Director of the Statistics, Demographics and Social Service in National Institute of Statistics. Interviewed on November 11, 2013.\n\n2. Umu Dabo, Chefe Servico Recolha informacoes, Instituto Nacional Estatistica, Responsible for the Information Service in National Institute of Statistics. Interviewed on November 11, 2013.\n\n3. Braima DANFA, Chefe Servico Fusao e Coordinacao, Instituto Nacional Estatistica, Responsible for the Coordination Service, National Institute of Statistics. Interviewed on November 11, 2013.","Statistics on infrastructures are not collected and diffused frequently. The Agency for the Security of Aerial Navigation in Africa and Madagascar is the subregional organisation in charge of diffusing information about airports and air traffic. There are no other agencies producin..."]
["2013_MG_93",2013,"MG","Madagascar",93,0,"L'INSTAT n'a pas recueilli et publié de statistiques sur les infrastructures depuis septembre 2012, pour des raisons budgétaires. De toute façon, les données sur les infrastructures sont rares dans les activités de l'INSTAT. \n\nCette information venant du directeur de l'organisme d’État responsable des statistiques, aucune autre source n'a été consultée.","- Gérard Ravelomanantsoa, directeur général, Institut national de la statistique (INSTAT), 10 octobre 2013.\n\n- Site de l'INSTAT. http://www.instat.mg/. consulté en octobre 2013.\n\n- ENQUÊTE NATIONALE SUR LE SUIVI DES OBJECTIFS DU MILLÉNAIRE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT À MADAGASCAR, 2012 - 2013\nÉtude Nationale, Caractéristiques sociodémographiques de la population, http://www.instat.mg/pdf/ensomd-2012-2013_0.pdf","L'INSTAT n'a pas recueilli et publié de statistiques sur les infrastructures depuis septembre 2012, pour des raisons budgétaires. De toute façon, les données sur les infrastructures sont rares dans les activités de l'INSTAT. ..."]
["2013_MA_93",2013,"MA","Morocco",93,100,"Every year, the High Commission of Planning publishes statistics on infrastructure in Morocco. These statistics are made available online.  For example, the Highways Authority publishes an annual report in which it documents the amount of roads, their quality and reach, and the extent to which they were used in the preceding year.\n\nSimilar reports are available for other departments.","Benhamou, Zouhair Ait.  (2013, October 1) .  [Blogger].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  [Information on Moroccan highways].  Retrieved from http://www.adm.co.ma/ADM/Communication/Pages/Publication.aspx?p=14. accessed in October 2013\n\n(n.d.) .  [Information on Moroccan railroads].  Retrieved from http://www.oncf.ma/Fr/Actualites.aspx?id=101&ep=2&bHome=1.  accessed in October 2013\n\n(n.d.) .  [Moroccan High Commission of Planning's reports on all kinds of indicators].  Retrieved from http://www.hcp.ma/downloads/Maroc-en-chiffres_t13053.html.  accessed in October 2013","Every year, the High Commission of Planning publishes statistics on infrastructure in Morocco. These statistics are made available online.  For example, the Highways Authority publishes an annual report in which it documents the amount of roads, their quality and reach, and the ext..."]
["2013_SN_93",2013,"SN","Senegal",93,0,"L'agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie permet au gouvernement de recueillir avec assiduité des statistiques sur les infrastructures – voies ferrées, aéroports, canalisations d'eau, réseau électrique, tours de télécommunications, etc. Ces données, cependant, sont rarement transmises au public, et les dernières données révélées au sujet de ces infrastructures ont été mises en 2009. Les seules statistiques disponibles concernent les disparités régionales dans l’accès aux routes, aux points d’eau potable et à l’école. Ces données révèlent des écarts énormes entre les zones urbaines et les zones rurales.","Entretien avec El Hadji Malick Guèye, responsable, Division de la documentation et de la diffusion, Agence nationale des statistiques, 16 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Malick Ndaw, journaliste économique, journal Quotidien Sud, 11 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Ndeye Marieme Samb, directrice exécutive, Forum civil, 11 octobre 2013.","L'agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie permet au gouvernement de recueillir avec assiduité des statistiques sur les infrastructures – voies ferrées, aéroports, canalisations d'eau, réseau électrique, tours de télécommunications, etc. Ces données, cependant, sont ..."]
["2013_SO_93",2013,"SO","Somalia",93,0,"There are no regularly published statistics on infrastructure by a government agency. According to a review of ecastats.uneca.org, the Directorate of Statistics within the Ministry of National Planning would be the producing bodies. \n\nAccording to the African Development Bank Group, \"Somalia is still characterized by a severe lack of basic economic and social statistics. The situation has been worsened by the two-decade conflict and the resulting collapse of the country’s institutions.\" (2.2.1)","Reference Regional Strategic Framework for Statistical Capacity Building in Africa. Website review on March 11, 2014. http://ecastats.uneca.org/acsweb/rrsf/en-us/baselineinformation/statisticalorganization.aspx\n\nAfrican Development Bank Group. Somalia Country Brief 2013-2015. May 2012. 20132015http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2013-2015%20-%20Somalia%20-%20Country%20Brief.pdf","There are no regularly published statistics on infrastructure by a government agency. According to a review of ecastats.uneca.org, the Directorate of Statistics within the Ministry of National Planning would be the producing bodies. ..."]
["2013_TZ_93",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",93,25,"There are government statistics on infrastructure, but they are only available by requesting them in-person and from different bodies. They are not collected and maintained in a centralised fashion. The East African Community statistics portal website has statistics on Tanzanian infrastructure, but the most recent year of review is 2010. (The most recent year for some other countries is 2010.) The document, Tanzania in Figures 2012, which can be accessed online or purchased for 5000 TSh, does include some statistics on transport, available on page 54, which tallies different modes of transport and passengers (the most recent being 2011 or 2012), but does not include information on infrastructure itself.","1.. a. Mr. Paskal b. Statistician c. National Bureau of Statistics d.) Telephone: October 3, 2013.\n 2. East Africa Community Statistics Portal website, East African Community, Last Updated on Friday, May 17, 2013, http://www.statistics.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140&Itemid=113.\n 3. National Bureau of Statistics website, Government of Tanzania, http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=104&Itemid=124.\n 4. Tanzania in Figures 2012, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, June 2013, (Please see attached document).","There are government statistics on infrastructure, but they are only available by requesting them in-person and from different bodies. They are not collected and maintained in a centralised fashion. The East African Community statistics portal website has statistics on Tanzanian in..."]
["2013_ZW_93",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",93,0,"The government does not publish data on infrastructure statistics. If they are there, then they are not made public. Zimstat only published a report on airport traffic. The government has not been able to conduct infrastructure surveys because of lack of financial resources. Statistics on the ministry of transport, communication and infrastructure development website only shows statistics on few infrastructure development projects.","Anonymous. Statistician. Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZimStat). September 18, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Zimstat (2013). Table 16.2 Airport Traffic, Excluding Transit Passengers. http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Transport/Traffic.pdf.\n \n Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructure Development (2013). Performance and Progress Reports on Roads and Bridges. http://www.transcom.gov.zw/about-motcid-2/budgets-projects-plans/state-owned-enterprises-and-parastals.","The government does not publish data on infrastructure statistics. If they are there, then they are not made public. Zimstat only published a report on airport traffic. The government has not been able to conduct infrastructure surveys because of lack of financial resources. Statis..."]
["2013_BF_94",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",94,75,"La direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle (DCPM) soutient qu'il existe un plan national de développement des TIC dénommé « Cyberstratégie nationale ». Ce document engloberait toutes les actions à moyen et long terme pour la promotion de l'accès à internet par les populations. Les délais ne nous ont pas permis de pouvoir disposer dudit document. Une version ancienne de cette stratégie existe en ligne : http://www.burkina-ntic.net/IMG/pdf/Pol_TIC_CSLP-NTIC-ArticlePNUD-7.pdf .  \n\nDans le document, il ressort qu'il s'agissait entre autre de « créer les conditions pour la vulgarisation des TIC par : \n- le développement des infrastructures de communication ; \n- le développement de centres de ressources d’information et de communication communautaires ; \n- le choix de technologies pouvant favoriser une appropriation locale rapide et durable ; \n- la sensibilisation, la formation, le perfectionnement et la recherche en informatique ; \n- l’organisation du secteur. »","Interview avec Moumouni Ouédraogo, Direction de la Communication et de la Presse Ministérielle (DCPM), ministère du Développement, de l'Economie numérique et des Postes (MDENP), 7 octobre 2013\n\nDirection de la Communication et de la Presse Ministérielle (DCPM), ministère du Développement, de l'Economie numérique et des Postes (MDENP). (24 juillet 2013). TIC et monde rural. site web du MDENP : DCPM/MDENP lien: http://www.mptic.gov.bf/index.php/actualites/117-tic-et-monde-rural \n\nYé, N. (1er octobre 2013). SITHO 2013 : l’impact de l’Internet sur le tourisme. aouaga.com : http://news.aouaga.com/h/15040.html","La direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle (DCPM) soutient qu'il existe un plan national de développement des TIC dénommé « Cyberstratégie nationale ». Ce document engloberait toutes les actions à moyen et long terme pour la promotion de l'accès à internet par l..."]
["2013_KM_94",2013,"KM","Comoros",94,25,"Le bureau du Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD) a appuyé les Comores dans l’élaboration d’une stratégie nationale sur le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Cette stratégie a été  validée en aout 2005 et un plan de mise en œuvre a été dressé. Mais même en 2013, l'Union des Comores reste parmi les moins connectés du monde. Selon le rapport 2012 de l' Union internationale des télécommunications: « L’édition 2012 du Rapport \"Mesurer la société de l’information\" établie par la Division des données et des statistiques sur les TIC (IDS) du Bureau de développement des télécommunications de l’UIT, la place de Comores se trouve au 130e rang sur les 155 pays pris en compte, avec un IDI de 1,68. Classement fondé sur l'absence d'infrastructures et des compétences nécessaires pour améliorer la pénétration et l’utilisation des TIC. Les responsables politiques devraient donc  accorder une attention toute particulière, tant à l’échelle nationale qu’internationale à ce fait (Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT), 2012).\nLe pourcentage des comoriens abonnés à l'internet était de 0,2°/° en 2011 selon les statistiques mondiales (Statistiques mondiales, Union des Comores, Octobre 2013). Mais un autre problème est survenu au mois d'aout dernier aux Comores: « La société d’État Comores Telecom a interdit de façon officielle la téléphonie en ligne, bloquant l’accès des internautes comoriens à plusieurs sites web offrant la communication gratuite. La société nationale Comores Telecom explique sa décision par le souci de préserver sa stabilité financière, vu qu’environ 90% de ses recettes proviennent des appels téléphoniques (Gueye, 8 aout 201).\n\n L’Association des consommateurs des technologies de l’information et de la communication a déposé une plainte contre Comores Telecom le 5 aout 2013 auprès de l’autorité nationale de régulation des TIC, l’organe chargé d’assurer le règlement des différends nés entre les opérateurs de réseaux de communications électroniques et les utilisateurs. Les internautes s’organisent également contre ce qu’ils considèrent être une atteinte à leur liberté d’expression et ont ouvert lundi 5 aout une page Facebook intitulée  « Non aux Censures de COMORES TELECOM » afin de faire plier la compagnie.\n Au lieu de leur ouvrir le monde, comme le disent ces affiches, Comores Telecom le leur ferme (Contrepoints, 5 aout 2013).\nQuant à l'initiative de l'État pour  accroitre l'accès des citoyens à Internet, c'est en 2011 que le gouvernement a inauguré un site internet à la Faculté de médecine de Moroni (Union des Comores, 2 mars 2011).\n \nSelon Karim Attoumani Mohamed (2011), en termes d’infrastructure, on voit qu’à peine 4% de la population utilise l’Internet et 0.88% de la population possède un ordinateur. Ces données indiquent que la majeure partie des utilisateurs d’internet le font dans des cybercafés ou bien dans leur lieu de travail. Par ailleurs, les applications de l’e-gouvernement sont aussi développées pour les téléphones mobiles, un outil qui a un bon taux d’usage et qui est en pleine croissance. (Mohamed, 2011 : 5).\nSur les neuf sites gouvernementaux évalués, à peine 50% peuvent être considérés comme répondant aux critères de l’émergence en ligne (mars 2011).  Pire, ces derniers ne sont pas accessibles à partir du portail gouvernemental. D’ailleurs, l’un de ces deux sites n’est pas fonctionnel du tout et lorsqu’on veut y accéder, une notification de présence de virus est signalée. Parmi tous les sites répertoriés, des informations générales sont présentes, mais certains sites ne sont pas mis à jour.\nTous les sites évalués nécessitent des améliorations pour le bien du public en fournissant une assistance aux citoyens dans le cadre de leur rapport avec l’administration publique. Il n’y a quasiment pas de transactions avec les citoyens (Mohamed, 2011 : 5).\n\nEn effet, la communication bidirectionnelle avec les citoyens, y compris la possibilité de consulter et recevoir des commentaires sur des politiques du gouvernement, des programmes, des règlements, n’existe pas. Des liens de forums sont disponibles dans quelques sites, notamment le portail du gouvernement. En réalité, ils ne sont pas fonctionnels et les outils de sondage en ligne ne sont pas utilisés. L’autre carence observée se situe au niveau des conditions nécessaires pour effectuer des transactions en ligne, à savoir l’aspect sécuritaire. Aux Comores, l’infrastructure publique de chiffrement fait défaut. L’élément caractérisant le mieux l’absence du pays en ligne est l’usage d’adresses de courriers électroniques avec Yahoo et Hotmail, depuis le simple citoyen et jusqu’aux plus hauts cadres de l’État, y compris les ministres, alors que il y a la possibilité d’utiliser le sous domaine gov.km pour les entités du gouvernement (Mohamed, 2011 : 7).\nLes facteurs bloquant le développement de l’e-gouvernement aux Comores sont d’ordres institutionnel, politique et techniques. L’instabilité politique et institutionnelle que connait le pays depuis son accession à l’indépendance affecte l’état de sa gouvernance. En effet, avant même de parler d’une e-gouvernance, beaucoup de services publics ne sont plus rendus comme ils le devaient. L’e-gouvernement n’est qu’un outil d’accompagnement. Il faudrait donc refondre l’organisation et les processus gouvernementaux car l’e-gouvernance viendrait automatiser des procédures traditionnelles efficaces qui font défaut aux Comores. On peut citer aussi le manque de vision sur l’e-gouvernement aux Comores qui devrait se traduire par une stratégie globale d’implémentation.\n\nL’Union des Comores a besoin d’améliorer l’e-gouvernement en rendant effectif l’usage des TIC dans la délivrance des services publics et en augmentant la présence en ligne du pays. Les statistiques montrent que les services d’information émergents ne sont qu’à 7%, les services d’information améliorés à 3%, les services interconnectés à 2% et les services transactionnels quasiment inexistants. Ces chiffres illustrent clairement que les citoyens n’interagissent pas avec le gouvernement à travers les TIC et qu’ils ne consultent pas les informations en lignes. Ces informations sont de toute manière quasi-inexistantes, puisqu’il n’y a presque pas assez de sites web gouvernementaux disponibles. Le pays souffre aussi d’une carence en infrastructures des TIC, que des conditions d’accès difficiles ne permettent pas d’utiliser pleinement (Mohamed, 2011 : 8).","Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT). (2012). « Mesurer la société de l’information. Résumé analytique 2012 » Union internationale des télécommunication: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/material/2012/MIS2012-ExecSum-F.pdf\n\nStatistiques mondiales, Union des Comores. (Octobre 2013). :http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/comores.htm=\n\nHueye, A. (8 aout 2013). « Skype et plusieurs sites web qui permettent de téléphoner gratuitement en ligne via internet ont été coupés aux Comores », Globalvoices: http://fr.globalvoicesonline.org/2013/08/08/151262/\n\nContrepoints. (5 aout 2013). « Non aux Censures de Comores Télécom ». Contrepoints: http://www.contrepoints.org/2013/08/08/134030-joies-des-monopoles-skype-et-plusieurs-sites-web-analogues-coupes-aux-comores.","Le bureau du Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD) a appuyé les Comores dans l’élaboration d’une stratégie nationale sur le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Cette stratégie a été  validée en aout 2005 et un plan de mise en œ..."]
["2013_CG_94",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",94,25,"À partir d’aujourd’hui, avec la fibre optique connectée au pays à partir de Moanda dans le Bas-Congo, l’accès des citoyens à internet deviendra facile. Actuellement, des efforts considérables sont faits pour mettre sur le réseau les universités et autres écoles de la capitale de même que tout le pays.\nLe gouvernement fait de son mieux pour accroître l’accès des citoyens à internet. Nous avons cherché à connecter le pays à la fibre optique; c’est fait depuis le début de cette année 2013.\nL’accès des citoyens à internet par la fibre optique aidera le pays à accroître la connexion à internet.\nLe gouvernement s’efforce de faciliter l’accès à internet à toutes les couches de la population. Avec la connexion à la fibre optique, c’est presque l’accès gratuit à internet qui sera consacré dans les villes urbaines. Des efforts restent à fournir pour atteindre l’intérieur du pays, où certains points d’accès sont en train d’être créés dans les écoles et les universités.","Me LUKOKI N’SANGA TABUKA, vice-président, Initiative pour le Développement durable, IDD/ONGD, entrevue du 14/10/2013 à Kinshasa.\n\nMr Patrick MATIABA, responsable d’une confession religieuse, entrevue du 13/10/2013.\n\nMr Junior Makiese, gérant cyber dans la commune de Bandal, à Kinshasa, le 31 déc. 2013.","À partir d’aujourd’hui, avec la fibre optique connectée au pays à partir de Moanda dans le Bas-Congo, l’accès des citoyens à internet deviendra facile. Actuellement, des efforts considérables sont faits pour mettre sur le réseau les universités et autres écoles de la capitale de mê..."]
["2013_GA_94",2013,"GA","Gabon",94,100,"The government has made the use of IT a priority to develop the third pillar of the \"Plan Stratégique Gabon Emergent\" (PSGE), known as Gabon des Services.\n\nAt the annual conference held by the International Telecommunications Union in Geneva in October 2011, President Ali Bongo Ondimba described how broadband would play into his vision of the country as a services-based economy, one of the three pillars of his Emerging Gabon strategy.\n\nIn 2012, the country's second fiber-optic cable made landing in Libreville thus paving the road for broadband Internet at  lower costs. By July 2012, Airtel Gabon had lowered its rates for Internet access by 33 per cent. The government should be credited for its efforts to improve broadband connectivity and close the digital gap, especially in rural areas in the country's interior. \n\nGabon has also received USD 58 million from the World Bank to install another fibre-optic network known as the Central African backbone (CAB). The project is part of the government’s Digital Gabon 2011-2016 project, which seeks to improve, democratise and facilitate access to high-speed internet. \n\nCheck figures for Internet penetration in 2011–2013 with Gabon Telecom. \n\nIn May 2013, the newly created Agence Nationale des Infrastructures Numériques et des Fréquences (ANINF) donated computers and software to 50 schools in Gabon's nine provinces as part of the Ministry of Education's e-education program. The goal was to facilitate Internet access to students and provide them with e-learning tools. \n\nIn addition, the Gabonese telecom regulator (Agence de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes, ARCEP) won the prize for Best Regulator in Central Africa at the ninth edition of the Awards Africa Telecom People in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (1–2 October 2012). ARCEP received the top prize for its efforts to improve governance, especially in mobile communications. The regulator has driven key reforms as part of its implementation of the PSGE.\n\nGabon has one of the highest cell phone penetration rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (105 per cent). After oil and minerals, telecommunications is the most dynamic sector of the economy, according to local media. The objective now is to drive prices down to CFA 1.2 per second. The introduction of 3G technology has since allowed a growing number of Gabonese to access broadband Internet.","AGP.  (2012, July 20) .  Airtel-Gabon rend Internet moins cher.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=25948\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nMAC.  (2013, May 8) .  Des écoles connectées au projet e-éducation du Gabon.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=29515\n\n(2012). The Report: Gabon 2012, pp. 162-165.   Oxford: Oxford Business Group.  Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/country/Gabon","The government has made the use of IT a priority to develop the third pillar of the \"Plan Stratégique Gabon Emergent\" (PSGE), known as Gabon des Services...."]
["2013_GM_94",2013,"GM","The Gambia",94,100,"The  government has come up with initiatives to increase citizen access to the web. These include the creation of an \"ICT Park centered on promoting a knowledge hub for both the private and public sector\". The park is also supposed to lead to the establishment of knowledge hubs and incubation centres. This multiyear project is also supposed to connect \"rural communities and schools through ICT centres (last mile access)\". This is all part of the wider National Information and Communication Infrastructure (NICI).\n\nThere are therefore plans to increase web access in schools and public places and plans to improve infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity.\n\nThe recent $33 million deal reached with Huawei Technology means that \"a new 48 pair fibre network is to be laid on the north bank and also to replace the existing three pair fibre cable on the south bank. The backbone fibre-optic network of about 947Km is to be implemented in multiple rings – Greater Banjul Area, West Brikama, East Ring A and East Ring B – for added security.\"","1. National Information and Communication Infrastructure (NICI) http://www.doscit.gm/policies/THE%20GAMBIA-ICT4D-2012%20PLAN-FINAL.pdf, accessed October 2013\n\n2. Sam Sarr, editor-in-chief, Foroyaa Newspaper, October 6 2013.\n\n3. Creating a Science and Technology Cluster: Fast Tracking the Implementation Of Gambia’s ICT Park, Government of The Gambia, available at http://www.cto.int/media/events/pst-ev/2012/ICT%20Finance/Creating%20a%20science%20and%20technology%20cluster%20Fast%20tracking%20the%20implementation%20of%20Gambia's%20ICT%20park.pdf.\n\n4. Gambia reaches US$33M deal with Huawei Technology, The Daily Observer, by  Alieu Ceesay, Thursday, December 5 2013, http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambia-reaches-us33m-deal-with-huawei-technology.","The  government has come up with initiatives to increase citizen access to the web. These include the creation of an \"ICT Park centered on promoting a knowledge hub for both the private and public sector\". The park is also supposed to lead to the establishment of knowledge hubs and..."]
["2013_LS_94",2013,"LS","Lesotho",94,50,"Lesotho's ICT sector comprises fixed and mobile telecommunications, broadcasting, multimedia and the internet. Lesotho’s National ICT Policy was adopted in 2005 “to provide the nation with a vision and strategy for becoming a fully integrated member of the information society […] and promote a healthy society capable of exploiting the full potential of ICTs”. The policy seeks to promote equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services.  Another ICT policy objective is to invest in ICT education and human resource development. The main objective of the communications policy of 2008 is to promote the convergence of services and networks based on the internet and foster universal access to a diverse range of high quality communications services at affordable prices.\n\nThese policies require that ICT literacy and training programmes are available throughout the education system and to the public at large. The ministry of education and training has made significant progress in implementing the first requirement. For example, under the ministry’s education sector strategic plan 2005-2015, various aspects of the national ICT Policy have been implemented. In this regard, the ministry has put in place an effective education management and information system to improve planning, data collection and analysis and information sharing. It has also established the wireless area network to enhance internet connectivity within the ministry. The ministry has ensured that ICT curricula are installed in secondary and senior secondary (high schools) across the country.\n\nIn terms of improving internet access to the public, there are internet access points in public places like the national library. Access is also provided by six internet service providers in about 30 internet cafés located in the urban centres of the country. Other than using internet shops, the public relies on mobile technology to access the web. Although the mobile network coverage is 75% of the population, it is estimated that only 4.2% of the population is using the internet. \nThe broadband wireless network in Lesotho project was launched in May 2013 to improve infrastructure for broadband. The project will develop a national ICT broadband network that will deliver free or low cost digital access for schools and hospitals, and people living in remote and rural areas.","International Telecommunications Union. Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation, Lesotho, 2012.\n\nBilbao-Osorio B. et al (2013). The Global Information Technology Report 2013: Growth and Jobs in a Hyperconnected World. World Economic Forum.\n\nNational ICT policy for Lesotho, 2005.","Lesotho's ICT sector comprises fixed and mobile telecommunications, broadcasting, multimedia and the internet. Lesotho’s National ICT Policy was adopted in 2005 “to provide the nation with a vision and strategy for becoming a fully integrated member of the information society […] a..."]
["2013_MR_94",2013,"MR","Mauritania",94,50,"La Mauritanie a défini une stratégie nationale des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (NTIC) le 22 mars 2012. En ce sens, elle a adopté une Déclaration sectorielle des postes et télécommunications en décembre 2013. Ces deux instruments participent au développement de l'interconnectivité et à l'amélioration de la qualité d'accès à Internet. Il faut aussi noter le faible cout d'accès à Internet que proposent les opérateurs de téléphonie, et qui constitue un moyen d'accroitre l'accès à Internet. Bien que la connexion Internet connaisse un essor, le cout d'accès à un réseau sans fil ne demeure accessible qu’à un nombre restreint de ménages. Il existe le système des cartes téléphoniques (ou les clés 3G), qui facilite l'accès à Internet. Si Internet a tendance à se démocratiser et à pénétrer dans plusieurs foyers, il convient de souligner que le réseau se limite notamment aux grandes agglomérations urbaines. Le milieu rural reste encore en marge de ce processus de démocratisation des NTIC. La Mauritanie a été raccordée à la fibre optique durant l'année 2012. Toutefois, cette technologie n'est pas encore opérationnelle et éprouve quelques difficultés.","1. Ahmed Youra ould Haye, enseignant-chercheur, Université de Nouakchott, 2 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Mohamed Lemine ould Salihi, Directeur général de l'informatique, 15 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Abdoul Kane, responsable informatique, Centre francophone, Université de Nouakchott, 15 novembre 2013.","La Mauritanie a défini une stratégie nationale des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (NTIC) le 22 mars 2012. En ce sens, elle a adopté une Déclaration sectorielle des postes et télécommunications en décembre 2013. Ces deux instruments participent au dév..."]
["2013_NA_94",2013,"NA","Namibia",94,100,"Communication Regulatory Authority of Namibia chief executive officer, Stanley Shanapinda, said the parastatal was tasked by government to come up with policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the web, and had finalised the strategy and would be launching it in December 2013.  Though this strategy was not yet in effect during the period of study, the government has taken other actions, including partnering in the development of the West African Cable System, that indicate its commitment to developing ICT infrastructure.\n\nMinister of Information, Communication Technology, Joel Kaapanda, in his speech, said his ministry had developed a policy on universal access and service which was adopted by cabinet.  \nKaapanda also added that government should take the lead in fostering development, and adopt a national e-strategy and deploy e-government services using associate technologies with the aim of making multiple e-government and other e-services widely available.\n\nJournalist Tirivangani Masawi said government recently introduced a deliberate ICT policy targeting primary schools and individuals to use the web.","Communication Regulatory Authority of Namibia, chief executive officer, Stanley Shanapinda, telephone interview, October 9 2013.\n\nSpeech by the Minister of Information, Communication Technology, Joel Kaapanda at the Telecom Namibia ICT Summit on October 9 2012 in Windhoek http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MICTv2/DocArchive/ministerStatements/2012/Telecom_ICT_Summit_Statement.pdf\n\nConfidente Newspaper journalist, Tirivangani Masawi, face to face interview, October 4 2013.","Communication Regulatory Authority of Namibia chief executive officer, Stanley Shanapinda, said the parastatal was tasked by government to come up with policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the web, and had finalised the strategy and would be launching it in December 2013. ..."]
["2013_SN_94",2013,"SN","Senegal",94,100,"En adoptant, en 2011, son Code des télécommunications de 2011, le gouvernement du Sénégal avait déjà montré une volonté d’accroitre l'Internet et d’en faire tirer profit aux citoyens. Actuellement, avec la présence de plusieurs opérateurs téléphoniques dans le pays, l’accès à Internet ne cesse de croitre. Le gouvernement, qui avait amorcé depuis une réflexion stratégique sur l’économie numérique, a décidé d’accélérer la cadence définit la stratégie numérique à adopter pour accroitre l'accès des citoyens à Internet.","Entretien avec Malick Ndiaye, coordonnateur, Comité national du passage de l’audiovisuel analogique vers le numérique,Télévision numérique terrestre (TNT), 1er septembre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Alioune Dramé, directeur de la communication, ministère de la Communication et des Télécommunications, 1er septembre 2013.\n\nPires, J. (31 mars 2013). « Cheikh Bamba Dièye sur l’Economie numérique :  La stratégie nationale doit jouer un rôle capital dans la croissance », Le Soleil : http://www.lesoleil.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25317:cheikh-bamba-dieye-sur-leconomie-numerique-l-la-strategie-nationale-doit-jouer-un-role-capital-dans-la-croissance-r&catid=78:a-la-une&Itemid=255\n\n- Thioub, M.W. (26 janvier 2013). « Passage au numérique : Le Sénégal accélère la cadence ». Le Quotidien : http://www.lequotidien.sn/index.php/economie/item/17402-passage-au-num%C3%A9rique--le-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-acc%C3%A9l%C3%A8re-la-cadence","En adoptant, en 2011, son Code des télécommunications de 2011, le gouvernement du Sénégal avait déjà montré une volonté d’accroitre l'Internet et d’en faire tirer profit aux citoyens. Actuellement, avec la présence de plusieurs opérateurs téléphoniques dans le pays, l’accès à Inter..."]
["2013_ZA_94",2013,"ZA","South Africa",94,25,"A strategic plan had not yet been implemented when the research was conducted, but was on the cards. Statistics nevertheless show that without a government plan, the number of people who have access to the internet has grown over the past years. Mobile and fixed infrastructure has improved and more has been done to connect public spaces. That said, rural populations are still behind in this respect. \n---\n \nThe national broadband policy in terms of section 3 of the Electronic Communication Act (Act 36 of 2005) will be released in November 2013, and aims to address the availability, accessibility and affordability of broadband, while building an information society and promoting the usage of broadband internet. The objective is universal access to broadband by 2019 \"by ensuring that South Africans are able to access broadband either individually, or as a household, subscribe to a broadband service, or are able to access a broadband service, directly or indirectly, at a private or public access point.\" (Broadband policy, section 1.4).\n\nSection 5.1.1 identifies the role of national government and states that the state should focus on connecting public facilities to the web: National government should promote access to SMEs, co-operatives, rural areas and private households, and bridge the digital divide including through community and workplace access facilities.\n\nWith regards to infrastructure, section 5.1.1.2 states that national government should ... \"create an enabling regulatory environment for the private and public sector to develop infrastructure, services and applications towards the increase of access to and affordability of broadband services\".\n\nSection 5.1.1.3 notes that provincial government should \"define the requirement for broadband services in the municipalities to enable the provisioning of infrastructure\" while 3.1.3.1 says that \"the cost of communication can be reduced by an increased rollout on infrastructure and improved availability of broadband services. Reducing the cost of communication  will be beneficial to citizens, business and government by reducing the cost of doing business and by making a wider range of products and services available at affordable prices.\"\n\nWhile this policy had to be implemented when this research was conducted, internet access in South Africa has improved over the past years due to private, civil society and public efforts. According to the report 'Internet Access in South Africa 2012' by business technology research company World Wide Worx, broadband access in South Africa has more than doubled in the last two years. The survey shows that the number of broadband subscriptions grew from 3.6 million at the end of 2010 to an expected 8.2 million by the end of 2012. \n\nAnother recent report sketches a similar scenario. The 2013 State of Broadband Report by the UN Broadband Commission, released in September 2013, shows that 41% of South Africans used the internet in the previous year and that mobile broadband subscriptions are growing 30% per year.\n\nMoira de Roche, director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa, says that rural areas, generally speaking, are not well connected, and that most people living outside the cities depend on mobile connections. \"Mobile internet is expensive in South Africa and unaffordable to most rural dwellers.\"\n\nShe notes that some municipalities have increased internet access points, but that these initiatives didn't come from the national government. \"The national government doesn't seem to understand why it is important to connect rural areas to the internet. When someone is connected, this person can study, get a website for his/her small business, read about his rights and duties, and extend his/her horizons so that he/she won't have to migrate to the cities for work opportunities.\"\n\nWhen it comes to increasing the number of public access points, De Roche says that a lot has been done, but that practicalities often disable people from using the internet connection provided: \"Libraries are not open every day, and the entire day. This hampers people's access.\"\n\nWhen it comes to improving infrastructure, De Roche says that, particularly, mobile infrastructure has improved over the past years as well as the undersea internet cables: \"Infrastructure has improved, mainly mobile and wireless infrastructure.\"","National Broadband Policy in terms of section 3 of the Electronic Communication Act (Act 36 of 2005), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=127922.\n\nNational Broadband Policy to be delivered by November, Natasha Odendaal, Engineering News, September 2 2013, http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/national-broadband-policy-to-be-delivered-by-november-2013-09-02.\n\nInternet Access in South Africa 2012 (World Wide Worx / December 2012), http://www.worldwideworx.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Exec-Summary-Internet-Access-in-SA-2012.pdf.\n\n41% of South Africans use the internet, SA The Good News, September 26 2013, \nhttp://www.sagoodnews.co.za/global_connectedness/41_of_south_africans_use_the_internet.html.\n\nMoira de Roche, director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals South Africa, interview, November 14 2013.","A strategic plan had not yet been implemented when the research was conducted, but was on the cards. Statistics nevertheless show that without a government plan, the number of people who have access to the internet has grown over the past years. Mobile and fixed infrastructure has ..."]
["2013_TN_94",2013,"TN","Tunisia",94,25,"Despite the lack of a formal, ongoing plan that references ICTs, the government is making great efforts to enable internet access points in schools and cyber cafés. This is done mostly in urban areas, but rural areas are left behind. Rural schools, for example, have no access to the internet.\n \n The government is investing in order to improve the infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity. Concretely, since the end of 2012, the government is redesigning the band 2.1 GHz for the 3G technology, and started freeing the band for 800 MHz.\n \n The priority of the government is to prepare for the 4G technology (expected for 2014). The Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies is managing this process.","September 24, 2013: interview with Mr Farhat Boughizene, expert in ICT and consultant in the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies.\n \n October 6, 2013: telephone interview with Mr Tnani, engineer in Tunisie Telecom, Tunis.\n \n www.thd.tn (website of Tunisie Haut Débit, dedicated to ICT and frequencies in Tunisia). Accessed in September 2013.\n \n National Development Plan, 2010-2014:\n http://www.mdci.gov.tn/fileadmin/publications/publication_ang/Economic_Social_Development_2010_2014.pdf","Despite the lack of a formal, ongoing plan that references ICTs, the government is making great efforts to enable internet access points in schools and cyber cafés. This is done mostly in urban areas, but rural areas are left behind. Rural schools, for example, have no access to th..."]
["2013_AO_95",2013,"AO","Angola",95,100,"Internet access in Angola changed from 14,78 per cent in 2011 to 16,94 per cent in 2012, a change of 14,63 per cent.\n\nAccording to the International Telecommunication Union, Internet access in Angola was 10 per cent in 2010, 14.78 per cent in 2011, and 16.94 per cent in 2012. These numbers are estimates from the ITU and not data provided by an Angolan agency.\n\nFixed-line broadband subscriptions, however, remain low with a penetration rate of only 0.15 per cent in 2012. According to ITU estimates, fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions were 20,000 in 2010, 25,000 in 2011 and 31,300 in 2012. This represents a 20 per cent increase from 2011 to 2012 in fixed-line broadband subscriptions. This data is based on ITU estimates. \n\nBy contrast, access to mobile phones is much higher with a penetration rate of 49 per cent in 2012.","International Telecommunication Union.  Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals, latest available data (2008-2012) [Data set].  Retrieved from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Core_Indicators.xls \n\nInternational Telecommunication Union.  Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions [Data set].  Retrieved from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Fixed_broadband_2000-2012.xls \n\nInternational Telecommunication Union.  Mobile-Cellular telephone subscriptions, 2000-2012 [Data set].  Retrieved from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Mobile_cellular_2000-2012.xls\n\nInternational Telecommunication Union.  Percentage of individuals using the Internet [Data set].  Retrieved from www.itu.int/en/ITU-\nD/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls","Internet access in Angola changed from 14,78 per cent in 2011 to 16,94 per cent in 2012, a change of 14,63 per cent...."]
["2013_CV_95",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",95,50,"Internet access in Cape Verde changed from 32% in 2011 to 34.74% in 2012, a change of 8.57% based on ITU numbers.","International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014\n\nJorge Lopes, Coordinator of the Operational Unit for Informational Society, November 1, 2013.\n\nCarlos Santos, Coordinator of the Unit of State Reform, November 1, 2013.\n\nGovernment web page, Penetration rate of Internet use in Cape Verde rises to 34.7%,10.9.2013,  http://www.governo.cv/index.php/noticias/4908-taxa-de-penetracao-do-uso-da-internet-em-cabo-verde-sobe-para-34-7.\n\nBinokulu Pulitiku (online newspaper) webpage: Cape Verde records 2.7% increase in the penetration rate of Internet usage, October 9, 2013, http://www.binokulu.com/2013/10/09/cabo-verde-regista-aumento-de-27-na-taxa-de-penetracao-do-uso-da-internet/.","Internet access in Cape Verde changed from 32% in 2011 to 34.74% in 2012, a change of 8.57% based on ITU numbers."]
["2013_CD_95",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",95,50,"Au Congo, l’accès des citoyens à Internet a augmenté par rapport à l'année précédente de 5.6% a 6.11% un changement de 9.05%\n\nLe taux d'usager d'internet a augmenté de 8,9% de 2011 à 2012 selon la Banque Mondiale, passant de 5.6% (2011) à 6.1% (2012).\n\nEn 2008, le Congo a développé avec l’appui de la Banque Mondiale et du PNUD une politique de développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication : CyberStratégie. L'ambition est de permettre à la nation congolaise de tirer le meilleur avantage de l’économie numérique.\n\nIl y a une augmentation du nombre d'abonnés haut débit. Malgré les demandes du chercheur auprès du ministère des télécommunications et auprès de l'agence de régulation (ARCPE), aucun n'a pu communiquer des chiffres précis. Les chiffres mentionnées en source provienne du journal du net à Paris.\n\nSur le site internet de l'ACPE, il est indiqué : \" Il a été répertorié 15 FAI (fournisseurs d'Accès à Internet) au Congo, implantés à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire :\n•AIRTEL Congo, présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•MTN Congo, présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•OFIS (Yattoo), présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•ALINK Telecom, présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•DRTV NET, présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•WAXCOM (Wifly), présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•AIRNET, présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•AMC Telecom (Titanic), présent à Brazzaville et à Pointe-Noire;\n•Global Broadband Solution, présent qu’à Brazzaville;\n•YANGOO.NET, présent qu’à Pointe-Noire;\n•CITY NET, présent qu’à Pointe-Noire;\n•MYLORD, présent qu’à Pointe-Noire;\n•BUROTEC, présent qu’à Pointe-Noire;\n•COMAX, officiellement basé en république démocratique du Congo, avec un parc abonnés à Brazzaville;\n•SysNet, installé à Brazzaville.\n(source site internet de l'ARPCE Congo)\".\n\n\nUne charte intitulé Objectifs CGIX a été signé par les différents opérateurs de telecom et l'ARCPE.\n\n\"1- Présentation et objectifs du CGIX\nLe CGIX (Congo Internet Exchange) est le point d’échange appartenant à la République du Congo. Il sera repartit sur plusieurs sites, notamment dans les villes de Brazzaville, Oyo et Pointe-Noire. Ils seront interconnectés via des liaisons louées et/ou via à la fibre optique. En sont adhérents, tous les signataires de cette charte.\nLe CGIX a pour objectif, en évitant au trafic local de transiter par des liaisons internationales :\n- d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives de croissance et de développement ;\n- d’augmenter les performances de l’Internet ;\n- de réaliser des économies d’exploitation pour les adhérents.\nLe CGIX sera une entité neutre, défendant les intérêts des acteurs de l’internet locaux relevant du secteur des communications électroniques, dont l’Agence de Régulation des Postes et des Communications Electroniques assurent le suivi et l’évaluation. A ce titre, l’Autorité de Régulation garantit l’exercice d’une concurrence saine et loyale dans les secteurs des postes et des communications électroniques en veillant à ce que tous les exploitants de réseaux ouverts au public fassent droit dans des conditions objectives, transparentes et non discriminatoires aux demandes raisonnables d’interconnexion.\nTechniquement, le CGIX sera une architecture de niveau 2, constituée de Switchs redondants et de routeurs réflecteurs. Le peering adopté sera de type multilatéral.\nLe CGIX offre deux moyens pour se connecter au point d’échange :\n- Réseau commuté 100 Mégabit/s.\n- Réseau commuté 1Gigabit/s Ethernet.\" (source ARCPE).\nCependant les coûts d'accès à l'internet haut débit sont très élevés comparé au salaire moyen.\n« Aujourd’hui  les prix au détail des services Internet au Congo tournent toujours aux alentours de 50,000 francs CFA par mois (100 dollars US). C’est loin d’être à la portée de tout le monde si l’on se réfère par exemple au salaire moyen des fonctionnaires qui est de l’ordre de 80,000 à 100,000 francs CFA par mois (entre 160 et 200 dollars US par mois) ». (source article Edition Française, 22 septembre 2011, No 167 site internet http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/fr/edition-fran-aise-22/167/l-ditorial-du-mois/l-internet-des-prix/fr.","International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014\n\nEntretien le 16 octobre 2013 avec M. Luc  MISSIDIMBAZI, Directeur de la Cellule des Marchés du Très Haut Débit et Coordonnateur Projet Central Africa Backbone (CAB) à l'Agence de Régulation des Postes et des Communications Electroniques (ARPCE).\n\nWorld Bank, World Development Indicators, Internet users (per 100 people) Congo http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2","Au Congo, l’accès des citoyens à Internet a augmenté par rapport à l'année précédente de 5.6% a 6.11% un changement de 9.05%..."]
["2013_ER_95",2013,"ER","Eritrea",95,100,"Internet access in Eritrea changed from 0.70% in 2011 to 0.8% in 2012, a change of 14.29%. \n\nThe 2013 Human Development Index prepared by the United Nations indicates that 5.4 persons per 100 people had access to the worldwide network in 2010 in Eritrea. According to information from the EriTel website (2013), when the service was first introduced, the total bandwidth for uplink and downlink was 512/128 Kbps. The demand for I/P access has grown very quickly, resulting in major congestion on the system, which forced EriTel to make several bandwidth increments. At present the gateway bandwidth capacity is 63Mbps/21Mbps. EriTel provides its customers with the following type of services.\n1.        Dial-up\n2.        Wireless\n3.        Leased Line\n4.        ADSL \nThe first three type of services are provided on a shared basis, and the fourth one (ADSL) dedicated. At of the end of 2011, there were 719 customers altogether consisting of lease line, wireless, dial-up and ADSL users. ADSL service is a broadband service, and it is peaking up since 2009. The Internet gateway is the National Operation Centre (NOC), which controls the operation of all Internet service providers. It also assigns the bandwidth and makes sure that all get the bandwidth they paid for. \nThere are currently five major Internet Service Providers (ISPs) providing services to the public including that run by EriTel.","International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet, 2013. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed March 5, 2014).\n\nUnited Nations, 2013 Human Development Index, http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2013-media-toolkit\n\nReview of www.eritel.com (01/10/13).","Internet access in Eritrea changed from 0.70% in 2011 to 0.8% in 2012, a change of 14.29%. \n\nThe 2013 Human Development Index prepared by the United Nations indicates that 5.4 persons per..."]
["2013_GM_95",2013,"GM","The Gambia",95,100,"According to the ITU, internet penetration rates in the Gambia improved from 10.9% in 2011 to 12.5% in 2012--an increase of 14%.\n\nThe survey conducted by Access Gambia revealed that on average 46.2% of institutions covered have had internet connectivity while 22.1% of the workplaces interviewed have their own websites. The survey results also showed that about 2% of individuals in households used computers in the last 12 months whilst only 1% of individuals in households have internet facilities in the same period. Statistics also show that there were 200,057 internet users on June 30 2012, 10.9% of the population. Trading Economics puts the number of internet users at about 180,000 in 2011.  At national level, about 90% of households have radios, 40% have a television and 56% use mobile telephones to send and receive information.","1. Information Technology in Gambia, website review, http://www.accessgambia.com/information/information-ict.html. Last accessed on September 28  2013.\n\n2. Amie Bensouda Company, website review, http://www.amiebensoudaco.net/the-gambia-information-and-communication-technologies-ict., acccessed October 2013\n\n3. Digital divide widens in The Gambia, Sara Shearman, June 10 2013, \nhttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/06/gambia-digital-divide-widens.\n\n4. Internet world stats, http://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm. Last accessed on October 18 2013.\n\n5.Interview with Mr Poncelet O. Ileleji,  MBCS, Coordinator The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre and Digital Studio and President of the Information Technology Association of The Gambia, on Wednesday January 15 2014.\n\n6. TradingEconomics website data review: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/gambia/internet-users-wb-data.html, accessed October 2013\n\n7. International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","According to the ITU, internet penetration rates in the Gambia improved from 10.9% in 2011 to 12.5% in 2012--an increase of 14%...."]
["2013_LR_95",2013,"LR","Liberia",95,100,"Internet access in Liberia changed from 3.00% in 2011 to 3,79% in 2012, a change of 26,47% based on the ITU.\n\nThere is no data available from the government to determine the use of internet. The government statistics entity and the media do not see this as a priority in the midst of other important data collection efforts such as school enrollment data.  According to the World Internet Stats, Liberia has a total of 116,000 people using the internet as of June 2012. \n\nThe entity in charge of statistics in Liberia does not have data on internet usage, but one can tell that the introduction of fiber optics has increased the number of people using the internet. People using services from the fiber optics connections say it is faster and less expensive to use. Fiber optics is still not widespread because there is limited or inadequate infrastructure to use the cable. Thus, and for the purposes of this indicator, no data was available for the period of 2012/2013.","International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014\n\nSirleaf, H. (2013, November 4). Personal Interview. \n\nDulleh, A. (2013, November 4). Personal Interview. Editor - New Democrat Newspaper, Monrovia\n\nQuennah, A. (2013, November 4). Personal Interview. IT Specialist - Mamba Point Hotel, Monrovia","Internet access in Liberia changed from 3.00% in 2011 to 3,79% in 2012, a change of 26,47% based on the ITU...."]
["2013_LY_95",2013,"LY","Libya",95,50,"The ITU has no data on the extent to which internet penetration in Libya has expanded over the past year.  The most recent figures show a 14% penetration rate in 2011 up from 10.8% in 2010--a 29% increase.  It's clear that citizen access to the Internet increased as Wimax subscribers increased up to 50 per cent compared to last year and ADSL subscriptions rose by 25 per cent from last year, according to the official data of the National Company Libyana.\n\nHowever, the national telecommunications company suspended the subscription due to problems in the network. In fact, network capacity is not commensurate to the market demand, as the extension of the network is underway. Furthermore, mobile phone networks do not support high-speed Internet services yet. The increase was registered in the first six months of 2013.\n\nDespite relatively low rates of internet penetration, the news flow in the country often runs through social media platforms rather than traditional media. All the people between 15-40 years of age hold smartphones and they usually deliver pictures and videos to report about the political processes of Libya. Facebook definitely represents the mainstream media in Libya.","A. Ibribish, customer care manager at Libyana Company, personal communication, November 12, 2013.\n\nA. Kashar, corporate and tax lawyer at Kashar & Associate, personal communication, November 11, 2013.\n\nS. Zater, journalist at Nabaa TV channel, personal communication, October 11, 2013.\n\nInternational Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","The ITU has no data on the extent to which internet penetration in Libya has expanded over the past year.  The most recent figures show a 14% penetration rate in 2011 up from 10.8% in 2010--a 29% increase.  It's clear that citizen access to the Internet increased as Wimax subscribe..."]
["2013_MU_95",2013,"MU","Mauritius",95,50,"ITU statistics show an increase of 1.2% in the internet penetration rate between 2011 and 2012--from 34.92% to 35.34, an increase of less than 10%. \n\nAccording to Statistics Mauritius, ICT access from 2011 to 2012 improved in the country; the number of mobile cellular phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants went from 100.4 to 114.9 and the number of internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants from 28.7 to 44. The proportion of households with internet access at home increased from 29.0 percent to 39. percent. These numbers were confirmed by Bundhoo, the statistician at Statistics Mauritius. \n\nMauritius Telecom, main provider for these services, has seen an increase in subscribers. \nNumber of subscribers for Mauritius Telecom has increased over ten percentage points.","1. ICT Statistics Year 2012, Statistics Mauritius. June 2013. Available at http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/Publications/Pages/ICT-Stats-Yr-2012.aspx\n\n2. Anonymous senior staff. Mauritius Telecom/Orange. Interviewed in person on 20 September 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n3. Anirood Bundhoo, statistician. Statistics Mauritius. Responded via email on Oct. 1, 2013.\n\n4. International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","ITU statistics show an increase of 1.2% in the internet penetration rate between 2011 and 2012--from 34.92% to 35.34, an increase of less than 10%. ..."]
["2013_ST_95",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",95,50,"In 2012, 39,515, or 21.6% of São Tomé and Príncipe’s population had internet access, according to the International Communications Union.  In 2011, that figure was 20.2%--internet penetration rates improved by 7% between 2011 and 2012.\n\nIn Sao Tome and Principe, there have been advances in internet access via the mobile phone, but buying 500MB of data to use in a unit can cost more than the average monthly salary.","1. Constâncio de Andrade, director, Innovation and Knowledge Institute, October 5, 2013.\n\n2. Heng dos Santos, communication department, Office of National Statistics, September 30, 2013.\n\n3. The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World, Khalid Malik, Human Development Report 2013, March 14, 2013, http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/.\n\n4. International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","In 2012, 39,515, or 21.6% of São Tomé and Príncipe’s population had internet access, according to the International Communications Union.  In 2011, that figure was 20.2%--internet penetration rates improved by 7% between 2011 and 2012...."]
["2013_SL_95",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",95,100,"There is a low percentage of internet usage in Sierra Leone. The 2012 International Telecommunication Union report on Sierra Leone shows that 1.3% of the total population are using the internet for the past year. \n\nEven though internet usage is relatively low in Sierra Leone, it has been increasing at a steady rate since 2009. Internet usage in 2011 was at 0.9%, thus internet use has risen by 44% to 1.3% in 2012.","1. Theo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL, October 10, 2013.\n\n2. Moses Kargbo, Editor, Concord Times Newspaper,October 22, 2013.\n\n2. Anonymous, Abu Bakarr , National Telecommunication Commission, Standard Times, October  22, 2013.\n\n3. Internet Usage in Sierra Leone, World Development Indicators, Google. Accessed January 15, 2014. https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=it_net_user_p2&hl=en&dl=en&idim=country:SLE:GIN:CIV.\n\n4. International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","There is a low percentage of internet usage in Sierra Leone. The 2012 International Telecommunication Union report on Sierra Leone shows that 1.3% of the total population are using the internet for the past year. ..."]
["2013_SZ_95",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",95,100,"According to the ITU, rates of internet penetration improved from 18.13% to 20.78% between 2011 and 2012--an increase of over 14%. \n \n The web site Internet World Stats places the number of Internet users at about 250,000, but does not indicate how this figure was derived. The figure may include Swazis who access the Internet via mobile phones. Actual internet subscribers numbers are far fewer, although the three internet service providers (Real Image, Africa-On-Line, and Swazi.net) do not reveal the number of their customers.","Interview: Sandile Khumalo, ICT consultant self-employed, Mbabane, 22 September 2013.\n \n \"Swaziland: Internet Users (per 100 people),\" World Bank, via Quandi (http://www.quandl.com/WORLDBANK-World-Bank/SWZ_IT_NET_USER_P2-Swaziland-Internet-users-per-100-people.)\n \n Web site of Internet World Stats: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm.\n \n International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","According to the ITU, rates of internet penetration improved from 18.13% to 20.78% between 2011 and 2012--an increase of over 14%. \n ..."]
["2013_ZM_95",2013,"ZM","Zambia",95,100,"According to ITU statistics, the internet penetration rate has improved from 11.5% in 2011 to 13.47% in 2012--an increase of over 17.1%.\n \n The latest statistics provided by the Zambia Information and Communication Technology Authority support this conclusion: traditional (broadband) internet usage has increased from 15, 842 in the 3rd quarter (September) of 2012 to 17,717, as of June 2013. \n \n Growth from 2011 to 2012 was from 44.81% to 85.78%, which is 50%. Mobile Internet subscriptions, considered as the number of USB modems sold and the number of Blackberry subscriptions, are included in these numbers.","1. Interview with Mofya Chisala, director, support services, Zambia Information and Communication Technology Authority, in Lusaka, Zambia on October 2 2013.\n \n 2. Deloite Zambia Booklet, Doing Business in Zambia, A Unique Flavour, Increasing competition in the Zambian telecommunications sectors has led to lower price tariffs, and increased investments, March 2013, Pages, 37, 38 & 39 , http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:dCLjMqt20YsJ:www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%2520Assets/Documents/Africa/Doing_Business_in_Zambia.pdf+&cd=3&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=zm.\n \n 3.Internet World Stats, Internet Usage Statistics for Africa (Africa Internet Usage and Population Stats), The latest African research and analysis from experts and scholars, Zambia Facebook, December 31 2012, http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm.\n \n 4. Budd.com, Zambia - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Forecasts, September 14 2013, http://www.budde.com.au/Research/Zambia-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Forecasts.html.\n \n 5. Zambia Information and Communication Technology Authority, website, Universal Access, http://www.zicta.zm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=100.\n \n 6. Zambia Information and Communication Technology Authority, website, ICT Statistics & Indicators , ICT Indicators as at December 2012, http://www.zicta.zm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=56.\n \n 7. International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","According to ITU statistics, the internet penetration rate has improved from 11.5% in 2011 to 13.47% in 2012--an increase of over 17.1%.\n ..."]
["2013_BW_96",2013,"BW","Botswana",96,100,"The public highway network connects cities and towns and rural areas. However, it is a continuous work in progress. As a developing country, Botswana is constantly trying to bring developments such as roads and infrastructure to remote areas. Some remote areas only had gravel roads which government is turning into tarred roads, but even with gravel roads most towns are connected to the road network. The department of roads is constantly airing road safety awareness messages across the country and currently repairing roads that are exposed to a lot of traffic.  \nAccording to the Botswana Police Service, more than 200 people are killed in road accidents every year and the country has the goal of having 0 road deaths by 2020. To that end, the Department of Road Transport and Safety in partnership with Motor Vehicle Accident Fund and Police have mounted roadside educational campaigns in 2013. No statistics were found suggesting poor road conditions are a significant cause of accidents in Botswana.","1. Website: Department of Road Transport and Safety  http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Transport-and-Communications/Departments/. \n\n2. Article: Councillor threatens to shut road, The Voice, March 29 2013,  :http://www.thevoicebw.com/2013/03/29/councillor-threatens-to-shut-road/.\n\n3. Article: Molefhi alleges rampant tax evasion in transport industry, Mmegi, September 24 2013,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=396&dir=2013/september/Tuesday24.\n\n4. Police weekly crime report, from 21/07/2013 to 28/07/2013. http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Botswana-Police-Service-/Divisions/Crime-Reports/POLICE-WEEKLY-CRIME-REPORT-FROM-21072013-TO-28072013/\n\n5. President's day road safety awareness campaign 2013, Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC), 12/07/2013. Republichttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Transport-and-Communications/News/PRESIDENTS-DAY-ROAD-SAFETY-AWARENESS-CAMPAIGN--2013/","The public highway network connects cities and towns and rural areas. However, it is a continuous work in progress. As a developing country, Botswana is constantly trying to bring developments such as roads and infrastructure to remote areas. Some remote areas only had gravel roads..."]
["2013_CF_96",2013,"CF","CAR",96,25,"Le rapport sur la politique commerciale de la RCA de 2013 souligne que le réseau routier compte environ 9 300 km de routes classées (qui ne sont pas praticables en toutes saisons) et 700 km de voies bitumées (soit un taux de revêtement de 7%). En effet, selon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, les infrastructures routières sont non seulement insuffisantes, mais présentent aussi un état de dégradation avancé. Certaines villes ne sont pas reliées aux autres par des liens routiers directs. C’est le cas des villes de Birao (à plus de 1500 km au nord de Bangui), Zemio (sud-est) et Ndélé (nord-est). Ces villes sont difficilement desservies par les sociétés de transport privées et le transport aérien représente souvent la seule possibilité de les atteindre. Dernièrement, des ponts se sont écroulés dans la capitale, provocant des perturbations de circulation et des accidents, surtout la nuit, en raison du manque d'électricité. Bien que le ministère en charge comporte un organisme mandaté pour l’entretien des routes (le Fonds routier), ce dernier n'a pas les moyens suffisants pour mener sa mission à bien.\n\nPour pallier à certaines des difficultés que connait le secteur des transports, le gouvernement envisage les mesures suivantes :\n- le recensement des « points noirs de sécurité » sur les axes routiers prioritaires du pays;\n- la réactivation de la commission nationale de suspension et de retrait de permis de conduire;\n- la finalisation de l'étude d'élaboration du plan d'action de la sécurité routière en RCA, assortie d'un plan d'investissement sur le financement de la Banque mondiale;\n- l'élaboration du projet de loi portant création de l'Agence nationale de sécurité routière en RCA;\n- la réalisation de passages scolaires protégés sur les axes bitumés de la ville de Bangui;\n- fourniture en matériel de sécurité routière au ministère en charge des transports, sur financement de la Banque mondiale.","Trop Appoline, Commandant-adjoint de la brigade motorisée, gendarmerie nationale, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nDieudonné Gueza, ingénieur en bâtiment, Secrétaire permanent, Autorité de régulation des marchés publics, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nAli Abderman, propriétaire, car Touristique voyage, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nOrganisation Mondiale du Commerce. (2013). Politique commerciale de la République centrafricaine.","Le rapport sur la politique commerciale de la RCA de 2013 souligne que le réseau routier compte environ 9 300 km de routes classées (qui ne sont pas praticables en toutes saisons) et 700 km de voies bitumées (soit un taux de revêtement de 7%). En effet, selon les personnes interrog..."]
["2013_CD_96",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",96,25,"Les données qui ont pu être consultées révèlent qu'en villes, il y a un réseau routier avec de grands axes qui sont fréquentables. Cependant, les petits chemins (qui pourraient fluidifier le trafic routier) ne sont pas goudronnés. Dans les petits villages c'est des pites qui sont utilisés, celles-ci ne sont pas entretenues et, en saison de pluies, certaines d'entre elles ne sont absolument pas praticables.  \nL'entité spécialisée d'assurer la sécurité et la fonctionnalité permanente des routes est le Fonds routier. Ce fonds a de différentes missions (voir le document joint). Son budget est insuffisant et les usagers, les professionnelles comme les transporteurs, et les fournisseurs de transports en commun tels que les bus et les taxis, se plaignent des malfaçons sur les routes, par exemple, des trous permanents, des routes réhabilités qui au bout de trois mois ne sont plus utilisables à cause de l’apparition des trous. \nEn ce qui concerne les accidents, les données statistiques sont effectuées par la police nationale pour les routes urbaines et par la gendarmerie pour les routes non urbaines. Les grands axes qui désenclavent le pays sont accentogènes du notamment aux trous, défauts de construction et à la vitesse excessive des usagers. De jeunes étudiants de l'université Marien NGOUABI ont publié des mémoires traitant notamment des raisons des accidents de la route en République du Congo. Le gouvernement a mis en place un programme pour tenter d'améliorer et développer le réseau routier inter urbain. \nEn entretiens avec quelques chauffeurs de taxi, tous se plaignent de l'état des routes au Congo.\nIl existe trois départements au sein du ministère des transports, de l'aviation civile et de la marine marchande en charge du réseau routier : \n- La direction générale des travaux publics dirigé par Mr Blaise ONAGA , \n- La direction générale des transports terrestres dirigés par Mr Placide MPAN \n- Et le fonds routier dirigé par Mr Elenga OBAT-NZENGUET.","1 - Ministère de l’Economie, du Plan, de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Intégration  - Plan National de Développement - CONGO 2012 -2016, Matrice des Actions Prioritaires du LIVRE 2 PAP-CDMT. 2012-2016.\n\n2 - Ministère de l’Economie, du Plan, de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Intégration, Plan National de Développement 2012-2016, Document de Stratégie pour la croissance, l'emploi et la réduction de la pauvreté, (DSCERP2012-2016).\n\n3 - Entretien du 29 octobre 2013 avec M. Mathieu TAUSSIG, conseiller auprès du directeur général du plan et du développement, assistant technique français, ministère du Plan, de l'Aménagement du Territoire, et de l'Intégration.\n\n4 - Entretien du 21 janvier 2014 avec M. Placide MPAN, colonel, ingénieur, Docteur en génie-civil et transport terrestre, directeur général, ministère des Transport, de l'Aviation civile et de la Marine marchande.","Les données qui ont pu être consultées révèlent qu'en villes, il y a un réseau routier avec de grands axes qui sont fréquentables. Cependant, les petits chemins (qui pourraient fluidifier le trafic routier) ne sont pas goudronnés. Dans les petits villages c'est des pites qui sont u..."]
["2013_ET_96",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",96,0,"Ethiopia has nearly 50,000 Kms of roads. But while road infrastructure development has shown an overall and significant improvement in the last few years, safety remains a big concern in Ethiopia, a country where road accidents are exceptionally high. About 2000 people die annually from traffic accidents, while 8000 suffer injuries. A poor road network, along with lack of enforcement of existing traffic laws and the poor condition of cars, are considered the cause of the accidents.  \nA report by the Ministry blames driver errors for most accidents, and pedestrians also account for a high number. However, structural problems are just as significant: holes, delays where road maintenance is needed, faulty design, and lack of coordination between ministries such as of road, transport, telecommunications and water often times lead to poor conditions that contribute to the high rate of accidents.","Road Transport Authority. \"Highlights of Road Traffic Accident In Ethiopia\". http://www.rta.gov.et/accident.htm\n\nInternational Growth Centre. \"Road Infrastructure and Enterprise Development in Ethiopia\". Working Paper. September 2012. http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Shiferaw-Et-Al-2012-Working-Paper.pdf\n\nEthio-Channal, Amharic local newspaper.  Year 5, number 373, July 28, 2013. \n\nGrowth and Transformation Plan, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of Ethiopia, \nJune, 2012. http://www.mofed.gov.et/English/Resources/Documents/GTP%20Annual%20progress%20Report%20%282010-11%29.pdf","Ethiopia has nearly 50,000 Kms of roads. But while road infrastructure development has shown an overall and significant improvement in the last few years, safety remains a big concern in Ethiopia, a country where road accidents are exceptionally high. About 2000 people die annually..."]
["2013_KE_96",2013,"KE","Kenya",96,50,"Kenya's road sub-sector is relatively large, with a total classified network of about 161,000 km (of which 11,197 km are paved and 149,689 km are gravel or earth) and over 60,000 km of unclassified community roads (with corridors typically less than nine meters wide). This provides a reasonable network of roads in the densely-populated parts of the country and some access throughout the rest.\n\nUnlike its neighbours, which have major areas without all-weather roads, the key challenge for Kenya is to bring the network in poor condition (56%) to good condition (currently just 11%), while ensuring that adequate maintenance is carried out on the rest.\n\nA report on Kenya's annual public roads programme for the fiscal year 2012/13 indicates that most of the country's roads are driveable.\n\nThe road inventory and condition survey, undertaken by the roads department of the ministry of roads between 2000 and 2003, indicated that about 19% of the classified network (64,500km) was in good condition, 49% in fair condition and the remaining 32% in poor condition.  A quick visual condition survey done in 2006 for the classified road network indicated that the condition of the network had improved with 27% in poor condition and 73% of roads was in good or in fair condition.\n\nInformation available from the recently concluded survey for unclassified roads indicates that only 41% of paved unclassified roads (urban roads) is in fair and good condition while the rest (59%) is in poor condition, or has totally failed. For the unpaved classified roads only 34% is in good or fair condition while the rest 66% is in poor condition.\n\nThe Kenya roads board is mandated to ensure all roads and maintained to the preferred safety standards. The agency runs a kitty known as the Kenya roads board fund that is bankrolled through a maintenance levy charged on motorists. In the financial year 2011/12 the board disbursed a total of KSH 15.5 billion for the maintenance of roads countrywide. The board was established through an act of parliament, in 1999 and was given presidential assent on January 6, 2000.\n\nAn average of 9 Kenyans die on the roads every day and accidents are largely attributed to road behavior rather than road conditions.","1. Kenya Roads Board website accessed on September 25, 2013. http://www.krb.go.ke/road-network/road-network.html.\n\n2. Clara Ouko, media liaison officer, Kenya National Highways Authority. Interviewed on September 25, 2013.\n\n3. \"Road accidents in Kenya: a case of poor road network or human error?\" A study by Leacky K. Muchene, Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium. Published in 2013. http://www.statistics.gov.hk/wsc/CPS030-P2-S.pdf.\n\n4. \"Ministry shelves road projects as State fails to allocate Sh7.5 billion\". An article by Edwin Mutai published by the Business Daily newspaper of June 2, 2013. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Ministry-shelves-road-projects/-/539546/1870184/-/uy0pyyz/-/index.html.\n\n5. \"Mass eviction as State expands road network\", an article by Harold Ayodo published on May 16, 2013 by the Standard newspaper. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000083692&story_title=massive-evictions-as-state-expands-road-networks.\n\n6. Annual Public Roads Programme for the financial year 2012/13, published by the Kenya Roads Board. http://www.krb.go.ke/wdownloads/APRP1213FY.pdf.\n\n7. Road Accident Statistics in Kenya 2013, Standard Media, August 2013, http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktn/video/watch/2000068509/-road-accident-statistics-in-kenya-2013\n\n8.  New PSV rules in Traffic Act aren't supported by accident data, Daily Nation, December 2013,  http://mobile.nation.co.ke/blogs/PSVs-rules-in-Traffic-Act-aren-t-supported-by-accident-data/-/1949942/2118072/-/format/xhtml/-/rx0ixoz/-/index.html","Kenya's road sub-sector is relatively large, with a total classified network of about 161,000 km (of which 11,197 km are paved and 149,689 km are gravel or earth) and over 60,000 km of unclassified community roads (with corridors typically less than nine meters wide). This provides..."]
["2013_MG_96",2013,"MG","Madagascar",96,50,"L’Autorité routière de Madagascar (ARM) est responsable de tout le réseau routier de l’île. Le Fonds d’entretien routier (FER) est l’organisme qui finance l’entretien des routes. Aucune communication n’a été officiellement émise par ces organismes gouvernementaux concernant l’état des réseaux actuels de Madagascar depuis 2011. Par contre, depuis l’année dernière, les médias ont beaucoup parlé du mauvais état des routes de Madagascar dû à l’insuffisance du budget des organismes étatiques.\n\nLes sources journalistiques ci-dessus soutiennent que 280km de route se dégradent chaque année à Madagascar à cause du manque d’entretien. Actuellement, il ne resterait pas plus de 30 000 km de routes praticables, alors qu’il devrait y en avoir 50 000 km. \n\nOfficieusement, notre source de l’Autorité routière de Madagascar (ARM) affirme que le seul réseau routier qui dessert à Madagascar les villes et les villages est celui des routes nationales (RN). Entre septembre 2012 et septembre 2013, toutefois, il n’existe aucune donnée disponible permettant d’évaluer le réseau routier existant ou entretenu. \n\nLes autorités ne disposent pas non plus de chiffres entre septembre 2012 et septembre 2013 sur les accidents qui pourraient démontrer le lien entre le nombre d’accidents et le mauvais état des routes. Les accidents relèvent généralement de l’excès de vitesse et de l’état des conducteurs (fatigue, ivresse au volant, etc.).","- «Infrastructures : 0 ariary pour l'entretien routier», L'Express de Madagascar, 1er février 2013. \nhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/infrastructures-madagascar/40591-0-ariary-pour-l-entretien-routier.html\n\n- «Infrastructures routières: Éternel défi pour Madagascar», La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 7 août 2013.\n (http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33468:infrastructures-routieres-eternel-defi-pour-madagascar&catid=45:newsflash&Itemid=58\n\n- «Manque d’entretien des routes: Un coût élevé de 40 millions d’euros par an», La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 11 juillet 2013.\nhttp://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32780:-manque-dentretien-des-routes-un-cout-eleve-de-40-millions-deuros-par-an) \n\n- «Construction routière: Aucun respect des règles de l’art !», La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 21 novembre 2013.\nhttp://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35705:construction-routiere-aucun-respect-des-regles-de-lart-&catid=72:archive \n\n- «Routes en piteux état…», Tribune de Madagascar, 12 août 2013.\nhttp://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Routes-en-piteux-Etat,19018.html\n\n- « Infrastructures routières de Madagascar : seulement 30 000 km sur 50 000 km sont praticables », Dimisoa, article en ligne de Newsmada, 20 novembre 2013. \n\nhttp://www.newsmada.com/index.php/economie/29213-infrastructures-routieres-de-madagascar--seulement-30-000-km-sur-50-000-km-sont-praticables#.UsL4h789-J5\n- Rajaonarisoa Ravomahatratra, chef de division études et gestion, Autorité routière de Madagascar, 4 novembre 2013.","L’Autorité routière de Madagascar (ARM) est responsable de tout le réseau routier de l’île. Le Fonds d’entretien routier (FER) est l’organisme qui finance l’entretien des routes. Aucune communication n’a été officiellement émise par ces organismes gouvernementaux concernant l’état ..."]
["2013_MA_96",2013,"MA","Morocco",96,50,"The main cities of the country are well-connected with roads maintained well and repaired when needed. More remote parts of the country, however, are not always connected to the rest of the country with good roads. Occasionally, heavy rains destroy roads, especially in the northeast of the country, and entire regions find themselves completely cut off for weeks. There is the Ministry for Transport, mandated to monitor and take care of the Moroccan infrastructure, but its website does not always display data. Accident data is not available. The daily average of deaths on the road is 11, according to the Department of State, and some major accidents were reported throughout the last year.","(n.d.) .  [High Commission of Planning's statistics on infrastructures].  Retrieve from http://www.hcp.ma/downloads/Maroc-en-chiffres_t13053.html.\n\n(n.d.) .  [The transport ministry's page on Moroccan roads displays error 404].  Retrieved from http://www.adm.co.ma/carte.cfm.\n\n(n.d.) .  [Transport ministry's statistics and data on roads].  Retrieved from http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/chiffrescles/Routier/Pages/Transport-routier-en-chiffres.aspx.\n\nUnited States Department of State.  (2013) .  Morocco 2013 Crime and Safety Report.  Washington D.C., United States Department of State.  Retrieved from https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13593.\n\nAfrican Development Bank. \"SECOND NATIONAL RURAL ROADS PROGRAMME (PNRR2). PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT (PCR)\". April 2013. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Morocco_-__Second_National_Rural_Roads_Programme_%E2%80%93_PNRR2_%E2%80%93_Project_Completion_Report.pdf","The main cities of the country are well-connected with roads maintained well and repaired when needed. More remote parts of the country, however, are not always connected to the rest of the country with good roads. Occasionally, heavy rains destroy roads, especially in the northeas..."]
["2013_MZ_96",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",96,50,"Some effort is being made to ensure the functioning of the road network and all major cities and towns are connected. 20% (5649 km) of Mozambique's 30,000 km of roads is paved. The road network is, however, not well maintained as the responsible entity, Adminstração Nacional de Estradas, suffers from lack of funds as it is highly dependent on donors. A lack of capacity also leads to poor quality of road maintenance when it is done. \n\nWith regards to statistics of accidents caused by roads’ lack of maintenance the traffic police department has no such specific data as this type of information does not appear among the leading causes.","1.        \"Financiamentos tardam em Moçambique e estradas não avançam\". Redaccao. O Pais. April 29, 2013. http://expresso.sapo.pt/financiamentos-tardam-em-mocambique-e-estradas-nao-avancam=f803492.\n \n2.        \"Cerca de mil quilómetros de estradas em Moçambique vão ser asfaltadas\". Redaccao. MacauHub. October 25, 2012. http://www.macauhub.com.mo/pt/2012/10/25/cerca-de-mil-quilometros-de-estradas-em-mocambique-vao-ser-asfaltadas/.\n\n3.        \"Manutenção de estradas urbanas em 96%: realidade ou ficção?\". Redaccao. O Pais. April 26, 2013. http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/economia/38-economia/25115-manutencao-de-estradas-urbanas-em-96-realidade-ou-ficcao.html. \n\n4.        \"Maputo/Moamba é o rosto do abandono da estrada Maputo/witbank \". Fernando Bismarque. O Pais. March 18, 2013. http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/24592-maputomoamba-e-o-rosto-do-abandono-da-estrada-maputowitbank.html.","Some effort is being made to ensure the functioning of the road network and all major cities and towns are connected. 20% (5649 km) of Mozambique's 30,000 km of roads is paved. The road network is, however, not well maintained as the responsible entity, Adminstração Nacional de Est..."]
["2013_SC_96",2013,"SC","Seychelles",96,100,"Road networks exist, and they are maintained. Seychelles is very small so a large part is connected. The transport authority, called the Seychelles Land Transport Agency, is in charge of road maintenance. No accidents over the past year have been caused by bridge or road malfunctions. Specific statistics were requested twice from the authority, but no response was received during the research of this project.","1. Interview: Anonymous source, civil society expert, November 26, 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n2. Parinda Herath- the CEO of the Land Transport Agency on 2/13/14.","Road networks exist, and they are maintained. Seychelles is very small so a large part is connected. The transport authority, called the Seychelles Land Transport Agency, is in charge of road maintenance. No accidents over the past year have been caused by bridge or road malfunctio..."]
["2013_SO_96",2013,"SO","Somalia",96,0,"According to IFAD's Rural Poverty Portal, absence of a central government for over 22 years has led to \"extensive damage to roads and other infrastructure makes it extremely difficult to deliver humanitarian assistance to those who need it.\" Al-Shabab continues to make road travel dangerous in parts of the country. This insecurity combined with the poor standard of the infrastructure has led to a recent boom in airline links to regional cities as travelers seek to bypass the road system (Hammer).\n\nThe World Food Program also points to the conflict causing a serious neglect of infrastructure with the result of deterioration in roads and bridges. The WFP has initiated an infrastructure repair program to help facilitate its work. \n\nIn Somiland, poorly maintained and deteriorating roads are pointed to as one cause of an increasing number of traffic accidents (Elmi-Shawky). According to a December 2013 report on the year, \"on average, about 15 people die in motor vehicle accidents each month and more than 200 people are injured\" (Barkhad).","Rural Poverty Portal (IFAD). Accessed on March 11, 2014. http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/somalia\n\nHammer, J. (2013 July 12). Somalia’s Somewhat Friendly Skies. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/magazine/somalias-somewhat-friendly-skies.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0&adxnnlx=1394571624-9k/aB2ZmIDiFdGS8%20Cvj1Q\n\nDevelopment of Logistical Infrastructure for Somalia and the Horn of Africa Corridor. World Food Program Operations. http://www.wfp.org/content/development-logistical-infrastructure-somalia-and-horn-africa-corridor\n\nElmi–Shawky, AM. (2012 Oct 9). Somaliland: Road accidents exacting a toll. http://somalilandpress.com/somaliland-road-accidents-exacting-a-toll-35842\n\nDahir, B. (2013 Dec 25). Uptick in Road Accidents in Somaliland Causes Concern. http://allafrica.com/stories/201312261058.html\n\nJacobs, R. (2013 July 16). Somalia's Unsafe Roads Are Good For Its Airline Industry. Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/airline-industry-is-booming-in-somalia-2013-7\n\nCIA World Factbook – Somalia. Accessed on March 11, 2014. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html","According to IFAD's Rural Poverty Portal, absence of a central government for over 22 years has led to \"extensive damage to roads and other infrastructure makes it extremely difficult to deliver humanitarian assistance to those who need it.\" Al-Shabab continues to make road travel ..."]
["2013_TG_96",2013,"TG","Togo",96,25,"Bien que l'état des routes s'améliore, notamment dans la capitale, les accidents dus aux nids de poules sont encore fréquents. Les accidents dans les montagnes situés dans le nord du pays sont également fréquents et sont souvent causés par une détérioration dangereuse de l'état des routes.\n Deux contournements seront prochainement ouverts à la circulation et permettront d'éviter le passage de ces montagnes. La Société autonome du financement de l'entretien routier (SAFER) est chargée de l'entretien des routes.\n Même s'il y a eu une augmentation de l'investissement dans les routes depuis 2010, il y a encore une lacune importante des routes qui est un obstacle majeur pour la croissance.\n Il est impossible, ou à tout le moins difficile, d'avoir le pourcentage des villes et villages qui sont reliés par un réseau de routes et de ponts, mais Il y a près de 12,000 Kms de routes.","AfreePress. (10 mai 2012). « Plus de 37 milliards pour entretenir le réseau routier en 2013 ». IciLome. Repéré à http://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=19&idnews=20995.\n \n Togo Infos. (9 avril 2013). « Deux accidents de titans bloquent la circulation pendant deux jours ». Togoinfos.net Repéré à http://togoinfos.net/spip.php?article49.\n \n Mahorou Kanazoe. (14 janvier 2013). « Bientôt la fin du cauchemar pour les routiers burkinabè ». Le Pays. Repéré à http://www.lepays.bf/?FAILLES-D-ALEDJO-AU-TOGO.\n \n Africa-RDV. (7 novembre 2013). « Togo : le corps sans vie d’un conducteur de “Zem” retrouvé à Djidjolé »., Africa-rdv. Repéré à http://www.africardv.com/?p=7291.\n \n Recherches google infructueuses concernant le pourcentage de villes/villages reliés par un réseau routier.\n \n Appel au ministère en charge des transports le 21 novembre 2013. Refus de donner des informations par téléphone.\n \n IMF Country Report No. 14/38, International Monetary Fund, Feb 2014. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr1438.pdf.","Bien que l'état des routes s'améliore, notamment dans la capitale, les accidents dus aux nids de poules sont encore fréquents. Les accidents dans les montagnes situés dans le nord du pays sont également fréquents et sont souvent causés par une détérioration dangereuse de l'état des..."]
["2013_DZ_97",2013,"DZ","Algeria",97,50,"En Algérie, la compagnie Air Algérie est classée dans la catégorie B, niveau correct, en matière de sécurité à la suite d’une enquête du site securvol.fr. Elle a procédé ces dernières années au renouvellement de sa flotte et s’est soumise en 2008 aux conditions de l’IATA en faisant l’objet de l’audit IOSA. En 2012, la compagnie aérienne a obtenu le label IOSA pour une période de deux ans. Par ailleurs, l’Union Européenne a décidé en juillet 2012 de mettre un terme aux discussions officielles entamées avec la DACM (Direction de l’aviation civile et de météorologie) au titre du règlement (CE) n° 2111/2005 compte tenu de l’évolution favorable des résultats des inspections effectuées au titre du programme SAFA (évaluation en matière de sécurité des aéronefs étrangers) depuis novembre 2010, de l’absence de manquements graves en matière de sécurité et de la mise en œuvre des mesures correctives et préventives dans le respect du calendrier établi. (Journal officiel de l’Union européenne, 03/12/2012) Il convient de noter qu’une opération de jumelage entre l’Algérie et l’Espagne en matière de sécurité aérienne civile a été lancée en septembre 2013. Selon le ministre du Transport : « cette coopération devrait permettre au pays d’améliorer ses performances dans ce domaine en augmentant le taux de mise en place du Plan national de sécurité (PNS), relatif à la sécurité aérienne, de 42 % actuellement à la moyenne mondiale qui est de 60 %, d’ici à 2017 (El Moudjahid, 19/06/2013) ». L’opération entre dans le cadre de l’application des normes de l’Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (OACI) en matière de gestion de la sécurité aérienne. De nouvelles mesures ont également été prises pour sécuriser les aéroports. Selon un article publié sur le site web de TSA, le 8 septembre 2013, « l’Établissement de gestion de services aéroportuaires d’Alger (EGSAA) a entamé le 8 septembre 2013 les démarches pour la réalisation de 88 guérites de surveillance dans douze aéroports du centre du pays, dont dix sont situés dans le sud du pays ».","-S. Baker. (2012, le 11 septembre). Aéroport d'Alger : le principal radar de trafic aérien en panne. Algérie patriotique. Repéré à http://www.algeriepatriotique.com/article/aeroport-dalger-le-principal-radar-de-trafic-aerien-en-panne\n-Lakhdari Brahil et APS. (2012, le 20 septembre). Établissement national de la navigation : Au cœur de la sécurité aérienne. Le Midi Libre. Repéré à http://www.lemidi-dz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&id_article=evenement%40art4%402012-09-20\n-S.M.. (2012, le 20 septembre). Sécurité aérienne : Un centre régional de contrôle aérien à Tamanrasset. Le Quotidien d’Oran, sur Algeria Watch. Repéré à http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/mil/controle_aerien.htm\n-(2012, le 20 septembre). Navigation aérienne : L’ENNA, la sécurité à tout prix. Made in Algeria, Source : www.elmoudjahid.com. Repéré à http://www.made-in-algeria.com/data_5/even_detail.php?id=7651\n-Laurence Aïda Ammour. (2013, août). Évolution de la politique de défense algérienne. Centre de recherche sur le renseignement [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.cf2r.org/images/stories/bulletin_documentation/bulletin-documentation-7.pdf\n-Union Européenne. (2012) RÈGLEMENT D’EXÉCUTION (UE) No 1146/2012 DE LA COMMISSION du 3 décembre 2012. Journal officiel de l’union européenne. Repéré à http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:333:0007:0033:FR:PDF\n-Ali Idir. (2013, le 8 septembre). Des guérites et des systèmes neufs de détection d’explosifs-De nouvelles mesures pour sécuriser les aéroports algériens. TSA. Repéré à http://www.tsa-algerie.com/actualite/item/1832-des-guerites-et-de-systemes-neuf-de-detection-d-explosifs-de-nouvelles-mesures-pour-securiser-les-aeroports-algeriens","En Algérie, la compagnie Air Algérie est classée dans la catégorie B, niveau correct, en matière de sécurité à la suite d’une enquête du site securvol.fr. Elle a procédé ces dernières années au renouvellement de sa flotte et s’est soumise en 2008 aux conditions de l’IATA en faisant..."]
["2013_CM_97",2013,"CM","Cameroon",97,75,"The Cameroonian air transport system is equipped with a monitoring and safety system. The latest audit data from the ICAO indicates that Cameroon meets or exceeds the world average on safety. \n\nIn addition to the Ministry of Transport, which includes a directorate of air transport, the Cameroon Civil Aviation Authority is the body responsible for air safety. Cameroon has also partnered with international technical partners such as ASECNA (Agency for Safety and Air Navigation in Africa). Cameroon's airplanes are not blacklisted and its planes can fly around the world, says Joel Wadem. Thierry Gervais Ngango indicates planes belonging to the company Camair-co are inspected in IATA countries, thereby guaranteeing their safety.\n\nHowever, not all airlines have met the IATA Operational Safety Standard. Camair-co, an official Cameroonian airline has only started looking for a reliable technical partner to meet IATA audit standards.","(2013, June 21) . Camair-Co wants to end its technical partnership with Lufthansa in favour of the Dutch BV Aviacare.  Africa Time.\n\nNgango, Thierry Gervais.  (2013, October 4) .  [Communications advisor at Camair-co, airline company].  Personal communication. \n\nWadem, Joel.  (2013, October 4) .  [Communications officer at the Cameroon Civil Aviation Authority, responsible for air traffic control in Cameroon].  Personal communication.","The Cameroonian air transport system is equipped with a monitoring and safety system. The latest audit data from the ICAO indicates that Cameroon meets or exceeds the world average on safety. ..."]
["2013_KM_97",2013,"KM","Comoros",97,50,"Étant membre de l'Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar (ASECNA) depuis 2004, l'Union des Comores est soumise à la supervision de l'Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (OACI).\nLa sureté et la sécurité de l’aviation civile sont des droits régaliens qui relèvent exclusivement de la compétence de l’État Comorien. La sureté au niveau des aéroports de l’Union des Comores ouverts au transport aérien public est assurée par :\n- le service de sureté aéroportuaire ;\n- la Brigade de la Gendarmerie du Transport Aérien (BGTA) ;\n- la société d’Assistance en escale (Handling) ;\n-la Police de l’Air et de Frontière (PAF) ;\n- la DNDPE ;\n- le service de sécurité et de gardiennage ;\n- les services de la douane aéroportuaire ;\n- tous les locataires et intervenants aux aéroports ;\n- mission économique et de lutte contre les stupéfiants;\n- la BGTA est affectée à l’aéroport par l’état major de l’AND;\n-la PAF était une brigade mixte composée en même temps des unités de l’AND ainsi que des unités de la police nationale est affectée aux aéroports par la note N°06-258/PR du 04 Octobre 2006. \n\nAu niveau de l’aéroport, la BGTA est chargée de :\n\n- la surveillance générale de toutes les zones aéroportuaire;\n- le contrôle des accès aux aéroports;\n- la surveillance des périmètres extérieurs de l’aérogare;\n- la prévention et détection d’activités criminelles contre des installations et services d’aviation civile;\n- la surveillance et le gardiennage intérieur /intermédiaire et extérieur de l’aérogare tels que ceux des aéronefs, de la piste et du parking ;\n- la protection, inspection, faille et garde d’un aéronef au sol qui fait l’objet d’un acte d’intervention illicite ;\n- la possibilité du personnel de police approprié dans les pratiques et les procédures de sureté de l’aviation civile ayant un lien avec ses opérations.\n\nQuant à la PAF, elle est chargée du :\n\n- contrôle des documents de voyage ;\n- inspection/filtrage des passagers et des personnes ;\n- la sureté intérieure de l’aérogare, des biens ;\n- la surveillance des passagers à l’arrivée et au départ afin de détecter éventuellement les personnes qui peuvent constituer une menace pour l’aviation civile. \n\nLa société de Handling est responsable des opérations d’enregistrement des passagers et de leurs bagages et doit appliquer toutes les mesures de sureté appropriées :\n- profilage ;\n- correspondante passagers, documents, titres de voyages, bagages ;\n- surveillance du fret arrivée et au départ ;\n- accompagnement des passagers et de leurs bagages pendant les opérations d’embarquement et de débarquement ;\n- dans le cadre de leur travail à bord et aux alentours immédiats des aéronefs, le personnel de la société d’assistance en escale doit respecter toutes les règles, procédures et consignes des autres entités et intervenants de l’aéroports qui sont chargés chacun en ce qui le concerne de la sureté de la zone où se situent leurs activités respective. \nDepuis le 1er janvier 2004, l'adhésion des Comores à l'ASECNA est effective. À l'unanimité, les États ont accepté d'accueillir à cette date ce pays comme dix-septième membre. Un acte à double conséquence : renforcement de la présence de l'Agence dans l'Océan Indien et amélioration sensible de la qualité des services offerts aux usagers dans l'espace comorien. (Asecna, 2004-2005)\n\nLes services de douanes sont responsables de la protection de l’économie nationale contre les trafics illicites et la criminalité organisée. Ils exercent les missions décrites dans le code comorien de la douane. La douane participe à la prévention des actes d’intervention illicites aux aéroports. Elle effectue des contrôles de sureté sur les bagages à mains, des soutes, le fret, les provisions de bord, les ravitaillements et les marchandises périssables. Une participation de la douane peut être sollicitée en cas de besoin pour compléter l’effectif aux services de sureté, notamment par l’affectation d’agents féminins aux postes d’inspections/filtrages. (Agence nationale de l'aviation civile et la météorologie (ANACM), n.d.).\nLes mesures de sécurité à l’aéroport de Moroni ont été récemment renforcées. Les bagages allant en soute sont contrôlés à l’aide d’un scanner installé dans les années 1990, opéré à la fois par la Brigade des Douanes, la Sécurité Aéroportuaire et la Brigade vanille, tandis que les bagages à main sont vérifiés à l’aide d’un scanner mis en service en 2006 et opéré par la Douane et la Police de l’Air et des Frontières. Par ailleurs, les abords de l’aéroport ont été clôturés et les entrées/sorties des personnes sévèrement contrôlés. Des badges sont attribués à chaque employé, avec différents niveaux d’habilitation, ainsi qu’aux visiteurs.  \nCinq services administratifs différents s’occupent de la sécurité au niveau de l’aéroport : la Brigade des Douanes de l’aéroport, la Police de l’Air et des Frontières (PAF), la Brigade de la Gendarmerie Territoriale et Aérienne (BGTA), la Sécurité Aéroportuaire et, à la demande de l’ASECNA, la société de gardiennage Securicom. La multiplication des services de sécurité présents à l’aéroport et leurs sureffectifs entrainent inévitablement des incidents de compétence entre les services et un manque d’efficacité. Il y aurait lieu de délimiter davantage les attributions de chacun de ces services, de ne permettre que les contrôles de la part des agents de la Douane et de la PAF et d’unifier le commandement. Les contrôles gagneraient en efficacité tout en réduisant les couts. (Union des Comores, décembre 2007: 83).","Agence nationale de l'aviation civile et la météorologie (ANACM). (n.d.). « Répartition des missions, responsabilités et compétences des corps Concourants à la sûreté de l’Aviation Civile en Union des Comores ». Agence nationale de l' aviation civile et la météorologie (ANACM): http://www.anacm-comores.com/repartition_mission.php\". Consulté en 2013\n\nEl Watwan. (24 avril 2013). Sûreté et Sécurité aérienne: Visite du Directeur Général de l'Asecna à Moroni. Repéré à http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5202\n\nToyb Ahmed El Watwan (30 mai 2013). Sécurité aérienne: Air Austral fait des contrôles additionnels sur le Tarmac de Hahaya.  http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5324\n\nUnion des Comores. (Décembre 2007). Étude diagnostique de l’intégration commerciale. Cadre intégré: http://cq-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/fr/publications/poverty-reduction/poverty-website/union-des-comores-tude-diagnostique-de-lintgration-commerciale/Comores_EDIC_Dec07_fr.pdf. Consulté en 2013\n\nAsecna, Actualité ASECNA 2004-2005, https://www.indabaplatform.com/indaba/surveyAnswer.do?questionid=6635&assignid=29245&horseid=7470&action=surveyCreate.do&returl=https%3)","Étant membre de l'Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar (ASECNA) depuis 2004, l'Union des Comores est soumise à la supervision de l'Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (OACI)...."]
["2013_EG_97",2013,"EG","Egypt",97,75,"While Egypt's road network continues to struggle with the demands of the population, Egypt's airlines operate safely and in compliance with ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS).  Despite a high-profile air balloon accident during the sample period, jet travel is safe in Egypt and largely in keeping with international standards. Egypt has required IOSA certification since 2006.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  (2013, September) .  Statement presented at the 38th Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization.  Retrieved from http://www.icao.int/Meetings/a38/Documents/WP/wp237_en.pdf\n\nKorkor, Magdy.  (2013, November 14) .  [Professor of urban planning at Cairo University].  Personal communication. \n\nRadwan, Yasmine.  (2013, November 25) .  [Economic researcher at the American Chamber of Commerce].  Personal communication. 11-25-2013\n\n(2006) . Egypt to require IOSA certification for all airlines.  Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved from http://news.aviation-safety.net/2006/11/25/egypt-to-require-iosa-certification-for-all-airlines/","While Egypt's road network continues to struggle with the demands of the population, Egypt's airlines operate safely and in compliance with ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS).  Despite a high-profile air balloon accident during the sample period, jet travel is safe in Egyp..."]
["2013_GA_97",2013,"GA","Gabon",97,50,"The domestic civil aviation authority (Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile, ANAC) is highly competent and has been carrying out exhaustive audits of domestic airlines since 2010. It temporarily suspended La Nationale in 2012.\n\nANAC was created in July 2008. It is the successor organization to the Secrétariat Général à l’Aviation Civile et Commerciale (SGACC), which was set up in 1972. It has been tasked by the government to meet the standards required by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Previously, Gabon's airspace had been blacklisted by EU authorities. When Gabon hosted the Africa Cup of Nations in 2012, ANAC played a high-profile security role to comply with the guidelines contained in Annex 17 of the ICAO. \n\nAnonymous source: \"There is already the Safety of Air Navigation Safety Agency (ASECNA), that's international. At the national level, we have the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), which works elsewhere. In 2012,  the national certificate of air worthiness was not renewed because of  non-compliance. [The domestic airline in Gabon that did not pass muster].\"\n\nIn addition, the ANAC website is one of the most up-to-date and useful government agency websites in the country. All ANAC decisions are uploaded as PDFs to the website.  \n\nHowever, the airlines do not yet appear registered with the IOSA.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication, January 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(n.d.) .  Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile du Gabon (ANAC).  Retrieved from http://www.anacgabon.org/fr/\n\n(n.d.) .  Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile du Gabon (ANAC).  [Key decisions by ANAC in 2012–2013 on the website].  Retrieved from http://www.anacgabon.org/fr/index.php/telechargements/decisions-et-directives\n\n(n.d.) .  Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile du Gabon (ANAC).  [Key facts about ANAC on the website].  Retrieved from http://www.anacgabon.org/fr/index.php/a-propos-de-lanac\n\nASMP.  (2013, February).  La Nationale  2ème transporteur aérien du Gabon en 2012.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=28338\n\n(2012, July 6) .  Gabon: Hypothétique interdiction de vol pour cinq compagnies aériennes.  L'Union.  [Reprinted in GabonEco].  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=22992\n\n(2012, January 18) .  Gabon: Pour une CAN sans incidence aéroportuaire.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from  http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=24427\n\nIOSA Registry, IATA.org. https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/audit/iosa/Pages/registry.aspx?Query=all\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The domestic civil aviation authority (Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile, ANAC) is highly competent and has been carrying out exhaustive audits of domestic airlines since 2010. It temporarily suspended La Nationale in 2012...."]
["2013_LS_97",2013,"LS","Lesotho",97,0,"The department of civil aviation is responsible for the coordination of International Civil Aviation Organisation-related matters. Lesotho has not complied fully with the recommendations of the universal safety oversight audit programme reports. Released in 2007, the latest audit report indicated that Lesotho is below the global and African averages in terms of the effective implementation of eight critical elements, which include primary aviation legislation, specific operating regulations, qualification and training of technical staff, licensing and certification obligations, surveillance obligations and the resolution of safety concerns. According to this audit, effective implementation of a safety oversight system is only 21.05%, which is half the African average of 40% and global average of 63%. Lesotho is required to maintain an effective implementation rate of at least 60%.  \n\nThe audit report indicated that the Civil Aviation Act 1975 and civil aviation regulations, namely the air Navigation Regulations 1980 and the Aviation Regulations 1986, do not reflect all provisions of the organisation annexes. None of these provide for specific actions to be taken in cases where deficiencies identified during inspections are not rectified within a reasonable period. Also, Lesotho has not established mechanisms to meet its surveillance obligations. The department of civil aviation has failed to carry out continuing surveillance of the Moshoeshoe 1 international airport.\n\nThere is no national airline in Lesotho. All  airlines operating in the country are subject to the International Air Transport Association's operational safety audit. Other than the Moshoeshoe 1 international airport, Lesotho operates 16 rural airstrips. According to the rural airstrip report of the Mission Aviation Fellowship, conditions in these airstrips are terrible. For instance, runway markers are faded or not available in 15 of the 16 airstrips. Runway conditions are very poor in seven airstrips. In Sehonghong, the cross-runway is almost unusable due to the rocks and potholes. In places like Matabang and Tebellong, grass and bushes are growing all over the runway.","!. Anonymous. Department of Civil Aviation. Ministry of Public Works and Transport. October 10 2013. Maseru.\n\n2. Implementation of the ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme  (USOAP) Corrective Action Plan. Revised Plan of Action for Lesotho. May 2013. http://www.icao.int/safety/scan/PlansOfAction/Revised%20ICAO%20Plan%20of%20Action%20Lesotho%20May%202013.pdf.\n\n3.  Mission Aviation Fellowship. Rural Airstrip Report. August 2013.","The department of civil aviation is responsible for the coordination of International Civil Aviation Organisation-related matters. Lesotho has not complied fully with the recommendations of the universal safety oversight audit programme reports. Released in 2007, the latest audit r..."]
["2013_MR_97",2013,"MR","Mauritania",97,50,"La Mauritanie a connu une évolution importante en matière de transport et de sécurité aérienne. Cette évolution s'est illustrée par l'acquisition de matériel moderne de détection d'explosifs et de produits chimiques destinés à assurer la sécurité du transport aérien. Ces acquisitions ont permis de faire lever l’exclusion de l'espace aérien européen qui avait frappé la compagnie nationale aérienne. L'Agence nationale de l'aviation civile (ANAC) s'est notamment conformée aux cahiers des charges édictés par l’Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (ICAO). Ces importantes innovations introduites en matière de sécurité et de transport aérien ne sont pas négligeables. En dépit de cette évolution, il reste encore à innover en matière de transport aérien.  La Mauritanie fait toujours l'objet d'une vérification accrue quant à sa capacité à respecter de manière continue les cahiers des charges de l’ICAO. Les visites de terrain et les inspections inopinées sont là pour rappeler combien il faut se conformer aux procédures de l'ICAO.","1. Aboubekrine Seddigh Ould Mohamed El Hacen, directeur général, Agence nationale de l'aviation civile (ANAC), 13 octobre 2013.\n\n2.Noor Info. (26 janvier 2013). « Aboubecrine Seddigh Ould Mohamed Hacen, DG de l'ANAC : \"Nous ne voulons plus être sur liste noire\" ». NoorInfo : http://www.noorinfo.com/Aboubecrine-Seddigh-Ould-Mohamed-Hacen-DG-de-l-ANAC-Nous-ne-voulons-plus-etre-sur-liste-noire_a7396.html","La Mauritanie a connu une évolution importante en matière de transport et de sécurité aérienne. Cette évolution s'est illustrée par l'acquisition de matériel moderne de détection d'explosifs et de produits chimiques destinés à assurer la sécurité du transport aérien. Ces acquisitio..."]
["2013_MU_97",2013,"MU","Mauritius",97,50,"During the period of study, there was a safety issue with an airplane of the national airline company, where the explosion of a reaction and lost altitude. However, according to the Prime Minister, when questioned on the safety of Air Mauritius at the National Assembly, he replied that safety was a top priority of the airline and that the airline was last audited by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in September 2012 and was awarded the IATA Operation Safety Audit Certificate. The PM's facts are slightly erroneous. \n\nUpon verification, it was reported in Air Mauritius' Annual Report 2012/2013 that the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) was conducted in June 2012 leading to the successful renewal of IOSA registration till September 2014. The information is confirmed on the Air Mauritius website which states that the airline is an IOSA-certified (IATA Operational Safety Audit); registration is confirmed until September 2014 on IATA's website. \n\nThe prime minister also reported that the safety reporting norms followed by Air Mauritius met the full requirements of the international safety rules and recommended practices laid down by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). According to his reply to the private notice question, the last security audit of Air Mauritius through the Department of Civil Aviation carried by ICAO was in July 2012.\nThe audit has not been made public.","1. About Us - Corporate Information. Air Mauritius website. 2013. Available at: http://www.airmauritius.com/aboutus.htm\n\n2. Oral Answers to Questions - Air Mauritius Flight Safety. National Assembly - Private Notice Questions. 11 June 2013. Available at: http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/Pages/Answers/PNQ/2013/pnqans11june2013.pdf\n\n3. IOSA Registry - Mauritius. IATA Website. 2013. Available at http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/audit/iosa/Pages/operator.aspx?c=MAU\n\n4. Annual Report 2012/2013. Air Mauritius. June 2013. Available at http://www.airmauritius.com/aboutus/AnnualReport201213.pdf\n\n5. Air Mauritius : panique en plein vol. L'express. Oct. 8, 2013. Available at http://www.lexpress.mu/article/air-mauritius-panique-en-plein-vol","During the period of study, there was a safety issue with an airplane of the national airline company, where the explosion of a reaction and lost altitude. However, according to the Prime Minister, when questioned on the safety of Air Mauritius at the National Assembly, he replied ..."]
["2013_SN_97",2013,"SN","Senegal",97,50,"L'Agence de l'aviation civile et météorologie, l’institution sénégalaise de surveillance de la sécurité du transport aérien, est soumise à la Méthode de surveillance continue (MSC) de l’Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (OACI), précédemment désignée Programme universel d'audit de la surveillance de sécurité (USOAP). \n\nCette agence sénégalaise, toutefois, ne respecte pas toutes les recommandations de l'OACI. Celle-ci a en effet énoncé des principes qui comprennent la transparence, la consultation des usagers et les liens entre les couts et les redevances, comme l’a rappelé le directeur général de l’IATA lors de la journée de l'aviation à Dakar. \n\nCes principes ne sont pas respectés. Les bénéfices reviennent à ceux qui paient, le préfinancement n’est pas autorisé en l'absence de mesures de protection spécifiques pour les usagers. Actuellement l'agence de l'aviation civile et météorologie se prépare à l'audit de l'OACI. Reste à savoir si elle va se conformer à ces recommandations.\n\nLa seule compagnie aérienne du pays est soumise au programme de vérification de la sécurité des procédures d'exploitation de l'IATA (IOSA), comme le disent ses responsables. Elle n'a pas respecté les recommandations formulées dans le dernier rapport d'audit et connait aujourd’hui des difficultés au niveau sécuritaire.","Dakar Actu. (4 septembre 2012). « Redevances aéroportuaires au Sénégal: L’OACI crash sur le trop-plein de taxes ». Dakar Actu: http://www.dakaractu.com/REDEVANCES-AEROPORTUAIRES-AU-SENEGAL-L-Oaci-crash-sur-le-trop-plein-de-taxes_a31847.html\n\nSow, M.L. (20 novembre 2012). «Transport aérien : le leadership du Sénégal en question? ». Seneweb.com: http://www.seneweb.com/news/Contribution/transport-aerien-le-leadership-du-senegal-en-question_n_81503.html\n\nEntretien avec Sadibou Ba, Agence nationale de l'aviation civile et de la météorologie. ","L'Agence de l'aviation civile et météorologie, l’institution sénégalaise de surveillance de la sécurité du transport aérien, est soumise à la Méthode de surveillance continue (MSC) de l’Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (OACI), précédemment désignée Programme univers..."]
["2013_SC_97",2013,"SC","Seychelles",97,50,"The Civil Aviation Authority is the body that keeps track of all air traffic, control, maintenance, standards, etc.\nAir Seychelles is not subject to ICAO’s USOAP which is directed at State level. \n\nAir Seychelles, as all IATA member airlines,  is subject to the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) program. Air Seychelles has complied to the recommendations of the IOSA audits which is also a precondition to and maintenance of IATA membership.","Interview: Anonymous source, Civil Society Expert, 11/26/13\n\nInterview: Wilfred Fock-Tave of the Seychelles Civil Aviation Authorit, 2/13/14.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The Civil Aviation Authority is the body that keeps track of all air traffic, control, maintenance, standards, etc.\nAir Seychelles is not subject to ICAO’s USOAP which is directed at State level. ..."]
["2013_TG_97",2013,"TG","Togo",97,25,"L'audit de l’Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) s'est déroulé du 19 au 26 février 2007. Un coordonnateur (National Continuous Monitoring Coordinator) a été nommé et est apparemment opérationnel, mais aucune information ne permet de dire si ses recommandations sont appliquées ou non. D'après Agence nationale de l’aviation civile au Togo (ANAC), on sait seulement que les résultats de l’audit ont été satisfaisants avec un taux de satisfaction de 65 % et un taux de non-conformité de 35 %. La validation de l'audit n'a pas été effectuée. En termes de niveau d’implantation des mesures, les opérations sont nettement inférieures à la moyenne des autres pays.\n \n La compagnie aérienne ASKY, bien que son siège soit au Togo, est une entreprise panafricaine et non togolaise.","Appels et mails à l'Agence nationale de l'aviation civile du Togo (ANAC), 6 novembre 2013. Question transmise au directeur général. Pas de réponse en date du 14 novembre 2013.\n \n Agence nationale de l’aviation civile au Togo (ANAC). (2012). Audit USOAP/CMA et USAP. Repéré à http://www.anac-togo.tg/2013/05/05/audits-usoapcma-et-usap/.\n \n Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (ICAO). Safety Audit Information. Repéré à http://www.icao.int/safety/Pages/USOAP-Results.aspx.","L'audit de l’Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) s'est déroulé du 19 au 26 février 2007. Un coordonnateur (National Continuous Monitoring Coordinator) a été nommé et est apparemment opérationnel, mais aucune information ne permet de dire si ses recommandations sont a..."]
["2013_TN_97",2013,"TN","Tunisia",97,100,"The Office de l'aviation civile et des aéroports, which is the public aviation safety authority, is subject to the International Civil Aviation Organisation's continuous monitoring approach and complies with the recommendations made by auditors' reports.\n\nAccording to the universal security oversight audit programme, audit results as of December 31 2012, Tunisia has an effective implementation above the global average of 61%. The Tunisian airline company (Tunisair) is a member of the International Air Transport Association and subject to its operational safety audit.","September 27 2013: interview with Mr Mohamed Hédi Ben Hamida, administrator in Tunisair (Public airline company).\n\nUniversal Security Oversight Audit Programme, Council of ICAO, July 2013 (go to 3.1.3)\n(www.icao.int/Meetings/a38/.../WP/wp016_en).\n\nInternational Civil Aviation Organisation safety report 2013 (www.icao.int/.../ICAO_2013-Safety-Report_FINAL.p).","The Office de l'aviation civile et des aéroports, which is the public aviation safety authority, is subject to the International Civil Aviation Organisation's continuous monitoring approach and complies with the recommendations made by auditors' reports...."]
["2013_BJ_98",2013,"BJ","Benin",98,50,"Il n'y a pas de mécanisme formel opérationnel permettant aux citoyens en milieu rural de soumettre leurs contributions dans l'élaboration des politiques. Toutefois, le président de la République actuel reçoit souvent les producteurs de diverses régions afin d'encourager le développement de l'agriculture. Ces occasions constituent les seules occasions où ils peuvent émettre des points de vue susceptibles d'être pris en compte à un niveau élevé de l'Etat. Les récentes consultations nationales sur l'agenda post-2015 ont été une occasion unique pour les populations rurales d’exprimer divers points de vue à travers des réunions sur la place publique, dans les églises, etc. Le gouvernement a invité publiquement les citoyens en milieu rural à contribuer à l'élaboration de l'agenda.","Kétou: Boni Yayi rencontre les producteurs de coton. (6 août 2013). Adjinakou. http://www.beninpresse.info/article-ketou-boni-yayi-rencontre-les-producteurs-de-coton-119416741.html\n\nLes priorités de développement post- 2015 exprimées par les Béninois. (30 juillet 2013). undp.org. http://www.undp.org/content/benin/fr/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2013/07/30/les-priorit-s-de-d-veloppement-post-2015-exprim-es-par-les-b-ninois/\n\nEugène Aballo. (22/05/2013). Palais de la Marina :Yayi Boni échange avec les acteurs de la filière ananas. Le Matinal. http://actubenin.com/?Palais-de-la-Marina-Yayi-Boni-45427\n\nSite du gouvernement du Bénin. (2013). Palais de la Marina: Boni YAYI reçoit les acteurs agricoles pour débattre du mécanisme de commercialisation du coton au titre de la campagne 2012-2013. http://www.gouv.bj/content/palais-de-la-marina-boni-yayi-re-oit-les-acteurs-agricoles-pour-d-battre-du-m-canisme-de","Il n'y a pas de mécanisme formel opérationnel permettant aux citoyens en milieu rural de soumettre leurs contributions dans l'élaboration des politiques. Toutefois, le président de la République actuel reçoit souvent les producteurs de diverses régions afin d'encourager le développ..."]
["2013_CV_98",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",98,25,"The government of Cape Verde starts a process of consultation with different sector stakeholders whenever it is working on a strategic plan. However, because of the lack of acknowledgement of the rural population, it is not done very often in the first place. Community associations in the rural areas are heard when the government reaches out. \n\nThere is, however, no standing mechanism for inviting rural populations to formally provide inputs. Rather, existing input intake is sporadic, meaning that government officials are presented  with the complaints and/or demands or local organisations.","1. Interview: Fernando Blanco, World Bank Senior Economist for Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, November 4, 2013,\n\n2. Expresso das ilhas website, Setp 2013.  http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/economia/item/39999-novo-programa-de-luta-contra-a-pobreza-prioriza-actividades-geradoras-de-emprego-e-rendimento.\n\n3. Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper III, December 2012","The government of Cape Verde starts a process of consultation with different sector stakeholders whenever it is working on a strategic plan. However, because of the lack of acknowledgement of the rural population, it is not done very often in the first place. Community associations..."]
["2013_DJ_98",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",98,50,"A Djibouti, les intérêts des populations rurales sont représentés dans la formulation des politiques gouvernementales de bien-être et protection sociale. En effet, les différents départements font souvent des tournées dans les régions de l'intérieur pour s’informer des problèmes auxquels les populations sont confrontées. Le manque d'eau par exemple. Selon la présidente de l'Association des femmes d'Ali Sabieh, des démarches ont par exemple été entreprises pour évaluer les besoins des populations rurales en eau potable et pour les transmettre au gouvernement. Selon le Président du conseil régional, les formulations des besoins viennent souvent des  populations rurales et le gouvernement tient compte de leurs priorités, mais ces actions de concertation ne sont pas régulières.\nCertaines zones rurales se plaignent de marginalisation et du manque d’infrastructures sociales de base.\nAu secrétariat d'État à la solidarité nationale, avec l’initiative nationale pour le développement social, on affirme que les populations rurales sont au cœur des préoccupations gouvernementales.","1) Amina Idriss, présidente, Association des Femmes d'Ali Sabieh (sud), 23 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Hassan Houssein, Pprésident, Conseil régional de Tadjourah (nord), 22 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Guelleh Hassan Omar, chef de service, Organisme de protection social (OPS), 22 octobre 2013.\n\n4) Ifrah Hassan Bahdon, chargé de la solidarité, Secrétariat d'État à la solidarité nationale, 23 octobre 2013.","A Djibouti, les intérêts des populations rurales sont représentés dans la formulation des politiques gouvernementales de bien-être et protection sociale. En effet, les différents départements font souvent des tournées dans les régions de l'intérieur pour s’informer des problèmes au..."]
["2013_ER_98",2013,"ER","Eritrea",98,0,"In general, the government is hostile towards civil society, and citizens often fear to raise dissenting opinions due to fear of being overheard by government informants (Freedom House, 2013). Decisions about education, medical and other social policy are made by the governing authorities, and ordinary citizens have little voice. No specific programs were found during the period of study.","Eritrea 2012, africaneconomicoutlook.org. \nhttp://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Eritrea_2012_Youth_Employment_Briefing.pdf.\n\nFreedom House. Freedom in the World 2013 Eritrea. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/eritrea-0#.UyHVO_SwLAI\n\nNational Health Policy, State of Eritrea, Ministry of Health, 2010.\nhttp://www.who.int/medical_devices/survey_resources/health_technology_national_policy_eritrea.pdf","In general, the government is hostile towards civil society, and citizens often fear to raise dissenting opinions due to fear of being overheard by government informants (Freedom House, 2013). Decisions about education, medical and other social policy are made by the governing auth..."]
["2013_GN_98",2013,"GN","Guinea",98,50,"Le gouvernement prend quelquefois des mesures visant à intégrer les intérêts des communautés rurales. Mais souvent, ce ne sont pas ces communautés qui sont à la base de ces initiatives. Ce sont des départements représentant les affaires sociales qui formulent des programmes de développement des communautés rurales. C'est comme ça qu’existe, par exemple, le programme d'Appui à la Communauté villageoise (PACV). Ce département travaille par exemple dans le domaine de la construction d’infrastructures scolaires et sanitaires dans les villages.  \nC'est un très bon programme, mais comme l'initiative vient rarement des villageois, bon nombre des besoins prioritaires des villageois ne sont pas comblés. Par conséquent, les gestionnaires de ce programme s'enrichissent et les villageois continuent à sombrer dans la pauvreté.","Entretien avec Jean Soubana Kamano, Juriste, Inspecteur des finances, Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, 24 septembre 2013 9H30. \n\nEntretien avec Elisée fassou Lamah, Président de l'ONG Club des amis du livre, Coordinateur de Idée Guinée, 24 septembre 2013, 8h10\n \nEntretien avec Soulymane BAH, Président de la Coalition des ONG de défense et de promotion des droits de l'homme, 23 septembre 2013, 16h15","Le gouvernement prend quelquefois des mesures visant à intégrer les intérêts des communautés rurales. Mais souvent, ce ne sont pas ces communautés qui sont à la base de ces initiatives. Ce sont des départements représentant les affaires sociales qui formulent des programmes de déve..."]
["2013_LY_98",2013,"LY","Libya",98,0,"There is no formal mechanism in place to integrate the input or concerns of farmers into policy-making thus far. The rural population is totally disfranchised socio-economically, particularly the population of  the rural areas along the borders who actually turned their economy to the traffic of drugs, humans, cigarettes, etc. The farmers complain that they are not represented de facto in government welfare policies, although the government often conducts research and surveys to assess the productivity of Libyan land.","E. Garba, employee at the Ministry of Planning, personal communication, November 26, 2013.\n\nA. El Gomati, general director at the Sadeq Institute, personal communication, November 27, 2013.\n\nA. Elsadawie, IT engineer in a German company, personal communication, November 23, 2013.","There is no formal mechanism in place to integrate the input or concerns of farmers into policy-making thus far. The rural population is totally disfranchised socio-economically, particularly the population of  the rural areas along the borders who actually turned their economy to ..."]
["2013_MU_98",2013,"MU","Mauritius",98,75,"According to Mr. Purmessur, PAS of Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands, one of the means by which the Government of Mauritius ensures participation from citizens in policy formulation is by providing the appropriate legal framework for allowing a proper functioning of the local authorities. This is done through the Local Government Act 2011 which provides for Mauritius to be divided into a city, 4 towns and 130 villages, each of which is administered by a Municipal City, Municipal Town and Village Council. These Councils are constituted by elected Councillors voted by the citizens for a term of six years.  \n\nElected village councillors elect a Chairperson who chairs all meetings of the village council, held at least once a month where constituents can attend and voice out their requests/complaints. They also elect a District Councillor who sits at the District Councils. There are 7 district councils (Pamplemousses, Rivière Du Rempart, Moka, Flacq, Savanne, Grand Port, and Black River). Once elected, all district councillors elect a chairperson to preside over all meetings of the District Councils, which are held on a fortnightly basis.\n\nThe Local Government Act 2011 does not provide for a specific manner in which the inputs of citizens are gathered for policy formulation. Mr. Purmessur highlighted that Mauritius is very small in size as compared to other African countries and citizens have regular interactions with their Councils/ Councillors, who are themselves registered electors of their towns/ villages. The local authorities, in the discharge of their statutory duties, have regular collaboration and interaction with citizens of their administrative jurisdiction. For instance, the local authorities are responsible for the control of premises used for commercial, industrial, professional and other related activities. They are responsible for developments within their areas. As such, they regularly interact with citizens on the different development needs of their community. They have to ensure that proper notification procedures are carried out for certain categories of development proposals.  \nBussawon, district and village councillor, mentioned that he was democratically elected to represent his constituents at local government level. He meets his constituents through monthly meetings where pertinent issues are discussed. In the rural areas, issues related to local communities are referred to village councillors who investigate matters and try to find solution. Bussawon gave the example of a drainage problem he was alerted to in his constituency. He investigated the complaint and brought it up to district council level and the matter, as is often the case for infrastructural needs, was referred to the National Development Unit. \n\nThe Government also has 10 appointed parliamentary private secretaries to work in regular consultation with the community/population. One of their main responsibilities is to ensure a link between the government and the public. This is done through weekly office hours where the public is invited to discuss issues on a one-on-one basis. \n \nIt is important to note that such outlets are used mostly to voice grievances by citizens, not with the objective to integrate inputs for policy formulation. If such inputs are used for policy formulation, it is entirely based on an elected official's individual endeavor to carry an issue forward.","1. Mr. Bussawon, St. Pierre District and Village councillor. Phone Interview on Oct. 3, 2013.\n\n2. Mr. Purmessur, Principal Assistant Secretary, Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands. Responded via email on Oct. 9, 2013.\n\n3.  The Local Government Act 2011. Government of Mauritius, December 2011. Available at http://la.gov.mu/downloads/Local%20Govt%20Act%202011.pdf\n\n4. Parliamentary Private Secretaries. National Development Unit. Government of Mauritius. Available at http://ndu.gov.mu/English/AboutUs/Pages/Parliamentary-Private-Secretaries.aspx","According to Mr. Purmessur, PAS of Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands, one of the means by which the Government of Mauritius ensures participation from citizens in policy formulation is by providing the appropriate legal framework for allowing a proper functioning of th..."]
["2013_NG_98",2013,"NG","Nigeria",98,0,"While there are a few rural-specific government policies/projects in areas like agriculture, health etc., government plans and policies in Nigeria minimally differentiate between rural and urban areas. For social welfare policy, this holds true too.\n\nLike those in urban areas, rural population have no effective channel of contributing to government plans beyond routine invitations to all citizens to attend public hearings conducted by the national assembly or any other arm of government, on any relevant matter. Thus - and while there are formal mechanisms - they are not effective or \"functioning\", going beyond a window-dressing exercise.","1. Punch, Segun Olatunji, FG to give rural farmers N60bn cell phones, January 3, 2013, http://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/fg-to-give-rural-farmers-n60bn-cell-phones/.\n\n2. Vanguard newspaper, FG to recruit 2,000 additional midwives, June 16, 2013, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/fg-to-recruit-2000-additional-midwives/.\n\n3. Arit Udoma, Nka Iban women's club, Essien Udim, Akwa Ibom State, October 16, 2013, via phone.","While there are a few rural-specific government policies/projects in areas like agriculture, health etc., government plans and policies in Nigeria minimally differentiate between rural and urban areas. For social welfare policy, this holds true too...."]
["2013_SN_98",2013,"SN","Senegal",98,50,"Quelques fois par an, par le relais des députés qui représentent les populations, le gouvernement invite les citoyens des milieux ruraux à contribuer à l'élaboration des politiques de locales. \n\nLes députés recueillent toutes les préoccupations exprimées dans les localités qu’ils représentent et les soumettent au chef du gouvernement. Partant de ces rapports, le premier ministre élabore son programme concernant le monde rural, programme qui figure en bonne place dans sa déclaration de politique générale. Cette méthode a été utilisée cette année par les députés pour donner contenu à la déclaration de la politique générale que le premier ministre va présenter à l'assemblée nationale.","Entretien avec Hélène Tine, députée à l'Assemblée nationale, le 16 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Vincent Ngning, conseiller à la communauté rurale de Ndiaganiao, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Elimane Kane, président, Association Legs Africa, ex-coordonnateur, Programme certification citoyen, 14 octobre 2013.","Quelques fois par an, par le relais des députés qui représentent les populations, le gouvernement invite les citoyens des milieux ruraux à contribuer à l'élaboration des politiques de locales. ..."]
["2013_SZ_98",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",98,0,"In Swaziland, there are no on-line methods for rural residents to advise government on their needs or to provide input on agricultural policy or other matters that affect them.\n \n Government contends that rural residents may participate in \"people's parliaments\" that are held at the Ludzidzini royal cattle 15 km east of Mbabane, where they are allowed to submit ideas on national issues. These assemblies are only held every few years, and only announced a few days before they are called by King Mswati, who sets the agenda of matters to be discussed. There is also no evidence that submissions are heeded, as evidenced by matters \"resolved\" by a 2012 \"people's parliament\" that were not enacted by government.\n \n Rural populations assemble at their chief's kraals, sometimes on a weekly basis, where local matters only are discussed, such as grievances between neighbours. Government suggests that these meetings allow rural residents to raise ideas on government policy and matters that affect their lives, but this is not done, perhaps because there is no mechanism to forward such suggestions to central government.","Interview: Sipho Mahlalela, rural businessman (seeds and farming implements), Manzini region, 21 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Sandile Motsa, farmer in rural Manzini Region, 19 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Buhle Vilakati, businesswoman in rural Manzini Region, 19 September 2013.","In Swaziland, there are no on-line methods for rural residents to advise government on their needs or to provide input on agricultural policy or other matters that affect them.\n ..."]
["2013_TZ_98",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",98,50,"There are government mechanisms to represent the interests of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, but, in practice, the means of providing input is often not functional, either in that they don't exist or the mechanism seems to function so poorly that people choose not to participate.\n Village meetings are held four times a year to discuss which issues need to be brought to the ward, then the ward councillor can bring these issues to the district council. MPs can then bring these issues to parliament. In practice however, many people who live in rural areas complain that the meetings don't take place. Sometimes where they do take place, people choose not to attend because they see no value in participating. Sometimes women do not participate. During the period of study for example, the village executive offices were closed in protest in Manayra region because no meetings were taking place.","1. Dr. Helen Kijo-Bisimba, Executive Director, Legal and Human Rights Centre, October 8, 2013.\n 2. Tanzania Needs an Effective Rural Development Strategy, Karl Lyimo, Daily News, July 31, 2013, http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/columnists/columnists/karl-lyimo/20556-tanzania-needs-an-effective-rural-development-agency.\n 3. Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2012, Tanzania Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012.","There are government mechanisms to represent the interests of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, but, in practice, the means of providing input is often not functional, either in that they don't exist or the mechan..."]
["2013_ZW_98",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",98,25,"A study conducted by the Poverty Reduction Forum Trust confirms that communities are rarely consulted at the design of the policies and projects that affect them. Although citizens are supposed to submit their input on local development initiatives through elected councillors, there are no mechanisms that citizens can use to follow up on their inputs.","1. D. Mutambirwa. Director. Mutare Residents and Ratepayers Association. September 25, 2013. Mutare. Zimbabwe.\n \n 2. Anonymous. Chimanimani Rural District Council. September 25, 2013. Chimanimani. Zimbabwe. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n \n 3. Poverty Reduction Forum Trust (2013). Study on Rural Poverty in Manicaland: The Case of Mutare Rural. Harare. Zimbabwe. https://www.google.co.zw/#q=rural+poverty+in+zimbabwe%2Bprft.","A study conducted by the Poverty Reduction Forum Trust confirms that communities are rarely consulted at the design of the policies and projects that affect them. Although citizens are supposed to submit their input on local development initiatives through elected councillors, ther..."]
["2013_BW_99",2013,"BW","Botswana",99,100,"Stakeholders in rural areas are allowed to organise freely as long as they have registered their association or they seek permission beforehand. This requirement is standard for associations in both urban and rural centres. This is also a way to ensure that the associations are legitimate and that they do not operate any criminal activities. There are no major obstacles to setting up an organisation/association; in fact the government encourages people in rural areas to form associations to prevent idleness. Rural stakeholders are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person.","1. Article: 6,404 societies countrywide, BOPA Daily News, December 6 2012,  http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20121206\n\n2. Article: Rural development a challenge - PHK, Mmegi newspaper, June 4 2013,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=459&dir=2013/June/Tuesday4.\n\n3. Website: Registration of Societies, Botswana Government Portal,   http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Labour--Home-Affairs-MLHA/Tools--Services/Services--Forms/Registration-of-societies/.\n42. Book: Botswana Country: Information and Development, Ibpus.com, International Business Publications, USA, http://books.google.co.bw/books?id=ZJmZRaMSTB0C&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=setting+up+associations+in+rural+areas+of+Botswana&source=bl&ots=gvZ4pg1w3F&sig=POfY8yDIDWd4g3TZtVGYqmJ6qhA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QdJXUvzULsi54ASo8YHgCA&ved=0CHgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false.","Stakeholders in rural areas are allowed to organise freely as long as they have registered their association or they seek permission beforehand. This requirement is standard for associations in both urban and rural centres. This is also a way to ensure that the associations are leg..."]
["2013_TD_99",2013,"TD","Chad",99,75,"L'Association tchadienne des acteurs du développement rural regroupe les parties prenantes en milieu rural pour qu'elles puissent s'organiser librement. Ces parties prenantes rurales ne sont pas tenues de remplir plus de documents que n’importe quelle autre personne morale. Il y en a plusieurs qui s'organisent dans le cadre de la construction d'adduction d'eau potable. La distance des bureaus pour l'obtention de l'autorisation de fonctionnement est le obstacle principal.","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAssociation tchadienne des acteurs du developpement rural, site internet: http://www.agro-info.net/?menu=organisations&view=organisation&organisation_id=15494","L'Association tchadienne des acteurs du développement rural regroupe les parties prenantes en milieu rural pour qu'elles puissent s'organiser librement. Ces parties prenantes rurales ne sont pas tenues de remplir plus de documents que n’importe quelle autre personne morale. Il y en..."]
["2013_DJ_99",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",99,100,"A Djibouti, en pratique, aucun obstacle n'empêche les populations rurales à s'organiser en groupes autonomes, en associations ou en d'autres formes d'action collective. Il existe des coopératives qui fonctionnent très bien et qui défendent les intérêts des populations rurales et d’autres associations basées sur les domaines de l'agriculture, de l’élevage et de la pêche. Elles ne rencontrent pas de problème pour leur enregistrement au Ministère de l'Intérieur, auquel elles doivent seulement se déclarer pour obtenir récépissé. Selon la présidente de l'Association des femmes d'Ali Sabieh et du conseil régional de Tadjourah, ces organisations peuvent prendre forme librement. La LOI N°117/AN/11/6EME portant règlementation des coopératives financières définit les règles relatives à la création, à l'organisation, au fonctionnement, au contrôle et la surveillance des coopératives financières, qu’on appelle communément Caisses ou Coopératives d'épargne et de crédit. Cette loi a été promulguée en 2011.","1) Amina Idriss, présidente, Association des Femmes d'Ali Sabieh (sud), 23 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Hassan Houssein, Pprésident, Conseil régional de Tadjourah (nord), 22 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Ifrah Hassan Bahdon, chargé de la solidarité, Secrétariat d'État à la solidarité nationale, 23 octobre 2013.\n\nLoi sur les coopératives financières, site officiel de la République de Djibouti: www.presidence.dj","A Djibouti, en pratique, aucun obstacle n'empêche les populations rurales à s'organiser en groupes autonomes, en associations ou en d'autres formes d'action collective. Il existe des coopératives qui fonctionnent très bien et qui défendent les intérêts des populations rurales et d’..."]
["2013_ET_99",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",99,25,"Rural associations do exist but they are not entirely free.  The government may sometimes interfere at the inception stage; or after they have been set-up, so they are not entirely free from political interference by ruling party functionaries.","-Interview, expert with the Ministry of Agriculture, , Addis Ababa, Oct. 11, 2013.\n\n-Interview, Researcher based at Addis Ababa University with the College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa, Oct.16, 2013.","Rural associations do exist but they are not entirely free.  The government may sometimes interfere at the inception stage; or after they have been set-up, so they are not entirely free from political interference by ruling party functionaries."]
["2013_KE_99",2013,"KE","Kenya",99,100,"There is abundant opportunity for rural populations in Kenya to organise themselves into autonomous groups, associations, or other forms of collective action. Both the constitution and the Public Benefit Organisations Act 2013 provide the legal basis for autonomous groups.\n\nHowever, in practice, this is not happening in rural areas, partly because of ignorance as well as lack of resources to mobilise into beneficial groupings. A lot of sensitisation is required to ensure the rural populations in Kenya exploit such opportunities and forge formidable forces that would help shape their own livelihood.","1. Kennedy Masime, executive director, Centre for Governance and Development. Interviewed on October 1, 2013.\n\n2. \"NGOs jittery about Public Benefits Organizations Act\". An article by Suba Churchill, published by the Business Daily newspaper on June 17, 2013. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Opinion-and-Analysis/NGOs-jittery-about-Public-Benefits-Organisations-Act--/-/539548/1885738/-/juxa3qz/-/index.html.\n\n3. The Public Benefits Organizations Act, 2013. This Act was published on January 25, 2013.\nhttp://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khrc.or.ke%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fdoc_download%2F59-public-benefits-organizations-act-2013.html&ei=7LtKUpGoNsmt0QWynIHICQ&usg=AFQjCNHnFwMeb1oEKD59lNqFZFVdMbLKLA&bvm=bv.53371865,d.d2k.","There is abundant opportunity for rural populations in Kenya to organise themselves into autonomous groups, associations, or other forms of collective action. Both the constitution and the Public Benefit Organisations Act 2013 provide the legal basis for autonomous groups...."]
["2013_MW_99",2013,"MW","Malawi",99,100,"In practice, there appear to be no obstacles for rural populations to organise into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action. Rural populations are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person. Even the NGO Act 2001, which makes registration of NGOs mandatory, provides for exception to informal groups with no written constitutions. Such groups are likely to be found in rural areas. \n\nHowever, many fail to organise into groups to fight for their rights because they are not fully aware of them, because they have little or no education. Nonetheless, the growth of the civil society sector has resulted in growing numbers of rural populations organising into independent groups to fight for their rights and better livelihoods.","Wilfred Mziwa, Chairperson, Phoka Hills Coffee Planters Cooperative Society, October 29 2013.\n\nRobert Mkwezalamba, General Secretary, Communication workers Union of Malawi, October 29 2013.\n\nFiona Mwale, High Court Judge, October 9 2013.\n\nNGO Act 2001 found at www.ngoboardmalawi-mw/ngo_act.php (accessed on January 11 2014).","In practice, there appear to be no obstacles for rural populations to organise into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action. Rural populations are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person. Even the NGO Act 2001, which makes registr..."]
["2013_NA_99",2013,"NA","Namibia",99,100,"Dr Albert Kawana, Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General, said it was guaranteed in the constitution that every Namibian citizen had the right to associate and form any union or society. He said that's why Namibia has many cattle and farming associations among others.\n\nPaulus Kapia, MP, said that in Namibia there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.\n\nTirivangani Masawi, a journalist, said so far there are no reports of rural populations being hindered from coming together and forming any group, association or union.","Dr Albert Kawana, Minister of Presidential Affairs as well as Namibian government, Attorney General, telephone interview, September 29 2013.\nPaulus Kapia, MP, telephone interview, September 29 2013.\nTirivangani Masawi journalist, face to face interview, September 27 2013.","Dr Albert Kawana, Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General, said it was guaranteed in the constitution that every Namibian citizen had the right to associate and form any union or society. He said that's why Namibia has many cattle and farming associations among others..."]
["2013_ST_99",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",99,100,"Stakeholders in rural populations can organise freely and they are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person. The participatory support programme for family agriculture and artisanal fisheries (Papafpa) is a programme created by the International Fund for Agricultural Development through a credit created by the government of Sao Tome and Príncipe, contracted with the fund and in force since 2003 in the archipelago. Papafpa has been building infrastructures for agriculture and products transformation, the organisation of the producers association, articulated then with export cooperatives, etc.  Biological cocoa, organic coffee, pepper and vanilla cooperatives are in the list such as: CECAB, KAOKA, CEPIBA, CECAQ 11 and CECAFEB.","1. Celso Garrido, president, Adappa NGO, October 1, 2013.\n2. Cosme Cabeça, president, National Federation of Small Farmers, October 1, 2013.\n3. Carminda Viegas, director, participatory support programme for family agriculture and artisanal fisheries (Papafpa), October 2, 2013.","Stakeholders in rural populations can organise freely and they are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person. The participatory support programme for family agriculture and artisanal fisheries (Papafpa) is a programme created by the International Fund for Agri..."]
["2013_ZA_99",2013,"ZA","South Africa",99,50,"Rural communities are free to organise themselves, and there is no direct political interference. However, there are obstacles (indirectly linked to lack of attention for rural development) which hamper rural communities in their organisation. These include poor access to information and resources as well as inadequate education and poor infrastructure. Despite pledges, rural development and the interests of rural communities remain under-represented in policy implementation, sources say. \n--\nRural communities in South Africa are free to organise themselves, but nevertheless face obstacles. Ben Cousins of the National Research Foundation and chair of the Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies at the University of the Western Cape in Cape Town says that the main obstacle a lack of access to information and other resources such as funding and poor infrastructure. \n\nHe notes that there \"is no political interference when it comes to setting up organisations in rural areas\" but this process is hampered by inefficient and ineffective rural development strategies.\n\n\"Rural development and the interests of the poor are under-represented in policy making,\" he says. \"Most attention goes to the urban, emerging business class. Rural development pledges is mainly lip-service.\"\n\nVarious reports, surveys and media studies have shown that despite the government's annual pledges to curb rural rural poverty, the bulk of rural citizens continue to live in poverty and while being deprived of social services such as healthcare, education and basic (information) infrastructure:\n\n* Poverty: Of the 15.9 million South Africans who live in poverty, 11 million live outside cities and towns.\n* Education: A 2013 study by the National Education Evaluation and Development Unit has shown that 13% of grade 5 schoolchildren (age 0-10)  from rural schools were illiterate in 2013. This is blamed on the quality of education. \n* Access to Information: The Human Science Research Council in July 2013 confirmed that South Africa's rural areas lag behind with regard to ICT access \"and in terms of economic development such as literacy, computer skills and higher income\". \n* Water infrastructure: Under-development of rural South Africa is reflected in the fact that 16 million South Africans, of whom the bulk lives in rural areas, do not have access to adequate sanitation and 3.5 million people do not have access to safe drinking water (statistics by research firm Consultancy Africa Intelligence). \n* Other infrastructure: Dawie Roodt, director and chief economist at Efficient Group, says that South Africa's provincial and national roads are doing alright, and so are our airports and harbours. They are maintained, which has been a very expensive exercise. Our rural road network however, is in shambles and our sewage systems are a disaster. At national level, things are in order but at provincial and local level things are far from okay.\" \n\nProfessor Andries du Toit, director of the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) at the University of the Western Cape says that apart from lack of information, one of the practical obstacles to farm workers to organise themselves is that they are scattered widely: \"That is one of the reasons why they are not organised in unions. To get a thousand members among farmworkers, you might need to visit 50 farms that are scattered over of hundreds of square kilometres. When you want to have a thousand factory workers, you simply visit one factory.\"\n\nDu Toit adds that unions often and deliberately won't focus on farm workers, of whom many are seasonal workers: \"Seasonal workers sometimes only work a few weeks a year, and don't see the point of joining a union. Sometimes they are afraid that they will lose income as employers in agriculture are usually not keen on unionisation\".","Ben Cousins, National Research Foundation and chair of Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies at the University of the Western Cape in Cape Town, interview, November 6 2013.\n\nDawie Roodt, director and chief economist at financial services company Efficient Group (Pretoria), interview, October 23 2013.\n\nAndries du Toit, director of the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies at the University of the Western Cape, interview, November 12 2013.\n\nShocking rural school literacy levels, Lindiwe Mlandu, Eye Witness News, October 22 2013, http://ewn.co.za/2013/10/22/13-of-rural-Grade-5s-illiterate.\n\nHSRC Review: ICT access still a major challenge in rural areas, Moses Sithole, HSRC, July 2013, http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/review/hsrc-review-july-2013/ict-access-still-a-major-challenge-in-rural-areas.\n\nRural areas in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: The right to access safe drinking water and sanitation denied? Siyabulela Fobosi, Consultancy Africa International, January 16 2013, \nhttp://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1198:rural-areas-in-the-eastern-cape-province-south-africa-the-right-to-access-safe-drinking-water-and-sanitation-denied-&catid=91:rights-in-focus&Itemid=296.\n\nRural Areas Still Behind In Infrastructure Development, Nondumiso Mntuyedwa, The Network*,  January 15 2013, http://thenetworks.co.za/2013/01/rural-areas-still-behind-in-infrastructure-development/.\n* Network is a print and web based publication operating within the build environment and mining, minerals and logistics industries. We also do special publications, such as pamphlets and flyers. The publication was established in 2010.","Rural communities are free to organise themselves, and there is no direct political interference. However, there are obstacles (indirectly linked to lack of attention for rural development) which hamper rural communities in their organisation. These include poor access to informati..."]
["2013_TZ_99",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",99,50,"Stakeholders in rural populations face obstacles to organising freely both through forming new autonomous groups and taking other forms of collective action such as organizing public demonstrations. In most cases, the registration process of civil society organisations is quite fast, straightforward and does not require more paperwork. There are no major obstacles to setting up a new association or an autonomous group provided the laid down procedures are followed. For community-based organisations, which are dominant in rural areas, the registration is done free of charge with the ministry of home affairs under the Societies Act. Rural populations can also easily set up an NGO and register it at the district level through the NGO Act No. 24/2002 as amended by Act No.11/2005. It costs Tzshs.41, 500 and the paperwork is minimal too.\n \nHowever, rural stakeholders are often misinformed by the police about the kind of paperwork they need to assemble and then denied the right to organise publicly. The police are known to convey the legal requirement to inform them of the intention to assemble as a duty to request permission to assemble. It is common practice to then deny this permission request based on the premise that there are not enough police available to supervise the assembly. Furthermore, it is more difficult for people to organise when they are in an opposition stronghold. During the Mtwara gas riots of April 2013, despite protests across the region, by far the largest government reaction was seen in Tandahimba, a Civic United Front party stronghold, and the only town where the army was called in, arriving in tanks. \n \nIn terms of organising into associations, the law states that groups may write to the district commissioner and submit completed paperwork to the ministry of community development, gender and children. However, when certain groups are viewed as being too outspoken in their advocacy, in particular paralegal groups and people who organise around land issues or in areas with significant mining activity, such as Tarime, the district administrative secretary can and will refuse to write the necessary referral letter. Some groups have been waiting for three or four years.","1. Dr. Helen Kijo-Bisimba, Executive Director, Legal and Human Rights Centre, October 8, 2013.\n 2. Tanzania Human Rights Report 2012, Legal and Human RIghts Centre, 2012 - Report attached.\n 3. CUF links police with Mtwara gas violence, \"Citizen Reporter,\" The Citizen, May 19, 2013, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/-CUF-links-police-with-Mtwara-gas-violence/-/1840392/1857564/-/yvxcdmz/-/index.html.\n 4. NGO Work in Tanzania: Highlights of relevant Facts, Policies and Laws by Evod Mmanda(2012)-www.kepa.fi/tiedostot/julkaisut/ngo-work-in-tanzania-2012-update.pdf.","Stakeholders in rural populations face obstacles to organising freely both through forming new autonomous groups and taking other forms of collective action such as organizing public demonstrations. In most cases, the registration process of civil society organisations is quite fas..."]
["2013_DZ_100",2013,"DZ","Algeria",100,50,"L’Algérie est fortement dépendante de l’étranger pour la satisfaction des besoins de la population en matière de certains produits alimentaires nécessaires, malgré le fait qu'elle dispose d’un réel potentiel agricole qui pourrait offrir d’importantes perspectives de développement vers l’autosuffisance alimentaire. Le programme de renouveau rural qui vise à améliorer la productivité agricole et assurer la sécurité alimentaire n’a pas atteint les objectifs assignés. Ce programme a été approuvé par le gouvernement et lancé en 2008 par le ministère de l’Agriculture et du Développement rural.","-Ministère de l’Agriculture et du Développement rural algérien. Dispositif du renouveau rural. Repéré à http://www.minagri.dz/\n-http://www.mddr.gov.dz/ppdriStatic/index.htm\n\n-Présentation de la politique de Renouveau Agricole et Rural en Algérie et du programme quinquennal 2010-2014 [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.minagri.dz/pdf/Presentat%20rar.pdf\n\n-Amina Yousi. (2013, le 18 juillet). Alors que sa sécurité alimentaire est menacée, l’Algérie continue de brader ses richesses semencières. Maghreb Émergent. Repéré à http://www.maghrebemergent.com/component/k2/item/26931-alors-que-sa-securite-alimentaire-est-menacee-l-algerie-continue-de-brader-ses-richesses-semencieres.html\n\n-Meziane Rebhi. (2013, le 9 avril). Les 30 propositions du FCE: sécurité alimentaire. Liberté. repéré à http://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/les-30-propositions-du-fce-securite-alimentaire-en-algerie-197719\n\n-Sonia B. (2013, le 19 septembre). Sécurité alimentaire, l’Algérie ne dispose pas de stocks stratégiques. Algérie patriotique. Repéré à http://www.algeriepatriotique.com/article/securite-alimentaire-l-algerie-ne-dispose-pas-de-stocks-strategiques\n-Idris Bais. (2013). Systèmes de production agricole et systèmes alimentaires durables au service de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition [Format PDF]. Ministère de l’agriculture. Repéré à \nhttp://www.minagri.dz/pdf/Divers/2013/octobre/communications%20JMA/1_MADR.pdf\n\n-Forum des chefs d’entreprise (FCE). (2013, le 9 avril). Revue de la presse relative au colloque organisé par le FCE sur : «Sécurité alimentaire : Quels programmes pour réduire la dépendance alimentaire en céréales et lait ?» [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.fce.dz/phocadownload/fichiers_liens/REVUE%20DE%20PRESSE.pdf","L’Algérie est fortement dépendante de l’étranger pour la satisfaction des besoins de la population en matière de certains produits alimentaires nécessaires, malgré le fait qu'elle dispose d’un réel potentiel agricole qui pourrait offrir d’importantes perspectives de développement v..."]
["2013_AO_100",2013,"AO","Angola",100,25,"There is a food security office in the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries, but its role in responding to the food crisis that has plagued the south of the country for the past couple of years has been highly deficient.\n\nIn May 2013, António Didalelwa, the governor or Cunene, one of the provinces affected by the prolonged drought and consequent food crisis, indicated that 300.000 people were at risk. In a rare show of public disagreement with the central government, Mr Didalelwa pointed to the shortness of the response to the crisis, indicated that water and food was insufficient to face the needs of the populations in the south of Angola. \n\nMoreover, there were reports that there was discrimination in the attribution of food aid. According to testimonials of people in the affected areas, food aid was being delivered only to supporters of the ruling MPLA. \n\nDespite the multiple alerts by national and international humanitarian organisations, the Angolan government refused to declare a state of emergency, out of political considerations, thus curtailing their capacity to raise funds and appropriately respond to the crisis. \n\nThe National Strategy for Food and Nutritional Security (ESAN, Estratégia Nacional de Segurança  Alimentar e Nutricional), approved in 2009, of which the Food Security Office is a component, includes the implementation, diversification and sustainability of agricultural production (increased access to productive land to farming families, promotion of farming technologies adapted to the needs of farming families, promotion of local seeds and improved seed varieties, promotion of micro-credit, etc.) and the strengthening of the production capacity of farming families and communities (encourage the establishment of local farming associations and cooperatives, simplification of the legal process to establish local farming associations and cooperatives, etc.). ESAN also includes several programs to support women farmers. \n\nThe Ministry of Planning and Territorial Development was responsible for the implementation and execution of ESAN in the 2009-2013 period. Emailed requests for information on the implementation of ESAN received no answer.","Accao para o Desenvolvimento Rural e Ambiente (ADRA) .  (2012) .  Segurança alimentar e nutricional na óptica do acesso e consumo.  Retrieved from http://www.redsan-cplp.org/uploads/5/6/8/7/5687387/relatorio_de_segurana_alimentar.final_18_fev_w.pdf\n\n(2013, June 10) .  ACT alliance alert: Severe drought in Namibia & Angola.  Trust.  Retrieved from http://www.trust.org/item/20130611074900-hd7uf/?source%20=%20hppartner \n\nAnonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Representatives of civil society organisations].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n(2013, August 2) .  BD Indignado com falta de resposta do aoverno à Fome.  Maka Angola.  Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2013/08/02/bd-indignado-com-falta-de-resposta-do-governo-a-fome/ \n\nCapalandanda, A.  (2013, June 5) .  Seca aumenta tensão no Cunene.  VOA.  Retrieved from http://www.voaportugues.com/content/seca-aumenta-tensao-no-cunene/1675908.html. \n\n(2013, May 9) .  Centenas de milhar de pessoas ameaçadas pela fome no Cunene.  VOA.  Retrieved from http://www.voaportugues.com/content/centenas-de-milhar-de-pessoas-ameacadas-pela-fome-no-cunene/1657929.html\n\n(2013, January 29) .  Em Angola, as crianças dos Gambos são as primeiras vítimas da fome.  RFI.  Retrieved from http://www.portugues.rfi.fr/africa/20130129-fome-nos-gambos-leva-habitantes-comer-raizes-e-frutos-silvestres \n\nRepublic of Angola.  (2009) .  National strategy for food and nutritional security.  Retrieved from http://www.minaderp.gv.ao/system/post_attachments/17/original/ENSAN.pdf?1342613584  \n\n(2013, March 22) .  Ten Angolan provinces hit by hunger: UNICEF.  Africa Review.  Retrieved from http://www.africareview.com/News/Ten-Angolan-provinces-hit-by-hunger/-/979180/1727864/-/g7jjvi/-/index.html \n\nTran, M.  (2013, October 22) .  Angola in denial over impact of severe drought.  The Guardian.  Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/oct/22/angola-in-denial-severe-drought/print","There is a food security office in the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries, but its role in responding to the food crisis that has plagued the south of the country for the past couple of years has been highly deficient...."]
["2013_CV_100",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",100,75,"In Cape Verde the agency for regulation and supervision of pharmaceuticals products and food is responsible for food security. However, it has no mandate to provide technical support to agriculture, small farmers or women. This is assumed by other institutions like the ministry of rural development and  FICASE (in schools). In order to increase food security, mostly in the rural areas, the government implemented a large programme of dam construction, distribution of seeds and modern irrigation.","1. ARFA web site: http://www.arfa.cv/. Accessed October 2013. \n\n2. ANSA website: http://www.ansa.cv/. Accessed October 2013. \n\n3. UN website: http://www.un.cv/arquivo-alimentar2.php. Accessed October 2013. \n\n4. Newspaper website: June 21, 2013, Cape Verde takes experience in Food Security and Nutrition to the 38th FAO Conference, http://portugueseindependentnews.com/cabo-verde-leva-experiencia-em-seguranca-alimentar-e-nutricao-a-38a-conferencia-da-fao/.","In Cape Verde the agency for regulation and supervision of pharmaceuticals products and food is responsible for food security. However, it has no mandate to provide technical support to agriculture, small farmers or women. This is assumed by other institutions like the ministry of ..."]
["2013_KM_100",2013,"KM","Comoros",100,25,"Sur le plan National, il n’existe pas encore de département ou équivalent voué à la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire de la population. \nBien qu’il y ait une forte potentialité de main d’œuvre, et malgré la forte potentialité du pays en matière de ressources, l’agriculture reste encore vivrière (Za Comori, 2013).\nAinsi, l’État s’efforce d’assurer la sécurisation des approvisionnements du pays en intrants agricoles et des mesures ont été prises pour faciliter leur mise en œuvre, dont une exonération totale de toutes taxes douanières (Grimault, 13 novembre 2012).\n\nSur le plan insulaire, des initiatives existent et sont à encourager. Ainsi, dans le but de faire un pas vers la sécurité alimentaire, la Chambre d’agriculture de la Grande Comore, a importé, pour le compte de la Fédération nationale des agriculteurs (Fnac/FA), des semences de pommes de terre de contresaison en provenance d’Australie (Abdillah, 2013).","Interview de Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nZa Comori, H. (30 octobre 2013). « Le système éducatif et l’agriculture aux Comores ». Habari Za Komori: http://www.habarizacomores.com/p/le-systeme-educatif-aux-comores.html \n\nGrimault, C. (13 novembre 2012). « Développer l'agriculture aux Comores pour viser la sécurité alimentaire. Biodiversité et agriculture Océan Indien ». Le portail d'information sur la biodiversité et l'agriculture dans l'océan Indien: http://www.agriculture-biodiversite-oi.org/Strategie-territoires/Actualites/L-actualite-regionale-et-internationale/La-securite-alimentaire-aux-Comores-un-defi-agricole\n\nAbdillah, A.H. (2013). « Culture de la pomme de terre: Arrivée de semences de contre-saison ». La Gazette des Comores: http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article1959","Sur le plan National, il n’existe pas encore de département ou équivalent voué à la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire de la population. \nBien qu’il y ait une forte potentialité de main d’œuvre, et malgré la forte potentialité du pa..."]
["2013_GQ_100",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",100,50,"In Equatorial Guinea, the Ministry of Agriculture has been in charge of implementing a food security program launched in mid-2012. The Ministry of Agriculture has other mandates also. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Women implements the PRAMUR project (Project for the Promotion of Self- Employment for Rural Women), which focuses on developing the skills of women in the rural areas to foster the agricultural sector.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organisation, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nEquatorial Guinea Information and Press Office.  (2012) .  Apertura del seminario sobre seguridad alimentaria.  Retrieved from http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=2839 \n\nUNICEF. (2012) .  Marco de sistencia del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en Guinea Ecuatorial 2013-2017.  Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/GNQ_UNDAF_2013-2017_Version_Final__04_de_Mayo_2012.pdf","In Equatorial Guinea, the Ministry of Agriculture has been in charge of implementing a food security program launched in mid-2012. The Ministry of Agriculture has other mandates also. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Women implements the PRAMUR project (Project for the Promotion ..."]
["2013_GH_100",2013,"GH","Ghana",100,50,"The National Food Buffer Stock Company has been set up to solely undertake three core mandates;\na) to ensure guaranteed prices for farmers, \nb) to buy and store surplus agricultural produce and \nc) to provide storage facilities for farmers to prevent post-harvest losses. \n\nThe objective is to ensure food security. Food crops that the company buys include maize, soybeans, and paddy rice. It has also failed in its core mandate. The company has engaged middlemen called licensed buyers who go to buy the produce from farmers at prices lower than prevailing market prices thereby impoverishing the farmers. \n\nThe company complains of lack of funds to construct enough storage facilities, and therefore has also failed to provide storage facilities for farmers to store their produce leading to post-harvest losses. It has also not been able to stabilise prices of the produce. The company has been implementing programmes with regard to fulfilling its core mandate as stated above but these have not been effective. Thus post-harvest losses persist, lack of guaranteed prices persist, and there is not enough capacity to provide storage for all surplus produce from farmers. \n\nWhile the company has support and assistance toward sustainable agriculture (with the purpose of food security in mind), addressees are not necessarily small farmers or women. \n\nDespite these failings, Ghana is still food secure but if post-harvest losses continue, the country's current food secure position could be threatened in the future.","1. Madam Beatrice Esses, Sales and Marketing Manager, National Food Buffer Stock Company, Telephone interview, October 9, 2013. Accra.\n\n2. Mr Charles Nyaaba, programmes officer, Peasant Farmers Association of Ghana, telephone interview, October 9, 2013. Accra. \n\n3. Dr Mathias Fosu, project manager, soil health project of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, table interview, October 10, 2013. Nyankpala.","The National Food Buffer Stock Company has been set up to solely undertake three core mandates;\na) to ensure guaranteed prices for farmers, ..."]
["2013_LR_100",2013,"LR","Liberia",100,50,"The ministry of Agriculture is the government agency responsible in ensuring food security in Liberia, but this government agency is not living up to the task. There is no actionable policy on ensuring food security in the country. Despite the vast and fertile land, the country is still importing its main staple, rice. It is estimated that about US$200 million is spent on the importation of rice annually. Vegetable farmers, mainly women, are struggling at the the mercy of international NGOs to sustain themselves and their households.","Yeaney, L. (2013, October 25). Personal Interview. Agriculture Coordinator for Nimba County - Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ganta City\n\nFrancis, J. (2013, October 25). Personal Interview.\n\nZinnah, M. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview.","The ministry of Agriculture is the government agency responsible in ensuring food security in Liberia, but this government agency is not living up to the task. There is no actionable policy on ensuring food security in the country. Despite the vast and fertile land, the country is ..."]
["2013_MR_100",2013,"MR","Mauritania",100,50,"Le Commissariat à la sécurité Alimentaire (CSA) à été mis en place dans un contexte marqué par la sècheresse. Au fil des ans, il a connu une évolution notable et est devenu une structure chargée de prévenir l'insécurité alimentaire et d'assister les personnes en situation de précarité alimentaire dans des zones où pèsent les menaces de la malnutrition et de la famine. Le Commissariat, qui fonctionne grâce au soutien des pouvoirs publics ou de la communauté internationale, ne dispose cependant pas des moyens nécessaires pour mener à bien ses politiques. Le CSA se heurte en effet à une absence criantes de moyens, aux difficultés de s'adapter aux variations écologiques et à l'absence d'un mécanisme d'alerte précoce qui permettrait de prévenir les situations de famine et de malnutrition. Un tel indicateur aurait fortement contribué à réduire le risque de famine en Mauritanie.\nSelon la Fédération Internationale de Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, \"Malgré les effets du manque de pluies sur les récoltes et l’élevage, qui affectent des milliers de mauritaniens, on trouve encore des expériences positives (...) et dans certaines localités du Brakna et Gorgol. Très souvent, les femmes sont les vecteurs du changement.\"","1. Moustapha ould Sidi Mohamed, expert en compétitivité agricole, Centre mauritanien d'analyse des Politiques (CMAP), 13 octobre 2013.\n\n2.Centre mauritanien d'analyse des politiques (CMAP). (2013). Elaboration d'un système d'alerte précoce sur la sécurité alimentaire: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao../010/a0894f/a0894f.pdf\n\n3. Relief Web. (3 septembre 2013). « Mauritanie : Enquête de suivi de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des ménages - juillet 2013 ». ReliefWeb : http://reliefweb.int/report/mauritania/mauritanie-enquête-de-suivi-de-la-sécurité-alimentaire-et-nutritionnelle-des-0\n\n4. Insécurité alimentaire en Mauritanie : les femmes ne baissent pas les bras, Fédération Internationale de Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, 11/01/2012. https://www.ifrc.org/fr/nouvelles/nouvelles/africa/mauritania/insecurite-alimentaire-en-mauritanie--les-femmes-ne-baissent-pas-les-bras/","Le Commissariat à la sécurité Alimentaire (CSA) à été mis en place dans un contexte marqué par la sècheresse. Au fil des ans, il a connu une évolution notable et est devenu une structure chargée de prévenir l'insécurité alimentaire et d'assister les personnes en situation de précar..."]
["2013_NE_100",2013,"NE","Niger",100,100,"La Haute autorité à la sécurité alimentaire a été mise en place pour appuyer les programmes de sécurité alimentaire au Niger. Ses champs d'action incluent en effet l'agriculture durable, les petits agriculteurs, et l'appui aux femmes dans l'agriculture (entre autres). \n\nSur son site, il est précisé \"Art.2. La Haute autorité à la sécurité alimentaire est un organe stratégique ayant pour mission de proposer des orientations, de coordonner et de veiller à la mise en œuvre des politiques et stratégies relatives à la sécurité alimentaire au Niger en relation avec les autres structures concernées.\nA ce titre, elle est particulièrement chargée de :\nVeiller à la mise en cohérence des politiques et stratégies sectorielles axées sur la sécurité alimentaire ;\nVeiller au suivi et à l’évaluation des politiques et stratégies nationales visant la sécurité alimentaire ;\nMener des études prospectives concourant à une sécurité alimentaire durable ;\nApporter un appui technique, organisationnel et institutionnel à toutes les structures intervenant dans la sécurité alimentaire ;\nVeiller à l’élaboration,  la validation et  la diffusion des bilans annuels nationaux alimentaire et fourrager ;\nConcevoir une stratégie de mobilisation des énergies nécessaires à l’atteinte d’une sécurité alimentaire  durable ;\nProposer des orientations stratégiques prioritaires basées sur l’analyse et la capitalisation des bonnes pratiques en matière  de sécurité alimentaire ;\nEngager et coordonner  avec toutes les parties prenantes des réflexions sur le domaine foncier, en vue d’une réforme agraire favorable à la sécurité alimentaire ;\nVeiller à la promotion de  la vulgarisation  des résultats et acquis de la recherche sur la sécurité alimentaire ;\nVeiller au suivi et à l’exécution des Conventions, Accords et Traités Internationaux auxquels le Niger est partie ayant trait à la sécurité alimentaire.\n\nIl y également le Haut-commissariat à l’initiative 3N (HC3N) qui suit la mise en œuvre des programmes relatifs à la sécurité alimentaire au Niger. L’opérationnalisation proprement dite de ces programmes se fait par l’entremise des Ministères sectoriels concernés par les programmes inclus dans la stratégie de l’initiative 3N.","Ali MADAI BOUKAR, Economiste National. (1er octobre 2013). PNUD Niger.\n\nNiger Diaspora. \"Analyse approfondie des marchés et de la sécurité alimentaire au Niger Quasi-stabilité des prix des céréales sur les marchés\". 31 décembre 2013. http://nigerdiaspora.net/les-infos-du-pays/economie/item/65960-analyse-approfondie-des-marches-et-de-la-securite-alimentaire-au-niger-quasi-stabilite-des-prix-des-cereales-sur-les-marches\n\nDécret relatif à la Création de la Haute Autorité à la Sécurité Alimentaire. Art 2.\nSite officiel de la Haute Autorité: http://www.cisan.ne/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:motbienvenu\n\nZABEIROU MOUSSA.(11 MARS 2011). Sécurité alimentaire au Niger: la HASA et la BAGRI rencontrent les structures intervenant dans le secteur. Le Sahel.\nhttp://www.lesahel.org/sahel/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6819:securite-alimentaire-au-niger-la-hasa-et-la-bagri-rencontrent-les-structures-intervenant-dans-le-secteur&catid=34:actualites&Itemid=53","La Haute autorité à la sécurité alimentaire a été mise en place pour appuyer les programmes de sécurité alimentaire au Niger. Ses champs d'action incluent en effet l'agriculture durable, les petits agriculteurs, et l'appui aux femmes dans l'agriculture (entre autres). ..."]
["2013_ST_100",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",100,50,"There is no department, but the government, in partnership with NGOs and other multi-lateral funders, makes programmes to ensure food security. Last year, the national programme of food security ended. It was a success and done in partnership with Adappa NGO. Then another programme started, this time in partnership with the Marapa NGO, which is the national programme for the rehabilitation of food security infrastructures.\nThis is the government programme in partnership with the Africa Development Bank, to improve food security and reduce poverty in Sao Tome and Principe. The programme aims to increase the availability of food, through the rehabilitation of agricultural infrastructure, rural and fisheries. In the artisanal fisheries sector, it seeks to promote the independence and professionalism of the groups of fishermen and palaies (the women who sell fish), so establishing a good management infrastructure. This project includes also a component of increased security for fishermen at sea.","1. Álvaro Vila Nova, coordinator, National Programme for the Rehabilitation of Food Security Infrastructures, October 1 2013.\n\n2. Wildmark Trovoada, project manager, sea, handicraft and fishery NGO (Marapa), October 1 2013.\n\n3, Carminda Viegas, director, participatory support programme for family agriculture and artisanal fisheries (Papafpa), October 2 2013.","There is no department, but the government, in partnership with NGOs and other multi-lateral funders, makes programmes to ensure food security. Last year, the national programme of food security ended. It was a success and done in partnership with Adappa NGO. Then another programme..."]
["2013_SD_100",2013,"SD","Sudan",100,25,"The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in the Republic of Sudan is responsible for ensuring food security. State Ministries of Social Services also promote food security activities. They do so by maintaining strategic food reserves that are distributed (with the help of international NGO's like the Red Cross) during times of emergency to some needy rural populations. \n \n The state institutions generally lack the capacity to independently and successfully implement programs related to food security. However, during the study period, the Ministry of Agriculture has partnered with the International Red Cross to improve the capacity of small farmers to withstand food emergencies.","Gerald, J., & Dorothy R. (2013) . Standing wealth: Pastoralist livestock production and local livelihoods in Sudan. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University.\n \n International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2012, December) . Emergency appeal Sudan: Food insecurity.\" December, 2012.\n\n (n.d.) . Government bodies and federal ministries of Republic of Sudan. One World Nations Online. Retrieved from http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/sudan-government.htm ","The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in the Republic of Sudan is responsible for ensuring food security. State Ministries of Social Services also promote food security activities. They do so by maintaining strategic food reserves that are distributed (with the help of internati..."]
["2013_UG_100",2013,"UG","Uganda",100,75,"The department of crop production and marketing has the overall objective of supporting sustainable, market-oriented crop production, value addition and nutrition, for improved food security.\n \n The department has the mandate to ensure food security, especially among the vulnerable populations, it conducts food and nutrition surveillance, integrated food and nutrition security through value chains, and capacity building of local governments on food and nutrition security (Interview with Mr. Bambona in the ministry of agriculture). \n \n With regards to the implementation of concrete programmes to provide financial or technical support towards sustainable agriculture, small farmers, and women in farming, the department has trained farmers to integrate proper environmental management practices into agriculture, and promoted enterprise diversity to ensure sustainable agriculture. The national development plan encourages the mainstreaming of gender issues in all agricultural programs to support women. Farmers are taught on how to reduce drudgery and increased women’s access to information, credit and technology.\n \n However, the department is challenged by limited financial resources to implement more concrete programmes and projects.","Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries\n Department of Crop Production & Marketing\n http://www.agriculture.go.ug/index-page-departments-id-90.htm\n \n Julius Businge, The Independent; “Small holder farmers boost” November 15, 2013\n http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/8439-small-holder-farmers-boost .\n \n Andrew Masinde, New Vision; “Agricultural mechanisation enhanced farming in Uganda”; August 16, 2013\n http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/646165-agricultural-mechanisation-enhanced-farming-in-uganda.html.\n \n Alex Bambona, Head Food and Nutrition Security, Department of Crop Production and Marketing, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries; January 14, 2014.","The department of crop production and marketing has the overall objective of supporting sustainable, market-oriented crop production, value addition and nutrition, for improved food security...."]
["2013_BJ_101",2013,"BJ","Benin",101,50,"Selon une déclaration du Réseau national des jeunes pour le travail rapporté par le Journal l'Evènement Précis, « au moins 29 structures étatiques sont consacrées à la question de l’emploi des jeunes au Bénin tandis qu’au moins sept ministères se consacrent à la question » à travers des directions techniques. Il existe formellement un ministère chargé de l'insertion socioprofessionnelle des jeunes qui a également d'autres priorités. Au cours de l'année dernière, quelques programmes ont été mis sur pied pour renforcer l'éducation et l’accès à l'emploi, mais seule une partie des jeunes a pu en bénéficier.","Ministère chargé de l'insertion des jeunes. (17 aout 2013). Le ministre Alassane SOUMANOU lance l’initiative 1000 jeunes pour l’initiative de Dogbo. http://news.acotonou.com/h/6192.html\n\nJean-Claude D. DOSSA. (14 septembre 2012). Difficile insertion professionnelle de la jeunesse au Bénin :Guy Dossou Mitokpè et le RNJT déclarent la guerre au chômage des jeunes. L'Evènement Précis. http://levenementprecis.com/?p=13281\n\nBénin: Microsoft propose des programmes de renforcement des capacités de la jeunesse dans les TIC. (01 août 2013). Agence Ecofin. http://www.agenceecofin.com/gestion-publique/0108-12769-benin-microsoft-propose-des-programmes-de-renforcement-des-capacites-de-la-jeunesse-dans-les-tic","Selon une déclaration du Réseau national des jeunes pour le travail rapporté par le Journal l'Evènement Précis, « au moins 29 structures étatiques sont consacrées à la question de l’emploi des jeunes au Bénin tandis qu’au moins sept ministères se consacrent à la question » à traver..."]
["2013_CV_101",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",101,50,"In Cape Verde, there is a government department mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth. However, but it also has other priorities, like employment and human resources development. During the last years it has implemented programmes to ensure education and employment. Unfortunately, not all the young population have access to these programmes. One of the major factors that adds to the lack of access to youth programmes is that, as an archipelago (island nation), programmes may be centred in only a couple of islands and not all of the islands. Unfortunately, islands that may need youth programmes the most do not have access to them.","1. Web page of the Ministry of Youth Employment and Human Resources Development:http://www.mjedrh.gov.cv/index1.html. Accessed November 2013. \n\n2. Webpage informing about MJEDRH and UN joint programme for social integration of youth. html. Accessed November 2013. \n\n3. Webpage informing about Technical and Vocational Training opportunities for youth. html. Accessed November 2013. : http://www.mjedrh.org/paginas/noticias/detalhestop.asp?idNoticia=247.\n\n4. Technical and cocational institute website. Accessed November 2013. : http://www.iefp.cv/.","In Cape Verde, there is a government department mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth. However, but it also has other priorities, like employment and human resources development. During the last years it has implemented programmes to ensure education and employ..."]
["2013_CF_101",2013,"CF","CAR",101,25,"La RCA s’est dotée d’une politique nationale d'intégration socioéconomique. L’application de cette politique relève du ministère de l'Éducation Nationale, du ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, et de l'Agence centrafricaine pour la formation et l’emploi (ACFPE). \n\nLa RCA dispose par ailleurs d'un document de politique nationale d'insertion des jeunes. Un manque de ressources financières pèse néanmoins sur la mise en œuvre de ces politiques. De tous les programmes sociaux élaborés pour favoriser les jeunes, seul le programme de l'éducation est assuré. Encore ne l’est-il qu’avec beaucoup de difficultés en raison des grèves des enseignants. Par ailleurs, la qualité de l'enseignement pose problème depuis quelques années, alors que le ministère de la Jeunesse favorise les volets sportifs au détriment d’autres programmes. Globalement, les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche évaluent que la politique d'insertion socioéconomique n’est exécutée qu’à 10% en éducation.","Jean Kokide, maitre d'histoire économique et sociale, vice-doyen, Faculté des sciences humaines, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013.\n\nAnatole Bango, assistant d'histoire, chef de service à la scolarité, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013,\n\nNoel Endjimond, chef de service, enseignement du fondamental 2, ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 21 septembre 2013.\n\nKOYANGBO Marie-Madeleine, Enseignante en Géographie à l'Ecole Normale Supérieur  de l'Université de Bangui, 21/09/2013","La RCA s’est dotée d’une politique nationale d'intégration socioéconomique. L’application de cette politique relève du ministère de l'Éducation Nationale, du ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, et de l'Agence centrafricaine pour la formation et l’..."]
["2013_EG_101",2013,"EG","Egypt",101,50,"During the rule of Egyptian President Morsi, the Ministry of Youth was headed by the Muslim Brotherhood's Osama Yassin from August 2012 until July 2013. Osama Yassin was subsequently arrested after resigning his post in protest in August 2013. The Ministry of Youth as such, while working to implement its plan to increase youth employment, was severely affected by the tumultuous political events affecting Egypt. \n\nNevertheless, the Ministry managed to sign a few partnerships with development NGOs and launch some skills development programmes, notably in the ICT sector, and the Social Fund for Development also sought to engage Egyptian youth in the SME sector. Yet, access to these programmes remain sporadic. Few of the success stories described during the time period of the study focused on new programs or developments outside of Cairo and Alexandria.","http://www.alshabab.gov.eg\n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Youth.  Retrieved fromhttp://www.youth.gov.eg/ \n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Social Development Fund.  Retrieved from http://www.sfdegypt.org/web/sfd/memberloan\n\n(2013, February 3) .  Egypt commits to implementing regional project to strengthen youth volunteerism.  United Nations Volunteers.  Retrieved from http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/news/doc/egypt-commits-to-implementing.html\n\n(2013, May 21) .  Egypt stages youth employment seminar.  BiztechAfrica.  Retrieved from http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/egypt-stages-youth-employment-seminar/6069/#.UoU--PnI2k4\n\nHafez, Ahmed.  (2013, November 14) .  [Shayfeenkum Executive Director].  Personal communication.\n\nMasriya, A.  (2013, August 26) .  Egypt arrests former youth minister. All Africa.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201308261263.html\n\nParticipatory Development Programme in Urban Areas.  (2013) .  PDP signs cooperation agreements  with Ministry of State for Youth and Cairo Governorate.  Retrieved from http://egypt-urban.net/pdp-signs-cooperation-agreements-with-ministry-of-state-for-youth-and-cairo-governorate/\n\nUnited Nations Development Programme.  (2013) .  Employment creation in innovative public works programmes.  Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/egypt/en/home/operations/projects/poverty_reduction/employment-creation-in-innovative-public-works-programmes.html","During the rule of Egyptian President Morsi, the Ministry of Youth was headed by the Muslim Brotherhood's Osama Yassin from August 2012 until July 2013. Osama Yassin was subsequently arrested after resigning his post in protest in August 2013. The Ministry of Youth as such, while w..."]
["2013_ER_101",2013,"ER","Eritrea",101,0,"There is no government policy to increase socio-economic activity of the youth, nor governmental authority that is responsible for the youth (Youth Policy Factsheet). According to the Africa Economic Outlook 2012 report for Eritrea, \"Youth skills are not being developed to match labour market demands\" (2). Youth Policy states further, \"The government needs to increase its commitment to socioeconomic policies and programmes aimed at absorbing youth into the labour market as a critical factor for lifting national standards of living\" (Youth Policy Factsheet). \n\nFor both young men and women, there is mandatory conscription or national service; though military in nature, it is often employed in construction projects. Many youth attempt to flee the forced service due to its notorious record of human rights violations (Deutsche Welle).","Africaneconomicoutlook.org. Eritrea 2012. http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Eritrea_2012_Youth_Employment_Briefing.pdf.\n\nYouthpolicy.org, Factsheet on Eritrea, Jan. 2014. http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/eritrea/\n\nDiekhans, A. (2013 July 18). \"20 years of freedom? Not for Eritrea’s youth.\" http://www.dw.de/20-years-of-freedom-not-for-eritreas-youth/a-16951027","There is no government policy to increase socio-economic activity of the youth, nor governmental authority that is responsible for the youth (Youth Policy Factsheet). According to the Africa Economic Outlook 2012 report for Eritrea, \"Youth skills are not being developed to match la..."]
["2013_GW_101",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",101,0,"In practice, there is no government strategy or a clear commitment about the integration of young people. The past year the government did not implement any programme to support economic and social integration of young people, which implies that the government does not take seriously the problems of youth. \n\nThat said, the poverty reduction strategy paper (DENARPII) which guides government’s priorities, has youth employment as one of the main priorities. The DENARP states that one of the priorities for government should have been the establishment of a youth employment programme, taking into account gender equality.  However, delays in drafting the key documents combined with the coup d'etat, prevented its implementation. There were plans for the \"Global Facility for Employment Creation in Fragile Situations\" to establish a pilot project in Guinea-Bissau.","1. Benvindo Gomes, National Commission of Human Rights League Secretary, Comissão Nacional da Liga dos Direitos Humanos. Interviewed in Bissau, Oct 2013,\n\n2. José Correia, Ministry of Education officer, and Private School Director. Interviewed in Bissau, November 2, 2013.\n\n3. Natália Martins, Public Function Ministry, General Directorate officer, Ministério Função Publica.\nInterviewed in Bissau October 23, 2013.","In practice, there is no government strategy or a clear commitment about the integration of young people. The past year the government did not implement any programme to support economic and social integration of young people, which implies that the government does not take serious..."]
["2013_MG_101",2013,"MG","Madagascar",101,50,"Seuls des programmes temporaires ont été mis en œuvre du fait des problèmes budgétaires. \n\nLe Fonds d’Insertion des Jeunes (FIJ) est mis en œuvre par le ministère de la Jeunesse et des Loisirs. Il est coordonné avec la Conférence des ministres de la Jeunesse et des Sports des pays ayant le français en partage (CONFEJES). Il a pour but de promouvoir l’esprit d’entreprise et la participation des jeunes dans le développement de la nation. À travers ce programme, les jeunes sont formés et à l’entrepreneuriat et à la gestion d’entreprise. À partir de là, ils concourent en vue de l’obtention d’un fonds de démarrage pour leurs projets. Le concours est destiné aux jeunes malagasy de 16 à 30 ans de différents horizons et les dossiers sont sélectionnés par le CONFEJES.\n\nLes réalisations du ministère de la Jeunesse en matière d’insertion économique des jeunes sont : \n- 10 projets de jeunes financés par le ministère ;\n- 200 encadreurs formés en entrepreneuriat ;\n- 2840 jeunes formés sur le programme Fonds d’insertion pour la jeunesse (FIJ) et le programme Esclavage humain et trafic de personnes (EHTP) pour des emplois stables et sécurisants. \n\nÀ part les chiffres officiels du ministère, aucune autre source officielle ne peut donner le pourcentage de jeunes ayant eu accès aux programmes. \n\nLe site officiel du ministère donne les ressources financières pour 2013 : \n- 1 741 690 000 ariarys pour les investissements\n- 1 400 240 000 ariarys pour le fonctionnement hors soldes. \n\nLe ministre lui-même a affirmé que le budget alloué à son ministère ne suffit pas et que les activités et programmes pour les jeunes en ont été réduits.","Andriatiana Jacques Ulrich, ministre, ministère de la Jeunesse et des Loisirs, 5 novembre 2013. (Interview)\n\nSœur Dina Natacha, responsable des jeunes, Congrégation des sœurs salésiennes Don Bosco, 5 novembre 2013. (Interview)\n\nSite officiel du Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Loisirs. consulté en novembre 2013. http://www.tanora.gov.mg/?page_id=1737\n\nLoi n° 2004-028 du 09 septembre 2004 sur la Politique nationale de la jeunesse du 9 septembre 2006.","Seuls des programmes temporaires ont été mis en œuvre du fait des problèmes budgétaires. \n\nLe Fonds d’Insertion des Jeunes (FIJ) est mis en œuvre par le ministère de la Jeunesse et des ..."]
["2013_MU_101",2013,"MU","Mauritius",101,100,"In the Budget 2013, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced a four point Action Plan to address youth unemployment. The Action Plan, entitled Youth Employment Programme, is comprised of the following elements: a Job Placement; Skills Working Group; Service to Mauritius Programme; and Industry placements.\n \nThe Youth Employment Programme will facilitate youth employment with minimum delay to enter the labour market.  A provision of Rs 330 million has been made under the Programme which will include: \n\n• Revamping the programme of job placement for young men and women up to the age of 25 so as to make it more attractive.\n\n • Increasing the contribution to the salary of non graduates from 3,000 to 4,000 rupees per month and for that of graduates from 6,000 to 7,500 rupees per month. The duration of the support will be extended from six months to a full year. Employers are also encouraged to provide training where necessary by subsidizing the cost of accredited training up to 50% (not exceeding Rs 7500 per person). \n\nThis was confirmed by Mr. Pohrun, Advisor on Information Matters at the Ministry of Labour who stated that the Youth Employment Programme is meant to address the specific needs of the youth and that, under the programme, the youth between 16 and 30 years who are unemployed are provided with training and placement in enterprises to enhance their employability.\n\nIn addition, other ministries/departments have initiated programs to address the needs of young unemployed people. Examples include the Ministry of ICT's Skills Development Programme in ICT whereby ICT/BPO companies are encouraged to train unemployed youth and offer them a placement following the training. Trainees are provided with a monthly stipend. The Ministry of Social Security encourages social aid to low-income household with children in school from primary to tertiary level up to 23 years old, as reported by Mr. Fatadin from Social Security. \n\nThe score of 100 is based on the fact that access to such programmes to all Mauritian youth, irrespective of income status or residential area. People without access to internet can use the computers at the Citizens Advice Bureau to get the necessary information. As of June 2013, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development reported that 513 women and 491 men had been able to find a placement through the YEP, which was officially launched in January 2013. The other programmes mentioned have not released numbers yet. \n\nStatistics from 2011 were provided by Fatadin, Commissioner of Social Security; for that year, 17,971 students received financial assistance from the government to pay for examination and tuition fees. Fatadin mentioned that 2012 figures were not yet official.","1. Budget 2013: Youth Employment Highlights. Government of Maurtius. November 2012. http://www.gov.mu/English/News/Pages/Budget-2013-Highlights-Youth-Employment.aspx\n\n2. Youth Employment Programme (YEP), which is an initiative of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Available at http://www.yep.mu/\n\n3. Youth unemployment in Mauritius, Krishnee Appadoo. Le Mauricien. July 2013. http://www.lemauricien.com/article/youth-unemployment-mauritius\n\n4. ICT Skills Development Programme. Ministry of ICT. http://www1.gov.mu/portal/sites/manpower/index.jsp\n\n5. Chomage des jeunes - En quoi consiste le Youth Employment Programme?Mario Boutia. Le Defi Quotidien. February 2013. http://www.defimedia.info/defi-quotidien/dq-interview/item/26228-ch%C3%B4mage-des-jeunes-%E2%80%93-en-quoi-consiste-le-youth-employment-programme-\n\n6. Yaasin Pohrun - Advisor on Information Matters. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment. Responded via email on Sept 26, 2013. \n\n7. Mr. F. Fatadin,Commissioner of Social Security, Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions. Interviewed in person on Oct 2, 2013 at 10.30 a.m. Port Louis, Mauritius.","In the Budget 2013, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced a four point Action Plan to address youth unemployment. The Action Plan, entitled Youth Employment Programme, is comprised of the following elements: a Job Placement; Skills Working Group; Service to Mau..."]
["2013_RW_101",2013,"RW","Rwanda",101,50,"Yes, there is a department in charge of the youth and it covers IT as well. There is the Iwawa Rehabilitation center program. Iwawa is an island where street youth are taken and given training that will allow them to find a job. They get trained in carpentry, welding and construction. The country has good programmes for youth integration but in practice it does not reach everybody concerned. On the website of the Ministry of Youth and IT and governmental papers/reports, things looks nice in a written form. However, when one looks at objective reports like those of UN agencies and independent papers, one finds that they agree with the policies but point out that they lack efficiency and that they do not serve everybody. The article by Aimé Sindayigaya, which was published during the study period (September 2012 - September 2013), quotes a UNESCO report published at the end of 2012, which says, \"It is not clear that ICT and other services, which tend not to create as many jobs as other types of industry, can help children of poor parents escape from poverty in a country where 90 per cent of the population is engaged in agricultural production and the secondary gross enrolment ratio is only 36 per cent”. To back this up, one interviewee also did mention that youth in rural areas do not benefit from football academies and programmes as those do in towns. Furthermore, the article by Alex Ngarambe which was published during the period of this study states that 39 per cent of unemployed are youths while poverty levels among the youth stands at 38.5 per cent. This is too high and is another confirmation that a large part of the youth does not benefit or has not yet benefited from the ministry's programmes.","Bizimana, Didier.  (2013, September 9) .  [Youth football coach at a Rwanda football academy, former international and assistant coach of the APR football club].  Personal communication.\n\nNgarambe, A.  (2013, March 22) .  Nepotism blamed for youth unemployment.  The East African.\n\nRepublic of Rwanda.  (2013) .  Rwanda’s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) to focus on rural development and youth employment.  Retrieved from http://www.gov.rw/Rwanda-s-EDPRS2-to-focus-on-rural-development-and-youth-employment?lang=en \n\nRepublic of Rwanda Ministry of Youth and IT.  (2013, September 15) .  Iwawa: Rwanda's Prime Minister, Dr. Pierre Damien Habumuremyi for the 3rd graduation.  Murag, D.  Retrieved from http://www.myict.gov.rw/agencies/irvsdc-iwawa-rehabilitation-centre/\n\nSindayigaye, A.  (2013, April 13) .  Rwanda: A deprived youth, despite the country’s economic growth.  Jambo News.","Yes, there is a department in charge of the youth and it covers IT as well. There is the Iwawa Rehabilitation center program. Iwawa is an island where street youth are taken and given training that will allow them to find a job. They get trained in carpentry, welding and constructi..."]
["2013_SO_101",2013,"SO","Somalia",101,0,"According to the UNDP, \"The future of Somalia and the well-being of its people rests significantly on empowering its large youth population.\" Over 70% of the country's population is under the age of 30, and of this group, over 2/3 are unemployed. The UNDP went on to suggest that there was need to strengthen the capacity of local authorities to support youth programs.\n\nAccording to Charlotte Petri Gornitzk writing in the Guardian, \"The deeper truth behind these statistics is the emergence of a generation for whom life has been shaped by lost opportunities, an unclear identity and a growing sense of marginalization. If we don't find a solution to youth unemployment and engage them in economic contribution to society, Somalia's problems could continue well into the next 20 years.\"\n\nDuring the period of the study, youth programs were promoted, planned and launched by a variety of NGOs. Plans for youth training, employment, engagement and progress are laid out in the UNDP Human Development Report. Due to the insecure environment, not all of the country has access to such programs. \n\nThe new government, just formed in September 2012, did not focus on youth integration and engagement in national policies. There is a Ministry of Sports and Youth.","UNDP. (2012 Sep 28). Empowering youth central to Somalia’s future. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2012/09/28/new-undp-report-says-investing-in-youth-key-to-somalia-s-future-.html\n\nPetri Gornitzka, C. (2013 May 8). Somalia's lost generation: why youth employment is key to stability. http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/somalia-lost-generation-youth-unemployment-stability\n\nSomalia Human Development Report 2012: Empowering Youth for Peace and Development. http://www.so.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/Project_Documents/Human_Development/Somalia%20Human%20Development%20Report%202012.pdf","According to the UNDP, \"The future of Somalia and the well-being of its people rests significantly on empowering its large youth population.\" Over 70% of the country's population is under the age of 30, and of this group, over 2/3 are unemployed. The UNDP went on to suggest that th..."]
["2013_SZ_101",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",101,50,"With 43% of the national population under the age of 18, the Swazi government created a new ministry in 2008 with youth promotion as one of its mandates, followed by a revised policy. During the 2012-13 time period under review, the youth policy implemented programs such as setting up skills and learning programmes, but it could not create jobs; the Swazi youth still faced high unemployment. The youth affairs ministry was ineffective in the implementation of youth policy or the advancement of youth issues before the term of the minister ended in September 2013.","Interview: Vusi Malambe, youth counselor and soccer coach, Manzini, 15 September 2013. \n \n \"Swaziland Report on Current and Emerging Youth Policies,\" Mduduzi Dlamini, Fanrpan, 13 March 2013. http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d01518/swaziland_youth_report_20130318.pdf \n \n \"Swaziland National Youth Policy, Revised 2009,\" Ministry of Sports, Culture and Youth Affairs. http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Swaziland_2009_National_Youth_Policy.pdf\n \n \"Youth and Adult Learning and Education in Swaziland,\" Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, 10 September 2012. http://www.osisa.org/open-learning/education/swaziland/youth-and-adult-learning-and-education-swaziland","With 43% of the national population under the age of 18, the Swazi government created a new ministry in 2008 with youth promotion as one of its mandates, followed by a revised policy. During the 2012-13 time period under review, the youth policy implemented programs such as setting..."]
["2013_ZW_101",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",101,50,"The government has a national youth policy whose purpose is to provide mechanisms for public, private and non-state sectors to create an enabling environment for integrated development for young people. A number of strategies have been outlined in order to achieve the policy goals and objectives, including poverty eradication and economic integration, education and skills development, youth empowerment and participation, youth employment and sustainable livelihoods, health, gender equality and equity, national youth service, culture, sports and recreation, information, communication and technology, environment, youth migration and data and research. \n \n The ministry of youth development, indigenisation and empowerment established the youth empowerment fund as part of the indigenisation programme. Although the programme is supposed to benefit all youths, there has been speculation that only youth in urban areas, who have access to information, are benefiting.","1. MINISTRY OF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT, INDIGENISATION AND EMPOWERMENT (n.d). government of Zimbabwe. http://www.mydie.gov.zw/nyp.pdf.\n \n 2. Zimbabwe Youth Council (2013). CURRENT YOUTH POLICY. http://www.zimbabweyouthcouncil.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9:jp&catid=1:latest-news.\n \n 3. Voice of America (2013). Monday, September 23, 2013. $10 Million Zimbabwe Youth Empowerment Fund Loses Steam. http://www.voazimbabwe.com/content/zimbabwe-empowerment-youth-old-mutual-zimbabwe-cabs/1667009.html.\n \n 4. HON. SAVIOUR KASUKUWERE (2013). ADDRESS BY THE MINISTER OF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT, INDIGENISATION AND EMPOWERMENT, HON. SAVIOUR KASUKUWERE, AT THE LAUNCH OF THE ZIMBABWE DECENT. FEBRUARY 14, 2013. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/harare/download/dwcp/youth_min_remarks.pdf\n WORK COUNTRY PROGRAMME, RAINBOW TOWERS, HARARE.","The government has a national youth policy whose purpose is to provide mechanisms for public, private and non-state sectors to create an enabling environment for integrated development for young people. A number of strategies have been outlined in order to achieve the policy goals ..."]
["2013_BF_102",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",102,50,"Cette problématique est prise en compte par quatre départements, mais pas de façon spécifique. Ces départements ont en plus d'autres préoccupations. Il s'agit des ministères en charge de la Santé, de l'Action sociale et de la Solidarité nationale, du Travail et de la Sécurité sociale, ainsi que de la Défense nationale et des Anciens combattants. Des actions sporadiques sont entreprises en faveur de cette population. C'est le cas par exemple avec les mesures prises récemment par le gouvernement pour faire face à la vie chère. Parmi ces mesures, il est prévu « la prise en charge sanitaire de 3690 personnes âgées et le soutien à 1125 projets individuels de personnes âgées. » Bien entendu, cela est infime par rapport à la demande sur le terrain. En 2008, un programme national de santé des personnes âgées a été institué par le ministère de la santé. Malheureusement, ce programme est méconnu du grand public et, selon nos sources, son impact demeure marginal.","Anonyme, cadre retraité de la fonction publique, 1er octobre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAgence de presse africaine. (13 septembre 2013). Politique: Dix mesures pour améliorer les conditions de vie des Burkinabè. aouaga.com : http://news.aouaga.com/h/13480.html\n\nSanga, B. et Nabaloum, A.A. (24 octobre 2012). Echanges entre le président du Faso et les personnes âgées: Ce que les « papys » et les « mamys » ont dit à Blaise Compaoré. Faso Presse : http://www.fasopresse.net/politique/1590-echanges-entre-le-president-du-faso-et-les-personnes-agees-ce-que-les-l-papys-r-et-les-l-mamys-r-ont-dit-a-blaise-compaore","Cette problématique est prise en compte par quatre départements, mais pas de façon spécifique. Ces départements ont en plus d'autres préoccupations. Il s'agit des ministères en charge de la Santé, de l'Action sociale et de la Solidarité nationale, du Travail et de la Sécurité socia..."]
["2013_CM_102",2013,"CM","Cameroon",102,50,"The Caisse nationale de prévoyance sociale (National Social Security Fund, or CNPS) makes every effort to ensure that the elderly have a pension. The elderly have automatic access to a pension, explains Yolande Melanie Tsango Ondo, Director of Services. As such, one can easily see which services are offered to the elderly by browsing the website of the CNPS. Everything is done to ensure they receive a good pension that takes into account their health and housing. However, this applies to former public sector employees, as per the labour code. For civil servants, the safety net set up by the government is still struggling to pay off, according to Cyr Ondoa in the Emergence newspaper, who says that, \"As for retirement, we cope as best we can.\" This is a reference to the problems facing the public in the management of the elderly in Cameroon.","Ondo, M. Y. T.  (2013, August 2). The management of new retirees is now immediate.\n\nOndoua, C.  (2012, December) .  Retirement: We do what we can.  Cameroon.  Emergence.  Retrieved from http://www.camer.be/index1.php?art=23013&rub=11:1\n\n(n.d.) .  Retrieved from http://www.cnps.cm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100:actualites-de-la-cnps&catid=75:actualites-de-la-cnps&Itemid=55","The Caisse nationale de prévoyance sociale (National Social Security Fund, or CNPS) makes every effort to ensure that the elderly have a pension. The elderly have automatic access to a pension, explains Yolande Melanie Tsango Ondo, Director of Services. As such, one can easily see ..."]
["2013_DJ_102",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",102,50,"L'Organisme pour la protection sociale (OPS) s'occupe de la sécurité sociale des djiboutiens, dont les retraités et les personnes âgées, en leur assurant des soins gratuits et des pensions. Les travailleurs du secteur informels ont récemment été associés eux aussi à ce régime. Selon le secrétariat d'État à la solidarité nationale, trois catégories de population ont été ciblées en matière de filet social, notamment les femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et leurs enfants en bas âge, les populations inaptes au travail (handicapés, personnes âgées sans retraites, etc.) et les populations aptes à travailler, mais peu ou pas qualifiées.\nCe filet social vise aussi à apporter un appui ponctuel à des populations en cas de crise. L’objectif visé par cette stratégie est plus spécifiquement de développer des actions coordonnées des secteurs public et privé et d’harmoniser l’aide afin de réduire la pauvreté chez les groupes les plus vulnérables. Pour le président de l’association Vieillir en bonne santé, l'État ne s'occupe pas assez des personnes âgées, qui sont livrées à elles-mêmes, sans qu’aucune structure d'aide ne les prenne à charge. Son association tente depuis deux ans de leur venir en aide en les prenant en charge sur le plan médical et en leur fournissant de l’aide et de l’assistance. Cette démarche demeure largement insuffisante par rapport à l’étendue leurs besoins.","1) Houssein Omar Walieh,  président, association Vieillir en bonne santé, 26 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Mane Bareh Odowa,  responsable, Régime vieillesse, Organisme pour la protection Sociale (OPS), 25 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Salah Alwan Yayo, retraité, Chemin de fer de Djibouti, 27 octobre 2013.\n\n4) Zeinab Ismail Hassan, Secrétariat d'État à la solidarité nationale, 28 octobre 2013.","L'Organisme pour la protection sociale (OPS) s'occupe de la sécurité sociale des djiboutiens, dont les retraités et les personnes âgées, en leur assurant des soins gratuits et des pensions. Les travailleurs du secteur informels ont récemment été associés eux aussi à ce régime. Selo..."]
["2013_EG_102",2013,"EG","Egypt",102,75,"In law, Egypt has an extensive social service provision for the elderly going back several decades. The Ministry of Solidarity and Social Justice in particular is charged with overseeing pensions for the elderly. However, only those with former employment have access to the pension scheme. \n\nOne of the reforms of President Anwar Sadat was to create a modernised pension system. That system today is severely weakened by the fact Egypt is no longer an oil exporter (like it was in the 1970s), by inflation and by the fact that Egyptian life expectancy was extended. In general, the elderly are treated comparatively well by the Egyptian government.  Even though there is no specific agency for the elderly, those reaching a certain age are eligible for pensions and medical care. However, due to rising inflation these pensions do not always cover the true cost of living with the maximum benefit of roughly 174 dollars per month, not including medical benefits.","Associated Press.  (n.d) .  Elderly people from across the globe share their hopes and fears.  Daily Mail  Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2456273/Aging-world-Elderly-people-globe-share-hopes-fears-youth-obsessed-society.html#ixzz2kdEnaWMx\n\n(2013) .  Egypt.  Social Security Programs Throughout the World.  Retrieved from http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2012-2013/africa/egypt.pdf\n\nHafez, Ahmed.  (2013, November 14) .  [Shayfeenkum Executive Director].  Personal communication.\n\nIshak, Ibrahim.  (2013, November 14) .  [Researcher at Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Population ageing.  UNFPA Egypt.  Retrieved from   http://egypt.unfpa.org/english/Staticpage/e82b3581-f41b-4e13-889a-c5b22aecac85/Population_Ageing.aspx\n\nhttp://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/OlderPersons/Submissions/Egypt.pdf","In law, Egypt has an extensive social service provision for the elderly going back several decades. The Ministry of Solidarity and Social Justice in particular is charged with overseeing pensions for the elderly. However, only those with former employment have access to the pension..."]
["2013_GW_102",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",102,25,"There is a government social safety net to assist the elderly, the National Institute for Social Foresight. But in practice, it is not working properly. Only in case of death, the institute ensures the school fees of two sons until they are 23 years old, provided that they attend regularly and successfully. Civil servants are supposed to contribute 14% of their salary a month but, in practice, when someone comes to retirement they do not get their right pension. \n\nAs a result, lots of civil servants prefer to receive their salaries intact with no discounts. Weak implementation of the law is also due to lack of oversight by the unions, as well as very poor awareness by citizens of their rights and the possibilities to receive those benefits.","1. Maria da Luz, General Secretary for Information, National Union of Workers Guinea Bissau\nInterviewed in UNTG HQ, Bissau. October 12, 2013.\n\n2. Lauriano Pereira da Costa, President, Democratic Teachers Trade Union and General Secretary for Training affairs at National Union of Workers Guinea Bissau. \nInterviewed in UNTG HQ, Bissau. October 12, 2013.\n\n3. Armindo la Serna Monteiro, General Secretary, Democratic Drivers Trade Union, Sindicato Democrático do Agrupamento dos Motoristas e Transportistas rodoviário \nInterviewed in UNTG HQ, Bissau. October 12, 2013.","There is a government social safety net to assist the elderly, the National Institute for Social Foresight. But in practice, it is not working properly. Only in case of death, the institute ensures the school fees of two sons until they are 23 years old, provided that they attend r..."]
["2013_KE_102",2013,"KE","Kenya",102,50,"The government has a national safety net programme to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of safety net support to poor and vulnerable populations in the country. The programme targets poor households that are particularly vulnerable because of where they live or because of their circumstances. \nHowever, the scheme is yet to meet its targets because some groups are still marginalised partly due to the broad categorisation of marginalised people under the 2010 constitution. The current cash transfer programmes target most of the groups identified in the constitution as being marginalised, including orphans and vulnerable children, older people, the poor and marginalised communities. However, there are some marginalised groups that may not be captured in these programmes, not due to deliberate effort to exclude them, but as a result of the limited coverage.\n\nExperts say that to curb the challenges the government needs to ensure that the programme scale-up should be based on an analysis of the poverty levels and be informed by clear objectives and an expansion strategy, while  a communications strategy should be developed to ensure that there is continuous collation, documentation, and dissemination of programme information, especially about targeting.\n\nIt is also proposed that a robust monitoring and evaluation framework, that includes indicators for capturing and responding to the programme’s social impacts, should be developed, while the programme should build on the lessons learned from the cash transfer programmes to ensure well-functioning complaint and grievance mechanisms for all programmes.","1. \"Kenya - National Safety Net Programme for Results Project\". Assessment by the World Bank. Published on June 11, 2013. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/06/17852515/kenya-national-safety-net-program-results-project-environmental-assessment.\n\n2. \"How money meant for the aged poor is ending up into wrong pockets\", an article by Jekonia Otieno, published in the Standard newspaper of August 23, 2013. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000091710.\n\n3. \"Kenya gets Sh2.3bn credit from World Bank\". An article by Margaret Wahito  published by Capital News on July 24, 2013. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/?p=20561&wpmp_switcher=mobile.\n\n4. \"Social Protection for the Elderly as a Development Strategy: a case study of Kenya’s old persons cash transfer programme\". A study report by  Philomena Mathiu and Elosy Kangai Mathiu. Paper presented during the Third IESE conference “Mozambique: Accumulation and Transformation in a context of International crisis” Maputo, September 4-5, 2012. http://www.iese.ac.mz/lib/publication/III_Conf2012/IESE_IIIConf_Paper32.pdf.","The government has a national safety net programme to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of safety net support to poor and vulnerable populations in the country. The programme targets poor households that are particularly vulnerable because of where they live or because of t..."]
["2013_ML_102",2013,"ML","Mali",102,25,"Il existe au Mali un système de sécurité sociale pour les personnes âgées, mais ce système n’a pas fonctionné en plein régime compte tenu de la crise et des moyens financiers limités. \nToutefois, en 2012 et en 2013, le ministère de l’Action humanitaire de la solidarité et des personnes âgées a priorisé l’aide économique et sociale aux déplacés du nord. Seule une partie de cette population a accès à ces programmes en raison du contexte socio-économique et sécuritaire.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council,  Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nRamata TEMBELY. (11 septembre, 2012). Ministère de l’Action humanitaire de la solidarité et des personnes âgées : Les responsables font le point de la gestion des déplacés du nord\" L'Indépendant. http://www.maliweb.net/news/societe/solidarite/2012/09/11/article,90974.html\n\nPerspectives économiques en Afrique, Mali Groupe Banque Africaine de développement, 2012.","Il existe au Mali un système de sécurité sociale pour les personnes âgées, mais ce système n’a pas fonctionné en plein régime compte tenu de la crise et des moyens financiers limités. \nToutefois, en 2012 et en 2013, le ministère de l’Action humanitaire de la solidarité et des pe..."]
["2013_NE_102",2013,"NE","Niger",102,50,"Il y a un comité pour la protection des personnes âgées au Niger depuis 2012. Le comité n'ai pas encore publié des statistiques ou rapport de resultats. La politique nationale de protection sociale créé par le government et le Système de Nations Unies que n'a pas été mis en œuvre, y compris un syste de retraite.","Source 1: Ali MADAI BOUKAR, Economiste National. (1er octobre 2013). PNUD Niger.\n\nSource 2: dou Oumarou, Directeur Scientifique du LASDEL, Enseignant-chercheur au département de sociologie de la FLSH de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey. (Décembre 2012).\n\nSource 3 : Niger : Installation d'un Comité national pour la protection des personnes âgées.(24 mai 2012). Afriquinfos. http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2012/5/24/niger-installation-dun-comite-national-pour-protection-personnes-agees-203052.asp","Il y a un comité pour la protection des personnes âgées au Niger depuis 2012. Le comité n'ai pas encore publié des statistiques ou rapport de resultats. La politique nationale de protection sociale créé par le government et le Système de Nations Unies que n'a pas été mis en œuvre, ..."]
["2013_ST_102",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",102,25,"In Sao Tome and Principe, there are some NGOs that work to assist the elderly. Their programmes are sporadic in nature, however, and do not cover all beneficiaries and/or suffice to indeed alleviate all their needs. People who have worked all their lives are given a value of retirement benefits barely enough to live on. There are pensioners who receive about $ 20 monthly from the state. \n\nThe government does not provide any such social safety net for elderly people, institutions which provide some support for elderly people unable to care for themselves are the Catholic charity Santa Casa de Misericórdia, other religious organisations and private NGOs.","1. Óscar Baía, president, São Tomé and Príncipe Human Rights Association, October 3, 2013.\n\n2. Elsa Costa, dDirector, Nursing Home Mrs. Simoa Godinho, October 2, 2013.","In Sao Tome and Principe, there are some NGOs that work to assist the elderly. Their programmes are sporadic in nature, however, and do not cover all beneficiaries and/or suffice to indeed alleviate all their needs. People who have worked all their lives are given a value of retire..."]
["2013_SS_102",2013,"SS","South Sudan",102,0,"In practice, the government of South Sudan does not have any social safety net to assist the elderly. Generally, elderly people in urban centres have been getting assistance from non-profit organisations including South Sudan Older People's Organization. \n\nAccording to Wani Gabriel Eric, the administrator of the South Sudan Older Person's Organization, there is currently no government department to take care of old people’s affairs. “They need to take care of old people who can no longer work for them. To do this, they need to establish a directorate of older people especially in the Ministry of Gender, Child, Social Welfare and Disaster Management,” said Wani.\n\nThe government has just passed a pension bill which it hopes will enable it to pay pension to elderly people who have retired from public service.  \n\nA civil society activist, Edmond Yajani, says although senior citizens have a representative in parliament, the government has not done anything to address their needs especially in terms of providing a safety net for those who have no source of income.\n\nAwut Deng, Acuil, Gender, South Sudan’s Child, Social Welfare and Disaster Management Minister, says her ministry is only mandated to address women’s, children’s social welfare and disaster related issues - not directly linked to providing safety nets to elderly people.","Acuil, Awut Deng.  (2013, August 20) .  [Minister of Gender, Child, Social Welfare, Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management].  Personal communication.\n\nEric, Wani Gabriel.  (2014, January 8) .  [Administrator of Older Person’s Organisation].  Personal communication.\n\nWudu, S. W.  (2013, September 25) .  South Sudan’s President Kiir signs Pension Act into law.  Gurtong.  Retrieved from http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ID/13124/Default.aspx\n\nYakani, Edmond.  (2014, January 6) .  [Executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organisation].  Personal communication.","In practice, the government of South Sudan does not have any social safety net to assist the elderly. Generally, elderly people in urban centres have been getting assistance from non-profit organisations including South Sudan Older People's Organization. ..."]
["2013_TN_102",2013,"TN","Tunisia",102,50,"There are two agencies in charge of ensuring a social safety net for the elderly: the Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale and the Caisse Nationale de Retraite et de Prévoyance Sociale.\n \n The former is concerned with persons who have worked in private companies, while the latter deals with those who have worked in the government agencies and ministries. Both agencies pay pensions to the retired starting from 60 years (65 years for university professors). All persons who have worked at government agencies and ministries prior to turning 60 years old are eligible. These are the only people allowed to benefit from the service.","October 5, 2013: interview with Dr Dhaou, public physician at the Caisse nationale d'assurance maladie-in partnership with Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale and Caisse nationale de retraite et de prévoyance sociale), in charge of delivering medical certificates for the persons aiming at benefiting the programmes of the Caisse nationale d'assurance maladie.\n\nWebsite review of the Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale www.cnss.nat.tn \n \nWebsite review of the Caisse nationale de retraite et de prévoyance sociale www.cnrps.nat.tn","There are two agencies in charge of ensuring a social safety net for the elderly: the Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale and the Caisse Nationale de Retraite et de Prévoyance Sociale.\n ..."]
["2013_AO_103",2013,"AO","Angola",103,25,"Social security assistance is only available for workers in the public sector. \n\nAccording to UNCTAD, a “defining characteristic of the Angolan economy is the predominance of the informal sector, also known as candonga: informal activities are a primary means of subsistence for a significant proportion of the Angolan population and are estimated to contribute to approximately 45.2 per cent of GDP. The informal sector, both rural and urban, provides 70 per cent of existing jobs in Angola and it represents the main occupation for the female workforce.” \n\nTherefore, the majority of the working force in Angola, employed in the informal sector, is excluded from any social security protection, including assistance due to illness or health conditions.\n\nDespite the government’s initiatives to assist those in the informal sector and to reconvert the informal sector into the formal economy (Programa de Reconversão da Economia Informal, Program for the Reconversion of the Informal Economy), these measures have produced very little results so far.","Costa, H. R.  (2013, September 26) .  Trazer para o sistema a economia informal.  Economia  & Mercado.  Retrieved from http://economiaemercado.sapo.ao/capa/trazer-para-o-sistema-a-economia-informal\n\n(2013, October 16) .  Ministério do Comércio vai trabalhar mais para disciplinar o mercado informal.  Portal de Angola.  Retrieved from http://www.portaldeangola.com/2013/10/ministerio-do-comercio-vai-trabalhar-mais-para-disciplinar-o-mercado-informal/ \n\n(2013, March 9) .  Rádio Maka: Kinguilas no mercado dos congolenses.  Maka Angola.  Retrieved from http://makaangola.org/2013/03/09/radio-maka-kinguilas-no-mercado-dos-congolenses/\n\n(2012, March 21) .  Regularização da economia informal passa por fortes incentivos do Estado.  Angonoticias.  Retrieved from http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/33439/regularizacao-da-economia-informal-passa-por-fortes-incentivos-do-estado \n \nDe Rosa, K.  (2014, January 31) .  Plano de reconversão da economia informal.  Jornal de Angola.  Retrieved from http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/plano_de_reconversao_da_economia_informal \n\nUNCTAD.  (2013) .   Who is benefiting from trade liberalization in Angola? A gender perspective.  Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=705","Social security assistance is only available for workers in the public sector. \n\nAccording to UNCTAD, a “defining characteristic of the Angolan economy is the predominance of ..."]
["2013_CM_103",2013,"CM","Cameroon",103,25,"There is currently no government social safety net to assist those who can’t work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition in Cameroon. There is no social security structure that gives assistance to those unable to work due to permanent or temporary illness or health problem. The sickly are required to care for themselves or request assistance from their families, unless they have contributed or have emloyment-related insurance. \n\nAccording to Antoinette Ekoan, the National Social Security Fund (CNPS) supports victims who have contributed from their income. To be eligible for this benefit continuously, Cameroonians need to have contributed to the fund for at least 15 years.\nFor Maurice Zé, this is also the case for civil servants. This situation is not beneficial to employees who, despite their limited resources, have to fight to receive disability. He notes that in the private sector, the situation is more serious especially seeing that once an employee becomes disabled, he is immediately dismissed from the company with no follow-up. There is no mention of this topic on the CNPS website.","Ekoan, Antoinette.  (2013, October 12) .  [Chair of the General Workers’ Confederation].  Personal communication.\n\nZé, Maurice.  (2013, October 12) .  [Social protection expert].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  National Social Security Fund Site.  Retrieved from http://www.cnps.cm/","There is currently no government social safety net to assist those who can’t work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition in Cameroon. There is no social security structure that gives assistance to those unable to work due to permanent or temporary illness or he..."]
["2013_CD_103",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",103,25,"Il n'existe aucun programme mis en œuvre visant à assurer le logement. En revanche, la Caisse Nationale de la Sécurité Sociale prend en charge les personnes incapables de travailler en raison d'une maladie permanente ou temporaire ou d'un problème de santé 48 heures après la déclaration de leurs incapacités et jusqu'à leur guérison.  Le calcul du remboursement se fait en rapport au temps de la période travaillée. Le salaire minimum SMIC est de 70 500 FCFA.\nInfo tiré du site internet de la CNSS\nPension d’invalidité: Avoir subi à la suite de maladie ou d’accident d’origine non professionnelle une diminution permanente des capacités physiques ou mentales, médicalement constatées, rendant incapable de gagner un salaire supérieur au 1/3 de la rémunération normale et remplir les conditions ci-après :\n•        Avoir été immatriculé à la caisse depuis au moins 5 ans ;\n•        Avoir accompli 6 mois d’assurance au cours des 12 derniers mois civils précédant le début de l’incapacité conduisant à l’invalidité.\nBénéficiaires : L’assuré invalide\n- See more at: http://www.cnsscongo.net/?page_id=603#sthash.0labNPzx.dpuf\nsource site internet du www.cleiss.fr\nC. Accidents du travail, maladies professionnelles\nL'assurance couvre les accidents du travail survenus sur le lieu de travail à l'occasion du travail, les accidents de trajet entre le domicile de l'assuré et son lieu de travail ainsi que les maladies professionnelles faisant l'objet d'une liste.\nLe service des prestations n'est subordonné à aucune condition d'activité préalable, il suffit que l'accident intervienne au cours du travail ou pendant le trajet.\nLes soins dispensés aux victimes sont intégralement pris en charge.\n1) Incapacité temporaire\nL'indemnité journalière est égale à 100 % du salaire moyen journalier des 30 derniers jours et est versée pendant 3 mois. Si la période d'interruption du travail dépasse 3 mois, l'indemnité est portée aux deux tiers du salaire. Le salaire journalier servant de base au calcul de cette indemnité ne peut toutefois dépasser 1 % du maximum de rémunération annuelle retenu pour l'assiette des cotisations de sécurité sociale (600 000 FCFA par mois).\n2) Incapacité permanente\nEn cas d'incapacité permanente, la victime a droit à une rente égale au salaire annuel multiplié par le taux d'incapacité préalablement réduit de moitié pour la partie de ce taux qui ne dépasse pas 50 % et augmenté de moitié pour la partie qui excède 50 %.\nSi l'incapacité permanente est totale et oblige la victime pour effectuer les actes ordinaires de la vie, à recourir à l'assistance d'une tierce personne, le montant de la rente est majoré de 50 %.","1 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Jean-Marie Chrysostome MICHEL-LOUBASSOU, conseiller à la sécurité sociale, au ministère du travail et à la sécurité social (entretien qui a eu lieu au ministère).\n\n2 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec M. Gabriel MONKA, administrateur du travail, directeur départemental, à la Direction Départementale du Travail de Brazzaville au siège de la direction (immeuble des rapports CNSS rond point city center centre ville Brazzaville).\n\n3 - Entretien le 25 octobre 2013 avec Mr Michel MOUANGA, directeur de l'emploi, à la Direction Générale de la Formation qualifiante et de l'emploi, au siège de la direction (immeuble des rapports CNSS rond point city center centre ville Brazzaville).","Il n'existe aucun programme mis en œuvre visant à assurer le logement. En revanche, la Caisse Nationale de la Sécurité Sociale prend en charge les personnes incapables de travailler en raison d'une maladie permanente ou temporaire ou d'un problème de santé 48 heures après la déclar..."]
["2013_DJ_103",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",103,25,"A Djibouti, le Secrétariat d’État à la solidarité a élaboré les contours d’une stratégie nationale des filets sociaux de sécurité qui vient en aide aux personnes les plus vulnérables, comme les femmes et les personnes démunies. Mais il n'existe pas encore de filet de sécurité sociale mis en place par le gouvernement permettant de venir en aide aux personnes incapables de travailler en raison d'une maladie permanente ou temporaire ou d'un problème de santé.","1) Salah Alwan Yayo, retraité, Chemin de fer de Djibouti, 27 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Zeinab Ismail Hassan, Secrétariat d'État à la solidarité nationale, 28 octobre 2013.\n\n3) Houssein Omar Walieh,  président, association Vieillir en bonne santé, 26 octobre 2013.\n\n4) Mane Bareh Odowa  responsable du régime vieillesse à l'Organisme pour la protection Sociale (OPS) interviewé le 25 octobre","A Djibouti, le Secrétariat d’État à la solidarité a élaboré les contours d’une stratégie nationale des filets sociaux de sécurité qui vient en aide aux personnes les plus vulnérables, comme les femmes et les personnes démunies. Mais il n'existe pas encore de filet de sécurité socia..."]
["2013_GH_103",2013,"GH","Ghana",103,50,"The Social Welfare Department is under the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection. The department implements the government's social intervention policies geared towards the elderly, children and persons living with disabilities who cannot work. \n\nThis department also has other priorities such as registering non-governmental organisations, providing shelter for vulnerable and orphan children among others. In the past year, this department implemented the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty Programme. Under the programme, government directly, on monthly basis, transferred money (cash) to persons living with disabilities, who could not work because of their conditions. The amount transferred ranges from 15 Ghana cedis to 45 Ghana cedis (7.5 US dollars to 22.5 US dollars). In the past year, 7,000 persons living with disabilities benefited from the programme and free health insurance. However, the programme does not cover all persons living with disabilities in the country as some districts are currently not considered for the programme. There is no programme to ensure housing for persons living with disabilities. The total number of persons living with disabilities in the country is not available.","1. Mr Lawrence Ofori-Addo, deputy director and coordinator, Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty Programme, Social Welfare Department of the Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations, telephone interview, October 4, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Dr Yakubu Zakaria, programmes director, Integrated Social Development Centre, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Isaac Tuggun, administrator, Ghana Federation of the Disabled, telephone interview, October 3, 2013, Accra.","The Social Welfare Department is under the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection. The department implements the government's social intervention policies geared towards the elderly, children and persons living with disabilities who cannot work. ..."]
["2013_LR_103",2013,"LR","Liberia",103,0,"The government has several of commissions on disability, AIDS, and so forth, but there is no system in place to address the social needs of people with these conditions. Some people with critical health issues may be found as beggars in the street and under traffic lights at the mercies of passers by.","Lloyd, R. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Executive Member - Disabled Association of Liberia\n\nNyeinsuah, T. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Assistant Minister - Ministry of Health & Social Welfare\n\nKing, B. (2013, October 31). Personal Interview. Social Worker - Lutheran World Service, Monrovia","The government has several of commissions on disability, AIDS, and so forth, but there is no system in place to address the social needs of people with these conditions. Some people with critical health issues may be found as beggars in the street and under traffic lights at the me..."]
["2013_LY_103",2013,"LY","Libya",103,25,"The Social Affairs Minister in Libya compensates those who can't work due to permanent or  temporary disease. The affected people complain about the service delivery however, as the amount of money distributed is absolutely under the needs.\n\nAlong with the disabled and people wounded in the war, Libya has a huge number of individuals unable to work. In the wake of the revolution, they formed non-governmental organizations and applied for compensation from the government. To date, however, the Libyan Minister has not structured a long-term plan to address the problem.","M. Mokhrat, former senior advisor and international cooperation manager at the Ministry of Youth and Sport, personal communication, November 26, 2013.\n\nL. Z. Muntasser, English teacher and political activist, personal communication, November 24, 2013.\n\nA. S. Absi, member of the Libyan Paralympic Committee, personal communication, November 30, 2013.\n\n(n.d.) .   Libyan Social Security Fund. Retrieved from http://ssf.ly/?page_id=652\nThe applicable law can be found (in Arabic) at http://ssf.ly/wpcontent/uploads/2012/04/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A.pdf\nParagraphs 10 – 12 list the criteria of eligibility for this fund.","The Social Affairs Minister in Libya compensates those who can't work due to permanent or  temporary disease. The affected people complain about the service delivery however, as the amount of money distributed is absolutely under the needs...."]
["2013_MR_103",2013,"MR","Mauritania",103,50,"Dans la pratique, la Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie et la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale existent et viennent en aide à une partie des personnes incapables de travailler en raison d’une maladie ou d’un problème de santé. Le système de sécurité sociale reste encore trop limité et enfermé dans des mécanismes désuets et inadaptés aux politiques de lutte contre la précarité. Dans la société mauritanienne, vivre avec une maladie permanente signifie une stigmatisation permanente. Seul le système de solidarité familiale permet aux personnes incapables de travailler ou vivant avec une maladie temporaire de bénéficier d'une assistance appropriée.","1. Ciré Kane, ancien directeur technique, Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale (CNSS), 13 octobre 2013.\n\n2.  Abdoul Aziz ould Dahi, directeur général, Caisse nationale d'assurance maladie (CNAM), 9 octobre 2013.\n\n3. Centre des liaisons européennes et internationales de sécurité sociale (CLEISS), Régime mauritanien de sécurité sociale, site Internet : http://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_mauritanie.html","Dans la pratique, la Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie et la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale existent et viennent en aide à une partie des personnes incapables de travailler en raison d’une maladie ou d’un problème de santé. Le système de sécurité sociale reste encore trop ..."]
["2013_NG_103",2013,"NG","Nigeria",103,25,"There is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the sick in Nigeria. The closest of yet is the Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund, which dealt with workers’ insurance/pension, but now says it is working on amending its laws to cover the aged, unemployed and the sick (even if unemployed).\n\nThe government did not, in the last year, implement any programme to ensure any relief for the sick and unemployed - including health care, housing and other basic needs.","1. Francis Okeke, Daily Trust labour correspondent, via phone, October 10, 2013.\n\n2. Leadership newspaper, The New Social Security Scheme Will Cater For The Needy, Jobless — Olejeme, Ugochukwu Iroka, August 27, 2013, http://leadership.ng/news/270813/new-social-security-scheme-will-cater-needy-jobless-olejeme.\n\n3. This Day newspaper, ‘Nigeria Can Sustain Welfare Support for Unemployed Graduates’, Emmanuel Ugwu, January 2, 2013, http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/-nigeria-can-sustain-welfare-support-for-unemployed-graduates-/135124/.","There is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the sick in Nigeria. The closest of yet is the Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund, which dealt with workers’ insurance/pension, but now says it is working on amending its laws to cover the aged, unempl..."]
["2013_ZA_103",2013,"ZA","South Africa",103,50,"Employees who have become unemployed can make use of the national unemployment insurance fund. Falling under the department of labour, the fund assists people who have lost their job or stopped receiving their salary as a result of pregnancy or illness. The fund also assists family members who are left behind after the main breadwinner passes away. All employees are contributors to the fund (1% of their pay goes to this fund).\n\nPeople who can apply are those who have been retrenched, had their contract terminated because insolvency of their employer and who have not been able to find a new job after 14 days. One has to apply for support from the fund within six months of becoming unemployed to claim benefits for up to 34 weeks (238 days). Regulations: You need to provide identification, six pay slips, a formal statement by your former employer, proof that you registered as a job seeker with the department of labour, and state that you are capable and willing to work.\n\nIn the 2012/2013 financial year, the fund has paid out R6 billion (compared to R5.6 billion in 2012. That is a 7.1% jump to 731,131 beneficiaries, an increase of 25,276 compared the year before. In the period under review the fund had 1,465,218 employers (commercial, domestic and taxi) on the system as well as 8,330,760 employees.","MyWage.co.za (a South African online labour market research tool dealing with wages, labout law and other labour market related content) \nhttp://www.mywage.co.za/main/decent-work/social-security/unemployment\n\nThe South African Labour Guide - UIF (Extensive information website about employment issues), http://www.labourguide.co.za/general/unemployment-insurance-fund-uif-838.\n\nUIF claims period extended to a year, Biz-Community, October 19 2013, \nhttp://bizconnect.standardbank.co.za/sector-news/finance/uif-claims-period-extended-to-a-year.aspx.","Employees who have become unemployed can make use of the national unemployment insurance fund. Falling under the department of labour, the fund assists people who have lost their job or stopped receiving their salary as a result of pregnancy or illness. The fund also assists family..."]
["2013_SD_103",2013,"SD","Sudan",103,25,"The Ministry of Social Welfare, Woman and Child Affairs is responsible for ensuring that people who are temporary ill are assisted in Sudan. People who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition largely depend on their families and communities to cover their expenses. Government support exists, but is minimal, sporadic, and only accessible to those in urban areas.","Abdel-Rahman, E.M. (2011) . Youth & Employment in Sudan. UNDP. Retrieved from http://www.sudia.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IBrI0C_S0JQ%3D&tabid=73&mid=514&language=ar-SY\n \n Faki, H., Nur E. M., Abdelfattah, A., and Aw-Hassan, A. (2012) . Poverty assessment Northern Sudan. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). \n \n (n.d.) . Government agencies and ministries of Sudan. One World Nations Online. Retrieved from http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/sudan-government.htm\n \n United Nations Development Program. (2013, February) . Sudan views contribution to post-2015 global development agenda. United Nations Development Program","The Ministry of Social Welfare, Woman and Child Affairs is responsible for ensuring that people who are temporary ill are assisted in Sudan. People who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition largely depend on their families and communities to cover t..."]
["2013_ZM_103",2013,"ZM","Zambia",103,0,"There is no social safety net to help those who can't work. The government does not provide any benefits. It's even worse for those who are disabled, who usually get sidelined for either education or professional opportunities, due to the country's lack of adequate facilities to facilitate learning or working for disabled, such as Braille, wheelchairs, etc. The only help available is access to small loans through organisations such as the Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission for business set-ups. But, most of the time, that is difficult to acquire due to high demand. However, the commission is not specifically set up to assist citizens who are unable to work, either on a temporary or permanent basis.","1.Interview with Annie Mulusa, accountant, Waddington Community Centre, in Lusaka, Zambia on October 2 2013.\n \n 2. Interview with Charity Chiwende, registrar, Zambia Agency for Persons with Disability (but in her personal capacity, not representing the organisation), in Lusaka, Zambia, on October 2 2013.\n \n 3.United States Department of State, 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Zambia, Persons With Disability, April 19 2013, http://www.refworld.org/docid/517e6c5618.html [accessed September 29 2013].\n \n 4. Ministry of commerce, trade and industry, Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission, http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/citizens-economic-empowerment-commission.","There is no social safety net to help those who can't work. The government does not provide any benefits. It's even worse for those who are disabled, who usually get sidelined for either education or professional opportunities, due to the country's lack of adequate facilities to fa..."]
["2013_BW_104",2013,"BW","Botswana",104,75,"Different government offices have different programmes aimed at unemployed citizens, although they also have other priorities. However, most of the current programmes were implemented in 2011.\n\nThe ministry of local government has been tasked with carrying out a nationwide programme aimed at the unemployed. The programme, called Ipelegeng, involves manual work and workers are paid a standard sum of 400 pula. People involved in the programme rotate monthly. \n  \nThe ministry of presidential affairs introduced an initiative called Backyard Gardening for poor people to grow their own food. These programmes are usually aimed at people in rural areas, however most of the population has access to them.","1. Article: Youth survive on Ipelegeng, Pini Bothoko, The Monitor, September 23 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=378&dir=2013/September/Monday23.\n\n2. Website: Ipelegeng Programme, Ministry of Local Government, accessed October 2013, http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Local-Government-MLG1/Services/Ipelegeng-Project1/.\n\n3. Article: Backyard Gardening: Just what the doctor ordered, Kutlwano magazine, 2012,  http://www.kutlwano.gov.bw/kut-article-detail.php?aid=54&mid=32\n\n4. Article: Backyard Gardening :Adding, O.R Madibela, Mmegi newspaper, April 26 2013,  http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=875&dir=2013/april/friday26.","Different government offices have different programmes aimed at unemployed citizens, although they also have other priorities. However, most of the current programmes were implemented in 2011...."]
["2013_TD_104",2013,"TD","Chad",104,0,"Un projet de loi portant Code de sécurité sociale et un projet de réforme de la Caisse nationale de prévoyance sociale (CNPS) en Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale sont en voie d’être promulgués. La plupart de la population tchadienne n’a pas accès à ces programmes. Seule les populations qui ont été mises à la retraite pour un fait ou on autre sont concernées. Ces catégories de personnes dont l’âge est un critère d’identification sont identifiées dans le Code de travail. Le nouveau code de sécurité fait uniquement allusion aux personnes qui ont perdu leur emploi soit pour maladie soit pour leur retraite.","- Source anonyme 3, 30 janvier 2014.\n\n- Xinhua. (27 septembre 2013). «Tchad: adoption d’un Code de sécurité sociale ». Tchad Infos: http://tchadinfos.com/societes/tchad-adoption-dun-code-de-scurit-sociale/\n\n- Xinhua. (2 mai 2013). « Tchad : les travailleurs revendiquent plus de justice sociale ». AfriScoop: http://www.afriscoop.net/journal/spip.php?breve9844\n\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer. ","Un projet de loi portant Code de sécurité sociale et un projet de réforme de la Caisse nationale de prévoyance sociale (CNPS) en Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale sont en voie d’être promulgués. La plupart de la population tchadienne n’a pas accès à ces programmes. Seule les pop..."]
["2013_CI_104",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",104,25,"Aucune structure n’est mise sur pied pour assurer la protection sociale des personnes en chômage.\n\nSelon une source au ministère de l'emploi, de la solidarité et des affaires sociales, aux termes de l’atelier de restitution des résultats de l’enquête emploi 2012 menée par l’Agence d’étude et de promotion de l'emploi (AGEPE), il y a 986 220 chômeurs en Côte d’Ivoire. Cette étude révèle qu’il y a 554 330 femmes au chômage contre 431 890 hommes. L’AGEPE indique par ailleurs que le taux de chômage est plus élevé en milieu urbain qu’en milieu rural (15,2% contre 3,8%). \n\nUne source, journaliste en charge des sujets de société à la télévision nationale, estime que la mise sur pied d'un filet de sécurité sociale par le gouvernement permettant d'indemniser en cas de chômage serait une initiative trop lourde à porter pour l'heure par l'État, parce qu'engageant beaucoup de moyens. Bien que les gouvernants aient conscience de ce fléau, ils n'ont pas encore saisi le moyen par lequel y faire face, dit-il.\n\nCependant, selon l'article 'Allocations chômage de l\u0092Etat, une compensation qui exclut de nombreux chômeurs Ivoiriens' en ligne, \"hormis la Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale (CNPS), l\u0092'Agence d\u0092Etudes et de Promotion de l\u0092'Emploi (AGEPE) octroie aux chômeurs Ivoiriens une allocation qui varie de 50.000 par mois à 80.000 francs CFA par an. Des alternatives qui ne concernent qu'une population infime parmi les nombreux chômeurs en Cote d\u0092Ivoire.\"","Entretien anonyme, ministère de l'Emploi, de la Solidarité et des Affaires sociale, 29 septembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAbou Sanogo, journaliste en charge des sujets de société, Télévision nationale ivoirienne, n.d. entretien en 2013.\n\nKoaci.com, 27 février 2013: Cote d\u0092Ivoire : Allocations chômage de l'Etat, une compensation qui exclut de nombreux chômeurs Ivoiriens. Repéré à http://www.koaci.com/cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire-allocations-chomage-l%E2%80%99etat-compensation-exclut-nombreux-chomeurs-ivoiriens-80524.html","Aucune structure n’est mise sur pied pour assurer la protection sociale des personnes en chômage...."]
["2013_ET_104",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",104,0,"While Ethiopia has one of the largest social protection programs in Africa, Ethiopia does not have a dedicated social safety program that covers unemployment and pays out benefits to the unemployed. \n\nEthiopia’s PSNP currently reaches over seven million chronically food insecure people. It has two objectives. First it aims to smooth consumption and protect assets of chronically food insecure households by providing them with predictable and adequate transfers of cash and/or food. It also provides work through labour intensive public works programs like road construction, schools, etc. It is administered through the Food Security Coordination Bureau (FSCB), part of Ethiopia’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.","Social Security Administration, Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, 2013, August 2013, Ethiopia, http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/africa/ethiopia.pdf\n\nAseffa Abreha, THE MAKIG OF SOCIAL PROTECTION IN ETHIOPIA. May 2013 http://aigaforum.com/articles/the-making-of-social-protection-ethiopia.pdf\n\nBuilding consensus for social protection: Insights from Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme \n(PSNP) n.d.\nhttp://www.theidlgroup.com/documents/theIDLgroupPSNPconsensusbuildingfinal.pdf","While Ethiopia has one of the largest social protection programs in Africa, Ethiopia does not have a dedicated social safety program that covers unemployment and pays out benefits to the unemployed. ..."]
["2013_GN_104",2013,"GN","Guinea",104,0,"Sur la base des sources consultées dans le cadre de cette recherche, il n'y a pas de fonds spécial d'indemnisation en cas de chômage.","Entretien avec Jean Soubana Kamano, Juriste, Inspecteur des finances, Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, 24 septembre 2013, 9 h 30.\n\nEntretien avec Elisée Fassou Lamah, Président de l'ONG Club des amis du livre, Coordinateur de Idée Guinée, 24 septembre 2013, 8 h10.\n\nAnonyme: Inspecteur des Finances, Présidence de la République, 23 septembre 2013, 16 h 30.\n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Sur la base des sources consultées dans le cadre de cette recherche, il n'y a pas de fonds spécial d'indemnisation en cas de chômage."]
["2013_MG_104",2013,"MG","Madagascar",104,0,"Aucun programme ou budget ne prévoit un filet de sécurité à cet effet, même si cela devrait relever du ministère de la Population et des Affaires sociales ou du ministère de la Fonction publique, du Travail et des Lois sociales.","Entretien avec Randrianarison Béatrice Olga, directrice de la promotion du genre entre 2011 et août 2013, ministère de la Population et des Affaires sociales, 4 novembre 2013.\nCaisse nationale de prévoyance sociale (CNAPS), www.population.gov.mg. Consulté en août 2013.","Aucun programme ou budget ne prévoit un filet de sécurité à cet effet, même si cela devrait relever du ministère de la Population et des Affaires sociales ou du ministère de la Fonction publique, du Travail et des Lois sociales."]
["2013_MA_104",2013,"MA","Morocco",104,50,"The government voted in the 2013 budget bill an amendment to help people who lose their jobs. It agreed to double its contribution to help unemployed people up to 36 months after they lose their job. The Ministry of Youth and Sports is in charge of using this budget allocated regarding unemployment.","(2013) .  [2013 budget bill].  Retrieved from http://www.finances.gov.ma/esp_doc/util/file.jsp?iddoc=7061\n\nAli, Siham.  (2013, September 4) .  Morocco takes care of unemployment.  Magharebia.  Retrieved from http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/features/2013/09/04/feature-03\n\nAnonymous.  (2013, October 2) .  [Member of Authenticity and Modernity Party].  Personal communication.\n\n(2013, July 13) .  Morocco: Employers accept a mechanism that improves compensation for the unemployed.  Ecofin Agency.  Retrieved from http://www.agenceecofin.com/gestion-publique/2507-12659-maroc-le-patronat-accepte-le-mecanisme-ameliore-d-indemnisation-des-chomeurs","The government voted in the 2013 budget bill an amendment to help people who lose their jobs. It agreed to double its contribution to help unemployed people up to 36 months after they lose their job. The Ministry of Youth and Sports is in charge of using this budget allocated regar..."]
["2013_NA_104",2013,"NA","Namibia",104,0,"Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General, Dr Albert Kawana, MP and former Deputy Minister Labour and Social Welfare Paulus Kapia and journalist Tirivangani Masawi all confirmed that there was no  government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General, Dr Albert Kawana, telephone interview, September 29 2013.\nMember of Parliament and former Deputy Minister Labour and Social Welfare Paulus Kapia, telephone interview September 29 2013.\nJournalist, Tirivangani Masawi face to face interview, September 27 2013.","Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General, Dr Albert Kawana, MP and former Deputy Minister Labour and Social Welfare Paulus Kapia and journalist Tirivangani Masawi all confirmed that there was no  government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."]
["2013_RW_104",2013,"RW","Rwanda",104,0,"There is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed. This means there are no programmes to support the unemployed. The Mywage website partially  A recent article by Mugisha mentions however that there may be a prospect for indirect assistance to the unemployed in the future: \"A week after Labour Day, the government is still in the spirit to reflect on its labour aspects, with the theme to 'Promote employment through providing seed to start-up capital to unemployed.\"\n\nAn anonymous human rights activist  confirmed that, \"There is no unemployment assistance because of the lack of will from the current authorities. If they want, something can be done. They can for instance cut their salaries and privileges.\"","Anonymous.  (2013, October 5) .  [Human rights activists from Liprodhor].  Personal communication.\n\nMugisha, I. R.  (2013, May 7) .  Unlocking Rwanda’s employment puzzle.  The New Times.  Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15350&a=66666 \n\n(n.d.) .  Social security.  Mywage.org.  Retrieved from http://www.mywage.org/rwanda/home/labour-law/social-security\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed. This means there are no programmes to support the unemployed. The Mywage website partially  A recent article by Mugisha mentions however that there may be a prospect for indirect assista..."]
["2013_ZA_104",2013,"ZA","South Africa",104,75,"South Africa has an employment fund, but this only caters for people who have lost their jobs and not for those who have never worked before and can't find work. The bulk of the latter category depends on other social grants for their livelihoods.\n\nWorkers who become unemployed can make use of the national unemployment insurance fund. Falling under the department of labour, the fund assists people who have lost their job, or stopped receiving their salary as a result of pregnancy or illness. The fund also assists family members who are left behind after the main breadwinner passes away. In South Africa, all employees are contributors to the fundby deducting 1% of a worker's salary to this fund. People who have been retrenched, had their contract terminated because insolvency of employer and who has not been able to find a new job after 14 days, can fall back on the fund. \n\nOne has to apply within six months of becoming unemployed to claim benefits for up to 34 weeks (238 days). Regulations: You need to provide identification, six pay slips, a formal statement by your former employer, proof that you registered as a job seeker with the department of labour, and state that you are capable and willing to work.\n\nThere are no specific grants for people who have never worked and can't find unemployment. Many unemployed who can't apply for support from the fund, \"survive off the grants of vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children and the disabled, diluting their impact on intended recipients,\" writes Gabrielle Kelly of GroundUp, a community journalism organisation that mainly focuses on news from and revolving around South Africa's townships. \n\nThe government has developed initiatives between September 2012 and September 2013 to tackle (mainly youth) unemployed:\n* In June 2013 the department of public works, the South African graduates development association, the transport education and training authority, KPMG, Nedbank and Old Mutual gave way to the prestigious internship programme. The initiative targets young people who are unemployed. The South African Reserve Bank (estimates South Africa's youth unemployment at 52.8%\n\n* On 18 April 2013, government signed the youth employment accord, which sets out a joint commitment to prioritise youth employment and skills development in South Africa. The accord is a joint initiative by government, organised labour, business, civil society, and youth organisations. \n\n* October 2013 marked the commencement of the parliamentary public consultations process on the Employment Tax Incentive Bill. This legislation seeks to encourage employers to hire South Africans aged 19-29 with no work experience. According to the government it will complement existing state programmes including the expanded public works programme, community work programme, skills development under the auspices of the further education and training colleges, the sector education and training authorities, and the national skills fund.","\"We need to change how we think (and talk) about social grants\", Gabrielle Kelly, GroundUp,  October 7 2013, http://groundup.org.za/content/we-need-change-how-we-think-and-talk-about-social-grants.\n\nMyWage.co.za (a South African online labour market research tool dealing with wages, labour law and other labour market related content), http://www.mywage.co.za/main/decent-work/social-security/unemployment.  Accessed October 2013.\n\nPartnership to address youth unemployment, http://www.skillsportal.co.za/page/skills-development/1630324-Partnership-to-address-youth-unemployment#.UmEfkGQpa5s.  Accessed October 2013.\n\nSA facing unemployment crisis, Craig Wynn, Eye Witness News, July 18 2013, http://ewn.co.za/2013/07/18/SA-facing-unemployment-crisis.\n\nEmployment Tax Incentive Bill one of initiatives to reduce unemployment in SA - ANC, Moloto Mothapo, Politicsweb, October 15 2013, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=422060&sn=Detail&pid=71616.","South Africa has an employment fund, but this only caters for people who have lost their jobs and not for those who have never worked before and can't find work. The bulk of the latter category depends on other social grants for their livelihoods...."]
["2013_TZ_104",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",104,0,"The government offers no unemployment benefits. Neither the ministry of labour and employment nor the Tanzania employment services agency are mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed.  \n\n\nREVIEWER: \nOPINION: Agree with Comments;\nCOMMENTS: Given that few people can afford to be unemployed in Tanzania, and most people have to work very hard, this type of a programme may not be a priority.;","1. Mywage.org website: http://www.mywage.org/tanzania/home/in-the-workplace/social-security. Accessed in September 2013.\n2. Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, 2013- http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2012-2013/africa/tanzania.pdf.\n3. Tanzania Mainland: Social Protection Expenditure and Performance Review and Social Budget, ILO, ILO, 2008, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---secsoc/documents/publication/wcms_secsoc_7451.pdf.\n4. Tanzania: Unemployment - a Growing Threat, Jaffar Mjasiri, Tanzania Daily News,  May 20, 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201305200231.html?viewall=1.","The government offers no unemployment benefits. Neither the ministry of labour and employment nor the Tanzania employment services agency are mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed.  ..."]
["2013_ZW_104",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",104,0,"The ministry of public service labour and social welfare has a mandate to provide a social safety net to compensate for unemployment. In the last year, no programmes were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs to compensate for unemployment.","1. Zimbabwe Government Online (2013). MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SERVICE LABOUR AND SOCIAL WELFARE. http://www.zim.gov.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=129.\n\n2. Anonymous. Councilor. Ward 6 Chimanimani Rural district Council.  September 23, 2013. Mutare Zimbabwe.\n\n\nThe Standard, December 2, 2012. GNU fails to address contextual economic problems. Colum by the Committee of the People’s Charter (CPC). http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2012/12/02/gnu-fails-to-address-contextual-economic-problems/.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The ministry of public service labour and social welfare has a mandate to provide a social safety net to compensate for unemployment. In the last year, no programmes were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs to compensate for unemployment."]
["2013_BI_105",2013,"BI","Burundi",105,0,"Selon Come Bageni : « Dans la pratique, les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux informations relatives au budget et aux dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques. Moi, personnellement, je n’ai jamais posé ce genre de question. Il faut un bulletin d’information pour chaque hôpital ou clinique. »\n\nSelon Isaïe Nizigiyimana : « Dans la pratique, les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux informations relatives au budget et aux dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques. Ils n’y vont que pour se faire soigner, et les comités de direction de ces hôpitaux et cliniques, s’ils existent, n’associent pas les citoyens qui ne travaillent pas dans des institutions. »","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nNizigiyimana Isaïe, militant des droits de l'homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l' Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.","Selon Come Bageni : « Dans la pratique, les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux informations relatives au budget et aux dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques. Moi, personnellement, je n’ai jamais posé ce genre de question. Il faut un bulletin d’information pour chaque hôpital ou clinique. »..."]
["2013_KM_105",2013,"KM","Comoros",105,0,"Aux Comores, les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux informations relatives au budget et aux dépenses des hôpitaux. Cette information a été confirmée par les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche.\nLeur appréciation est vérifiée par le Rapport pays sur les pratiques en matière de droits de l’homme du Département d’État des États-Unis (Gouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail, 2012). Ce rapport mentionne qu’aucune loi ne prévoit que le public ait accès aux informations détenues par les pouvoirs publics, ces informations demeurant en général le privilège des individus qui entretiennent des relations personnelles ou de travail avec des fonctionnaires. Le grand public n’y a pas accès (Gouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail, 2012).\n\nL’Index of Economic Freedom 2013 qualifie également les Comores de pays où le secteur public demeure inefficace et manque de transparence (The Heritage Foundation, Wall Street Journal, 2013).","Dramsi Firozali, président, Organisation patronale des Comores (OPACO), Moroni, Comores, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nGouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail. (2012). Rapport pays sur les pratiques en matière de droits de l’homme pour l’année 2012 – Comores. Human rights.gov  http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/COMOROS-FRE-FINAL.pdf\n\nThe Heritage Foundation, Wall Street Journal.  (2013). 2013 Index of Economic Freedom: http://www.heritage.org/index/country/comoros","Aux Comores, les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux informations relatives au budget et aux dépenses des hôpitaux. Cette information a été confirmée par les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche...."]
["2013_CI_105",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",105,0,"Les registres du budget et des dépenses des hôpitaux et des cliniques de l'année en cours ne sont pas disponibles, ils ne sont pas ouverts au public. Sur les sept hôpitaux visités, les trois hôpitaux publics approchés ont refusé de dévoiler leurs registres de budget. Les quatre hôpitaux privés ont fait de même.\nAkoto P. est responsable de la communication du Ministère ivoirien de la Communication. Dans l'entretien du 30 septembre 2013 à Abidjan, il indique que le ministère est résolu à poser des actions de transparence. Toutefois, l'héritage des périodes de crise dans le pays nécessite à ce jour un travail colossal de mise à jour qui est en train d'être mené.","Entretien avec Akoto P., responsable de la communication, ministère de la Communication, 30 septembre 2013.\n\nSept hôpitaux visités (trois hôpitaux publics et quatre privés) ont refusé de dévoiler leurs registres de budget. Septembre 2013.","Les registres du budget et des dépenses des hôpitaux et des cliniques de l'année en cours ne sont pas disponibles, ils ne sont pas ouverts au public. Sur les sept hôpitaux visités, les trois hôpitaux publics approchés ont refusé de dévoiler leurs registres de budget. Les quatre hôp..."]
["2013_GM_105",2013,"GM","The Gambia",105,0,"The health information system in the Gambia is weak and fragmented. The system functions with the assistance of the WHO. Health information is often scattered, inconsistent and uncoordinated, and financial information is not readily available which makes it impossible to access any information on budgets and expenditure for hospitals and clinics. The budget of most hospitals, and clinics' budget and expenditure records, are therefore not available to the public and, even if one requested such records, it would take more than a month to obtain them.","1. WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, World Health Organisation, available at http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_gmb_en.pdf, accessed Ocotober 2013.\n\n2. Jim Jobe, public health officer, Ministry of Health. Interview was conducted on October 19 2013.\n\n3. Lamin Jarjue, activist. Interview was conducted on October 20 2013.","The health information system in the Gambia is weak and fragmented. The system functions with the assistance of the WHO. Health information is often scattered, inconsistent and uncoordinated, and financial information is not readily available which makes it impossible to access any..."]
["2013_LS_105",2013,"LS","Lesotho",105,25,"The printed copies of the ministry of health’s documents can be obtained from the ministry’s offices, public libraries and higher education institutions. They are also available on the ministry’s website. However, most people cannot access the financial information concerning health care in general. \n\nIn the study assessing the extent to which government information is easily accessible, The Media Institute of Southern Africa-Lesotho wrote letters to government ministries requesting public information, including financial reports. The Ministry of Health is said to have rejected the request for information indicating that “as already known, government ministries cannot release any information in the respective ministries without the principal secretaries consent”. \n\nAlthough, the latest comprehensive health sector report - the annual joint review report of 2012/13- has been completed, it is not yet available on the ministry’s website, and the hard copies are also very difficult to obtain  from the ministry’s headquarters in Maseru. This report contains the financial information for the entire public health sector. It shows how much was allocated for each publicly funded health facility and how the money was used.\n\nNotwithstanding, even if it were readily available, this report would not be of benefit to citizens who don't understand the English language.","1. Tsebo Matsasa. Media Institute of Southern Africa. National director, Lesotho. Interviewed October 14 2013.\n\n2. Ministry of Health (2013). Annual Joint Review Report 2012/13.\n\n3. Kapa Motlamelle (2013). Lesotho Political Participation and Democracy. A Review by AfriMap and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. Open Society Foundations.","The printed copies of the ministry of health’s documents can be obtained from the ministry’s offices, public libraries and higher education institutions. They are also available on the ministry’s website. However, most people cannot access the financial information concerning healt..."]
["2013_ML_105",2013,"ML","Mali",105,0,"La plupart des registres du budget et des dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques ne sont pas mis à la disposition du public.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nMinistère de la santé du Mali, Primature du Mali, 2012.\nhttp://www.sante.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1655:latelier-sur-la-revue-du-budget-programme-2012-et-lelaboration-du-rapport-de-la-13eme-revue-des-projets-programmes-bsi-2012-du-ministere-de-la-sante&catid=76&Itemid=118\n\nPerspectives économiques en Afrique, Mali Groupe Banque Africaine de développement, 2012.","La plupart des registres du budget et des dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques ne sont pas mis à la disposition du public."]
["2013_NA_105",2013,"NA","Namibia",105,0,"Deputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura, said the public has the right to know or view clinics' and hospitals' budget information because the money used at these public institutions are public funds. However, clinics and hospitals often do not have the information at all. Some information can be obtained via ministry of health and social services' public relations officer at the head office who is the only one who can give the information on request. Such requests for information might take time.\n\nAll the interview sources agreed that health staff were not very accommodating to the public and feel they are not answerable to them therefore were not obliged to provide the relevant information.","Deputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura, telephone interview October 6 2013.\nJournalist, Caroline Nyadenga, face to face interview September 27 2013.\nPaulus Kapia, Member of Parliament, telephone interview September 29 2013.","Deputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura, said the public has the right to know or view clinics' and hospitals' budget information because the money used at these public institutions are public funds. However, clinics and hospitals often do not have the infor..."]
["2013_SN_105",2013,"SN","Senegal",105,50,"Au Sénégal, les citoyens n'ont accès aux informations budgétaires et aux dépenses des hôpitaux ou des cliniques qu'après la publication du rapport annuel de l'Inspection générale d'État. C'est grâce à ce rapport, rendu public en juillet 2013, que les citoyens ont été informés quant à la manière dont ces structures sont gérées. Ceci a déclenché une prise de conscience, après les articles et commentaire de journaux sur le rapport, de la part des citoyens qui réclament plus de transparence dans le secteur sanitaire.","Entretien avec Dr Cheikh Tako Diop, directeur, Hôpital de Fann, 11 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Mbagnick Diouf, président, Réseau des journalistes en santé, 11 octobre 2013. \n\nEntretien avec Arona Diop, Secrétaire général, Syndicat autonome des travailleurs de la santé (SAT-SANTÉ), 7octobre 2013.\n\nRépublique du Sénégal, Présidence de la République, Inspection générale d’État. (2013). Rapport public sur l’état de la gouvernance et de la reddition des comptes. Dakar, Sénégal, ISSN 2337-1722 : http://www.ige.sn/images/stories/pdf1/rapport%20compressé.pdf Voir particulièrement: Titre 2, chapitre 2: Établissements publics de santé (EPS), p. 49-59.","Au Sénégal, les citoyens n'ont accès aux informations budgétaires et aux dépenses des hôpitaux ou des cliniques qu'après la publication du rapport annuel de l'Inspection générale d'État. C'est grâce à ce rapport, rendu public en juillet 2013, que les citoyens ont été informés quant..."]
["2013_SO_105",2013,"SO","Somalia",105,0,"Citizens struggle to access health infrastructure itself, much less budget and expenditure information. \nAccording to the 2012 UNDP report, Somalia has very poor health infrastructure across all regions. Poor infrastructure and inadequate services drive high levels of mortality and low life expectancy (UNDP 2012). Access to hospitals, clinics and care is severely limited, with 1 physician per 25,000 and 1 nurse/midwife per 9,000 (WHO). The WHO and other NGO partners are working to improve the health infrastructure - in 2012, 3 makeshift hospitals and 2 mobile clinics were reported established by the WHO. \n\nPublic health systems vary across Somalia, with Somaliland and Puntland having systems governed by health authorities, NGOs or a combination of the two, and the South Central region's limited coverage being based entirely by non governmental actors with limited government oversight (UNICEF Priority Areas). The Somali health authorities, along with three UN agencies and development partners, have renewed their resolve to work together to improve the health of mothers and children and to strengthen the Somalia Health Care System through A five-year (2012-2016) jointly operated program is underway between the Somali Health Authorities, three UN agencies and development partners to improve public health and to strengthen the health care system (UNICEF Historic).","Somalia Human Development Report 2012: Empowering Youth for Peace and Development. http://www.so.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/Project_Documents/Human_Development/Somalia%20Human%20Development%20Report%202012.pdf\n\n(2013 Nov). Historic Somali Joint Health and Nutrition Programme signed. UNICEF Somalia. http://www.unicef.org/somalia/reallives_13941.html\n\nWHO World Health Emergency Highlights, pages 2-3. http://www.who.int/hac/donorinfo/highlights/february2013health_emergency_highlights.pdf?ua=1\n\nPriority Issues. UNICEF Somalia. http://www.unicef.org/somalia/health_90.html","Citizens struggle to access health infrastructure itself, much less budget and expenditure information. \nAccording to the 2012 UNDP report, Somalia has very poor health infrastructure across all regi..."]
["2013_SS_105",2013,"SS","South Sudan",105,0,"In practice, citizens have no access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.\n\nGenerally, it is difficult if not impossible to access information from government departments. The only information citizens may know about is the overall budget allocated to health by the national health ministry.\n\nIn addition, government-owned hospitals or clinics do not have any websites on which citizens would access such information. \n\nAn official at Juba Teaching Hospital, he country’s only referral hospital, says they do not publish the hospital’s budget. \n\nA journalist familiar with the subject says hospital authorities are reluctant to share information about their budgets because they are corrupt. Given that their procurement practices are questionable, these authorities fear to share information about their budgets just in case they are asked to account for misused funds.","Lolik, Wani.  (2014, January 11) .  [Director General, Juba Teaching Hospital]. Personal communication.\n\nOmiri, Stephen.  (2014, January 13) .  [Journalist (Chief Executive Officer, Eye Radio)].  Personal communication.\n\nUbur, Paleki Mathew.  (2013, January 4) .  [Executive Director, South Sudan Women Empowerment Network].  Personal communication.","In practice, citizens have no access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information...."]
["2013_UG_105",2013,"UG","Uganda",105,75,"The ministry of finance, planning and economic development launched a new website for accessing information on the budgets and expenditures. The Uganda budget information website [http://budget.go.ug/] aims to provide all Ugandans with access to detailed information on how public money is being spent on the provision of services throughout the nation. And on this site, hospital budget records as well as budget performance records are available. In an interview with Dr. Makanga, he pointed out that it was a great achievement on the part of the ministry of finance to present health budgets and expenditures for the public to access. He, however, added that the records may be complex for the general public to grasp.","Justus Lyatuu, The Observer; “Ugandans to monitor govt expenditures online”; August 1, 2013\n http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26723:ugandans-to-monitor-govt-expenditures-online&catid=38:business.\n \n Dr. Partrick Makanga, Director, Namulundu Medical Services, September 19, 2013.\n \n Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development, Uganda Budget Information; \n “Spending Agency Budgets and Performance”\n http://budget.go.ug/budget/sector-spending-agency-budgets-and-performance?field_document_typespendingagen_tid=All&field_financial_yearspendingagen_tid=All&field_periodspendingagen_tid=All&field_sector_and_sp_agency_tid=All&page=60.\n \n Approved Budget Estimates 2012-13 for Mulago Hospital Complex\n http://budget.go.ug/budget/sites/default/files/%20Sector%20Spending%20Agency%20Budgets%20and%20Performance/Approved%20Budget%20Estimates%202012-13_Health_Mulago%20Hospital%20Complex.pdf.\n \n Annual Performance Report 2012-13 for Mulago Hospital Complex\n http://budget.go.ug/budget/sites/default/files/%20Sector%20Spending%20Agency%20Budgets%20and%20Performance/Annual%20Perfomance%20Report%202012-13_Health_Mulago%20Complex%20Hosp.pdf.\n \n Approved Budget Estimates 2012-13 for Butabika Hospital\n http://budget.go.ug/budget/sites/default/files/%20Sector%20Spending%20Agency%20Budgets%20and%20Performance/Approved%20Budget%20Estimates%202012-13_Health_Butabika%20Hospital.pdf.\n \n Annual Performance Report 2012-13 for Butabika Hospital\n http://budget.go.ug/budget/sites/default/files/%20Sector%20Spending%20Agency%20Budgets%20and%20Performance/Annual%20Perfomance%20Report%202012-13_Health_Butabika%20Hosp.pdf.","The ministry of finance, planning and economic development launched a new website for accessing information on the budgets and expenditures. The Uganda budget information website [http://budget.go.ug/] aims to provide all Ugandans with access to detailed information on how public m..."]
["2013_BJ_106",2013,"BJ","Benin",106,25,"Seules les informations relatives à une minorité d'hôpitaux et cliniques d'État sont disponibles. Le site beninsante.bj ne dresse pas une liste exhaustive des formations sanitaires. Même le lien vers le Centre national hospitalier et universitaire n'est vas valide. Toutefois, on note une liste exhaustive des agences de gestion des programmes de santé et des projets nationaux.","Ministère de la santé du Bénin. (2013). Liste des zones sanitaires. http://beninsante.bj/spip.php?article219\n\nMinistère de la santé du Bénin. (2013).Agence Nationale de Vaccination et des Soins de Santé Primaire (ANVSS). http://beninsante.bj/spip.php?article49\n\nMinistère de la santé du Bénin. Agence Nationale de Gestion de la Gratuité de la Césarienne (ANGC). http://beninsante.bj/spip.php?article52","Seules les informations relatives à une minorité d'hôpitaux et cliniques d'État sont disponibles. Le site beninsante.bj ne dresse pas une liste exhaustive des formations sanitaires. Même le lien vers le Centre national hospitalier et universitaire n'est vas valide. Toutefois, on no..."]
["2013_CM_106",2013,"CM","Cameroon",106,50,"According to data from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Cameroon has an Internet penetration rate of around 7 per cent. This explains the fact that online services are not well developed. In the health sector, only the Department of Public Health has a website (http://www.minsante.gov.cm/site/) that is regularly updated. Related organizations do not have an independent web presence; this even applies to referral hospitals (General Hospitals of Yaoundé and Douala, Yaoundé Central Hospital, CHU, Laquintinie Douala Hospital). The website of the Yaoundé Central Hospital has been under construction for several months (www.hopitalcentral.org). According to Dr. Clement Tcheugoue Tchouassi, surgical dentist and representative of the coastal region within the National Council of Dentists, ICT is relatively new in Cameroon. It follows that hospital managers do not take this into account in their budget. He continues by noting that this is a problem of leadership. No hospitals are listed online; the only way to obtain information is by phone or by visiting the African Yellow Pages. For Dr. Totokam Augustine, district manager of the Cité-Verte in Yaoundé, websites are not included in hospital budgets, a situation that Fogue Foguito, Executive Director of Positive-Génération, attributes to a lack of vision, and more importantly, to the absence of communication servicees in hospitals.\nHowever, private hospitals, which fall under the private sector, do have some web visibility. Some have direct access to their websites via Google. This is the case of the Polyclinique de la cité located in Yaounde.(www.cabinetnkoulou.com) and other private referral hospitals.","Augustin, Totokam Augustin.  (2013, September 29) .  [District head of the Cité-Verte in Yaoundé] .  Personal communication.\n\nFoguito, Fogué.  (2013, October 4) .  [Executive director of Positive Generation, a Cameroonian NGO specialising in health care].  Personal correspondence.\n\nTchouassi, Clement Tcheugoue.  (2013, September 29) .  [Surgical dentist, representative of the coastal region within the National Council of Dentists].  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  African Yellow Pages.  Retrieved from http://www.lespagesjaunesafrique.com.","According to data from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Cameroon has an Internet penetration rate of around 7 per cent. This explains the fact that online services are not well developed. In the health sector, only the Department of Public Health has a website (http://..."]
["2013_CG_106",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",106,0,"Les adresses des hôpitaux et les services octroyés par ces derniers sont généralement connus par voies non officielles. Les sites web sont inexistants, il est difficile de contacter une ambulance d’un hôpital d’État en cas d’urgence. \n\nCertaines de ces informations sur l’emplacement et les services des hôpitaux nous sont parvenues par le bouche-à-oreille. Il n’existe pas encore de service ou de numéro d’appel pour avoir l’adresse de l’hôpital, par exemple l’hôpital général de référence de Kinshasa (ex-Mama Yemo).\n\nLes cliniques universitaires se trouvent au mont Amba, à côté de l’université de Kinshasa. \n\nLes sites internet des hôpitaux d’État ne sont pas encore opérationnels. Après avoir consulté internet, nous n’avons pas retrouvé les liens des hôpitaux tels que l’hôpital général de référence de Kinshasa, les cliniques universitaires, les cliniques Ngaliema et Kinoise, la pédiatrie de Kalembe Kalembe. Les adresses des hôpitaux sont connues de bouche à oreille.","1. Me LUKOKI N’SANGA TABUKA, vice-président, Initiative pour le Développement durable, IDD en sigle, entrevue du 19/10/2013 à Kinshasa.\n\n2. Mme Esther EKANGA, infirmière au centre hospitalier de Kinshasa, stagiaire à l’hôpital de référence de Kinshasa, entrevue du 19/10/2013.\n\n3. Les sites internet des hôpitaux d'État ne sont pas encore opérationnels. Après avoir consulté internet, nous n'avons pas trouvé les liens des hôpitaux tels que l'hôpital général de référence de Kinshasa, les cliniques universitaires, les cliniques Ngaliema et Kinoise, la pédiatrie de Kalembe Kalembe. Les adresses des hôpitaux sont connues de bouche à oreille.","Les adresses des hôpitaux et les services octroyés par ces derniers sont généralement connus par voies non officielles. Les sites web sont inexistants, il est difficile de contacter une ambulance d’un hôpital d’État en cas d’urgence. ..."]
["2013_ER_106",2013,"ER","Eritrea",106,0,"According to the 2013 WHO report, there are 25 hospitals, 52 health centers, 180 health stations and 113 clinics operating in Eritrea. While these are spread throughout the country and accessible to patients, access to information about contact details, location, services, and pricing is not available online nor easily accessed in any published material.\n\nThe health delivery system in Eritrea is organized in a three-tier system namely primary, secondary and tertiary levels. One starts at the lowest level and gets referred to a higher medical facility based on diagnosis. On the bottom of the hierarchy are community-based health services (CBHS). These  services work by empowering communities, mobilising and maximising available skills and resources and is expected to serve an average population of 500-2000 people. At the next stage come health stations. A health station is a primary health facility which provides promotive, preventive care, and serves a population of about 5,000-10,000. A health centre is a primary health care facility which is currently functionally higher than the health station providing promotive, preventive and basic curative services. In addition, a health centre is responsible for supervising the work of the health stations and training of community health workers (CHW). At the top of the primary level are Community Hospitals serving a population of approximately 50,000 – 100,000 dependent on geographic access and terrain. A community hospital will offer out-patient and in-patient services. The Zoba Referral Hospital is a facility that provides secondary level service, as well as serving as the highest referral hospital in the zoba. The tertiary level is the highest level of health care comprising of National Hospitals that offer all medical services offered by the zobal referral hospitals but at a higher specialist level.","Field verification: a search for this information in Eritrea gave no result, 2013.\n\nNational Health Policy, State of Eritrea, Ministry of Health, 2010.\nhttp://www.who.int/medical_devices/survey_resources/health_technology_national_policy_eritrea.pdf\n\nWHO Country Cooperation Strategy. \"At a Glance - Eritrea\" 2013. Accessed on March 14, 2014. http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_eri_en.pdf","According to the 2013 WHO report, there are 25 hospitals, 52 health centers, 180 health stations and 113 clinics operating in Eritrea. While these are spread throughout the country and accessible to patients, access to information about contact details, location, services, and pric..."]
["2013_GM_106",2013,"GM","The Gambia",106,50,"All hospitals in The Gambia are easily accessible. Even though not all of them have websites or Internet access they can all be reached by telephone, including hospitals and medical centers in the rural areas. There is however no information published anywhere on pricing for services offered by these health clinics and hospitals. There is also no information available to the public on how to access these services.","1. Hospitals and Medical Centers in The Gambia, Gambia.alloexpat.com http://www.gambia.alloexpat.com/gambia_information/hospitals_medical_centers_in_gambia.php, accessed October 2013\n\n2. General Hospitals in Gambia, accessgambia.com, available at http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/general-hospitals.html, accessed October 2013\n\n3. Medical Services Information, Embassy of the United States, Banjul, The Gambia, American Citizen Services, http://banjul.usembassy.gov/mobile//medical_information.html, accessed October 2013","All hospitals in The Gambia are easily accessible. Even though not all of them have websites or Internet access they can all be reached by telephone, including hospitals and medical centers in the rural areas. There is however no information published anywhere on pricing for servic..."]
["2013_GH_106",2013,"GH","Ghana",106,50,"A survey of 10 major hopitals in the country as part of this research reveals that only the three teaching hospitals in the country have websites. All the other hospitals and clinics do not have websites. For the teaching hospitals, information is permanently available online on services available, location, contact information, and instructions about how to access the services. \n\nThere is no information on pricing because prices could only be determined after a treatment. For hospitals and clinics that do not have websites, information could be sought through phone calls or a visit to the hospital where information desks are mounted to assist people seeking such information or help. However, their phone numbers are not known to most members of the public.\n\nHospitals and clinics surveyed:\n\n1. Korle Bu Teaching Hospital: http://kbth.gov.gh/\n2. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital: http://www.kathhsp.org/\n3. Tamale Teaching Hospital: http://www.tamaleteachinghospital.org/\n4. Ridge Hospital: no website\n5. Tamale Central Hospital: no website\n6. Kaneshie Polyclinic: no website\n7. Ho Regional Hospital: no website\n8. Sunyani Regional Hospital: no website\n9. Legon Hospital: no website\n10. Tema General Hospital: no website","1. Dr Akwasi Twumasi, northern regional director of the Ghana Health Service, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Anthony Goodman, public relations officer, Ministry of Health, telephone interview, October 13, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Kwame Frimpong, public relations officer, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Kumasi.\n\n4. Mr Cletus Zume, northern regional treasurer of the Coalition of Non-governmental Organizations in Health, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Tamale.","A survey of 10 major hopitals in the country as part of this research reveals that only the three teaching hospitals in the country have websites. All the other hospitals and clinics do not have websites. For the teaching hospitals, information is permanently available online on se..."]
["2013_GN_106",2013,"GN","Guinea",106,0,"Les services ou l'emplacement des hôpitaux ne sont souvent pas indiqués. C'est à force de pratique que la population arrive à connaître les services de santé. Quand on construit un hôpital, on l’annonce brièvement à la radio et télévision, puis on n’en parle plus. \nPour les cliniques privées, la publicité se fait en fonction des moyens des propriétaires. À l'intérieur des Hôpitaux, on constate souvent des plaques indiquant les services. Mais, parfois, il n'y a rien. Surtout quand il s'agit des bureaux de chefs de service. Nous pouvons donc dire qu'aucun des points énumérés concernant l'information de la population sur l'emplacement et les services offerts n'est disponible.","Docteur Lamine nyankoye Loua, Adjoint de l'institut National de la Santé pour Enfants de l'Hôpital Donka, 19 septembre 2013, 10 h 30 à 11 h 30.\n\nDocteur Léopold Lamah, Chef du service de traumatologie de Donka, 19 septembre 2013, 12 h 15 à 13 h 17.\n\nDocteur Zowo Nyanga Marc Honomou, Médecin gynécologue à la clinique Jean Paul II de Taouyah, 13 h 40 à 14 h 10.","Les services ou l'emplacement des hôpitaux ne sont souvent pas indiqués. C'est à force de pratique que la population arrive à connaître les services de santé. Quand on construit un hôpital, on l’annonce brièvement à la radio et télévision, puis on n’en parle plus. ..."]
["2013_GW_106",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",106,25,"Phone contacts and information about the services is available and is accessible to the general public. In all health centers, there are public information spaces. Online information is rarely available, since few citizens use internet and request via the internet in Guinea Bissau. That is the reason why the centres make available their telephone lines for information. \n\nHigh illiteracy rates and very few citizen being aware is a common reality in Guinea Bissau.  Few citizens use such information. In practice, most of the sick people go to traditional practitioners or directly to pharmacies, instead of making use of the health centre information and services.","1. Dr Gabriel Cabral, Doctor in Simao Mendes National Hospital. Interviewed in Bissau, December 4, 2013.\n\n2. Adao Sina Sambu, Nurse in Simao Mendes National Hospital. Interviewed in Bissau, December 4, 2013.\n\n3. Adimir Nhaga, Doctor in Simao Mendes National Hospital. Interviewed in Bissau, December 4, 2013.","Phone contacts and information about the services is available and is accessible to the general public. In all health centers, there are public information spaces. Online information is rarely available, since few citizens use internet and request via the internet in Guinea Bissau...."]
["2013_KE_106",2013,"KE","Kenya",106,75,"The e-Health-Kenya Facilities portal came into being in 2011 to help provide information on the location and name of health facilities, as well as services available across the country. It also gives update on various programmes such as vaccination available in the specific facilities. The information on the location and type of medical facilities has even been synthesised to the new 47 county administrative units.\n\nThe portal is, however, not known to many Kenyans, hence defeating its objective of easing access to medical care all over the nation. Its existence  should be publicised further to make it popular. The portal also needs an upgrade to include details such as pricing and hours of operations to make it easier for patients to make a decision.","1. e-Health-Kenya Facilities, an electronic portal jointly supported by the Ministry of Health Kenya and USAID. http://www.ehealth.or.ke/facilities/.\n\n2. Mwalimu Mati, executive director, Mars Group,Kenya. Interviewed on September 25, 2013.\n\n3. Maurice Odhiambo, President Congress of Kenya Civil Society. Interviewed on September 26, 2013.\n\n4. Joy Muraya, Health writer Nation Media Group. Interviewed on September 26, 2013.\n\n5. Monica Omondi, a formers accounts auditor M,inistry of Health, Kenya. Interviewed on September 27, 2013.","The e-Health-Kenya Facilities portal came into being in 2011 to help provide information on the location and name of health facilities, as well as services available across the country. It also gives update on various programmes such as vaccination available in the specific facilit..."]
["2013_LS_106",2013,"LS","Lesotho",106,25,"None of Lesotho’s health care centers - including privately owned facilities - and the country’s only referral hospital have websites. The health ministry’s website does not have a list of all health care facilities in the country, or their contact details. Neither the hospitals nor the ministry operate a toll-free number that members of the public can call and request information. There is nowhere people can find contact information of health care facilities save in the telephone directory.","1.Tsebo Matsasa. Media Institute of Southern Africa. National Director, Lesotho. Interviewed  October 14 2013.\n\n2. Ministry of Health website. http://www.health.gov.ls/.","None of Lesotho’s health care centers - including privately owned facilities - and the country’s only referral hospital have websites. The health ministry’s website does not have a list of all health care facilities in the country, or their contact details. Neither the hospitals no..."]
["2013_LR_106",2013,"LR","Liberia",106,25,"Almost all of the hospitals in Liberia do not have websites. There are very few hospital administrators who would make contact numbers available for the public. Services at hospitals are only known when consulting a doctor during visitations.","Petan, R. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Head Nurse - JFK Medical Center, Monrovia\n\nFreeman, B. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Chairman - Freedom of Information Commission, Monrovia\n\nTay, C. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Web Master - Ministry of Health & Social Welfare, Monrovia","Almost all of the hospitals in Liberia do not have websites. There are very few hospital administrators who would make contact numbers available for the public. Services at hospitals are only known when consulting a doctor during visitations."]
["2013_LY_106",2013,"LY","Libya",106,25,"In Libya, the national healthcare system is entirely dysfunctional and the majority of Libyans refer to private clinics for medical treatment.\n\nOnly private clinics have developed websites that contain information about the clinic (e.g. departments, location, contact info, etc.). However, this is seldom found with regards to public hospitals and clinics. Also, there is no single source (e.g. public directory) where people can find such information.\n\nLibyans are not accustomed to look up this information on the Internet and prefer to ask by phone instead. Libyan people also travel abroad to get treatment. Libya has recently signed agreements with Turkey, Belgium, Germany and France for providing alternative healthcare systems for Libyan citizens in need of medical treatment.","F. Hamroush, former Minister of Health, personal communication, December 1, 2013.\t\n\nN. Mismari, MD in the Department of Radiology at the Tripoli Medical Center (TMC), personal communication, November 30, 2013.\n\nE. Swehli, MD at Zawiya Hospital and currently working in the US, personal communication, December 1, 2013.","In Libya, the national healthcare system is entirely dysfunctional and the majority of Libyans refer to private clinics for medical treatment...."]
["2013_MG_106",2013,"MG","Madagascar",106,50,"Les informations sont dans les médias (journaux, radios, télé). Les quotidiens (Midi Madagasikara, Gazetiko, L'express de Madagascar, Les Nouvelles, etc.) donnent en général les informations sur les hôpitaux et cliniques, sauf pour les barèmes pratiqués. Mais uniquement pour les hôpitaux et les cliniques de la capitale. Aucune information n’existe pour ceux qui se trouvent en région. Par ailleurs, aucun hôpital malgache ne dispose d’un site Internet.","- Milijaona Rado, directeur des études et de la planification, ministère de la Santé, 14 septembre 2013.(Interview)\n- Mong, médecin général, chef de service à l'hôpital militaire, Antananarivo, 2 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Andrianarisoa Ange, professeur de médecine, retraité de la fonction publique et exerçant actuellement dans le privé, 15 septembre 2013. (Interview)","Les informations sont dans les médias (journaux, radios, télé). Les quotidiens (Midi Madagasikara, Gazetiko, L'express de Madagascar, Les Nouvelles, etc.) donnent en général les informations sur les hôpitaux et cliniques, sauf pour les barèmes pratiqués. Mais uniquement pour les hô..."]
["2013_MW_106",2013,"MW","Malawi",106,50,"Citizens do have access to information about hospitals and clinics services; location; contact information; instructions on how to access services and pricing where applicable. However, the information is largely available in a disorganised manner, and not on hospital and clinic websites. This is because the majority of government hospitals do not currently have websites that would carry such information.\n\nSubsequently, citizens usually access the information via a range of other sources. This includes newspapers, radio adverts, family members and friends. Having such information organised for easy access through the internet is an issue that appears to be coming to the fore. The ministry of information says both public and private health sectors are working towards making such information available online. However, such a move would not meet the need of all Malawian citizens - as many are poor and illiterate and have no access to the Internet due to low penetration and prohibitive costs of accessing the web.","Richard Msukumwa, Systems Analyst, ICT Dept, Ministry of Information and Civic Education, October 9 2013.\n\nEmma Kaliya, Programmes Manager, Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre, October 7 2013.\n\nPhilip Chalira, Officer, Human Resources Department, Dowa District Hospital, October 28 2013.","Citizens do have access to information about hospitals and clinics services; location; contact information; instructions on how to access services and pricing where applicable. However, the information is largely available in a disorganised manner, and not on hospital and clinic we..."]
["2013_ML_106",2013,"ML","Mali",106,25,"ll existe un annuaire où les services de santé sont répertoriés avec leur emplacement et adresses. Un nombre reduit de cliniques situées dans la périphérie du district de Bamako possèdent un site Web.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Bureau of Democracy, United States Department of State , Human Rights, 2012\n\nLes cliniques du District de Bamako, Mali Sante, 2012\nhttp://malisante.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=73","ll existe un annuaire où les services de santé sont répertoriés avec leur emplacement et adresses. Un nombre reduit de cliniques situées dans la périphérie du district de Bamako possèdent un site Web."]
["2013_MR_106",2013,"MR","Mauritania",106,25,"Dans la plupart des journaux, il existe une rubrique sur les pharmacies de garde et les numéros de téléphone où appeler en cas d'urgence. Toutefois, ces informations sont insuffisantes. Elles ne renseignent pas sur les médecins disponibles ou le coût des soins. A vrai dire, le système hospitalier en Mauritanie reste assez limité. A l'exception du Centre hospitalier national, il n’existe que quelques cliniques connues par tous les habitants de la capitale, Nouakchott. L'absence d'informations précises est compensée par une connaissance parfaite du réseau hospitalier et clinique de la ville de Nouakchott. Elle permet aux habitants, en cas d'urgence, d'aller soit dans les établissements privés ou publics.","1. Amadou Racine Kane, gynécologue-obstétricien, ancien cadre, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, ancien cadre, ministère de la Santé, 6 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Agence Mauritanienne d'information. (1er septembre 2013). Horizon: //www.ami.mr/filesfr/pdf/orizons%20N°%206132_.pdf\n\n3. Journal l'Agence Nouakchott Info. (29 octobre 29, 2013). Revue numéro 2840: http://www.ani.mr/sys_journal/ImgJournal_29_10_2013_13_51_25.pdf","Dans la plupart des journaux, il existe une rubrique sur les pharmacies de garde et les numéros de téléphone où appeler en cas d'urgence. Toutefois, ces informations sont insuffisantes. Elles ne renseignent pas sur les médecins disponibles ou le coût des soins. A vrai dire, le syst..."]
["2013_MU_106",2013,"MU","Mauritius",106,100,"Information for all six regional hospitals is available online, including location, contact information and service provided. \n\nNundlall mentioned that information about hospitals and health centres is also available in the phone directory in addition to contact information. The phone directory does contain phone numbers to all hospitals, health centres, etc., along with numbers for units that provide specialised services. \n\nRegional offices also provide a hotline service. Price information is only applicable for vaccines; all other services are free of charge. Phone numbers for vaccination centres are provided in the directory. Vaccine prices are provided over the phone and displayed at the centres.","1. Dr. Nundlall, Acting Director Health Services. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life. Sept 20, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius. \n\n2. MT Yellow Pages 2013. Mauritius Telecom. 2013. \n\n3. A. Gaffoor Jeetoo, hospital webpage. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life. Available at http://health.gov.mu/English/ServicesHealth/Hospitals/Pages/Dr-A-Gaffoor-Jeetoo.aspx","Information for all six regional hospitals is available online, including location, contact information and service provided. ..."]
["2013_MA_106",2013,"MA","Morocco",106,50,"Lists of hospitals and contact details are available online. It is also possible to call the fire department, the number to dial is 15 to know where to go. The lists are not always updated and there  isn't much information about the services provided in most hospitals. However, the main hospitals have their own websites with all the information one needs.","Bennis, Anas.  (2013, September 15) .  [Casablanca-based doctor].  Personal communication.\n\nWebsites accessed Sept 2013:\n\n(n.d.) .  [List of hospitals is available on the Health Ministry's website].  Retrieved from http://www.sante.gov.ma/annuaire/Hopitaux.htm\n\n(n.d.) .  [More info on hospitals per region].  Retrieved from http://cartesanitaire.sante.gov.ma/offresoins/Acceuil.aspx\n\n(n.d.) .  [Website of Hospital Ibn Rochd in Casablanca].  Retrieved from http://www.chuibnrochd.ma/","Lists of hospitals and contact details are available online. It is also possible to call the fire department, the number to dial is 15 to know where to go. The lists are not always updated and there  isn't much information about the services provided in most hospitals. However, the..."]
["2013_MZ_106",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",106,0,"For the main hospitals at national and provincial levels, the addresses are available. However, the information available does not mention the types of services or specialities in place. Even if this information was available, in most cases it would not have a significant impact, considering that a significant proportion of the Mozambican population is illiterate. Thus it would be hard to associate pathology/disease with the speciality required for treatment.","1.        Baltazar Fael. Research Director. Center for Public Integrity. October 9, 2013.\n2.        \"Relatorio de Revisao do Sector de Saude\". Ministerio da Saude. September 2012.\n3.        \"Avaliação Conjunta do Plano Estratégico do Sector da Saúde de Moçambique (PESS, 2014-2019)\". JANS -Mocambique. August 2013. \n4.        \"Zumbo/expansão dos serviços de saúde reduzirá dependência em relação a Zâmbia\". AIM. A Verdade. November 28, 2012. http://www.verdade.co.mz/nacional/32503-zumboexpansao-dos-servicos-de-saude-reduzira-dependencia-em-relacao-a-zambia.","For the main hospitals at national and provincial levels, the addresses are available. However, the information available does not mention the types of services or specialities in place. Even if this information was available, in most cases it would not have a significant impact, c..."]
["2013_NA_106",2013,"NA","Namibia",106,0,"A search on the internet showed that no government hospital or clinic has a website.\n\nDeputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura said if the public wants any information about a government hospital or clinic they must approach the ministry where there is a public relations officer who can assist with all the information they need.\n\nConfidente newspaper journalist, Caroline Nyadenga, said it was difficult for anyone to access information about hospitals' and clinics' services, location, and contact information on the internet, as not all government health institutions have websites while other clinics in remote areas do not have telephones. She, however, added that for government hospitals like Windhoek and Katutura State hospital directions might be easy to get on the web, as they might be found on Google maps. However, she added that less than a third of the population knows or can access Google maps.\n\nPaulus Kapia, MP, said government departments or entities are still yet to embrace the internet as a source of disseminating information to the public. He said he does not even believe the ministry uses the internet adequately, let alone hospitals and clinics.\n\nBecause government hospitals and clinics do not have websites and some do not have telephones, it means citizens have extremely limited access to information about hospitals' and clinics' services, location, and contact information, and have to rely on word of mouth.","Deputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura telephone interview, October 6 2013.\n\nConfidente newspaper Journalist, Caroline Nyadenga, face to face interview, October 6 2013.\n\nPaulus Kapia, Member of Parliament, telephone interview September 29 2013.","A search on the internet showed that no government hospital or clinic has a website.\n\nDeputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura said if the public wants any i..."]
["2013_NE_106",2013,"NE","Niger",106,25,"La liste des hôpitaux et cliniques est disponible sur internet via les pages jaunes ou le site de Niamey accueil, avec indications et numéros de téléphones. Cependant, il n'y a pas ce service pour le reste du pays, et pas d'indications sur les prix. \nLe système d’informations sur les services, l’emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et cliniques n’est pas très opérationnel. Même si des cliniques privées voient le jour dans le domaine de la santé, il n’est toujours pas évident pour le citoyen d’avoir facilement accès à l’information y relative. Le système d’adressage en ville n’est pas très au point pour faciliter les recherches, et donc en est pour beaucoup par rapport aux difficultés de repérage géographique de certains structures sanitaires ou pharmaceutiques. Néanmoins avec la promotion du secteur privé, de plus en plus on constate le recours aux médias (publicités et spots) pour informer les citoyens par exemple dans le domaine de la téléphonie, services bancaires, produits alimentaires sur le marché, etc.\n\nDans les pages jaunes, la liste de plus de 10 hôpitaux/cliniques est disponible, mais il n'y a que la boite postale et un numéro de téléphone fixe de disponible. Les adresses sont toutes à Niamey, pas dans le reste du pays.\n\nLes indications pour se rendre aux cliniques sont disponibles sur ce site internet: http://niameyaccueil.com/cliniq","Source 1: Ali MADAI BOUKAR, Economiste National. (1er octobre 2013). PNUD Niger.\n\nSource 2: Les pages jaunes Niger, consultée en octobre 2013.\nhttp://www.lespagesjaunesafrique.com/societes/niger/cliniques-hopitaux/\n\nSource 3: Niamey Accueil : cliniques Niger, consulté en octobre 2013.\nhttp://niameyaccueil.com/cliniq","La liste des hôpitaux et cliniques est disponible sur internet via les pages jaunes ou le site de Niamey accueil, avec indications et numéros de téléphones. Cependant, il n'y a pas ce service pour le reste du pays, et pas d'indications sur les prix. ..."]
["2013_NG_106",2013,"NG","Nigeria",106,25,"The information is not available online or paper or by phone. Only very few private hospitals have information about their services, location, contacts, pricing, and how to access the service, online. However, information on contacts, location and services available can be inquired via phone.","Websites of Government Health Offices reviewed, accessed Septembe 2013\n1. Ministry of Health: http://www.health.gov.ng/\n\n2. National Agency for Control of Aids:  http://www.naca.gov.ng/\n\n3. National Primary Healthcare Development Agency: http://nphcda.org/\n\n4. National Malaria Control Programme: http://www.nmcp.gov.ng/\n\n5. Society for Family Health: http://www.sfhnigeria.org/\n\nInterviews:\n1. Tobore Ovuorie, health reporter, Premium Times, Abuja, September 25, 2013.\n2. Yusuf Isiaka, director of information, Ministry of Health, Abuja, via phone,","The information is not available online or paper or by phone. Only very few private hospitals have information about their services, location, contacts, pricing, and how to access the service, online. However, information on contacts, location and services available can be inquired..."]
["2013_RW_106",2013,"RW","Rwanda",106,50,"There are not enough hospitals online with detailed information like location, contact, services available, how to acces services and the pricing of services if applied. Those available are not on their websites but listed by the US Embassy or insurance companies like Allianz. There are CHK, Faisal and Kibogora Hospital; for Clinics, there are Clinique La Croix du Sud and Polyclinique du Plateau. Three (services available, location and contact information) of the criteria are met. However, it is rare to find information on how to access the services and the pricing in case it applies. In addition, it is not easy to get many hospitals and clinics online. Very few (less than half) are availaible and sometimes they are listed by other organisations. They may be in papers also but it is not everybody who buys a newspaper since people are have other pressing needs. This is supported by the article by Laura Raskin, which was written in the period of this study (September 2012 to September 2013).","Eugene, Ngoga.  (2013, September 6) .  [Works at King Faisal Hospital and president of the Gynecologists Association of Rwanda].  Personal communication.\n\nRaskin, L.  (2013, March).  Butaro doctors' housing: MASS design group.  Architectural Record.  Retrieved from http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/2013/03/1303-butaro-doctors-housing-mass-design-group.asp\n\nUyisaba, Napoléon.  (2013, September 5) .  [Works at Kirehe District Hospital as a nurse].  Personal communication.","There are not enough hospitals online with detailed information like location, contact, services available, how to acces services and the pricing of services if applied. Those available are not on their websites but listed by the US Embassy or insurance companies like Allianz. Ther..."]
["2013_ST_106",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",106,50,"There is absolutely no information about hospitals' and clinics’ services, location and contact information online. But this kind of information is usually available through the telephone directory; the most important one is the Yellow pages directory. There it is possible to obtain the information needed in terms of contact data, services available and location.","1. Óscar Baía, president, São Tomé and Príncipe Human Rights Association, October 3, 2013.\n2. Olívio Diogo, sociologist, consultant, October 1, 2013.","There is absolutely no information about hospitals' and clinics’ services, location and contact information online. But this kind of information is usually available through the telephone directory; the most important one is the Yellow pages directory. There it is possible to obtai..."]
["2013_SN_106",2013,"SN","Senegal",106,100,"Les citoyens ont accès à des informations sur les services, l'emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et des cliniques. Toutes les informations concernant les cliniques et les hôpitaux sont disponibles en ligne sur le site du ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale (www.sante.gouv.sn). On y trouve de l’information sur les services offerts, l'emplacement, les coordonnées et les instructions sur les modes d'accès aux différents services.","Entretien avec Mamadou Sow, Cellule de communication, ministère de la Santé et de l'Action sociale, 15 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Cheikh Tacko Diop, directeur, Hôpital Fann de Dakar,  11 octobre 2013.\n\nMinistère de la santé et de l'action sociale du Sénégal, site Internet: http://www.sante.gouv.sn","Les citoyens ont accès à des informations sur les services, l'emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et des cliniques. Toutes les informations concernant les cliniques et les hôpitaux sont disponibles en ligne sur le site du ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale (www.sa..."]
["2013_SC_106",2013,"SC","Seychelles",106,100,"In such a small country, everyone knows where the health centre is. Even when you buy a SIM card, there are now numbers automatically in there for fire, police, hospitals, and ambulance services. The national directory also provides contact numbers for all government agencies, hospitals, and whatever services are provided to the population.  An expert on children’s and human rights said: “For example, we have the main hospital on the main island. In the phone directory it would list each section of the hospital and contact details. Obviously at the hospitals themselves, it will be clearly marked which services are offered in there. If you have to go to the pharmacy, they would not publish the prices. It’s not publicly there but then again if you go to a government hospital, most of the medications are free. Primary healthcare is free, the basic services to see a doctor is free. If you have to have an operation and they can do it in the hospital, it’s free. If you have to stay in a hospital, it’s free. Unless you request a private room, then you have to pay for that additional service. You don’t have to pay for the services or surgeon. That is covered by the government. However the government also offers the option of, if it is unable to operate on you in the country, they can sometimes offer for you to go overseas for operation. In very specific cases, they will pay for part of that operation and you have to come up with the rest.” \n\nFurthermore, immunisation of infants and school children, prenatal and antenatal services, and ambulance service is free.  Some Location, services available, and contact information for clinics and hospitals around the country are readily available online, in newspapers and telephone directories.","1. Minister of Health Honorable Mitcy Larue through executive assistant Mrs. Peggy Vidot at peggy.vidot@health.gov.sc. November 2013.\n\n2. Dr. Jude Gedeon at the Ministry of Health. November 2013.\n\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, expert on civil society, November 26, 2013.\n\n4. Interview: Anonymous source, expert on children’s and human rights, December 1, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","In such a small country, everyone knows where the health centre is. Even when you buy a SIM card, there are now numbers automatically in there for fire, police, hospitals, and ambulance services. The national directory also provides contact numbers for all government agencies, hosp..."]
["2013_SL_106",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",106,0,"Getting information in Sierra Leone is generally a difficult task and only a few hospitals in larger towns can display information on the hospitals and clinics. In the Kambia district, service information can only be displayed at the government hospital in the district headquarters town.","Mohamed Konneh, Health Reporter, Standard Times, October 23, 2013.\n\nAnonymous, Public Information Officer, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, October 26, 2013.\n\nAnonymous, Coordinator, Health for all Coalition, October 25, 2013.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Getting information in Sierra Leone is generally a difficult task and only a few hospitals in larger towns can display information on the hospitals and clinics. In the Kambia district, service information can only be displayed at the government hospital in the district headquarters..."]
["2013_SO_106",2013,"SO","Somalia",106,0,"According to the 2012 UNDP report, Somalia has very poor health infrastructure across all regions. Poor infrastructure and inadequate services drive high levels of mortality and low life expectancy (UNDP 2012). MSF withdrew from their work in Somalia due to insecurity, evidencing the difficulty of providing health services or public health campaigns in the context of ongoing violence (Ravelo). \n\nDue to the lack of health infrastructure and the limited capacity of the government, the WHO is supporting many partners in the operation of mobile clinics to strive to provide health services to groups with no access to a facility (WHO).  The quality and provision of health services is minimal, as is the accessibility of information about those services.\n\nPublic health systems vary across Somalia, with Somaliland and Puntland having systems governed by health authorities, NGOs or a combination of the two, and the South Central region's limited coverage being based entirely by non governmental actors with limited government oversight (UNICEF Priority Areas). The Somali health authorities, along with three UN agencies and development partners, have renewed their resolve to work together to improve the health of mothers and children and to strengthen the Somalia Health Care System through A five year (2012-2016) jointly operated program is underway between the Somali Health Authorities, three UN agencies and development partners to improve public health and to strengthen the health care system (UNICEF Historic).","Somalia Human Development Report 2012: Empowering Youth for Peace and Development. http://www.so.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/Project_Documents/Human_Development/Somalia%20Human%20Development%20Report%202012.pdf\n\nRavelo, JL. (2013 Aug 16). MSF withdrawal shakes up Somalis, iNGO community. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/msf-withdrawal-shakes-up-somalis-ingo-community-81633\n\nUNICEF Somalia. Priority Issues. http://www.unicef.org/somalia/health_90.html\n\nUNICEF Somalia. (2013 Nov). Historic Somali Joint Health and Nutrition Programme signed. http://www.unicef.org/somalia/reallives_13941.html\n\nWHO Humanitarian Health Action. Access to essential health services through mobile clinics in Somalia. http://www.who.int/hac/crises/som/en/#story-03","According to the 2012 UNDP report, Somalia has very poor health infrastructure across all regions. Poor infrastructure and inadequate services drive high levels of mortality and low life expectancy (UNDP 2012). MSF withdrew from their work in Somalia due to insecurity, evidencing t..."]
["2013_ZA_106",2013,"ZA","South Africa",106,75,"While most hospitals have websites, they do not provide all information mentioned (particularly with regards to pricing). Civil society organisations say that online information is not enough to empower people as many South Africans do not have access to the internet. Information that is online, is often not available on paper or in analogue format. An added point: clinics often do not provide information around the drugs they have available. Stock outs has been a challenge for years.\n--\nThe website of the national department of Health has a listing of public hospitals and clinics, which provides  telephone numbers, fax numbers, where the facility is based (address) and the name/type of hospital. Only in a few cases is the email address provided. \n\nThokozile Madonko of the budget expenditure monitoring forum at the social justice NGO Section27, says that usually, websites make available services, location, and contact information, but often not with regards to pricing. \"The information is available and easily accessible, except for pricing. That tends to be a little bit harder. In theory it should be visible and up on a board, but I have seen in practice that this is not really the case. Part of it is the many reforms of the pricing system. This is implemented differently in different provinces. The Western Cape is fairly good with its pricing.\"\n\nMadonko adds that, when it comes to contact details, it is often difficult for people to find who is responsible for what at a healthcare facility. \"Often what we will hear people complaining about not knowing who to complain to at a clinic. Finding the right person to speak to is difficult.\" \n\nAnso Thom, health journalist and responsible for special writing and media projects at social justice NGO Section27, says that the biggest challenge in this regards is information with regards to the drugs that are in stock at the various facilities. \"A big report will be launched in November 2013 around the drugs situation at 3,000 facilities, to see what drugs were out of stock and for what time. This has been a huge problem for years, particularly with antiretrovirals and TB medication, both life-saving drugs.\"\n\nThe issues of 'stock outs' has been making headlines for years, and also over the past 12 months. According to a report launched by the rural health advocacy project, Doctors Without Borders (MSF), the treatment action campaign and Section27, 40% of the 70 facilities surveyed by MSF and TAC in May 2013, in the Mthatha catchment area in the Eastern Cape province, had experienced HIV and/or TB drug stock-outs. In May 2013, news agency Inter Press Service reported how the South African public sector had been struggling with a shortage of over 80 different drugs, including flu vaccinations and medication for tuberculosis and high blood pressure. \n\nThe researched hospitals and clinics chosen for the research are Bedford in Nkonkobe (Eastern Cape), Nelson Mandela Academic (Eastern Cape), Mantsopa in Ladybrand (Free State), Universitas (Freestate), Catherine Booth (KwaZulu Natal), King Edward Vll (KwaZulu Natal), Malamulele (Limpopo),  Thabamoopo (Limpopo), Lydenburg (Mpumalanga), Mapulaneng (Mpumalanga), Colesburg  (Northern Cape), Ventersdorp (North West), Rustenburg (North West), Red Cross Childrens (Western Cape), Mowbray Maternity (Western Cape). \n\n* Bedford: Doesn't have its own website, but a government website. Website is outdated (last updated in 2008). Mentions services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.ecdoh.gov.za/hospitals/40/Bedford_Hospital/services/678\n\n* Nelson Mandela Academic: Doesn't have its own website, but a government website. Website is outdated (last updated in 2008). Mentions services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.ecdoh.gov.za/hospitals/71/Nelson_Mandela_Academic_Hospital\n\n* Mantsopa: Doesn't have its own website, but a government website. Includes information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.fshealth.gov.za/portal/page/portal/fshp/HEALTH_SITES/sfs_health_complex/our_hospitals/chiefjs_moroka\n\n* Universitas: Doesn't have a government website, but the information (services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services) can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1125\n\n* Catherine Booth: Doesn't have its own website, but a government website. Provides information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/catherineboothhospital.htm\n\n* King Edward Vll: Doesn't have its own website, but a government website. Provides information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/kingedwardhospital.htm\n\n* Malamulele: Doesn't have its own, nor a government website. Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here. http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1229. For services, one has to call the number listed. At the time of research, the Limpopo health department's listing of hospitals  (http://www.dhsd.limpopo.gov.za/index.php?page=district_hospitals_contacts) was offline\n\n* Thabamoopo: Doesn't have its own, nor a government website. Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1208. For services, one has to call the number listed. At the time of research, the Limpopo health department's listing of hospitals  (http://www.dhsd.limpopo.gov.za/index.php?page=district_hospitals_contacts) was offline\n\n* Lydenberg: Doesn't have its own, nor a government website. Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1252. For services, one has to call the number listed. \n\n* Mapulaneng: Doesn't have its own, nor a government website. Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1253. For services, one has to call the number listed.  \n\n* Colesburg: Doesn't have its own, nor a government website. Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1129. For services, one has to call the number listed.  \n\n* Ventersdorp: Doesn't have its own website, but a government website which provides information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://dohsoc.nwpg.gov.za/NWDoH/districts-ventersdorpHSP.html\n\n* Rustenburg: No website. Only website (with location, contact details, etc) available is http://www.medpages.co.za/sf/index.php?page=organisation&orgcode=125348. For services, on has to contact the number listed. \n\n* Red Cross Childrens: Has its own website with contact details, location, address, services offered. No pricing given. http://www.westerncape.gov.za/your_gov/149/services\n\n* Mowbray Maternity: Has its own website: http://mowbraymaternity.co.za. Information provided: contact details, location, type of hospital, services rendered, as well as pricing. \n\n\nNote regarding to \"Accessibility of information\" >>>The fact that most hospitals have  a website doesn't mean the majority of the population knows where to find the right facility. Statistics reveal that less than half, only 40%. of the population of 51 million has access to the web. This does not mean this 40% has daily access, or that the access is adequate to download documents.  Particularly people living in rural areas tend not to have access to the web. This is important to take into account when talking about accessibility. The fact that these documents are available online does not mean they are available to the masses. Please see the Integrity Indicators revolving around internet and access to the web.","Anso Thom,  health journalist and responsible for special writing and media projects at social justice NGO Section27 (www.section27.org.za), interview, November 13 2013.\n\nARV and TB medicine drug supply issues threaten South Africa’s ARV programme, Lesley Odendal, Aidsmap, June 20 2013, http://www.aidsmap.com/ARV-and-TB-medicine-drug-supply-issues-threaten-South-Africas-ARV-programme/page/2682886/.\n\nList of public hospitals and clinics in South Africa (Department of Health), http://www.doh.gov.za/show.php?id=2890\n\nMurray Hunter, spokesperson of the Right2Know campaign (www.r2k.org,za), interview, October 21 2013.\n\nEastern Cape hospital listing, http://www.ecdoh.gov.za/hospitals.asp?type=General&mid=103.\n\nFree State hospital listing, http://www.fshealth.gov.za/portal/page/portal/fshp/HEALTH_SITES/sfs_health_complex/our_hospitals/\n\nProvincial departmemt of health, Kwa-Zulu Natal, http://www.kznhealth.gov.za\n\nProvincial department of health, Limpopo, http://www.dhsd.limpopo.gov.za\n\nListing website of hospitals in South Africa, http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net\n\nSouth Africa: Public Sector Struggling with Shortages of 80 Drugs, Stephanie Nieuwoudt, Inter Press Service, May 11 2013, http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/05/south-africa-public-sector-struggling-with-shortages-of-80-drugs/.","While most hospitals have websites, they do not provide all information mentioned (particularly with regards to pricing). Civil society organisations say that online information is not enough to empower people as many South Africans do not have access to the internet. Information t..."]
["2013_SS_106",2013,"SS","South Sudan",106,0,"In practice, citizens have no access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.\n\nNone of the country’s main hospitals and dispensaries have any websites to provide information about services and contact information. In addition, most of the hospitals have no telephone numbers that patients can call to inquire about services.\n\nAccording to an official at Juba Teaching Hospital, the country’s only referral hospital, citizens simply come to the hospital because they have heard about services from friends or relatives.\n\nGenerally, South Sudan’s public health sector is so underdeveloped that officials first worry about lack of medicines, health workers and infrastructure as a priority. The need to provide services and contact information is seen as luxury that can wait for a future date.\n\nHowever, though citizens don’t have access to information about public hospitals' and clinics' location and services, they do have access to information about private facilities.","Websites accessed Jan 2014.\n\nGenerations Medical Centre.  Retrieved from http://generationsouthsudan.com/\n\nJuba Medical Complex.  Retrieved from http://jubamedicalcomplex.org/ \n\nLolik, Wani.  (2014, January 11) .  [Director General, Juba Teaching Hospital]. Personal communication.","In practice, citizens have no access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information...."]
["2013_SD_106",2013,"SD","Sudan",106,0,"The health services delivery and contact system in Sudan is very primitive, according to many experts in the field. None of the hospitals in Sudan have websites to provide online services for the customers and patients. There are public phone numbers to call emergency departments at the hospitals, but few people are using this service, and even if they did, none of the relevant information is available by phone.\n \n Indeed, there is no evidence showing that health information on services, location, and pricing in Sudan is available in either writing or over the phone.","Wesbites visited Novembre 2013:\n\n[Hospitals in Khartoum]. WowCity. Retrieved from http://sd.wowcity.com/khartoum/?what=Hospitals\n \n[Website for Fedail Hospital]. Fedail Hospital. Retrieved from http://fedailhospital.com/","The health services delivery and contact system in Sudan is very primitive, according to many experts in the field. None of the hospitals in Sudan have websites to provide online services for the customers and patients. There are public phone numbers to call emergency departments a..."]
["2013_SZ_106",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",106,50,"The ministry of health web site is devoid of any information specific to hospitals or clinics, and no hospitals or clinics (public or private) have web sites. However, few Swazis are connected to the internet. Most if not all Information can be obtained by phone, and the phone system and distribution of telephone directories nationwide is satisfactory. All hospitals and clinics can be accessed by phone.\n \n However, for people living with HIV and AIDS who are on antiretroviral treatment, there is no communication in the form of press releases about shortages of antiretroviral drugs. News reports on the subject are written by enterprising reporters who learn of shortages on their own. Seeking information on antiretroviral drugs' availability by phone is not always productive.\n \n Not all information can be obtained by phone, such as pricing, services available and how to access those services, and callers are requested to come to the hospital or clinic for the detailed information sought, nor is the information published in the press. Some private clinics irregularly advertise their services.","Interview: Spongile Matsebula, senior nurse, St. Theresa's clinic, Manzini, 11 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Rudolph Maziya, director, Alliance of Mayor's Initiative for Coordinated Action on AIDS at at the Local Level (AMICAALL) Swaziland, Manzini, 10 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Spongile Thwala, representative, Swaziland Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS (SWANEPHA) 11 September 2013.\n \n \"RFM Hospital Runs Short of Medication,\" Jabulisa Dlamini, Times of Swaziland, 14 June 2013. \n \n Ministry of Health web site. www.gov.sz.","The ministry of health web site is devoid of any information specific to hospitals or clinics, and no hospitals or clinics (public or private) have web sites. However, few Swazis are connected to the internet. Most if not all Information can be obtained by phone, and the phone syst..."]
["2013_TZ_106",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",106,25,"The national referral hospitals all provide adequate information online regarding their location, contacts and services. Because they are referral hospitals, there was no information about how to access the services, as patients would arrive on the advice of another doctor. Access to information becomes increasingly scarce from the level of regional hospitals to district hospitals to health centres. As only 11% of the population has internet access, less so in rural areas, there is a corresponding lack of information online. Outside of major cities, patients generally find their way to medical care through word of mouth.","1. Muhimbili - Yes : http://www.mnh.or.tz/.\n 2. Mount Meru Hospital -Yes : http://eol.habari.co.tz/mt-meru-hosp.htm.\n 3. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre - Yes, http://www.kcmc.ac.tz/.\n 4. The Bugando Referral Hospital - Yes, http://www.bugandomedicalcentre.go.tz/aboutus.htm. \n 5. Mawenzi Regional Hospital - No.\n 6. Magomeni Regional Hospital - No.\n 7 Morogoro Regional Hospital - No.\n 8. Iringa Regional Hospital - No.\n 9. Amana District Hospital - No.\n 10 Nyakato Health Centre - No.\n \n 1. Dr. Desdery Nestory Katoto, Doctor, Muhimbili National Hospital, October 7, 2013.","The national referral hospitals all provide adequate information online regarding their location, contacts and services. Because they are referral hospitals, there was no information about how to access the services, as patients would arrive on the advice of another doctor. Access ..."]
["2013_TG_106",2013,"TG","Togo",106,0,"Les informations ne sont disponibles que par le biais de sites privés (annuaires). Les informations contenues sur ces sites sont incomplètes ou ne concernent qu'une minorité d'hôpitaux.","Gadiel Pao, directeur de publication, Santé-Education, 13 novembre 2013.\n \n République togolaise. (8 avril 2013). « Nouvel annuaire téléphonique en ligne ». Togo société. Repéré à http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Societe/Nouvel-annuaire-telephonique-en-ligne.\n \n Annuaire cliniques et hôpitaux - Les pages jaunes\n http://www.lespagesjaunesafrique.com/societes/togo/cliniques-hopitaux/.\n \n Informations sur la Clinique Le Printemps - Togo en poche\n http://www.togoenpoche.com/details.aspx?id=854.","Les informations ne sont disponibles que par le biais de sites privés (annuaires). Les informations contenues sur ces sites sont incomplètes ou ne concernent qu'une minorité d'hôpitaux."]
["2013_TN_106",2013,"TN","Tunisia",106,100,"Most information on public hospitals is available online, through a website provided by the Ministry of public health: www.santetunisie.rns.tn/msp/presentation/specialite_hr.asp.\n ‎\n Citizens can also dial the number 1200, 24/7, to obtain the telephone number of any hospital in Tunisia, and then call directly the hospital to ask for information. Telephone numbers of the main public hospitals are also provided in newspapers, generally somewhere in the final pages.\n \n Citizens can also use hospital websites and have access to data, including maps of access, tariffs (fees), services provided, names of physicians, etc.\n \n Through a website review at www.hopitalbizerte.rns.tn, one gains access to the website of the hospital of Bizerte (60 km from Tunis) and finds all the data one might need: directions, tariffs, the services provided, etc.","Websites visited September 2013: \n\nWebsite of the Hospital of Bizerte, www.hopitalbizerte.rns.tn\n \n Website of the Ministry of Public Health, www.santetunisie.rns.tn/msp/presentation/specialite_hr.asp‎.\n \n September 19 2013: interview with Dr Saber B., public physician and head of service in the Kassab hospital, Manouba (20 km from Tunis).\n \n September 19 2013: interview with Dr Kawthar Charbaji, chief physician in the Centre d'aide médicale d'urgence, Tunis.\n \n September 24 2013: interview with Mr Chiheb Salhi, director of the Regional hospital of Bizerte.","Most information on public hospitals is available online, through a website provided by the Ministry of public health: www.santetunisie.rns.tn/msp/presentation/specialite_hr.asp.\n ‎..."]
["2013_UG_106",2013,"UG","Uganda",106,25,"A review of the national referral hospitals (i.e. Butabika, Mbarara, and Mulago), only Butabika national referral mental hospital had a website and the only information available on it were services offered and a telephone number. A review of the regional referral hospitals (i.e. Arua, Fort Portal, Gulu, Hoima, Jinja, Kabale, Lira, Masaka, Mbale, Moroto, Mubende, and Soroti) revealed that none had a website. There are also 40 district hospitals and 13 general hospitals, which have no websites. Even a visit to the ministry and individual hospitals will get a list but without all the details or all information (Interview with Dr. Makanga).\n \nOn the ministry of health's website, there is a portal for hospitals and a review of the portal showed that very few hospitals were listed there with no information on locations or what services they provide. Some very limited information is available in select circumstances.","Dr. Partrick Makanga, Director, Namulundu Medical Services, September 19, 2013.\n\nWebsites visited Sept 2013: \n\n Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital\n http://www.butabikahospital.com/.\n \n Ministry of Health\n National Referral\n http://health.go.ug/mohweb/?page_id=815.\n Regional Referral\n http://health.go.ug/mohweb/?page_id=821.\n General Hospital\n http://health.go.ug/mohweb/?page_id=824.","A review of the national referral hospitals (i.e. Butabika, Mbarara, and Mulago), only Butabika national referral mental hospital had a website and the only information available on it were services offered and a telephone number. A review of the regional referral hospitals (i.e. A..."]
["2013_ZM_106",2013,"ZM","Zambia",106,50,"Information about the services available at hospitals, their location, contact information, instructions on how to access the services, and their pricing is rarely available online, but can often be accessed by phone. Paper publications such as brochures also usually have some relevant information. The public local health institutions usually combine their information and that is represented on the ministry of health website and don’t normally have individual websites.","(1) Interview with George Mwanza, director, Africa Development International, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (2) Sunday Post online, Zambia's 2013 budget in full By Finance minister Alexander Chikwanda , October 14 2012, http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=29271.\n \n (3) Visit/questionnaire sent to the ministry of health.\n \n (4) Zambia-Advisor-Com, The 2013 Zambian budget, \u0091Delivering Inclusive Development And Social Justice\u0092 To The People, Budget allocations, 2013, http://www.zambia-advisor.com/2013-Zambian-budget.html#sthash.EhGy0AgV.dpuf.","Information about the services available at hospitals, their location, contact information, instructions on how to access the services, and their pricing is rarely available online, but can often be accessed by phone. Paper publications such as brochures also usually have some rele..."]
["2013_ZW_106",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",106,25,"The government web publishes a list of publicly supported/funded hospitals, clinics and pharmacies, but the list contains no detailed information on which conditions are treated, the prices of treatment, nor how to contact the groups. The search option on the website of the ministry of health is currently not working. \n \nBasic information is otherwise unavailable.","1. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare Website, accessed Septtember 2013: http://nhis.mohcc.gov.zw/.\n \n 2. Gift Maka, Public health expert. September 25, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe.","The government web publishes a list of publicly supported/funded hospitals, clinics and pharmacies, but the list contains no detailed information on which conditions are treated, the prices of treatment, nor how to contact the groups. The search option on the website of the ministr..."]
["2013_DZ_107",2013,"DZ","Algeria",107,75,"En Algérie, les campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique prennent généralement une envergure nationale. Elles sont occasionnelles et ne durent pas plus de quelques jours. Par ailleurs, les caravanes médicales indépendantes assurent, également, cette mission sensible et parfois elles se confrontent à des problèmes tels que le manque des médicaments. Ces caravanes humanitaires fournissent d’abondantes informations sur les maladies courantes, la prévention et différents traitements nécessaires à la population des régions visitées.","-Ministère de la Santé, de la Population et de la Réforme hospitalière. (2013). Circulaire N°04 du 21 avril 2013 relative à la conduite à tenir devant un risque rabique. [Format PDF]. Repéré à http://www.ands.dz/circulaire_04_risque_rabique.pdf\n\n-Adrar. (2012, le 17 novembre). Daïra enclavée de Bordj Badji-Mokhtar : Une caravane médicale au profit des habitants. Midi Libre, APS. Repéré à http://www.lemidi-dz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&id_article=midi_centre%40art8%402012-11-17\n-Noredine Izouaouen. (2013, le 8 juin). 75% de femmes atteintes de polyarthrite rhumatoïde : Une caravane de sensibilisation sillonne l’est du pays. Reporters. repéré à http://www.reporters.dz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1210:75-de-femmes-atteintes-de-polyarthrite-rhumatoide--une-caravane-de-sensibilisation-sillonne-lest-du-pays&catid=10:ti\n-APS. (2013, le 3 avril). Campagne d’élimination du trachome dans 12 wilayas du Sud et 3 des Hauts Plateaux. APS. Repéré à http://www.aps.dz/spip.php?page=article&id_article=94956\n\n-Salah Eddine K.. (2012, le 22 octobre). Plaidoyer pour une meilleure sensibilisation sur la grippe. Le quotidien d’Oran. Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5174571\nhttp://www.lequotidien-oran.com/index.php?news=5174571\n\n-Rachida Merkouche. (2013, le 18 mai). Otite, angine et sinusite, la sensibilisation et la prévention font défaut : Des maladies qui se heurtent à l'incompréhension et au laisser-aller. La tribune. Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/82718\n\n-APS. (2013, le 15 janvier). Sensibilisation au cancer du sein dans plusieurs régions du pays. APS. Repéré à http://www.aps.dz/spip.php?page=article&id_article=81043\n\n-Nacer Hannachi. (2013, le 26 janvier). Sensibilisation en milieu scolaire pour des dents saines :La santé buccodentaire intéresse peu la population. La tribune. Repéré à http://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/77860","En Algérie, les campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique prennent généralement une envergure nationale. Elles sont occasionnelles et ne durent pas plus de quelques jours. P..."]
["2013_AO_107",2013,"AO","Angola",107,50,"Although it was not possible to gather compiled data on educational health campaigns, news reports confirmed a considerable number of examples of such initiatives, promoted by entities including the central government, provincial governments and health agencies. The campaigns covered health topics including blood pressure, malaria, polio, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), among others, and involved schools, local religious organisations and civil society partners, and was readily comprehensible.\n\nRequests for information addressed to the Health Ministry did not receive any response.","(2013, April 18) .  Autoridades sanitárias em campanhas de sensibilização contra schistosomiáse.  ANGOP.  Retrieved from http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/saude/2013/3/16/Autoridades-sanitarias-campanhas-sensibilizacao-contra-schistosomiase,20703f6f-d96f-4df6-8984-40c03546589f.html \n\n(2013, June 7) .  Campanha da pólio arranca em Luanda.  Angonoticias.  Retrieved from http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/38805/campanha-da-polio-arranca-em-luanda \n\n(n.d.) .  Republic of Angola Ministério da Saúde.  Retrieved from http://www.minsa.gov.ao/Default.aspx\n\n(2013, April 5) .  Saúde promove campanha de prevenção contra hipertensão arterial.  ANGOP.  Retrieved from http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/saude/2013/3/14/Saude-promove-campanha-prevencao-contra-hipertensao-arterial,a1d12a0c-87df-4475-add7-b09254f73659.html","Although it was not possible to gather compiled data on educational health campaigns, news reports confirmed a considerable number of examples of such initiatives, promoted by entities including the central government, provincial governments and health agencies. The campaigns cover..."]
["2013_BJ_107",2013,"BJ","Benin",107,100,"Les Béninois peuvent facilement trouver d'abondantes informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement, les informations sont présentées en des termes facilement compréhensibles pour les citoyens ayant un faible niveau d’éducation et les risques de santé publique, tels que les épidémies, donnent lieu à des campagnes de sensibilisation.\nLes campagnes de vaccination contre la polio ou encore la méningite sont organisées chaque année. De plus, lors des épidémies de choléra ou de méningite, le gouvernement organise des campagnes dans les médias locaux afin de mobiliser et d’amener les populations à prendre des précautions.","Christian Dallet. (15 Novembre 2012). Bénin: Santé - La campagne de vaccination contre la méningite est lancée. Alllafrica.com. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201211160596.html\n\nBénin : Lancement d'une vaste campagne de vaccination contre la rougeole. (24 mars 2013). Xinhua. http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2013/3/24/benin-lancement-dune-vaste-campagne-vaccination-contre-rougeole-220658.asp\n\nBÉNIN : Une campagne de vaccination contre la polio interrompue par la grève des professionnels de santé. (1 juin 2009). IRINNEWS.http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/84647/b%C3%89nin-une-campagne-de-vaccination-contre-la-polio-interrompue-par-la-gr%C3%A8ve-des-professionnels-de","Les Béninois peuvent facilement trouver d'abondantes informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement, les informations sont présentées en des termes facilement compréhensibles pour les citoyens ayant un faible niveau d’éducation et les risques de santé p..."]
["2013_BW_107",2013,"BW","Botswana",107,100,"The ministry of health is quite pro-active in terms of spearheading information campaigns about common illnesses, such as TB, HIV/AIDS, breast cancer and outbreaks of malaria. It usually acts in collaboration with partner organisations. For Instance, new programmes targeted at reducing HIV/AIDS are always developed yearly with the help of local organisations that deal with issues concerning the disease.\n\nThe latest information campaign in terms of HIV is the country-wide male circumcision campaign which encourages men to get circumcised in order to reduce chances of  sexually transmitted diseases. The campaign information is usually provided in both English and local languages.","1. Article: Swagg campaign trims more than 11k, Modiri Mogende, Botswana Gazette, July 25 2013, http://www.gazettebw.com/?p=4068.\n\n2. Article: Safe Male Circumcision Campaign, African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships,  June 24 2013, www.achap.org/news.\n\n3. Website: Botswana National HIV/AIDS Response/Ministry Of Health, Botswana Government Portal, www.gov.bw.\n\n4. Article:  Setswana phrase used for safe male circumcision campaign changed, Gabz FM, March 26 2013, http://www.gabzfm.com/setswana-phrase-used-safe-male-circumcision-campaign-changed.","The ministry of health is quite pro-active in terms of spearheading information campaigns about common illnesses, such as TB, HIV/AIDS, breast cancer and outbreaks of malaria. It usually acts in collaboration with partner organisations. For Instance, new programmes targeted at redu..."]
["2013_BF_107",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",107,50,"Il existe des campagnes de sensibilisation organisées par le Ministère de la Santé, le Conseil National de Lutte contre le Sida (CNLS), et certaines organisations de la société civile, sur les maladies courantes au Burkina Faso. Il s'agit notamment de la poliomyélite, du VIH Sida, du paludisme, de la tuberculose, etc. Cela se fait à travers la télévision nationale, des affiches disponibles dans les centres de santé et certains lieux publiques. Les messages sont plus ou moins accessibles. Certains prennent la forme de représentations imagées, mais la plupart des contenus sont écrits en français, ce qui les rend inaccessibles à la grande majorité de la population, qui est analphabète.","Interview avec René Segbo, directeur, Direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle (DCPM), ministère de la Santé, 6 octobre 2013.\n\nCroix-Rouge Burkinabé, site Internet : http://croixrougebf.org/spip.php?article79\n\nManakounou, A. (23 septembre 2013). Sensibilisation des détenus : Le ministère de la Justice apporte sa pierre à la lutte contre le VIH/ SIDA. Aouaga.com : http://news.aouaga.com/h/13825.html","Il existe des campagnes de sensibilisation organisées par le Ministère de la Santé, le Conseil National de Lutte contre le Sida (CNLS), et certaines organisations de la société civile, sur les maladies courantes au Burkina Faso. Il s'agit notamment de la poliomyélite, du VIH Sida, ..."]
["2013_BI_107",2013,"BI","Burundi",107,75,"Selon l’OMS (fiche pays 2013), le profil épidémiologique actuel du pays montre que le Burundi continue de payer un lourd tribut à la morbidité et mortalité des maladies transmissibles à cause de la guerre civile. Dans la stratégie 2013, la deuxième recommandation est d’accroître le budget alloué à la santé dans la dépense publique. L’éducation pour la santé est un des défis majeurs. \n\nSelon l’OMS, l’éducation pour la santé reste un défi majeur au Burundi en 2013. Cependant, les citoyens peuvent facilement trouver des informations sur la prévention du paludisme et de la transmission du VIH. Il y a aussi diverses campagnes de sensibilisation, même si une grande partie est financée par des sources externes.\n\nSelon Come Bageni : « Dans la pratique, il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention et à les sensibiliser aux risques pour la santé. En effet, en cas d’épidémie, les radios et télévisions font des émissions visant à éduquer la population sur les attitudes à prendre pour combattre une maladie. »\n\nSelon Christine Manirambona: « Des campagnes de santé existent et se font souvent en cas d’épidémie (le choléra, de dysenterie bacillaire, la tuberculose, etc.). Il y a aussi les campagnes de vaccination. La note de 100 % est méritée pour l’existence de ces campagnes. Ces maladies exigent la participation de tous pour éradiquer une épidémie. »\n\nL’hebdomadaire Urundi Eco: « La population de la province Bubanza est appelée à adhérer massivement aux méthodes contraceptives. Le directeur du Programme national de la santé de la reproduction (PNSR), Dr Juma Ndereye, a invité la population de la province Bubanza à adhérer massivement aux méthodes contraceptives. C’était lors d’une campagne de sensibilisation sur la planification familiale organisée par le Ministère de la Santé publique et de la lutte contre le Sida en collaboration avec le Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population (UNFAP) du 16 au 19 octobre 2013. »\n\nLa ministre burundaise de Santé publique et de la Lutte contre le sida, Sabine Ntakarutimana, a déclaré à l’occasion de cet atelier que l’accent de la campagne 2014 sera mis sur la prévention. Le paludisme constitue la première cause de mortalité au Burundi, surtout chez les enfants et les femmes enceintes. Selon le ministère de Santé du Burundi, le taux de prévalence VIH était de 1,4 % en 2010, avec plus de 98 000 personnes vivant avec le VIH en 2011. Le pays est aux prises avec une faible couverture du traitement pour seulement 49 % des personnes ayant accès à des traitements antirétroviraux. Lors d’une journée de sensibilisation en 2013, le second vice-président du Burundi a avoué qu’en tant que pays qui a émergé d’une longue guerre civile, le Burundi est toujours en phase de reconstruction et a besoin du soutien externe pour mener des campagnes de prévention efficaces. \nPour la lutte contre le paludisme, le gouvernement organise des ateliers de mobilisation sociale pour sensibiliser la population aux campagnes de distribution de moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticide. Une nouvelle campagne est prévue en février 2014 (campagne MILDA 2014). Le pays compte sur un Programme national intégré de lutte contre le paludisme (PNILP).","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nManirambona Christine, étudiante en Médecine à l’Université de Ngozi. 24 octobre 2013\n\nHebdomadaire soci-économique: Burundi Eco, n° 23, 25 octobre 2013\n\n«Le Burundi marque sa Journée nationale de lutte contre le sida et s'engage pour une génération sans sida», site web ONUSIDA, 8 mai 2013.\nhttp://www.unaids.org/fr/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2013/may/20130508burundi/\n\n«Burundi : mobilisation sociale en prélude à la campagne de distribution des moustiquaires 2014», Agence Xinhua, 26 octobre 2013. http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2013-10/26/content_30409255.htm\n\nOMS, fiche pays Burundi, 2013. http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_bdi_fr.pdf","Selon l’OMS (fiche pays 2013), le profil épidémiologique actuel du pays montre que le Burundi continue de payer un lourd tribut à la morbidité et mortalité des maladies transmissibles à cause de la guerre civile. Dans la stratégie 2013, la deuxième recommandation est d’accroître le..."]
["2013_CM_107",2013,"CM","Cameroon",107,100,"In Cameroon, there is an agency in charge of prevention campaigns and educating people about the diseases that fall under the public health portfolio within the Ministry of Health. The Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV, or Expanded Immunization Campaign) with decentralised state structures, organizes annual vaccination campaigns in partnership with decentralised state organizations. The campaigns are generally preceded by an education session involving health centres and health facilities, according to Dr. Augustin Totokam, who runs 11 community health centres in the district of Yaoundé I.\nThe diversity of these campaigns can also be seen on the website of the Ministry of Health. They often tackle disease arising from negligence or poor hygiene, such as cholera and intestinal worms. They also cover AIDS, yellow fever, hepatitis and tetanus. A complete program for mothers and children has been developed during the year, such as SASNINE. Cameroon Tribune, the government daily, covers several of these campaigns as can be seen in the above links.","Augustin, Totokam Augustin.  (2013, September 29) .  [District head of the Cité-Verte in Yaoundé] .  Personal communication.\n\nMbossa, P.  (2013, September 11) .  Cameroon: Far North vaccinates children against polio.  Cameroon Tribune.\n\nNgono, M.  (2013, March) . 500 vaccines against tetanus and yellow fever administered in Monatélé.  Cameroon Tribune.\n\n(n.d.) .  [\"Programmes\" section, for information on various diseases that have been the subject of health campaign over the years].  Retrieved from http://www.minsante.gov.cm/site/minsante.php?lang=fr","In Cameroon, there is an agency in charge of prevention campaigns and educating people about the diseases that fall under the public health portfolio within the Ministry of Health. The Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV, or Expanded Immunization Campaign) with decentralised state..."]
["2013_CV_107",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",107,100,"In Cape Verde there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention. The leadership of the campaigns is assumed by the ministry of health and implemented with the help of the armed forces, public institutions, associations, and NGO´s.\nThe information is  displayed on institutional websites such as the ministry and armed forces, but also in radio and television campaigns, and at hospitals. Most of the time, some youngsters volunteer for one-on-one engagement campaigns and the authorities hire people to go to neighbourhoods and sensitise people.","1. Marilena Baessa, president of the Capeverdean Institute for Children and Adolescent, October 28, 2013.\n\n2. Julio Lima, medical staff of sta Cruz Hospital.\n\n3. Ministry of health website: http://www.governo.cv/\n\n4. Public TV website: http://www.rtc.cv/index.php?paginas=45&id_cod=28092, campaign against dengue fever mosquitoes, implemented by the armed forces and coordinated by the ministry of health.","In Cape Verde there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention. The leadership of the campaigns is assumed by the ministry of health and implemented with the help of the armed forces, public institutions, associations, and NGO´s...."]
["2013_CF_107",2013,"CF","CAR",107,50,"L’État centrafricain a procédé à l’élaboration de divers programmes d’éradication ou de prise en charge de certaines maladies, parfois d’envergure épidémiques. La question du VIH/sida revêt ici une importance particulière, et un programme de prévention de la transmission parent enfant du VIH (PTPE) a été mis en place. Il vise l’éducation de la population et repose sur des activités d’information et de communication au sujet des maladies sexuellement transmissibles. Un autre programme concerne le paludisme, une maladie aux proportions endémiques en République centrafricaine. Outre son versant éducationnel, ce second programme comporte aussi des campagnes de vaccination et de distribution de moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticide. Ces efforts menés sur le terrain sont appuyés par une émission radiodiffusée intitulée « Santé magazine ». Il est cependant à noter que les différents programmes de santé publique instaurés en République centrafricaine n’atteignent pas l’ensemble de la population, les habitants des provinces demeurant largement hors de leur portée.","Anselme Gassa, Directeur de la formation et du perfectionnement, ministère des Affaires sociales, de la Famille et de la Solidarité, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nGermaine Grekoulet, ministère des Affaires sociales, de la Famille et de la Solidarité, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nAgnès Paule Kobondit Douathe, médecin généraliste, clinique Emergency, 21 septembre 2013.","L’État centrafricain a procédé à l’élaboration de divers programmes d’éradication ou de prise en charge de certaines maladies, parfois d’envergure épidémiques. La question du VIH/sida revêt ici une importance particulière, et un programme de prévention de la transmission parent enf..."]
["2013_TD_107",2013,"TD","Chad",107,75,"Le Ministère tchadien de la Santé publique a lancé des campagnes de vaccination contre les maladies courantes telles que la poliomyélite, le sida, la fièvre jaune. Selon le Ministère de la Sante publique, le pays n'a enregistré que 5 cas de poliomyélite en 2012. Appuyé par l’UNICEF, le gouvernement du Tchad est venu en aide aux enfants Tchadiens. Les campagnes de sensibilisation se font dans les langues appropriées, en fonction de la localité, pour plus d'efficacité. Il existe également des campagnes audio-visuelles.\nDans le cadre de la lutte contre la polio, selon des données officielles, le Tchad a planifié quatre tournées nationales en 2013. Le plan de lutte 2013-2015 prévoit l’introduction de la technologie GPS pour optimiser son efficacité dans les zones cruciales à haut risque.","Interview, Source anonyme 1,11 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nRépublique du Tchad, ministère de la Santé publique. (Maris 2013). « Santé des nomades : Les enfants nomades désormais vaccinés ».  Ministère de la Santé publique: http://www.sante-tchad.org/Sante-des-nomades-Les-enfants-nomades-desormais-vaccines_a148.html\n\nUnicef Tchad. 22 avril 2013. «Polio : atteindre et vacciner les enfants nomades au Tchad ». YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW4-5SZRaQI","Le Ministère tchadien de la Santé publique a lancé des campagnes de vaccination contre les maladies courantes telles que la poliomyélite, le sida, la fièvre jaune. Selon le Ministère de la Sante publique, le pays n'a enregistré que 5 cas de poliomyélite en 2012. Appuyé par l’UNICEF..."]
["2013_KM_107",2013,"KM","Comoros",107,25,"Il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention. Ces campagnes, qui se présentent sous différentes formes toutefois, ne sont toutefois pas fréquentes. Les amis du cœur ont par exemple choisi la caravane médicale pour donner des soins gratuits, des consultations aux diabétiques et aux autres personnes souffrant d’hypertension artérielle.  (Ahmed, 2 juillet 2013).\nLa coopération bilatérale joue un rôle primordial dans l’accomplissement de la lutte contre les maladies épidémiques, et le rôle de la Chine, qui a octroyé une aide importante, est digne de mention (Abdou, octobre 2013). Le Fonds Mondial contre le Sida qui a octroyé des motocyclettes pour la lutte contre le Sida (Abdilah, n.d.).\nIl est à noter que les campagnes de sensibilisation en 2012-13 ont été encore plus rares que dans les années précédentes.","Ahmed, T. ( 2 juillet 2013). « Amis du cœur, sensibilisation sur le diabète et l’hypertension artérielle ». Al Watwan Magazine: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=5441\n\nAbdou, I. M. (octobre 2013). « Paludisme, lancement officiel de la campagne jeudi dernier à Mkazi ». La Gazette des Comores: Oct 2013, http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article2186\n\nAbdilah, A.A. (n.d.). «Des voitures et des motos aux commissariats de la santé des iles ». La Gazette des Comores: http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?article2015","Il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention. Ces campagnes, qui se présentent sous différentes formes toutefois, ne sont toutefois pas fréquentes. Les amis du cœur ont par exemple choisi la caravane médicale pour donn..."]
["2013_CD_107",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",107,100,"Le taux d’accès aux services sanitaires a régressé de 68,7 en 2005 à 65,8% en 2011, ainsi que le taux d’utilisation des services de santé, de 26,7% en 2005 à 23,8% en 2011. Pourtant les citoyens peuvent facilement trouver d'abondantes informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement. Par exemple, le Conseil National de Lutte Contre le Sida (CNLS) œuvre d'arrache-pied pour informer, prévenir et apporter des soins aux personnes vivants avec le SIDA. \nEn effet selon une étude Etude Démographique de Santé (EDS), organisée en 2009 par le CNLS, les femmes congolaises sont plus touchées par le virus que les hommes. Le CNLS est un organe technique et œuvre de manière multisectorielle, il a d'autres partenaires (le ministère des finances, le ministère du travail ...).\nLes femmes enceinte atteints de SIDA sont prises en charge dans le cadre du programme de lutte contre la transmission du virus de la mère à l'enfant.\nLe programme de lutte contre le Paludisme est mené par le programme national de lutte contre le paludisme (PNLP). Au niveau des campagnes de préventions, chaque 25 avril, le Congo célèbre la journée mondiale du paludisme (campagne nationale). Dans le cadre des campagnes ciblées au niveau départemental, il y a des activités suivant le profil de chaque département. Un brouillon de la campagne est disponible.\nLa tuberculose\nLa drépanocytose\nLes épidémies ponctuelles (choléra, virus Ébola....)\nLes campagnes de sensibilisation et d’information sont présentées en des termes facilement compréhensibles pour les citoyens ayant une éducation limitée. Le CNLS a noué un partenariat avec la 7ème édition du Festival Panafricain de la Musique (FESPAM) dans le cadre d'une campagne de sensibilisation sur le SIDA en direction des jeunes peu éduqués.\nLe gouvernement veut renforcer l’offre de soins de santé à travers la promotion des services de santé, le marketing social et la communication ; le développement des mécanismes d'appropriation de l'action sanitaire.","1 - Entretien le octobre 2013 avec le Dr Urbain LEMEBEMOKO, chef de service au service coordination à la direction générale de la santé (service rattaché au ministère de la santé).\n\n2 - Entretien du jeudi octobre avec le Dr Urbain A. LEMEBEMOKO, chef de service coordination à la direction générale de la santé, ministère de la Santé.\n\n3 - Entretien  le 26 octobre 2013 avec M. Jean-Florent MBANZA, inspecteur d'enseignement technique et professionnel, spécialité santé publique, à l'école paramédicale et médicaux social de Brazzaville. Membre de l'ONG Médecin d'Afrique et membre d'AMSCO (Agence de Marketing Sociale du Congo) dans le cadre du projet prévention VIHS/SIDA en Afrique Centrale (PPSAC). \n\n4 - Dr William POATY, responsable santé au (CNLS). \n\n5 - PLAN NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT SANITAIRE (P.N.D.S) 2007 – 2011\n\n6 - Conseil National de Lutte Contre le Sida (CNLS), http://www.cnls-congobrazza.org/.","Le taux d’accès aux services sanitaires a régressé de 68,7 en 2005 à 65,8% en 2011, ainsi que le taux d’utilisation des services de santé, de 26,7% en 2005 à 23,8% en 2011. Pourtant les citoyens peuvent facilement trouver d'abondantes informations sur les maladies courantes, leur p..."]
["2013_CG_107",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",107,75,"1. Les autorités du pays, par le truchement du programme national de lutte contre le paludisme (PNLP), ont lancé en septembre 2013, la « campagne nationale de distribution des moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticides à longue durée d’action ». Par cette campagne, la population est sensibilisée sur les moyens de prévention et de lutte contre le paludisme. D’ailleurs, la sensibilisation se fait au travers des médias. Par exemple, une chanson passe sur les petits écrans toute la journée.                   \nSource : Ministère de la Santé : http://www.minisanterdc.cd/new/index.php/sample-sites.  \n\n2. Le ministre de la Santé publique n’a pas hésité un seul instant à organiser avec l’appui de ses partenaires des journées locales et nationales de vaccination. En séjour à Goma, Dr Félix Kabange y a lancé des campagnes de vaccination pour sauver les vies de plusieurs enfants qui n’étaient pas vaccinés à cause de l’occupation de cette ville par les rebelles. Grâce aux différentes campagnes de vaccination, sur l’ensemble du pays, plus de 19 millions d’enfants ont été vaccinés. D’ailleurs, depuis décembre 2011 le pays ne connait aucun cas de polio.\n\n3. Dans le cadre de la lutte contre le paludisme, plus de 12 963 844 moustiquaires imprégnées\nd’insecticide ont été distribuées aux ménages dans les différentes provinces du pays. En plus de cela, 34 328 unités de sang sécurisées ont été collectées auprès de donneurs bénévoles pour contribuer à la prise en charge des malades qui en avaient besoin.\nEn 2012, près de 3000 personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida ont été mises sous traitement antirétroviral pour atteindre un total cumulé de 56 554 malades en août 2012. Pour réduire la transmission du sida de la mère à l’enfant, 2 737 femmes ont été placées sous traitement antirétroviral.\nSource : Retro santé 2012, http://www.minisanterdc.cd/new/images/Documents/Retro%20sant%C3%A9%20%202012.pdf.\n\n4. La structure chargée des soins de santé primaires en milieu rural (Sanru) vient de lancer une campagne de promotion de la gratuité des moustiquaires au profit des femmes enceintes et enfants de moins d’un an. La cérémonie de lancement officiel de cette campagne a eu lieu le vendredi 20 septembre 2013 à Kinshasa. \n— Site du journal Le Potentiel du 22/09/2013 : http://lepotentielonline.com/site2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2928:sanru-lance-la-campagne-de-distribution-gratuite-de-moustiquaires-impregnees-d-insecticide&catid=91:regions&Itemid=475&lang=en.\n\n5. Le programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, en collaboration avec le ministère de l’EPSP et la firme pharmaceutique Sanofi Aventis, vient de lancer une campagne de lutte contre le paludisme en milieu scolaire.\n— Voir : http://www.7sur7.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43351:pnlp--lancement-de-la-campagne-ecoliers-contre-le-paludisme-en-rdc; publié le 28/10/2013","1. Ministère de la Santé : http://www.minisanterdc.cd/new/index.php/sample-sites. \n\n3. Retro santé 2012, http://www.minisanterdc.cd/new/images/Documents/Retro%20sant%C3%A9%20%202012.pdf.\n\n4. Site du journal Le Potentiel du 22/09/2013 :  http://lepotentielonline.com/site2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2928:sanru-lance-la-campagne-de-distribution-gratuite-de-moustiquaires-impregnees-d-insecticide&catid=91:regions&Itemid=475&lang=en.\n\n5.  Voir : http://www.7sur7.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43351:pnlp--lancement-de-la-campagne-ecoliers-contre-le-paludisme-en-rdc; publié le 28/10/2013.","1. Les autorités du pays, par le truchement du programme national de lutte contre le paludisme (PNLP), ont lancé en septembre 2013, la « campagne nationale de distribution des moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticides à longue durée d’action ». Par cette campagne, la population est s..."]
["2013_CI_107",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",107,100,"Au cours des recherches, il a été permis au chercheur d’obtenir des informations sur des campagnes de prévention, d’information ou opérations de sensibilisation portant sur des risques sanitaires, épidémies ou encore efforts de santé publique (opérations de vaccination notamment). Ces efforts sont menés par voie de presse écrite, par le biais d’Internet, de la télévision, de la radio, d’affichage public dans les centres de santé ou encore à travers l’organisation de conférences et autres évènements publics, non seulement dans la capitale, mais aussi à l’intérieur du pays. Il existe à cet effet un Programme national de prévention des maladies non-transmissibles. Le site Internet du ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le SIDA sert aussi à diffuser des informations de sensibilisation ainsi que des alertes sanitaires portant soit sur des campagnes de vaccination, soit sur des risques. Cependant, il n’est pas toujours évident de vérifier l’impact effectif de ces efforts et qu’ils atteignent bien leurs cibles et leurs buts.","- République de Côte d’Ivoire. (28 octobre 2013). « Journée mondiale du lavage des mains: la ministre de la Santé lance les activités de sensibilisation ». Portail officiel du gouvernement de Côte d’Ivoire. Repéré à : http://www.gouv.ci/actualite_1.php?recordID=3978\n\n- Notre Voie. (20 juin 2013). « Cote d’Ivoire: Pandémie de l’asthme - Bientôt une vaste campagne de sensibilisation ». Urgences-ci.net. Repéré à : http://urgences-ci.net/cote-d-ivoire-pandemie-de-l-asthme-bientot-une-vaste-campagne-de-sensibilisation-1748.html\n\n- République de Côte d’Ivoire, ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le SIDA. « Alerte sanitaire. Grande campagne de vaccination contre la fièvre jaune dans 33 districts sanitaires en Côte d'Ivoire ». Site Internet du ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le SIDA. Repéré à : http://www.sante.gouv.ci/index2.php?page=al&ID=4\n\n- République de Côte d’Ivoire, ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le SIDA. Liste des campagnes. Site Internet du ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le SIDA. Repéré à  http://www.sante.gouv.ci/index2.php?page=cam&ID=0\n\n- Péguy, S. (27 février 2013). « Santé. Caravane de la lutte contre le VIH-Sida: une campagne de sensibilisation annoncée en milieu scolaire » L’Intelligent d'Abidjan, Abidjan.net. Repéré à : http://news.abidjan.net/h/452840.html","Au cours des recherches, il a été permis au chercheur d’obtenir des informations sur des campagnes de prévention, d’information ou opérations de sensibilisation portant sur des risques sanitaires, épidémies ou encore efforts de santé publique (opérations de vaccination notamment). ..."]
["2013_DJ_107",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",107,75,"Le ministère de la santé de Djibouti entreprend des vastes campagnes médiatiques de sensibilisation sur les maladies courantes comme le diabète, l’hypertension, l’hépatite.\nÀ cette fin, il diffuse des annonces télévisés et des messages dans les journaux, mais concentre ses efforts sur les messages radiophoniques, 70 %  de la population djiboutienne affirmant s’informer principalement par ce média. La priorité est donnée aux maladies liées à la mère et à l’enfant pour atteindre les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement.\nLes connaissances de la population concernant les maladies courantes a augmenté par rapport aux années précédentes. Dans l’ensemble, les gens se soignent bien et suivent les traitements prescrits pour les différentes maladies dont ils souffrent. Par exemple, alors que le diabète est très répandu, la population commence à maitriser cette maladie et les personnes atteintes sont très bien informées qu’elles peuvent vivre de longues années si elles suivent le traitement et qu’elles font attention à leur régime alimentaire.","1) Deka Aboubaker Hadi, directrice de la promotion de la santé, ministère de la Santé, 02 octobre 2013.\n\n2) Docteur Abdi Nour,  médécin généraliste, au Service médical interentreprises (SMI), 30 septembre 2013.","Le ministère de la santé de Djibouti entreprend des vastes campagnes médiatiques de sensibilisation sur les maladies courantes comme le diabète, l’hypertension, l’hépatite.\nÀ cette fin, il diffuse des annonces télévisés et des messages dans les journaux, mais concent..."]
["2013_EG_107",2013,"EG","Egypt",107,50,"Since the Mubarak era, the Egyptian state has on occasion raised awareness of public health issues. While there is little information available online, the state engages in poster campaigns and also information is available over the phone. During the sample period, the Ministry of Health launched or promoted campaigns against hepatitis and bilhazira. In particular, the polio campaign was widely promoted across Egypt during the period. Yet, while the Egyptian government does fund various public health campaigns, their implementation is often haphazard. Egyptians do have access to very basic health education over the phone, the Internet or through visits to local clinics.","Al-Shoura, Amr.  November 2013 .  [Member of the Doctors Syndicate General Committee in 2012 and spokesperson of Doctors Without Rights].  Personal communication.\n\nMohsen, Sally.  (2013, November 10-11) .  [Global health researcher, University of Tampere and project coordinator at Save the Children country office].  Personal communication.\n\nWebsites accessed November 2013:\n\n(n.d. Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Health.  Retrieved from http://www.mohp.gov.eg/default.aspx\n\n(n.d.) .  Behman.  [Private hospital].  Retrieved from http://www.behman.com/\n\n(n.d.) .  [Report by Alexandria library].  Retrieved from http://www.bibalex.org/arf/ar/activities/fasad_report.pdf","Since the Mubarak era, the Egyptian state has on occasion raised awareness of public health issues. While there is little information available online, the state engages in poster campaigns and also information is available over the phone. During the sample period, the Ministry of ..."]
["2013_GQ_107",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",107,50,"The major health campaigns in the country during the period of review were on malaria and child vaccination. The information was easy to understand and accessible as it was provided in the two major broadcast media outfits, radio and television. These outfits provided information on prevention and raised awareness. Major health hazards do not always trigger large awareness campaigns. Information on other common illnesses and prevention that continue to be major concerns in the country such as tuberculosis, child malnutrition, HIV and contraception are not as easy to find and the information is sometimes incomplete.","African Development Bank.  (2013) .  Equatorial Guinea country strategy paper 2013-2017.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Equatorial%20Guinea%20-%202013-2017%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper.pdf\n\nAngue, E.  (2013, July 11) .  Movimiento contra la dictadura en Guinea Ecuatorial (MLCD) Organizacion De Mujeres (OMMLCD).  Guinea Ecuatorial Net.  Retrieved from http://www.guinea-ecuatorial.net/ms/main.asp?cd=ni8834\n\nAnonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society/doctor, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Fishery and Environment.  (2012, May) .  Informe Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, Rio+20. Paper presented at the Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible.  Retrieved from http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/976equatorialguinea.pdf \n\nWorld Health Organization.  (2013) .   Estrategia de cooperación Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_gnq_09_es.pdf","The major health campaigns in the country during the period of review were on malaria and child vaccination. The information was easy to understand and accessible as it was provided in the two major broadcast media outfits, radio and television. These outfits provided information o..."]
["2013_ER_107",2013,"ER","Eritrea",107,75,"Eritrea is one of the countries targeted to meet the MDG Goals on HIV, Malaria and TB. The Ministry of Health is very organized and works with every sector of the society. It conducts regular campaigns on awareness raising and education of the people. There are regular campaigns and they are designed in a way that uneducated rural communities can understand the information (interview). Outbreaks are usually, but not always, well managed, and educational health campaigns are often part of the response.\n\nStrengthening health education and promotion is a key part of the MOH strategy (National Health Policy). According to a 2013 WHO report, Eritrea has made significant progress on healthcare, and has reached a state where the five major vaccine-preventable diseases are no longer a public health issue.","Interview with key informant at the Ministry of Health who requested anonymity, 2013.\n\nWHO Country Cooperation Strategy. \"At a Glance - Eritrea,\" 2013. Accessed on March 14, 2014. http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_eri_en.pdf\n\nNational Health Policy, State of Eritrea, Ministry of Health, 2010.\nhttp://www.who.int/medical_devices/survey_resources/health_technology_national_policy_eritrea.pdf","Eritrea is one of the countries targeted to meet the MDG Goals on HIV, Malaria and TB. The Ministry of Health is very organized and works with every sector of the society. It conducts regular campaigns on awareness raising and education of the people. There are regular campaigns an..."]
["2013_ET_107",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",107,50,"The available information shows there are efforts by the government to make information available and the services accessible but implementation is poor because of the limited infrastructure, the information/education being seasonal and the packaging of such is not tailored to be useful for clients with low education. \n\nThe health professional interviewee states: \"Even if it is known that health education is basic and essential element in prevention of common illnesses, there are some shortcomings in the process...  During the incidence of epidemic conditions, the health extension workers in rural areas provide information to the community by their own language and provide the available preventive measure. In urban areas, at hospital level, there is no health education provision at all. Mostly they run to provide the health service than providing information on common illnesses. But in some situation such as in the case of pregnancy, family planning and child health service provision (department level) areas, there might be some kind of intermittent  health education. At health center level, it is an interrupted process and not being as such well prepared information provided for the clients. Mostly, it is just for the sake of reporting purpose.  Mostly the health education is ineffective in nature. The campaigns tend to be sporadic, and not tailored to reach the less educated citizens, and the disseminated information mostly  tends to be incomplete.","1. Interview, Expert with the Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Oct. 7, 2013.\n\n2. Interview, Health Professional and Researcher, Addis Ababa, Oct. 8, 2013.","The available information shows there are efforts by the government to make information available and the services accessible but implementation is poor because of the limited infrastructure, the information/education being seasonal and the packaging of such is not tailored to be u..."]
["2013_GA_107",2013,"GA","Gabon",107,100,"Access to information about disease prevention and treatment greatly improved during the study period. \n\nIn the period from September 2012 to September 2013, there were ongoing health campaigns in Gabon: cancer prevention, HIV/AIDS events, malaria and social protection for widows. The information was disseminated in easy-to-grasp ways for citizens with less education: special events, TV spots, street billboards or dedicated hotlines.\n\nTo coincide with the country’s first marathon (Marathon du Gabon) on December 1, 2013, personnel from the Direction Générale de la Prévention du SIDA (DGPS) set up tents next to the \"Marathon Village\" in downtown Libreville to raise awareness about HIV transmission. Gabonese television later ran spots asking children what they learned from HIV/AIDS workshops held at public schools the previous week.\n\nThe Fondation Sylvia Bongo Ondimba (FSBO) plays a critical role in raising awareness not only about epidemics (HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria), but also about underreported social ills, such as programs to prevent domestic violence, child trafficking and predatory practices on widows. The one-off campaigns often trigger government awareness campaigns at a national level spearheaded by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Social Affairs. \n\nFSBO is a social activist organization headed by the wife of President Ali Bongo Ondimba. In 2012–2013, the FSBO has worked on several of the campaigns together with the Ministry of Health and the Morocco-based Lalla Salman Foundation. The organization sees its advocacy role as a way to shed light on current social ills. The most prominent and comprehensive program so far has been the cancer prevention program.\n\nIn addition, organizations such as the Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP) partnered with international development banks during the study period to finance the distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\nInterview with cancer patients and nurses at the Institut de Cancérologie de LIbreville (ICL), part of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) in Angondjé, September 26, 2013, Libreville. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nLe Grand, Erwin.  (2013, September 30).  [Healthcare project manager at Silvia Bongo Ondimba Foundation (FSBO), Libreville].  Personal communication \n\nDissumba D.M.  (2013, November 4) .  Vers un Plan stratégique national de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA.  Gabon Review.  Retrieved from http://gabonreview.com/blog/vers-un-plan-strategique-national-de-lutte-contre-le-vihsida-2/\n\nMAC (December 3, 2012). \"Lutte contre le sida : « objectif zéro: zéro nouvelle infection, zéro discrimination, zéro décès lié au sida\" GabonEco: http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=27020\n\nASMP. (November 27, 2012). \"Plus de 2000 taxis engagés dans la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA à Libreville\". GabonEco: http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=26945\n\nGabon Eco. (January 24, 2012). \"50.000 ballons pour symboliser la lutte contre le sida\". GabonEco: http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=24505\n\nSEE.  (2013, July 18) .  BICIG et le PNLP en guerre contre le paludisme.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30083\n\n(n.d.) .  Sylvia Bongo Ondimba Foundation (FSBO).  [Was under construction in November 2013].  Retrieved from http://www.fondationsylviabongoondimba.org\n\n(n.d.) .  Sylvia Bongo Ondimba Foundation (FSBO) .  Facebook.  [With postings on the Foundation's ongoing health campaigns].  Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/pages/Sylvia-Bongo-Ondimba/155356889540","Access to information about disease prevention and treatment greatly improved during the study period. ..."]
["2013_GM_107",2013,"GM","The Gambia",107,100,"There are many health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention. Alerting them to the public health hazards such as epidemics are not only frequently carried out by the government but also by non-governmental institutions, including the private sector. Such information is also easy to grasp by all in that it is presented in all the local languages. Epidemics also trigger awareness in that information about such epidemics is given in all the local languages. The availability of information through different institutions, the internet, and hospitals  helps all people have access to such information.","1. Gambia: Combating Malaria, AllAfrica.com, August 19 2013, available at http://www.fightingmalaria.org/news.aspx?id=2011.\n\n2. Gambia: MOHSW to Begin Nationwide Polio Campaign, the Daily Observer, by Momodou Faal, October 8 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201310081326.html.\n\n3.Innovations in Healthcare, Working through traditional social structures to educate about malaria in the Gambia, Catholic Relief Services, http://www.crsprogramquality.org/storage/health/Health-innovations-Gambia-LLIN%20and%20Kabilo.pdf. accessed October 2013\n\n4. In the Community, Comium Gambia, available at http://www.comium.gm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=12, accessed October 2013.","There are many health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention. Alerting them to the public health hazards such as epidemics are not only frequently carried out by the government but also by non-governmental institutions, including the private sector. Such i..."]
["2013_GH_107",2013,"GH","Ghana",107,100,"There is partnership among the government and some civil society organisations and international agencies in the country to promote healthcare delivery to ensure that the country attains the Millennium Development Goals. \n\nTherefore, posters and brochures are produced giving detailed information in texts and diagrams or pictures for easy understanding to all segments of society about common illnesses, and their treatment. The posters and brochures are posted at vantage points as well as distributed to members of the public. Additionally, health authorities also use radio announcements and discussions including volunteers who move from house to house to educate the populace on common illnesses and their prevention.\n\nThe health service collaborates with partners to raise awareness on public hazards and epidemics. Within the last 12 months, more than six health hazards such as measles, rubella, pneumonia, polio, and tuberculosis as well as cholera and cerebro-spinal meningitis triggered health awareness campaigns and those who fell within the age range were immunized against those diseases.\n\nApart from these measures, citizens can go to local clinics to seek information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment but such information is not available on the website of the health service and the Ministry of Health because the authorities say they do not want to promote self-medication. \n\nHowever, because of lack of funds, such health awareness campaigns are done for just a short time sometimes for about a week.","1. Dr Akwasi Twumasi, northern regional director of the Ghana Health Service, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Anthony Goodman, public relations officer, Ministry of Health, telephone interview, October 13, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Kwame Frimpong, public relations officer, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Kumasi.\n\n4. Mr Cletus Zume, northern regional treasurer of the Coalition of Non-governmental Organizations in Health, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Tamale.","There is partnership among the government and some civil society organisations and international agencies in the country to promote healthcare delivery to ensure that the country attains the Millennium Development Goals. ..."]
["2013_GN_107",2013,"GN","Guinea",107,100,"La République de Guinée exerce une politique régulière de sensibilisation de la population dans le cadre de la santé publique. En général, cela se passe à la radio et à la télévision nationale quand il s’agit d’informations liées aux IST/SIDA, choléra, tuberculose et autres épidémies – il s’agit de spots et de débats sur la santé publique organisés par certaines institutions et ONG en collaboration avec les départements ministériels. Dans les hôpitaux, les centres de santé, les centres médicaux communautaires, les cliniques privées et autres, on remarque souvent des affiches expliquant comment on contracte ces maladies, et décrivant comment les prévenir et en guérir. \nConcernant les campagnes de vaccination, la Guinée applique un programme annuel de vaccination à quatre tours. En plus de ces quatre tours, il y a des vaccinations de routines presque gratuites dans les hôpitaux, les centres de santé et les cliniques privées. Depuis septembre 2012 jusqu'à aujourd'hui, il y a eu quatre tours de vaccination.  \nPlusieurs spots, des sketches, préparés par exemple par l'ONG-Population Services internationaux Guinée 'PSI-Guinée) passent régulièrement à la radio et à la télévision guinéenne et dans les journaux. Les messages sont présentés dans les langues locales et sous forme de saynètes de théâtre de sorte que l’information soit facilement compréhensible pour les citoyens ayant une éducation limitée. www.rtg-conakry.com","Docteur Lamine nyankoye Loua, Adjoint de l'institut National de la Santé pour Enfants de l'Hôpital Donka, 19 septembre 2013, 10 h 30 à 11 h 30.\n\nDocteur Léopold Lamah, Chef du service de traumatologie de Donka, 19 septembre 2013, 12 h 15 à 13 h 17.\n\nDocteur Zowo Nyanga Marc Honomou, Médecin gynécologue à la clinique Jean Paul II de Taouyah, 13 h 40 à 14 h 10.","La République de Guinée exerce une politique régulière de sensibilisation de la population dans le cadre de la santé publique. En général, cela se passe à la radio et à la télévision nationale quand il s’agit d’informations liées aux IST/SIDA, choléra, tuberculose et autres épidémi..."]
["2013_GW_107",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",107,50,"There are campaigns about vaccinations and common illness prevention, as well as campaigns of awareness on cholera, HIV and tuberculosis. The government is supported by specialised partners from international organisations such as UNICEF, WHO, UNDP Global Fund, or NGOs who permanently collaborate with the health ministry staff in the field like the following that we have seen: Aida, Red Cross and Effective Action.\n\nGenerally information is available and transmitted. Nonetheless, the lack of literacy presents challenges that are not adequately addressed. Many citizens do not have an easy grasp of the information provided.","1. Dr Gabriel Cabral, Doctor in Simao Mendes National Hospital. Interviewed in Bissau, December 4, 2013.\n\n2. Adao Sina Sambu, Nurse in Simao Mendes National Hospital. Interviewed in Bissau, December 4, 2013.\n\n3. Adimir Nhaga, Doctor in Simao Mendes National Hospital.\nInterviewed in Bissau, December 4, 2013.","There are campaigns about vaccinations and common illness prevention, as well as campaigns of awareness on cholera, HIV and tuberculosis. The government is supported by specialised partners from international organisations such as UNICEF, WHO, UNDP Global Fund, or NGOs who permanen..."]
["2013_KE_107",2013,"KE","Kenya",107,75,"The health ministry in Kenya, with partners such as the World Health Organisation and Centres for Disease Control, have been active in issuing alerts and information on various diseases whenever there is a potential outbreak.\n\nThere has been regular sensitisation on the prevention, treatment and management of diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, polio, and pneumonia, among others. The campaigns have been both through the media and sessions at the various medical institutions across the country.\n\nHowever, in some parts of Kenya, literacy levels remain so low that the population may not comprehend the campaign messages that are mainly in Swahili and English. Attempts have been made to pass the campaign messages in the various local dialects, but that is still work in progress.","1. Isaac Awuor, clinical officer, Nyanza Reproductive Health Programme. Interviewed on September 27, 2013.\n\n2. Joy Muraya, Health writer, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on September 27, 2013.\n\n3. \"WHO explains Dengue Fever Symptoms\". An article by Eunice Musyoka, published by the Standard newspaper on September 12, 2013. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000093409&story_title=who-explains-dengue-fever-symptoms.\n\n4. \"More dengue fever cases reported in Mombasa\". An article by Linah Benyawa published on May 1,2013 by the Standard newspaper. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000082735&story_title=more-dengue-fever-cases-reported-in-mombasa.\n\n5. \"Polio outbreak in Somalia puts Kenya on high alert\". An article published by the People newspaper on August 21, 2013. http://www.thepeople.co.ke/16308/nation-on-polio-alert/.","The health ministry in Kenya, with partners such as the World Health Organisation and Centres for Disease Control, have been active in issuing alerts and information on various diseases whenever there is a potential outbreak...."]
["2013_LS_107",2013,"LS","Lesotho",107,75,"The ministry of health operates various national health campaigns to sensitise people about common diseases, prevention, emergencies and for general access to health services. There are family health days’ campaigns in which services such as health education and screening for common diseases, HIV testing and counseling are delivered.  Most of these campaigns target highly-populated and hard-to-reach places. Reports indicate that three rounds of such campaigns were conducted in the hard-to-reach places of the ten districts of Lesotho in the 2012-13 reporting period.\n\nThe ministry, in collaboration with international development partners, has mounted intensive HIV/AIDS testing and counseling campaigns throughout the country. As a result of vigorous implementation of the Know Your Status campaign, Lesotho is regarded as the highest HIV/AIDS testing country in the world. This success is partly attributed to the user-friendly ways with which campaign materials are designed. Besides that, these are written in the local language, the layout is in such a way that people with the lowest level of education can easily understand and remember the message.\n\nApart from this, the ministry oversees other periodic health campaigns such as the measles campaign. Recent reports show a significant decline in the outbreaks of diseases like measles as a result of national health campaigns. The national health campaigns take various forms including radio dramas, jamborees, road shows, school visits, public gathering (pitsos) and regular slots on the national radio, which has the widest coverage in the country.\n\nUnfortunately, these health care campaigns initiated by the ministry of social development and some NGOs do not target vulnerable communities such as the community of people with disabilities and those from the LGBTQI community. As such, some vulnerable communities miss out on access to important health care information which has been designed for the masses, thus putting these communities at further risk.","1. Anonymous. Health Information Office. Ministry of Health. Interviewed October 24 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n2. Ministry of Health (2013). Joint Annual Review 2012-2013.","The ministry of health operates various national health campaigns to sensitise people about common diseases, prevention, emergencies and for general access to health services. There are family health days’ campaigns in which services such as health education and screening for commo..."]
["2013_LR_107",2013,"LR","Liberia",107,50,"Health education in Liberia is not very effective.  Nonetheless, there are lots of billboards around the country and public health messages to educate the citizenry about various health issues. Yet, behaviours of people are not changing, or at least not rapidly.\n\nPeople are still involved in practices that are not good for their health. The majority of citizens still believe in traditional means of treatment of various diseases. Part of the problem is the low level of education amongst the population. Awareness campaigns are also not comprehensive.","Lincoln, T. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Health Coordinator - Irish Aid, Monrovia\n\nBawo, LM (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. M&E Coordinator - Ministry of Health & Social Welfare, Monrovia\n\nWalker, D. (2013, November 1). Personal Interview. Public Health Message Designer - Starz Institute, Monrovia","Health education in Liberia is not very effective.  Nonetheless, there are lots of billboards around the country and public health messages to educate the citizenry about various health issues. Yet, behaviours of people are not changing, or at least not rapidly...."]
["2013_LY_107",2013,"LY","Libya",107,25,"Several hospitals and medical centres conduct awareness campaigns targeting the public. For example, there have a been a lot of campaigns recently regarding breast cancer. Those campaigns target women from different age ranges, whether through school/university campaigns, billboards, radio shows or social events. \n\nAlso, there is a body called the \"Board of Medical Specialisations.\" This board (which reports to the Ministry of Health) leads a lot of awareness campaigns, especially on epidemics and STDs (with a special emphasis on AIDS). The board hosts visiting doctors from all over world, who give lectures to local doctors (who are mostly volunteers) and whom are responsible for giving lectures to the public afterwards. \n\nGenerally, however, public widespread campaigns are lacking and there is no proactive public campaign when some problems arise (accumulation of trash, water sewage spill - there was a major one in Sebha -, etc.).\n\nInformation doesn't appear to be broadly disseminated, and there is a lack of education.","F. Hamroush, former Minister of Health, personal communication, December 1, 2013.\t\n\nN. Mismari, MD in the Department of Radiology at the Tripoli Medical Center (TMC), personal communication, November 30, 2013.\n\nE. Swehli, MD at Zawiya Hospital and currently working in the US, personal communication, December 1, 2013.","Several hospitals and medical centres conduct awareness campaigns targeting the public. For example, there have a been a lot of campaigns recently regarding breast cancer. Those campaigns target women from different age ranges, whether through school/university campaigns, billboard..."]
["2013_MG_107",2013,"MG","Madagascar",107,100,"Oui, par le gouvernement, mais surtout par les organisations comme l’UNICEF ou les associations. Les citoyens peuvent facilement trouver des informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement dans des centres de santé de base (1 et 2), dans les hôpitaux publics, mais aussi dans des cabinets privés. Ces informations se trouvent aussi bien en malgache qu’en français et sont habituellement illustrées par des images afin d’en faciliter leur compréhension par tous. \n\nCe n'est que lorsque les risques d'épidémies sont élevés que des campagnes de sensibilisation sont menées par le ministère de la Santé, en collaboration avec les organisations internationales ou non gouvernementales œuvrant dans ce domaine – mais ces campagnes ne sont pas systématiques. Ce n’est que lors des «journées mondiales» que la sensibilisation aux grandes épidémies est systématique. Depuis l'année dernière, il y a eu moins de campagnes puisque les risques d’épidémie étaient moins élevés.","- Milijaona Rado, directeur des études et de la planification, ministère de la Santé, 14 septembre 2013.(Interview)\n- Mong, médecin général, chef de service à l'hôpital militaire, Antananarivo, 2 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Andrianarisoa Ange, professeur de médecine, retraité de la fonction publique et exerçant actuellement dans le privé, 15 septembre 2013. (Interview)\n- Sites Web : \nhttp://www.sante.gov.mg/\nhttp://www.psi.org/\nhttp://www.aidsmada.mg/","Oui, par le gouvernement, mais surtout par les organisations comme l’UNICEF ou les associations. Les citoyens peuvent facilement trouver des informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement dans des centres de santé de base (1 et 2), dans les hôpitaux pub..."]
["2013_MW_107",2013,"MW","Malawi",107,75,"In practice, Malawi does produce public health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention as well as alerting them to public health hazards including malaria and epidemics. Public health campaigns are usually conducted through the ministry of health and co-operating partners such as UNICEF and Population Services International whenever there is a health issue that needs alerting. The ministry and civil society organisations also run communities mobilisation activities which includes the dissemination of messages through leaflets, brochures, newsletters, newspapers and radio programmes. The Malawi government says efforts are underway to ensure intensification of such campaigns.","Richard Msukumwa, Systems Analyst, ICT Department, Ministry of  Information and Civic Education,   October 9 2013.\n\nDr Temba Mzilahowa, Senior Entomologist, Malaria Alert Centre, October 30 2013.\n\nCharles Yuma, Director of Child Reproductive Health, Population Services International (PSI), October 30 2013.","In practice, Malawi does produce public health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention as well as alerting them to public health hazards including malaria and epidemics. Public health campaigns are usually conducted through the ministry of health and co-ope..."]
["2013_ML_107",2013,"ML","Mali",107,100,"Les journaux et médias d'états sont les moyens utilisés dans le cadre des campagnes de sensibilisation contre les épidémies telles que la tuberculose ou le sida. Le ministère de la Santé et la Direction Nationale de la Santé a joue un rôle prépondérant dans ces campagnes de sensibilisation.\n\nLors de la journée contre le Sida, le président ou les membres de gouvernement exhorte les Maliens à se faire dépister dans les langues/langages accessibles aux citoyens.\n\nLe programme d'action du gouvernement contre les épidémies est disponible sur le site du ministère de la sante: http://www.sante.gov.ml/","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nAminata kamissoko. (9 octobre, 2013). La sensibilisation contre les maladies : Les dispositions pour combattre et prévenir les maladies. L’annonceur.\nhttp://www.maliweb.net/news/sante/2013/10/09/article,174216.html\n\nLes stratégies nationales de cybersanté cruciale pour la couverture de santé universel et les OMD. (Octobre 2013). 4 et 5 Ministère de la santé du Mali.\nhttp://www.sante.gov.ml/\n\nLutte contre la tuberculose : Le Centre d’infectiologie Charles Mérieux et le PNLT font l’état des lieux. (12 avril, 2013). L'Independant.\nhttp://www.maliweb.net/sante/lutte-contre-la-tuberculose-le-centre-dinfectiologie-charles-merieux-et-le-pnlt-font-letat-des-lieux-139325.html","Les journaux et médias d'états sont les moyens utilisés dans le cadre des campagnes de sensibilisation contre les épidémies telles que la tuberculose ou le sida. Le ministère de la Santé et la Direction Nationale de la Santé a joue un rôle prépondérant dans ces campagnes de sensibi..."]
["2013_MR_107",2013,"MR","Mauritania",107,25,"Quelques mécanismes de prévention contre les épidémies sont en place, mais ces informations se révèlent insuffisantes et ne donnent pas aux citoyens toutes les indications nécessaires. Les campagnes d'information sont davantage du ressort des organisations de la société civile. Les pouvoirs publics donnent des informations sur une pandémie à l'occasion de la célébration d'une journée consacrée à une maladie. Dans une société islamisée fortement marquée par la pudeur, les campagnes de sensibilisation sur les graves pandémies demeurent limitées. Les campagnes de sensibilisation se manifestent par leur extrême pudeur, et leur faible couverture nationale. Ainsi, il n'existe pas de campagne d'affichage sur les pandémies dans les grandes artères des villes. Quelques affiches apparaissent dans les hôpitaux et encouragent la prévention. Cet aspect renseigne également sur la stigmatisation des personnes victimes de ces graves pandémies.","1. Amadou Racine Kane, gynécologue-obstétricien, ancien cadre, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, ancien cadre, ministère de la Santé, 6 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Gueye, B. (12 avril 2013). « Nécessaire coopération au Maghreb dans la lutte contre le SIDA, selon les experts ». Magharebia : http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/features/2013/04/12/feature-04\n\n3. Agence mauritanienne d’information (AMI). (22 aout 2013). « Démarrage d'une campagne de prévention des épidémies et de la lutte contre le paludisme ». Agence mauritanienne d’information : http://www.ami.mr/fr/index.php?page=Depeche&id_depeche=23355","Quelques mécanismes de prévention contre les épidémies sont en place, mais ces informations se révèlent insuffisantes et ne donnent pas aux citoyens toutes les indications nécessaires. Les campagnes d'information sont davantage du ressort des organisations de la société civile. Les..."]
["2013_MU_107",2013,"MU","Mauritius",107,100,"Fhooblall stated that the ministry has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation for two years to broadcast their awareness campaigns on a weekly basis, and as required, on priority health issues. \n\nVideos are in Mauritian Kreol and Bhojpuri to ensure that the maximum of the population is reached. Fhooblall also mentioned that four health programmes are broadcasted over four different radio stations per week. \n\nPress communiqués are released on a regular basis to newspapers and journalists. The one attached was released on the Sept. 20 and the same information was presented on national news on Sept. 21, 2013. \n\nIn addition, the ministry organises events that follow the WHO's calendar. Nundlall reiterated that health campaigns are done on a regular basis throughout the year. The article talks of a health literacy framework that the ministry is initiating to enable Mauritians to better understand and make informed decisions about their health, to supplement other efforts currently being done by the ministry.","1. Dr. Nundlall - Acting Director Health Services. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life. Sept 20, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius.\n\n2. Mr. Fhooblall, advisor on information matters. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life. Sept. 20, 2013. Port Louis, Mauritius. \n\n3. Towards the Formulation of a National Health Literacy Framework for Mauritius. \nRepublic of Mauritius. May 2013. Available at http://www.gov.mu/English/News/Pages/Towards-the-Formulation-of-a-National-Health-Literacy-Framework-for-Mauritius.aspx\n\n4. Press release - Highlights of the Health Statistics Report 2012. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life. September 2013.","Fhooblall stated that the ministry has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation for two years to broadcast their awareness campaigns on a weekly basis, and as required, on priority health issues. ..."]
["2013_MA_107",2013,"MA","Morocco",107,50,"According to doctors, there aren't many awareness campaigns. Sporadically, if there is an epidemic or if it is a time of the year where there is a rise of illnesses, there are a few campaigns launched either by the Ministry of Health or by the Royal Cabinet.\n\nIn hospitals, there are posters on how to prevent certain illnesses (the most common one is on the dangers of smoking). Every summer, there are campaigns about dehydration and diarrhea. And sporadically, the country has seen campaigns against HIV, meningitis or about the dangers of giving birth at home. In a country where about half of the population is illiterate, there is still a lot of reaching-out efforts to be done, experts say.","Bennis, Anas.  (2013, September 15) .  [Casablanca-based doctor at Ibn Rochd Hospital.  Personal communication.\n\n(n.d.) .  Foundation Lala Salma Against Cancer.  Retrieved from http://www.contrelecancer.ma/en/.\n\nHajji, Karima.  (2013, June) .  Campagne don du sang au Maroc.  Le Matin.  Retrieved from http://www.lematin.ma/journal/Centre-national-de-transfusion-sanguine_L-annee-2013-un-tournant-dans-la-culture-du-don-de-sang-grace-a-la-campagne-lancee-par-Sa-Majeste-le-Roi-Mohammed-VI/183649.html.\n\n(n.d.) .  [Health Ministry's website].  Retrieved from http://srvweb.sante.gov.ma/Pages/Accueil.aspx.","According to doctors, there aren't many awareness campaigns. Sporadically, if there is an epidemic or if it is a time of the year where there is a rise of illnesses, there are a few campaigns launched either by the Ministry of Health or by the Royal Cabinet...."]
["2013_MZ_107",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",107,75,"The ministry of health, despite the low allocation from the general state budget, has enjoyed the support of bilateral and multilateral partners aimed at financing various health programmes that include health awareness campaigns directed at prevention of various diseases and epidemics through public talks, vaccination campaigns, etc. \n\nThe information is displayed in accessible language and is also provided in various languages according to the geographical ethnolinguistic diversity of the country. To date not every kind of treatment is possible at the healthcare centres and hospitals. To date in Mozambique not all service is run either online or by phone.","1. \"Relatorio de Revisao do Sector de Saude\". Ministerio da Saude. September 2012.\n2. \"Vacina para crianças moçambicanas deverá prevenir pneumonia\". Guilherme Correia da Silva. Deutshe Welle. April 10, 2013. http://www.dw.de/vacina-para-crian%C3%A7as-mo%C3%A7ambicanas-dever%C3%A1-prevenir-pneumonia/a-16732500.\n3. \"Mocambique Introduz A Vacina Anti – Pneumocócica (PCV-10)\". WHO. April 10, 2013. http://www.afro.who.int/en/mozambique/press-materials/item/5429-mocambique-introduz-a-vacina-anti-%E2%80%93-pneumoc%C3%B3cica-pcv-10.html. \n4. \"Moçambique e Zimbabué lançam campanha para reduzir doenças nas zonas fronteiriças\". Lusa. July 22, 2013. http://www.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=668449&tm=2&layout=121&visual=49.","The ministry of health, despite the low allocation from the general state budget, has enjoyed the support of bilateral and multilateral partners aimed at financing various health programmes that include health awareness campaigns directed at prevention of various diseases and epide..."]
["2013_NA_107",2013,"NA","Namibia",107,75,"Deputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura, said there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and to alert them to public health hazards such as epidemics. She said government takes advantage of all forms of the media to disseminate information in all vernacular languages as well as the official English language to warn, teach and inform the public. She also said they can be road shows and campaigns at health centres to disseminate information. \n\nConfidente newspaper Journalist, Caroline Nyadenga, said so far government has tried its best by coming up with health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics. She applauded government for using the media effectively to educate, inform and warn the public on common illnesses or epidemics in languages they understand.\n\nPaulus Kapia, MP, said so far Namibia has handled well the issue epidemics and common illnesses saying they are seasonal campaigns government through the ministry of health and social services holds to warn and educate the public if they is an epidemic or common illness.\n\nHowever, she added that they are some unfortunate Namibians that stay in remote areas where they can not easily access health centres and have to wait for government to send mobile clinics.","Deputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura telephone interview, October 6 2013.\n\nConfidente newspaper Journalist, Caroline Nyadenga, face to face interview, October 6 2013.\n\nPaulus Kapia, Member of Parliament, telephone interview, September 29 2013.","Deputy Minister of Health and Social Services, Petrina Haingura, said there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and to alert them to public health hazards such as epidemics. She said government takes advantage of all forms of the media to di..."]
["2013_NE_107",2013,"NE","Niger",107,75,"Il existe en effet des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. Ces campagnes, parfois appuyées par le gouvernement, sont surtout mises en place par les associations et organisations internationales agissant au Niger, tel le Haut commissariat aux réfugiés ou le Comité International de la Croix Rouge ou l'UNICEF. Ces campagnes se font souvent à travers des pancartes de dessins compréhensibles par les personnes analphabètes. Les personnes ont facilement accès aux informations via les associations ou organisations internationales.","Source 1: Ali MADAI BOUKAR, Economiste National. (1er octobre 2013). PNUD Niger.\n\nSource 2: Maman Awal Hambali, Directeur de l'ONG Centre Aide, Secrétaire général de la CONAFE Niger (Coalition des ONG Africaines en faveur des Enfants). (5 février 2013). Niger\n\nSource 3: Le HCR intensifie sa lutte contre une épidémie de choléra au Niger. (21 mai 2013).UNNews.\nhttp://www.un.org/apps/newsFr/storyF.asp?NewsID=30375#.Ull1glBSjQo","Il existe en effet des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. Ces campagnes, parfois appuyées par le gouvernement, sont surtout mises en place pa..."]
["2013_NG_107",2013,"NG","Nigeria",107,25,"Information about common diseases like malaria are not readily available online (on the health ministry's website) or on paper. Other sicknesses such as HIV have dedicated websites. Still, not much information is made available that would qualify as useful to citizens. Occasionally, however, the government makes a public announcement through radio and television on some diseases and outbreaks. In the last one year, there have been campaigns on polio, Lassa fever, and measles, for example.","1. Interview: Chigozie Meribe, doctor with Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, September 25, 2013\n\n2. Interview: Tobore Ovuorie, health reporter, Premium Times, October 20, 2013\n\nReview of websites, accessed September 2013, including: \nhttp://www.health.gov.ng/\nhttp://naca.gov.ng/\nhttp://www.ccmnigeria.org/","Information about common diseases like malaria are not readily available online (on the health ministry's website) or on paper. Other sicknesses such as HIV have dedicated websites. Still, not much information is made available that would qualify as useful to citizens. Occasionally..."]
["2013_RW_107",2013,"RW","Rwanda",107,100,"Yes, information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment is available. It is not everybody who can access it online or via phone. The most efficient and best way is placards alongside of roads and also messages via FM radios which are heard in the whole country. Campaigns to educate citizens about common illnesses, their prevention and epidemics exist at all levels. All four sources testified that there are local health officers in charge of campaigns in order to educate citizens on different illnesses and how they can avoid them. When there are epidemics like Malaria due to heavy rains which leave stagnant waters, radios, churches and governmental offices keep informing citizens to help them deal with the situation. The source from TRAC does not know exactly the number of campaigns triggered because each province or region has it campaigns, but he said that there are malaria, cholera, small pox, and meningitis campaigns among others.","Bamvana, Pierre.  (2013, September 7) .  [Works at TRAC (Center for Treatment and Research on AIDS) as a medical doctor but currently training in Perth, Australia, Perth].  Personal communication. \n\nBucyensenge, J. P.  (2013, August 30) .  Rwanda: Breastfeeding campaign targets Karongi mothers.  AllAfrica.com.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201308300306.html\n\nNkingiye, Sandra.  (2013, September 6) .  [Works at Kirehe District Hospital as a medical doctor].  Personal communication. \n\n(2013, March 19) .  Rwanda's measles-rubella vaccine campaign: Q and A with Health Minister Agnès Binagwaho.  Gavi Alliance.  Retrieved from http://www.gavialliance.org/library/news/gavi-features/2013/rwanda-measles-rubella-vaccine-campaign-q-and-a-with-health-minister/","Yes, information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment is available. It is not everybody who can access it online or via phone. The most efficient and best way is placards alongside of roads and also messages via FM radios which are heard in the whole country. Campaigns ..."]
["2013_ST_107",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",107,100,"In Sao Tome and Principe, citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, and the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education. \n\nIn Sao Tome and Principe, these kinds of campaigns are executed through projects from state agencies or NGOs. For example, in the case of malaria, the government runs the programme through the national centre for endemics, financed by the Republic of China (Taiwan).\n\nAnother case is the national programme for the fight against AIDS, funded by the World Bank and, as well as another project meant to prevent diseases, the solid waste project, with funding from the European Union. \n\nOne of the most popular ways to present the message is through dramatisations.","1. Óscar Baía, president, São Tomé and Príncipe Human Rights Association, October 3, 2013.\n2. Olívio Diogo, sociologist, consultant, October 1, 2013.\n3, Wildiley Barroca, journalist, STP Press, October 3, 2013.","In Sao Tome and Principe, citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, and the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education. ..."]
["2013_SN_107",2013,"SN","Senegal",107,50,"Des campagnes de santé visent à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. À travers plusieurs programmes, comme le programme national de la lutte contre le paludisme ou contre la tuberculose, le ministère de la Santé organise, pour chaque programme, une campagne de sensibilisation. Mieux, les informations sur ces maladies sont diffusées sur le site du ministère. Toutefois,  les données s’avèrent souvent incomplètes et difficilement compréhensibles pour des citoyens ayant une éducation limitée.","- Entretien avec Mamadou Sow, Cellule de la communication, Ministère de la santé, 17 octobre 2013.\n \n- Entretien avec Mamadou Niang, chargé de la communication, Programme tuberculose, 19 octobre 2013.\n\n- République du Sénégal, ministère de la Santé et de l'Action sociale du Sénégal, site Internet: http://www.sante.gouv.sn\n\n- République du Sénégal, ministère de la Santé et de l’Action sociale, Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, site Internet : \"http://www.pnlp.sn/\"","Des campagnes de santé visent à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. À travers plusieurs programmes, comme le programme national de la lutte contre le paludisme ou contre ..."]
["2013_SC_107",2013,"SC","Seychelles",107,75,"There are always health campaigns, and if there is an epidemic there are campaigns to educate about them. Campaigns are generally done in TV on the 8 p.m. news in Creole (95% of Seychellois speak their national language) so everyone in Seychelles will understand. Citizens can find information [on these topics] easily because it is a small place and everyone can go to clinic and health centres and so on for anything they need. There was dengue fever in Seychelles, but the campaign to educate people about it was presented in a way accessible for everyone. There are fairly regular campaigns on HIV/AIDS and presently there is a longitudinal survey being carried out on heart health. Other recent health campaigns include hepatitis C and an anti-obesity campaign. All of these campaigns are generally well done, but information can sometimes be sporadic and not always well-coordinated. Although many sources claimed that this information is readily available on the ministry of health's website, the link at http://www.egov.sc/governmentagencies/Sectors/Health.aspx for the Ministry of Health did not work. Citizens receive abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment in Creole, French, and English.","1. Interview: Anonymous source, Civil Society Expert, November 26, 2013.\n\n2. Interview: Anonymous source, Human Rights Expert, December 9, 2013.\n\n3. Email: Anonymous source, representative from a media organisation in Seychelles, December 12, 2013.\n\n4. Emailed Minister of Health Honorable Mitcy Larue through executive assistant Mrs. Peggy Vidot at peggy.vidot@health.gov.sc. Waiting for response. Ministry of Health does not have a central website.\n\n5. Emailed Dr. Jude Gedeon at the Ministry of Health. Waiting for response.","There are always health campaigns, and if there is an epidemic there are campaigns to educate about them. Campaigns are generally done in TV on the 8 p.m. news in Creole (95% of Seychellois speak their national language) so everyone in Seychelles will understand. Citizens can find ..."]
["2013_SL_107",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",107,50,"The ministry of health and sanitation had programmes for children and their mothers, such as 'mami en pekin welbodi week' and 'polio marklate', over the past year they were not administered widely as an educational tool for the public at large. Although the programme is focused toward children, there are no programmes campaigning to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention.\n\nThe children programmes are done on specific dates. The maternal and child health week (May 23-27, 2013) is a national campaign that is being undertaken twice a year with the aim of improving the health status of women and children in Sierra Leone. These campaigns came as a result of problems associated with children's illnesses in the past years. \n\nThe ministry of health and sanitation indeed provides health campaigns in the country but these campaigns are only done to commemorate international events like World AIDS Day etc. Once the public events days are over, the campaign stops too.","1. Anonymous, Public Information Officer, Ministry of Health and sanitation, October 26, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n2. Anonymous, Health Officer, Health for all Coalition, October 25, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n3. Mohamed Konneh, Health Reporter, Standard Times, October 23, 2013.\n\nReview: \n\nWHO website  at http://www.afro.who.int/pt/serra-leoa/press-materials/item/2362-ministry-of-health-and-sanitation-commences-influenza-a-h1n1-vaccination-campaign.html --- \n\n•  Sierra Leone Commemorates World AIDS Day 2013  - December 1, 2013.  \n•  Sierra Leone Launches National Road Safety Policy, Strategy and Trust Fund  - November 23, 2013.   \n•  Ministry of Health Launches National NCDs Policy and Strategic Plan 2013-2017  -  September 6, 2013.  \n•  United Nations Family in Sierra Leone Holds Joint Health Fair Day  - June 7, 2013.   \n•  Sierra Leone Launches National Tobacco Control Strategic Plan on World No Tobacco Day 2013  - May 31, 2013.\n•  Ministry of Health and Sanitation Commences Influenza A H1N1 Vaccination Campaign","The ministry of health and sanitation had programmes for children and their mothers, such as 'mami en pekin welbodi week' and 'polio marklate', over the past year they were not administered widely as an educational tool for the public at large. Although the programme is focused tow..."]
["2013_SO_107",2013,"SO","Somalia",107,0,"According to the 2012 UNDP report, Somalia has very poor health infrastructure across all regions. Poor infrastructure and inadequate services drive high levels of mortality and low life expectancy (UNDP 2012). MSF withdrew from their work in Somalia due to insecurity, evidencing the difficulty of providing health services or public health campaigns in the context of ongoing violence (Ravelo). Large scale public health and immunization campaigns, such as Child Health Days, are only possible in \"accessible\" parts of the country, excluding areas too dangerous to work in (Ban Dhayi). The difficulty of conducting effective public health campaigns across Somalia can be showing by the low rate of immunization - less than 5% of children have full immunizations (UNICEF Priority Areas). \n\nPublic health systems vary across Somalia, with Somaliland and Puntland having systems governed by health authorities, NGOs or a combination of the two, and the South Central region's limited coverage being based entirely by non governmental actors with limited government oversight (UNICEF Priority Areas). The Somali health authorities, along with three UN agencies and development partners, have renewed their resolve to work together to improve the health of mothers and children and to strengthen the Somalia Health Care System through A five year (2012-2016) jointly operated program is underway between the Somali Health Authorities, three UN agencies and development partners to improve public health and to strengthen the health care system (UNICEF Historic).\n\nAccording to the WHO, basic health information is very hard to come by, and improving the quality of health information, in addition to minimizing the harmful effects of public health hazards, are crucial.","Somalia Human Development Report 2012: Empowering Youth for Peace and Development. http://www.so.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/Project_Documents/Human_Development/Somalia%20Human%20Development%20Report%202012.pdf\n\nRavelo, JL. (2013 Aug 16). MSF withdrawal shakes up Somalis, iNGO community. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/msf-withdrawal-shakes-up-somalis-ingo-community-81633\n\nUNICEF Somalia. Priority Issues. http://www.unicef.org/somalia/health_90.html\n\nUNICEF Somalia. (2013 Nov). Historic Somali Joint Health and Nutrition Programme signed. http://www.unicef.org/somalia/reallives_13941.html\n\nDhayi, B. (2012 Dec 10). UNICEF leads Child Health Days to stem the tide of preventable childhood diseases across Somalia. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/somalia_66600.html\n\nWHO Humanitarian Health Action. Access to essential health services through mobile clinics in Somalia. http://www.who.int/hac/crises/som/en/#story-03","According to the 2012 UNDP report, Somalia has very poor health infrastructure across all regions. Poor infrastructure and inadequate services drive high levels of mortality and low life expectancy (UNDP 2012). MSF withdrew from their work in Somalia due to insecurity, evidencing t..."]
["2013_ZA_107",2013,"ZA","South Africa",107,75,"There are health campaigns, and information is accessible online and at the clinics (in the form of pamphlets). The information is easy to grasp. However, one of the complaints is that communication with regards to HIV and TB, two of the most important health concerns, are not targeted at individual target groups and that communication is not sustainable. As a result, the incidence rates of such diseases are still too high.\n\nThe website of the department of health has an elaborate database of most common diseases, including diabetes, HIV,  TB, dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc. The website (http://www.doh.gov.za/diseases_list.php) lists symptoms, prevention and treatment options. The information is easy to understand and well presented. \n\nWhile most of the health related information is online, civil society urges that information should also be made available in hard copy. \"A large portion of the South African population is not yet online, thus can't access this information because they don't know where to look for it,\" says Murray Hunter of the Right2Know Campaign. This campaign fights for the right to access to information, ensuring that every South African has access to the public information he/she needs. \"There is a big information gap in South Africa. Online information is not enough. Many South Africans do not have access to digital media. It is important that important information is broadcast the traditional way.\"\n\nApart from celebrating a variety of international days/weeks/months against a variety of conditions, the agenda of the South African department of health comprises various national  days/weeks/months associated with various conditions:\n\n* April 29  - May 17 National Polio (1st Round) and Measles Immunisation Campaign\n* June - National Blood Donor Month \n* June 17-23: National Epilepsy Week \n* June 17-28 : National Polio (2nd Round) Immunisation Campaign \n* June 21: National Epilepsy Day \n* June 24-28 : National Youth Health Indaba\n* June 24-28 : SANCA Drug Awareness Week\n* July: Mental Illness Awareness Month\n* August 15-October 15 : Bone Marrow Donation and Leukaemia Awareness Months\n* August: organ Door Month\n* August 6-12: Polio Awareness Week \n* August 5-9:  Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease Week \n* August 26-31:  African Traditional Medicine Week \n* August 31 : African Traditional Medicine Day\n* September 14: National Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Day (ADHD) \n* October: Breast Cancer Awareness Month \n* October 1 : National Inherited Disorders Day \n* October 9-15: National Nutrition Week\n* October 12: National Bandana Day (cancer in Children)\n* October 15: National Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Day \n* October 15-19 : National Obesity Week \n* October 20: National Down Syndrome Day \n* October 23: National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Day \n* October 28-November 3 : Stroke Week \n* October 30: Commemoration of African Food and Nutrition Security Day \n* November: Sunsmart Skin Cancer Awareness Month \n* November 2: National Children’s Day \n* November 4-10: National Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Week \n* November 4-8: SADC Malaria Week \n* November 8 :  SADC Malaria Day\n* December: Sunsmart Skin Cancer Awareness Month \n* December 1:  World AIDS Day\n\nA new campaign that was launched over the past 12 months was the ZAZI campaign. Launched in May 2013 by the South African National AIDS Council, the USAID/JHU HIV Communication programme, PEPFAR and the South African government, the campaign aims to encourage \"women and girls to draw on their inner strength, power, and self-confidence to know themselves and what they stand for in order to guide their decisions about their future\". This is mainly in relation to HIV and sex. \n\nAnso Thom, health journalist and responsible for special writing and media projects at social justice NGO Section27, says that there are campaigns that deal with various diseases, mainly HIV and non-communicable illnesses. She notes that with regards to HIV, South Africa is dropping the ball in its communication. \" We just had a huge counselling and testing campaign and a new one will be rolled out. The government wants to ensure that people get tested annually. The problem is that our Incidence rate is still too high, at around 1,500 infections per day. The problem is communication. We are treating, but not preventing. We need to target various groups, such as the gay community, sex workers and men who have sex with men. This requires communication that is targeted at these individual groups but this is not happening. Experts say that we are mopping the HIV and TB floor without closing the tap.\"\n\nThom adds that health campaign information is available at clinics. \"When you go to clinics, you will see pamphlets about knowing your HIV and TB. The problem is that old stuff is being used. it is not modern. Printed communication is often old. It is however printed in all languages, and is easy to grasp.They are quite good about that.\"\n\nAn important obstacle to health care campaigns at clinic level is that clinics are mainly visited by women, not by men. Thom: \"Men are often breadwinners and they don't want to sit in clinic all day. The system is not geared towards men. It is difficult for a man to discuss his sexually transmitted disease with a young female nurse. It is culturally a huge issue.\"","Murray Hunter, spokesperson of the Right2Know campaign (www.r2k.org,za), interview, October 21 2013.\n\nAnso Thom, health journalist and responsible for special writing and media projects at social justice NGO Section27 (www.section27.org.za), interview, November 13 2013.\n\nDepartment of Health - Disease listing, http://www.doh.gov.za/diseases_list.php\n\nDepartment of Health - Health Awareness Days in 2013, http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/webcontent/2012/2013_calendar.pdf\n\nNew campaign calls on South Africa's women and girls to Zazi, May 25 2013, \nhttp://www.zazi.org.za/news/new-campaign-calls-south-africa-s-women-and-girls-zazi.html","There are health campaigns, and information is accessible online and at the clinics (in the form of pamphlets). The information is easy to grasp. However, one of the complaints is that communication with regards to HIV and TB, two of the most important health concerns, are not targ..."]
["2013_SS_107",2013,"SS","South Sudan",107,50,"In practice there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention and to alert them to public hazards and epidemics. The government has worked with the UN children’s agency, UNICEF, to educate people on how to wash hands regularly to prevent diseases. \n\nAlso, the government has been educating people on how to ensure their children are vaccinated against polio to prevent them from catching the disease. In fact, as recently as 25 October 2013, Vice President James Wani Igga announced the launch of a country-wide polio vaccination.\n\nIn addition, there have been other health campaigns including a recent health cholera vaccination campaign conducted in a refugee camp within South Sudan.\n\nOther health campaign include anti-HIV and AIDS campaigns, hand washing campaigns to prevent spread of diseases and anti-malarial campaigns. \n\nHowever, the challenge with health campaigns in South Sudan is that most of the citizens are illiterate and may not understand some of the messages, especially those presented in English or Arabic. In addition, most South Sudanese live in rural areas where they have no access to media.","Government of Sudan.  (2013) .  South Sudan: Vice president launches country-wide polio vaccination campaign.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201310251593.html \n\n(2013, October 28) .  In South Sudan, simple messages deliver dramatic results in tackling epidemic among refugees.  UNHCR.  Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/526e40999.html\n\nMedecins Sans Frontieres Ireland.  (n.d.) .  Background document – Oral cholera vaccination campaign, Maban, South Sudan.  Dublin.  Retrieved from http://www.msf.ie/background-document-%E2%80%93-oral-cholera-vaccination-campaign-maban-south-sudan\n\nRwakaringi, M. D.  (2013, October 24) .  Small gesture, big effect: S. Sudan promotes handwashing.  Voice of America.\n\n(2013, April 24) .  South Sudan prioritizes immunization, keeps polio at bay.  IRIN.  Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/report/97910/south-sudan-prioritizes-immunization-keeps-polio-at-bay \n\nWorld Health Organization.  (2013) .  South Sudan dracunculiasis eradication campaign goes full-steam ahead, despite challenges.  Geneva.  Retrieved from http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/south_sudan_full_steam_2013/en/","In practice there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention and to alert them to public hazards and epidemics. The government has worked with the UN children’s agency, UNICEF, to educate people on how to wash hands regularly to prevent diseases. ..."]
["2013_SD_107",2013,"SD","Sudan",107,50,"Reports from leading international health organizations show that Sudan has done health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention over the last 12 months. The examples of the diseases that the Federal Ministry of Health campaigned against include HIV/AIDs, meningitis, and yellow fever.\n \n However, the information is sometimes difficult for people with less education to fully grasp. Further, campaigns are limited in their scope, and don't always reach all potentially affected populations.","(2012, October) . Meningitis A vaccination campaign targets 16.9 million people. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.emro.who.int/sdn/sudan-news/meningitisa-2012sudan.html\n \n (2012, December) . Sudan commits to stepping up its response to HIV. UNAIDS. Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/december/20121221csudan/\n \n (2012, December 6) . Yellow fever in Sudan - Update. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_12_06/en/index.html","Reports from leading international health organizations show that Sudan has done health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention over the last 12 months. The examples of the diseases that the Federal Ministry of Health campaigned against include HIV/AIDs, me..."]
["2013_SZ_107",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",107,50,"Swaziland faced no new epidemics occurring during the time period under review, so there has been no mobilisation of new communications products to meet any health crisis. However, the capacity to respond to such emergency was there.\n \n Overall, Swaziland had less health information distributed September 2012 to September 2013 due to cut-backs in communications budgets, for both governmental and NGOs. There is a belief that efforts to influence behaviour change to mitigate the spread of HIV have failed, and limited budgets are being focused on biomedical interventions.\n \n Health communication is effectively done person to person, and also via posters and in printed material such as brochures available at clinics and usually written in siSwati. Written material is seen by medical professionals as necessary but less effective than personal counselling with a health care worker. Health radio programmes existed on the Swaziland radio station, which is government owned. A television series devoted to AIDS information was launched in February 2013 and ran for several months.\n \n A small minority of Swazis is connected to the internet. Some health organisations have websites which are used to publicise the organisations and their activities but do not usually impart useful information on health matters. The AIDS epidemic is mentioned but practical advice is not given. \n \n As an example, the website of the ministry of health and social welfare offers policy documents and descriptions of its activities, but does not contain practical health information, addresses of hospitals, phone numbers or operating hours of clinics, news about current health interventions or emergency information.","Interview: Mr. Rudloph Maziya, director, Alliance of Mayor's Initiative on Community Action on AIDS at the Local Level (AMICAALL), conducted at AMICAALL offices, Manzini, 10 September 2013.\n \n Interview: Ms. Margaret Thwala, country director, SAfAIDS Swaziland, at SAfAIDS Swaziland offices in Manzini, 10 September 2013.\n \n Web site: Ministry of Health Web site - www.gov.sz. \n \n Web site: National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA) - www.nercha.org.sz.","Swaziland faced no new epidemics occurring during the time period under review, so there has been no mobilisation of new communications products to meet any health crisis. However, the capacity to respond to such emergency was there...."]
["2013_TZ_107",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",107,100,"Radio and television campaigns are used to disseminate information on various epidemics, often supported by donors and the WHO, and presented in accessible ways such as through song and localised and simply-presented public awareness messaging. There are also posters, flyers and, sometimes, TV awareness campaigns at clinics, so that mothers will learn about things such as new vaccine programmes, when they bring their infants in for routine vaccines or healthcare treatment. Community health workers may also increase awareness of health issues when they visit rural communities where many people may not have ready access to a radio. \n While public health hazards do trigger awareness campaigns, during the period of study, there were no new disease epidemics. (There was a road safety awareness campaign). There is a budget for health education/awareness-raising in regions that commonly experience epidemics such as cholera in Dar es Salaam or sleeping sickness in Tabora.","1. Dr. Desdery Nestory Katoto, Doctor, Muhimbili National Hospital, October 7, 2013.\n 2. Contact request to Ministry of Health - listed email is not operational, multiple phone attempts.\n 3. Vaccination: Dar Mothers Unaware, Syriacus Buguzi, The Citizen, May 25, 2013, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/-/1840392/1863062/-/ewe192z/-/index.html. \n 4. Dr. Elihuruma Nangawe, Chairperson, Tanzania Public Health Association, October 12, 2013.","Radio and television campaigns are used to disseminate information on various epidemics, often supported by donors and the WHO, and presented in accessible ways such as through song and localised and simply-presented public awareness messaging. There are also posters, flyers and, s..."]
["2013_TG_107",2013,"TG","Togo",107,50,"Il n'est pas facile pour les citoyens d'avoir accès aux informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement. L'intérêt des populations sur ces problématiques est de surcroît limité. Des campagnes de sensibilisation ou de prévention sont néanmoins menées, à propos par exemple des épidémies de choléra ou de maladies cardiovasculaires. Cependant, en raison notamment de moyens financiers limités, il n'y a pas de réelle stratégie. \n Beaucoup de campagnes de sensibilisation, comme la journée du paludisme, sont entreprises avec l'aide de partenaires techniques et financiers. \n Pour pallier à ces lacunes, des initiatives comme la revue Santé-Education ont été mises sur pied et permettent aux populations de recevoir de l’information et de l’éducation sur les questions de santé.","Gadiel Pao, directeur de publication, Santé-Education, 13 novembre 2013.\n \n Edem Etonam Eku. (4 novembre 2013). « Epidémie de choléra : 4 décès sur 116 cas enregistrés (officiel) ». aLome.com. Repéré à http://news.alome.com/h/6327.html.\n \n Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Bureau du Togo. (16 mai 2013). « Commémoration de la Journée mondiale de lutte contre le paludisme au Togo ». Écho de l’OMS Togo, n° 142. Repéré à http://www.afro.who.int/en/togo/press-materials/item/5592-commémoration-de-la-journée-mondiale-de-lutte-contre-la-paludisme-au-togo.html .\n \n Maestro Mensah Assogbague. (23 juin 2013). « Santé : vaste campagne de sensibilisation sur les maladies cardiovasculaire, suivie du dépistage gratuit du diabète et de l’hypertension artérielle samedi à Kpalimé ». Savoir News. Repéré à http://www.savoirnews.net/Sante-Vaste-campagne-de.","Il n'est pas facile pour les citoyens d'avoir accès aux informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement. L'intérêt des populations sur ces problématiques est de surcroît limité. Des campagnes de sensibilisation ou de prévention sont néanmoins menées, à p..."]
["2013_TN_107",2013,"TN","Tunisia",107,100,"Information on common illnesses, prevention and treatment is available online at the following website: http://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/msp/alertes_sante.html\n \n It is also available in newspapers and on TV. Data are given in a simple way that makes it easy for citizens with lower education levels to understand as well. For example, newspapers publish advertisements using images, while TV and radio channels broadcast advertisements based on simple words, in Arabic.\n \n Public medical teams also organise visits in school to alert children to the ways of preventing illness, hygiene, dental hygiene, etc., and distribute flyers. This is also a way to reach their parents. During the past 12 months, the ministry of health has organised four large awareness campaigns, on rabia (rage), malaria, flu and cholera to counter or prevent epidemics.","September 19 2013: interview with Dr Saber B, public physician and head of service in the Kassab hospital, Manouba (20 km from Tunis).\n \n September 19 2013: interview with Dr Kawthar Charbaji, chief physician in the Centre d'aide médicale d'urgence, Tunis.\n \n September 24 2013: interview with Mr Chiheb Salhi, director of the Regional hospital of Bizerte.\n \n Information website, listing common illnesses, prevention and treatment: http://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/msp/alertes_sante.html.","Information on common illnesses, prevention and treatment is available online at the following website: http://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/msp/alertes_sante.html\n ..."]
["2013_UG_107",2013,"UG","Uganda",107,25,"Health campaigns in Uganda to educate citizens are mainly run over radio. The campaigns are usually triggered after an epidemic breakout, implying that radio messages are followed by physical intervention. For instance, in 2012 there was an outbreak of measles and this was followed by radio messages to take children below five for booster immunisation doses. There have been ebola outbreaks and these too are followed by radio messages on how to prevent contracting it and centres for treatment were established. Generally, health campaigns in Uganda are sparked off by a health hazard. A few are triggered by report findings after a study. For instance, last year a report came out highlighting the increasing incidence of HIV among teenagers. Then campaigns against cross-generational sex started on radio and billboards.\n \n Billboards and posters are another form of alerting the citizens about epidemics. These are put at health centres, on tree poles along roads, district and sub county headquarters, and in some cases in small trading centres. As much as possible messages are given in local languages and pictures are also used on posters and billboards. And the citizens are very vigilant on passing on what they have heard and seen by word of mouth.\n \n In an interview with Dr. Makanga, he pointed out the choice of how to run a health campaign is largely determined by funds available to the ministry of health. He explains that the ministry would love to carry out sustained campaigns using various channels even before outbreaks occur but the resource bag is constrained. Therefore campaigns are handled as the need/hazards arise. There is not enough information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, and for this reason most patients they receive at the health centres are ailing from preventable diseases like colds, flu, malaria, simple infections, etc. (Interview with Dr. Makanga ).","Measles & Rubella Initiative; “A Report from Uganda’s 2012 Measles Campaign”; December 19, 2012\n http://stopmeaslesrubella.org/2012/12/19/a-report-from-ugandas-2012-measles-campaign/\n \n UNAIDS; “The First Lady of Uganda rolls out next phase of campaign to stop new HIV infections among children”; September 17, 2013\n http://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/first-lady-uganda-rolls-out-next-phase-campaign-stop-new-hiv-infections-among-children\n \n Edson Akugizibwe, Chimp Reports; “Health Ministry Launches “House to House” Vaccination Campaign”; October 24, 2012\n http://chimpreports.com/index.php/mobile/people/health/6577-health-ministry-launches-%E2%80%9Chouse-to-house%E2%80%9D-vaccination-campaign.html\n \n Dr. Partrick Makanga, Director, Namulundu Medical Services, September 19, 2013","Health campaigns in Uganda to educate citizens are mainly run over radio. The campaigns are usually triggered after an epidemic breakout, implying that radio messages are followed by physical intervention. For instance, in 2012 there was an outbreak of measles and this was followed..."]
["2013_ZM_107",2013,"ZM","Zambia",107,50,"The information is found on the ministry of health and health institutions, but mostly, as, Mwanza (source cited) notes, the information is mostly spread through health partnerships with private and international organisations such as the Centre for Disease Control,etc. \n \n Websites of such public health centres randomly checked for this survey include: Kanyama, Kamwala, Kabwata, Chilanga, Kalingalinga, Chilenje, Chawama, and Mandevu clinics in Lusaka, as well as Kitwe Central Hospital in Kitwe and Ndola Hospital in Ndola. The information on the ministry website is not adequate enough to meet the criteria set for this indicator, as it is limited to news, some announcements and not detailed information on locations, instructions, etc.","(1) Interview with George Mwanza, director, Africa Development International, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n\n (2) Stanford University. \"Ambitious Measles Campaign Targets Zambia’s Youth\", Feburary 27, 2013. http://web.stanford.edu/group/gscmf/cgi-bin/ZambiaBlog/?p=263\n\n Websites accessed September 2013:\n\n (3) Embassy of The United States Lusaka, Zambia website, http://zambia.usembassy.gov/pepfar/pepfar-in-zambia.html (The PEPFER programme for health in partnership with Zambia).\n \n (4) Visit/questionnaire sent to the Ministry of Health.\n \n (5) Intrahealth International, Zambia, website, http://www.intrahealth.org/page/zambia.\n \n (6) Ministry of health, Zambia website, http://www.moh.gov.zm/.","The information is found on the ministry of health and health institutions, but mostly, as, Mwanza (source cited) notes, the information is mostly spread through health partnerships with private and international organisations such as the Centre for Disease Control,etc. ..."]
["2013_ZW_107",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",107,50,"The ministry of health and child welfare posts information on common illnesses and prevention on its website. However, this information is not easily accessible on the website. \n \n There are, from time to time, health campaigns on a range of illnesses such as malaria, typhoid, etc. This is especially during outbreaks. These campaigns are normally funded by non-profit NGOs together with the government, and normally use radio as the main medium. Information is also disseminated through posters, public addresses and road shows. For example, the Hope Harare project implemented by the Development Aid People to People had been conducting clean-up campaigns in Mabvuku, Harare, as an education campaign on how to avoid contracting typhoid.","1. Gift Maka, Public health expert. September 24, 2013. Harare. Zimbabwe.\n \n 2. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare Website: http://www.mohcw.gov.zw/index.php/weekly-disease-survellance.\n \n 3. DAPP (2013). Hope Harare cleans up Mabvuku. http://www.dapp-zimbabwe.org/index.php/more-news1/315-hope-harare-cleans-up-mabvuku.","The ministry of health and child welfare posts information on common illnesses and prevention on its website. However, this information is not easily accessible on the website. \n ..."]
["2013_DZ_108",2013,"DZ","Algeria",108,75,"En Algérie, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Seulement, les réformes apportées dans le système éducatif ces dernières années (la surcharge des programmes éducatifs et leur modification à plusieurs reprises, le volume horaire, etc.) ont pesé lourdement sur le niveau des élèves. Outre cela, le secteur de l’éducation nationale manque d’une stratégie à long terme pour assurer sa stabilisation.","-Ministère de l’éducation nationale, Système éducatif algérien (l’enseignement primaire, moyen et secondaire).\nhttp://www.m-education.gov.dz/Article.aspx?ArticleID=90a44283-d25a-4c9b-88f6-9880f28f0ebe&RubriqueID=fcf6e53d-38c7-40e5-8464-2c7055aaf5ff\n-Tabiti Abderahman, membre du conseil national du Syndicat UNPEF (Union Nationale des personnels de l’éducation et de la formation), directeur d’un établissement scolaire, 10/03/2013\n-Rayane Djerdi. (2013, le 25 septembre). Pour NABNI, le système éducatif est aussi coûteux qu’inefficace. Maghreb Émergent. Repéré à http://www.maghrebemergent.com/actualite/maghrebine/item/29893-algerie-pour-nabni-le-systeme-educatif-algerien-est-aussi-couteux-qu-inefficace.html\n-Hiba Benfarès. (2013, le 29 janvier). Le dysfonctionnement du système éducatif algérien. Mon journal. Repéré à http://monjournaldz.com/fr/index.php/actualit%C3%A9/1749-le-dysfonctionnement-du-syst%C3%A8me-%C3%A9ducatif-alg%C3%A9rien.html","En Algérie, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Seulement, les réformes apportées dans le système éducatif ces dernières années (la surcharge des programmes éducatifs et leur modification..."]
["2013_AO_108",2013,"AO","Angola",108,100,"The Educational System Law (LBSE - Lei de Bases do Sistema de Educação 13/01 from 2001) or Education Reform Law, as it is sometimes referred, implemented from 2002 through 2012, included the gradual implementation of new curricula, namely study plans, educational materials, textbooks and evaluation practices.\n\nAccording to the reform plan, the new curricula should contemplate economic, social and cultural diversity, and should be developed as follows: a uniform national component (70 to 75 per cent), a component specific to each province (local curricula, 20 to 25 per cent), and an open component left to the initiative of each school (3 to 5 per cent). \n\nAccording to the National Education Research and Development Institute (Instituto Nacional de Investigacao e Desenvolvimento da Educacao), the new curricula, for both primary and secondary education, were in place at all educational levels by 2012. \n\nAccording to Joaquim Cabral, there is a standard evaluation system in place, and exams are designed at the provincial level based on standardised evaluation parameters.","Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa.  (2012) .   Youth and adult learning and education in Angola.  Retrieved from http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/angola_yale_final.pdf\n\nUNESCO.  (2013) .  Angola launches process to achieve Education for All.  Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/dakar/about-this-office/single-view/news/angola_launches_big_push_on_education_for_all/#.Uv0rrF5vDK0\n\nRepublic of Angola Ministerio da Educacao.  (n.d.) .   Instituto Nacional de Investigacao e Desenvolvimento da Educacao; Plano de implantacao progressiva das classes com programas de ensino do novo sistema de educacao.  Retrieved from http://www.inide.angoladigital.net/pdf/cronimplanta%E7%E3odos%20novos%20materiais.pdf\n\nADRA.  (2009) .  Estudo de caso sobre a reforma educativa.  Retrieved from http://www.adra-angola.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Estudo-de-caso-sobre-a-reforma-educativa-Dr.-Azancot.pdf","The Educational System Law (LBSE - Lei de Bases do Sistema de Educação 13/01 from 2001) or Education Reform Law, as it is sometimes referred, implemented from 2002 through 2012, included the gradual implementation of new curricula, namely study plans, educational materials, textboo..."]
["2013_BJ_108",2013,"BJ","Benin",108,100,"Il existe un système de programme d'enseignement standard, un système de qualification standard, et ces systèmes s'appliquent à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. A quelques jours de la rentrée scolaire, le Ministre des Enseignements primaire et secondaire détaille le calendrier standard des deux cycles. Le calendrier s'impose aussi bien aux établissements privés que publics qui sont tenus de respecter les congés, les jours fériés, les contenus de cours, les examens et autres exigences de l'enseignement primaire au Bénin.","Plateforme internet officielle d’information et de documentation sur le secteur éducatif béninois. (2013). http://www.education.benin.bj/index.php/systeme-educatif\n\nLe Système d’éducation au Bénin- Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique. (2013). http://www.mesrs.bj/spip.php?article20\n\nLe calendrier complet de l’année scolaire 2012-2013. (26 septembre 2012). 24H au Bénin. http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article576","Il existe un système de programme d'enseignement standard, un système de qualification standard, et ces systèmes s'appliquent à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. A quelques jours de la rentrée scolaire, le Ministre des Enseignements primaire et secondaire détaille le calendrie..."]
["2013_BW_108",2013,"BW","Botswana",108,100,"The ministry of education is tasked with regulation and operation of the education system for both primary and secondary schools. All government schools have a standardised curriculum and a standardised qualification system.","1. Article: Online school syllabus in the works, Eunice Masie, Mmegi newspaper, February 12 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=980&dir=2013/february/Tuesday12.\n\n2. Article: Repeating re-introduced at Primary Schools, Gothataone Moeng,  Mmegi newspaper,  March 8 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1656&dir=2013/March/Friday8.\n\n3. Website: Ministry of Education and Skills Development, Botswana Government Portal,  www.gov.bw.","The ministry of education is tasked with regulation and operation of the education system for both primary and secondary schools. All government schools have a standardised curriculum and a standardised qualification system."]
["2013_BF_108",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",108,100,"Au Burkina Faso, il existe des programmes d'enseignement standard qui s'appliquent à chaque niveau d'enseignement. Au primaire, tous les établissements d'enseignement formel, sur toute l'étendue du territoire national, qu'ils soient publics ou privés, sont soumis aux mêmes programmes et curricula d'enseignement, avec les mêmes types de manuels scolaires. Il en est de même pour les établissements secondaires.\nDans les établissements de type confessionnel, les mêmes programmes s'appliquent, auxquels s’ajoutent quelques notions confessionnelles spécifiques.","Interview avec Assétou Badoh, journaliste d'éducation, 4 octobre 2013.\n\nMinistère des Enseignements Secondaire, Supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique (MESSRS) du Burkina Faso, site Internet: http://www.messrs.gov.bf/\n\nRouamba, P.M. (avril 2013). Enseignement secondaire : Les manuels de l’échec ! Courrier Confidentiel : http://www.courrierconfidentiel.net/index.php/decryptage/419-enseignement-secondaire-1","Au Burkina Faso, il existe des programmes d'enseignement standard qui s'appliquent à chaque niveau d'enseignement. Au primaire, tous les établissements d'enseignement formel, sur toute l'étendue du territoire national, qu'ils soient publics ou privés, sont soumis aux mêmes programm..."]
["2013_BI_108",2013,"BI","Burundi",108,100,"Selon toutes les sources interviewées, il existe un programme d’éducation standard et un système de qualification standard pour l’enseignement primaire et secondaire au niveau national, que ce soit dans le public ou dans le privé.","Bageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nANONYME, Une enseignante de l’École primaire du quartier Taba, commune de Gihosha, Mairie de Bujumbura, interrogée le 19 octobre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nNizigiyimana Isaïe, militant des droits de l'homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l' Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.","Selon toutes les sources interviewées, il existe un programme d’éducation standard et un système de qualification standard pour l’enseignement primaire et secondaire au niveau national, que ce soit dans le public ou dans le privé."]
["2013_CM_108",2013,"CM","Cameroon",108,100,"Every year, the Cameroonian educational system operates on the basis of a curriculum from primary to secondary to university levels. In terms of primary and secondary education, each year, the Minister of Commerce signs a memorandum ordering the books that fall within the current curriculum. A memorandum detailing the objectives for primary and secondary education is also signed every year.\nAccording to the director of the public school New-Bell Bamiléké Groupe 2, classes taught in the school are based on a program set out by the ministry. In his blog, Gaspard Ngono, a teacher, speaks for example about the computer program within the Cameroonian educational system. In addition to IT, Cameroon has several other programs that enhance its education system, from kindergarten to elementary through high school. There is also a standard qualification system in Cameroon. After completing the primary school cycle, all learners receive a Primary Studies Certificate (EPC).\nCameroon has two distinct systems of education from the pre-nursery to the post-secondary level. They are the French and English education systems. This distinctiveness is witnessed in the organization of school certificate examinations, with the Office de BACC responsible for all the exams of the French system and the GCE Board responsible for organizing examinations in the English system. The two systems are also based on two distinct curricula.","Florence, Ebong Ndi.  (2013, 5) .  [Director of the public school New-Bell Bamileke Groupe 2 in Douala].  Personal communication.\n\nFeumo.  (2012, November) .  The integration of IT in secondary education in Cameroon. Retrieved from http://ilairefeumo.over-blog.com/pages/l-integration-de-l-informatique-dans-l-enseignement-secondaire-au-cameroun-3357328.html\n\nNgono, Gaspard.  (2013, November 1) .  Secondary cycle: New curriculum applied by teachers.  Retrieved from http://www.cops.mboa.info/secondaire/fr/school/actualite/3279,nouveaux-programmes-scolaires-les-enseignants-simplementent.html;","Every year, the Cameroonian educational system operates on the basis of a curriculum from primary to secondary to university levels. In terms of primary and secondary education, each year, the Minister of Commerce signs a memorandum ordering the books that fall within the current c..."]
["2013_CV_108",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",108,100,"There is a standardised education curriculum system implemented at national level. On the third cycle (secondary), education is organised according to a unified curriculum.  There is also a national qualification system to the technical and vocational training.","1. Interview: Pedro Reis Brito, director of planning, budgeting and management at the ministry of education, October 2013.\n\n2. Government website: http://www.governo.cv/index.php/noticias/4718-snq-apresenta-qualificacoes-profissionais-do-catalogo-nacional, May 23, 2013.","There is a standardised education curriculum system implemented at national level. On the third cycle (secondary), education is organised according to a unified curriculum.  There is also a national qualification system to the technical and vocational training."]
["2013_CF_108",2013,"CF","CAR",108,50,"Le gouvernement centrafricain a émis un cadre règlementaire régulant le contenu des programmes d’enseignement. Dans la pratique, cependant, les enseignants n’ont pas tous été formés selon les règles et l’application du programme officiel n’est donc pas assurée. Devant les difficultés de l’État à assurer sa mission éducative, en effet, une multitude de « maitre-parents » autoproclamés a fait son apparition, sans passer par le cursus standard de formation. Un problème semblable se pose du côté de l’enseignement privé, un marché en pleine expansion, où il est presque certain que les enseignants n’ont pas suivi eux non plus le cursus régulier leur permettant d’exercer une fonction d’enseignement.","Jean Kokide, maitre d'histoire économique et sociale, vice-doyen, Faculté des sciences humaines, Université de Bangui, 20 septembre 2013\n\nFreddy Miabe, enseignant vacataire, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013.\n\nNoel Endjimond, chef de service,  enseignement du fondamental 2, ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 21 septembre 2013.\n\nValeur Tanga, enseignante-chercheuse, Département d'anthropologie, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013.","Le gouvernement centrafricain a émis un cadre règlementaire régulant le contenu des programmes d’enseignement. Dans la pratique, cependant, les enseignants n’ont pas tous été formés selon les règles et l’application du programme officiel n’est donc pas assurée. Devant les difficult..."]
["2013_TD_108",2013,"TD","Chad",108,100,"L'enseignement est universel au Tchad et le gouvernement, dans le cadre de son plan national de développement, entend poursuivre ses systèmes de qualification standards pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Les mêmes manuels scolaires sont utilisés partout sur l'étendue du territoire national, avec les mêmes critères d'admissibilité.\n\nToutefois, le niveau de formation laisse à désirer si on se réfère au taux d'admission au baccalauréat national.","Interview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nMouvement d’action pour le changement au Tchad (MACT). (25 juillet 2013). « Les catastrophiques résultats du baccalauré﻿at tchadien en 2013 consacrent la désespéra﻿nce de la jeunesse tchadienne » MACT: http://www.mact-chad.com/les-catastrophiques-resultats-du-baccalaure%EF%BB%BFat-tchadien-en-2013-consacrent-la-desespera%EF%BB%BFnce-de-la-jeunesse-tchadienne/","L'enseignement est universel au Tchad et le gouvernement, dans le cadre de son plan national de développement, entend poursuivre ses systèmes de qualification standards pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Les mêmes manuels scolaires sont utilisés partout sur l'étendue du te..."]
["2013_KM_108",2013,"KM","Comoros",108,100,"Il existe un programme d’enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l’enseignement primaire et secondaire.\nLe système éducatif est géré par le ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de la Recherche, de la Culture et des Arts. Le système éducatif connait un essor considérable en raison de la forte croissance démographique.\nLes autorités compétentes se sont fixées comme objectif d’augmenter les taux de scolarisation des enfants dans les régions défavorisées, d’améliorer la maitrise de la langue d’enseignement et des compétences pédagogiques des enseignants du primaire et du secondaire, d’améliorer l’environnement sanitaire des écoles publiques et d’améliorer l’environnement pédagogique dans les écoles publiques.\nLe système éducatif est composé de l’école coranique et de l’école officielle. L’école coranique, de type communautaire, dispense l’enseignement de la religion islamique. On y enseigne le shikomori et l’arabe. L’école officielle, de type moderne, est inspirée du système français (Zoubeuri, 2013).\n\nLe système éducatif comorien est structuré de la manière suivante : \n- l’enseignement préscolaire cible les enfants 3 à 5 ans en petite, moyenne et grandes sections ;\n- le cycle primaire, dont l’âge de fréquentation est de 6 à 11 ans, s’échelonne sur six années et est sanctionnée par l’obtention du CEP ;\n- le collège a une durée de 4 ans. Il concerne la population âgée de 12 à15 ans. L’accès au collège est contingenté par l’admission préalable à l’examen d’entrée en sixième. Il s’achève au terme des quatre années par l’obtention du BEPC ;\n- le lycée dure trois ans, de la classe de seconde à celle de terminale. Il comprend trois filières : littéraire, sciences de la nature et sciences de la matière (UNESCO, UNICEF, Octobre 2012).\nLe niveau de l’enseignement laisse parfois à désirer. Il existe également des enseignements techniques aux Comores, mais qui ne sont pas développés (Djoubeire, 23 juillet 2013).","Zoubeuri, A. (2013). Le système éducatif et l’agriculture aux Comores. Habari Za Komori: http://www.habarizacomores.com/p/le-systeme-educatif-aux-comores.html\n\nUNESCO, UNICEF. (Octobre 2012). Rapport d’état du système éducatif. Diagnostic du système éducatif comorien pour une politique nouvelle dans le cadre de l’EPT. Unesco : http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002190/219070f.pdf\n\nDjoubeire, I.O.  (23 juillet 2013). « La réfonte du système est indispensable plus que jamais ». Al watwan: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=5519","Il existe un programme d’enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l’enseignement primaire et secondaire.\nLe système éducatif est géré par le ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de la Recherche, de la..."]
["2013_CD_108",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",108,50,"Bien qu'il existe, dans les projets gouvernementaux, un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire, dans les faits ce programme n'est pas mis en pratique. En effet, le niveau d'enseignement standard est très bas, la qualité de l'enseignement ne correspond pas aux ambitions du projet gouvernemental. L'école manque de moyens considérables (malgré les budgets décaissés pour l'année de l'éducation). La formation des enseignants pose un véritable problème et ne correspond pas aux enjeux de développement et du projet gouvernemental et il y a un déficit de 14 mille enseignants. De plus la formation des maîtres dans les faits pose problème.\nLes professeurs ont eu à faire grèves à plusieurs reprises pour se dénoncer leurs conditions de travail, leurs revendications portent sur l’adoption d'un statut particulier, le relèvement du point d’indice à 320, la publication des textes harmonisés et le paiement des rappels de solde d’activités.\nD'autres part, certains établissements manquent d'équipements de base pour assurer un niveau d'enseignement efficace ce qui a conduit les élèves également à faire grève.  Les associations de parents d’élèves forts inquiets du niveau d'éducation se plaignent de la qualité de l'enseignement. \nSi bien que la République du Congo a vu naitre de nombreuses écoles privées voulant pallier aux manquements criants de l'Etat. Tous ses éléments nuisent gravement à l'éducation pour tous et défavorisent les familles à faibles revenus et ceux vivant en zone rurale. \nIl est également à noter que l'année 2013, fut décrétée année de l'éducation. Des budgets colossaux on été décaissés (que l'on peut retrouver sur le projet de loi de finance exercice 2013) mais les résultats ne sont pas à la hauteur des sommes allouées.\nLe PNUD et la Banque Mondiale mènent un projet intitulé : « Accès à l'éducation de base ».\nSelon Mr Jonas DIASSONAMA, directeur des études et de la planification au ministère de l'enseignement primaire, secondaire et de l'alphabétisation : « Il existe bien un document de stratégie gouvernementale traçant la politique éducative en milieu primaire et secondaire en République du Congo. Il contient des programmes officiels pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire applicable aussi bien dans le secteur public que privé, validés par l'institut national de recherche et d'action pédagogique (INRAP). L'INRAP élabore également les programmes de l'enseignement technique. Elle a une mission transversale, c'est la seule structure habilité à produire des programmes scolaires officiels ».","1 - Entretien du11 octobre 2013 avec M. Jonas DIASSONAMA, directeur des études et de la planification au ministère de l'enseignement primaire, secondaire et de l'alphabétisation.\n\n2 - Entretien du 11 octobre 2013 Mme Jeanne NGOUKANGALA, chef de bureau des questions de genre à la direction des études et de la planification scolaire, au ministère de l'enseignement primaire, secondaire et de l'alphabétisation.\n\n3 - Entretien 11 octobre 2013 M. Marcel MONKA, directeur et administrateur du projet en chef des SAF, à la direction des études et de la planification, ministère de l'Enseignement technique, professionnel, de la formation qualifiante et de l'emploi. \n\n4 - Entretien du 17 octobre 2013 avec M. Joachim BANZA, directeur de la rédaction de la Semaine Africaine, au siège de la semaine africaine.\n\n5 - Entretien du 13 janvier 2014 avec M. Jean-Jacques SAMBA, Union Patronale et Interprofessionnelle du Congo (UNICONGO).\n\n6 - Entretien du 15 janvier 2014, Mme Sylvie Niombo Directrice exécutive, AZUR Développement.\n\n7 - Document (draft final) intitulé Stratégie sectorielle de l’éduction, République du Congo, mai 2009.\n\n8 - Rapport intitulé : « Le système éducatif congolais » du Ministère des Enseignements Primaire et Secondaire en Charge de l’Alphabétisation, Ministère de l’Enseignement Technique et Professionnel, Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, une équipe du Pôle de Dakar (UNESCO/BREDA), la Banque Mondiale et le service de coopération et d’action culturelle de l’ambassade de France à Brazzaville, publié en janvier 2007.\n\n8 - Document intitulé : « Plan  National d’Action de l’Education pour Tous (PNA/EPT), du Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire et Secondaire chargé de l’alphabétisation, publié en juin 2006.\n\n9 - Rapport PASEC L’enseignement primaire au Congo intitulé : « A la recherche de la qualité et de l’équité », publié par le Programme d’analyse des systèmes éducatifs (PASEC), par la  Confédération des Ministres de l’Education des Pays ayant le Français en partage (CONFEMEN), août 2009.\n\n\n10 - Vers une reprise des cours au Congo-Brazzaville ? - Congo ... - RFI\nwww.rfi.fr/.../20130415-enseignants-greve-congo-brazzaville-salaire-sus...‎\n15 avr. 2013 - Grande confusion au sein de la plateforme syndicale qui a déclenché un mouvement de grève des enseignants au Congo-Brazzaville depuis ...\n\n11 - Congo : deux syndicalistes enseignants arrêtés après un mois de ...\nnouvelobs.com › Education‎\n3 avr. 2013 - BRAZZAVILLE (RD Congo ), 03 avr 2013 (AFP) - Deux représentants ... de syndicats d'enseignants en grève depuis début mars pour de...\n\n\n12 - Congo Amnesty International.\nwww.amnesty.org/fr/region/congo‎\nDeux enseignants détenus à Brazzaville, au Congo, depuis une semaine à la suite d'une grève qui se poursuit ont été libérés sans inculpation. Néanmoins, les ...\n\n13 - Les syndicats des enseignants menacent d'aller en grève - Congo Site\nwww.congo-site.com › Actualités‎\n3 janv. 2014 - CONGO BRAZZAVILLE, (CONGOSITE) - La concertation pour la revalorisation de la profession d'enseignants (CRPE) et la coordination ...\n\n14 - http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/education-quelles-perspectives-pour-2014\n\n15 - Education : l'APEC appelle à l'union sacrée autour de l ... - Congo Site\nwww.congo-site.com › Actualités‎\n3 oct. 2009 - ... sous la direction de leur président Martin Itoua, les membres de l'Association des parents d'élèves et étudiants du Congo (APEC) ont publi...","Bien qu'il existe, dans les projets gouvernementaux, un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire, dans les faits ce programme n'est pas mis en pratique. En effet, le niveau d'enseignement standard est très ..."]
["2013_CG_108",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",108,100,"Il existe un seul programme standard pour l’enseignement. L’enseignement secondaire en République Démocratique du Congo prend en compte l’enseignement général qui s’étale sur deux ans ainsi que les classes d’options (enseignement normal et formation professionnelle) qui durent quatre ans. \n\nTous les enseignants suivent un seul et même programme d’enseignement au niveau du secondaire, y compris ceux de l’intérieur du pays.\n\nLe ministère de l’Enseignement a mis à notre disposition les documents relatifs à l’enseignement en République Démocratique du Congo. C’est le seul programme qu’utilisent tous les enseignants du pays.\n\nLe programme d’enseignement standard existe pour tout le pays. Tous les enseignants s’y conforment et c’est un système de qualification standard. Ces systèmes s’appliquent à l’enseignement primaire et secondaire, sur l’ensemble du territoire national, dans la capitale Kinshasa comme en provinces. Il a été institué par le Ministère de l’Enseignement primaire et secondaire. Son site web détaille tous ces renseignements et les interviews le confirment.","Sources : site du Ministère de l'Enseignement : http://www.eduquepsp.cd/Actualit%C3%A9s/lorganisation-de-lenseignement-secondaire-en-rdc.html. \n- Mme Lucie Salumu, enseignante aux humanités techniques, option coupe et couture, lycée les messagères à Kinshasa, entrevue du 22/10/2013.\n- Mr Olivier Malwasa, ancien préfet d'études du complexe scolaire Timbu à Kinshasa, entrevue du 22/10/2013.","Il existe un seul programme standard pour l’enseignement. L’enseignement secondaire en République Démocratique du Congo prend en compte l’enseignement général qui s’étale sur deux ans ainsi que les classes d’options (enseignement normal et formation professionnelle) qui durent quat..."]
["2013_CI_108",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",108,100,"Le système d’enseignement primaire et secondaire ivoirien repose sur programme bien défini, standard et commun à tous les établissements, qu’ils soient publics ou privés. Ce programme d’enseignement se doit d’être suivi par tous les établissements nationaux. C’est d’ailleurs lui qui sert de base à la conception des examens et concours nationaux reconnus dans le système national. Une dérogation est cependant prévue pour les établissements primaires et secondaires dispensant un enseignement soit Français, soit Américain. C’est notamment le cas des écoles françaises qui suivent un programme d’enseignement français. Pour ce qui est du système de qualification standard, il en existe également un aussi bien pour les enseignants du primaire et du secondaire que pour les élèves dans ces cycles. Ainsi pour les instituteurs du primaire, afin d’être qualifiés pour enseigner, ils se doivent de passer par un Centre d’animation et de formation pédagogique (CAFOP), qu’ils intègrent par concours (pour ce concours les candidats doivent être Ivoirien et être âgés d’au moins 18 ans et d’au plus 36 ans et détenir un Baccalauréat de l’enseignement secondaire), afin d’y recevoir une formation et les qualifications adéquates. Pour les enseignants du secondaire, c’est au sein de l’École normale supérieure (ENS) que les candidats reçoivent une formation pédagogique susceptible de disposer des qualifications requises. L’ENS est notamment chargée de « la formation et [du] perfectionnement pédagogique des enseignants de l’enseignement secondaire général » et de « la production et la diffusion de matériel didactique ». Toutefois, l’existence de ces dispositifs ne semble pas avoir eu une influence sur le niveau des enseignements aussi bien dans le primaire que dans le secondaire. Ainsi, les qualifications et les aptitudes des instituteurs et des enseignants sont très souvent décriées. Ce n’est sans doute pas fortuit si le programme présidentiel prévoit, « en matière de formation, de recrutement et de gestion des ressources humaines [de] revenir (…) à des pratiques saines », notamment de mettre en œuvre un « recrutement par concours ouverts à des candidats répondant aux critères exigés et selon des procédures évitant tout favoritisme », d’initier « la formation à la pédagogie avec le renforcement conséquent [des] établissements de formation des enseignants (CAFOP, ENS, IPNETP, INJS, INFAAC…) et sans doute la création de nouveaux établissements » et de renforcer les « contrôles pour (…) s’assurer que les programmes et les horaires sont bien respectés ». Au registre des problèmes dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire il faut également évoquer les programmes d’enseignement qui ne sont pas achevés.","- Entretien avec Eurydice Lathro, professeur des lycées et collèges, 27 janvier 2014.\n\n- Cartographie de la CITE de la Cote d’Ivoire. Année scolaire de référence 2007. Repéré à: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/ISCEDMappings/Documents/Sub-Saharan%20Africa/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_ISCED_mapping.xls\n\n- Mian, B.S.A. (12 octobre 2012). « Le BAC pour l’entrée au CAFOP: une chance d’emploi pour des Bacheliers ». TICEDUForum. Repéré à: http://ticeduforum.akendewa.net/actualites/le-bac-pour-lentree-au-cafop-une-chance-demploi-pour-des-bacheliers/\n\n- Présidence de la Côte d'Ivoire. Programme présidentiel, éducation. Présidence de la Côte d'Ivoire. repéré à: http://www.presidence.ci/presentation/10/education","Le système d’enseignement primaire et secondaire ivoirien repose sur programme bien défini, standard et commun à tous les établissements, qu’ils soient publics ou privés. Ce programme d’enseignement se doit d’être suivi par tous les établissements nationaux. C’est d’ailleurs lui qu..."]
["2013_DJ_108",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",108,100,"Un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard encadrent l'enseignement primaire et secondaire, que ce soit au niveau national ou étatique. \nLes programmes enseignés sont tous les mêmes à l'échelle nationale et sont nationalisés aux niveaux primaire et secondaire. Les livres et les manuels scolaires sont produits sur place et sont les mêmes pour toutes les écoles. Le ministère de l'Éducation nationale a élaboré un plan d’action pour la période 2011-2016 qui reflète la standardisation de l'enseignement  à Djibouti. Ce plan est disponible en ligne à l’adresse suivante : http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Djibouti/Djibouti_Plan_dAction_2011_2016.pdf","1) Hamid Youssouf , ancien directeur, Centre de recherche et de production de l'Éducation nationale (CRIPPEN), septembre 2013.\n\n2) Farah Abdi Talan, directeur, école  Ilays privée à Djibouti, septembre 2013.\n\n3) Said Nouh, conseiller technique du ministre de l'Éducation nationale, septembre 2013.\n\n4) République de Djibouti, ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle (MENFOP). (2011). Plan d’action 2011-2016 du ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle (PAEFPT). Cap sur la qualité. Djibouti : http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Djibouti/Djibouti_Plan_dAction_2011_2016.pdff","Un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard encadrent l'enseignement primaire et secondaire, que ce soit au niveau national ou étatique. \nLes programmes enseignés sont tous les mêmes à l'échelle nationale et sont nationalisés aux ni..."]
["2013_EG_108",2013,"EG","Egypt",108,75,"Egypt has long had the largest national education infrastructure in the Middle East and North Africa. If anything, the system is very centralised. Both standards and national exams are standardised in Egypt at the primary and secondary levels. \n\nThe National Center of Curricula Development, the National Center for Education Research and the National Center for Examinations and Educational Evaluation are responsible and effective in standardising curricula. Despite this, the challenge of the Egyptian education system isn't the curriculum it is rather that the Egyptian public education system is massively overcrowded and under-resourced.\n\nThe Egyptian education system is divided into kindergarten (2 years), primary (elementary) and  preparatory (middle or junior school). These compulsory schooling tiers are followed by secondary school (high school). \n\nAll schools rely heavily on memorisation and test-taking. At the end of secondary education, standardised tests are administered, the results of which will determine the child's future.","(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.  Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.eg/\n\nEl Din, Ahmed Safy.  (2013, November 20) .  [Associate at the Namaa' Association for Sustainable Development (Egypt), which works on education].  Personal communication. \n\nShafer, Greg.  (2013, November 14) .  [English teacher in Alexandria during the study period].  Personal communication.","Egypt has long had the largest national education infrastructure in the Middle East and North Africa. If anything, the system is very centralised. Both standards and national exams are standardised in Egypt at the primary and secondary levels. ..."]
["2013_GQ_108",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",108,50,"The Ministry of Education prepares a mandatory education curriculum and qualification system that is then distributed to all private and public schools. The mandatory curriculum is also enforced by the distribution of the textbooks that are prepared and provided by the Ministry of Education. While in theory the education curriculum should be updated annually, in practice it takes three-to-four years to update it. The current education curriculum was updated four years ago. The textbooks were re-edited last year, but none of the content was updated.\n\nThe curriculum is not fully implemented. In some schools teachers do not follow the curriculum as mandated and skip some courses. During the period of review, it was a common practice among public teachers to skip the course on human rights due to a widespread belief that the course relates to the political sphere and may cause repercussions with authorities. \n\nThere was also widespread corruption in the qualification system, particularly in the public schools, as teachers accepted bribes to pass students especially at the secondary level. In addition, the education system continued to face serious challenges due to the lack of qualified professors at both primary and secondary levels, particularly in the rural area.","Anonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Teacher, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nCEID-GE, Red PerSida, SEJOF.  (2013) .   Informe de Sociedad Civil de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/EPU%20GE%202013%20DRAFT%20CEID.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Fishery and Environment.  (2012, May) .  Informe Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, Rio+20. Paper presented at the Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible.  Retrieved from http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/976equatorialguinea.pdf \n\nUNDP.  (n.d.) .  Project profile: Programa de desarrollo Integrado para la educación, ciencia, tecnología y matemáticas en Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/equatorial_guinea/es/home/operations/projects/poverty_reduction/educacion/","The Ministry of Education prepares a mandatory education curriculum and qualification system that is then distributed to all private and public schools. The mandatory curriculum is also enforced by the distribution of the textbooks that are prepared and provided by the Ministry of ..."]
["2013_ER_108",2013,"ER","Eritrea",108,100,"There is a standardised curriculum and qualification system both at the primary and secondary levels of schooling in Eritrea. For the primary level (up to grade 5), the same materials are used all over the country but translated in the mother tongue of each community. Before students can pass to the secondary level, they have to sit for a nationwide exam (known as General Exam). By the same token, secondary students have to sit for a nation-wide exam (Matric) before they go to higher levels.\n\nPrimary school has an official entry age of seven and a duration of five grades. Secondary school is divided into two cycles: lower secondary consists of grades 6 - 8, and upper secondary consists of grades 9 - 12. Basic education comprises primary and lower secondary education. Primary education is also known as \"elementary education\", Lower secondary education as \"middle school\" or \"junior secondary\" and upper secondary as \"secondary school\". In principle, basic education is free and compulsory. Students sit for the National Examination at the end of grade 8, and the Eritrean School Leaving Certificate Examination (ESLCE) at the end of grade 12. The academic year has 200 school days divided between two semesters. Lowland region schools are typically in session six days a week to allow the school year to end before the hot season.\n\nThere are five levels: \n\nPrimary Education\nEducation in Eritrea is officially compulsory for children aged between 7 and 14, and the government is striving to make this a reality despite sectarian conflict. The system follows 5 stages, beginning at kindergarten level, and for some perhaps ending with university degrees. The system is intended to overcome traditional taboos and rural poverty. Perhaps inevitably though, larger urban areas are often better endowed.\n\nPrimary school, which lasts for 5 years begins at age 6 and takes place in mother tongue. All teachers must be qualified.\n\nMiddle Education\nThe second and final phase of compulsory education takes place at middle school in English. At the end of this period, students write their seventh grade national examination at the national examination center.\n\nSecondary Education\nThere are 2 streams of secondary education, namely science and commerce, and teachers must have appropriate degrees. Students may take the concluding Eritrean school leaving certificate examination in march of any year. Those still at school after age 18 are required to engage in annual summer work programs that aim to foster a sense of social awareness and responsibility.\n\nIn addition, the education system includes the following levels:\n\nVocational Education\nGood progress has been made with implementing vocational training too. A number of training centers processed 27,000 students during 2010 in a variety of specialties, and it is hoped to introduce several more institutions shortly.\n\nTertiary Education\nEritrea EducationEritrea has a variety of smaller educational colleges and technical schools for further education, where subjects as diverse as agriculture, arts & social sciences, biology, business & economics, and nursing & health technology may be followed. \n\nThere are 2 universities too, namely the University of Asmara and the Eritrean Institute of Technology. The former is the older, having been originally instituted in 1958 by the Catholic Church, but has migrated across the years from being a school for expatriate Italian girls, to becoming a national institution.","Interview with key informant at the Ministry of Education who requested to remain anonymous, 2013.\n\nEducation Policy and DataCenter, Eritrea National Education Profile, March 2014. http://www.epdc.org/country/eritrea\n\nClassbase, Education Database, Education System in Eritrea, accessed in 2014. http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Eritrea/Education-System","There is a standardised curriculum and qualification system both at the primary and secondary levels of schooling in Eritrea. For the primary level (up to grade 5), the same materials are used all over the country but translated in the mother tongue of each community. Before studen..."]
["2013_ET_108",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",108,50,"Primary education in Ethiopia has two cycles: The first cycle constitute Grades 1-4 and the second Grades 5-8. At the end of the second cycle of primary education all students in all regions are required to take the 8th Grade National Examination which is administered by the National Office for  Examination.  Curricula and qualification systems exist, but the curricula are not consistently implemented.","1. Interview, Addis Ababa University based researcher with School of Education and Behavioral Sciences, Addis Ababa, 20 Oct. 2013.\n2..http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Ethiopia/Education-System and http://www.moe.gov.et/English/Information/Pages/standacc.aspx\n3. http://www.nae.gov.et/MissionVision.aspx\n4. Interview, Addis Ababa University based researcher with the College of Development Studies, , Addis Ababa, Oct. 16, 2013.","Primary education in Ethiopia has two cycles: The first cycle constitute Grades 1-4 and the second Grades 5-8. At the end of the second cycle of primary education all students in all regions are required to take the 8th Grade National Examination which is administered by the Nation..."]
["2013_GA_108",2013,"GA","Gabon",108,100,"Gabon has a standardized educational curriculum and qualification system for both primary and secondary education. Education reforms instituted since 2010 have streamlined the education system.\n\nGabon's educational system is based on a blueprint of the French system. A certificate is obtained for primary education known as Certificat d'Étude Primaire et Élémentaire (CEPE). Other certificates in the educational curriculum include the Brevet d'Étude du Premier Cycle (BEPC) and the equivalent of a US high school diploma, the Baccalauréat (BAC), which was reformed in the 2012–2013 academic year. The standardized curriculum for the different cycles must be met at all educational centers regardless of location.\n\nIn May 2010, the outcome of the general meetings on education (États Généraux) produced a roadmap designed to improve the quality of early schooling in urban and rural areas of Gabon. It was decided at the meetings that science, computers and languages should be introduced earlier into the school curriculum.\n\n“As a result of the general meetings of 2010, we streamlined pre-Kindergarten, primary and secondary education, as well as technical training. In addition, we have made changes to teacher training based on workshops that began in September 2013,” said Minister of Education Séraphin Moundounga in an interview with Forbes.\n\nIn Gabon, girls aged 14–15 studying for their Brevet d’Études du Premier Cycle (BEPC) outnumbered boys by 7,000 in 2013. But according to the Ministry of Education, only 24 per cent of them were admitted to the next level (Secondaire) compared to 36 per cent of boys. The lower rate continued into the first phase of the BAC (baccalaureate), with only 29 per cent of girls passing against 34 per cent of boys.\n\n“The results are improving every year. It may not be sufficient progress yet, but to succeed we need to lower our student-teacher ratios and rethink the way teachers are trained. We have now called on global expertise to allow us to design a country-specific methodology suited for Gabon,” says Minister Moundounga.\n\nAt the end of academic year 2012–2013, the results for the BAC exam revealed that 48 per cent of students had passed, up from 41 per cent in 2011–2012. The bad news was that only 3,752 students had opted for the science-based version of the exam (BAC technologique) compared to 19,036 who took the general BAC. \n\n“This is a problem if you consider the mismatch between the careers proposed in the Emerging Gabon agenda and our graduating pool of students,” said Minister Moundounga.\n\nSince the 2009 election of President Ali Bongo, policymakers at the Ministry of Education have stepped up efforts to match market demand with professional training. Corrections early on in the schooling of children are aimed at meeting future market demand.","3M.  (2013, August 13) .  CEPE 2013: les résultats sont enfin tombés samedi.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30253\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nMAC.  (2013, April 19) .  Des numéros identifiants pour suivre le parcours des élèves au Gabon.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=29317\n\nMoundounga, Séraphin.  (2013, September 30) .  [Minister of Education, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nSEE.  (2013, November 5) .  Education Nationale: Les pré recalés du Bac 2013 ichés à vie?.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30879\n\nSEE.  (2012, October 11) .  Rentrée scolaire 2012-2013. Se déplacer sans se ruiner: Possible or not possible.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=26234","Gabon has a standardized educational curriculum and qualification system for both primary and secondary education. Education reforms instituted since 2010 have streamlined the education system...."]
["2013_GM_108",2013,"GM","The Gambia",108,100,"The national education policy and an interview with a source reveal that there is a standard education curriculum and qualification system existent in the Gambia. The ministry of basic and secondary education through the West African Examination Council sets standards and curriculum at all levels for both primary, junior and senior secondary education.","1.  Education Ministry National Education Policy 2004 to 2015, http://www.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/policy-documents.html.\n\n2. Interview with Mr Poncelet Ileleji MBCS, Coordinator, The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre and Digital Studio, MDI Road Kanifing South on October 10 2013.","The national education policy and an interview with a source reveal that there is a standard education curriculum and qualification system existent in the Gambia. The ministry of basic and secondary education through the West African Examination Council sets standards and curriculu..."]
["2013_GH_108",2013,"GH","Ghana",108,100,"There is a standardised education curriculum which is a broad document specifying what pupils and students need to learn in the course of their education at both basic and senior high school levels. \n\nThe curriculum is incorporated into syllabi which specify what pupils and students need to learn in a particular subject in a term. \n\nThe syllabi are distributed to all teachers to guide their teaching exercise. At the end of every term, pupils and students take exams. Pupils spend nine years in primary or basic school and take a final examination at the end of the ninth year.\n\nThis examination is set by an external body; the West African Examinations Council, and every pupil in the ninth year takes it to guarantee their admission to senior high school level. \n\nStudents spend three years to complete senior high school or secondary school education and take a final examination set by the council. Those who pass well and meet the criteria progress to tertiary institutions. These standards apply to both primary and secondary education.","1. Mr Stanislaus Nabome, general secretary, National Association of Graduate Teachers, telephone interview, October 5, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Paul Krampah, public relations officer, Ministry of Education, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Emmanuel Bonney, education correspondent, Daily Graphic, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Professor Stephen Adei, former rector, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, contributing to a discussion (Hot Issues) on TV3 Network, October 26, 2013, Time: 12:00GMT to 13:00GMT, Accra.","There is a standardised education curriculum which is a broad document specifying what pupils and students need to learn in the course of their education at both basic and senior high school levels. ..."]
["2013_GN_108",2013,"GN","Guinea",108,100,"Il existe un programme d'enseignement standard en Guinée. Il y a aussi un système de qualification standard. Les examens nationaux sont organisés chaque année pour passer d'une classe à une autre. Mais ces examens sont souvent entachés de fraudes. Il arrive aussi qu'on admette des étudiants qui n'ont pas la moyenne. C'est ce qu'on appelle le repêchage.\nLa moyenne, c'est souvent dix sur vingt, mais il arrive qu'on prenne des élèves qui ont huit.\nIl convient de préciser que les programmes et systèmes d'éducation standard s'appliquent aussi bien à l'enseignement primaire qu'au secondaire. L'Institut national de recherche et d'action pédagogique (INRAP) est un service étatique qui œuvre pour l'harmonisation et l'adaptation des programmes d'enseignement en Guinée.\nIl faut aussi ajouter qu'il existe une école française où l’on enseigne le programme français aux enfants. Mais cette école est créée pour le besoin des enfants des expatriés et autres diplomates. Elle n'est pas intégrée au système éducatif guinéen.","Entretien avec Adrien Tossa, Consultant à NDI en Guinée, 3 octobre 2013, 14 h 30.\n\nEntretien avec Fassou Elisée, Coordinateur du Réseau des ONG YDAY-GUINEE, 4 octobre 2013, 11 h 00.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Pépé Antoine Lamah, avocat à la Cour, 4 octobre 2013, 13 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Dr Dansa Kouroumah, membre du CNT (Conseil national pour la transition), qui fait pour le moment office de parlement, 3 septembre 2013, 13 h 45.","Il existe un programme d'enseignement standard en Guinée. Il y a aussi un système de qualification standard. Les examens nationaux sont organisés chaque année pour passer d'une classe à une autre. Mais ces examens sont souvent entachés de fraudes. Il arrive aussi qu'on admette des ..."]
["2013_GW_108",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",108,25,"In practice, the existing curriculum has not been revised since independence. Furthermore, the curriculum is not being implemented. No standardised system of qualification exists. The interviewees agree that different governments did not have the courage to work to conform with citizens' expectations. The education sector stakeholders are often on strike and the system suffers form neglect and lack of political will.","1. Etica Mendonca, Private secondary school G.E.D.U. Vice Director. Interviewed in Bissau,  November 6, 2013.\n\n2. Mario de Oliveira, Public secondary school Kwame Nkruma teacher in economics. Interviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.\n\n3. Gema Pedro Barbosa, Private secondary school C.F.J. teacher in sociology. Interviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.","In practice, the existing curriculum has not been revised since independence. Furthermore, the curriculum is not being implemented. No standardised system of qualification exists. The interviewees agree that different governments did not have the courage to work to conform with cit..."]
["2013_KE_108",2013,"KE","Kenya",108,100,"Kenya's public education sector is run under a standardised system of 8.4.4, thus eight years in primary school, four years in high school and another four years in university. The education system is centrally run by the ministry of education with students examined through a joint national examination system when transitioning from primary to high school and later from high school to university. \n\nAt the end of eight years in primary school, candidates sit for the Kenya certificate of primary school education before they could be admitted to high school. After four years in high school, the candidates sit for a national examination known as the Kenya certificate of secondary education, with those successful earning admission to university.\n\nThe fact that the Kenyan education system is still centrally managed in terms of funding, curriculum development, and maintenance could be the cause of the many challenges currently facing primary and secondary schools. Some analysts have said that to address such challenges and improve the performance of our schools, it would be necessary to restructure the education system in a number of ways.","1. \"Kenya needs a responsive, 21st century education system\". An opinion article by Henry Munene published by the Standard newspaper on May 11, 2013. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000083395&story_title=kenya-needs-a-responsive-21st-century-education-system.\n\n2. Mr Paul Otula, principal Maseno National School. Interviewed on September 26, 2013.\n\n3. Kenya National Examination Council website.http://www.knec.ac.ke/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=49. This website was accessed on September 26, 2013.\n\n4. \"The Dumbing Down Of Kenyan Education\". An article by Anthony Wainaina published in the Star newspaper on August 5, 2013. http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-130809/dumbing-down-kenyan-education.\n\n5. \"Education in the Jubilee Government blueprint\". An article by Joan Kadanu, published Transparency International (TI) Kenya on June 10, 2013.The writer is a deputy programme officer in the citizen demand programme at TI-Kenya. http://tikenya.wordpress.com/2013/06/10/education-in-the-jubilee-government-blueprint/#more-3195.\n\n6. \"Reform system in Kenya’s public schools\". An article by Sarah Kimani-Kiarie published in the Daily Nation newspaper of September 8, 2013. Ms Kimani-Kiarie is a PhD candidate at Victoria University of Wellington. http://mobile.nation.co.ke/blogs/Reform+system+in+Kenyas+public+schools+/-/1949942/1984362/-/format/xhtml/-/xp4anpz/-/index.html.\n\n7. Kennedy Buhere, communication officer, Ministry of Education. Interviewed on September 26, 2013.","Kenya's public education sector is run under a standardised system of 8.4.4, thus eight years in primary school, four years in high school and another four years in university. The education system is centrally run by the ministry of education with students examined through a joint..."]
["2013_LS_108",2013,"LS","Lesotho",108,100,"The ministry of education and training operates a standardised system of teaching, examination and certification at primary, secondary and high school levels across the 10 districts of Lesotho. The examination council organises the following three national-level examinations annually: the primary school leaving examination, the junior certificate examination and the Cambridge overseas school certificate examination. Seven years of primary schooling is concluded by passing the primary school leaving examination, while the three-year junior-secondary education and two years' senior secondary (or high school) education culminate into standardised junior certificate and the Cambridge certificate examinations respectively. The ministry has put in place structural mechanisms to monitor curriculum standardisation and ensure quality education services. One such mechanism is the education inspectorate whose responsibility is to ensure that teaching and learning occurs according to specified principles and guidelines.","1. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Human Rights Officer. October 7 2013\n\n2. Ntho Mamoeketsi Nkiseng (2013) Effective Delivery of Public Education Services: A review by AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. Open Society Foundations\n\n3. Ministry of Education and Training. http://www.education.gov.ls/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=28&Itemid=45.","The ministry of education and training operates a standardised system of teaching, examination and certification at primary, secondary and high school levels across the 10 districts of Lesotho. The examination council organises the following three national-level examinations annual..."]
["2013_LR_108",2013,"LR","Liberia",108,75,"There is a standardized education curriculum for all grades in all schools in Liberia and the exams are administered annually through a nationwide national examination for 9th- and 12th- grade students. All 9th graders set a national examination as a requirement for the completion of junior secondary (7th, 8th, and 9th grades), and to complete high school all 12th graders sit the national exam to qualify for graduation from school. The 12th grade exam covers materials from the senior secondary (10th, 11th, and 12th grades).\n\nStandardized exams are, however, not administered in primary school.","Andrews, J.F. (2013, November 2). Personal Interview. Assistant Minister - Ministry of Education, Monrovia\n\nPhilips, W. (2013, November 2). Personal Interview. Consultant - Ministry of Education, Monrovia","There is a standardized education curriculum for all grades in all schools in Liberia and the exams are administered annually through a nationwide national examination for 9th- and 12th- grade students. All 9th graders set a national examination as a requirement for the completion ..."]
["2013_LY_108",2013,"LY","Libya",108,50,"Libya has a standardized and unified education curriculum and a qualification system from Grade 1, the start of elementary school, to Grade 12, the end of high school. \n\nEven the private schools must follow the standardized curriculum in order to gain approval and licensed certificates for students. \n\nHowever, due to what it is deemed \"poor quality of the public system education,\" private schools have resorted to importing curricula (with special emphasis on English-based subjects) in addition to the curriculum \"imposed\" by the state to overcome that shortcoming. \n\nAlso, schools in Amazigh areas have implemented the Amazigh language with the local education curriculum. ","S. Magdoud, deputy headmistress in a secondary school - Tripoli, personal communication, December 2, 2013.\n\nL. Z. Muntasser, English teacher and political activist, personal communication, November 24, 2013.\n\nN. Salah, programs manager at the Ministry of Higher Education, personal communication, December 2, 2013.","Libya has a standardized and unified education curriculum and a qualification system from Grade 1, the start of elementary school, to Grade 12, the end of high school. ..."]
["2013_MG_108",2013,"MG","Madagascar",108,100,"Il existe un système de programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard à Madagascar. Ils sont appliqués autant pour l'enseignement primaire que secondaire. \nLe baccalauréat est national. Les brevets et certificats des premier et second cycles existent dans tout Madagascar, même si les sujets varient souvent d’une province à l’autre.","- Razafindravo Tatiana Eddie et coll., L’éducation à Madagascar : repenser le système éducatif malgache pour un meilleur devenir, Policy paper, Friedrich Ebert Stiftüng, Antananarivo, 2012.\n- Rabetahina Pascal Pierrot, secrétaire général, ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 31 octobre 2013.","Il existe un système de programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard à Madagascar. Ils sont appliqués autant pour l'enseignement primaire que secondaire. \nLe baccalauréat est national. Les brevets et certificats des premier et second cycles existent..."]
["2013_MW_108",2013,"MW","Malawi",108,100,"Malawi, which operates an 8-4-4 system (as in the US), implements a range of curriculum within its education institutions, which include government-aided schools, private schools and distance education centres.\n\nGovernment-aided primary and secondary schools do implement a standardised education curriculum and standardised qualification system at both national and district level. However, private schools such as the exclusive Kamuzu Academy and St Andrews Primary and High School are under no obligation to follow the curriculum structure set up by the government. In fact, both of the above elite private schools follow the English school education system. \n\nEducation in government-aided primary schools lasts eight years. At the end of primary education in standard 8, pupils sit for the primary school leaving certificate examination, which is used to select pupils for secondary education.\n\nAfter two years of secondary education in government-aided schools, students write a national exam called the Malawi junior certificate examination. At the end of secondary school, students write another national exam, the Malawi school certificate of education examination. This exam allows the student to choose to take examinations in a minimum of six subjects and can take more, but it is the top six that are counted towards the final score and are used for selection into tertiary education including university.\n\nPupils at elite private schools sit the International General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Level examinations towards the end of their secondary education in line with the British curriculum.","Dr Magwira, Permanent Secretary for Science and Technology Education, Ministry of Education, October 28 2013.\n\nEmma Kaliya, Programmes Manager, Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre, October 7 2013.\n\nCarl Mkwapatira, Graduate Jobseeker, October 25 2013.","Malawi, which operates an 8-4-4 system (as in the US), implements a range of curriculum within its education institutions, which include government-aided schools, private schools and distance education centres...."]
["2013_ML_108",2013,"ML","Mali",108,100,"Il existe au Mali un système de programme d'enseignement standard, un système de qualification standard, et ces systèmes s'appliquent à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire.\n\nEn d'autres termes, les mêmes manuels scolaires doivent être utilisés pour tous les élèves du primaire à la terminale et les critères d'admissibilité en classe supérieure sont les mêmes partout.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Bureau of Democracy, United States Department of State, Human Rights, 2012\n\nFodé KEITA. (30 septembre 2013). Rentrée scolaire 2013- 2014 : La refonte du système éducatif malien s’impose/. Inter De Bamako ,    \nhttp://www.maliweb.net/news/education/2013/09/30/article,172495.html","Il existe au Mali un système de programme d'enseignement standard, un système de qualification standard, et ces systèmes s'appliquent à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire...."]
["2013_MR_108",2013,"MR","Mauritania",108,50,"Un système d'enseignement standard a été prévu, mais il se heurte à des difficultés de mise en œuvre. Ces dysfonctionnements sont dus à l'état de délabrement du système éducatif. Suite à la réforme de 1979, qui créait deux filières d’enseignement, arabe et française, il y a eu une dualité dans le système éducatif. Cette situation a conduit à l'affaiblissement du système éducatif. La réforme de 1999, opérée dans la précipitation, sans aucune concertation, a mis fin à cette dualité au profit d'un système uniforme. Cette modification a profondément altéré le système d'enseignement. Ainsi, du fait de l'absence d'un corps d'enseignants, certains établissements échappent aux contenus réguliers de l’enseignement. Cette situation a profondément désarticulé un système éducatif en déperdition. Qui plus est, ce système d'enseignement standard présente des lacunes. Il est dépassé et ne cadre plus avec les besoins socioéconomiques de la Mauritanie. Le système éducatif mauritanien est enfermé dans des schémas désuets, inefficaces et peu en phase avec les exigences actuelles de la mondialisation.","1.Amadou Sall, enseignant-chercheur, sociologie et anthropologie, Université de Nouakchott, 2 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Mohamed Salah Baber, ancien professeur de mathématiques, ancien conseiller du ministre de l'Éducation nationale, 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Abderahmane Ba, instituteur, école Ilot K, 13 novembre 2013.","Un système d'enseignement standard a été prévu, mais il se heurte à des difficultés de mise en œuvre. Ces dysfonctionnements sont dus à l'état de délabrement du système éducatif. Suite à la réforme de 1979, qui créait deux filières d’enseignement, arabe et française, il y a eu une ..."]
["2013_MU_108",2013,"MU","Mauritius",108,100,"The Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE) is a parastatal body, working under the aegis of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. MIE is responsible for research and curriculum development for the education system and is the body in charge of developing the curriculum, textbook writing and evaluation. There is a curriculum framework for primary, secondary and prevocational education. \n\nThe curriculum framework provides teachers, parents and the community at large with a clear statement of what pupils are expected to achieve at the end of their schooling. It also allows curriculum developers and teachers to develop learning and teaching programmes which meet the needs of the pupils, while at the same time responding to the needs of the country. Copies of the primary and secondary curriculum framework have been provided. The secondary curriculum framework focuses on Forms 1-3 mostly. From Form 4 onwards, the curriculum is based on the learning outcomes as articulated for the School Certificate and Higher School Certificate by the University of Cambridge. \n\nThere is a standardised qualification system through the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate. The Mauritius Examinations Syndicate, under the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate Act 1984, is committed to organise and conduct examinations at all levels, including primary and secondary, consistent with national policies and goals and in line with emerging international trends. The MES ensures that its examinations are valid and reliable and that standards are maintained in view of international recognition.","1. Curriculum Development, Mauritius Institute of Education. Available at http://www.mie.ac.mu/home/categories/curriculum-development.html\n\n2. Primary Curriculum Framework, Ministry of Education and Human Resources, November 2009. \n\n3. Secondary Curriculum Framework, Ministry of Education and Human Resources, November 2009. \n\n4. Mauritius Examinations Syndicate. Available at http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/mesweb/mission_and_vision.htm","The Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE) is a parastatal body, working under the aegis of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. MIE is responsible for research and curriculum development for the education system and is the body in charge of developing the curriculum, tex..."]
["2013_MA_108",2013,"MA","Morocco",108,100,"Extremely specific guidelines are given to all schools all over the country, primary and secondary alike. Professors have to follow specific guidelines on the chapters to teach, the amount of weeks for each chapter and exams are the same all over the country. Books are distributed on each discipline and even examinations are per-determined to test the students on the chapters.","Ouannane, Khaddouj.  (2013, September 15) .  [Headmaster of Ecole la Source, Marrakech].  Personal communication.\n\nMinistry of education (primary and high school) official website - Standard programs http://www.men.gov.ma/sites/fr/Lists/Pages/Cycles_Enseignement_fr.aspx.","Extremely specific guidelines are given to all schools all over the country, primary and secondary alike. Professors have to follow specific guidelines on the chapters to teach, the amount of weeks for each chapter and exams are the same all over the country. Books are distributed ..."]
["2013_MZ_108",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",108,100,"The information from last year is correct this year as well: The Mozambique national education system, which integrates three subsystems - namely primary, basic, and secondary levels and technical education - runs a single curriculum designed and approved by the ministry of education through the council of ministers.","1.        \"Reforma da Educação Profissional evolui no meio de obstáculos em Moçambique\".Coutinho Macanandze. A Verdade. January 29, 2013. http://www.verdade.co.mz/nacional/34086-reforma-da-educacao-profissional-evolui-no-meio-de-obstaculos-em-mocambique. \n2.        \"Moçambique: Apelos à reforma no sector do ensino primário\". William Mapote. Voice of America. September 16, 2013. http://m.voaportugues.com/a/1750849.html. \n3.        \"Moçambique tem fraca qualidade de ensino\".Redaccao. ROSC. May 14, 2013. http://www.rosc.org.mz/index.php/noticias/item/127-mo%C3%A7ambique-tem-fraca-qualidade-de-ensino. \n4.        “Professores não colaboram na melhoria da qualidade do ensino”. Pedro Cumando. O Pais. March 13, 2013. http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/component/content/article/45-sociedade/24540-professores-nao-colaboram-na-melhoria-da-qualidade-do-ensino.html.","The information from last year is correct this year as well: The Mozambique national education system, which integrates three subsystems - namely primary, basic, and secondary levels and technical education - runs a single curriculum designed and approved by the ministry of educati..."]
["2013_NA_108",2013,"NA","Namibia",108,100,"Dr David Namwandi, Minister of Education, said there is a national curriculum and qualification system that the government had put in place.  These standards apply to both government and private institutions. He added that private education institutions can have their own curriculae provided it's not inferior to the national curriculum.\n\nCaroline Nyadenga, journalist said although it appears there is a national curriculum, a lot of parents who can afford prefer to take their children to private schools, where they feel the quality is higher.\n\nStephen Charumbira, former teacher, said a national curriculum was in place. He added that, despite the national curriculum, Namibia's education system had problems because of shortages of teachers and that some private schools preferred to have their own curriculum.\n\nIn a bid to raise the standards, the ministry plans to improve training and performance standards for early childhood development teachers, as well as improving their curriculum in addition to introducing free pre-primary classes in a proper fashion in all regions in the country.","Dr David Namwandi, Minister of Education, face to face interview at his Ministerial offices at Government Park, in Windhoek, October 3 2013.\n\nStory published in The Namibian edition of December 9 2013 written by Ndanki Kahiurika, under the headline Nam education system is weak: Namwandi. http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=3525&page_type=story_detail\n\nCaroline Nyadenga, journalist at Confidente newspaper, face to face interview,October 3 2013.\n\nStephen Charumbira, former teacher, Sunshine and Amazing Kids Primary Schools, telephone interview, September 26 2013.\n\nOverseas Advising and Admissions - Credential Evaluation Liaison Link Project, \"Namibian Education Profile.\"  http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas_adsec/namibia.htm","Dr David Namwandi, Minister of Education, said there is a national curriculum and qualification system that the government had put in place.  These standards apply to both government and private institutions. He added that private education institutions can have their own curricula..."]
["2013_NE_108",2013,"NE","Niger",108,75,"Oui, il existe un système éducatif standardisé au niveau national. Les examens de fin d'études sont les mêmes sur l'étendue du territoire. \nDans la pratique, certaines écoles ne peuvent pas respecter le nouveau programme d'enseignement, notamment en milieu rural où les écoles ne sont suffisamment dotées en matériels didactiques. Il y a aussi le cas des écoles qui introduisent une éducation religieuse islamique alors que l'emploi de temps ne prend pas en compte ce type d'enseignement. Ces formes de court-circuitage traduisent l'incapacité de l'Etat à contrôler le système éducatif au Niger.","Source 1: Ali MADAI BOUKAR, Economiste National. (1er octobre 2013). PNUD Niger.\n\nSource 3: Programme décennal de développement de l'éducation (PDDE) 2002-2012\nvolet: Curricula.\nhttp://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Niger/Niger%20PDDE-_Rapport_d_activites_de_l_an_2-2004-2005-2.pdf\n\nSource 4: Entretien avec Ali Bako Mahaman Tahirou, PhD-Candidate en éducation au Niger. (20 Août 2012). LASDEL. Niger\n\nSource 5: Maman Awal Hambali, Directeur de l'ONG Centre Aide, Secrétaire général de la CONAFE Niger (Coalition des ONG Africaines en faveur des Enfants). (5 février 2013). Niger","Oui, il existe un système éducatif standardisé au niveau national. Les examens de fin d'études sont les mêmes sur l'étendue du territoire. \nDans la pratique, certaines écoles ne peuvent pas respecter le nouveau programme d'enseignemen..."]
["2013_NG_108",2013,"NG","Nigeria",108,100,"There are standardised curricula for primary and secondary schools nationwide. Nigeria operates the 6-3-3-4 system of education which requires six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in university. \n\nPupils/students undergo competitive certificate examinations after each level to progress to the next. Students receive a general training/course for the first nine years, and begin to select their areas of interest (science, arts, commerce, etc.) at the senior secondary level.\n\nTo complete the standardised tests, it is necessary for schools to follow a standardised curriculum as well.","1. Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council Sheda, accessed October 2013.\nhttps://www.facebook.com/NERDC?ref=stream\n\n2.  Ugochukwu Okonkwo, lecturer, department of civil engineering, University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia state, via phone, October 20, 2013\n\n3.  The Nation, Kofoworola Bello-Osagie, ERDC revises UBE curriculum, September 06, 2012, http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/education/60390-nerdc-revises-ube-curriculum.html.\n\n4. Nigerian Tribune, NEWLY REVISED BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM Teachers’ guides ’ll achieve human capital development —Prof. Obioma, January 24, 2013, http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/3736-newly-revised-basic-education-curriculum-teachers%E2%80%99-guides-%E2%80%99ll-achieve-human-capital-development-%E2%80%94prof-obioma.html.","There are standardised curricula for primary and secondary schools nationwide. Nigeria operates the 6-3-3-4 system of education which requires six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in university. ..."]
["2013_RW_108",2013,"RW","Rwanda",108,100,"The primary and secondary education of Rwanda is standardised with the exception of nurses' education. According to the first interviewee, Rwandan primary and secondary education is standardised and the Ministry of Education is responsible for the development of national education policies. The ministry’s policies are implemented by the Rwanda Education Board (REB), which is responsible for the oversight of the national curriculum and education structure and for setting the educational standards and monitoring their implementation. In addition, they establish regulations determining how national examinations are conducted in various levels of education, except in vocational and technical training and in higher learning institutions.","Fiston, Karemera.  (2013, September 11) .  [Retired head teacher at La Colombiere School].  Personal communication. \n\nHavugimana, Emmanuel.  (n.d.) .  [Head of the Department of Geography, National University of Rwanda, expert and activist of social security issues].  Personal communication.\n\nNichol, A.  Contemporary education system of Rwanda.  Retrieved from http://sites.miis.edu/rwanda/files/2013/04/Nichol.Rwandas-Contemporary-Education-System.pdf","The primary and secondary education of Rwanda is standardised with the exception of nurses' education. According to the first interviewee, Rwandan primary and secondary education is standardised and the Ministry of Education is responsible for the development of national education ..."]
["2013_ST_108",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",108,100,"There is a standardised education curriculum system and a standardised qualification system. These systems apply to both primary and secondary education, but private schools follow the education curriculum of another country. \n\nThat is the case of IDF - Diocesan Training Institute João Paulo II and the Portuguese School of Sao Tome, which follow the Portuguese curriculum and are listed as Portuguese schools out of Portugal.\n\nThe education system of Sao Tome and Principe is structured according to the law on the Education System (Education Act) - Law 2/2003 and comprises pre-school education, school education and non-formal education. The pre-school education in its formative aspect is complementary and/or supplementary to education of the family, with which it establishes close cooperation.\n\nSchool education comprises both primary, secondary and higher, integrates modalities and includes special activities for leisure time. Non-formal education and literacy encompasses science and initiation, retraining and professional development. It takes place in a framework of open multiple initiatives, both formal and non-formal.\n\nAll students have to learn the same content in primary school and secondary school and they are tests with the same tests.","1. Olívio Diogo, sociologist, consultant, October 1, 2013.\n2. Deolinda Carvalho, director, Directorate of Primary Education, October 1, 2013.\n3. UNICEF Annual Report 2013 – Sao Tome and Principe. http://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_COAR_2013.pdf","There is a standardised education curriculum system and a standardised qualification system. These systems apply to both primary and secondary education, but private schools follow the education curriculum of another country. ..."]
["2013_SN_108",2013,"SN","Senegal",108,100,"À l’instar de beaucoup de pays africains, le Sénégal s'est inscrit dans la dynamique des méthodes et des contenus pédagogiques susceptibles de «booster» de manière durable le développement de son éducation. \n\nActuellement, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Le premier de ces programmes se nomme le curriculum de l'éducation. Il repose sur une approche par compétences et est entré en vigueur cette année. \n\nLe second se nomme Renforcement de capacités des enseignants et acteurs de l’enseignement moyen à travers. Il s’agit d’un programme de formation. Ces deux programmes s'appliquent aussi bien à l'enseignement primaire qu’à l’enseignement secondaire et ont été accélérés particulièrement cette année.","Entretien avec Abdoulaye Diatta, directeur de la formation et de la communication, ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 15 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Massamba THIANE, spécialiste en communication, réalisateur, chef de la division Radio et Télévision scolaire/ME,18 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Youssou Touré, Secrétaire général, Organisation des enseignants du Sénégal, 17 octobre 2013.\n\nNdiaye, M. (31 mai 2013). « Examen d'entrée en sixième 2013: les élèves évalués en fonction du curriculum de l’éducation de base .» Le Populaire: http://seneplus.com/article/les-%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves-%C3%A9valu%C3%A9s-en-fonction-du-curriculum-de-l%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation-de-base","À l’instar de beaucoup de pays africains, le Sénégal s'est inscrit dans la dynamique des méthodes et des contenus pédagogiques susceptibles de «booster» de manière durable le développement de son éducation. ..."]
["2013_SC_108",2013,"SC","Seychelles",108,100,"To progress from kindergarten to primary there are a series of tests you have to pass, and from primary to secondary school there is a national exam everyone has to take. Then from secondary to advanced level everyone has to take the national exam, including students who have gone through the private school system. The national exam is taken in a student’s third year of high school, and it covers all subjects. The school you end up in based on your exam results is published in the Nation. Each year it comes in a separate booklet. Among others, there is a humanity and sciences programme, a farming programme, a teacher’s programme, a secretarial school, etc. For students who have done extremely well, results are published in the paper and students are interviewed.\n\nThere is a newly revised national curriculum framework for all state schools through the ministry of education and the Seychelles qualifications authority oversees the standardised qualification system. The authority was established and strengthened with UNDP’s help four or five years ago. It is standardised across the whole country. It applies to primary, secondary, and post-secondary education as well as training institutions.","1. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Civil Society, November 26, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n2. Email: Anonymous source, Expert on Human Rights, December 9, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Children’s and Human Rights, December 1, 2013.\n\n4. Standardised curriculum attachment","To progress from kindergarten to primary there are a series of tests you have to pass, and from primary to secondary school there is a national exam everyone has to take. Then from secondary to advanced level everyone has to take the national exam, including students who have gone ..."]
["2013_SL_108",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",108,100,"There is a standardised education curriculum and a standardised qualification system for both primary and secondary education at all levels. There is the revised 6.3.4.4 system of education across the country where a pupil can spend six years in primary education, three years in junior secondary education, four years in senior Secondary education and four years in tertiary education. At junior secondary education, a pupil will obtain a basic education certificate with a West Africa certificate at completion of senior secondary education.","1. Brima Micheal Turay, Public Relation Officer, Ministry of Education, October 17, 2013.\n\n2. Theo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL, October 10, 2013.\n\n3. Soriba Samura, Coordinator, Action for education,  October 23, 2013.","There is a standardised education curriculum and a standardised qualification system for both primary and secondary education at all levels. There is the revised 6.3.4.4 system of education across the country where a pupil can spend six years in primary education, three years in ju..."]
["2013_SO_108",2013,"SO","Somalia",108,0,"There is currently no centralized control of the educational system by the government. With the collapse of the central government in 1991, the formal education system collapsed. Private schools and NGO supported schools have proliferated in the last 22 years (ADBG). During that time, there has been no unified national curriculum nor nationally standardized qualification system.\n\nIn May, 2013 an education coalition unveiled a curriculum that they will be using in their own schools, and which is available for adoption by others. The government noted that it would be evaluating the curriculum as a blueprint for its own forthcoming standardized curriculum (Moalim).","African Development Bank Group (ADBG). Somalia Country Brief - 2013-2015. March 2013. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2013-2015%20-%20Somalia%20-%20Country%20Brief.pdf\n\nMoalim, A. (2013 May 29). Somali education coalition releases unified curriculum. http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/05/29/feature-01","There is currently no centralized control of the educational system by the government. With the collapse of the central government in 1991, the formal education system collapsed. Private schools and NGO supported schools have proliferated in the last 22 years (ADBG). During that ti..."]
["2013_ZA_108",2013,"ZA","South Africa",108,100,"There is a standardised curriculum for primary and secondary schools (outlined in the national curriculum and assessment policy statement), but there is no standardised qualification system for primary and secondary education (only secondary). \n\nAnnette Lovemore, MP (Democratic Alliance) and shadow minister of education says : \"There is a national curriculum for both primary and high school, but the only nationally standardised qualification is the national senior certificate (high school diploma). There is no such thing for primary school.\"\n\nLovemore adds that in theory, standards with regards to the certificate should be the same across all schools. However, life orientation is marked at the schools, and marks may thus differ. Also, 25% of the mark for all subjects is a \"year\" mark, based on assessments that have been done during the year. There exists a great deal of concern about the quality of these assessments, coupled with a perception that they are inflated, particularly in under-performing schools.\n\nNicholas Spaull, researcher in the economics department at ­Stellenbosch University, writes in his essay 'Education in SA: A tale of two systems' that there \"are no externally evaluated standardised exams at earlier grades such as a primary school leaving exam. This has been pointed out by South African researchers before.\"\n\nThis has an implication later on in life, he says: \"If we look instead at the students who pass matric (last year of high school) relative to the number of students enrolled in grade 2 10 years earlier, the figures are much more startling. Out of all the students that were in grade 2 in 2001, only 38% passed matric in 2011.\"","Annette Lovemore, MP, Democratic Alliance, and shadow minister of education, interview,  October 23 2013.\n\nNational Senior Certificate - Requirements (Independent Examinations Board website. The IEB is an assessment body accredited by Umalusi, the South African statutory body responsible for quality assurance for school and adult assessments), http://www.ieb.co.za/School/nsc.php.\n\nEducation in SA: A tale of two systems, Nicholas Spaull, August 31 2013, \nhttp://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=323272&sn=Detail.","There is a standardised curriculum for primary and secondary schools (outlined in the national curriculum and assessment policy statement), but there is no standardised qualification system for primary and secondary education (only secondary). ..."]
["2013_SS_108",2013,"SS","South Sudan",108,25,"In practice South Sudan, is just trying to establish a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education at the national level.\n\nDuring the war and even during the interim period, South Sudan’s primary and secondary schools taught various curricular depending on the location of the school. The schools in the area bordering Uganda used the Ugandan curriculum, those bordering Kenya used the Kenyan curriculum while those closer to Sudan used the Sudanese curriculum. Both primary and secondary school students and pupils sat for national examinations from the respective countries whose curriculum they were studying. For most of the interim period (2005- 2011), students sat for examinations from Sudan. \n\nHowever, for the first time last year, most primary and secondary school students in the country sat for university entry examinations set by the South Sudan Examinations Council. However, there were several flaws in the exam papers.\n\nThe government now says it wants to reorganize the education sector so students can use a unified national curriculum and sit.","Duku, Azariah.  (2013, January 8) . [Director for Examinations, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology].  Personal communication.\n\nKasmiro, S. and Taban, B.  (2013, April 24) .  Flaws in South Sudan national school exams.  Voice of America http://www.voanews.com/content/flaws-south-sudan-national-school-exams/1648418.html  \n\n(2013, October 31) .  South Sudan must improve education system: Minister.  Sudan Tribune.  Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48639","In practice South Sudan, is just trying to establish a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education at the national level...."]
["2013_SD_108",2013,"SD","Sudan",108,100,"Reports and academic papers show that there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education in Sudan. Although Arabic is the main language of instruction in the national curricula, non-governmental organizations \"add extra material to the national curriculum and teach the approved translation of the national syllabus in English\".","Kidani, A.B. (2013, June) . Launch of basic education english language curriculum. Sudan Vision. Retrieved from http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=223922\n \n UNESCO. (2012) . World data on education: Sudan.\" UNESCO. Retrieved from http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Sudan.pdf\n \n 2. ISSAM, A.W. Mohamed. \"Analysis of the Educational Statistics of the Sudanese Secondary Certificate.\" Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 7 (2011): 33-142","Reports and academic papers show that there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education in Sudan. Although Arabic is the main language of instruction in the national curricula, non-governmental organizations \"ad..."]
["2013_SZ_108",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",108,100,"In Swaziland primary and secondary school curriculums are the work of the national curriculum centre, at the ministry of education and training.\n \n The standardized system is being implemented to ensure uniformity of curriculum and qualifications of graduates for a particular grade before students are advanced to the next grade. However, capacity restrictions create lapses or failures at implementation.","Interview: Agnes Kunene, secondary school principal (retired), Mbabane, 19 September 2013.\n \n\"PM Wrong on Education Standards,\" Richard Rooney, Swazi Media Commentary, 14 February 2013.\n\nSwaziland: A 2012 EI country study report, Education in Crisis, July 2013. http://www.educationincrisis.net/articles/item/973-swaziland-a-2012-ei-country-study-report\n\nMinistry of Education web site: www.gov.sz.\n ","In Swaziland primary and secondary school curriculums are the work of the national curriculum centre, at the ministry of education and training.\n ..."]
["2013_TZ_108",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",108,75,"Although there is a national syllabus, there is neither a standard educational curriculum nor a standardized qualification system that spans both public and private schools. Some students learn in English (private), while others learn in Kiswahili (public).\n \nDecisions about curriculum and qualifications are discretionary and fall upon individuals at the Ministry of Education. There has been much heated debate on these issues during the period of study, but no agreed-upon system has yet been established.","1. Dr. Helen Kijo-Bisimba, Executive Director, Legal and Human Rights Centre, October 8, 2013. \n 2. Edward Qorro, Reporter (with specialisation in education,) The Citizen *\n 3. Tanzania Row Over Form Four Failures, Tanzania Daily News, May 17, 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201305170098.html.\n 4. Tanzania: Education Curriculum Valid, Says House, Bilham Kimati, Tanzania Daily News, February 8, 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201302080043.html.\n 5. Revised Form IV results trim mass failures, Correspondent David, IPP Media, May 31, 2013 http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=55340.","Although there is a national syllabus, there is neither a standard educational curriculum nor a standardized qualification system that spans both public and private schools. Some students learn in English (private), while others learn in Kiswahili (public)...."]
["2013_TG_108",2013,"TG","Togo",108,75,"Le Togo est doté d’un système de programmes d'enseignement et de qualification standards. Ces systèmes s'appliquent aussi bien à l'enseignement primaire qu’à l’enseignement secondaire. Ils sont décidés au niveau central et les examens sont identiques sur tout le territoire.\n \nCes programmes sont scrupuleusement respectés dans le réseau des écoles publiques ; dans le secteur privé, par ailleurs, il existe quelques écarts. Par exemple, les jardins d'enfants privés s'apparentent davantage au niveau CP1 supérieur. Des corrections seront apportées avec la nouvelle politique de la petite enfance.\n \nIl faut reconnaître que ce programme doit être révisé pour répondre aux besoins réels des élèves en situation d’apprentissage. Les programmes d’enseignement sont volumineux, leur contenu demeure souvent théorique et surchargés de matières inutiles en contexte d’emploi. L’orientation scolaire est inexistante.\n \nQuelques écoles privées ne respectent pas les programmes de la petite enfance.","Marcel Yao Toï, coordonnateur, Coalition nationale togolaise pour l'éducation pour tous (CNTES), 6 novembre 2013.\n \nClaire Quenum, présidente, Women in Law and Development in Africa/Femmes, Droit et Développement en Afrique (WiLDAF/FeDDAF) - TOGO, 9 novembre 2013.\n \nConférence des ministres de l’Éducation des pays ayant le français en partge, République togolaise, ministère des Enseignements primaires, secondaires et de l’Alphabétisation. (2012). Améliorer la qualité de l’éducation au Togo : les facteurs de réussite. Raport PASEC. République togolaise – 2012. Lomé. Togo. Repéré à http://www.confemen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Rapport_TOGO_-final.pdf.","Le Togo est doté d’un système de programmes d'enseignement et de qualification standards. Ces systèmes s'appliquent aussi bien à l'enseignement primaire qu’à l’enseignement secondaire. Ils sont décidés au niveau central et les examens sont identiques sur tout le territoire...."]
["2013_TN_108",2013,"TN","Tunisia",108,100,"In Tunisia, the education system is standardised for both primary and secondary schools. All schools, whether they are private or public, must provide the same schooling programme and use the same books. \n \n The final exams are also standardised, and take place at the same time. All teachers use the same way of teaching and correcting the exams, and have regular training.\n \n There are examples of circulars available sent to all private and public schools every year before the beginning of the school year. These circulars give them the standardised list of books.","September 23 2013: telephone interview with Professor Hermassi, specialist in sociology of education, University of Tunis. \n \n September 24 2013: Interview with Mrs Neila, director of a public school in Tunis.\n \n www.edunet.tn (website of the Ministry of education, with all circulars sent to schools for standardised education system).","In Tunisia, the education system is standardised for both primary and secondary schools. All schools, whether they are private or public, must provide the same schooling programme and use the same books. ..."]
["2013_UG_108",2013,"UG","Uganda",108,100,"Uganda has a standardised education curriculum system for both primary and secondary levels. The curriculum of Uganda is developed by the national curriculum development centre. The centre is responsible for surveying needs concerning syllabus and curriculum revision in primary, secondary and higher education, revising and developing syllabuses and curriculums, preparing teaching materials such as textbooks and guidance manuals, surveying and assessing revised syllabuses, disseminating new curriculums and new teaching materials, among others. The curriculum for both primary and secondary levels is constantly reviewed and changes implemented accordingly. For instance, the curriculum for lower secondary is currently being reviewed by the centre, and a new curriculum is expected to be rolled out in 2014 or 2015.\n \n Uganda has a standardised qualification system both at the primary and secondary levels. Uganda’s primary education lasts for seven years while secondary education lasts for six years. And progressing from one level to the next it is mandatory to for one to sit the required examinations and the results will determine whether one is fit to progress or not. The Uganda national examination board is responsible for compiling and implementing these examinations. Primary education is divided into three phases: lower primary (P1 - P3), transition year (P4) and upper primary (P5 - P7) and at the end of these one is assessed by sitting the national primary leaving examinations. Currently, the national primary leaving examination has four examinable subjects and students who pass their the national primary leaving examination can progress to secondary school, which is comprised of lower and higher secondary levels. Lower secondary has a four year duration, which is also referred to as ordinary level (O-level). At the end of O-level students sit the second major national exams known as the Uganda certificate of education. At this level a student is examined in at least eight subjects. Students who pass their O-level exams may progress to the advanced level (A-level) also known as the higher school certificate. At the end of the two years, students sit for the Uganda advanced certificate of education examinations. At this level a student is examined in at least three subjects.","Taddoe Bwambale, The New Vision; “O’level subjects to be cut from 43 to 7” September 18, 2012\n http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/635344-o-level.\n \n Ronald Musoke, The Independent; “New O-level Curriculum pushed to 2017” June 21, 2013\n http://www.independent.co.ug/ugandatalks/2013/06/new-o-level-curriculum-pushed-to-2017/.\n \n National Curriculum Development Center, Documents & Publications\n Curriculum (Primary Education)\n http://www.ncdc.go.ug/documents.html\n Secondary Education (O’ Level)\n http://www.ncdc.go.ug/o-level.html\n Secondary Education (A’ Level)\n http://www.ncdc.go.ug/a-levels.html","Uganda has a standardised education curriculum system for both primary and secondary levels. The curriculum of Uganda is developed by the national curriculum development centre. The centre is responsible for surveying needs concerning syllabus and curriculum revision in primary, se..."]
["2013_ZM_108",2013,"ZM","Zambia",108,100,"There is a standardised education curriculum and qualification system. All programmes have to adhere to the standards set by the ministry of education and the examinations council. This applies to both primary and secondary school levels and is throughout the country.The syllabi and books used are also those that are recommended by the ministry.","(1) Interview with Henry Kabwe, executive director, Media Network on Child Rights and Development, on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (2) Interview with Reverend Andrew Sakala, registrar, Chreoso University, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (3) Interview with Sichizya Nkumbu, principal, Gospel Outreach Christian Academy, primary section, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (4) The Best of Zambia (blog), Sara, Schools in Zambia, August 28 2012, http://thebestofzambia.com/2012/08/schools-in-zambia/ (A blogger’s guide on different types of schools in Zambia, the Zambian school structure, its curriculum and examination boards).","There is a standardised education curriculum and qualification system. All programmes have to adhere to the standards set by the ministry of education and the examinations council. This applies to both primary and secondary school levels and is throughout the country.The syllabi an..."]
["2013_ZW_108",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",108,100,"Zimbabwe has a standardised education curriculum and qualification system. Subject curricular are posted on the Zimbabwe schools examinations council website - http://www.zimsec.co.zw/A_SYLLABUS.html and the ministry of education, sports and culture website - http://www.moesac.gov.zw/index.php/primary; http://www.moesac.gov.zw/index.php/secondary.\n \n Standardised qualifications exist for both primary and secondary levels.","1. Anonymous. Education Coordination and Development Department. Ministry of Education, Sports and culture. September 23, 2013. Harare. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n 2. Zimsec (2013). Student Resources. http://www.zimsec.co.zw/A_SYLLABUS.html\n \n 3. Ministry of Education, Soprts and Culture (2013). School Curriculums.","Zimbabwe has a standardised education curriculum and qualification system. Subject curricular are posted on the Zimbabwe schools examinations council website - http://www.zimsec.co.zw/A_SYLLABUS.html and the ministry of education, sports and culture website - http://www.moesac.gov...."]
["2013_DZ_109",2013,"DZ","Algeria",109,0,"En Algérie, l’enseignement est gratuit à tous les niveaux, quel que soit le type d’établissement public fréquenté. Néanmoins, les inégalités géographiques et sociales d’accès à l’éducation demeurent marquées dans le pays, et ce malgré les ressources importantes qui ont été investies afin d’assurer un accès équitable à l’éducation. Selon un article publié dans le quotidien Liberté le 11 octobre 2012, seulement 44,1 % des enfants des familles les plus démunies ont accès au cycle secondaire, contre 82,3 % pour les ménages les plus aisés. La proportion des individus sans éducation parmi les 20 % de ménages les plus pauvres s’élève à 38,3 %, contre 11,6 % auprès des ménages plus aisés.\nPar ailleurs, le taux d’abandon scolaire des filles dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire, plus particulièrement dans les zones rurales et appauvries, est généralement lié au contexte social, familial, aux traditions culturelles et à la spécificité du milieu social.","-Mourad Abrani, (2013, le 9 septembre). Rentrée scolaire 2013-2014 : plus de 8 millions d’élèves attendus dimanche. Algerie2. Repéré à http://www.algerie1.com/actualite/rentree-scolaire-2013-2014-plus-de-8-millions-deleves-attendus-dimanche/\n- Tabiti Abderahman, membre du conseil national des personnels de l’éducation et de la formation, directeur d’un établissement scolaire, Aida en Algérie, 10 mars 2013, enseignement\n-A.M.A.. (2013, le 8 septembre). Donner sa chance à chaque enfant d’Algérie. El Moudjahid. Repéré à http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/editorial/742","En Algérie, l’enseignement est gratuit à tous les niveaux, quel que soit le type d’établissement public fréquenté. Néanmoins, les inégalités géographiques et sociales d’accès à l’éducation demeurent marquées dans le pays, et ce malgré les ressources importantes qui ont été investie..."]
["2013_AO_109",2013,"AO","Angola",109,0,"The need to eradicate asymmetrical access to education based on gender, income levels and rural/urban settings, among other socio-economic conditions, resulted in the National Plan Education for All (Plano Nacional de Educação para Todos, EPT), a governmental project started in 2001 that aims to guarantee universal access to education by 2015.\n\nDespite considerable progress, these asymmetries still persist. \n\nIn regards to gender discrimination, UNCTAD states that in Angola, “Gender imbalance in overall literacy rates and school enrolment is still significant, with little progress for girls beyond primary education.” There is a significant discrepancy between male and female literacy rates: the adult literacy rate is 82.7 per cent for men and 58.1 per cent for women, while the youth literacy rate is 80.5 for boys and 65.8 per cent for girls. According to the World Bank, primary completion rate was 65 per cent for females and 72 percent for males (2011, latest data available). \n\nIn regards to income, the levels of poverty in Angola (54 per cent of the population lives with less that US $1.25 a day) continue to be a major obstacle to education access. UNESCO notes that Angola only attributes 28,6 per cent of its education budget to primary education, a value well below the sub-Saharan average (45,9 per cent). Despite the presumption that education is free, the costs associated with enroling and maintaining children in school (clothing, textbooks, and other education materials) are significant and often unbearable for the poor and the very poor.  Anecdotal evidence also indicates that it is not uncommon for parents to be asked to pay fees to teachers, in public schools, in order to enroll their children or to maintain them in the classroom. Moreover, the poor or non-existing school infrastructure, the deficiencies in teachers' training and payment and the lack of educational materials, result in restricted access to education in the more impoverished communities. \n\nThe gender and economic constraints in access to education are compounded in the rural areas, where poverty and the lack of school infrastructures result in even lower levels of school enrolments and graduation.","Anonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Representatives of civil society organisations].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nCirculo Angolano Intelectual.  (2013) .  Educação em Angola: Crianças sem escolas e com fome não conseguem aprender!.  Retrieved from http://www.circuloangolano.com/?p=25135\n \nUNCTAD.  (2013) .   Who is benefiting from trade liberalization in Angola? A gender perspective.  Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=705\n\nUNDP.  (2013) .   Human development index 2013 - Angola country profile.  Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AGO\n\nUNESCO.  (n.d.) .  Perfil EPT de Angola.  Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Dakar/pdf/AngolaPerfil_EPToct2012.pdf\n\nWorld Bank.  (n.d.) .  Angola - Education - Primary completion rate.  Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.CMPT.MA.ZS/countries/AO-ZF-XT?display=graph\n\n[Request for information to the Education Ministry (Instituto Nacional de Investigacao e Desenvolvimento da Educacao) was not answered].","The need to eradicate asymmetrical access to education based on gender, income levels and rural/urban settings, among other socio-economic conditions, resulted in the National Plan Education for All (Plano Nacional de Educação para Todos, EPT), a governmental project started in 200..."]
["2013_BJ_109",2013,"BJ","Benin",109,0,"Il y a un accès inégal des sexes à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Selon Fatoumata Amadou Djibril, la ministre de la Famille de l'époque, la célébration de la première Journée internationale de la fille visait d'abord à attirer l'attention du grand public sur les disparités et sur les abus dont les filles sont victimes et qui les empêchent d'aller à l'école. Elle a cité par exemple le mariage précoce.\nPlusieurs programmes du gouvernement ont pour but d'encourager l'éducation des filles comme par exemple la gratuité de l'enseignement primaire pour les deux sexes et des deux premières classes du secondaire pour les filles. De façon générale, il y a des inégalités dans l'éducation au Bénin. L'indice d'éducation de l'IDH, ajusté aux inégalités dans la répartition de la durée de scolarisation sur la base des données des enquêtes auprès des ménages répertoriées dans la section principales sources de données, est de 0.213 au Bénin. Les données dont dispose l'Institut National de la Statistique et de l'Analyse Économique ainsi que l'Institut National de Promotion de la Femme ne datent pas de la période d'étude.\n\nLes données de l'UNESCO sur les inégalités indiquent qu'il y a un écart entre,  primo les hommes et les femmes, secundo les deux sexes vivant en milieux urbain et rural, tertio les riches et les pauvres. Ces données de l'UNESCO s'appuient principalement sur l'enquête démographique et de santé (EDS) de l'Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique (INSAE) publiés entre 1996 et 2006. Toutefois, aucune donnée issue d'étude de terrain datant de la période de recherche (septembre 2012 à septembre 2013) n'inclue des indicateurs spécifiques liés au revenu et au milieu de vie.","Bénin: Les tares du système éducatif béninois. (25/04/2013). Panapress. http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l-ouest/5782-benin-les-tares-du-systeme-educatif-beninois.html\n\nAdjua Akinwumi, stagiaire Plan Bénin, et Mireille Houngbo Amouh, coordonnatrice du projet. (12 juillet 2013). 500 filles leaders, pour l’education et une vie meilleure.Plan Bénin. http://planbenin.wordpress.com/tag/ecole/\n\nA. Wandji. 20 août 2013. Lutte contre la pauvreté selon l’ONG ONE : Le Bénin classé parmi les 5 meilleurs pays en Afrique. L’événement Précis. http://www.construirelebenin.info/article-lutte-contre-la-pauvrete-selon-l-ong-one-le-benin-classe-parmi-les-5-meilleurs-pays-en-afrique-119619054.html\n\n215 879 candidats dont 96 921 filles à l’assaut du Cep ce jour. (3 Juin 2013). 24H au Bénin. http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article1874\n\nLe Bénin célébrera jeudi pour la première fois la Journée internationale de la Fille. (11.10.2012). Xinhua. http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/96852/7973680.html\n\nPNUD. (octobre 2012). Indice du niveau d'instruction ajusté aux inégalités. http://hdrstats.undp.org/fr/indicateurs/71406.html\n\nWorld Inequality Database on Education, UNESCO, 2006. http://www.education-inequalities.org/countries/benin/indicators/eduyears/communities#?dimension=community&group=|Rural|Urban&dimension2=sex&group2=|Female|Male&dimension3=wealth_quintile&age_group=eduyears_20&year=2006","Il y a un accès inégal des sexes à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Selon Fatoumata Amadou Djibril, la ministre de la Famille de l'époque, la célébration de la première Journée internationale de la fille visait d'abord à attirer l'attention du grand public sur les disparités ..."]
["2013_BW_109",2013,"BW","Botswana",109,100,"Education in Botswana is accessible for all, especially in government schools. Throughout the country, government schools, regardless of whether they are based in urban or rural areas, have the same resources and curriculum system. Until a few years ago, education was free for all but now a 300 pula school fee is paid annually for all government schools. The government has a  separate scheme for those unable to pay school fees. There is no education gap between male and female citizens.","1. Website: Universal Primary Education, Botswana Government Portal, www.gov.bw.\n\n2. Article: Issues in Education, Dorcas Molefe, The Monitor, September 16 2013, http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=209&dir=2013/September/Monday16\n\n3. Report: Education, Central Statistics Office, 2012, www.cso.gov.bw.\n\n4. Article: Remote area children “humiliated” not educated, Sunday Standard, October 8 2012,  www.sundaystandard.info/article.php/email.php?NewsID=15225.","Education in Botswana is accessible for all, especially in government schools. Throughout the country, government schools, regardless of whether they are based in urban or rural areas, have the same resources and curriculum system. Until a few years ago, education was free for all ..."]
["2013_BF_109",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",109,0,"Les disparités s’observent à chacun des trois niveaux décrits. Bien que, selon les données officielles, l'écart entre les filles et les garçons se soit nettement rétréci au cours des dernières années, il n’en demeure pas moins que les filles accusent toujours un retard en matière de scolarisation, à 62,8% contre 63,5% pour les garçons.\nQuant au rapport entre zones rurales et zones urbaines, de même qu'entre les revenus faibles et les revenus élevés, les chiffres, selon la direction de la communication du ministère de l'éducation nationale, ne sont pas disponibles. Cependant, il est évident que des disparités existent à ces deux niveaux aussi. Les taux de scolarisation sont naturellement plus élevés en zone urbaine qu'en zone rurale. Tout comme ce taux est plus élevé dans les couches sociales à revenus élevés que chez celles à bas revenus.","Interview avec Elie Zan, directeur, Direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle (DCPM), ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Alphabétisation (MENA), 6 octobre 2013\n\nhttp://www.unicef.org/bfa/french/etat_des_lieux_de_l-education_inclusive_au_burkina_faso.pdf. Avril 2013.\n\nMinistère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Alphabétisation (MENA) du Burkina Faso, Secrétariat général, Direction des études et de la planification. (2012). Bulletin statistique de l’éducation de base. n°01_2012 : http://www.depmeba-bf.org/data/bulletin/bulletin_n°01_2012.pdf\n\nMinistère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Alphabétisation (MENA) du Burkina Faso, Direction de la promotion de l'éducation des filles (DPEF). (2 octobre 2012). Éducation des filles et des femmes. Ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Alphabétisation : http://www.meba.gov.bf/index.php/politiques-et-plans-sectorielles/39-education-des-filles-et-des-femmes","Les disparités s’observent à chacun des trois niveaux décrits. Bien que, selon les données officielles, l'écart entre les filles et les garçons se soit nettement rétréci au cours des dernières années, il n’en demeure pas moins que les filles accusent toujours un retard en matière d..."]
["2013_BI_109",2013,"BI","Burundi",109,25,"Les écarts dans l'accès à l'éducation existent d'une manière relative entre les filles et les garçons, mais les plus grand fossés résident entre les populations urbaines et rurales, et entre les riches et les pauvres. Selon maître SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la cour d'appel de Bujumbura, un fossé éducatif entre les populations ayant différents niveaux de revenu existe car les enfants des plus nantis fréquentent les écoles privées où la qualité de l' enseignement est élevée ou fréquentent les écoles des pays étrangers.\n\nSelon l'UNICEF, le taux de fréquentation au niveau de l'école primaire entre 2008-2012 a atteint 86.9% dans les zones urbaines contre 73/5% dans les zones rurales. \n\nGérard Bizindavyi affirme que « Oui, pas de problème à propos de l’éducation, quel que soit le genre. Toutefois, les filles sont plus nombreuses au niveau primaire et diminuent au fur et à mesure que l’on monte de niveau. »\n\nSelon une Enseignante: « Chez nous, l’accès à l’éducation primaire et secondaire n’est pas équitable. Le nombre des filles est très élevé par rapport aux garçons et ces derniers occupent les premières places pour ce qui est des points. »\n\nCome Bageni : « À ce que je vois, l’accès à l’éducation primaire et secondaire n’est pas équitable. Au primaire, garçons et filles sont presque aussi nombreux. Mais au secondaire, le nombre des filles diminue sensiblement pour des raisons socioculturelles. Elles se marient beaucoup plus vite que les garçons. Les filles sont très tôt sollicitées pour le mariage, d’une part, et, d’autre part, certains parents ont tendance à envoyer les garçons à l’école plus que les filles. »","Bizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nUne enseignante de l’École primaire du quartier Taba, commune de Gihosha, Mairie de Bujumbura, anonyme, interrogée le 19 octobre 2013\n\nBageni Come, cadre Conseil National de la Communication, Licencié en histoire, ancien journaliste du Renouveau du Burundi, et ancien enseignant au Lycée de Gatara, 20 octobre 2013.\n\nUNICEF. Burundi Country Info. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burundi_statistics.html","Les écarts dans l'accès à l'éducation existent d'une manière relative entre les filles et les garçons, mais les plus grand fossés résident entre les populations urbaines et rurales, et entre les riches et les pauvres. Selon maître SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la cour d'appel de B..."]
["2013_CM_109",2013,"CM","Cameroon",109,0,"In Cameroon, several factors make access to education a major challenge. There is the eternal probem corruption and bad governance deplored by the Cameroon branch of Transparency International in its evocative title \"Corruption and bad governance: a barrier to equitable access to education in Cameroon\". This situation is exacerbated by the sea serpent that is the existence of APEE fees (Association des Parents d’élèves et d'enseignant, or parent-teacher associations). These fees, payable every year, vary from one school year to another. Moreover, they are mandatory whereas the laws stipulate that they are optional. In elementary schools, for example, education is free, but the APEE fees are exorbitant.\nCulture also remains a major obstacle with regard access to education, especially in the northern part of Cameroon. According to Dr. Sehou Ahmadou, a teacher from this region, according to traditional beliefs, Cameroonian men are supposed to work while women are intended for marriage and not for education, a situation that in spite of government programs, remains a serious problem in Cameroon.","Sehou, Ahmadou.  (2013, October 1) .  [Teacher].  Personal communication.\n\nEkambi, A.  (2013, August 14) .  Cameroon – APEE fees: Parents protest against increases - A memorandum to Paul Biya.  Mutations.  Retrieved from http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,50118,@,cameroun-frais-d-apee-des-parents-s-insurgent-contre-leur-augmentation-un-memora.html\n\nKamgno, H. H. & Yaouba, A.  (2013, November 18) .  Sexual inequalities in the schooling system in the northern regions of Cameroon: In search of answers. The Postcolonialist.  Retrieved from http://postcolonialist.com/civil-discourse/inegalites-sexuelles-de-scolarisation-dans-les-regions-septentrionales-du-cameroun-recherche-de-facteurs/\n\nNjellé, H. V.  (2013, August 18) .  Back to school: Primary school in Cameroon still not free.  La Nouvelle Expression.  Retrieved from http://www.lanouvelleexpression.info/index.php/home/2013-05-16-08-50-50/item/1611-rentree-scolaire-l-ecole-primaire-toujours-payante-au-cameroun;\n\nTransparency International Cameroon.  (2012) .  Corruption and bad governance: A barrier to equitable access to education in Cameroon.  Retrieved from available at http://www.ti-cameroon.org/index.php/en/activities/education/90-corruption-et-mal-gouvernance-un-obstacle-a-lacces-equitable-a-leducation-au-cameroun;\n\nUnited States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.  (2012) .  Country reports on human rights practices for 2012: Cameroon.  Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204309.pdf","In Cameroon, several factors make access to education a major challenge. There is the eternal probem corruption and bad governance deplored by the Cameroon branch of Transparency International in its evocative title \"Corruption and bad governance: a barrier to equitable access to e..."]
["2013_CV_109",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",109,100,"In Cape Verde, there is no education gap between male and female citizens and not even between population sectors of different income levels. Even in rural areas, the government, since independence, made an effort to build schools and bring education near populations.  \n\nEvery family wants to send their children to school, with the hope to get a better life. The main reason is that education is free and mandatory for the first six years' basic education. All the families send their children to school, since all the rural areas are covered by at least one basic school and one high school. For example the distribution of hot meals at school is perceived as an incentive to bring children to school.\n\nIt is mandatory for Cape Verde children aged 6-14 years old to attend school and, for those between ages 6-12, education is free.","Interview: Pedro Reis Brito, general director of planning, budgeting and management at the education ministry, November 5, 2013.\n\nSapo website (news on the existing gap between boys and girls on the educational system); March 27, 2013, http://noticias.sapo.cv/info/artigo/1307914.html.\n\nCapeverdean Education Yearbook, September 2012.","In Cape Verde, there is no education gap between male and female citizens and not even between population sectors of different income levels. Even in rural areas, the government, since independence, made an effort to build schools and bring education near populations.  ..."]
["2013_CF_109",2013,"CF","CAR",109,25,"Le gouvernement centrafricain souscrit à la Déclaration mondiale sur l'éducation pour tous (Déclaration de Jomtien, UNESCO, 1990) et a conséquemment inscrit l'éducation au nombre de ses priorités. En 1994, cet engagement a donné lieu à la tenue des États généraux de l'éducation et de la formation. Conformément aux recommandations émises lors de ces états généraux, le ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de la Recherche scientifique a élaboré un Plan national d'action de l'éducation pour tous. Il est à noter que ce plan, qui couvre la période 2003-2015, prend en compte les besoins spécifiques des filles et des femmes. \n\nEn dépit  de ces efforts, cependant, on note toujours de fortes inégalités sociales ou de genre quant à l'accès à l'éducation. Ainsi, l’éducation des garçons est souvent préférée à celle des filles, une conception tenace voulant que les filles, en se mariant, compromettent leurs perspectives de progression professionnelle. Par ailleurs, une portion significative d’enfants est conduite à abandonner l’école parce que leurs parents ne disposent pas de revenus nécessaires pour les y maintenir. Ces enfants s’orientent dès lors vers l’apprentissage d’un métier. Les garçons deviendront par exemple maçons, tailleurs ou menuisiers, alors que les filles pourront apprendre un métier comme celui de couturière ou de coiffeuse. Il faut ajouter que les enfants du milieu rural sont nettement désavantagés par rapport aux populations des villes. Ils doivent parfois parcourir de longues distances pour aller à l’école, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour les enfants issus des zones urbaines où les écoles sont en plus grand nombres et souvent situées à proximité de leur lieu de résidence.","Jean Kokide, maitre d'histoire économique et sociale, vice-doyen, Faculté des sciences humaines, Université de Bangui, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nFreddy Miabe, enseignant vacataire, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013\n\nNoel Endjimondji, chef de service, enseignement du fondamental 2, ministère de l'Éducation nationale 2, 21 septembre 2013.\n\nValeur Tanga, enseignante-chercheuse, Département d'anthropologie, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013.","Le gouvernement centrafricain souscrit à la Déclaration mondiale sur l'éducation pour tous (Déclaration de Jomtien, UNESCO, 1990) et a conséquemment inscrit l'éducation au nombre de ses priorités. En 1994, cet engagement a donné lieu à la tenue des États généraux de l'éducation et ..."]
["2013_TD_109",2013,"TD","Chad",109,50,"Il existe un fossé important entre les hommes et les femmes, particulièrement dans le monde rural, l’accès à l'école étant plus facile pour les garçons. Par ailleurs, les enfants vivant en milieu rural sont plus scolarisés que ceux établis en milieu urbain, 80 pour cent des écoles publiques étant basées dans les communautés rurales. Ils représentent environ 67% des enfants scolarisés aux niveaux primaire et secondaire.\nL'enseignement primaire est gratuit et la fréquentation scolaire est obligatoire pour les enfants dont l'âge est compris entre six et onze ans. Les familles riches ou ayant un revenu élevé ne sont pas plus susceptibles de pouvoir envoyer leurs enfants à l'école que les familles ayant des revenus plus modestes.","- Kagbe, R. (13 novembre 2012). « Education in Chad: In a State of Decline ». Open Democracy:\nhttp://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/kagbe-rachel/education-in-chad-in-state-of-decline\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013.\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Il existe un fossé important entre les hommes et les femmes, particulièrement dans le monde rural, l’accès à l'école étant plus facile pour les garçons. Par ailleurs, les enfants vivant en milieu rural sont plus scolarisés que ceux établis en milieu urbain, 80 pour cent des écoles ..."]
["2013_KM_109",2013,"KM","Comoros",109,0,"Aux Comores les chances d’avoir accès à l’école sont moindres pour les ruraux (par rapport aux urbains) et pour les filles (par rapport aux garçons).\nLe niveau de vie des ménages module aussi de façon très claire les chances d’accès à l’école des enfants.\nLa hiérarchie sociale des parents recouvre assez bien celle des chances de scolarisation des enfants, les plus pauvres ayant les chances les plus faibles, et les plus aisés ayant les chances les plus élevées.\nChance d’aller à l’école : 60,1% de la population la plus pauvre, milieu rural et milieu urbain confondus, a la chance d’aller à l’école. Lorsque ces données sont ventilées, il apparaît que de taux est de 57,1% en milieu rural, tandis qu’il grimpe à 71,7% en milieu urbain. 63,8% des garçons issus des familles pauvres et vivant en milieu rural vont à l’école contre 54,4% des filles issues du même milieu sociodémographique. En milieu urbain, ces chiffres sont de 77,1% pour les garçons et 69,5% pour les filles.\nPour les familles les plus riches, 98,1% vont à l’école, dont 98,8% en milieu urbain et 97,8% en milieu rural. 99,1% des garçons issus d’une famille riche et vivant en milieu urbain fréquentent l’école contre 98,7% des filles.\nEn milieu rural, 98,3% des garçons riches vont à l’école contre 97,5% des filles.\n\nGlobalement : 23,9% des enfants comoriens ne fréquentent pas l’école, dont 40% des familles pauvres et 5,4 % seulement des familles riches. (UNESCO, UNICEF, Octobre 2012)\n\nUne parité approximative de garçons et de fille et la non-gratuité des écoles sont évoquées par le Rapport pays sur les pratiques en matière de droits de l’homme du Département d’État des États-Unis (2012). L’école est obligatoire jusqu’à l’âge de douze ans, mais elle n’est pas gratuite. Le système d’éducation public, dans un état de délabrement grave, était complété par les écoles privées, notamment les madrasas. Lorsque les familles envoyaient leurs enfants dans des écoles privées payantes, les garçons avaient généralement plus de chances d’être scolarisés que les filles (Gouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail, 2012).\n\nLa parité fille/garçon est aussi présente dans les 2 500 écoles coraniques qui existent aux Comores. Sur 9 .752 élèves, tous âges confondus, 49,1% sont des filles (Zoubeuri, 2013).","UNESCO, UNICEF. (Octobre 2012). Rapport d’état du système éducatif. Diagnostic du système éducatif comorien pour une politique nouvelle dans le cadre de l’EPT. Unesco : http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002190/219070f.pdf\n\nGouvernement des États Unis, Département d’État des États Unis, Bureau de la Démocratie, des Droits de l ‘homme et du Travail. (2012). Rapport pays sur les pratiques en matière de droits de l’homme pour l’année 2012 – Comores. Human rights.gov :http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/COMOROS-FRE-FINAL.pdf\n\nZoubeuri, A. (2013). Le système éducatif et l’agriculture aux Comores. Habari Za Komori: http://www.habarizacomores.com/p/le-systeme-educatif-aux-comores.html","Aux Comores les chances d’avoir accès à l’école sont moindres pour les ruraux (par rapport aux urbains) et pour les filles (par rapport aux garçons).\nLe niveau de vie des ménages module aussi de façon très claire les chances d’accès à l’école d..."]
["2013_CD_109",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",109,0,"Le système éducatif congolais fait face à plusieurs autres facteurs qui entravent son développement : \n- une sous-représentation des filles ; \n- une inégale répartition de la population scolarisée (forte concentration dans les grandes agglomérations); \n- un taux élevé de pauvreté monétaire chez les chefs de ménages; \n- un faible niveau de développement des activités d’assistance et de soutien, (cours de rattrapage, transport scolaire, etc.). \nSource document « DOCUMENT DE STRATEGIE POUR LA CROISSANCE, L’EMPLOI ET LA REDUCTION DE LA PAUVRETE (DSCERP2012-2016) ». Intégré en 2.3 Business Environment et Infrastructure.\nMme Jeanne NGOUKANGALA insiste sur le fait que ses inégalités sont criantes dans les zones rurales.\nChez la jeune fille plus de problèmes pour sa scolarité au moment de la puberté la jeune fille présente. L’apparition des règles cela pose problème par rapport au garçon.\nProblème liés à l'environnement scolaire, souvent il n'y a pas de toilettes avec de l'eau et les jeunes filles réglées préfèrent  s'absenter au lieu de suivre les cours. Et enfin à la fin du cycle primaire il y a des grossesses précoces, beaucoup de jeunes filles arrêtent leur scolarité. \nIl existe un grand fossé éducatif entre les citoyens, hommes et femmes.\n\n« Malgré d’importants moyens engrangés par le budget de l’État (près de 25 000 milliards de 2002 à 2013) et d’importants excédents budgétaires depuis 2003 (près de 476 milliards pour la seule année 2012), l'éducation est dans une situation à la fois alarmante et préoccupante. Ainsi bien que 2013 ait été déclarée année de l'éducation, on a relevé à 3 semaines de la rentrée un déficit de 14 000 enseignants. Par ailleurs il y'a des problèmes de manque d'infrastructures, de table-bancs, de pléthores des effectifs et autres. Dans certains établissements il y'a des classes de plus de 150 élèves ».\nSource - DOCUMENT DE STRATEGIE POUR LA CROISSANCE, L’EMPLOI ET LA REDUCTION DE LA PAUVRETE (DSCERP2012-2016) - PILIER 4 : LE DEVELOPPEMENT SOCIAL ET L’INCLUSION\nA- L’EDUCATION p 37 à 42.\nLe caractère marginal de l’éducation spéciale de la petite enfance dans le système éducatif congolais est l'un des facteurs permettant d'expliquer l'entrave au développement du secteur éducatif. En effet :\nAu primaire :\n« Le nombre d’établissements est passé de 1 542 en 2003 à 3 008 en 2007. Cette évolution est due à l’émergence des établissements dans le secteur privé qui compte 1 154 établissements (dont 63 établissements conventionnés) en 2007, contre 601 en 2003. Les effectifs du secteur public évoluent à un rythme plus lent que ceux du privé, même si l’on observe une croissance en 2009, c’est-à-dire deux années après la mise en œuvre de la gratuité scolaire ».\nAu secondaire :\n« Le nombre total d’élèves scolarisés au 1er degré a enregistré une hausse très significative pendant la période 2005-2010. Les effectifs sont passés d’environ 191 000 à 206 000 élèves, soit une augmentation annuelle de l’ordre de 8%. Malgré cette progression, la couverture scolaire est loin d’atteindre les 100%. Au lycée, les effectifs scolaires se sont également accrus, cependant, le taux de couverture reste faible ».","1 - M. Jonas DIASSONAMA, directeur des études et de la planification au ministère de l'enseignement primaire, secondaire et de l'alphabétisation. octobre 2013\n\n2 - Mme Jeanne NGOUKANGALA, chef de bureau des questions de genre à la direction des études et de la planification scolaire, au ministère de l'enseignement primaire, secondaire et de l'alphabétisation. octobre 2013\n\n3 - Entretien octobre 2013 M. Marcel MONKA, directeur et administrateur du projet en chef des SAF, à la direction des études et de la planification, ministère de l'enseignement technique, professionnel, de la formation qualifiante et de l'emploi.\n\n4 - Entretien du 14 octobre 2013 avec Mme Micheline GOULOU, présidente de l'Association de lute contre les violences à l’égard des femmes et filles.","Le système éducatif congolais fait face à plusieurs autres facteurs qui entravent son développement : \n- une sous-représentation des filles ; ..."]
["2013_CG_109",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",109,0,"L’accès est généralement équitable. Il existe un fossé entre les hommes et les femmes, entre la population urbaine et rurale, entre les personnes à revenu faible et les personnes aisées, mais il n'a pas été possible d'obtenir des statistiques plus précises. Les sources interrogées ont dit :\n\n1. Selon M. Olivier Malwasa : « Écoles acceptent tout le monde, filles et garçons. Le problème vient par la suite, lorsque certains parents n’arrivent plus à payer les frais scolaires de leurs enfants. L’école n’a ainsi d’autres choix que de leur demander de garder leurs enfants à la maison. »\n\n2. L’accès à l’éducation est équitable. Les statistiques sont disponibles sur le site du Ministère, même si ceux-ci ne sont pas mis à jour. \n\n3. Lucie Salumu : « L’accès à l’éducation ne discrimine personne. Le problème se retrouve plutôt à l’intérieur du pays, dans les milieux ruraux, où les parents préfèrent envoyer leurs enfants dans les champs ou aller puiser de l’eau que de les envoyer à l’école, faute de revenus suffisants. »\n\n4. Seulement 36 % des élèves dans les écoles secondaires sont des femmes.","- Mr Olivier Malwasa, ancien préfet d'étude au complexe scolaire Timbu à Kinshasa, entrevue du 22/10/2013.\n- Annuaire des statistiques, site du Ministère de l'Enseignement primaire, secondaire et professionnel, http://www.eduquepsp.cd/annuaire-statistique.html .\n- Mme Lucie Salumu, enseignante au lycée les messagères à Kinshasa, entrevue du 22/10/2013.\n-  GOGONTLEJANG PHALADI, 11 octobre 2013,  \"Africa: Gaps in Girls' Education Need Priority\" http://allafrica.com/stories/201310110686.html","L’accès est généralement équitable. Il existe un fossé entre les hommes et les femmes, entre la population urbaine et rurale, entre les personnes à revenu faible et les personnes aisées, mais il n'a pas été possible d'obtenir des statistiques plus précises. Les sources interrogées ..."]
["2013_CI_109",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",109,0,"Selon des données du ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Enseignement technique (MENET) de décembre 2012, il existe bel et bien un écart dans l’accès des filles et des garçons à l’enseignement primaire et secondaire. Cet écart est en défaveur des filles. Ainsi, dans la période 2011-2012, la proportion de filles dans l’enseignement primaire était de 44,9%, de 39% dans le premier cycle de l’enseignement secondaire et de 33% dans le second cycle de l’enseignement secondaire. Le taux brut de scolarisation dans la même période était de 76,3% pour les filles dans l’enseignement primaire, contre 90,5% pour les garçons, de 26,3% pour les filles dans le premier cycle de l’enseignement secondaire, contre 39,4% pour les garçons et de 14,9% pour les filles dans le second cycle de l’enseignement secondaire, contre 24,6% pour les garçons (Banque mondiale, 2013 : 21).\n\nSelon la fiche pays 2012 de la Côte d’Ivoire pour l’initiative Éducation pour tous (EPT) : « lorsque 100 garçons terminent le cycle primaire dans le pays, seulement 81 filles le terminent (indice de parité entre les sexes 0,81), marquant de fortes disparités en termes de scolarisation entre garçons et filles ».\n\nMéa Kouamé est directeur des écoles lycées et collèges de Côte d'Ivoire. Il explique dans notre entretien du 30 septembre 2013, que l'État a pris des dispositions pour qu'il n'existe aucun fossé éducatif entre les citoyens, hommes et femme, à commencer par la politique de gratuité de l'école dans le primaire institué cette dernière année. Il y a donc des initiatives gouvernementales en vue de corriger le tir. Elles portent sur des vastes campagnes de sensibilisation et autres programmes de construction d'écoles dans les zones les plus reculées du pays.\n\nEn ce qui concerne les disparités sociales et géographiques, force est de reconnaitre leur existence. Ainsi, en fonction de l’endroit où l’on se trouve sur le territoire national ou encore de la catégorie sociale ou socioprofessionnelle à laquelle appartient les parents, les enfants ont plus ou moins d’opportunités de formation. Les données et informations récentes de nature à illustrer ces disparités n’ont pas été faciles a obtenir; cela étant, selon le document de synthèse du Cadre de dépenses a moyen terme du ministère de l’Éducation nationale (CDMT-MEN) publié en juillet 2011 : « plus le niveau éducatif s’élève, plus fortes sont les disparités sociales; il y a 57% d’enfants ruraux à l’école primaire, il n’y en a plus que 39% au premier cycle secondaire, 23% en second cycle et 6% dans l’enseignement supérieur; le système éducatif ivoirien est considéré comme l'un des moins équitables d'Afrique » (Ministère de l’Éducation Nationale, 2012 : p. 4).\n\nPour ce qui est de l’impact du niveau de revenu ou social sur le fossé éducatif, dans un système caractérisé par l’absence ou l’insuffisance de mécanismes d’appui (bourses, etc.), on doit reconnaitre, même si nous ne disposons pas de données récentes et suffisamment étayées pour illustrer cet argumentaire, que plus la famille ou le milieu social auquel on appartient influence la possibilité pour un individu d’avoir accès a l’éducation et de pouvoir effectuer des études poussées. Il en est de même du niveau d’éducation des parents qui influencent non seulement sur le revenu du ménage, mais aussi sur le niveau d’éducation des enfants. Ainsi, une étude sur le système éducatif ivoirien publié en 2011 note que « les effets positifs de la scolarisation du chef de ménage sur l’accès à l’école des enfants sont significatifs dès que lui-même a été à l’école, même s’il n’a pas terminé un cycle primaire complet. Dans l’ensemble, les chances d’accès de l’enfant augmentent avec la durée de scolarisation du chef de ménage, mais l’effet de l’éducation du chef de ménage a tendance à se réduire lorsqu’on considère des scolarisations plus longues » (Banque mondiale, 2011 : 124).\n\nLes disparités géographiques s’illustrent par le nombre limité d’écoles et de salles de classe que l’on se trouve en milieu urbain ou rural ou encore que l’on se trouve à Abidjan ou alors à l’intérieur du pays. En l’absence d’informations portant sur l’éducation primaire et secondaire, l’enseignement technique et la formation professionnelle en fournissent quelques-unes. À titre d’illustration, sur un total 378 établissements de formation identifiés en Côte d’Ivoire, 204 se trouvent dans la seule ville d’Abidjan, pour 17 à Yamoussoukro, 20 à Bouaké, 8 à Abengourou, 22 à Dabou (MEMEASFP, 2012 : 6). La répartition du nombre de classes est tout aussi inégale, avec la ville d’Abidjan concentrant un peu plus de 50%. Il faut dire, pour expliquer en partie cette situation, que la ville d’Abidjan concentre un pourcentage significatif de la population du pays.\n\nYelly Touré est journaliste en charge des questions de société au quotidien L'expression. Elle indique dans notre entretien du 30 septembre 2013 qu'il y a de bonnes avancées dans la lutte pour l'équité dans l'accès à l'éducation dans la pays tant au niveau des populations évoluant dans les zone de l'intérieur et pour les filles: « Aujourd'hui il y'a beaucoup de sensibilisation et l’inscription à l'école devient un réflexe ».","- Banque mondiale, bureau régional, Côte d'Ivoire. (juin 2013). « Être femme en Côte d'Ivoire: quelles stratégies d’autonomisation ?\", Rapport des consultations de la Banque mondiale sur le genre » Banque mondiale. Repéré à: .http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/07/24/000333037_20130724131107/Rendered/PDF/797440WP0FRENC0Box0379789B00PUBLIC0.pdf\n\n- UNESCO. (2012). « Fiche EPT Côte d’Ivoire ». UNESCO, Bureau à Dakar. Repéré à: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Dakar/pdf/CoteIvoireprofileEPToct2012.pdf\n\n- Banque mondiale. (2011). « Le système éducatif de la Côte d’Ivoire. Comprendre les forces et les faiblesses du système pour identifier les bases d’une politique nouvelle et ambitieuse. Rapport d’État sur le système éducatif national ». Banque mondiale. repéré à: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/21/000020953_20111221141402/Rendered/PDF/660680ESW0whit0ote0d0Ivoire0high.ps.pdf\n\n- République de Côte d'Ivoire, ministère de l’Emploi, des Affaires sociales et de la Formation professionnelle (MEMEASFP). (2012). « Annuaire statistique 2010-2011 et 2011-2012 du ministère de l’Emploi, des Affaires sociales et de la Formation professionnelle (MEMEASFP) ». MEMEASFP. Repéré à: http://www.formation.gouv.ci/fichier/1369251565SYNTHESE%20presentation%20annuaire%20memeasfp%20vendredi22032013.pdf\n\n- République de Côte d’Ivoire, ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, Direction générale du Budget et des Finances, Cellule de réforme budgétaire et de modernisation de la gestion publique (CRBMGP), ministère de l’Éducation nationale, Direction des Affaires financières. (Juillet 2011). « Cadre de dépenses a moyen terme du ministère de l’Éducation nationale (CDMT-MEN) ». République de Côte d’Ivoire. Repéré à : http://www.finances.gouv.ci/index.php/fr/textes-et-lois/doc_download/328-cdmtministere-de-leducation-nationale.html","Selon des données du ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de l’Enseignement technique (MENET) de décembre 2012, il existe bel et bien un écart dans l’accès des filles et des garçons à l’enseignement primaire et secondaire. Cet écart est en défaveur des filles. Ainsi, dans la pério..."]
["2013_DJ_109",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",109,50,"L’accès à l’éducation primaire et secondaire est presque équitable. Une très faible différence existe entre les filles et les garçons et entre les zones rurales et urbaines. Le pourcentage des filles scolarisées est  semblable à celui des garçons. Dans certaines régions, comme à Ali Sabiéh, le taux de scolarisation des filles dépasse même celui des garçons. \n\nDans les zones rurales, on observe une légère différence concernant le taux de scolarisation par rapport au milieu urbain. Par exemple, dans une  classe de 5e année visitée, il y avait 32 filles sur 25 garçons. Le pourcentage des filles scolarisées augmente rapidement car des campagnes de sensibilisation axées sur la scolarisation des filles ont été menées. Dans les zones rurales, les familles recevaient des vivres en échange de la scolarisation de leurs filles. Dans l'ensemble du pays, le taux de scolarisation des filles est de 45% contre 55% pour les garçons. En 1991, les filles ne représentaient que 7% du total des enfants scolarisés. Grace à une campagne d’accès à l’école pour tous, entreprise depuis la réforme de l’éducation nationale en 1999, le taux de scolarisation des filles a augmenté sensiblement.","1) Abdi Dirir, chef du service de l'enseignement de base, ministère de l'Éducation, 28 septembre 2013.\n\n2) Ali Darar, enseignant, école primaire publique de Gachamaleh (Djibouti ville), 29 septembre 2013.\n\n3) Ali Farah Guessod, expert en science de l'éducation, consultant, ministère de l'Éducation, 30 septembre 2013.\n\n4) Dabar Ismail, proviseur, collège-lycée de Hodan (banlieue de Balbala), 30 septembre 2013.\n\n5) Radwan Hassan Ismail, directeur, École champion (collège-lycée privé). 30 septembre 2013.","L’accès à l’éducation primaire et secondaire est presque équitable. Une très faible différence existe entre les filles et les garçons et entre les zones rurales et urbaines. Le pourcentage des filles scolarisées est  semblable à celui des garçons. Dans certaines régions, comme à Al..."]
["2013_EG_109",2013,"EG","Egypt",109,25,"Egypt is ranked last out of 148 countries surveyed in the 2012-2013 Global Competitiveness Report, published by the World Economic Forum, for the quality of its primary education. Part of the reason for this is that the educational system in Egypt still suffers from inequality in education both urban and rural as well as the gap between the genders. \n\nThough the gender gap has been closed at the secondary and collegiate levels, it remains in primary education. Despite the fact that theoretically all pupils have access to the same education, in practice entrepreneurial teachers sometimes offer \"learners' guides\" for students willing to afford them as a cribbed version of their textbooks, contributing to an effective success rate for people with higher disposable incomes. \n\nEgypt has made significant progress towards achieving the Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) particularly in expanding access to basic education. Egypt has attained a school net enrolment rate of 94 per cent. Despite this progress, social economic, geographical factors and gender disparities continue to affect access to primary education.","(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.  Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.eg/\n\nEl Din, Ahmed Safy.  (2013, November 20) .  [Associate at the Namaa' Association for Sustainable Development (Egypt), which works on education].  Personal communication. \n\n(n.d.) .  Injaaz.  Retrieved from http://injaz-egypt.org/\n\nShafer, Greg.  (2013, November 14) .  [English teacher in Alexandria during the study period].  Personal communication.\n\nTarek, S. & El Sheekh, S.  (2013, September 30) .  Egypt's public school system: Failing all tests.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt-s-primary-education-ranks-last-global-competitiveness-report\n\nThe World Bank.  (2012) .  Education in Egypt: inequality of opportunity across three generations.  Washington, D.C.: Ersado, L.  Retrieved from http://menablog.worldbank.org/education-egypt-inequality-opportunity-across-three-generations\n\nThe World Bank.  (2012) .  Inequality of opportunity in educational achievement.  Washington, D.C.  Retrieved from http://menablog.worldbank.org/files/inequality_of_opportunity_in_educational_outcomes-_report_no_70300.pdf\n\n(n.d.) .  [UNICEF's website on Egypt].  Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/egypt/education.html\n\nWorld Economic Forum.  (2013) .  2012-2013 Global Competitiveness Report.","Egypt is ranked last out of 148 countries surveyed in the 2012-2013 Global Competitiveness Report, published by the World Economic Forum, for the quality of its primary education. Part of the reason for this is that the educational system in Egypt still suffers from inequality in e..."]
["2013_GQ_109",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",109,0,"Gender inequality continued to be a major problem in Equatorial Guinea. While the law provides for gender equality in access to primary education, women continued to have a lower level of school attendance than men and higher levels of drop-out. During the period of review, the double percentage of men continued to secondary school compared to women and there was greater difference in education between women in the urban and rural areas. Furthermore, depending on the household income the education level and quality differed.\n\nWhile the government has designed a program to reduce women´s illiteracy, until the end of the period of review this program had not been implemented and it excluded women from the rural areas.","African Economic Outlook.  (2012) .  Equatorial Guinea, UNDP, AfDB, OECD, UNECA, 2012.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Equatorial%20Guinea%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Member of civil society organisation, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nCEID-GE, Red PerSida, SEJOF.  (2013) .   Informe de Sociedad Civil de Guinea Ecuatorial.  Retrieved from http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/EPU%20GE%202013%20DRAFT%20CEID.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Fishery and Environment.  (2012, May) .  Informe Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, Rio+20. Paper presented at the Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible.  Retrieved from http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/976equatorialguinea.pdf","Gender inequality continued to be a major problem in Equatorial Guinea. While the law provides for gender equality in access to primary education, women continued to have a lower level of school attendance than men and higher levels of drop-out. During the period of review, the dou..."]
["2013_ER_109",2013,"ER","Eritrea",109,50,"The Ministry of  Education (MOE) has been facing extreme difficulties to build on the expansion of primary education for its children. The most recent school data marked a net enrolment ratio (NER) of 49.6 per cent, indicating that about half of the elementary school-aged children (estimated 208,844) are still out of school. One of the major challenges of education in Eritrea is the unequal development among administrative zobas (regions). The enrolment is particularly low in Gash Barka, Southern Red Sea (SRS) and Northern Red Sea (NRS). It is worth noting that these remote regions, also including Anseba, are inhabited by nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralists. Nomadic communities believe that the centralized education system – with its location of formal schools at a great distance, irrelevant curricula, rigid school calendars, and specific age of enrolment – does not match their needs. Therefore they do not send their children to school. Gender disparity also remains a major issue. \n\nEven though eradication of illiteracy has been Eritrea’s all time goal and since 2000 the country has reduced illiteracy level to a nominal stage. Despite this accomplishment, there is still a huge gap between the urban and rural areas, as well as between the male and female population. An income gap is also evident. Illiteracy among the female population particular need to be addressed urgently.\n\nThe education gap has narrowed in recent years. As the disadvantaged areas of the country have been identified, taking measures that aim at narrowing the gap of educational access is hoped to be accomplished in the upcoming two years and after. Recognizing the benefits of education towards accelerating development, efficient healthcare, generating increased incomes and effective use of technology among others, “Education for all” has been the slogan chosen to combat illiteracy.\n\nOne of the tenets of Eritrea’s National Education Policy, which is based on education as a fundamental human right and lifelong process, is the creation of a modern, technologically advanced, and internationally competitive economy. Education provision in Eritrea is further aimed at human capital formation for self-reliance, self-consciousness, and self-motivation with a view to fighting poverty, disease, and the attendant causes of backwardness. Eritrea’s education policy is based on the principle of universal primary education of up to eight years. Completion of elementary education is compulsory for all Eritrean citizens, while completion of middle school (thus acquiring a full basic education) is compulsory for all school-age children. Education in public schools up to the completion of high school is free for all school-age Eritreans who maintain acceptable standards of performance.","Gebrehiwet, K. (2013 September 13). Promoting Literacy: Eritrea’s Farsighted Vision Part I. Eritrea Ministry of Information.\n\nInterviews with key informants at the Ministry of Education and the UNICEF who requested to remain anonymous, 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nHuman Development Report 2013, The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World\nExplanatory. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/ERI.pdf\n\nEducation Policy and DataCenter, Eritrea National Education Profile, March 2014. http://www.epdc.org/country/eritrea","The Ministry of  Education (MOE) has been facing extreme difficulties to build on the expansion of primary education for its children. The most recent school data marked a net enrolment ratio (NER) of 49.6 per cent, indicating that about half of the elementary school-aged children ..."]
["2013_ET_109",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",109,0,"Although significant progress has been made to narrow the urban-rural divide as well as income-related barriers on access to education, there still remains a long way to fill the gap and ensure rural populations have access that is equitable. Moreover, there is a significant gender divide that gets more pronounced at secondary than primary. This too is more visible in rural areas where social-cultural barriers continue to constrain girls’ access to education in a significantly different scale than is the case in urban areas.","1. ClassBase. \"Education System in Ethiopia\". http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Ethiopia/Education-System\n\n2. Horn Affairs. \"Ethiopian education: From crisis to brink of alteration (Girmachew Gashaw)\", June 5, 2012. http://danielberhane.com/2012/06/05/ethiopian-education-from-crisis-to-brink-of-alteration-girmachew-gashaw/\n\n3. Interview, Addis Ababa University based researcher with the School of Education and Behavioral Science, , Addis Ababa, October 20, 2013. \n\n4. Education Statistics Annual Abstract2003 E.C. (2010/2011 G.C) Ministry of Education EMIS, Planning and Resource Mobilization Directorate September 2011 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\n\n5. Education Statistics Annual Abstract 2004 E.C. (2011/2012 G.C)","Although significant progress has been made to narrow the urban-rural divide as well as income-related barriers on access to education, there still remains a long way to fill the gap and ensure rural populations have access that is equitable. Moreover, there is a significant gender..."]
["2013_GA_109",2013,"GA","Gabon",109,50,"There are differences in the quality of education between rural and urban areas. There is also a gap in educational performance among girls and boys in middle school.\n\nPrimary and secondary education are compulsory in Gabon. The country has a high literacy rate of 97 per cent. However, educational facilities vary from province to province. For example, a rural public school in the northern Woleu-Ntem province cannot be compared to a public school in an urban setting like Libreville. Therefore, access to quality education is not guaranteed. \n\nOn 14 October 2013, President Ali Bongo announced that families living under the poverty threshold would receive subsidies from the Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie et de Garantie Sociale (CNAMGS) to help cover the costs of back-to-school supplies for children. The Council of Ministers announced a total of CFA 4.838 billion to provide equitable access to primary education.\n\nIn Gabon, girls aged 14–15 studying for their Brevet d’Etudes du Premier Cycle (BEPC) outnumbered boys by 7,000 in 2013. But according to the Ministry of Education, only 24 per cent of them were admitted to the next level (Secondaire) compared to 36 per cent of boys. The lower rate continued into the first phase of the BAC (baccalaureate), with only 29 per cent of girls passing against 34 per cent of boys.\n\n“The results are improving every year. It may not be sufficient progress yet, but to succeed we need to lower our student-teacher ratios and rethink the way teachers are trained. We have now called on global expertise to allow us to design a country-specific methodology suited for Gabon,” Minister of Education Séraphin Moundounga told Forbes.","Anonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nMoundounga, Séraphin.  (2013, September 30) .  [Minister of Education, Libreville].  Personal communication.\n\nCommuniqué Final du Conseil des Ministres et Mesures Individuelles.  (2013, October 14) .  [Council of Ministers announces package for primary education].  Retrieved from http://ujpdg-france.vefblog.net/757.html#Communique_Final_du_Conseil_des_Ministres_du_Lundi_2\n\nCommunication sur les résultats scolaires 2013.  [Ministry of Education hard paper showing academic results for 2012–2013, including gaps in educational performance].","There are differences in the quality of education between rural and urban areas. There is also a gap in educational performance among girls and boys in middle school...."]
["2013_GM_109",2013,"GM","The Gambia",109,50,"The READ document, an interview with Mr Ileleji and the document obtained from the ministry of basic and secondary education reveal there is equitable access to primary and secondary education nationwide. Primary and secondary education is free and government has over the years implemented programs on girls education.\n\nThere is, however, an education gap between populations in different income levels in that well-to-do families tend to enrol their children in private schools which have better teachers and better facilities. \n\nThere is also an education gap between rural and urban populations because the \"best\" primary and secondary schools are located in the urban areas. There are no colleges in the rural areas and the only university is located in the urban area.","1.  Results for Education Achievement and Development Project Final Report, August 2013, Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3RfugfjXmwoYzJib2J5U3M5VVE/edit?pli=1.\n\n2. Interview with Mr Poncelet Ileleji MBCS, coordinator, The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre and Digital Studio, MDI Road Kanifing South on October 10 2013.\n\n3. Interview with Mr Adama Jimba Jobe, Director of Science and Technology, Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, Willy Thorpe Building, Banjul, October 15 2013.\n\n4. Education Ministry National Education Policy 2004 to 2015, http://www.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/policy-documents.html.","The READ document, an interview with Mr Ileleji and the document obtained from the ministry of basic and secondary education reveal there is equitable access to primary and secondary education nationwide. Primary and secondary education is free and government has over the years imp..."]
["2013_GH_109",2013,"GH","Ghana",109,25,"The latest basic school enrolment figures made available were for the 2012/2013 academic year. The enrolment figures for public basic schools for 2012/2013 academic year were 2,863,146 boys and 2,705,831 girls. \n\nThe enrolment figures for private basic schools in 2012/2013 academic year were 953,131 boys and 943110 girls. Therefore, put together, both public and private basic schools enrolment figures in 2012/2013 academic year stood at 3,816,277 boys and 3,648,941 girls. Basic school in Ghana comprises of crèche/nursery, kindergarten, primary school and junior high school.\n\nIn the senior high school level (secondary education), the latest enrolment figures were for 2012/2013 academic year. The enrolment figures for public senior high schools in 2012/2013 academic year were 420,560 boys and 350,365 girls while those of the private senior high schools were 35,348 boys and 36,314 girls. \n\nPut together, the enrolment figures for both public and private senior high schools in the 2012/2013 academic year stood at 455,908 boys and 386,679 girls.\n\nThe statistics also show a wide disparity in enrolment between rural regions such as the northern, upper west and upper east regions compared with urban regions such as greater Accra, central, Ashanti, and western. There are no statistics in terms of enrolment between the rich and the poor in the country. \n\nThe wide disparity in enrolment between rural and urban populations is largely because of infrastructural deficits in rural areas compared to urban schools, which have at least full complement of trained and qualified teachers. \n\nEven though there are no official statistics on access to education between the rich and the poor, it is a common hypothesis among experts that income level disparities also translate to gaps in education between the poor and the rich. \n\nThe disparity is not very pronounced at the basic school level because the cost is relatively cheap or almost free, coupled with no requirement or qualification for a pupil to enrol at this level. The situation is different at senior high school level because the cost of education here is a bit high (75-250 US dollars per term depending on which level a student is) and most poor parents could not afford the fees. \n\nAlso, one needs to pass standardised examinations and fall below the cut-off point to be able to gain admission into a senior high school. The enrolment figures for basic and senior secondary education in the country suggest that more girls go to school at basic school level but begin to drop out before reaching senior high school level. This situation has been attributed to customs and traditional beliefs that put a woman's place at managing the home as most important to anything else. Other factors include early and forced marriages, and teenage pregnancy as most girls are lured into premature sex because of poverty.","1. Mr Stanislaus Nabome, general secretary, National Association of Graduate Teachers, telephone interview, October 5, 2013, Accra. \n\n2. Mr Paul Krampah, public relations officer, Ministry of Education, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Emmanuel Bonney, education correspondent, Daily Graphic, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Professor Stephen Adei, former rector, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, contributing to a discussion (Hot Issues) on TV3 Network, October 26, 2013, Time: 12:00GMT to 13:00GMT, Accra.","The latest basic school enrolment figures made available were for the 2012/2013 academic year. The enrolment figures for public basic schools for 2012/2013 academic year were 2,863,146 boys and 2,705,831 girls. ..."]
["2013_GN_109",2013,"GN","Guinea",109,50,"Un grand effort est produit dans le cadre de l'accès équitable à l'école primaire. Beaucoup de sensibilisation est faite par le ministère des Affaires sociales, de la promotion féminine et du genre, ainsi que  par le ministère de l'Enseignement secondaire dans la scolarisation des jeunes filles, par exemple. Auparavant, ce sont les filles seulement qui balayaient les salles de classe, maintenant, tout le monde, garçons et filles, participe à cette tâche ménagère à l'école. \nTout le monde ne peut pas accéder aux écoles privées, car les frais de scolarité y sont parfois trop élevés .\n- Dans le cadre de la scolarisation des enfants, il n'y a pas de fossé entre filles et garçons, mais, l'accès équitable aux écoles de grande renommée est contrarié par le niveau de vie et les moyens financiers des parents. Les meilleurs professeurs sont par exemple regroupés dans des écoles comme le Complexe Sainte-Marie, à Conakry, où ils enseignent avec sérieux, alors que dans les autres écoles, il arrive aux enseignants de bâcler les cours.\n- Il existe aussi une différence entre les élèves du milieu rural et ceux de la ville. Dans les milieux reculés, il manque quelquefois d'enseignants. À l'école primaire de Sanoun, à 26 km de la ville de Labé, on a lancé un SOS suite à une pénurie d'enseignants.","Entretien avec Adrien Tossa, Consultant à NDI en Guinée, 3 octobre 2013, 14 h 30.\n\nEntretien avec Fassou Elisée, Coordinateur du Réseau des ONG YDAY-GUINEE, 4 octobre 2013, 11 h 00.\n\nEntretien avec Maître Pépé Antoine Lamah, avocat à la Cour, 4 octobre 2013, 13 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Dr Dansa Kouroumah, membre du CNT (Conseil national pour la transition), qui fait pour le moment office de parlement, 3 septembre 2013, 13 h 45.\n\nAlhaidy Sow, 30 octobre 2013. \"Labé: SOS pour l’école primaire de Sanoun, dont certaines classes sont fermées par manque d’enseignants.\" http://guineenews.org/2013/10/labe-sos-pour-lecole-primaire-de-sanoun-dont-certaines-classes-sont-fermees-par-manque-denseignants/","Un grand effort est produit dans le cadre de l'accès équitable à l'école primaire. Beaucoup de sensibilisation est faite par le ministère des Affaires sociales, de la promotion féminine et du genre, ainsi que  par le ministère de l'Enseignement secondaire dans la scolarisation des ..."]
["2013_GW_109",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",109,0,"In theory, both girls and boys have equal access to school. In practice, the situation varies between populations of different income levels and between rural and urban populations. The socio-economic reality, characterised by extreme poverty, enhances girl drop outs. Low income level families experiment stronger school leaving, and rural populations are confronted to a gap on school quality which influences access. \n\nDue to the scarcity of resources in the public administration, the ministry of education frequently has difficulties paying salaries, and teachers of public schools are confronted with late payments.\n\nIn Guinea Bissau no special economic conditions are provided by the ministry to facilitate the installation and/or transport for teachers affected in remote rural areas. The result is that teachers are particularly reluctant to maintain their positions in rural areas, as they have more difficulties to face late payments. They prefer to come back to the main urban areas, and to provide services, alleging lack of working conditions. The villages are confronted with the need to engage their own private teachers who frequently don't have the needed educational background. The all resulting in a gap on school quality related to income levels and rural / urban areas.\n\nThere is a prevalent gap in all three categories.","1. Etica Mendonca, Private secondary school G.E.D.U. Vice Director. Interviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.\n\n2. Mario de Oliveira, Public secondary school Kwame Nkruma teacher in economics. Interviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.\n\n3. Gema Pedro Barbosa, Private secondary school C.F.J. teacher on sociology\nInterviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.","In theory, both girls and boys have equal access to school. In practice, the situation varies between populations of different income levels and between rural and urban populations. The socio-economic reality, characterised by extreme poverty, enhances girl drop outs. Low income le..."]
["2013_KE_109",2013,"KE","Kenya",109,25,"Kenya has attempted to boost its education through subsidised schemes that have helped increase enrolment. Statistics show that Kenya registered a 59% enrolment increase in primary schools, from 5.9 million children in 2003 to 9.4 million in 2010, while secondary school enrolment rose by 35%, from 1.1 million in 2008 to 1.7 million in 2010.\n\nAt the same time, the completion rate for primary schools was 78.8% while the transition rate was 72%. The gross enrolment rate now stands at 109.8% and 47.8% for primary and secondary schools respectively, while the net enrolment rate  stands at 92.4% for the primary and 35.8% for the secondary schools level. These are major gains that require consistent support from all education stakeholders.\n\nHowever, gender and regional disparities are still a concern nationally, particularly at secondary school level. Most hit areas are the arid areas and urban slums where most children have no access to education facilities like schools, and where there are schools there is lack of basic facilities like classrooms and teachers. Although the abolition of secondary school fees reduced the costs for many poor families, indirect costs are still 12-20 times as much as the monthly income of parents in rural areas, leaving secondary school out of reach for the poorest households.\n\nThe 2012 Education for All global monitoring report says that, despite Kenya rolling out universal education in the last decade, there are about one million out-of-school children. This has been blamed on cultural practices such as female genital mutilation and early marriage, on nomadic lifestyles and child labour and on high dropout rates as parents cannot afford school uniform and other nominal fees under the free primary education.","1. ”Form Four students to pay more for KCSE exams\". An article published by the Daily Nation newspaper on February 18, 2013. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Students-to-pay-more-for-KCSE-exams/-/1056/1696894/-/5f4p8ez/-/index.html.\n\n2. \"One million Kenyan children still out of school - Report\". An article by Joseph Kariuki published on April 11, 2013 by the Star newspaper. http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-116320/one-million-kenyan-children-still-out-school-report#sthash.SIGYwsj8.dpuf.\n\n3. \"Menstruation and Education: How a lack of sanitary towels reduces school attendance in Kenyan slums\". An article by Stella Chebii, published by the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa on October 24, 2012. It illustrates how poverty is affecting the education of the girl child in Kenya. http://www.osisa.org/buwa/regional/menstruation-and-education-how-lack-sanitary-towels-reduces-school-attendance-kenyan-s.\n\n4. \"Why Did Abolishing Fees Not Increase Public School Enrolment in Kenya?\" A research paper from the Africa Growth Initiative, authored by Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Germano Mwabu, Tessa Bold and Justin Sandefur. It was published on January 2013 by Brookings. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/enrollment-kenya-kimenyi.\n\n5. \"We must safeguard, improve the huge strides we have made in education\". An opinion article by Kenya's Education Cabinet Secretary, Jacob Kaimenyi. Published by the People newspaper on September 5, 2013. http://www.thepeople.co.ke/19489/must-safeguard-improve-huge-strides-made-education/.\n\n6. \"New Project Gives Informal Schools A Shot In The Arm\". An article by Maxwell Masava, published by the Star newspaper on August 21, 2013. http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-132927/new-project-gives-informal-schools-shot-arm#sthash.HxIeah4B.dpuf.\n\n7. \"Effects Of Students Gender On Mathematics Performance In Primary Schools In Keiyo South District, Kenya\". A research paper by Jonah Kipsang Kiptum, Philip K. Rono, Jackson K. Too, Benjamin K. Bii, Joyce Too. Published in the  International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, volume 2, issue 6, June 2013. http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/june2013/Effects-Of-Students-Gender-On-Mathematics-Performance-In-Primary-Schools-In--Keiyo-South-District-Kenya.pdf.\n\n8. Draft report of the Kenya Early Grade Reading Project by the Office of Education and Youth in USAID/Kenya. The report was published in April 2013. http://kenya.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/KEGRP_Draft_SOW_-_30_April_2013.pdf.\n\n9. \"Determinants of girls’ performance in science, mathematics and technology subjects in public secondary schools in Kenya.\" A research paper by Lydia Mbaki  Musau, Joash Migosi and James Matee Muola. Published International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies volume 5(3), pp. 33-42, July 2013. http://www.academicjournals.org/IJEAPS/fulltext/2013/Jul/Musau%20et%20al.htm.","Kenya has attempted to boost its education through subsidised schemes that have helped increase enrolment. Statistics show that Kenya registered a 59% enrolment increase in primary schools, from 5.9 million children in 2003 to 9.4 million in 2010, while secondary school enrolment r..."]
["2013_LS_109",2013,"LS","Lesotho",109,50,"According to latest reports by the bureau of statistics, the literacy rate is slightly higher for Basotho females (95%) than for their male counterparts (83%).  However, a deeper analysis suggests a narrower gender gap in enrollment rates at primary level (Ntho 2013). For example, by 2010, 190.769 females and 197.912 males were registered in various primary schools. In the same year, boys constituted 52% while girls comprised 48% of all new enrollments in registered primary schools. Notwithstanding, reports indicate that the dropout rate is slightly higher for boys than for girls. This probably explains why there are slightly more female students at secondary schools as well as institutions of higher learning compared to primary schools (Ntho 2013).\n\nThe Education Act of 2010 makes it a criminal offence for a parent or guardian who fails to enroll in a primary school a child between the ages of six and 13. Primary education is offered free of charge in all public schools in Lesotho.\n\nDespite legal and policy provisions of the free primary education programme, there are still differences in enrolment rates across different geographical areas of the country. For example, primary school enrolment rates are higher in the lowlands than they are in the mountain region. Ntho (2013) observes that this is probably due “to issues such as transport services and the availability of schools in these areas”.  The free primary education programme has significantly reduced basic education gap across households in different income brackets. However, this is only as far as primary education is concerned. Access to education begins to decrease at secondary and senior-secondary levels where enrolment is no longer free.","1. Thuso Ramabolu. Transformation Resource Centre. Human Rights Officer. Interview conducted on October 7 2013\n\n2. Ntho Mamoeketsi Nkiseng (2013) Lesotho Effective Delivery of Public Education Services A review by AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa\n\n3. Lesotho Bureau of Statistics. http://www.bos.gov.ls/\n\n4. Ministry of Education and Training. accessed October 2013. http://www.education.gov.ls/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=28&Itemid=45.","According to latest reports by the bureau of statistics, the literacy rate is slightly higher for Basotho females (95%) than for their male counterparts (83%).  However, a deeper analysis suggests a narrower gender gap in enrollment rates at primary level (Ntho 2013). For example, ..."]
["2013_LR_109",2013,"LR","Liberia",109,0,"The government of Liberia has a policy of free and compulsory primary education for all, but the policy is not practical. Schools are centralized in urban areas, making it almost impossible for many in the rural parts of the country to have equal access to the quality of education in the city. In the rural parts, parents with low income would either not send their children to school at all, or give priority to the male child(ren) in the family.","Catakaw, H. (2013, November 4). Personal Interview. Chairperson - Liberia Education Trust, Monrovia\n\nGaye, W. (2013, November 4). Personal Interview. Assistant Minister for Administration - Ministry of Education","The government of Liberia has a policy of free and compulsory primary education for all, but the policy is not practical. Schools are centralized in urban areas, making it almost impossible for many in the rural parts of the country to have equal access to the quality of education ..."]
["2013_LY_109",2013,"LY","Libya",109,50,"There is equitable access to primary and secondary schools for all nationals, since the education throughout all school phases is state-funded in the government schools. The fact that the education is free (except for university education, which may involve some costs related to books and study materials) plays a major role in attracting the majority of the population.\n\nHowever, national curricula are old and some institutions complement the teaching, particularly with language and informatics. Since these institutes are largely private, only the wealthier can access this better-quality education, which starts at Kindergarten.","S. Magdoud, deputy headmistress in a secondary school - Tripoli, personal communication, December 2, 2013.\n\nN. Salah, programs manager at the Ministry of Higher Education, personal communication, December 2, 2013.\n\nL. Z. Muntasser, English teacher and political activist, personal communication, November 24, 2013.","There is equitable access to primary and secondary schools for all nationals, since the education throughout all school phases is state-funded in the government schools. The fact that the education is free (except for university education, which may involve some costs related to bo..."]
["2013_MG_109",2013,"MG","Madagascar",109,0,"La politique nationale vise l'accès équitable de tous à l'éducation primaire et secondaire, mais des cas d'inégalité sont constatés du fait de la tradition et d'autres facteurs. \n\nDans L’Éducation Primaire en temps de crise: « Les taux de scolarisation ont particulièrement chuté pour les garçons en milieu rural. Selon les enquêtes de ménages, le taux moyen de scolarisation pour les enfants de 6 à 10 ans a baissé de 80 % à 75 % entre 2005 et 2010. Les garçons ont été plus touchés par cette baisse que les filles (-6 points de pourcentage, vs 4 pour les filles), en particulier dans les zones rurales où le taux de scolarisation des garçons a chuté de 78 à 72 %».\n\nToujours selon ce rapport de la Banque mondiale, 19% des enfants ont abandonné l’école pour aller travailler en 2012. Mais les données sur tout le pays sont très partielles. Aussi, une multitude de programmes ont été mis en œuvre dans le passé, mais l’on dispose de peu d’informations précises sur leur impact et leur capacité à influencer les décisions de scolarisation des ménages. Il s’agit de programme répondant à la déscolarisation.\n\nComme le dit le rapport susmentionné ainsi que les deux paragraphes précédents, il existe des inégalités. Il est clairement dit que cette inégalité de scolarisation existe dans le domaine garçons/filles (en défaveur des garçons) et rural/urbain (en défaveur du milieu rural). Par contre, aucune donnée sur le rapport des inégalités entre riches et pauvres n’est disponible. \n\nLes facteurs mentionnés supra sont : la crise, la nécessité de travailler, le fait d’être dans les zones rurales (éloignement, tradition plus forte).","- Annuaire statistique pour l’Afrique 2013, page 30.\n- Razafindravo Tatiana Eddie et coll., L’éducation à Madagascar : repenser le système éducatif malgache pour un meilleur devenir, Policy paper, Friedrich Ebert Stiftüng, Antananarivo, 2012.\n- Rabetahina Pascal Pierrot, secrétaire général, ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 31 octobre 2013.\n-L’Éducation Primaire en temps de crise, Banque mondiale, Madagascar, juin 2013. (Rapport)","La politique nationale vise l'accès équitable de tous à l'éducation primaire et secondaire, mais des cas d'inégalité sont constatés du fait de la tradition et d'autres facteurs. ..."]
["2013_MW_109",2013,"MW","Malawi",109,0,"At present, access to primary and secondary education is not equitable for a number of reasons. This includes an education gap between males and females. Although progress has been made, poverty and traditional practices especially in rural areas continues to favour the education of boys over girls. \n\nIn addition, lack of facilities like girls only toilets in schools in poor communities result in girls dropping out of school. Also, early marriages in poor, traditional communities remain an obstacle to girls accessing and completing their primary and secondary education. Significantly, government schools have experienced declining standards at both primary and secondary level in recent years due to a number of reasons including low salaries for teachers and lack of teaching resources. \n\nAnother factor is an education gap between populations in different income levels. The elite can afford to send their children to private primary and secondary schools. This includes St Andrews International High School and Kamuzu Academy, which are among the most academically lauded and prestigious private schools in Africa. \n\nOn the other hand, although some progress has been made, many children from rural, poor communities often fail to attend school for several reasons. Although government primary schools are free, many children do not attend them because they have to help their parents earn a livelihood on smallholder family farms, especially those growing tobacco. Another disincentive is the long distance children have to travel to attend school outside urban areas, where schools are far in between.\n\nMoreover, government secondary schools are not free and many poor Malawian families cannot afford the fees. Another advantage that children in urban areas have is that there is a low pupil-teacher ratio in their schools compared to those in rural areas. In addition, urban areas generally appear to have better access to teaching and learning materials than rural areas, including the quality of infrastructure. Statistics on equitable access to education are scattered and difficult to access from a single source at present.","Aubrey Chibwana, Director, Youth Council of Malawi, October 30 2013\n\nDr Mangwira, Secretary for Education, Ministry of Education, October 25 2013\n\nSamson Kalimba, Communications Officer, Tobacco Association of Malawi, October 25 2013","At present, access to primary and secondary education is not equitable for a number of reasons. This includes an education gap between males and females. Although progress has been made, poverty and traditional practices especially in rural areas continues to favour the education o..."]
["2013_ML_109",2013,"ML","Mali",109,0,"Au Mali, l’accès à l’éducation reste insuffisant et inéquitable, en particulier pour les filles et les pauvres. Par ailleurs, la faible capacité de gestion du secteur, y compris la gestion des enseignants et la construction d’écoles aggrave le fossé éducationnel. Environ 27% des élèves affectés ont été déscolarisés suite à leur déplacement au Sud, selon le rapport d’évaluation des besoins du Cluster Education publié en 2012. Les effets des inondations ont rendu presque inaccessibles environ 290 écoles réparties dans toutes les régions du Sud, compromettant ainsi l’accès à l’éducation d’environ 60 000 élèves. Le système éducatif n’est pas suffisamment préparé pour réduire les impacts des catastrophes sur l’accès à l’éducation des enfants dans les communautés affectées.","Entretien avec Daniel Ozoukou, Program Officer, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oct Oct. 28, 2013.\n\nAlex Duval. (17 septembre, 2013). Mali back-to-school campaign faces uphill struggle. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/17/mali-back-to-school-campaign-struggle\n\nEducation is Key to Mali Reconstruction. (6 septembre 2013). Joe DeCapua. VOA News. http://www.voanews.com/content/mali-back-to-school-6sept13/1744648.html","Au Mali, l’accès à l’éducation reste insuffisant et inéquitable, en particulier pour les filles et les pauvres. Par ailleurs, la faible capacité de gestion du secteur, y compris la gestion des enseignants et la construction d’écoles aggrave le fossé éducationnel. Environ 27% des él..."]
["2013_MR_109",2013,"MR","Mauritania",109,0,"Dans la pratique, on observe un accès inéquitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire. Il convient de souligner que la carte scolaire ne repose sur aucun fondement et tend à laisser à la marge un bon nombre d'enfants victimes de l'abandon scolaire. \n\nDerrière cet accès inéquitable à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire, il convient de s'interroger sur la qualité du système éducatif mauritanien. Les victimes de l'abandon scolaire proviennent surtout des familles dépourvues de moyens. Pour des raisons économiques, ces familles vivant dans la précarité envoient leurs enfants travailler, effectuer des activités susceptibles d'augmenter le revenu du ménage. Les victimes sont la plupart du temps des filles. L'autre raison qui motive l'abandon scolaire provient des mariages dits précoces, notamment dans le milieu rural. Les parents marient leurs filles en bas âge afin d'en tirer de maigres bénéfices économiques. La pauvreté, la précarité constituent autant de motifs qui renforcent le taux d'abandon scolaire chez les filles dans le milieu rural. En dépit de chiffres qui évoquent l'atteinte d'un des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD), dont notamment le taux de scolarisation des filles, la Mauritanie demeure confrontée à un fort pourcentage d'abandon scolaire.  La Mauritanie a privilégié la massification du système éducatif au détriment de la qualité. En dépit de plusieurs réformes, le système éducatif mauritanien n'est pas performant. La mise en place d'un système éducatif dual (arabe et français) a fortement affaibli le niveau de l'instruction. Les lacunes du système éducatif sont légion, et l'uniformisation du système éducatif en 1999 n'a pas pour autant corrigé les faiblesses. Les autorités ont organisé en 2012 les États généraux de l'éducation nationale. Ils ont pointé du doigt les dysfonctionnements et promis d'apporter des réponses appropriées.","1. Amadou Sall, enseignant-chercheur, sociologie et anthropologie, Université de Nouakchott, 3 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Mohamed Salah Baber, ancien professeur de mathématiques, ancien conseiller du ministre de l'Éducation nationale, 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. L'Authentic. (16 juillet 2013). « Ecroulement du système éducatif : L’école mauritanienne dans l’agonie ». Lauthentic.info: http://lauthentic.info/spip.php?article4967.","Dans la pratique, on observe un accès inéquitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire. Il convient de souligner que la carte scolaire ne repose sur aucun fondement et tend à laisser à la marge un bon nombre d'enfants victimes de l'abandon scolaire. ..."]
["2013_MU_109",2013,"MU","Mauritius",109,100,"Since 2005, education has been compulsory in Mauritius up to the age of 16. \n\nGross enrolment rate for primary education stood at 98 percent in 2013 for children aged 6-11 years old. According to numbers provided by Statistics Mauritius, the primary school population stood at 108,853 in 2013, a decrease of around 4 percent from 2012 figure. Boys represented 51 percent of the 2013 primary school population and girls 49 percent. The difference does not warrant any concern with regards to gender disparity with access to education. Sex-disaggregated data is collected by district or by zone which is the grouping of schools in a designated geographical area for administrative purposes. However, all urban areas fall into only two districts in Mauritius. Comparison of numbers for these two districts and the rural ones do not indicate any significant disparity between boys and girls. \nThe near perfect enrolment indicates that there is no gender, income or urban-rural gap in the country in terms of access to primary education. \nSecondary education population decreased by 1,805 from 115,677 in 2012 to reach 113,872 in 2013, of whom 59,481 (52 percent) were girls and 54,391 (48 percent) were boys. Gross enrolment ratio (secondary education enrolment as a percentage of the population aged 12 to 19 years) for the general stream remained at 71 percent, as in 2012. An analysis of enrolment rates by age indicates that there is a significant drop in enrolment right after Form V. This could also be related to the fact that school is compulsory in Mauritius until the age of 16, the corresponding age for Form 5. In the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Conference of Education Ministers, the Minister of Education of Mauritius mentioned the enrolment rates for pre-primary to secondary education in Mauritius for the year 2011. The 2012 numbers are comparable. \n\nStatistics are not collected on a rural-urban or income basis. However, there are 176 secondary schools covering the islands; access is not an issue whether people live in rural or urban areas. The free education system from primary to secondary school ensures that even the lower strata of the population can attend school. In addition, social aid, as well as free travel are provided to low-income families with at-school children as mentioned by Fatadin from the Ministry of Social Security. \n\nIn 2012, the number of candidates who took part in the certificate of primary education examination was 24,975 (22,697 school candidates and 2,278 private candidates), with an overall pass rate of 65.2 percent. The pass rate among school candidates, comprising 11,716 boys and 10,981 girls, was 68.8 percent. Girls were more successful than the boys, with respective pass rates of 75.5 percent and 62.5 percent. \n\nIn 2012, out of 16,885 candidates (7,799 males and 9,086 females) who took part in the Cambridge School Certificate examination, 12,788 were successful (69.6 percent male an 81 percent female). The figures show that girls perform much better. The number of students taking part in the 2012 Cambridge Higher School Certificate examination stood at 10,414 (4,326 males and 6,088 females). The overall pass rate is 79.1 percent, males at 74.8 percent and females at 82.2 percent. Again, the performance of girls was significantly higher.","1. Education Statistics 2013. Statistics Mauritius. September 2013. Available at http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/ei1063/edu.pdf\n\n2. F. Fatadin – Commissioner of Social Security. Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions. Interviewed in person on Oct. 2, 2013 at 10.30 a.m. Port Louis, Mauritius. \n\n3. Education in Mauritius. Commonwealth Education Online. September 2012. Available at http://www.cedol.org/africa/mauritius/\n\n4. Ministry of Education and Human Resources Website.  http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/18ccem/education.htm","Since 2005, education has been compulsory in Mauritius up to the age of 16. \n\nGross enrolment rate for primary education stood at 98 percent in 2013 for children aged 6-11 ..."]
["2013_MA_109",2013,"MA","Morocco",109,50,"School is mandatory and accessible to all. The king and the government repeatedly advocate for universal access to school, which is nearly universal for all. The problem in the rural areas is that often schools are too far from home. \n\nStudents have to walk long distances to get to school. There are huge infrastructure issues in the rural areas, like lack of equipment and sometimes no electricity. In cities, the classrooms are overcrowded. Men are more literate than women (87 per cent versus 72 per cent for Moroccans under the age of 24).\n\nAt the primary school level, between 2010/11 and 2012/13, net enrollment went from 93.2 per cent to 97.0 per cent for girls and from 95.8 per cent to 96.4 per cent for boys. At the lower secondary school level, the figures are 21.3 per cent to 25.9 per cent for girls and 28.6 per cent to 34.0 per cent.","Belfikh, Samir.  (2013, September 13) .  [Member of Parliament in the the education reform commission].  Personal communication.\n\nOuannane, Khaddouj.  (2013, October 15) .  [Headmaster of Ecole la Source, Marrakech].  Personal communication.\n\nUNICEF.  (2011) .   En bref: Maroc.  Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/french/infobycountry/morocco_statistics.html#103\\.\n\n(2013, May 28) .  World Bank helps Morocco address education quality and governance.  World Bank.  Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/05/28/world-bank-helps-morocco-address-education-quality-and-governance.","School is mandatory and accessible to all. The king and the government repeatedly advocate for universal access to school, which is nearly universal for all. The problem in the rural areas is that often schools are too far from home. ..."]
["2013_MZ_109",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",109,50,"As was described in last year's research, the strategic plan of education has equitable access to education as the main objective. Nonetheless, Mozambique still lacks equal access due to a) the lack of satisfactory public funding b) widespread corrupt practices at various levels of the educational system (which discriminates against lower income classes) as well as c) gender imbalances.","1.        \"Moçambique perto do acesso universal à educação\". Redaccao. O Pais. August 23, 2013.  http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/26844-mocambique-perto-do-acesso-universal-a-educacao.html. \n2.        \"Em Moçambique, secretário-geral da ONU pede intensificação para cumprimento de metas do milênio\". ONUBR. May 20, 2013. http://www.onu.org.br/em-mocambique-secretario-geral-da-onu-pede-intensificacao-para-cumprimento-de-metas-do-milenio/. \n3.        \"Moçambique: Cerca de cinco milhões de crianças no ensino primário básico\". Edmundo Galiza Matos. Radio Mocambique. October 16, 2012. http://www.rm.co.mz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5317:mocambique-cerca-de-cinco-milhoes-de-criancas-no-ensino-primario-basico&catid=1:ultimas&Itemid=50.","As was described in last year's research, the strategic plan of education has equitable access to education as the main objective. Nonetheless, Mozambique still lacks equal access due to a) the lack of satisfactory public funding b) widespread corrupt practices at various levels of..."]
["2013_NA_109",2013,"NA","Namibia",109,50,"Minister of Education, Dr David Namwandi, said  although at the moment it was a bit premature to conclude that the introduction and implementation of universal free primary education in Namibia from January 2013, has been a success or not, the ministry had recorded an increase in the number of children across all genders in almost every part of the country. Dr Namwandi also added that in rural areas there is some disparity in equity but the government was currently working on addressing this.\n\nKavango Region saw an increase of 3,618 learners enrolled this year, followed by Oshikoto Region with 3,226, Caprivi with 1,536, Khomas with 1,653 and Erongo with 1,536 more pupils than the previous academic year.\n\nIn Ohangwena Region learner enrolment increased by only 186 pupils, while in Karas Region enrolment was up by 383. In the Otjozondjupa Region learner enrolment decreased by 598 pupils, compared to the previous year.\n\nAccording to journalist Kakunawe Shinana, there is a difference in Namibia's education for boys and girls in rural and urban areas. According to the journalist, children that stay or live in urban areas have better access to quality education because urban areas attract diverse and well educated teachers as compared to rural areas with poor working and living conditions for teachers. Shinana also said in rural areas boys start going to school at age ten because their parents or guardians will have turned them into cattle herders at a younger age, while girls also do the same and work as domestic workers. She however noted that the free universal primary education had made inroads in addressing the disparity between urban and rural areas.\nThe minister admits that Namibia's education is still very weak and there is a disparity between rural and urban education centres. Namibia is making great efforts to address its inadequacies but a lot still needs to be done. Namibia still has children in rural areas that learn under trees or makeshift classrooms, unlike in urban areas.","Minister of Education, Dr David Namwandi, face to face interview, October 3 2013, at Ministry of Education offices, Government Park.\n\nStory by Selma Ikela, published on June 3 2013 in the Namibian Sun newspaper under the headline, Free education sparks huge learner influx  http://www.namibiansun.com/education/free-education-sparks-huge-learner-influx.53358.\nInterview journalist at Confidente newspaper, Kakunawe Shinana, face to face interview, October 4 2013.","Minister of Education, Dr David Namwandi, said  although at the moment it was a bit premature to conclude that the introduction and implementation of universal free primary education in Namibia from January 2013, has been a success or not, the ministry had recorded an increase in t..."]
["2013_NE_109",2013,"NE","Niger",109,25,"La politique éducative s'applique à tous sans distinction, mais il existe un fossé entre l'accès à l'éducation entre les filles et les garçons, entre l'école primaire et l'école secondaire, et entre les populations rurales et les populations urbaines, et entre les classes aisées et les pauvres. \nDans la pratique, il faut relever que les conditions structurelles d'accès à l'éducation créent des disparités entre villes/campagnes, entre populations vulnérables/ populations non vulnérables, entre filles et garçons. Cette iniquité tient aux revenus, à des normes sociales et aux faibles capacités de l'Etat à satisfaire une demande d'éducation de plus en plus grandissante. Dans le pays, encore 52% des filles et 40% des garçons n’ont pas accès à l’école primaire.","Source 1: Ali MADAI BOUKAR, Economiste National. (1er octobre 2013). PNUD Niger.\n\nSource 2: Niger : l’éducation et bien plus, avec les Ecoles Amies des Enfants.(12 juillet 2013). Nouvelles, Site internet de l'UNICEF. \nhttp://www.unicef.fr/contenu/actualite-humanitaire-unicef/niger-l-education-et-bien-plus-avec-les-ecoles-amies-des-enfants-2013-07-12\n\nSource 3: Le PSEF  envisage d’investir 815 MILLIARDS de francs CFA, de 2014 à 2024, dans le cadre de la renaissance du secteur de l’Education et de la Formation. (17 juin 2013). Agence Nigérienne de Presse.\nhttp://www.anp.ne/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=467:niger-education&catid=31:politique&Itemid=46\n\nSource 4: Direction du Développement et de la Coopération Suisse - Programme d'Appui à la Qualité de l'Education. ( 28 septembre 2013).Niger.\nhttp://www.cooperation-suisse.admin.ch/niger/fr/Accueil/Les_programmes/Education_Formation_professionnelle/Programme_d_Appui_a_la_Qualite_de_l_Education\n\nSource 5: Aide et Action, page Niger. (27 août 2013)\nhttp://www.aide-et-action.org/ewb_pages/n/niger_programme.php\n\nSource 6: Amadou Oumarou, Directeur Scientifique du LASDEL, Enseignant-chercheur au département de sociologie de la FLSH de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey. (Décembre 2012).\n\nSource 7: Le Niger en Chiffres, page 41.\n\nSource 8: Maman Awal Hambali, Directeur de l'ONG Centre Aide, Secrétaire général de la CONAFE Niger (Coalition des ONG Africaines en faveur des Enfants). (5 février 2013). Niger","La politique éducative s'applique à tous sans distinction, mais il existe un fossé entre l'accès à l'éducation entre les filles et les garçons, entre l'école primaire et l'école secondaire, et entre les populations rurales et les populations urbaines, et entre les classes aisées et..."]
["2013_NG_109",2013,"NG","Nigeria",109,0,"There were no recent national statistics available. But officials and practitioners agreed that while there is an access gap between males and females, the variation is greater between rich and poor, urban and rural populations.\n\nIn Nigeria's northeast, one of the country's poorest regions, for instance, 65% of girls lack access to education as against boys' 35%, according to a study this year by Nigeria Northern Education Initiative, a nongovernmental organisation funded by the United States Agency for International Development.","1. Atim Edet, retired school administrator, formerly of primary school, Ibesikpo-Asutan, Akwa Ibom state, October 20, 2013, via phone\n\n2. Blessing Walters, deputy head, Praise Fountain school, Kubwa, Abuja, October 20, 2013\n\n3. Daily Independent, Onche Ode, Nigeria’s future threatened by poor girls’ educational attainment, October 2013, http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/10/nigerias-future-threatened-by-poor-girls-educational-attainment/.\n\n4. Tribune, Doyin Adeoye, Education in Nigeria is too expensive - Poll, April 30, 2013, http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/10694-education-in-nigeria-is-too-expensive-poll.","There were no recent national statistics available. But officials and practitioners agreed that while there is an access gap between males and females, the variation is greater between rich and poor, urban and rural populations...."]
["2013_RW_109",2013,"RW","Rwanda",109,50,"All the sources converge on the idea that the gap between male and female in terms of education is not considerable. However, they stressed that there is a gap between rural and urban communities as well as between populations of different income levels. It means, for people in towns, they have easier access and means than those in villages. To clarify this, the article by Nkurunziza, which was published in the period of this study (September 2012 to September 2013) states that, \"Poverty leading to resource dilution when family size increases and sibling complementarity are probable causes for keeping children away from school and making them work. The elimination of school fees was a first step, but clearly not a big enough one.\"","Havugimana, Emmanuel.  (2013, September) .  [Head of the Department of Geography, National University of Rwanda, expert and activist of social security issues].  Personal communication.\n\nNkurunziza, J.  (2012) .  Free education in Rwanda: Just one step towards reducing gender and sibling inequalities.  Education Research International.  Retrieved from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/edu/2012/396019/ \n\nNzitabakuze, Claudien.  (2013, September 12) .  [In charge of teacher development and the training unit  at the Ministry of Education; he is also a former secondary school head teacher].  Personal communication.","All the sources converge on the idea that the gap between male and female in terms of education is not considerable. However, they stressed that there is a gap between rural and urban communities as well as between populations of different income levels. It means, for people in tow..."]
["2013_ST_109",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",109,75,"Citizens have equitable and free access to education. There is a great demand for education, because a large part of the population is young, the birth rate is high. Night schedules for students are also very popular, since many students have to work to pay for their studies. A large proportion of students works during the day and studies later. But the country itself does not have sufficient infrastructure to accommodate everyone who seeks to have more education, which makes many remain outside of the education system.\n\nMoreover, there is a considerable gap between children from rural areas and the city because of the distance between residence and the school. Due to the costs of transportation, people in rural areas have less access to secondary education. Secondary schools in the small towns and rural areas do not include classes beyond grade 7.","1. Olívio Diogo, sociologist, consultant, October 1, 2013.\n2. Deolinda Carvalho, director, Directorate of Primary Education, October 1, 2013.\n3. Cristina Paços d’Arco, president, Child and Youth Foundation, October 1, 2013.","Citizens have equitable and free access to education. There is a great demand for education, because a large part of the population is young, the birth rate is high. Night schedules for students are also very popular, since many students have to work to pay for their studies. A lar..."]
["2013_SN_109",2013,"SN","Senegal",109,0,"L'accès équitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire n'est pas encore effectif au Sénégal. Le fossé éducatif entre les hommes et les femmes est encore manifeste. Pour une population globale de 54% d'analphabètes, les femmes sont analphabètes à 90%. Il n’y a pas encore de réponse adéquate à la demande d’éducation inclusive. Le Sénégal compte seulement quatre écoles spécialisées dans l’éducation des enfants à besoins éducatifs spéciaux, localisées à Dakar et à Thiès.\nLe gouvernement essaie de mettre en place un « système d’éducation et de formation équitable, efficace, efficient, conforme aux exigences du développement économique et social, plus engagé dans la prise en charge des exclus, et fondé sur une gouvernance inclusive, une responsabilisation plus accrue des collectivités locales et des acteurs à la base ».\n\nDans le système éducatif scolaire, la dominante féminine est manifeste et relève d’une politique de recrutement favorable aux femmes, d’ailleurs jugée politique par les syndicalistes. En ce qui concerne les populations ayant différents niveaux de revenu, le fossé est notoire. Au Sénégal, la qualité de l'enseignement a baissé dans les écoles publiques, en faveur de l'enseignement privé. Les populations à faible revenu n'ayant pas les moyens d'envoyer leurs enfants dans le réseau privé enregistrent le taux d’échec le plus important. Ce même fossé éducatif est enregistré entre les populations urbaines et rurales. Il n'existe que des écoles publiques dans les zones rurales. Par conséquent, leur clientèle reçoit un enseignement de qualité médiocre.","Entretien avec Massamba Thiane, spécialiste en communication, réalisateur, producteur vidéo, chef de la division Radio et TV scolaire /ME, 18 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Ernest Demba Diop, directeur d'école élémentaire à Ndiaganiao, 13 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Abdoulaye Diatta, directeur de la formation et de la communication, ministère de l’Éducation nationale, 18 octobre 2013.","L'accès équitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire n'est pas encore effectif au Sénégal. Le fossé éducatif entre les hommes et les femmes est encore manifeste. Pour une population globale de 54% d'analphabètes, les femmes sont analphabètes à 90%. Il n’y a pas encore de réponse ..."]
["2013_SC_109",2013,"SC","Seychelles",109,75,"Primary and secondary is compulsory for all young peole. There is no education gap between male and female citizens, and there is no difference for different income levels because education is free. There is no significant education gap between rural and urban populations, mainly because education is free at the point of use. The government has implemented a scholarship programme over the past 36 years for further and higher education for most high school leavers who qualify – about 6% of the yearly cohort of 1,600 school leavers. There is equitable access to ten years of compulsory education. All girls and boys attend primary school; however there is a significant drop-out, mainly of boys, over the four years of compulsory secondary school, totalling about 25% by the end of the fourth year. There are private educational institutions, so some parents who can afford that will send their kids to private schools. There are three main private schools: the Independent School, the International School, and  the French School.","Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Civil Society, 11/26/13\nEmail: Anonymous source, Expert on Human Rights, 12/9/13\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n1. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Children’s and Human Rights, December 1, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n2. Statistics from Ministry of Education's report, 2011 and 2012\n\n3. Statistics from Ministry of Education last report on male versus female enrolment in primary and secondary school, 2010.","Primary and secondary is compulsory for all young peole. There is no education gap between male and female citizens, and there is no difference for different income levels because education is free. There is no significant education gap between rural and urban populations, mainly b..."]
["2013_SL_109",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",109,0,"There is a gap in the enrolment of school pupils across the country. There are more teachers in the city than the provinces while leaving untrained teachers in deprived communities. Those with money can enrol their children in better primary schools in bigger towns, leaving children of the less privileged with no better access to quality education. \n\nThe demand for money from parents and school going pupils causes many children to discontinue their primary education in the capital city and the provincial communities. There are schools but teenage pregnancy and old-fashioned beliefs promote girls not be educated at the same rate as boys. This belief contributes to the number of boys attending school and a lesser number of girls.","1. Brima Micheal Turay, Public Relation Officer, Ministry of Education,  October 17, 2013.\n\n2. Theo Nichol, Deputy Minister of Information and Communication, GOSL,  October 10, 2013.\n\n3. Soriba Samura, Coordinator, Action for education, October 23, 2013.","There is a gap in the enrolment of school pupils across the country. There are more teachers in the city than the provinces while leaving untrained teachers in deprived communities. Those with money can enrol their children in better primary schools in bigger towns, leaving childre..."]
["2013_SO_109",2013,"SO","Somalia",109,0,"There is a significant education gap between genders. 27% of women were neither working nor in school compared with 15% of men, and secondary and higher educational attainments were also skewed in favor of men (UNDP 2012). \n\nThere are significant barriers to quality education based on availability of facilities and teachers. Notably,  the formal school system and calendar doesn't meet the needs of the large nomadic population (UNDP 2012).\n\nThere is currently no centralized control of the educational system by the government. With the collapse of the central government in 1991, the formal education system collapsed. Private schools and NGO supported schools have proliferated in the last 22 years (ADBG). Such a system provides for unequal access to varying standards of education based on location as well as economic means.","(2012 Sep 28). Empowering youth central to Somalia’s future. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2012/09/28/new-undp-report-says-investing-in-youth-key-to-somalia-s-future-.html\n\nAfrican Development Bank Group (ADBG). Somalia Country Brief - 2013-2015. March 2013. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2013-2015%20-%20Somalia%20-%20Country%20Brief.pdf\n\nMoalim, A. (2013 May 29). Somali education coalition releases unified curriculum. http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/05/29/feature-01\n\nNational Education Conference for Somalia: Conference Declaration. 18-20 June 2013. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/pdf/NEC-declaration.pdf","There is a significant education gap between genders. 27% of women were neither working nor in school compared with 15% of men, and secondary and higher educational attainments were also skewed in favor of men (UNDP 2012). ..."]
["2013_ZA_109",2013,"ZA","South Africa",109,50,"Children of all walks of life have access to schools. Research and sources reveal that access to schools doesn't mean access to good, useful education that will enhance children's future prospects. Access to schools also doesn't always translate into learning, sources say. There is no real gap between male and female children, but there is a gap between poor and rich, urban and rural.\n\nSouth Africa has significantly improved practical access to education over the past decades, in terms of the number of children enrolled in schools (particularly among the black population). In 1980, just 30,000 black African pupils completed high school. Today, this number is around 400,000. The number of children enrolled in pre-primary schools has nearly tripled in the last decade alone, says Lucy Holborn, former research manager at the South African Institute of Race Relations and currently an analyst at Ernst & Young Advisory Services, in her article 'Education in South Africa: Where Did It Go Wrong?'.\n\nAnnette Lovemore, MP (Democratic Alliance) and shadow minister of education, agrees with the findings : \"Every child in South Africa has access to education. Some have to walk long distances to enjoy that access, but there are schools everywhere in South Africa. However, the education that is accessible does not always suit the needs of every child. A child who requires specialised attention might find him- or herself in an overcrowded classroom in a public ordinary school. He or she might be attending school but he will not, effectively, be receiving an education.\"\n\nQuantity doesn't reflect the quality the education children receive, Lovemore says. \"There is no commonly accepted definition of \"quality\" within education. If it means exposure to a holistic, well-resourced environment (e.g. with a strong culture of sports, arts, etc involvement, in addition to classroom activities), the answer to 'is every child receiving the same quality of education' is 'no'. If it means an education that is well-resourced in terms of the basic requirements of textbooks, teachers, and time on task, the answer to that question is 'no'. If it means achievement in terms of literacy and numeracy, the answer is no.\"\n\nShe adds that there is a very definite difference in quality of education between schools that serve more affluent populations and those that serve poorer populations: \"There is also a very definite difference across provinces, with the best results in all assessments being achieved in Gauteng and the Western Cape, and the worst in Limpopo and the Eastern Cape\". The latter provinces are more rural, with higher levels of poverty, compared to the Western Cape and Gauteng. \n\nA recent research report by the Centre of Development and Enterprise ('South Africa’s Education Crisis: The quality of education in South Africa') states that access to education is not the only thing one should take into consideration when looking at a country's education situation. According to the report, attendance levels (= access) don't always translate into learning (= quality). Quoting from the report's 2012 edition, the researcher write that many children \"who sit through six years of formal full-time schooling do not acquire even the most basic numeracy and literacy skills\".\n\nCauses include a skills shortage among teachers, Lovemore notes. She says that rural schools are more affected by this than urban schools: \"Rural schools are struggling with the inability to attract teachers of scarce skills (e.g. maths and science), or teachers of high calibre. This has resulted in many thousands of unqualified teachers being employed at schools in \"deep\" rural areas. Good national senior certificate results in rural schools are, as a result, rare.\"\n\nThe first national evaluation of how learners perform, reveals that teaching in many public schools is poor, which is directly linked to the skills levels of teachers. Non-productive, unskilled teachers who are not dedicated and committed to their job are detrimental to access to education. In 'Education in South Africa: Where Did It Go Wrong?', Holborn quotes a young woman who dropped out of school: “Teachers sometimes just talk about whatever, nothing to do with education. They are not being monitored to make sure they are doing a good job.”\n\nAccess to a school doesn't mean that children stay in school and/or get their certificates, Holborn adds. \"Of the 1.2 million children that were enrolled in grade 1 in 2001, only 44% stayed in the system to take their national senior certificate in 2012. Only 12% of that grade 1 ended up passing their certificate well enough to study for a university degree.\"","Annette Lovemore, MP (Democratic Alliance) and shadow minister of education, interview, October 23 2013.\n\n￼South Africa’s Education Crisis: The quality of education in South Africa 1994-2011, Nicholas Spaull, Centre for Development and Enterprise, October 2013.\n\nTeachers are clueless, Katherine Child, The Times, May 6 2013, http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2013/05/06/teachers-are-clueless.\n\n'Education in South Africa: Where Did It Go Wrong?', Lucy Holborn, former research manager at the South African Institute of Race Relations and currently an analyst at Ernst & Young Advisory Services, September 13 2013, http://www.ngopulse.org/article/education-south-africa-where-did-it-go-wrong.","Children of all walks of life have access to schools. Research and sources reveal that access to schools doesn't mean access to good, useful education that will enhance children's future prospects. Access to schools also doesn't always translate into learning, sources say. There is..."]
["2013_SS_109",2013,"SS","South Sudan",109,0,"There is no equitable access to primary and secondary school education.\n\nAvailable statistics indicate that fewer girls than boys of schooling age are actually enrolled in schools across the country. For example, according to statistics provided by the UN children’s agency, UNICEF, less than 1 per cent of girls in South Sudan complete primary education and only one schoolchild in four is a girl. UNICEF also says that female teachers constitute only 7 per cent of the country’s total number of teachers, which reinforces the gender imbalance in education. According to the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), only one in four girls enrolls in primary school and a mere one in ten girls completes primary education. Out of 377, 085 of the secondary level age group, only 2.6 per cent (9, 898) are in schools. \n\nIn addition, while some areas of the country have more primary and secondary schools, other areas hardly have any schools and learners have to walk long distances. There is an education disparity between rural and urban areas.\n\nAnother reason for the inequitable access to education is the unfavorable learner-to-teacher ratio. There are too few teachers for too many learners. While some parts of the country lack qualified teachers, other parts of the country have excess trained teachers. According to a report by the NGO AVSI, “The ratio of pupils to qualified teachers averages 100:1, but is double that level in some states. Just 12 per cent of teachers are females, which reinforces gender inequalities.” \n\nMost of South Sudanese who are able to afford to have their children attend schools either in Kenya or Uganda, right from nursery to primary to secondary and up to university levels. There is thus a noticeable education gap based on available income as well.","AVSI.  (n.d) .  AVIS South Sudan: Context, projects, and perspectives.  Milan, Cesena, and Washington, D.C.  Retrieved from http://www.avsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/AVSI-Sud-Sudan-en.pdf \n\nDFID.  (2012) .  Business case for the Girls Education South Sudan (GESS) Program.  Retrieved from http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/IatiDocument/3785384.docx.\n\nDuku, Azariah.  (2013, January 8) . [Director for Examinations, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology].  Personal communication.\n\nRepublic of South Sudan.  (n.d.) .  National education forum / local education group appraisal of the general education strategy and action plan, 2012 – 2017.  Retrieved from http://www.globalpartnership.org/media/docs/countries/SouthSudan/Appraisal_Report.pdf","There is no equitable access to primary and secondary school education.\n\nAvailable statistics indicate that fewer girls than boys of schooling age are actually enrolle..."]
["2013_SD_109",2013,"SD","Sudan",109,0,"Even though the officials from the government of Sudan are doing their best to ensure equity in education, the Ministry of General Education admits that \"There is significant cross-regional variation and inequity between states\" in access to education. \n \n The same report also notes that wealthier children are more likely to have access to and enroll in primary education. Education in the Sudan is divided into private and public types. The private sector, accessed predominantly by those with more income, is distinct in terms of school environment, teachers, languages, entertainment and education means.\n \n The World Bank report shows that \"poor girls living in rural areas are among the least likely to access educational opportunities\" in Sudan.","Anonymous. (n.d.) . Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n Republic of the Sudan Ministry of General Education. (2012) . Interim basic education strategy. Republic of the Sudan. Retrieved from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Sudan/Sudan_Interim_Basic_Education_Strategy.pdf\n \n The World Bank. (2013) . Sudan Overview. The World Bank. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sudan/overview","Even though the officials from the government of Sudan are doing their best to ensure equity in education, the Ministry of General Education admits that \"There is significant cross-regional variation and inequity between states\" in access to education. ..."]
["2013_SZ_109",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",109,0,"On average, male Swazi students acquire one more year of primary to secondary school education than females. However, the most significant gap is between income groups. Government has introduced publicly-financed primary education for lower grades, but the payment system does not extend to upper primary school grades or secondary school. Parents must pay their children's school fees. Given the depressed national economy and the fact that even in good economic times two-thirds of the population lives in chronic poverty, obtaining cash to pay school fees on a regular basis is a challenge for most Swazi parents. School attendance is regularly interrupted by \"off years\" when children do not attend while their parents save for the next year, or else siblings trade off who will be going to school each year. This leads to increasing drop out rates, an over-aged student body, and a poor quality of education due to the gaps between times spent in classroom.\n \n The rich/poor divide in accessing education is mirrored in the urban/rural divide. Most of Swaziland's impoverished population lives in rural areas, although a large population of indigent Swazis are in informal settlements fringing towns. These populations have difficulty accessing education for their children.","Interview: Agnes Kunene, secondary school principal (retired), Mbabane, 19 September 2013.\n \n \"The World Factbook: Swaziland (2013),\" Central Intelligence Agency, US government, www.cia.gov.\n \n \"Human Development Report: Swaziland 2013,\" United Nations Development Programme, 2013\n \n \"Youth and Adult Learning and Education in Swaziland,\" Dr. David Jele, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, 2012. http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/swaziland_yale_final.pdf","On average, male Swazi students acquire one more year of primary to secondary school education than females. However, the most significant gap is between income groups. Government has introduced publicly-financed primary education for lower grades, but the payment system does not e..."]
["2013_TZ_109",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",109,0,"In Tanzania, there is an education gap in terms of enrolment, between boys and girls, people who live in urban or rural areas and people with higher and lower incomes. While there is generally an equal number of boys and girls enrolled in primary school, girls often don't make it to secondary school because, especially in rural districts, the onset of adolescence may be met with the imperative to get married. Married girls are unable to attend school because of the workload and obligations of their new role and pregnant girls (married or not) are not allowed to attend school. Even girls who are not married may drop out because they are expected to help their mothers. In Lindi, Mtwara Region almost all of the girls dropped out in the same year and only two girls finished secondary school, because marriage was prioritised. \n The education gap between urban and rural people is not only exacerbated by the poverty and gender imbalance in most areas, but also because there is a shortage of teachers, books and other school essentials. As for the disparity in education access dependent on income, while universal access to primary education has been nearly achieved, there are still associated costs that add up for parents with little money, not to mention the cost of having a child who is studying instead of working. In secondary school, the fees and associated costs prove to be too expensive for many parents. \n The latest education sector analysis uses data from 2006 and shows a cumulative negative effect for girls, families of low-income and those who live in rural areas. A request for information at the ministry of education did not receive a response during the period of study.","1. Dr. Helen Kijo-Bisimba, Executive Director, Legal and Human Rights Centre, October 8, 2013. \n2. Education access entitlement: The right to schooling for young women in Tanzania, Elizabeth Button, Consultancy Africa Intelligence, August 28, 2013, http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1339:education-access-entitlement-the-right-to-schooling-for-young-women-in-tanzania-&catid=91:rights-in-focus&Itemid=296.\n3. Child Marriage blamed for gender inequality, Daily News, Abdulwakil Saiboko, April 24, 2013, http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/features/popular-features/16708-child-marriage-blamed-for-gender-inequality.\n4. Tanzania Education Sector Analysis, Ministry of Education and Vocational Training/UNESCO/BREDA, 2011 (See attached document).","In Tanzania, there is an education gap in terms of enrolment, between boys and girls, people who live in urban or rural areas and people with higher and lower incomes. While there is generally an equal number of boys and girls enrolled in primary school, girls often don't make it t..."]
["2013_TG_109",2013,"TG","Togo",109,0,"Les taux de performance scolaire subissent d’importantes variations associées au genre, au revenu familial et au milieu d’origine de l’élève. Ainsi, le nombre de filles inscrites à un programme d’études diminue avec la progression dans les niveaux d’enseignement, ce qui s’explique par des causes économiques, sociales et culturelles.\n \n L’article 35 de la Constitution reconnait le droit à l’éducation. L’école primaire est gratuite et obligatoire pour tous les enfants. Dans la réalité, les choses se passent autrement. Le revenu des parents détermine l’éducation des enfants. La faible performance de l’enseignement dans les structures publiques pousse les parents à inscrire leurs enfants dans des écoles privées, mais les coûts ne sont pas à la portée de tous. Certains villages n’ont pas d’écoles ; dans certains autres, les populations sont obligées de créer leurs écoles : ce sont les écoles d’initiatives locales (EDIL). Dans ces EDIL, la qualité de l’enseignement n’est pas adéquate parce que les enseignants ne sont pas formés pratiquer ce métier.","Claire Quenum, présidente, Women in Law and Development in Africa/Femmes, Droit et Développement en Afrique (WiLDAF/FeDDAF) - TOGO, 9 novembre 2013.\n \n Marcel Yao Toï, coordonnateur, Coalition nationale togolaise pour l'éducation pour tous (CNTES), 6 novembre 2013.\n \n Conférence des ministres de l’Éducation des pays ayant le français en partge, République togolaise, ministère des Enseignements primaires, secondaires et de l’Alphabétisation. (2012). Améliorer la qualité de l’éducation au Togo : les facteurs de réussite. Raport PASEC. République togolaise – 2012. Lomé. Togo. Repéré à http://www.confemen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Rapport_TOGO_-final.pdf.","Les taux de performance scolaire subissent d’importantes variations associées au genre, au revenu familial et au milieu d’origine de l’élève. Ainsi, le nombre de filles inscrites à un programme d’études diminue avec la progression dans les niveaux d’enseignement, ce qui s’explique ..."]
["2013_TN_109",2013,"TN","Tunisia",109,50,"In Tunisia, there is no education gap between male and female citizens. For example, 97% of boys and 98% of girls attend primary schools in 2013.\n \n But there is a gap between populations of different income levels: while the richer families can afford to send their children to private schools, the poorer have access only to the public system. Although private and public schools have the same programme, there are some differences in the quality of teaching, with higher quality in the private schools. In addition, it costs around $200 to buy the various basic necessities (which are the same for private or private schools), and the poorer families cannot afford such expenses, especially if they have more than three children.\n \n There is also an education gap between rural and urban populations, as urban schools are better provided in equipment (libraries or internet for example).","September 23 2013: telephone interview with Professor Hermassi, specialist in sociology of education, University of Tunis.\n \n September 23 2013: interview with Mr Ghachem, vice president of the NGO Association vigilance et egalite des chances, which offers support to vulnerable children.\n \n September 24 2013: Interview with Mrs Neila, director of a public school in Tunis (Menzah 9).","In Tunisia, there is no education gap between male and female citizens. For example, 97% of boys and 98% of girls attend primary schools in 2013.\n ..."]
["2013_UG_109",2013,"UG","Uganda",109,0,"There are gaps in access to education by gender, income level and rural urban levels both at primary and secondary level. According to 2011 UNESCO data, \"regional and wealth divides in Uganda have left half of young people without completing primary school.\" As opposed to the majority of the poorest young women in Karamoja who have left their primary education incompleted, 12% of the richest young men in the capital completed their primary education."," Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), International Development Center Of Japan Inc. (IDCJ); August 2012; “Basic Education Sector Analysis Report – Uganda”\n http://www.opendev.ug/sites/opendataug-01.drupal01.mountbatten.ug/files/basic_education_report.pdf\n\nMinistry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. \"Millennium Development Goals\nReport for Uganda 2013\". September 2013. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/uganda/docs/UNDPUg-2013MDGProgress%20Report-Oct%202013.pdf\n\nUNESCO and Education for All Global Monitoring Report. \"Inequalities in Education\" (data for Uganda from 2011). http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002204/220440E.pdf\n\nCoughlin, Sean, \"Tackling Uganda's Lack of School Places.\" BBC News, January 8, 2014.\n \n Ministry of Education and Sports, “Education and Sports Sector Fact Sheet 2000 – 2012”\n http://www.education.go.ug/files/downloads/Fact%20Sheet%202012%20final.pdf.\n \n Ministry of Education and Sports, \"Education Overview.\"\n http://www.education.go.ug/data/smenu/43/Education%20in%20Uganda.html.","There are gaps in access to education by gender, income level and rural urban levels both at primary and secondary level. According to 2011 UNESCO data, \"regional and wealth divides in Uganda have left half of young people without completing primary school.\" As opposed to the major..."]
["2013_ZM_109",2013,"ZM","Zambia",109,0,"At the start of primary level, there is almost equitable access to education between girls and boys, but, as the levels advance into secondary school, the numbers drop because primary school is free and more people can afford to go to school. At secondary level, you have to pay for tuition/user fees. \n \n When families are faced with a choice between a daughter and a son of who to send to school when they have financial difficulties, they would rather send a son to school. At the academy cited above, out of a total of 182 pupils, 108 are boys and only 74 are girls. Sometimes this situation is due to the traditional notion that a 'woman's place is in the kitchen'. \n \n Girls, especially in rural areas, engage in early marriages. Especially in rural areas, children start school late, compared to those in urban areas who have adequate nearby schools and/or means of transport to get there. It is different for rural based children where schools are few and they have to walk long distances, which means one has to be slightly older before they can find a place and also be able to walk alone. By the time they reach grade seven, they are ready for marriage. Further children in low income areas drop out of school.","(1) Interview with Henry Kabwe, executive director, Media Network on Child Rights and Development, on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (2) Interview with Reverend Andrew Sakala, Registrar, Chreoso University, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (3) Interview with Sichizya Nkumbu, principal, Gospel Outreach Christian Academy, primary section, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n (4) Zambia Daily Mail, Chishimba Nkosha, Re-entry policy empowering girl-child, communities, June 8 2013, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:nik-XA5QFfUJ:www.daily-mail.co.zm/features/10464+&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=zm.","At the start of primary level, there is almost equitable access to education between girls and boys, but, as the levels advance into secondary school, the numbers drop because primary school is free and more people can afford to go to school. At secondary level, you have to pay for..."]
["2013_ZW_109",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",109,0,"There is an education gap between male and female citizens in Zimbabwe. For example the Financial Gazette of October 25, 2012, reported alarming drop-outs among girls compared to their male counterparts.\n \n The 2011/12 poverty income consumption and expenditure survey report published by the Zimstat shows that in rural areas, access to education is worse than in urban areas, and some of the implicit subsidies in the education system flow disproportionately to urban areas. This also reflects a gap in education between different income levels. \n \n Most rural schools have poor infrastructure and poorly incentivised teachers than in urban areas. A study by Mufanechiya et. al (2012) show a big gap between incentives given to teachers in rural areas and their urban counterparts. The poor incentives that rural teachers get influence their motivation and subsequently the performance of rural pupils. Some rural schools in rural areas had 0% pass rate for the November 2012 examinations. Populations with disabilities face challenges in accessing education, for example. Infrastructure in most schools is not appropriate for populations with disabilities, including the deaf, blind or physically challenged. Pupils in rural areas are more likely to drop out of school due to poverty, lack of finances, distances between school and home and poor nutrition.","1. The Financial Gazette. October 25, 2012 Girl-Child School Dropouts Alarming. http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/girl-child-school-dropouts-alarming/\n \n 2. Zimbabwe Reads. June 14, 2013. Literacy rate drops in Zimbabwe. http://zimbabwereads.org/blog/news/literacy-rate-drops-in-zimbabwe/\n \n 3. Mufanechiya et. Al (2012). Challenges faced by Zimbabwean primary schools that perform poorly at grade seven level: A case for Chivi bottom ten primary schools in Masvingo Province. Education Research Journal 2(10); pp. 327-333. http://resjournals.com/ERJ/Pdf/2012/October/Mufanechiya%20et%20al.pdf. \n \n 4. Deaf Zimbabwe Trust (2013). Workshop Report 5, June 29, 2013, Queen Elizabeth Girls High School. http://www.deafzimbabwetrust.org/DEAF%20ZIMBABWE%20TRUST%20WORKSHOP%205%20VF.pdf. \n \n 5. Zimbabwe National Council for the Welfare of Children (2013). 'O' Level Pass Rate Under Scrutiny. http://www.zncwc.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=541:o-level-pass-rate-under-scrutiny&catid=39:news&Itemid=123. \n \n 6. Stanford Chiwanga. Sunday News. Saturday, April 6, 2013. 190 000 drop out of school yearly. http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&id=34643:190-000-drop-out-of-school-yearly&Itemid=130#.UtOnpfQW30c. \n \n 7. Camfed. October 31, 2012. Drop-out rate for schoolgirls in Zimbabwe is “alarming”. https://camfed.org/latest-news/drop-out-rate-schoolgirls-zimbabwe-alarming/.","There is an education gap between male and female citizens in Zimbabwe. For example the Financial Gazette of October 25, 2012, reported alarming drop-outs among girls compared to their male counterparts...."]
["2013_DZ_110",2013,"DZ","Algeria",110,75,"La planification du système éducatif tient compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. Des réunions périodiques se sont tenues entre les parties prenantes sur les types de mains d’œuvre nécessaires pour l’économie du pays et plusieurs conventions et accords interministériels ont été signés pour la formation d’une main-d’œuvre qualifiée et pour développer les formations professionnelles existantes en fonction des besoins et des caractéristiques de chaque région.\n Malheureusement, le marché de l’emploi algérien enregistre toujours un manque de main-d’œuvre qualifiée. À titre d’exemple, le secteur de l’habitat a besoin trois fois plus d’ouvriers qualifiés que d’ingénieurs. Un grand nombre de personnes qualifiées ou ayant obtenu un diplôme dans des établissements de formation professionnelle ne restent pas attachées à leur premier métier. \nLa nomenclature des branches et spécialités de la formation professionnelle 2012 couvre vingt-deux (22) branches professionnelles et comporte 422 spécialités, dont 123 spécialités.","-Rayane Djerdi. (2013, le 25 septembre). Pour Nabni, le système éducatif algérien est aussi coûteux qu’inefficace. Maghreb Émergent. Repéré à http://www.maghrebemergent.com/actualite/maghrebine/item/29893-algerie-pour-nabni-le-systeme-educatif-algerien-est-aussi-couteux-qu-inefficace.html\n-Alexandre Kateb. (2013, le 18 septembre) Pourquoi l’Algérie n’est pas encore une puissance émergente. La Tribune. Repéré à http://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribunes/20121217trib000737735/pourquoi-l-algerie-n-est-pas-encore-une-puissance-emergente-.html\n\n-Yanis Kceyla. (2013, le 25 septembre). Éducation et enseignement : Nabni fait le constat de carence de l’école algérienne. Reporters. Repéré à http://www.reporters.dz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7195:education-et-enseignement--nabni-fait-le-constat-de-carence-de-lecole-algerienne&catid=2:actualite&Itemid=\n-(2013, le 4 septembre). Messaitfa : \"net recul\" des filières scientifiques dans l'éducation. Radio Algérie. Repéré à http://www.radioalgerie.dz/fr/algerie/societe/34614-messaitfa-alerte-un-l-net-recul-r-des-filieres-scientifiques-dans-le-systeme-educatif-ces-dernieres-annees\n-Abdou Semmar. (2013, le 30 avril). Pénurie de main d’œuvre au pays des chômeurs. Algérie Focus. Repéré à http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/04/algerie-penurie-de-main-doeuvre-au-pays-des-chomeurs/\n-Abdenbi  El Ouadghiri. (2012, le 16 octobre). Deux millions de quintaux de tomate perdus pour manque d’ouvriers qualifiés. Agripeche. Repéré à http://agripeche.com/1292-algerie-deux-millions-de-quintaux-de-tomate-perdus-pour-manque-douvrier-qualifies.html","La planification du système éducatif tient compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. Des réunions périodiques se sont tenues entre les parties prenantes sur les types de mains d’œuvre nécessaires pour l’économie du pays et plusieurs conventions et accords interministériels ont été ..."]
["2013_AO_110",2013,"AO","Angola",110,50,"Angola’s literacy rate (adult total percentage of people ages 15 and above) is 70,4, well below the sub-Saharan average of 93,6. Primary completion rate is 46,8, compared to 69,3 in sub-Saharan Africa (2010, latest data available). Public expenditure on education is 3,5 per cent of GDP, compared to the sub-Saharan average of 4,3 (2010, latest data available).\n\nAccording to UNESCO estimates, Angola has the fourth largest youth illiterate population in sub-Saharan Africa, behind Mali, Ivory Coast and Chad. \n\nAccording to the U.S. Department of State, the “Angolan labor force has limited technical skills, English language ability and managerial ability. Many employers find it necessary to invest heavily in educating and training their Angolan staff.”\n\nAccording to Joaquim Cabral, there is a consultation mechanism, created in 2010, consisting of a commission that includes the Employment and Social Security Department and the Education Ministry. The commission elaborated the National Plan for the Workforce Training (Plano Nacional de Formacao de Quadros), which was approved in 2013. The plan, being implemented through 2017, takes into account the needs of each province in terms of workforce skills. .","Anonymous.  (n.d.) .  [Representatives of civil society organisations].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nCabral, Joaquim.  (n.d.) .  [Coordinator for the Commission of Implementation of the Education Reform Law].  Personal communication.\n\nUNESCO.  (n.d.) .  Global rankings – Youth illiterate population.  Retrieved from http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=125&IF_Language=eng&BR_Fact=LAYIT&BR_Region=40540 \n\nUnited States Department of State.  (2013) .   3 investment climate statement – Angola.  Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204590.htm \n\nWorld Bank.  (n.d.) .  Data by country – Angola.  Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS/countries/AO-ZF-XT?display=graph \n\n[Request for information to the Education Ministry (Instituto Nacional de Investigacao e Desenvolvimento da Educacao) was not answered.]","Angola’s literacy rate (adult total percentage of people ages 15 and above) is 70,4, well below the sub-Saharan average of 93,6. Primary completion rate is 46,8, compared to 69,3 in sub-Saharan Africa (2010, latest data available). Public expenditure on education is 3,5 per cent of..."]
["2013_BJ_110",2013,"BJ","Benin",110,100,"Le gouvernement consulte les organisations concernées sur les types de main-d'œuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays, et définit les domaines prioritaires qu'il intègre dans la planification du système éducatif. Par le biais des forums sur l'éducation, le gouvernement organise des consultations nationales afin de donner une orientation consensuelle ou d'améliorer l'éducation. \nUne série de 14 ateliers de consultations est prévue avant la tenue du 2ème forum sur l'éducation. Dans l'enseignement professionnel et supérieur, des rencontres sont organisées par le gouvernement en partenariat avec les acteurs du secteur et parfois aussi les opérateurs privés.","Emmanuel Gbèto. (21 août 2013). Préparatifs du forum national de l’éducation : Le CNE se préoccupe des « oubliés » du système éducatif béninois. L'Evènement Précis. http://levenementprecis.com/?p=20681\n\nLe 2ème forum national de l’éducation démarre ce jour. (12 août 2013). 24H au Bénin. http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article2251\n\n Jérôme AGUE. (25 avril 2013). Bénin 1ère édition de la Semaine du monde professionnel \" SEMOP \": l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi va à la rencontre du monde professionnel. www.info-afrique.com. http://www.info-afrique.com/benin-semop/\n\nEdouard KATCHIKPE. 4ème atelier préparatoire du Conseil National de l’Education: La formation des formateurs au menu de quatre jours d’échanges. Educ'Action.  http://www.eduactions.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59:4eme-atelier-preparatoire-du-conseil-national-de-leducation-la-formation-des-formateurs-au-menu-de-quatre-jours-dechanges&catid=5:actualites-fr&Itemid=24","Le gouvernement consulte les organisations concernées sur les types de main-d'œuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays, et définit les domaines prioritaires qu'il intègre dans la planification du système éducatif. Par le biais des forums sur l'éducation, le gouvernement organise d..."]
["2013_BW_110",2013,"BW","Botswana",110,50,"Over the past two years in Botswana, the unemployment rate among graduates is at its highest because many graduates are roaming the streets with degrees in areas of work that are already saturated. The government now has a system called national internship programmes where graduates are placed in different wokplaces for a period of two years and provide a stipend for them. However, this does not address the problem as in most cases employers do not hire them.\n\nThe tertiary education council holds annual meetings with stakeholders to determine market needs, but this is only its third year in operation. The Botswana education council is now trying to encourage universities to come up with more up-to-date market research-based programmes that would benefit future graduates.","1. Website: Tertiary Education for Botswana, www.tec.org.bw/xxx365/docu_35.pd.\n\n2. Article: TEC holds the first ever Botswana Tertiary Education Council, Economic Insight, 2012,  www.theeconomicinsight.com › News.\n\n3. Article: Young people arise BCP youth league president tackles youth matters, The Voice, June 28 2013, http://www.thevoicebw.com/2013/06/28/young-people-arise-bcp-youth-league-president-tackles-youth-matters/.\n\n4. Article: Parliament passes two Bills that could transform Education, Sunday Standard, August 18 2013, www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=17635&GroupID=1‎.","Over the past two years in Botswana, the unemployment rate among graduates is at its highest because many graduates are roaming the streets with degrees in areas of work that are already saturated. The government now has a system called national internship programmes where graduate..."]
["2013_BF_110",2013,"BF","Burkina Faso",110,0,"Au Burkina Faso, non seulement la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie nationale, mais il n'y a pas de domaines prioritaires clairement définis. Comme l’indique la politique sous-sectorielle de l'enseignement secondaire, la formation est de type généraliste. Le système est conçu de telle sorte que la plupart  des diplômés sortent de l'université avec des diplômes qui ne les qualifient pas véritablement à l’exercice d’un emploi. L'insertion dans la fonction publique est soumise à une formation dans une école professionnelle et dépend de la réussite à un concours. Il n'y a que ces dernières années que des filières professionnelles sont développées dans certaines universités publiques, avec notamment l'Institut burkinabé des arts et métiers (IBAM).\nCe vide au niveau du système d'enseignement public est quelque peu compensé par l'enseignement privé qui développe des formations de type technique et professionnel. Cependant, ce milieu manque d'organisation et de suivi de la part de l'État. D'où certaines dérives déplorées notamment au niveau de la qualité de l'enseignement dispensé.","Interview avec Jean-Pierre N'do, enseignant, Syndicat national des travailleurs de l'éducation et de la recherche (SYNTER), 29 septembre 2013\n\nInterview avec M. Bengali Ousmane, inspecteur de l'enseignement secondaire, 30 septembre 2013\n\nMinistère des Enseignements Secondaire, Supérieur (MESS) du Burkina Faso. (21 décembre 2012). Politique sous sectorielle du MESS. Mess.gov.bf : http://www.messrs.gov.bf/index.php/actualites/121-politique-sous-sectorielle-du-mess","Au Burkina Faso, non seulement la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie nationale, mais il n'y a pas de domaines prioritaires clairement définis. Comme l’indique la politique sous-sectorielle de l'enseignement secondaire, la formation est d..."]
["2013_BI_110",2013,"BI","Burundi",110,25,"La planification du système éducatif n'est pas adapté aux besoins économiques du Burundi. \n\nSelon Gérard Bizindavyi : « Non, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte du contexte économique, mais plutôt d’autres visions dont on ignore l’origine. On imite les politiques des pays voisins alors que nous n’avons pas les mêmes besoins. »\n\nSelon Isaïe Nizigiyimana : « Non, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pratiquement pas compte du contexte économique. Il y a un problème d’adéquation formation emploi au Burundi, d’où le problème d’emploi. » \n\nÀ propos du nouveau système éducatif appelé « École fondamentale », Rose Mpekerimana , dans un article intitulé « Des avis partagés », rapporte les propos de peur des de certains parents :« Ils ont précisé que comme les enseignants eux-mêmes émettent des doutes au sujet des cours qu’ils vont dispenser et qu’ils ne maîtrisent pas, on peut en déduire que les élèves eux-mêmes ne vont pas acquérir beaucoup de connaissances. »","Bizindavyi Gérard, membre de la société civile, 25 septembre 2013.\n\nNizigiyimana Isaïe, militant des droits de l’homme, membre du FOCODE, ancien cadre de l’ Université lumière de Bujumbura, 24 octobre 2013.\n\nMpekerimana Rose, « École fondamentale », Le Renouveau, 17 septembre 2013, p. 3.","La planification du système éducatif n'est pas adapté aux besoins économiques du Burundi. \n\nSelon Gérard Bizindavyi : « Non, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte du c..."]
["2013_CM_110",2013,"CM","Cameroon",110,50,"In Cameroon, the government, through the Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training, does not regularly include stakeholders when planning the training of the labour force. Philippe Gatekom argues that his ministry often consults stakeholders to consolidate a training plan that takes into account professions and trades that are largely unknown to the general public. With respect to the ministry’s website, there is an annual plan but no multi-year plan.\n\nTo overcome the deficit, or lack, of targeted training of the workforce by state agencies, the organisations responsible for job placement in Cameroon are often required to train youth briefly prior to placing them. This training is usually for rare trades and professions that are not very well known to the public, indicates Bouba Djallo. This situation is causing an overflow of foreign labour in Cameroon at the expense of nationals, in violation of regulatory quotas. In terms of these quotas, even for recruitment by foreign companies in Cameroon, employers must consider at least 50 per cent for managerial jobs, 60 per cent for specialist jobs and 85 per cent for vocational jobs. Structural projects, such as the project involving the construction of the deep water port of Kribi, to mention only one example, illustrates, if proof were necessary, the deplorable situation of the absence of state intervention as far as future careers are concerned.","(n.d.) .  [A list of annual training programmes available].  Retrieved from http://www.minefop.gov.cm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=150&Itemid=292&lang = en\n\nDjallo, Bouba.  (2013, October 10) .  [Chief Financial Officer of the firm Rh Cible, company specialising in job placements and recruitment].  Personal communication.\n\nGatekom, Philippe.  (2013, October 10) .  [Director of Vocational Training at the Ministry for Employment and Vocational Training].  Personal Communication.","In Cameroon, the government, through the Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training, does not regularly include stakeholders when planning the training of the labour force. Philippe Gatekom argues that his ministry often consults stakeholders to consolidate a training plan that..."]
["2013_CV_110",2013,"CV","Cape Verde",110,50,"The government is consulting with stakeholders and the private sector to establish the growth and poverty reduction strategy paper III. Moreover, the government, through the employment observatory, requested a study on the formative needs of the country in order to serve the strategy and identify clear priorities. This has become necessary as a prior investment into vocational training was not supplying the labour force skills that were actually needed. \n\nStakeholders' opinions are taken into account as the government prepares a strategic plan where priority is growth and poverty reduction. In the last year, the government consulted with different stakeholders, including the private sector, the public sector, and the international development partners on what educational measures to take to support the economic framework and labour demands.","1.        Interview: Jose Luis Neves, Employment Observatory Coordinator, November 5, 2013.\n2.        Prospective Study on Strategic Human Resources for the Development of Cape Verde, October 2012.\n3.        Message from the minister of youth employment and development of human resources, May 1, 2013, in which she mention that the government targets the formation of people who will serve on the strategic agenda of the country.","The government is consulting with stakeholders and the private sector to establish the growth and poverty reduction strategy paper III. Moreover, the government, through the employment observatory, requested a study on the formative needs of the country in order to serve the strate..."]
["2013_CF_110",2013,"CF","CAR",110,50,"De manière générale, les parties prenantes sont consultées. Les avis exprimés par les interlocuteurs internationaux ont cependant tendance à prévaloir sur le point de vue des acteurs nationaux. Bien qu’une inadéquation entre l’offre de formation et la demande en emploi soit indéniable, il est difficile de soutenir qu’aucune démarche de planification n’est conduite en République centrafricaine, une telle démarche s’observant au moins au niveau de l’éducation primaire. On peut donc dire que les parties prenantes interviennent, mais de manière sporadique et peu structurée.","Jean Kokide, maitre-assistant d'histoire économique et sociale, vice-doyen, Faculté des sciences humaines, Université de Bangui, 20 septembre 2013.\n\nFreddy Miabe, enseignant-vacataire, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013\n\nNoel Endjimondji, chef de service,  enseignement du fondamental 2, ministère de l'Éducation nationale. 21 septembre 2013.\n\nValeur Tanga, enseignante-chercheuse, Département d'anthropologie, Université de Bangui, 21 septembre 2013.","De manière générale, les parties prenantes sont consultées. Les avis exprimés par les interlocuteurs internationaux ont cependant tendance à prévaloir sur le point de vue des acteurs nationaux. Bien qu’une inadéquation entre l’offre de formation et la demande en emploi soit indénia..."]
["2013_TD_110",2013,"TD","Chad",110,75,"D'après un reportage publié sur le site de la Présidence du Tchad (2013):\n« Le ministère de l’Éducation nationale entend gérer les inégalités en adaptant les besoins du marché à la formation des étudiants dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de  son plan national de développement. Le forum sur le système éducatif Tchadien a permis de prendre en compte l'avis des parties prenantes et des besoins du marché. Dans cette perspective, une étroite liaison a été établie entre les enseignements et la formation professionnelle à tous les échelons des cursus. Pour ce faire, une approche interministérielle de la formation technique et professionnelle sera privilégiée afin d'offrir aux jeunes des formations qualifiantes en liaison avec l'emploi. » Les réunions sont les procédures de consultation suivies.","- Présidence du chad. (2013). « Remise de prix aux jeunes entrepreneurs » Site officiel de la Présidence du Tchad: http://www.presidencetchad.org/affichage_news_prd.php?id=61&titre=%20Remise%20de%20prix%20aux%20jeunes%20entrepreneurs\n\nInterview, Source anonyme 1, 11, décembre 2013.\nInterview, Source anonyme 2, 13 décembre 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","D'après un reportage publié sur le site de la Présidence du Tchad (2013):\n« Le ministère de l’Éducation nationale entend gérer les inégalités en adaptant les besoins du marché à la formation des étudiants dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de  son plan national d..."]
["2013_KM_110",2013,"KM","Comoros",110,0,"Le système éducatif actuel aux Comores ne tient pas encore compte du contexte économique des Comores. Conscient de la situation, le gouvernement a approché ses partenaires techniques et financiers afin de présenter les nouvelles réformes qui seront instaurées dans le système éducatif. Cette stratégie de développement éducatif s’échelonnera jusqu’en 2020 (Hamidou, 17 juin 2012).\nLe rapport sur le système éducatif présenté par l’Unicef constate le déséquilibre entre l’offre et la demande sur le marché du travail et recommande implicitement la réforme du système. Au sujet de l’efficacité externe de l’investissement éducatif, c’est-à-dire des effets économiques et sociaux de l’éducation, le Rapport conclut que : « Cette situation structurelle appelle vraisemblablement l’étude de mesures au niveau macroéconomique. Mais elle interpelle forcément aussi le système d’éducation et de formation du pays » (UNESCO, UNICEF, octobre 2012 : 135).\nPar ailleurs, après le résultat du bac 2012, des journalistes ont cru bon tirer la sonnette d’alarme et ont appelé à une réorientation de l’éducation (Djoubeire, 23 juillet 2013).","Hamidou, N. (17 juin 2012). « De nouvelles réformes dans le système éducatif comorien ». Comores Infos: http://www.comores-infos.net/de-nouvelles-reformes-dans-le-systeme-educatif-comorien/\n\nUNESCO, UNICEF. (Octobre 2012). Rapport d’état du système éducatif. Diagnostic du système éducatif comorien pour une politique nouvelle dans le cadre de l’EPT. Unesco : http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002190/219070f.pdf\n\nDjoubeire, I.O. (23 juillet 2013). « Examen de fin d’année, la réforme du système est indispensable plus que jamais ». Al-watwan: http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=archives_detail.php&actu_id=5519","Le système éducatif actuel aux Comores ne tient pas encore compte du contexte économique des Comores. Conscient de la situation, le gouvernement a approché ses partenaires techniques et financiers afin de présenter les nouvelles réformes qui seront instaurées dans le système éducat..."]
["2013_CD_110",2013,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",110,25,"Il y a beaucoup de critiques sur le manque de planification dans l'éducation en général. Le système éducatif est totalement aux antipodes des besoins du marché de l'emploi, elle ne correspond pas aux besoins de développement. La conséquence est un chômage très élevé. En République du Congo le système éducatif est plus propice à former des fonctionnaires. Les jeunes préfèrent rentrer dans la fonction publique (pour avoir la garantie de l'emploi) que s'orienter vers des formations porteurs leur assurant la maitrise d'un savoir faire. Jusque là le gouvernement ne consultait pas les parties prenantes sur le types de mains d’œuvres nécessaire et les domaines prioritaires (comme les mines, les activités forestières, ou encore les télécommunications) ne sont pas intégrées dans la planification du système éducatif. Avoir un système de formation qui produit des profils répondant aux besoins des entreprises devient une nécessité. Les partenaires demandent au gouvernement de mettre en place un système de formation qui identifie les besoins du secteur de l'emploi, avec la création de centre de formations adaptées à une main d'œuvres qualifiantes.\nIl n'existe pas de masters ou licences dans les domaines technique. De cette absence, souvent ce sont les étrangers qui occupent les emplois qualifiés.\n\nLe Gouvernement entend préparer les jeunes aux métiers émergents pour pouvoir mener à bien ses besoins de développement et de stratégie industrielle. L'enseignement technique et professionnel est au cœur de nombreux enjeux et de tous les défis. C'est pourquoi différents types de formations ont été organisés pour renforcer les capacités opérationnelles du secteur de l’enseignement technique et professionnel qui doit répondre aux besoins productif du pays. Ce secteur a en outre procédé au recrutement de nouveaux enseignants, favorisant ainsi l’amélioration du ratio élèves/professeur.\nIl est a noté que les chiffres du chômage des jeunes données (2011) ne reflète pas la situation du sous emploi qui est de l'ordre de 50 %. En effet, les critères pour analyser et définir le taux de chômage répondent plus aux critères de l'OCDE et du Bureau International du Travail (BIT). Relatif à l'environnement social, le Congo est caractérisé par un taux de chômage élevé qui en 2011 était de 32,4%. \nPour répondre aux besoins de la diversification de l'économie, différents secteurs devront répondre à une stratégie d’industrialisation, manquant cruellement de ressources humaines dans les secteurs suivants : \n-l’agriculture et la chaine agro-alimentaire\n-la forêt et les industries du bois\n-le pétrole et les hydrocarbures\n-les mines\n-les bâtiments et matériaux de construction\n-le tourisme et l’hôtellerie\n-les services financiers\nL'économie connait une croissance qui génère des emplois dans la banque assurance, les mines, le secteur forestier et le secteur para-pétrolier. Les principaux moteurs de croissance sont les activités forestières, les transports, les télécommunications et la poursuite du programme d’investissement publics de l’Etat qui est essentiel pour diversifier l’économie, juguler la pauvreté et abaisse un taux de chômage élevé.","Entretien du jeudi 25 octobre 2013 avec Michel MOUANGA, directeur de l'emploi, à la direction générale de la formation qualifiante et de l'emploi, au siège de la direction.\n\nM. Marcel MONKA, directeur des études et de la planification à l'enseignement technique, professionnel et de la formation qualifiante. Entretien octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien du 8 janvier 2014 avec Mr Sékou CAMARA, directeur des opérations du Fonds d'Appui à Couts Partagés (FACP) structure intégré au Projets d'appui à la diversification de l'Economie (PADE).\n\nEntretien du samedi 12 janvier 2014 avec Mr Paul OBAMBI, Président de la Chambre de Commerce de Brazzaville.\n\nEntretien du 13 janvier 2014 avec Mr Jean-Jacques SAMBA, Union Patronale et Interprofessionnelle du Congo (UNICONGO).\n\nRépublique du Congo - International Bureau of Education - Unesco\nwww.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE47/English/Natreps/.../congo.pdf‎\nAssurer une éducation de qualité aux jeunes principalement, est un des défis .... en dehors de Brazzaville (Faculté des sciences, Institut de développement rural, … le développement intégral de la personne par le biais de l'éducation de la ... l'insertion économique, en insistant sur une initiation à la production).\n\nRéaction du Collectif des partis de l’opposition congolaise au discours du président Denis Sassou Nguesso sur l’état de la nation en 2013, DAC Presse,  Août 2013. http://www.dac-presse.com/actualites/a-la-une/politique/1392--reaction-du-collectif-des-partis-de-lopposition-congolaise-au-discours-du-president-denis-sassou-nguesso-sur-letat-de-la-nation-en-2013.html","Il y a beaucoup de critiques sur le manque de planification dans l'éducation en général. Le système éducatif est totalement aux antipodes des besoins du marché de l'emploi, elle ne correspond pas aux besoins de développement. La conséquence est un chômage très élevé. En République ..."]
["2013_CG_110",2013,"CG","Congo DRC",110,50,"Le gouvernement, au travers du ministère de l’Enseignement, en partenariat avec les bailleurs de fonds et autres organismes, a lancé le cadre de planification en faveur des populations autochtones qui couvrira la période 2012 — 2014 ainsi que le cadre de gestion environnementale et sociale. \nLa planification du système éducatif doit tenir compte du contexte économique. Toutefois, le gouvernement élabore le plan national d’éducation avec des partenaires extérieurs, ce qui est normal pour avoir un appui financier. Il n’a pas toujours tenu compte des revendications des enseignants qui exigent de meilleures conditions de travail.\nDes progrès ont été réalisés au cours des dernières années en matière d’éducation en République Démocratique du Congo. Cependant, force est de reconnaitre que des défis persistent en termes de production des statistiques scolaires fiables, a déclaré le ministre de l’EPSP, M. Maker Mwangu Fwamba, dans l’avant-propos du rapport sur l’étude sur les enfants et adolescents en dehors de l’école.\n\nLa planification du système éducatif tient compte du contexte économique, mais les objectifs prioritaires ne sont pas clairement définis. Des progrès restent à faire dans l’amélioration du niveau de vie des populations et dans l’intervention efficace du gouvernement pour la prise en charge des frais scolaires. Compte tenu du mauvais contexte socioéconomique, le gouvernement n’arrive pas à établir une planification efficiente du système éducatif.","- Site du ministère : http://www.eduquepsp.cd/plan-interimaire-de-leducation.html. consulté en octobre 2013.\n\n- Mme Lucie Salumu, enseignante au lycée les messagères à Kinshasa, entrevue du 22/10/2013.\n\n- Étude sur les enfants et les adolescents en dehors de l’école en République Démocratique du Congo, Initiative mondiale en faveur des enfants non scolarisé, février 2013, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/OOSCI%20Reports/drc-oosci-report-2013-fr.pdf.","Le gouvernement, au travers du ministère de l’Enseignement, en partenariat avec les bailleurs de fonds et autres organismes, a lancé le cadre de planification en faveur des populations autochtones qui couvrira la période 2012 — 2014 ainsi que le cadre de gestion environnementale et..."]
["2013_CI_110",2013,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",110,50,"L’inadéquation entre la formation des étudiants et le marché de l’emploi en Afrique en général et en Côte d’Ivoire en particulier est généralement reconnu comme une des faiblesses non seulement du système éducatif ivoirien, mais aussi de l’économie du pays. Cela s’illustre par le taux particulièrement élevé de jeunes diplômés qui sont au chômage. Ce constat, en plus d’être évoqué dans le l’état des lieux sur la situation de l’emploi en Cote d’Ivoire contenu dans le Document de politique nationale de l’emploi (PNE) adoptée le 7 juin 2012 (sous la formulation suivante: \"la trop grande inadéquation entre la demande et l’offre de travail\"), a été repris en septembre 2013 par le ministre de la Fonction publique et de la Réforme administrative, Gnamien Konan, participant à une réunion de la Conférence internationale de l’Association mondiale des services publics d’emploi (AMSEP) qui se tenait à Abidjan et notant « l’inadaptation des formations par rapport aux besoins du marché du travail ». Selon un responsable du ministère ivoirien en charge de l’Emploi, des Affaires sociales et de la Formation professionnelle, afin d’apporter un début de solution a ce problème, « il est nécessaire qu’il y ait une adéquation entre la formation et l’emploi mais aussi un cadre règlementaire qui permette d'offrir des emplois aux jeunes. Ainsi, les jeunes pourront recevoir des compétences centrées sur un métier précis dans le but d’accroitre la productivité de la main d’œuvre nationale, lutter contre le chômage et le sous-emploi ». \n\nLors de la réunion de l’AMSEP tenue a Abidjan en septembre 2013, le Secrétaire exécutif de cette association, Mme Lenka Kint, notait ainsi que : « l’Afrique a une population très jeune et grandissant à vive allure; elle est aussi économiquement en pleine expansion. Pour répondre aux exigences de ces économies évolutives, il faut absolument former cette jeunesse de la bonne façon ». À cet effet, dans sa Déclaration de politique d’emploi, incluse dans le document de Politique nationale de l’emploi (PNE) adoptée le 7 juin 2012, le président ivoirien déclare que  « la réforme de notre système d’éducation-formation sera approfondie et la formation professionnelle sera diversifiée, avec pour objectif d’établir une adéquation entre la formation, l’emploi et les besoins de croissance de notre économie ». \n\nAfin d’apporter des solutions a ces problèmes, la stratégie préconisée par le PNE ambitionne « d’accroitre l’offre de formation et l’adapter aux besoins du marché du travail », avec l’objectif final suivant: « la réduction progressive de l’inadéquation entre les besoins du marché du travail et les profils des sorties du système d’enseignement technique et de formation professionnelle ». Les principales parties prenantes (établissements de formations, secteur privé et Gouvernement) se retrouvent souvent autour de cette problématique, notamment a l’occasion d’ateliers et de réunions, afin d’avancer les voies et moyens pour la régler aussi effectivement et efficacement que possible. C’est notamment dans ce cadre que la Confédération générale des entreprises de Côte d’Ivoire (CGECI) a mis en œuvre, en partenariat avec le ministère de l’Enseignement technique et Professionnel, un projet de mise en place de répertoires des métiers en adéquation avec les formations professionnelles avec le secteur de l’agro-industrie comme branche pilote. Ce projet ambitionne de juguler le problème des compétences dont ce secteur souffre. Des efforts d’adaptation sont également fournis par le système éducatif, notamment l’enseignement professionnel et technique, pour répondre aux attentes du monde du travail. Ces efforts portent sur le rapprochement entre le monde professionnel et le monde éducatif, sur l’introduction de plus d’aspects pratiques dans les programmes d’enseignement.","- Xinhua. (6 juin 2013). « Adéquation formation et emploi, une clé pour résorber le chômage des jeunes ? ». French People. Repéré à : http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/96852/8272953.html\n\n- Agence ivoirienne de presse.  (12 juin 2013). « Adéquation formation emploi: Une mission de la présidence en prospection à Bouaké ». Abidjan.net. Repéré à : http://news.abidjan.net/h/462017.html\n\n- Boni, G. (26 septembre 2013). « Employabilité des diplômés - La réorientation de la formation s’impose ». Fraternité Matin. Repéré à : http://www.formation.gouv.ci/index.php&page=actu&ID=62\n\n- République de Côte d’Ivoire, ministère d’État, ministère de l’Emploi, des Affaires sociales et de la Solidarité. (7 juin 2012). « Document de Politique nationale de l’emploi adoptée le 7 juin 2012 ». République de Côte d’ivoire. Repéré à : http://www.agepe.ci/telecharger.phpfichier=pdf/programme_nationale_emploi_2012.pdf\n\n- Confédération générale des entreprises de Côte d’Ivoire (CGECI). (n.d.). « Le secteur de l’agro-industrie, retenu comme branche pilote ». CGECI. Repéré à : http://www.cgeci.org/cgeci/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=771:formation-emploi-jeunen-conduit-un-projet-de-mise-en-place-de-repertoires-metiers-en-adequation-avec-les-formations-professionnelles&catid=49\n\n- Entretien avec Méa Kouamé, directeur des écoles, lycées et collèges de Côte d'Ivoire, 26 septembre 2013.\n\n- Entretien avec Touré Yelly, journaliste en charge des sujets de société, L'expression, 26 septembre 2013.","L’inadéquation entre la formation des étudiants et le marché de l’emploi en Afrique en général et en Côte d’Ivoire en particulier est généralement reconnu comme une des faiblesses non seulement du système éducatif ivoirien, mais aussi de l’économie du pays. Cela s’illustre par le t..."]
["2013_DJ_110",2013,"DJ","Djibouti",110,75,"La planification du système éducatif tient compte du contexte économique. \n\nDans le domaine de l'éducation, les universités de Djibouti adoptent une politique d'adéquation formation-emploi pour répondre aux besoins du marché du travail. En 2007, une école de médecine a été ouverte à Djibouti pour répondre à un déficit de médecins. Les premiers médecins djiboutiens formés sur place sortiront de cette école l'année prochaine.  \n\nDes formations sur les métiers du transport ont été initiées et une filière de formation a récemment ouvert ses portes en génie, où 80 élèves vont entamer leurs études. \n\nDans un entretien donné à la presse en septembre 2012, le président de la République avait indiqué que l'adéquation formation-emploi était au centre de la politique du gouvernement. Il avait en déclaré à ce propos : \"Par exemple à Dikhil, nous allons mettre en place un lycée agricole, à Obock c’est la pêche, comme nous avons trop de chantiers dans les ports aussi bien à Douda qu’à Obock, au Goubet, à Tadjourah et à Djibouti, il nous faut beaucoup des jeunes qui travaillent dans les métiers des ports. C’est pour cela que nous avons pris un contingent de jeunes diplômés qui étaient au chômage et que nous formons pour 2 ou 3 ans. Nous les préparons ainsi pour les métiers de la mer ou des ports et les opportunités s’ouvriront à eux. »\n\nIl y a un département de l’enseignement et formation professionnelle et technique (EFPT) dans le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle. Dans le Plan d’action 2011-2016 ce département est établi comme \"un levier important pour le renforcement de la compétitivité et de la performance de l’économie nationale: et il est en charge de \"mise en place d’une structure de consultation et de suivi de la mise en oeuvre des politiques de l’EFTP basée sur une large représentation des opérateurs économiques.\"","1) M.Mohamed Adlao, chef du service de la Planification, ministère de l’Éducation, 27 septembre 2013.\n\n2) Gouled Abdoulkader, directeur, école d’Assamo village (district d’Ali Sabieh), 28 septembre 2013.\n\n3) Ali Farah Gussod, expert en science de l’éducation, consultant , ministère de l'Éducation, 28 septembre 2013\n \n4) Interview du Président de la République voir http://www.adi.dj/fr/services.php?m=article&id=133430&a=1.\n\n5) Agence djiboutienne d’information. (9 mai 2012). Le chef de l’État accorde un entretien à deux journalistes de la presse nationale. Adi,dj : http://www.adi.dj/fr/services.php?m=article&id=133430&a=1.\n\n6) http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Djibouti/Djibouti_Plan_dAction_2011_2016.pdf","La planification du système éducatif tient compte du contexte économique. \n\nDans le domaine de l'éducation, les universités de Djibouti adoptent une politique d'adéquatio..."]
["2013_EG_110",2013,"EG","Egypt",110,25,"The educational system of Egypt has traditionally struggled to prepare its students for the work force. Egypt's relatively high rate of youth unemployment is one testament to the fact that Egyptian graduates are unprepared for the work force. Though there are efforts to promote vocational training and to consult with the private sector, occasionally these efforts have yet to create significant changes for Egypt.","(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.  Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.eg/\n\nEl Din, Ahmed Safy.  (2013, November 20) .  [Associate at the Namaa' Association for Sustainable Development (Egypt), which works on education].  Personal communication. \n\n(n.d.) .  Injaaz.  Retrieved from http://injaz-egypt.org/\n\nShafer, Greg.  (2013, November 14) .  [English teacher in Alexandria during the study period].  Personal communication.\n\nTarek, S. & El Sheekh, S.  (2013, September 30) .  Egypt's public school system: Failing all tests.  Egypt Independent.  Retrieved from http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt-s-primary-education-ranks-last-global-competitiveness-report\n\n(2013, January 2) .  Omnia to develop the vocational training in Egypt.  Espoo.  Retrieved from http://www.espoo.fi/en-US/City_of_Espoo/Information_about_Espoo/International_affairs/Omnia_to_develop_the_vocational_training(29479)\n\nThe World Bank.  (2012) .  Education in Egypt: inequality of opportunity across three generations.  Washington, D.C.: Ersado, L.  Retrieved from http://menablog.worldbank.org/education-egypt-inequality-opportunity-across-three-generations\n\nThe World Bank.  (2012) .  Inequality of opportunity in educational achievement.  Washington, D.C.  Retrieved from http://menablog.worldbank.org/files/inequality_of_opportunity_in_educational_outcomes-_report_no_70300.pdf\n\n(n.d.) .  [UNICEF's website on Egypt].  Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/egypt/education.html\n\nWorld Economic Forum.  (2013) .  2012-2013 Global Competitiveness Report.\n\n(2013, January 2) .  Omnia to develop the vocational training in Egypt.  Espoo.  Retrieved from http://www.espoo.fi/en-US/City_of_Espoo/Information_about_Espoo/International_affairs/Omnia_to_develop_the_vocational_training(29479)","The educational system of Egypt has traditionally struggled to prepare its students for the work force. Egypt's relatively high rate of youth unemployment is one testament to the fact that Egyptian graduates are unprepared for the work force. Though there are efforts to promote voc..."]
["2013_GQ_110",2013,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",110,0,"The National Education Plan has a long-term perspective that includes all social sectors, but major challenges remain in the education planning system. Inadequate infrastructure and lack of qualified teachers are two of the major challenges in the education sector in Equatorial Guinea.  Equatorial Guinea did not conduct a consultation with stakeholders for the elaboration of the National Education plan, which does not take into account the economic framework of the country.\n\nDuring the period of review there were not sufficient technical and vocational training programs to meet market needs. There were only two professional centres in the country with inadequate infrastructure that were managed by private companies; the government did not participate in their education plans.\n\nProfessional training and learning did not respond to the country's economic needs and there were no clear statistics on employment. There was a disconnect between the needs of the companies and the capacity of the national labour force. One of the main causes of unemployment during the period of review was the lack of trained professionals.","African Development Bank.  (2013) .  Equatorial Guinea country strategy paper 2013-2017.  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Equatorial%20Guinea%20-%202013-2017%20Country%20Strategy%20Paper.pdf\n\nAnonymous.  (2014, January) .  [Teacher, Equatorial Guinea].  Personal communication. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Fishery and Environment.  (2012, May) .  Informe Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, Rio+20. Paper presented at the Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible.  Retrieved from http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/976equatorialguinea.pdf","The National Education Plan has a long-term perspective that includes all social sectors, but major challenges remain in the education planning system. Inadequate infrastructure and lack of qualified teachers are two of the major challenges in the education sector in Equatorial Gui..."]
["2013_ER_110",2013,"ER","Eritrea",110,25,"According to the Report on the Recognition of Higher Education in Eritrea and Ethiopia by the Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) and Norwegian Universities and Colleges Admission Service (NUCAS), \"Eritrea has seen a change in its higher education system in the period 2004–2010. However, this reform is not a change in the system itself, but a change in the number of institutions offering higher education in the country. The system of diploma-, bachelor- (and master-) programmes has remained more or less the same, except for the fact that the number of programs has increased (…) Eritrea today has seven institutions offering higher education, and the number of students attending programs of higher education has risen from around 5000 students at the University of Asmara in 2004 to around 17 000 students attending programs at the new colleges of higher education today.\nThe University of Asmara’s main programme were the diploma programme and the bachelor degree;\nand was only able to introduce the master degree programme in 2004 just before closing. Today we\nsee that most of the new colleges of higher education have already introduced many new master\ndegree programmes or are planning to introduce master degree programmes in the near future.\"\nHowever, according to the sources, the private sector or civil society in general at large has very little, if any, role in shaping education to meet the needs of the labor force.\nThe report found there are seven new colleges of higher education as of October 2012:\n1) Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai Nefhi\n2) Hamelmallo Agricultural College, Hamelmallo\n3) College of Health Sciences, Asmara\n4) Orotta School of Medicine and Dental Medicine, Asmara\n5) College of Marine Sciences & Technology, Massawa\n6) College of Business and Economics, Halhale\n7) College of Arts and Social Sciences, Adi Keih\nEach college covers a specific subject area. For example engineering is only offered at Eritrean\nInstitute of Technology and medicine is only offered at Orotta School of Medicine and Dental\nMedicine.\nThere is a National Board of Higher Education (NBHE) in charge of overseeing the quality of education and managing accreditation of new programs and new institutions. When of teaching staff affects a specific program, the country has brought professors from other countries and it also sends its students to receive education in other countries.\nThere are also some vocational schools in the areas of primary school teachers training, nursing, accounting and some administrative subjects, which are administered by the respective ministry.\nThe NBHE defines its mission as ensuring that the education and research sectors in Eritrea \"serve as engines for the socio-economic development of the country.\" The pillars of its policy framework are:\n-Relevance of the higher education system.\n-Access and equality to higher education.\n-Quality of higher education.\n-Sustainability of the higher education system.\n-Research and development.\nTo respond to the economic development needs, the country has sought international assistance and partnerships. For example, it extended an agreement of higher education cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in the area of agriculture and technology.","Interviews with staff from the Ministry of Education who requested to remain anonymous, 2013. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nReport on the Recognition of Higher Education in Eritrea and Ethiopia, Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) and Norwegian Universities and Colleges Admission Service\n(NUCAS), Jan 2013. http://www.nokut.no/Documents/NOKUT/Artikkelbibliotek/Kunnskapsbasen/Rapporter/UA%202013/Gulliksen_Anne-Kari_Audensen_Erik_Report_on_recognition_of_higher_education_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia_2013-1.pdf\n\nEritrean Center for Strategic Studies, National Board for Higher Education, \"Higher Education in Eritrea,\" Jan 2014. http://www.ecss-online.com/higher-education-in-eritrea/\n\nEritrea and Japan sign Higher Education Cooperation Agreement, Embassy of the State of Eritrea to Japan, Dec. 2012. http://www.capitaleritrea.com/eritrea-and-japan-sign-higher-education-cooperation-agreement/","According to the Report on the Recognition of Higher Education in Eritrea and Ethiopia by the Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) and Norwegian Universities and Colleges Admission Service (NUCAS), \"Eritrea has seen a change in its higher education system in ..."]
["2013_ET_110",2013,"ET","Ethiopia",110,50,"The government does have consultations with stakeholders, but it is often times considered as largely insufficient and informational rather than allowing stakeholder inputs to shape the direction of policies and strategies. Activists argue as a result of limited stakeholder involvement, trainees are essentially unemployable as their preparation is either insufficient or is not responsive to the needs in the labor market.","1. Interview, Addis Ababa University, College of Development Studies based researcher, Addis Ababa, Sep.29, 2013.\n\n2.http://www.google.com.et/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CEIQFjAC&url=http%3A%2%2Fschoklandtvet.pbworks.com%2Ff%2FTechnical%2BVocational%2BEducation%2Band%2BTraining%2Bin%2BEthiopi1.doc&ei=yQJvUqriOezV4wT7xoHACw&usg=AFQjCNESByu57DnsXZ0-wmnxxRw-P5B8gg&bvm=bv.55123115,d.bGE\n3. Interview, Addis Ababa University based Researcher with the School of Education and Behavioral Sciences, October, 20, 2013. \n4. Reporter Newspaper, Job Creation, Vol.17, No.47/1274, p.1 July 16, 2012.","The government does have consultations with stakeholders, but it is often times considered as largely insufficient and informational rather than allowing stakeholder inputs to shape the direction of policies and strategies. Activists argue as a result of limited stakeholder involve..."]
["2013_GA_110",2013,"GA","Gabon",110,50,"The government made efforts to consult with stakeholders to find a better match between the educational system/curriculum and the needs of the marketplace for young graduates.\n\nIn practice, the government consulted with private-sector employers to better match skills in the educational system with market demand. This is particularly true of stakeholders in the oil and gas industry and less true of sectors such as agriculture.\n\nFor example, there is a new professional training institute in Port-Gentil (Institut du Pétrole et du Gaz, IPG) which is part-subsidized by Total Gabon and other oil companies. The IPG now provides professional training for well engineers. \n\nThe dialogue with private-sector companies and foreign investors is driven mainly by the presidency rather than by the Ministry of Education. In an interview with Forbes on September 30, 2013, Minister of Education Séraphin Moundounga said his ministry follows the guidelines of the Plan Stratégique Gabon Emergent (PSGE) to match the educational system with market needs. For instance, an example is a contract signed in June 2013 with a Chinese company (AVIC International) to build three vocational training schools in Libreville, Pt. Gentil and Franceville.\n\nThe Ministry of Education has not clearly identified the key economic sectors they are targeting, even though it indirectly (via the presidency) takes into account macroeconomic conditions and market demand for specific professionals.","3M.  (2013, November 9) .  Le Gabon bientôt doté d'un Institut du pétrole et du gaz.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30927\n\nAnonymous. (n.d.) .  [Libreville].  Personal communication.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMoundounga, Séraphin.  (2013, September 30) .  [Minister of Education, Libreville].  Personal communication.. \n\nOndimba, A. B.  (2013, September 25) .  68ème Assemblée générale de l’ONU: Discours d’Ali Bongo Ondimba.  GabonEco.  [Speech by President Ali Bongo Ondimba at UN General Assembly].  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=30551\n\nSEE.  (2013, June 17) .  NYFA 2: 200 millions de dollars pour la création d’emplois jeunes.  GabonEco.  Retrieved from http://www.gaboneco.com/show_article.php?IDActu=29875","The government made efforts to consult with stakeholders to find a better match between the educational system/curriculum and the needs of the marketplace for young graduates...."]
["2013_GM_110",2013,"GM","The Gambia",110,75,"The government, according to sources, invites stakeholders' input on the types of labour force the country's economy needs. This is mostly done through consultative meetings with stakeholders. \n\nOne of the achievements in this area is setting up of the National Training Authority which is in line with the thinking that besides academic qualifications, vocational skill form also an important part of socioeconomic development of the country. \n\nThe authority was established by an act of parliament. www.nta.gm. There are also many vocational institutions including The Gambia Technical Training Institute which was was established by an act of parliament in 1980 to provide training opportunities for the middle and sub-professional levels of the technical and vocational human resource requirements of the country. It's website is http://www.gtti.gm/home/","1.  Education Ministry National Education Policy 2004 to 2015, http://www.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/policy-documents.html.\n\n2. Interview with Mr Poncelet Ileleji MBCS, coordinator, The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre and Digital Studio, MDI Road Kanifing South on October 10 2013.\n\n3. Interview with Mr. Adama Jimba Jobe, Director of Science and Technology, Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, Willy Thorpe Building, Banjul, 15/10/2013","The government, according to sources, invites stakeholders' input on the types of labour force the country's economy needs. This is mostly done through consultative meetings with stakeholders. ..."]
["2013_GH_110",2013,"GH","Ghana",110,100,"Government holds district, regional and national level consultations on the kind of educational system to adopt. This applies to basic school and senior high school levels in terms of duration or number of years pupils and students should spend at those levels of education and their curriculum.\n\nAt tertiary level, private sector investors or industry leaders and other stakeholders are appointed to the governing councils of the tertiary institutions to plan the educational system together giving preference to the kinds of labour force needed at each stage of the country's development. \n\nThe country has recognised, in an Education Strategic Plan 2003 to 2015 policy, that science and technology and technical and vocational courses should form the majority of admissions into tertiary institutions or institutions of higher learning to promote rapid development and enable the country to catch up with other developed nations. \n\nHowever, student admissions to the country's universities to pursue courses in the arts and social sciences continue to exceed admissions for courses in science and technology and technical and vocational courses, sometimes up to over 70%.","1. Mr Paul Krampah, public relations officer, Ministry of Education, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Emmanuel Bonney, education correspondent, Daily Graphic, telephone interview, October 9, 2013, Accra.\n\n3 Ms Kafui Amoafo, secretary, Association of Ghana Industries, telephone interview, October 3, 2013, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Stanislaus Nabome, general secretary, National Association of Graduate Teachers, telephone interview, October 5, 2013, Accra.\n\n5. Professor Stephen Adei, former rector, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), on a discussion programme (Hot Issues) on TV3 Network, October 26, 2013, Time: 12:00GMT to 13:00GMT, Accra.\n\n6. Dr Adam Baba Tanko Zakaria, registrar, University for Development Studies, table interview, November 2, 2013, Nyankpala.","Government holds district, regional and national level consultations on the kind of educational system to adopt. This applies to basic school and senior high school levels in terms of duration or number of years pupils and students should spend at those levels of education and thei..."]
["2013_GN_110",2013,"GN","Guinea",110,50,"En pratique, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte du contexte économique.  En réalité, les cours que les élèves et étudiants guinéens reçoivent à l'école ne sont pas du tout adaptés aux besoins économiques du pays. Du primaire au secondaire, il y a un système d'enseignement général auquel tout le monde est soumis. Il n'y a pas de spécificité à la base. Il y a par exemple des cours sur la physique nucléaire, des matières n’ayant aucune pertinence en Guinée. Mais à l’occasion, le gouvernement consulte les différentes parties prenantes, comme les sociétés minières. C'est ainsi qu'on trouve quelques écoles professionnelles d'aides-ingénieurs, de mécaniciens, d’électriciens, de conducteurs de train. Dans un passé très récent, la seule école professionnelle fiable était l'École nationale des arts et métiers (ENAM).\n- On trouve également dans certaines villes de la Guinée des centres de formation professionnelle et des Écoles nationales d'instituteurs. Mais elles sont loin de suffire aux besoins qui se posent.\nCe qui fait que l'on rencontre davantage des diplômés universitaires que les cadres moyens.","Entretien avec Adrien Tossa, Consultant à NDI en Guinée, 3 octobre 2013, 14 h 30.\n\nEntretien avec Fassou Elisée, Coordinateur du Réseau des ONG YDAY-GUINEE, 4 octobre 2013, 11 h 00.\n\nMaître Pépé Antoine Lamah, avocat à la Cour, 4 octobre 2013, 13 h 10.\n\nEntretien avec Dr Dansa Kouroumah, membre du CNT (Conseil national pour la transition), qui fait pour le moment office de parlement, 3 septembre 2013, 13 h 45.","En pratique, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte du contexte économique.  En réalité, les cours que les élèves et étudiants guinéens reçoivent à l'école ne sont pas du tout adaptés aux besoins économiques du pays. Du primaire au secondaire, il y a un système d'..."]
["2013_GW_110",2013,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",110,25,"The national government consults with stakeholders in the framework of the elaboration of the poverty reduction strategy plan, where a reflection about  education and the types of labour force the country's economy needs is done. \n\nNevertheless, the education structures of the country have not incorporated, until now, the complementary recommendations for the education system. In practice, the education system in Guinea Bissau has collapsed and its planning doesn't take into consideration its economic framework.","1. Etica Mendonca, Private secondary school G.E.D.U. Vice Director. Interviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.\n\n2. Mario de Oliveira, Public secondary school Kwame Nkruma teacher in economics. Interviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.\n\n3. Gema Pedro Barbosa, Private secondary school C.F.J. teacher in sociology. Interviewed in Bissau, November 6, 2013.","The national government consults with stakeholders in the framework of the elaboration of the poverty reduction strategy plan, where a reflection about  education and the types of labour force the country's economy needs is done. ..."]
["2013_KE_110",2013,"KE","Kenya",110,50,"The government sporadically consults with stakeholders and considers the prevailing economic conditions in the planning of educational programs, but the recurring inability of the government to release budgetary allocations to public schools to support free primary education program could be an indicator of the disconnect between educational planning and the economic framework of the state. The state has also faltered on the hiring of teachers due to alleged unavailability of funds despite planning for it. Besides the deficiency in financing, the education system has also been criticized for producing graduates who lack appropriate skills for the industry, and who have little relevance for national development.","1. Paul Otula, principal Maseno National School. Interviewed on September 26, 2013. \n2. Jacqueline Mugo, executive director, Federation of Kenya Employers. Interviewed in September 2013.\n3. Graduate Unemployment and Unemployability in Kenya Transforming University Education to Cope with Market Demands and the Lessons for Africa, article by Awuor Ponge, International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow, March 2013. http://www.academia.edu/3055587/Graduate_Unemployment_and_Unemployability_in_Kenya_Transforming_University_Education_to_Cope_with_Market_Demands_and_the_Lessons_for_Africa.\n4. Reforming Education Training in Kenya'; A Policy Framework for Education Training. Published in 2012. http://www.strathmore.edu/pdf/sessional_paper_19th_june_nqf.pd.","The government sporadically consults with stakeholders and considers the prevailing economic conditions in the planning of educational programs, but the recurring inability of the government to release budgetary allocations to public schools to support free primary education progra..."]
["2013_LS_110",2013,"LS","Lesotho",110,50,"Post high school education is funded almost entirely by the government’s national manpower development secretariat. Unlike in the past, the secretariat no longer sponsors every student who qualifies for entry into local and international tertiary institutions. The government has identified education priority areas in accordance with the country’s development needs. It has on the basis of this developed a quota for government sponsorship. This is meant to reduce the number of graduates in non-priority areas.\n\nOn various occasions, the government and higher education institutions have agreed to increase or reduce the number of students admitted into certain programmes. For example, the number of students admitted into law programmes at the National University of Lesotho has been reduced substantially in recent years. In accordance with the demands of the free primary education policy, the university has been advised to increase the number of graduates in education. The university has also introduced programmes that are designed for further training of the teachers who are already employed. Currently, the government’s quota for scholarships at the university is higher for science and engineering as well as business related studies.\n\nNotwithstanding, representatives of the private sector indicate that the government has not conducted a survey on scarce skill areas as has been suggested on various platforms. Consequently, the educational priority areas are not informed by robust empirical evidence. The study on the scarce skill areas that are important for socioeconomic development of Lesotho is currently being commissioned by the Lesotho council on higher education.","1. Ntaote Seboka. Lesotho Chamber of Commerce and Industry. President. Interviewed December 9 2013\n\n2. Ntho Mamoeketsi Nkiseng (2013) Lesotho Effective Delivery of Public Education Services A review by AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa\n\n3.  Ministry of Health (2013) National Continuing Education Implementation Plan for Lesotho Health Sector 2013 – 2014. Ministry of Health Lesotho.\n\n4. National University of Lesotho. Development Planning Office. Information obtained December 10 2013","Post high school education is funded almost entirely by the government’s national manpower development secretariat. Unlike in the past, the secretariat no longer sponsors every student who qualifies for entry into local and international tertiary institutions. The government has id..."]
["2013_LR_110",2013,"LR","Liberia",110,0,"The Liberian education system was born out of the need for mere enlightenment with no particular considerations for the economy or workforce. Therefore, the government doesn't consult anyone about jobs the country would need, or the education system should cater to. The education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy or needy workforce and it has not been revised for a long time.","Andrews, JF (2013, November 2). Personal Interview. Assistant Minister - Ministry of Education, Monrovia\n\nCatakaw, H. (2013, November 4). Personal Interview. Chairperson - Liberia Education Trust, Monrovia\n\nBlamah, V. (2013, November 5). Personal Interview. Legal Counsel - Ministry of Education.","The Liberian education system was born out of the need for mere enlightenment with no particular considerations for the economy or workforce. Therefore, the government doesn't consult anyone about jobs the country would need, or the education system should cater to. The education s..."]
["2013_LY_110",2013,"LY","Libya",110,0,"The educational policy-making process is far away from the socio-economic framework in the country. The import of curricula from other countries (e.g. Malaysia) is proof of that. \n  \nFurthermore, the number of graduates in dentistry and teaching exceeds the internal market's demand. These professionals are often employed in other sectors.","S. Magdoud, deputy headmistress in a secondary school - Tripoli, personal communication, December 2, 2013.\n\nL. Z. Muntasser, English teacher and political activist, personal communication, November 24, 2013.\n\nN. Salah, programs manager at the Ministry of Higher Education, personal communication, December 2, 2013.","The educational policy-making process is far away from the socio-economic framework in the country. The import of curricula from other countries (e.g. Malaysia) is proof of that. \n  ..."]
["2013_MG_110",2013,"MG","Madagascar",110,0,"Il n'existe aucune consultation gouvernementale auprès des parties prenantes comme les parents d'élèves, les syndicats d'enseignants, les partis politiques. Le programme scolaire n'a guère varié depuis les années 1990.","- Razafindravo Tatiana Eddie et coll., L’éducation à Madagascar : repenser le système éducatif malgache pour un meilleur devenir, Policy paper, Friedrich Ebert Stiftüng, Antananarivo, 2012.\n\n- Rabetahina Pascal Pierrot, secrétaire général, ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 31 octobre 2013.\n\n- Aucun article des médias ne mentionne l'existence d'une planification du système éducatif dans le contexte économique récent.","Il n'existe aucune consultation gouvernementale auprès des parties prenantes comme les parents d'élèves, les syndicats d'enseignants, les partis politiques. Le programme scolaire n'a guère varié depuis les années 1990."]
["2013_MW_110",2013,"MW","Malawi",110,50,"Although Malawi has commendably improved access to education since independence in 1964 (including the adoption of universal primary education in 1994) many Malawians believe its national curriculum needs an overhaul. \n\nThe government has been accused of taking a hasty approach in implementing the primary curriculum assessment reform, which they say is losing focus of what the country’s economic framework needs.\n\nThey argue that the curriculum, which currently focuses on eight core subjects (at the expense of arts-related subjects) does not impart the survival or entrepreneurial skills, which Malawians need to effectively compete in an increasingly competitive, globalised world. Malawians would also like to see the government consulting more key stakeholders to better plan an educational system that takes into account the economic framework of the country.\n\nNonetheless, the government is defining a number of priority areas and incorporating them into the planning of the education system. The mining sector has been incorporated as one of the priority areas.","Aubrey Chibwana, Director, Youth Council of Malawi, October 30 2013.\n\nDr Mangwira, Secretary for Education, Ministry of Education, October 25 2013.\n\nSamson Kalimba, Communications Officer, Tobacco Association of Malawi,  October 25 2013.","Although Malawi has commendably improved access to education since independence in 1964 (including the adoption of universal primary education in 1994) many Malawians believe its national curriculum needs an overhaul. ..."]
["2013_ML_110",2013,"ML","Mali",110,0,"La planification du système éducatif ne tient pas en compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. Selon un rapport de la Banque africaine du Développement, « le système éducatif déverse sur le marché un surplus de diplômés dans certaines ﬁlières où les oﬀres d’emploi sont limitées, voire inexistantes (secrétariat de direction, comptabilité, gestion, droit, etc.), mais ne forme pas en quantité et en qualité suﬃsantes dans d’autres ﬁlières où les possibilités d’emploi ou d’auto-emploi sont plus importantes (le secteur agricole et forestier, l’industrie et l’agro-industrie, les mines, les métiers de base du bâtiment et des travaux publics (BTP), les technologies de l’information et de la communication, etc.) ». (Source 4 page 15).\nAFDBN constate également : « le chômage touche beaucoup plus les jeunes, avec un taux atteignant 15.4 % pour la tranche d’âge 15-39 ans (81.5 % des chômeurs sont des jeunes à la recherche d’un emploi) ». (Source 4, page 1)\nCela est du en partie a l’inadaptation de leur formation a l'emploie. Le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance, UNICEF, a appelé à des dons à la campagne 9.1 millions de dollars $ (5,7 M €) pour une meilleure planification du système éducatif.","Alex Duval. (17 septembre 2013). Mali back-to-school campaign faces uphill struggle. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/17/mali-back-to-school-campaign-struggle\n\nEducation : Issiaka Singaré, à propos du Système éducatif au Mali : « Il faut récréer l’école malienne. http://www.maliweb.net/education/education-issiaka-singare-a-propos-du-systeme-educatif-au-mali-il-faut-recreer-lecole-malienne-142871.html\n\nHadama B. Fofana. (29 avril, 2013). Education : Issiaka Singaré, à propos du Système éducatif au Mali : « Il faut récréer l’école malienne. Le Republicain.\nhttp://www.maliweb.net/news/education/2013/04/29/article,142871.html\n\nPerspectives économiques en Afrique 2012 , Mali, BAFD.\nhttp://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Mali%20Note%20de%20pays%20PDF.pdf\n\nRentrée scolaire et universitaire 2013-2014 : L’école sera-t-elle à l’école ? (Septembre 2013). Le republicain. \nhttp://www.maliweb.net/education/rentree-scolaire-et-universitaire-2013-2014-lecole-sera-t-elle-a-lecole-171825.html","La planification du système éducatif ne tient pas en compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. Selon un rapport de la Banque africaine du Développement, « le système éducatif déverse sur le marché un surplus de diplômés dans certaines ﬁlières où les oﬀres d’emploi sont limitées, vo..."]
["2013_MR_110",2013,"MR","Mauritania",110,0,"La mise en œuvre d'une politique de planification ne découle pas d'une stratégie de concertation avec les principales parties prenantes. Elle découle d'une orientation unilatérale des pouvoirs publics. Ainsi, la carte scolaire est mise en œuvre sans tenir compte des impératifs économiques des collectivités ou des régions. Cette situation occasionne d'énormes disparités entre les régions. Il existe des régions à fort potentiel scolaire par rapport à d'autres délaissées. En outre, dans un pays fortement marqué par l'abandon scolaire, il n'existe pas de politique éducative encourageant l'éducation des filles. Le système éducatif mauritanien est fortement désarticulé par son état de délabrement. Sa gestion coute chère à la collectivité nationale et elle se présente de nos jours sous les contours d'une faillite.","1. Amadou Sall, enseignant-chercheur, sociologie et anthropologie, Université de Nouakchott, 3 octobre 2013.\n\n2. Issa ould Belal, expert socio-économiste, Centre mauritanien d'analyse des politiques (CMAP), 13 novembre 2013.\n\n3. Mohamed Salah Baber, ancien professeur de mathématiques, ancien conseiller du ministre de l'Éducation nationale, 13 novembre 2013.","La mise en œuvre d'une politique de planification ne découle pas d'une stratégie de concertation avec les principales parties prenantes. Elle découle d'une orientation unilatérale des pouvoirs publics. Ainsi, la carte scolaire est mise en œuvre sans tenir compte des impératifs écon..."]
["2013_MU_110",2013,"MU","Mauritius",110,50,"The labour shortage survey is conducted by the Human Resource Development Council, under the aegis of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources, to identify labour shortages, for example in the agricultural, ICT, BPO and the construction sectors. In a press release, Auckloo, Director of the HRDC stated “the HRDC is a training facilitator, making available not only resources to promote human resource development in Mauritius, but also the tools that would help employers and policy makers plan current and future labour requirements, and address the problem of skill mismatch.” The press release discusses an initiative of the HRDC to consult with stakeholders from the agricultural sector to identify their needs so as to plan for possible solutions. This was done through a workshop held in October 2012. The HRDC newsletter highlights a stakeholder consultation done with HRDC, ICT/BPO associations, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, and other stakeholders in March 2013 to make official a nomenclature of job profiles in the ICT/BPO sector. \nOther priorities can be found in the Strategic Plan 2008-2020 where the situation analysis of the workforce is provided, as well as strategies to face upcoming challenges of the economy in terms of workforce needs. \n\nThe Ministry of Labour also collects data on jobseekers in Mauritius through its labour market information system and has been publishing a quarterly statistical review since 2008; however, based on an interview, it does not seem that the analysis from these numbers is used by any institution for the planning of the education system, but merely to match job seekers to potential employers. \n\nConsultations mentioned above appear to be sporadic and no clear linkage was established to integrate economic labour needs into the educational framework.","1. Education and Human Resources Strategic Plan 2008-2020. Ministry of Education and Human Resources. October 2009. Uploaded. \n\n2. Yaasin Pohrun,  advisor on information matters. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment. Responded via email on Sept. 26, 2013.\n\n3. Press release - HRDC looks into training to revitalise the Mauritian Agricultural sector. Human Resource Development Council. October 2012. Available at http://www.hrdc.mu/forms/agriculture_outcome.pdf\n\n4. Human Resource Development Council Newsletter, June 2013. Available at http://www.hrdc.mu/forms/newsletter2013.pdf","The labour shortage survey is conducted by the Human Resource Development Council, under the aegis of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources, to identify labour shortages, for example in the agricultural, ICT, BPO and the construction sectors. In a press release, Auckloo, Di..."]
["2013_MA_110",2013,"MA","Morocco",110,50,"The king gave a speech in August of 2013 stating that the education system has failed to produce graduates who can find jobs today. Regularly in front of parliament in Rabat, thousands of unemployed graduates protest asking the government for jobs and claiming that the education they receive does not fit the job market. According to a Casablanca-based headhunter, employers generally prefer hiring people who have studied abroad. However, the country is starting to try to adapt to the economy.  A few programs are created to fit its needs. For example, in Rabat, there is a new school that trains student to work in the renewable energy business, a fast growing sector in Morocco. According to the headhunter, the biggest employers in the country are call centres that employ about 50,000 people. There are great needs in the IT field but it is difficult to find people with the adequate training.","Belfikh, Samir.  (2013, September 13) .  [Member of Parliament in the the education reform commission].  Personal communication.African Bank of Development.  \n\nLa BAD prête 116 millions d’euro en faveur de la formation et de l’emploi  (2013).  Retrieved from http://www.afdb.org/fr/news-and-events/article/maroc-la-bad-prete-116-millions-deuro-en-faveur-de-la-formation-et-de-lemploi-12163/.\n\n[High Commission of Planning's report on employment] (2013).  Retrieved from http://www.hcp.ma/La-Situation-du-marche-du-travail-au-premier-trimestre-de-l-annee-2013_a1171.html.  \n\nMaroc, pourquoi l'education de l'ecole marocaine est nulle.  Tel Quel (2012, September), Retrieved from http://www.telquel-online.com/Actualite/Maroc/education-pourquoi-l--cole-marocaine-est-nulle/536.\n\nMrabet, Rachid.  (2013, September 13) .  [Former manager of ISCAE Business School in Casablanca].  Personal communication.\nNaim Bentaleb, headhunter, Casablanca. phone interview. September 13, 2013.\n\n(2013, August 20) .  [Speech by King Mohammed VI, Rabat].  Bladi.  Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/discours-du-roi-mohammed-vi-du-20-aout-2013.html","The king gave a speech in August of 2013 stating that the education system has failed to produce graduates who can find jobs today. Regularly in front of parliament in Rabat, thousands of unemployed graduates protest asking the government for jobs and claiming that the education th..."]
["2013_MZ_110",2013,"MZ","Mozambique",110,50,"In general terms, the planning of the educational system in Mozambique takes into account the economic framework. However, some special factors have to be considered. As such, there is a need to break down the education subsystems. For instance, the ongoing technical education reform aims to ensure the implementation of courses or qualifications that meet the developmental challenges of the country. \n\nThe identification and approval of relevant courses is, sometimes, made in consultation with the productive sector of the economy, including the prospective employers. At the polytechnic level, courses are meant to meet the market demand. Also university courses are crucial to develop thinking, despite not having an immediate visible/tangible impact on the economy.","1.        \"O subsistema do ensino tecnico-profissional em Mocambique\". Ana Paula dos Santos Pinto. ISTE. Ocober 26, 2012. http://2012congressomz.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/mr02.pdf. \n\n2.        \"Um olhar ao ensino técnico-profissional no país\". Paulo Salomao Macamo. August 28, 2013. http://www.jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/opiniao/1740-um-olhar-ao-ensino-tecnico-profissional-no-pais.\n \n3.        \"Moçambique requalifica Ensino Técnico-Profissional \". Redaccao. Instituto Camoes. August 21, 2013. http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/comunicacao/encarte-jl/mocambique-ensino-cooperacao. \n\n4.        \"Governo moçambicano quer dar prioridade ao ensino técnico devido à descoberta de recursos naturais\". Lusa. January 14, 2013. http://noticias.sapo.ao/lusa/artigo/15583426.html.","In general terms, the planning of the educational system in Mozambique takes into account the economic framework. However, some special factors have to be considered. As such, there is a need to break down the education subsystems. For instance, the ongoing technical education refo..."]
["2013_NA_110",2013,"NA","Namibia",110,75,"Minister of Education, Dr David Namwandi, said the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework. The government consults other stakeholders and takes into account the country's economic needs before it comes up with a curriculum. According to him, currently government was busy reviewing the curriculum of the country's needs by introducing more vocational and technical subjects. He added that it was imperative that the country creates a work force relevant for its needs rather than having more educated people who are unemployed because they studied courses that of no relevancy to Namibia's job needs.\n\nA story in the Allgemein newspaper (April 25 2013) under the headline, \"Pilot Project to Implement Vocational Education and Training in Schools tells how one Namibian school intends to enter into a partnership with a German school that has vocational subjects as part of its curriculum. According to the story the board of Hibernia school soon wants to send a delegation to Namibia to prepare a partnership which involves assisting with the development of a basic vocational training curriculum.\n\nA story by Nampa news agency published in the New Era newspaper of October 3 2012, under the headline Namibia: Nation Needs More Vocational Skills. \nThen Minister of Education, the late Dr Abraham Iyambo, said Namibia needs more vocational education graduates if the country is to become an industrialised nation by the year 2030. The minister said more vocational schools/centres are needed in Namibia, and the government is planning to build a vocational school in each of the 13 administrative regions of the country. \n\nThe Outapi Special Technical and Vocational School is a government-run institution, established at a cost of $24 million Namibian dollars. Learners of that school undergo formal vocational training for two years after completing grade 10. The special school has three functioning trades - woodwork, hospitality and office practice - at this stage.\n\nConfidente newspaper journalist, Marianne Nghidengwa, said although the Namibian education system was still considered weak, government is frantically trying to come up and introduce subjects or a curriculum that is in line with the country's economic needs. She mentions plans to construct more vocational training schools in the country. Adding that indeed government does not work in a vacuum but also consult with employers. However she was quick to say the implementation was slower.\n\nA 75 was given because although government consults other stakeholders and takes into account the country's economic needs before it comes up with a curriculum, the implementation is somewhat slow and the vocational centres are still sparse.","Minister of Education, Dr David Namwandi, face to face interview at his Government Park offices, October 3 2013.\n\nA story in the Allgemein newspaper, April 25 2013, under the headline, \"Pilot Project to Implement Vocational Education and Training in Schools\" http://www.waldorf-namibia.org/news-pilot-project-to-implement-vocational-education-and-training-in-schools/.\n\nA story by Nampa news agency published in the New Era newspaper, October 3 2012, under the headline Namibia: Nation Needs More Vocational Skills http://allafrica.com/stories/201210030745.html.\n\nConfidente newspaper Journalist, Marianne Nghidengwa, face to face interview, October 4 2013.","Minister of Education, Dr David Namwandi, said the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework. The government consults other stakeholders and takes into account the country's economic needs before it comes up with a curriculum. According to him, cu..."]
["2013_NE_110",2013,"NE","Niger",110,75,"Tous les citoyens ne peuvent présenter des requêtes. Toutefois,  le gouvernement consulte les parties prenantes sur les types de main-d'œuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays, et il définit les domaines prioritaires et les intègre dans la planification du système éducatif, à travers des réunions périodiques avec les bailleurs et la société civile. C'est ce qui a été fait pour le Programme Sectoriel de l’Education et de la Formation (PSEF) 2014-2024 (pas encore consultable en ligne). \n\nLe Programme Sectoriel de l'Education et de la Formation (PSEF) qui s'étalera sur dix (10) ans couvre l'ensemble du secteur de l'éducation, et a pour but de fournir à l'ensemble des partenaires, un cadre d'action commun visant l'accroissement de l'offre éducative, la réduction des disparités, l'amélioration de la qualité des apprentissages et un développement des capacités de pilotage et de gestion à tous les niveaux du système.\n\nL'éducation au Niger est essentiellement financée par les partenaires extérieurs. Cela limite considérablement les capacités de planification de l'Etat. Les investissements en milieu éducatif s'inscrivent dans des programmes nationaux qui se fondent sur les disparités en termes de population. On observe plus d'investissements dans les localités démographiquement plus importantes. Toutefois, dans les zones de faible importance démographique et dans les zones nomades, l'Etat met en place des programmes spéciaux reposant sur des écoles à cantines, par exemple.","Source 1: Ali MADAI BOUKAR, Economiste National. (1er octobre 2013). PNUD Niger.\n\nSource 2: Aissa Abdoulaye Alfary. (22 juillet 2013). Cérémonie officielle de signature de la lettre d'endossement du Programme Sectoriel de l'Education et de la Formation (PSEF 2014-2024) et la signature du cadre partenarial entre le Gouvernement, les PTF et la société civile active en éducation. Le Sahel. http://lesahel.org/index.php/component/k2/item/3622-c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie-officielle-de-signature-de-la-lettre-dendossement-du-programme-sectoriel-de-leducation-et-de-la-formation-psef-2014-2024-et-la-signature-du-cadre-partenarial-entre-le-gouvernement-les-ptf-et-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile-active-en-%C3%A9ducation\n\nSource 3: Amadou Oumarou, Directeur Scientifique du LASDEL, Enseignant-chercheur au département de sociologie de la FLSH de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey. (Décembre 2012). \n\nSource 4: Maman Awal Hambali, Directeur de l'ONG Centre Aide, Secrétaire général de la CONAFE Niger (Coalition des ONG Africaines en faveur des Enfants). (5 février 2013). Niger","Tous les citoyens ne peuvent présenter des requêtes. Toutefois,  le gouvernement consulte les parties prenantes sur les types de main-d'œuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays, et il définit les domaines prioritaires et les intègre dans la planification du système éducatif, à tra..."]
["2013_NG_110",2013,"NG","Nigeria",110,75,"The government occasionally meets with stakeholders to decide on educational framework necessary for the economy. \n\nCurrently, the government has encouraged vocational and technical training to deal with mounting unemployment. To that effect, the ministry of education in March 2013 launched the national partnership committee of government and private sector on technical and vocational training. The committee is headed by Africa's richest man, Aliko Dangote. Also, as part of the plan, laboratories in schools (polytechnics and universities) have been rehabilitated and upgraded by the government.","1. Daily Independent, Dangote chairs FG’s technical, vocational training committee, March 28, 2013, http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/03/dangote-chairs-fgs-technical-vocational-training-committee/\n\n2. Punch, Editorial, Reform of vocational education, April 28, 2013, http://www.punchng.com/editorial/reform-of-vocational-education/, \n\n3. Ugochukwu Okonkwo, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia state, via phone, October 20, 2013","The government occasionally meets with stakeholders to decide on educational framework necessary for the economy. ..."]
["2013_RW_110",2013,"RW","Rwanda",110,100,"The government invites stakeholders' input on the type of labour force the country's economy needs. it is done via different ways. It can be meetings, seminars, or by asking for proposals. What the education system of Rwanda has been doing for years is to move from a labour-based economy to a knowledge-based economy. The issue here is that the country does not have a lot of natural resources like minerals. That is why it focuses on developing its human resources according to economic demand. In other words, the education system of the country is based on the supply-and-demand rule. It is by looking at what the economic situation requires that the education system prioritises its programes. For instance, the article by Babijja reads: \"The Country Director of Global Communities - Rwanda, Milton Funes, said the initiative is a key portion in promoting youth through employment as well as national economic transformation generally.\" This is a proof that the economic framework is considered while planning for educational training.  \n\nThe World Bank document says: \"The emphasis on skills development in the EDPRS and the Growth Flagship Program highlights the importance of a well-educated labor force to achieving Rwanda’s economic growth objectives,\" while the Handicap International report states that \"the organisation helps the Ministry of Education develop the flexibility and inclusiveness of its education system to provide all children with a suitable learning environment, and enhances the inclusion of vulnerable children, particularly children with disabilities, in mainstream schools.\" In the latter, the point touching the economic is the word \" vulnerable.\" It is those who are economically deprived and need assistance in order to fight in the current economic system. The interviewee also confirmed that the economic framework is always considered while doing educational planning.","Babijja, S.  (2013, September 12) .  [Create jobs, TVET graduates told].  The New Times.  Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15478&a=70335 \n\nHandicap International.  (2013) .  Promoting an inclusive socio-educational approach in Rwanda.  Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/promoting-inclusive-socio-educational-approach-rwanda \n\nNzitabakuze, Claudien.  (2013, September 12) .  [In charge of teacher development and the training unit  at the Ministry of Education; he is also a former secondary school head teacher].  Personal communication.\n\nThe World Bank.  (2013, February) .  Postbasic education and training in Rwanda: Skills development for dynamic economic growth.  Retrieved from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/07/09/000442464_20130709125026/Rendered/PDF/793000WP0Rwand00PUBLIC00Box0377368B.pdf","The government invites stakeholders' input on the type of labour force the country's economy needs. it is done via different ways. It can be meetings, seminars, or by asking for proposals. What the education system of Rwanda has been doing for years is to move from a labour-based e..."]
["2013_ST_110",2013,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",110,50,"There is an action plan for education, which was launched in 2011 and is to be implemented by 2020, whose main objective is literacy of the whole population by 2020. This plan is suitable to the economic framework of Sao Tome and Principe, since most of the population is still illiterate. This plan also focuses on technical and vocational education, basic and higher.\n\nNowadays, people have access to education, but if one focuses, for example, in the case of access to higher education, many cannot afford it. \n\nWith the financial crisis and despite all the efforts of the state, it is impossible for the government to subsidise the studies for all.\n\nThe government consults with stakeholders from the civil society and international consultants about the types of labour force the country's economy needs and defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. For example: the country needs more doctors and there is a lot of people graduated in law. So the state is now prioritising international scholarships for students who want to study medicine, since there is no medical school and there are already some law schools.\n\nWhile there is a plan, implementation and consultation is sporadic and does not follow a clear plan of priorities, nor captures all priority areas, continuously adjusting for newly-emerging needs.","1. Olívio Diogo, sociologist, consultant, October 1, 2013.\n2. Deolinda Carvalho, director, Directorate of Primary Education, October 1, 2013.\n3. Cristina Paços d’Arco, president, Child and Youth Foundation, October 1, 2013.","There is an action plan for education, which was launched in 2011 and is to be implemented by 2020, whose main objective is literacy of the whole population by 2020. This plan is suitable to the economic framework of Sao Tome and Principe, since most of the population is still illi..."]
["2013_SN_110",2013,"SN","Senegal",110,0,"Au Sénégal, le gouvernement consulte rarement les parties prenantes au sujet des types de main-d'œuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays. Pire, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. On note l’absence d’une politique répondant aux besoins spécifiques en éducation pour certaines catégories de population et dans certaines zones du pays, et notamment dans les foyers religieux. De même, il n’y a pas encore de réponse adéquate à la demande d’éducation inclusive. Le Sénégal compte seulement quatre écoles spécialisées dans l’éducation des enfants à besoins éducatifs spéciaux, localisées à Dakar et à Thiès. Pour que l’éducation et la formation soient un réel vecteur de développement, elles doivent être appréhendées dans leurs dimensions à la fois individuelles et collectives.","Entretien avec Massamba Thiane, spécialiste en communication, réalisateur, producteur vidéo, chef de la division Radio et TV scolaire /ME, 18 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Daouda Mané, journaliste,  Le Soleil, spécialisé en éducation, 12 octobre 2013.\n\nEntretien avec Abdoulaye Diatta, directeur de la formation et de la communication, ministère de l’Éducation nationale, 18 octobre 2013.","Au Sénégal, le gouvernement consulte rarement les parties prenantes au sujet des types de main-d'œuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays. Pire, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. On note l’absence d’une politique répondant ..."]
["2013_SC_110",2013,"SC","Seychelles",110,100,"The ministry of education is in the process of revising its strategic plan and the process takes into account, to some extent, the priorities of other national strategies such as Vision 2017 and the new sustainable development strategy. However, co-ordination between different ministries and agencies producing sectoral plans is a rather weak link, and the capacity to implement these plans successfully remains problematic.  The document is currently unavailable to determine which priorities are outlined.\n\nThe roadmap also looks into what technical areas the country is lacking in; that is where they would encourage students to pursue. The national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labour force the country’s economy needs to a limited extent. The main industries in this small island state are tourism and fisheries and it is assumed that this will remain so for the foreseeable future. There is a chronic shortage of well-qualified teachers, especially at secondary level and teaching styles remains primarily didactic. The government emphasises what skills are needed. They may place more emphasis on where they sponsor students and where they should sponsor. If an individual wants to pursue something completely different, then the government will partly sponsor that for him/her as well.","1. Interview: Anonymous source, Civil Society Expert, November 26, 2013.\n2. Email: Anonymous source, Expert on Education, December 9, 2013.\n3. Interview: Anonymous source, Expert on Children’s and Human Rights, December 1, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n4. Emailed Minister of Education Mrs Macsuzy Mondon through Principal Secretary Mrs Merida Delcy at mdelcy@gov.sc. Waiting for response. Ministry of Education does not have a central website.","The ministry of education is in the process of revising its strategic plan and the process takes into account, to some extent, the priorities of other national strategies such as Vision 2017 and the new sustainable development strategy. However, co-ordination between different mini..."]
["2013_SL_110",2013,"SL","Sierra Leone",110,0,"The ministry of education science and technology is tasked with the responsibility of planning towards the educational system in Sierra Leone. Over the past year, there has been no planned work between the ministry and the educational stakeholders including the teachers' union, the staff of the ministry and council of principals. The political head of the ministry does not encourage collective planning at the ministry, and has been getting into confrontations with his staff toward his failing leadership on this issue.","Anonymous, Public Information Officer, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, October 26, 2013.\nAnonymous, Education Officer, Ministry of Education, October 25, 2013.\nAnonymous, Teacher, Sierra Leone Teachers Union, October 23, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The ministry of education science and technology is tasked with the responsibility of planning towards the educational system in Sierra Leone. Over the past year, there has been no planned work between the ministry and the educational stakeholders including the teachers' union, the..."]
["2013_SO_110",2013,"SO","Somalia",110,0,"There is currently no centralized control of the educational system by the government, and no formal educational planning takes place. With the collapse of the central government in 1991, the formal education system collapsed. Private schools and NGO supported schools have proliferated in the last 22 years (ADBG). During that time, there has been no unified national curriculum.\n\nIn May, 2013 an education coalition unveiled a curriculum that they will be using in their own schools, and which is available for adoption by others. The government noted that it would be evaluating the curriculum as a blueprint for its own forthcoming standardized curriculum (Moalim).\n\nThe June 2013 National Education Conference noted plans \"to review the National Curriculum at all levels to meet the needs of the society and be aligned with an inclusive national education policy.\" There is no mention of steps taken to ensure that the education system meets the needs of the economy.","African Development Bank Group (ADBG). Somalia Country Brief - 2013-2015. March 2013. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2013-2015%20-%20Somalia%20-%20Country%20Brief.pdf\n\nMoalim, A. (2013 May 29). Somali education coalition releases unified curriculum. http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/05/29/feature-01\n\nNational Education Conference for Somalia: Conference Declaration. 18-20 June 2013. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/pdf/NEC-declaration.pdf","There is currently no centralized control of the educational system by the government, and no formal educational planning takes place. With the collapse of the central government in 1991, the formal education system collapsed. Private schools and NGO supported schools have prolifer..."]
["2013_ZA_110",2013,"ZA","South Africa",110,50,"Annette Lovemore, MP (Democratic Alliance) and shadow minister of education, says that there is no evidence that national government consults with stakeholders about skills and the types of labor force the country's economy needs and defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. \"We are told that this happens, but there is no evidence of it happening on a regular or structured basis. It certainly does not occur anywhere near the degree that it should.\"\n\nIn 2013, Lovemore questioned the Minister of Basic Education, Angie Motshekga, with regards to this. \"I asked whether her department was assessing on an ongoing basis the current and future human resource need in South Africa for the purpose of tailoring the curriculum to produce relevant skills.\" Motshekga replied \"that the intention of the curriculum was to provide children with an education, not to provide the economy with trained people for certain occupations\". (see document attached) Lovemore added: \"The change in the technical curriculum a few years back to a hybrid that the workplace has been unable to utilise is a case in point. The curriculum in 2015 will change again, and will be then close to what it previously was. These changes would never have happened if adequate and effective consultation had taken place.\"\n\nSouth Africa has a national skills development framework, published by the department of education (focusing on primary and higher education) in 2006. Its purpose is to facilitate, monitor and coordinate skills development activities within the department of education [...]. In the past, the department conducted training and skills development in the absence of a coordinated and coherent framework. This resulted in a fragmented, uncoordinated, and haphazard approach to skills development interventions. The new framework intends to address this problem. The framework was developed in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders.\" \n\nSome of the key objectives include the provision of specific guidelines with respect to skills development programmes and initiatives that the department will implement; linking strategic departmental education, training, and development initiatives with national skills development strategy outcomes; providing for a standardised approach to the implementation of skills development programmes within the department.\n\nSection 6 of the framework refers to the Skills Development Act of 1998, and notes that to meet their strategic objectives, the department must invest in human resources, focussing on the identification of areas demanding development in order to achieve greater competence in the workplace, relevance and alignment to strategic objectives. The department furthermore \"needs to identify supply led and not demand led programmes\".","Annette Lovemore, MP (Democratic Alliance) and shadow minister of education, interview, October 23 2013.\n\nNational assembly question on education vs. market needs: Annette Lovemore vs. minister for basic education (February 2013)\n\n'Education in South Africa: Where Did It Go Wrong?', Lucy Holborn, former research manager at the South African Institute of Race Relations and currently an analyst at Ernst & Young Advisory Services, September 13 2013, http://www.ngopulse.org/article/education-south-africa-where-did-it-go-wrong.","Annette Lovemore, MP (Democratic Alliance) and shadow minister of education, says that there is no evidence that national government consults with stakeholders about skills and the types of labor force the country's economy needs and defines priority areas and incorporates them int..."]
["2013_SS_110",2013,"SS","South Sudan",110,25,"In practice, the planning of the educational system in South Sudan does not take into account the economic framework. The South Sudan government says it is first working to increase access to education. It wants more pupils enrolled in school and more teachers trained to be deployed in schools across the country.\n\nAccording to an education official, the government’s second priority is to improve and increase access to vocational training so as to equip the youth with skills to enable them find or create jobs. The government plans to start a vocational school in each of the country’s ten states.\n\n-Labour, Public Service and Human Resource Development Minister Ngor Kolong Ngor recently announced that his ministry had established a Directorate of Vocational Training and developed a draft vocational training policy.","Ali, M. and Owaka, S.  (2013, October 24) .  South Sudan: vocational training centers to be labour-market driven.  All Africa.  Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201310250328.html\n\nDuku, Azariah.  (2013, January 8) . [Director for Examinations, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology].  Personal communication.\n\nRepublic of South Sudan Ministry of General Education and Instruction.  (2012) .  General Education strategic plan, 2012-2017.  Retrieved from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Sudan/South_Sudan_General_Education_Plan_2012_2017.pdf","In practice, the planning of the educational system in South Sudan does not take into account the economic framework. The South Sudan government says it is first working to increase access to education. It wants more pupils enrolled in school and more teachers trained to be deploye..."]
["2013_SD_110",2013,"SD","Sudan",110,50,"There is an an effort to take into account the economic framework when it comes to education planning. According to the Sudan Interim Basic Education Strategy Appraisal (2012), \"The Government of Sudan prioritizes education as a key strategy in addressing the root causes of poverty.\"\n \n The national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labour force the country's economy needs from time to time, but the recommendations of these sporadic meetings have been neglected on the ground.","Faki, H., Nur, E. M., Abdelfattah A., and Aw-Hassan A. A. (2012) . Poverty assessment Northern Sudan. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).\n \n Republic of the Sudan Ministry of General Education. (2012) . Interim basic education strategy. Republic of the Sudan. Retrieved from http://www.globalpartnership.org/media/Sudan/Sudan%20%20Interim%20Basic%20Education%20Strategy.pdf\n \n Republic of the Sudan Ministry of General Education. (2012) . Sudan interim basic education strategy appraisal. Republic of the Sudan. Retrieved from http://www.globalpartnership.org/media/Sudan/Sudan%20-%20Appraisal%20Report.pdf\n \n The World Bank. (2013) . Sudan Overview. The World Bank. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sudan/overview","There is an an effort to take into account the economic framework when it comes to education planning. According to the Sudan Interim Basic Education Strategy Appraisal (2012), \"The Government of Sudan prioritizes education as a key strategy in addressing the root causes of poverty..."]
["2013_SZ_110",2013,"SZ","Swaziland",110,25,"While government, through the ministry of education, does have education goals that it sets, such as the roll-out in public financing of primary school enrolment, so-called \"free education\", there is no formal procedure for members of the public or organisations to provide input into such matters as linking curriculum to the country's labour or economic needs. \n \n The planning of educational system is done by government, and while the resulting policy is announced, it is not explained. This situation happened when government ceased awarding scholarships for some tertiary education courses like journalism, because graduates would hold skills the government feels are unnecessary to the economy. \n \n There is education planning in Swaziland, but involvement of stakeholders is erratic.","Interview: Agnes Kunene, secondary school principal (retired), Mbabane, 19 September 2013.\n \n \"The role of the Education System in providing health care to OVC in Lesotho and Swaziland,\" Mkhoma, Wongani, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), 11 March 2013, http://www.osisa.org/open-learning/swaziland/swaziland-education-system.\n \n \"Youth and Adult Learning and Education in Swaziland,\" Dr. David Jele, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, 2012. http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/swaziland_yale_final.pdf","While government, through the ministry of education, does have education goals that it sets, such as the roll-out in public financing of primary school enrolment, so-called \"free education\", there is no formal procedure for members of the public or organisations to provide input in..."]
["2013_TZ_110",2013,"TZ","Tanzania",110,25,"There is a paucity of labour market information with which stakeholders could use to influence educational policy. During the period of study, the government pledged that, by developing a labour market information system with the support of the International Labour Organisation, they would be able to curb youth unemployment and unemployment in general by ascertaining the needs of the labour market and working with the educational and vocational sectors to support the country's economic needs. During the period of study, however, there were no educational priority areas developed in consultation with stakeholders.","1. Mbatia for formation of education quality, control commission,GLADNESS GEOFREY, Tanzania Daily News, August 8, 2013, http://www.24tanzania.com/mbatia-for-formation-of-education-quality-control-commission.\n 2. Dr. Helen Kijo-Bisimba, Executive Director, Legal and Human Rights Centre, October 8, 2013.\n 3. New Rot Surfaces in Education Sector, Polycarp Machira, The Citzen, August 7, 2013, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/New-rot-surfaces-in-education-sector/-/1840392/1940548/-/15s6walz/-/index.html.\n 4. Tanzania: Labour Information Systems Bridge Gaps in Job Markets, Anne Robi, Tanzania Daily News, March 2 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201303040048.html?viewall=1.\n 5. Interview request made to the Ministry of Education.","There is a paucity of labour market information with which stakeholders could use to influence educational policy. During the period of study, the government pledged that, by developing a labour market information system with the support of the International Labour Organisation, th..."]
["2013_TG_110",2013,"TG","Togo",110,0,"Depuis 2009, en réponse aux recommandations du Partenariat mondial pour l'éducation, le gouvernement implique les OSC. Cependant, les OSC ne participent pas à la mise en œuvre des programmes, leur rôle se confinant de fait à une position consultative.\n \n Dans le PSE (en cours d'actualisation en vue de la seconde phase), le sous-objectif 4 (page 63) indique qu'il faut lier le développement du second cycle secondaire à un enseignement supérieur de qualité orienté vers le marché de l’emploi, sans toutefois préciser les domaines prioritaires. De même, le plan évoque la restructuration des programmes de formation pour « renforcer leur cohérence avec les objectifs de développement national », sans autre précision quant aux secteurs à privilégier.\n \n Les informateurs relèvent une inadéquation entre l’emploi et la formation donnée dans les écoles et les centres de formation. Le gouvernement ne consulte pas les parties prenantes sur le type de main-d’œuvre nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de l’économie, d’où une note de 0%. Les programmes d’éducation sont souvent définis par les fonctionnaires de l’État. Les jeunes sont obligés de quitter le système d’éducation officiel pour apprendre les métiers de leur choix dans la rue ou dans des ateliers d’artisans particuliers.","Claire Quenum, présidente, Women in Law and Development in Africa/Femmes, Droit et Développement en Afrique (WiLDAF/FeDDAF) - TOGO, 9 novembre 2013.\n \n Marcel Yao Toï, coordonnateur, Coalition nationale togolaise pour l'éducation pour tous (CNTES), 6 novembre 2013.\n \n République togolaise. (2010). Maximiser la contribution de l’éducation au développement économique et social du pays. Plan sectoriel de l’éducation 2010-2020. Lomé. Togo. Repéré à http://www.afd.fr/webdav/shared/PORTAILS/PAYS/TOGO/Fichiers%20PDF/Plan%20Sectoriel%20Education%20Togo.pdf.\n \n Télévision togolaise. (30 octobre 2013). « Le plan sectoriel de l’éducation actualisé à Dapaong ». Télévision togolaise. Repéré à http://tvt.tg/le-plan-sectoriel-de-leducation-actualise-a-dapaong/.","Depuis 2009, en réponse aux recommandations du Partenariat mondial pour l'éducation, le gouvernement implique les OSC. Cependant, les OSC ne participent pas à la mise en œuvre des programmes, leur rôle se confinant de fait à une position consultative...."]
["2013_TN_110",2013,"TN","Tunisia",110,50,"After the Tunisian revolution, unemployment increased drastically in almost all sectors. \n \n As a result, it became difficult for the government to form a clear idea about the exact types of labour force the country's economy needs. A deep study of the economy's needs in terms of human resources is about to be conducted in partnership between the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Employment, in order to adapt the education system to the needs of the country. Thus far, such planning has not taken place in a systematised effort.","September 23 2013: telephone interview with Professor Hermassi, specialist in sociology of education, University of Tunis.\n \n September 23 2013: interview with Mr Ghachem, vice president of the NGO Association vigilance et egalite des chances, which offers support to vulnerable children.\n \n 24 September 2013: Interview with Mrs Neila, director of a public school in Tunis (Menzah 9).","After the Tunisian revolution, unemployment increased drastically in almost all sectors. \n \n As a result, it became difficult for the government to form a clear idea about the exact type..."]
["2013_UG_110",2013,"UG","Uganda",110,50,"The education planning department and its consultant team developed logical frameworks that were used as the basis for the draft education sector strategic plan, 2004-2015. Through discussions/meetings, the ministry’s monitoring and evaluation working group, the sector policy and management working group, the education sector consultative committee, and ministry top management reviewed the draft plan. After reviewing and revising the draft, a national consultative workshop was held and participants included district education cadres as well as representatives from the ministry and members of the education funding agencies group. Other participants in the consultative workshop include chief administrative officers, heads of government agencies, ministers, resident district commissioners and local council V chairpersons. The final review of the draft took place in the ministry’s education sector planning and budget workshop. The result of this workshop was an agreement on the broad lines of the plan as well as on the objectives and strategies of each sub-sector. \n \n The plan puts highest priority on three objectives: (i) Children in primary school learn basic skills of literacy and numeracy as well as life skill; (ii) Students acquire the competencies they need to join the workforce and to continue their education. (iii) Lower the costs of post-primary education and training by introducing more efficient use of resources and to allocate resources toward schools and students who can least afford to pay."," Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), International Development Center Of Japan Inc. (IDCJ); August 2012; “Basic Education Sector Analysis Report – Uganda”\n http://www.opendev.ug/sites/opendataug-01.drupal01.mountbatten.ug/files/basic_education_report.pdf\n\nMinistry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. \"Millennium Development Goals\nReport for Uganda 2013\". September 2013. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/uganda/docs/UNDPUg-2013MDGProgress%20Report-Oct%202013.pdf\n\nMinistry of Education and Sports, “Education Sector Strategic Plan, 2004-2015”\n http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda_ESSP_2004_2015.pdf\n \n","The education planning department and its consultant team developed logical frameworks that were used as the basis for the draft education sector strategic plan, 2004-2015. Through discussions/meetings, the ministry’s monitoring and evaluation working group, the sector policy and m..."]
["2013_ZM_110",2013,"ZM","Zambia",110,100,"Some institutions tailor their programmes to meet the economic needs/demands of the country and there are either courses of vocational training, aimed at empowering students with life skills to enable them start personal economic ventures such as catering and tailoring, among others, or academic training in areas such as law, education, medicine and others to help fill the gaps, especially those left by the brain drain. \n \n For example, Chreoso University (cited under sources), has decided to delve purposefully into programmes such as the Bachelor of Science for nurses and other medical personnel to help fill the gap left by those professionals who have gone to work abroad.\n \n Consultations occur between government and the private sector through meetings with statutory bodies, such as the Nursing Council of Zambia, Zambia Health Professionals Council, Zambia Education Council, and other industries' statutory bodies.","(1) Interview with Henry Kabwe, executive director, Media Network on Child Rights and Development, on September 24 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n(2) Interview with Reverend Andrew Sakala, Registrar, Chreoso University, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n(3) Interview with Sichizya Nkumbu, principal, Gospel Outreach Christian Academy, primary section, on September 23 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia.\n \n(4) University of Zambia Website, http://www.unza.zm/. accessed in September 2013.\n \n(5) Zambia Education, http://www.mapsofworld.com/zambia/education.html (about options for training programmes and institutions)\n \n(6) Lusakatimes.com, Finance Minister Alexander Chikwanda Presents 2013 budget, October 12 2012, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/10/12/finance-minister-alexander-chikwanda-presents-2013-budget/ (about enhancing the educations system and better skills empowerment).","Some institutions tailor their programmes to meet the economic needs/demands of the country and there are either courses of vocational training, aimed at empowering students with life skills to enable them start personal economic ventures such as catering and tailoring, among other..."]
["2013_ZW_110",2013,"ZW","Zimbabwe",110,0,"The is no evidence that the national government consults stakeholders about the types of labour force the country's economy needs. Also the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. Although the ministry of education, sports and culture has produced a mid-term plan (2011-15), there is no evidence that the planning process involved stakeholder consultations. The lack of planning in relation to learners’ realities and economic imperatives still presents a major challenge in the country.","MARY E. NDLOVU. Sokwanele. May 21, 2013. Zimbabwe’s Educational Legacy from the 1980s: was it all so rosy? http://www.sokwanele.com/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-educational-legacy-1980s-was-it-all-so-rosy/21052013.\n \nAnonymous. Senior Lecturer. Bindura University of Science Education. Bindura. Zimbabwe September 30, 2013.\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nMinistry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture (2011). Education medium term plan 2011-15. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Zimbabwe/Zimbabwe-education-medium-term-plan.pdf.","The is no evidence that the national government consults stakeholders about the types of labour force the country's economy needs. Also the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. Although the ministry of education, sports and culture has prod..."]

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["Code","Year","ISO","Country","Question","Score","Comment","References","Short"]
["2014_DZ_1",2014,"DZ","Algeria",1,0,"En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif est garantie par la Constitution qui dispose en son article 138 que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi ». Cependant,  l’article 154 stipule que « le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République \n\nLe pouvoir judiciaire est habilité à rendre les décsions judiciaires : selon l'article 143, « la justice connaît des recours à l'encontre des actes des autorités administratives », l'article 146 stipule que «la justice est rendue par des magistrats. Ils peuvent être assistés par des assesseurs populaires, dans les conditions fixées par la loi.»\n\nSelon l'article 152, «la Cour suprême constitue l'organe régulateur de l'activité des cours et tribunaux. Il est institué un Conseil d'Etat, organe régulateur de l'activité des juridictions administratives.\nLa Cour suprême et le Conseil d'Etat assurent l'unification de la jurisprudence à travers le pays et veillent au respect de la loi.»","Constitution de la République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire, 1989, Chapitre III : -Du pouvoir judiciaire, Articles 138, 143, 146 et 152. Journal Officiel 2008. http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm","En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif est garantie par la Constitution qui dispose en son article 138 que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi ». Cependant,  l’article 154 stipule que « le Cons..."]
["2014_AO_1",2014,"AO","Angola",1,100,"Articles 2 (1), 105, 175 (1 and 2), 177 (2), 179 (2) and 180 (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Angola (CRA) establish the independence of the judiciary from the executive and legislative branches. The function, power or jurisdiction of the courts is also constitutionally guaranteed. Article 174 provides that  \"the courts are the sovereign body with powers to administer justice on behalf of the people.\" \n\nThe separation of powers among the sovereign bodies (executive, legislative and judiciary) is a fundamental principle expressly enshrined in Article 2(1)  of the constitution. According to Article 105 (3), \"the sovereign bodies must respect the separation and interdependence of functions established in the Constitution.\" Under Article 175, \"in the exercise of the judicial function, the courts are independent and impartial, subject only to the Constitution and the law.\" \n\nUnder the principle of interdependency, the judiciary, through the Constitutional Court, may review the laws. Pursuant to Article 16 of the Organic Law of the Constitutional Court, Law No. 2/08, on 17 June, the Constitutional Court shall: \na) Consider the constitutionality of laws, presidential decrees, resolutions, treaties, conventions, ratified international agreements and any rules laid down in Article 180 (2 a) of the Constitution; \nb) Proactively assess the constitutionality of laws, in accordance with Articles 180 (2 b) and 228 of the Constitution; \nc) Assess the constitutionality default, pursuant to Article 232 of the Constitution; \nd) Assess the constitutionality of referendums and constitutional review in accordance with Article 227 (c and d) of the Constitution; \ne) Decide at the request of the president and the National Assembly on the interpretation and application of constitutional standards.","Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010,  (1), 105, 175 (1 and 2), 177 (2), 179 (2) and 180 (2). http://www.parlamento.ao/constituicao an/index.html#/1/ \nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5622.\n\nOrganic Law of the Court of Auditors, Law Law No. 13/10, of July 9, Article 16 http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Leis/lei- 13-10.pdf.","Articles 2 (1), 105, 175 (1 and 2), 177 (2), 179 (2) and 180 (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Angola (CRA) establish the independence of the judiciary from the executive and legislative branches. The function, power or jurisdiction of the courts is also constitutionally g..."]
["2014_BJ_1",2014,"BJ","Benin",1,0,"La Constitution de la République du Bénin stipule en son article 125 que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par la Cour Suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la présente Constitution. » \n\nL'article premier de la loi portant organisation judiciaire en République du Bénin stipule que  « le pouvoir judiciaire a pour mission d'assurer la stricte, rigoureuse et égale observation des lois et règlements dans les décisions rendues en matière contentieuse comme en matière gracieuse » . \n\nL'article 2 quant à lui indique que  « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par la Cour Suprême, les Cours et Tribunaux, créés conformément à la Constitution .»\n\nCependant, selon les articles 55 et 56 de la LOI N°2001-35 DU 21 février 2003 Portant Statut de la Magistrature en République du Benin, \"les decrets portant promotion de grade sont pris par Ie Président dela République, sur proposition du Conseil Superieur de la Magistrature saisi par la commission d'avancement\"; cette commission est présidée par Garde des sceaux, ministre chargé\nde la justice.\"\n\nArticle 56: La commission d'avancement est composée de la Magistrature comme suit:\n \nPrésident: Le Garde des sceaux, ministre charge de la justice au son representant.\nMembers: Le président de la chamber judiciaire de la Cour suprême;\nLe procurereur général près la Cour suprême;\nLe president des cours d’appel;\nLes procurereur général près les cours d’appel\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Constitution de la République du Bénin, Article 125 (1990). http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-benin.org/lacourpresent/decrets/Constitution.pdf\n\nLoi n°2001-37 portant organisation judiciaire en République du Bénin, Article 1 et 2. (2002). http://uandocorporation.com/core/princ/images/Loi_n2001-37_du_27_Aout_2002_Portant_Organisation_Judiciaire_en_R%C3%A9publique_du_B%C3%A9nin.pdf\n\nLOI N°2001-35 DU 21 février 2003 Portant Statut de la Magistrature en république du Benin, http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Loi_Num_2001_35_du_21_Fevrier_2003.pdf","La Constitution de la République du Bénin stipule en son article 125 que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par la Cour Suprême, les cours et tribunaux créés conformément à la présente Constitution. » ..."]
["2014_BW_1",2014,"BW","Botswana",1,100,"According to Section 95 of the constitution, the High Court has \"unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law and such other jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law.\"  \n\nWhile there is no explicit mention of the independence and the separation of the three branches of government, the details contained in the constitution describe their independence clearly.","Botswana Constitution, 1966, Chapter VI, Section 95. \nhttp://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf\n\nJudicial Code of Conduct, Chapter 2.\nhttp://www.justice.gov.bw/sites/default/files/General%20publications/Code%20of%20Conduct%20for%20Judicial%20Officers.pdf\n\nWebsite of the Botswana Judiciary. \nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Judiciary-Judicature/","According to Section 95 of the constitution, the High Court has \"unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law and such other jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law.\"  ..."]
["2014_BF_1",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",1,0,"L'article 129 de la Constitution burkinabè consacre l'existence d'un « pouvoir judiciaire indépendant.» Cette indépendance est réaffirmée dans l'article 135 de la loi fondamentale où on peut lire  ceci:  «Une loi organique fixe le statut de la magistrature dans le respect des principes contenus dans la présente Constitution. Elle prévoit et organise les garanties et l’indépendance de la magistrature.»\n\nPour chaque juridiction, une loi organique vient préciser les attributions, les compétences etc. C'est le cas dans l'article 15 de Loi organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, où il est écrit que «les magistrats ont tous pouvoirs d’investigation pour l’instruction des comptes ou affaires qui leur sont distribués. L’instruction comporte, en tant que de besoin, toutes demandes de renseignements, enquêtes ou expertises sur place.»\n\nC'est aussi le cas de l’ordonnance n°91-50/PRES du 26 août 1991 portant statut du corps de la magistrature qui énonce en son article 2 que : « Les magistrats sont indépendants et ne peuvent être inquiétés en raison des actes qu’ils accomplissent dans l’exercice de leur mission, hormis les cas prévus par la loi sous réserve du pouvoir disciplinaire. »\n\nLa Constitution confère au corps judiciaire (Cour des comptes, Conseil constitutionnel, Cour de cassation, Conseil d'État etc.) l'autorité nécessaire pour prendre certaines décisions, examiner les lois. Cela est rendu possible grâce à la réforme du système judiciaire.\n\nCependant, selon l’article 3 de la Loi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, les membres de droit du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature sont : Le Président du Faso; Le Garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la justice ; Le Président de la Cour de Cassation et le Procureur Général près cette juridiction ; Le Président du Conseil d'Etat ; Le Président de la Cour des Comptes ; et Les Présidents des Cours d'appel et les Procureurs généraux près ces juridictions.\n \nL’article 6, dit “le Secrétaire Général du ministère chargé de la justice et l'Inspecteur général des services judiciaires participent aux séances du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature avec voie consultative.”\n \nL’article 8 dit “Le Président du Faso est le Président du Conseil supérieur et de la magistrature ; Le garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la justice en est le Vice-Président.”\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Constitution du Burkina Faso. 2 juin 1991. Article 129.\n http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/ec5508c9dd8bf0e8c1256bbb002e70bb/$FILE/Constitution%20Burkina%20Faso%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nLoi  organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, Art15.\n\nLoi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, http://burkinaenligne.over-blog.com/article-les-textes-fondamentaux----conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature--37660421.html","L'article 129 de la Constitution burkinabè consacre l'existence d'un « pouvoir judiciaire indépendant.» Cette indépendance est réaffirmée dans l'article 135 de la loi fondamentale où on peut lire  ceci:  «Une loi organique fixe le statut de la magistrature dans le respect des princ..."]
["2014_BI_1",2014,"BI","Burundi",1,0,"L' article 209 de la Loi n° 1/010 du 19 mars 2005, portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République du Burundi stipule que «le pouvoir judiciaire est impartial et indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le Président de la République, Chef de l’État, est garant de l’indépendance de la magistrature. Il est assisté dans cette mission par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM). En plus, l'article 219 stipule que \"\"le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République assisté par le ministre ayant la justice dans ses attributions.\" Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.\n\nLes articles 13, 29 et 54  de la Loi n° 1/001 du 29 février 2000 portant réforme du statut des magistrats disposent aussi de l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire: \n\nArticle 13: « Le magistrat doit rendre une justice impartiale, sans aucune considération de personne, d’intérêts, d’appartenance raciale, ethnique, politique, religieuse ou sociale. Il ne doit faire état de la connaissance personnelle qu’il peut avoir d’une affaire. Il ne peut défendre ni verbalement ni par écrit, même à titre de consultation, des causes autres que celles qui le concernent personnellement ou qui concernent directement les parents ou alliés jusqu’au deuxième degré.»\n\nArticle 29: «Dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, le magistrat assis est indépendant des pouvoirs législatifs et exécutif et n’est soumis qu’à la loi. Il apprécie souverainement les causes dont il est saisi et décide de la suite à leur donner indépendamment de toute influence. Aucune juridiction supérieure ou chambre principale ne peut donner d’ordre ni d’injonction aux juridictions inférieures de trancher dans un sens déterminé les litiges soumis à leur compétence.»\n\nArticle 54: «Au moins trois jours avant l’audience, le greffier affiche au greffe et à l’entrée du local des audiences le rôle des affaires fixées. Cet extrait du rôle porte la mention du numéro du rôle et des noms des parties. Il est immédiatement communiqué au parquet général de la République.»","Loi n° 1/010 du 19 mars 2005, portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République du Burundi. Article 209. http://icoaf.org/docs/Burundi/Loi_N_1-010_du_18.03.05.pdf\n\nLoi n° 1/001 du 29 février 2000 portant réforme du statut des magistrats, articles 13, 29 et 54. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Burundi/Burundi-Code-2005-organisation-judiciaire.pdf","L' article 209 de la Loi n° 1/010 du 19 mars 2005, portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République du Burundi stipule que «le pouvoir judiciaire est impartial et indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le Président de la République, Chef de l’État, est ga..."]
["2014_CM_1",2014,"CM","Cameroon",1,0,"Une loi sur l'indépendance de la justice existe au Cameroun. Cette indépendance est garantie par la Constitution du Cameroun qui a consacré son titre V au pouvoir judiciaire, stipulant en son Article 37 alinéa 2 que «le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour suprême, les cours d'appel, les tribunaux. Il est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif.» \n\nDans les actes d'un symposium sur la liberté de réunion et de manifestations publiques tenu en 2013, il est réaffirmé que le pouvoir judiciaire « est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif.»\"\n\nCependant, elon l’article 1 de la Loi N° 82 / 14 / du 26 Novembre 1982 fixant l’organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le Président de la République.","Constitution camerounaise de 1996, titre V. http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Cameroon/Legislation/La%20Constitution%20de%20la%20Republique%20du%20Cameroun.pdf\n\nSymposium sur la liberté de réunion et de manifestations publiques, acte du colloque, 2013 Page 10. http://www.recodh.org/docs/Actes_du_Symposium_sur_la_libert%C3%A9_de_r%C3%A9union_et_de_manifestation_publiques.pdf\n\nLoi N° 82 / 14 / du 26 Novembre 1982 fixant l’organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, \nhttp://www.atangana-eteme-emeran.com/spip.php?article3905","Une loi sur l'indépendance de la justice existe au Cameroun. Cette indépendance est garantie par la Constitution du Cameroun qui a consacré son titre V au pouvoir judiciaire, stipulant en son Article 37 alinéa 2 que «le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour suprême, les cours d..."]
["2014_CV_1",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by law. Article 221 of the Constitution (2010) states: \"Courts shall be independent and shall only be subject to law. In the administration of Justice, Courts shall have the responsibility to settle public and private conflicts of interest, and to assure the defense of legally protected rights and interests of citizens.\"\n\nArticle 222 states: \"Judges shall comprise a unique autonomous body independent of all other national bodies and shall be regulated by their own statute.\" \n\nArticle 5 of the Status of Judges (Law of 20 June 1/VIII/2011) establishes that in exercising its functions, the judge is independent, judges only according to the constitution and the law and is not subject to orders or instructions, except the duty of compliance by lower courts of decisions made  by higher courts (on independence). \n\nArticle 30 states: \"Judicial magistrates in office may not be affiliated in political parties or associations, or engage in any event of  political party activity.\"\n\nArticle 4 of the Law No. 88/VII/2011 Feb. 14 on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Operation of Law Court says:\n\"1. In exercising its functions, the courts are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law.\n2. The courts cannot apply rules that contravene the Constitution or the principles contained therein.\n3. The judges, in exercising their functions, are independent and only owe obedience to the Constitution and law, subject to the requirement of compliance with the decisions remedy given in the higher courts, under the law.\n4. The independence of judges is guaranteed, in particular, the existence of any private management and discipline of its judiciary, by tenure and no responsibility for their judgments and decisions, except in cases specified by law.\"\n\nFinally, Article 3 of Law No. 89/VII/2011, also called the Organic Law of Public Prosecution says:  \n\"1. The Public Prosecution Service is autonomous in relation to other organs of the central and local governments, under this law.\n 2. The autonomy of prosecutors is characterized by the existence of self-governance mechanisms, by binding of its magistrates to criteria of legality, objectivity and impartiality and in his own subjection to the directives, orders and instructions prescribed by law.\"","1. Constitution of the Cape Verde Republic, 2010, Fourth edition, National Assembly, Article 211 (Basic principles of administration of justice); Article 222 (Status of Judges); Article 225 (Ministry of Public Attorney), (http://www.parlamento.cv/GDLeisRepublica.aspx?IdDoc=1).\n\n2. Law No. 88/VII/2011 Feb. 14, Sets the Organization, Jurisdiction and Operation of Law Court, Article 4º (Independence of courts and judges), In Official Bulletin, Series - N0. 7, \"The Republic of Cape Verde - Feb. 14, 2011.\n\n3. Law No. 89/VII/2011 of Feb. 14, Organic Law of Public Prosecution, Article 3º, In Official Bulletin, Series - N0. 7, \"The Republic of Cape Verde - Feb. 14, 2011.\n\n4. Status of Judges (Law of 20 June 1/VIII/2011), Article 30º, In Official Bulletin, Series - N0. 21, \"The Republic of Cape Verde - June. 20, 2011.","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by law. Article 221 of the Constitution (2010) states: \"Courts shall be independent and shall only be subject to law. In the administration of Justice, Courts shall have the responsibility to settle public and private conflicts of int..."]
["2014_CF_1",2014,"CF","CAR",1,0,"En République Centrafricaine (RCA), l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par l'article 85 de la Charte constitutionnelle de transition de 2013 qui stipule que « la justice constitue un pouvoir indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif ». L'article 87 renforce l'idée théorique de l'indépendance des magistrats en soulignant de façon précise que « les juges sont indépendants. Ils ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. »\n\nMais le même article dit, \"Pendant la période de transition, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, la Commission Consultative du Conseil d'Etat et la Conférence des Présidents et du Procureur Général de la Cour des Comptes sont présidés par le Chef d’Etat de la Transition.\" Ainsi, la négation de l'indépendance de la magistrature.\n\nEn outre, l'article 86 de la même loi met en exergue le mandat du corps judiciaire qui consiste à rendre la justice au nom du peuple centrafricain sur toute l'étendue du territoire par le canal de la Cour de cassation, la Cour des comptes, du Conseil d'État, les cours et les tribunaux.","Loi 13.001 portant charte constitutionnelle de transition (2013), articles 85, 86 et 87, 2013. www.pmcar.org/docs/chartedetransition.pdf","En République Centrafricaine (RCA), l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par l'article 85 de la Charte constitutionnelle de transition de 2013 qui stipule que « la justice constitue un pouvoir indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif ». L'article 87 ren..."]
["2014_TD_1",2014,"TD","Chad",1,0,"La loi fondamentale de la République du Tchad prévoit que le pouvoir judiciaire est  indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et législatif. \n\nLe mandat de rendre justice et d'examiner les lois est accordé au pouvoir judiciaire en vertu de l'article 141 de la Constitution qui indique que:  «le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif» et l'article 143 de la même Constitution précise que « le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé au Tchad par la Cour suprême, les cours d'appel, les tribunaux et les justices de paix.» Les textes de la République sont claires et sans confusion en ce qui concerne l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire.\n\nCependant, l'article 147 de la Constitution dispose que : « Le président de la République préside le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Le ministre de la Justice en est de droit le premier vice-président. Le président de la Cour suprême en est le deuxième vice-président. »\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Titre VI de la Constitution adopté par référendum du 31 mars 1996 et révisée par la loi constitutionnelle N° 08/PR/2005 du 2005, articles 141 et 143, http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","La loi fondamentale de la République du Tchad prévoit que le pouvoir judiciaire est  indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et législatif. ..."]
["2014_KM_1",2014,"KM","Comoros",1,0,"L'article 28 de la Constitution comorienne dispose que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles».\n\nCette indépendance est renforcée par les  textes portant statuts de la magistrature, (Loi du 31 décembre 2005 portant statut de la magistrature) qui en son article 4 stipule que « les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. Sauf dans le cas d’une sanction disciplinaire et après avis conforme du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, les magistrats du siège ne peuvent être ni révoqués ni déplacés ».  \n\nL’ article 6 ajoute qu’indépendamment des règles fixées par le Code pénal et les lois spéciales, «les magistrats sont protégés contre les menaces et attaques de quelque nature que ce soit, dont ils peuvent faire l’objet dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de leurs fonctions».\n\nL’ article 11 souligne que l’exercice des fonctions de magistrat est incompatible avec l’exercice de toutes activités politiques, de toutes fonctions publiques ou de toute autre fonction professionnelle ou salariée. Et enfin, l’Article 12 énonce que toute délibération politique est interdite au corps judiciaire.\n\nCependant, selon les articles 19 et 20 de la loi portant statut de ma magistrature, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Président de l'Union des Comores, et les vice-présidents sont les présidents de chaque ile. \n\nArt.19.- Le conseil supérieur de la magistrature comprend 10 membres dont 7 membres de droit et 3 magistrats élus par le suffrage de leurs pairs au bulletin secret à raison d’un par île pour 5ans » \nArt.20.- Les membres de droit du conseil supérieur de la magistrature sont : \nPrésident de l’Union ; Président\nPrésidents des îles ; vices présidents \nMinistre de la Justice de l’Union ; Vice Prés \nPrésident de la Cour suprême \nProcureur près la Cour Suprême","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001, modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, Article 28. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Constitution%20revisee%202009.pdf\n\nLoi du 31 décembre 2005 portant statut de la magistrature, Article 4; Article 11; Article 12. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20statut%20de%20la%20magistrature.pdf","L'article 28 de la Constitution comorienne dispose que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles»...."]
["2014_CD_1",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",1,0,"La Constitution ainsi que les lois susvisées assurent la garantie de la séparation des pouvoirs. Le pouvoir judiciaire exercé par la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire, les cours d’appel et les autres juridictions nationales. La loi prévoit bien que le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Ce principe d’indépendance est garantit par les article 136 alinéa 1 et l’article 137 alinéa 4.\n\nConstitution:\nARTICLE 136 : Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du Pouvoir Exécutif et du Pouvoir législatif.\n\nARTICLE 137 : Le pouvoir judiciaire ne peut empiéter, ni sur les attributions du pouvoir exécutif, ni sur celles du pouvoir législatif. Le pouvoir exécutif ne peut, ni statuer sur les différends, ni entraver le cours de la justice, ni s’opposer à l’exécution d’une décision de justice. Le pouvoir législatif ne peut, ni statuer sur les différends, ni modifier une décision de justice.\n\nToute loi, dont le but est de fournir la solution d’un procès en cours, est nulle et de nul effet. \n\nARTICLE 139 : Il est institué un Conseil supérieur de la magistrature présidé par le Président de la République.\n\nARTICLE 140 : Le Président de la République garantit l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire à travers le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature statue comme Conseil de discipline et comme organe de gestion de la carrière des magistrats.\n\nARTICLE 141 : Les membres de la Cour suprême et les magistrats des autres juridictions nationales sont nommés par le Président de la République, sur proposition du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Les magistrats de la Cour suprême sont inamovibles.\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet.","Constitution du 20 janvier 2002, Titre V, Articles 56, 89, 136. 137, 139, 140, 141. http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/docs/constitution-congolaise.pdf\n\nLoi organique n°22-2008 du 26 juillet 2008 portant organisation, composition et fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 14. http://www.droitcongolais.com/recherche_legislation.aspx\n\nLoi n°19-99 du 15 août 1999 modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions de la loi n° 022-92 du 20 août 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire. http://www.cesbc.org/congo/Lois/Loi%20022-92.pdf","La Constitution ainsi que les lois susvisées assurent la garantie de la séparation des pouvoirs. Le pouvoir judiciaire exercé par la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire, les cours d’appel et les autres juridictions nationales. La loi prévoit bien que le po..."]
["2014_CG_1",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",1,100,"In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the independence of the judiciary is formally guaranteed by articles 149 to 151 of the constitution. The judiciary is autonomous from the government (executive) and the parliament. Judges are not subjected in the accomplishment of their mandate  to any authority other than the law. The High Judiciary Council (Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature) is accountable for the management of the judiciary. It elaborates propositions on nomination, promotion and removal of magistrates. It also works out disciplinary measures and/or power of the judges. \n\nArticles 160 to 168 of the constitution gives the Constitutional Court the right, mandate and authority to review law, issue judicial decisions and choose the cases heard by courts. The government cannot provide injunction to the judge or counter the implementation of any judicial decision. The parliament cannot discuss judicial conflict, modify a judicial decision or oppose the implementation of any judicial decision.","1. Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 149, 150 & 151,  www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf .\n\n2. Loi Organique n.13/026 du 15 Octobre 2013 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour Constitutionnelle, 2013, Articles 43, 43 & 45, http://www.misdac-rdc.net/index.php/118-actualites/356-loi-organique-portant-organisation-et-fonctionnement-de-la-cour-constitutionnelle \n\n3. Loi organique 08/013 du 5 Août 2008 portant organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, 2008, Articles 2 & 3, http://fr.search.yahoo.com/search?ei=utf-8&fr=ytff1-msgr&p=Loi%20Organique%20n%C2%B0%2008%2F013%20du%205%20ao%C3%BBt%202008%20portant.%20Organisation%20et%20fonctionnement%20du%20Conseil%20Sup%C3%A9rieur%20de%20la.%20Magistrature&type=","In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the independence of the judiciary is formally guaranteed by articles 149 to 151 of the constitution. The judiciary is autonomous from the government (executive) and the parliament. Judges are not subjected in the accomplishment of their mand..."]
["2014_CI_1",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",1,0,"L'Article 101 de la Constitution ivoirienne de 2000 stipule que: « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif». Selon l'Article 102, «La justice est rendue sur toute l’étendue du territoire national au nom du peuple par des juridictions suprêmes : Cour de cassation, Conseil d’Etat, Cour des comptes, et par des Cours d’appel et des tribunaux.» En outre, il est indiqué à l’article 103 que « les magistrats ne sont soumis dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions qu’à l’autorité de la loi. Par ailleurs, il est indiqué que « les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. \n \n Selon l'Article 4, « Le Président de la République est le garant de l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Il préside le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. \"\" Selon l'Article 106, «Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature se réunit sur convocation et sous la présidence du Président de la République pour examiner toutes les questions relatives à l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Sous la présidence de son Vice-président, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature : fait des propositions pour la nomination des magistrats des juridictions suprêmes, des premiers présidents des Cours d’appel et des présidents des tribunaux de première instance ; donne son avis conforme à la nomination et à la promotion des autres magistrats 22 du siège ; statue comme conseil de discipline des magistrats du siège et du parquet.» Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Articles 101, 102, 103, 104 et 106 de la Constitution ivoirienne du 1er août 2000.  http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc \n \n Loi n° 78-662 du 4 août 1978 portant statut de la magistrature (modifiée par les lois n° 94-437 du 16 août 1994 et 94-498 du 6 septembre 1994. (1994). Article 6. Repéré à: http://www.loidici.com/Statutmagistrature/statutsmagistrat.php.","L'Article 101 de la Constitution ivoirienne de 2000 stipule que: « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif». Selon l'Article 102, «La justice est rendue sur toute l’étendue du territoire national au nom du peuple par des juridictions suprê..."]
["2014_DJ_1",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",1,0,"L'article 71 de la Constitution dispose que «le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il s'exerce par la Cour suprême et les autres cours et tribunaux. La Cour des comptes est la juridiction de contrôle des finances publiques. Le pouvoir judiciaire veille au respect des droits et libertés définis par la présente Constitution».\n\nCet article confert à la justice une indépendance vis à vis de l'exécutif et du législateur et confert à la magistrature le droit de rendre les décisions judiciaires à travers ses démembrements. \n\nL'article 73 dispose d'ailleurs que \"\"Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qu'il préside\"\". Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Constitution du 15 septembre 1992 revisé en 2010, article 71. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_150691.pdf\n\nLoi organique n° 9/AN/01/4ème L portant statut de la magistrature de 2001. http://www.presidence.dj/org9.htm","L'article 71 de la Constitution dispose que «le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il s'exerce par la Cour suprême et les autres cours et tribunaux. La Cour des comptes est la juridiction de contrôle des finances publiques. Le pouvoir j..."]
["2014_EG_1",2014,"EG","Egypt",1,100,"The independence of the Judiciary is guaranteed by articles 184, 186 and 191 of the Constitution of 2014. Article 184 states that the Judiciary is \"an autonomous authority that carries out its tasks through courts of all types and degrees. Courts shall issue their rulings in accordance with the law, and the law shall define the jurisdiction of the courts. Interference in the affairs of the courts or in the lawsuits under their consideration shall constitute a crime that does not lapse by prescription.\" Article 191 describes the Supreme Court as \"an autonomous and independent judicial body having its headquarters in Cairo. However, in cases of an emergency, it may, upon the approval of its General Assembly, hold its sessions elsewhere in Egypt. It shall have an independent budget, which shall be fully examined by the House of Representatives. Upon its approval, this budget shall be included in the state budget under one budget line. The General Assembly of the court shall manage its affairs and it shall be consulted regarding bills relevant to its affairs.\"","Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014. Chapter 3, articles 178 - 180\nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf.\n\nSeparating Law and Politics: Challenges to the Independence of Judges and Prosecutors in Egypt\nFebruary 2014 Report of the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) \nSupported by the Open Society Foundations Arab Regional Office\nhttp://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=b30a63ae-8066-4b49-8758-c1684be5e9b9.\n\nWashington Post, Nathan J Brown, March 25, 2014: Why do Egyptian courts say the darndest things?\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/25/why-do-egyptian-courts-say-the-darndest-things/.\n\nAll websites last checked 12/03/2014.","The independence of the Judiciary is guaranteed by articles 184, 186 and 191 of the Constitution of 2014. Article 184 states that the Judiciary is \"an autonomous authority that carries out its tasks through courts of all types and degrees. Courts shall issue their rulings in accord..."]
["2014_GQ_1",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",1,0,"The judiciary is covered in Chapter V (“On the Judiciary branch, General provisions”) of the 2012 constitution, Articles 89–95. \n\nThe law establishes the independence of the judiciary in Article 89 by explicitly stating that the judiciary is independent, but it also designates the president as the first magistrate of the nation in Article 92. This undermines the independence of the judiciary and allows direct intervention of the executive. The role of the head of state in Article 92 can also lead to a wide interpretation of the reach of the executive by judges and civil servants, thus allowing the president to intervene in legal proceedings. As a result, the legal framework does not guarantee the independence of the judiciary.\n\nThe law does not clearly describe the mandate of the judiciary to review laws, issue judicial decisions and choose the cases to be heard by the courts. Article 91 in Chapter V, however, establishes the judiciary’s right and authority to enforce legal decisions and rulings. \n\nPreviously, Law No. 4/2011 (14 July 2011), the Constitutional Court Law (“Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional”) established that all citizens and authorities must respect the independence of the court’s decisions.\n\nIn 2009, the government amended Law No. 10/1984, known as “Reguladora del Poder Judicial.” It passed Law No. 5/2009 (18 May 2009) “Por la que se reforma la Ley Núm. 10/1984, Reguladora del Poder Judicial” to adapt the hierarchy of courts to the new context of Equatorial Guinea. Title V, Chapter 1, Articles 186–190 explicitly state that judges and magistrates cannot be forcibly removed from their duties.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. Article 92 states that \"the Head of State is the chief magistrate of the judiciary, and guarantees its jurisdictional independence.\" The extent to which this wording undermines the independence of the judiciary is unclear, although it has repeatedly been pointed out by foreign legal experts as a dangerous erosion of the separation of powers.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Chapter V, Articles 89-92. http://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 4/2011, 2011, Title I, Chapter 1 (“Organización y competencias”), Article 3 (“Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional”).  \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71.\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 5/2009, Title V (“De la independencia judicial”), Chapter 1 (“De la inamovilidad de los jueces y magistrados”), Articles 186-190 (May “Por la que se reforma la Ley Núm. 10/1984, Reguladora del Poder Judicial”).    \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71","The judiciary is covered in Chapter V (“On the Judiciary branch, General provisions”) of the 2012 constitution, Articles 89–95. ..."]
["2014_ER_1",2014,"ER","Eritrea",1,100,"The Eritrean Constitution, which was ratified in 1997, but has not yet been implemented, stated that the government shall have three bodies: legislative, executive and judicial. The constitution as supreme law of the country recognizes the existence and independence of the judicial branch from the government.\n\nThe judiciary is independent both in its function and establishment from the executive and legislative branches. Judges are expected only to give their verdict free of any direction or control. The judicial body of Eritrea is composed of the Supreme Court, the High Court, the regional courts and the sub-regional courts. Currently, the Supreme Court does not exist. Instead, the Appellate High Court acts as the Supreme Court of the country.\n\nChapter VI, Article 48 of the Constitution states, \"In exercising the judicial power, courts shall be free from direction and control of any person or authority. Judges shall be subject only to the law, to a judicial code of conduct determined by law and to their conscience.\" \n\nChapter II, Article 10 of the Constitution states, \"The Justice System of Eritrea shall be independent, competent and accountable pursuant to the provisions of the constitution and laws.\"\n\nArticle 49 states, \"the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution and the constitutionality of any law enacted and any action taken by the government.\"","The Eritrean Constitution of 1997, Chapter VI Article 48, Chapter II Articles 10 and 49. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","The Eritrean Constitution, which was ratified in 1997, but has not yet been implemented, stated that the government shall have three bodies: legislative, executive and judicial. The constitution as supreme law of the country recognizes the existence and independence of the judicial..."]
["2014_ET_1",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",1,0,"Article 78 of the constitution says that the judiciary is independent from the other branches of the government and that judges shall exercise their functions in full independence and shall be directed solely by the law. Moreover, it establishes that the judicial powers, both at federal and state levels, are vested in the courts and that the courts shall be free from any interference or influence of any governmental body, government official or from any other source.\n\nFurthermore, it is clearly stated in the constitution that the three organs of the government are separate and all levels of the judiciary, from the districts to the Supreme Court, will be free from the interference (direct or indirect, including suggestions made in the name of assisting the courts) of any governmental body in the executive or legislative branches.\n\nHowever, the law divests the authority from the courts regarding the issue of review of the laws. According to Article 62 of the constitution, the House of Federation deals with cases that require an interpretation of the constitution. The House of Federation is the upper house of the bicameral legislature. Its functions include, among other things, ordering federal intervention in states when there is violation of the constitution. In a recent case, the federal High Court referred to the federal Supreme Court the issue dealing with the constitutionality of a law that assigned a case involving a sitting minister to be heard in a first-instance jurisdiction. The court referred the matter to the House of Federation, which found the law to be inconsistent with the constitution and ordered an amendment of the law.","Article 78 and 62of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), adopted 1995 \nhttp://abyssinialaw.com/uploads/1.pdf","Article 78 of the constitution says that the judiciary is independent from the other branches of the government and that judges shall exercise their functions in full independence and shall be directed solely by the law. Moreover, it establishes that the judicial powers, both at fe..."]
["2014_GA_1",2014,"GA","Gabon",1,0,"La constitution gabonaise du 26 mars 1991, modifiée par les lois du 18 mars 1994, du 29 septembre 1995 du 22 avril 1997 et du 11 octobre 2000 (modifiée en dernier lieu par la loi n° 13/2003 du 19 août 2003) dispose en sa cinquième partie concernant le pouvoir judiciaire que: \n\nARTICLE 68 - La justice est une autorité indépendante du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis dans l'exercice de leur fonction qu'à l'autorité de la loi.\n\nARTICLE 69 - Le Président de la République est le garant de l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire, dans le respect des dispositions de la présente Constitution, notamment dans son article 36. Il est assisté du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature et des présidents des Cours judiciaires, administratives et des comptes.\n\nARTICLE 70 - Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature veille à la bonne administration de la justice et statue de ce fait sur les nominations, les affectations, les avancements et la discipline des magistrats.\n\nARTICLE 71 - Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le Président de la République assisté du Ministre chargé de la justice, vice-président.\nLe pouvoir législatif est représenté au sein du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature par trois députés et deux sénateurs choisis par le Président de chaque chambre du Parlement dans des groupes parlementaires différents, et ayant voix consultative.\nLe Ministre chargé des Finances assiste au Conseil supérieur de la magistrature avec voix consultative. \n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Loi n° 047/2010 du 12 janvier 2011 portant révision de la Constitution gabonaise de 1991. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=266813","La constitution gabonaise du 26 mars 1991, modifiée par les lois du 18 mars 1994, du 29 septembre 1995 du 22 avril 1997 et du 11 octobre 2000 (modifiée en dernier lieu par la loi n° 13/2003 du 19 août 2003) dispose en sa cinquième partie concernant le pouvoir judiciaire que: ..."]
["2014_GM_1",2014,"GM","The Gambia",1,100,"Section 120 (2) of the 1997 constitution provides that \"the judicial power of The Gambia is vested in the courts and shall be exercised by them according to the respective jurisdictions conferred on them by law\".\n\nSection 120 (3) expressly provides for the independence of the judiciary in that it states: \"In the exercise of their judicial functions, the courts, the judges and other holders of judicial office shall be independent and shall be subject only to this constitution and the law and, save as provided in this chapter, shall not be subject to the control or direction of any other person or authority.\"\n\nSection 122 specifies that \"in addition to any other power conferred on the court, each of the superior courts shall-  \n(a) be a superior court of record and shall have power to commit for contempt to itself and all such powers as are vested in a court of record; and \n(b) in relation to any matter within its jurisdiction, have power to issue such orders and directions as may be necessary to ensure the enforcement of any judgment, decree of order of the court.\n\nThe independence of the judiciary is further buttressed by Section 123 of the constitution and Section 13 of the criminal code, in that both exempt judicial officers from \"anything done or omitted to be done by him or her in the exercise of his judicial functions, although the act done is in excess of his or her judicial authority or although he or she is bound to do the act omitted to be done”.\n\nThe security of tenure of judicial officers, particularly judges, is also guaranteed by sections 138 (2) and 141 (4) of the constitution. By virtue of Section 138 (2), judges of the superior courts, except the special criminal court,  are appointed by the president \"on the recommendation of the judicial service commission\".\n\nSection 141 (4) of the constitution also provides that \"the chief justice, a justice of the supreme court, the court of appeal and the high court and members of the special criminal court may only be removed from office for inability to perform the functions of his or her judicial office, whether arising from infirmity of body or mind, or for misconduct\". \n\nThe remuneration payable to judges is also guaranteed in Section 142 of the constitution. By virtue of Section 142 (2), such remuneration shall not be varied to a judge's disadvantage.\n\nSection 127 (1) (b) vests the Supreme Court (the highest court for The Gambia) the exclusive original jurisdiction “on any question whether any law was made in excess of the powers conferred by this Constitution or any other law upon the National Assembly or any other person or authority”.\n\nThe High Court of The Gambia also has the exclusive original jurisdiction in Section 37 of the constitution to enforce any of fundamental human rights guaranteed in Chapter 4 of the constitution. The combined effect of sections 120 (2) , 127 (b) and 37 means the judiciary has the right,  authority or mandate to review laws or actions taken by other government organs, institutions and agencies and to decide on all cases brought before it.","Sections 120 (2),  (3), 122, and 123, 138 (2), 141 (4), 142, 37 and 127 (1) (b) of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia, available at  http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf\n\nSection 13 of Criminal Code of The Gambia, Cap 10:01, Volume 3,  Revised Laws of The Gambia 2009. ","Section 120 (2) of the 1997 constitution provides that \"the judicial power of The Gambia is vested in the courts and shall be exercised by them according to the respective jurisdictions conferred on them by law\"...."]
["2014_GH_1",2014,"GH","Ghana",1,100,"The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eleven, Article 125, clauses (1-5) provides that:\n\"(1) Justice emanates from the people and shall be administered in the name of the Republic by the Judiciary which shall be independent and subject only to this Constitution.\n(2) Citizens may exercise popular participation in the administration of justice through the institutions of public and customary tribunals and the jury and assessor systems.\n(3) The judicial power of Ghana shall be vested in the Judiciary, accordingly, neither the President nor Parliament nor any organ or agency of the President or Parliament shall have or be given final judicial power.\n(4) The Chief Justice shall, subject to this Constitution, be the Head of the Judiciary and shall be responsible for the administration and supervision of the Judiciary.\n(5) The Judiciary shall have jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal, including matters relating to this Constitution, and such other jurisdiction as Parliament may, by law, confer on it.\"\n\nArticle 126 clause (4) of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana provides that:\n\"In the exercise of the judicial power conferred on the Judiciary by this Constitution or any other law, the Superior Courts may, in relation to any matter within their jurisdiction, issue such orders and directions as may be necessary to ensure the enforcement of any judgement, decree or order of those courts.\"\n\nArticle 127 clauses (1-7) of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana also provides that:\n\"(1) In the exercise of the judicial power of Ghana, the Judiciary, in both its judicial and administrative functions, including financial administration, is subject only to this Constitution and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority.\n (2) Neither the President nor Parliament nor any person acting under the authoity of the President and Parliament nor any other person whatsoever shall interfer with Judges or judicial officers or other person exercising judicial power, in exercise of their judicial functions, and all organs and agencies of the State shall accord to the courts such assistance as the courts may reasonably require to protect the independence, dignity and effectiveness of the courts, subject to this Constitution\n(3) A Justice of a Superior Court, or any person exercising judicial power, shall not be liable to any action or suit for any act or omission by him in the exercise of the judicial power.\n(4) The administrative expenses of the judiciary, including all salaries, allowances, gratuities and pensions payable to in respect of, persons serving in the judiciary, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.\n(5) The salary, allowances, privileges and rights in respect of leave of absence, gratuity, pension and other conditions of service of a Justice of the superior court or any judicial officer or other person exercising judicial power, shall not be varied to his disadvantage.\n(6) Funds voted by parliament, or charged on the Consolidated Fund by this Constitution for the Judiciary, shall be released to the Judiciary, in quarterly installments. \n(7) For the purposes of clause (1) of this article, \"financial administration\" includes the operation of banking facilities by the Judiciary without the interference of any person or authority, other than for the purposes of audit by the Auditor-General, of the funds voted by Parliament or charged on the Consolidated Fund by this Constitution or any other law, for the purposes of defraying the expenses of the Judiciary in respect of which the funds were voted or charged.\" \n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eleven, Article 125, clauses (1-5), Article 126 clause (4) and Article 127 clauses (1-7) establish that the Judiciary is independent and shall be the sole organ to exercise judicial power, thus guaranteeing the judiciary the authority to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts. This makes the Judiciary a bold, powerful and independent organ in dispensing justice in the country.","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eleven, Article 125, clauses (1-5), Article 126 clause (4) and Article 127 clauses (1-7).\nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst11.html","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eleven, Article 125, clauses (1-5) provides that:\n\"(1) Justice emanates from the people and shall be administered in the name of the Republic by..."]
["2014_GN_1",2014,"GN","Guinea",1,0,"En Guinée, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par les dispositions de la Constitution de 2010 en ses articles 107, 108 et 109, ainsi que par l'article 9 de la Loi organique du 23 Décembre 1991 portant statut de la magistrature. Les articles 93 et 94 établissent le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat du corps judiciaire à examiner les lois, à rendre les décisions judiciaires et à choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux. \n\nConstitution de 2010: \n\nArt 107: Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif. La justice est rendue exclusivement par les cours et tribunaux \n\nArt 108: Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes, les cours et tribunaux dont les décisions définitives s'imposent aux parties, aux pouvoirs publics, à toutes les autorités administratives, juridictionnelles et aux forces de défense et de sécurité.\n\nArt 109: Les magistrats ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. \n\nLoi organique du 23 Décembre 1991 portant statut de la magistrature:\n\nArticle 9 de la loi organique: Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. Ils ne peuvent, sans leur consentement préalable, recevoir une affectation nouvelle même par voie d'avancement. Toutefois, lorsque les nécessités du service l'exigent, les magistrats du siège peuvent être déplacés par l'autorité de nomination, sur avis conforme et motivé du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. \n\nArticle 93: La Cour constitutionnelle est la juridiction compétente en matière constitutionnelle, électorale et des droits et libertés fondamentaux. Elle juge de la constitutionnalité des lois, des ordonnances ainsi que de la conformité des traités et accords internationaux à la Constitution. Elle garantit l'exercice des droits fondamentaux de la personne humaine et des libertéss publiques. Elle veille à la régularité des élections nationales et des référendums dont elle proclame les résultats définitifs. Elle est l'organe régulateur du fonctionnement et des activités des pouvoirs législatif et exécutif et des autres organes de l'État.\n\nArticle 94 : La Cour Constitutionnelle statue sur :\n•        la constitutionnalité des lois avant leur promulgation ;\n•        le contentieux des élections nationales ;\n•        le règlement intérieur de l'Assemblée nationale, du Conseil économique et social, de la Haute Autorité de la communication, de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante, de l'Institution nationale des droits humains, du Médiateur de la République, du Haut Conseil des collectivités locales quant à leur conformité à la Constitution.\n•        les conflits d'attributions entre les organes constitutionnels ;\n•        l'exception d'inconstitutionnalité soulevée devant les juridictions;\n•        les recours formés contre les actes du président de la République pris en application des articles 2, 45, 74 et 90, ainsi que les recours formés contre les ordonnances prises en application de l'article 82, sous réserve de leur ratification.\n\nCependant, selon la constitution de 2010, le chef de l'État préside le Conseil Suuprême de la Magistrature. \nArticle 112: Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature présidé par le Président de la République et comprend 17 membres : \n• Le Ministre de la Justice, Vice-président ; \n• Le Premier Président de la Cour Suprême ; \n• Le Procureur Général près la Cour Suprême ; \n• Un Premier Président de Cour d’Appel désigné par ses pairs ; \n• Deux Magistrats de la Cour Suprême élus en Assemblée générale de ladite Cour ; \n• Un Procureur Général près la Cour d’Appel, désigné par ses pairs, \n• Un Magistrat de l’Administration centrale du Ministère de la Justice, désigné par ses pairs \n• Six Magistrats élus en Assemblée générale des Cours d’Appel ; \n• Un Président de Tribunal de première instance, désigné par ses pairs ; \n• Un Procureur de la République, désigné par ses pairs. \nLorsqu'il siège en formation disciplinaire, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est présidé par le Premier Président de la Cour Suprême. \nLe fonctionnement, l'organisation et les autres compétences du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature sont fixés par une loi organique.\"","Constitution guinéenne. (2010). Articles 93, 94, 107, 108 et 109, alinéa 1. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf\n \nL'article 9 de la loi organique L/011/CTRN du 23 décembre 1991 portant statut de la magistrature, revisée, adoptée et promulguée en 2014. http://www.disonslaveriteguinee.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/STATUTDELAMAGISTRATURE.pdf","En Guinée, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par les dispositions de la Constitution de 2010 en ses articles 107, 108 et 109, ainsi que par l'article 9 de la Loi organique du 23 Décembre 1991 portant statut de la magistrature. Les articles 93 et 94 établissent le dr..."]
["2014_GW_1",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",1,100,"The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches of government. According to article 59 (2) of the Constitution (1996), the organisation of political power is based on the separation and independence of the sovereignty bodies, which includes the government, national assembly and courts. (Title II Chapter 1 of the 1996 Constitution - \"The organs of sovereignty are the President, the National Assembly, the government and the courts. The organisation of the political power is based on the separation and independence of sovereign bodies and ties them all to the constitution\").  \n\nIn addition, Articles 120 (4) and 123 (2) establish the independence of the courts by stipulating: \"In the exercise of its judicial function, courts are independent and are only subject to the law. In the exercise of their duties, the judge is independent and should only obey the law and its consciousness”. According to Article 120 (3) of the Constitution the Supreme Court has the power to exercise judicial functions i.e., the right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases to be heard. \n\nFurthermore, Lei Orgânica dos Tribunais Judiciais (The \"Organic\" Law of Judicial Courts) 06/2011, Chap III. Articles 22 to 36, refers to the Supreme Court of Justice and its authority to review the law, to rule processes against the President, Prime-Minister, judges and magistrates from the Public Ministry. \n\nThe statute of Judicial Magistrates (Estatuto dos Magistrados Judiciais), Law n.5/1995, of 7th  August 1995, Article 5 states that the judicial magistrates are independent.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Article 59, Section 2, 1996 -  states that the powers of sovereignty are independent; Article 120, Section 4, 1996 - states that all courts are independent. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7611\n\n2. Lei Orgânica dos Tribunais Judiciais (The \"Organic\" Law of Judicial Courts) 06/2011, Chap I, Article 3, 2011.\n\n3. Lei Orgânica dos Tribunais Judiciais (The \"Organic\" Law of Judicial Courts) 06/2011, Chap III. Articles 22 to 36, 2011 - refers to Supreme Court of Justice and its authority (art 27º). \n\n4. Statute of Judicial Magistrates (Estatuto dos Magistrados Judiciais), Law n.5/1995, Article n. 5º, 7 August 1995.","The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches of government. According to article 59 (2) of the Constitution (1996), the organisation of political power is based on the separation and independence of the sovereignty bodies, which ..."]
["2014_KE_1",2014,"KE","Kenya",1,100,"Article 160 of the Constitution of Kenya guarantees the independence of the Judiciary and expressly states that it shall not be subject to the control of any person or authority.\n\n160. Independence of the Judiciary\n(1)  In the exercise of judicial authority, the Judiciary, as constituted by Article 161, shall be subject only to this Constitution and the law and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority.\n(2)  The office of a judge of a superior court shall not be abolished while there is a substantive holder of the office.\n(3)  The remuneration and benefits payable to or in respect of judges shall be a charge on the Consolidated Fund.\n(4)  Subject to Article 168(6), the remuneration and benefits payable to, or in respect of, a judge shall not be varied to the disadvantage of that judge, and the retirement benefits of a retired judge shall not be varied to the disadvantage of the retired judge during the lifetime of that retired judge.\n(5) A member of the Judiciary is not liable in an action or suit in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in good faith in the lawful performance of a judicial function.\n\nArticle 3(a) of the Judicial Service Act 2011 also guarantees the independence of the Judiciary in Kenya. It says that a Judicial Service Commission must uphold, sustain and facilitate a Judiciary that is independent, impartial and subject only to the provisions of the Constitution and the law.","1. The Constitution of Kenya.The Constitution to effect in August 2010. Article 160. \nhttp://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/kenyalex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010\n\n2. Judicial Service Act 2011. This law was assented to on March 21, 2011 and commenced a day later. Article 3(a).\nhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CEQQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cickenya.org%2Findex.php%2Fresource-center%2Fdownloads%2Fdownloads-acts%2Fitem%2Fdownload%2F110_bf31292ce9e850991885a7430c548044&ei=AYaiU7XqLYLqOMzVgLgG&usg=AFQjCNEzanPj3BfOXXdzBJWJ0s-RUVUsAA&sig2=1cDnYTbHkT4xyJrsX3Wf0w&bvm=bv.69411363,d.ZWU.\n\n3. Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya (LSK). Interviewed on June 19, 2014.","Article 160 of the Constitution of Kenya guarantees the independence of the Judiciary and expressly states that it shall not be subject to the control of any person or authority...."]
["2014_LS_1",2014,"LS","Lesotho",1,100,"Chapter 14 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Lesotho provides for the independence of the judiciary. \n\nSection 118 (2) accords judicial independence as follows: “The courts shall, in the performance of their functions under this Constitution or any other law, be independent and free from interference and subject only to this Constitution and any other law.” \n\nAdditionally, subsection (3) states that “the government shall accord such assistance as the courts may require to enable them to protect their independence, dignity and effectiveness, subject to this constitution and any other law.”\n\nThe Administration of Judiciary Act of 2011 enhances the financial and administrative independence of the judiciary as enshrined in the constitution. This act provides for the independent recruitment of staff and for the budgeting autonomy of the judiciary. It also establishes the Judicial Service Commission and Judicial Inspectorate in order to strengthen the judiciary as a separate arm of the state.","1. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Lesotho (1993). Chapter 14: section 118 (2) &(3). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. Administration of Judiciary Act, 2011. Part 1: Sections 2 and 4 and Part II, Section 17","Chapter 14 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Lesotho provides for the independence of the judiciary. ..."]
["2014_LR_1",2014,"LR","Liberia",1,100,"The Constitution of Liberia guarantees the independence of the judiciary. As established by the constitution, no one or other branches of government has the right to interfere with the judiciary. The judicial power of the country is vested in the Supreme Court which has a chief justice and four associate justices. The chief justice, is therefore, the head of the judiciary and his rulings are not predicated upon anyone or other branches of government. \n\nThe constitution gives solely the Supreme Court power to be the final abettor of all constitutional matters and the right to exercise appellate jurisdictions over all cases except for such cases involving foreign diplomats and cases in which the country is a party. \n\nTo ensure the confidence of the people in the judiciary and to guarantee its independence, the 1986 Constitution, in Article 70, compels all persons appointed as judges to take oath before assuming positions to serve as judges. To further ensure the independence of the judiciary, Article 73 of the 1986 Constitution protects judges against summon, arrest, detention, prosecution or trial of any kind for rendering judicial opinions or statements.","The 1986 Constitution, Chapter 1 Article 3 and Chapter VII, Article 65. http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm#chapter7","The Constitution of Liberia guarantees the independence of the judiciary. As established by the constitution, no one or other branches of government has the right to interfere with the judiciary. The judicial power of the country is vested in the Supreme Court which has a chief jus..."]
["2014_LY_1",2014,"LY","Libya",1,0,"No law exists that specifies all of the above scoring criteria. In the Constitutional Declaration (Articles 32 and 33), the judicial system is independent from the executive and this cannot be changed without a two-thirds majority of the interim National Transitional Council. Article 33 states, \"The State shall guarantee to bring the judiciary authorities near the litigants.\" However, the scope of duties of the judiciary authority is not precise. \n\nThough Law 6/1982 states that the judiciary is under the sole supervision of the Supreme Court, it fails to be explicit about the independence of the judiciary. Further, the TNC is authorized by the transitional constitution to form and appoint judicial commissions that lack independence and neutrality. In law, there is no oversight over these appointments.","No such law exists.\n\nLibyan Interim Constitutional Declaration 8/2011, Articles 32 and 33.\n\nLaw No. (6) for the year 1982, the reorganization of the Supreme Court.","No law exists that specifies all of the above scoring criteria. In the Constitutional Declaration (Articles 32 and 33), the judicial system is independent from the executive and this cannot be changed without a two-thirds majority of the interim National Transitional Council. Artic..."]
["2014_MG_1",2014,"MG","Madagascar",1,0,"La Constitution de la IVème République définit cette indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire selon l’art. 107 et 108. Selon l'Article 107, «le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. A cet effet, il est assisté par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature dont il est le président. Le ministre chargé de la justice en est le vice-président.» Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.\n\nSelon l'Article 108, «dans leurs activités juridictionnelles, les magistrats du siège, les juges et assesseurs sont indépendants et ne sont soumis qu'à la Constitution et à la loi. A ce titre, hors les cas prévus par la loi et sous réserve du pouvoir disciplinaire, ils ne peuvent, en aucune manière, être inquiétés dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions.» \n \n La loi organique n° 2007-039 du 14 janvier 2007 relative au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature spécifie que cette indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par le Président de la République en son article premier : « conformément aux dispositions de l’article 107 de la Constitution, le Président de la République est le garant de l’indépendance de la justice.» \n \n Le pouvoir judiciaire, selon le Code de déontologie des magistrats, a toute latitude de travailler « conformément à l’esprit de la loi » selon l’article 2 du Décret n°2005-710 du 25 octobre 2005. Ainsi, il a le droit de passer en revue les lois, de publier les décisions judiciaires et à choisir des affaires que les tribunaux auront à juger.»","Constitution de la IVe République du 11 décembre 2010, notamment en son titre III, sous titre IV. Du juridictionnel, art.107, premier alinéa : « Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice ». http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm\n \n Loi organique n° 2007-039 du 14 janvier 2008 relative au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 3 173, 19 mars 2008, pp.1195-1200.\n \n Décret n° 2005-710 du 25 octobre 2005 portant Code de déontologie des magistrats, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 3 016, 27 février 2006, p. 1625.","La Constitution de la IVème République définit cette indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire selon l’art. 107 et 108. Selon l'Article 107, «le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la justice. A cet effet, il est assisté par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature d..."]
["2014_MW_1",2014,"MW","Malawi",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the constitution and supporting laws, namely, the Courts Act. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, in Section 9, establishes the judiciary with \"separate status, function and duty\" from the executive and legislature. Section 11 (4) of the constitution further protects this independence by stipulating that \"any law that ousts or purports to oust the jurisdiction of the courts to entertain matters pertaining to this Constitution shall be invalid\". The judiciary also has the power to handle cases as stated in Section 103 (2) of the constitution which reads, “The judiciary shall have jurisdiction over all issues of judicial nature and shall have exclusive authority to decide whether an issue is within its competence”. This is also emphasized in Section 108, which give the courts power to review any act or law for conformity with the constitution.\n\nThe 2009 ruling by Justice Twea in \"The State Vs the Electoral Commission, Ex-Parte: Dr. Bakili Muluzi and United Democratic Front\", emphasized that the powers of the courts granted in Section 108 (2) Courts Act, especially Section 61 (1-3), support the independence of the judiciary by protecting all judicial officers from lawsuits for acts or decision taken in fulfilment of their duties.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, 2010. Sections 9, 11, 103 and 108. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n2.  Courts Act. Section 61. Passed in 1958. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/3:02/courts_act_pdf_20355.pdf\n\n3. The State vs the Electoral Commission. Ex-Parte: Dr. Bakili Muluzi and United Democratic Front. Constitutional Civil Cause No. 2 of 2009. http://www.malawilii.org/mw/judgment/high-court-general-division/2009/8","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the constitution and supporting laws, namely, the Courts Act. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, in Section 9, establishes the judiciary with \"separate status, function and duty\" from the executive and legislature. Section..."]
["2014_ML_1",2014,"ML","Mali",1,0,"La législation malienne garantie l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Cette indépendance est notamment consacrée par la Constitution du 25 février 1992, en son article 81 (titre VI) qui stipule : «Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Il s'exerce par la Cour suprême et les autres cours et tribunaux».\n\nLe Code de déontologie des magistrats dispose en son article 3 que l’indépendance de la magistrature est indispensable à l’exercice d’une justice impartiale, et que le magistrat doit respecter l’indépendance de la magistrature et favoriser l’application de mesures et de garanties visant à préserver et à accroître cette indépendance.\"\n\nCependant, le président de la République est aussi le président du conseil de la magistrature suprême de la magistrature. Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","Constitution du Mali, Article 81 titre VI, adoptée le 25 février 1992, http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Mali-2.pdf\n \nLoi n°02-054/ du 16 décembre 2002 portant statut de la magistrature, Journal Officiel N° 36 du 31 décembre 2002.","La législation malienne garantie l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Cette indépendance est notamment consacrée par la Constitution du 25 février 1992, en son article 81 (titre VI) qui stipule : «Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Il s'exer..."]
["2014_MR_1",2014,"MR","Mauritania",1,0,"La Loi organique n°94-O12 du 17 Février 1994 sur le statut des magistrats dispose en son article 7 notamment que les magistrats du siège n'obéissent qu'à la loi. Cette disposition ne fait que de reprendre l'article 90 de la Constitution mauritanienne du 20 juillet 191 rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n° 2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006, laquelle stipule notamment que le juge n'obéit qu'à la loi. Cette importante disposition consacre également l'indépendance et protège le juge dans l'exercice de ses fonctions.  \n\nIl y a lieu de souligner également que la Loi constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 portant révision de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 dispose en son article 89 que le pouvoir judicaire est indépendant des pouvoirs législatif et exécutif. Cet article constitue une innovation majeure, sa constitutionnalisation est une étape importante pour l’avènement d’un pouvoir judiciaire indépendant. Issue des journées de concertation et de dialogue entre la majorité et une partie de l'opposition, la constitutionnalisation de la séparation des pouvoirs vient parachever l'édification normative de l'indépendance de la justice.\n\nDans le cadre de l'organisation judicaire héritée de la France, la Mauritanie a des magistrats du siège qui bénéficient de l'inamovibilité. Les magistrats du parquet ne bénéficient pas de cette garantie. L'indépendance des juges en général, consacrée par la loi fondamentale mauritanienne, et celle des juges du siège en particulier, prévue par la loi organique, viennent compléter l'édifice judiciaire définissant la séparation des pouvoirs telle que voulue par le constituant mauritanien. \n\nConformément au statut de la magistrature, les juges sont nommés et mutés par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM). Dans l'exercice de leur fonction, les magistrats ne disposent pas d'un mandat et peuvent faire l'objet d'affectations dans d'autres juridictions. Ils possèdent l'autorité que leur confère la loi. Toutefois, le président de la Cour suprême dispose d'un mandat de cinq ans renouvelable une fois. Les juges ont en outre l’obligation de rendre les décisions judicaires et à les motiver. Le Code pénal considère qu'un refus de rendre une décision de justice constitue un déni de justice et que cela est de nature à engager la responsabilité pénale du magistrat. \"\n\nLa Loi constitutionnelle n° 2012-015\nArticle 90 : Le juge n’obéit qu’à la loi. Dans le cadre de sa mission, il est protégé contre toute forme de pression de nature à nuire à son libre arbitre.\"\n\nArticle 89 : Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le Président de la République est garant de l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature, qu’il préside. Une loi organique fixe le Statut de la magistrature, la composition, le fonctionnement et les attributions du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","1.Article 11 de la Loi constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 portant révision de la Constitution mauritanienne du 20 juillet 191 rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n°2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006; http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=542bf4684\n \n2. Articles 90 et  89 de la Constitution mauritanienne du 20 juillet 1991 rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n°2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006;\n\n3. Loi organique n°94-012 du 17 Février 1994 portant statut de la magistrature. (1994). Article 7. http://www.coursupreme.mr/NR/rdonlyres/360F8B82-97F8-49A7-834C-8232FF5F4F20/6314/statutmagistratureFR.pdf.","La Loi organique n°94-O12 du 17 Février 1994 sur le statut des magistrats dispose en son article 7 notamment que les magistrats du siège n'obéissent qu'à la loi. Cette disposition ne fait que de reprendre l'article 90 de la Constitution mauritanienne du 20 juillet 191 rétablie et m..."]
["2014_MU_1",2014,"MU","Mauritius",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed in Mauritius. Under the constitution, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary have respective roles to play independent from each other. \n\nChapter VII of the constitution defines the judicature including the appointment of judges and the role of the Supreme Court. Furthermore, any party who would not accept a judgement delivered by the Supreme Court may appeal to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom as per the Mauritius (Appeals to Privy Council) Order 1968. The judgement of the Privy Council is binding on the Supreme Court of Mauritius.\n\nSection 76 states that:\n“There shall be a Supreme Court for Mauritius which shall have unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law other than a disciplinary law and such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred upon it by this Constitution or any other law.”\n\nJudges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president of Mauritius upon recommendation by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, which is an independent body. The dismissal of a judge depends on the “inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or for misbehavior.\n\nA special tribunal consisting of “a chairman and no less than two other members, selected by the president from among persons who hold or have held office as a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in some part of the Commonwealth or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from any such court,” will investigate the matter.","Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius \n • Year passed: 1968\n • Section(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Chapter VII \n(Section 76, 77 and 78)\n • Link to the law(s) if/when available:\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf \nhttp://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/Constitution/6%20MAURITIUSAPPEALSPRIVYCOUNCILORDER1968.pdf","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed in Mauritius. Under the constitution, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary have respective roles to play independent from each other. ..."]
["2014_MA_1",2014,"MA","Morocco",1,0,"Article 107 (7) of  the Moroccan Constitution separates the judiciary from the executive and legislative powers. Articles 109 and 110 further define how the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by establishing a judge's right to independence and autonomy.\n\nHowever, according to Article 107 of the constitution, the independence of the judiciary is compromised because this article makes the king who is head of state, head of the the Superior Council of the Judicial Power. This compromises the independence of the judiciary from the executive branch.","Moroccan Constitution - voted in July 2011 - Section VII articles 56 and 107. http://www.maroc.ma/en/system/files/documents_page/bo_5964bis_fr_3.pdf","Article 107 (7) of  the Moroccan Constitution separates the judiciary from the executive and legislative powers. Articles 109 and 110 further define how the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by establishing a judge's right to independence and autonomy...."]
["2014_MZ_1",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed in the constitution by Articles 134 and 217. These articles state that \"judges only comply with the constitution, with the law and the judge's conscience.\"  \n\nSpecifically, Article 217 reads: Independence of Judges\n1. In the exercise of their functions, judges shall be independent and shall owe obedience only to the law.\n2. Judges shall likewise be impartial and unaccountable.\n3. Judges shall be irremovable, inasmuch as they cannot be transferred, suspended, retired or dismissed, except in the cases established by law.\n\nFurther, the Law of Judiciary Organization mentions in its Article 10: \"In the exercise of their duties the judges are independent and impartial and must only obey the constitution and the law. The independence of judges is ensured by the existence of an autonomus organ (Superior Council of the Judiciary) of management and discipline, and immovability and not be subject to any orders or instructions, except for the duty to adhere to the the decisions made on appeal by superior courts.\"\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree, with a comment to add: Article 134 does not speak explicitly of the indepedence of the judiciary. It states: \"The sovereign public offices are established on the principles of separation and interdependence of powers enshrined in the Constitution, and shall owe obedience to the Constitution and the laws (Separation and Interdependence).\" Although the constitution does not clearly state the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, Article 217 gives enough independence to the Judiciary. Moreover, Article 225 (2) states that the judiciary shall ensure the uniform application of the law within the sphere of its jurisdiction in the interest of the people of Mozambique.","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 2004, Articles 134 and 217.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf \nhttp://www.acismoz.com//lib/services/translations/TransConstitution2004eng.pdf  \n\nLaw of Judiciary Organisation (Lei da Organizacao Judiciaria -Lei 24/2007 de 20 de Agosto). Article 10, 2007. https://www.dropbox.com/s/iin664cixj86i1d/Lei%20Organica%20dos%20Tribunais%202007.pdf?dl=0","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed in the constitution by Articles 134 and 217. These articles state that \"judges only comply with the constitution, with the law and the judge's conscience.\"  ..."]
["2014_NA_1",2014,"NA","Namibia",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by Article 78 of the Namibian Constitution that states: (1) The judicial power shall be vested in the courts of Namibia, which shall be (a) a supreme court of Namibia (b) a high court of Namibia (c) lower courts of Namibia.\n(2) The courts shall be independent and subject only to this constitution and the law. (3) No member of the Cabinet or legislature or any other person shall interfere with judges or judicial officers in the exercise of their judicial functions and all organs of the state shall accord such assistance as the courts may require to protect their independence, dignity and effectiveness, subject to the terms of the constitution or any other law.\n\nThe mandates of the different courts are highlighted in their individual acts: High Court Act 16 of 1990 for the High Court, Supreme Court 15 of 1990 for the Supreme Court, and Magistrates Court Act 32 of 1944, Labour Courts Act and Customary Acts for lower courts.\n\nArticles 80 and 81 of the constitution authorize the judiciary to review laws and issue binding decisions, and empowers the High Court to \"adjudicate upon all civil disputes and criminal prosecutions,\" including appeals of lower court decisions.","Namibian Constitution, 1990, chapter 9 - The Administration of Justice; http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf\nhttp://www.orusovo.com/namcon/","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by Article 78 of the Namibian Constitution that states: (1) The judicial power shall be vested in the courts of Namibia, which shall be (a) a supreme court of Namibia (b) a high court of Namibia (c) lower courts of Namibia...."]
["2014_NE_1",2014,"NE","Niger",1,0,"Selon l'Article. 116 de la Constitution du Niger (2010): « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour constitutionnelle, la Cour de cassation, le Conseil d'Etat, la Cour des comptes, les cours et tribunaux.»\n\n116 of the Constitution: Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour constitutionnelle, la Cour de cassation, le Conseil d'Etat, la Cour des comptes, les cours et tribunaux. 120: La Cour constitutionnelle est la juridiction compétente en matière constitutionnelle et électorale.  Elle est chargée de statuer sur la constitutionnalité des lois, des ordonnances ainsi que de la conformité des traités et accords internationaux à la Constitution. Elle interprète les dispositions de la Constitution. Elle contrôle la régularité, la transparence et la sincérité du référendum, des élections présidentielle et législatives. Elle est juge du contentieux électoral et proclame les résultats définitifs des élections\".\n \n Art. 117: «La justice est rendue sur le territoire national au nom du peuple et dans le respect strict de la règle de droit, ainsi que des droits et libertés de chaque citoyen. Les décisions de justice s'imposent à tous, aux pouvoirs publics comme aux citoyens. Elles ne peuvent être critiquées que par les voies et sous les formes autorisées par la loi.»\n \n Art. 118 : «Dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, les magistrats sont indépendants et ne sont soumis qu'à l'autorité de la loi. »\n\nArt.  120: «La Cour constitutionnelle est la juridiction compétente en matière constitutionnelle et électorale.  Elle est chargée de statuer sur la constitutionnalité des lois, des ordonnances ainsi que de la conformité des traités et accords internationaux à la Constitution. Elle interprète les dispositions de la Constitution. Elle contrôle la régularité, la transparence et la sincérité du référendum, des élections présidentielle et législatives. Elle est juge du contentieux électoral et proclame les résultats définitifs des élections. »\n\nCependant, selon l'article 5 de la Loi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), le Président de la République est Président du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","Articles. 116, 117, 118 de la Constitution du 25 novembre 2010, Titre VI: Pouvoir Judiciaire, http://www.gouv.ne/index.php/textes-fondamentaux/constitution-de-la-7eme-republique\n\nLoi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), article 5. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I-RKyXtY5OEJ:www.justice.gouv.ne/sites/default/files/lois_reglements/Loi-2007-05.doc+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us","Selon l'Article. 116 de la Constitution du Niger (2010): « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour constitutionnelle, la Cour de cassation, le Conseil d'Etat, la Cour des comptes, les cours et ..."]
["2014_NG_1",2014,"NG","Nigeria",1,100,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the doctrine of separation of powers among the executive, judiciary and legislature.\n\nWhile the constitution does not plainly provide for the independence of the three arms, many of its sections make reference to the court as an independent arm. Section 39 (3a) for instance states: \"for the purpose of preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, maintaining the authority and independence of courts ...\"\n\nThe court connotes the judiciary, as Section 6 (1) of the Constitution states: \"The judicial powers of the federation shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established for the federation.\"\n\nSection 6 (6a) of the same law mandates the judiciary to review laws, issue judicial decisions and choose the cases heard by courts by stating that the judicial powers of the courts \"shall extend, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this constitution, to all inherent powers and sanctions of a court of law.\"\n\nThe independent National Judicial Council is in charge of selecting justices and appointing them. The commission, as such, is selected from a wide field of independent personalities and former judges. Rules are found in Schedule I to the constitution. \n\nThe oath of judges in the seventh schedule and the code of conduct of judges enshrined in the constitution further guarantee that the judiciary stays independent of executive and legislative branches. \n\nArticles 230 and 231 specify a wide-ranging mandate for the Supreme Court (and other courts) to review laws and issue decisions. All such rights are bound by the constitution or any other applicable law.\n\nThe independence of the judiciary is considered to be determined by the security of tenure and pay, appointment and removal of judicial officers and individual and institutional freedom from unwarranted interference with the judicial process.","Nigerian Constitution, 1999, Chapter 1, Part 2, Powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Section 6 (Judicial); Chapter VII, The Judicature, Section 230-294; Chapter IV, Fundamental Rights, Section 39, Subsection (3a).\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1\n\nCode of Conduct for Judicial Officers, Preamble.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/CodeOfConductForJudicialOfficers.htm","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the doctrine of separation of powers among the executive, judiciary and legislature...."]
["2014_RW_1",2014,"RW","Rwanda",1,100,"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. Article 140 of the constitution reads: \"The Judiciary is independent and separate from the legislative and executive branches of government. It enjoys financial and administrative autonomy. Justice is rendered in the name of the people and nobody may be a judge in his or her own cause. Judicial decisions are binding on all parties concerned, be they public authorities or individuals. They shall not be challenged except through ways and procedures determined by law,\" \n\nArticles 4 and 5 of the law related to the code of ethics for the judiciary, in its part on judiciary independence, states: \"A judge shall be independent in the exercise of his or her judicial functions. A judge shall independently examine matters before him or her and take decisions without any external pressure. In cases before court, a judge shall guard against any attempts to influence his or her decisions other than those made through the ordinary procedure provided for by the law. A judge is bound to decide cases in accordance with the law.\"","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date, Chapter V, Section 1, Article 140. \nhttp://www.rwandahope.com/constitution.pdf\n\nLaw No. 9/2004, related to the code of ethics for the judiciary, Section 1, Articles 4 and 5.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7532&iid=1570&rid=30695477","In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. Article 140 of the constitution reads: \"The Judiciary is independent and separate from the legislative and executive branches of government. It enjoys financial and administrative autonomy. Justice is rendered in the name of ..."]
["2014_ST_1",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",1,100,"In Sao Tome and Principe, the judiciary is independent, according to the constitution, which states in Part 3, Title 4, Article 120, Paragraph 1: \"The courts are sovereign bodies with the power to administer justice on behalf of the people,\" followed by Article 121: \"The courts are independent and subject only to the laws.\"\n\nThe constitution specifies further in Article 120, Paragraph 2: \"The administration of justice rests with the courts in defence of the rights and legally protected interests of the citizens, settles conflicts of public and private interest and prosecutes violations of the law.\" Further evidence that it is the judiciary's authority to review laws and issue judicial decisions is found in Article 122, Paragraph 1: \"Court decisions are fundamental in all cases prescribed by law,\" and Paragraph 2: \"Court decisions are binding for all public and private authorities and prevail over any other authority.\" \n\nThe last revision of the national constitution was on Jan. 25, 2003. The law clearly establishes that the judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches. \n\nThe independence of the judiciary is also stated at the legal level. The Framework Law of the Judiciary System – Law No. 8/91 stated in Article 2 that \"the courts are independent and are subject only to the laws\"","Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Law No. 1/2003, Part 3, Title 4, Articles 120, 121 and 122. http://www.parlamento.st/Legisl/leg%20Constit/Frames_legisl_constit.htm\n\nFramework Law of the Judiciary System, Law No. 8/91, Chapter I, Article 2\nhttp://www.stj.st/download/lei_base_do_sistema_judiciario.pdf","In Sao Tome and Principe, the judiciary is independent, according to the constitution, which states in Part 3, Title 4, Article 120, Paragraph 1: \"The courts are sovereign bodies with the power to administer justice on behalf of the people,\" followed by Article 121: \"The courts are..."]
["2014_SN_1",2014,"SN","Senegal",1,0,"L’article 88 de la Constitution du 22 janvier 2001, modifiée, garantit l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Cet article stipule que: « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et les cours et tribunaux.» \n\nLa Constitution établit le droit, l'autorité ou le mandat du corps judiciaire à examiner les lois, à rendre les décisions judiciaires et à choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux en ses articles 91, 31 et 34 qui stipulent respectivement que « le pouvoir judiciaire est gardien des droits et libertés définis par la Constitution et la loi. » « Les cours et tribunaux veillent à la régularité de la campagne électorale et à l'égalité des candidats pour l'utilisation des moyens de propagande, dans les conditions déterminées par une loi organique » et « Les cours et tribunaux veillent à la régularité du scrutin dans les conditions déterminées par une loi organique ».\n\nCependant, la loi organique N°92-26 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, le Président de la République est aussi le Président du CSM, et le Ministre de Justice est vice-président.","Constitution de la République du Sénégal de 2001. Modifiée en ses articles 31, 34, 88 et 91.\nhttp://www.gouv.sn/-Constitution-du-Senegal-.html\n\nLoi organique N°92-26 modifiant l'ordonnance N°60-16 portant loi organique sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. http://ww.coursupreme.sn/menusysjudi/207-conseil-sup-mag.html","L’article 88 de la Constitution du 22 janvier 2001, modifiée, garantit l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Cet article stipule que: « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême,..."]
["2014_SC_1",2014,"SC","Seychelles",1,100,"The Constitution of the Seychelles states:\n119 (2) The judiciary shall be independent and be subject only to this constitution and the other laws of Seychelles.\n120 (1) There shall be a court of appeal which shall, subject to this constitution, have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgement, direction, decision, declaration, decree, writ or order of the  supreme court and such other appellate jurisdiction as may be conferred upon the court of appeal by this constitution and by or under an act.\n125 (1) There shall be a supreme court which shall, in addition to the jurisdiction and powers conferred by this constitution, have (a) original jurisdiction in matters relating to the application, contravention, enforcement or interpretation of this constitution;\n(b) original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters;\n(c) supervisory jurisdiction over subordinate courts, tribunals and adjudicating authority and, in this connection, shall have power to issue injunctions, directions, orders or writs including writs or orders in the nature of habeas corpus, certiorari, mandamus, prohibition and quo warranto as may be appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of its supervisory jurisdiction; and\n(d) such other original, appellate and other jurisdiction as may be conferred on it by or under an act.\n\nThe Courts Act states: \n5. The supreme court shall continue to have, and is hereby invested with full original jurisdiction to hear and determine all suits, actions, causes, and matters under all laws for the time being in force in Seychelles relating to wills and execution of wills, interdiction or appointment of a curator, guardianship of minors, adoption, insolvency, bankruptcy, matrimonial causes and generally to hear and determine all civil suits, actions, causes and matters that may be brought or may be pending before it, whatever may be the nature of such suits, actions, causes or matters, and, in exercising such jurisdiction, the supreme court shall have, and is hereby invested with, all the powers, privileges, authority, and jurisdiction which is vested in, or capable of being exercised by the high court of justice in England.","Constitution of Seychelles 1993: Articles 119, 120, 125.\navailable at: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/42\n\nCourts Act 1964 cap 52, Article 5. http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/52","The Constitution of the Seychelles states:\n119 (2) The judiciary shall be independent and be subject only to this constitution and the other laws of Seychelles...."]
["2014_SL_1",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",1,100,"Section 120 (1-3) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991, provides for judicial power to be vested in the judiciary and the law establishes the judiciary’s right, authority, and mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions and choose the cases heard by the courts.\n\"(1) The Judicial power of Sierra Leone shall be vested in the Judiciary of which the Chief Justice shall be the Head.\n(2) The Judiciary shall have jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal including matters relating to this Constitution, and such other matters in respect of which Parliament may by or under an Act of Parliament confer jurisdiction on the Judiciary.\n(3) In the exercise of its judicial functions, the Judiciary shall be subject to only this Constitution or any other law, and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any other person or authority.\"","The Constitution of Sierra Leone, Chapter VII: The Judiciary Part 1 - The Superior Court of Judicature, Section 120 (3), 1991. \nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf","Section 120 (1-3) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991, provides for judicial power to be vested in the judiciary and the law establishes the judiciary’s right, authority, and mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions and choose the cases heard by the courts...."]
["2014_SO_1",2014,"SO","Somalia",1,100,"The Provisional Constitution adopted on August 1, 2012, of The Federal Republic of Somalia states in Chapter 1, Article 3, Section 4, that there is a \"separation of powers between the legislature, executive and an independent judiciary, in order to ensure accountability, efficiency and responsiveness to the interests of the people.\" In addition, Article 106, Section 1, stipulates that: \"The judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches of government whilst fulfilling its judicial functions. Members of the judiciary shall be subject only to the law.\" \n\nFurthermore, Article 109c stipulates: \"The Constitutional Court shall have sole jurisdiction on matters of interpretation of the Constitution which have not arisen out of court litigation.\" \n\nIn Puntland State:\nChapter 4, Article 87 of the First Draft of Revised Constitution the Regional State of Puntland says that: \"In the exercise of their functions, the Judiciary will have complete independence from the Legislative and Executive organs of the Puntland State, and shall be subject only to the Constitution and the Laws. Judges shall not be subject to interference in their judicial functions from any persons.\"","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia adopted on August 1, 2012, Mogadishu, Somalia. Articles 3, 106 and 109C. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nFirst Draft of Revised Constitution of the Regional State of Puntland, 2012, Article 87. https://www.dropbox.com/s/d6zalzajd3a33j8/First_Draft_of_Revised_Constitution_the_Regional_State_of_Puntland.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is, at times, information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in the sources and comments as well. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","The Provisional Constitution adopted on August 1, 2012, of The Federal Republic of Somalia states in Chapter 1, Article 3, Section 4, that there is a \"separation of powers between the legislature, executive and an independent judiciary, in order to ensure accountability, efficiency..."]
["2014_ZA_1",2014,"ZA","South Africa",1,100,"Chapter 8 of the South African Constitution deals with courts and the administration of justice. It says that the courts and judges are independent, and only subjected to the constitution and the rule of law (section 165.2). Chapter 8 also states that no other organ of state may interfere with the functioning of the judiciary and are required to assist the judiciary in maintaining its independence.  \n\nSection 167 empowers the Constitutional Court to review and issue decisions on any law, appeal, or case.\n\nThe Code of Judicial Conduct (adopted in October 2012), which falls under the Judicial Service Commission Act (Act 9 of 1994), states that (article 4) judges are required to be independent, that they should take reasonable steps when another organ of state interferes with their work and should not ask for favours or special dispensation.","The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), Chapter 8. http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996.\n\nCode of Judicial Conduct, which falls under the Judicial Service Commission Act (Act 9 of 1994), Article 4. http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/notices/2012/20121018-gg35802-nor865-judicial-conduct.pdf.","Chapter 8 of the South African Constitution deals with courts and the administration of justice. It says that the courts and judges are independent, and only subjected to the constitution and the rule of law (section 165.2). Chapter 8 also states that no other organ of state may in..."]
["2014_SS_1",2014,"SS","South Sudan",1,100,"South Sudan’s laws guarantee the independence of the country’s judiciary. One of the laws that caters to the independence of the judiciary is the Transitional Constitution.\n\nArticle 123 of the Transitional Constitution covers judicial powers. Subsection (2) states that that “Judicial power shall be vested in an independent institution to be known as the Judiciary.\" \nArticle 23, Subsection (4) states: “The Judiciary shall have power to adjudicate on disputes and render judgments in accordance with this Constitution and the law.\" \nArticle 25 covers independence of the Judiciary. Subsection (1) states: “The Judiciary shall be independent of the executive and the legislature.” Subsection (5) states: “The executive and legislative organs at all levels of government shall uphold, promote and respect the independence of the Judiciary.” Subsection (6) states: “Justices and Judges shall be independent in their judicial work, and shall perform their functions without interference. Their independence shall be guaranteed by this Constitution and the law.” And, Subsection (8) states: “Justices and Judges shall not be affected by their judicial decisions.”\n\nAnother law that provides for the independence of the judiciary is the Judiciary Act, 2008.\nArticle 6 of the Judiciary Act is about judicial power and independence. Subsection (2) states that the judiciary shall be independent of the Southern Sudan (now South Sudan) executive and the legislature. \"The President of the Supreme Court, as the head of the Judiciary, shall be answerable to the President of the Government of South Sudan (GOSS) for the proper functioning and administration of the Judiciary.\" Subsection (3) states: “The Judiciary shall have an independent financial budget charge on the consolidated fund, approved by the President of the Government of Southern Sudan, on the recommendation of the Council.”\n\nIn addition, the process of appointment of South Sudan’s Supreme and High Court judges also guarantees their independence. Whereas the Supreme Court and High Court judges are appointed by the president and approved by the Council of Ministers, the same judges can only be dismissed by the Judicial Service Commission. In short, although they are appointed by politicians, they are only removed by a civil service body based on spelled-out procedures.","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011. Articles 23, 25, 123. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf\n\nJudiciary Act, 2008. Article 6. \nhttp://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file7/10.pdf","South Sudan’s laws guarantee the independence of the country’s judiciary. One of the laws that caters to the independence of the judiciary is the Transitional Constitution...."]
["2014_SD_1",2014,"SD","Sudan",1,100,"The judiciary is formally independent. The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.\n\nArticle 123 (2) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, stipulates that \"The National Judiciary shall be independent of the legislature and the Executive, with the necessary financial and administrative independence.\"\n\nArticle 123 (3) (3) states that the National Judiciary shall have judicial competence to adjudicate on disputes and render judgments in accordance with the law.\nArticles 130 and 132 give the executive the right to appoint justices. The executive is also empowered (Article 131) to dismiss justices upon the recommendation of the Supreme Justice and with approval of the National Judicial Service Commission in cases of gross misconduct, incompetence and incapacity, pending a two-thirds majority vote of Parliament. \n\nArticle (18) of the Judiciary Act also notes the right of the president to appoint and dismiss.","Government of Sudan, The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, Sections (119-123). http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sd/sd003en.pdf\n\nJudiciary Act (1986), Chapter 5, Article (18)\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba749762.html\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/5/6.htm","The judiciary is formally independent. The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches...."]
["2014_SZ_1",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",1,0,"In a political system whose ultimate authority, the monarch, is superior to the national constitution and the authority of the three branches of government, no one branch, including the judiciary, can be said to be independent. The law governing judicial independence, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005, which was signed into being by King Mswati III in 2006, states that neither the crown nor parliament nor any authority may interfere with the judiciary. \n\nArticle 138 of the constitution 2006 \"Justice shall be administered in the name of the Crown by the Judiciary which shall be independent and subject only to this Constitution.\" \n\n139: The judicary consists of the Superior Court of Judicature comprising (a) The Supreme Court, and The High Court, (b)  such specialised, subordinate and Swazi courts or tribunals exercising a judicial function as Parliament may by law establish. The Judiciary has jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal, including matters relating to this Constitution, and such other jurisdiction as may by law be conferred on it. \n\nHowever, the king chooses the Judicial Services Commission (JSC) that recommends judicial appointments to him, and the constitution's Chapter VIII, Part 3 - Appointment of Justices, Section 153 (1) – gives the king the power to make all judicial appointments. Critics of this system that places the king above the constitution say that judicial independence is not possible, as the king will appoint judges who conform to his wishes.\n\nThe constitution does not endow the courts with the authority to review laws passed by parliament. However, the constitution does assign to the High Court the responsibility to hear matters of a constitutional nature and related to human rights provisions included in the constitution, Section 151 2 (a) and (b). Theoretically, a plaintiff might sue to overturn a parliamentary act if it is felt the act violates the constitution, and the High Court is obliged to carry out this review.","Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter VIII - The Judicator, Part 1, 141 (1) and (2), 2006; http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/constitutions/swaziland_constitution.pdf","In a political system whose ultimate authority, the monarch, is superior to the national constitution and the authority of the three branches of government, no one branch, including the judiciary, can be said to be independent. The law governing judicial independence, the Constitut..."]
["2014_TZ_1",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",1,100,"Sections 107A (1) and 107 B of the constitution guarantee the independence of the judiciary and the power to dispense justice and be the final arbiter in judicial decision making. \"\n\nSection 107A (1) states: \"The Judiciary shall be the authority with final decision in dispensation of justice in the United Republic of Tanzania.\"\n\nSection 107B states: \"In exercising the powers of dispensing justice, all courts shall have freedom and shall be required only to observe the provisions of the Constitution and those of the laws of the land.\"\n\nArticle 107A of Constitution: \"The Judiciary shall be the authority with final decision in dispensation of justice in the United Republic of Tanzania. It delivers decisions in matters of civil and criminal nature in accordance with the laws.\"\nArticle 107B \"In exercising the powers of dispensing justice, all courts shall have freedom and shall be required only to observe the provisions of the Constitution and those of the laws of the land.\"\n\nArticle 2 (1) of the Judicature and Application of Laws \"Save as provided hereinafter or in any other written law, expressed, the High Court shall have full jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters.\" \n\nThe Magistrates Courts Act of 1963 provides for the jurisdiction, powers and functions of magistrates' courts and for other related matters. The Judicature and Application of Laws Act declares the jurisdiction of the high court and courts subordinate thereto to apply and recognize certain laws.","1.The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania of 1977; Sections 107(A) to 107(B). http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf\n2.Authority of Dispensing Justice Act No.3 of 2000 Art.17, Act No.1 of 2005 and Government Notice No.150 of 2005 and the Independence of the Judiciary Act No.3 of 2000, Art.17.\n3.The Magistrates Courts Act - http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/55-1963.pdf\n4.The Judicature and Applications of Laws Act -\nwww.lrct.go.tz/download/updated-acts-tanzania/judicature.pdf\n5.The Appellate Jurisdiction Act -http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/appellate%20jurisdiction%20act.pdf","Sections 107A (1) and 107 B of the constitution guarantee the independence of the judiciary and the power to dispense justice and be the final arbiter in judicial decision making. \"..."]
["2014_TG_1",2014,"TG","Togo",1,100,"Article 113 de la Constitution : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est garant des libertés individuelles et des droits fondamentaux des citoyens. » \n \n Article 1er de l'Ordonnance n°78-35 du 7 septembre 1978 portant organisation judiciaire: « La justice est rendue par les juridictions ordinaires de droit commun, les juridictions ordinaires spécialisées et les juridictions d'exception. ». Ceci signifie que la loi donne au pouvoir judiciaire le droit, le pouvoir ou le mandat d'examiner les lois, rendre des décisions judiciaires, et de choisir les causes entendues par les tribunaux.\n \n Article 44 de l'Ordonnance n°78-35 du 7 septembre 1978 portant organisation judiciaire: «les juridictions appliquent la loi et les règlements en vigueur.»\n\nSelon la Constitution de 1992 modifiée en 2002, le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature \"est présidé par le Président de la Cour suprême.\"\n\nArt.116 : Le Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature est composé de neuf (09) \nmembres : \n- trois (03) magistrats de la Cour suprême ; \n- quatre (04) magistrats des cours d’appel et des tribunaux ; \n- un (01) député élu par l’Assemblée nationale au bulletin ; \n- une (01) personnalité n’appartenant ni à l’Assemblée nationale, ni au \nGouvernement ni à la magistrature, choisie par le Président de la \nRépublique en raison de sa compétence. \nIl est présidé par le Président de la Cour suprême. \nLes magistrats membres dudit conseil, à l’exception du Président de la Cour \nsuprême, membre de droit, sont élus par leurs pairs au bulletin secret. \nLes membres du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature sont nommés pour un \nmandat de quatre (04) ans renouvelable une seul fois.","Constitution du 27 septembre 1992. Article 113. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0 Ordonnance n°78-35 du 7 septembre 1978 portant organisation judiciaire. (1978) . Article 1er. Loi organique n°96 du 21 août 1996 portant statut de la magistrature modifiée le 31 janvier 2013","Article 113 de la Constitution : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est garant des libertés individuelles et des droits fondamentaux des citoyens. » ..."]
["2014_TN_1",2014,"TN","Tunisia",1,100,"On 26 Jan. 2014, the ANC (Assemblée Nationale Constitutive/ National Provisional Assembly) adopted the new Tunisian Constitution. This is the second constitution of Tunisia since its independence in 1956. The Tunisian Constitution is considered today to be one of the more advanced in the Arab world.\n\nChapter 5 of the Tunisian Constitution deals with Judicial authority and its independence.\n\nArticle 102: \"The judiciary is an independent authority that ensures the prevalence of justice, the supremacy of the Constitution, the sovereignty of law, and the protection of rights and freedoms. Judges are independent. No power shall be exercised over their rulings other than the power of law.\"\n\nArticle 106: \"Judges shall be nominated by virtue of an order made by the President of the Republic based on the assent of the Supreme Judicial Council. Appointments of senior judges shall be made by way of presidential order after consultation with the Prime Minister, based on a sole proposal from the Supreme Judicial Council, and the law shall determine these senior judicial positions.\"\n\nArticle 107: \"No judge may be transferred without his or her consent or dismissed, and no judge may be suspended, expelled, or subjected to disciplinary punishment except in such cases and in accordance with the guarantees provided for by law and by virtue of a justified decision issued by the Supreme Judicial Council.\"\n\nArticle 109: \"Any interference with the judiciary is prohibited.\"\n\nArticle 120: \"The Constitutional Court is the sole body competent to oversee the constitutionality of draft laws ...\"  That means that there is a law establishing the judiciary’s authority to review laws.","Constitution of the Tunisian Republic, unofficial translation by Jasmine Foundation, Final edition 26 June 2014. Articles 102, 106, 107, 109, and 120. \nhttp://www.jasmine-foundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_constitution_final_ed.pdf","On 26 Jan. 2014, the ANC (Assemblée Nationale Constitutive/ National Provisional Assembly) adopted the new Tunisian Constitution. This is the second constitution of Tunisia since its independence in 1956. The Tunisian Constitution is considered today to be one of the more advanced ..."]
["2014_UG_1",2014,"UG","Uganda",1,100,"The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches as provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995. Chapter 8, Article 128 (1) and (2) state that “In the exercise of judicial power, the courts shall be independent and shall not be subject to the control or direction of any person or authority. No person or authority shall interfere with the courts or judicial officers in the exercise of their judicial functions.” \n\nThe law also establishes the judiciary’s right, authority or mandate to review laws. Article 248 of the constitution states that “there shall be a Law Reform Commission for Uganda …” And the Uganda Law Reform Commissions Act stipulates that the commission shall study and keep under constant review the acts and other laws comprising the laws of Uganda with a view to making recommendations for their systematic improvement, development, modernisation and reform. Regarding the Judiciary’s right to issue judicial decisions, Sections 32 and 33 of the Judicature Directions 1996, as well as Section 82(1) and (2) of the Trial on Indictments Act, 1971, explain how judgments and decisions are to be passed. The law also provides judiciary the right to choose cases to be heard by the different courts and even individual judges.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Article 128, Clauses (1) (2)and  Chapter 16, Article 248, Clauses (1) (2)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf \n\nThe Judicature (Supreme Court Rules) Directions, 1996, Section 32, 33\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/220/JUDICATURE%20ACT.pdf \n\nThe Trial on Indictments Act, 1971, Section 82(1)(2)\nhttp://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/23 \n\nThe Uganda Law Reform Commission Act, 1990, Sections 2, 4(1), 10\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/402/UGANDA%20LAW%20REFORRM%20COMMISION%20ACT.pdf\n\n ","The law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches as provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995. Chapter 8, Article 128 (1) and (2) state that “In the exercise of judicial power, the courts shall be independent a..."]
["2014_ZM_1",2014,"ZM","Zambia",1,0,"Article 91 of the constitution, Clauses (2) and (3), guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Clause (2) states that \"the judges of the courts mentioned in clause (1) shall be independent, impartial and subject only to this constitution and the law,\" while Clause (3) adds that \"the judicature shall be autonomous and shall be administered in accordance with the provisions of an Act of Parliament.\" \n\nHowever, there is no provision that explicitly enables the judiciary to review the constitutionality of legislation or review laws. In fact, Section 34 of the National Assembly (Powers and Privileges) Act expressly denies the judiciary the right to review actions of the legislature.\n\nAdditionally, while the law seems to allow for an independent judiciary, the president has disproportional influence over the judiciary, as shown below. \n\nArticle 93 (2) stipulates the president to appoint Supreme Court judges, subject to ratification by the National Assembly. \n\nOn the dismissal or removal of Supreme Court judges, Article 94 (3) stipulates: \"If the President considers that the question of removing a judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court under this Article ought to be investigated, then-\n(a) he shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office;\n(b) the tribunal shall inquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the judge ought to be removed from office under this Article for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour.\n(4)  Where a tribunal appointed under clause (3) advises the President that a judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court ought to be removed from office for inability, or incompetence or for misbehaviour, the President shall remove such judge from office.\"\n\nThis stipulation allows for disproportional influence of the president in possibly revoking a judge's tenure. \n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. The law does establish the independence of the judiciary from other arms of government, including the authority, right and mandate to review its own laws and issue judicial decisions without interference from government. However, the argument is that the judiciary is vulnerable to the executive, which is more powerful in most cases, and that initiates some of the process that affects the operation of the judiciary. Right now, there is what is called the Judicial Reform Commission, which the late president appointed to recommend changes in the judicial system of Zambia.","The Zambian Constitution, The Judicature, Courts, 1996, Articles 91, 93, 94.\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZM/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%201996.pdf or http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1\n\nThe National Assembly Act, Section 34, Powers and Privileges, as amended by Act No. 23 of 1976.\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/12","Article 91 of the constitution, Clauses (2) and (3), guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Clause (2) states that \"the judges of the courts mentioned in clause (1) shall be independent, impartial and subject only to this constitution and the law,\" while Clause (3) adds that..."]
["2014_ZW_1",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",1,100,"Section 164 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It states that \"the courts are independent and subject only to this constitution and the law, which they must apply impartially, expeditiously and without fear, favour or prejudice.'' \n\nSection 178 provides for the inherent powers of the constitutional, Supreme and High courts to protect and regulate their own processes and develop common law and customary law. Judicial independence is further upheld by the Judicial Service (Code of Ethics) Regulations of 2012. \n\nHowever, according to common law, courts can only review laws at the instigation of litigants (mero motu). They accept all cases and when arguments are advanced, they can decide whether or not to hear matters.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act, Sections 164 and 178, 2013. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646\n\nJudicial Service (Code of Ethics) Regulations, 2012, S.I 107 of 2012. http://archive.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/judicial_serv_reg_2012_120220.pdf","Section 164 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. It states that \"the courts are independent and subject only to this constitution and the law, which they must apply impartially, expeditiously and without fear, favour or prejudice.'' ..."]
["2014_DZ_2",2014,"DZ","Algeria",2,0,"L’indépendance de la justice n'est pas garantie en Algérie. Le Président de la République est à la fois responsable du pouvoir exécutif et président du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, deux organes censés, selon Halim Feddal, secrétaire adjoint de l’Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, être séparés l’un de l’autre. \n\nLe président de la république en tant que président du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) nomme les magistrats dans toutes les juridictions du pays. Les juges sont révocables par le président de la république sans qu'il ait à se justifier, ce qui soumet les juges à la volonté de l'exécutif. Par exemple dans une décision en 2014 il avait procédé à \"des mutations, de nouvelles nominations et des fins de fonctions\". \n\nDans un article du Romandie, Ali Benflis, ancien magistrat et ancien ministre de la Justice, et candidat à l'election présidentielle de 2014 indiquait que \"les juges ont les mains liées et sont soumis au pouvoir exécutif, de la nomination à la promotion jusqu'à la révocation. La justice n'est pas indépendante c'est pour cela qu'elle ne poursuit pas les corrompus.\"","Feddal Halim, Secrétaire Adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption «  ANLC », 01/09/2014 (contacté par Téléphone)\n\nAlgerie1.com, 07/10/2014. Bouteflika procède à un mouvement partiel dans le corps des magistrats. http://www.algerie1.com/actualite/bouteflika-procede-a-un-mouvement-partiel-dans-le-corps-des-magistrats/\n\nAlgérie: Benflis dresse un tableau noir du règne du président Bouteflika, Romandie, 27 mars 2014. http://www.romandie.com/news/Algerie-Benflis-dresse-un-tableau-noir-du-regne-du/461320.rom\n\nL'indépendance de la justice, condition sine qua non pour une réelle démocratie et un Etat de droit, APS, 02/06/2014\nhttp://www.aps.dz/algerie/6927-l-ind%C3%A9pendance-de-la-justice,-condition-sine-qua-non-pour-une-r%C3%A9elle-d%C3%A9mocratie-et-un-etat-de-droit\n\nIndependance de la justice algerienne : Un mythe bien réel, Tarek Hafid, Le soir d’Algerie, 14/12/2014\nhttp://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2013/12/14/article.php?sid=157806&cid=2\n\nGouvernance et droits de l’homme en Algérie, Rapport 2013, Boudjema Ghechir (president de la ligue Algérienne des droits de l’homme), 09/12/2013\nhttp://www.algeria-watch.org/pdf/pdf_fr/ladh_2013.pdf\n\nLe juge algérien peut-il être indépendant ?, Kamel Rahmaoui, La nouvelle republique, 03/07/2014\nhttp://www.lnr-dz.com/index.php?page=details&id=21243\n\nL’affaire Chekib Khelil : quand la justice est au service du regime, Ait Benali Boubkeur, blog, 03/12/2013\nhttp://ait-benali.over-blog.com/2013/12/l%E2%80%99affaire-chekib-khelil-quand-la-justice-est-au-service-du-r%C3%A9gime.html\n\nJournée parlementaire ffs sur l'indépendance de la justice en algerie, Riad bouzina, Youtube, 17/12/2013\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8cx-8LqMA0#t=39","L’indépendance de la justice n'est pas garantie en Algérie. Le Président de la République est à la fois responsable du pouvoir exécutif et président du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, deux organes censés, selon Halim Feddal, secrétaire adjoint de l’Association Nationale de Lu..."]
["2014_AO_2",2014,"AO","Angola",2,0,"Judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing legislation and are subject to pressures in cases of political significance or cases where party, family or personal interests of high-ranking government officials are at stake. Some judges issue sentences upon request from \"superior orders\" instead of the law.  The Portuguese news agency Lusa reported, for example, the quote of Queirós Chilúvia, who was convicted to six months in prison, on probation, for the crimes of defamation and slander of the National Police. After his sentencing in February 2014, he said, “It’s difficult to say that there is justice in Angola when judges and district attorneys are dependent on ‘superior orders.'\" \n\nThe culture of dependency on \"superior orders\" is generalized in Angola and denotes a subservience to orders issued or perceived to be issued by the presidency or by high-ranking government officers. The Angolan judiciary is believed to be bound by \"superior orders\" in sensitive cases involving high-ranking government officials.","1. Phone interview with international human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014.\n\n2. Phone interview with media representative, Lisbon, July 31, 2014 \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n3. Publico/Lusa, \"Angolan Journalist Convicted of Six Months Probation\" (\"Jornalista angolano condenado a seis meses de prisão com pena suspensa\"), Feb. 7, 2014. http://www.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/jornalista-angolano-condenado-a-seis-meses-de-prisao-com-pena-suspensa-1622814\n\n4. Club K,  \"Luanda Judges Under Corruption Suspicions\" (\"Juizes de Luanda Sob Suspeitas de Corrupcao\"), Oct. 16, 2013.\nhttp://club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16459:juizes-em-corrupcao&catid=8:bastidores&Itemid=125","Judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing legislation and are subject to pressures in cases of political significance or cases where party, family or personal interests of high-ranking government officials are at stake. Some judges issue sentences upon request fr..."]
["2014_BJ_2",2014,"BJ","Benin",2,75,"Au Bénin, les juges jouissent de l'autonomie nécessaire pour interpréter et examiner les lois et les réglementations existantes. Les juges opèrent également sans crainte ni faveur, indépendamment des autres branches du gouvernement. Des litiges actuellement en cours devant les juridictions béninoises opposant le Chef de l'État avec des opérateurs économiques démontrent qu'il est possible que le point de vue de l'exécutif puisse être contredit judiciairement. Par exemple, dans l'affaire de tentative d'empoisonnement du Chef de l'État en 2012, le juge a déclaré deux non-lieux que les juges de la Cour d'appel ont également confirmés. Ceci montre la capacité des juges à opérer sans crainte. En dehors du juge Houssou qui s'est dit menacé et s'est installé aux États Unis, aucun des autres juges n'a affirmé qu'ils étaient menacés.\n\nMais c'est en se basant sur les déclarations du juge Houssou que le principal syndicat des magistrats, Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), appelle à la grève de façon répétée en réclamant plus de sécurité pour les juges et une plus grande indépendance de la justice. \n\nAu cours de la période d'étude, les juges ont fait face à des tentatives de représailles : en juin 2014, 45 parlementaires sur les 83 ont déposé une proposition de loi pour supprimer le droit de grève des magistrats. Cette proposition de loi est vue par les magistrats comme une stratégie du gouvernement pour caporaliser la justice.","Michel Adjaka, Président, Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nPaul Essè Iko, Secrétaire général, Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Bénin (CSTB), Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nLe Matinal, 2 juillet 2014. « Affaire d’assassinat du juge Coovi: Rachidi Gbadamassi retournera-t-il en prison ? » http://www.journauxdubenin.com/article/affaire-d-assassinat-du-juge-coovirachidi-gbadamassi-retournera-t-il-en-prison\n\nMoussilimou Alao, La Nouvelle Tribune, 11 mai 2014. « Bénin : Le juge Angelo Houssou n’allait pas en week-end au Nigéria mais aux États-Unis ». http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/19399-benin-le-juge-angelo-houssou-n-allait-pas-en-week-end-au-nigeria-mais-aux-États-unis-moussilimou-alao\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 26 juin 2014. « Menaces sur le droit syndical et le droit de grève au Bénin : Halte à l’imposture de 45 députés. » http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=34522\n\n24h au Bénin. 26 juin 2014 « Les motifs évoqués pour le retrait du droit de grèves des magistrats en République du Benin. » http://news.acotonou.com/h/26515.html\n\nLe Matinal, 26 juin 2014. « Tentative de suppression des libertés syndicales et de grève à la justice : Mission impossible ou difficile pour les députés.» http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article14955\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 24 juin 2014. « Grève des magistrats au Bénin : Les grandes dates du combat pour une réelle indépendance de la justice.» http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=34455\n\n24h au Bénin, 26 juin 2014. « Modification de la loi portant statut des magistrats : Des arguments techniques pour servir des causes politiques. » http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article14954\n\nFraternité, 26 juin 2014. « Menace d’interdiction de grève aux magistrats : L’Unamab donne de la voix ce jour.»  http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article14957\n\nJournal Adjinakou, 16 juin 2014. « Suppression du droit de grève aux magistrats: Réforme profonde ou un zèle du régime Yayi ? » http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=4&cat=1&id2=22528&jour=16&mois=06&an=2014\n\nFraternité, 10 juin 2014. « Sur l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire et le droit de grève : Les griefs de Adjaka contre l’Exécutif…Ses mises en garde aux députés.» http://www.fraternitebj.info/societe/article/sur-l-independance-du-pouvoir\n\nL'évènement précis, 13 juin 2014. « Grogne à la justice : La CSTB et la FESYNTRA-Finances apportent leur soutien à l’UNAMAB.» http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article14833","Au Bénin, les juges jouissent de l'autonomie nécessaire pour interpréter et examiner les lois et les réglementations existantes. Les juges opèrent également sans crainte ni faveur, indépendamment des autres branches du gouvernement. Des litiges actuellement en cours devant les juri..."]
["2014_BW_2",2014,"BW","Botswana",2,100,"There has been no evidence that shows that pressure is exerted on judges from the government. Judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. During the period of study, there were no incidents such as politics, nepotism or influence that transpired and trampled upon the power of the judiciary to perform as an independent entity. \n\nThe Botswana Gazette reported on November 07, 2013 that \"Botswana’s judiciary is independent; personal and pecuniary bias are non-existent in the judiciary or if they exist are so negligible that they have no bearing on the broader concept of judicial independence.\"","Interview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Kealeboga Dihutso, print editor (Botswana Gazette) and former radio presenter/programme director (Duma FM), Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.     \n\nBotswana Gazzette, \"Is Botswana’s judiciary independent?\" 7 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.gazettebw.com/?p=5867","There has been no evidence that shows that pressure is exerted on judges from the government. Judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. During the period of study, there were no incidents such as politics, nepotism or influence that transpi..."]
["2014_BF_2",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",2,25,"L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n'est pas garantie dans la pratique. Entre ingérences politiques, ingérences statutaires et soumission à l'exécutif, l'indépendance est mise en mal selon Me Antoine KABORE. Même le ministre de la justice Dramane Yaméogo l'a reconnu dans son intervention en marge de la rencontre du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM), dont il est le vice-président et relaté par l'article «Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) : L’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire au menu d’une session en ces termes: Parmi les faiblesses qui ont été diagnostiquées (dans le fonctionnement de la magistrature NDLR), il y a les difficultés d’ordre structurel et fonctionnel que rencontre le CSM pour garantir l’indépendance de la justice, la politisation, la corruption et les conditions de travail très difficiles des magistrats ».\n\nEn outre et sur la base des entretiens menés dans le cadre de cette recherche, il ressort que les juges ont au moins l'autonomie d'interpréter les lois. Cependant, ils sont soumis à des incitations d'ordre politiques, des affectations aux allures de sanctions comme nous l'a précisé Me KABORE du syndicat des magistrats.","KABORE S. Antoine, magistrat, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrat du Burkina (SAMAB), Ouagadougou Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014. \n\nPARÉ Fulbert, Lefaso.net, 16 avril 2014, «Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) : L’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire au menu d’une session» http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article58807\n\nFasozine, 15 avril 2014, «Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature: mieux garantir l’indépendance du magistrat burkinabè, La Direction de la Communication de la Présidence du Faso» http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201404161035.html","L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n'est pas garantie dans la pratique. Entre ingérences politiques, ingérences statutaires et soumission à l'exécutif, l'indépendance est mise en mal selon Me Antoine KABORE. Même le ministre de la justice Dramane Yaméogo l'a reconnu dans son inte..."]
["2014_BI_2",2014,"BI","Burundi",2,25,"La question de l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire fait couler beaucoup d'encre au Burundi actuellement à tel point qu'ont été organisés des états généraux de la justice en août 2013. Parmi les facteurs qui ont eté cités comme frein à cette indépendance figure la composition du Conseil Supérieure de la Magistrature qui a à sa tête le Président de la République. \n \nSelon Claude NIYONGABO, ancien magistrat : «l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas garantie au Burundi. Le pouvoir judiciaire burundais reste sous la tutelle de l’exécutif à travers tout le processus de gestion de la carrière des magistrats (nomination /promotion /mutation faits par l’exécutif, Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) dirigé et dominé par les autorités de l’exécutif, Président de la République et ministre de la justice).  Aussi, en comparaison avec les deux autres pouvoirs (législatif et exécutif), la place et l’importance accordées au pourvoir judiciaire est très médiocre (pas d’autonomie financière, faibles allocations de ressources, faible rémunération des magistrats, pas d’avantages de carrière considérables, pas de place protocolaire adéquate ….)  Les magistrats eux même ne cherchent pas suffisamment leur indépendance (certains magistrats ne sont pas membres de leur syndicats, certains appartiennent à des partis politiques, d’autres magistrats sont corrompus …)»\n\nLa Radio Publique Africaine dans son journal de 19h le lundi 21 juillet 2014 évoquait l’indépendance de la magistrature qui est mise en cause en soulignant que des hauts gradés dans la police se sont réunis pour prendre une décision en rapport avec la libération provisoire de Pierre Claver MBONIMPA, un militant des Droits de l’Homme représentant de l’Association de protection des droits de l' homme et des prisoniers (APRODH), qui est incarcéré dans la prison centrale de Mpimba.\n\nRéagissant sur Radio Publique Africaine dans son journal de 12h30 du 17 juillet 2014, Léonard GACUKO, consultant de l’OAG estime que les magistrats ne peuvent pas être indépendants tant que le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) est dirigé par le Président de la République.\n\nPour sa part, le professeur politologue Julien NIMUBONA souligne que la justice burundaise n’est pas indépendante du pouvoir exécutif  : « c’est toujours  la surpolitisation de la justice qui est en position. Le problème majeur, c’est cette crise de confiance que le pouvoir est entrain de mettre à l’ endroit de la justice. Le fait que les citoyens et les politiques n’ont plus confiance en la justice, cela crée des problèmes incroyables.»\n\nL'indépendance de la magistrature est certes limitée par la gestion de la carrière des magistrats par le ministère de la justice et le fait que le Président de la République préside le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Cependant lorsqu'il s'agit de l'interprétation des lois, des juges luttent au quotidien pour affirmer leur indépendance vis-à-vis des deux autres pouvoirs et résistent aux pressions extérieures. Selon Jean Pierre MUNYEMBARI, juge du tribunal de grande instance de Cankuzo et président du Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi SYMABU, donne deux exemples qui illustrent cette lutte pour affirmer l'autonomie des juges : au mois de janvier 2014, au tribunal de grande instance de Ngozi au Nord du pays, trois juges avaient résisté aux pressions venant de la hiérarchie. En guise de représailles, elles ont été mutées, mais elles n'ont pas eu peur et disent avoir respecté la déontologie professionnelle. Un autre exemple fourni par le président du SYMABU dans la province Muyinga, 3 juges du tribunal de grande instance de Muyinga ont été muté après avoir dénoncé leur chef de juridiction.","1. NIYONGABO Jean Claude, ancien magistrat, interview par email, 21 juillet 2014. \n\n2. NIMUBONA Julien, professeur politologue, entretien donné à la radio Isanganiro  dans son journal de midi du 24 juillet 2014.\n\n3.MUNYEMBARI Jean Pierre, président du Syndicat des Magistrats du Burundi, 05 décembre 2014.\n\n4.  Radio Publique Africaine, le journal de 19h, 21 juillet 2014. Disponible sur http://www.rpa.bi/\n\n5.GACUKO Léonard, consultant de l’OAG, sur Radio Publique Africaine, journal de 12h30 du 17 juillet 2014. Disponible sur http://www.rpa.bi/","La question de l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire fait couler beaucoup d'encre au Burundi actuellement à tel point qu'ont été organisés des états généraux de la justice en août 2013. Parmi les facteurs qui ont eté cités comme frein à cette indépendance figure la composition du Co..."]
["2014_CM_2",2014,"CM","Cameroon",2,0,"Bien que la Constitution garantit l'indépendance de la justice, certaines dispositions démontrent la primauté de l'exécutif sur le judiciaire. L'article 37, alinéa 3 indique clairement que «le chef de l'Etat nomme les magistrats.» Dans la pratique, cette disposition assujetit le judiciaire aux pressions et aux influences du pouvoir exécutif. L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire par rapport au pouvoir exécutif n'est pas absolue mais relative, car le judiciaire subit souvent des entorses à son fonctionnement.\n\nLes cas de violation du principe d'équilibre et d'indépendance des pouvoirs (exécutif, législatif et judiciaire) sont flagrants au Cameroun. Le cas le plus récent est l'arrestation, puis la relaxe 24h plus tard, d'un ministre en fonction sur hautes instructions du Chef de l'Etat camerounais, revélée par un media en mars 2014. Une note confidentielle qui prouve que l'exécutif donne des ordres au pouvoir judiciaire est d'ailleurs annexée à l'article pour prouver que c'est le Chef de l'Etat camerounais  qui a ordonné aux magistrats  la libération de ce ministre 24h seulement après son interpellation et sa mise sous mandat de dépôt. Cette situation est reconnue par les magistrats eux-mêmes puisque le premier président de la Cour suprême, faisant allusion aux influences politiques dont ils sont souvent victimes, indiquait dans son discours à l'occasion de la rentrée solennelle de son institution le 27 février 2014 que « le magistrat camerounais apparaît comme un professionnel en crise de comportement.» \n\nCertaines juridictions de lutte contre la corruption comme le Tribunal Criminel Spécial, ou certains procès économiques ont des connotations politiques. Les juges y instruisent  les affaires sous influence de l'exécutif ; de même, beaucoup d'interpellations et incarcérations ordonnées par les magistrats répondent à la volonté politique donc viennent de l'exécutif. \n\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nPas d'accord (score=50): Les éléments factuels contenus dans le commentaire montre bien que les cas où l'indépendance de la justice est contrariée sont plutôt occasionnels et non généraux comme la note le suggère.","MAKAMTHÉ Estelle, juriste et responsable régional de l'ONG Horizons femmes pour le littoral, 16 juin 2014.\n\nNECDEM Assogmo,  Quotidien Le Jour, 23 mars 2014, «Justice: Le magistrat camerounais dans le box des accusés». http://www.kongossa.fr/politique/12513-justice-le-magistrat-camerounais-dans-le-box-des-accuses\n\nDOUGUELI Georges, Jeune Afrique, 23 mars 2014, « Cameroun: prison express pour Bapes Bapes». http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/JA2779p028.xml0/\" avec en bas, un document confidentiel.\n\n\nSources des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nNSOH MICHAE Fon, coordonateur du Network for Peace and Democracy (NEPED), Cameroon, 22 octobre 2014.\n\nCameroon Info, 30 septembre 2014. « Le  procès contre Marafa Hamidou Yaya, accusé de détourner des fonds d'état et l'état du Cameroun.» http://www.cameroon-info.net/pagesp.php?spid=130, ","Bien que la Constitution garantit l'indépendance de la justice, certaines dispositions démontrent la primauté de l'exécutif sur le judiciaire. L'article 37, alinéa 3 indique clairement que «le chef de l'Etat nomme les magistrats.» Dans la pratique, cette disposition assujetit le ju..."]
["2014_CV_2",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",2,75,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed, judges generally exercise their power to interpret and review existing laws without external influence undermining their independence.\n\nDuring this period of study, there was no evidence of direct government pressure on the justice. For example, on October 1, 2014, the State of Cape Verde, lost a legal dispute with the City Council of Praia, which is under the leadership of  the largest opposition party, the MPD (Movement for Democracy).  In this case, \"The Praia District Court, ruled in favor of the City Council, by ordering, the State of Cape Verde, to carry out the liquidation, collection and transfer of spills released in accordance with Article 7 of the Local Finance Law within two months upon notification of this decision.\"\n\nEven attempts to put pressure on the court by former government officials did not seem to have had an effect on justice. In the case of the former minister of infrastructure, Jose Maria Veiga, who was defeated as a candidate of the PAICV in the last municipal elections in St. Catarina of Santiago in 2012. Veiga had made a complaint in the District Court of Santa Catarina against Mayor Francisco Tavares, MPD candidate, for alleged crime of election fraud. In March 2015 the court declared \"extinct by prescription\" this indictment in favor of Francisco Tavares. In response, Veiga was disappointed with the court's decision but could not influence the decision. \n\nHowever, there are attempts to intimidate judges by some members of organized crime. This phenomenon is relatively new and is related to the trial of defendants linked to large drug seizures in the archipelago on Oct. 8, 2011, in which the police confiscated some 1,500 pounds of pure cocaine from a flying boat.\n\nFollowing the trial and conviction of the main defendants in the flying boat case, on Sept. 17, 2014, the mother of Cátia Tavares, the judicial police inspector who investigated and played a decisive role in the sentencing process, was murdered by a group of hooded individuals outside the inspector's home, in what was believed to be a revenge killing for the conviction of the accused.\n\nThe former attorney general  has also been the target of attempted murder.","1. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judge of Praia City Tribunal County, July 9, 2014, Praia City.\n\n2. A Semana, September 19, 2014 \"Murder of the mother of the Inspector PJ: Attorney General calls attention to the danger of failure in the fight against crime,\" http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article103125 \n\n3. A Semana, October 14, 2014; \"The killers of the mother of the Judiciary Police inspector were detained,\" http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article103859&ak=1#ancre_comm \n     \n4. A Nação, Editorial Board,  May 5, 2014, \"Santa Catarina: Francisco Tavares will be tried for the crime of election fraud and corruption voter,\" http://www.anacao.cv/online/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4149:santa-catarina-francisco-tavares-vai-ser-julgado-por-crime-de-fraude-eleitoral-e-corrupcao-de-eleitor&catid=88:ilhas&Itemid=472.\n\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\nReport on the State of Justice - 2013 of Supreme Judicial Council, National Press of Cape Verde; http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Mundo/Palops/Interior.aspx?content_id=4199812.","In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed, judges generally exercise their power to interpret and review existing laws without external influence undermining their independence...."]
["2014_CF_2",2014,"CF","CAR",2,25,"En République Centrafricaine, les juges jouissent d'une autonomie pour interpréter les lois et les règlements existants, mais les atteintes à cette autonomie existent lorsqu'il s'agit de dossiers politiques en raison de l'interférence des pouvoirs politiques, en particulier de pouvoir exécutif. Ainsi, selon les personnes interrogées, il n'est pas rare que pour des dossiers sensibles, des instructions soient données aux juges du siège qui jouissent théoriquement du principe de l'inamovibilité et d'indépendance. Afin de préserver leur fauteuil, ces juges n'osent pas affronter le pouvoir exécutif, bien que la justice soit devenue un pouvoir au même titre que ce dernier. Les personnes interrogées indiquent que les juges qui acceptent de subir les pressions de l'exécutif sont promus à des postes plus rémunérateurs, ceux qui refusent subissent des sanctions déguisées sous forme d'affectation dans des endroits réculés du pays.\n\nLes juges sont parfois victimes de pression de leur hiérarchie (incitations politiques négatives) concernant un certain nombre des dossiers. En d'autres termes, le corps judiciaire de la République Centrafricaine est fragile. Cette fragilité est renforcée par la situation d'instabilité et d'insécurité qui caractérisent le pays en ce moment. Ces situations ont un effet négatif sur le fonctionnement du processus judiciaire à l'heure actuelle dans la mesure où plusieurs cas de crimes politiques et extra-judiciaires (2013-2014) n'ont pas été jugés. Ce qui signifie en définitif que les juges ont un pouvoir limité dans le traitement des dossiers judiciaires.","TABAGUE Sylvain, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nYABINDI Edmond, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine,interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du Journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nNGOUMBANGO KOHETTO Jocelyn, 3ème substitut du procureur près le Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI) de Bangui, entretien en octobre 2014.","En République Centrafricaine, les juges jouissent d'une autonomie pour interpréter les lois et les règlements existants, mais les atteintes à cette autonomie existent lorsqu'il s'agit de dossiers politiques en raison de l'interférence des pouvoirs politiques, en particulier de pouv..."]
["2014_TD_2",2014,"TD","Chad",2,0,"Dans la pratique, on constate une certaine ingérence du pouvoir exécutif dans le pouvoir judiciaire au Tchad. Cette observation se confirme dans les entretiens avec les journalistes et les représentants de la société civile, interrogés dans le cadre de cette recherche. \n\nPour DINAMOU Daram, juriste fondamentaliste, enseignant-chercheur, l'exécutif a la mainmise sur le judiciaire car le parquet est un corps hiérarchisé, ce qui fait que le Président de la République, le ministre de la justice peuvent demander à un procureur près la cour ou près le tribunal de première instance de mettre sous mandat toute personne qu'ils considèrent coupable.\n\nPour le journaliste David BOULGA, les juges de siège sont soumis à une certaine pression des hommes politiques lorsqu'il s'agit d'un procès relatif à un dossier politique. \n\nDaoud ABBA, acteur de la société civile, de son coté estime qu'en théorie le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant et libre de toutes décisions à la délibération finale de la justice mais dans les pratiques, personne ne peut ignorer que l'ombre de l'exécutif plane sur les juges même si ce  n'est pas clairement démontrable. \n\nMais pour Begoto MIAROM, le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant et libre de toute décision judiciaire. «On ne peut pas imaginer un État de droit, doté des institutions politiques et judiciaires comme le Tchad puisse permettre l'interférence de l'exécutif dans le pouvoir judiciaire. L'autonomie des juges à réinterpréter et à réviser les lois en vigueur dans la République est garantie par la loi fondamentale du pays.» BEGOTO a donné l'exemple des deux ex-cadres de l'État à Ahmat Mahamat BACHIR et Jean Bernad PADARÉ, respectivement Ex directeur de cabinet civil à la Présidence et ex ministre de la justice, poursuivis par la justice en 2013, pour corruption.\n\nLes intimidations et les violences contre les magistrats sont fréquentes jusqu'à nos jours selon l'avocat Me Don Mathias. Les révocations des magistrats de siège sont aussi fréquentes. En 2014, le procureur de la république de la région de Batha a reçu une menace verbale de la part du Gouverneur de la région. Ce qui a conduit à la grève de trois jours des magistrats pour protester contre les intimidations répetitives. Dans la même année, un magistrat de siège de la région de Logone occidentale est revoqué de ses fonctions par le Haut Conseil de la Magistrature dirigé par le chef de l'Etat, juste pour avoir refusé de juger un député de l'opposition avec son huminité parlementaire.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nPas d'accord (score=50): les ingérences de l'exécutif ne sont pas systématiques, et l'autonomie des juges n'est que relativement limitée. Le syndicat des magistrats certes dénonce régulièrement les ingérences du ministre de la justice, mais le Président de la République a déclaré ne jamais faire de pressions sur les juges. Toutefois, certains juges qui refusent de jouer le jeu du pouvoir sont parfois sanctionnés. Une affaire passée à Moundou donne une illustration des ingérences de l'exécutif dans les affaires judiciaires. En effet, se basant sur les dispositions du code qui autorise le juge à requisitionner des parajuristes à défaut d'avocats, le procureur général près la Cour d'appel de Moundou a été désavoué par le ministre de la justice sous la pression des avocats, ce qui a obligé le procureur à rendre le tablier.","MIAROM Bégoto, directeur général adjoint de la législation, des études et de la coopération au ministère de la Justice, président de la Commission Nationale OHADA (CNO-Tchad), 19 juin 2014.\n\nDAOUD NANDJEDE Abba, président de l'Alliance des Associationss des Défenseurs des Droits Humains et de l'Environnement au Tchad (ADHET), 19 juin 2014.\n\nBOULGA David, journaliste à la radio DJA FM de N'Djamena, restaurant caravelle, 18 juin 2014.   \n\nDINAMOU Daram, juriste fondamentaliste, enseignant-assistant à l'Université EMI-KOUSSI de N'Djamena, 17 juin 2014.","Dans la pratique, on constate une certaine ingérence du pouvoir exécutif dans le pouvoir judiciaire au Tchad. Cette observation se confirme dans les entretiens avec les journalistes et les représentants de la société civile, interrogés dans le cadre de cette recherche. ..."]
["2014_KM_2",2014,"KM","Comoros",2,50,"Plusieurs éléments laissent apparaître que l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas totalement garantie. Par example, il est couramment admis que l’existence de la corruption au sein de la justice ne garantit pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Selon un avocat franco-comorien interviewé par le journal La Gazette des Comores, « il y a une application légère de la loi, des procureurs de la République interviennent dans les procédures civiles pour étouffer des dossiers. Il y a des gens placés en garde à vue et libérés sans procès ». \n\nEn effet, les appréciations sont très partagées. \nSelon Said Abderemane Youssouf, greffier à la Cour d’appel de Moroni, il n’y a pas de véritable indépendance car il existe toujours des interventions, même de la part des ministères. Il y a la mainmise de la hiérarchie, du ministère et des politiciens sur les juges. \nPour Houssamou Mohamed Madi, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, « la crainte et la demande de faveur dépend de la personnalité de chaque juge, et il existe aux Comores des juges non corruptibles.» Il affirme par exemple avoir reçu un juge qui s’est plaint des interventions de 3 autorités politiques, et qui a affirmé n'avoir pas cédé aux pressions. \n\nLe rapport du Département d’Etat américain sur les Droits de l’Homme aux Comores établit que l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est généralement garantie mais que l’incohérence judiciaire, l'imprévisibilité, l'insuffisance des salaires, et la corruption sont des problèmes.\n\nDes journalistes et membres de la société civile estiment que certains juges sont indépendants dans les affaires civiles, mais d’autres le sont moins à cause de la défaillance du système judiciaire. La marge de manœuvre des juges est limitée par l’existence de certaines menaces, qui ont été quelque fois appliquées : juges dégradés, indemnités retirées arbitrairement, affectation disciplinaire. Les juges proches du pouvoir sont mieux servis, d’où une inégalité qui implique la restriction de l’indépendance. \n\nLes raisons profondes de ce manque d’indépendance sont expliquées par un internaute, Ahmed Rakibou, en ces termes : « Aux Comores,  il existe cinq pouvoirs: éxecutif, législatif, judiciaire, interventioniste, relationnel... Il y a des gens qui ne peuvent pas être jugés, parce qu’ils sont notables, ou frères d'autorité, ou du même village que le Président...ou parce qu'on se connait, voilà une société de relation où tout est mélangé. Une forte délégation de notables, vaut une décision de justice irrévocable. C'est le pays dans lequel tout est toléré, tu peut voler, violer, tuer, présenter des faux diplômes et titres, dilapider les finances publiques, sans inquiétude parce que ton village et les notables de ta région vont te défendre quelques soient les circonstances ». \n\nUne autre raison du manque d’indépendance est aussi évoquée par Mahamoudou Karim dans ses réflexions sur Comores.com. Selon lui, la justice comorienne « n’est qu’une copie de celle de la France. Or la justice française n’a jamais été conçue comme un pouvoir mais comme une administration de l’État. L’emprise que l’exécutif exerce sur elle, est indéniable. C’est le Président de la République, qui est le garant de l’indépendance de la justice et qui préside le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. C’est une grave entrave au principe de la séparation des pouvoirs, et elle se retrouve également dans la constitution comorienne dans son article 28.» \n\nEn conclusion, le mal qui ronge la justice comorienne est connu car il a toujours fait l’objet d’analyses par les acteurs locaux. L’état des lieux effectué en 2012 avec l’aide de la Banque mondiale constitue un document de référence, car aucune solution n’a été mise à œuvre en vue d’une quelconque réforme. Le diagnostic a été sévère : \n- Corruption effrénée des magistrats ; \n- Une justice à deux vitesses ; \n- La lenteur dans le traitement des dossiers ; \n- La mainmise du politique sur le judiciaire ; \n- La marginalisation du ministère de la justice ; \n- La violation flagrante des magistrats de leur statut ; \n- Le non-respect de la déontologie et de l’éthique des magistrats ; \n- L’impunité des magistrats qui se croient tout permis ; \n- L’incompétence notoire des magistrats.","YOUSSOUF Said Abderemane, greffier à la Cour d’appel de Moroni, 06 juillet 2014. \n \nMADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014.\n \nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n \nHAMDI Al Hamdi Abdillah, La Gazette des Comores, novembre 2013, « Mr Ben Ali Ahmed dénonce une mafia judiciaire ». http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?Article 2356.\n \nRAKIBOU Ahmed, La Gazette des Comores, 15 novembre 2013, commentaires de l’article « Mr Ben Ali Ahmed dénonce une mafia judiciaire ». http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?Article 2356\n \nKARIM Mahamoudou, Comorien.com, 1er novembre 2013, « Pouvoir judiciaire : comment réformer la justice comorienne ? » http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/1398-comment-reformer-la-justice-comorienne\n\nComores-droit.com, décembre 2013,« 2013 ! Vous avez dit année de bonne gouvernance ? », -droit.com/wp-content/dossier/comoresdroit/Le%20dossier%202013%20de%20Comoresdroit.pdf. \n\nUnited States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, «Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013». http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220309.pdf","Plusieurs éléments laissent apparaître que l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas totalement garantie. Par example, il est couramment admis que l’existence de la corruption au sein de la justice ne garantit pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Selon un avocat franco-co..."]
["2014_CD_2",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",2,25,"En général les juges disposent d'une autonomie dans l'application des lois, et le principe d'inamovibilité des juges est respecté. \n\nCependant il convient de relativiser cette autonomie dans la mesure où l'on constate que lorsque les juges sont confrontés à des questions de nature hautement sensibles sur le plan politique, leur marge de manoeuvre est beaucoup plus étroite. L'épineux procès au lendemain des explosions du 4 mars 2012 en est une preuve évidente. Le juge Mpila, premier président de la Cour d'appel de Brazzaville qui avait présidé ledit procès avait été empêché d'embarquer sur un vol en direction du Bénin, ses papiers confisqué et il fut ramené manu militari à Brazzaville. La sentence qu'il avait prononcé à l'encontre des accusés a été évoquée comme étant la raison de ce traitement.\n\nCependant des changements significatifs en matière d'administration de la justice ont été observés au cours des douze derniers mois. C'est ainsi que la tenue du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature en avril 2014 a permis de radier du corps de la magistrature ceux qui s'étaient rendus coupables de pratiques contraires à l'éthique de la profession. En outre certains magistrats travaillent en respectant l'honneur et la dignité du corps.\n\nIl apparaît à la lumière de ce qui précède une amélioration de l'autonomie des juges grâce non seulement à la généralisation du contrôle exercé par la hiérarchie mais aussi en raison de l'arrivée dans le corps de jeunes magistrats dont la mentalité participe de l'éclosion de la culture de respect des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés fondamentales.\n\nEn pratique l'indépendance du juge est partiellement garantie. En effet, selon la nature de la décision rendue, lorsque celle-ci porte directement ou indirectement atteinte aux interêts de certaines personalités de l'exécutif, le juge peut subir des représailles. Aussi, afin d'éviter toute situation préjudiciable, le juge mesure la portée de sa décision pour conserver son poste, car il est nommé et revoqué par décret présidentiel pris en Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 04 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, parquet près le Tribunal de Grande Instance de Brazzaville, interview au TGI de Brazzaville, 04 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nN'SIAH Gankama, Les Dépêches de Brazzaville n°2001, 30 avril 2014, p. 3,« Conseil supérieur de la magistrature : De nouveaux magistrats promus, d'autres révoqués ». http://www.lesdepechesdebrazzaville.fr/flex/php/simple_document.php?doc=20140430_DBZ_DBZ_ALL.pdf\n\nRFI, 11 septembre 2013. «Congo-Brazzaville: le juge du procès Mpila interpellé en partance pour le Bénin». http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130911-congo-brazzaville-le-juge-proces-mpila-interpelle-partance-le-benin/","En général les juges disposent d'une autonomie dans l'application des lois, et le principe d'inamovibilité des juges est respecté. ..."]
["2014_CG_2",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",2,50,"While the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed in law, in practice, judges are sometimes subjected to political pressure and their autonomy is somewhat restricted. The judiciary's budget is included as part of the government budget controlled by the ruling presidential majority (MP) in parliament.  Sometimes judges rule in favour of senior government and political officials. Other times judges resist and maintain the autonomy of the judiciary. \n\nOne example is the judicial settlement of a 2011 electoral dispute, which lasted until 2014, between a member of parliament from the presidential majority and the leader of an opposition political party, Union pour la Nation (UNC).\n\nIn this case, judges were subjected to pressure from the presidential majority party to condemn the opposition party leader. But the judges resisted the pressure from the members of the PM and declared the opposition leader not guilty of any charge in an appeal in February 2014.","1. (Phone interview), Georges Bokundu, professional lawyer and Country Director of The Southern Africa Resource Watch,  July 6, 2014.  \n\n2. (Face to face interview), Ben Embinga, professional lawyers, associate of Bm Private Law Firm,   July 4, 2014.\n\n3. (Media article), Proces Vital Kamerhe - Wivine Moleka: Triomphe A L'appel, By Congonews, February 11, 2014, http://www.voiceofcongo.net/proces-kamerhe-wivine-vital-kamerhe-triomphe-en-appel.","While the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed in law, in practice, judges are sometimes subjected to political pressure and their autonomy is somewhat restricted. The judiciary's budget is included as part of the government budget controlled by the ruling presidential major..."]
["2014_CI_2",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",2,25,"Il arrive que les juges reçoivent des instructions pour donner un verdict clément ou carrément ordonner la relaxe des personnes ayant des accointances avec le sommet de l'Etat. On l'a vu dans le cadre du détournement des 4,658 milliards FCFA appartenant aux victimes des déchets toxiques en Côte d'Ivoire par Koné Cheick-Oumar, ex-président du conseil d'administration de l'équipe sportive Africa Sport. Jusqu'ici au moins deux juges ont été dessaisis du dossier depuis deux ans et le ministre Gnenema accusé de vouloir protéger Koné Cheick-Oumar. Comme le Président de la République préside le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, on relève quelques incongruités évidentes dans la loi qui fait du Président de la République, non seulement le détenteur exclusif du pouvoir exécutif, mais qui le place également à la tête du pouvoir judiciaire. C’est l’une des faiblesses de cette loi et dans la pratique, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire en souffre.  \n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs: \nDaccord (Score=25): Plusieurs ONG internationales, notamment Human Right Watch, Amnesty International ou Freedom House, ont décrié la partialité de l'État à juger les coupables de la crise politique de 2010-2011. À ce jour, aucun supporteur du Président Ouattara n'a été jugé pour des crimes commis durant la crise. Si certains coupables ont été jugé par le régime Ouattara entre la crise électorale et le début de cette période de recherche, peu de jugements ont été complétés, alors que les pro-Gbagbos arrêtés ont été libérés sans procès. D'autres dossiers épineux restent en suspens et Human Right Watch dénonce un manque de volonté politique.","NIMAGA Hamed, juge au tribunal de premier instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014.\n \n KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nConnection ivoirienne, 4 août 2014, «Côte d’Ivoire – Le ministre Gnenema accusé de vouloir protéger Koné Cheick-Oumar» http://www.connectionivoirienne.net/101789/cote-divoire-ministre-gnenema-accuse-vouloir-proteger-kone-cheick-oumar. Human Right Watch, Côte d'Ivoire : «L’impunité d’aujourd’hui est le crime de demain» 8 mai 2014, http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2014/05/08/cote-divoire-l-impunite-d-aujourd-hui-est-le-crime-de-demain\n\nExposé de GAO Kacou, maître assistant à l’Université Félix Houphouët Boigny d’Abidjan, «En Côte d’Ivoire, l’indépendance des pouvoirs n’est pas toujours garantie », P53 de incommunication démocratique en Côte d’Ivoire : Décalage entre déclaration et réalité. consultable sur le site : Decembre 10, 2014, www.comenquestion.com.","Il arrive que les juges reçoivent des instructions pour donner un verdict clément ou carrément ordonner la relaxe des personnes ayant des accointances avec le sommet de l'Etat. On l'a vu dans le cadre du détournement des 4,658 milliards FCFA appartenant aux victimes des déchets tox..."]
["2014_DJ_2",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",2,50,"L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie en pratique car les magistrats du siège disposent d'une indépendance vis-à-vis de l'exécutif notamment et l'autorité hiérarchique comme le Garde des Sceaux, ministre de la justice. Récemment, il a été organisé un concours afin de recruter les nouveaux magistrats en 2013. Cependant, la phase des interviews n'a pas été conduite de manière à assurer la pleine indépendance des magistrats et il existe des soupçons d'interférence politique dans le travail des magistrats. L'evolution existe en matière d'autonomie de sjuges, mais elle n'est pas conséquente.\n\nLes personnes interviewées estiment que parfois des magistrats du tribunal administratif ne sont pas assez indépendants. En effet, cette juridiction n'a pas annulé des décrets présidentiels à ce jour. Pourtant le contentieux administratif est moins volumineux par rapport au social, civil et commercial  car les décisions de l'administration sont rarement attaquées devant le tribunal administratif.","DJAMA Ali Obsieh, enseignant chercheur en droit public à l'université de Djibouti, 26 juin 2014. \n\nWARSAMA Mohamed, ancien magistrat (ancien président de la Cour d'appel), ancien membre du Conseil constitutionnel, 26 juin 2014.\n\nWAISS Mohamed, greffier auprés de tribunal de première instance, 26 juin 2014.","L'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie en pratique car les magistrats du siège disposent d'une indépendance vis-à-vis de l'exécutif notamment et l'autorité hiérarchique comme le Garde des Sceaux, ministre de la justice. Récemment, il a été organisé un concours afin de re..."]
["2014_EG_2",2014,"EG","Egypt",2,0,"While judicial independence is stated in articles 184, 186 and 191 of the 2014 Constitution, in practice the independence of the judiciary has been greatly infringed since the July 3rd coup. Egyptian courts subsequently became influenced by politicians and the pro-military faction of the regime. In mass trials hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters were often tried in absence. These trials have been called farcical for handing out hundreds of death sentences.\n\nIn March 2014, a single trial for the death of an Egyptian police officer in August 2013 resulted in the issuing of 529 death sentences. Some of those convicted later stated they had never been called in for questioning or had been involved in the legal process prior to their sentencing. As the Al-Ahram newspaper noted, the Egyptian judiciary issued the biggest capital punishment verdict in the history of the Egyptian judiciary, without pausing to hear defense arguments. National security grounds have been used as a frequent reason for such verdicts.","Interview, Mohamed Maher, Lawyer on Supreme Court Issues, July 17, 2014.\n\nSeparating Law and Politics: Challenges to the Independence of Judges and Prosecutors in Egypt\nFebruary 2014, Report of the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) \nSupported by the Open Society Foundations Arab Regional Office, \"Separating Law and Politics: Challenges to the Independence of Judges and Prosecutors in Egypt,\" February 2014\nhttp://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=b30a63ae-8066-4b49-8758-c1684be5e9b9.\n  \nWashington Post, Nathan J Brown, March 25, 2014 \"Why do Egyptian courts say the darndest things?\"\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/25/why-do-egyptian-courts-say-the-darndest-things/.\n\nCourt confirms Egypt Muslim Brotherhood death sentences: 21 June 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27952321.\n\n\"Hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters face death sentence: Will Egypt carry it out\", http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/world/africa/egypt-minya-mass-sentence-explainer/.\n\nAll websites last checked 12/03/2014.","While judicial independence is stated in articles 184, 186 and 191 of the 2014 Constitution, in practice the independence of the judiciary has been greatly infringed since the July 3rd coup. Egyptian courts subsequently became influenced by politicians and the pro-military faction ..."]
["2014_GQ_2",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",2,0,"Article 89 of the Constitution of Equatorial Guinea establishes the independence of the judiciary. Despite the legal provisions, the independence is undermined by the strong influence the executive branch has over judges, particularly as the constitution designates the president as the first magistrate of the nation (Article 92).\n\nJudges are not entirely free to interpret legislation or policies as a result of the constant pressure from high-level government officials to make politically motivated decisions. \n\nDuring the period of review, September 2013 to September 2014, there continued to be decisions that were highly criticized by the international community as politically motivated and demonstrating the lack of judicial independence. The government of Equatorial Guinea was highly criticized, for example, for the kidnapping and disappearance of political refugee Cipriano Nguema Mba in December 2013 and the detention of Agustin Esono Nsogo, who was held from October 2012 until February 2014 without charges. The judiciary did not contravene the state.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, lawyer, Equatorial Guinea, July 14, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nNews article: Radio Macuto, \"Cipriano is not dead and will be Released on June 5,\" (\"Cipriano no está Muerto y será Liberado el 5 de Junio\"), June 1, 2014.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/cipriano-no-esta-muerto-y-sera-liberado-el-5-de-junio/\n\nNews article: \"Wrath of Morpheus, Exile in Belgium, kidnapped in Nigeria and disappeared or killed in Malabo - report by Pedro Nolasco,\" (\"La Ira de Morfeo, Exiliado en Bélgica, secuestrado en Nigeria y desaparecido o asesinado en Malabo\" – reporte de Pedro Nolasco), Feb. 2, 2014. \nhttp://revistalairademorfeo.net/index/?p=4971\n\nPublication: Freedom House, \"Freedom in the World 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\" \nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/equatorial-guinea-0   \n\nLaw: Fundamental Law, Chapter 5 of the Judicial Power, General Provisions, Article 92, 2012. http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf \n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n \nPublication: Government of Canada, \"Canada-Equatorial Guinea relations,\" May 2014.\nhttp://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/nigeria/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/guinea-guinee.aspx \n\nPublication: Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary Compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014.\nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nNews Article: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Media Brief, May 5, 2014. \nhttp://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/Highlights5May2014PM.aspx \n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, \"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea.\"\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\n ","Article 89 of the Constitution of Equatorial Guinea establishes the independence of the judiciary. Despite the legal provisions, the independence is undermined by the strong influence the executive branch has over judges, particularly as the constitution designates the president as..."]
["2014_ER_2",2014,"ER","Eritrea",2,25,"The Eritrean courts have limited capacity to deal with public or governmental cases in the country. For example, if there is any dispute among governmental bodies with regard to the mandate, the court has no power to give its verdict because most governmental cases are referred to the Office of the President. It is important to note that on the most important issues of political power and civil rights, there is no independent judiciary.\n\nThe courts are divided into different levels of jurisdictions: the Appellate High Court, the High Court, the Regional Court, the Sub-regional Court and the Community Court. Only civil cases such as family and succession, property,  commercial and several penal cases are entertained by the courts. Hence, the executive body has severely curtailed many of its core mandates. The courts fully enjoy independence on the cases that they deal with, but there are reports that court decisions are censored by the executive branch. \n\nIn Eritrea, judges have the right to interpret laws but do not have power to review existing laws. In the case of moral damage awards, judges are still using the 1960 transitional civil code that stipulates maximum moral damage to be 1,000 Eritrean Nacfa. The value of money has changed with time, but the amount in the code hasn't changed. So many judges take this into account when awarding moral damages, but the appellate court has turned down their decisions in reasoning that judges do not have the power to review laws. \n\nThere are judges who are ex-liberation fighters and usually are subject to certain unwritten codes of conduct of the ruling party. They report to the Department of Veteran Fighters Affairs under the Ministry of Defense.  In 2001, the president of the High Court was dismissed from his post for criticising the president for interfering in the affairs of judiciary by establishing a special court. His dismissal has served as a precedent (red line) for any judge who dares criticise or acts against the government. Reports reveal pressures faced by judges handling cases involving a government body or any party in court litigations.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 4, 2014\nGovernment studies/report, United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, February 2014, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013, Eritrea, Page 7http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Eritrean courts have limited capacity to deal with public or governmental cases in the country. For example, if there is any dispute among governmental bodies with regard to the mandate, the court has no power to give its verdict because most governmental cases are referred to ..."]
["2014_ET_2",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",2,25,"In principle, the judiciary is independent in performing its duties. Judges can do their jobs properly without any interference from within or outside the judiciary. The main threat to the independence of the courts is the fear of reprisal from the government when judges make decisions against the policies or interests of the government. This perceived fear of consequences may come from the general political atmosphere as opposed to a targeted intimidation and interference in the work of the judiciary. \n\nThe federal system has a judiciary that is more independent than its regional and local counterparts. During the study period, the government has continued to crack down on what it calls terrorism-related offences under a new anti-terrorism law that has seen many religious and media activists indicted and sentenced to long prison terms. In these cases, the judiciary is just following the will of the government and being influenced by the public media narrative on the issues. Courts are accused of giving too much leeway to the government on the time the investigators request to put together their case on suspects after they have been arrested.","Interview with  Judge Getnet Medina, Federal First Instance Court, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Federal First Instance Court Nifasilk Lafto Office.\n\nPhone interview with Solomon Girma, lawyer at all levels of the federal courts of Ethiopia, 21 June 2014.\n \n\"No Fair Justice Without Independent Judiciary\" Addis Fortune, Vol. 14 , No. 721, 23 Feb. 2014  \n http://addisfortune.net/columns/no-fair-justice-without-independent-judiciary/ ","In principle, the judiciary is independent in performing its duties. Judges can do their jobs properly without any interference from within or outside the judiciary. The main threat to the independence of the courts is the fear of reprisal from the government when judges make decis..."]
["2014_GA_2",2014,"GA","Gabon",2,50,"Au Gabon, le manque d'indépendance de la justice est l'opinion la mieux partagée au sein des milieux professionnels de la justice, dans les journaux et au sein du monde politique. \n\nContrairement à ce qui est prévu par la loi, l'autonomie des juges est limitée. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM), organe d'administration du pouvoir judiciaire est présidé par le Président de la République assisté du Ministre de la Justice comme l'un des vice-présidents, ce qui est une intrusion de l'exécutif dans le judiciaire et maintient la dépendance du pouvoir judiciaire vis-à-vis de l'exécutif. Les juges n'opèrent donc pas toujours sans crainte ni faveur vis-à-vis des autres pouvoirs de l'État. \n\nSelon le Sénateur Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomi, une procédure n'aboutit jamais au Gabon lorsque l'affaire concerne un politique. C'est dire que la dépendance de la justice gabonaise a de bons jours devant elle.\n\nÀ chaque rentrée judiciaire, l’indépendance de la justice est toujours à l'ordre du jour. Dans un discours prononcé lors de la rentrée judiciaire de 2014, Henriette Mengue, commissaire générale à la Loi, a par exemple regretté lque \"l’indépendance du juge, pourtant consacrée par la constitution, soit mise en cause par le justiciable qui évoque la lenteur et la justice du deux poids deux mesures et assume un certain divorce d’avec le corps judiciaire.\"","Gabriel Eyéghé Ekomie, Sénateur du département du Komo Kango, interviewé le 22 décembre 2014 par téléphone.\n\nLa Voix Du Peuple Gabonais, juillet 2014.  \"Gabon : Le conseil supérieur de la magistrature à l'épreuve de l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire\". http://gabon.gounna.com/article/show/9722/1,\n\nLoic Ntoutoume, Gabon Review, 09 octobre 2013. \"Rentrée judiciaire : un satisfécit pour quels résultats ?\" http://gabonreview.com/blog/rentree-judiciaire-un-satisfecit-pour-quels-resultats/","Au Gabon, le manque d'indépendance de la justice est l'opinion la mieux partagée au sein des milieux professionnels de la justice, dans les journaux et au sein du monde politique. ..."]
["2014_GM_2",2014,"GM","The Gambia",2,25,"The president’s power to remove a judge has impeded the independence of the judiciary. Two chief justices (Joseph Wowo and Mabel Agyemang) were removed in July 2013 and February 2014, respectively, without any due process. There was no evidence that their removal was politically motivated or meant to preserve any power or economic interests.\n\nSources further disclose that judges presiding over “sensitive” cases who made decisions not considered favorable to the government risk being fired. Addressing judicial independence in March 2014, the president stated: “Most of the time, they say the judiciary is independent. There is no independent judiciary - it’s not true that the judiciary is independent. The judiciary is independent in only one aspect – how you judge\".\n\nHe added that the judiciary is “part of the government, and so you cannot be independent of government”. \n\nAn official at the Ministry of Justice, however, noted that there is no government interference and that rulings by judges acting on their own are sometimes viewed as being tainted by judicial interference. This shows that the judiciary is to a minimum degree independent.\n\nThis minimum independence was confirmed by the acquittal on May 12, 2014, of Solo Bojang, a former lieutenant colonel of The Gambia Army. This was a high-profile case in which the accused was charged with using the president's name to get land. In another case, the ex-deputy chief public health officer of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Bolong Jobarteh, was acquitted on May 29, 2014, of charges leveled against him.\n\nIt is widely believed that the order to arrest the people referred to directly came from the presidency.\n\nMr. Mamburay Njie, for example, served the Cabinet in various capacities. He famously fell out with the president in 2011 and was arrested a couple of times and released. He was subsequently charged in May 2014 with economic crimes and neglect of duty. Most people here were surprised that the court ruled he had no case to answer.\n\nMost people reacted the same way with respect to the acquittal of Bojang, Jobarteh and others. These cases, and there are many of them, show that the courts do not always rule in government's favour.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree, with additional background information to add. Threats to the independence of the judiciary is a longstanding practice by the government which has been well captured by a former judge of the high court, Amelia Izuako who served between 2004 and 2006. After facing a number of harassments, she was forced to leave the country because of her high level of independence. In narrating her ordeal in the country, Judget Izuako concluded that,  \"Justice delivery in the Gambia has been dogged by protracted crisis for many years as government tries to use the Judiciary and State prosecutors to punish perceived opponents. There is no genuine belief in the judicial process except insofar as it serves the purpose of government. Any independent judge is seen as expendable while compromised judges, before whom lawyers refuse to appear, sit pretty and collect salaries for doing nothing. The rule of law is a concept that the Gambian government regards as a nuisance while impunity and wanton disobedience of court orders is rife. In fact, not only are court orders affecting government and its agencies routinely disobeyed, the judge that makes such orders is usually condemned openly, threatened, intimidated, lied against and humiliated.\" The situation as experienced by Izuako remains much the same in the country.","1. Interview with an Official of the Ministry of Justice who requested anonymity on 17/06/2014 at the Ministry of Justice, Marina Parade, Banjul\n\n2.Sacked Gambia’s Chief Justice In Hiding, Jollof News, by PK Jarju\nhttp://www.jollofnews.com/news/24-news/4132-sacked-gambias-chief-justice-in-hiding, last accessed on 17/06/14\n\n3. Jammeh explains recent changes in Judiciary, The Point, Monday, March 10, 2014, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/jammeh-explains-recent-changes-in-judiciary, last accessed 17/06/2014\n\n4. Solo Bojang & Co acquitted and discharged, the Daily Observer, by  Kadijatou Sowe, Tuesday, May 13, 2014 available at http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/solo-bojang-co-acquitted-and-discharged\n\n5. `Bolong Jobarteh & Co acquitted, discharged, the Daily Observer, Lama S. Jallow & Sainabou Jatta, Thursday, May 29, 2014, available at http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/bolong-jobarteh-co-acquitted-discharged\n\n6.Mamburay Njie set free, The Daily Observer, by Fatou Sowe, Friday, July 04, 2014, available at http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/mamburay-njie-set-free, last accessed 11 July 2014\n\nReviewer source:\n'Walking the Line of Judicial Independence: The Case of Gambian Government and Moral Integrity' by Nkemdilim Amelia Izuako, published in the West Africa Review Issue. 15 2009. http://www.africaknowledgeproject.org/index.php/war/article/view/932\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The president’s power to remove a judge has impeded the independence of the judiciary. Two chief justices (Joseph Wowo and Mabel Agyemang) were removed in July 2013 and February 2014, respectively, without any due process. There was no evidence that their removal was politically mo..."]
["2014_GH_2",2014,"GH","Ghana",2,100,"Ghana's Judiciary is a respected institution, which citizens believe fairly adjudicates all matters civil or criminal, and most people go to the courts to seek redress. The judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. The judges discharge their functions without fear or favor, and are independent from the executive and the legislative branches of government.\n\nFor instance in June 2014, a Fast Track High Court in Accra ruled and acquitted and discharged a former Minister of State of the previous regime, whom the current government took to court for allegedly breaching Ghana's Public Procurement Act, 2003 Act 663, in awarding a contract for the renovation of his official office while he was in office.\n \nAlso, the government paid 51.2 million Ghana Cedis to a businessman as judgment debt after the businessman claimed that he had a stadium construction contract with the previous government, which was illegally abrogated. A former Deputy Attorney General under the current government stated that the state had a bad case.\n\nHowever, Ghana's Supreme Court in July 2014 ruled and unanimously ordered the businessman to refund the 51.2 million Ghana Cedis (approx 14.7M USD) to the state because the contract he (the businessman) claimed to have been illegally abrogated was not approved per the country's Constitution.","1. Mr Anthony Forson, Public Relations Officer, Ghana Bar Association, Telephone interview, June 20, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Justice Noble Nkrumah, Tamale High Court Judge, Table interview in his office, June 20, 2014, Tamale.\n\n3. Dr Maurice Ampaw, Legal practitioner and President of the Legal Advocacy Foundation, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. News story: Title: \"Court Frees Asabee, Wife\", Author: Jeffrey De-Graft Johnson, Name of publication: www.dailyguideghana.com, Date: June 14, 2014, Link: http://www.dailyguideghana.com/court-frees-asabee-wife/\n\n5. News story: Title:Woyome hot; Supreme Court orders him to refund GH¢51.2m to state, Author: Mabel Aku Banesseh, Name of publication: www.graphic.com.gh, Date: July 30, 2014, Link: http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/27935-woyome-hot-supreme-court-orders-him-to-refund-gh-51-2m-to-state.html","Ghana's Judiciary is a respected institution, which citizens believe fairly adjudicates all matters civil or criminal, and most people go to the courts to seek redress. The judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. The judges discharge thei..."]
["2014_GN_2",2014,"GN","Guinea",2,50,"Dans la pratique, l'autonomie des juges à interpréter et à dire le droit est souvent limitée car leurs décisions ne sont pas suivies d'effet quand un très haut cadre est impliqué. C'est le cas par exemple de la condamnation de l'ex-directeur général du patrimoine bati-public par le tribunla de première instance de Kaloum pour cause d'abus d'autorité. Cette décision n'a jamais été exécutée. Le condamné est actuellement ministre de la jeunesse et de l'emploi jeune (5 décembre 2013). \n\nL'article 9 de la loi organique sur la magistrature portant sur l'inamovibilité des magistrats du siège est quelque fois violé. C'est le cas en mai 2014 de la suspension d'un juge du siège de Faranah par le Ministre de la justice pour n'avoir pas répondu à la convocation de ce dernier.","Me KAMANO Seny, avocat à la cour, 20 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nDIALLO Algassimou, substitut du procureur du tribunal de première instance de Kaloum, 20 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nGuinee 365.com, 13 mai 2014. « Guinée: Les raisons de la suspension de trois magistrats et deux greffiers ».\nhttp://www.guinee365.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4261:guinee-les-raisons-de-la-suspension\n\nGuineeinformation.fr, 10 janvier 2014. « Condamné à 18 mois de prison ferme avec mandat de dépôt, Moustapha Naité, le Directeur du Patrimoine Bâti nargue la justice guinéenne.» http://guineeinformation.fr/index.php/guinee/item/141-condamne-a-18-mois-de-prison-ferme-avec-mandat-de-depot-mo","Dans la pratique, l'autonomie des juges à interpréter et à dire le droit est souvent limitée car leurs décisions ne sont pas suivies d'effet quand un très haut cadre est impliqué. C'est le cas par exemple de la condamnation de l'ex-directeur général du patrimoine bati-public par le..."]
["2014_GW_2",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",2,0,"In practice judges have little autonomy to review existing laws and are operating under considerable fear or favor of incentives. Judges are frequently subject to political incentives. In particular when it involves politicians or political issues, there are always interferences. During 2014, the Attorney-General interfered in an inquest on Guinea-Bissau's Port Authority by removing the magistrate in charge of the case and replacing him with another loyal to him. Those being investigated were the AG's friends. \n\nIn addition to the interference by the executive referred to above, bribes and reprisals against judges are not uncommon. In a media article on March 23, 2014, some magistrates who were investigating a corruption case were threatened with beatings if they did not stop investigations. Another media story on March 19, 2014 refers to a case in which a lawyer was arrested when attempting to bribe a public attorney with 76 000 Euros to pressure him to abandon a criminal investigation on a case of alleged corruption in the Port of Bissau. Low wages make judges and magistrates vulnerable to bribes.","1. Interview with Vice-President, Roberto Indeque, Lawyer, Guinea-Bissau's Lawyer Association, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 4 July 2014.\n\n2. Interview with Professor and Magistrate, Juselino Pereira, Guinea-Bissau's Law Faculty, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 4 July 2014, Bissa.\n\n3. Interview with Juridiciary expert, Júlio Mendonça, Lawyer and Counsellour of juridical affairs for the Guinea-Bissau's Workers Central Union - UNTG, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.  \n\n4. Media article  \"Magistrados Guineenses que Investigam caso de corrupção ameaçados de espancamento\", Diário Digital/Lusa,, 23 March 2014 (Guinean magistrates investigating cases of corruption are threatned with violence\" http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=692363.\n\n5. Media article, \"Advogado detido em flagrante ao tentar subornar magistrado na Guiné-Bissau\", Lusa, 19 March 2014 (Lawyer detained after trying to bribe a magistrate in Guinea-Bissau\"\nhttp://noticias.sapo.pt/internacional/artigo/advogado-detido-em-flagrante-ao-tentar-subornar-magistrado-na-guine-bissau_17480026.html.  \n\nWebsites last checked 12/06/2014.","In practice judges have little autonomy to review existing laws and are operating under considerable fear or favor of incentives. Judges are frequently subject to political incentives. In particular when it involves politicians or political issues, there are always interferences. D..."]
["2014_KE_2",2014,"KE","Kenya",2,75,"The Kenyan Judiciary is relatively independent in practice. No incidents have been encountered over the review period to prove manipulation of the judicial system. The Kenyan Judiciary has so far worked independently.\n\nFor instance on December 2, 2013, the High Court barred the swearing in of the tribunal appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta to investigate six members of the Judicial Service Commission. According to Judge George Odunga, the tribunal cannot sit and no investigations should begin. The judge also suspended the gazette notice through which commissioners Ahmednassir Abdullahi, Reverend Dr Samuel Kobia, Justice Mohammed Warsame, Professor Christine Mango, Chief Magistrate Emily Ominde and Ms Florence Mwangangi were suspended and a tribunal appointed to investigate their conduct. The JSC took issue with the flawed procedure used to arrive at the formation of the tribunal.\n\nIn another example of independence, the judiciary blocked the planned digital migration of television services by the government, citing lack of proper consultation with media owners in the private sector.\n\nAlthough the Kenyan Judiciary is very independent on areas such as tenure of service and judicial reviews, the system is culpable on the economic independence front. Its budgetary allocations are still determined by the National Treasury and Parliament and this has an effect on issues such as planning for expansion and service outreach.\n\nThe executive and the legislature have control of the budgets allocated to the judiciary and this may affect or limit sound service delivery or performance of the judiciary in some areas.\n\nThe Kenyan Judiciary is independent in terms of judicial reviews and judgments but is curtailed on the economic front because its budget allocations are determined by the executive and legislative.\n\nPeer Reviewers' comments:\n\nAgree: There is also a case of judicial independence in pratice where the court has overturned the decision of the executive awarding a contract to a company because of irregularity in the procurement tender. \nKenyan judges have shown such a willingness to discharge their duties with independence that they have come to represent a threat to the legislature. For instance, faced with the judges issuing injunctions against them, senators have considered passing a law that would curbe such powers of the judiciary.","1. Galgalo Fayo, senior court reporter, Nation Media Group in Nairobi. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n2. Naim Bilal, Director of Communications, Kenya Judiciary. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n3.\"Judiciary under threat, funding cuts to hurt public – Chief Justice-\" An article by Judie Kaberia published in the Capital FM website on March 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2014/03/judiciary-under-threat-funding-cuts-to-hurt-public-cj/.\n\n4. \"The Vision of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya\"- A keynote speech  on the occasion of celebrating 200 years of Norwegian Constitution by Kenya Chief Justice Willy Mutunga on March 19, 2014, at the University of Nairobi.\nhttp://www.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/Keynote%20Speech%20on%20occasion%20of%20celebrating%20200%20years%20of%20Norwegian%20Constit....pdf.\n\n5. Harold Ayodo, an advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on Thursday June 19, 2014.\n\n6. \"Speak Out In Defending Judicial Independence before It Is Too Late\"  - An open letter by Ndung’u Wainaina, Executive Director International Centre for Policy and Conflict (ICPC) dated April 4, 2014.\n -http://www.icpcafrica.org/index.php/news/314-open-letter-to-chief-justice-of-kenya-dr-willy-mutunga-and-entire-judiciary-.html#sthash.EM4hIqfM.dpuf.\n\n7. Ruling by Justice George Odunga on Judicial Review Case No. 2 of 2014. The ruling was made on March 14, 2014.\nhttp://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/95571/.\n\n8. \"Digital migration row now heads to Supreme Court\", An article by Okuttah Mark published by the Business Daily Newspaper on March 31, 2014.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Digital-migration-row-now-heads-to-Supreme-Court-/-/539546/2264756/-/jyc63ez/-/index.html.\n\n9. \"Court bars tribunal to probe JSC from being sworn in\" An article by an unnamed correspondent and published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on December 3, 2013.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Court-bars-tribunal-to-probe-JSC-from-sitting/-/1056/2096596/-/4roon8z/-/index.html\n\nReviewer sources:\nBlow to students as Laptop tender axed. Daily Nation September 25, 2014 page 1 & 4. http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Blow-to-students-as-laptops-tender-axed/-/1056/2464442/-/9m2jj8z/-/index.html \nSenators plot new law to tame judges. DENNIS ODUNGA: Daily Nation September 24, 2014\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Senators-plot-new-law-to-tame-judges/-/1064/2464454/-/svj7brz/-/index.html                 ","The Kenyan Judiciary is relatively independent in practice. No incidents have been encountered over the review period to prove manipulation of the judicial system. The Kenyan Judiciary has so far worked independently...."]
["2014_LS_2",2014,"LS","Lesotho",2,50,"There are a few instances in which individuals and leaders of state institutions have sought to influence judges. Where this has been the case, concerned judges have duly recused themselves. This practice does not seem to be widespread, but there are no clear records indicating the extent to which it may have occurred during this study’s period. \n\nInterviewed sources agree that Lesotho’s High Court judges have a degree of autonomy to interpret and review laws and issue judicial decisions. However, there are reservations regarding the extent to which all 12 judges can disagree with the government on fundamental points of the law. Also, the fact that the judiciary is funded from the budget of the Ministry of Justice, Human Rights and Constitutional Affairs, continues to affect judicial independence. The view is that the executive can easily use this fiscal arrangement to sabotage the judiciary. \n\nApart from that, the role of the Prime Minister in the appointment and removal of judges has created a perception that the executive controls the judiciary. Currently, this view is supported by the way in which the process leading to the suspension and subsequent investigation of the court of appeal president was handled by the executive. Many observers argue that the Prime Minister has too much influence on who gets to sit in the tribunal that is currently looking into the matter concerning the eventual impeachment of the said judge president. The point here is that the institutional arrangement within which judges operate is likely to compromise their autonomy. \n\nThe provisions of the Administration of Judiciary Act of 2011, which seeks to enhance judicial independence, have not been fully implemented.","1. Thato Molapo. Head of Department of Public Law. National University of Lesotho. Interviewed, 25 June\n\n2. Hoolo Nyane. Human Rights Lawyer and Former Director of Transformation Resource Centre. Interviewed, 3 July 2014\n\n3. Anonymous. Judge of the High Court of Lesotho. Maseru. Interviewed 29 June 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","There are a few instances in which individuals and leaders of state institutions have sought to influence judges. Where this has been the case, concerned judges have duly recused themselves. This practice does not seem to be widespread, but there are no clear records indicating the..."]
["2014_LR_2",2014,"LR","Liberia",2,75,"The judiciary is independent. Judges are generally free to render judgments and interpret the laws and policies without fear and or favor from other branches of governments and from higher judges within the judiciary.\n\nPeople are aware that the constitution protects judges against any form of intimidations for expressing judicial opinions and or judicial statements in the course of any judicial proceedings. For instance, the judiciary's handling of the recent mercenaries trial help improve the public's perception about the independence of the judiciary. \n\nIn this particular case, 18 Liberians were arrested for participating as mercenaries in the post-elections violence in the neighboring Cote d'Ivoire between December 2010 and April 2011. They were indicted for offenses such as mercenarism, murder, rape, arson and theft of property. Many people have reason to trust the justice system because they believe that judges are not influenced by outside forces.","Interview: Kasor Zubah - Traffic Court Judge, Bensonville, Mountserado County; 16/06/2014\n\nInterview: Fallah Matthews - Judicial Correspondence, Liberia Broadcasting Corporation, Monrovia; 16/06/14\n\nNewspaper article: Mercenary Verdict Challenged, Abednego Davis, Daily Observer, 16/06/2014. http://www.liberianobserver.com/legal/mercenary-trial-verdict-scheduled-today","The judiciary is independent. Judges are generally free to render judgments and interpret the laws and policies without fear and or favor from other branches of governments and from higher judges within the judiciary...."]
["2014_LY_2",2014,"LY","Libya",2,0,"The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed under Articles 31-32 of the Interim Constitutional Declaration (2011) and under Law No. 6 for the year 2006 on the justice system and its amendments. Constitutionally, the judiciary has autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. However, based on the current crisis in Libya, where the mandate of the judicary is being questioned, judges are said to operate with fear because of different political powers operating in Libya. \n\nThe judiciary works under fear of violence, especially in places like the capital where an Islamic group still controls the city. The Libyan judges issued a statement in February 2014 calling for closure for the courts and asking judges to stop working after one of them was kidnapped. They also stated that working under such fearful conditions makes it impossible to operate independently. About seven judges and prosecutors have been assassinated. Most recently, on Feb. 8, Abdelaziz al-Hassadi, Libya’s first general prosecutor in the post-Gaddafi government, was assassinated in Derna, his hometown.\n\nThe judicial power is subject to the control of the executive and legislative powers. In November 2014, a Supreme Court ruling invalidating the elections for the House of Representatives, which had fled to the eastern city of Tobruk, was rejected by the Assembly. The court said a committee that prepared the election law had violated Libya's provisional Constitution, but the House of Representatives in Tobruk declared it did not recognize the court. It was said that the ruling was made under the threat of guns.","Interview with lawyer Asrana Ahmed, private practice Ajdabia (dependent), Sept. 9, 2014.\n\nInterview with Judge Marwan Atshani, head of the Libyan Judges Organisation, Oct. 10, 2014.\n\nLibya Amoutaqbal website, the Libyan Judges Organisation calls for courts shutdown, Feb. 22, 2014.\nhttp://www.libya-al-mostakbal.org/news/clicked/45428 \n\nChicago Tribune, \"Libya faces chaos as top court rejects elected assembly,\" Nov. 6, 2014. \nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/06/us-libya-security-parliament-idUSKBN0IQ0YF20141106\n\nHuman Rights Watch, \"Libya: Government Institutions at Risk of Collapse: Security, Justice Reforms Should Top Agenda of Rome Ministerial Conference,\" March 7, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/07/libya-government-institutions-risk-collapse","The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed under Articles 31-32 of the Interim Constitutional Declaration (2011) and under Law No. 6 for the year 2006 on the justice system and its amendments. Constitutionally, the judiciary has autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, ..."]
["2014_MG_2",2014,"MG","Madagascar",2,50,"L’ancien directeur général du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO) - qui est l’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption - a reconnu que la faille dans cette lutte se situe au niveau des organes judiciaires, de par les diverses interventions. Par ailleurs, le Président de la République lui-même lors d’une émission télévisée (16 mai 2014) a avoué d’une manière indirecte l’existence d’anomalies au niveau de la justice. Enfin, les interviews ont spécifié qu’une telle indépendance est garantie pour des cas concernant le simple citoyen. Pour les autres cas, des interventions émanant d’en haut existent le plus souvent.\n\nExemples précis sur le manque de liberté du pouvoir judiciaire sont difficiles à trouver, même si on dit qu’il en existe. L’interview du magistrat en retraite a fait apparaître que la forme la plus connue des citoyens ou du grand public est l’intervention de quelqu’un de haut placé en faveur de l’une partie en jugement en influençant d’une manière ou une autre les juges. C’est dans ce cadre que le numéro deux du ministère de la justice lors d’un atelier de réflexion impliquant une quarantaine de magistrats a tenu à spécifier que c’est une « occasion de rappeler aux magistrats leur principale mission, qui est d’assurer la primauté du droit et de veiller à ce que l’administration de la justice soit digne de confiance, intègre et respectueuse des droits humains ». La déclaration du Syndicat de la magistrature malgache sur l’obligation de démission des magistrats faisant de la politique sous entend l’existence d’une influence politique dans l’exercice de leurs devoirs. \n\nEnfin, un article de la Gazette de la Grande Ile mentionne que « l’exécutif s’ingère dans le fonctionnement de la justice, ce qui provoque de vives protestations chez les avocats comme dans cette affaire de cristal du Sud », affaire opposant un opérateur économique étranger et la Direction générale des mines.","RAKOTOZAFY, magistrat de la Cour d’appel en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTONDRASOA Landy, conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 05 juillet 2014.\n \n L’Express de Madagascar, 13 mars 2014, «Haute Cour Constitutionnelle : les magistrats en pointillé». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/hcc-la-magistrature-en-pointilles-7045.\n \nOrange Madagascar, 17 avril 2014, « Madagascar : des magistrats discutent des moyens de lutter contre la surpopulation carcérale », http://www.orange.mg/actualite/madagascar-magistrats-discutent-moyens-lutter-contre-surpopulation-carcerale.\n \nANDRIANARISON Mamy, L’Express de Madagascar, 16 mai 2014, «Général Faly Rabetrano : « La suite des enquêtes pour corruption pose problème ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/general-faly-rabetrano-la-suite-des-enquetes-pour-corruption-pose-probleme-10847\n \nTanaNews, 16 juin 2014, « Syndicat de la Magistrature Malgache : pour la démission des magistrats faisant de la politique ». http://www.tananews.com/asides/smm-pour-la-demission-des-magistrats-faisant-de-la-politique/.\n \n RABENORO Mireille, Madagascar Tribune, 02 juillet 2014, «Un magistrat réputé intègre à la tête du BIANCO : quelle condition pour le succès de sa mission ?», , http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Un-magistrat-repute-integre-a-la,20064.html.\n \n  La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 17 juillet 2014, « Gouvernement Kolo : trois mois peu convaincants ». http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41295:gouvernement-kolo-trois-mois-peu-convaincants&catid=57:la-une8. \n \n TanaNews, 16 juin 2014, « Syndicat de la Magistrature Malgache : pour la démission des magistrats faisant de la politique ». http://www.tananews.com/asides/smm-pour-la-demission-des-magistrats-faisant-de-la-politique/\n \n DUHEM Vincent, Jeune Afrique, 04 octobre 2013, «En pratique, les nominations des juges au niveau national (juges ou magistrats) renforcent l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire». http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20131004131113/.\n \n Site du Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI), disponible sur http://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/. \n \n Site du Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI), disponible sur http://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/. \n \n Communiqué du SEFAFI (Observatoire de la Vie Publique) à l’intention des candidats à l’élection présidentielle du 25 octobre 2013. http://www.lanation.mg/article.php?id=6731. http://justmad.canalblog.com/archives/2012/01/01/19546895.html et sefafi.mg.","L’ancien directeur général du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO) - qui est l’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption - a reconnu que la faille dans cette lutte se situe au niveau des organes judiciaires, de par les diverses interventions. Par ailleurs, le Prési..."]
["2014_MW_2",2014,"MW","Malawi",2,50,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is largely guaranteed although the executive has made some attempts to limit the scope of its freedom during the research period. Efforts to limit the autonomy of the judiciary have included pressuring judges to recuse themselves, i.e to disqualify themselves from participating in a case.\n\nAn example is the case of High Court Judge Esmie Chombo. She stated in media reports that she was asked to recuse herself following pressure from undisclosed quarters over the shooting of former budget director Paul Mphiyo in the 'cashgate' scandal. \n\nJudges have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and Malawi's fledgling democracy has survived the at times heavy-handedness of the executive. \n\nNonetheless and as described in the following indicator, high-ranking members of the judiciary are appointed by the executive, and they are implicitly expected to toe the government line. In spite of this, Malawi has a largely independent judiciary.","1. Nyasa Times, Chancy Namadzunda, 4 February, 2014, Judge Chombo Forced To Recuse Herself in Mphwiyo Shooting: Updated - http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/02/05/judge-chombo-forced-to-recuse-herself-in-mphwiyo-shooting-case-updated\n\n2. Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge, 4 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Chris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice, 3 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","In practice, the independence of the judiciary is largely guaranteed although the executive has made some attempts to limit the scope of its freedom during the research period. Efforts to limit the autonomy of the judiciary have included pressuring judges to recuse themselves, i.e ..."]
["2014_ML_2",2014,"ML","Mali",2,50,"Les limitations a l’autonomie des juges continuent. Selon le juge d'instruction Sekou Lamine Koné : «la justice malienne est loin d’être indépendante sur le terrain. Et ce en raison des interférences multiples qu’elle subit par le pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire, quoique l’on clame son indépendance relève directement du ministre de la justice qui lui aussi reçoit les instructions du Président de la République. Ces personnalités ont indéniablement la mainmise sur le fonctionnement de notre justice. Souvent, en notre qualité de magistrats indépendants, nous voyons nos décisions révoquées, et levées pour servir des intérêts personnels, égoïstes». \n\nParmi, les cas de mutations, on peut citer Mohamed Sidda Dicko, ancien juge anti-corruption, remplacé par Alou Nampé pour avoir affronté l'actuel ministre de la justice Mohamed Aly Bathily, en refusant de rouvrir le dossier du maire du district.","DIOP Alassane, avocat à la cour, barreau malien, 21 juin 2014.\n        \nKONÉ Sékou Lamine,  juge d'instruction, tribunal de première instance de Bamako, 21 juin 2014.\n        \nDIALLO Demba, avocat à la cour, barreau malien, 21 juin 2014.\n\nABamako.com, 17 janvier 2014, «Bras de fer entre le ministre Bathily–Tessougue–Dicko : La rançon d’une tentative d’instrumentalisation de la justice.» http://news.abamako.com/h/36294.html","Les limitations a l’autonomie des juges continuent. Selon le juge d'instruction Sekou Lamine Koné : «la justice malienne est loin d’être indépendante sur le terrain. Et ce en raison des interférences multiples qu’elle subit par le pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire, quoique l’..."]
["2014_MR_2",2014,"MR","Mauritania",2,0,"Si dans les textes, la justice est indépendante, dans la pratique, elle est victime de l'immixtion de l'exécutif. Les juges disposent certes d'une autonomie en Mauritanie; cependant ils sont révoqués lorsque l'utilisation de cette autonomie remet en cause l'autorité du pouvoir exécutif. En moins de cinq ans, pas moins de trois présidents se sont succédés à la tête de la Cour suprême. Pourtant, les textes sont clairs, le président de l'institution judicaire a un mandat de cinq ans et ne peut en aucune manière faire l'objet d'un renvoi. Les renvois successifs des différents présidents des cours suprêmes n'ont pas été contestés devant les jurdictions ordinaires dont notamment la chambre administrative de la Cour suprême. Pourtant, il existe une possibilité de recours remettant en cause le bien-fondé du décret nommant le président de la haute jurdiction mauritanienne.\n\nCe fait au plus haut niveau du pouvoir judiciaire souligne l'absence d'une tradition d'indépendance de la justice mauritanienne. Ce lien de sujétion est lié à la nature du pouvoir exécutif en Mauritanie au cours de ces dernières années, héritage des pouvoirs prétoriens et régimes d'exception qui se sont succédés et qui ne toléraient aucun contre pouvoir dans le paysage institutionnel.","1. MBARECK Hacen, président de l'Association mauritanienne pour la promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. Source anonyme, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n3.  Sahara Medias, 13 avril 2014, « Interview exclusive de Me Brahim Ould Ebety , candidat au bâtonnat mauritanien »\nhttp://fr.saharamedias.net/Interview-exclusive-de-Me-Brahim-Ould-Ebety--candidat-au-batonnat-mauritanien-a-Cridem-Tout-candidat-qui-tenterait-d_a4467.html","Si dans les textes, la justice est indépendante, dans la pratique, elle est victime de l'immixtion de l'exécutif. Les juges disposent certes d'une autonomie en Mauritanie; cependant ils sont révoqués lorsque l'utilisation de cette autonomie remet en cause l'autorité du pouvoir exéc..."]
["2014_MU_2",2014,"MU","Mauritius",2,100,"The general assessment of Mauritius is that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. A senior member of the judiciary confirmed there is no practice of either undue restrictions or politics influencing the judiciary, or the executive trying to sway the judiciary. Antoine Domingue, senior counsel and president of the Bar Council, said the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed in daily practice.\n\nAnother source interviewed for this study, Mr Devendranath Hurnam, a jurist and former member of the National Assembly who is known in the media for constantly challenging some members of the judiciary regarding their work, said that there is no fear or favor involved and that judges have full autonomy to operate without influence from any executive or parliamentary body.","1. Antoine Domingue, Chairman, Mauritius Bar Association, 11 Sept 2014, by phone and mail\n\n2. A senior member of the judiciary, 17 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n\n3. Devendranath Hurnam, jurist and former member of the National Assembly, 17 Sept 2014, by mail\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The general assessment of Mauritius is that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. A senior member of the judiciary confirmed there is no practice of either undue restrictions or politics influencing the judiciary, or the executive trying to sway the judiciary. Antoine Do..."]
["2014_MA_2",2014,"MA","Morocco",2,0,"In practice, the judiciary is not independent from political pressure, especially when dealing with cases of freedom of speech, torture, human rights, gender equity and  freedom of religion. Morocco has signed the UN charter and committed to protecting human rights, but judges continue using a strict interpretation of family laws for fear of repercussions to women's disadvantage. \n\nThe case of underage marriages is an example of executive influence over judges. The rate of underage marriages has increased in 2014 in the country, despite the new family law that forbids underage marriage but allows judges to use discretion in exceptional conditions. The Islamist government has pressed judges to overuse their discretion on judges, resulting in the overuse of their right and to arbitrary interpretations of the exceptional conditions authorizing underage marriages in favor of Islamic norms.\n\nFurthermore, the King of Morocco, head of the state and leader of the three powers, also leads the Supreme Council of judges (Conseil Superieur de la Magistrature).\n\nCases in which journalists were given the maximum penalty including several months in prison show the lack of independence of the judiciary. Ali Anouzla was prosecuted for inciting and providing material support for terrorism after he was accused of publishing an article on Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. As reported by media, Ali did not post the video, he feature a screen shot and a link to the website of the Spanish newspaper El País. Ali has a long record of challenging the authorities. The trial against him intends to shut down his media \"Lakome,\" intimidate and silence emerging investigative journalism in the country.","Pr Ali Boufous, Jurist, Lecturer and specialist of public and constitutional laws- University Hassn II Casablanca - phone interview 02/07/2014.\n\nLarbi Arbaoui, Morocco World News, published online May 29th, 2014. http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/05/131594/underage-marriage-increases-in-morocco-minister-of-justice/.\n\nReport on justice reforms in Morocco, International commission of Jurists, November 2013, see attached P2.\n\nWashington Post article on the conviction of Moroccan Journalist Ali Anouzlah with charges of terrorism http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/morocco-should-drop-absurd-charges-against-a-journalist/2014/05/18/668b8f46-dd0c-11e3-bda1-9b46b2066796_story.html). May 18, 2014.\n\nWebjournal article - Huffington Post, September 2013, justice againt freedom of press. http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/hicham-ben-abdallah-el-alaoui/ali-anouzla-maroc_b_3995907.html. ","In practice, the judiciary is not independent from political pressure, especially when dealing with cases of freedom of speech, torture, human rights, gender equity and  freedom of religion. Morocco has signed the UN charter and committed to protecting human rights, but judges cont..."]
["2014_MZ_2",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",2,25,"In Mozambique, the independence of the judiciary is not guaranteed. There are several observations and examples that contribute to this assessment. \n\nThe judiciary is not independent of the president, who has great influence over appointments, for example. The president appoints the presidents of the highest courts of the country and appoints two members of the Higher Council of the Judiciary (CSMJ), the body that is in charge of managing the judiciary. Under these circumstances, judges appointed are considered \"bound\" to the presidential agenda in the exercise of their duties.\n\nAt the opening of the judicial year in Mozambique in March 2014, judges claimed that they were subject to \"invisible\" pressure/political interference in their work. This aspect was widely disseminated by the national press. On occasion, some members of the judiciary called on the executive to respect the limits of the sphere of its action/competence in order to ensure the independence of the judiciary.\n\nDuring the period of study there were no known cases of judges being demoted or relocated to worse working environments.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nAngop (Angola Press), Redaccao, \"Bar Association of Mozambique alert to political pressure on courts\" (\"Ordem dos Advogados de Moçambique alerta para pressão política sobre tribunais\"), 3 March 2014. \nhttp://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/africa/2014/2/10/Ordem-dos-Advogados-Mocambique-alerta-para-pressao-politica-sobre-tribunais,ea6cfe87-275d-42b2-89d6-3c669d948475.html\n\nAntónio Costa David Ucama, \"Independence of the judiciary in Mozambique\" (\"A Independencia do poder judicial em Mozamibque\"), October 2013. http://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/13276/1/David%20Ucama_tese%20Mestrado.pdf","In Mozambique, the independence of the judiciary is not guaranteed. There are several observations and examples that contribute to this assessment. ..."]
["2014_NA_2",2014,"NA","Namibia",2,100,"During the period of study, there has not been an issue where the independence of the judiciary has been questioned. There has been no indication that the judiciary has been hampered in any way, from handing down judgments because of fear or favour. \n\nTh constitution is currently being amended, and among the major proposals is to augment the independence of the judiciary as far as administrative matters are concerned. The judiciary  does not have its own budget, it depends entirely on state funding through the Ministry of Justice. \n\nThe constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary and the judiciary enjoys the support of the Ministry of Justice, as reiterated by the deputy minister at the opening of the high court in January 2014, in which he said: \"The Ministry of Justice extends its full support and appreciation to the judiciary of the Republic of Namibia and will continue to support its independence, honour and integrity as required by the Constitution.\" The deputy minister thereafter called for accountability of judges in delivering judgements. \n\nThe judges have autonomy to interpret the law, implement and uphold the constitution and the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed thereunder. In the past there were judgments against government and even the ruling party.","Proff Nico Horn, Senior Legal Lecturer, University of Namibia, table interview 28 July 2014.\n\nToni Hancox, Director, Legal Assistance Centre, face-to-face interview 28 July 2014.\n\nYvonne Dausab, Dean:Law Faculty; University of Namibia. Interview July 29th 2014. \n\nSacky Shanghala, Chairman; Law Reform & Development Commission, 11 August 2014.\n\nTomy Nambahu, Deputy Minister of Justice, \"Independence of the Judiciary\" - High Court Year Opening, WINDHOEK, 16 JANUARY 2014 http://lawsocietynamibia.org/content/news/press-statements-2014/minister-of-justice-remarks-on-high-court-year-opening-2014.","During the period of study, there has not been an issue where the independence of the judiciary has been questioned. There has been no indication that the judiciary has been hampered in any way, from handing down judgments because of fear or favour. ..."]
["2014_NE_2",2014,"NE","Niger",2,25,"Au Niger, les juges font souvent face à d'énormes pressions et intimidations, notamment lorsqu'ils doivent traiter d'infractions impliquant le pouvoir politique en place et les lobbys économiques proches du pouvoir. Généralement les juges interprètent les lois seulement à la demande du gouvernement, de l'Assemblée nationale ou de l'opposition politique. Les résultats sont généralement favorables au point de vue du camp au pouvoir et à quelques exceptions près favorables au point de vue de l'opposition. Aussi, une bonne partie de l'opinion publique croit que les juges obéissent régulièrement ou parfois à des injonctions politiques.\n \nAu cours de l'année 2014, plusieurs refus d’obtempérer à des décisions de justice ont été dénoncés par le Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger (SAMAN). Ces décisions de justice concernent souvent des ministres (membre du gouvernement), ou des militants des partis de la mouvance au pouvoir, qui refusent d'être entendus par les juges lorsqu'ils sont convoqués. Il y a également des dossiers de scandales politico-financiers sur lesquels les juges affirment rencontrés des obstacles, car ces dossiers impliquent des personnalités proches du pouvoir. A l'inverse, les juges ont pu souvent vite traiter certains dossiers impliquant des personnalités politiques de l'opposition ou des acteurs de la société civile. \n \nEn janvier et en mars 2014, le Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger (SAMAN) a fait des sorties médiatiques pour dénoncer les entraves faites à la justice, les pressions que subissent les juges et l'impunité qui est favorisée par les personnalités politiques et économiques du pays.","LABO Maiga Zeinabou, directrice générale, à la direction des Droits de l'Homme, de la protection judiciaire juvénile et de l'action sociale, interview au ministère de la justice,14 août 2014.\n \nOUMAROU Narey, professeur agrégé des facultés de Droit, membre de la Cour constitutionnelle du Niger, interview à la Cour constitutionnelle, 14 août 2014.\n \nGOUBÉYE Abdoulaye, magistrat et sécrétaire général adjoint du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger, premier substitut du procureur de la République, interview au tribunal des grandes instances de Niamey, 14 août 2014.\n \nNigerDiaspora.net, 27 mars 2014, « Entraves au bon fonctionnement de la justice : le SAMAN dénonce et condamne les violations répétées de décisions de justice».\n http://nigerdiaspora.net/index.php/les-infos-du-pays/politique-niger/politique-niger/item/66768-entraves-au-bon-fonctionnement-de-la-justice-le-saman-denonce-et-condamne-les-violations-repetees-de-decisions-de-justice.\n \nAMADOU Ibrahim, Le Monde d’aujourd’hui N°70, repris par Tamtaminfo.com, 27 mars 2014, «Les magistrats refusent qu’on leur marche sur le pied».\n http://www.tamtaminfo.com/les-magistrats-refusent-quon-leur-marche-sur-le-pied/.","Au Niger, les juges font souvent face à d'énormes pressions et intimidations, notamment lorsqu'ils doivent traiter d'infractions impliquant le pouvoir politique en place et les lobbys économiques proches du pouvoir. Généralement les juges interprètent les lois seulement à la demand..."]
["2014_NG_2",2014,"NG","Nigeria",2,100,"The judiciary is largely independent to interpret laws and policies - and does so sometimes against the interests of the government.\n\nIn April 2014, for instance, a judge ordered the federal government to pay N50 million as damages to a former Central Bank governor, Lamido Sanusi, for his arrest after being fired from office. In 2013, a judge declared illegal a long-standing practice of the president single-handedly appointing military chiefs. The judge directed that henceforth, the president must allow the National Assembly to vet and approve such decisions. In May 2014, a judge declared illegal the government's practice of giving funding in bits to the judiciary. The court ordered that, as an independent arm, the judiciary should receive full budgetary payments from the executive.\n\nThe independence, however, does not rule out incidences of corruption in the system. There are allegations that some judges deliver rulings to favour the government in return for incentives such as promotions. These claims are not proved. \n\nThe reverse, however, is true: sanctions were applied against judges involved cases of \"misconduct\" during the past year.  Affected judges were duly investigated by the regulatory body, the National Judicial Council, and found guilty of either being biased or not following proper procedures.","Interview with Samuel Ogala, lawyer, Falana Chambers, Abuja, 20 June 2014. \n\nPunch newspaper, Ade Adesomoju, \"Court orders FG, Police to pay Sanusi N50m,\" 3 April 2014.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/court-orders-sanusis-passport-released-awards-n50m-damages/\n\nThis Day Live, Tony Soniyi, \"Court Nullifies Appointment of Service Chiefs,\" 2 July 2013.\nhttp://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/court-nullifies-appointment-of-service-chiefs/152161\n\nPMNews, Nnamdi Felix, \"Nigerian Court Affirms Independence of Judiciary,\" 26 May 2014. \nhttp://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/05/26/nigerian-court-affirms-independence-of-judiciary/\n\nPunch, Ihuoma Chidozie, \"NJC suspends two judges for misconduct,\" 28 Feb. 2014. \nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/njc-suspends-two-judges-for-misconduct/","The judiciary is largely independent to interpret laws and policies - and does so sometimes against the interests of the government...."]
["2014_RW_2",2014,"RW","Rwanda",2,25,"Over the past year, there have been a number of reforms in the judiciary, and several genocide suspects have been extradited to be tried in Rwanda. The Rwandan judiciary has over the past 12 months made a few gains on the international level, particularly through genocide cases that were referred to Rwandan courts because it is believed that the suspects will receive a fair trial. \n\nThe government of Rwanda had for the past 20 years tried in vain to extradite genocide suspects to Rwanda to face trial. But a surge in the number of genocide suspect extraditions between 2012 and 2014 from different countries has been used to advance the argument that the country's judiciary is independent enough to administer fair trials on suspects who previously claimed that they would not receive one. \n\nHowever, there is a general feeling that the courts' independence is questionable when it comes to handling political and military cases. A case involving Lt. Joel Mutabazi, who was forcefully extradited from Uganda in 2013, is a good example. Mutabazi, a former presidential guard, on many occasions fought a military court trial, arguing that it would be a waste of time because he wouldn't get a fair trial. The verdict came on October 3rd, 2014, sentencing him to life in prison.  \n\nAs a journalist and legal analyst observes, events between April and September 2014 put the judiciary back in the spotlight. He is referring to several political arrests targeting military officers and individuals who were critical of the government. The arrested individuals included Col. Tom Byabagamba, ret.-Brig. Gen. Dr. Frank Rusagara and singer Kizito Mihigo. They have all been slapped with treason charges for merely expressing their views. According to the source, this is a sign that courts are still being used to suppress political opponents.\n\nSimilarly, Victoire Ingabire, an opposition politician, in 2012 boycotted the proceedings of a trial she was facing. She said her case was politically motivated and that she could not receive a fair trial, citing a lack of independence of the courts. According to Reuters, rights groups described the conduct of Victoire Ingabire's trial as flawed. Human Rights Watch said some of the charges were politically motivated and that the trial raised questions about the independence of the judiciary. On Dec. 15, 2013, Ingabire saw her sentence extended from eight years to 15 years by the Supreme Court after an appeal.\n\nHowever, officials differ in their views on whether the judiciary's independence is compromised. Courts spokesman Emmanuel Itamwa contends that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed because judges in the country do not base their actions on orders from above or outside the court. He says judges' decisions are based on existing laws and oversight. Chief Justice Sam Rugege also said there was no outside interference. The same view is held by the National Public Prosecution's spokesman, which also says it follows up/investigates cases independently, without any external influence.\n\n \nPeer Reviewer's Comments:\n\nDisagree (score=0): Judges in Rwanda, whether at the local or national level, do not have autonomy, and in many cases their continued appointment requires membership and, indeed, loyalty to the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front. Like other government officials, judges sign yearly performance contracts (known locally as imihigo) directly with President Kagame. These contracts set out benchmarks for a successful year, in terms of judgments and sentencing.  This is direct political interference in the judicial process. In addition, RPF members are required to sign \"oaths of oneness,\" pledging loyalty to the party, and acknowledging that betraying the RPF is treason. Judges are required to take these oaths, signaling political oversight in the judicial process.","Interview with Alain Mukurarinda, National Public Prosecution Authority spokesman, Kigali, July 21, 2014.  \n\nInterview with Charles Kaliwabo, president of the High Court, Kigali, Aug. 20, 2014.\n\nInterview with Emmanuel Rutayisire, parliamentary journalist, The East African, Kigali, July 31, 2014.\n\nInterview with Emmanuel Itamwa Mahame, spokesman, courts, Sept. 1, 2014. \n\nThe New Times, Edwin Musoni, \"New study shows growing confidence in judiciary,\"  July 26, 2014.  .\nhttp://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15795&a=78739\n\nReuters, Edmund Blair, \"Rwandan court extends jail term of opposition politician,\" Dec. 15, 2013.\nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/13/us-rwanda-opposition-idUSBRE9BC0KA20131213    \n\nBBC, \"Paul Kagame ex-guard Joel Mutabazi rejects Rwanda trial,\" Jan. 28, 2014. \nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-25930720  \n\nPeer Reviewer's Sources: \nBert Ingeleare, 2012, \"From Model to Practice: Researching and Representing Rwanda's Gacaca Courts' Critique of Anthropology,\" 38 (4). http://coa.sagepub.com/content/32/4/388","Over the past year, there have been a number of reforms in the judiciary, and several genocide suspects have been extradited to be tried in Rwanda. The Rwandan judiciary has over the past 12 months made a few gains on the international level, particularly through genocide cases tha..."]
["2014_ST_2",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",2,25,"There are legal provisions that guarantee the independence of the judiciary in Sao Tome and Principe, but this independence does not exist in practice. The preventing constraints include the power that the other organs of sovereignty can exercise over the judiciary and the conduct of some judges. For example, cases of corruption involving members of the government are never completed, and no head of state has ever been convicted of corrupt practices. This is because there is some interference by the executive over the judiciary.\n\nFor example, in 2013 a member of the government was accused of being complicit with a private company in the improper importing of rice for human consumption. A complaint was made in the prosecution service in order to establish the liability of offenders. But the case has not advanced, and at the time an opposition party said political influence was exercised on the prosecution and the courts to prevent the investigation from moving forward.\n\nThroughout the judicial system, there is some weakness or fear associated with decision-making. There is fear of reprisal by the government, especially related to the financial dependence that courts have on the government.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nI agree with the researcher's assessment. In practice, judges are not independent of the executive. Besides, they are frequently influenced by bribes, nepotism, clientelism and similar pressures.","Interview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nTela Non, Abel Veiga, \"Government of Gabriel Costa mistreated by Courts, May 12, 2014.\nhttp://www.telanon.info/politica/2014/05/12/16415/governo-de-gabriel-costa-maltratado-pelos-tribunais/#\n\nReviewer's source:\nU.S. State Department, Sao Tome and Principe 2013 Human Rights Report.\nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220361.pdf","There are legal provisions that guarantee the independence of the judiciary in Sao Tome and Principe, but this independence does not exist in practice. The preventing constraints include the power that the other organs of sovereignty can exercise over the judiciary and the conduct ..."]
["2014_SN_2",2014,"SN","Senegal",2,50,"L’indépendance de la magistrature, bien que garantie par la Constitution, est limitée dans les faits. Ce que l'on a constaté cette année, c’est que l'autonomie de certains juges pour examiner les lois a été mise a mal par des interventions du pouvoir exécutif dans le fonctionnement de la magistrature. \n\nDurant la période d'étude le ministre de la justice s'est prononcé sur l'affaire de l'ancien président Tchadien Hussene Habré en déclarant devant l'Assemblée nationale sénégalaise, que « Hissein HABRE ne sera pas condamné à mort, il ne va pas mourir en prison », donnant ainsi le ton alors même que l'affaire est encore entre les mains de la justice. Cette influence a été aussi notée aussi cette année lorsque le ministre de l'intérieur a fait libérer des prisonniers, ce qui a soulevé la colère des magistrats à qui revient cette prérogative. \n\n\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: Des soupçons de corruption accompagnent parfois certaines décisions de justice. Ce fut le cas de la décision prise récemment par la Cour d'appel de Saint-Louis d'annuler la victoire de Mme Aissata Tall Sall à la mairie de Podor au profit de son adversaire proche du pouvoir central. La décision fut finalement cassée par la Cour suprême après un tollé dans la presse et la classe politique. Un autre cas en pleine actualité est relatif au meurtre par suite d'une émeute de l'étudiant Bassirou Faye: l'instruction est en cours, un suspect est même arrêté mais la communication du ministre de la justice et du Procureur sur ce dossier laisse apparaître nombre de zones d'ombres et une certaine volonté de politiser l'affaire tout en disculpant l'Etat de sa responsabilité.","1.SOW Felix, ancien bâtonnier, avocat au barreau de Dakar, 21 juin 2014.\n\n2.SECK Abdou Aziz, président de l’Union des Magistrats du Sénégal (UMS), 21 juin 2014.\n\n3.NDOYE Moustapha, greffier, secrétaire permanent de l'office national de lutte contre la corruption, 22 juin, 2014.\n\n4- Seneweb, Visiobooks.com, 23 avril 2013, « Ousmane Diagne remplacé à son poste de Procureur de la République : Que cache la mesure prise par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature ? ». http://www.visiobooks.com/news/Justice/ousmane-diagne-remplace-a-son-poste-de-procureur-de-la-republique-que-cache-la-mesure-prise-par-le-conseil-superieur-de-la-_n_93896.html\n\n5- Dakar Actu, 9 decembre 2013. «Le ministre de la justice du Sénegal condamne Habre (Les Avocats du Président Habré).» http://www.dakaractu.com/Le-ministre-de-la-justice-du-Senegal-condamne-Habre-Les-Avocats-du-President-Habre_a56693.html\n\n6- Xibaaru, 25 juin 2014. «Incendie des maisons de Cissé Lô : Les magistrats en colère, accusent le ministre de l’Intérieur.» http://xibaaru.com/exclusivites/incendie-des-maisons-de-cisse-lo-les-magistrats-en-colere-accusent-le-ministre-de-linterieur/\n\n\nSources des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nL'Observateur, 14 août 2014. «Corruption à la Cour d’appel de Saint-Louis : Le juge Taïfour Diop et deux de ses conseillers dénoncés à l’OFNAC.» http://www.seneweb.com/news/Justice/corruption-a-la-cour-d-rsquo-appel-de-sa_n_132804.html    \n\nLeral.net, 19 octobre 2014. «Me Bamba Cissé, avocat du présumé meurtrier de Bassirou Faye: \"Tombon Oualy est jeté en pâture…» http://www.leral.net/Me-Bamba-Cisse-du-presume-meurtrier-de-Bassirou-Faye-Tombong-Oualy-est-jete-en-pature_a127051.html","L’indépendance de la magistrature, bien que garantie par la Constitution, est limitée dans les faits. Ce que l'on a constaté cette année, c’est que l'autonomie de certains juges pour examiner les lois a été mise a mal par des interventions du pouvoir exécutif dans le fonctionnement..."]
["2014_SC_2",2014,"SC","Seychelles",2,50,"Generally judges are independent and decide cases fairly.  Judges' autonomy in interpreting laws is real. The promotion and removal for political reasons is rare, if nonexistent. There is no case that for political or extra-professional reasons a judge was promoted or removed because of the decisions he took during this period of study. \n\nBut judges face interference in cases involving major economic or political interests. There are cases where foreign judges recruited by the government are hesitant to rule against the executive because they fear losing their contracts, which allows for some executive influence.","Interview with Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, interview on 3 September 2014. \n\nInterview with  anonymous, judge, supreme court, Ministry of Justice, Port Island, Seychelles, September 4,  2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n \n2014 index of Economic freedom, the Heritage foundation, 2014, accessed on 8 September 2014, http://www.heritage.org/index/country/seychelles).\n\nFreedom House, Freedom in the World 2014 - Seychelles, 26 June 2014, http://www.refworld.org/docid/53b2b8ac3e0.html.\n\nJudicial System of Seychelles, Commonwealth Gouvernance Seychelles, 2014, accessed on 08 September 2014, http://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/africa/seychelles/judicial-system.\n\n“Seychelles, Introductory Notes, p.11, by Mathilda Twomey, Judge, Court of Appeal of Seychelles, The Republic of Seychelles Country report, ICLA, Institute of International and Comparative Law in Africa, 2013, accessed on 08 September 2014, http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/country_reports/seychelles_country_report.pdf.","Generally judges are independent and decide cases fairly.  Judges' autonomy in interpreting laws is real. The promotion and removal for political reasons is rare, if nonexistent. There is no case that for political or extra-professional reasons a judge was promoted or removed becau..."]
["2014_SL_2",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",2,0,"The judiciary of Sierra Leone is tasked with the responsibility of interpreting the laws of the land. While officially independent, judges routinely face pressure from the government to be in line with government's wishes: for instance, in October 2013, a writ of summon witnessed by the Chief Justice was served to two journalists already in police detention and to their newspaper, the Independent Observer. They were denied bail by the magistrate after directives of the government. \n\nAdditionally, the Chief Justice and judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Judicial and Legal Service Commission and subject to the approval of Parliament. The appointment of the judges and Chief Justice by the President creates a blot for the independence of the judiciary.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Unisa Bangura, senior court reporter, Standard Times newspaper, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Moses Kargbo, secretary general, Sierra Leone Association of Journalists, Freetown, 29 June 2014.\n\nConcord Times, \"Sierra Leone: Attack On Press Freedom! APC Sues Jonathan Leigh, Others - and Police Invite Two More Editors,\" 22 Oct. 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201310221467.html    \n\nPolitico, \"No bail for jailed Sierra Leone journalists,\" 30 Oct. 2013.  http://politicosl.com/2013/10/no-bail-for-jailed-sierra-leone-journalists/","The judiciary of Sierra Leone is tasked with the responsibility of interpreting the laws of the land. While officially independent, judges routinely face pressure from the government to be in line with government's wishes: for instance, in October 2013, a writ of summon witnessed b..."]
["2014_SO_2",2014,"SO","Somalia",2,0,"The provisional constitution assigns judges the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. In practice, however, there is political interference or pressure from other branches of the government, especially from the executive branch that has led to the dismissal of judges. \n\nInterference in judicial decision-making by the executive is a common practice in the government. An example is the sacking of Attorney General Abdulkadir Mohamed Muse. He is, ex officio, a member of the Judicial Service Commission and was removed from office by the Council of Ministers.\n\nHe was replaced with a new Attorney general in August 2014. Any disciplinary action taken against the auditor general is the responsibility of the Judicial Service Commission, however, and not that of the Council of Ministers. His removal came after he had expressed opposition to parliamentary attempts to bypass the commission members.\n\nThe chairman of the national higher court, Aidid Abdullahi Ilkahanaf, criticized the action by the Council of Ministers during a media event introducing new Attorney General Ahmed Ali Dahir. He said that \"swearing in for taking a role by the new AG doesn't make his appointment legal.\"\n\nThe fundamental disagreement is over whether any disciplinary action taken against the members of the Judicial Service Commission should be exercised by the commission itself.\n\nOn December 9, 2013, in a high-profile case involving rape allegations against two government-aligned journalists, \"the Banadir regional court in Mogadishu sentenced a female journalist to house arrest as part of a six-month suspended sentence on charges of 'defamation and lying' after she gave an interview to Mohamed Bashir Hashi, Radio Shabelle in Mogadishu, and the court found Hashi and his employer, Abdimalik Yusuf Mohamud, guilty on the same charges of 'offending Somali institutions and defaming Somali government officials.' \"\n\nThey were sentenced to six months and a year in prison, respectively, for which they paid a fine instead. Many international groups including the United Nations itself criticized the government for interfering in the case and politicizing it.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree and wish to provide additional information. According to a recent piece by Horseedmedia.net: ''In recent months, the judicial institutions - who are independent from the government - were raising complaints about the minister. The chief justice accused the Ministry of Justice of interference in the independence of the judiciary. In July, the president approved appointment of a new attorney general, after the predecessor Abdikadir Mohamed Muse was dismissed by Farah Abdulkadir. But the chief justice questioned the legality of Muse’s dismissal, and promised an investigation. In turn, the attorney general’s office has claimed that dozens of judges are operating without having been properly appointed, with the president dismissing 21 judges in October.''","Anonymous, Member of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nMogadishu, Somalia\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous, Government official,\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nMogadishu, Somalia\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous,  Regional Court\nAugust 10, 2014\nMogadishu, Somalia\nInterview by telephone\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSharmarke Abdirashid Janle\nIndependent Lawyer\nBari Regional Court\nAugust 10, 2014\nBossaso, Somalia\nIn-person interview\n\nSentencing in New Rape-Journalist Case Raises Legal, Political Questions in Somalia\nTres Thomas\nSomalia Newsroom\nDecember 10, 2013\nhttp://somalianewsroom.com/2013/12/10/sentencing-in-new-rape-journalist-case-raises-legal-political-questions-in-somalia/\n\nMaxkamada Sare ee Dalka oo Hanjabaad Culus Dirtay ilko Xanaf oo Sharciga Fiirin doona\nJawhar 24\nAugust 6, 2014\nhttp://jowhar24.com/?p=1170\n\n\"In the current situation of the country [Somalia], national judges have too many politics to deal with to practice legal decisions.\"  . . . Interview with Judge who requested anonymity, Mogadishu, August 2014.\n\n\nReviewer source:\n'Somalia lawmakers vote to Impeach Prime Minister' ( December 6, 2014). Horseedmedia.net. Availabe at : http://horseedmedia.net/2014/12/06/somalia-lawmakers-vote-to-impeach-prime-minister/","The provisional constitution assigns judges the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. In practice, however, there is political interference or pressure from other branches of the government, especially from the executive branch that has led to the ..."]
["2014_ZA_2",2014,"ZA","South Africa",2,100,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. \n\nJohn Jeffery, deputy minister of constitutional development, stated in February 2014 that \"the ANC government, since 1994, but in particular under the Zuma presidency, has strengthened the independence of the judiciary. When we change the constitution, we do so to strengthen the independence of the courts, not to detract from it.\" \n\nIn her essay \"Celebrating South Africa's strong and independent judiciary\", former constitutional judge Yvonne Mokgoro seems to agree with Jeffery. She says that the judicial system has undergone and \"an impressive transformation ... in terms of increased diversity and progressive legislation. Today, the judiciary values its institutional independence and uses its power to review legislation to test governmental conduct and legislation against the highest law in the land, our Constitution.\"\n\n\"However, in all democratic societies in which the judiciary is empowered to review and independently pronounce upon government conduct, policies and laws, the judiciary sometimes shares a tense relationship with the other branches of government,\" she continues. That \"men and women - of all races, irrespective of wealth, class or social standing - can now stand before an independent and transformed judiciary is a triumph of our democracy,\" she concludes.\n\nThe 2014 edition of the Rule of Law Index (by the World Justice Project) ranks South Africa 40th in the world. But when it comes to the independence of the judicial system, the nation scores well.\n\n\"The country’s civil justice system is independent, \" the index says, adding that the judicial system is not linked to independence problems but to issues related to efficiency and security. \n\nIn the 2014 South Africa Indicators Report, William Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town, and advocate Paul Hoffman stated that South African judges \"have the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and that they on the whole operate without fear or favour, and independently from other branches of government.\"","Interview with democracy researcher and analyst Karin Alexander (19 June 2014)  \n\nCelebrating South Africa's strong and independent judiciary (Yvonne Mokgoro / MediaClubSouthAfrica / 14 March 2014)\nhttp://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/twenty-years-of-freedom/3752-celebrating-south-africa-s-strong-and-independent-judiciary\n\n2014 Rule Of Law Index by the World Justice Project\nhttp://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/files/wjp_rule_of_law_index_2014_report.pdf\n\nANC: Judicial independence crucial to democracy (John Jeffery / Mail & Guardian / 28 february 2014)\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2014-02-27-judicial-independence-crucial-to-democracy-anc/","In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed. \n\nJohn Jeffery, deputy minister of constitutional development, stated in February 2014 that \"the..."]
["2014_SS_2",2014,"SS","South Sudan",2,0,"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is only guaranteed to a small extent. The extent to which the judiciary is independent is related to the procedure of the appointment of senior judges. Whereas, the chief Justice and judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president and approved by the Council of Ministers, their removal from office is by the Judicial Service Council according to laid-down procedures. This makes them independent. \n\nHowever, to a large extent the independence of the judiciary in South Sudan is not a reality. According to a December 2013 report from the International Commission of Jurists, “Although the principle of separation of powers is provided for in the Constitution and ordinary laws of South Sudan, in practice a culture of judicial independence seems not yet fully to have taken root in the country.”\n\nThe report notes that members of South Sudan’s executive and military have “been reported to have exercised undue pressures on and illegitimate interference with the exercise of judicial functions, in violation of international standards.”\n\nThe CPJ report concludes that members of South Sudan’s government have not internalized the principle of separation of powers. “For example, the ICJ mission was told of an incident relating to a case that was pending before a court involving a military general. Once the case was heard, and while judgment was pending, the general was reportedly seen parking his vehicle, which was full of armed military personnel, outside the courthouse. The general reportedly intermittently knocked on the window of the judge’s office to ask when the judgment would be ready. The judgment, the mission learned, was hurried and ultimately went in the general’s favor,” the report reads in part.\n\nSouth Sudanese law makes the judiciary’s budget subject to presidential approval, according to Emmanuel Pitiia of the International Development Law Organization. This lack of financial independence renders the Judiciary less independent.  \n\nAnd finally, in practice the legal framework establishing the judiciary is not consistent with the requirements for an independent and accountable judiciary because the law makes the judiciary directly answerable to the president in the discharge its mandate.","Interview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nReport from the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), \"South Sudan: An Independent Judiciary in an Independent State?\" December 2013.\nhttp://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/SOUTH-SUDAN-CIJL-REPORT-elec-versionFsmallpdf.com_.pdf \n\nUnited States Institute of Peace, policy brief, Princeton N. Lyman, Jon Temin and Susan Stigant, \"Crisis and Opportunity in South Sudan,\"  Jan. 8, 2014.\nhttp://www.usip.org/publications/crisis-and-opportunity-in-south-sudan \n \nICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, \"South Sudan: Country Profile,\" to June 2014. \nhttp://www.icj.org/cijlcountryprofiles/south-sudan/","In practice, the independence of the judiciary is only guaranteed to a small extent. The extent to which the judiciary is independent is related to the procedure of the appointment of senior judges. Whereas, the chief Justice and judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the pre..."]
["2014_SD_2",2014,"SD","Sudan",2,0,"In Sudan, judges have no autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy free of political interference. Judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives. For example, the former head of the judiciary in Sudan was dismissed from his job through a political decision in April 2014. \n\nThe judiciary in Sudan is subject to political interference, and the government has the de facto authority to dismiss the judges.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Oct. 25, 2014.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nalriyadh newspaper, Baleegh Hassaballah, \"Sudan: dismissal of the head of judiciary, and the head Constitutional Court,\" April 25, 2014.\nhttp://www.alriyadh.com/930114","In Sudan, judges have no autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy free of political interference. Judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives. For example, the former head of the judiciary in Sudan was dismissed from his j..."]
["2014_SZ_2",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",2,0,"The King appoints judges. Officially, he is responding to recommendations of the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) on judicial appointments, but the King handpicks the commissioners and thus receives appointment recommendations supportive of government. \n\nThe JSC is headed by a controversial judge (Chief Justice of Swaziland Michael Ramodibedi) whose political agenda has been questioned by interview sources and media reports, given his tough stance on criticism. For instance, a Mail & Guardian article reports that \"Swaziland’s controversial Chief Justice Michael Ramodibedi has intensified his crackdown on the media by threatening the managing editor of a major daily newspaper with immediate arrest if his paper continues to comment on the trial of another top newspaperman. This follows Ramodibedi’s personal pursuit of contempt of court charges against Bheki Makhubu, editor of respected magazine the Nation, and human rights lawyer Thulani Maseko.\" Another article reports that the Chief justice is very close to the King and is used by the palace to silence critics.\n\nIt is the Chief Justice who appoints and fires JSC members, in complete secrecy as was illustrated in the firing of one member who was uninformed of her sacking on 4 July 2014, until informed by the media.\n\nIn recent times, judge Mumcy Dlamini has displayed independent actions in overturning the arrest warrants of a newspaper editor and human rights lawyer for “contempt of court” for criticizing the High Court judge, an appointee of King Mswati. This might have played a role in her dismissal and replacement by a more compliant judge, according to news reports.","Interview: Anonymous, Manzini, 3 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Sandile Lukhele, journalist African Eye News Service, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014.\n\nAllAfrica.com, 20 August 2014. Swaziland: Swazi Chief Justice Michael Ramodibedi Blasts Media - Times of Swaziland. http://allafrica.com/stories/201408210873.html\n\nMAIL & GUARDIAN REPORTER, 09 MAY 2014 00:00. New crackdown on Swazi media. http://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-08-new-crackdown-on-swazi-media\n \n“CJ Removes Loraine as JSC Secretary,” Bodwa Mbingo, Swazi Observer, 5 July 2014. http://www.observer.org.sz/news/63609-cj-removes-lorraine-as-jsc-secretary.html\n\nAllAfrica.com, 19 MAY 2014. Swaziland: 'CJ Arrest Warrant for Critic Judges'. http://allafrica.com/stories/201405210152.html\n\n“Swaziland: Striving from Freedom: March – June 2014,” Richard Rooney, July 2014. http://swazimedia.blogspot.com/2014/07/swaziland-struggle-for-freedom.html\n\n“UN Experts Condemn Continued Detention and Trial of Human Rights Defenders,” United Nations, Commissioner of Human Rights, 12 June 2014. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14687&LangID=E\n\n\"The Swaziland Judiciary in the International Spotlight,\" Southern Africa Litigation Centre, 4 April 2014.","The King appoints judges. Officially, he is responding to recommendations of the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) on judicial appointments, but the King handpicks the commissioners and thus receives appointment recommendations supportive of government. ..."]
["2014_TZ_2",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",2,50,"Although judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, they sometimes face political pressures in making decisions. This is because they are appointed by the president, who is also chairman of the ruling party. The enormous influence wielded by the president/chairman of the ruling party means that judges are afraid to act against the president or his close associates or influential member of his ruling party for fear of losing their job.\n\nChief Justice (CJ) Mohamed Chande Othman said in local media that Tanzania is in the process of getting a new national constitution and stressed that the new constitution should ensure that the justice system is not subject to interference.","1. (Interview on 23 September, 2014) JEBRA KAMBOLE, Partner/ Advocate/ Commissioner for Oath and Notary Public, LAW GUARDS ADVOCATES, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania, \n              \n2. Prof. Chris Maina Peter., University of Dar es Salaam, Faculty of Law,. PO. Box 35093, Dar es Salaam, TANZANIA. https://www.scribd.com/doc/136643614/Independence-of-the-Judiciary-in-Tanzania-Many-Rivers-to-Cross-Chris-Maina-Peter, 2013/2014.\n\n3. CJ moots community involvement in judicial service body by Hida Mhagama, July 17, 2014.  http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/33790-cj-moots-community-involvement-in-judicial-service-body","Although judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, they sometimes face political pressures in making decisions. This is because they are appointed by the president, who is also chairman of the ruling party. The enormous influence wielded by..."]
["2014_TG_2",2014,"TG","Togo",2,25,"Pour des affaires qui ne relèvent pas d’intérêts politiques les juges usent de leur autonomie dans leurs décisions. Le problème se pose dans la plupart des cas dans les affaires d’intérêts politiques avérés ou non. Selon le rapport du Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux Droits de l’Homme au Togo (HCDH-Togo), dans le cadre de dossiers dit «sensibles», des juges d’instruction se déplacent à la Chancellerie avec leurs dossiers pour discuter avec le ministre de la justice ou ses collaborateurs sur la manière de conduire le dossier. Les incendies des marchés du Togo démontrent bien que l'indépendance de la justice est contestée par l'opposition. Selon elle, la justice togolaise a conduit l’enquête sur ces incendies dans l’unique sens des intérêts des donneurs d’ordre, en oubliant que l’instruction se fait à charge et à décharge. Commentaire des pairs évaluateurs: Pas d'accord: Score=0. La justice au Togo est très fortement inféodée à l'exécutif, ce que l'ancien président de la commission des Droits de l'Homme M. Koffi Kounté confirme. L'association des victimes de tortures dénonce aussi très fortement la même situation de justice non-performante avec des exemples scandaleux de disparition mystérieuse.","DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n   \nZARA Nima, Icilome, 28 octobre 2013, «Pratiques judiciaires au Togo : Mettre fin à la caporalisation politique, le vrai chantier de Kofi Esaw.\n http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=765471.\n \nBureau du Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux Droits de l’Homme au Togo, « RAPPORT SUR LE RESPECT ET LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ET DES LIBERTÉS FONDAMENTALES DANS L’ADMINISTRATION DE LA JUSTICE AU TOGO», décembre 2013\n http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TG/TogoDecember2013.pdf.\n \nTogosite.com, 07 janvier 2014, «TOGO: Incendie des marchés de Lomé et Kara un an après,CST commémore l’évènement à Lomé et Kara».\n http://www.togosite.com/?q=node/5711.\n \n \nSources des pairs évaluateurs: Fabbikouassi’s Blog, 23 septembre 2014, «Togo, Koffi Kounté confirme l’intrusion de l’exécutif dans les décisions de justice». https://fabbikouassi.wordpress.com/2014/09/23/togo-koffi-kounte-confirme-lintrusion-de-lexecutif-dans-les-decisions-de-justice/. AfreePress, 19 septembre 2014, «L’ASVITTO annonce la disparition d’Olivier Amah et appelle Faure Gnassingbé à garantir l’indépendance de la magistrature». http://peuplesobservateurs2014.wordpress.com/2014/09/19/togo-lasvitto-annonce-la-disparition-dolivier-amah-et-appelle-faure-gnassingbe-a-garantir-lindependance-de-la-magistrature/","Pour des affaires qui ne relèvent pas d’intérêts politiques les juges usent de leur autonomie dans leurs décisions. Le problème se pose dans la plupart des cas dans les affaires d’intérêts politiques avérés ou non. Selon le rapport du Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux Droits ..."]
["2014_TN_2",2014,"TN","Tunisia",2,75,"Owing to the new constitution adopted in January 2014, Tunisian judges have been increasingly exercising their independence from the other branches of government. \n\nA step toward more independence of the judiciary has been made with the decision by the courts to free former high officials from the previous government of President Ben Ali. Despite the pressure exercised by the main and ruling political party (Ennahdha) and by the parliament and some government members who wanted to keep former members of government in jail, Ridha Grira, (former ministry of defense in the government Ben Ali) was released by a judicial decision on 4 March 2014. \n\nA second example was the release on 17 May 2014 of Ali Seriati, the former chief of security under Ben Ali, by judicial decision. Another example showing the independence of the judiciary is that both the former prime minister and the current minister of interior have been summoned by court to examine deeper the affair of the murder of an opponent to the current government, Brahmi, who was shot in July 2013. \n\nThese are concrete examples of the independence of the judiciary system, which has become more visible after the new constiution was adopted on 26 Jan. 2014, and after the appointment of a new government on 29 Jan. 2014  (led by Jomaa), composed of members who do not belong to any political party. Many NGOs have admitted that serious progress has been made by the Tunisian government toward an independent judiciary, in particular, Al Bawsala, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the Carter Center. \n\nIn addition, the Constitutional Court, which under the provisional constitution is the highest authority to examine the constitutionality of all bills, has the autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, by examining their constitutionality. It can reject a bill. For example, in May 2014, it rejected the law excluding members of the military from voting in elections.","Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, 12 June 2014, Tunis. \n\nInterview with Ahmed Solaani, judge in the court of Sfax, 14 June 2014.\n\nArticle: Amnesty international/Human Rights Watch, \"Tunisie: Améliorer les garanties relatives à l’indépendance de la Justice,\" Tunis, 13 Jan. 2014. \nhttp://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/pr/tunisia-joint-statement-011314-fr.pdf \n\nArticle: Huffington Post Maghreb, \"L'instance provisoire de contrôle de constitutionnalité rejette les recours sur la loi électorale,\" Tunis, 21 May 2014. http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/05/21/tunisie-controle-constitutionnalite-loi-electorale_n_5364740.html\n\nArticle: Tunisie numérique, Rabaa H., \"Laarayedh et Ben Jeddou auditionnés,\" 12 June 2014.\nhttp://www.tunisienumerique.com/tunisie-laaryedh-et-ben-jeddou-auditionnes-dans-laffaire-brahmi/226331 \n\nArticle: Huffington Post Maghreb, \"L'Instance provisoire de contrôle de la constitutionnalité des projets de lois rejette les recours sur la loi électorale,\" Tunis, 21 May 2014.\nhttp://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/05/21/tunisie-controle-constitutionnalite-loi-electorale_n_5364740.html","Owing to the new constitution adopted in January 2014, Tunisian judges have been increasingly exercising their independence from the other branches of government. ..."]
["2014_UG_2",2014,"UG","Uganda",2,50,"Judges have the autonomy to interpret the law and this is handled by the Constitutional Court. When disagreements arise as to the exact meaning of any constitutional provision, Act of Parliament or any law, then the Court of Appeal sits as the Constitutional Court consisting of five justices and presided over by the deputy chief justice. \n\nJudges also have the autonomy to review the law, and this is handled by the Uganda Law Reform Commission.  The ULRC constantly reviews the laws to institute an adequate legislative environment. A review of the Uganda Law Reform Commission Annual Report 2013 reflects the laws the commission has reviewed in the past year and the recommendations it made to effect their improvement.\n\nThe judges on the whole have been able to stand their ground and been able to take decisions without fear of repercussions from other arms of government. Despite their boldness, in the past year there have been a few cases where the executive tried to influence their decisions or undermine decisions taken by the judiciary. A case in point is the one of the “rebel NRM” members of parliament who were being thrown out of parliament because they refused to tow their party’s line.\n\nFor not agreeing with the NRM Party position, four MPs - Theodore Ssekikubo, Muhammad Nsereko, Wilfred Niwagaba and Barnabas Tinkasiimire - were expelled from the party. And the party also wanted to have them thrown out of parliament, citing that if MPs are expelled from their party, they automatically lose their seats in the House. But because the law was not explicitly clear, Speaker Rebecca Kadaga retained the four MPs, and NRM petitioned the court challenging her decision. NRM also wanted this court case to set precedent that any member who opposes party decisions will be dealt with severely. At Constitutional Court, Justices Richard Buteera, Faith Mwondha, Augustine Nshimye and Steven Kavuma ruled to expel the MPs. But  Justices Steven Kavuma and Augustine Nshimye are accused of being NRM sympathizers, making their ruling suspicious. The Observer reported on August 2013 in an article titled \"Justices Kavuma, Nshimye listed as NRM promoters\" that \"Lawyers for the four expelled NRM MPs today demanded that Justices Steven Kavuma and Augustine Nshimye quit a case against them, accusing the judges of being promoters of the ruling party.\" However, in July 2014 the Supreme Court halted the ruling of the Constitutional Court to have the case heard anew. \n\nAnother example is the case of Lord Mayor Elias Lukwago, who was evicted from his office, a situation that depicted a fight between the executive and judiciary. This case keeps dragging on, for no clear reason, from one court to another. There is worry that it could be deliberately dragging out as the end of his term of office nears.\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments: \nAgree: The failure to appoint a substantive chief justice by the executive has affected the independence of the judiciary. More importantly, the executive attempted to reappoint the former chief justice beyond the constitutional mandate and against the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission in August 2013. The appointment had to be contested in court on June 16, 2014. Even after the appointment was annulled, the executive has yet to appoint both a substantative chief justice and deputy chief justice.","“Evaluation of Uganda’s judicial performance is long overdue”; George Kanyeihamba, 20 Oct. 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Evaluation-of-Uganda-s-judicial-performance-is-long-overdue/-/689364/2039186/-/jvelpt/-/index.html \n\nUganda Law Reform Commission;  “Annual Report, 2013”, p.5-22. \n\n“Judiciary's Proposals on the Amendment of the Constitution”; The Judiciary  11 July 2014\nhttp://www.judicature.go.ug/data/news/107/Judiciary's_Proposals_on_the_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_.html\n\n“Comments Of The Judiciary On The Proposed Constitutional Amendments”; May 2014\nhttp://www.judicature.go.ug/files/downloads/Judiciary%20Proposals%20on%20the%20Amendments%20of%20the%20Constitution.pdf\n\n “Lukwago verdict soon”; Derrick Kiyonga & Siraje Lubwama; 25 April 2014\nhttp://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31436:-lukwago-verdict-soon\n\n“Mixed reaction to court decision on rebel MPs”; Derrick Kiyonga & Siraje Lubwama; 23 Feb. 2014\nhttp://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30313:-mixed-reaction-to-court-decision-on-rebel-mps\n\nNasasira Leah; Legal Officer, Research; Uganda Law Society; Kampala; 16 July 2014 \n\n\"Justices Kavuma, Nshimye listed as NRM promoters\"; Derrick Kiyonga, 22 August, 2013 http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27117&catid=34&Itemid=114\n\nlIAfrica News, “I'm Loyal to the Law, Not NRM; Justice Kavuma” ; Dec 2013\nhttp://www.comesaria.org/site/en/news_details.php?chaine=i-m-loyal-to-the-law-not-nrm-justice-kavuma&id_news=25895&id_article=119\n\nThe East African; “One year later, Uganda awaits Chief Justice”;\nhttp://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/One-year-later--Uganda-awaits-Chief-Justice/-/2558/2246092/-/view/printVersion/-/w6660bz/-/index.html\n\n\n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\n\"Constitutional Court annuls Odoki’s reappointment,\" 4 Aug. 2014, http://www.redpepper.co.ug/constitutional-court-annuls-odokis-reappointment/                     \n\"Uganda: Justice Kavuma jobs illegal - court,\" 6 Aug. 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201408060233.html","Judges have the autonomy to interpret the law and this is handled by the Constitutional Court. When disagreements arise as to the exact meaning of any constitutional provision, Act of Parliament or any law, then the Court of Appeal sits as the Constitutional Court consisting of fiv..."]
["2014_ZM_2",2014,"ZM","Zambia",2,50,"According to Godfrey Mutale, the supervisor for the Commercial List Registry, at the Lusaka High Court, judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy before delivering judgments. However, there have been times when some rulings and/or judicial procedures have raised questions and/or reduced the confidence of the public in the independence of some judges.\n\nThere is, for example, the case of Director of Public Prosecution Mutembo Nchinto and others who were sued by the Development Bank of Zambia (DBZ) for owing K14 billion Kwacha under the defunct Zambia Airways company. The defendants owned the company, and the High Court judge, Nigel Mutuna, found the defendants liable to pay back the debt with interest and ruled that they had fraudulently acquired the loan. The higher judge at the Supreme Court referred the case back to the High Court for a retrial, under a different judge, saying Judge Mutuna had no jurisdication over the case and did not conduct it well. This, critics asserted, was a straightforward case, but the Supreme Court judge decided to treat the defendants favourably, as it involved a presidential appointment. \n\nQuoting a lawyer watchdog who evaluated the ruling: “It [the ruling] prejudices the rights of Mutuna before the Chikopa Tribunal. The imputation is that he misconducted himself. It is amazing that the judiciary can do this to a fellow judge. Our analysis is that the K14 billion plus (roughly 2,700,000USD) owned by the Nchito brothers and Fred Mmembe will not be paid back - at least not under this government. It also means the costly Chikopo Tribunal has been rendered useless. The continued stay of Lombe Chibesakunda has violated the integrity of the judiciary and, in particular, the Supreme Court.\"\n\nThere is a general view that the current composition of top judicial positions, such as at the judges level, reflects the president's allies and relatives, which makes it difficult for them to operate objectively. The appointment of Evans Hamaundu and Albert Wood as Supreme Court judges earlier this year was seen as a move to protect people such as Mmembe. Mmembe, who is a lawyer by trade, is alleged to have recommended to the president the list of judges he should consider appointing, with one of them (Judge Wood), presiding over the case in question. Despite this occurence, there are many trials in which the judiciary is independent and renders judgments according to the spirit of the law.","Zambian Watchdog, \"DBZ ruling is a technical knockout to Zambians, bye to judicial independence,\" 18 Dec. 2013.\nhttps://www.zambianwatchdog.com/dbz-ruling-is-a-technical-knockout-to-zambians-bye-to-judicial-independence/\n\nZambian Watchdog, \"Sata rewards Judges Hamaundu, Albert Wood with Supreme Court appointments,\" 24 Jan. 2014.\nhttps://www.zambianwatchdog.com/sata-rewards-judges-hamaundu-albert-wood-with-supreme-court-appointments/\n\nThe Zambian Voice, \"Quest for an independent judiciary, 26 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://thezambiavoice.org/2014/02/26/quest-for-an-independent-judiciary/\n\nInterview with Godfrey Mutale, registry supervisor, Commercial List Registry, Lusaka High Court, Luska, Zambia, 11 July 2014.","According to Godfrey Mutale, the supervisor for the Commercial List Registry, at the Lusaka High Court, judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy before delivering judgments. However, there have been times when some rulings and/or judicial p..."]
["2014_ZW_2",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",2,0,"While there are no cases where a judge has been subjected to negative treatment in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions, their autonomy is restricted due to their strong links to political parties. Most of the judges were selected on the basis that they support Zanu-PF.\n\nDuring a meeting organised by the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), an opposition politician and constitutional law expert, professor Lovemore Madhuku, indicated that the constitutional court for example is fearlessly pro-Zanu-PF and will do all in its powers to defend the party’s interests. \n\nIn a newspaper article published on 23 September 2014, Eddie Cross confirmed than the judiciary system in Zimbabwe is of poor state. According to him, the courts are corrupt and inefficient, and senior members of the Judiciary are compromised and even their competence as lawyers is questioned. Cases are held over for years pending conclusions or judgments, and when rulings are issued, they are not enforced by the officers of the court or the police; many think that they can ignore court decisions and rulings without recourse.","Interview with David Magorokosho, former court magistrate, 31 July 2014, Mutare.  \n\nNewZimbabwe.com, \"Zimbabwe: Top Judges Still Pro-Zanu-PF - Madhuku,\" 30 July 2014, accessed January 2015.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201407310889.html   \n\nMaxwell Sibanda, \"Madhuku blasts ConCourt judges,\" 31 July 2014, accessed 4 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2014/07/31/madhuku-blasts-concourt-judges\n\nPoliticsweb, Eddie Cross, \"Zimbabwe's rotten Judiciary,\" September 2014, accessed 20 Oct. 2014. http://politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=731175&sn=Detail","While there are no cases where a judge has been subjected to negative treatment in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions, their autonomy is restricted due to their strong links to political parties. Most of the judges were selected on the basis that they support Zanu-PF...."]
["2014_DZ_3",2014,"DZ","Algeria",3,0,"En Algérie, les juges sont sous la dépendance du pouvoir exécutif et leur nomination ne renforce pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Les nominations des magistrats de la Cour Suprême et du Conseil d'Etat, les deux plus hautes juridictions du pouvoir judiciaire, sont faites par le président de la république. Ces juges sont nommés par le Président de la République en sa qualité de président du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM). Une fois les nominations faites, le CSM valide. C'est le cas par exemple de nominations faites en janvier 2014 où \"Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM) a validé, la nomination de 336 nouveaux magistrats et la titularisation de 525 autres.\"\n\nAu cas où le ministre de la justice est informé d'une faute grave commise par un magistrat, qu'il s'agisse d'un manquement à ses obligations professionnelles ou d'une infraction de droit commun préjudiciable à l'honneur de la profession ne permettant pas son maintien à son poste, il procède immédiatement à sa suspension après enquête préliminaire comportant les explications du magistrat intéressé et après avoir informé le bureau du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Le ministre de la justice, selon la loi organique n°04-12,  transmet, dans les délais les plus courts, le dossier des poursuites disciplinaires, au président de la chambre disciplinaire du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature lequel est tenu de procéder à l'enrôlement de l'affaire à la plus proche session. D’après l’association des magistrats « injustement » révoqués plus de 300 magistrats ont été sanctionnés « illégalement », durant ces dernières années. \n\nIl faut noter que, dans le cadre des consultations autour du projet de révision constitutionnelle, menées par le directeur de cabinet de la Présidence de la République, des personnalités politiques et des présidents d’organisations gouvernementales et indépendantes ont fait des propositions qui s’articulaient notamment sur la  séparation des pouvoirs et  l’indépendance de la justice.","Feddal Halim, Secrétaire Adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption «  ANLC », 01/09/2014 (contacté par Téléphone)\n\nMouvement dans les corps des magistrats, algerie1, Abbes Zineb, 05/01/2014\nHTTP://WWW.ALGERIE1.COM/ACTUALITE/MOUVEMENT-DANS-LES-CORPS-DES-MAGISTRATS-ET-NOMINATION-DE-336-NOUVEAUX/\n\nLéger mouvement dans le corps des magistrats, A.B, Le Soir d’Algerie,11/05/2014\nHTTP://WWW.LESOIRDALGERIE.COM/ARTICLES/2014/05/11/ARTICLE.PHP?SID=163311&CID=2\n\nCharges aggravées contre Chakib Khelil : Pressions sur le juge d’instruction. HTTP://WWW.ECHOALGERIE.COM/ARTICLE.PHP?ID=3079\n\nMOUVEMENT DES FONCTIONNAIRES «INJUSTEMENT RÉVOQUÉS» :POLICIERS ET MAGISTRATS REVOQUES SE RASSEMBLERONT DIMANCHE A ALGER, SALIMA TLEMÇANI, 18/03/2014\nFTP://DOWNLOAD.UNIV-CHLEF.DZ/JOURNAUX/2014/MARS/18.03.2014/EL-WATAN%20DU%2018-03-2014.PDF\n\nEtat des droits de l’homme en Algérie, Mustapha Farouk Ksentini, Rapport annuel 2013 de la Commission Nationale Consultative de Promotion et de Protection des Droits de l'Homme, fin 2013. http://www.cncppdh-algerie.org/php_VF/images/pdf/Rapport2013FR.pdf","En Algérie, les juges sont sous la dépendance du pouvoir exécutif et leur nomination ne renforce pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Les nominations des magistrats de la Cour Suprême et du Conseil d'Etat, les deux plus hautes juridictions du pouvoir judiciaire, sont faites pa..."]
["2014_AO_3",2014,"AO","Angola",3,0,"Although the Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary, according to the Angolan legislative structure, the president and the ruling MPLA party indirectly control the appointment of national-level judges. Given this legislative context and the high degree of political influence of the executive over the judiciary, is it widely understood that the appointments of national-level judges do not support their independence. \n\nThe High Council of the Judicial Power (CSMJ) is responsible for proposing candidates for the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court and also for the transfer, promotion and discipline of other national-level judges. Judges are therefore under the authority of the CSMJ. The CSMJ is presided over by the president of the Supreme Court and is composed of three lawyers nominated by the president of the Republic, five lawyers nominated by the National Assembly and 10 judges elected by judicial judges. \n\nMoreover, as the National Assembly is under the control of the ruling party MPLA, there is a high degree of control by the president of the Republic and his party over the appointments of judges. The president of the Supreme Court is nominated by the president of the Republic. The current president of the Supreme Court is long past his tenure limit of seven years as spelled out in the Angolan Constitution.\n\nAs an example of the MPLA influence over judicial appointment, Manuel Aragão was selected by the High Council of the Judicial Power as a Supreme Court justice. He has a long political career within the MPLA structure, is a former justice minister and a member of the National Assembly, but has no previous legal qualification or experience  and has never been a magistrate or had a career in the judiciary.","Phone interview with international human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nPhone interview with media representative, Lisbon, July 31, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nIn person interview, academic, Lisbon, July 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nJornal de Angola, \"High Council of the Judicial Power Nominates Judges,\" (\"Conselho de Magistrados nomeou juízes de Direito\"), July 26, 2014  http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/conselho_de_magistrados_nomeou_juizes_de_direito \n\nAngolan Constitution, Article 181, 4, available at http://www.sme.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250:constituicao-da-republica-de-angola&catid=68:legislacao&Itemid=141&lang=pt&limitstart=5.\n\nClub K, \"Choice for Supreme Court President Causes Tension,\" (\"Escolha de Presidente do Supremo gera tensões\"), July 19, 2014\nwww.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18545:escolha-de-presidente-do-supremo-gera-tensoes&catid=8:bastidores&Itemid=125","Although the Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary, according to the Angolan legislative structure, the president and the ruling MPLA party indirectly control the appointment of national-level judges. Given this legislative context and the high degree of politic..."]
["2014_BJ_3",2014,"BJ","Benin",3,50,"Selon la règlementation en vigueur, les nominations de juges sont décidées par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, dont le Chef de l’État est le président, alors que le président de la Cour Suprême en est le Vice-président. Les magistrats désignés par leurs pairs y siègent également. Toutes les nominations suivent cette règlementation. Les juges bénéficient également de l'inamovibilité, et sont sanctionnés, révoqués ou transférés uniquement dans le respect de la procédure prévue par et après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nMais malgré l'avis favorable du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, certaines des nominations de juges sont parfois contestées par l’Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB). Les nominations de juges prononcées en conseil des ministres en décembre 2013 et en janvier 2014 sont contestées et font partie des revendications du mot d’ordre de grève lancé par les travailleurs de la justice en mai 2014.\n\nToutefois, l’Association des Magistrats du Bénin (AMAB) l’autre syndicat des magistrats, s’est démarqué de la position de l’UNAMAB en reconnaissant les nominations de magistrats en janvier 2014 et en rejetant le mot d’ordre de grève.","Michel Adjaka, Président, Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014. \n\nAfricatime, 18 décembre 2013. « Conseil des ministres : Des nominations dans les tribunaux ».  http://fr.africatime.com/benin/communiques/conseil-des-ministres-des-nominations-dans-les-tribunaux\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 22 janvier 2014. « Conseil des ministres du 20 janvier 2014 : Des nominations dans plusieurs cours d’appel et tribunaux. » http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=31336\n\nConstruire le Bénin, 27 janvier 2014. « Justice: L’Unamab relève des anomalies des nouvelles nominations de magistrats. » http://www.construirelebenin.info/article-justice-l-unamab-releve-des-anomalies-des-nouvelles-nominations-de-magistrats-122266161.html \n\nAfriquinfos, 3 février 2014. « Bénin : Les cours et tribunaux paralysés par une grève de cinq jours déclenchée par les magistrats.» http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/2/3/benin-cours-tribunaux-paralyses-greve-cinq-jours-declenchee-magistrats-243434.asp\n\n24h au Benin, 12 mai 2014. « Les Magistrats en grève de 72 heures dès le mardi prochain. » http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article3832\n\nNouvelle Expression, janvier 2014. « Correction des nominations dans le secteur de la justice : l’AMAB satisfaite, mais formule des recommandations.» http://nouvelle-expression.net/?p=1149","Selon la règlementation en vigueur, les nominations de juges sont décidées par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, dont le Chef de l’État est le président, alors que le président de la Cour Suprême en est le Vice-président. Les magistrats désignés par leurs pairs y siègent éga..."]
["2014_BW_3",2014,"BW","Botswana",3,75,"High Court judges are appointed based on their academic and professional qualifications. The Judicial Services Commission (JSC) comprises the chief justice; the president of the Court of Appeals; the attorney general; the chairman of the Public Service Commission; a member of the Law Society nominated by the society, and a person of integrity and experience not being a legal practitioner, who is appointed by the president. Except for the member nominated by the Law Society, all members of the commission are presidential appointees and/or members of the executive. \n\nThe president, acting alone, appoints the chief justice and the president of the Court of Appeals. The president of the republic has overwhelming influence  over the appointment of judges, that is, his power to reject all members of the JSC. Considering the overwhelming influence the president has over the appointment of judges, that is the power to reject all members of the JSC and considering its majority in the JSC, the executive can ensure that only candidates sympathetic to government are appointed as judges though they do not meet the fit and proper criteria, thereby compromising judicial independence from the very beginning. \n\nHowever, during the period of study there hasn’t been any evidence supporting the fact that judges with lesser merit were appointed over judges with greater merit.\n\nJudges enjoy security of tenure; the constitution establishes that judges work until age 70. There is an oversight body, the Judicial Services Commission, that follows a due process with regards to discipline and the removal procedure in the judiciary.","Interview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Kealeboga Dihutso, print editor (Botswana Gazette) and former radio presenter/programme director (Duma FM), Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.     \n\nInterview with Madoda Nasha, private secretary to the minister of justice, defence and security, Gaborone, 11 Feb. 2014.","High Court judges are appointed based on their academic and professional qualifications. The Judicial Services Commission (JSC) comprises the chief justice; the president of the Court of Appeals; the attorney general; the chairman of the Public Service Commission; a member of the L..."]
["2014_BF_3",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",3,25,"Les procédures de nominations des juges impliquent généralement les autres pouvoirs. Cependant, même s'il arrive que des moins méritants soient nommés, ce n'est pas la règle générale. Certains méritent largement leurs postes, comme l'a indiqué Hyacinthe SANOU, reporter à l'Observateur Paalga. \n\nLes propos de Me Apollinaire Kyèlem, interviewé par FasoZine sur l'assassinat du juge Nébié cadrent avec l'avis général que les nominations des juges posent un sérieux problème d'indépendance et d’autonomie du pouvoir judiciaire. Selon lui, «le juge Nébié a été nommé par un politique. (...) C’est pour ça, je dis que le magistrat doit se démarquer de la politique. Ensuite, il faut changer le mode de désignation des membres du conseil. Il faut changer la nature même du Conseil constitutionnel. (...) J’ai toujours proposé à la place du Conseil constitutionnel, une cours constitutionnelle à l’image de celle de l’Allemagne ou de l’Italie. Les membres doivent être des magistrats professionnels ou des juristes confirmés. Ils doivent être nommés par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, par les professeurs de droit, les organisations de la société civile et par l’ordre des avocats. De la sorte, les politiques n’auraient plus rien à voir là dedans. Comme ça, on a de fortes chances que cette cour tranche en droit et non en politique. Sinon le Conseil constitutionnel actuel a été mis en place pour servir le régime, à l’image du Conseil constitutionnel français. Il tranche en droit quand cela arrange le régime. C’est ça l’essence de notre Conseil constitutionnel depuis sa création. Si nous voulons un régime démocratique, il faut changer la nature de notre Conseil constitutionnel.»\n\nA part le principe de nomination qui est critiqué, il faut noter aussi que beaucoup comme Me KABORE, pensent que «certaines affectations sont déguisées en sanctions pour ceux qui refusent de se prêter au jeu des politique. De la même manière, certains agissent et espèrent des nominations.» Même s'il faut reconnaître par ailleurs qu'il y a certains magistrats qui s'imposent par leur mérite et leur détermination selon Hyacinthe SANOU. Un autre principe jugé avantageux est celui qui consiste à dire que les magistrats les plus gradés soient toujours au dessus des moins gradés.","KABORE S. Antoine, magistrat, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrat du Burkina (SAMAB), Ouagadougou Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014. \n\n SANOU Hyacinthe, reporter, chef du desk papier d'initiative personnelle, l'Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\nFasoZine, Burkina Online.com, 18 Juin 2014, «Mort du juge Nébié: «C'est l'homme politique qui a été assassiné», dixit Me Apollinaire Kyèlem» http://www.burkinaonline.com/index.php?var=5753","Les procédures de nominations des juges impliquent généralement les autres pouvoirs. Cependant, même s'il arrive que des moins méritants soient nommés, ce n'est pas la règle générale. Certains méritent largement leurs postes, comme l'a indiqué Hyacinthe SANOU, reporter à l'Observat..."]
["2014_BI_3",2014,"BI","Burundi",3,0,"Les décisions sur les nominations de juges sont faites par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) à la tête duquel se trouve le Président de la République de Burundi, ce qui nourrit des doutes quant à l'indépendance des juges dans les prises de décisions. \n\nSelon les entretiens menés, des nominations sont faites de façon partisane. Les juges sont parfois nommés sans suivre un système de sélection fondé sur le mérite, surtout qu'ils sont nommés par un organe dirigé par le chef de l'exécutif. \nCela a des implications sur le comportement des juges dans la prise  des décisions pour éviter  de ne pas aller à l' encontre de la volonté de l' exécutif.\n\nAu Burundi, les juges ne sont pas nommés pour le temps d'un mandat; ils sont nommés pour une durée indéterminée, à moins qu'une décision de révocation ou d'affectation ne vienne changer la donne. \n\nLes décisions concernant les révocations, promotions, affectations et mesures disciplinaires des juges sont prises par le Ministre de la Justice, qui est de l’exécutif, et sont approuvées par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.   \n\nBref, la procédure prévue de nomination et de révocation implique généralement le pouvoir exécutif.","NIYONGABO Jean Claude, ancien magistrat, interview par email, 21 juillet 2014. \n\nSIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la cour d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.","Les décisions sur les nominations de juges sont faites par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) à la tête duquel se trouve le Président de la République de Burundi, ce qui nourrit des doutes quant à l'indépendance des juges dans les prises de décisions. ..."]
["2014_CM_3",2014,"CM","Cameroon",3,0,"Au Cameroun, les magistrats de la Cour Suprême n'ont pas de mandat; comme tout magistrat, ils sont nommés et révoqués par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature présidé par le Président de la République. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature siège au gré du chef de l’Etat qui le convoque quand il veut traiter des cas d’indiscipline ou de promotion. Tant que tant que le Conseil n’a pas siégé, il n y a pas de promotion, ni d’affectation encore moins de nomination.\n\nSi les nominations obéissent à certains critères professionnels dont l’ancienneté, certains magistrats sont parfois choisis en fonction de leur alignement sur les priorités et intérêts du régime; la proximité avec le régime apparaît comme le facteur de nombreuses nominations au sein de la magistrature. Par exemple, le premier président de la plus haute juridiction du Cameroun, même après avoir atteint l'âge de départ à la retraite, est parvenu à passer plus de 28 ans à ce poste, parce que selon des journaux, il jouait le jeu du pouvoir. C'est lui qui contre toute attente en 1992, avait proclamé les résultats de la présidentielle au Cameroun donnant Paul Biya gagnant alors que tous les pronostics créditaient Ni John Fru Ndi vainqueur, leader de l'oppostion camerounaise. Depuis lors, Paul Biya l'aurait maintenu à son poste. Certaines analyses estiment que compte tenu des services rendus au régime, il pourra prendre la tête du Conseil constitutionnel prévu par la Constitution de 1996. \n\nCertains sont promus bien qu' ayant commis plusieurs fautes professionnelles ou étant corrompus. Par exemple il y a trois ans environ, une magistrate a été accusée d'avoir volé un bébé dans le cadre de l'affaire Vanessa Tchatchou au Cameroun. Cette femme à l'époque était en service au ministère de la justice. Cependant, cette femme a été nommée à un poste plus élevé au sein de son administration. Sachant que l'un des critères de promotion d'un magistrat est la probité morale, sa promotion était fondée sur des critères discrétionnaires. Il en est de même des magistrats régulièrement cités dans le cadre des affaires de corruption qui bénéficient toujours de la confiance du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.","BERTRAND Hilé, chercheur en science juridique et spécialiste des prétoirs, 14 juillet 2014\n\nNECDEM Assogmo, Quotidien Le Jour, 21 mars 2014: « Justice: Le magistrat camerounais dans le box des accusés.» http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,60107,@,cameroun-justice-le-magistrat-camerounais-dans-le-box-des-accuses.html\n\nKANKEU Joseph Flavien . Quotidien Le Messager, 28 février 2014, «Dipanda Mouellè fait la chasse aux magistrats corrompus.» http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-14322.html\n\nCamerooninfos.net, 05 janvier 2015. «Cameroun - Haute administration: les dessous du remplacement de Dipanda Mouelle.» http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,64831,@,cameroun-haute-administration-les-dessous-du-remplacement-de-dipanda-mouelle.html.  ","Au Cameroun, les magistrats de la Cour Suprême n'ont pas de mandat; comme tout magistrat, ils sont nommés et révoqués par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature présidé par le Président de la République. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature siège au gré du chef de l’Etat qui le..."]
["2014_CV_3",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",3,100,"National-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system. Vacancies for Supreme Court judges are competitive and open by resolution of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary. The filling of vacancies of judges of the Supreme Court is by promotion through curricular public tender, open to associate judges. The president of the Supreme Court is appointed by the president of the republic with the advice of the Supreme Council of Magistrates from among judges of the Supreme Court.\n\nHe/she is appointed for a term of five years, renewable once. Other judges are appointed and can only be removed according to the procedures prescribed by law or through retirement. \n\nThe judges have security of tenure and cannot be transferred, suspended, forced to retire, removed from office or have their situation changed except in cases specified by law. The Superior Council of the Judiciary is the organ that discipline judges. \n\nThe appointment and selection of district level-judges is by public tender as defined in the Statute of Judicial Magistrates. Candidates are subject to qualifications tests, examination and interviews organized by the Supreme Council of Magistrates, which do the selections and the president of the republic appoints. \n\nHowever, among the nine members of the Supreme Council of Magistrates (SCM), three are appointed by the National Assembly. These three members are political appointees selected based on their links with the two major Cape Verdeans political parties in parliament, the PAICV and the MPD.\n\nIn consequence, the appointments of justices of the Supreme Court may suffer some degree of political interference based on the fact that some of these political appointees wield appointment decisions in the Supreme Council of Magistrates along party line.","1. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judicial Magistrate of the District Court of Praia City, 09-07-2014, Praia City.\n\n2. Interview with Bartolomeu Lopes Varela, Professor, Cape Verde University, 08-07-2014, Praia City.\n\n3. Electronic and Printed Journal, A semana; January 16, 2014; \"Contest to Associate Judge: SCJ choose judges to the Courts of Appeal\": http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article71807&ak=1.\n\n4. Court condemns State to transfer pours: Government (yet) was not notified, 01 October 2014\nLink (http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article103469&ak=1)\n\n5. The PAICV coordinator for North Santiago said Tuesday that represents a \"disgrace to the Cape Verdean justice\", March 6, 2015, http://anacao.cv/2015/03/06/decisao-tribunal-e-uma-vergonha-para-justica-cabo-verdiana-jose-maria-veiga)","National-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system. Vacancies for Supreme Court judges are competitive and open by resolution of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary. The filling of vacancies of judges of the Supreme Court is by promotion through curricular pub..."]
["2014_CF_3",2014,"CF","CAR",3,25,"En Centrafrique, les juges à l'échelon national sont nommés selon un système de sélection fondé sur le mérite; par exemple les magistrats qui sont au niveau de la Cour suprême sont nommés lorsqu'ils atteingnent un certain niveau et justifient d'une ancienneté; de plus ils sont inamovibles. \n\nCependant, le corps judiciaire en République Centrafricaine est chapeauté par un Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) au sein duquel siège le pouvoir politique ou l'exécutif en la personne du Chef de l'État et du Ministre de la justice. C'est le Chef de l'État qui donne les orientations en ce qui concerne le fonctionnement du corps judiciaire et les nominations sur proposition du Ministre de la justice. Les sanctions et révocations des juges étant décidées par le CSM, la présence des hommes politiques dans cet organe ne garantit pas l' indépendance de ses décisions, ce qui joue négativement sur l'inamovibilité de certains juges. \n\nLes personnes interrogées soulignent que certains juges qui se conforment aux règles du droit en refusant parfois la pression émanant de leur hiérarchie, subissent des sanctions qui sont contraires au mécanisme de procédures disciplinaires des magistrats. Autrement dit, ils sont parfois sanctionnés de façon voilée en les envoyant loin de la capitale, d'autres se retrouvent sans poste.","TABAGUE Sylvain, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nYABINDI Edmond, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nNGOUMBANGO KOHETO Jocelyn, 3ème substitut du procureur de la République près le Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI) de Bangui, entretien en octobre 2014\n\nLéonce NGAKOLAODJI 1er juge d'Instruction à la cellule spéciale d'enquête et juge d'instruction, entretien en octobre 2014","En Centrafrique, les juges à l'échelon national sont nommés selon un système de sélection fondé sur le mérite; par exemple les magistrats qui sont au niveau de la Cour suprême sont nommés lorsqu'ils atteingnent un certain niveau et justifient d'une ancienneté; de plus ils sont inam..."]
["2014_TD_3",2014,"TD","Chad",3,50,"Le Tchad enregistre des progrès dans le domaine de l'administration de la justice, progrès dont les éléments fondementaux sont la volonté politique et la formation des magistrats. \n\nEn termes de volonté politique, l'ingérence de l'exécutif dans les nominations et les mutations des magistrats s'est réduite et l'indépendance du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) se fait remarquer cette dernière année, surtout dans les nominations des magistrats. La procédure de nomination est la même pour les juges aussi bien dans les hautes cours que dans les juridictions d'appel et d'instance. Désormais tous les juges bénéficient de l'inamovibilité. \n\nEnsuite le pays vient de commencer la formation des magistrats. L'Ecole nationale de formation judiciaire forme sa deuxième promotion des lauréats. La plupart des magistrats qui statuent dans les tribunaux et cours ont une formation élémentaire en magistrature. Les quelques uns qui ont été formés dans les grandes écoles sont peu visibles. La formation des nouveaux magistrats permet au CSM de combler le vide et de faire une sélection basée sur le mérite. L'ancienneté dans le métier compte. À cela s'ajoute le renouvellement des magistrats qui s'effectue tous les trimestres selon un programme définis par l'école et le nombre de place accordé par an pour les renouvellements.\n\nMadjissembaye NGARDINON, journaliste, explique qu'il est prématuré de parler de mérite dans la nomination des magistrats au Tchad puisque le pays vient juste d'avoir son École de magistrature en 2011: «Le pays est vaste et compte 22 régions et si nous prenons le nombre des juges, c'est insignifiant. A ce niveau déjà, il n'y aura pas de critère de sélection pour la nomination fondée sur le mérite parce qu'il y a un déficit chronique.» \n\nDe son coté, Mathias  DON, avocat au barreau du Tchad, explique que le recrutement des élèves magistrats se fait d'abord par affinité au sein de l'Ecole nationale de formation judiciaire. «Comment pourrait-on parler du mérite dans les nominations si ce mérite n'est pas pris en compte dès le recrutement des élèves-magistrats. L'école a lancé cette année le recrutement depuis cinq  mois, sans suite. Dieu seul sait ce qui se manigance au sein de cette école. Mais disons qu'en pratique, les magistrats bénéficient quand même de l'inamovibilité et les sanctions sont émises par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Tous les magistrats sanctionnés ou promus font l'objet d'étude par les pairs au préalable avant de soumettre le dossier au conseil.» \n\nYoussouf ABBAKAR, acteur de la société civile, insiste sur le fait que la plupart des magistrats ne sont pas allés à l'école de la magistrature. Pour lui, ceux qui exercent jusqu'à nos jours sont pour la plupart des juristes, des greffiers voire certains enseignants du supérieur (universitaires). «L'exécutif au Tchad, comme nous le connaissons, ne peut rester indifférents dans la nomination des magistrats de siège (juges). L'inamovibilité des juges est une réalité pratique et protégée aussi par la loi fondamentale du pays. Maintenant la procédure de sanction reste à examiner.»","DON Mathias, juriste, avocat au barreau, à son domicile, 17 juin 2014.\n\nABBAKAR YOUSSOUF Zaid, président de l'Agence Tchadienne pour l’Action Humanitaire, les Droits de l’Homme, la paix et le développement durable, siège de l'agence, 17 juin 2014.\n\nNGARDINON Madjissembaye, journaliste au journal hebdomadaire Notre Temps, Maison des médias du Tchad, 18 juin 2014.\n\n\nGANG-NY Merina, conseiller membre de la Cour suprême, joint au téléphone, 1er février 2015.","Le Tchad enregistre des progrès dans le domaine de l'administration de la justice, progrès dont les éléments fondementaux sont la volonté politique et la formation des magistrats. ..."]
["2014_KM_3",2014,"KM","Comoros",3,0,"Les nominations des juges ne suivent pas toujours les procédures prévues par les statuts des magistrats, et une fois recrutés certains juges ne sont pas indépendants mais dépendent totalement de leurs alliés politiques ou familiaux. \n\nUn article paru dans Comores droit le 27 juin 2014 note que la nomination des magistrats au sein de la Cour constitutionnelle est politisée. Des membres de partis politiques ont dénoncé la nomination à la Cour constitutionnelle de trois nouvelles personnalités. Selon eux, le Président de l’Union, les Vice-présidents en charge des ministères des finances  et de la santé viennent de nommer des conseillers issus comme d'habitude, de leur région natale respective, pour remplacer trois sages dont les mandats sont arrivés à terme. «Des nominations politiques et partisanes qui ne renforcent pas la crédibilité de la Cour constitutionnelle de plus en plus critiquée à quelques mois des élections législatives et municipales». \n\nUn autre journaliste comorien dénonce aussi le système de recrutement qui prévaut dans le monde judiciaire et désigne le Président de la République, premier magistrat du pays, comme source du mal : « Le Président de la République ne se contente pas d’être incompétent et corrompu, il a également la faiblesse de procéder à la nomination de fonctionnaires corrompus et incompétents. Le procureur de la République Soilihi Mahmoud n’est pas à sa place dans le système judiciaire comorien. Diplômé en relations internationales, il était destiné à une carrière dans la diplomatie et non dans le système judiciaire comorien ». \n\nSelon le secrétaire général du ministère de la justice, le monde judiciaire est conscient de ce manque d’indépendance. En protestation, de jeunes magistrats ont récemment observé un arrêt de travail. Les avocats et magistrats réclament la mise en place du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature qui est un comité des pairs destiné à appliquer la règle de bonne gouvernance au sein de la justice. Bref, les nominations des juges ne renforcent pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire à causes de nombreuses raisons : \n- La violation du principe de l’indépendance des magistrats ; \n- Le non-respect de l’inamovibilité des magistrats ; \n- Le recrutement abusif des magistrats au mépris des règles statutaires ; \n- Le découragement et frustration de certains magistrats par le fait que leurs décisions sont souvent anéanties par le pouvoir exécutif ; \n- La subordination abusive du parquet à l’exécutif ; \n- Des salaires insuffisants compte tenu de la responsabilité des magistrats ; \n- L’insécurité et blocage des carrières des magistrats ; \n- Des formations continues insuffisantes ; \n- Des locaux vétustes et insalubres ; \n- Des équipements insuffisants et obsolètes.","YOUSSOUF Said Abderemane, greffier à la Cour d’appel de Moroni, 06 juillet 2014. \n \nCHARANI Moinafatima, ancienne coordinatrice au projet d’appui à la bonne gouvernance économique, ABGE, 10 juillet 2014.\n \nMADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014.  \n \nComores droit, 27 juin 2014, «La Cour Constitutionnelle politisée».  http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/1565-une-cour-constitutionnelle-politisee\n\nComores droit, 1 avril 2014, « Recrutement illégal des magistrats ». http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/5.html\n \nARM, journal Le Mohélien, 20 novembre 2013, « Damnée et maudite, la 'Justice' comorienne n’est pas réformable. La corruptibilité et la corruption du procureur Soilihi Mahmoud encore à la Une ». www.lemohelien.com, \n \nComores droit, 11 octobre 2013, « Justice : le Chef de l’Etat accorde un mois de réflexion ». http://comoresdroit.comores-droit.com/wp-content/dossier/comoresdroit/Le%20dossier%202013%20de%20Comoresdroit.pdf\n \n ","Les nominations des juges ne suivent pas toujours les procédures prévues par les statuts des magistrats, et une fois recrutés certains juges ne sont pas indépendants mais dépendent totalement de leurs alliés politiques ou familiaux. ..."]
["2014_CD_3",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",3,0,"Au Congo, on constate qu'au niveau des juridictions comme la Cour constitutionnelle et la Cour suprême, l'autorité politique occupe une place centrale dans le processus de nomination; les nominations au niveau de la Cour suprême sont le fait du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature qui est présidé par le Président de la République. Il en est aussi de même pour les juges des cours d'appel. \n\nCertains magistrats sont nommés à des postes stratégiques ou bénéficient de leur ascension professionnelle non pas du fait de leur mérite, mais sur des critères subjectifs comme l'appartenance ethnique ou politique. Ainsi, des personnes ayant moins de mérite sont régulièrement nommées au détriment des personnes méritantes. Certains juges n'ont pas connu d'avancée professionnelle. Maturin Bayi, acteur clé du sursis du colonel Ntsourou (dans le procès du 4 mars), a été révoqué en avril 2014; il n'existe pas de garantie de maintien. D'ailleurs la procédure prévue pour la promotion implique généralement le pouvoir exécutif. Ainsi bon nombre de magistrats ont un lien direct avec le pouvoir exécutif.","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 04 septembre 2014.\n\nCongosite, 29 avril 2014, «Le conseil supérieur de la magistrature révoque deux magistrats.» http://www.congo-site.com/Le-conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature-revoque-deux-magistrats_a17084.html\n\nNSONI Joël , Oeil d'Afrique, 13 septembre 2013, «Cour d’appel de Brazzaville: Mathurin Bayi rattrapé dans un voyage, pour cause d’ordre de mission non conforme».  http://oeildafrique.com/cour-dappel-de-brazzaville-mathurin-bayi-rattrape-dans-un-voyage-pour-cause-dordre-de-mission-non-conforme/\n\nXinhua, 30 avril 2014, «Congo : la cour d'appel de Brazzaville dotée de nouveaux dirigeants.» http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/96852/8613958.html","Au Congo, on constate qu'au niveau des juridictions comme la Cour constitutionnelle et la Cour suprême, l'autorité politique occupe une place centrale dans le processus de nomination; les nominations au niveau de la Cour suprême sont le fait du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature ..."]
["2014_CG_3",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",3,100,"During the period of this study, there were no appointments or revocations of judges at the national level. There were no available government reports or news reports revealing that an appointed judge suffers from security of tenure or was removed contrary to the law. \n\nThe last national-level judges’ appointment was in 2011. The 2011 appointments were a competitive and merit-based system that was respected. There was a formal call for applications with objective criteria (expertise, experience, morality). All applications went through a review process before judges were selected. Judges at the national level enjoy security of tenure as clearly defined in Article 158 of the constitution. \n\nThe 2011 appointment process respected merit and qualifications standards as the recruitment process was done according to objectives criteria (age, education, experience, morality, etc.). It is true that sometimes politicians influence appointment processes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, but there was no objective evidence of bias in the 2011 appointments. There is no recruited candidate who did not meet the education, age and experience standards. \n \nBesides, further investigations confirm that there is a system for tenure, for disciplinary and for transfer decisions and these are constantly followed. During the period of study, no case was registered of judges being dismissed prematurely. No evidence was found of judges transferred or disciplined without the involvement of an independent oversight body following due process.","1. (Phone interview), Georges Bokundu, professional lawyer and Country Director of The Southern Africa Resource Watch, July 6, 2014.  \n\n2. (Face to face interview), Ben Embinga, professional lawyers, associate of Bm Private Law Firm,  July 4, 2014.\n\n3. (Face to face interview), Judge Yane, Tribunal De Grande Instance De La Gombe, July 5, 2014.","During the period of this study, there were no appointments or revocations of judges at the national level. There were no available government reports or news reports revealing that an appointed judge suffers from security of tenure or was removed contrary to the law. ..."]
["2014_CI_3",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",3,25,"Au regard des textes, du mode de nominations et de la gestion des carrières des magistrats le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est omnipotent. Lequel Conseil est présidée par le Président de la République, Chef de l’exécutif. Ce fait n’est pas un gage certain d’indépendance et ne participe pas au renforcement de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. L'article 5 du statut de la magistrature consacre, à titre d'exemple, une grande marge de manœuvre à exécutif qui nomme les juges. A titre d'exemple, le président de la Cour suprême, de la Cour des comptes et les procureurs sont nommés par le Président de la République. A l'exception donc des juges du siège qui sont inamovibles, les autres qui sont nommés et considérés comme des représentants du pouvoir ne sauraient renforcer l'indépendance de la justice. La preuve, l'éviction de l'ex-procureur général de la République Kouadio symplice en janvier 2013. Cet article est un exemple que les juges sont quelquefois révoqués par l'exécutif sans procès équitable.\n\nLa nomination des juges en Côte d’ivoire est supervisée du moins examiné par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. De fait ce sont les meilleurs qui sont nommés et promus. Mais force est de reconnaitre qu’il y a des exceptions dans la mesure où l’article 5 de la loi actuelle portant statut de la magistrature, donne une grande marge de manœuvre au pouvoir exécutif dans la procédure de nomination des magistrats.\n\nPour les magistrats interrogés, le principe d’inamovibilité est une garantie d’indépendance du juge. Ce principe est un garde-fou contre les affectations arbitraires de l’exécutif. En Côte d’Ivoire, ce principe n’est jamais levé avant la fin du mandat du juge au poste occupé. \n\nLes procédures disciplinaires mises en œuvre contre les Magistrats doivent être conformes à la loi n° 78-662 du 4 août 1978 portant statut de la Magistrature, modifiée par les lois n°94-437 du 16 août 1994,  94-498 du 6 septembre 1994 et Decret  N° 97-580 du 8 octobre 1997, prescrit en son articles 35 - 57.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.\n \n N’GUESSAN Koffi Bernard, agent d’affaires judiciaire à Abidjan, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n Koaci.com, 17 janvier 2013, « Côte d'Ivoire : Selon Gnénéma Coulibaly, Simplice Koffi Kouadio a été limogé parce qu'il est ''vieux.''»\n http://koaci.com/cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire-selon-gnenema-coulibaly-simplice-koffi-kouadio-limoge-parce-qu%E2%80%99il-vieux--79708.\n\nHuman Right Watch, Côte d'Ivoire : «L’impunité d’aujourd’hui est le crime de demain» 8 mai 2014 : http://www.hrw.org/fr/world-report/2014/country-chapters/122040.\n\nLa loi n° 78-662 du 4 août 1978 portant statut de la Magistrature, modifiée par les lois n°94-437 du 16 août 1994 et 94-498 du 6 septembre 1994, et  Decret  N° 97-580 du 8 octobre 1997, http://www.inspection.justice.ci/docs/LE%20STATUT%20DE%20LA%20MAGISTRATURE.pdf ","Au regard des textes, du mode de nominations et de la gestion des carrières des magistrats le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est omnipotent. Lequel Conseil est présidée par le Président de la République, Chef de l’exécutif. Ce fait n’est pas un gage certain d’indépendance et ..."]
["2014_DJ_3",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",3,75,"Les nominations des magistrats renforcent leur indépendance car désormais, les recrutements se font sur concours. Depuis la mi-2014, ceux-ci se sont faits suite à un concours organisé pour plus 46 candidats, parmi lesquels les 6 meilleurs magistrats ont été recrutés et nommés par décret présidentiel lors du conseil des ministres du 17 juin 2014. Ce procédé permet de mettre en place une méritocratie et de pouvoir désigner les meilleurs pour ces postes de magistrats. Avant cette date, ces derniers n'étaient pas recrutés sur concours mais sur dossier avec un entretien avec l'autorité de tutelle. Cette procédure n'était pas objective et pouvait aboutir au recrutement des magistrats sans compétences réelles.  \n\nLes magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. Mais la loi précise que «lorsque les nécessités du service l’exigent, les magistrats du siège peuvent être déplacés par l’autorité de nomination après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.» Cette disposition peut prêter à confusion et être analysée comme portant atteinte à l'inamovibilité des magistrats des sièges. \n\nLes sanctions disciplinaires applicables aux magistrats sont :\n1- La réprimande avec inscription au dossier,\n2- Le retrait de certaines fonctions,\n3- L’abaissement d’échelon,\n4- La rétrogradation,\n5- La mise à la retraite d’office ou l’admission à cesser ses fonctions lorsque le magistrat n’a pas droit à une pension de retraite,\n6- La révocation avec ou sans suspension des droits à la pension.\n\nLe pouvoir disciplinaire est exercé à l’égard de tous les magistrats par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature à la demande du ministre de la justice. Le président de la république et le ministre de la justice n’interviennent pas dans la procédure disciplinaire des magistrats : c’est en effet, le président de la cour suprême qui préside lorsqu’il s’agit de la procédure disciplinaire contre un magistrat de siège et le procureur général de la cour suprême lorsqu’il s’agit d’un magistrat du parquet. La nouvelle modification de la loi organique du 8 septembre 2012 précise que « le conseil supérieur de magistrature siégeant en matière disciplinaire est présidé par le magistrat le plus ancien et dans le grade le plus élevé ».","OSMAN Mohamed, directeur de la législation, ministère de la justice, 16 juillet 2014.\n\nDJAMA Ali, magistrat, 16 juillet 2014.\n\nAMINE Mohamed, juge administratif, 16 juillet 2014.","Les nominations des magistrats renforcent leur indépendance car désormais, les recrutements se font sur concours. Depuis la mi-2014, ceux-ci se sont faits suite à un concours organisé pour plus 46 candidats, parmi lesquels les 6 meilleurs magistrats ont été recrutés et nommés par d..."]
["2014_EG_3",2014,"EG","Egypt",3,25,"All civilian Judges are appointed by the president from nominations by the Supreme Judicial Council, which is tasked to safeguard the independence of the judiciary; the SJC is made up of senior judges, lawyers, law professors, and the president of the Court of Cassation. \n\nEgyptian judges are appointed for life, with mandatory retirement at age 64.\n\nNo new judges were appointed by the state directly, and new appointments to other positions were minimal. However, incidents such as the one in the winter of 2013 when the son of a judge was appointed as a public prosecutor has been perceived as nepotism within the judiciary.\n\nThe Constitution of 2014 includes a provision that strips the President of the right to appoint the prosecutor general. This right is now reserved for the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC). Yet, the Minister of Justice retains the right to appoint investigating judges and the ability to transfer prosecutors with little justification.\n\nTo join the SJC, judges must not be younger than 45 and face mandatory retirement at the age of 70. Membership is open to counselors with five years of service, academic professors, lawyers with 10 years of practice and Supreme Court members. The Supreme Constitutional Court has the responsibility to discipline its members.\n\nWhile the government of President Morsi sparred frequently with the judiciary following the July 2013 coup, the judiciary's relationship with the government has become far more civil with some pointing to mass trials and execution orders as being little more than the judiciary colluding with the Egyptian state to the detriment of human rights in the country.\n\nAccording to the 2014 constitution, \"Judges are independent and immune to dismissal, are subject to no other authority but the law, and are equal in rights and duties. The conditions and procedures for their appointment, secondment and retirement shall be regulated by the law.\" \n\nAccording to the 2014 constitution, \"The House of Representatives shall issue a law organizing the rules for assigning judges and members of judicial bodies and organizations, ensuring the cancellation of full and partial assignment to non-judicial bodies or committees with judicial jurisdiction, or for managing justice affairs or overseeing elections, within a period not exceeding five years from the date on which this Constitution comes into effect.\"","Mohamed Maher, Lawyer on Supreme Court Issues, Interview July 17, 2014.\n\nEncyclopedia of the Nations. Egypt - Judicial System. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Egypt-JUDICIAL-SYSTEM.html#ixzz3VX6mkWBl\n\nSeparating Law and Politics: Challenges to the Independence of Judges and Prosecutors in Egypt\nFebruary 2014 Report of the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) \nSupported by the Open Society Foundations Arab Regional Office\nhttp://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=b30a63ae-8066-4b49-8758-c1684be5e9b9.\n\nWashington Post, Nathan J Brown, March 25, 2014\nWhy do Egyptian courts say the darndest things?\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/25/why-do-egyptian-courts-say-the-darndest-things/\n\nAdditional sources\n\"Court confirms Egypt Muslim Brotherhood death sentences\", 21 June 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27952321.\n\n\"Hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters face death sentence: Will Egypt carry it out?\" March 25, 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/world/africa/egypt-minya-mass-sentence-explainer/.\n\n\"The Newest Victims of the Egyptian Crackdown: The generals take on the independent judges,\" AUGUST 28, 2013,  http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114506/egypt-military-cracks-down-judges-too.\n\nThe New Yorker, \"Egypt’s Judges Strike Back\" News Desk\nNEWS DESK\n\nMARCH 26, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2014/03/egypt-mass-death-sentence-judges-strike-back.html.\n\nEgypt’s Judges Strike Back, MARCH 26, 2014, http://www.nchregypt.org/media/ftp/rabaa%20report%20translation.pdf.\n\nExtracted from Constitutional Courts after the Arab Spring: Appointment\nmechanisms and relative judicial independence, © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014, http://www.idea.int/publications/constitutional-courts-after-the-arab-spring/upload/Constitutional-Courts-part5.pdf.\n\nAll websties last checked 12/04/2014.\n\nChaos erupts as Egyptian judges walk out of Muslim Brotherhood trial, 11 December, 2013, http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/12/11/chaos-erupts-as-egyptian-judges-walk-out-of-muslim-brotherhood-trial/.\n\nThe Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies (ECPPS) ,  8th of December, 2013, http://ecpps.org/index.php/en/news/95-press-releases/393-the-egyptian-center-for-public-policy-studies-press-release-concerning-the-appointment-of-the-judges%E2%80%99-sons-in-public-prosecution.","All civilian Judges are appointed by the president from nominations by the Supreme Judicial Council, which is tasked to safeguard the independence of the judiciary; the SJC is made up of senior judges, lawyers, law professors, and the president of the Court of Cassation. ..."]
["2014_GQ_3",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",3,0,"The president of Equatorial Guinea has the constitutional authority to name the judges of the Supreme Court without parliamentary oversight (Article 98). This constitutional provision undermines the independence of the judiciary. The president of the Judiciary, who is named by the executive, chairs the Judicial Council; the other members of the council represent various government agencies. Among other responsibilities, the council reviews the public examination process for the appointment of judges. According to the sources interviewed, in practice the list of candidates that will be submitted for presidential approval is discretionary. While tenure is secure once the appointment has been made, obtaining tenure depends on favoring the government.\n\nIn January 2014, several judges and magistrates, including Supreme Court judges, were appointed by the president after taking into consideration the advice of the minister of justice. There was no transparency in the selection process, and the legislature did not take part in the selection of the judges to the Supreme Court.  \n\nDisciplinary measures continued to be arbitrary and mainly due to political motivations. The judge that was detained in Bata in 2013 due to a judicial decision that affected the president’s son was released in December 2013 after being in prison for three months without charges.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, lawyer, Equatorial Guinea, July 14, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Radio Macuto, \"Chaos\" (\"Caos\"), Oct. 16, 2013.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/caos/\n\nNews Article: Equatorial Guinea Office of Press and Information, \"Swearing in of positions in the Administration of Justice,\" Jan. 13, 2014.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=4691 \n\nNews Article: Le parti de Gouche, \"Equatorial Guinea: Obiang clan must leave power\" (\"Guinée Equatoriale : le clan Obiang doit quitter le pouvoir\"), March 18, 2014.\nhttp://www.lepartidegauche.fr/vudailleurs/articleweb/guinee-equatoriale-le-clan-obiang-doit-quitter-le-pouvoir-27259 \n\nNews Article: Candidatura Independiente Guinea Ecuatorial, \"Equatorial Guinea Dictator Teodoro Obiang Nguema doesn’t have anyone to defend him nor his familiy from his multiple cases\" (\"El Dictador de Guinea Ecuatorial, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, ya no tiene quien defenderle a Él ni a su Familia por sus multiples Pleitos\"), Jan. 16, 2014.\nhttp://candidaturaindependiente-guineaecuatorial.com/acceso/index.php?ind=news&op=news_show_single&ide=1631 \n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, \"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea.\"\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n\nPublication: Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, National Report Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 2, 2014.\nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/107/30/PDF/G1410730.pdf?OpenElement\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Constitutio, 2012, Chapter V, Articles 89-92.\nhttp://www.egjustice.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2012_02/leyfundamentalreformada-2012-02-24.pdf","The president of Equatorial Guinea has the constitutional authority to name the judges of the Supreme Court without parliamentary oversight (Article 98). This constitutional provision undermines the independence of the judiciary. The president of the Judiciary, who is named by the ..."]
["2014_ER_3",2014,"ER","Eritrea",3,0,"The national-level judges do have a mixed kind of selection. There are special government-appointed judges who do have certain legal qualifications and experience. However, they are subject to severe measures if they give their legal opinion against actions of the government. The president of the Appellate High Court (acting Supreme Court) is a former liberation fighter who is loyal to the ruling party. In every government office, the top person at the position is head of the party in his/her respective office. The same goes for the courts. The president of the High Court also remains the head of the ruling party, which is similar to his post. The president of the High Court was dismissed after he criticised the president of the state for minimizing the power of the judicial body. Hence, loyalty rather than professional consideration takes over the selection for the national judges.\n\nThe judges at the High Court level are rarely selected based on their professional backgrounds. Currently, there are 21 High Court judges, and six of them are civilians who are selected based on their professional backgrounds. The rest are veteran fighters who are members of the ruling party and have been selected based on political considerations. The final Appellate High Court (acting Supreme Court) is composed of five members among whom only one is a civilian with a professional background. The rest have legal backgrounds by training, but they were higher officers of the liberation movement and are politically appointed judges.  Judges are still removed if they make comments against the government. \n\nThe judiciary has suffered from lack of trained personnel, inadequate funding and poor infrastructure. One severe problem of the judiciary is the lack of legal professionals due to the weak legal educational facilities in the country.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nGovernment studies/report, United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, February 2014, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013, Eritrea, Page 7\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper.","The national-level judges do have a mixed kind of selection. There are special government-appointed judges who do have certain legal qualifications and experience. However, they are subject to severe measures if they give their legal opinion against actions of the government. The p..."]
["2014_ET_3",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",3,50,"In the April 2014 selection of judges for the federal benches, a multilevel, merit-based screening was undertaken to ensure the quality, integrity and independence of the court. The process included written exams and interviews by a panel of members of the Judicial Administration Council, which is the  governing body for the judiciary as stipulated by the constutition. Furthermore, the appointees go through parliamentary approval in the House of Peoples' Representatives. However, an unwritten rule that requires appointed judges to be supporters of  the ruling party or at the very minimum not be known to be supporters of the opposition is strictly enforced. \n\nJudges in the federal courts have security of tenure and can only be removed or disciplined in accordance with the due process set by the proclamation creating the Judicial Administration Council. The Judicial Administration Council is an independent oversight body that includes the presidents and vice presidents of the different level of courts, a representative selected by judges, the minister of justice and a respected member of the public as its members. \n\nAs a practical matter, most decisions that have political ramifications are decided in the party structure of the ruling party and are passed through a formal process. The formal structures themselves are also filled with party loyalists or at least sympathizers. For example, the minister of justice is a party political appointee and has a significant say in the decisions of the council.","Interview with Judge Getnet Medina, Federal First Instance Court, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Federal First Instance Court Nifasilk Lafto Office.\n\nPhone interview with Solomon Girma, lawyer at all levels of the federal courts of Ethiopia, 21 June 2014.\n\nSkype interview with source who requested anonymity, lecturer, Addis Ababa University School of Law, 3 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","In the April 2014 selection of judges for the federal benches, a multilevel, merit-based screening was undertaken to ensure the quality, integrity and independence of the court. The process included written exams and interviews by a panel of members of the Judicial Administration C..."]
["2014_GA_3",2014,"GA","Gabon",3,50,"L'une des missions du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) est de procéder aux nominations, révocations et promotions dans les règles de l'art. Le CSM est présidé par le Chef de l'État. \n\nLes juges dans les hautes sphères du pouvoir sont nommés et révoqués en fonction de leur rapport avec le pouvoir central, l'appartenance à la même loge, les amis d'enfance et d'école. Tout se décide dans des cercles restreints et le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature ne fait qu'entériner. Selon les personnes interrogées, les sanctions et les révocations ne peuvent suivre que les précédures prévues par la loi pour donner le caractère vrai au fait. Mais au fond, souligne l'une des sources, il peut y avoir d'autres raisons qui relèvent uniquement de la discrétion du sommet de l'État.","ANDONG Adèle Frederick, femme politique, membre du Front Populaire Ganbonais (FPG), entretien par facebook, 22 décembre 2014.\n\nBOUDOUGBOU Landry, conseiller au secrétariat général du gouvernement, entretien par email, 22 decembre 2014.\n\nMOUNGALA Martin, juriste, entretien par téléphone, 22 décembre 2014","L'une des missions du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) est de procéder aux nominations, révocations et promotions dans les règles de l'art. Le CSM est présidé par le Chef de l'État. ..."]
["2014_GM_3",2014,"GM","The Gambia",3,0,"Sources indicate there is no merit-based system in the appointment of judicial officers. The appointment of judges is done by the president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission. Magistrates and other judicial officers are appointed by the commission. It is made up of the chief justice,  a judge of a superior court, the solicitor general, a lawyer nominated by the attorney general in consultation with the bar association, a person appointed by the president and a person nominated by the National Assembly.\n\nThe Judicial Service Commission is generally seen as weak and rubber stamps names submitted to it by the president. Sources also note that \"interference was characterized by the president removing and appointing judges at will without consulting the Judicial Service Commission\".\n\nEven though persons appointed as judicial officers have the required educational qualifications, there have been appointments of judges and magistrates with no litigation experience.\n\nJudicial officers do not have security of tenure. The president has been able to appoint and dismiss judges, including chief justices. Two chief justices, Joseph Wowo and Mabel Agyemang, were removed in July 2013 and February 2014 respectively without any due process, and judges presiding over “sensitive” cases who made decisions not considered favorable to the government risk being fired.","1. Interview with a Private Legal Practitioner with  experience at the Public and Private Bar who requested anonymity. Interview was conducted on Thursday, 03/07/2014 at 17.30 at The Gambia Law School, Independence Drive, Banjul\n\n2. Gambia’s Culture Of Impunity Blamed on Judicial Interference, Kairo News, by Musa Saidykhan, April 12, 2014, available at http://www.kaironews.com/editorial/gambias-culture-of-impunity-blamed-on-judicial-interference/,;ast accessed24/06/2014\n\n3. UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF THE GAMBIA Submission on behalf of  Gambia Human Rights Network (GHRN) 20th session of the UPR Working Group, OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 2014, available at http://changegambia.org/universal-periodic-review-of-the-gambia/, last accessed 24/06/2014\n\n4.  Judicial System of The Gambia, Commonwealth Governance, http://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/africa/gambia_the/judicial-system/, last accessed on 24/06/2014\n\n5.  The Gambia, Frontline Defenders, available at http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/The-Gambia, last accessed 24/06/2014\n\n6.  Former Chief Justice Wowo jailed two years by Malamin L.M. Conteh, The Point. Friday, January 10 2014, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/former-chief-justice-wowo-jailed-two-years\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Sources indicate there is no merit-based system in the appointment of judicial officers. The appointment of judges is done by the president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission. Magistrates and other judicial officers are appointed by the commission. It is made up o..."]
["2014_GH_3",2014,"GH","Ghana",3,100,"The mode of choosing and or appointing judges in Ghana is spelled out in the country's 1992 Constitution. Judges at the lower courts, circuit courts, district courts and magistrate courts are chosen through a merit-based or competitive system.\n \nApplications are invited from qualified candidates. Shortlisted candidates take competitive exams and attend interviews before the qualified ones are selected as judges. \n\nFor superior courts, High Court, Appeals' Court and Supreme Court, the judges are appointed by the President. \n\nThe Chief Justice is appointed by the President acting in consultation with the Council of State and with the approval of Parliament. The other Supreme Court Justices are appointed by the President acting on the advice of the Judicial Council, in consultation with the Council of State and with the approval of Parliament.\n\nJustices of the Court of Appeal and of the High Court and Chairmen of Regional Tribunals are appointed by the President acting on the advice of the Judicial Council. \n\nAccording to the Courts Act \"A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Justice of the Supreme Court unless he is of high moral character and proven integrity and is of not less than fifteen years' standing as a lawyer.\" This criterion is what is considered as the established merit-based system for appointing Justices to the Supreme Court. However, this mode of appointing justices to the superior courts has been criticized because it does not allow other qualified and interested persons to apply and be considered for the job.\n\nThe judges also enjoy security of tenure of office in the sense that a Justice of a Superior Court or a Chairman of a Regional Tribunal may retire at anytime after attaining the age of 60. A Justice of a superior court or a Chairman of a Regional Tribunal shall vacate his office -\n(a) in the case of a Justice of the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal, on attaining the age of 70; or\n(b) in the case of a Justice of the High Court or a Chairman of a Regional Tribunal, on attaining the age of 65; or\n\nJudges are removed/disciplined/transferred through a cumbersome due process in line with the rule of natural justice. \n\nA Justice of the Superior Court or a Chairman of the Regional Tribunal can only be removed from office on grounds of stated misbehaviour or incompetence, or on grounds of inability to perform the functions of his office arising from infirmity of body or mind.\n\nA Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature or a Chairman of the Regional Tribunal may only be removed through the following procedure: \nIf the President receives a petition for the removal of Justice of a Superior Court other than the Chief Justice or for the removal of the Chairman of a Regional Tribunal, he shall refer the petition to the Chief Justice, who shall determine whether there is a prima facie case. Where the Chief Justice decides that there is a prima facie case, he shall set up a committee consisting of three Justices of the Superior Courts or Chairmen of the Regional Tribunals or both, appointed by the Judicial Council and two other persons who are not members of the Council of State, nor members of Parliament, nor lawyers, and who shall be appointed by the Chief Justice on the advice of the Council of State. The committee appointed shall investigate the complaint and shall make its recommendations to the Chief Justice who shall forward it to the President.\n\nWhere the petition is for the removal of the Chief Justice, the President shall, acting in consultation with the Council of State, appoint a committee consisting of two Justices of the Supreme Court, one of whom shall be appointed chairman by the President, and three other persons who are not members of the Council of State, nor members of Parliament, nor lawyers.The committee appointed shall inquire into the petition and recommend to the President whether the Chief Justice ought to be removed from office.\n\nThere is also an internal disciplinary committee which investigates allegations of misconduct against judges before sanctions including dismissal, suspension amongst others are meted out to erring judges. Transfers are not deemed as punishment but rather to shore up other offices for efficiency.","1. Mr Anthony Forson, Public Relations Officer, Ghana Bar Association, Telephone interview, June 20, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Justice Noble Nkrumah, Tamale High Court Judge, Table interview in his office, June 20, 2014, Tamale.\n\n3. Dr Maurice Ampaw, Legal practitioner and President of the Legal Advocacy Foundation, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eleven, Article 146 Clauses one through to nine.","The mode of choosing and or appointing judges in Ghana is spelled out in the country's 1992 Constitution. Judges at the lower courts, circuit courts, district courts and magistrate courts are chosen through a merit-based or competitive system...."]
["2014_GN_3",2014,"GN","Guinea",3,50,"L’article 109 du titre VII de la Constitution dispose que « les magistrats du siège, du parquet et de l‘administration centrale de la justice sont nommés et affectés par le Président de la République, sur proposition du Ministre de la justice, après avis conforme du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. » Le titre de magistrat s'applique aux juges à l'échelon national. Mais contrairement à ce que dit la loi, la nomination des juges au niveau national ne renforce pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Certains juges ne bénéficient pas de l'inamovibilité et il y a quelque fois des sanctions arbitraires de la part de l'exécutif. Ce fut le cas en mai 2014 avec la suspension de trois magistrats y compris un juge de siège dont l'affectation doit obéir à une procédure spéciale.","Me KAMANO Seny, avocat à la cour, 19 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nTOSSA MONTHO Adrien, coordinateur de l'ONG Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT), 16h, 19 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nM'BEMBA KEITA Youssouf, MediaGuinee.net, 13 mai 2014. « Magistrats et greffiers suspendus: le chargé de la communication du Ministère de la Justice précise.» http://www.mediaguinee.net/fichiers/article.php?langue=fr&type=rub17&code=calb11351#.VA3akoCwK9E","L’article 109 du titre VII de la Constitution dispose que « les magistrats du siège, du parquet et de l‘administration centrale de la justice sont nommés et affectés par le Président de la République, sur proposition du Ministre de la justice, après avis conforme du Conseil Supérie..."]
["2014_GW_3",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",3,0,"Judges to the Supreme Court are currently elected by their peers, but before 2000 it was the President who nominated them. As a result, while the law stipulates that there must be a public contest for appointments based on skills and merit, in practice, most appointments continue to be made without such procedures being followed. Judges' and magistrates' appointments and promotions were almost always on the basis of criteria other than merit (party affiliations, friendships, nepotism, etc). Currently there are 15 people with the required qualifications to become judges, but no contest has been opened for a couple of years.\n\nJudges are been removed without due process being followed. A judge was suspended for 6 years without due process by the Supreme Council of the Judiciary Magistrate. The Supreme Judicial Council is, in law, composed by members of the Supreme Court and the Parliament, so the due process generally involves other branches. On the other hand, another judge who was being investigated regarding the mismanagement of the courts' financial resources (2000 cfa / approximately 3.5 USD) was protected by a high official who stalled the process until a statute of limitation passed and the claim was no longer valid. These examples demonstrate how neither merit is involved in promotions nor that due processes are implemented in removals/transfers. In the National Policy for the Justice Sector (2010 - 2015), for example, action Number 48 specifically refers to the necessity of creating and ensuring a more transparent appointment process.\n\nThe majority of appointments of magistrates in the public ministry have not followed due processes. The Lawyer's Association in Guinea Bissau has accused the Public Ministry of corruption, manipulation of processes, inefficiency and not dealing with processes in a timely manner. Since the publication of this article and with the prolongation of the transitional period, matters have tended to worsen.","1. Interview with Roberto Indeque, Ordem dos Advogados, Vice-Bastonário (Vice-President of the Lawyer's Bar Association), July 4 2014, Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Juselino Pereira, Faculdade de Direito de Bissau, Professor (Law professor at Bissau's Law Faculty), July 4 2014, Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Bacari Biai, Sindicatos dos Magistrados do Ministério Publico, President (President of the Magistrates Union of the Ministry of Public Affairs) July 5 2014, Bissau.\n\n4. Interview with Counsellour for juridical affairs, Júlio Mendonça, Central Union for Workers, Lawyer, 14 July 2014, Bissau. Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. Braima Daraime, DW, \"Public Ministry in Guinea-Bissau is submersed with corruption\", 22 Feb 2013, http://www.dw.de/minist%C3%A9rio-p%C3%BAblico-da-guin%C3%A9-bissau-est%C3%A1-mergulhado-na-corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o/a-16621109.\n\nWebsites lasted checked 12/06/2014.","Judges to the Supreme Court are currently elected by their peers, but before 2000 it was the President who nominated them. As a result, while the law stipulates that there must be a public contest for appointments based on skills and merit, in practice, most appointments continue t..."]
["2014_KE_3",2014,"KE","Kenya",3,100,"The hiring of judges has remained largely supported by a comprehensive vetting process. The screening processes by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) and the Judges & Magistrates Vetting Board  have been transparent, independent and without restriction or influence by other parties outside the judiciary. Those aggrieved with some of the decisions are allowed to challenge them in a court of law. For instance early this year a group of judicial officers successful blocked the vetting team from scrutinising their history before the vetting laws were in place. High Court Judge Mumbi Ngugi on March 26, 2014, ruled that the Judges and Magistrates Vetting Board had no jurisdiction to scrutinise the conduct of judicial officers from the time the Constitution took effect in August 2010.“ Any law giving them the power to expand their investigation beyond that period is unconstitutional,” (Justice Mumbi Ngugi).\n\nThe process of removal or discipline of judges is the prerogative of a tribunal appointed by the President of the Republic. Under the Kenyan Constitution, a judge may be removed from office only for inability to perform his functions.\n\nSuch a judge can only be removed after the Chief Justice constitutionalize the process,  makes a representation to the president, who then appoints  a tribunal to determine whether the complaint raised is substantiated and could justify removal. \n\nTo strengthen the independence and avoid undue influence due to fears of job security, judges have tenure. Article 167 & 168 of the Constitution provide for the security of tenure. However there is a latest case on the independence of the Kenyan Judiciary with regard to appointment of judges. The Law Society of Kenya has sued President Uhuru Kenyatta for failing to appoint 14 judges recommended by the Judicial Service Commission.\n\nThe lawyers claim that the president’s decision to approve the appointment of only 11 judges out of the recommended 25 was unconstitutional. They want him to comply with the law. According to Senior Counsel Nzamba Kitonga, the president’s role in appointing judges was ceremonial and that he had no capacity to refuse to approve the list as recommended by the JSC. The president stated that he is still in the process of reviewing the remaining names with a view of approving or disapproving them.","1. Sam Kiplagat, seniour court reporter, Star Newspaper. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n2. Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya(LSK) interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n3. James Mwamu, Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n4. Naim Bilal, director of communications Judiciary, Kenya. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n5. \"Judges and magistrates in fresh bid to stop vetting\" an article by Paul Ogemba, published in the February 20, 2014, edition of the Business Daily Newspaper.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Judges-Magistrates-Vetting-Complaints-Judiciary/-/1056/2215546/-/93togu/-/index.html.\n\n6. \"Agencies seek to lock out judges\" an article by Paul Ogemba, published in the June 23, 2014, edition of the Daily Nation Newspaper. \nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Agencies-seek-to-lock-out-judges/-/1056/2336498/-/a2gmtvz/-/index.html\n\n7. Ruling by Justice Mumbi Ngugi on a case Kenya Magistrates & Judges Association v Judges & Magistrates Vetting Board & another [2014]. Ruling delivered on March 26, 2014.\nhttp://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/96063/.\n\n8. Presentation by Sharad Rao, chairman Kenya Judges and Magistrates Vetting Board. The presentation was made on May 20, 2014  at the University of Nairobi Parklands Campus.\nhttp://www.jmvb.or.ke/jdownloads/JMVB%20Downloads/parklands_speech.pdf.\n\n9.\" Lawyers sue President Uhuru Kenyatta over judges\" An article by Paul Ogemba published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on July 10, 2014.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Law-Society-of-Kenya-Uhuru-Kenyatta-JSC-Appointments/-/1056/2379582/-/4vxum3z/-/index.html.\n\n10. \"Court reinstates suspended Judge Joseph Mutava\" An article by Paul Ogemba, published by the Nation Newspaper on  February 17, 2014.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Joseph-Mutava-judge-suspension-High-Court/-/1056/2210396/-/10hp0rx/-/index.html","The hiring of judges has remained largely supported by a comprehensive vetting process. The screening processes by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) and the Judges & Magistrates Vetting Board  have been transparent, independent and without restriction or influence by other part..."]
["2014_LS_3",2014,"LS","Lesotho",3,50,"The constitution sets out the qualifications and experience required for a position of High Court or Court of Appeal judge. According to interviewed sources, all current High Court and Court of Appeal judges satisfy these requirements. \n\nThe chief justice who heads the High Court is appointed by the king acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister. High Court judges are appointed by the king acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Services Commission. The Judicial Services Commission comprises the chief justice (who is also its chairman), chairman of the Public Service Commission (appointed by the king acting in accordance with advice of the Judicial Services Commission), the attorney general (appointed by the king acting according to the advice of the Prime Minister) and a High Court Judge. \n\nThe constitution gives the Prime Minister powers to proceed with his nomination if the king refuses to act in accordance with his advice.  It is for these reasons that many observers argue that the Judicial Service Commission is not very independent from the executive.  \n\nHigh Court judges, including the chief justice, as well as the Court of Appeal judges can only be removed by the king acting on the advice of the tribunal established for purposes of looking into the matter concerning the removal of such judges. According to interviewed sources, although this elaborate and often lengthy removal process gives some degree of job security for judges, it has not stopped the Prime Minister from ensuring that the president of the Court of Appeal was suspended in 2013, “once he had made up his mind that it was time for him to leave.” \n\nThe Prime Minister decides the composition of the  tribunal that advises the king on whether or not to impeach the president of the Court of Appeal and the chief justice. On the other hand, the president of the Court of Appeal appoints the tribunal that looks in the removal cases of Court of Appeal judges, while the chief justice appoints the same type of tribunal to look in the case of a High Court judge. In essence, the constitution gives the Prime Minister excessive powers over the judiciary.","1. Hoolo Nyane. Human Rights Lawyer and Former Director of the Transformation Resource Centre. Interviewed 3 July 2014\n\n2. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Head of Department; Political and Administrative Studies Department. Lecturer.\n\n3. Sechaba Mokhethi. PFD Calls for Inclusive Government. Public Eye. 20 June 2014.\n\n4. Anonymous. Judge of the High Court of Lesotho. Maseru. 29 June 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","The constitution sets out the qualifications and experience required for a position of High Court or Court of Appeal judge. According to interviewed sources, all current High Court and Court of Appeal judges satisfy these requirements. ..."]
["2014_LR_3",2014,"LR","Liberia",3,50,"While the appointment of judges remains the sole prerogative of the president, that responsibility was largely delegated to the Supreme Court and opened to the Liberia National Bar Association as observed during this reporting period. In addition, the Courts Administrator position has been given greater responsibility beyond just administrative assistant to the Chief Justice as was previously the case. \n\nTo be appointed at the Supreme Court, the judicial officer should be a citizen of Liberia and of good moral character; and a counsellor of the Supreme Court Bar who has practiced for at least 5 years. he Liberia National Bar Association serves as an unofficial watchdog for the appointment of judges to courts of competent jurisdictions. Whenever appointments are made within the judiciary, the lawyers' association ensures through consultations that such appointees meet the minimum moral and academic standards to serve as judges.\n\nThe Chief Justice and the four associate justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life except in cases of proven misconduct or incapacitation following impeachment. \n\nThe impeachment of a Justice is made by the parliament \"based on proved misconduct, gross breach of duty, inability to perform the functions of their office, or conviction in a court of law for treason, bribery or other infamous crimes.\"","Interview: Atty. Kalifa Sheriff, Lawyer, Jones Law Firm, Monrovia; 017/062014\n\nInterview: Atty. Cornelius Wennah, County Attorney, Bong County, Gbarnga; 18/06/2014\n\nInterview: Fallah Matthews, Judicial Correspondent, Liberia Broadcasting Service, Monrovia, 18/06/2014","While the appointment of judges remains the sole prerogative of the president, that responsibility was largely delegated to the Supreme Court and opened to the Liberia National Bar Association as observed during this reporting period. In addition, the Courts Administrator position ..."]
["2014_LY_3",2014,"LY","Libya",3,50,"In principle, the Supreme Court has a specific, merit-based selection system that specifies that judges must be of the judicial class, not less than judge of the Court of Appeal and must not have a criminal record. \n\nBut in practice, the executive controls the appointment of judges in Libya, and it interferes with the power of the judiciary. The Supreme Judicial Council nominates members of the Supreme Court, and the General National Congress (legislature) appoints . The president of the Supreme Court is selected by members of the Supreme Court. No appointments were made during the period of study. \n\nJudges are disciplined or removed by the Supreme Judicial Council, influenced by the executive power. During the period of study, no judge was removed or disciplined. Currently, most of the courts are not functioning as a result of the crisis. \n\nAccording to Articles 82-94 of Law No. 6 of 2006, judges are appointed for life and may be removed on the basis of finding of the Judicial inspection body. \n\nThe Judicial inspection body is an independent body that is headed by a president and has members with the qualification level of not less than appeal court advisories.  According to articles 51-52 of law No. (6) of 1374  on the judicial System, judges are disciplined or transfered following the decision of the judicial council after a notification is produced by the judicial inspection body.","Interview with lawyer Asrana Ahmed, private practice (dependent), Sept. 10, 2014.\n\nInterview with Judge Marwan Atshani, the head of Libyan Judges Organisation, Dec. 10, 2014.\n\nLibya Amoutaqbal website, the editor, the Libyan Organisation's statement on the decision of the legislative power to appoint the attorney general, June 13, 2014. http://www.libya-al-mostakbal.org/news/clicked/51266 \n\nResolution No. (6) for the year 1374, http://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=17","In principle, the Supreme Court has a specific, merit-based selection system that specifies that judges must be of the judicial class, not less than judge of the Court of Appeal and must not have a criminal record. ..."]
["2014_MG_3",2014,"MG","Madagascar",3,25,"D’une manière générale, tous les magistrats sont diplômés de l’Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature et de la Greffe. A leur sortie, ils sont nommés fonctionnaires de l’Etat dans le corps des magistrats. Ensuite, comme tous les fonctionnaires, ils font l’objet d’une évaluation périodique par leurs chefs hiérarchiques pour une éventuelle promotion, laquelle par définition est basée sur le mérite. C’est le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM), organe composé de magistrats et dirigé par le Président de la République, qui est chargé de la gestion de carrière des magistrats (nominations, promotions et affectations). \n \nToutefois, par dérogation, la nomination des magistrats ci-après est régie par les règles suivantes :\n - Première catégorie : le Premier Président et le Procureur Général de la Cour Suprême sont nommés par décret pris en Conseil des Ministres sur proposition du Ministre de la Justice, après consultation du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature;\n - Deuxième catégorie : le Président de la Cour de Cassation et le Procureur Général de ladite Cour, le Président du Conseil d'Etat et le Commissaire Général de la Loi, le Président de la Cour des Comptes et le Commissaire Général du Trésor Public sont nommés par décret pris en Conseil des Ministres sur proposition du Ministre de la Justice, après consultation du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, de préférence parmi les Magistrats les plus anciens dans le grade le plus élevé respectivement de l'ordre judiciaire, administratif et financier.\n \n Les sessions ordinaires du CSM sont rendues publiques à travers un communiqué publié sur son site, lequel est à jour. Par exemple, pour le 1er semestre 2014, il y a eu deux sessions. Selon la législation en vigueur, c’est le Président de la République (Président du CSM) qui dirige la session. Mais, il délègue cette fonction au Ministre de la Justice qui est le Vice Président du CSM. Tous les communiqués issus à chaque réunion adoptent un plan classique composé de deux éléments. L’ordre du jour porte donc sur : (i) la gestion des carrières des magistrats, dont notamment les nominations des chefs de juridiction (les noms sont publiés), et les appels à candidatures pour des postes vacants; et (ii) la question disciplinaire où la phrase laconique suivante est toujours mentionnée « le Conseil a procédé aux traitements des dossiers de doléances et de comptes rendus », sans aucune autre précision. Le contenu de ces communiqués distribués à la presse et disponibles sur le site du CSM ne fait aucune mention d’une discussion quelconque sur l’état de l’indépendance de la magistrature ou des magistrats, ni sur les modalités de nomination.\n \n Les nominations les plus critiquées se référent surtout à la catégorie des nominations à des postes auprès du Tribunal de Première Instance et de la Cour d’Appel (Présidents, Procureurs et juges d’instruction) dû à la place que ces magistrats occupent dans le processus, donc avec plus d’autorité et d’influence. Les cas de dérogations aux procédures et critères de nomination des juges qu’on peut citer ici sont les affectations de complaisance, entraînant soit un choix du lieu d’affectation (ou nomination), soit le refus de rejoindre un nouveau poste. Selon l’article de Les Nouvelles disponible sur le site de Newsmada, la Ministre de la Justice elle-même a reconnu ces faits devant les membres de l’Assemblée Nationale. Les interviews ont fait ressortir le même constat, à savoir le manque d’indépendance de la justice. Cela concerne, entre autres, les nominations dont certaines font suite à des interventions non seulement venant des autorités hiérarchiques mais aussi de la sphère politique. \n \n Un tel constat renforce l’avis de l’Observatoire de la Vie Publique (association), qui dans son communiqué du 26 septembre 2013, insiste sur le fait que « toujours promise, l’indépendance de la Justice n’a jamais été réalisée ». Ainsi, elle exige pour le nouveau Président de a république à ce que « le Président de la République renoncera, ainsi que son ministre de la Justice, à la présidence et à la vice-présidence du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qui pourra ainsi gérer et sanctionner en toute indépendance, en faisant modifier l’article 107 de la Constitution ».Par ailleurs, le Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (organe gouvernemental) dénonce la précarité du système judiciaire face aux différentes formes de pressions et interventions mettant en cause la transparence et l’indépendance de la justice (Rapport annuel CSI 2012, page 7).","RAKOTOZANANY Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTOZAFY (pas de prénoms), magistrat en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTONDRASOA Landy, conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 05 juillet 2014.\n \n T. Anais, La Gazette de la Grande Ile, n° 3184, 30 septembre 2013, «La campagne de la honte» page 3. www.lagazette-dgi.com.\n \n RAMIANDRIOSA Dominique, Midi Madagasikara, 20 juin 2014, «Ministère de la Justice : Journées de réflexion pour l’amélioration du système judiciaire». http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2014/06/20/ministere-justice-journees-reflexion-lamelioration-du-systeme-judiciaire/.\n \n Les Nouvelles, 20 juin 2014, « Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature : la Ministre crève l’abcès ». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/la-une/43437-conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature-la-ministre-creve-labces.\n \n Communiqué du SEFAFI (Observatoire de la Vie Publique) à l’intention des candidats à l’élection présidentielle du 25 octobre 2013. http://www.lanation.mg/article.php?id=6731 et sefafi.mg.\n \n Site du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/ et http://www.conseil-superieur-magistrature.mg/communiques.ml.\n \n Site du Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI). http://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/.","D’une manière générale, tous les magistrats sont diplômés de l’Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature et de la Greffe. A leur sortie, ils sont nommés fonctionnaires de l’Etat dans le corps des magistrats. Ensuite, comme tous les fonctionnaires, ils font l’objet d’une évaluation périodi..."]
["2014_MW_3",2014,"MW","Malawi",3,75,"The appointment of national-level judges (justices and magistrates) largely supports the independence of the judiciary. Nonetheless, although judges are supposed to be chosen through a merit-based selection system, it is very difficult to assess the extent to which merit is the entire rationale for the appointment of judges.\n\nAt times it appears that their appointment is politically motivated. Judges usually have security of tenure despite the executive attempting to impeach some of them on the pretext of bias. Judges are usually disciplined/removed/transferred through due process by an independent oversight body.","1. Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge, 4 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Chris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice, 3 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","The appointment of national-level judges (justices and magistrates) largely supports the independence of the judiciary. Nonetheless, although judges are supposed to be chosen through a merit-based selection system, it is very difficult to assess the extent to which merit is the ent..."]
["2014_ML_3",2014,"ML","Mali",3,50,"Les nominations des juges au niveau national ne renforcent pas forcément l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Et pour cause, les juges à l'échelon national sont parfois nommés sans suivre un système de sélection fondé sur le mérite selon lequel on doit tenir compte de l’ancienneté voire l'expérience et le parcours, soit au minimum 10 ans de service.\n\nPlusieurs nominations sont arrangées dans un objectif bien spécifique : servir le pouvoir politique en place. Certains juges sont arbitrairement mutés malgré le principe sacro-saint de l'inamovibilité. Selon Hawa Diarra, secrétaire de greffe à Bamako, le pouvoir judiciaire est loin d'être indépendant : «Ici en Commune V, les juges nommés sont pour la plupart en mission commandée». \n\nLes cas de nominations discrétionnaires sont légion : l'ancien juge anti-corruption a été relevé et remplacé par un proche du régime. Même cas pour la procureure général du tribunal de la Commune IV remplacé par un proche du ministre de la justice.  Les syndicats de la magistrature, dont le Syndicat Libre de la Magistrature (SYLIMA), se sont toujours insurgés contre les mutations arbitraires. Ils procèdent généralement par la vérification de la légalité de la sanction sinon du transfert et procèdent au besoin par les lettres demandant l'annulation.","MAHALMADANE Hamèye Founè, magistrat, ancien président du Syndicat Libre de la Magistrature (Silima), 22 juin 2014.\n \nTOURÉ Fodié, magistrat, représentant Syndicat autonome de la magistrature, 22 juin 2014.\n        \nDIARRA Hawa, secrétaire de greffe, tribunal de première instance de la Commune V Bamako, 22 juin 2014.","Les nominations des juges au niveau national ne renforcent pas forcément l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Et pour cause, les juges à l'échelon national sont parfois nommés sans suivre un système de sélection fondé sur le mérite selon lequel on doit tenir compte de l’ancienneté..."]
["2014_MR_3",2014,"MR","Mauritania",3,0,"Il n'existe guère une tradition d'indépendance de la justice mauritanienne. L'indépendance de la justice se heurte à l'absence de formation voire de compétences des magistrats et à cette tradition de sujétion à l'exécutif. \nLes nominations sont dans leur majorité effectuées sur une base partisane. Il prévaut une certaine opacité qui entoure les nominations des magistrats. Principale instance de nomination des magistrats, l'indépendance du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) est altérée par le fait qu'il est présidé par le chef de l'Etat. Les propositions du CSM peuvent fort bien être remises en cause par l'exécutif. \n\nÀ titre d'exemple les nominations au plus haut niveau de la magistrature sont effectuées d'une manière qui sape toute vélléité d'indépendance de la justice : en moins de cinq ans, pas moins de trois présidents se sont succédés à la tête de la Cour suprême. Pourtant, les textes sont clairs, le président de l'institution judicaire a un mandat de cinq ans et ne peut en aucune manière faire l'objet d'un renvoi.\n\nLes juges sont réduits à de simples fonctionnaires. L'indépendance des juges se heurte souvent au profil des magistrats recrutés. Ils sont dans leur majorité issue des mahadras (école coranique) et n'ont pas une formation adéquate en la matière. Une école de formation des juges, l'Ecole Normale de d'Administration, du Journalisme et de la Magistrature (ENAJM) vient d'être ouverte et tout juge doit passer par cette école avant d'être nommé. Cependant la formation des magistrats restent très basique, pour ne pas dire générale et cela n'est qu'une méritocratie de façade car les nominations sont toujours opérées en fonction des préférences politiques. \n\nDe plus, le gouvernement a récupéré l'association indépendante des juges ou l'a utilisé afin  d'obliger les juges à entrer dans les rangs.","1. MBARECK Hacen, président de l'Association mauritanienne pour la promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. Source anonyme, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 12 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n4. Alakhbar.info, Sunday,2 février 2014. En arabe. « Dada and judges: minister did not reject our request.» http://www.alakhbar.info/news/2295-2014-02-02-10-37-02.html","Il n'existe guère une tradition d'indépendance de la justice mauritanienne. L'indépendance de la justice se heurte à l'absence de formation voire de compétences des magistrats et à cette tradition de sujétion à l'exécutif. ..."]
["2014_MU_3",2014,"MU","Mauritius",3,100,"The Judicial and Legal Service Commission (JLSC), which is responsible for the appointment of members of the judiciary, is constituted in a way that allows for its independence. At the same time, it can be taken to give excessive influence to the chief justice. It is correct to assert that the Chairman of the Public Service Commission (PSC), who is part of the JLSC, or any other appointed member would be unlikely to go against the decision of the chief justice.\n\nNonetheless, judges are appointed  by the JLSC based on merit. They all have the basic qualifications and after having entered the judicial service, are generally promoted on the basis of seniority. They all have the security of tenure and there are clear procedures and processes for their removal. During the past year, no judge has experienced undue removal or undue transfer. \n\nPromotions and disciplinary measures can be appealed. Over the years, there have virtually been no applications challenging the decisions of the JLSC, with the exception of Oozeerally v JLSC (1981) MR 444 and Panday v State (2006) SCJ 276.","1. Antoine Domingue, Chairman, Mauritius Bar Association, 11 Sept 2014, by phone and mail\n2. A senior member of the judiciary, 17 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n3. Devendranath Hurnam, jurist and former member of the National Assembly, 17 Sept 2014, by mail\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The Judicial and Legal Service Commission (JLSC), which is responsible for the appointment of members of the judiciary, is constituted in a way that allows for its independence. At the same time, it can be taken to give excessive influence to the chief justice. It is correct to ass..."]
["2014_MA_3",2014,"MA","Morocco",3,25,"The Supreme Judiciary Council (Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature) is in charge of the appointment, transfer and removal of judges. It is presided by the King of Morocco who is also head of the executive. In practice, this compromises the independence of the judiciary.\n\nAppointments of judges at the national level are not always based on merit. The system of geographical appointments, career evolution or promotion, compensations and control is less transparent. In its report, the International Commission of Jurists insists on the irregularities in appointments, removals and  transfers of judges in Morocco. Some judges would be transferred to different jurisdictions to avoid corruption scandals. \n\nHowever, the appointment of judges at entry-level positions follows a merit-based process. Tests and selections are conducted based on education and merit to access entry-level positions in the judiciary. This process is known to be strict and does not allow favouritism, unlike in appointment to the national levels.","Pr Ali Boufous - Jurist, Lecturer and specialist of public and constitutional laws- University Hassn II Casablanca - phone interview 02/072014.\n\nReport on justice reforms in Morocco - International commission of Jurists - November 2013\n\nReda Oulamine -- Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the Association of Rights and Justice - Freedom of speech activist -Casablanca - phone interview 03/07/2014","The Supreme Judiciary Council (Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature) is in charge of the appointment, transfer and removal of judges. It is presided by the King of Morocco who is also head of the executive. In practice, this compromises the independence of the judiciary...."]
["2014_MZ_3",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",3,25,"There is no merit-based system of appointments in Mozambique. The president appoints, at his own discretion, the presiding judge of the national courts. In turn, the political parties at the parliament appoint five members to the court according to the criteria of proportionality: Frelimo (ruling party) appoints two and Renamo (main opposition party) appoints one. In addition, the Conselho Superior de Magistratura Judicial (Superior Council of the Judiciary) appoints two members. All of them have to appear before the parliament for confirmation. All judges enjoy security of tenure and cannot be demoted unless in circumstances prescribed by law. \n\nIn early August 2014, judges were appointed to the Constitutional Court, Administrative Court and the Supreme Court. Most of them renewed their terms, with a few exceptions of new judges that joined their ranks. The selection and appointment of judges and magistrates does not always take into account the competencies and skills of the candidates. Usually, and given the discretionary power of the president of the republic - although he gets \"advice\" from the Superior Council of the Judiciary and the confirmation of parliament - the appointments are of a political nature, and those appointed have the trust of the president.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nAntónio Costa David Ucama, \"Independence of the judiciary in Mozambique\" (\"A Independencia do poder judicial em Mozamibque\"), October 2013. http://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/13276/1/David%20Ucama_tese%20Mestrado.pdf","There is no merit-based system of appointments in Mozambique. The president appoints, at his own discretion, the presiding judge of the national courts. In turn, the political parties at the parliament appoint five members to the court according to the criteria of proportionality: ..."]
["2014_NA_3",2014,"NA","Namibia",3,75,"The Judicial Service Commission invites applications for vacancies, but the Judicial Service Commission Act of 1990 does not specify how the JSC advertise vacancies, thus leaving this in the discretion of the commission. However, national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system. Appointments are made based on experience and qualification. The process of appointing judges and magistrates is also being defined in the Namibian Constitution and statute. The current ongoing amendments to the constitution would bring the appointments of the magistrates in the realm of the judiciary.\n\nForeign judges are appointed as acting judges by the Judicial Service Commission to serve for a year and renewal is entirely up to the JSC. Discipline, removal or transfer is entirely done by the commission. The foreign judges who have been serving on the Namibian benches have never been reported to make any judgements in fear or favour of a particular party in a case.\n\nGovernment and even the ruling SWAPO party have been taken to court on numerous occasions and lost many cases. This speaks to the independence of the judiciary and neutralizes the perception of judges acting in fear or favour of anyone.\n\nHowever, the composition of the JSC, which recommend the appointment, discipline and removal of judges, can be skewed to favour of government nominees.  Similarly, appointing acting judges from jurisdictions outside Namibia is said to create the perception that such judges may have concerns about their continued appointment should they make unpopular decisions.","Sacky Shanghala, Chairman; Law Reform & Development Commission, 11 August 2014.\n\nProff Nico Horn, Senior Legal Lecturer, University of Namibia,  Table Interview 28 July 2014. \n\nToni Hancox, Director, Legal Assistance Centre, FacetoFace Interview 28 July 201.\n\nYvonne Dausab, Dean:Law Faculty,  University of Namibia. Interview July 29th 2014.\n\nTHE NAMIBIAN, Acting judges appointed for Supreme Court, 7, January  2014, http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=118139&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=283.\n\nTomy Nambahu, Deputy Minister of Justice, \"Appointments of Judges\" High Court Year Opening, WINDHOEK, 16 JANUARY 2014 http://lawsocietynamibia.org/content/news/press-statements-2014/minister-of-justice-remarks-on-high-court-year-opening-2014.","The Judicial Service Commission invites applications for vacancies, but the Judicial Service Commission Act of 1990 does not specify how the JSC advertise vacancies, thus leaving this in the discretion of the commission. However, national-level judges are chosen through a merit-bas..."]
["2014_NE_3",2014,"NE","Niger",3,25,"Il faut signaler qu'au Niger, l' évolution de carrière des magistrats et leur nomination aux hautes fonctions judiciaires n'est pas toujours basée sur le mérite. Les nominations sont souvent basées sur la bienveillance avec laquel le juge peut ménager le pouvoir politique, en l'occurrence le gouvernement. \n\nLe ministre de la justice et le Président de la République joue un rôle important dans la nominations des juges, notamment aux hautes fonctions judiciaires. Or, et le ministre de la justice et le Président de la République sont dans une posture politique, qui souvent ne favorise pas l'autonomie des juges, ni l'indépendance et le mérite comme critères d'évolution.\n\nSelon la Loi n° 2007-05 du 22 fevrier 2007 portant statut de la magistrature en son article 5, \"Les nominations aux divers emplois de la magistrature sont faites par décret du Président de la République, Président du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, sur proposition du ministre de la justice, garde des sceaux. Concernant les magistrats du siège, les nominations sont faites après avis conforme du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.\"\n\nA ce propos, le secrétaire général adjoint du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger (SAMAN), disait lors de notre entretien: «il y a beaucoup de juges excellents qui n'avancent pas dans leur carrière, car ils ne soutiennent et ne rendent service à aucun camp politique...tant qu'il y en a d'autres qui sont nommés parce qu'ils sont proches de tel ou tel camp politique.»\n\nPour être membre de la Cour Constitutionnelle, il faut être âgé de quarante ans au moins et justifier d'une expérience professionnelle dans le domaine juridique. Les 7 membres de la Cour sont nommés sur la base du mêrite:  \n\n-deux personnalités ayant une grande expérience professionnelle dont une proposée par le Bureau de l'Assemblée Nationale et une proposée par le Président de la République;\n-deux magistrats élus par leurs pairs;\n-un avocat élu par ses pairs;\n-un enseignant de la Faculté de droit titulaire au moins d'un doctorat en droit public élu par ses pairs;\n-un représentant des Associations de Défense des Droits de l'Homme reconnu pour sa compétence en droit public.\n\nLes membres de la Cour Constitutionnelle sont nommés pour six ans par décret du Président de la République. Leur mandat n'est pas renouvelable.\n\nIls sont inamovibles pendant la durée de leur mandat. Ils ne peuvent être poursuivis ou arrêtés sans l'autorisation de la Cour Constitutionnelle sauf cas de flagrant délit. Dans ce cas, le Président de la Cour Constitutionnelle est saisi, au plus tard dans les 48 heures.","LABO Maiga Zeinabou, directrice générale, à la direction des Droits de l'Homme, de la protection judiciaire juvénile et de l'action sociale, interview au ministère de la justice,14 août 2014.\n \n OUMAROU Narey, professeur agrégé des facultés de Droit, membre de la Cour constitutionnelle du Niger, interview à la Cour constitutionnelle, 14 août 2014.\n \n GOUBÉYE Abdoulaye, magistrat et sécrétaire général adjoint du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger, premier substitut du procureur de la République, interview au tribunal des grandes instances de Niamey, 14 août 2014.\n \n AMADOU ADAMOU Bachir, juriste, Actuniger.com, 30 novembre 2013, « Quand la politique tient le juge : un an après les états généraux de la justice au Niger, quel bilan faut-il en tirer ?»\n http://www.actuniger.com/tribune-opinions/7542-quand-la-politique-tient-le-juge-un-an-apres-les-etats-generaux-de-la-justice-au-niger-quel-bilan-faut-il-en-tirer.html.\n\nPrésentation de la Cour Constitutionnelle du Niger, http://niger-gouv.org/courconstitutionnelle.html","Il faut signaler qu'au Niger, l' évolution de carrière des magistrats et leur nomination aux hautes fonctions judiciaires n'est pas toujours basée sur le mérite. Les nominations sont souvent basées sur la bienveillance avec laquel le juge peut ménager le pouvoir politique, en l'occ..."]
["2014_NG_3",2014,"NG","Nigeria",3,50,"National-level judges are usually but not always chosen through a merit-based selection system. The standard procedure is for the president to appoint the judges on the recommendation of the regulatory National Judicial Council (NJC) and with the approval of the Senate. Prior to the president's appointment, the NJC recommends judges primarily based on years of experience (seniority in service) and a track record of excellence.\n\nThat procedure was followed in March 2014, when President Goodluck Jonathan appointed 25 new judges to the Court of Appeal.\n\nHowever, lawyers have accused the NJC of not nominating the judges based on merit, but on family and political ties. That allegation was supported by the influential Nigerian Bar Association.\n\nAppointed judges generally leave their posts only to retire or when promoted or sanctioned by the NJC. In the past year, two judges were fired after the NJC investigated and found them guilty of misconduct.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nDisagree and recommend a 75, because though the government has been perceived in some circles as not adhering strictly to conventional criteria such as seniority, by and large, the federal  government during the period under review has managed the appointment of judges without provoking controversy . While there have been some sensational comments about the appointment of judges by President Jonathan, there are no pending petitions or court cases challenging any of the appointments made during the period under review.","Interview with Samuel Ogala, lawyer, Falana Chambers, Abuja, 20 June 2014.\n\nDaily Independent, Joe Nwankwo, \"NBA rejects appointment of judges on family ties,\" 9 July 2014.\nhttp://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/07/nba-rejects-appointment-judges-family-ties/\n\nThe Nation, Joseph Jibueze, \"Judicial appointments not based on merit – Osinbajo,\" 8 July 2014.\nhttp://thenationonlineng.net/new/judicial-appointments-not-based-on-merit-osinbajo/\n\nPM News, \"President Jonathan Okays NJC Sack of Two Judges,\" 4 March 2014.\nhttp://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/03/04/president-jonathan-okays-njc-sack-of-two-judges/\n\nPremium Times, \"Jonathan approves appointment of 25 new Appeal Court judges,\" 17 March 2014.\nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/156906-jonathan-approves-appointment-25-new-appeal-court-judges.html","National-level judges are usually but not always chosen through a merit-based selection system. The standard procedure is for the president to appoint the judges on the recommendation of the regulatory National Judicial Council (NJC) and with the approval of the Senate. Prior to th..."]
["2014_RW_3",2014,"RW","Rwanda",3,25,"In general, national-level judges appointments are done in an independent manner, as provided for by the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. According to people interviewed as part of this research, while the appointments of judges could be influenced by politicians, most of the judges are appointed on merit and based on experience. Loyalty to RPF can't always be proved, but international reports suggest the justice system still lacks full independence and the executive can influence the result of certain trials, particularly politically sensitive ones.\n \nAccording to the courts spokesman, officials affirm that the appointments are done in an independent process and they go through parliament and the cabinet.\n\nAccording to Pie Habimana, a university lecturer and lawyer, there are preset conditions to be a judge in any court in Rwanda, and these are followed, particularly for national-level judges, like the ones on the Supreme Court and High Court. They are chosen through a merit-based selection system; they are selected by the High Council of the judiciary and are appointed by the president of the Republic. They are assured of their tenure, as no judge can be sacked because of a judgment he rendered, and only the high council, which is an independent body composed of judges, law university lectures and other legal professionals, can take any disciplinary measures against them.\n\nAccording to Habimana, there are judges in the system who are known for their independence, have no ties to the ruling party and act based on the law. In fact, some have ruled in cases where the state has lost, sometimes in a humiliating manner. For example, the state racked up a bill of Rwf3.6 billion (USD 5,142,857) in the 2013-14 financial year, which they have to pay in compensation and damages for lost cases. In no more than 5 percent of the cases can the political backhand be felt. \n\nThe processes of firing judges is done by the High Council of the Judiciary, with little or no influence by the justice minister/attorney general, even though he sits on the council. There have not been any recorded cases of the unjustified sacking of a judge over the past 12 months, except for two primary court judges who were charged and convicted of corruption. \n\nA journalist with KFM radio in Kigali said that while national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system and have security of tenure, they are appointed by the president and approved by the cabinet, which is seen as a shortcoming. The approvers are all from the executive branch, and the final decision is made by the Senate, part of the legislature. To some extent, this seems to work against the independence of the judiciary.  \n\nDuring a students' group visit to the Supreme Court, one asked the chief Justice if judges are really independent when the higher court judges are appointed by the president of the Republic. The chief justice replied that complementarity does not imply interference. He added that the candidates are selected/proposed by the High Council of the Judiciary, which has a wide-ranging membership.\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments:\n\nDisagree (score=0): There is a merit-based selection system, but RPF loyalists are chosen over nonmembers. Due process is limited and there is little presumption of innocent-unti-proven-guility in the local and domestic courts.","1. Emmanuel Itamwa Mahame, Spokesperson, Courts, Interviewed on September 1, 2014. \n\n2. Me Pie Habimana, a Lecturer, University of Rwanda and Institute Legal Practice and Development (ILPD), Licensed advocate with Rwanda Bar association. Interviewed on July 10, 2014, in Kigali. \n\n3. Anonymous, journalist with KFM radio in Kigali, a station of the Nation Media Group, the interview was done on July 10, 2014, in his office in Kigali. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n4. Article published on the Supreme Court website, by an unidentified author, published on April 30, .2014, on the title: A group of students from University of Rwanda visited the Supreme Court, retrieved On July 12 from http://www.judiciary.gov.rw/fileadmin/SC_Info/UR_Students__visit_to_the_SC_-_Eng.pdf \n\n\"Rwanda: Justice After Genocide—20 Years On,\" Human Rights Watch, March 2014. http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/28/rwanda-justice-after-genocide-20-years\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Sources:\n\nAfrican Argument, Kris Berwouts, 2013. 'Injustice and Indifference: Victoire Ingabire is Sentenced to 15 years on appeal in Rwanda' http://africanarguments.org/2013/12/19/injustice-and-indifference-victoire-ingabire-is-sentenced-to-15-years-on-appeal-in-rwanda-by-kris-berwouts/; ","In general, national-level judges appointments are done in an independent manner, as provided for by the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. According to people interviewed as part of this research, while the appointments of judges could be influenced by politicians, most of th..."]
["2014_ST_3",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",3,25,"The appointment of judges is made through a public tender. The qualifications for the appointment of judges are the terms of reference of public procurement -  specified qualifications and skills that the judges should have to be admitted. However,  this process does not always strictly follow the rules. That is, there are cases where the assessment of competitors does not happen transparently, leaving doubts as to whether there is interference throughout the process.\n\nJudges are only removed from office when they commit a crime and are relieved so they can answer for the crime. For example, last year a judge was dismissed for having been accused of committing the crime of pedophilia and was suspended until the end of the investigation.\n\nUsually, judges are disciplined by proceedings brought in the courts themselves.\n\nThe process of appointing judges today is not done in a transparent, public way; only some candidates are selected primarily on merit. The criteria for most selections are guided more by the principle of patronage.","Interview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nTela Non, Commentary, Court Judge Hilario Garrido, The Power of Judges, Aug. 6, 2013. \nhttp://www.telanon.info/sociedade/2013/08/06/14020/o-poder-dos-juizes/#","The appointment of judges is made through a public tender. The qualifications for the appointment of judges are the terms of reference of public procurement -  specified qualifications and skills that the judges should have to be admitted. However,  this process does not always str..."]
["2014_SN_3",2014,"SN","Senegal",3,50,"Les nominations des juges sont effectuées par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, qui est en droit présidé par le Président de la République. Ce qui dans une très large mesure rend très politique les nominations des magistrats. Les juges à l'échelon national, tout comme ceux des cours d'appels et des juridictions inférieures sont parfois nommés sans suivre un système de sélection fondé sur le mérite car le statut des magistrats au Sénégal n’exige aucune nomination fondée sur le mérite. Tout est laissé à la discrétion du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature présidé par le président de la République, soulevant régulièrement des accusations de favoritisme.\n\nCependant, il arrive que le principe de l'inamovibilité des magistrats du siège soit contourné. En effet, un magistrat du siège peut être affecté par les nécessités du service, or la loi ne définit pas la la notion de «nécessité du service.» Cette notion est utilisée pour sanctionner ou éloigner des juges qui ne satisfont pas  les intérêts de certains politiques. Les juges qui sont nommés en qualité d’intérimaire ne bénéficient pas de la règle de l’inamovibilité, à l’état actuel certains magistrats sont intérimaires dans les juridictions où ils sont affectés.\n\nAu Sénégal on n’a jamais vu un magistrat sanctionné officiellement sans passer par le conseil de discipline suivant un débat contradictoire sur les faits qui lui sont reprochés. Cependant, certaines affectations peuvent être considérées comme une  sanction déguisée, c’est ce qui a été soutenu en 2013 dans la presse concernant l’affection du procureur de Dakar Ousmane Diagne à la Cour suprême comme juge du siège.\nIl y a  également les affectations dans les Cours d’appel qui ne sont pas fonctionnelles. Par exemple actuellement  il y a des magistrats qui ont été relevés et affectés à la Cour d’appel de ZIGUINCHOR, qui ne fonctionne pas. D’après le juge Mor Lo du tribunal régional de Dakar, parmi les raisons de ces affectations, il y a des faits à eux reprochés soit par des justiciables soit par des magistrats.","1.LO Mor, juge au tribunal régional de Dakar, 24 juillet 2014.\n\n2.DIÈYE Abdoulaye, professeur de droit constitutionnel à l'université de Dakar, 21juillet 2014.\n\n3.NDOYE Ibrahima, greffier et secrétaire permanent de l’Office nationale de lutte contre la corruption, 27 juillet 2014.\n\n4. Seneplus.com, 5 mai 2014. «Un avocat propose un toilettage de l'arsenal juridique». http://www.lequotidien.sn/index.php/societe/item/19227-ziguinchor--l%E2%80%99ordre-des-avocats-plaide-pour-la-suppression-de-la-loi-latifgu%C3%A8ye\n\n5. SENENEWS.com, 22 octobre 2013. «Macky désavoue la Cour suprême et maintient Antoine Diome.» http://www.senenews.com/2013/10/22/macky-desavoue-la-cour-supreme-et-maintient-antoine-diome_67040.html\n\n6. Seneweb, 23 avril 2013. «Ousmane Diagne remplacé à son poste de procureur de la République : Que cache la mesure prise par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature ?» http://www.seneweb.com/news/Justice/ousmane-diagne-remplace-a-son-poste-de-procureur-de-la-republique-que-cache-la-mesure-prise-par-le-conseil-superieur-de-la-_n_93896.html","Les nominations des juges sont effectuées par le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, qui est en droit présidé par le Président de la République. Ce qui dans une très large mesure rend très politique les nominations des magistrats. Les juges à l'échelon national, tout comme ceux d..."]
["2014_SC_3",2014,"SC","Seychelles",3,50,"The selection of judges of the Supreme Court is done by the Constitutional Appointment Authority (CAA), which is not a judicial body. The Seychelles president has strong authority over this panel. The CAA, which recommends judges to the president for appointment, is composed of three members: one  appointed by the ruling party, another by the leader of opposition,  and a third member chosen by the two appointees. Failure of the two appointees to nominate the third member allows the president to appoint the third member. These judges cannot be removed unless they commit a serious offense. There is no peer panel as an oversight body to discipline or remove them. In July 2013 the leader of government business in the Assembly presented a motion to review CAA appointments. She said that under the present circumstances, the chairperson has too much power and decisive voting right in case of disagreement among the two other members.\n\nThe head of the Supreme Court is the chief justice. The chief justice has the power to create secondary legislation for the effective running of the Seychelles legal environment. To qualify as a Supreme Court judge, candidate must have been admitted to practice before all the courts of the Seychelles for at least seven years, and be under the age of 70. \n\nMagistrates and members of the various tribunals are appointed by the Chief Justice in consultation with the President of the Republic, without the involvement of the CAA. Judges in Seychelles are either citizens of Seychelles or generally recruited on contracts from other Commonwealth countries with an option to become naturized thereafter. While citizen recruits are occasionally appointed without following a merit based selection system, appointment of expatriate judge is sometimes questioned as well. The majority of the members of the judiciary are naturalized citizens or foreign nationals from other Commonwealth countries. Their impartiality become compromised because they are subject to contract renewal. These Judges have an interest in not upsetting the interests of those who appointed them, namely the President and because the oversight body includes representatives of the executive branch. Furthermore, the Constitution provides that a Seychellois judge may remain in office until the age of 70, but a non-Seychellois judge has a term of seven years except in 'exceptional circumstances'.\n\nFor example, Judge Burhan, an expatriate judge whose term had to end in 2013, but by the end of that year was granted a Seychelles nationality by the President. Several cases, including a judicial review, have been instituted challenging the judge’s re-appointment and questioning his ability to exercise his judicial functions impartially and independently in view of the manner in which he was appointed. In its ruling, the court considered  that there was “a public perception of a real possibility of bias and lack of confidence” in the judge’s ability to be impartial in this case. The appointment of Judge Burhan received criticism in political weekly newspapers in Seychelles that lobbied against the appointment of expatriate judges, which they claim are more likely to be influenced by the executive arm of the government.","Interview with  anonymous, judge, Supreme court, Ministry of Justice, Ile du port, Seychelles  Interview on 4 September 2014.\n\nInterview with Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, Interview on 5 September 2014.\n\nJudicial System of Seychelles, Commonwealth Gouvernance Seychelles, 2014, http://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/africa/seychelles/judicial-system/).\n \nThe parts that make a whole? - the mixity of the laws of Seychelles, Mathilda Twomey, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG) - Faculty of Law, Social Science Research Network, 1 July 2012,  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2157039).\n \nToday in Seychelles, Judiciary 09-07-2014, “Constitutional Court orders Judge Burhan off the panel”,  N.Tirant, https://www.facebook.com/todayinsey/posts/687248107979669.\n \n“Sri Lankan judge lands long term Supreme Court post in Seychelles”,  Seychelles  News Agency, February 14, 2014, http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/216/Sri+Lankan+judge+lands+long+term+Supreme+Court+post+in+Seychelles#sthash.C150v7F3.dpuf .\n \n“National Assembly votes for review in CAA appointment”,  Seychelles Nation, 27 July 2013, http://www.nation.sc/article.html?id=239360.\n\nFreedom House, Freedom in the World 2014 - Seychelles, 26 June 2014, http://www.refworld.org/docid/53b2b8ac3e0.html.","The selection of judges of the Supreme Court is done by the Constitutional Appointment Authority (CAA), which is not a judicial body. The Seychelles president has strong authority over this panel. The CAA, which recommends judges to the president for appointment, is composed of thr..."]
["2014_SL_3",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",3,25,"Judges are appointed in Sierra Leone by the President and approved by Parliament. The current Chief Justice is Umu Hawa Jallow, who served as an acting Chief Justice and was subsequently appointed by the President and approved by the Parliament in December 2008.  \n\nPresidential appointments can be seen as politically motivated and thus biased, and there have been instances where judges with merit have not been selected based on political bias. Steven Conteh (now deceased) was to be promoted to the position of a judge, but was rejected because he was suspected to belong to an opposition party (Sierra Leone Peoples Party). \n\nThe Chief Justice and other Justices have security of tenure as stated in Section 137, Subsection 2 of the Constitution of Sierra Leone Act No.6 of 1991. The constitution permits judges to retire at age 65, with a possible extension of three months to end all current and pending cases. \n\nThe Judicial and Legal Service Commission was established to discipline, transfer and or terminate other judges. In order to remove a Justice, the Commission refers the matter to the President of the country who then establishes a tribunal in consultation with the Commission to look into the case. It is only if that tribunal recommends the removal of the Justice and the removal has been approved by the two-thirds of the parliament that the Justice can in fact be removed. \n\nThe Chief Justice appoints magistrates. In August 2014, the Chief Justice appointed four magistrates to serve in various parts of the country. Most of the appointed magistrates are believed to be members of the current ruling political party and succumb to the dictates of the Chief Justice. In most cases, magistrates who refuse to adhere to the wishes of the Chief Justice are transferred to remote places.\n\nThere are rules to appoint judges that stipulate that Parliament and the President must agree on the appointment. There are also rules to ensure the appointments are merit-based.\nArticle 136 reads:\n\"(1) The President shall, acting on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission and subject to the approval of parliament, appoint the Chief Justice by warrant under his hand from among persons qualified to hold office as justice of the Supreme Court.\n(2) The other judges of the superior court of judicature shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand acting on the advice of the judicial and legal Service Commission and subject to the approval of parliament.\n(3) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge of the superior court of judicature, unless he is entitled to practise as counsel in a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in Sierra Leone or any other country having a system of law analogous to that of Sierra Leone and approved by the judicial and legal Service Commission, and has been entitled as such counsel in the case of appointment to:\na) the Supreme Court, for not less than twenty years; \nb) the court of appeal, for not less than fifteen years;\nc) the high court of justice, for not less than ten years.\n(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), a person shall be regarded as entitled to practise as counsel if he has been called, enrolled or otherwise admitted as such and has not subsequently been disbarred or removed from the roll of counsel or legal practitioners.\n(5) For the purposes of this section, a person shall not be regarded as not being entitled to practise in a court by reason only that he is precluded from doing so by virtue of his holding or acting in any office.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Unisa Bangura, senior court reporter, Standard Times newspaper, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nEmerson Kamara, director, Peace Links Sierra Leone, Freetown, 30 June 2014.","Judges are appointed in Sierra Leone by the President and approved by Parliament. The current Chief Justice is Umu Hawa Jallow, who served as an acting Chief Justice and was subsequently appointed by the President and approved by the Parliament in December 2008.  ..."]
["2014_SO_3",2014,"SO","Somalia",3,0,"There is no merit-based, standardized recruitment process for the selection of judges. The provisional constitution mandates the creation of an independent Judicial Service Commission “which shall advise the Federal Government on the administration of justice including recruitment, dismissal, and any legal action taken against judges\" (Article 111A). But there is no evidence of a merit-based selection system in place.\n\nThis commission consists of nine members — among them the chief judge of the Constitutional Court, the chief judge of the High Court and the attorney general. The commission also oversees any and all disciplinary action taken against judges, such as transferring and dismissing judges and determining pay.\n\nThere were no reports of judges being sacked during this period of study. But political factors strongly influence the Judicial Service Commission, rendering any qualification-based appointment process ineffective. Decisions are marked by politics and interference by the executive branch. The attorney general himself was replaced unilaterally by the executive within this time frame.","Anonymous, Member of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nAnonymous, government official\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nAnonymous, Regional Court\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSharmarke Abdirashid Janle\nIndependent Lawyer\nBari Regional Court\nAugust 10, 2014\nBossaso, Somalia\nIn-person interview\n\nMaxkamada Sare ee Dalka oo Hanjabaad Culus Dirtay ilko Xanaf oo Sharciga Fiirin doona\nJawhar 24\nAugust 6, 2014\nhttp://jowhar24.com/?p=1170","There is no merit-based, standardized recruitment process for the selection of judges. The provisional constitution mandates the creation of an independent Judicial Service Commission “which shall advise the Federal Government on the administration of justice including recruitment,..."]
["2014_ZA_3",2014,"ZA","South Africa",3,75,"Judges are appointed on a merit-based system and are removed fairly following due process, with no say from the president/executive. In addition, judges do have tenure. Still, judges actions during the apartheid continue to have impact on judges' roles, which doesn't mean that their skills and qualifications are not taken into account. \n-\nJudges are appointed through a merit-based system, the appointment of judges requires an elaborate process, it is difficult to remove them, and they have security of tenure. \n \nThe constitution (section 177) states that a judge may only be removed if a) the Judicial Services Commission finds that the judge suffers from an incapacity b) is grossly incompetent  c) guilty of misconduct and that the National Assembly calls for that judge to be removed (2/3 vote in favour). \n\nResearcher and analyst Karin Alexander, who used to work for the now dissolved Institute for Democracy in Africa (IDASA), says that national-level judges are chosen based on merits, that they have security of tenure, and that they are dismissed through proper processes.\n\n\"Their appointments support the independence of the judiciary. Judges operate independently from the executive,\" Alexander said.\n\nThe Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development only provides administrative and financial support to the court system and the judiciary; oversees the National Prosecuting Authority; provides legal advice and representation to organs of state; facilitates law reform and is responsible for the country's Correctional Services.\n\nChief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng in June said that the independence of the judiciary and judges is undermined by the fact that South Africa has a justice ministry.\n\n\"Because for as long as you have the executive, in the form of the minister of justice, playing a political oversight role over the judiciary, you have a problem,\" he told a meeting of the SA National Editors' Forum in Cape Town in June 2014.\n\n\"For as long as you have a judiciary that does not have its own board account, does not have its own budget, [and] has no say in the appointment of the support staff that ought to strengthen its capacity to deliver justice to the people, you've got a problem. And human beings, irrespective of who they are, can be tricky. You just never know how the control ... of functions and the control of the budget could be used with a view to influencing the judiciary to do things, or some within the judiciary to do things, that they ought not to be doing.\"","Interview with democracy researcher and analyst Karin Alexander (19 June 2014)\n\n2013-2013 Rule Of Law Index by the World Justice Project (Published in November 2012), http://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/WJP_Index_Report_2012.pdf\n\nJustice ministry undermines judicial independence: Mogoeng (Times Live / 20 June 2014), http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2014/06/20/justice-ministry-undermines-judicial-independence-mogoeng\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996/.","Judges are appointed on a merit-based system and are removed fairly following due process, with no say from the president/executive. In addition, judges do have tenure. Still, judges actions during the apartheid continue to have impact on judges' roles, which doesn't mean that thei..."]
["2014_SS_3",2014,"SS","South Sudan",3,0,"The president continues to dominate the appointments. The Judiciary Act, 2008, gives the president unchecked powers to appoint senior officials of the judiciary, including the president of the Supreme Court; the deputy president of the Supreme Court; the justices of the Supreme Court; the presidents of the Courts of Appeal, and the Justices of the Court of Appeal, among others. \n\nWhereas, senior officials of the judiciary are appointed by the president, approved by parliament, and only removed by the Judicial Service Commission, according to laid-down procedures, this does not guarantee the independence of the whole judiciary. According to the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), though South Sudan’s laws require that the president appoints the chief justice, deputy chief justice and all justices of the Supreme Court, the Courts of Appeal and the judges of the High courts and county Courts, upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, in actual practice this is not the case.\n\nConsequently, there are reports of nepotism in the appointment of judges. Since South Sudan became independent in 2011, the first round of recruitment of future judges was carried out in February 2013. At least 78 judicial assistants, who may subsequently be appointed to the judiciary permanently after an 18-month probationary period, were appointed.\n\n“However, both the selection procedures and the outcomes of the recruitment process were widely criticized for lack of transparency and nepotism in the choice of the candidates. In particular, it was asserted that the criteria for selection were not been given sufficient publicity, and the fact that one of the daughters of the chief justice was among the appointees raised allegations of nepotism.\n\nIn addition, though the Judicial Service Commission is supposed to be competent to formulate recommendations to the president for appointments to some judicial offices, in practice this is not the case. Sources within the judiciary say that the commission is not active. “In practice, the only judicial recruitment in South Sudan to date was carried out without respecting the general standards of transparency and publicity,” according to ICJ’s report.","Interview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nReport from the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), \"South Sudan: An Independent Judiciary in an Independent State?\" December 2013.\nhttp://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/SOUTH-SUDAN-CIJL-REPORT-elec-versionFsmallpdf.com_.pdf \n\nUnited States Institute of Peace, policy brief, Princeton N. Lyman, Jon Temin and Susan Stigant, \"Crisis and Opportunity in South Sudan,\"  Jan. 8, 2014.\nhttp://www.usip.org/publications/crisis-and-opportunity-in-south-sudan \n \nICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, \"South Sudan: Country Profile,\" to June 2014. \nhttp://www.icj.org/cijlcountryprofiles/south-sudan/","The president continues to dominate the appointments. The Judiciary Act, 2008, gives the president unchecked powers to appoint senior officials of the judiciary, including the president of the Supreme Court; the deputy president of the Supreme Court; the justices of the Supreme Cou..."]
["2014_SD_3",2014,"SD","Sudan",3,0,"There is a merit-based selection system, but it is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit. Moreover, there is no security of tenure, and due process is nonexistent and usually subject to political interference. In April 2014, the president appointed the head of the judiciary without any indication of following a merit-based selection process.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nSudanile.com, Ushari Ahmed Mahmoud, \"Reward and protect corrupted judges,\" Sept. 26, 2014.\nhttp://www.sudanile.com/?tmpl=component&print=1&option=com_content&id=72717","There is a merit-based selection system, but it is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit. Moreover, there is no security of tenure, and due process is nonexistent and usually subject to political interference. In April 2014, the p..."]
["2014_SZ_3",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",3,0,"In law, even the constitution is answerable to the king, who may suspend its provisions as he sees fit, so the judges have little space to exercise independence. While the law says courts are free of any executive or legislative interference, it is silent on monarchial interference. \n\nAfter being appointed by the king on the basis of a recommendation by the Judicial Services Commission, which is made up of the king’s appointees, the judge or magistrate swears an oath that does not mention the Constitution or upholding the laws of Swaziland but is an oath of allegiance to the king. \n\nThere have been cases where it appeared that people with less merit were appointed at some positions within the judiciary of Swaziland. In the 2014, a citizen organization, the Law Society of Swaziland, has protested the appointment of Judge Mpendulo Simelane because it considered that he did not fit necessary requirements. It sought to have Simelane's appointment to be annulled by the High court, but failed, because it considered this appointment as a political appointment, as Similane was chosen to preside over the year's foremost political trial - against a dissident news editor and a human rights lawyer. During 2014, the Law Society of Swaziland continued to advocate for the removal of the Chief Justice, whose appointment it considered unconstitutional. The judge is a vocal supporter of the king and the view of interview subjects is that he is not going anywhere – a clear example of judicial interference and the king being above the constitution and the constitution’s guarantees of an independent judiciary.\n\nOn the subject of there being security of tenure for appointed judges, the Constitution does not prescribe tenures or terms for judges. Judges are removed from office without public explanation. As for the process in case of transfer or removal of a judge, and would this involve an oversight body or does the executive makes the decisions, the Judicial Services Commission mentioned above, which recommends appointments to the king, oversees all judicial officers and also makes recommendations to the king regarding the removal of a judge, according to Section 158 of the Constitution. An “ad hoc” committee consisting of the Minister of Justice, Chairman of the Civil Service Commission and President of the Law Society of Swaziland makes recommendations on the removal of a judge to the Civil Service Commission. The “ad hoc” committee is appointed by the king, and would only sit when government wishes to remove a judge. The desires of the Law Society of Swaziland are insufficient. The Law Society of Swaziland went on strike for three months in 2011 seeking the removal of the Chief Justice, whose appointment by the king went against the constitution, but the strike yielded no results and government did not appoint an “ad hoc” committee to investigate the Chief Justice.","Interview: Anonymous, Manzini, 3 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Sandile Lukhele, journalist, African Eye News Service, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014.\n\n\"Swaziland: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Opens Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, March 2013. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","In law, even the constitution is answerable to the king, who may suspend its provisions as he sees fit, so the judges have little space to exercise independence. While the law says courts are free of any executive or legislative interference, it is silent on monarchial interference..."]
["2014_TZ_3",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",3,50,"National-level judges are appointed by Tanzania's president upon recommendation by the Judicial Commission. In practice, the selections or appointments follow a set of professional and academic qualifications rules laid down by law. The Judicial Commission operates independently without influence when performing its role in advising the president in the appointment process.\n\nIn practice the president follows merit-based appointments as laid down by law when appointing judges. As reported by the Daily News Reporter on July 21, 2014, the appointment of Judge Shabani Ally Lila as principal judge of the high court was in accordance with the procedure stipulated by law.\n\nJudge Lila has 22 years of experience in Tanzania’s courts, where he has worked in different capacities. Before his appointment, he worked as high court judge and registrar in the High Court IIala  Zone. He is a member of the Judicial Ethics Committee and chairman of the National Committee on Community Services (prisoners) and has attended a number of short courses and seminars since 1991 to date. He holds a bachelors of laws degree with honors from the University of Dar es Salaam. \n\nThere are significant development towards the way judges are appointed, including that they must have wide knowledge of the law. But the president and the Judicial Commission sometimes do not announce open positions to candidates. Instead, they simply consult various law chambers to propose suitable candidates.\n\nThere is security of tenure in Tanzania. Section 110 of the constitution provides for retirement age for judges of the national level, (judges of the high court and judges of the court of appeal) at the age of 60, but can be extended if president feels so. The president forms a special committee to investigate a judge if he/she is alleged to have engaged in any form of illegal issues such as corruption etc.\n\nFor example, in an ongoing case, the Tegeta Escrow Account scandal, the parliament has asked President Jakaya Kikwete to form an inquiry team to investigate judges Aloycius Mujulizi and John Ruhangisa, whose names appeared on the list of people who received money from James Rugemalira, the owner of VIP Engineering and Marketing Ltd in practice.   \n\n\nReviewers' Comment:\n\nDisagree and recommend a 25: There is security of tenure of some sort, with cases of demotions or dismissals extremely rare or none at all at the national level, and relatively limited transfer of posting. Nonetheless accusations of lack of transparency and violations of the merit order have been leveled against the appointment mechanisms in the past and have yet to be substantially refuted despite calls for doing so from the Tanganyika Law Society.","1. Haifin Ndemela, former magistrate, October 22, Ifakara-Morogoro-Tanzania\n\n2.  The Citizen,  INSIGHT: Placement: Why appoint DPP as High Court Judge? Posted online September 13  2014 http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/insight-placement-why-appoint-dpp-as-high-court-judge.\n\n3. Lila appointed new principle judge July 21, 2014; http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/33950-lila-appointed-new-principal-judge\n\n4. The judiciary of Tanzania; http://www.judiciary.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1\n\n5. President perform this duty (selection/appoints) after the advice by the judiciary commission. \nhttp://fortuneofafrica.com/tanzania/judicial-service-commission-in-tanzania/.\n\n6.  Now ball in JK’s court; https://escrowscandaltz.wordpress.com/2014/11/30/now-ball-in-jks-court/\n\nAll websites last checked on 12/04/2014.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n(1) ELLETT, R. L. (2013). “Democratic and Judicial Stagnation”, Chapter 6 in Pathways to judicial power in transitional states perspectives from African courts. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge: pp.179-80.    ","National-level judges are appointed by Tanzania's president upon recommendation by the Judicial Commission. In practice, the selections or appointments follow a set of professional and academic qualifications rules laid down by law. The Judicial Commission operates independently wi..."]
["2014_TG_3",2014,"TG","Togo",3,50,"Les juges sont recrutés après un concours national d’entrée au Centre de formation des professions de justice.\n \nCet article datant du 16 juillet 2013 «Confusion autour d'un mouvement d'humeur au sein de la magistrature» parle des promotions fantaisistes de magistrats, de la caporalisation des juges à travers un syndicat tenu par des juges politiciens, des affectations de juges fondées sur le népotisme, sur le régionalisme et l'ativisme politique, ou de la soumission à des parrains au sein de l'exécutif. Un préavis de grève avait été lancé.\n \nLes magistrats sont inamovibles, mais sur certains dossiers surtout où des hommes politiques sont impliqués, le principe de l’inamovibilité des magistrats de siège est battu en brèche. En effet dans l’affaire d’escroquerie internationale, où l’ancien ministre Pascal BODJONA et son cousin l’homme d’affaire Bertin AGBA étaient impliqués, la Cour suprême présidée par le haut magistrat PETCHEBIA a rendu un arrêt le 20 juin 2012 ordonnant sa libération provisoire. Le président de la Cour suprême sera muté deux mois après pour être président du tribunal à près de 200 km de Lomé, la capitale.\n \nDans l’affaire des victimes des violences de 2005, après le dépôt des plaintes au tribunal d’Amlamé et d’Atakpamé, les magistrats qui ont commencé par instruire les dossiers ont été respectivement mutés (Christ Roi ATANDJI, magistrat du tribunal d’Atakpamé, a été affecté pour le tribunal de Notsè en 2009).\n \nIl existe enfin un organisme de surveillance indépendant: le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Selon le rapport de la CNDH, plusieurs ministres de la justice ont, par le passé, imposé leur point de vue aux juges sous la menace d’affectation ou de sanction. Or, il revient au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature de faire des propositions au garde des sceaux en matière d’affectation. De même, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature est seul compétent en matière de sanctions disciplinaires. Dans l’autre sens, des juges chargés des cabinets d’instruction, dans certains dossiers, s’adressent directement au ministre de la justice. Ce sont des situations qui sont observées et vécues par des magistrats ; elles ne s’expriment pas ouvertement mais plutôt dans la discrétion et les magistrats s’en plaignent. Si dans le contexte actuel, ces pratiques ont considérablement diminué, il semble qu’elles subsistent concernant des affaires à connotation politique.\n \nLe Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature (CSM) fait parfois l’objet de critiques quant à sa composition qui donne la possibilité au pouvoir exécutif d’influer sur ses décisions s’agissant de certaines nominations à des fonctions plus prestigieuses que d’autres.\n\nLa Cour Suprême est présidée par un magistrat du premier grade nommé par décret pris en conseil des ministres sur proposition du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Des conseillers sont affectés à chacune des chambres.\nIl faut au moins quatre (04) conseillers par chambre. Ils sont nommés par décret en conseil des ministres sur proposition du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\n\nSelon les sources, le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM) a effectivement fait l’objet de critiques quant à sa composition qui donne la possibilité au pouvoir Exécutif d’influer sur ses décisions s’agissant de certaines nominations à des fonctions plus prestigieuses que d’autres.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n HOUMEY EKLU-KOEVANOU Epiphanie, coordonnatrice Groupe de Réflexion et d'Action Femme Démocratie et Développement (GF2D), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n Rapport sur le respect et la mise en œuvre des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés fondamentales dans l'administration de la justice au Togo (décembre 2013), HCDH Togo\n http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TG/TogoDecember2013.pdf.\n \n Koaci.com, 16 juillet 2013, «Togo : Confusion autour d'un mouvement d'humeur au sein de la magistrature». http://koaci.com/togo-confusion-autour-d%EF%BF%BD%E2%80%99un-mouvement-d%EF%BF%BD%E2%80%99humeur-sein-magistrature-83863.html.","Les juges sont recrutés après un concours national d’entrée au Centre de formation des professions de justice.\n ..."]
["2014_TN_3",2014,"TN","Tunisia",3,50,"Entry-level judges are selected according to a merit-based system, as they are law school graduates and must pass a national exam to enter the Institut Supérieur de la Magistrature (High Institute of Judiciary). As civil servants, they have tenure and cannot be dismissed unless they are found guilty of misconduct. Generally, appointments and promotions of judges and magistrates follow the existing rules and the constitution.\n\nBut in some instances, judges at the higher levels of the judiciary are dismissed by members of the executive branch without regard to the constitutional independence of the judiciary. In particular, in March 2014, Raoudha Mechichi, president of the Administrative Court, and Abdelkader Zgolli, president of the Auditing Court \"Cour des Comptes\" were dismissed by the prime minister. Under the law, particularly Article 112 of the Tunisian Constitution, the prime minister should have discussed this dismissal with the Supreme Judicial Council (Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature); but he did not and has acted alone on this matter.\n\nAccording to Article 107 of the constitution: \"No judge may be transferred without his or her consent or dismissed, and no judge may be suspended, expelled, or subjected to disciplinary punishment except in such cases and in accordance with the guarantees provided for by law and by virtue of a justified decision issued by the Supreme Judicial Council.\"","Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, 12 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Ahmed Solaani, judge in the court of Sfax, 14 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Bassem Karray, professor of public law, University of Sfax, 14 June 2014.\n\nArticle: DirectInfo, \"Le mouvement à la tête du tribunal administratif incompatible avec la nouvelle constitution,\" Tunis, 19 March 2014.   http://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2014/03/19/tunisie-le-mouvement-a-la-tete-du-ta-incompatible-avec-la-nouvelle-constitution/ \n\nConstitution of the Tunisian Republic, unofficial translation by Jasmine Foundation, Final edition 26 June 2014. \nhttp://www.jasmine-foundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_constitution_final_ed.pdf","Entry-level judges are selected according to a merit-based system, as they are law school graduates and must pass a national exam to enter the Institut Supérieur de la Magistrature (High Institute of Judiciary). As civil servants, they have tenure and cannot be dismissed unless the..."]
["2014_UG_3",2014,"UG","Uganda",3,50,"Selection of national level judges has always been through a merit-based system, but recently the president has tried to use the system to retain his favourite judges. Currently, the judiciary is faced with an impasse that was created when the Judicial Service Commission tried to follow the laid-out rules of selecting the chief justice and deputy chief justice, but the president of Uganda suggested that special provisions be made this time around. \n\nThe chief justice reached retirement age, but the president refused to recognize the names forwarded to him for approval and instead suggested that the old chief justice be retained; the suggestion was refused. Further, after the death of the deputy chief justice, the head of the Supreme Court took on the post, and for more than two years now, he has never been confirmed and is still acting. Interestingly, he also has never taken the oath of office of a Supreme Court justice. \n\nNot all posts of judges are filled, and the judicial fraternity has wondered whether there are no candidates with the right qualifications, experience and merit to fill all the vacant posts. All in all, the appointing system of judges takes into consideration competence and qualifications, but judges known to be sympathetic to the ruling party have always been given preference. Despite the challenges facing judiciary, the appointment process supports the independence of the judiciary and especially now that the Judicial Service Commission has adopted advertising posts, which encourage transparency and equal opportunities in the recruitment process. The highest courts in Uganda are filled with competent judges. \n\nIndeed, judges enjoy security of tenure of office. However, lately various media reports have quoted the president proposing that the retirement age be moved up from 70  to 75 years. However, some circles argue that the president is not suggesting this in good spirit, but rather his intentions are geared toward prolonging the tenure of judges sympathetic to the ruling party.\n\nIn the past 12 months, there have been no major shake-up of judges, though media reports have highlighted a few cases of those that have been warned. But when the situation arises where a judge is to be transferred, disciplined or dismissed, the Judicial Service Commission recommends to the president on the pending action. The president directs establishment of a tribunal to look into the matter, and depending on the finding, appropriate action is taken. But the public accounts  committee of the parliament of Uganda are concerned why reports mainly implicated lower-level judicial officers and not senior level judges. \n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nThe failure to appoint a substantive chief justice by the executive has affected the independence of the judiciary. More importantly, the executive attempted to reappoint the former chief justice beyond the constitutional mandate and against the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission in August 2013. The appointment had to be contested in court on June 16, 2014. Even after the appointment was annulled, the executive has yet to appoint both a substantative chief justice and deputy chief justice.","“Museveni’s failure to name Chief Justice,\"  Joan Akello and Haggai Matsiko, The Independent, 27 April 2014\nhttp://www.independent.co.ug/cover-story/8906-musevenis-failure-to-name-chief-justice (last visited 02/18/2015).\n\n“This is a difficult time for Uganda’s Judiciary,” Karooli Ssemwogerere, Daily Monitor, 14 Jan. 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/OpEdColumnists/KaroliSsemogerere/This-is-a-difficult-time-for-Uganda-s-Judiciary/-/878682/2156356/-/gw9mrk/-/index.html. (last visited 02/18/2015)\n\n“ULS statement on the administration of justice In Uganda,\" Ruth Sebatindira, President - Uganda Law Society; 7 April 2014\nhttp://www.uls.or.ug/uploads/ULS%20STATEMENT%20ON%20THE%20ADMINISTRATION%20OF%20JUSTICE%20IN%20UGANDA-20140407-172733.pdf\n\n“Judiciary warns corrupt staff,\" ACCU Reports; 24 May 2014\nhttp://accu.or.ug/judiciary-warns-corrupt-staff/\n\n“Court nullifies Odoki’s reappointment as CJ,” Anthony Wesaka; 5 Aug. 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Court-nullifies-Odoki-s-reappointment-as-CJ/-/688334/2408294/-/koaln6z/-/index.html\n\n“Court: Odoki reappointment unconstitutional,” New Vision Reporter; 4 Aug. 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/658353-court-odoki-reappointment-unconstitutional.html\n\nNasasira Leah; Legal Officer, Research; Uganda Law Society; Kampala; 16 July 2014\n\nReviewer sources:\n\"Constitutional Court annuls Odoki’s reappointment,\" 4 Aug. 2014, http://www.redpepper.co.ug/constitutional-court-annuls-odokis-reappointment/                     \n\"Uganda: Justice Kavuma jobs illegal - court,\" 6 Aug. 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201408060233.html","Selection of national level judges has always been through a merit-based system, but recently the president has tried to use the system to retain his favourite judges. Currently, the judiciary is faced with an impasse that was created when the Judicial Service Commission tried to f..."]
["2014_ZM_3",2014,"ZM","Zambia",3,25,"The Supreme Court and other judges are appointed by the president and ratified by parliament. Even though parliament ratifies the selection, this process is widely seen as a mere formality; the president can appoint judges even if there is opposition to his proposals. That was the case with Chief justice Lombe Chibesakiunda, whom lawyers, including the Law Association of Zambia, opposed, saying she was incompetent and above the retirement age of 65. Sources said the president appointed her to the position because she is a relative and in position to cater to his views. \n\nThe same applied to the appointment of Director of Public Prosecution Mutembo Nchito. Some members of parliament were concerned about his impartiality, especially in that he had a pending case against him regarding a K14 billion Kwacha debt (roughly 2.7 million USD) that he and his partners owed the Development Bank of Zambia (DBZ). This did not deter the president from appointing the DPP. \n\nDespite this evidence, union representatives at the courts say that judges are qualified and in the vast majority of cases are chosen on merit. They are usually disciplined through a peer panel, although senior judges such as chief justices to some extent are not secure in their jobs as they can be removed anytime by the appointing authority, the president.","Interview with Godfrey Mutale, registry supervisor, Commercial List Registry, Lusaka High Court, Lusaka, Zambia, 11 July 2014. \n\nThe Zambian Voice, Nicholas Bwalya, \"Quest for an independent judiciary,\" 26 Feb. 2014. \nhttp://thezambiavoice.org/2014/02/26/quest-for-an-independent-judiciary/\n\nLusakatimes.com, \"Parliament Unanimously Ratifies Two Supreme Court Judges and Five High Court Judges,\" 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/02/28/parliament-unanimously-ratifies-two-supreme-court-judges-five-high-court-judges/\n\nZambian Watchdog, \"Sata rewards Judges Hamaundu, Albert Wood with Supreme Court appointments,\" 24 Jan. 2014.\nhttps://www.zambianwatchdog.com/sata-rewards-judges-hamaundu-albert-wood-with-supreme-court-appointments/","The Supreme Court and other judges are appointed by the president and ratified by parliament. Even though parliament ratifies the selection, this process is widely seen as a mere formality; the president can appoint judges even if there is opposition to his proposals. That was the ..."]
["2014_ZW_3",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",3,50,"National-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system. After the public interviews to select Supreme Court judges conducted by the Judicial Service commissioners in July 2014, it emerged that some of the interviewed judges who were aspiring for higher office had inadequacies. Some of the interviews revealed a lack of knowledge of the elementary issues in their current jobs. For instance, two Labour Court judges failed to differentiate between a court application and a court action. \n\nAnalysts said the failure of the judges was because they were selected to the Labour Court not on merit but because of their affiliation to the ruling party. Open interviews are therefore an attempt by the government to rectify the problem and try to reconstruct the integrity of the judiciary. There were no cases during the period of this research where judges have been denied security of tenure or have been disciplined or removed without due process.","Interview with David Magorokosho, former court magistrate, 31 July 2014, Mutare.\n\nThe Standard, Suitable Kajau, \"Only competent judges should be on the bench,\" 20 July 2014, accessed 4 Aug. 2014. http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2014/07/20/competent-judges-bench/ \n\nThe Zimbabwe Mail, \"Good corporate integrity should rule public office,\" 18 July 2014, accessed 4 Aug. 2014.  \nhttp://www.thezimmail.co.zw/2014/07/18/good-corporate-integrity-should-rule-public-office/ ","National-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system. After the public interviews to select Supreme Court judges conducted by the Judicial Service commissioners in July 2014, it emerged that some of the interviewed judges who were aspiri..."]
["2014_DZ_4",2014,"DZ","Algeria",4,100,"En Algérie, les arrêts de la cour suprême et du Conseil d'État, les deux plus hautes juridictions de la magistrature algérienne, sont rendus publics sur un site internet. Les juges de ces juridictions motivent leurs jugement sur la base du droit. Les arrêts de la Cour Suprême elle-même y figurent sur son propre site web mais ils sont en arabe. \n\nSelon un posting du 11 mars 2013 de Me Abdelghani BENAIRED sur la page du groupe Facebook \"Pour une jurisprudence algérienne accessible et lisible\" , il déclare avaoir recensé les arrêts sur le site de la cour suprême. Il a recensé 584 arrêt au total, mais ce sont en général des arrêts récents qui ne représente qu'une partie de tous les arrêts disponibles sur le site. Me Abdelghani rappelle qu'au moment de sa visite sur le site, la rubrique \"jurisprudence\" qui était en maintenance est à nouveau opérationnel.  \n\nCes arrêts sont répartis comme suit:\n85 arrêts de la chambres des affaires familiales;\n88 de la chambre civile;\n70 de la chambre sociale;\n87 de la chambre commerciale et maritime;\n81 de la chambre foncière;\n89 de la chambre criminelle;\n83 de la chambre pénale;\n1 jurisprudence seulement par toutes les chambres réunies;","Benkhada Omar, ex Magistrat, Avocat à la Cour de Saida, le 01/09/2014, Saida\n\nLa force du droit : Un magistrat de qualité, une décision de justice de qualité, Driss Reffas,  Président du conseil régional de l’ordre des chirurgiens dentistes, conseiller national, 22/05/2014\nHTTP://BEL-ABBES.INFO/?P=29735\n\nSite du ministère de la justice : organisation judiciaire. http://www.mjustice.dz/html/?p=organ_judic\n\nSite du portail du droit algérien, les arrêts du conseil d'État et de la Cour Suprême. http://www.droit.mjustice.dz/portailarabe/coursup/recherche.php.\n\nSite de la Cour Suprême algérienne. http://www.droit.mjustice.dz/portailarabe/coursup/recherche.php","En Algérie, les arrêts de la cour suprême et du Conseil d'État, les deux plus hautes juridictions de la magistrature algérienne, sont rendus publics sur un site internet. Les juges de ces juridictions motivent leurs jugement sur la base du droit. Les arrêts de la Cour Suprême elle-..."]
["2014_AO_4",2014,"AO","Angola",4,25,"In general, judgments are read in court and include reasoning based on existing legislation. However, some judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, and public access to court judgments are limited. At the level of the highest courts, even where journalists have been excluded from the trial proceedings, they are generally allowed in the courtroom for the reading of judgments. However, access to judgments are most often denied in municipal courts, where arbitrariness is more common. \n\nWritten judgments can be generally obtained by paying a small fee, around $30, depending on the number of pages and the photocopying costs of each particular court. Still, decisions/judgments are only available to the claimant and defendant. The time frames to obtain judgment records can vary widely. MISA-Angola reported that nine days after the request of the written sentence of convicted journalist Queirós Anastácio Chiluvia, the municipal court of Cacuaco had failed to provide it.","Phone interview with international human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014   \n\nPhone interview with media representative, Lisbon, July 31, 2014 \n\nIn person interview with academic, Lisbon, July 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMisa-Angola, \"Court Does Not Provide Sentence\" (\"Tribunal Nao tem Sentenca\"), Feb. 27, 2014\nhttp://misa-angola.blogspot.com/2014/02/tribunal-nao-tem-sentenca.html ","In general, judgments are read in court and include reasoning based on existing legislation. However, some judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, and public access to court judgments are limited. At the level of the highest courts, even where jour..."]
["2014_BJ_4",2014,"BJ","Benin",4,100,"Au Bénin, les juges présentent  toujours un argumentaire formel expliquant les fondements de leurs décisions. Lesdites décisions font référence aux lois, à la constitution ou à la jurisprudence utilisée ainsi qu'aux interprétations spécifiques données en rapport avec la chose jugée.\n\nLes séances des cours et tribunaux ainsi que les décisions sont rendues publiques. Les textes sont disponibles le jour même du procès pour le grand public à la cour et relayés par les médias. Les cours utilisent les références évoquées pour confirmer ou casser des décisions de justice.","Michel Adjaka, Président, Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014. \n\nLéonce Gamai, La Nouvelle Tribune, 30 décembre 2013. « Bénin : la Cour Constitutionnelle annule le rejet du budget de l’État 2014.» http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/17476-benin-la-cour-constitutionnelle-annule-le-rejet-du-budget-de-l-État-2014\n\nJulien Ahouandjinou , 24h au Bénin, 4 mai 201. « Décision de Cassation de la Cour Suprême du Benin : La cour a-t-elle dit le droit ou a-t-elle rendu service ? » http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article3800\n\nCour Constitutionnelle. « Décision DCC 14–113 du 5 juin 2014 ».  http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-benin.org/doss_decisions/DCC%2014-113.pdf","Au Bénin, les juges présentent  toujours un argumentaire formel expliquant les fondements de leurs décisions. Lesdites décisions font référence aux lois, à la constitution ou à la jurisprudence utilisée ainsi qu'aux interprétations spécifiques données en rapport avec la chose jugée..."]
["2014_BW_4",2014,"BW","Botswana",4,100,"National-level Judges always provide reasoning for their judgments, referencing the law or jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation given in relation to the case. Judgments might sometimes be delayed for a definite period of time depending on the urgency of the case, but the reasoning is always available to the public, and hard copies are obtainable from the office of the clerks of the courts. \n\nFor example, a case in which the attorney general wanted the High Court to declare some parliamentary standing orders uncontitutional was dismissed in favor of the parliament, and the judges cited the provisions of the constitution mandating parliament to regulates its procedures as valid as long as it doesn't infringe on the constitution.","Interview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone.\n\nLaw Society of Botswana: Opening of the legal year, 4 Feb. 2014. \nhttp://www.lawsociety.org.bw/news/ADDRESS_BY_MR_LECHA.pdf\n\nSunday Standard, \"Appeals court calls for action against Justice Mothobi,\"  16 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php/print_article.php?NewsID=19172\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\nDaily News, Benjamin Shapi, \"Botswana: Attorney General Loses With Costs,\"  7 Nov. 2014. \nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201411071861.html","National-level Judges always provide reasoning for their judgments, referencing the law or jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation given in relation to the case. Judgments might sometimes be delayed for a definite period of time depending on the urgency of the..."]
["2014_BF_4",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",4,0,"Toutes les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche sont unanimes : les décisions de justice sont rendues en référence à la loi ou aux réglements existants au Burkina Faso. Par contre les décisions ne sont pas expliquées ni rendues publiques car les juges n'y sont pas obligés. \nMe KABORE explique que « les décisions de justice doivent être motivés, c'est à dire, suivre un raisonnement logique et les magistrats burkinabè s'y conforment. Ils peuvent à la limite donner des informations sur les raisons de la décision mais pas se justifier.» \nEt Hyacinthe Sanou d'ajouter que «par exemple, les décisions de justice ne se commentent pas dans la presse, ce qui veut dire premièrement que les juges sont souverains dans leur prise de décision et que l'on considère dès lors qu'elles se fondent sur le droit, donc pas de commentaire.» Etant donné qu'ils ne sont pas tenus de justifier leurs décisions, il n'est pas facile d'entrer en possession des jugements.","KABORE S. Antoine, magistrat, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrat du Burkina (SAMAB), Ouagadougou Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014. \n\nSANOU Aly, secrétaire général, Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10 Juillet 2014.\n\nSANOU Hyacinthe, reporter, chef du desk papier d'initiative personnelle, l'Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.","Toutes les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche sont unanimes : les décisions de justice sont rendues en référence à la loi ou aux réglements existants au Burkina Faso. Par contre les décisions ne sont pas expliquées ni rendues publiques car les juges n'y sont pas..."]
["2014_BI_4",2014,"BI","Burundi",4,25,"Les arrêts rendus par les hautes cours sont toujours motivés en droit et dans la jurisprudence. \n\nLes arrêts rendus par les hautes cours sont accessibles aux partis aux conflits car ils sont versés dans les dossiers de chaque partie. Toute partie qui veut avoir une copie fait une demande et automatiquement, après paiement des frais de photocopie, elle reçoit la copie.\nCependant il n’est pas facile à une personne qui n'est pas partie de l'affaire d’avoir accès à des arrêts rendus. L'accès à un arrêt nécessite une demande motivée adressée au président de la haute juridiction, puis un délai d'attente qui peurt généralement durer au moins une semaine, dépendamment de la motivation et du suivi qui est réservé à ladite demande.  \n\nC'est seulement quand l'arrêt est mis dans la jurisprudence qu'il devient public.","NIYONGABO Jean Claude, ancien magistrat, interview par email, 21 juillet 2014. \n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nSIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la cour d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nExemple d'un arrêt rendu par la Chambre administrative de la Cour Suprême du Burundi en 2005. http://www.juricaf.org/arret/BURUNDI-COURSUPREME-20051216-RAA663","Les arrêts rendus par les hautes cours sont toujours motivés en droit et dans la jurisprudence. ..."]
["2014_CM_4",2014,"CM","Cameroon",4,50,"Les juges de la Cour suprême du Cameroun motivent les arrêts qu'ils rendent; ces arrêts font référence aux lois et à la jurisprudence. Les audiences sont publiques et à défaut d’assister à ces audiences, l'on peut au bout d'une semaine voir les décisions affichées  au babillard de la Cour Suprême ou dans les bureaux des greffiers qui sont aussi accessible au public. La cour dispose aussi d'un site internet où sont affichés les arrêts qu'elle rend, mais ce site n'est pas actualisé avec les arrêts les plus récents. Le plus récent arrêt date de l'an 2000.\n\nDans le système judiciaire camerounais, il est clairement indiqué que les juges au niveau national ou inférieur, n'obéissent qu'aux textes et à leur conscience. Au-delà  du texte, de la conscience et de la jurisprudence, le juge indique les raisons de la condamnation du justiciable. Selon des juristes, c'est sur cette base que le justiciable peut attaquer la décision dans les instances supérieures. \n\nL'article 7 de la loi 2006/015 du 29 décembre 2006 sur l'organisation judiciaire dispose que «toute décision judiciaire est motivée en fait et en droit. L'inobservation de la présente disposition entraîne nullité d'ordre publique de la décision.»","Théophile Patrice EDIMO, magistrat juge en service au tribunal d'Ekounou à Yaoundé, 14 juillet 2014\n\nMme KOA, membre de l'Association des femmes juristes du Cameroun,  14 juillet 2014\n\nKAZE Reneir, journaliste au journal Kalara, hebdomadaire du monde juridico-judiciaire, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nLoi N°2006/015 du 29 Décembre 2006 portant organisation judiciaire, http://www.coursupreme.cm/Lois/LOI_N_2006-015_29_DEC_2006.pdf\n\nCour Supreme du Cameroun - Arrêts. http://www.coursupreme.cm/?q=en/jurisprudence","Les juges de la Cour suprême du Cameroun motivent les arrêts qu'ils rendent; ces arrêts font référence aux lois et à la jurisprudence. Les audiences sont publiques et à défaut d’assister à ces audiences, l'on peut au bout d'une semaine voir les décisions affichées  au babillard de ..."]
["2014_CV_4",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",4,100,"The Supreme Council of the Magistrates' 2013 report on the state of justice does not highlight that judges are not giving reasons for their judgment. The judges indeed provide formal reasoning for their rulings. It is called the \"acórdão\" of the court.\n\nThe Supreme Court of Justice makes public its judgments. However, presently the website is inoperative. In the case of ordinary courts, newspapers regularly publish and provide full judgments of the most publicized cases. For example, the \"flying boat\" process was published.\n\nIn those cases not published on the websites or newspapers, citizens can request the judgments in the courts if they are party to the case. There is no practice in the country to ask for judgment of a case when a citizen is not a party. Only journalists have this practice.\n\nThere are no known cases of denial of access to definitive judgments. All requests to any service of public administration, including court judgments, are made in writing subject to analysis and must be answered within a maximum of 15 days.","1. Interview with Júlio Sanches, Judge of the District Court of Praia City, July 9, 2014, Praia City.\n\n2. Interview with Mario Silva, Lawyer and Professor, Institute of Law and Social Sciences of Cape Verde, 10-07-2014, Praia City.\n\n3. Report on the State of Justice - 2013, Superior Council of the Judiciary, Praia.","The Supreme Council of the Magistrates' 2013 report on the state of justice does not highlight that judges are not giving reasons for their judgment. The judges indeed provide formal reasoning for their rulings. It is called the \"acórdão\" of the court...."]
["2014_CF_4",2014,"CF","CAR",4,0,"En RCA, les arrêts rendus par les hautes juridictions sont motivés en droit, mais ne sont pas publiés; ils ne sont donc pas accessibles au public. Cette information n'est accessible qu'aux parties.\n\nCes arrêts sont généralement stockés au greffe du tribunal après la délibération des juges et il n’y a que les concernés (les deux parties) qui peuvent y avoir accès. C'est le greffier de la cour qui notifie les parties du contenu de l'arrêt. \n\nIl convient de préciser qu’en République Centrafricaine le délai de la disponibilité des jugements rendus, dépend de la nature juridique des problèmes. En terme clair, il faut aux parties deux mois pour les affaires civiles et 10 jours les affaires pénales.","TABANGUE Sylvain, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 28 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nYANBIDI Edmond, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 28 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nNGOUMBANGO KOHETTO Jocelyn, 3ème substitut du procureur près le Tribunal de Grande Instance de Bangui, entretien en octobre 2014","En RCA, les arrêts rendus par les hautes juridictions sont motivés en droit, mais ne sont pas publiés; ils ne sont donc pas accessibles au public. Cette information n'est accessible qu'aux parties...."]
["2014_TD_4",2014,"TD","Chad",4,50,"Au Tchad, il existe un extrait de jugement dans lesquels se trouvent les fondements ayant motivé la décision des juges. Lors de la décision rendue publiquement, en général les juges ou les conseillers donnent une explication, pour la plupart écrite, pour justifier le dénouement. Les arrêts rendus par les hautes cours sont motivés par écrit pour donner corps à la décison judiciaire car il est inconcevable de rendre une décision sans la motiver dans les  plus hautes instances judiciaires du pays. Les imperfections dans les raisonnements de la rédaction des arrêts sont rattrapées et corrigées pour une bonne rendue.\n\nLes juges s'améliorent, dans un premier temps, dans la présentation de leurs raisonnements formels expliquant leur motivation et dans un deuxième temps, on constate aussi une amélioration sur la méthodologie de raisonnement. Par conséquent, l'action de justifier les décisions en s'appuyant sur des textes (lois) ou sur la jurisprudence s'est bien intégrée dans la procédure judiciaire. Ceci est dû probablement à la création de l'école de la magistrature, qui permet d'une part de renouveler les anciens magistrats et d'autre part d'injecter du sang nouveau dans le corps judiciaire au Tchad. \n\nNéanmoins on peut observer quelques imperfections sur la rédaction des motivations des décisions mais cela ne devra pas engloutir le progrès fait par les magistrats surtout dans ce domaine précis, en comparaison avec le passé récent. Ce qui porte à croire que les jugements non-motivés sont maintenant rares au Tchad et l'amélioration est remarquable. Abondant dans le même sens, Me Mathias DON, explique qu'«étant donné que moins de magistrats sont sortis des écoles de la magistrature, rares sont ceux qui veulent expliquer la motivation de leurs décisions mais comme les textes l'exigent, les magistrats de siège font toujours un effort d'explication des motivations par écrit.» \n\nL'universitaire ABBAKAR Sidick, quant à lui, explique que «faire recours à la jurisprudence est une procédure légale et acceptée par les convention internationale et les juges tchadiens trouvent en cette procédure une certaine facilité pour réinterpréter les lois et de trancher en toute conscience.» Ils font tellement référence à cette méthode juridique que certains basculent dans l'excès. En ce concerne l'accès à ces rapport, il se fait par affiche publique et ils sont disponibles dans les bureaux des greffiers dans les deux jours qui suivent la décision.»","ABBAKA Sidick, enseignant-chercheur à l'Institut Universitaire des Sciences et Technique d'Abéché (IUSTA), ISFOP, 20 juin 2014.\n\nDINAMOU Daram, ingénieur en ingenie civile et consultant au bureau au programme de développement local, 20 juin 2014.\n\nDON Mathias, juriste, avocat au barreau, à son domicile, 17 juin 2014.\n\nGANG-NY Merina, conseiller membre de la Cour suprême, joint au téléphone, 1er février 2015.","Au Tchad, il existe un extrait de jugement dans lesquels se trouvent les fondements ayant motivé la décision des juges. Lors de la décision rendue publiquement, en général les juges ou les conseillers donnent une explication, pour la plupart écrite, pour justifier le dénouement. Le..."]
["2014_KM_4",2014,"KM","Comoros",4,50,"En règle générale, les jugements sont motivés, mais il arrive des cas où le juge n’explique pas ses décisions ou rend des décisions verbales. Ainsi, dans un interview à La Gazette des Comores, un avocat franco-comorien révèle qu’il a « vu des décisions judiciaires dans des affaires financières qui sont rédigées n’importe comment, et dans une seule page sans motif et sans citer des lois ».\n\nD'après Said Abderemane Youssouf, greffier à la Cour d’appel de Moroni, des jugements sont rendus tardivement car certains juges ne rédigent pas le factum, préférant rendre des jugements oralement. La publication des décisions peut donc se faire après plusieurs années. Il y a aussi des juges qui « font de la littérature », c’est-à-dire ne faisant pas systématiquement référence aux jurisprudences, ne respectent pas le principe du contradictoire et ne font aucune référence à des motifs. Le jugement est toujours public, et il est arrivé que des jugements concernant des mineurs et qui devaient être rendus à huis clos soient rendus publiquement, ce qui constitue une faute. Le jugement s'obtient auprès de la greffe sur demande de l’intéressé.\n\nSelon le secrétaire général du ministère de la justice, le gouvernement a l’obligation d’ingérence dans certains jugements car il y a trop de corruption dans le secteur judiciaire.","YOUSSOUF Said Abderemane, greffier à la Cour d’appel de Moroni, 06 juillet 2014. \n \nMADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014.  \n \nHAMDI Al Hamdi Abdillah, La Gazette des Comores, novembre 2013, « Mr Ben Ali Ahmed dénonce une mafia judiciaire ». http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?Article 2356.","En règle générale, les jugements sont motivés, mais il arrive des cas où le juge n’explique pas ses décisions ou rend des décisions verbales. Ainsi, dans un interview à La Gazette des Comores, un avocat franco-comorien révèle qu’il a « vu des décisions judiciaires dans des affaires..."]
["2014_CD_4",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",4,100,"Les décisions rendues par les juridictions congolaises respectent effectivement l'obligation de motiver les conclusions. Les arrêts dans la forme et le fond respectent le principe de la motivation notamment en explicitant la solution choisie par le juge par le biais du raisonnement syllogistique. L'absence de motivation de la décision est un motif d'appel pour les jugements, de pourvoi pour les arrêts et de retractation pour les arrêts de cassation.\n\nAu Congo, la connaissance de la tradition romano-germanique du droit par les juges est une certitude. La formation que les juges reçoivent à l'Ecole nationale d'administration et de magistrature, à la faculté de droit de l'université Marien Ngouabi font d'eux des praticiens spécialistes de la matière.\n\nLes arrêts de la cour constitutionnelle sont disponibles sur le site de la cour; ils sont repris par les journaux losrque l'affaire jugé a une importance politique.","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 04 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au parquet près du Tribunal de Grande Instance de Brazzaville, interview a eu lieu au TGI de Brazzaville le 04 septembre 2014 de 17h00 à 19h00. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nLe Patriote N°273, 17 mars 2014 - Page 3, «Procès du 4 mars 2012: LA Cour Suprême casse les  dispositions de l’arrêt rendu contre les accusés Marcel Ntsourou et Germain Akindou.» http://lepatriote-congobrazza.com/pdf/Journal_270_20140317.pdf\n\nCour constitutionnelle de la République du Congo, Décision n° 077/DCC/SVA/13 du 07 mars 2013. http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/admincc/decisions/PDArmandLandryBISSOKO.pdf\n\nCour Constitutionnelle de la République du Congo, Décisions par année. http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/index.php/avis-decisions-deliberations/decisions/par-annee","Les décisions rendues par les juridictions congolaises respectent effectivement l'obligation de motiver les conclusions. Les arrêts dans la forme et le fond respectent le principe de la motivation notamment en explicitant la solution choisie par le juge par le biais du raisonnement..."]
["2014_CG_4",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",4,100,"Rulings of the court are compiled by a third party and posted online, but the most recent ones date back to 2011. From a review of the rulings posted on that website, national-level judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, referencing laws and jurisprudence. These rulings are published in the Official Journal of the DRC. No cases of evidence of weak rulings was found during the period of study.","(Face to face Interview), Chief Prosecutor Cour D’appel De La Gombe, July 6, 2014.\n\n(Phone interview), Dr. Beni Ossuru, Human Resources Coordinator World Vision,  July 6, 2014.\n\n(Phone interview), Gustave Lobunda, Director Dia-Renaitre ,  July 6, 2014.\n\n(News article), Rdc: La Condamnation Du Pasteur Denis Lessie Reduite En Appel A 15 Mois, By Jean-Baptiste Ntawa, March 5, 2014,Http://Radiookapi.Net/Actualite/2014/03/05/Rdc-La-Condamnation-Du-Pasteur-Denis-Lessie-Reduite-15-Mois-En-Appel/.\n\nDroit Congolais website, constitutional rulings page. http://www.droitcongolais.info/cas_droit_constitutionnel_jurisprudence.html\n\nExample of Ruling issued by the Supreme Court of Justice on electoral matters. http://www.droitcongolais.info/files/1a.20.-CSJ_Resultats-definitifs-de-l-election-presidentielle--arret-du-28-novembre-2011-.pdf","Rulings of the court are compiled by a third party and posted online, but the most recent ones date back to 2011. From a review of the rulings posted on that website, national-level judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, referencing laws and jurisprudence. The..."]
["2014_CI_4",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",4,100,"En pratique, les juges sont tenus de donner des fondements juridiques à leurs décisions à travers les motifs qui les soutendent et qui les expliquent. Le fondement de la justice repose sur des justifications et des démonstrations de lois.\n \nToute décision judiciaire non expliquée relève de l'arbitraire. Les juges expliquent donc leurs décisions. Les fondements des décisions de justices sont en effet rendus publics lors des jugements. Les justiciables peuvent disposer d'une copie auprès du greffier qui a en charge l'enregistrement des jugements rendus auquels il est affecté des numeros. Selon l' article 142 du Code de procédure civile, les décisions rendues par les juges contiennent obligatoirement les motifs, en fait et en droit, précédés d’un résumé des prétentions des parties. En effet, selon les dispositions de l’article 103 de la Constitution, les magistrats ne sont soumis dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions qu’à l’autorité de la loi.\n\nUne fois le procès terminé, et jugement étant rendu, la charge revient au greffier de consigner le raisonnement judiciaire dans ses registres de sorte. L’on peut donc accéder à une copie de ce raisonnement. Ce travail étant parfois trop long et détaillé, le délai peut prendre au moins une semaine selon des sources judiciaires.  A cet effet, il faut préciser que le greffier est parfois soudoyé pour faire diligemment son travail quand il s’agit des grosses à sortir.\n\nSelon l'article 27 de la loi sur la cour suprême, \"les arrêts sont motivés et visent les textes dont il est fait application. Ils mentionnent les nom et prénoms des Présidents, Conseillers et rapporteurs qui les ont rendus et, s'il y a lieu, ceux du représentant du ministère public et des avocats qui ont requis ou postulé dans l'instance, les nom et prénoms, profession, domicile des parties et l'énoncé succinct des moyens produits. Ils sont signés dans les vingt-quatre (24) heures par le Président, le rapporteur et le Secrétaire de la Chambre.\" \n\nLes arrêts du Conseil constitutionnel ivoirien sont publics; la cour dispose d'un site web actuallisé sur lequel les arrêts allant de 1995 à nos jours sont affichés.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.\n \n N’GUESSAN Koffi Bernard, agent d’affaires judiciaires à Abidjan, 12 juillet 2014\n\nLOI N° 97-243 DU 25 AVRIL 1997 MODIFIANT ET COMPLETANT LA LOI N° 94-440 DU 16 AOUT 1994 DETERMINANT LA COMPOSITION, L'ORGANISATION, LES ATTRIBUTIONS ET LE FONCTIONNEMENT DE LA COUR SUPREME http://www.loidici.com/Coursupreme/coursuprememodif97243.php\n\nArrêts du Conseil Constitutionnel de 1995 à aujourd'hui. http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.ci/index.php?y=decision","En pratique, les juges sont tenus de donner des fondements juridiques à leurs décisions à travers les motifs qui les soutendent et qui les expliquent. Le fondement de la justice repose sur des justifications et des démonstrations de lois...."]
["2014_DJ_4",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",4,25,"Les décisions consultées au niveau du greffe du palais de justice et aussi de la Cour suprême montrent qu'elles ont un fondement juridique. En effet, c'est une exigence légale de motiver les décisions. \nCependant, Ali Obsieh, enseignant chercheur en droit public université de Djibouti indique que la plupart des décisions ne visent pas des dispositions de textes régionaux et internationaux comme le pacte international relatif aux droit civils et politiques. Autrement dit, dans les dispositifs des décisions judiciaires, les juges ne citent pas des articles des textes internationaux et régionaux pour étayer leurs arguments juridiques, quand bien même ces textes ont une valeur juridique supérieure aux lois nationales. \n\nDe son côté, Kenedid ibrahim, journaliste s'interessant aux questions juridiques, indique que les fondements juridiques sont parfois limités et pas très explicites et détaillés comme dans d'autres pays comme la France et cela est dû aux problèmes de formation de base des magistrats djiboutiens. \n\nMohamed Ali, greffier au tribunal de première instance de Djibouti quant à lui insiste sur la non disponibilité à temps des décisions de justice rédigées. En effet, il arrive parfois que les magistrats mettent du temps à rédiger les décisions ce qui privent les justiciables l’accès à ces documents et par la même occasion les fondements juridiques qui a amené le juge à prendre sa décision. Les jugements ne sont pas toujours disponibles ni accessibles car la plupart du temps elles ne sont rédigées à temps, et elles ne sont pas accessibles compte tenu de la non existence de leur archivage numérique.  \n\nGénéralement, ce sont les avocats qui ont souvent accès à ces décisions et qui les retrouvent au niveau des greffes des tribunaux.","KENEDID ibrahim, journaliste s'interessant aux questions juridiques, 27 juin 2014. \n\nOBSIEH  Ali, enseignant chercheur en droit public université de Djibouti, 26 juin 2014.\n\nMOHAMED Ali, greffier au tribunal de première instance de Djibouti, 26 juin 2014.","Les décisions consultées au niveau du greffe du palais de justice et aussi de la Cour suprême montrent qu'elles ont un fondement juridique. En effet, c'est une exigence légale de motiver les décisions. ..."]
["2014_EG_4",2014,"EG","Egypt",4,50,"Although by law judges are mandated to provide formal reasoning for their rulings no later than eight days from the date of judgment, Egyptian judicial rulings occasionally lack references to the laws or precedents. Though judicial rulings are usually available on request by lawyers, they often take more than two weeks to process, especially given Egypt's shift of government over the last year. \n\nOne example of a judge who fails to offer formal reasoning is Judge Saed Yusuf in Mina who during the reporting period sentenced over 1,000 people to death for their involvement in political protests in two different trials over a two-week period. This judge offers little in the way of any proper procedure in his trials, and his harsh verdicts attracted a great deal of international attention.","Interview, Mohamed Maher, Lawyer on Supreme Court Issues, July 17, 2014.\n\nThe Daily Beast, Bel Trew, 4-28-2014 \"Hanging Judge of Minya Egypt Sentences Hundreds to Death\" http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/28/the-hanging-judge-of-minya-egypt-sentences-hundreds-to-death.html.\n\nSeparating Law and Politics: Challenges to the Independence of Judges and Prosecutors in Egypt\nFebruary 2014 Report of the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) \nSupported by the Open Society Foundations Arab Regional Office\nhttp://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=b30a63ae-8066-4b49-8758-c1684be5e9b9.\n  \nWashington Post, Nathan J Brown, March 25, 2014\nWhy do Egyptian courts say the darndest things?\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/25/why-do-egyptian-courts-say-the-darndest-things/. Websites last checked 12/05/2014.\n\nAdditional sources:\n\"Court confirms Egypt Muslim Brotherhood death sentences\", 21 June 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27952321\n\nHundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters face death sentence: Will Egypt carry it out?, March 25, 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/world/africa/egypt-minya-mass-sentence-explainer/.\n\nThe Newest Victims of the Egyptian Crackdown\nThe generals take on the independent judges, August 28, 2013, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114506/egypt-military-cracks-down-judges-too.\n\nThe New Yorker, \"Egypt’s Judges Strike Back\" News Desk\nNEWS DESK, March 26, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2014/03/egypt-mass-death-sentence-judges-strike-back.html.\n\n\nEgypt’s Judges Strike Back, MARCH 26, 2014, http://www.nchregypt.org/media/ftp/rabaa%20report%20translation.pdf.\n\nExtracted from Constitutional Courts after the Arab Spring: Appointment\nmechanisms and relative judicial independence, © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014, http://www.idea.int/publications/constitutional-courts-after-the-arab-spring/upload/Constitutional-Courts-part5.pdf.","Although by law judges are mandated to provide formal reasoning for their rulings no later than eight days from the date of judgment, Egyptian judicial rulings occasionally lack references to the laws or precedents. Though judicial rulings are usually available on request by lawyer..."]
["2014_GQ_4",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",4,25,"Judges continuously failed to respect due process of law, including respecting the rights of the defendants to confront and question witnesses and present their own witnesses and evidence. Access to government-held evidence continues to be a serious challenge for defendants. The judgment is not easily available to the public at large. There is no access to information framework, so people barely request this information from the courts, but rather this information is available to the lawyers involved in the cases. \n\nVerdicts continued to be announced via the radio so as to publicize court rulings. Parties are notified though radio as well, and it can take a long time and does not follow the timelines established by the law. Written court rulings are available at the cost established by the respective courts; they are usually obtained by the lawyers representing the parties. Usually, parties visit the court to inquire if a decision has been made. Generally, decisions are posted on a board in the courts, and the court’s clerk notifies lawyers. \n\nEquatorial Guinea’s judicial system continues to be weak. During the period of review, the government continued training targeting judges and magistrates to strengthen their legal skills. There continues to be a lack of adequate legal representation and ignorance of constitutional rights, and as a result judicial reasoning continues to be poor, particularly as some judges failed to cite applicable law. The government suspended due process and the presumption of innocence for several detainees during the year. The rights to be informed promptly of charges, have adequate time and facilitates to prepare a defense and not be coerced to testify or confess guilt were not respected by the courts.\n\nThe number of law graduates continued to grow during the period of review, which in turn increased the number of lawyers joining the judicial branch with stronger skills. Despite the increased number of lawyers, there continues to be a shortage of lawyers, and no effective system of court-appointed representation has been established.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, lawyer, Equatorial Guinea, July 14, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: La Gaceta de Guinea Ecuatorial, \"Conflict of interest and unfair competition that our legal professions face\" (\"El conflicto de intereses y la competencia desleal que enfrenta a nuestras profesiones jurídicas\"). \nhttp://www.lagacetadeguinea.com/158/06.htm \n\nNews Article: Candidatura Independiente Guinea Ecuatorial, \"Equatorial Guinea Dictator Teodoro Obiang Nguema doesn’t have anyone to defend him nor his familiy from his multiple cases\" (\"El Dictador de Guinea Ecuatorial, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, ya no tiene quien defenderle a Él ni a su Familia por sus multiples Pleitos\"), Jan. 16, 2014.\nhttp://candidaturaindependiente-guineaecuatorial.com/acceso/index.php?ind=news&op=news_show_single&ide=1631 \n\nNews Article: Publico, \"Spanish entrepeneurs denounce the legal uncertainty in Equatorial Guinea\" (\"Empresarios españoles denuncian la inseguridad jurídica en Guinea Ecuatorial\"), March 24, 2014.\nhttp://www.publico.es/dinero/509499/empresarios-espanoles-denuncian-la-inseguridad-juridica-en-guinea-ecuatorial \n\nPublication: Freedom House, \"Freedom in the World 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\" \nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/equatorial-guinea-0   \n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n \nPublication: U.S. Department of State, United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, \"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea.\"\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nNews Article: Global Risk Insights, \"Foreign investment in Equatorial Guinea resilient despite corruption,\" March 30, 2014.\nhttp://globalriskinsights.com/2014/03/30/corruption-weaken-foreign-investment-in-equatorial-guinea/ \n\nNews Article: Diario Rombe, \"The war between Nguema Obiang and Carmelo Obiang\" (\"La Guerra entre Nguema Obiang y Carmelo Obiang\"), Oct. 5, 2013.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/la-guerra-entre-nguema-obiang-y-carmelo-obiang/\n\n ","Judges continuously failed to respect due process of law, including respecting the rights of the defendants to confront and question witnesses and present their own witnesses and evidence. Access to government-held evidence continues to be a serious challenge for defendants. The ju..."]
["2014_ER_4",2014,"ER","Eritrea",4,25,"The civil court judges do mention and routinely give reasons of law for their decisions. Failure to give legal references always entails appeal on the part of the parties. However, this is not similar in Special Court, where the court process is not public, and court decisions are rarely given to the accused. \n\nIt takes two week for judgments to be transcribed into written form. Access to court judgments is not made available to the public. Only the parties involved with the litigation have the right to obtain a written form in two weeks from the date of the decision. However, upon special authorization from a government office or another institution like the law school, the court can give access of court decisions to nonparties.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nGovernment studies/report, United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, February 2014, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013, Eritrea, Page 7\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper.","The civil court judges do mention and routinely give reasons of law for their decisions. Failure to give legal references always entails appeal on the part of the parties. However, this is not similar in Special Court, where the court process is not public, and court decisions are ..."]
["2014_ET_4",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",4,75,"Decisions given by national level courts contain the reasons as to why the decisions were reached or why the judgment was rendered. Courts give reasoned arguments for the conclusions at which they arrive. The volumes of decisions from the Supreme Court are excellent examples. The decisions of this court serve as precedent for lower courts. Since the Supreme Court wants its decisions to be understood and followed, it includes the reasons for its decisions. From a legal point of view, decisions need to be reasoned based on the law and jurisprudence so as to allow the possibility of appellate review. Error in legal interpretation is a frequent, and viable, reason for appeals. \n  \nThe decisions of the federal Supreme Court and its Cassation Division are published periodically, currently in its 15th volume. The reasons for the decisions, although not very lengthy and thorough, are published in these volumes. Other courts also publish selected decisions periodically. These reports usually contain indices of the issues decided and the laws they looked at as well as full decisions of the courts on each case. The volumes are available on the website of the Supreme Court and other legal databases. Hard copies of the volumes are usually available at the libraries of the courts. Decided files are also available at the courts upon request. A typical decision of the Supreme Court contains the name of the judges, name of the parties, the issue involved, the verdict of the court on the matter, a summary of the questions presented, a summary of the decisions of the lower courts on which the appeal was based, the decision of the court, the reasons for the decision and the order given either to lower courts or to the parties in the dispute.","Interview with  Judge Getnet Medina, Federal First Instance Court, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Federal First Instance Court Nifasilk Lafto Office.\n\nPhone interview with Solomon Girma, lawyer at all levels of the federal courts of Ethiopia, 21 June 2014.\n\nDecisions of the Cassation Division of the federal Supreme Court, Vol. 14 \nhttp://www.abyssinialaw.com/index.php","Decisions given by national level courts contain the reasons as to why the decisions were reached or why the judgment was rendered. Courts give reasoned arguments for the conclusions at which they arrive. The volumes of decisions from the Supreme Court are excellent examples. The d..."]
["2014_GA_4",2014,"GA","Gabon",4,50,"La Cour de Cassation est la plus haute juridiction du Gabon. Les arrêts rendus par les juges de cette cour sont toujours motivés en droit (lois et jurisprudence) et contiennent les fondements de la décision. \n\nLa Cour de Cassation dispose d'un site internet où sont affichés tous les arrêts rendus par chacune des chambres qui la compose, à savoir les deux Chambres Civiles, la Chambre pénale et la Chambre sociale. Ces arrêts sont consignés dans le \"Bulletins des arrêts\" qui est disponible en ligne. \n\nToutefois, tous les arrêts affichés ne semblent pas réfleter la réalité des arrêts rendus, de plus le plus récent des arrêts date de 2012.","BONGHO Aimery, avocat au barreau du Gabon, spécialiste du droit des affaires, 30 decembre 2014.\n\nGabon Review, 17 avril 2014 «Les décisions des juges constitutionnels.» http://gabonreview.com/blog/les-decisions-des-juges-constitutionnels/\n\nClienearth, août 2014, «Droit d’accès à la justice des communautés locales et autochtones (Gabon).» http://www.clientearth.org/ressources-externes/gabon/Droit-acces-justice-Août-2014.pdf\n\nCour de Cassation du Gabon, Bulletin des arrêts. http://courdecassation-gabon.org/index.php/bulletin-des-arrets/category/1-arrets","La Cour de Cassation est la plus haute juridiction du Gabon. Les arrêts rendus par les juges de cette cour sont toujours motivés en droit (lois et jurisprudence) et contiennent les fondements de la décision. ..."]
["2014_GM_4",2014,"GM","The Gambia",4,50,"All judges and presiding court officers are legally required to give reasons for their judgments and rulings. According to sources, this requirement is complied with most of the time. Judges deliver their rulings/judgments/orders in public, and a good majority of court judgments are reported in the country's law reports or posted on the website for the Judiciary (http://www.judiciary.gov.gm/).\n\nSources further said that judges in almost all cases routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings. The reasoning also refers to the jurisprudence they considered and the interpretation given to cases they deal with. A decision could be overturned on appeal if not backed by any legal reasoning.\n\nSome of these judgments are available of the website of the judiciary (http://www.judiciary.gov.gm/), while most of the judgements (including those delivered by magistrates) are reported in the newspapers. Persons who want to access these judgments have to make a request. In most cases, it takes more than a few weeks for judgments to be made available to the parties in a case. For the general public, a special justification is needed for those judgments that are not reported or put on the courts website to be made available. \n\nApart from the parties to a case, there is no right to access court judgments, which means any request from the public is at the discretion of the courts. All judgments that are online can be accessed by anyone who has Internet access. Hard copies of judgments given by the courts are, however, not easily and readily accessible.","1. Interview with Private Legal Practitioner with experience at the Public and Private Bar who requested anonymity. Interview was conducted on Thursday, 03/07/2014 at 17.30 at The Gambia Law School, Independence Drive, Banjul\n\n2.  Femi Peters finally lost it, The Daily Observer, Monday, by Sidiq Asemota, June 23, 2014, available at http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/femi-peters-finally-lost-it, last accessed on 24/06/2014\n\n3. Gambia: Ruling On UDP National Treasurer's No-Case Submission Today, The Point,  by  Malamin L.m. Conteh, 27 November 2013, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/201311271440.html, last accessed at 24/06/2014\n\n4. Gambia: Court of Appeal Dismisses Lang Tombong's Appeal, The Daily Observer, By Sidiq Asemota, 27 December 2013, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/201312300277.html, last accessed 24/06/2014\n\n5. Kanifing Industrial Tribunal rules against BCC, The Point, by Dawda Faye, Monday, June 23, 2014, http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/kanifing-industrial-tribunal-rules-against-bcc\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","All judges and presiding court officers are legally required to give reasons for their judgments and rulings. According to sources, this requirement is complied with most of the time. Judges deliver their rulings/judgments/orders in public, and a good majority of court judgments ar..."]
["2014_GH_4",2014,"GH","Ghana",4,75,"Writing of reasons for judgements is an integral part of case determination by Ghanaian judges. The judges are enjoined to submit reports or written reasons for their judgments on quarterly basis to the Judicial Council. The judges comply with this administrative procedure and provide formal reasoning for their rulings. The reasons reference the laws/jurisprudence that the judges considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case. The formal reasoning by the judges is assessed and it becomes part of the requirements for granting promotions to them (judges).\n \nThe written reasons become court documents at the courts registry and accessible to only parties to the case. The parties to a case need to apply to the Registrar of the court to access such documents.\n\nThe reasonings of the judges of the Supreme Court are available to all members of society. Any citizen, who wants to access such reasonings, is required to apply to the Registrar of the Supreme Court. In not more than two weeks, the reasonings are released to the applicant in hard copy or photocopy form.\n\nAs part of this research, an attempt was made to access a written judgement at the Tamale High Court on July 21, 2014, at the Tamale High Court and Tamale District Court. In both places, the Office of the Registrar of the Court keeps track of the written judgements delivered by the judges at the court. The site visit revealed that these judgments delivered by the judges become court documents and are made available to only parties to a case or suit. Even parties to the case would have to formally apply to the Registrar of the Court before the Registrar could furnish them with copies of the ruling. This is, according to registrars in both courts, the standard procedure in the country.","1. Mr Anthony Forson, Public Relations Officer, Ghana Bar Association, Telephone interview, June 20, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Justice Noble Nkrumah, Tamale High Court Judge, Table interview in his office, June 20, 2014, Tamale.\n\n3. Dr Maurice Ampaw, Legal practitioner and President of the Legal Advocacy Foundation, Telephone interview, June 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Amidu Mahama, Registrar, Tamale High Court, Table interview at his office, July 21, 2014, Tamale.","Writing of reasons for judgements is an integral part of case determination by Ghanaian judges. The judges are enjoined to submit reports or written reasons for their judgments on quarterly basis to the Judicial Council. The judges comply with this administrative procedure and prov..."]
["2014_GN_4",2014,"GN","Guinea",4,50,"Quelque soit le niveau de juridiction en Guinée, les juges motivent toujours leurs décisions. En rendant leur décision (jugement), les juges les précèdent toujours d’une motivation. \nIl y a toujours deux parties dans les actes de jugements, ordonnances ou arrêts. Les motifs et les dispositifs. Les motifs mettent une corrélation entre les faits et les lois qui leur sont applicables, et les dispositifs déterminent les décisions.\n\nLes arrêts des hautes cours de Guinée (juridiction de troisième degré) sont accessibles au public car ils sont publiés dans le Journal Officiel (inaccessible en ligne); les audiences de ces cours sont aussi publics, donc les citoyens peuvent suivre la lecture des arrêts. Cependant, journal officiel connait souvent de graves retards de publication et donc pour avoir des informations relatives aux arrêts, cela peut prendre des semaines voire des mois.  \n\nSelon la loi sur la cour suprême Article 73, \"Les arrêts de la Cour Suprême sont motivés. Ils visent les textes dont il est fait application et mentionnent obligatoirement : \n1 - Les noms, prénoms, qualité, profession et domicile des parties ; \n2 - Les mémoires produits ainsi que l’énoncé des moyens invoqués et les \nconclusions des parties ; \n3 - Les noms et prénoms des Magistrats qui les ont rendus, le nom du \nRapporteur étant spécifié ; \n4 - Les noms et prénoms du représentant du Ministère public ; \n5 - La lecture du rapport et l’audition du Ministère public ; \n6 - L’audition des parties ou de leurs Avocats. \nLe cas échéant, mention est faite que les arrêts sont rendus en audience \npublique. \nLa minute de l’arrêt est signée par le Président, le Rapporteur et le Greffier. \nLa partie qui succombe est condamnée aux dépens. \nLes décisions de la Cour Suprême sont notifiées aux parties par le Greffier en \nChef dans le délai d’un mois par lettre recommandée avec accusé de réception \nou par voie administrative. \"\n\nL'arrticle 74, de la même loi stipule que \"Les arrêts de la Cour Suprême sont publiés dans un Bulletin trimestriel.\"","Me TAMBA Justin, avocat à la cour, 14h30, 19 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nMe LAMAH Antoine,  avocat à la cour et professeur de droit à l'université de Sonfonia, Conakry, 14h30, 19 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nTOSSA MONTHO Adrien, coordinateur de l'ONG Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT), 16h, 19 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nExemple d'arrêt rendu par la cour suprême de Guinée. http://www.juricaf.org/arret/GUINEE-COURSUPREME-20061218-77","Quelque soit le niveau de juridiction en Guinée, les juges motivent toujours leurs décisions. En rendant leur décision (jugement), les juges les précèdent toujours d’une motivation. \nIl y a toujours deux parties dans les actes de jugements, ordonnances ou arrêts. Les motifs et..."]
["2014_GW_4",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",4,50,"Judges provide formal reasoning for their decisions. The reasoning generally is backed by laws/jurisprudence. The reasoning are delievered orally in court, which sometime are private and sometimes public depending on the type of case.  In addition, it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the wriiten reasoning after requested. \n\nAlthough a formal justification based on the law is given by the judge, sometimes the decisions contradict the evidence presented during trials. Evidence may be sidestepped or ignored.\n\nBy law decisions of the supreme court should be published in the Official Bulletin, but practically all courts, rulings are not in digital format, which makes any follow-up of decisions or consultation extremely complicated. There is no formal way to request supreme court decision, citizens go to the court and request rulings. In general, this takes over two weeks due to bureaucracy and lack of efficiency.","1) Interview with Vice-President, Roberto Indeque, Lawyer, Guinea-Bissau's Lawyer Association, 4 July 2014, Bissau.\n\n2) Interview with Law Professor Juselino Pereira, Guinea-Bissau's Law Faculty, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3) Interview with President of the Magistrates Union of the Public Ministry, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, Procurator, 5 July 2014, Bissau.\n\n4) Interview with Counsellor of Juridical Affairs, Júlio Mendonça, Guinea-Bissau's Central Union for Workers, Lawyer, 14 July 2014.","Judges provide formal reasoning for their decisions. The reasoning generally is backed by laws/jurisprudence. The reasoning are delievered orally in court, which sometime are private and sometimes public depending on the type of case.  In addition, it takes more than two weeks for ..."]
["2014_KE_4",2014,"KE","Kenya",4,100,"Judges in Kenya in the High Court and the Supreme Court publicly give reasons for rulings and judgment. Unlike it was previously, reforms in the judiciary have encouraged openness in all court proceedings, which are even aired live on public television in some occasions.\n\nThe Supreme Court Act 2011 published in 2011 and revised in 2012 makes mandatory provision for disclosure of reasons behind the rulings/judgment by judicial officers.\n \nArticle 26 of the Supreme Court Act 2011 states;\n(1) A judgment of the Supreme Court shall be delivered in open court.\n(2) Where a matter is heard before the Supreme Court and judgment reserved for delivery on another day, it shall not be necessary for all the judges before whom the matter was heard to be present in court on the day appointed for the delivery of judgment.\n(3) A judge who has heard a case and who is absent from the delivery of judgment may sign a copy of the judgment with which the judge concurs or, where the judge has written an opinion, give the opinion to a judge present at the delivery of judgment to announce or read the concurrence or opinion in open court.\n(4) Where a judgment is delivered pursuant to subsection (3), a majority of the judges who have heard the case shall be present.\n\nLitigants are now able to fully follow their applications and have access to the decisions made by judges at the national level. Copies of judgements are obtained from the various court registries. They can also be obtained by the public from the Law Council of Kenya website where copies of judgments are (Kenyalaw.org).","1. Galgalo Fayo, seniour court reporter, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n2. Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n3. James Mwamu, an advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n4. Naim Bilal, director communications Kenya Judiciary. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n5. Judgments List on the Website of the Law Council of Kenya. http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/actions/1/ \n\n6. Ruling by Supreme Court judges J.B. Ojwang and Smoking Wanjala delivered on April 2, 2014 in Nairobi. The ruling was with regard to an appeal from judgment and order of the Kenya Court of Appeal sitting at Nyeri (Visram, Mohammed & Otieno-Odek JJA.) delivered on March 12, 2014 in Nyeri Civil Appeal No. 38 of 2013).\nhttp://www.judiciary.go.ke/portal/assets/files/Rulings/PETER%20MUNYA%20RULING.pdf.\n\n7. Vetting board loses case on right to probe judges- An article by Paul Ogemba, published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on March 27, 2014.\nhttp://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Vetting-board-loses-case-on-right-to-probe-judges/-/1950946/2259152/-/format/xhtml/-/ptal58/-/index.html.\n\n8. Supreme Court Act 2011. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/SupremeCourtAct_No.7of2011_2.pdf","Judges in Kenya in the High Court and the Supreme Court publicly give reasons for rulings and judgment. Unlike it was previously, reforms in the judiciary have encouraged openness in all court proceedings, which are even aired live on public television in some occasions...."]
["2014_LS_4",2014,"LS","Lesotho",4,100,"National-level judges provide, in writing, timely, comprehensive and in most cases comprehensible reasons for their decisions. The rulings are available at the High Court of Lesotho at the cost of photocopying. They can be also be downloaded for free from the Lesotho Legal Information Institute website (LESLII). These rulings reflect what factors and legal principles and authorities informed the judge's decision. These include international cases, previous rulings by the same court or equivalent and other authorities (e.g. textbooks).","1. Thato Molapo. Head of Department of Public Law. National University of Lesotho. Interviewed, 25 June 2014.\n\n2. Anonymous. Judge of the High Court of Lesotho. Maseru. Interviewed, 29 June 2014.\n\n3. See Lesotho Legal Information Institute. http://www.lesotholii.org, for a sample of rulings.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","National-level judges provide, in writing, timely, comprehensive and in most cases comprehensible reasons for their decisions. The rulings are available at the High Court of Lesotho at the cost of photocopying. They can be also be downloaded for free from the Lesotho Legal Informat..."]
["2014_LR_4",2014,"LR","Liberia",4,100,"Judges are required by rules of court to give reasons for every judgment/verdict in court. Whenever a ruling is handed down, a judge has already stated in the said ruling the reason for the decisions. Such rulings are public documents and always available in courts and mostly obtained upon request. Substantial information on decisions by judges are publicly available through posting at www.liberlii.org.\n\nNational-level judges have the right to their judicial opinions and judicial statements. The constitution protects citizens against arrests, detention, prosecution, summons or trials in any form or manner for statements and/or opinions rendered during a court proceeding or during verdicts at the end of a trial. Statements made and acts done by judges during judicial proceedings shall be privileged, and no such statements or acts shall be admissible into evidence against them at any trial or proceeding.","Interview: Atty. Cornelius Wennah, County Attorney, Bong County, Gbarnga, 19/06/2014\n\nInterview: Mr.. Kassor Zubah, Traffic Court Judge, Bensonville, Montserado County, 19/06/2014\n\nNewspaper Article: Life Imprisonment for Mercenaries, Kennedy L. Yangian, FrontPage Africa Newspaper,  18/06/2014. http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/county-news/61-county-news/1984-lma-gma-tussle-over-ganta-market-in-nimba-county.html\n\nLiberia Legal Information Institute (LiberLII). Last accessed on February 27, 2015. http://www.liberlii.org/lr/cases/LRSC/","Judges are required by rules of court to give reasons for every judgment/verdict in court. Whenever a ruling is handed down, a judge has already stated in the said ruling the reason for the decisions. Such rulings are public documents and always available in courts and mostly obtai..."]
["2014_LY_4",2014,"LY","Libya",4,75,"Judges in Libya  outinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, and the reasoning references the laws; rulings are public 30 days from the date of the ruling and are available to the public upon request.\n\nThe Libyan Supreme Court (LSC) is the highest court in Libya. Due to the current conflict situation in Libya, the Court's rulings are not easily available for scrutiny as the court doesn't have a website and research was conducted remotely for security reasons. However, the reasoning is available after 30 days of the rule's producing, and citizens can access it by applying a request at the court itself.\n\nAdditionally, some rulings are read out on the TV. For example, on November 6, 2014, the LSC has issued a ruling disbanding declaring one of the country's parliaments (the one which is internationally recognized) as unconstitutional. The ruling was read on TV.","Interview with lawyer Asrana Ahmed, practicing attorney, Oct. 9, 2014.\n \nInterview with Judge Marwan Atshani, head of the Libyan Judges Organisation, Dec. 10, 2014.\n\nInterview with Faraj Ziedan, lawyer and legal expert, Nov. 10, 2014.\n\nREUTERS, TRIPOLI Thu Nov 6, 2014. Libya faces chaos as top court rejects elected assembly. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/06/us-libya-security-parliament-idUSKBN0IQ0YF20141106","Judges in Libya  outinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, and the reasoning references the laws; rulings are public 30 days from the date of the ruling and are available to the public upon request...."]
["2014_MG_4",2014,"MG","Madagascar",4,50,"Pour toutes les juridictions malgaches, y compris la Cour Suprême, seuls les parties intéressées reçoivent les copies écrites des raisonnements. Le grand public peuvent y accéder dans des recueils qui sortent longtemps après. Par exemple, pour la Cour Suprême, le site ne publie pas ces jugements, mais on peut les trouver dans d'autres sites. A cet effet, on peut citer les site de JUIRICAF (La jurisprudence de la francophonie) avec des publications les plus récentes datant de 2008.\n \nUn jugement rendu par un juge, aussi bien au niveau national que régional, s’appuie toujours sur la législation en vigueur et applicable au cas jugé. Lors de la prononciation du jugement, le juge explique la décision prise en vertu de l’application de la (les) loi(s). Les personnes ayant été interviewées sont d’accord sur ce point. Cependant, les personnes intéressées (plaignant et accusé) ne font qu’écouter car ils n’ont aucune connaissance des articles de loi cités. Seule, la décision finale importe pour elles. Elles sont notifiées gratuitement et automatiquement par le tribunal de la décision de justice matérialisée par un « jugement », lequel fournit le raisonnement et les bases juridiques utilisés par le juge. \n\nMais, ceux-ci ne font l’objet d’aucune publication quelconque au grand public. Seuls, les journaux en font la publication pour les faits divers qui se vendent (viols, cambriolages, kidnappings), mais ici encore il s’agit du jugement, et non le raisonnement du juge.","RAKOTOZANANY Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTOZAFY (pas de prénoms), magistrat en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTONDRASOA Landy, conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 05 juillet 2014.\n \n N.R., La Nation, 07 septembre 2013, «Quand la justice est malade». http://www.lanation.mg/archive.php?id=1421.\n \n NewsMada, 06 mai 2014, «Arnaque et abus de fonction». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/actualites/40405-arnaque-et-abus-de-fonction--pierre-france-louis-tsialiva-ne-sest-pas-pointe-a-son-audition#.U7Edd0DEdOc\n \n ANDRIANIAINA Tsiry, Les Nouvelles, n°3143, 22 juillet 2014, « Médias, menace sur la presse ». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/la-une/45701-medias--menace-sur-la-presse-#.U9OdpEBS7vk m/index.php/actualites/40405-arnaque-et-abus-de-fonction--pierre-france-louis-tsialiva-ne-sest-pas-pointe-a-son-audition#.U7Edd0DEdOc, (Reportage).","Pour toutes les juridictions malgaches, y compris la Cour Suprême, seuls les parties intéressées reçoivent les copies écrites des raisonnements. Le grand public peuvent y accéder dans des recueils qui sortent longtemps après. Par exemple, pour la Cour Suprême, le site ne publie pas..."]
["2014_MW_4",2014,"MW","Malawi",4,50,"National-level judges generally give reasons for their rulings. However, this is usually for internal purposes and less so with the intention to make rulings available to the public, although the public has access. There is a database containing the rulings of the High Court of Malawi. It can be accessed online at http://www.malawilii.org/content/supreme-court.  However, the most recent cases available online are from 2010. \n\nIn most cases, judges' reasonings appear to reference the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretations they give in various cases. But in some, it is not very clear.\n\nNonetheless, judges' reasonings are often made public in snippets via the media.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. Supreme Court cases can be accessed at the Supreme Court Registry Office. Ask for the case you want to access and if the file is with them they will give it you at no fee. Usually you will be asked to use the file within the court premises or if you want to take it home ask for a photocopy. You have to produce your official ID. It doesn’t take long and the process is straightforward unless the file is not within the premises or it is is in use, say with the judges. Requests are not rejected unless the file is missing or is not at the registry.","1. Fiona Mwale, High Court Judge, 4 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Chris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice, 3 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\n5. Malawi Legal Information Institute Website, Supreme Court Decisions, last accessed on Jan 26, 2014. http://www.malawilii.org/content/supreme-court","National-level judges generally give reasons for their rulings. However, this is usually for internal purposes and less so with the intention to make rulings available to the public, although the public has access. There is a database containing the rulings of the High Court of Mal..."]
["2014_ML_4",2014,"ML","Mali",4,25,"Au Mali, les juges à l'échelon national expliquent les fondements de leurs décisions, c'est à dire leurs jugements. Mais l'exercice n'est pas régulier. Il arrive que les justiciables ne soient pas informés sur les motivations des décisions rendues. Selon Hawa Diarra, secrétaire de greffe, il n'y a pas très souvent un raisonnement formel expliquant la décision des juges. Du coup, il faut remettre en cause le fondement juridique de certaines décisions.\n\nQuant à la possibilité pour les justiciables d'entrer en possession du jugement, Hawa Diarra indique qu'« il faut pour cela adresser une demande au tribunal et attendre plusieurs semaines». Les arrêts sont rendus publics mais cette publicité se limite à l'interne, au sein de la famille judiciaire.","DIARRA Sory, juriste, Tribunal de première Instance de la Commune V Bamako, 23 juin 2014.\n        \nTESSOUGUE Daniel, procureur général près la Cour d’appel de Bamako, 23 juin 2014\n\nDIARRA Hawa, secrétaire de greffe, tribunal de première instance de la Commune V Bamako, 22 juin 2014.","Au Mali, les juges à l'échelon national expliquent les fondements de leurs décisions, c'est à dire leurs jugements. Mais l'exercice n'est pas régulier. Il arrive que les justiciables ne soient pas informés sur les motivations des décisions rendues. Selon Hawa Diarra, secrétaire de ..."]
["2014_MR_4",2014,"MR","Mauritania",4,0,"Les juges à l'échelon national rendent des décisions faiblement motivées. Leurs arrêts se caractérisent par leur extrême pauvreté par rapport à la nature du litige. \nLa plupart des arrêts rendus se référent aux dispositions juridiques et législatives sans pour autant consacrer des principes jurisprudentiels qui sont fondamentaux à l'Etat de droit. A l'exception du Conseil constitutionnel et dans une moindre mesure de la Cour suprême, les autres juridictions ne connaissent pas de véritables activités de production normative.  \n\nLes arrêts des hautes cours sont accessibles au public plus de deux mois après qu'ils aient été rendus. Leur accessibilité est liée à la parution du journal officiel qui paraît tous les deux mois aussi bien dans sa version arabe que française.\n\nAu niveau inférieur, l'état de dualité de la justice mauritanienne, à savoir des juges appliquant la charia et d'autres le droit positif, tend à affaiblir les fondements des décisions de justice. . Souvent, les décisions sont peu motivées, et reposent sur des principes généraux de la charia. Les fondements ne sont pas expliqués et ne font guère l'objet d'analyses, d'exégèses, de commentaires. L'absence de décisions pertinentes s'explique également par la faiblesse des magistrats. Ils ne bénéficient pas d'un programme de renforcement des capacités, voire d'une mise à niveau.","1. MBARECK Hacen, président de l'Association mauritanienne pour la promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. Source anonyme, 6 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 17 juillet 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Les juges à l'échelon national rendent des décisions faiblement motivées. Leurs arrêts se caractérisent par leur extrême pauvreté par rapport à la nature du litige. \nLa plupart des arrêts rendus se référent aux dispositions juridiques et législatives sans pour..."]
["2014_MU_4",2014,"MU","Mauritius",4,100,"At all levels of the judiciary, magistrates and judges regularly write down their judgments and explain the rationale for decisions taken. Some verdicts are posted on the website of the Supreme Court of Mauritius. All others can be obtained on request from the court registry. \n\nA senior member of the judiciary said that all judgements contain justifications and that they show the thought process of the judge arriving at the decision. It may happen that in some rare cases that a member of the judiciary does not give sufficient details. In those situations, the appellate court would take appropriate actions.","1. Antoine Domingue, Chairman, Mauritius Bar Association, 11 Sept 2014, by phone and mail\n2. A senior member of the judiciary, 17 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n3. Devendranath Hurnam, jurist and former member of the National Assembly. 17 Sept 2014, by mail\n4. The Supreme Court of Mauritius Website. Last accessed on Feb. 27, 2015. http://supremecourt.govmu.org/scourt/pubjudgment/pubViewP.do\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","At all levels of the judiciary, magistrates and judges regularly write down their judgments and explain the rationale for decisions taken. Some verdicts are posted on the website of the Supreme Court of Mauritius. All others can be obtained on request from the court registry. ..."]
["2014_MA_4",2014,"MA","Morocco",4,25,"Decisions of justices are supported by reasoning based on laws and jurisprudence, but it is still extremely difficult to access them. Decisions of justices are not digitalized and the paper-based copies of decisions of justices take up to 6 months to get from the tribunal to the public. However, although judicial decisions are not automatically published, there are civil society organizations and law firms that publish some decisions on their websites. The Ministry of Justice also has a portal where it publishes court judgments of some courts. But again the website is not updated. \n\nAlso, there is corruption in the process of requesting decisions of justices from the tribunals. The process is extremely bureaucratic and it is often made slower to encourage citizens for bribing a faster channel.","Abdelhamid El Gorfti, retired Judge at the Tribunal of Commerce of the Greater Casablanca, phone interview 04/07/2014.\n\nPr Ali Boufous, Jurist, Lecturer and specialist of public and constitutional laws, University Hassn II Casablanca, phone interview 03/072014.\n\nReda Oulamine, Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the Association of Rights and Justice, Freedom of speech activist, phone interview 03/07/2014.\n\nWebsite of the Ministry of Justice, Direction of Studies, Cooperation and modernization.  http://adala.justice.gov.ma/FR/Home.aspx accesssed on 12/02/2014.","Decisions of justices are supported by reasoning based on laws and jurisprudence, but it is still extremely difficult to access them. Decisions of justices are not digitalized and the paper-based copies of decisions of justices take up to 6 months to get from the tribunal to the pu..."]
["2014_MZ_4",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",4,75,"Judges in Mozambique always provide reasons for their decisions or verdicts, which find support in prior jurisprudence or are based on jurisprudence. All judgments are available for consultation by any interested party and also by the public at large. In cases of public interest, the judgments are made available through the institutional websites of the national courts.\n\nThe verdicts are available mostly through paper archives, and interested parties can easily access the verdicts. However, national courts are now putting their verdicts online as well (e.g., Constitutional Court). For records being accessed on paper and not online, it may take up to 30 working days to access the rulings, depending on the issue.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nAntónio Costa David Ucama, \"Independence of the judiciary in Mozambique\" (\"A Independencia do poder judicial em Mozamibque\"), October 2013. http://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/13276/1/David%20Ucama_tese%20Mestrado.pdf","Judges in Mozambique always provide reasons for their decisions or verdicts, which find support in prior jurisprudence or are based on jurisprudence. All judgments are available for consultation by any interested party and also by the public at large. In cases of public interest, t..."]
["2014_NA_4",2014,"NA","Namibia",4,100,"The practice is that judges give reasons for their judgments. During the period under review, some improvements appeared as a result of new rules of the High Court and the input of the Judge-President. Judgments are delivered on time and made available to the public. When delays occur, they are a result of lack of resources (judges, clerks, etc.). However, the Judicial Service Commission has power to discipline judges who are errant.\n\nIt usually takes about two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning of judgments after requested. The most recent updates on the two Namibian government websites listed are late 2013 judgments, though there are more recent judgements available for the Supreme Court found at http://www.saflii.org/na/cases/NASC/2014/.  Also, more recent judgments are in the filing office in Windhoek and are available when requested.","Proff Nico Horn, Senior Legal Lecturer, University of Namibia,  Table Interview 28 July 2014.\n\nSacky Shanghala, Chairman; Law Reform & Development Commission, 11 August 2014.\n\nYvonne Dausab, Dean:Law Faculty; University of Namibia, Table Interview July 29th 2014 .\n\nToni Hancox, Director, Legal Assistance Centre, FacetoFace Interview 28 July 2014.\n\nThe Namibian Newpaper, Editorial \"Fire the laggards\" November 15, 2013 see more at http://allafrica.com/stories/201311150590.html .\n\nThe High Court of Namibia, Judgements; accessed 28 July 2014, http://www.superiorcourts.org.na/high/judgments/civil.asp.\n\nCase law Namibia, www.ejustice.gov.na  and http://www.saflii.org/na/cases.\n\nNamibia Supreme Court Decisions. Southern African Legal Information Institute. Last accessed on Feb 27, 2015. http://www.saflii.org/na/cases/NASC/\n\nTomy Nambahu, Deputy Minister of Justice,\"Enforcement of Judgement Delivery\"  High Court Year Opening, WINDHOEK, 16 JANUARY 2014 http://lawsocietynamibia.org/content/news/press-statements-2014/minister-of-justice-remarks-on-high-court-year-opening-2014.","The practice is that judges give reasons for their judgments. During the period under review, some improvements appeared as a result of new rules of the High Court and the input of the Judge-President. Judgments are delivered on time and made available to the public. When delays oc..."]
["2014_NE_4",2014,"NE","Niger",4,50,"Les décisions ou jugements sont toujours motivés même quand il est question de la sécurité nationale. Le tribunal motive sa décision ou jugement qui comporte l’entête et les visas. En toute matière, les décisions sont prononcées publiquement sauf sur les incidents intervenus lors des huit clos.\n Le défaut de motivations est un motif de cassation ; ce qui entraîne l’annulation de la décision ou du jugement.\n \n Par contre, à la Cour d’assises où sont jugés les crimes punis généralement de plus de 10 ans d’emprisonnement (assassinats, viols, infanticides, détournements de deniers publics, vols avec au moins trois circonstances aggravantes), les jugements ne sont pas toujours motivés à cause du vote d’un jury diversifié qui décide à huit clos. L’opposition politique qui a fréquemment introduit des plaintes, les interprétations ou raisonnement des juges ne sont pas souvent convaincants, en plus cette opposition est persuadée que certains juges agissent sur instructions du gouvernement.\n \n Le citoyen peut entrer en possession du jugement dans un délai compris entre 8 jours et 2 mois au maximum. Mais dans certains cas, le jugement est disponible immédiatement après le verdict du tribunal.","MAHAMAD Ahmed, magistrat, substitut du procureur au tribunal de grandes instances de Niamey, 10 septembre 2014.\n \n OUMAROU Ibrahim, magistrat, ancien procureur de la République, 10 septembre 2014.\n \n OUSSEINI Salatou, porte-parole de l' opposition politique du Niger, 10 septembre 2014.","Les décisions ou jugements sont toujours motivés même quand il est question de la sécurité nationale. Le tribunal motive sa décision ou jugement qui comporte l’entête et les visas. En toute matière, les décisions sont prononcées publiquement sauf sur les incidents intervenus lors d..."]
["2014_NG_4",2014,"NG","Nigeria",4,100,"Judges at all levels provide formal reasonings for their rulings. Rulings are arrived at after extensive arguments between the litigant and the defence. The rulings are then read in court and later made available to interested members of the public. \n\nDetails of the rulings can be obtained from court registrars after the verdicts have been rendered at the payment of the cost of photocopies. That may sometimes take a few days, which would have more to do with bureaucratic delays than a deliberate refusal to provide copies.\n\nNo specific request is required to obtain the ruling. A mere oral request suffices. The rulings are mostly available in hard copies, meaning one would have to go to the courts. Although the Supreme Court and the Appeal Court have made rulings available online, the copies are mostly outdated cases and are not provided in real time. The rulings provide details of the respective cases and the parties involved and offer extensive summaries of the arguments. They also detail how the cases progressed over time, and how they relate to Nigeria's constitution, relevant laws and jurisprudence.\n\nThe final details of the rulings are the judgment proper, either from a single judge or a panel of judges, depending on the type of court.","Interview with Samuel Ogala, lawyer, Falana Chambers, Abuja, 20 June 2014.\n\nSupreme Court of Nigeria ruling, 20 Dec. 2014, between Nigeria's ruling PDP and a former member. http://jbdauduandco.com/judgments/Supreme%20Court/jbd_judgements_supreme_court_nicholas_chukwujekwu_vs._peoples_democratic_party__3ors.pdf\n\nCourt of Appeal Rulings, accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www.courtofappeal.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_judgement&view=judgement&Itemid=530 \n\nSupreme Court Rulings, accessed July 2014. \nhttp://judgment.supremecourt.gov.ng/cat.php?year_id=2012\n\nPremium Times, Bassey Udo, \"Why Court ruled against Sanusi,\" May 24, 2014. \nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/161136-sanusi-loses-court-declines-jurisdiction-in-suit-against-jonathan-over-suspension.html","Judges at all levels provide formal reasonings for their rulings. Rulings are arrived at after extensive arguments between the litigant and the defence. The rulings are then read in court and later made available to interested members of the public. ..."]
["2014_RW_4",2014,"RW","Rwanda",4,100,"Judges in Rwanda deliver Judgments in public sessions in all courts across the country. The court presidents or presiding judges cite in detail the clauses in the law and precedence, as well as explicit evidence, on which decisions are based.\n\nUsually, there is scrutiny of whether the reasoning for the decision is legally valid, and the parties involved can appeal tot the next level. It all happens in public. There is  no record of backdoor judgments or judgments delivered in closed courts.\n\nAccording to Pie Habimana, a university lecturer, “If you review the rulings of the Supreme Court and the High Court judges you see that they are properly motivated with high-level reasoning. Some of the judgments do have more that a hundred pages and contain motivation, accounting for the statements of both the defendant and the plaintiff. \n\n\"Though Rwanda is a civil law country, giving privilege on reasoning based on written laws, Supreme Court and the High Court Judges motivate their judgment basing on both the laws and jurisprudence.” \n\nRobert Mbaraga, a journalist with KFM radio in Kigali, a lawyer by profession who covers courts and legal stories, said, “In all cases I have covered and reviewed as part of my journalistic work, I can confirm that national-level judges, in general, give reasons for their decisions, basing them on pre-exiting laws and on jurisprudence where applicable.” He added that the judges' reasoning is public; even when cases were heard in camera, the reasoning is made public from the day the verdict is rendered.\n\nTwagirayezu Egide, a representative of civil society organizations focusing on the rights of children, said “some of the judgments lack much motivation referring to decided cases, especially those appealed in the High Court from the intermediate courts.” He stressed that judges in the High Court rarely change the content of the judgments, even though they change the decisions.\n\n\nPeer Reviewer's Comments:\n\nDisagree and recommend a lower score: For national-level cases that have a national security component, the Council of Political Parties is consulted to determine if the case is politically sensitive and what this might mean for national security. When judicial reasoning is provided, it is assessed through laws about genocide denialism that are vaguely worded, and arbitrarily applied. Judges in Rwanda have often applied genocide denialism laws to cases in which there is no clear link, and the law is used to silence/suppress criticism of the current government.","Interview with Emmanuel Itamwa Mahame, spokesman, courts, Sept. 1, 2014.\n\nInterview with Me Pie Habimana, lecturer, University of Rwanda and Institute of Legal Practice and Development (ILPD), licensed advocate with Rwanda Bar Association, Kigali, July 10, 2014. \n\nInterview with Robert Mbaraga, a journalist with KFM radio, a station of the Nation Media Group, a lawyer by profession covering courts and legal stories, Kigali, July 10, 2014. \n\nInterview with Twagirayezu Egide, a representative of civil society organizations focusing on the rights of children, Lawyers of Hope, Kigali, July 10, 2014.\n\n\nPeer Reviewer's Sources:\n\nHuman Rights Watch, \"Justice After Genocide: 20 Years On,\" March 28, 2014. \nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/28/rwanda-justice-after-genocide-20-years","Judges in Rwanda deliver Judgments in public sessions in all courts across the country. The court presidents or presiding judges cite in detail the clauses in the law and precedence, as well as explicit evidence, on which decisions are based...."]
["2014_ST_4",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",4,0,"There are cases where the judges do not record their decisions. This leads lawyers to appeal because they don't understand the reasoning behind a judge's decision. At other times, judges do base their decisions on the law, but there are cases where lawyers challenge because they believe the Judge did not make a proper decision.\n\nImportantly, when there is a recorded decision, generally only those close to the court can have access to it. This information is not openly disclosed to the public, even those involved in the process, except for the lawyer when he calls. There is no practice of public disclosure of the process.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. The lack of formal reasoning by judges is also related to inadequate professional training for members of the country´s judiciary.","Interview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nInterview with Deodato Capela, president, Center for Public Integrity of Sao Tome and Principe, Jan. 22, 2015.\n ","There are cases where the judges do not record their decisions. This leads lawyers to appeal because they don't understand the reasoning behind a judge's decision. At other times, judges do base their decisions on the law, but there are cases where lawyers challenge because they be..."]
["2014_SN_4",2014,"SN","Senegal",4,50,"Les textes de loi et la jurisprudence appliquée sont donc toujours précisés dans la décision qui est rendue publique à travers une audience ou à travers une affiche au niveau de l'institution judiciaire ou publiées au Journal Officiel de la République du Sénégal s'il s'agit du juge électoral. \n\nCette année, on a remarqué que les juges, à l'instar des juges de la Cour suprême et ceux des tribunaux motivent et fondent leurs décisions sur les textes existants. Comme ce fut le cas à plusieurs reprises cette année durant le procès de l'ancien ministre Karim Wade poursuivi pour enrichissement illicite où le juge a donné les motivations de sa décision suite à un recours des avocats de l'Etat. Toutefois il faut préciser que certaines décisions sont parfois contestées comme l'a révélé la presse cette année, ayant abouti à un contentieux qui a vu le maire de la ville de Podor porter plainte contre un magistrat pour «soupçon de connexion.»\n\nLes hautes Cours au Sénégal qu’on appelle les juridictions de troisième degré sont la Cour Suprême, la Haute Cour de justice, et le Conseil Constitutionnel\n\nLa Cour suprême rend public ses arrêts qui sont accessibles aux citoyens à travers le Bulletin des Arrêts de la Cour suprême qui constitue le support de diffusion des décisions rendues par la Cour. Les arrêts sélectionnés sont accompagnés de sommaires et de titres pour être publiés dans ce support. \n\nToutefois cela peut prendre des années; les derniers arrêts de la Cour Suprême du Sénégal qui sont accessibles au public datent de 2008 sur le site de la Cour. \n\nLes arrêts les plus récents sont compilés par l’AHJUCAF (association des cours suprêmes judiciaires francophones) et affichés sur la base de données de jurisprudencele francophone sur le site de cette association. L'AHJUCAF est une association forte de cinquante institutions membres. Sur le site de l'AHJUCAF on trouve des arrêts datant de janvier 2014. \n\nPour le Conseil Constitutionnel, les arrêts ne sont pas disponibles au public.\n\nPour la Haute Cour de justice, la loi sur la Haute Cour prévoit que les dossiers des procédures terminées sont déposés aux archives nationales qui sont accessible à tout citoyen. Seulement cette Cour n’a jamais rendu encore de décision depuis sa création.","DIEYE Abdoulaye, professeur de droit constitutionnel et membre du forum civil, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal, 22 juin 2014. \n\nDIENG Mor, juge au tribunal régional de Dakar, 22 juin 2014.\n\nNDOUR Amath, professeur de droit privé à l'université de Dakar Burguiba, 23 juin 2014.\n\nNDOYE M.ND., 5 août 2014. «Rude bataille procédurale autour de la compétence de la Crei.» http://www.gfm.sn/rude-bataille-procedurale-autour-de-la-competence-de-la-crei/\n\nXibaaru.com, 06 septembre 2014. «Aïssata Tall Sall porte plainte contre un magistrat.» http://xibaaru.com/people/aissata-tall-sall-porte-plainte-contre-un-magistrat/ \n\nExemple d'arrêt rendu par la Cour Suprême du Sénégal en janvier 2014. http://www.juricaf.org/arret/SENEGAL-COURSUPREME-20140109-01\n\nCour Suprême du Sénégal - page des arrêts: http://ww.coursupreme.sn/menubacs/menujuriscrim.html","Les textes de loi et la jurisprudence appliquée sont donc toujours précisés dans la décision qui est rendue publique à travers une audience ou à travers une affiche au niveau de l'institution judiciaire ou publiées au Journal Officiel de la République du Sénégal s'il s'agit du juge..."]
["2014_SC_4",2014,"SC","Seychelles",4,100,"In most of cases, judges provide formal reasoning for their rulings, and their reasonings reference the laws and jurisprudence. The reasoning is always public and can be obtained less than two weeks after a request. Judges strictly comply with the rules governing the profession, both in the examination of cases and in the delivery of judgments/rulings. Litigants can obtain copies of judgments at the national level at the Office of Registrar of the Supreme Court. The head of administration of the judiciary is the Registrar of the Supreme Court. Supreme Court rulings may be found by the public online at http://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/supreme-court \n\nSome effort has been made to help judges in referencing laws and jurisprudence. One step taken was the electronic compilation of some key legislation. It is expected to solve the problem of lawyers coming to court without necessary documents, allowing them to refer to the country’s laws during hearings.\n\nAccording to the Seychelles News Agency of April 29, 2014, “It is a very handy reference tool that can be uploaded on any smart phone, tablet, ipad, laptop or other computer. … This is the answer to those who were complaining of the weight of books to be carried to court”.\n\nThe Seychelles judiciary has received 15 tablets from the European Union through the EUCAP Nestor Programme on which the e-grey book, which draws together the most frequency cited legislation in Seychelles, will be uploaded along with all legislation in force. This will be given to every judge and magistrate. The legislation has also been uploaded on the Supreme Court’s website where lawyers can access it, in addition to being able to copy it from the court’s registry free of charge."," Interview with His Lordship Justice D. Karunakaran, judge of supreme court, acting Chief of Justice, Ministry of Justice, Ile du port, Seychelles (souhaite ne pas être cite), 04 september 2014.\n\nInterview with Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, 3 September 2014.\n\n“Seychelles, Introductory Notes, p.11, by Mathilda Twomey, Judge, Court of Appeal of Seychelles, The Republic of Seychelles Country report, ICLA, undated, accessed on 9 September 2014, http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/country_reports/seychelles_country_report.pdf.\n\n“Seychelles’ key legislation goes online”,  Seychelles News Agency, April 29, 2014, http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/360/Seychelles+key+legislation+goes+online#sthash.GlWexFj9.dpuf.\n\nSeychelles Legal Information Institute. Last accessed 27 February 2015. http://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/supreme-court","In most of cases, judges provide formal reasoning for their rulings, and their reasonings reference the laws and jurisprudence. The reasoning is always public and can be obtained less than two weeks after a request. Judges strictly comply with the rules governing the profession, bo..."]
["2014_SL_4",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",4,50,"Judges of the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone provide reasoning for their rulings, and these rulings reference laws such the Constitution and the jurisprudence with specific interpretation of these laws in regard to the matter being decided. \n\nThe Supreme Court of Sierra Leone does not have a website; but some of its rulings are compiled and posted on a website hosted by a third party, a private legal organization called Sierra Lii.\n\nRulings are not easily available to the public at the Offices of the Judiciary. Even journalists cannot easily access the hardcopies of the verdicts in courts.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Unisa Bangura, senior court reporter, Standard Times newspaper, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Emerson Kamara, director, Peace Links Sierra Leone, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nZenith Bank v. Sea Land Investment Co. Ltd., verdict 2014.\nhttp://www.sierralii.org/sl/judgment/commercial-court/2014/14\n\nSupreme Court Case No  S.C.No.4/2013, MNC: [2013] SLSC 4\nJudgment Date:  Friday, June 14, 2013. http://www.sierralii.org/files/Document%201.pdf","Judges of the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone provide reasoning for their rulings, and these rulings reference laws such the Constitution and the jurisprudence with specific interpretation of these laws in regard to the matter being decided. ..."]
["2014_SO_4",2014,"SO","Somalia",4,0,"The courts do not provide written records to the public. The rulings issued by the federal courts, and especially those passed by military courts, have been criticized for being opaque and, particularly in the case of the military, to go beyond the courts' mandate. \n\nIn a telephone interview with Human Rights Watch, a defense lawyer who wishes to remain anonymous said: \"These military tribunal guys think they have absolute power, and you can’t talk to them, you can’t ask them anything, and they don’t respect the human rights of people.\"\n\nIn a recent interview with news site Sahabi Online's Abdi Moalim in Mogadishu, Colonel Abdirahman Mohamed Turyare, chief of Somalia's military court, in relation to alleged al-Shabaab insurgents said: \"The people we have executed so far are people who have admitted to their crimes and are part of al-Shabaab, which is an illegal organisation. This enemy is a new enemy that is being fought in a new way. They have waged an unethical war against us, and we will wage a bold legal war against them in order to defend citizens.\"","Anonymous,\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nAnonymous, government official\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nAnonymous, Regional Court\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSharmarke Abdirashid Janle\nIndependent Lawyer\nBari Regional Court\nAugust 10, 2014\nBossaso, Somalia\nIn-person interview\n\nSomalia: Somali Military Court Chief Wages Legal War Against Al-Shabaab, Defends Executions\nInterview with Colonel Abdirahman Mohamed Turyare, chief of Somalia's military court by Abdi Moalim in Mogadishu\nAll Africa\nAugust 11, 2014\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201408120270.html?viewall=1\n\nThe Courts of \"Absolute Power\": Fair Trial Violations by Somalia’s Military Court\nHuman Rights Watch\nMay 22, 2014\nhttp://www.hrw.org/node/125455","The courts do not provide written records to the public. The rulings issued by the federal courts, and especially those passed by military courts, have been criticized for being opaque and, particularly in the case of the military, to go beyond the courts' mandate. ..."]
["2014_ZA_4",2014,"ZA","South Africa",4,100,"Judges always provide reasonings behind their judgments. They always refer to the law when they do so, and these reasons are public (except for when it involves state security matters).\n\nWilliam Kerfoot, attorney at the Legal Resource Centre in Cape Town agrees:  \"Judges give reasonings with regards to their rulings. When it is an undefended case, they sometimes don't. When they do give their reasoning, they always refer to the law they used as an interpretation.\"\n\nArticle 8 of the Code of Judicial Conduct (which falls under the Judicial Service Commission Act) states that a judge must \"make known his or her decisions and supporting reasoning.\" \n\nThe following 3 randomly chosen cases over the past 12 months confirm Kerfoot's statement:\n- Supreme Court of Appeals / Prinsloo v State (534/13) [2014] ZASCA 96 (15 July 2014)\n- Supreme Court of Appeals / Meyer v The State (46/12) [2013] ZASCA 208 (28 November 2013)\n- North Gauteng High Court / Primedia (Pty) Ltd v Basson and Another (27 June 2014)\n\nReasonings are public, except for when it involves national security matters. Judgments can be found on a variety of websites including those of the respective courts, the Southern African Legal Information Institute (SAFLII) and LexisNexis.","Interview with Human Rights Lawyer William Kerfoot (14 June 2014).\n\nSupreme Court of Appeals / Meyer v The State (46/12) [2013] ZASCA 208 (28 November 2013). http://www.justice.gov.za/sca/judgments/sca_2013/sca2013-208.pdf\n\nSupreme Court of Appeals / Prinsloo v State (534/13) [2014] ZASCA 96 (15 July 2014). http://www.justice.gov.za/sca/judgments/sca_2014/sca2014-095.pdf\n\nNorth Gauteng High Court / Primedia (Pty) Ltd v Basson and Another (27 June 2014). http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl?file=za/cases/ZAGPPHC/2014/742.html&query=judgement\n\nthe Southern African Legal Information Institute (SAFLII), http://www.saflii.org\n\nLexisNexis, Judgments Online section, http://www.lexisnexis.co.za/our-solutions/private-sector/research-solutions/judgments-online.aspx","Judges always provide reasonings behind their judgments. They always refer to the law when they do so, and these reasons are public (except for when it involves state security matters)...."]
["2014_SS_4",2014,"SS","South Sudan",4,25,"According to some practicing lawyers, they can always access the written reasonings for rulings of the Supreme Court, which is the highest court in South Sudan. These can be accessed by presenting a written request to the Chief justice or a presiding judge in a particular case. It could take up to two weeks to access these reasonings. However, in practice there is no evidence that an ordinary citizen can access these reasoning. There is no evidence to show that an ordinary citizen has ever requested for access to the Supreme Court’s reasonings.\n\nSouth Sudan national-level judges sometimes give reasons for their decisions or judgments. During trial proceedings, judges may give reasons for certain decisions, such as why they have to hold a closed-door hearing or why they can’t accept a certain piece of evidence. During the latter stages of the case, when they pass verdict, judges may also give reasons for their decision. At this point, the decision may be provided as a summarized explanation first and later a detailed ruling. In general, for cases that involve minor offenses like burglary or assault, judges tend to give summarized explanations for their decisions. However, whereas in South Sudan most judges conduct business in either Arabic or English, many defendants don’t understand the two languages and are unable to understand the explanations by judges.\n\nSometimes the reasoning behind judgments does not reference the law. On Oct. 28, 2013, South Sudan justices rejected Pagan Amum's (secretary general of the ruling SPLM) petition against President Salva Kiir for violating the party's constitution, as well as trying to undermine Pagan's freedom of movement. The reasoning behind the rejection was the lack of exhaustion of all other remedies. A group of lawyers, called Lawyers for Democracy, criticized this decision, suggesting that it was clear evidence that there is no separation of powers in South Sudan.\n\nAccording to a December 2013 report by the International Commission of Jurists, South Sudanese judges work under difficult conditions and lack resources, including copies of laws they should be referring to or even fuel at home. Consequently, some judges are unable to reference the laws upon which they are basing their judgments. In addition, some judges are unable to prepare detailed notes to explain their decision due in part to a heavy workload or because they don’t have electricity in their homes and are unable to write detailed notes to explain the reasons for certain verdicts.","Interview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Wani Mathias Jumi, official of South Sudan’s Law Society, June 30, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nVoice of America, Charlton Doki, \"South Sudan Treason Hearing Adjourned Again,\" April 1, 2014.\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/south-sudan-treason-hearing-adjourned-again/1883935.html \n\nSudan Tribune, \"S. Sudan’s Supreme Court rejects Pagan Amum petition against Salva Kiir,\" Oct. 30, 2013.  \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48630","According to some practicing lawyers, they can always access the written reasonings for rulings of the Supreme Court, which is the highest court in South Sudan. These can be accessed by presenting a written request to the Chief justice or a presiding judge in a particular case. It ..."]
["2014_SD_4",2014,"SD","Sudan",4,0,"In Sudan, judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, and their reasoning references the laws and jurisprudence they consider and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case.\n\nThe reasoning is usually not public, especially regarding trials related to sensitive cases such as rape, divorce or national security. The judges give their reasons at the courthouses verbally, and they provide the parties to the case with a copy of the written verdict. Other people have no right to get a copy of the judge's decision.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.","In Sudan, judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, and their reasoning references the laws and jurisprudence they consider and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case...."]
["2014_SZ_4",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",4,100,"Judges are required and, in fact, do present the reasoning behind their decisions, including references to legal precedence.  The verdicts are read in open court and are routinely reported by the media when newsworthy. Verdicts are available through court offices.\n\nCourt decisions are available via the Web site of the Swaziland Legal Information Institute.","Interview: Anonymous, former executive Law Society of Swaziland, Manzini, 3 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Sandile Lukhele, journalist, African Eye News Service, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014.\n\nSwaziland Legal Information Institute, http://www.swazilii.org/sz/judgment/high-court\n\n\"Swaziland: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Opens Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, March 2013. Available on http://www.osisa.org/other/law/swaziland/swaziland-justice-sector-and-rule-law","Judges are required and, in fact, do present the reasoning behind their decisions, including references to legal precedence.  The verdicts are read in open court and are routinely reported by the media when newsworthy. Verdicts are available through court offices...."]
["2014_TZ_4",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",4,75,"Judges provide reasoning to their rulings based on existing laws or legal theories. These reasoning are made known to citizens if they request copies. Citizens can access court rulings by requesting them in writing, but no specific date is guaranteed for which such requests must be given. Experience shows that the court rulings are given the same day or within five working days.\n\nIn a case in Dar es Salaam, a Kenyan national, Joshua Mulundi, was charged with kidnapping and torturing Dr. Steven Ulimboka. He was sentenced by the Kisutu Resident Magistrates’ Court to pay a fine or to serve a six-month jail term after he pleaded guilty to giving false information to a police officer. The decision as delivered was based on Section 122 of the Penal Code Cap 16 Revised Edition 2002, which states that for any person committing such an offence he shall be liable to imprisonment for six months or a fine of Sh1,000 or both.","1. JEBRA KAMBOLE, Partner/ Advocate Commissioner for Oath and Notary Public LAW GUARDS ADVOCATES interviewed September 24, 2014, in Dar es Salaam.\n\n2. Cassian Muhawe, Director General of the newly established TZAID: Tanzania Aid International, September 26, 2014, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania.\n\n3. The Judiciary of Tanzania; http://www.judiciary.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43&Itemid=66\n\nAll websites last checked 12/04/2014.","Judges provide reasoning to their rulings based on existing laws or legal theories. These reasoning are made known to citizens if they request copies. Citizens can access court rulings by requesting them in writing, but no specific date is guaranteed for which such requests must be..."]
["2014_TG_4",2014,"TG","Togo",4,50,"La Cour Suprême du Togo est la plus haute juridiction selon l'organisation judiciaire du pays. Elle est régie par la loi organique n° 97-005 du 06 mars 1997 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour Suprême.\n\nLes arrêts rendus par les juges de cette cour sont motivés uniquement sur le droit et toutes les lois sont applicables. Les audiences sont publiques.\n \nEn général, les fondements sont contenus dans les décisions rendues par les juges.\n\nLa Cour dispose d'un site internet et les arrêts de la Cour y sont affichés. Une visite sur le site permet de confirmer que la Chambre Judiciaire de la Cour a rendu un arrêt en mai 2013 et un arrêt en février 2014. Pour sa part, la Chambre administrative a rendu un seul arrêt en 2014. \n\nTous les arrêts rendus par ces Chambres sont motivés en droit et accessibles au public. \n\n Au niveau des juridictions du Togo, outre le fait que les procès durent plusieurs années avant leur dénouement, lorsque la décision est rendue, obtenir la copie de cette décision reste un défi de grande ampleur. Ainsi, une certaine corruption des agents de greffes et autres auxiliaires de justice s’est développée en matière de délivrance de copies de décision de justice en vue de leur exécution. Face à cette situation, les justiciables se sentent parfois obligés de payer les greffiers des pots de vin pour les inciter à faire diligence.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n HOUMEY EKLU-KOEVANOU Epiphanie, coordonnatrice Groupe de Réflexion et d'Action Femme Démocratie et Développement (GF2D), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n Telli K, Afreepress, 27 mars 2014, «Crise de confiance en la justice».\n http://www.afreepress.info/index.php/2012-07-13-22-36-48/societe/3562-crise-de-confiance-en-la-justice-les-magistrats-togolais-ont-une-directive.\n \n HCDH Togo, décembre 2013, «Rapport sur le respect et la mise en œuvre des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales dans l'administration de la justice au Togo ». \n http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TG/TogoDecember2013.pdf\n\nCour Suprême du Togo - Les arrêts. http://www.coursupremetogo.org/arrets/arrets_ju","La Cour Suprême du Togo est la plus haute juridiction selon l'organisation judiciaire du pays. Elle est régie par la loi organique n° 97-005 du 06 mars 1997 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour Suprême...."]
["2014_TN_4",2014,"TN","Tunisia",4,0,"In most cases, judges provide rigourous explanations as to why they made a particular decision. They publicly explain their reasoning and the way they interpreted the law. Article 108 of the new constitution states that \"court audiences are public,\" so the judge must explain his reasoning before an audience.\n\nHowever, the arguments that are written by the court clerk (greffier) are not accessible to the public, and are not published online. The judges' decisions are written by the clerk and are kept in the archives of the court, which are not accessible to the public.\n\nAs part of this research, a request was sent on 16 June 2014 to the Tunis County Court (Tribunal de Première Instance de Tunis, Avenue Bab Bnet 1019, Tunis) to obtain a copy of a judgment, but no response has been received. \n\nCitizens cannot access the written reasonings for the rulings of the highest court.","Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, 12 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Ahmed Solaani, judge in the court of Sfax, 14 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Bassem Karray, professor of public law, University of Sfax, 14 June 2014.","In most cases, judges provide rigourous explanations as to why they made a particular decision. They publicly explain their reasoning and the way they interpreted the law. Article 108 of the new constitution states that \"court audiences are public,\" so the judge must explain his re..."]
["2014_UG_4",2014,"UG","Uganda",4,75,"All judges do routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings. No judgment can be passed without giving formal reason, and all reasoning references the laws considered. Further, as long as judgment has been passed, it becomes a public document and can be accessed by anyone. It can be obtained the same day the request is made, but one has to pay to photocopy the document.  \n\nIn addition, people with access to the Internet can get judgments and court decisions on the Uganda Legal Information Institute (ULII) Web site. The ULII Web site contains court decisions for the past 12 months. Further, on 15 July 2014, the Judiciary Web site posted an update that the Courts of Judicature will be on a monthlong vacation, and most judges use the vacation to write judgments.  While judgments are supposed to be delivered within 60 days, there is evidence of delays resulting in case backlogs in the courts.","Nasasira Leah; legal officer, Research; Uganda Law Society; Kampala; 16 July 2014 \n\nUganda Legal Information Institute, “Judgments”\nhttp://www.ulii.org/about \n\nSupreme Court: Decisions for the year 2014\nhttp://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/supreme-court/2014 \n\nConstitutional Court: Decisions in 2014\nhttp://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/constitutional-court/2014 \n\nCommercial Court: Decisions in 2013\nhttp://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/commercial-court/2013","All judges do routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings. No judgment can be passed without giving formal reason, and all reasoning references the laws considered. Further, as long as judgment has been passed, it becomes a public document and can be accessed by anyone. It..."]
["2014_ZM_4",2014,"ZM","Zambia",4,100,"Citizens and journalists can access complete judgments from the court registry office the same day they ask, at the cost of photocopies. Supreme Court judgements can also be accessed at http://www.zambialii.org/zm/judgment/supreme-court. National-level judges give a formal reasoning for their judgments and do reference laws as well as preceding judgments of similar nature and interpret them in a way that applies to the current case.\n\nAn example is contained in the case of Jairos Tembo, a visually impaired journalist and  business executive who had been jailed two years for hacking into more than seven politicians’ mobile phones and stealing talk time. The judge gave reasons as to why she was sentencing him to jail, despite her being aware of the challenges he would face in prison in his condition. The judgment in question is an example of the many verdicts made publicly in open court. \n \nHowever, there are times when the court will give reasons that are seen to be politically driven and bent on protecting the interests of their appointing authorities, as was noted in the case where the Supreme Court ordered the retrial of a case in which Director of Public Prosecution Mtembo Nchito, Post newspaper owner Fred Mmembe and partners were caught up in a legal case concerning a debt of K14billion Kwacha (roughly 2,7 million USD), which they owed to the Development Bank of Zambia (DBZ).","Interview with Godfrey Mutale, registry supervisor, Commercial List Registry, Lusaka High Court, Lusaka, Zambia, 11 July 2014. \n\nZambian Watchdog, \"DBZ ruling is a technical knockout to Zambians, bye to judicial independence,\" 18 Dec. 2013.\nhttps://www.zambianwatchdog.com/dbz-ruling-is-a-technical-knockout-to-zambians-bye-to-judicial-independence/\n\nLusaka Voice, \"Blind Phone Hacker Jailed Two Years,\" 20 June 2014.\nhttp://lusakavoice.com/2014/06/20/blind-phone-hacker-jailed-two-years/\n\nZambia Legal Information Institute. Last accessed on 27 Feb 2015. http://www.zambialii.org/zm/judgment/supreme-court","Citizens and journalists can access complete judgments from the court registry office the same day they ask, at the cost of photocopies. Supreme Court judgements can also be accessed at http://www.zambialii.org/zm/judgment/supreme-court. National-level judges give a formal reasonin..."]
["2014_ZW_4",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",4,50,"While many verdicts are accompanied by formal reasons (see http://www.zambialii.org/zm/judgment/supreme-court), national-level judges do sometimes fail to give formal reasons or delay in giving reasons for their decisions or judgments. \n\nFor example, following the 31 July 2013 national elections, Blessing Chebundo submitted a petition challenging the KweKwe Central result in the Electoral Court, Bulawayo, in which a judgment was handed down on 30 April 2014. Also, Jameson Timba challenged the Mount Pleasant result in the Electoral Court, Harare, in which the decision of the court is still awaited. In each case, the petitioner had held the seat in the previous parliament, stood for re-election on 31 July 2013 under the MDC-T banner, and lost the seat to a ZANU-PF candidate.  \n\nThe constitution fixes no specific deadline for deciding parliamentary or local authority election challenges, saying only that the state, including the legislature, executive and judiciary, must “ensure the timely resolution of election disputes” [Section 155(2)(e)].  But, the Electoral Act, in Section 182, says an election petition challenging a parliamentary or local council result must be decided within six months of its presentation, and any appeal to the Supreme Court from a decision of the Electoral Court within six months of the appeal being lodged.  \n\nIn the KweKwe Central and Mount Pleasant cases, the six months allowed for the Electoral Court’s decision expired on 16 Feb. 2014. Despite the statutory deadline, both the Timba and Chebundo petitions remained undecided by 16 Feb. 2014.","David Magorokosho, former court magistrate, 13 July 2014, Mutare.  \n\nVeritas. Court Watch/2014 [16 May 2014]. Post-July 2013 Election Petitions:  Part III. The Chebundo & Timba Petitions. http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Court%20Watch%208-2014%20Post-July%202013%20Election%20Petitions%20Part%20III%20Chebundo%20%26%20Timba%20Petitions.doc\n\nWebsite of the Zimbabwe Judicial Service Commission, High courts rulings, accessed January 2015. \nhttp://www.jsc.org.zw/index.php/court-rulings/high-court-rulings http://www.jsc.org.zw/index.php/court-rulings/high-court-rulings\n\nZimbabwe Legal Information Institute. Last accessed, February 27, 2015. http://www.zambialii.org/zm/judgment/supreme-court","While many verdicts are accompanied by formal reasons (see http://www.zambialii.org/zm/judgment/supreme-court), national-level judges do sometimes fail to give formal reasons or delay in giving reasons for their decisions or judgments. ..."]
["2014_DZ_5",2014,"DZ","Algeria",5,100,"En Algérie, la Cour des comptes est l’institution supérieure de contrôle à posteriori des finances de l’État, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics. Elle est régie par l’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance n°10-02 du 26 août 2010 relative à la Cour des comptes.","Ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée, Article 02, 2010. http://www.ccomptes.org.dz/documents/ordonnance_95_20_modifiee_et_completee_par_or_10_02_fr.pdf\n\nConstitution algérienne, Article 170, 1996. http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm","En Algérie, la Cour des comptes est l’institution supérieure de contrôle à posteriori des finances de l’État, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics. Elle est régie par l’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance n°10-02 du..."]
["2014_AO_5",2014,"AO","Angola",5,100,"Article 183 (1) of the Constitution of Angola establishes the Court of Auditors as the supreme supervisory body and gives it the mandate to review the legality of public finances and accounts of the state and the judging of such accounts subject to its jurisdiction. The composition, organization, powers and functioning of the Court of Auditors is  established by Law No. 13/10, of July 9, Organic Law of the Court of Auditors.","Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 183, 1-http://www.parlamento.ao/constituicao an/index.html#/1/ .\n\nOrganic Law of the Court of Auditors, Law Law No. 13/10, of July 9 http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Leis/lei- 13-10.pdf.","Article 183 (1) of the Constitution of Angola establishes the Court of Auditors as the supreme supervisory body and gives it the mandate to review the legality of public finances and accounts of the state and the judging of such accounts subject to its jurisdiction. The composition..."]
["2014_BJ_5",2014,"BJ","Benin",5,100,"Le Bénin ne dispose pas à proprement parler d'une Cour des comptes. \nEn attendant, la Cour Suprême, à travers sa Chambre des comptes, joue ce rôle qui est de contrôler les comptes de campagne électorale, de rendre sur les plans judiciaire, administratif et des comptes de l'État, des arrêts non susceptibles de recours.\n\nSelon Article 1 de la Loi N° 2004-07 portant composition organisation fonctionnement et attributions de la Cour Suprême Conformément à l’article 131 de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990, \"la Cour Suprême est la plus haute juridiction de l’Etat en matière administrative, judiciaire et des comptes de l’Etat. Article 3: La Cour Suprême est composée de trois chambres dont la une chambre des comptes. Article 44 \"La chambre des comptes assure la vérification des comptes et le contrôle de la gestion : des établissements publics de l’Etat, des sociétés nationales, des sociétés d’économies mixtes dans lesquelles l’Etat possède la majorité du capital social.\" Article 45 : \"La chambre des comptes peut procéder à des enquêtes et formuler des avis à la demande du Gouvernement ou du parlement sur toutes questions d’ordre financier et comptable relevant de sa compétence.\"\n\nEn 2006, le Chef de l'État a mis sur pied une Inspection Générale d'État pour auditer tous les comptes en précisant que l'Inspection ne fait pas obstacle à la Chambre des comptes de la Cour Suprême.","Loi n° 2004-07 du 23 octobre 2007 portant composition, organisation, fonctionnement et attributions de la Cour Suprême. (2007). Section IV. http://www.aahjf.org/images/stories/Tous%20les%20liens/Loi_2004-07_portant_composition_organisation_fonctionnement_et_attributions_de_la_Cour_Supreme.pdf\n\nDécret N°2006-319 du 12 juillet 2006 portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de l’Inspection Générale d’État. Article 2 et 4. http://www.ige.gouv.bj/docu/decret.pdf","Le Bénin ne dispose pas à proprement parler d'une Cour des comptes. \nEn attendant, la Cour Suprême, à travers sa Chambre des comptes, joue ce rôle qui est de contrôler les comptes de campagne électorale, de rendre sur les plans judiciaire, administratif et ..."]
["2014_BW_5",2014,"BW","Botswana",5,100,"Section 124 (1) and (2) of the constitution (1966) creates the auditor general and mandates its office to audit all public accounts, officers, courts and authorities of the Government of Botswana.","Constitution of Botswana, 1966, Section 124 (1,2) auditor general, Chapter VIII: Finance (ss 117-124). \nhttp://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html","Section 124 (1) and (2) of the constitution (1966) creates the auditor general and mandates its office to audit all public accounts, officers, courts and authorities of the Government of Botswana."]
["2014_BF_5",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",5,100,"La Constitution consacre à son article 127 l'existence de la Cour des comptes: «La Cour des comptes est la juridiction supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques.»\n\nSon existence est confirmée par la loi organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes et procédure applicable devant elle. L'article 9 de la même loi précise que la cour a mandat d'examiner tous les comptes publics: «la Cour des comptes est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. Elle juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle vérifie la régularité des recettes et des dépenses décrites dans les comptabilités publiques et apprécie, à partir de ces dernières, le bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l’État et par les autres personnes de droit public.» \n\nEt dans l'article 16 il est précisé que «La Cour des comptes a le pouvoir d’entendre tout directeur ou représentant des services et des organismes soumis à son contrôle, tout gestionnaire de fonds publics, tout dirigeant d’entreprise publique, tout membre d’une institution ou corps de contrôle sur invitation du premier président.»","1. Constitution du Burkina Faso, Article 127. 2 juin 1991.\nhttps://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/ec5508c9dd8bf0e8c1256bbb002e70bb/$FILE/Constitution%20Burkina%20Faso%20-%20FR.pdf\n\n2. Loi organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes et procédure applicable devant elle, Articles 1er, 9 et 16. http://www.cour-comptes.gov.bf/phocadownload/loi%20organique%20n014-2000-an.pdf","La Constitution consacre à son article 127 l'existence de la Cour des comptes: «La Cour des comptes est la juridiction supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques.»..."]
["2014_BI_5",2014,"BI","Burundi",5,100,"Le chapitre IV de la loi organique relative aux finances publiques du Burundi, dans son article 52 stipule que c'est la Cour des comptes qui est chargée de la vérification des finances publiques: «elle vérifie l' exactitude, la fiabilité, la sincérité et l' exhaustivité des états financiers relatifs à l' exécution du budget et au patrimoine de l' État et collectivités publiques. Elle contrôle la légalité financière et la conformité budgétaire...»","Loi organique n° 1/35 du 4 décembre 2008 relative aux finances publiques, article 52. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi_n1-35_du_04_decembre_2008.pdf (site visité le 28/7/2014 à 12h45.)","Le chapitre IV de la loi organique relative aux finances publiques du Burundi, dans son article 52 stipule que c'est la Cour des comptes qui est chargée de la vérification des finances publiques: «elle vérifie l' exactitude, la fiabilité, la sincérité et l' exhaustivité des états f..."]
["2014_CM_5",2014,"CM","Cameroon",5,100,"Au Cameroun, il existe deux institutions de haut niveau chargées de la vérification des comptes de l'Etat. Il s'agit de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, prévu par l'article 38 de la Constitution camerounaise et dont les attributions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement sont prévus par la loi 2003/005 du 21 avril 2003, et le Contrôle supérieur de l'Etat, chargé d'auditer les finances publiques de toutes les structures du gouvernement et rattaché directement à la Présidence de la République de laquelle il tient ses instructions.\n\nLes deux institutions sont régies par des textes, les organisant et établissant la limite de leur compétence. Cependant l'on constate souvent un télescopage des tâches dans le cadre de leurs fonctions.","Décret N° 2013/287 du 04 septembre 2013 portant organisation des services du Contrôle supérieur de l’Etat  https://www.prc.cm/fr/actualites/actes/decrets/357-decret-n-2013-287-du-04-septembre-2013-portant-organisation-des-services-du-controle-superieur-de-l-etat\n\nLoi n° 2003/005 du 21 avril 2003 fixant les attributions, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême. http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/loi-n-2003005-du-21-avril-2003-fixant-les-attributions-lorganisation-et-le-fonctionnement-de-la.html","Au Cameroun, il existe deux institutions de haut niveau chargées de la vérification des comptes de l'Etat. Il s'agit de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, prévu par l'article 38 de la Constitution camerounaise et dont les attributions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement so..."]
["2014_CV_5",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",5,100,"Article 214 of the Constitution (2010), establishes the Court of Accounts. Article 219 states: \"The Court of Accounts shall be the supreme body for the supervision of the legality of public expenditures and the audit of accounts, which by law are submitted to it.\"","1. Articles 214 and 219,  of the Constitution of the Cape Verde Republic, 2010, Fourth edition, (http://www.parlamento.cv/GDLeisRepublica.aspx?IdDoc=1).\n\n2. Law No. 88/VII/2011, Article 20º, In Official Bulletin, I Series, nº 7, 14 February 2011.\n\n3. Court of Auditors Law nº 25/III/1987, In Official Bulletin, I Series, nº 52, 31 December 1987.","Article 214 of the Constitution (2010), establishes the Court of Accounts. Article 219 states: \"The Court of Accounts shall be the supreme body for the supervision of the legality of public expenditures and the audit of accounts, which by law are submitted to it.\""]
["2014_CF_5",2014,"CF","CAR",5,100,"En République Centrafricaine, l'institution supérieure de contrôle des comptes est la Cour des comptes. Cette dernière est placée sous l'autorité d'un président de la Cour. Elle est composée de trois chambres et d'un parquet général. Elle a pour compétence de :\n-juger les comptes des comptables publics;\n-vérifier la régularité des comptes de l'État;\n-déclarer et apurer la gestion de fait.","Loi n°96.001 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, articles 1, 2,3,4,5,6 et 17, 1996.","En République Centrafricaine, l'institution supérieure de contrôle des comptes est la Cour des comptes. Cette dernière est placée sous l'autorité d'un président de la Cour. Elle est composée de trois chambres et d'un parquet général. Elle a pour compétence de :..."]
["2014_TD_5",2014,"TD","Chad",5,100,"L'article 2 de la loi organique N° 017/PR/2014 portant organisation, attributions,  fonctionnement et règles de procédure de la Cour des comptes souligne que : « la Cour des comptes est la plus haute juridiction en matière de contrôle de finance publique.\nA cet effet, elle a pour mission essentielle de:\n- assister l'Assemblée nationale dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finance;\n- certifier la régularité, la sincerité et la fidelité du compte général de l'État;\n- juger ces ordonnateurs, les contrôleurs financiers et les comptables publiés dans les conditions prévues par les dispositions de la présente loi.","La loi organique N° 017/PR/2014 portant organisation, attributions, fonctionnement et règles de procédure de la Cour des comptes. http://www.presidencetchad.org","L'article 2 de la loi organique N° 017/PR/2014 portant organisation, attributions,  fonctionnement et règles de procédure de la Cour des comptes souligne que : « la Cour des comptes est la plus haute juridiction en matière de contrôle de finance publique...."]
["2014_KM_5",2014,"KM","Comoros",5,100,"Il existe une institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques. Il s’agit de la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême.  \n\nLa Section des comptes a une compétence très large en matière de comptes publics. Cette compétence lui est conférée par le chapitre 3, section 2, paragraphe 1, Article 172 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême: selon cet article, la Section des comptes : \n• juge les comptes des comptables publics de deniers tels que définis par la réglementation en vigueur ; \n• vérifie la gestion financière des agents de l’ordre administratif  chargés de l’exécution du \nbudget national et des autres budgets que les lois assujettissent aux mêmes règles ; \n• contribue à la sauvegarde du patrimoine public, à l’amélioration des méthodes et techniques de gestion et à la rationalisation de l’action administrative ; \n• contrôle les comptes de matière des comptables publics de matières ; \n• s’assure du bon emploi des crédits gérés par les services de l’Etat et des îles autonomes et par les autres organismes publics ; \n• examine la gestion financière et comptable des organismes dotés de la personnalité civile et de l’autonomie financière et dans lesquels l’Etat ou les autres collectivités publiques ont un intérêt financier ; \n• peut, à tout moment, exercer tout contrôle soit de sa propre initiative, soit à la demande du Président de l’Union, du président de l’Assemblée de l’Union ; \n• assiste le parlement et le gouvernement de l’Union et des îles dans le contrôle de l’exécution de loi des finances. \n• peut, à tout moment, exercer tout contrôle soit de sa propre initiative, soit à la demande du Président de l’Union ou d’une île, des présidents de l’Assemblée de l’Union ou d’une île \n• contrôle les comptes de matière des comptables publics de matières et de la sincérité des finances publiques.\n\nLa Section des comptes se divise en trois chambres et en trois sous-sections, conformément à l’Article 169 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême : \n• une chambre de jugement des comptes comprenant le président de la chambre et deux \nconseillers ; \n• une chambre de vérification des comptes et de contrôle des services personnalisés comprenant outre le Président de la chambre, trois conseillers ; \n• une chambre de discipline budgétaire présidée par le président de la Section des comptes \nassisté des deux autres présidents de chambre. \n• trois sous sections de compte (une dans chaque île autonome composant les Comores).","Loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême, Article 169; chapitre 3, section 2, paragraphe 1, Article 172. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf","Il existe une institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques. Il s’agit de la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême.  ..."]
["2014_CD_5",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",5,100,"L'institution supérieure de contrôle chargée de la vérification des comptes publics est la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire. Elle est instituée par la loi n°022-92 du 20 août 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire. C'est une institution autonome qui contrôle les comptes de toutes les administrations, les établissements publics à caractère industriel et commercial, les entreprises d'Etat et des sociétés d'économie mixte. Aussi elle atteste par déclaration de conformité, la concordance générale des écritures des ordonnateurs et des comptables. En outre la Cour des comptes sanctionne les fautes commises.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n\nOutre la Cour des comptes, il y a l'Inspection Générale des Finances (IGF), une institution de contrôle qui relève du ministère des finances conformément au décret n° 2013 - 218 du 30 mai 2013. En vertu des dispositions de la circulaire n° 816/MEFPPPI/CAB du 31 décembre 2013 précisant les modalités d’exécution, de contrôle et de clôture des opérations budgétaires et de trésorerie, exercice 2014, les opérations d’exécution du budget de l'État, effectuées par les administrateurs et gestionnaires de crédits, les ordonnateurs et les comptables publics,  sont  soumises  au contrôle de l’Inspection Générale des Finances et de la direction générale du contrôle budgétaire ainsi qu’au contrôle de tout autre organe habilité à cet effet, conformément aux textes en vigueur.\n\nLes contrôles d’opportunité, de sincérité, de régularité de la dépense et de délivrance du procès-verbal de réception de la commande des biens et des services sont obligatoires.\n\nLes deux institutions ont un rôle similaire la seule différence c'est que la Cour des comptes à un champ d'action plus large, L'IGF contrôle les comptes au niveau du ministère des finances et des autres ministères tandis que la Cour des comptes l'effectue pour l'ensemble des personnes publiques (gouvernements, établissements, publics, etc.)","Constitution du Congo, titre IV, intitulé du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 133 et 134 et 417. 20 janvier 2002 http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/docs/constitution-congolaise.pdf\n\nLoi n° 53-83 du 21 avril 1983 portant Code de procédure civile, commerciale, administrative et financière. http://www.droitcongolais.com/recherche_legislation.aspx\n\nLoi n°19-99 du 15 août 1999 modifiant et complétant certaines disposition de la loi du 20 août 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 30, 31, 32. http://www.cesbc.org/congo/Lois/Loi%20022-92.pdf\n\nRapport sur le contrôle de l'exécution de la Loi de finances, exercice 2012, Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire. \n\nDécret 2006-493 du 3 août 2006 portant réorganisation de l'Inspection Général d'État. \n\nCirculaire n° 816/MEFPPPI/CAB du 31 décembre 2013 précisant les modalités d'execution, de contrôle et de cloture des opérations budgétaires et de trésorie, exercice 2014 (pages 117-140)","L'institution supérieure de contrôle chargée de la vérification des comptes publics est la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire. Elle est instituée par la loi n°022-92 du 20 août 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire. C'est une institution autonome qui contrôle le..."]
["2014_CG_5",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",5,100,"There is a supreme audit institution (Cour des Comptes). \n\nArticle 178 of the constitution states: \"An Audit Office (Cour des Comptes) is established in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\" Article 180 of the constitution provides that it has the general and permanent power to control the management of public finances, the common good and of all public establishments/institutions at national, provincial and local levels.","1. Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 180, www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf \n\n2. Ordonance Loi 87-005 fixant la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes, Articles 21, 1987, http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation /Droit%20Public/compta/OL.06.02.1987.htm","There is a supreme audit institution (Cour des Comptes). \n\nArticle 178 of the constitution states: \"An Audit Office (Cour des Comptes) is established in ..."]
["2014_CI_5",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",5,100,"Article 102 de la Constitution (2000): « la justice est rendue sur toute l'étendue du territoire national au nom du peuple par des juridictions suprêmes, par la Cour des comptes et des tribunaux. Des lois organiques fixent la composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de ces juridictions.\n \n L' article 90 de la loi N° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 déterminant la composition, l'organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour suprême comme abrogeant et modifié par la loi No 78-663 du 5 aout 1978 relative a la Cour suprême: « La Chambre des comptes est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. A cet effet, elle exerce une double compétence juridictionnelle et de contrôle proprement dit.» Article 90: «La Chambre des comptes est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. A cet effet, elle exerce une double compétence juridictionnelle et de contrôle proprement dit.» \n \n La Chambre des comptes exerce de plein droit toutes les compétences énumérées par la présente loi.","L' article 102 de la Constitution du 1er août 2000. http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc.\n \n \n L' article 90 de la loi 94-440 du 16 août 1994 déterminant la composition, , l'organisation, et le fonctionnement de la Cour suprême telle que modifiée par la loi 97-243 du 25 avril 1997 http://www.loidici.com/institutionscentral/Institutionccoursurpreme.php.","Article 102 de la Constitution (2000): « la justice est rendue sur toute l'étendue du territoire national au nom du peuple par des juridictions suprêmes, par la Cour des comptes et des tribunaux. Des lois organiques fixent la composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de ces ..."]
["2014_DJ_5",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",5,100,"La cour des comptes est compétente pour juger. Prévue par la constitution de 1992, elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques.\n\nCependant la Cour de Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. En son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce role.\n\nL'article 1er du décret portant création d’une Inspection Générale d’Etat dispose :«il est crée un organe permanent de contrôle et d’inspection des collectivités et organismes publics dénommé : Inspection Générale d’État. L’Inspection Générale de l’État est placée sous l’autorité directe du Premier ministre.»\n\nL'Inspection Générale d'État contribuent à l'atteinte des objectifs suivants :\n* la bonne gouvernance et l'amélioration de la qualité du fonctionnement du secteur public, notamment en ce qui concerne ses relations avec les usagers ;\n* le développement d'une gestion publique efficace, efficiente, économe et d'optimisation des ressources publiques ;\n* la bonne gestion des affaires publiques et la lutte contre la corruption ;\n* l'évaluation des politiques et programmes publics afin d'en accroître le rendement et les résultats attendus ;\n* la reddition des comptes et l'imputabilité dans la gestion des affaires publiques ;\n* l'allégement et la simplification du fonctionnement des processus et procédures, afin d'accroître l'efficacité et l'efficience du secteur public ;\n* l'information du Président de la République et du Premier ministre.\n\nLes missions de l’inspection générale ne concernent donc pas exclusivement les finances publiques.","Loi n°52/AN/04/5ème L portant sur l'Inspection Générale d'État du 3 mai 2004.\n\nDécret n°2004-0014/PRE/MESN portant organisation et fonctionnement de l’Inspection Générale d’État, 21 janvier 2004.\n\nDécret n°2001-0222/PM  portant création d’une Inspection Générale d’Etat du 26 novembre 2001.\n\nConstitution du 15 septembre 1992 revisé en 2010. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_150691.pdf\n\n\nSource des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nLoi n°17/AN/13/7ème L du 14 décembre 2013 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. http://www.presidence.dj/jo/texte.php?num=17&date_t=2013-12-14&nature_t=Loi","La cour des comptes est compétente pour juger. Prévue par la constitution de 1992, elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques...."]
["2014_EG_5",2014,"EG","Egypt",5,100,"The Central Auditing Organization was created in 1988 under Article 1 of Law 144/1988, as amended by Law 157/1998. Article 216 of the 2014 Constitution of Egypt states that the formation of each individual autonomous organization or regulatory agency shall be enacted by a law defining its competences and regulations, and stipulating guarantees for its independence. \n\nAccording to Article 215 of the constitution, autonomous organizations and control agencies shall be specified by law. These bodies and agencies shall include among others, the Central Auditing Organization (CAO).  In Article 219 of the constitution, the Central Auditing Organization shall be responsible for monitoring the funds of the State, public and independent legal persons and other authorities as specified by law; as well as being responsible for monitoring the implementation of the State budget and independent budgets and for auditing its final accounts.","Article 215, 216 and 219 of the Egypt's 2014 Constitution. http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/1923_-_egyptian_constitution_english_1.pdf\n\nArticle 1 of Law 144/1988, as amended by Law 157/1998, of (1998) .","The Central Auditing Organization was created in 1988 under Article 1 of Law 144/1988, as amended by Law 157/1998. Article 216 of the 2014 Constitution of Egypt states that the formation of each individual autonomous organization or regulatory agency shall be enacted by a law defin..."]
["2014_GQ_5",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",5,100,"Chapter IX (“On the Supreme Audit Institution”) in the 2012 constitution consists of Articles 115–121. Known in Spanish as \"Tribunal de Cuentas,\" the supreme audit institution ensures the transparency of public finances and government accounts. \n\nAccording to Article 115, the Tribunal de Cuentas has the right to audit any private citizen or entity managing public funds. The supreme audit institution is technically an autonomous oversight body with its own administration and budget, according to Section 2 of Article 115.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Article 115.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf","Chapter IX (“On the Supreme Audit Institution”) in the 2012 constitution consists of Articles 115–121. Known in Spanish as \"Tribunal de Cuentas,\" the supreme audit institution ensures the transparency of public finances and government accounts. ..."]
["2014_ER_5",2014,"ER","Eritrea",5,100,"Article 55 (1) of the constitution of 1977 states, \"There shall be an Auditor General who audits the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of the government and who reports annually his findings to the National Assembly.\" \n\nThe Eritrean Constitution of 1997 is the only supreme law of the country that establishes the Eritrean auditor general. There is no other legal instrument that details the function, duty and responsibility of the auditor general. \n\nAccording to Article 55 (3), the detailed powers, duties and organization of the auditor general is determined by law. However, the law has yet to be issued. Currently, the office of the auditor general of Eritrea is undertaking its tasks by assuming the functions of auditing only.","Article 55 (1) of the Eritrean Constitution as ratified in 1997  \nhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904 \nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","Article 55 (1) of the constitution of 1977 states, \"There shall be an Auditor General who audits the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of the government and who reports annually his findings to the National Assembly.\" ..."]
["2014_ET_5",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",5,100,"Article 101 of the constitution states that the Office of the Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accounts of all government ministries and federal agencies in order to ensure that expenditures are made properly for activities carried out during the fiscal year. It will submit its reports to the House of Peoples’ Representatives. \n\nIn addition, the preamble of the proclamation recognizes the importance of auditing, monitoring and evaluating federal government resources. To achieve this goal, the proclamation sets forth the necessity for the professional independence and competence of the Office of the Auditor General.","Article 101 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995)\nhttp://abyssinialaw.com/uploads/1.pdf  \n\nOffice of the Federal Auditor General Re-Establishment (Amendment) Proclamation No.  669 /2010 (2010)  \nhttp://chilot.me/2011/04/26/the-office-of-the-federal-auditor-general/ ","Article 101 of the constitution states that the Office of the Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accounts of all government ministries and federal agencies in order to ensure that expenditures are made properly for activities carried out during the fiscal year. It will sub..."]
["2014_GA_5",2014,"GA","Gabon",5,100,"En tant que démembrement du pouvoir judiciaire, l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par l'article 68 de la Constitution  du 19 août 2003: «la justice est une autorité indépendante du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi.» \n\nL'article 76 de la Constitution du 19 août 2003 établit l'autorité de la Cour des comptes à auditer tout compte public et à sanctionner les auteurs des irrégularités constatées.   \n\nL'article 77 de la Constitution du 19 Août 2003 établit son autonomie financière: «la Cour des comptes jouit de l'autonomie de gestion financière. Les crédits nécessaires à son fonctionnement sont inscrits dans la loi de finances.»","Constitution de la République gabonaise de 1991 modifiée en dernier lieu par la loi n° 13/2003 du 19 août 2003, article 77 et 71: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=196646\n\nLoi n° 11/94 du 17 septembre 1994 fixant l'organisation, la composition, les compétences, le fonctionnement et les règles de procédures de la Cour des comptes. Non disponible en ligne.","En tant que démembrement du pouvoir judiciaire, l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par l'article 68 de la Constitution  du 19 août 2003: «la justice est une autorité indépendante du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice..."]
["2014_GM_5",2014,"GM","The Gambia",5,100,"Sections 158 and 160 of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia provide for the Office of the Auditor General and the National Audit Office. Section 160 explicitly states the extensive oversight, control and veto power functions of the auditor general in auditing and controlling government accounts. \n\nSection 158 creates the Office of the Auditor General  \"appointed by the president after consultation with the public service commission\". Section 159 provides for the national audit office \"in the public services of which the auditor general shall be the head, and the other members which shall assist the auditor general in the performance of the functions conferred on him or her by this constitution or any act of the national assembly\".\n\nSection 160 deals with the functions of the auditor general. Section 160 (1) (c) provides that \"The Auditor General shall at least once in every year audit and report on the public accounts of The Gambia, the accounts of all offices and authorities of the Government of The Gambia, the accounts of the courts, the accounts of the National Assembly and the accounts of all enterprises\".\n\nThe law therefore provides for an independent Auditor General and an independent National Audit Office tasked with auditing all government accounts.","Sections 158 to 160 of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia, http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","Sections 158 and 160 of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia provide for the Office of the Auditor General and the National Audit Office. Section 160 explicitly states the extensive oversight, control and veto power functions of the auditor general in auditing and controlling govern..."]
["2014_GH_5",2014,"GH","Ghana",5,100,"The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Thirteen, Article 187, clauses (1-4) provides that:\n\n\"(1) There shall be an Auditor-General of Ghana whose office shall be a public office.\n(2) The public accounts of Ghana and of all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, of the Universities and public institutions of like nature, of any public corporation or other body or organization established by an Act of Parliament shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor-General.\n(3) For the purpose of clause (2) of this article, the Auditor-General or any person authorised or appointed for the purpose by the Auditor-General shall have access to all books, records returns and other documents relating or relevant to those accounts.\n(4) The public accounts of Ghana and of all other persons or authorities referred to in clause (2) of this article shall be kept in such form as the Auditor-General shall approve.\"\n\nArticle 187, clauses (1-4) of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana is an entrenched provision, which creates the Office of the Auditor General, and for that matter the Ghana Audit Service, and mandates it to audit all public accounts.","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Thirteen, Article 187, clauses (1-4).\nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst13.html.","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Thirteen, Article 187, clauses (1-4) provides that:..."]
["2014_GN_5",2014,"GN","Guinea",5,100,"L'institution supérieure de contrôle en Guinée est la Cour des comptes, instituée par l'article 116 du sous-titre II du titre VII de la Constitution de 2010. \n\nArticle 116: « La Cour des comptes est la juridiction de contrôle à posteriori des finances publiques. Elle dispose d'attributions juridictionnelles et consultatives. Elle statue sur les comptes publics, ceux des collectivités territoriales et locales, des établissements publics, des entreprises publiques et de tous les organismes et institutions bénéficiant de concours financiers de l’Etat. Elle connaît également des comptes de campagnes électorales et de toute matière qui lui est attribuée par la loi; la Cour des comptes est également chargée de contrôler les déclaration des biens telles que reçues par la Cour constitutionnelle. Elle élabore et adresse un rapport au Président de la République et à l'Assemblée nationale.»","Constitution de la République de Guinée du 7 mai 2010, article 116. : http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf ","L'institution supérieure de contrôle en Guinée est la Cour des comptes, instituée par l'article 116 du sous-titre II du titre VII de la Constitution de 2010. ..."]
["2014_GW_5",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",5,100,"The Court of Auditors is created by  Law nº 7/1992, which also approved the organic law of the court of accounts (Lei orgânica do Tribunal de Contas), tasked to audit government accounts.The Court of Accounts (Tribunal de Contas) is the Supreme Audit Institution in Guinea-Bissau. \n\nThe law mandates the court of auditors to:\na) Previously supervise the legality and budgetary cover for actions and resulting income or expense  to be conducted by government bodies (referred to in article 2 (2);\nb) Audit the accounts of government bodies when appropriate;\nc) Give opinion on the general state account;\nd) Audit and supervise the implementation of the financial resources obtained internationally, including loans or grants.\n\nArticles 120 (4), 121(2b) and 123 (2) of the Constitution (1996), also guarantee the independence of the courts, including the Court of Auditors.","1. Law-Decree nº 7/1992, Organic Law of the Supreme Audit Institution/Lei Orgânica do Tribunal de Contas (found in the national official bulletin n.47 of 27/11/1992), creates a supreme audit institution - called Tribunal de Contas - tasked to audit government accounts.\n\n2. Guinea Bissau Constitution (1996), Articles 120, 121 and 123. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7611","The Court of Auditors is created by  Law nº 7/1992, which also approved the organic law of the court of accounts (Lei orgânica do Tribunal de Contas), tasked to audit government accounts.The Court of Accounts (Tribunal de Contas) is the Supreme Audit Institution in Guinea-Bissau. ..."]
["2014_KE_5",2014,"KE","Kenya",5,100,"Article 229 of the Constitution provides for the creation of the Office of the Auditor-General that audits and reports on the accounts of any entity that is funded from the public funds. \n\nThe Public Audit Act 2003 also stipulates on the audit function. The Act of Parliament provides for the audit of government, state corporations and local authorities, to provide for economy, efficiency and effectiveness examinations, to provide for certain matters relating to the Controller and Auditor-General and the Kenya National Audit Office, to establish the Kenya National  Audit Commission and to provide for other related matters. The Act was assented on December 31, 2003, and commenced on January 9, 2004 and revised in 2010 and 2012.\n\nConstitution of Kenya\n\nChapter 12, Part 6, Article 229 establishes the Office of the Auditor General. Chapter 15, Article 248, Section 3 and Article 249, Section 2 (a) and (b) provides for the independence of the Office of the Auditor General.\n\nArticle 229 states:\n1.  There shall be an Auditor-General who shall be nominated by the President and, with the approval of the National Assembly, appointed by the President.\n2. To be qualified to be the Auditor-General, a person shall have extensive knowledge of public finance or at least ten years  experience in auditing or public finance management.\n3. The Auditor-General holds office, subject to Article 251, for a term of eight years and shall not be eligible for re-appointment.\n4. Within six months after the end of each financial year, the Auditor-General shall audit and report, in respect of that financial year, on:\n\n   - The accounts of the national and county governments;\n  -  The accounts of all funds and authorities of the national and county governments;\n   - The accounts of all courts;\n    -The accounts of every commission and independent office established by this Constitution;\n  -  The accounts of the National Assembly, the Senate and the county assemblies;\n  -  The accounts of political parties funded from public funds;\n    -The public debt; and\n   - The accounts of any other entity that legislation requires the Auditor-General to audit.\n\n5. The Auditor-General may audit and report on the accounts of any entity that is funded from public funds.\n6.  An audit report shall confirm whether or not public money has been applied lawfully and in an effective way.\n7. Audit reports shall be submitted to Parliament or the relevant county assembly.\n8. Within three months after receiving an audit report, Parliament or the county assembly shall debate and consider the report and take appropriate action.\n Article 226, Section 4 provides for the accounts of Office of the Auditor General to be audited and reported on by a professionally qualified accountant appointed by the National Assembly.\n\nArticle 248, Section 3 states: \n\nThe independent offices are—\n\n    The Auditor-General\n    Controller of Budget\n\n Article 249, Section 2 (a) and (b) states:\n\nThe commissions and the holders of independent offices—\n\n -   Are subject only to this Constitution and the law; and\n -   Are independent and not subject to direction or control by any person or authority.","1. Constitution of Kenya- Articles 229, 248 & 249. https://www.kenyaembassy.com/pdfs/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya.pdf\n\n2. Public Audit Act 2003. https://www.google.com/search?q=Act+on+Kenya+Audit+functions&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=fflb#channel=fflb&q=Public+Audit+Act+%2B+Kenya+&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official.\n\n3. Mwalimu Mati, executive director Mars Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n4. Peter Opiyo, assistant communications manager Kenya National Audit Office(KENAO)interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n5. George Omondi, Economy and Public Policy writer, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.","Article 229 of the Constitution provides for the creation of the Office of the Auditor-General that audits and reports on the accounts of any entity that is funded from the public funds. ..."]
["2014_LS_5",2014,"LS","Lesotho",5,100,"The constitution and the Audit Act of 1973 provide for the creation of the Office of the Auditor General. \n\nAccording to Section 117 (2) (a) of the constitution,  the auditor general is responsible for checking whether \"all monies that have been appropriated by parliament and disbursed have been applied to the purposes for which they were so appropriated and that the expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it.\"\n\nIn line with the constitution, the Audit Act empowers the auditor general to “have access to and require the production of any books, records, returns, reports, vouchers and to other documents under the control of any person that in his opinion relate to or in any way concern the public accounts and to keep such books, records, returns, reports, vouchers and other documents for such time as he may require them … to have access to cash, stamps, securities, stores and other property of whatever kind that he considers it necessary to inspect in connection with any of the public accounts and that is in the possession of or under the control of any government officer or authority of Lesotho.\"","1. The Constitution of Lesotho (1993). Chapter X. Section 117. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. The Audit Act Number 12, 1973. http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Lesotho.html#Lesotho_1","The constitution and the Audit Act of 1973 provide for the creation of the Office of the Auditor General. ..."]
["2014_LR_5",2014,"LR","Liberia",5,100,"The 1986 Constitution calls of the establishment of the General Auditing Commission (GAC). This agency serves as Liberia's supreme audit institution. \n\nIn addition to the constitution, the act establishing the GAC empowers the entity to perform audits of government agencies and interests. The GAC is an autonomous agency under the executive branch but it reports directly to the legislative branch.\n\nThe supreme audit institution dates back to 1972 when Section 53.3 of Chapter 53 of the Executive Law created the General Audit Office to audit all government expenditures. This office became dormant for years but in 2005 the National Legislature amended a portion of the Executive Law of 1972 to make way for a more robust GAC.","Chapter X, Article 89 C, of the 1986 Constitution. http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm\n\nSection 1 & 2 of the Act Establishing the General Auditing Commission, 16 June 2005. http://gacliberia.com/doc/GAC_ACT.pdf","The 1986 Constitution calls of the establishment of the General Auditing Commission (GAC). This agency serves as Liberia's supreme audit institution. ..."]
["2014_LY_5",2014,"LY","Libya",5,100,"In 2011, the Libyan Transitional Council passed Resolution No. (119), and its Section 11 establishes the Court of Audit.\n\nSections 1-5 of Law No. (19) of August 2013 on the reorganization of the Audit Bureau by the general conference in Libya (legislative authority) establishes that the bureau is an independent body linked with the legislative body whose mandate is to monitor public money, reveal financial violations and evaluate the governmental performance.","Law No.19 of 2013 on the reorganization of the Audit Bureau, Sections 1-5.\n\nResolution No 119 of 2011 on the establishment of the Court of Audit, Section 11. \nhttp://www.brnieq.com/news/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85/","In 2011, the Libyan Transitional Council passed Resolution No. (119), and its Section 11 establishes the Court of Audit...."]
["2014_MG_5",2014,"MG","Madagascar",5,100,"Article 121 de la Constitution: «la Cour suprême veille au fonctionnement régulier des juridictions de l'ordre judiciaire, administratif et financier. Elle comprend : la Cour de cassation ; le Conseil d'Etat ; la Cour des comptes.» Selon l' Article 128, « La Cour des comptes :\n 1° juge les comptes des comptables publics ;\n 2° contrôle l'exécution des lois de finances et des budgets des organismes publics ;\n 3° contrôle les comptes et la gestion des entreprises publiques ;\n 4° statue en appel des jugements rendus en matière financière par les juridictions ou les organismes administratifs à caractère juridictionnel ;\n 5° assiste le Parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances. \n \n L’institution supérieure de contrôle ou de vérification des comptes publics est toujours dénommée Direction générale du contrôle financier placée sous la tutelle et le contrôle technique du ministre des finances et du budget. Selon l'Article 2 de la Décret n°2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012 fixant les attributions du ministre des finances et du budget ainsi que l’organisation générale de son ministère stipule, les missions et attributions de cette Direction générale sont fixées comme suit : le contrôle financier veille ou fait veiller par le biais de ses structures centrales ou régionales à :\n 1) la comptabilisation des engagements des dépenses proposés par les ordonnateurs ;\n 2) l’application des dispositions législatives et réglementaires régissant ;\n 3) l’exécution des dépenses publiques ;\n 4) la gestion des crédits de fonctionnement et d’investissement ;\n 5) les opérations des budgets annexes et les opérations des comptes particuliers du trésor ;\n 6) le contrôle de l’application des règles relatives aux marchés publics ;\n 7) toutes opérations affectant les finances de l’Etat aussi bien de point de vue de la légalité des engagements de dépenses que de la régularité des actes administratifs générateurs immédiats de dépenses ou susceptibles d’entraîner ultérieurement des débours par les finances publiques. Tout engagement de dépenses publiques doit donc avoir le visa de la Direction générale du contrôle financier.\n \n Par ailleurs, la Loi n° 2004-006 en son article premier institue auprès du Premier ministre, chef du gouvernement, un Conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière ci-après désigné le Conseil, chargé d'examiner les fautes de gestion commises par les ordonnateurs de recettes et de dépenses énumérées à l'article 2 et de prononcer les sanctions prévues aux articles 3 et 4 ci-après. Le Conseil n'a toutefois pas juridiction sur les présidents d'institution et les membres du gouvernement. Les comptables publics, lorsqu'ils assurent la fonction d'ordonnateurs, sont soumis aux dispositions de la présente loi. Les comptes publics sont soumis pour jugement à la Chambre administrative de la Cour suprême, selon article 1er l’Ordonnance n° 62-074: la Chambre administrative de la Cour suprême, section des comptes, juge les comptes qui lui sont déférés en vertu de la présente ordonnance ou ceux dont elle est saisie comme juridiction d’appel par application de l’article 4, alinéa 2 de la loi du 19 juillet 1961 portant création de la Cour suprême. \n \n Enfin, il est placé auprès de la juridiction des comptes un représentant du parquet de la Cour suprême qui porte le titre de « commissaire du trésor public » (Ordonnance n° 73-018).","1. Constitution malgache du 11 Décembre 2010 http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm\n \n 2. Ordonnance n° 62-074 du 29 septembre 1962 relative au jugement des comptes et au contrôle des collectivités publiques et établissements publics. Journal Officiel de la République (JORM), n° 248, 12 octobre 1962, page 3348, modifiée et complétée par la loi n° 65-013 du 25 novembre 1965 (J.O.R.M. n° 455 du 18.12.65, p. 2618),\n \n 3. l’ordonnance n° 73-018 du 27 mai 1973 (J.O.R.M. n° 915 du 16.06.73, p. 1496) et par l’ordonnance n° 73-067 du 5 novembre 1973 (J.O.R.M. n° 951 du 17.11.73, p. 3784)\n \n 4. Loi n° 61- 013 du 19 Juillet 1961 portant création de la Cour Suprême. http://legislation-madagascar.cwebh.org/TOME%20VI/0008.htm.\n \n 5. Ordonnance n° 73-018 du 21 mai 1973 portant institution de la fonction du commissaire du Trésor public près la chambre des comptes et modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi n° 61-013 du 19 juillet 1961 portant création de la cour suprême et de l’ordonnance n° 62-074 du 29 septembre 1962 relative au jugement des comptes et au contrôle des collectivités publiques et établissements publics http://legislation-madagascar.cwebh.org/TOME%20VI/0012.htm.\n \n 6. Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012 fixant les attributions du Ministre des Finances et du Budget ainsi que l’organisation générale de son Ministère. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=449&Itemid=518.\n \n 7. Loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004 portant réorganisation et fonctionnement du Conseil de Discipline Budgétaire et Financière, http://www.mefb.gov.mg/textes_lois/dcp/loi_2004_006.pdf.","Article 121 de la Constitution: «la Cour suprême veille au fonctionnement régulier des juridictions de l'ordre judiciaire, administratif et financier. Elle comprend : la Cour de cassation ; le Conseil d'Etat ; la Cour des comptes.» Selon l' Article 128, « La Cour des comptes :..."]
["2014_MW_5",2014,"MW","Malawi",5,100,"The law establishes the Office of the Auditor General. This is in terms of the appointment of its head, the auditor general, and the operations of the institution. While the president appoints the auditor general, the appointed person cannot assume office unless parliament approves the appointment. This is in accordance with Section 184 (7) read with Section 184 (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, as well as Section 5 (3) of the Public Audit Act of 2003. This mode of appointment ensures that the auditor general is politically independent. \n\nIn terms of operational independence, section 184 (7) of the constitution explicitly states that \"Subject to subsection (6) in the exercise of the duties and powers vested in the office of the auditor general by this constitution or any other law, the person holding that office shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority\". \n\nFurthermore, the institution has the authority or mandate to audit any government account, and issue recommendations and resolutions as outlined in Sections 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the Public Audit Act 2003.\n\nThese sections provide wide-ranging powers to the institution in support of the constitutional requirement that \"no person or authority may inhibit the auditor general\" in 1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi Section 184 (3,6). Amended in 1995 2. Public Audit Act. Sections 3 and 6, 7 and 8 of 2003.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (2010) Section 184 (3,6). http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n2. Public Audit Act (2003) Sections 3, 6 and 7. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/act/2003/6/paa2003128_pdf_13366.pdf","The law establishes the Office of the Auditor General. This is in terms of the appointment of its head, the auditor general, and the operations of the institution. While the president appoints the auditor general, the appointed person cannot assume office unless parliament approves..."]
["2014_ML_5",2014,"ML","Mali",5,100,"Au Mali, il existe deux institutions de vérification des finances publiques: La Section des comptes de la Cour suprême et le Bureau du Vérificateur Général (BVG). Les attributions du BVG et celles de la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême sont les mêmes du point de vue de leur vocation  de contrôle et vérification des comptes publics. Les articles 83 et 84 de la Constitution sont muets sur le sujet sur la notion de supériorité entre le Bureau du Vérificateur général (BVG) et la Section des comptes. Toutefois, le champs de vérification ainsi que les moyens mis en jeu pour la vérification des comptes publics du BVG est plus conséquent. De plus, il jouit d'une indépendance avérée que la Section des compte de la Cour suprême n'a pas.\n\nLe Bureau du Vérificateur Général a pour missions d'effectuer un contrôle de performance et de qualité des services et organismes publics, et des programmes et projets de développement; de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des recettes et des dépenses effectuées par les institutions de la République, les administrations civiles et militaires de l'Etat, les collectivités territoriales, les établissements publics; de procéder à la vérification d'opérations de gestion des entreprises dans lesquelles l'Etat ou une autre personne publique détient une participation financière; de vérifier la conformité et l'effectivité des biens et services pour l'acquisition desquels une société privée a bénéficié d'une exonération de droits douaniers ou fiscaux; de vérifier les concours financiers accordés par l'Etat ou toute autre personne publique à tout organisme par rapport à l'objet de ces concours...\n\nLa loi portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour suprême dispose en son article 85 que : «la formation de contrôle est constituée par la Chambre de Vérification des Comptes et de contrôle des services personnalisés».","Loi 2012-009 du 08 février 2012  abrogeant et remplaçant la loi 03-030 du 25 août 2003 instituant le vérificateur général, article 1, Page 79 du rapport annuel 2011 du Vérificateur Général http://www.bvg-mali.org/files/RA/rapport_annuel_2011.pdf\n        \nLoi 96-071 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour suprême, adoptée le 13 juin 1996, article 82, http://www.sgg.gov.ml/Journal0/L96-071.pdf","Au Mali, il existe deux institutions de vérification des finances publiques: La Section des comptes de la Cour suprême et le Bureau du Vérificateur Général (BVG). Les attributions du BVG et celles de la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême sont les mêmes du point de vue de leur v..."]
["2014_MR_5",2014,"MR","Mauritania",5,100,"La Loi constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n° 2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006 introduit une innovation majeure en consolidant les compétences de la création de la Cour des comptes. \n\nEn son article 68 le législateur mauritanien dispose notamment que  : « La Cour des comptes est l’institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques ».  Cette constitutionnalisation de la Cour des comptes consacre son indépendance et lui donne plus de prérogatives en matière de contrôle de la régularité des dépenses publiques. Il convient de comprendre que cela constitue une évolution par rapport à l'ancienne loi qui faisait de la Cour des comptes une simple juridiction financière chargée d'assister entre autres le Parlement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des dépenses publiques. La présente consécration constitutionnelle n'enferme plus la Cour des comptes dans une simple prérogative comptable. Il faut saisir la portée de cette transformation constitutionnelle apportée à la Cour des comptes.  Cette indépendance tend à transformer progressivement la Cour des comptes en une structure de vérification des comptes publics de l'Etat.","1. Loi constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n° 2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006 . Article 68.\nhttp://www.cdcmr.mr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=168","La Loi constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n° 2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006 introduit une innovation majeure en consolidant les compétences de la création de la Cour des comptes. ..."]
["2014_MU_5",2014,"MU","Mauritius",5,100,"The constitution provides for a National Audit Office (NAO) with a director of audit who is appointed by the Public Service Commission in consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition. \n\nThe constitution further states that “the Office of the Director of Audit is responsible for auditing the accounts of all Ministries/Departments and to report the results to Parliament.”\n\nThe role of the director of audit is to form opinions on the accounts and to ask for all necessary documents. The director of audit has the right to suggest measures to improve financial management, human resource management, project and capital asset management and the provision of services.\n\nThe NAO emerged in its present form in 1968 when Mauritius became independent. Public auditing started well before that time, however. Before its independence, the accounts were examined in accordance with the General Instructions and Rules of the Overseas Audit Department and the Audit Report was submitted as required by Colonial Regulations 267.\n\nThe earliest records available at the NAO consist of reports of the auditor general of Mauritius dating as far back as 1871, addressed to the colonial secretary.","Name of the Law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius \n • Year passed: 1968\n • Section(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 110 (4)\n • Link to the law(s), if or when available:   http://nao.gov.mu/English/AboutUs/Pages/History.aspx http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf \n\nName of the Law: Finance and Audit Act \n•  Year passed: 1973\n•  Section(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Sections 15 & 16\n• Link to the law(s) if or when available: http://mof.gov.mu/English/Documents/financial%20management%20kit/FinandAuditAct.pdf","The constitution provides for a National Audit Office (NAO) with a director of audit who is appointed by the Public Service Commission in consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition. ..."]
["2014_MA_5",2014,"MA","Morocco",5,100,"There is a supreme audit institution in Morocco, created by Article 147 (10) of the Constitution. Its mission is also to oversee the spending of state institutions according to the budget bill approved each year (Article 147 P57). Its mandate is to oversee and promote good governance and transparency in government institutions.","Moroccan Constitution - voted in July 2011 - Section X - Article 147. http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf\n\nWeb link to the Moroccan Supreme Audit Institution: Cours des Comptes - http://www.courdescomptes.ma (last checked on 04/07/2014).","There is a supreme audit institution in Morocco, created by Article 147 (10) of the Constitution. Its mission is also to oversee the spending of state institutions according to the budget bill approved each year (Article 147 P57). Its mandate is to oversee and promote good governan..."]
["2014_MZ_5",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",5,100,"Articles 228, 229 and 230 of Section III of the constitution indicate the existence of the supreme audit institution. \n\nThe constitution, in Article 228, states:\n1. The administrative court shall be the highest body in the hierarchy of administrative, customs and fiscal courts.\n2. The administrative court shall control the legality of administrative acts and the application of rules and regulations issued by the public administration, and it shall scrutinise the legality of public expenditure and the enforcement of liability for financial infractions.\n\nArticle 230 states: \n1. In particular, the Administrative Court shall:\na) adjudicate cases concerning disputes arising from administrative legal relations;\nb) adjudicate appeals lodged against decisions of State offices and of their office holders\nand agents;\nc) hear appeals lodged against judgements delivered by administrative, fiscal and\ncustoms courts.\n\n2. The Administrative Court shall also:\na) issue a report and opinion on the General State Account;\nb) carry out prior scrutiny of the legality of, and budget cover for, acts and contracts\nthat are subject to Administrative Court jurisdiction;\nc) scrutinise public moneys successively and concomitantly;\nd) supervise the use of financial resources obtained abroad, namely, through loans,\ngrants, sureties and donations.\n\nThe Organic Law of the Administrative Court (Lei Organica do Tribunal Administrativo - Lei No. 5/92 de 6 de Maio) regulates the functioning of the court.","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 2004, Tribunal Administrativo (Administrative Court), Section III, Articles 228, 229 and 230. http://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\nhttp://www.acismoz.com//lib/services/translations/TransConstitution2004eng.pdf  \n\nOrganic Law of the Administrative Court (Lei Organica do Tribunal Administrativo - Lei No. 5/92 de 6 de Maio), 1992. https://www.dropbox.com/s/t5hjkh1e0y9mfkt/Lei%20organica%20do%20Tribunal%20Adminsitrativo%201992.pdf?dl=0","Articles 228, 229 and 230 of Section III of the constitution indicate the existence of the supreme audit institution. ..."]
["2014_NA_5",2014,"NA","Namibia",5,100,"Article 127 (1 and 2) of the constitution (2010) establish an Auditor-General appointed by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the Public Service Commission and with the approval of the National Assembly; and also establish that the Auditor-General shall audit the State Revenue Fund and shall perform all other functions assigned to him or her by the Government or by Act of Parliament and shall report annually to the National Assembly thereon.\n\nThe Auditor-General also derives responsibilities and duties from Sections 25 of the State Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991), which defines the responsibilities of the Auditor-General and mandates the office to  investigate, examine and audit the account books, registers and statements of accounts of the state institutions as referred to in sections 4, 12, 13 and 25 of the State Finance Act, 1991. \n\nThe Auditor-General  also investigate, examine and audit the account books, accounts, registers and statements, which are to be kept or prepared in terms of any law in connection with the collection, receipt, custody, banking, payment or issue of the money, stamps, securities, equipment and stores by any statutory institution and which are in terms  of any law to be investigated, examined and audited by the Auditor-General. \n\nSection 26 of the same law gives the Auditor-General the mandate to initiate, in his/her own power, the investigation, examination and audit of any of such accounts as described in Section 25 of the law at any time and place.","Namibian Constitution, chapter 16, article 127, http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf.\n\nState Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991), section 25-26, Government Gazette, December 30 1991  (attached).","Article 127 (1 and 2) of the constitution (2010) establish an Auditor-General appointed by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the Public Service Commission and with the approval of the National Assembly; and also establish that the Auditor-General shall audit th..."]
["2014_NE_5",2014,"NE","Niger",5,100,"Au Niger, la Cour des compte a été créée par l'Ordonnance 2010-05 du 30 mars 2010. La Cour des comptes a été officiellement installée le 18 mai 2010 et a hérite des dossiers de l'ancienne chambre des comptes de l'Etat et de discipline budgétaire de la Cour suprême. Juridiquement, la création de la Cour des comptes devrait marquer une étape majeure dans la recherche de la transparence dans la gestion de finances publiques.\n \n L'Article 141 de la Constitution (2010) précise : «La Cour des comptes est la plus haute juridiction de contrôle des finances publiques. Elle exerce une compétence juridictionnelle, une compétence de contrôle ainsi qu'une compétence consultative. Elle est juge des comptes de l'État, des collectivités territoriales, des établissements et entreprises publiques, des autorités administratives indépendantes et de tout organisme bénéficiant du concours financier de l'État et de ses démembrements. Une loi organique détermine la composition, l'organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.»\n \nLes attributions, la composition et l'organisation de la Cour des comptes sont déterminées par l'ordonnance 2010-17 du 15 avril 2010, qui a été par la suite remplacée par la loi n°2012 - 08 - du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.\n\nAvec cette loi de 2012, la Cour jouit d'une autonomie organique et financière.","Constitution du 25 novembre 2010, Section 5 : De la Cour des comptes, Art. 141 http://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/constitution.pdf\n\nLoi organique N° 2012-08 du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, http://www.courdescomptes.ne/","Au Niger, la Cour des compte a été créée par l'Ordonnance 2010-05 du 30 mars 2010. La Cour des comptes a été officiellement installée le 18 mai 2010 et a hérite des dossiers de l'ancienne chambre des comptes de l'Etat et de discipline budgétaire de la Cour suprême. Juridiquement, l..."]
["2014_NG_5",2014,"NG","Nigeria",5,100,"Section 85 (1-4) of the Nigerian Constitution provides for the creation of the Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation. The section stipulates that the \"public accounts of the federation and of all offices and courts of the federation shall be audited and reported to the auditor general who shall submit his reports to the national assembly; and for that purpose, the auditor general or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all the books, records, returns and other documents relating to those accounts.\"\n\nThe section of the constitution also states that the auditor-general shall have the power to \"conduct checks of all government statutory corporations, commissions, authorities, agencies, including all persons and bodies established by an act of the national assembly.\"","Nigerian Constitution, 1999, Chapter V, Part 1e-Powers and Control over Public Funds, Sections 85(1-4).   \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","Section 85 (1-4) of the Nigerian Constitution provides for the creation of the Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation. The section stipulates that the \"public accounts of the federation and of all offices and courts of the federation shall be audited and reported to the a..."]
["2014_RW_5",2014,"RW","Rwanda",5,100,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, has created the Office of the Auditor General, with the responsibilities that include \"auditing state revenues and expenditures as well as local administrative entities, public enterprises and parastatal organizations and government projects; auditing the finances of all institutions referred to above, particularly verifying whether the expenditures were in conformity with laws and regulations in force and sound management and whether they were necessary.\"\n\nThis organ was established by Law No. 5/98, 1998, establishing the Office of the Auditor General of the state finances and Article 3 of the same law, which states that the auditor general shall:   \n\"(a) Audit and report on accounts of all public offices, local communities and public establishments and projects; \n(b) conduct financial and value for money, economy and efficiency audits in respect of expenditures in all services mentioned in paragraph (a) of this article;\n(c) conduct accountability, management and strategic audit in all services referred to in paragraph (a) of this law.\"","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date, Chapter VIII, Article 183 (Amendment No. 1).\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7796&iid=1434 \n\nLaw No. 5/98, 1998, establishing the Office of the Auditor General of the state finances; Chapter 1, Article 3.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8200&iid=1823&rid=30697409","In law, there is a supreme audit institution. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, has created the Office of the Auditor General, with the responsibilities that include \"auditing state revenues and expenditures as well as local administrative entities, public enterpris..."]
["2014_ST_5",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",5,100,"The Court of Auditors is the supreme audit institution in São Tomé and Príncipe. Article 126 of the constitution – courts category - states: 1. Besides the constitutional court there are the following courts categories: a) the supreme court, the regional court and the districts courts; b) the court of auditors.\n\nIn addition, Article 1 of Law No. 3/99 states: 1. It is created the court of auditors, based in the city of Sao Tomé and with jurisdiction and financial control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including the services, agencies and offices abroad.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree, and wish to add that, in fact, the audit institution (Tribunal das Contas) was only established in 2003, following pressure and conditions imposed by the IMF. Some of the information on the institution's website is outdated.","Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Law No. 1/2003, Part 3, Title 4, Article 126. http://www.parlamento.st/Legisl/leg%20Constit/Frames_legisl_constit.htm\n\nOrganic Law of the Court of Auditors, Law No. 3/99, Gazette No. 7, Chapter 1, Article 1. \nhttp://www.stj.st/download/Lei_n3-99-ORGANICA.pdf\n\nReviewer's source:\nCourt of Auditors website - Court of Auditor's Acts page, accessed March 17, 2015. \nhttp://www.tcontas-st.com/actos-do-tribunal-de-contas/","The Court of Auditors is the supreme audit institution in São Tomé and Príncipe. Article 126 of the constitution – courts category - states: 1. Besides the constitutional court there are the following courts categories: a) the supreme court, the regional court and the districts cou..."]
["2014_SN_5",2014,"SN","Senegal",5,100,"L’article premier de la loi sur la Cour des comptes stipule que: « La présente loi organique régit l’organisation, les compétences, le fonctionnement et les procédures de la Cour des comptes, juridiction financière et institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques. » C'est donc la Cour des comptes qui représente l'institution supérieure de contrôle qui juge les comptes des comptables publics et assiste le Parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle et l’exécution des lois de finances.","Loi organique n°99-70 du 17 février 1999 sur la Cour des comptes. Article premier. http://www.gouv.sn/Loi-organique-sur-la-Cour-des.html","L’article premier de la loi sur la Cour des comptes stipule que: « La présente loi organique régit l’organisation, les compétences, le fonctionnement et les procédures de la Cour des comptes, juridiction financière et institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques. » C'e..."]
["2014_SC_5",2014,"SC","Seychelles",5,100,"Article 158 (1) of the Constitution of Seychelles 1993 provides that there shall be an Auditor General who shall be appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority. \n\nSubarticle (3) states that the accounts of the cabinet office, the National Assembly, all government departments and offices, all courts and those related to moneys withdrawn from the consolidated fund, all accounts of any statutory corporation or such other body as may be specified by or under an act shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor General to the National Assembly and for that purpose the Auditor General or any person authorised or appointed in that behalf by the Auditor General shall have access to all books, records, returns, information and other documents relating or relevant to those accounts.\n\nSubarticle (5) says the Auditor General shall, within twelve months of the end of the immediately preceding financial year, submit the record referred to in clause (3) to the National Assembly and shall in the report draw attention to irregularities in the accounts audited to any other matter which in the opinion of the Auditor General ought to be brought to the notice of the assembly.\n\nUnder subarticle (7), the Auditor General shall, in the performance of the functions of the office of Auditor General, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but the resident or the National Assembly may request the Auditor General in the public interest, to audit at any particular time, the accounts of any person or bodies referred to in clause (3).\n\nFurthermore, the law specifying the duties, compensation, allowances and pension payable to the auditor general is laid out in the Auditor General Act 2010.","1. Constitution of Seychelles 1993 Article 158. http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/42\n\n2. Auditor General Act 2010. http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/act/2010/9","Article 158 (1) of the Constitution of Seychelles 1993 provides that there shall be an Auditor General who shall be appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority. ..."]
["2014_SL_5",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",5,100,"The Audit Service is the supreme audit institution of Sierra Leone. The Audit Service is responsible for auditing the finances of all public institutions of the government of Sierra Leone. The Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991, creates room for the establishment of a body to audit the public finances of the country, while Section 2, Subsection 1 of the Audit Service Act, 1998, established the Audit Service office. \n\nSection 119 (1) established the auditor general, whose public office is appointed by the President after consultation with the Public Service Commission.","Constitution of Sierra Leone, Part VI, Establishment of the Office of Auditor-General Section 119 (6), 1991. \nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nAudit Service Act, Section 2 (1), 1998.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1998-1.pdf","The Audit Service is the supreme audit institution of Sierra Leone. The Audit Service is responsible for auditing the finances of all public institutions of the government of Sierra Leone. The Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991, creates room for the establishment of a body to audit..."]
["2014_SO_5",2014,"SO","Somalia",5,100,"The provisional constitution establishes the need for creating an independent office for the auditor general. Article 114 states: \"There shall be independent institutions which the Federal Government and the Federal Member States shall have; such as the Attorney General, the Auditor General and the Federal Central Bank.\" \n\nThere is no explicit stipulation regarding the mandate of the auditor general in the constitution. The law requires the creation of such an audit institution but does not specify its tasks. \n\nIn Puntland, however, Article 110 of the First Draft of the Revised Constitution of the Regional State of Puntland states: \"The office of the Auditor General is an independent institution and subject only to the Law.\"\n\nArticle 111 calls on the office \"To fight corruption in the public administration at all levels,\" and \"To exercise the control of legality on all expenditures made with public funds by any public institution, ensuring that the expenditures are done in conformity with the Puntland State budget.\"\n\nAdditionally, the article says: \"The Auditor General has the power to investigate, at any time, the Puntland State institutions, local governments, companies co-owned by the government, and any other place or entity that administers public resources, in accordance with financial Laws and accounting procedures of the Puntland State,\" among many of his/her mandates.","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved by the members of the National Constituent Assembly and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 114. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nFirst Draft of Revised Constitution of the Regional State of Puntland, 2012, Articles 110 and 111. https://www.dropbox.com/s/d6zalzajd3a33j8/First_Draft_of_Revised_Constitution_the_Regional_State_of_Puntland.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","The provisional constitution establishes the need for creating an independent office for the auditor general. Article 114 states: \"There shall be independent institutions which the Federal Government and the Federal Member States shall have; such as the Attorney General, the Audito..."]
["2014_ZA_5",2014,"ZA","South Africa",5,100,"\"Section 188 of the constitution provides for the formation of the supreme audit (Auditor General)  as one of the institutions that strengthens democracy (chapter 9 Institutions). The Auditor General is mandated to report on the accounts, financial statements and financial management records of (a) all national and provincial state departments and administrations; (b) all municipalities; and (c) any other institution or accounting entity required by national or provincial legislation to be audited by the Auditor General.\n\nThe Auditor General Act (Act 12 of 1995) sets out the tasks of the Auditor General as well as his duties, powers and responsibilities.","The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), Section 188, http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996/.\n\nThe Auditor General Act (Act 12 of 1995), \nhttp://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/aa1995157","\"Section 188 of the constitution provides for the formation of the supreme audit (Auditor General)  as one of the institutions that strengthens democracy (chapter 9 Institutions). The Auditor General is mandated to report on the accounts, financial statements and financial manageme..."]
["2014_SS_5",2014,"SS","South Sudan",5,100,"South Sudan’s laws and Transitional Constitution, 2011, provide for the establishment of a supreme audit institution. \n\nArticle 184, Subsection (1) of the Transitional Constitution states: “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of proven professional competence, experience, integrity and impartiality.”\n\nAnother law providing for the establishment of an audit institution is the Audit Chamber Act, 2011. Article 6, Subsection (1) states: “There shall be established, in Southern Sudan (Now Republic of South Sudan), an independent and impartial body, to be known as the Southern Sudan Audit Chamber to audit the accounts of, and supervise the financial performance, of all entities subject to audit, including the means for revenue collection and expenditure and to ensure compliance with the budgets approved by the respective legislatures.”","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf\n\nAudit Chamber Act, 2011.\nhttp://www.grss-mof.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Audit-Chamber-Act-2011.pdf","South Sudan’s laws and Transitional Constitution, 2011, provide for the establishment of a supreme audit institution. ..."]
["2014_SD_5",2014,"SD","Sudan",5,100,"The National Audit Chamber exists in Sudan as stipulated in Article 205 (1) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005. The National Audit Chamber shall set auditing standards for the country and supervise the financial performance of the national government, including revenue collection and expenditure, in accordance with the budgets approved by the national and state legislatures.","Republic of Sudan, 2005, Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba749762.html\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12/23.htm\n\nThe National Audit Chamber Act, 2007, Chapter (6), Article (19) (1).","The National Audit Chamber exists in Sudan as stipulated in Article 205 (1) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005. The National Audit Chamber shall set auditing standards for the country and supervise the financial performance of the national gover..."]
["2014_SZ_5",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",5,100,"The position of auditor-general is established in the nine subsections of Section 207 of Chapter XI of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005. These sections specify the appointment and duties of the auditor general. \n\nThe auditor general is appointed by the king on the basis of a recommendation of his finance minister, who in turn is advised by the Civil Service Commission. With regard to whether there is a mandate of what that auditor will have to do, the constitution section mentioned in the source mandates that “The public accounts of Swaziland and all offices, courts and authorities of Government shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor-General.”","Constitution of Swaziland, Chapter XI - Public Finance, Section, Section 207 \n\n Auditor General. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125409.pdf","The position of auditor-general is established in the nine subsections of Section 207 of Chapter XI of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005. These sections specify the appointment and duties of the auditor general. ..."]
["2014_TZ_5",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",5,100,"According to Article 143 (1, 2) of the Constitution of Tanzania (1977) and Part II Section 9 of the Public Audit Act (2008), the National Audit Office of the United Republic is created and tasked to audit government accounts and general public organizations.","1. Article 143 (1) and (2) of the Constitution of Tanzania (1977). http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf\n\n2. Public Audit Act, No. 11 of 2008 http://nao.go.tz/?wpfb_dl=102","According to Article 143 (1, 2) of the Constitution of Tanzania (1977) and Part II Section 9 of the Public Audit Act (2008), the National Audit Office of the United Republic is created and tasked to audit government accounts and general public organizations."]
["2014_TG_5",2014,"TG","Togo",5,100,"Article 107 de la Constitution (1992), révisée en 2002. «La Cour des comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises publiques. Elle assiste le parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances. Elle procède à toutes études de finances et comptabilité publique qui lui sont demandées par le gouvernement ou par l'Assemblée nationale ou le Sénat. La Cour des comptes établit un rapport annuel adressé au Président de la République, au gouvernement et à l'Assemblée nationale et dans lequel elle fait état, s'il y a lieu, des infractions commises, et des responsabilités encourues.»\n \nArticle 9 de la loi organique : « La Cour des comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. ». Les comptes publics sont donc vérifiés par une institution supérieure.","Article 107 de la Constitution (1992), révisée 2002. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0.\n \n Loi organique n° 98-014 du 10 juillet 1998 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.","Article 107 de la Constitution (1992), révisée en 2002. «La Cour des comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises publiques. Elle assiste le parlement et le gouvernement dans ..."]
["2014_TN_5",2014,"TN","Tunisia",5,100,"Law No. 68-8 of 1968 and Organic Law No. 2008-3 of 2008 has created the Auditing Court (\"Cour des Comptes\") with the task of auditing the government accounts. \n\nArticle 3 of the Organic Law No. 2008-3 states: \"The 'Cour des Comptes' is competent to audit the accounts of the state, the local governments, the public institutions which have a budget from the state; public institutions with non-administrative character, and any other institutions where the government has shares.\"\n\nThe Tunisian Constitution states the following in its Article 117: \"The 'Cour des Comptes' controls the good governance of the public budget according to the principles of legacy, efficiency and transparency. It takes decisions concerning public accountancy. It evaluates the methods of accountancy and punishes any faults committed. It helps both the legislative and the executive in controlling the execution of finance law and public budget.\n\n\"The 'Cour des Comptes' establishes an annual report to the intention of the President of the Republic, the President of the ANC (Assemblée Nationale Constitutive), the Prime Minister and the President of the high council of the magistrates. This report must be published.\"","2014 Constitution of Tunisia, Chapter 5 (117). http://www.jasmine-foundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_constitution_final_ed.pdf\n\nLaw No. 68-8, 1968, modified by Law No.  70-17, 1970, Organic Law No. 90-82, 1990, Organic Law No. 2001-75, 2001, and Organic Law No. 2008-3, 2008.\n\nWebsite of the Cour des Comptes, details regarding structure, rules, goals, etc., accessed on 13 June 2014.\nwww.courdescomptes.nat.tn ","Law No. 68-8 of 1968 and Organic Law No. 2008-3 of 2008 has created the Auditing Court (\"Cour des Comptes\") with the task of auditing the government accounts. ..."]
["2014_UG_5",2014,"UG","Uganda",5,100,"Article 163 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, provides for the creation of the Office of the Auditor General. Further, Clause (3) (a) (b) of the same article reads that “The Auditor General shall:  (a) audit and report on the public accounts of Uganda and of all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, universities and public institutions of like nature, and any public corporation or other bodies or organisations established by an Act of Parliament; and (b) conduct financial and value for money audits in respect of any project involving public funds.\" Whereas Article 163 of the Constitution was amended under Section 33 of the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2005, it still provides for the creation of the Office of the Auditor General and only repeals the phrase “and whose office shall be a public office.” \n\nSections 3 and 4 of the National Audit Act, 2008, confirm the creation of the Auditor General’s Office and Section 13 (1) (a) states that the function of the Auditor General is to audit government accounts. Further,  Section 33 of the Public Finance and Accountability Act, 2003, also provides for the duties of the auditor-general. Section 33 (1) reads in part that “The Auditor-General shall, on behalf of Parliament, examine, inquire into and audit the accounts of … government property.”","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Article 163, Clauses (1) and (3)(a)(b)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf \n\nConstitutional Amendment Act, 2005, Section 33\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ug/new/images/stories/constitution/Constitutional_Amendment_Act,_2005.pdf \n\nThe National Audit Act, 2008, Sections 3, 4 and 13\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/358/The%20National%20Audit%20Act%202008.pdf\n\nThe Public Finance and Accountability Act, 2003, Section 33\nhttp://www.finance.go.ug/dmdocuments/PFAA2003.pdf ","Article 163 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, provides for the creation of the Office of the Auditor General. Further, Clause (3) (a) (b) of the same article reads that “The Auditor General shall:  (a) audit and report on the public accounts of Uganda and of ..."]
["2014_ZM_5",2014,"ZM","Zambia",5,100,"The Office of the Auditor General is the supreme audit Institution; its duties include auditing all accounts of the government or other public authorities. \n\nArticle 121 (1), Constitution of Zambia, states, “There shall be an auditor general for the republic whose office shall be a public office and who shall, subject to ratification by the national assembly, be appointed by the president.\"\n\nUnder Paragraph 2 (c), the article says: \"(2) It shall be the duty of the Auditor-General - c) to audit the accounts relating to the general revenues of the Republic and the expenditure of moneys appropriated by Parliament, the National Assembly, the Judicature, the accounts relating to the stocks and stores of the Government and the accounts of such other bodies as may be prescribed by or under any law.\"","The Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Auditor General, Article 121(1), Page 72.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164\n\nThe Public Audit Act, Chapter 378 (Vol. 20).\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/378","The Office of the Auditor General is the supreme audit Institution; its duties include auditing all accounts of the government or other public authorities. ..."]
["2014_ZW_5",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",5,100,"The Constitution of Zimbabwe, in Section 309, mandates the creation of the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General, which is public but does not form part of the civil service. The functions of the auditor-general are to audit the accounts, financial systems and financial management of all departments, institutions and agencies of government, and all provincial and metropolitan councils and local authorities, among other duties. The Audit Office Act (Chapter 22: 18) also provides for the additional functions of the comptroller and auditor-general.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act, Section 309, 2013.\nhttp://www.zimlii.org/content/constitution-zimbabwe\n\nAudit Office Act (Chapter 22:18), Section 5, Act 12/2009.\nhttp://www.auditgen.gov.zw/","The Constitution of Zimbabwe, in Section 309, mandates the creation of the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General, which is public but does not form part of the civil service. The functions of the auditor-general are to audit the accounts, financial systems and financial man..."]
["2014_DZ_6",2014,"DZ","Algeria",6,100,"Selon l’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995, modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance 10-02 du 26 août 2010, en son article 3, la Cour des comptes, «est une institution à compétence administrative et juridictionnelle. Elle jouit de l'indépendance nécessaire garantissant l'objectivité, la neutralité et l'efficacité de ses travaux.» \n\nL'article 2 dispose que la Cour des comptes est «l'institution supérieure de contrôle a postériori des finances de l'état, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics.» \nLes articles 6 et suivants disposent de ses attributions qui comprennent le contrôle des services de l'état, des collectivités territorilaes, des institutions, des établissements et organismes publics, de toute nature assujettis aux règles de la comptabilté publique. Sont également soumis à son contrôle les établissements publics à caractère industriel et commercial et les entreprises et organismes publics qui exercent une activité industrielle, commerciale ou financière et dont les fonds, ressources ou capitaux sont en totalité de nature publique. La loi n'extrait aucune institution publique au contrôle de la cour. \n\nLa cour n'a pas à se reférer à l'avis d'une autre institution avant de soumettre ses recommandations ou rapports. Selon l'article 23 de la même loi, « la Cour des comptes, porte à la connaissance des responsables des organismes contrôlés ainsi que des autorités concernées, les résultats de ses contrôles, selon les modalités prévues par la présente ordonnance. Les autorités administratives et les responsables des organismes contrôlés, informent la Cour des comptes des suites réservées aux résultats de ses contrôles.»\n\nSelon l'article 27 de cette loi, «si dans l'exercice de son contrôle, la Cour des comptes relève des faits susceptibles de qualification pénale, elle transmet le dossier au procureur général territorialement compétent, aux fins de poursuites judiciaires et en informe le ministre de la justice. Elle avise de cette transmission les personnes concernées ainsi que l'autorité dont elles relèvent.» \n\nEnfin pour ce qui du financement de la cour, selon l'article 28 de la loi, «la Cour des comptes dispose de l'autonomie de gestion. Elle est dotée de ressources humaines et des moyens financiers et matériels nécessaires à son fonctionnement et au développement de ses activités. Elle est soumise au règles de comptabilité publique.»","Ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995, modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance 10-02 du 26 août 2010, Article 2, 3, 6 et suivants, 27 et 28. \nhttp://www.ccomptes.org.dz/documents/Ord_95-20_Fr.pdf","Selon l’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995, modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance 10-02 du 26 août 2010, en son article 3, la Cour des comptes, «est une institution à compétence administrative et juridictionnelle. Elle jouit de l'indépendance nécessaire garantissant l'objectiv..."]
["2014_AO_6",2014,"AO","Angola",6,100,"According to Articles 105 (3) and 175 of the constitution, and Article 3 (1) of the Organic Law of the Court of Auditors (Law No. 13/10 of July 9), the Court of Auditors is independent from the executive and legislative branches of the government. In the exercise of its jurisdictional functions, the courts shall be independent and\nimpartial and subject only to the constitution and the law.  \n\nArticle 183 of the constitution gives the Court of Auditors the mandate to review the legality of public finances and accounts of the state and the judging of such accounts subject to its jurisdiction. The composition, organization, powers and functioning of the Court of Auditors is established by Law No. 13/10, of July 9, Organic Law of the Court of Auditors. The prosecution is represented in court by the attorney general and serves ex officio. According to Article 2 of that law, the Court of Auditors shall perform on its own initiative or National Assembly surveys.\n\nAccording to Article 178 of the constitution and Articles 6 (d), Article 28 (1 and 2) and 34 of the Organic Law, the courts shall enjoy administrative and financial autonomy and must define mechanisms to enable the judiciary, including the Court of Auditors, to contribute toward drawing up their budget. It shall draw up the draft of its annual budget, which is submitted to the Ministry of Finance for further guidelines, including the provision of its own revenue.","Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, Articles 183, 105 (3), 175\nhttp://www.parlamento.ao/constituicao-an/index.html#/1/  \n\nOrganic Law of the Court of Auditors, Law No. 13/10 of July 9, 2010, Articles 3 (6, b)), 28 (1 & 2) 34, 175, 178, 1, 105, 3, 2 http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Leis/lei-13-10.pdf ","According to Articles 105 (3) and 175 of the constitution, and Article 3 (1) of the Organic Law of the Court of Auditors (Law No. 13/10 of July 9), the Court of Auditors is independent from the executive and legislative branches of the government. In the exercise of its jurisdictio..."]
["2014_BJ_6",2014,"BJ","Benin",6,100,"L'article premier de la loi sur la Cour Suprême indique que « conformément à l’article 131 de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990, la Cour Suprême est la plus haute juridiction de l’État en matière administrative, judiciaire et des comptes de l’État. Elle est également compétente en ce qui concerne le contentieux des élections locales. Les décisions de la Cour Suprême ne sont susceptibles d’aucun recours. Elles s’imposent au pouvoir exécutif, au pouvoir législatif ainsi qu’à toutes les juridictions. » En tant que composante de la Cour Suprême, la Chambre des comptes est aussi indépendante des autres pouvoirs. \n\nLa Chambre des comptes a le pouvoir d'auditer les comptes de toutes les institutions publiques du pays. Aucune institutioin n'est soustraite de son contrôle. \nSelon l'article 42 de la loi sur la Cour Suprême, \"La chambre des comptes a, en formation de discipline financière, compétence pour juger et sanctionner les fautes de gestion commises envers l’Etat, les collectivités locales et les organismes soumis à son contrôle.\"\n\nSelon l'Article 45 de la loi sur la Cour suprême, \"La chambre des comptes peut procéder à des enquêtes et formuler des avis à la demande du Gouvernement ou du parlement sur toutes questions d’ordre financier et comptable  relevant de sa compétence.\"\nLes rapports de la Chambre sont confidetiels et sont adressés seulement au chef de l'État, au parlement et à la Commission anti-corruption. \n\nLa Cour Suprême dispose d'un budget dont les fonds sont issus du budget d'État chaque année; son indépendance telle que garantie par la loi s'étend aussi à sa Chambre des comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit.   \n  \nL'autre institution d'audit, l'Inspection Générale d'État (IGE) jouit d'une indépendance fonctionnelle selon les termes du décret la créant. Ce décret indique aussi que ses membres sont nommés en Conseil des ministres, ce qui ne garantit pas son indépendance vis-à-vis du pouvoir.","Loi n° 2004-07 du 23 octobre 2007 portant composition, organisation, fonctionnement et attributions de la Cour Suprême. Section IV. http://www.aahjf.org/images/stories/Tous%20les%20liens/Loi_2004-07_portant_composition_organisation_fonctionnement_et_attributions_de_la_Cour_Supreme.pdf\n\nDécret N°2006-319 du 12 juillet 2006 portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de l’Inspection Générale d’État. Article 2 et 4. http://www.ige.gouv.bj/docu/decret.pdf","L'article premier de la loi sur la Cour Suprême indique que « conformément à l’article 131 de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990, la Cour Suprême est la plus haute juridiction de l’État en matière administrative, judiciaire et des comptes de l’État. Elle est également compétente e..."]
["2014_BW_6",2014,"BW","Botswana",6,0,"According to Section 124 (1) and (2) of the constitution (1966) and Articles 29-32 of the Finance and Audit Act, Chapter 54:01, the public accounts of Botswana and of all officers, courts and authorities of the government of Botswana shall be audited and reported on by the auditor general. All government accounts are audited and investigated by the Auditor General. For that purpose, the Auditor General or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all books, records, reports and other documents relating to those accounts. In the exercise of his functions, the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\n\nAlso, Subsection (3) of Section 124 of the constitution and Articles 33 and 35 of the Finance and Audit Act, Chapter 54:01, say the auditor general shall submit his reports to the minister responsible for finance, who shall cause them to be laid before the National Assembly within 30 days of the receipt by of the Auditor-General's reports forwarded to him in accordance with sections 29(2) and 35, lay the same, without any alteration thereto, before the National Assembly. But Article 36 (2) of the Finance and Audit Act, Chapter 54:01, gives the auditor general the power to submit reports directly to the speaker, if the minister has not done so. According to Article 38 (1) of the Finance and Audit Act, the Auditor General cannot punish violators. Article 38 (10) says, \"If, after the conclusion of an investigation under this section, the Minister is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that any person has committed an offence, he shall refer the matter to the Director of Public Prosecutions.\"  \n\nHowever, there are no provisions that guarantee a source of consistent funding for the auditor, nor does the constitution or any other law set forth the auditor's authority to refer cases to the prosecutor's office.","Constitution of Botswana, 1966, Section 124: Auditor General. \nhttp://www1.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf\n\nFinancial and Audit Act, Chapter 54:01.\nhttp://www.bankofbotswana.bw/assets/uploaded/Finance%20and%20Audit%20Act.pdf","According to Section 124 (1) and (2) of the constitution (1966) and Articles 29-32 of the Finance and Audit Act, Chapter 54:01, the public accounts of Botswana and of all officers, courts and authorities of the government of Botswana shall be audited and reported on by the auditor ..."]
["2014_BF_6",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",6,0,"Quoique la loi organique portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes n'affirme pas clairement l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes vis-à-vis des autres pouvoirs, elle est, en tant que composante du pouvoir judiciaire, indépendante au même titre que ce pouvoir tel que stipulé dans la Constitution. Cependant, Le Président du Faso est le Président du Conseil supérieur et de la magistrature ; Le garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la justice en est le Vice-Président.” Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire, compris la Cour des Comptes. \n\nLa Cour a le pouvoir d’entendre tout directeur ou représentant des services et des organismes soumis à son contrôle, tout gestionnaire de fonds publics, tout dirigeant d’entreprise publique, tout membre d’une institution ou corps de contrôle sur invitation du premier président. Selon le principe de la loi sur le contrôle, tous les comptes publics de l’Etat sont sujets à audit ou contrôle. La loi ne soustrait aucune institution du contrôle financier de la Cour. La Cour des Comptes dispose de plusieurs chambres chargés de contrôler la gestion des comptes publiques. Il s’agit de :\n- une chambre chargée du contrôle des opérations de l’Etat ;\n- une chambre chargée du contrôle des opérations des collectivités locales ;\n- une chambre chargée du contrôle des entreprises publiques, des institutions de sécurité sociale, des projets de développement financés sur ressources extérieures et tout organisme soumis au contrôle de la Cour. \n\nLa Cour dispose d’un parquet composé d’un Procureur Général et de Commissaires du gouvernement qui ont le pouvoir de poursuite immédiate des contrevenants sans avoir à attendre des instructions de l’exécutif ou du législatif avant d’agir. Il y aussi la Chambre criminelle de la Cour d’Appel de Ouagadougou chez qui les dossiers de malversations sont reversés. Toutefois, il est reproché à ces juridictions de ne pas traiter des cas soumis à leur appréciation. Certains crimes économiques qui datent de plusieurs années (3 ans par exemple) sont en train de voir d’issus favorables grâce aux instructions du gouvernement de transition, c’est le cas Ousmane Guiro, de l’ex Directeur Général de la Douane, épinglé depuis bientôt trois ans mais qui jusque-là était libre de ces mouvements\n\nDans la loi organique portant composition et fonctionnement de la Cour, il n'est pas fait mention de son financement. Néanmoins, la cour étant une institution étatique et composante du pouvoir judiciaire, elle fonctionne sur financement du budget de l'État. Mais ce financement est jugé insuffisant et c'est pourquoi l’Union Européenne, la KFW (Coopération financière allemande), la Coopération suisse, l’ambassade de France et le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) ont ensemble financé le plan triennal de l'institution 2012-2015 d'un montant d'un milliard cent millions cinq cents mille FCFA qui va lui permettre d’outiller, de former et d’équiper son personnel et aussi de s'équiper au maximum en matériel informatique.","Loi organique 14-2000 AN du 16 mai 2000 portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes et procédure applicable devant elle, Articles 1er, 9 et 16. http://www.cour-comptes.gov.bf/phocadownload/loi%20organique%20n014-2000-an.pdf\n\nConstitution du Burkina Faso. 2 juin 1991. Article 129.\n http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/ec5508c9dd8bf0e8c1256bbb002e70bb/$FILE/Constitution%20Burkina%20Faso%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nLoi n°035-2001/AN du 12 décembre 2001 (JO N°07-2002), portant composition, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, http://burkinaenligne.over-blog.com/article-les-textes-fondamentaux----conseil-superieur-de-la-magistrature--37660421.html","Quoique la loi organique portant composition, attributions, organisation, fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes n'affirme pas clairement l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes vis-à-vis des autres pouvoirs, elle est, en tant que composante du pouvoir judiciaire, indépendante au même..."]
["2014_BI_6",2014,"BI","Burundi",6,0,"L'article 15 de la loi n°1/017/ du 12 mai 2005 portant statut des magistrats de la Cours des comptes stipule que: «le magistrat de la Cour est inamovible dans ses fonctions pendant le cours de son mandat. Il exerce en toute indépendance les attributions qui lui sont dévolues par la loi.»                   \nL'article 16 continue: «dans l' exercice de ses fonctions, le magistrat de la Cour est indépendante des pouvoirs légistratifs et exécutifs et n' est soumis qu'à la loi.» \n\nSelon l'article 5 de la loi n° 1/002 du 31 mars 2004 portant mission, organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, l'une des trois missions de la Cour est l’examen et la certification des comptes de tous les services publics. \nLes services publics comprennent les entités suivantes:\n ·  l’administration centrale de l’État ;\n ·  les communes ;\n ·  les régies personnalisées ;\n ·  les Etablissements Publics Administratifs (EPA) ;\n ·  les sociétés publiques ;\n ·  les projets financés par des deniers publics ;\n ·  les sociétés mixtes ;\n ·  les organismes bénéficiant du concours financier de l’État.\n\nIl y a des comptes que la Cour ne peut pas auditer. Ce sont notamment des comptes du Service National de Renseignement, de la Présidence de la République, le compte dénommé « Bonnes initiatives » du Président de la République, les comptes du ministère de la Défense Nationale. Bref la cour n'a pas compétence à auditer les comptes de tout ce qui est considéré comme des services sensibles. \n\nLa Cour des Comptes n’a pas  un parquet spécial qui instruit les dossiers et elle ne punit pas. Cependant, la loi portant sur la Cour des comptes l'autorise à renvoyer les affaires devant \"l'autorité compétente.\" L'article 56 stipule que «lorsque l’examen des comptes révèle des faits susceptibles de constituer des fautes administratives, pénales ou de gestion, le président de la Cour saisit l’autorité compétente pour en assurer la poursuite disciplinaire, pénale ou civile. Si la Cour estime que les faits générateurs de la responsabilité civile et/ou pénale sont de nature à porter gravement préjudice au trésor public, elle recommande toutes les mesures conservatoires utiles pour sauvegarder les droits du trésor public.» \nDonc même si l'identité de l'autorité compétente ici n'est pas précisée, elle comprend aussi le parquet. \n\nSelon l'article 1 de la Loi modifiant la loi n°1/002 du 31 mars 2004 portant création, missions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes et précisant la procédure suivie devant elle, la cour «jouit d’une autonomie de gestion administrative et financière et dispose de son propre budget.»","La loi N°1/017/ du 12 mai 2005 portant statut des magistrats de la Cour des comptes. http://courdescomptes.bi/index.php/textes-fondamentaux\n\nLoi n° 1/002 du 31 mars 2004 portant mission, organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. http://www.senat.bi/spip.php?rubrique22","L'article 15 de la loi n°1/017/ du 12 mai 2005 portant statut des magistrats de la Cours des comptes stipule que: «le magistrat de la Cour est inamovible dans ses fonctions pendant le cours de son mandat. Il exerce en toute indépendance les attributions qui lui sont dévolues par la..."]
["2014_CM_6",2014,"CM","Cameroon",6,0,"Il existe au Cameroun deux institutions chargées du contrôle de l'Etat. Il s'agit de la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême et du Contrôle Supérieur de l'Etat. \nL'organe d'audit suprême est la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême. En tant que composante du pouvoir judiciaire, son indépendance est garantie par la loi. \n\nL’article 2 de la Loi N° 2003/005 du 21 Avril 2003 fixant les attributions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême stipule que cette Chambre \"contrôle et juge les comptes ou les documents en tenant lieu des comptables publics patents ou de fait :\n- de l’Etat et de ses établissements publics ;\n- des collectivités territoriales décentralisées et de leurs établissements publics ;\n- des entreprises du secteur public et parapublic.\n2) Elle statue souverainement sur les décisions rendues en dernier ressort par les juridictions inférieures des comptes.\n3) Elle connaît de toute autre matière qui lui est expressément attribuée par la loi.\n\nLa Chambre comprend un parquet «qui a pour mission de garantir le respect de la loi en émettant ses conclusions sur les rapports des magistrats instructeurs et par voie de requisitions.» \nLa Chambre des comptes mène ses enquêtes, transmet ses observations au parquet près la Chambre (parquet interne), puis au vu des conclusions du parquet (s'il y a lieu ou pas de poursuivre un contrevenant), statue elle même sur les affaires. Ses arrêts sont exécutoires. En cas de non exécution de ses arrêts, elle transmet un rapport au président de la république. C'est le Président de la République qui décide du sort de ces cas. Parfois, elle rend public des rapports incriminant des personnalités de la République sans aucune suite judiciaire. \n\nQuant au Contrôle Supérieur de l'Etat, l'article 1er du texte qui l'a créé stipule que «les services du Contrôle Supérieur de l’Etat relèvent de l’autorité directe du Président de la République, dont ils reçoivent les instructions et à qui ils rendent compte.» Son indépendance est donc remise en cause, surtout que ce service est dépourvu de toute action judiciaire ou de coercition.\nLe Contrôle Supérieur de l'Etat est un instrument au  service de l'exécutif, plus précisément du Président de la République.","Loi N° 2003/005 du 21 Avril 2003 fixant les attributions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême. http://www.chambredescomptes.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=75\n\nLoi n° 96/06 du 18 janvier 1996 portant révision de la Constitution du 02 juin 1972 dont l’article 38 crée une Chambre des comptes au sein de la Cour suprême. http://www.chambredescomptes.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=60&limitstart=2\n\nConstitution du Cameroun de 1996 http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Cameroon/Legislation/La%20Constitution%20de%20la%20Republique%20du%20Cameroun.pdf;\n\nDécret N° 2013/287 du 04 septembre 2013 portant organisation des services du Contrôle supérieur de l’Etat. https://www.prc.cm/fr/actualites/actes/decrets/357-decret-n-2013-287-du-04-septembre-2013-portant-organisation-des-services-du-controle-superieur-de-l-etat","Il existe au Cameroun deux institutions chargées du contrôle de l'Etat. Il s'agit de la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême et du Contrôle Supérieur de l'Etat. \nL'organe d'audit suprême est la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême. En tant que composante..."]
["2014_CV_6",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",6,100,"The law ensures the independence of all courts, including the Court of Accounts.\n\nIn particular, In the case of the Court of Accounts, Law No. 84 / IV / 93 of 12 July 1993, specifies the article that establishes its independence:\nArticle 5 provides, \"The judges of the court of accounts are independent and should only be obedience to the law.\"\n\nArticle 3 provides that the Court has the power to review all government accounts in and out of the country, and its sub agencies whether autonomous or not are subject to the Court's audit as prescribed by law.Article 3 Law No. 84 / IV / 93 of 12 July 1993), The Court of Accounts has jurisdiction and financial control powers under the entire Cape Verdean legal system, both in the national territory and abroad. In this case for services, agencies or government offices national and abroad are subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Accounts without exception. The state and its services, autonomous or not, the public institutions and local authorities, and their associations, and other public entities where the law so require are also subject to review by the Court of Accounts.\n\nArticle 12 (1) provides, \"A Court of Accounts is given autonomy and, for budgetary purposes, is framed within Ministry of Finance.\" \n\nAccording to articles 9-16 of the Law No. 84 /IV/93, Competence, Organization and functioning of the Court of Auditors and the Statute of their judges), the Court of Accounts by law has the power to issue advice on the general state account, review the legality and budget of  administrative contracts, expenses  and documents of financial entities, public bodies, offices and all other government entities. Evaluate the accounts of bodies, offices and entities subject to its jurisdiction and directly take violators to court without any approval from the executive or legislative branches. The Public Ministry participates in all meetings of the Court of Accounts.","1. Constitution, In Constitution of the Cape Verde Republic, 2010, Fourth edition, National Assembly (http://www.parlamento.cv/GDLeisRepublica.aspx?IdDoc=1).\n\n2. Court of Auditors Law nº 25/III/1987, In Official Bulletin, I Series, nº 52, 31 December 1987.\n\n3.  Law No. 84 /IV/93 (Competence, Organization and functioning of the Court of Auditors and the Statute of their judges); Chapter II, the Court's jurisdiction, Article 9 to 16 (competence) (http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=496&view=finish&cid=41&catid=12)","The law ensures the independence of all courts, including the Court of Accounts.\n\nIn particular, In the case of the Court of Accounts, Law No. 84 / IV / 93 of 12 July 1993, spe..."]
["2014_CF_6",2014,"CF","CAR",6,0,"En République Centrafricaine (RCA), l'institution de contrôle des finances publiques est la Cour des comptes et cette cour est indépendante des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif selon l'article 6 de la loi n°96.001 portant l'organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.\n\nElle a le mandat de juger les comptes des comptables publics, de vérifier la régularité des comptes de l'État (Article 17 de ladite loi) et elle communique par le biais de son président les rapports au procureur (article 28 de la même loi).\n\nEn République Centrafricaine (RCA), l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est garantie par l'article 85 de la Charte constitutionnelle de transition de 2013 qui stipule que « la justice constitue un pouvoir indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif ». L'article 87 renforce l'idée théorique de l'indépendance des magistrats en soulignant de façon précise que « les juges sont indépendants. Ils ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. »\n\nMais le même article dit, \"\"Pendant la période de transition, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, la Commission Consultative du Conseil d'Etat et la Conférence des Présidents et du Procureur Général de la Cour des Comptes sont présidés par le Chef d’Etat de la Transition.\" Ainsi, la négation de l'indépendance de la magistrature, compris la Cour des comptes.","Loi n°96.001 portant l'organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, articles 6, 17, 28 (3ème paragraphe)\n\nLoi 13.001 portant charte constitutionnelle de transition (2013), articles 85, 86 et 87, 2013. www.pmcar.org/docs/chartedetransition.pdf","En République Centrafricaine (RCA), l'institution de contrôle des finances publiques est la Cour des comptes et cette cour est indépendante des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif selon l'article 6 de la loi n°96.001 portant l'organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes...."]
["2014_TD_6",2014,"TD","Chad",6,0,"L'article 4 de la loi 017/PR/2014 souligne que « les magistrats de la Cour des comptes sont indépendants dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions pendant la durée de leurs mandats. Ils ne sont soumis qu'à l'autorité de la loi.»\n\nArticle 2 du même document, dans son alinea 6: « la cour est indépendante par rapport au gouvernement et à l'Assemblée nationale et autonome par rapport à toutes autres juridictions. Elle décide seule de la publication de ses avis, décisions et rapports.»\n\nCependant, l'article 147 de la Constitution dispose que : « Le président de la République préside le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Le ministre de la Justice en est de droit le premier vice-président. Le président de la Cour suprême en est le deuxième vice-président. » Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance.\n\nDans le même lancé, l'article 42 de la même loi dit « la Cour des comptes jouit de l'autonomie de gestion et de l'autonomie budgétaire, il est placé auprès d'elle un agent comptable nommé par la décision du bureau de la cour sur proposition du ministre chargé des finances.»\n\nLes comptes de l'armée ne sont pas soustraits de l'autorité d'audit de la cour des comptes de manière explicite et ils ne sont pas pris en compte non plus dans la loi portant la création et les compétences de ladite cour.\n\nLa Cour des comptes dispose d'un parquet qui a pour compétence d'instruire les dossiers relatifs aux comptes publics sans exception et de faire juger les coupables sans l'aval du parlement et de l'exécutif. La cour peut être saisie par l'exécutif ou le parlement pour les dossiers sensibles impliquant les hautes personnalités de la république ou les députés. Dans ces cas, les plaintes sont déposées auprès du greffier en chef de la cour.","Loi N° 017/PR/2014 du 19 mai 2014 portant organisation, attributions, fonctionnement et Règles de Procédures de la Cour des comptes, Articles 2, 4 et 42. http://www.presidencetchad.org\n\nRépublique du Tchad Constitution du 31 mars 1996 révisée. (1996). Article 147 et 154. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","L'article 4 de la loi 017/PR/2014 souligne que « les magistrats de la Cour des comptes sont indépendants dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions pendant la durée de leurs mandats. Ils ne sont soumis qu'à l'autorité de la loi.»..."]
["2014_KM_6",2014,"KM","Comoros",6,0,"Au Comores, la Section des Comptes de la Cour suprême est l'institution de contrôle supérieur des comptes publics. De par la loi est indépendante des pouvoirs législatif et exécutif, au même titre que les autres branches du pouvoir judiciaire. Deux dispositions renforcent cette indépendance:\n\nSelon l'article 12 de la Loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême, les fonctions de membres de la Cour  suprême sont incompatibles avec celles de ministre, de député, de directeur de société et d’entreprise d’Etat, avec toute fonction administrative, politique et toute activité professionnelle privée salariée sauf dérogations prévues par la loi. \n\nL' Article 13 stipule que sauf le cas de flagrant délit, les membres de la Cour suprême ne peuvent être poursuivis, arrêtés ou détenus qu’après autorisation du bureau de la Cour.\n\nLa Chambre des Comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics de deniers tels que définis par la réglementation en vigueur. Elle vérifie la gestion financière des agents de l'ordre administratif chargés de l'exécution du budget national et des autres budgets que les lois assujettissent aux mêmes règles : les comptes de l’armée rentrent dans le Budget national et à ce titre est aussi objet de contrôle.\n\nC’est le Président de la Section des comptes qui est chargé de la Direction Générale des travaux et de leur organisation. Les vérifications sont confiées aux Conseillers. Elles sont effectuées par examen des comptes et des pièces justificatives. L’instruction de chaque compte ou affaire est confiée par le Président de la Section à un rapporteur. Dès que l’affaire est complètement instruite, la Section rend un Arrêt définitif. Si le compte est reconnu exact, la Section rend un Arrêt de décharge à l’égard du comptable et ce dernier demeure en fonction. A l’égard d’un comptable sorti de fonction, elle rend un Arrêt de quitus qui donne main - levée de toutes les sûretés et garanties grevant les biens personnels du comptable au profit du Trésor Public.\nSi le compte est excédentaire, c’est-à-dire si le comptable, dans les écritures, s’est reconnu à tort débiteur du Trésor l’Arrêt le déclare « en avance. »\n\nLa Section des Comptes ne dispose pas d'un parquet, mais elle peut se saisir d’un dossier de son propre initiative (c'est-à-dire sans l’aval préalable de l’exécutif ou du parlement). S'il s'avérait au cours du contrôle de la cour que le compte est irrégulier, c’est-à-dire si les écritures du comptable ne font pas état de tous les deniers qu’il a reçus ou aurait dû recevoir, s’il a payé à tort certaines dépenses, l’Arrêt le déclare en débet. Au vu de l’Arrêt de débet, le Ministre des Finances concerné, met en jeu la responsabilité personnelle du comptable et, le cas échéant, les garanties correspondantes. \n\nL'Article 17 mentionne que le «budget de la Cour suprême fait l’objet de propositions préparées et arrêtées par le bureau de la Cour», ce qui sous-entend qu'elle a un financement régulier.\n\nLes magistrats qui composent la Section des comptes, en tant que membres de la Cour suprême, doivent prêter un serment les engageant à rester indépendant dans leurs activités. \nA cet égard, l' Article 9 de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême stipule « qu'avant d’entrer en fonction, les membres de la Cour suprême prêtent en audience solennelle publique, présidée par le Président de l’Union, le serment suivant : 'je jure au nom d’Allah de bien et fidèlement remplir ma mission, de l’exercer en toute impartialité, dans le respect de la Constitution, d’observer le respect du secret professionnel, de ne prendre aucune position publique, de ne donner aucune consultation à titre privé sur les questions relevant de la compétence de la Cour suprême et de me conduire en tout comme un digne et loyal magistrat ».","Loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour suprême, Article 9, Article 12, Article 13, Article 17, Article 172 . http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20Cour%20Supreme.pdf\n\nLoi du 31 décembre 2005 portant statut de la magistrature, Article 4; Article 11; Article 12. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202005%20statut%20de%20la%20magistrature.pdf","Au Comores, la Section des Comptes de la Cour suprême est l'institution de contrôle supérieur des comptes publics. De par la loi est indépendante des pouvoirs législatif et exécutif, au même titre que les autres branches du pouvoir judiciaire. Deux dispositions renforcent cette ind..."]
["2014_CD_6",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",6,0,"L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire est entièrement garantie par la Constitution du 20 janvier 2002, et la loi n°22-92 du 20 août 1992. Elle relève entièrement du pouvoir judiciaire et détient les attributions pour sanctionner les ordonnateurs et les comptables qui auront commis des fautes, étant entendu que ces comptables et ordonnateurs ont l'obligation de présenter leurs comptes à la cour dans les délais. Les ressources pour son fonctionnement proviennent du budget de l'Etat (1.170.364.510 FCFA) pour l'année 2014. \n\nL'indépendance de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire est entièrement garantie par la Constitution du 20 janvier 2002, et la loi n°22-92 du 20 août 1992. Elle relève entièrement du pouvoir judiciaire et détient les attributions pour sanctionner les ordonnateurs et les comptables qui auront commis des fautes, étant entendu que ces comptables et ordonnateurs ont l'obligation de présenter leurs comptes à la cour dans les délais. Les ressources pour son fonctionnement proviennent du budget de l'Etat (1.170.364.510 FCFA) pour l'année 2014. \n\nCependant, ARTICLE 139 : Il est institué un Conseil supérieur de la magistrature présidé par le Président de la République; et ARTICLE 140 : Le Président de la République garantit l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire à travers le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature statue comme Conseil de discipline et comme organe de gestion de la carrière des magistrats.\n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance.","Constitution du Congo, titre IV, intitulé du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 133 et 134 et 139 et 140 et 417. 20 janvier 2002. http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/docs/constitution-congolaise.pdf\n\nLoi N° 34 -2013 du 31 décembre 2013 portant loi de finances pour l'année 2014. Article 41, Code 23.","L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire est entièrement garantie par la Constitution du 20 janvier 2002, et la loi n°22-92 du 20 août 1992. Elle relève entièrement du pouvoir judiciaire et détient les attributions pour sanctionner les ordonnateurs et les c..."]
["2014_CG_6",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",6,0,"The independence of the audit office (Cour des Comptes) is not guaranteed. Article 33 of the Ordinance Law No 87-005 of 1987, fixing the composition, organization and functioning of the Court of Auditors, states that the Court of Auditors can audit the management of public finance upon request of the head of state. Furthermore, Article 34 of the same law establishing the audit office says it is placed under the head of state.\n\nArticle 178 of the constitution says that the audit office (Cour des Comptes) is subject to report to the National Assembly.  Members of the audit office are nominated, relocated or sacked by the head of state after consultation with the parliament.","1.        Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles, 149, 160, 161,  162 & 164, www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf \n\n2.        Ordonance Loi 87-005 fixant La composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour Des Comptes, http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/compta/OL.06.02.1987.htm (last accessed 12/17/2014).","The independence of the audit office (Cour des Comptes) is not guaranteed. Article 33 of the Ordinance Law No 87-005 of 1987, fixing the composition, organization and functioning of the Court of Auditors, states that the Court of Auditors can audit the management of public finance ..."]
["2014_CI_6",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",6,0,"En tant qu’organe de la Cour suprême, la Chambre des comptes est régie par l'article 106 de la Consitution (2000), conformément à les articles 101,102 et 103 de la Constitution (2000), et en tant qu’organe et élément du pouvoir judiciaire, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, et plus tard la Cour des comptes, est indépendante des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. \n\nArticle 101: « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif. » \nArticle 102: « la justice est rendue sur toute l'étendue du territoire national au nom du peuple par des juridictions suprêmes : Cour de cassation, Conseil d'Etat, Cour des comptes, et par des Cours d'appel et des tribunaux. Des lois organiques fixent la composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de ces juridictions. » \nArticle 103: « Les magistrats ne sont soumis, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, qu'à l'autorité de la loi. Les magistrats du siège sont inamovibles. » \n\nSelon l’article 90 de la Loi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 déterminant la composition, l’organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour suprême, « la Chambre des comptes est chargée du contrôle des finances publiques. À cet effet, elle exerce une double compétence juridictionnelle et de contrôle proprement dit ». Le même article continue en stipulant qu’« elle possède un pouvoir de contrôle sur la gestion de toutes les collectivités publiques et s’assure, notamment, du bon emploi des crédits, fonds et valeurs gérés par les services de l’État et par les autres personnes morales de droit public; elle assure le contrôle de l'exécution des lois de finances; elle est chargée de la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des entreprises publiques de l’État à caractère industriel et commercial, des sociétés d’État, des sociétés d’économie mixte ou des sociétés anonymes dans lesquelles l’État possède la majorité du capital social ». Elle « peut également assurer la vérification: a) des comptes et de la gestion des autres Établissements ou organismes publics, quel que soit leur statut juridique, qui exercent une activité industrielle ou commerciale; b) des sociétés, groupements ou organismes, quel que soit leur statut juridique, dans lesquels l’État, les collectivités, personnes ou établissements publics, les organismes déjà soumis au contrôle de la Chambre des comptes détiennent, séparément ou ensemble, plus de la moitié du capital ou des voix dans les organes délibérants; c) des personnes morales dans lesquelles l’État ou des organismes déjà soumis au contrôle de la Chambre des comptes, détiennent directement, séparément ou ensemble, une participation au capital permettant d'exercer un pouvoir prépondérant de décision ou de gestion ». Elle peut enfin « exercer un contrôle sur tout organisme qui bénéficie d’un concours financier de l’État ou d’une autre personne morale de droit public, ainsi que sur tout organisme bénéficiant du concours financier des entreprises publiques et de leurs filiales ». \n\nSelon l’article 150 de la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 : « si, lors de l’examen des comptes, la Chambre constate des irrégularités dues aux administrateurs, ou relève des lacunes dans la règlementation ou des insuffisances dans l’organisation administrative et comptable, le président de la Chambre, par l’intermédiaire du président de la Cour suprême, en informe les ministres intéressés ou les autorités de tutelle et leur demande de faire connaitre à la Chambre les mesures prises en vue de faire cesser les errements critiqués. Les référés adressés à cet effet sont transmis, en ampliation, au ministre des Finances ». \n\nConcernant son financement, en tant qu’organe de la Cour suprême, la Chambre des comptes est régie par article 172 nouveau de la loi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997« Le budget de la Cour suprême fait l'objet de propositions préparées par sa direction financière et inscrites au projet de loi des finances au titre de la Cour suprême. »\n\nLe tribunal ne peut pas poursuivre directement les contrevenants sans l’approbation de l’exécutif parce que les rapports de la Cour des Comptes sont avant tout destinés en premier chef au l’exécutif qui les apprécient.\n\nDepuis octobre 2014, la cour des comptes a vu ses pouvoirs renforcer par un décret qui lui permet de ne pas contenter que de relever dans ses rapports des manquements et détournements de fonds. Désormais, la Cour des comptes émet des suggestions de poursuite ou de mesures correctives au gouvernement. Ces rapports sont susceptibles d’être communiqué mais pas au public de façon générale dans la mesure où ce sont des données comptables.\n\nCependant, selon l'Article 4, « Le Président de la République est le garant de l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Il préside le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. \" Selon l'Article 106, «Le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature se réunit sur convocation et sous la présidence du Président de la République pour examiner toutes les questions relatives à l’indépendance de la Magistrature. Sous la présidence de son Vice-président, le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature : fait des propositions pour la nomination des magistrats des juridictions suprêmes, des premiers présidents des Cours d’appel et des présidents des tribunaux de première instance ; donne son avis conforme à la nomination et à la promotion des autres magistrats 22 du siège ; statue comme conseil de discipline des magistrats du siège et du parquet.» Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire.","La Constitution du 1er août 2000\n www.courdescomptesci.com/recrutement/html.\n \n Loi n° 97-243 du 25 avril 1997 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 94-440 du 16 aout 1994 déterminant la composition, l’organisation, les attributions et le fonctionnement de la Cour suprême. (1994). Articles 90, 150 et 172. Repéré à: http://www.loidici.com/Coursupreme/coursuprememodif97243.php.","En tant qu’organe de la Cour suprême, la Chambre des comptes est régie par l'article 106 de la Consitution (2000), conformément à les articles 101,102 et 103 de la Constitution (2000), et en tant qu’organe et élément du pouvoir judiciaire, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême,..."]
["2014_DJ_6",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",6,0,"L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par la loi n°17/AN/13 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. \nL'article 2 dispose que la Cour des comptes a «un pouvoir de contrôle et un pouvoir de juridiction. Elle jouit de l'autonomie de gestion et de l'indépendance nécessaire pour garantir l'objectivité, la neutralité et l'efficacité de ses travaux.» La Cour des comptes a le droit, le pouvoir et le mandat d'auditer tout compte public (chapitre II; articles 19 à 23) et «si dans l'examen des comptes, la Cour relève des infractions qualifiées de crimes ou délits, elle en réfère au procureur général, en vue de la poursuite de leurs auteurs devant les tribunaux compétents» (article 52). Elle dispose d'un budget annuel définit par son président et le procureur général (article 17). \n\nCependant l'article 73 de la constitution dispose que \"Le Président de la République est garant de l'indépendance de la magistrature. Il est assisté par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature qu'il préside\"\". Ainsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire, y compris celle de la Cour des Comptes qui en fait partie. \n\nLa Cour de Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. \n\nEn son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce role. \n\nL'article 1er de la loi dispose en effet que «dans l'exercice de cette mission, les vérificateurs de l'Inspection Générale d'État bénéficient de toute l'indépendance requise pour émettre des jugements professionnels, fondés sur des éléments probants.»\n\nL’Inspection Générale de l’État est placée sous l’autorité directe du Premier ministre.\n\nLa loi n’évoque pas le financement de l’institution. Selon le décret 2012, \"Le fonds d'intervention de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat est alimenté par des versements du budget de l'Etat. Il peut être également alimenté par des participations, dons et subventions d'organismes publics ou ne relevant pas de l'administration.","Loi n°17/AN/13/7ème L du 14 décembre 2013 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes / www.presidence.dj (Journal Officiel, Lois)\n\nLoi du 3 mai 2004, Loi n°52/AN/04/5ème L portant sur l'Inspection Générale d'État. www.presidence.dj (Journal Officiel, Lois)\n\nDécret n°2012-0100/PR/PM portant création et fonctionnement du fonds d’intervention de l’Inspection Générale d’Etat du 7 mai 2012.www.presidence.dj (Journal Officiel, Lois)\n\nLa Constitution du 15 septembre 1992, article 73. http://www.presidence.dj/ (Textes Fondamentaux).","L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par la loi n°17/AN/13 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. \nL'article 2 dispose que la Cour des comptes a «un pouvoir de contrôle et un pouvoir de juridic..."]
["2014_EG_6",2014,"EG","Egypt",6,0,"Whereas Article 1 of the Central Auditing organization (CAO) law stipulates that the CAO is independent, it is subordinated to the President who is considered an executive authority. This contradicts the independence the institution is provided as per the 2014 Constitution.\n\nMoreover, the CAO is funded through the budget allocated through the executive branch, which means it has no independent funding. The head of the CAO is also appointed by the President of Egypt.\n\nThe institution has the right to audit government accounts and other entities. According to the CAO law and the constitution, it is assigned to help Parliament in auditing. Since Parliament is a legislative body, it means again that the CAO is not independent and free of directions. While the CAO can bring cases to the public prosecutor, it cannot itself prosecute them.\n\nFinally, the CAO is not allowed to audit the Egyptian military on national security grounds, although the Egyptian military has sizeable business assets in the production of everything from household goods to agriculture that are thus immune to independent oversight.","Article 215 and 219 of the Egypt's 2014 Constitution. \nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf\n\nArticle 1 of Law 144/1988, as amended by Law 157/1998, (1998) .","Whereas Article 1 of the Central Auditing organization (CAO) law stipulates that the CAO is independent, it is subordinated to the President who is considered an executive authority. This contradicts the independence the institution is provided as per the 2014 Constitution...."]
["2014_GQ_6",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",6,0,"According to Article 115 (2) of the 2012 constitution, the Tribunal de Cuentas is a technical entity with administrative and budgetary autonomy (a consistent source of funding).\n\nAccording to Article 118 (b), the supreme audit institution has the authority to review the accounts of public finance managers and determine their effectiveness. According to Article 118 (d), it has the authority to demand public finance reports from civil servants, regardless of their rank. It also has the authority to audit any private individual or public entity managing government accounts. According to Article 118 (e), it has the authority to determine legal responsibility (issue recommendations and resolutions) for the mismanagement of public funds and can propose fines for those found guilty. And according to Article 118 (h), it can refer cases of mismanagement to the prosecutor’s office (\"las autoridades competentes\") as long as it provides evidence.\n\nThe Audit Court´s Law provides a general mandate to audit all government accounts (Article 2) and does not make exceptions on military or other type of accounts. [However, in practice there is no audit on military spending.]\n\nHowever, the Head of State is the head of the Judiciary Council and will appoint all members of such body. Also, according to Article 117 (1), the head of state appoints the members of the supreme audit institution, including its president. These powers undermines the independence of the Tribunal de Cuentas. Article 31 of the Audit Court´s Law establishes that the Executive will appoint the President of the Court and its Magistrates for a period of 5 years, from a proposal of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, who propose 7 members each. [The audit court has not been formally established.]","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Chapter 10, Articles 115-118.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf\n\nLey numero 5/2012 por la que se Regula al Tribunal de Cuentas en la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial (Law 5/2012 Regulatory Framework of the Supreme Audit Institution from May 2012)","According to Article 115 (2) of the 2012 constitution, the Tribunal de Cuentas is a technical entity with administrative and budgetary autonomy (a consistent source of funding)...."]
["2014_ER_6",2014,"ER","Eritrea",6,0,"Article 55 (1) of the constitution states that the auditor general shall be created to audit the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of government and reports annually his findings to the National Assembly.  There is no other national law that gives details of the power, duties and organization of the auditor general and its source of funding. The only reference for the legal framework for the auditor general remains the constitution.","No legal framework available for independence of auditor general; \n\nThe Eritrean Constitution, which was ratified in 1997 is silent. \n\nhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3dd8aa904\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","Article 55 (1) of the constitution states that the auditor general shall be created to audit the revenues and expenditures and other financial operations of government and reports annually his findings to the National Assembly.  There is no other national law that gives details of ..."]
["2014_ET_6",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",6,100,"Articles 3, 5, 10 and 15 of the Establishment Proclamation 669/2010 state that the Office of the Auditor General is an independent body with the power and authority to audit and inspect all government accounts, and to report its findings to the House of People’s Representatives. It also states that the government is required to finance operation of the auditor general via quarterly deposits into a designated bank account. This is a standard procedure that applies to all government institutions. \n\nThe auditor general reports to parliament and can issue directives and recommendations to audited parties. Article 20 states under the heading Duty to Notify 1: The Federal Auditor General shall notify to the House of Peoples’ Representatives, the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission as well as to the Ministry of Justice and the head of the audited office or organization concerned where, in the course of his auditing, he has reasons to believe that an offence has been committed.","Proclamation No. 669 /2010: Office of the Federal Auditor General Re-Establishment \n(Amendment) Proclamation, 2010 \nhttp://www.ofag.gov.et/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=87&showall=1","Articles 3, 5, 10 and 15 of the Establishment Proclamation 669/2010 state that the Office of the Auditor General is an independent body with the power and authority to audit and inspect all government accounts, and to report its findings to the House of People’s Representatives. It..."]
["2014_GA_6",2014,"GA","Gabon",6,0,"En tant que démembrement du pouvoir judiciaire, l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par l'article 68 de la Constitution  du 19 août 2003: «la justice est une autorité indépendante du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, qu’à l’autorité de la loi.» \n\nL'article 76 de la Constitution du 19 août 2003 établit l'autorité de la Cour des comptes à auditer tout compte public et à sanctionner les auteurs des irrégularités constatées.   \n\nL'article 77 de la Constitution du 19 Août 2003 établit son autonomie financière: «la Cour des comptes jouit de l'autonomie de gestion financière. Les crédits nécessaires à son fonctionnement sont inscrits dans la loi de finances.»\n\nARTICLE 71 - Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le Président de la République assisté du Ministre chargé de la justice, vice-président.\nLe pouvoir législatif est représenté au sein du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature par trois députés et deux sénateurs choisis par le Président de chaque chambre du Parlement dans des groupes parlementaires différents, et ayant voix consultative.\nLe Ministre chargé des Finances assiste au Conseil supérieur de la magistrature avec voix consultative. \n\nAinsi, l'influence juridique de l'exécutif sur le pouvoir judiciaire compromet l'indépendance de pouvoir judiciaire, compris la Cour des comptes.","Constitution de la République gabonaise (modifiée en dernier lieu par la loi n° 13/2003 du 19 août 2003). http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=196646","En tant que démembrement du pouvoir judiciaire, l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par l'article 68 de la Constitution  du 19 août 2003: «la justice est une autorité indépendante du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Les juges ne sont soumis, dans l’exercice..."]
["2014_GM_6",2014,"GM","The Gambia",6,100,"In spite of sections 158 and 160 of the constitution that guarantee the independence of the auditor general and the national audit, the constitution gives the president the power to appoint the auditor general (after consultation with the Public Service Commission). Section 158 (4) provides that \"Subject to other provisions of this section, a person holding the office of Auditor-General shall vacate his or her office when he or she attains the compulsory retirement age, or upon termination of his or her appointment by the President\".\n\nThe law therefore gives the president the power to appoint and terminate the services of the auditor general. However, there are checks in practice on the exercise of these powers by the president.  Security of tenure for the auditor general is guaranteed in that the Public Service Commission has to be consulted before the holder of the office is appointed by the president (Section 158 (2)).\n\nThe auditor general may be removed from office \"only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether from infirmity of mind or body or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour or incompetence (section 158 (5))\". \n\nThe auditor general submits annual reports to the National Assembly but  is not subject to the direction or control of any person or authority because Section 160 (7) provides that \"In the exercise of his or her functions under this Constitution or any law, the Auditor General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any  other person or authority\".  \n\nThe national audit office is guaranteed consistent funding in that Section 159 (4) of the constitution states: “The Auditor General shall submit the annual estimates of expenditure for the National Audit Office for the following financial year to the President for presentation to the National  Assembly in accordance with this Constitution. The President shall cause the estimates to be  placed before the National Assembly without  amendment, but may attach to them his or her own  comments and observation”.\n\nThe law therefore provides for an audit institution that is independent from the executive and legislative branches. The law also gives the audit institution the mandate to audit all government accounts, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases, where appropriate, to the prosecutor's office. The audit institution also has consistent source of funding to operate.","Section 158 (2), (5), section 159 (4), section 160 (1) (b) (c), 160 (4), (5), (7) of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","In spite of sections 158 and 160 of the constitution that guarantee the independence of the auditor general and the national audit, the constitution gives the president the power to appoint the auditor general (after consultation with the Public Service Commission). Section 158 (4)..."]
["2014_GH_6",2014,"GH","Ghana",6,0,"The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Thirteen, Article 187, clause (7) and the Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), Section 11, sub-sections (1-6) and Section (16) establish that the Office of the Auditor General and for that matter the Ghana Audit Service shall be independent in the performance of its functions. These laws also grant the Office of the Auditor General the authority to audit all public accounts and issue recommendations and resolutions.\n \nHowever, these laws do not authorise the Office of the Auditor General to refer cases to the prosecutor's office. The Office of the Auditor General also does not have a consistent source of funding to operate. \n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Thirteen, Article 187, clause (7) provides that:\n\"(7) In the performance of his functions under this Constitution or any other law the Auditor-General -\n(a) shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority;\n(b) may disallow any item of expenditure which is contrary to law and surcharge -\"\n\nThe Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), Section 11, subsections (1-6) provide that:\n\"11, (1) The public accounts of Ghana and of all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, of the universities and public institutions of like nature, of any public corporation or other body or organisation established by an Act of Parliament shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor-General. \n(2) For the purposes of subsection (I), the Auditor-General or any person authorised or appointed for the purpose by the Auditor-General shall have access to all books, records, returns and other documents including documents in computerized and electronic form relating to or relevant to those accounts. \n(3) The public accounts of Ghana and of all persons and institutions referred to in subsection (I) including computerised financial and accounting systems and electronic transactions shall be kept in such form as the Auditor-General shall approve and shall be subject to review by the Auditor-General. \n(4) An internal auditor of an organisation or body to which subsection (I) applies shall submit a copy of each report issued as a result of internal audit work carried put to the Auditor-General. \n(5) All financial and accounting systems in respect of the accounts provided under subsection (I) shall be subject to prior approval of the Auditor-General and any change in any such system shall be notified to the Auditor-General and shall be subject to prior approval before implementation. \n(6) Any head of a public institution or other body subject to auditing by the Auditor-General who fails to comply with subsection (5) is liable to be surcharged with the cost of any loss occasioned by defective or deficient internal controls of auditing.\"\n\nAgain, section (16) of the Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584) provides: \n\"The Auditor-General may in addition to the audit of public accounts, carry out in the public interest such special audits or reviews as he considers necessary and shall submit reports on the audits or review undertaken by him to Parliament.\"","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Thirteen, Article 187, clause (7).\nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst13.html\n\n2. The Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), Section 11, sub-sections (1-6) and Section 16.\nLink: http://www.iaa.gov.gh/UserFiles/Laws-Audit%20Service%20Act,%202000%20%28ACT%20584%29.pdf","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Thirteen, Article 187, clause (7) and the Audit Service Act, 2000 (Act 584), Section 11, sub-sections (1-6) and Section (16) establish that the Office of the Auditor General and for that matter the Ghana Audit Service shall be..."]
["2014_GN_6",2014,"GN","Guinea",6,0,"L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par les articles 107 et 108 de la Constitution guinéenne de 2010. \n\nArticle 107: Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et du pouvoir législatif. La justice est rendue exclusivement par les cours et tribunaux.\n\nArticle 108 : Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes, les cours et tribunaux dont les décisions s'imposent aux parties, aux pouvoirs publics, à toutes les autorités administratives, juridictionnelles et aux forces de défenses et de sécurité.\n\nLa constitution accorde à la Cour des comptes le droit de contrôler tous les comptes publics. La loi ne soustrait pas, de façon théorique, un compte au contrôle de la chambre des comptes.\nSelon l'article 116 de la constitution: « La Cour des comptes est la juridiction de contrôle à posteriori des finances publiques. Elle dispose d'attributions juridictionnelles et consultatives. Elle statue sur les comptes publics, ceux des collectivités territoriales et locales, des établissements publics, des entreprises publiques et de tous les organismes et institutions bénéficiant de concours financiers de l’Etat. Elle connaît également des comptes de campagnes électorales et de toute matière qui lui est attribuée par la loi; la Cour des comptes est également chargée de contrôler les déclaration des biens telles que reçues par la Cour constitutionnelle. Elle élabore et adresse un rapport au Président de la République et à l'Assemblée nationale.»\n\nLa cour dispose d'un parquet, et elle peut elle même rendre des arrêts contre les auteurs de malversations dans la gestion des fonds publics. Cependant, il n’ y a jamais eu de requisitoire. Donc, personne n’a jamais été jugé par cette Cour. \n\nLe financement de la Cour est inclus dans la dotation du pouvoir judiciaire dans la Loi des Finances votée chaque année. C'est donc un financement constant.\n\nCependant, selon la constitution de 2010 (article 22), le chef de l'État préside le Conseil Suuprême de la Magistrature. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","Constitution guinéenne du 7 mai 2010, Article 107 et 108. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf\n\nLoi organique L/91/008 du 23 décembre 1991 portant attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour Suprême. http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/LOI-ORGANIQUE-6.pdf","L'indépendance de la Cour des comptes est garantie par les articles 107 et 108 de la Constitution guinéenne de 2010. ..."]
["2014_GW_6",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",6,100,"Chapter I Article 1º of the Organic Law of the Supreme Audit Institution (Tribunal de Contas), 1992 defines SAI as an independent body tasked to audit government accounts. \n\nArticle 4º - The law says that all decisions taken in this area are obligatory to all public and private entities. \nArticle 13º says the Court of Auditors has the authority to audit, initiate inquiries and performs other forms of checking accounts; as well as issue recommendations and resolutions.\n\nArticle 6º says the law also guarantees a consistent source of funding through the state's budget. \nSection 1: The running costs of the court shall be borned by the state, shall be entered in the budget and the court will have a private budget.\nSection 2: Not less than 50% of the fees owed for his work should revert to the court's private budget as set in the law which regulates the collection of fees.\n\nThere is no law limiting the activity of the Supreme Audit Institution  to audit or investigate any government account.","1.Constitution of the Republic of Guinea Bissau (1996), Articles 120 and 123, establish the organisation of the political power (the president, National Popular, Assembly, the government and the courts) and guarantee their independence. \n\n2. Law-Decree N.7/1992, Organic Law of the Supreme Audit Institution/Lei Orgânica do Tribunal de Contas, 27 November 1992.","Chapter I Article 1º of the Organic Law of the Supreme Audit Institution (Tribunal de Contas), 1992 defines SAI as an independent body tasked to audit government accounts. ..."]
["2014_KE_6",2014,"KE","Kenya",6,0,"The independence of the Auditor-General's Office (AGO) is enshrined in the constitution (2010), but the law does not provide for the AGO to refer cases to the prosecutor. \n\nArticle 248(3) of the Kenyan Constitution places the Auditor-General as an  independent office alongside that of the Controller of Budget. Article 249(3) gaurantees the Auditor-General's office funding through Parliament. Article 229(6) says that within six months after the end of each finacial year the auditor shall in respect that financial year audit and report on the accounts of; the national and county governments, accounts of all funds and authorities of national and county governments, the accounts of all courts, the accounts of all independent offices and commissions, the accounts of National Assemblies, Senate and County Assemblies, the accounts of political parties funded by public funds, public debt as well as the account of any other entity funded by public funds. Article 229(7,8) says the audit reports shall be handed to Parliament or relevant County Assembly who shall within 3 months after receiving the reports, debate them and consider taking appropriate action. Based on the facts above it is clear that there is a law on the independence of the Auditor-General's office as well as consistent funding and right and authority to audit any government account and issue reports. \n\nArticle 249, Section 2 (a) and (b) guarantee the independence of the office of the Auditor General and state that the office shall not be subject to direction or control by any person or authority.\nArticle 249 (3) stipulates that Parliament shall allocate adequate funds to enable each commission and independent office, including the Auditor General Office to perform its functions and the budget of each commission and independent office shall be a separate vote.\n\nArticle 252: (1) Each commission, and each holder of an independent office: (including the Auditor General Office)\n(a) may conduct investigations on its own initiative or on a complaint made by a member of the public; \n(b) has the powers necessary for conciliation, mediation and negotiation; (c) shall recruit its own staff; and  (d) may perform any functions and exercise any powers prescribed by legislation, in addition to the functions and powers conferred by this Constitution. \n(...)\n(3) The following commissions and independent offices have the power to issue a summons to a witness to assist for the purposes of its investigations.","1. Constitution of Kenya, Articles 248, 249 and 252. http://www.youthfund.go.ke/index.php/downloads/cat_view/52-kenyan-constitution-2010\n\n2. Peter Opiyo, assistant communications manager Kenya National Audit Office (KENAO) interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n3. George Omondi, Economy and Public Policy writer, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014\n\n4. Mwalimu Mati, executive director Mars Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.","The independence of the Auditor-General's Office (AGO) is enshrined in the constitution (2010), but the law does not provide for the AGO to refer cases to the prosecutor. ..."]
["2014_LS_6",2014,"LS","Lesotho",6,0,"According to subsection (6) of Section 117 of the constitution, the Office of the Auditor General cannot be controlled or directed by any person or authority in the exercise of its functions.  This and other provisions of Section 117 of the constitution and related parts of the Audit Act of 1973 may seem to suggest that the auditor general is indeed autonomous. However, both measures clearly stipulate that the auditor general is an office in the Public Service. Also, according to the law, the auditor general reports to the minister of finance, who then reports to the National Assembly. \n\nBy Article 117 of the Constitution, the Auditor General will submit his reports to the Minster of Finance, who will then be responsible for any further action, such as the referral of cases for prosecution.  The Auditor General lacks the authority to refer or initiate prosecutions himself.","1. The Constitution of Lesotho. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. The Audit Act 1973. http://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Lesotho.html","According to subsection (6) of Section 117 of the constitution, the Office of the Auditor General cannot be controlled or directed by any person or authority in the exercise of its functions.  This and other provisions of Section 117 of the constitution and related parts of the Aud..."]
["2014_LR_6",2014,"LR","Liberia",6,0,"The supreme audit institution is independent and free of interference from other branches or government officials. The General Auditing Commission was established by the constitution to audit all government agencies and has been doing so since it was further strengthened by the GAC Act of 2005. The later act made the GAC more independent, giving it the leverage to audit all government agencies. To further ensure its independence, the GAC reports directly to the National Legislature, though its head is appointed by the president.\n \nThe GAC cannot initiatie prosecution without executive approval. \n\nThe GAC does not have full financial autonomy. It does not have its own budget outside of the National Budget but it operates independent bank accounts to which its projections in the approved budget are transferred. However, it has never stopped work as a result of lack of finances. It has always discharged its duties and responsibilities. National government through the Ministry of Finance has remained committed to providing needed resources to enhance the work of the supreme audit institution.","The GAC Act, Section 2, June 16 2005; http://gacliberia.com/doc/GAC_ACT.pdf\n\nThe 1986 Constitution, Chapter X, Article 89, http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm#chapter7\n\nWebsite of the Liberia General Auditing Commission: http/www.gacliberia.com\n\nInterview: Moses Kowo - Strategic Manager, GAC 14/07/2014; Monrovia","The supreme audit institution is independent and free of interference from other branches or government officials. The General Auditing Commission was established by the constitution to audit all government agencies and has been doing so since it was further strengthened by the GAC..."]
["2014_LY_6",2014,"LY","Libya",6,0,"Law No. 19 of August 2013 on the Reorganisation of the Audit Bureau provides that the Audit Bureau shall be affiliated to the Revolutionary Command Council. \n\nSection 1: \"The Dewan of Audit shall be an autonomous body affiliated to the Revolutionary Command Council and its purpose shall be to institute an effective control over public moneys in accordance with the provisions of this law. Section 10 brings an important precision that the staff of this institution shall not have any other function or professional activity.\" \n\nSection 18 mandates the Audit Bureau to audit government accounts and accounts of public organisations and corporations, and It shall examine and audit any other accounts the examination or audit of which may be required by a decision of the RCC or the prime minister.\n\nSection 17: \"The Dewan shall prepare its draft annual budget and forward it to the Minister of Treasury not later than the end of August in each year. The said draft shall be incorporated, by the Minister of Treasury, in the draft general budget of the state. Should the draft submitted by the Dewan involve an increase over the total provisions of the previous year, the Minister of Treasury shall include the provisions of that year and may submit the question of the excess to the Council of Ministers. The accounts of the Dewan shall be audited in accordance with the rules laid down in special Regulations to be issued by the R.C.C. on a proposal made by the Prime Minister after consultation with the Head of the Dewan.\"\n\nFurthermore, Section 20: \"The Head of the Dewan shall prepare an annual report on the Final Accounts of Government for the previous Fiscal year stating the financial irregularities he has noticed and disagreement that have occurred, between him and the various Authorities. He shall submit this report to the R.C.C., with copies to the Council of Ministers and to the Minister of Treasury, not later than four months from the date of his receiving the final accounts from the Ministry of Treasury.\"","Article 1 and Article 10 - 1975 - Reorganisation of Dewan of Audit law\nInternational Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions, The Dewan of Audit.  \nhttp://www.intosaiitaudit.org/mandates/mandates/Mandates/Libya.html","Law No. 19 of August 2013 on the Reorganisation of the Audit Bureau provides that the Audit Bureau shall be affiliated to the Revolutionary Command Council. ..."]
["2014_MG_6",2014,"MG","Madagascar",6,0,"Le contrôle des dépenses et comptes publics est assuré par la Direction Générale du Contrôle Financier et le Conseil de Discipline Budgétaire et Financière. Or, la première est sous la tutelle et le contrôle du Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012). Ainsi, le personnel est constitué de fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’Etat. D’ailleurs, le Directeur Général du Contrôle Financier est nommé en Conseil des Ministres sur proposition du Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012), selon l’article 1er (dernier alinéa) de l’Ordonnance n° 93-027 du 13 mai 1993 au même titre que les autres directeurs généraux des autres ministères et autres organismes publics. Quant au Conseil de Discipline Budgétaire et Financière prévu par la Loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004, les membres sont constitués de fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’Etat comme membres permanents et membres ès qualité (article 10). Ils sont désignés par décret pris en Conseil des ministres. Il en est de même du Directeur général du Conseil.\n \n En aucun cas, l’indépendance des deux systèmes n’est garantie d’une manière explicite. La législation existante se base surtout sur les modalités de fonctionnement. Au Conseil de Discipline Budgétaire et Financière prévu par la Article 10 de la loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004, les membres sont constitués de fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’Etat comme membres permanents et membres ès qualité. Ils sont désignés par décret pris en Conseil des ministres. Il en est de même du Directeur général du Conseil.\n \n LOI N° 2004-036 relative à l'organisation, aux attributions, au fonctionnement et à la procédure applicable devant la Cour Suprême et les trois Cours la composant, du 1er octobre 2004.\n La Cour des Comptes a pour compétence :\n - le jugement des comptes des comptables publics\n - le contrôle des d'éxecution des lois de finances\n - le contrôle des comptes et l'examen de la gestion des organismes et entreprises publics\n - l'appel des jugement des tribunaux financiers (articles 276 )ç 283) \n Donc, il n'y a pas d'exception.\n  \n La Cour des Comptes, selon le Paragraphe 5 sur les Amendes, condamne sans se référer à une quelconque autorité (articles Art. 332 à 338 dela LOI N° 2004-036 du 28 juillet 2004 relative à l'organisation, aux attributions, au fonctionnement et à la procédure applicable devant la Cour Suprême et les trois Cours la composant). \n Les arrêts rendus sont transmis par le Greffier de la Cour des Comptes au Ministre chargé des Finances aux fins de notification aux intéressés. La notification desdits arrêts est effectuée par lettres recommandées avec demande d'avis de réception. Donc, elle ne peut être publique (article 339).\n\nLa Cour des Comptes n'a pas de mission de poursuivre. Selon la Loi n°2004-36 du 28 juillet 2004 sur la Cour Suprême et ses composantes. dans ses articles 272 à 284 fixant ses attributions aucune mention n'est faite.\nLes arrêts rendus sont transmis par le Greffier de la Cour des Comptes au Ministre chargé des Finances aux fins de notification aux intéressés. La notification desdits arrêts est effectuée par lettres recommandées avec demande d'avis de réception.(art 339).","1. Constitution malgache du 11 Décembre 2010. http://www.la constitution.enafrique.org/catégorie-10195446.html\n 2. Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier 2012 fixant les attributions du Ministre des Finances et du Budget ainsi que l’organisation générale de son Ministère. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=449&Itemid=518.\n 3. Loi n° 2004-006 du 26 juillet 2004 portant réorganisation et fonctionnement du Conseil de Discipline Budgétaire et Financière http://www.mefb.gov.mg/textes_lois/dcp/loi_2004_006.pdf.\n 4. Ordonnance n° 93-027 du 13 mai 1993 relative à la réglementation sur les hauts emplois de l’Etat http://legislation-madagascar.cwebh.org/TOME%20V/0144.htm\n  \n LA COUR DES COMPTES DE LA COUR SUPRÊME DE MADAGASCAR, http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=120 (consulté le 24 mars 2015)\n  \n LOI N° 2004-036 du 28 juillet 2004 relative à l'organisation, aux attributions, au fonctionnement et à la procédure applicable devant la Cour Suprême et les trois Cours la composant, http://www.aisccuf.org/index.php?id=120","Le contrôle des dépenses et comptes publics est assuré par la Direction Générale du Contrôle Financier et le Conseil de Discipline Budgétaire et Financière. Or, la première est sous la tutelle et le contrôle du Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Décret n° 2012- 045 du 17 janvier ..."]
["2014_MW_6",2014,"MW","Malawi",6,100,"The law guarantees the independence of the Office of the Auditor General. This is in terms of both the appointment of its head, the auditor general, and the operations of the institution. While the president appoints the auditor general, the appointed person cannot assume office unless parliament approves the appointment. This is in accordance with Section 184 (7) read with Section 184 (3) of the constitution of the Republic of Malawi, as well as Section 5 (3) of the Public Audit Act of 2003. This mode of appointment ensures that the auditor general is politically independent.\n\nIn terms of operational independence, Section 184 (7) of the constitution explicitly states that \"Subject to subsection (6) in the exercise of the duties and powers vested in the office of the auditor general by this constitution or any other law, the person holding that office shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority\".\n\nThe said subsection 6 mandates the president to remove the auditor general but only under conditions specified by the law. Furthermore, the institution has the authority or mandate to audit any government account, and issue recommendations and resolutions as outlined in Sections 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the Public Audit Act 2003. These sections provide wide-ranging powers to the institution in support of the constitutional requirement that \"no person or authority may inhibit the auditor general in Section 184 (3, 6). Amended in 1995. 2. Public Audit Act. Sections 3 and 6, 7 and 8 of 2003.\n\nIn terms of the ability to commence prosecution, the auditor general has such powers as well to refer cases to the director of public prosecutions when he or she deems necessary. This is according to Section 16 (2) of the Public Audit Act 2003. \n\nRegarding the financial independence of the institution, Section 17 of  the Public Audit Act 2003 requires the National Assembly to \"appropriate sufficient moneys, on a timely basis, to enable the effective and efficient operation of the auditor general and the national audit office\". This is supplemented by Section 27 of the same act, which allows the institution to charge fees for certain audits, reviews and tasks for the purposes of cost recovery to enable it to work effectively.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (2010) Section 184.-(7). http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n2. Public Audit Act. Sections 3 and 6, 7 and 8 of 2003. 2. Public Audit Act (2003) Sections 3, 6 and 7. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/act/2003/6/paa2003128_pdf_13366.pdf","The law guarantees the independence of the Office of the Auditor General. This is in terms of both the appointment of its head, the auditor general, and the operations of the institution. While the president appoints the auditor general, the appointed person cannot assume office un..."]
["2014_ML_6",2014,"ML","Mali",6,100,"L'indépendance des institutions supérieures de contrôle des finances publiques est garantie par la loi. \nL'article 1 de la loi instituant le Vérificateur Général garantit l'indépendance l'institution de contrôle: «Il est institué un Vérificateur Général, autorité indépendante chargée de la vérification générale». \nAinsi, le Bureau du Vérificateur est indépendant des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Il dispose d'un financement constant et nécessaire à son fonctionnement. \n\nSelon Ismaël Diawara responsable de la communication du Bureau du Vérificateur, ce bureau a le droit, le pouvoir ou le mandat d'auditer tout compte public, d'émettre des recommandations et des résolutions, et de renvoyer des affaires au niveau de la justice.\n\nL'article 2 de la loi instituant le Vérificateur stipule: \"Le Vérificateur Général a pour missions :\n• d'effectuer un contrôle de performance et de qualité des services et organismes publics, et des programmes et projets de développement ;\n• de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des recettes et des dépenses effectuées par les institutions de la République, les administrations civiles et militaires de l'Etat, les collectivités territoriales, les établissements publics ;\n• de procéder à la vérification d'opérations de gestion des entreprises dans lesquelles l'Etat ou une autre personne publique détient une participation financière ;\n• de vérifier la conformité et l'effectivité des biens et services pour l'acquisition desquels une société privée a bénéficié d'une exonération de droits douaniers ou fiscaux ;\n• de vérifier les concours financiers accordés par l'Etat ou toute autre personne publique à tout organisme par rapport à l'objet de ces concours ;\n• d'évaluer, à la demande du Président de la République, du gouvernement ou du\nParlement, les politiques publiques en vue de leur proposer les mesures et actions propres à assurer une meilleure adéquation du coût et du rendement des services publics, à rendre plus pertinent l'emploi des ressources publiques et d'une façon générale, à garantir le fonctionnement régulier des organismes et structures publics.\"\n\nL'article 21 de la loi instituant le vérificateur Général lui accorde une autonomie financière. \"Le Vérificateur Général dispose de l'autonomie de gestion.\nLes crédits nécessaires à l'accomplissement des missions du Vérificateur Général sont inscrits au Budget d'Etat. Le Vérificateur Général en est l'ordonnateur. Ils sont mis à sa disposition sur un compte bancaire spécialement ouvert à cet effet.\"","Loi 2012-009 du 08 février 2012  abrogeant et remplaçant la loi 03-030 du 25 août 2003 instituant le Vérificateur Général, article 1, Page 79 du rapport annuel 2011 du Vérificateur Général http://www.bvg-mali.org/files/RA/rapport_annuel_2011.pdf\n\nIsmaël Diawara, Responsable de la communication du Bureau du Vérificateur, interview a été réalisée le 25 septembre 2014 à Bamako","L'indépendance des institutions supérieures de contrôle des finances publiques est garantie par la loi. \nL'article 1 de la loi instituant le Vérificateur Général garantit l'indépendance l'institution..."]
["2014_MR_6",2014,"MR","Mauritania",6,0,"La consolidation des compétences de la juridiction financière intervient dans un contexte marqué par la volonté des pouvoirs publics de lutter contre la gabegie et à s'engager en faveur de la transparence et de la gouvernance financière. L'un résultats les plus probants des Journées de Dialogue National qui ont réuni des partis de la Majorité et une partie de l'opposition a été l'engagement à lutter contre la corruption. Cette disposition a pris la forme d'une constitutionnalisation à travers la consolidation des compétences de la Cour des Comptes. \n\nAinsi, parmi les amendements constitutionnels apportés à la l'article 68 de la loi fondamentale, la transformation de la Cour des Comptes en une instance indépendante supérieure chargée de contrôler les comptes publics. En son article 68 la constitution dispose notamment que  : « La Cour des Comptes est l’Institution supérieure, indépendante chargée du contrôle des finances publiques ». \n\nLa consolidation des prérogatives de la Cour des Comptes s'est manifestée à travers l'élargissement de son champ de compétence. Ainsi, elle a le pouvoir d'auditer tout organisme bénéficiant du financement public et d'émettre des recommandations en faveur d'une meilleure gestion des comptes publics (recettes et dépenses publiques comprises). Cela veut dire notamment que tout organisme public ou privé bénéficiant d'une subvention publique est susceptible d'être audité par la Cour des Comptes. \n\nToutefois, l'une des faiblesses de la Cour est de ne pas pouvoir renvoyer les auteurs d'infractions à caractère économique devant le Bureau du procureur. Elle ne peut que recommander aux autorités d'engager des poursuites contre les auteurs de crimes à caractère économique. \n\nLes rapports et recommandations sont adressées chaque année au Président de la République. Chaque année au cours d'une cérémonie largement médiatisée par la presse publique, le Président de la Cour des Comptes remet un rapport annuel au Président de la République. Ce rapport contient les recommandations faites par la Cour. Ce rapport n'est rendu public qu'après que le Président de la République l'ait reçu le Rapport.  C'est le Président de la République qui autorise sa publication, mais il n'y a pas de délai précis en ce sens. \n\nDans son fonctionnement, la Cour des Comptes dispose d'une source constante de financement. Son financement est inscrit au budget de l'État et il est voté par la Représentation nationale. Cette place accordée à l'institution dans l'enracinement d'une gouvernance financière demeure fragilisée de nos jours par l'absence de ressources humaines de qualité.","1. La Loi Constitutionnelle n° 2012-015 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 rétablie et modifiée par la loi constitutionnelle n° 2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006 . Article 68.\nhttp://www.cdcmr.mr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=168","La consolidation des compétences de la juridiction financière intervient dans un contexte marqué par la volonté des pouvoirs publics de lutter contre la gabegie et à s'engager en faveur de la transparence et de la gouvernance financière. L'un résultats les plus probants des Journée..."]
["2014_MU_6",2014,"MU","Mauritius",6,0,"The independence of the National Audit Office (NAO) is guaranteed in the constitution. Under Section 110, the Office of the Director of Audit is established and its powers are laid down as follows:\n\n“The public accounts of Mauritius and of all courts of law and all authorities and officers of the Government shall be audited and reported on by the Director of Audit and for that purpose the Director of Audit or any person authorized by him in that behalf shall have access to all books, records and other documents relating to those accounts.”\n\nThe constitution further states that the director of audit shall not be directed or controlled by any other person or authority, therefore establishing total independence in controlling and managing public funds. \n\n “In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the director of audit shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.”\n\nFurthermore, Sections 15 of the Finance and Audit Act states:\n\n“Anything which, under the authority of this act or of any other enactment, may be done by the director of audit, other than the certifying of and reporting on accounts for the National Assembly, may be done by an officer of his staff authorized by him.” \n\nThe director of audit has the right to assign any officer from the National Audit Office to audit public accounts and have access to all necessary documents. \n\nSection 17A of the Finance and Audit Act states that:\n\n“No action shall lie against the Office of the Director of Audit, the Director of Audit or any officer of his staff, in respect of any act done or omitted to be done by the Office of the Director of Audit and by the Director of Audit or any officer of his staff during or after his appointment, in the execution in good faith, of its or his functions under the Act.”\n\nThe Audit Office cannot refer the cases directly to the director of public prosecution.\n\nThe reports and recommendations are first submitted to the Minister of Finance who ‘shall cause them to be laid before the National Assembly’. The Constitution also provides that if the minister of Finance, for whatever reason, has failed to table the reports at the National Assembly, the Director of Audit shall send such report to the Speaker of the National Assembly to be by him presented to the National Assembly.  Though the Audit Committee cannot directly refer cases to prosecution, its reports and recommendations are automatically made public once they are laid at the National Assembly.","Name of the Law: Finance and Audit Act \n • Year passed: 1973\n • Section(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Sections 15 & 16\n • Link to the law(s) if or when available: http://mof.gov.mu/English/Documents/financial%20management%20kit/FinandAuditAct.pdf","The independence of the National Audit Office (NAO) is guaranteed in the constitution. Under Section 110, the Office of the Director of Audit is established and its powers are laid down as follows:..."]
["2014_MA_6",2014,"MA","Morocco",6,0,"The Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) is a constitutional institution and its independence is  guaranteed by Article 147 (10) of the Constitution. \n\nIts mandate is to oversee and promote good governance and transparency in government institutions. Article 147 defines its mission also as to oversee the budget expenditure of the state institutions according to the budget bill voted each year. \n\nSection II Article 9  of Law No. 62/99  says that the first president of the SAI prepares and approves the budget of the institution he presides.  Article 112  states that the budgets of the SAI is not subject to a control a priori. It is part of the budget for general affairs. An accountant from the Ministry of Finance is detached at \"cour des comptes\" to assist in budget management.\n\nHowever, according to Article 107 of the constitution, the independence of the judiciary, including this court, is compromised because this article makes the king who is head of state, head of the the Superior Council of the Judicial Power. This compromises the independence of the judiciary from the executive branch.","Moroccan Constitution - voted in July 2011 - Section X - Articles 107 and 147 ","The Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) is a constitutional institution and its independence is  guaranteed by Article 147 (10) of the Constitution. ..."]
["2014_MZ_6",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",6,100,"The law stipulates the independence of the judiciary to be guaranteed, including the indpenendence of the Administrative Court. The Administrative Court is considered the \"court of accounts\" in Mozamibque. The constitution, in Article 217, Nos. 1 and 2, stresses that \"judges, on the fulfillment of their duties, shall be independent and shall only comply with the law.\"\n\nAccording to Article 228, No. 1, \"The legality of administrative acts and the application of regulations issued by the public administration, as well as to review the legality of public expenditure and the effectiveness of its financial liability for infringement, rests with the administrative court.\"\n\nArticle 230 furthermore explains that the Administrative Court shall also: \n\"a) issue a report and opinion on the general state account;\nb) carry out prior scrutiny of the legality of, and budget cover for, acts and contracts that are subject to Administrative Court jurisdiction;\nc) scrutinise public moneys successively and concomitantly;\nd) supervise the use of financial resources obtained abroad, namely, through loans, grants, sureties and donations.\"\n\nAccording to the Organic Law of the Administrative Court, Chapter I, Article 1: \"The supervisory and administrative jurisdiction of the legality of public expenditure are exercised by the Administrative Court.\" Article 2 mentions: \"The administrative court exercises tax and customs jurisdiction at the first or second instance.\" Further, Article 30 of the Organic Law of the Administrative Court indicates that the court is \"responsible for judging the accounts of the institutions, organizations and entities subject to the jurisdiction of the court.\" \n\nIn circumstances the Administrative Court finds any wrongdoing it may directly forward the case to the office of the attorney general for persecution. The Court does not persecute offenders/violators by itself, but does not require any legislative branch approval for notifying the attorney general for persecution. \n\nBoth the constitution of the republic and the Administrative Court law are silent regarding funding. Nevertheless, all public entities are funded through the state budget, which is discussed and approved annually by the parliament.","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 2004, Title IX, Chapter II, Article 217, Nos. 1 and 2, Article 228.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\n\nOrganic Law of the Administrative Court (Lei Organica do Tribunal Administrativo - Lei No. 5/92 de 6 de Maio), 1992. https://www.dropbox.com/s/t5hjkh1e0y9mfkt/Lei%20organica%20do%20Tribunal%20Adminsitrativo%201992.pdf?dl=0","The law stipulates the independence of the judiciary to be guaranteed, including the indpenendence of the Administrative Court. The Administrative Court is considered the \"court of accounts\" in Mozamibque. The constitution, in Article 217, Nos. 1 and 2, stresses that \"judges, on th..."]
["2014_NA_6",2014,"NA","Namibia",6,0,"Although Article 127 of the constitution, (2010), and sections 25 and 26 of the State Finance Act, 1991, have not explicitly stipulated the independence of the Auditor-General (AG), independence may be implicitly inferred therefrom. The constitution stipulates that the AG cannot be removed from office except at the end of his/her term, or in case of removal on the ground of mental incapacity or gross misconduct by a two-thirds majority of all the members of the National Assembly, or by resignation. Section 26 of the State Finance Act, 1991, gives the AG the power to operate in his/her own rights as stipulated by the law to determine the extent of any investigation, examination and audit.  All institutions are audited by the Auditor General in Namibia or outsourced by the AG office to other auditing firms with supervision and verification by this office. \n\nHowever, the AG's office lacks the authority to refer cases directly to the prosecutor's office, nor can it initiate prosecution by itself. Article 27 of the State Finance Act says the AG may at any time, as deems necessary, transmit a special report on any matter connected with the Auditor-General's duties and powers under this Act or any other law to the Finance Minister. The minister has the mandate to table the AG's report to the National Assembly if it is in session. If the National Assembly is not in session, the minister has within 14 days after the start of its next ensuing session to do so, failure upon which the AG's office has an option to table same to the Speaker of the National Assembly, who shall lay them upon the table of the National Assembly.\n\nThe Auditor General's office does not have a consistent source of funding to operate, it is financed through the State Revenue Fund. Part III, Section 28 (1) of the State Finance Act, requires the state treasury to make necessary payment to the Auditor General's office from the State Revenue Fund after consultation with the AG.\n\nAll reports are tabled in parliament with the exception to those that covers state security  i.e Defence or Intelligence Agency.  Once the report is tabled in parliament through line ministries, they become public documents and this makes them accessible to the media and the public at large. In the past damning financial reports have been tabled from cabinet to the National Assembly. There are no interference from the executive and legislative when it comes to making these reports public.","Namibian Constitution, chapter 16, article 127, http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf\n\nState Finance Act, 1991 (act 31 of 1991), sections 25-28, Government Gazette, December  30 1991.\nhttp://www.mof.gov.na/documents/57482/86649/STATE_FINANCE_ACT_31_OF_1991.pdf/fab18043-3e38-4502-a381-953c2f61c5f0","Although Article 127 of the constitution, (2010), and sections 25 and 26 of the State Finance Act, 1991, have not explicitly stipulated the independence of the Auditor-General (AG), independence may be implicitly inferred therefrom. The constitution stipulates that the AG cannot be..."]
["2014_NE_6",2014,"NE","Niger",6,0,"La Constitution du 25 novembre 2010 de la République du Niger ainsi que la loi n°2012 - 08 - du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, garantissent à la Cour des comptes une indépendance optimale pour exercer convenablement sa mission.\n\n De plus, l'indépendance la Cour des comptes est confortée par l'autonomie organique et financière dont elle jouit et par l'inamovibilité de certains de ces juges que la loi impose.\n \n Article 116 : «Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par la Cour constitutionnelle, la Cour de cassation, le Conseil d'État, la Cour des comptes, les cours et tribunaux.» \n \n Article 3.2 : «Loi organique n°2012-08 du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. En outre, l'institution a le droit, le pouvoir ou le mandat d'auditer tout compte public, d'émettre des recommandations et des résolutions, et de renvoyer des affaires devant le bureau du procureur.\n \nEnfin, l'institution dispose a priori d'une source constante de financement nécessaire pour fonctionner.» \n \nArticle 55 de la Loi organique n°2012-08 du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes : « la Cour des comptes élabore son budget annuel et le soumet aux services du ministre en charge des finances. Elle dispose d’un compte logé au trésor national. »\n\nCependant, selon l'article 5 de la Loi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), le Président de la République est Président du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","Constitution du 25 novembre 2010 de la République du Niger, Titre VI : Section 1 : Art. 116 et 141.\n \n Loi organique N° 2012-08v du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.\n\nLoi  n ° 2007-05 du 22 février 2007 portant statut de la magistrature (en vigueur en attendant une nouvelle loi organique prévue par la constitution de 2010), article 5. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I-RKyXtY5OEJ:www.justice.gouv.ne/sites/default/files/lois_reglements/Loi-2007-05.doc+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us","La Constitution du 25 novembre 2010 de la République du Niger ainsi que la loi n°2012 - 08 - du 26 mars 2012 déterminant les attributions, la composition, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes, garantissent à la Cour des comptes une indépendance optimale pour e..."]
["2014_NG_6",2014,"NG","Nigeria",6,0,"Section 85 (6) of the Nigerian Constitution provides for the independence of the auditor-general's office: \"In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.”\n\nThe office, however, cannot refer cases for prosecution without approval. Its findings are instead submitted to the National Assembly (Parliament) and the Senate. The reports do not have to be made public.","Nigerian Constitution, 1999, Chapter V, Part 1e-Powers and Control over Public Funds, Sections 84 and 85, Subsection 6. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm","Section 85 (6) of the Nigerian Constitution provides for the independence of the auditor-general's office: \"In the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.”..."]
["2014_RW_6",2014,"RW","Rwanda",6,100,"Yes, in law, there is a supreme audit institution. The constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date in Article 183 stipulates \"The Office of the Auditor General of State Finances is an independent national institution responsible for the audit of state finances and patrimony. It is vested with legal personality and has financial and administrative autonomy.\" \n\nThis independence is underscored by Article 1 of Law No. 5/98, 1998, establishing the Office of the Auditor General of the state finances. It stipulates: “There shall be an Office of the Auditor General of State finances whose office is a public autonomous office with a legal personality and shall have autonomy in all financial and administrative matters.” Article 19 states that the auditor general “in performing his/her duties shall not be under the direction or control of any authority or institution.\"\n\nAuditor general cases are sent to the prosecutor to investigate. Currently, about 70 cases are being investigated, according to what the prosecution said in 2014. \n\nThe institution consistently gets its operational funding through the national budget.","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date, Chapter VIII, Article 183, Paragraphs 1-2 (Amendment No. 1).\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7796&iid=1434)\n\nLaw No. 5/98, 1998, establishing the Office of the Auditor General of the state finances, Chapter 1, Articles 1 and 16.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8200&iid=1823&rid=30697409)\n\nThe New Times, Edwin Musoni, \"Seventy public officials indicted over missing funds,\" Dec. 16, 2014.  \nhttp://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-16/184094/","Yes, in law, there is a supreme audit institution. The constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date in Article 183 stipulates \"The Office of the Auditor General of State Finances is an independent national institution responsible for the audit of state finances ..."]
["2014_ST_6",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",6,100,"Articles 1 and 3 of Law No. 3/99 state the following: \n\nArticle 1 – \"creation, nature and attributions: 1. It is created the court of auditors, based in the city of São Tomé, with financial jurisdiction and control within the entire juridical order of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, both in domestic and abroad, including in this case the services, agencies and offices abroad.\"\n\nArticle 3 – Independence: 1. \"The court of auditors is independent and is only submitted to the law.”\n\nArticle 16, subheading b, mentions that the court of auditors can judge people, cases or organisations, and this has happened in the past (2009/2010).\n\nArticle 6 mentions that expenditure on facilities and the operation of the Court of Auditors shall be assured by the state and must be entered in the state general budget. It also says that the Court of Auditors shall have its own private budget and that also constitutes revenues of the Court of Auditors the charges payable for its activities.\n\nThere is a specific law regulating the fees/charges for services included in the Court of Auditors' jurisdiction. Article 1, Section 1 of the Fees of the Court of Auditors Charges Law states that \"charges are due as payments for services rendered by the Tribunal de Contas, namelly preliminary control and subsequent Audits.\"","Organic Law of the Court of Auditor, Law No. 3/99, Chapter 1, Articles 1 , 3 and 6, and Chapter 3, Article 16. \nhttp://www.stj.st/download/Lei_n3-99-ORGANICA.pdf\n\nCourt of Auditors Fees Law, Law No. 7/99 , Section 1, Article 1. \nhttp://www.stj.st/download/Lei_n6-99-EMOLUMENTOS.pdf","Articles 1 and 3 of Law No. 3/99 state the following: \n\nArticle 1 – \"creation, nature and attributions: 1. It is created the court of auditors, based ..."]
["2014_SN_6",2014,"SN","Senegal",6,0,"L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle est garantie par l'article 88 de la Constitution qui stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des comptes et les cours et tribunaux.» \n\nCette indépendance se retrouve exprimée dans le statut des magistrats qui, à travers le principe d’inamovibilité, leur garantit une indépendance. \n\nElle se retrouve également à travers une autonomie financière et fonctionnelle. Dans la mission qui lui est dévolue, la Cour des comptes a le pouvoir d'auditer tout compte public, d'émettre des recommandations et des résolutions dans son rapport. Elle transmet les affaires à caractère pénal, issues de la chambre de vérifications des comptes, au procureur de la République. Son rapport annuel est transmis au Président de la République.\n\nCependant, la loi organique N°92-26 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, le Président de la République est aussi le Président du CSM, et le Ministre de Justice est vice-président. Cette disposition restreint l'indépendance de la magistrature dont fait partie la cour des comptes.","Constitution du 22 janvier 2011. Article 88. www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf‎\n\nLoi organique n°99-70 du 17 février 1999 sur la Cour des Comptes. Journal Officiel n° 5845 du 20/2/1999.\nwww.gouv.sn \n\nLoi organique N°92-26 modifiant l'ordonnance N°60-16 portant loi organique sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. http://ww.coursupreme.sn/menusysjudi/207-conseil-sup-mag.html","L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle est garantie par l'article 88 de la Constitution qui stipule que « le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant du pouvoir législatif et du pouvoir exécutif. Il est exercé par le Conseil constitutionnel, la Cour suprême, la Cour des c..."]
["2014_SC_6",2014,"SC","Seychelles",6,0,"Article 158 (7) of the constitution states: \"The Auditor General shall, in the performance of the functions of the Office of Auditor General, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but the President or the National Assembly may request the Auditor General in the public interest, to audit at any particular time, the accounts of any person or bodies referred to in clause (3)\". (3) \"The accounts of the Cabinet office, the National Assembly, all government departments and offices, all courts and those related to moneys withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund, all the accounts of any statutory corporation or such other body as may be specified by or under an Act shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor General to the National Assembly and for that purpose the Auditor General or any other person authorised or appointed in that behalf by the Auditor General shall have access to all books, records, returns, information and other documents relating or relevant to those accounts.\"\n\nAccording to article 158, the Auditor General sends its annual reports to the National Assembly (parliament).  Chief Executives are the recipients of management letters and are requested to respond in writing within a given time frame. The annual report of the Auditor General to the National Assembly, as required by Article 158 (5) of the Constitution, is prepared on the basis of the results of government’s financial statements audit and various audits of ministries and departments, including special reviews. Relevant Chief Executive’s written response to the audit findings are also included where applicable in the report to the National Assembly. The Auditor General shall, within twelve months of the end of the immediately preceding financial year, submit the report referred to in clause (3) to the National Assembly and shall in that report draw attention to irregularities in the accounts audited and to any other matter which in the opinion of the Auditor General ought to be brought to the notice of the Assembly. There is no legal requirement for the Auditor General office to publish its audit outside of special reports by which the Auditor-General may be mandated to undertake audits of certain public services and after which the reports are published on the website of the OAG).\n\nArticle 158 (6) The Finance and Public Accounts Committee of the National Assembly shall consider the report of the Auditor General and, for that purpose, may summon before the committee any person who in the opinion of the Committee, may assist the Committee in its consideration of the report.\n\nWhile the president or National Assembly can make suggestions on which individuals or companies to audit, they cannot stop any audits from taking place. Funding for the Auditor General's Office is decided through the National Assembly's annual budget. Constitutional provisions provide for the auditor general not to be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority in the performance of his functions. The Auditor General Act 2010 also establishes the Seychelles Supreme Audit Institution as an independent office.\n\nAlthough the auditor general has the authority to investigate any government agency, he or she lacks explicit prosecutorial authority. The office submits reports to parliament, which then decides whether or not further action is warranted.","1. Article 158(7) of the Constitution of Seychelles 1993  http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127610.pdf.\n\n2. Auditor General Act, 2010, http://www.oag.sc/files/Act9-OAG-2010.pdf.\n\n3. Office of the Auditor General republic of Seychelles, http://www.oag.sc/about-us/vision-and-mission (last accessed March 24, 2015)\n\n4. Article Office of the Auditor General, http://www.virtualseychelles.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=125 (last accessed March 24, 2015)","Article 158 (7) of the constitution states: \"The Auditor General shall, in the performance of the functions of the Office of Auditor General, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, but the President or the National Assembly may request the Audi..."]
["2014_SL_6",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",6,0,"The auditor general is responsible for auditing all public finances of Sierra Leone. Section 2 (1) of the Audit Service Act, 1998, establishes the Audit Service to consist of the auditor general, the Audit Service board and members of the Audit Service. It did not specify whether it shall be independent of the legislative or executive arms of government. However, Section 119 (6) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone removes all forms of control from any person or authority. \n\nSection 119 (2) bestowed powers to the Audit Service to audit all the public accounts of Sierra Leone and all public offices and draw attention to any irregularities in the accounts as stated in Subsection 4 of Section 199 of the constitution. The auditor general shall have full access to all books, records, returns and other documents relating or relevant to those accounts.\n\nThe Audit Service as well as the auditor general are financed through proceeds from the Consolidated Fund.\n\nThe Constitution of Sierra Leone 1991, Section 119 (2) states that the public accounts of Sierra Leone and all public offices, including the courts, the central and local government administrations, the universities and public institutions of like nature and any statutory corporation, company or other body or organisation established by Parliament shall be audited. The auditor general shall have access to all books, records, returns and other documents relating or relevant to those accounts. \n\nThe office of the auditor general has to submit reports to parliament and does not have the authority to refer cases to the prosecutor's office. The auditor general is required to submit an annual report to Parliament in which the office will draw attention to any irregularities in the accounts audited and to any other matter which in his opinion ought to be brought to the notice of Parliament. In the exercise of his functions under the constitution or any other law, the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.","Constitution of Sierra Leone, Section 119 (2) (4) (6) (11), 1991. \nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf\n\nAudit Service Act, Section 2 (1), 14, 1998.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1998-1.pdf\n\nInterview with Ibrahim Samura, assistant superintendent of police, Sierra Leone Police, Freetown, 1 August 2014. \n\nInterview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Emerson Kamara, director, Peace Links Sierra Leone, Freetown, 30 June 2014.","The auditor general is responsible for auditing all public finances of Sierra Leone. Section 2 (1) of the Audit Service Act, 1998, establishes the Audit Service to consist of the auditor general, the Audit Service board and members of the Audit Service. It did not specify whether i..."]
["2014_SO_6",2014,"SO","Somalia",6,0,"Article 114 of the provisional constitution establishes the Office of the Auditor General as an independent institution by stating: \"There shall be independent institutions which the Federal Government and the Federal Member States shall have; such as the Attorney General, the Auditor General and the Federal Central Bank.\"\n\nBut no further law specifies the power of that institution. As a result, the auditor general has no clear authority. There is no secondary law or organic laws that further define that authority. In addition, laws do not explicitly state the funding process for the auditor general's office.\n\nIn Puntland, Article 110 of First Draft of Revised Constitution of the Regional State of Puntland states: \"The Auditor General shall be appointed for a period of five years by the Council of Ministers and can be dismissed but only by causes explicitly stated in the Law; in both cases confirmation of the House of Representatives is required.\" But does not state how the auditor general's office will be financed.\n\nIn Somaliland, Article 113 of the Constitution creates the Office of the Auditor General as an independent institution, while Articles 1, 10, and 23 empower the auditor general to detain individuals who have committed pecuniary offenses. The auditor general can recommend investigations, but cannot initiate them. No provision addresses the auditor general's finances -- it is unclear whether the office has a consistent source of funding.","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved by the members of the National Constituent Assembly and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 114. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nFirst Draft of Revised Constitution of the Regional State of Puntland. 2007/2008 Article 110. https://www.dropbox.com/s/d6zalzajd3a33j8/First_Draft_of_Revised_Constitution_the_Regional_State_of_Puntland.pdf?dl=0\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland adopted in 2000. Articles 1, 10, 23, and 113. https://www.dropbox.com/s/i8aio5epzmyyj10/The_Constitution_of_the_Republic%20of_Somaliland%202000.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","Article 114 of the provisional constitution establishes the Office of the Auditor General as an independent institution by stating: \"There shall be independent institutions which the Federal Government and the Federal Member States shall have; such as the Attorney General, the Audi..."]
["2014_ZA_6",2014,"ZA","South Africa",6,0,"Chapter 9 (section 181) of the constitution provides for the establishment of constitutional institutions including the Office of the Auditor General. \n\nSection 181 provides that the Auditor General (and the other chapter 9 institutions) \"is independent, and subject only to the constitution and the law, and must be impartial and must exercise its powers and perform its functions without fear, favour or prejudice. Other organs of state, through legislative and other measures, must assist and protect [the AG] to ensure the independence, impartiality, dignity and effectiveness ... . No person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of [the Auditor General].\"\n \nSection 181 adds that institutions such as the Auditor General are accountable to the National Assembly and \"must report on their activities and the performance of their functions to the assembly at least once a year.\" This does not undermine their independence as the National Assembly is not the executive power. This is an oversight mechanism. \n\nOn the Auditor General's website, Auditor General Terence Nombembe wrote that \"although we audit the public sector, we are not part of it. In 1993 we gained autonomy and were set apart from the public sector, so we are not bound by any public service rules and regulations. The constitution also ensures our independence. We are legally, financially and operationally independent. We are governed by our own act, called the Public Audit Act, No. 25 of 2004. To generate income, we charge government institutions for the audits we conduct. We report directly to parliament.”\n\nThe National Assembly has established the Standing Committee on the Auditor-General (SCoAG), which has the objective to oversee the AG. \n\nNo provision explicitly empowers the AG to refer cases for prosecution, or to conduct prosecutions itself.  However, under Section 7 of the Public Audit Act, the AG can and does investigate, make recommendations, and issue reports.","\"The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996.\n\nThe Auditor General Act (Act 12 of 1995), http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/aa1995157\n\nThe Auditor General of South Africa (website), http://www.agsa.co.za/About/Ourvision.aspx","Chapter 9 (section 181) of the constitution provides for the establishment of constitutional institutions including the Office of the Auditor General. ..."]
["2014_SS_6",2014,"SS","South Sudan",6,100,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed. Though it does not specify the conditions that must be in place for its independence, the Transitional Constitution (2011) has a provision on the formation af an audit institution.\n\nArticle 184, Subsection (1) of the Transitional Constitution states: “There shall be established an independent institution to be known as the National Audit Chamber, consisting of persons of proven professional competence, experience, integrity and impartiality.\" Subsection (2) states that the chamber shall \"set auditing standards for the whole country and supervise the financial performance of all levels of government, including revenue collection and expenditure, in accordance with the budgets approved by their respective legislatures.\"\n\nIn addition, the South Sudan Audit Chamber Act (2011) guarantees the powers of the supreme audit institution. Article 6, Subsection (1) states that there shall be an \"independent and impartial body, to be known as the Southern Sudan Audit Chamber to audit the accounts of, and supervise the financial performance of, all entities subject to audit, including the means for revenue collection and expenditure and to ensure compliance with the budgets approved by the respective legislatures.” Article 6, Subsection (2) states that the chamber shall perform its functions and duties \"professionally without prejudice, fear or favour.”\n\nSubsection (3) says the audit chamber shall \"acquire, hold and dispose of movable and immovable property; sue and be sued, and do all acts and things an independent body may lawfully do.\" Subsection (4) says the chamber shall be accountable to the public \"through the Assembly and the President.”      \n\nArticle 12, Subsection (2) of the act states that the auditor general shall have \"complete discretion in the discharge of his or her functions, and in particular, in determining whether to carry out an examination under this Act, and as to the manner in which such examination is carried out.”       \n\nArticle 13 gives the head of the supreme audit institution powers to make recommendations and act for the purpose of preventing or minimizing the unproductive expenditure of public monies; maximizing the collection of public revenues; and averting loss, negligence, carelessness, theft, dishonesty, fraud, misappropriation, corruption relating to public money and resources.      \n\nArticle 14 of the act guarantees the head of the audit institution (auditor general the powers to investigate. It states: “The Auditor General may, in consultation with and approval of the Prosecutor General, summon any person to appear for the purpose of an investigation and examine any person on any matter as he or she may determine in connection with the receipt or expenditure of public monies or receipt or issue of public property subject to the provisions of this Act or in connection with any matter necessary for the proper performance of his or her functions.” \n\nArticle 48 guarantees the immunity and exemption from liability of the head of the supreme audit institution - something which, in turn, guarantees his independence.","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf\n\nAudit Chamber Act, 2011.\nhttp://www.grss-mof.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Audit-Chamber-Act-2011.pdf","In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed. Though it does not specify the conditions that must be in place for its independence, the Transitional Constitution (2011) has a provision on the formation af an audit institution...."]
["2014_SD_6",2014,"SD","Sudan",6,0,"Article 205 (1) of the constitution states, \"There shall be an independent national and [also] an independent Southern Sudan Audit Chambers.\" The law further states that the audit institution is independent and has the right to review all the state institutions of the legislative, executive, legal and any other levels. The auditor should be appointed by the president with the approval of two-thirds of the legislative assembly members. \n\nWhile there is no provision in the constitution guaranteeing a consistent source of funding for the audit institution, Chapter 8, Article 39 states that an independent budget is to be prepared by the Office of the Auditor General. The National Audit Chamber reports to the government but may publish reports to the public as well based on its discretion. \n\nThe National Audit Chamber law gives the president the right to appoint the auditor general. Article 19 of the act states that the president appoints the auditor general with the consent of two-thirds majority in the National Assembly.\n\nThe Auditor General submits his report to the parliamentary committee called;  \"Calculation and Grievances Committee.\" But the Auditor General is not empowered to directly take any case to the prosecutor or courts.","Republic of the Sudan, 2005, The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba749762.html\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12/23.htm\n\nNational Audit Chamber Act, 2007, Chapter 6, Articles 19 and 39.\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12/23.htm","Article 205 (1) of the constitution states, \"There shall be an independent national and [also] an independent Southern Sudan Audit Chambers.\" The law further states that the audit institution is independent and has the right to review all the state institutions of the legislative, ..."]
["2014_SZ_6",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",6,0,"The law guarantees the independence of the supreme auditing institution, as per the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005, Chapter XI, Section 207 (7), which directs that \"The Auditor-General shall, in exercise of the powers of that office, be independent and not be subject to the director or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nHowever, there is no law or regulation in place to achieve this independence. For instance, no regulations exist that govern the reports and findings produced by the auditor general. These are presented to and, in effect, become the property of the minister of finance, who in turn submits them to parliament in accordance with Section 207 (5) of the constitution. \n\nThe auditor general has no power to make recommendations or refer cases to the prosecutor's office. Both the executive and legislative branches of government control the findings of the auditor general. Neither is required by law to act upon the auditor general’s recommendations. \n\nThere is no provision in law to guarantee funding for the auditor general's office, and at any time the auditor general’s work can in effect be shut down by lack of resources because no law exists to govern and guarantee these.","The Constitution of of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter XI, Section 207 (7), 2006. Available at http://www.ide.uniswa.sz/documents/resources/constitution2004.pdf","The law guarantees the independence of the supreme auditing institution, as per the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005, Chapter XI, Section 207 (7), which directs that \"The Auditor-General shall, in exercise of the powers of that office, be independent and not be sub..."]
["2014_TZ_6",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",6,100,"The National Audit Office is independent, has a mandate to audit government accounts, refer cases to the prosecutor, and has a consistent funding source from the government. According to Article 143 (6) of the Constitution (1977), in the discharge of his functions in accordance with the provisions of subarticles (2), (3) and (4) of this Article, the Controller and Auditor-General shall not be obliged to comply with the order or direction of any other person or government department, but the provisions of this subarticle shall not preclude a court from exercising jurisdiction to enquire into whether the Controller and Auditor-General has discharged his functions in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution or not. \n\nAlso according to Section 23 (1) and (2) of the Public Audit Act (2008), The National Audit Office shall perform its functions impartially, without fear, favour or prejudice and shall exercise its powers independently subject to the provisions of the Constitution, the provisions of this Act and any other written law. The independence of the Controller and Auditor-General provided for under Section 23 shall equally apply to the National Audit Office and its staff.\n\nArticle 41 (2) guarantees consistent funding for the National Audit Office. The full amount of monies from time to time appropriated by parliament under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) shall be paid by the treasury out of the Consolidated Fund into an Audit Revenue Fund, into which all other monies received by, or accruing to the office shall be paid; and the Fund shall be independent of the control of any person or authority other than the Controller and Auditor-General or any other person or body acting on that behalf.\n\nArticle 47 (3) gives the NAO the authority to refer cases directly to the Director of Public Prosecution for further action.  When the Controller and Auditor-General has reason to believe that an offence has occurred, he shall refer the matter to the Director of Public Prosecutions for appropriate action.","1.The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania of 1977; Article 143 (6)\n http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf (last amended 1985), available at:\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b50c4.html [accessed 3 December\n2013]        \n\n2. Public Audit Act, No. 11 of 2008 http://nao.go.tz/?wpfb_dl=102","The National Audit Office is independent, has a mandate to audit government accounts, refer cases to the prosecutor, and has a consistent funding source from the government. According to Article 143 (6) of the Constitution (1977), in the discharge of his functions in accordance wit..."]
["2014_TG_6",2014,"TG","Togo",6,100,"Selon la Constitution et la loi organique la Cour des comptes est considéré comme indépendant.\n \n Art. 107 : La Cour des comptes juge les comptes des comptables publics. \n Elle assure la vérification des comptes et de la gestion des établissements publics et des entreprises publiques. \n Elle assiste le parlement et le gouvernement dans le contrôle de l'exécution des  lois de finances. \n Elle procède à toutes études de finances et de comptabilité publique qui lui sont  demandées par le gouvernement, par l'Assemblée nationale ou le Sénat.  La Cour des comptes établit un rapport annuel adressé au Président de la  République, au gouvernement et à l'Assemblée nationale et dans lequel elle fait  état, s'il y a lieu, des infractions commises, et des responsabilités encourues. \n \n Art. 108 : La Cour des comptes est composée : \n - du premier président \n - des présidents de chambre \n - des conseillers-maîtres \n - des conseillers référendaires \n - et d'auditeurs. \n Le ministère public près la Cour des comptes est tenu par le procureur général et des avocats généraux. \n Le nombre des emplois de ces différents grades est fixé par la loi. \n Le premier président, le procureur général, les avocats généraux, les présidents  de chambre et les conseillers-maîtres sont nommés par décret du Président de la  République pris en conseil des ministres. \n Les conseillers référendaires et des auditeurs sont nommés par le Président de la  République sur proposition du Premier ministre après avis du ministre des  finances et avis favorable de l'Assemblée nationale.  Seuls des juristes de haut niveau, des inspecteurs de finances, du trésor et des impôts, des économistes-gestionnaires et des experts comptables ayant une expérience de quinze ans au moins, peuvent être élus ou nommés à la Cour des comptes.\n \n Art. 109 : Le Président de la Cour des comptes est élu par ses pairs pour une durée de trois ans renouvelable. \n \n Art. 110 : Les membres de la Cour des comptes ont la qualité de magistrat. Ils sont inamovibles pendant la durée de leur mandat. \n \n Art. 111 : Les fonctions de membre de la Cour des comptes sont incompatibles avec la qualité de membre de gouvernement, l'exercice de tout mandat électif, de tout emploi public, civil ou militaire, de toute autre activité professionnelle ainsi  que de toute fonction de représentation nationale. \n \n Une loi organique détermine l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la cour des comptes.","Loi organique n° 98-014 du 10 juillet 1998 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes.\n  Constitution du 27 septembre 1992. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0","Selon la Constitution et la loi organique la Cour des comptes est considéré comme indépendant.\n ..."]
["2014_TN_6",2014,"TN","Tunisia",6,100,"While the Court of Audit or \"Cour des Comptes\" has the right to audit any government account, the law does not specify that the Cour des Comptes has a consistent, independent source of funding to accomplish its mission. The new constitution mentions the Cour des Comptes and its mission (Article 117), but it did not introduce new provisions for the independence of that court. However, the Judiciary is considered independent under the new constitution. \n\nThe Cour des Comptes must present an annual report to the president of the Republic, the president of the parliament (ANC), the prime minister and the president of the Supreme Judicial Council (Conseil supérieur de la magistrature). This same report is then published and made available to the public.\n\nArticle 117 of the 2014 constitution states: \"The financial judiciary is composed of the Court of Audit with its various bodies. The Court of Audit shall have jurisdiction to supervise the sound spending of public funds in accordance with the principles of legality, efficiency and transparency. The financial judiciary shall decide on the accounts of public auditors. The financial judiciary evaluates the expenditure of public funds and punishes any mismanagement in that regard.\n\n\"The Court of Audit shall prepare a general annual report to be submitted to the President of the Republic, the President of the Chamber of the People’s Deputies, the Prime Minister, and the President of the Supreme Judicial Council. The report shall be published. The Court of Audit shall, when necessary, prepare special reports that may be published.\n\n\"A law shall regulate the organisation, mandate and procedures of the Court of Audit as well as the statute of its judges.\"","Loi No. 68-8, 1968, portant organisation de la \"Cour des Comptes\" telle qu’elle a été modifiée et complétée par la loi No. 70-17, 1970, la loi organique No. 90-82, 1990,  la loi organique No. 2001-75, 2001, et par la loi organique No. 2008-3, 2008.\n\nConstitution of the Tunisian Republic, unofficial translation by Jasmine Foundation, Final edition 26 June 2014. \nhttp://www.jasmine-foundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_constitution_final_ed.pdf\n\nWebsite of the court:.\nwww.courdescomptes.nat.tn","While the Court of Audit or \"Cour des Comptes\" has the right to audit any government account, the law does not specify that the Cour des Comptes has a consistent, independent source of funding to accomplish its mission. The new constitution mentions the Cour des Comptes and its mis..."]
["2014_UG_6",2014,"UG","Uganda",6,0,"The law provides for the independence of the Auditor General’s Office from the executive and legislative branches under Article 163 (6) and (7) of the constitution of 1995 and Section 14 of the National Audit Act, 2008. \n\nArticle 163 clause (3) (a) and (b) of the constitution of 1995 provide the auditor general with the mandate to audit any government account, and issue recommendations and resolutions.  \n\nSections 25 and 26 of the National Audit Act of 2008 provide that the auditor general may make recommendations to the minister as the auditor general and National Assembly may consider necessary for the better management of public finances, including any revision of any regulations, directives or instructions issued under this act or any other law relating to public finance. \n\nThe auditor general can only submit recommendations to the speaker of parliament but cannot refer cases to the prosecution directly. Section 20 of the National Audit Act of 2008 states that the auditor general will make a report to the speaker of parliament, who shall refer the report to the appropriate committee of parliament. Section 34 (3)(a) (b)(c) of the Public Finance and Accountability Act of 2003, provides that the appropriate committee shall consider every report and give advice to the minister whether in its opinion it is appropriate for a public officer to be surcharged in accordance with Section 43, or whether disciplinary proceedings should be instituted against the public officer, or both.\n\nSection 29 of the National Audit Act of 2008 provides for parliament to fund the Office of the Auditor General (from the consolidated fund) in carrying out the purposes of this act.  The amount released by parliament to the auditor general's office is not always consistent; it depends on how much is available in the government’s consolidated fund.\n\nThe Auditor General's reports and recommendations can only be made public after being tabled before parliament. The AG produces the report with recommendations and sends it to parliament for the relevant committee to scrutinize it and make new recommendations. It then goes to the line cabinet minister for approval. When approved, it is then sent back to parliament and tabled on the floor and that's when it’s made public.\n\nArticle 163(5)  says parliament shall, within six months after the submission of the report referred to in clause (4) of this article, debate and consider the report and take appropriate action. According to the senior public relation officer at the OAG, the National Audit Act requires the audit office to submit data to parliament. But there is no specific statutory or legal requirement for parliament or anybody to publish audit reports.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 9, Article 163, Clause 6, 7, 3(a)(b), 8\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf \n\nThe National Audit Act, 2008, Section 14, 13(1)(2), 20, 26, 28, 29\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/358/The%20National%20Audit%20Act%202008.pdf \n\nPublic Finance and Accountability Act, 2003, Section 34(2)(3), 35\nhttp://www.finance.go.ug/dmdocuments/PFAA2003.pdf ","The law provides for the independence of the Auditor General’s Office from the executive and legislative branches under Article 163 (6) and (7) of the constitution of 1995 and Section 14 of the National Audit Act, 2008. ..."]
["2014_ZM_6",2014,"ZM","Zambia",6,0,"While the auditor general's appointment is subject to ratification by the National Assembly, upon initial appointment by the president, the constitution clearly states that the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person (or government branch).\n\nSection 121 (2) (b) and (c) gives the auditor general the mandate and authority to audit any government account: \"(b) [The auditor general shall] satisfy himself that the moneys expended have been applied to the purposes for which they were appropriated by the Appropriation Act or in accordance with the approved supplementary estimates, or in accordance with the Excess Expenditure Appropriation Act, as the case may be, and that the expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it.\"\n\nThere is, however, no explicit mandate in the law stipulating the funding of the auditor general. Practically, like all other government institutions, the Office of the Auditor General is under government and, therefore, its operations are funded by government through the budget process. \n\nAccording to Article 121 (1) of the constitution, \"the auditor general is appointed by the president, subject to ratification by the National Assembly and under Article 122 (2) (3) removed [if not by his own resignation] by National Assembly, through conducting an investigation, (3a) followed by the setting of a tribunal, 'which consists of a chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office.'\n(b) the tribunal shall inquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the National Assembly; and  (c) the National Assembly shall consider the report of the tribunal at the first convenient sitting of the National Assembly after it is received and may, upon such consideration, by resolution, remove the Auditor-General from office.\n(4) If the question of removing a person holding the office of Auditor-General from office has been referred to a tribunal under this Article, the National Assembly may, by resolution, suspend that person from performing the functions of his office, and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the National Assembly by resolution and shall in any case cease to have effect if, upon consideration of the report of the tribunal in accordance with the provisions of this Article, the National Assembly does not remove the Auditor-General from office.”\n\nBecause the auditor general is appointed by the president and ratified by the National Assembly, he reports to both, as contained under Article 121 (4) of the constitution, where he is required to submit a report on all public accounts not later than 12 months after the end of each financial year.\n\nThe president then “shall not later than  seven days after the first sitting of the National Assembly next after the receipt of such report, cause it to be laid before the National Assembly; and if the President makes default in laying the report before the National Assembly, the Auditor-General shall submit the report to the Speaker of the National Assembly, or if the office of the Speaker is vacant or if the Speaker is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office, to the Deputy Speaker, who shall cause it to be laid before the National Assembly.” This report then automatically becomes public.","Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Auditor General, Article 121, Page 72.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164\n\nChapter 378 (Vol. 20), The Public Audit Act,  1980, amended 1994.\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/378","While the auditor general's appointment is subject to ratification by the National Assembly, upon initial appointment by the president, the constitution clearly states that the auditor general shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person (or government branc..."]
["2014_ZW_6",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",6,100,"Section 311 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the auditor-general. It states that the auditor-general is independent and subject only to the law. Section 312 of the constitution further indicates that the remuneration of the auditor-general should be paid out of the consolidated revenue fund and must not be reduced during his or her tenure of office. Under Section 309, the auditor-general has the right, mandate and authority to audit the accounts, financial systems and financial management of all departments, institutions and agencies of government, all provincial and metropolitan councils and all local authorities. Section 309 (c) mandates the auditor-general to order the taking of measures to rectify any defects in the management and safeguarding of public funds and public property. \n\nBy law, there is a consistent source of funds for the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor. Section 26 of the Audit Office Act indicates that the funds of the audit office shall consist of: \n(a) monies appropriated by act of parliament for salaries and allowances payable to and in respect of members of the audit office and the recurrent administrative expenses of the office; and \n(b) any other monies that may be payable to the audit office from monies appropriated for the purpose by act of parliament; and \n(c) any donations, grants, bequests or loans made by any person or organisation or the government of any country to the audit office and accepted by the commission and the minister; and \n(d) fees and other charges for audit and related services provided by the audit office to any public entity: provided that, for the avoidance of doubt, it is declared that the audit office shall not charge for its services to the state, that is, any ministry, reporting unit or constitutional entity; \n(e) any monies that may vest in or accrue to the office whether in terms of this act or otherwise.\n\nSection 12 of the Audit Office Act covers Reports to be laid before Parliament \n(1) Any report transmitted in terms of section 10 or 11— \n        (a)        to the Minister; or \n        (b)        to an appropriate Minister; \nshall be laid by the Minister or appropriate Minister, as the case may be, before the House of Assembly on one of the seven days on which the House of Assembly sits next after he or she has received such report. \n(2) Where the Minister or appropriate Minister fails to lay any report before the House of Assembly in terms of subsection (1) within the period specified therein, the Comptroller and Auditor-General shall transmit a copy of such report to the Speaker of the House of Assembly for the Speaker to lay it before the House of Assembly.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment Act (No.20), Sections 311 and 312, 2013.\nhttp://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/56/constitution.pdf\n\nAudit Office Act Chapter 22:18, Section 26, Act 12/2009. http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Audit%20Office%20Act%20%5BChapter%2022-18%5D.doc","Section 311 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the auditor-general. It states that the auditor-general is independent and subject only to the law. Section 312 of the constitution further indicates that the remuneration of the auditor-general should be paid out of th..."]
["2014_DZ_7",2014,"DZ","Algeria",7,0,"En pratique, la Cour des comptes ne jouit pas d’une réelle indépendance puisque, comme tous les magistrats, ses membres sont nommés par le Président de la République. Ce mode de nomination met ces magistrats sous le contrôle de l'exécutif et réduit leur capacité à auditer certains comptes où les intérêts du président ou de ses alliés sont en jeu. \n\nLa Cour des comptes ne parvient pas toujours à contrôler toutes les institutions soumises à son contrôle. Par exemple en décembre 2013, son rapport faisait état de son incapacité à contrôler le groupe pétrolier algérien, Sonatrach, et ses associés. La Sonatrach est l'entreprise publique d'exploitation des hydrocarbures; elles est considérée comme la vache à lait du pouvoir algérien ainsi que de son agence de renseignements Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS).","HALIM Feddal, secrétaire adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC), interview par téléphone, 1er septembre 2014.\n\nTAKHEROUBT Brahim, L'expression, 12 décembre 2013, « Incroyable aveu de la Cour des comptes: 'Sonatrach nous échappe». http://www.lexpressiondz.com/actualite/186100-sonatrach-nous-echappe.html\n\nLe Matin, 22 décembre 2013, «La Sonatrach : 50 ans après, le DRS et Bouteflika». http://www.lematindz.net/news/13173-la-sonatrach-50-ans-apres-le-drs-et-bouteflika.html\n\nAPS, Horizons, 3 juin 2014, «Saïd Bouchaïr plaide pour l’indépendance de la Cour des comptes». http://www.horizons-dz.com/?Said-Bouchair-plaide-pour-l\n\nCHIH Arab, Liberté, 04 juin 2014, «Les consultations autour de la révision constitutionnelle se poursuivent : Bouchaïr plaide pour l’indépendance de la Cour des comptes.» \nhttp://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/bouchair-plaide-pour-l-independance-de-la-cour-des-comptes-les-consultations-autour-de-la-revision-constitutionnelle-se-poursuivent-222554\n\nPlatform avec Algeria Solidarity Campaign (ASC), février 2014, «La corruption et le manque de transparence: une Algérie dirigée par des kleptocrates, page 18, Le renforcement des dictatures : L’accaparement du Gaz par le Royaume-Uni et les violations des droits de l’homme». http://platformlondon.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/04/Algeria_Briefing_French_WEB.pdf\n\nHADDOUCHE Hassan, Algerie focus, 29 janvier 2014, «A quoi sert la Cour des comptes en Algerie ?»  http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/01/a-quoi-sert-la-cour-des-comptes-en-algerie-par-hassan-haddouche/\n\nL’opacité dans la gestion des dépenses publiques persiste, Samira Imadalou, (El Watan), 16 décembre 2013, http://www.algeriawatch.de/fr/article/pol/administration/opacite_gestion_depenses.hm\n\nAlgérie-La Cour des Comptes critique le recours à l'ouverture des comptes d'affectation spéciale, APS, Publié dans Maghreb Emergent, 12 / 12/ 2013, http://www.djazairess.com/fr/maghrebemergent/32693\n\nUn décret sur les compétences du Service d'investigation judiciaire du DRS publié au Journal Officiel, Malik Tahir, HuffPost Maghreb, 24/06/2014, http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/mil/decret_competences_service.htm","En pratique, la Cour des comptes ne jouit pas d’une réelle indépendance puisque, comme tous les magistrats, ses membres sont nommés par le Président de la République. Ce mode de nomination met ces magistrats sous le contrôle de l'exécutif et réduit leur capacité à auditer certains ..."]
["2014_AO_7",2014,"AO","Angola",7,0,"There is no record of investigations by the Court of Auditors (CoA) that question the accounts of the executive branch, despite numerous allegations of mismanagement and corruption. News by the state-owned media often indicate that public managers have been investigated and sanctioned by the court, but no specifics are ever disclosed, including the names of the managers, the sanctions applied or the details of the audits. It is therefore not possible to verify these claims.  The operations of the CoA are not independent because CoA judges are appointed by the president of the republic and are subject to political influence and routinely operate in fear of retaliation or expecting favors for their work.  \n\nCreated in 2001, the CoA has had the same presiding judge (Julião António) for the 13 years of its existence. The CoA audited the General State Accounts for the first time in 2013. No detailed report of this audit was made available for public scrutiny. Several political parties (CASA-CE, Convergência Ampla de Salvação de Angola Coligação Eleitoral and PRS- Partido de Renovação Social) have criticized the CoA’s approval of the General State Account and the high degree of political interference over the court.\n\nHowever, it has a predictable source of funding, which is consistent and tends to grow from year to year because of economic and financial growth. The Court of Auditors  makes its budget proposal every year and it is subsequently consolidated and integrated into the proposed state budget. For the fiscal year 2013, the budget of the Court of Auditors was 3,447,233,995.00 Kwanzas; and for fiscal year 2014, the budgetary allocation for the Court of Auditors was 6,021, 942. 360.00 Kwanzas.","Appropriation by Organs 2014, information available at Ministry of Finance website\nhttp://www.minfin.gv.ao/fsys/DOtacao_Orcamental_Por_Orgao14.pdf. Sept. 15, 2014  \n\nAppropriation by Bodies of 2013, information available at Ministry of Finance website \nhttp://www.minfin.gv.ao/fsys/Dotacao_Orcamental_Por_Orgao13.pdf. Sept. 15, 2014 \n\nJornal de Angola, Adelina Inacio, \"Audit Court Improves Audits,\" (\"Tribunal de Contas melhora auditorias\"), Jan. 1, 2014  http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/tribunal_de_contas_melhora_auditorias \n\nNational Angolan Radio (Radio Nacional de Angola - RNA), \"Audit Court Sanctions Managers Who Divert Public Funds,\"  (\"TC tem estado a sancionar gestores que desviam fundos públicos\"), April 13, 2014 \n\nPhone interview with international human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nClub K, \"Political Declaration of PRS Concerning the General State Accounts (2012),\" [\"Declaração política do PRS sobre a conta Geral do Estado (2012)],\" July 2, 2014\navailable at http://club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18433:declaracao-politica-do-prs-sobre-a-conta-geral-do-estado-2012&catid=23:politica&Itemid=123\n\nANGOP (Angolan News Agency), \"Angola: Audit Court Issues First Audit to the General State Accounts,\" (\"Angola: Tribunal de Contas regista emissão do primeiro parecer a Conta Geral do Estado\"), Dec. 27, 2013\nhttp://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2013/11/52/Angola-Tribunal-Contas-regista-emissao-primeiro-parecer-Conta-Geral-Estado,38115bbb-ef84-47dc-a88f-ca73a5244afe.html \n\nClub K, \"CASA-CE: Political Declaration Concerning the General State Accounts (2012),\" [\"CASA-CE: declaração política sobre a conta Geral do Estado (2012)],\" July 2, 2014, available at http://club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18437:declaracao-politica-da-casa-ce-sobre-a-conta-geral-de-estado&catid=23:politica&Itemid=123 \n\nTribunal de Contas/ Historial\nhttp://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Sobre%20TC/Historial","There is no record of investigations by the Court of Auditors (CoA) that question the accounts of the executive branch, despite numerous allegations of mismanagement and corruption. News by the state-owned media often indicate that public managers have been investigated and sanctio..."]
["2014_BJ_7",2014,"BJ","Benin",7,100,"Au Bénin, les juges de la Chambre des Comptes opèrent sans crainte ni faveur et il n'existe aucune preuve qu'ils aient été soumis à des pressions positives ou négatives dans l'exercice de leur fonctions au cour de la période d'étude. Aucun cas n'existe pour attester que les juges de la Chambre des Comptes aient été soumis aux pressions en ce qui concerne les dossiers à auditer ou les contrevenants à poursuivre. \n\nLes juges ont le pouvoir d'auditer tous les comptes des institutions et organismes publiques et para-publiques, aucune institution n'est soustraite à leur contrôle.  \n\nLe budget de la Chambre des comptes est inclus dans celui de la Cour Suprême, et le budget de la cour suprême est établis chaque année dans la Loi des Finances. Ce budget a été constant au cours des trois dernières années (ni hausse, ni baisse).","Shérifath Gambari, secrétaire administrative, Cour Suprême, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nLamatou Idrissou Soulé-Allassane, Secrétaire particulière, Cour Suprême, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nEtienne Badou, Cadre administratif, Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC), Cotonou, Interview du 25 juin 2014.\n\nMichel Adjaka, Président, Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nLe Matin, 1 octobre 2013. « Projet de relecture de la loi fondamentale du Bénin: Des arguments pour dire non à la révision de la Constitution ». http://www.sonangnon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6026:projet-de-relecture-de-la-loi-fondamentale-du-benin-des-arguments-pour-dire-non-a-la-revision-de-la-constitution&catid=1:actualite\n\nLe Soleil, 07 mai 2014. « Institution : Les Cours des comptes de l’Uemoa évaluent leurs systèmes de contrôle. » http://www.lesoleil.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=39184:institution-les-cours-des-comptes-de-luemoa-evaluent-leurs-systemes-de-controle&catid=51:economy&Itemid=63\n\nLa Chambre des comptes de la Cour Suprême du Bénin, Aisccuf.org, consulté le 6 juin 2014, http://www.aisccuf.org/?id=115\n\nLa Cour Suprême – Portail officiel du gouvernement, gouv.bj, consulté le 06 juin 2014, http://www.gouv.bj/institutions/cour-supreme","Au Bénin, les juges de la Chambre des Comptes opèrent sans crainte ni faveur et il n'existe aucune preuve qu'ils aient été soumis à des pressions positives ou négatives dans l'exercice de leur fonctions au cour de la période d'étude. Aucun cas n'existe pour attester que les juges d..."]
["2014_BW_7",2014,"BW","Botswana",7,50,"The Office of the Auditor General is funded by the taxpayer, like other government departments/parastatals. It has its separate account from which it carries out its operations. \n\nFunding is consistent each year, depending on the country's budget plans. The office is free to audit all government accounts. Within the period of study, there has been no evidence of the office being prevented from auditing any government account.  \n\nAlthough the law stipulates that the Office of the Auditor General is independent, in practice it is not free from political interference from the executive branch of government.","Interview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of Botswana Parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n       \nOffice of the Auditor General website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Office-Of-The-Auditor-OAG/\n\nBotswana Guardian, \"Favouritism alleged at Office of Auditor General,\" 8 Sept. 2014.\nhttp://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/1026-favouritism-alleged-at-office-of-auditor-general.html","The Office of the Auditor General is funded by the taxpayer, like other government departments/parastatals. It has its separate account from which it carries out its operations. ..."]
["2014_BF_7",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",7,75,"Au Burkina Faso, la Cour des comptes est l'institution publique chargée du contôle des finances publiques. Elle jouit d'une autonomie totale dans l'exécution de ses prérogatives.  \n\nPour Armand KABORE «cette institution a une bonne réputation et se donne tous les moyens pour faire son travail en toute indépendance. Elle ne fournit pas de rapports complaisants et les membres ne sont  pas du tout inquiétés dans leur travail. Seulement on ne donne pas de suite à leur travail.» \n\nCette opinion est partagée par le secrétaire général du Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MBDHP), pour qui le travail des institutions comme la Cour des comptes meurt dans les tirroirs.  \n\nPour Hyacinthe SANOU, «les contrôleurs sont rompus au métier et ne se laissent pas intimider. Ils ne sont pas inquiétés, ni révoqués pour quoi que ce soit. Mais le seul problème réside dans les suites qui sont données à l’audit.»  \n\nEn ce qui concerne le financement, les deux institutions bénéficient d'un budget annuel comme toutes les autres institutions étatiques. Le budget de l'Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d'État (ASCE) est bien défini dans ces statuts, mais ce n'est pas le cas de la Cour des comptes même si selon nos interviewés, ils sont pris en compte dans le budget de l'État pour chaque exercice en cours. La Cour des comptes a même bénéficié d'un financement de la Banque Mondiale pour 1 100 500 000 FCFA jusqu'en 2015. \n\nCependant l'autonomie des contrôleurs n'est pas garantie puisque ces derniers sont nommés par l'exécutif selon nos différentes sources.","SANOU Hyacinthe, reporter, chef du desk papier d'initiative personnelle, l'Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\nKABORE Joseph Armand, secrétaire permanent, Labo citoyennetés, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 27 juin 2014. \n\nSANOU Aly, secrétaire général, Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10 Juillet 2014.","Au Burkina Faso, la Cour des comptes est l'institution publique chargée du contôle des finances publiques. Elle jouit d'une autonomie totale dans l'exécution de ses prérogatives.  ..."]
["2014_BI_7",2014,"BI","Burundi",7,0,"Au Burundi le contrôle des finances est assuré par la Cour des comptes et l' inspection générale de l'Etat dont les présidents sont nommés par l' exécutif. Ces institutions font des constats et rendent compte à l' exécutif qui se charge des suites à donner à ces rapports. Cependant, les fonds «hors budget» échappent au contrôle de ces institutions. \n\nLes institutions de contrôle des fonds de l’État manquent l’indépendance de prise de décision. Leurs services se limitent seulement à des constats mais jamais à des sanctions. \n\nL’inspection générale de l’État manque d’indépendance parce que leurs décisions ne s’accompagnent pas nécessairement d’effet; 42% de décisions que ce service a prises n’ont pas eu de suite en justice ou ailleurs, selon les explications fournies par le Professeur Charles NIHANGAZA dans un entretien donné à la rédaction de la radio Isanganiro. \n\nAussi, il est difficile de parler de l' indépendance de cette institution de contrôle des finances dans la pratique du moment qu'elle n' a pas de pouvoir juridictionnel et que les membres sont nommés par l' exécutif.\n\nIl n'y a pas eu de cas dans lesquels une institution supposée être auditée par la cour s'est soustraite à cet audit. Pour les institutions faisant objet d’audit, aucun refus n'a été constaté. Les portes sont grandement ouvertes.\n\nIl n'ya aucune preuve que les membres de la cour des comptes aient subi des pressions visant à orienter leur audit dans un sens ou dans un autre. \n\nAu cours des 3 dernières années, le budget de la Cour des Comptes a été en hausse: dans le document de la Loi des Finances, le budget de la Cour est passé de 620 488 338  FBU ($390,603) en 2012-2013   à 1 088 532 916 FBU ($685,241) en 2014-2015.","NININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nNIYONGABO Jean Claude, ancien magistrat, interview par email, 21 juillet 2014. .\n\nNIHANGAZA Charles, entretien donné  à la rédaction de la radio Isanganiro, 30 juillet 2014, «La gestion du budget de l’État est aussi opaque». http://www.isanganiro.org\n\nLois des finances du Burundi. http://www.finances.gov.bi/index.php/budgets","Au Burundi le contrôle des finances est assuré par la Cour des comptes et l' inspection générale de l'Etat dont les présidents sont nommés par l' exécutif. Ces institutions font des constats et rendent compte à l' exécutif qui se charge des suites à donner à ces rapports. Cependant..."]
["2014_CM_7",2014,"CM","Cameroon",7,0,"Au Cameroun, la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême est l'institution supérieure du contrôle des comptes publics. \n\nLes juges de cette Chambre procèdents aux audits de toutes les institutions sans pression. Cependant, certaines administrations publiques échappent aux audits de la Chambre des Comptes: le Ministère de la Défense, la Sûreté nationale et la Présidence de la République. \n\nDans son fonctionnement, elle décide des institutions à auditer. Il n'y a aucune preuve d'une quelconque influence sur la Chambre en ce qui concerne ses décisions d'auditer une institution ou non ou en ce qui concerne quel contrevenant poursuivre ou pas. \n\nLorsque les juges constatent des infractions, ils soumettent leurs observations au parquet qui à son tour établit la responsabilité pénale du contrevenant. Ces conclusions du parquet sont consignés dans un rapport annuel qui est acheminé vers les institutions autorisées par la loi à recevoir ledit rapport: le Président de la République, le Président de l’Assemblée Nationale et le Président du Sénat. Le chef de l'état décide des suites à donner aux cas incriminés dans le rapport. \n\nSon financement a été constant au cours des trois dernières années.\n\nPour ce qui est de l'autre institution d'audit, le Contrôle Supérieur de l'Etat (CSE), il est rattachée à la Présidence de la République et seul le Président de la République valide ses rapports ou autorise les missions d'audit. Lee travail de ses auditeurs appelés les inspecteurs d'Etat est souvent remis en cause dans certaines structures à cause du trucage des rapports qu'ils soumettent souvent à leur hiérarchie. Dans le cadre de leur travail, certains sont soupconnés de vouloir nuire à certains dirigeants des structures auditées. C'est le cas des rapports ayant conduit l'ancien directeur général de la Société camerounaise de Developpement de Coton (SODECOTON) Iya Mohamed sous les verrous. Un rapport décrié a aussi conduit à la sanction de certains inspecteurs d'Etat comme dans le cas de l'ancien directeur général du Port Autonome de Douala (PAD) Siam Siewé, actuellement derrière les barreaux. \n\nDe plus, les textes indiquent que les structures qui doivent être auditées devraient prendre en charge les auditeurs dans certains cas, au regard des limites budgétaires de la structure, ce qui ne garantit pas l'indépendance du Contrôle supérieur de l'Etat.","AHATI Sylvain, avocat au barreau du Cameroun, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nJOSEPH Sachia, cadre à la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nNGAMO Kevin, journaliste à radio Sky one, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nBISSOHONG Armelle, documentaliste au Contrôle supérieur de l'Etat, 14 juillet 2014","Au Cameroun, la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême est l'institution supérieure du contrôle des comptes publics. ..."]
["2014_CV_7",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",7,50,"The Court of Account (COA) has autonomy to audit all accounts by law, but in practice there are exceptions. The accounts of some institutions like the Bank of Cape Verde (BCV), the National Social Security Institute (INPS) and accounts of political parties cannot be accountable to the Court of Accourts, which has been criticized by civil society and political parties, particularly the opposition.\n\nThat is why in 2007 there was an attempt to pass a new law for the Court of Accounts, which would extend  its autonomy, but approval was not achieved because there was no understanding between the two major parties. In February 2014, discussion for approval of the bill was still ongoing. This new measure is intended to oblige all state organs, institutions and public companies to justify their expenditures. \n\nThe fact that the judges of the Court of Accounts are appointed by the president is also being criticized. The judges of the COA operate without fear except that they do not have autonomy to audit all accounts. The COA has consistent funding. The website of the institution shows the annual reports of the COA.","1. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judge of Praia City Tribunal County, July 16, 2014, Praia.\n\n2. Annual Report of COA, August 07, 2014; http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=viewcategory&catid=7&Itemid=491.\n\n3. A Semana, May 5, 2014, \"Santa Catarina: Trial of the mayor Franscisco Tavares opens,\" http://asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article99408&ak=1\n\n4. A Nação, March 24, 2014, \"Parliament: New law of the court of accounts out of the agenda of this session in March\": http://www.anacao.cv/online/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4470:parlamento-nova-lei-do-tribunal-de-contas-sai-da-agenda-desta-sesao-de-marco&catid=80&Itemid=501\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n1.  Competence, organisation and the Court of Auditors and the operation status of their judges, http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=496&view=finish&cid=41&catid=12;\n  \n2. Expresso das Ilhas, February 13, 2014, «New law strengthens powers and autonomy of the Court of Auditors in Cape Verde»: http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/sociedade/item/41459-nova-lei-reforca-poderes-e-autonomia-do-tribunal-de-contas-em-cabo-verde.","The Court of Account (COA) has autonomy to audit all accounts by law, but in practice there are exceptions. The accounts of some institutions like the Bank of Cape Verde (BCV), the National Social Security Institute (INPS) and accounts of political parties cannot be accountable to ..."]
["2014_CF_7",2014,"CF","CAR",7,25,"La Cour des comptes, institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques jouit d'une façon théorique de l'autonomie de contrôle conférée par la loi 99.001 portant son organisation et son fonctionnement, sauf qu'elle doit transmettre ses rapports de contrôle au Président de la République pour appréciation administrative et politique.\n\nCette démarche pourrait avoir une incidence négative dans une certaine mesure sur l'application des recommandations issues de rapports de contrôle à partir du moment où ces dernières révéleraient les malversations financières des personnalités appartenant au parti du Chef de l'État ou à son clan ou autres personnalités influentes au niveau national. \n\nL'autre constat, selon les mêmes personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, est que les contrôleurs n'effectuent pas de façon récurrente les contrôles de gestion des lignes budgétaires allouées aux départements ministériels. Ce qui occasionne le plus souvent des dérapages.\n\nPar ailleurs, on constate que ces contrôleurs ne sont pas stables dans la mesure où ils sont mutés à tout moment,  pour certains à des postes rémunérateurs et d'autres se retrouvent parfois sans responsabilité. Cette situation est observée le plus souvent après la nomination d'un nouveau Ministre. Cela a un impact sur le suivi des dossiers antérieurs. \n\nMalgré le rôle primordial que joue cette institution, elle est confrontée à de multiples difficultés parmi lesquelles on note l'insuffisance du budget et la non-régularité de versement par le trésor public. Ce qui limite dans une certaine mesure l'efficacité des actions de contrôle prévues.","ZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, Conseiller national (Député), coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des Elections, coordonnateur adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme, interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKPEOU Aimé Césaire, juriste de formation, chef de département à l'Institut Supérieur de Gestion des Entreprises à l'université de Bangui et enseignant dans la même université, interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMEBOUROU Thierry, rédacteur en chef du journal le Démocrate, interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nAnonyme, inspecteur au Ministère du commerce et de l'industrie, des PME et de l'artisanat; interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Cour des comptes, institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques jouit d'une façon théorique de l'autonomie de contrôle conférée par la loi 99.001 portant son organisation et son fonctionnement, sauf qu'elle doit transmettre ses rapports de contrôle au Président de la..."]
["2014_TD_7",2014,"TD","Chad",7,50,"L'institution de la Cour des comptes date de mars 2014. \n\nPour Me Hassan DIOP, greffier de la Chambre des comptes, les contrôleurs et les agents de l'audit de la Cour des comptes ne sont soumis à aucune pression administrative ou politique dans les vérifications des comptes publics et dans tous les services de l'État. Les conditions d'exercice de leurs fonctions sont définies par la Loi N° 017/PR/2014 et elles ne souffrent d'aucune ambiguïté. La cour dispose des sources de financement autonomes définies par la même loi. \n\nDe son coté, Mahamat TADJADINE, syndicaliste, estime que « la Cour des comptes est l'une des jeunes cours de la République du Tchad mais elle effectue correctement sa mission malgré certaines imperfections qu'on peut constater. Les magistrats de cette cour, à mon avis, opèrent sans crainte et au service de la République.»\n\nLe contrôleur Adoum SEID, commente : «depuis sa création, la Cour de compte est jusque là épargnée des jeux politiques. Et en plus, les agents de contrôle ont un statut un peu plus élevé que les autres et qui leur permet de résister à la tentation.»","DIOP Hassan, greffier de la Chambre des comptes,  Cour suprême, 26 juillet 2014.\n\nTADJADINE Mahamat, secrétaire général des magistrats du Tchad,  palais de la justice de N'Djamena, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nSEID Haroun, contrôleur au ministère de l'assainissment public et de la moralisation, à son domicile, 27 juillet 2014.\n\nAfriqueinfos, 7 mars 2014, «Tchad : l'Assemblée nationale approuve la création d'une cour des comptes.» http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/7/tchad-lassemblee-nationale-approuve-creation-dune-cour-comptes-247298.asp","L'institution de la Cour des comptes date de mars 2014. \n\nPour Me Hassan DIOP, greffier de la Chambre des comptes, les contrôleurs et les agents de l'au..."]
["2014_KM_7",2014,"KM","Comoros",7,50,"Les membres de la Section des comptes jouissent généralement de l’autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier tout compte, mais des exceptions existent. \n\nLes membres de la Section des comptes disposent généralement de l’autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier les comptes. Ainsi, dans l’affaire de l’utilisation des fonds de la citoyenneté économique et du projet habitat, la Cour a convoqué plusieurs hautes personnalités de l’ancien régime (deux anciens ministres et un directeur général). Un responsable de la Section des comptes a déclaré aux journalistes que la cour ne tient pas compte du rang de la personnalité à enquêter. Cependant, la corruption amoindrit l’efficacité des membres de la Section des comptes, car elle ne lui permet pas de faire comme il faut son travail. Un journaliste met en cause le président de la Section des comptes en ces termes :  « De sources dignes de foi précisent que  le président de la Section des comptes, Elarif Hamidi, devant faire un audit aux hydrocarbures n’a jusqu’à ce jour rendu son travail, car il est régulièrement ravitaillé en carburant et quelques enveloppes bien garnies par un directeur général incompétent et arnaqueur ».  \n\nLa Section des comptes de la Cour suprême est institutionnellement indépendante du  pouvoir exécutif,  mais elle reste rattachée au pouvoir judiciaire et, reste de ce fait soumise aux mêmes contraintes que les autres composantes du pouvoir judiciaire. En tant que branche de la Cour suprême, la Section des comptes ne dispose pas d’une autonomie budgétaire car l’imputation budgétaire est conférée à la Cour suprême. La Section des comptes établit un budget prévisionnel, mais en retour le budget est confondu dans le budget des autres sections. Le budget n’est jamais suffisant, mais il n’y a toutefois pas de conflits entre les sections de la Cour suprême. La Section des comptes dispose  toutefois  de  plus  de moyens que la Commission de vérification des comptes (CVC) rattachée au ministère des finances. La Section des comptes comprend un effectif  de trois conseillers et neuf auditeurs.  Le budget de fonctionnement alloué pour le dernier semestre 2012 était de 4.000.000 FC (8.000 €).  \n\nDe plus, du fait de son rattachement institutionnel au pouvouir judiciaire, la Section des Comptes ne rentre pas dans la définition d’institution indépendante, au  sens  de  la  norme  « indépendance  de  l’Institution Supérieure des Comptes (ISC) » telles qu'établies par l'Organisation  Internationale  des  Institutions  Supérieures de Contrôle des Finances Publiques (INTOSAI), Déclaration de Mexico sur l’indépendance  des ISC. \n\nSelon un ancien chef de projet, pour devenir vraiment autonome et indépendant, l’organe supérieur de contrôle ne devrait pas être intégré comme une simple section de la Cour Suprême comme c’est le cas actuellement. Il devrait être une institution à part entière et devenir une Section des Comptes. L’on est tenté de croire que le gouvernement ne donne pas des moyens à ces institutions pour qu’elles ne fonctionnent pas bien : « la transparence est un gris-gris que le gouvernement met autour du cou pour se défendre contre les partenaires techniques et financiers étrangers ».","MAANROUF Mohamed Elarif, secrétaire général de la Cour suprême, Moroni, 09 juillet 2014. \n\nCHARANI Moinafatima, ancienne coordinatrice au projet d’Appui à la Bonne Gouvernance Économique (ABGE), 10 juillet 2014. \n\nYOUSSOUF Mohamed, La Gazette des Comores, 18 septembre 2013, « Trois personnalités écoutées par la Section des comptes». http://www.lagazettedescomores.com/spip.php?Article 2029. ","Les membres de la Section des comptes jouissent généralement de l’autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier tout compte, mais des exceptions existent. ..."]
["2014_CD_7",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",7,50,"Les juges de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire jouissent de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier les comptes; cependant ils sont parfois soumis à des incitations politiques pour avoir émis des rapports négatifs. Ils disposent d'un financement inscrit dans le budget national.","CHIRAC Ngangoue, cadre à la direction générale des impôts, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Mikalou (Brazzaville), le 04 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, employé au parquet près le Tribunal de Grande Instance de Brazzaville, interview au TGI de Brazzaville le 04 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nLa Semaine africaine, 12 juillet 2013, « Inspection Générale d’État : Les cadres ont renforcé leurs compétences dans la conduite des missions de contrôle et de vérification.» http://lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/societe/6030-inspection-generale-d-État-les-cadres-ont-renforce-leurs-competences-dans-la-conduite-des-missions-de-controle-et-de-verification\n\nAdia-Congo, 16 octobre 2013. «Gouvernance : la Cour des Comptes épingle dans son rapport le ministère de l’Économie et des Finances.» http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/gouvernance-la-cour-des-comptes-epingle-dans-son-rapport-le-ministere-de-leconomie-et-des","Les juges de la Cour des comptes et de discipline budgétaire jouissent de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier les comptes; cependant ils sont parfois soumis à des incitations politiques pour avoir émis des rapports négatifs. Ils disposent d'un financement inscrit dans le budget na..."]
["2014_CG_7",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",7,25,"The Court of Auditors initiates audits of government accounts without fear or interference from the government. An analysis of some audit reports shows objective and critical  comments and observations on government financial management and clear recomendations for improvement.\n\nA news article reported that sometimes the Court of Auditors derives its power to act without fear from acts the government. In April 2014, while waiting for a new Government of National Cohesion, the prime minister requested audits of all government-funded projects.  \n\nHowever, media reports reveal some lack of independence for the Court of Auditors. The Court of Auditors does not have a consistent operational budget and mostly depends on external financial support, particularly the European Union. This has weakened the court's performance.","1. (Media article), Projets Finances Sur Fonds Propres De L’etat En Rdc ; Pourquoi Un Audit A La Veille De La Formation Du 1. (Phone interview), Georges Bokundu, professional lawyer and Country Director of The Southern Africa Resource Watch,  July 6, 2014.  \n\n2. (Face to face interview), Ben Embinga, professional lawyers, associate of Bm Private Law Firm,   July 4, 2014.\n\n3.  (Media article), Projets Finances Sur Fonds Propres De L’etat En Rdc ; Pourquoi Un Audit A La Veille De La Formation Du Gouvernement De Cohesion National?, By Kambale Mutogherwa, April 24, 2014, http://7sur7.cd/index.php/8-infos/4262-projets-finances-sur-fonds-propres-de-l-etat-en-rdc-pourquoi-un-audit-a-la-veille-de-la-formation-du-gouvernement-de-cohesion-nationale. \n\n4. (Media article), Rdc: Le Gouvernement Doit Doter La Cour De Comptes D’un Budget Consequent, By Dominque Dinanga, November 11, 2013, http://www.echos-grandslacs.info/productions/rdc-le-gouvernement-doit-doter-la-cour-des-comptes-dun-budget-consequent.\n\n5.        Cours Des Comptes, Rapport General Sur Le Controle De L'execution De La Loi De Finances N. 12/002 Du 20 Juillet 2012 En Vue De La Reddition Des Comptes Du Budget Du Pouvoir Central Pour L'exercice 2012, September 2013. \n\n6. Audit of public debts: June 2013; http://www.courdescomptes.cd/doc/DETTE%20PUBLIQUE%20RDC%202009-2011.pdf","The Court of Auditors initiates audits of government accounts without fear or interference from the government. An analysis of some audit reports shows objective and critical  comments and observations on government financial management and clear recomendations for improvement...."]
["2014_CI_7",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",7,50,"La Cour des comptes demeure l'instance de contrôle de la gestion des finances publiques. Avec une faculté d’auto saisine. Elle jouit également d'une autonomie financière lui permettant de mener les enquêtes nécessaire à la conclusion de ses rapports. La Cour des comptes a la faculté de s’autosaisir.\n \n Conformément à l'évaluation de l'exécution du budget de l’État, à titre d'exemple, la Cour des comptes assure un contrôle appelé contrôle juridictionnel. Elle est habilitée à demander des explications à l’administrateur dont les comptes sont irréguliers. L’administrateur est tenu de répondre à la cour dans un délai de trois mois. Dans le cas contraire, si elle ne reçoit pas une réponse dans le délai indiqué ci-dessus, elle saisit le Président de la République pour des sanctions disciplinaires.\n \n En pratique, le fait que cette institution pêche de par sa soumission au chef du pouvoir exécutif, son indépendance peut être amoindrie, voire dépendante du bon vouloir de l’exécutif. La Cour des comptes dispose d'un budget de fonctionnement annuel au même titre que toutes les instititutions de l'Etat de Côte d'Ivoire.  Le gouvernement a renforcé l'indépendance de la Cour des compte en 2014 en votant une réforme. De plus, au cour de l'année 2014, la Cour des comptes n'a pas hésité à critiquer les dépenses du gouvernements, notamment sur ses frais de voyage.","KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.\n \n NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n N’GUESSAN Koffi Bernard, agent d’affaires judiciaires à Abidjan, 12 juillet 2014  Artici.net, 29 octobre 2014, «Côte d'Ivoire : le gouvernement donne son autonomie à la Cour des comptes et attend le feu vert de l'Assemblée nationale.» http://artici.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=832:cote-d-ivoire-le-gouvernement-donne-son-autonomie-a-la-cour-des-comptes-et-attend-le-feu-vert-de-l-assemblee-nationale&Itemid=239","La Cour des comptes demeure l'instance de contrôle de la gestion des finances publiques. Avec une faculté d’auto saisine. Elle jouit également d'une autonomie financière lui permettant de mener les enquêtes nécessaire à la conclusion de ses rapports. La Cour des comptes a la facult..."]
["2014_DJ_7",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",7,25,"La Cour de Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. En son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce role. \n\nComme le prevoit la loi, les contrôleurs jouissent généralement de l'autonomie nécessaire pour vérifier tout compte public. Cependant, l'autorité politique de tutelle, à savoir le Premier ministre, peut ordonner les investigations de manière discrétionnaire. Le journaliste nous affirme qu'il a existé dans le passé des cas d'inspecteurs qui ont été détachés de l'inspection générale pour être nommés à d'autres sous directions de l'Etat. Donc il existe des exceptions à cette autonomie de vérification des comptes publics.\n\nLes investigations de l'IGE ne se font pas à l'initiative des inspecteurs mais la demande émane souvent des autorités politiques à savoir la primature. La nomination de certains inspecteurs dans d’autres sections relève du pouvoir discrétionnaire de l'administration et notamment  de la primature qui décide les profils de personnes recrutées. Il peut y avoir possibilité pour les contrôleurs d’opérer avec faveur et crainte en fonction des interférences politiques car c'est le plus souvent la primature qui «déclenche» les contrôles.\n\nConcernant le financement de l'institution, il a été créé en 2012 un fonds d'intervention de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat disposant de l'autonomie financière et de gestion. Ce fonds d'intervention permanent de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat est alimenté par des versements du budget de l'Etat. Il peut être également alimenté par des participations, dons et subventions d'organismes publics ou ne relevant pas de l'administration.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nLes contrôleurs de la cour des comptes (du temps où elle était opérationnelle) ne jouissaient que rarement de l'autonomie nécessaire dans leur travail et opèrent dans la crainte des sanctions politiques.","MOHAMED Hibo, ancienne inspectrice à l'Inspection Générale d'Etat, entretien à la primature, 30 juin 2014.\n\nOSMAN Ali, journaliste à La Nation, 30 juin 2014.\n\nABOUBAKAR Farhan, inspecteur des finances, 16 juillet 2014.\n\n\nSources des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nGUEDI Mohamed Hassan, magistrat à la Cour des comptes, novembre 2014\n\nYONIS Farhan, magistrat à la Cour des compte, novembre 2014\n\nILYAS Hassan Ali, Inspection Générale d'Etat, novembre 2014","La Cour de Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé depuis plusieurs années suite à l’incendie qui a ravagé ses locaux en 2008. En son absence, c'est Inspection Générale d’Etat qui joue ce role. ..."]
["2014_EG_7",2014,"EG","Egypt",7,25,"The Central Auditing Organisation (CAO) seized documents during the reporting period that it said showed the Egyptian Medical Syndicate had given out EGP 25 million in loans to companies in Turkey and Lebanon. Yet its efforts has been hampered in other ways. During the reporting period the CAO has been unable to audit all government accounts as mandated by law. Upon request by the CAO, the Ministry of Interior and seven other government entities have failed or refused to provide certain documents to see if they were following the new maximum wage laws.  \n\nThe CAO remains committed to its ongoing anti-corruption campaigns. But, following parliamentary elections later this year, it may face increased pressure to conform with government demands and interests because the current head of the CAO is the last remaining appointee of President Morsi before he was overthrown in a coup.\n\nThe CAO also has a fractured relationship with the judiciary. A lawsuit is being conducted against Hisham Genina for his activities prior to becoming head of the CAO. The CAO reports to the President, lacks the authority to initiate lawsuits and is funded through the president office.","Interview, Mohamed Zaher, General Auditor of the CAO, July 12-14, (Phone).\n\nDaily News Egypt, March 5, 2014, Sara Aggour, \"CAO seizes Medical Syndicate’s accounting documents\"\nhttp://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/03/05/cao-seizes-medical-syndicates-accounting-documents/.\n\nAl Ahram  March 14, 2014 \"There is no real financial supervision on ministry of interior: Egypt's top auditor\"\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/96996/Egypt/Politics-/There-is-no-real-financial-supervision-on-ministry.aspx.\n\nWhat has CAO chief Hisham Geneina done?Feb. 22, 2014, http://thecairopost.com/news/93809/op/what-has-cao-chief-hisham-geneina-done.\n\nThe battle of Hesham Geneina, 26 Feb 2014, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/4/0/94874/Opinion/-The-battle-of-Hesham-Geneina.aspx.\n\nEgypt: ANHRI Gets an Acquittal for a Number of Elbadil Online Newspaper Journalists, 26 MARCH 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201403261618.html .\n\nTrial of Egypt auditing agency chief adjourned to May 22, http://www.turkishpress.com/news/406872/\n\n\"7 Public Entities Refuse To Reveal Data On Maximum Wage: Auditing Organization,\" 17 July 2014, http://www.amwalalghad.com/en/news/egypt-news/28483-7-public-entities-refuse-to-reveal-data-on-maximum-wage-auditing-organization.html\n\nEgypt's top auditor to be tried for libeling justice minister, 9 Feb 2014, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93843/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-top-auditor-to-be-tried-for-libeling-justic.aspx","The Central Auditing Organisation (CAO) seized documents during the reporting period that it said showed the Egyptian Medical Syndicate had given out EGP 25 million in loans to companies in Turkey and Lebanon. Yet its efforts has been hampered in other ways. During the reporting pe..."]
["2014_GQ_7",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",7,0,"The Constitution of 2012 created a supreme audit institution responsible for auditing the public accounts, which is meant to promote transparency and accountability once in operation. By the end of the period under review, the audit institution had not been formally established, and no resources had not been allocated for its establishment. \n\nThe president’s authority to name and remove the institution's personnel without parliamentary oversight is granted by the constitution, which clearly undermines its independence. Furthermore, the expectation is that auditors will lack the autonomy to conduct audits, given the fear of reprisals and political pressure.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"El Tribunal de Cuentas de Guinea Ecuatorial no existe hasta la fecha,\" June 13, 2014. \nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/el-tribunal-de-cuentas-de-guinea-ecuatorial-existe-hasta-la-fecha/ \n\nPublication: The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, June 26, 2014\nhttp://country.eiu.com/FileHandler.ashx?issue_id=1761739760&mode=pdf \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary Compilation Equatorial Guinea, Febr. 13, 2014.\nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf\n\n ","The Constitution of 2012 created a supreme audit institution responsible for auditing the public accounts, which is meant to promote transparency and accountability once in operation. By the end of the period under review, the audit institution had not been formally established, an..."]
["2014_ER_7",2014,"ER","Eritrea",7,0,"The auditor general is mandated by the constitution to undertake annual auditing activities of all government offices and semi-governmental establishments. However, the Office of the Auditor General has not undertaken any auditing activities by the end of year 2013. There are government bodies and other establishments that the auditor general has not audited since their creation.\n\nMany of the economic establishments, like the Red Sea Trading Corp., which is owned by the ruling party, have not been audited by the auditor general. The Red Sea has its own internal auditing done by internal auditors or private certified auditors. \n\nThe auditor general audits the yearly performance of some government bodies, but its recommendations or queries are addressed confidentially to avoid criticism in the government bodies. The auditor general does not operate without fear or favor and is not independent; the head of the Office of the Auditor General is a cabinet member, the minister of Finance and also director general of the Eritrean National Mining Co. There has never been a prosecution as a result of the auditor's findings; all audit processes and results are confidential.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, June 3, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The auditor general is mandated by the constitution to undertake annual auditing activities of all government offices and semi-governmental establishments. However, the Office of the Auditor General has not undertaken any auditing activities by the end of year 2013. There are gover..."]
["2014_ET_7",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",7,25,"The Office of the Auditor General performs its duties with some interference by government entities. It audits the government itself and its agencies under the direct authority of the constitution and the proclamation. The office can usually audit any account it likes within the mandate set for it in its constitutional law, however, these decisions may need political blessing. \n\nAlthough, accounts are not specified and excluded, in practice the agency can be told to refrain from auditing certain organizations and at least delay its activities. Although political considerations don't always enter into the performance of the duties of the agency, they come into play in the rare circumstances where the issues under investigation are deemed politically sensitive. The auditor general's office is not generally considered a powerful institution that can threaten the politically backed status quo. It reports only to the House of Peoples' Representatives Committee that oversees the office. This committee, the Public Accounts Committee, is currently chaired by the only opposition party member of the House of Peoples' Representatives.  \n\nThe Office of the Auditor General, in addition, does not enjoy financial autonomy, and it is subjected to the rules of accounting that the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development imposes on all government ministries and agencies. There is no financial independence as it has to work with whatever is allocated to it in the annual budget. The budget is also dependent on the availability of resources and the acceptability of the activities proposed by the office. In addition, as opposed to voluntary compliance mechanisms that ensure the independence of such auditor general institutions in other countries, the Ethiopian auditor general has to follow rules set by entities it audits.\n\nThere were no reported removals or demotions in the Office of the Auditor General during this study period.","Interview with Dilu Nesaw, Education and Training Division director, Office of the Auditor General, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Office of the Auditor General. \n\nInterview with Worku Alemu, auditor and director of Audit Research and Development Directorate, Office of the Auditor General, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Office of the Auditor General.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, lecturer at the Department of Accounting and Finance, Arbaminch University, 2 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Office of the Auditor General performs its duties with some interference by government entities. It audits the government itself and its agencies under the direct authority of the constitution and the proclamation. The office can usually audit any account it likes within the ma..."]
["2014_GA_7",2014,"GA","Gabon",7,50,"Au Gabon, la Cour des comptes ne jouit pas de l'indépendance que lui garantit la loi. \n\nD'abord, ses membres, ou auditeurs, sont nommés par l'exécutif, ce qui limite leur autonomie et ne leur permet pas de fonctionner indépendamment des autres pouvoirs, surtout l'exécutif. Ce manque d'autonomie et sa vulnérabilité vis-à-vis de l'exécutif amène la Cour des comptes à se muer parfois se muer en un instrument de règlement de compte politique, comme c'est le cas avec l'ancien Premier ministre Eyeghe Ndong à qui la cour reproche d'avoir détourné des fonds publics, tout en suivant une procédure qui n'est pas reconnue par la loi. Il en est ainsi de la procédure ouverte contre des anciens ministres  devenus opposants  dans le scandale de la gestion des fêtes tournantes.\n\nEn plus, son financement provient des ordonnateurs qui dépendent de l'exécutif, ce qui ne lui garantit pas un budget à temps plein pour son exercice.","ROUGOU Jean-Pierre, enseignant, Université Omar Bongo et Paris-Panthéon, interrogé par Facebook, 28 décembre 2014.\n\nGabon Review, 28 novembre 2014, «La Cour des comptes se muscle». http://gabonreview.com/blog/cour-comptes-se-muscle/\n\nNouvelles du Gabon, 30 août 2014, «Jean Eyeghe Ndong fustige le comportement de la Cour des comptes.» http://www.nouvellesdugabon.com/?link=details_art&id=1299&type=Soci%E9t%E9\n\nInfo 241, 29 août 2014, «Fêtes tournantes : Jean Eyeghe Ndong déplore une affaire montée de toutes pièces.» http://info241.com/fetes-tournantes-jean-eyeghe-ndong-deplore-une-affaire-montee-de,310\n\nGabon Echo, 1er septembre 2014, «Fêtes tournantes: Jeannot Kalima, ancien directeur de cabinet de l’ex-ministre des travaux publics, en prison.» http://www.gaboneco.com/nouvelles_africaines_33475.html","Au Gabon, la Cour des comptes ne jouit pas de l'indépendance que lui garantit la loi. \n\nD'abord, ses membres, ou auditeurs, sont nommés par l'exécutif, ce qui limite leur autonomie e..."]
["2014_GM_7",2014,"GM","The Gambia",7,25,"Although the constitution guarantees the independence of the National Audit Office, in practice this is not the case. This is because the president can dismiss the auditor general without giving any explanation, as was done to the last auditor general and the one before him about a decade ago. The independence of the auditor general and the National Audit Office are not guaranteed because there is no tenure and the auditor general serves at the whim of the executive. \n\nSources also raised concern about the auditor general's lack of access to information, noting that the constitutional right of the auditor general to access relevant information for audit is continuously denied or hindered either by design or default during the course of the audit exercise.\n\nThis affects the independence of the National Audit Office. However, there have been no newspaper reports and reports from other sources interviewed revealing interference from the executive in the past year. There have been no reports that the auditor general or the National Audit Office lacked funding to execute their functions or that the office routinely operated with fear or favor, or that it may be dependent on other offices of the government.\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nI agree with the score. In presenting his annual activity report before the joint session of the Public Accounts Committee and Public Enterprises Committee on 26 February 2014, the Auditor General Karamba Touray lamented the challenges his office faces in terms of high rate of staff attrition, hence a number of vacancies in senior and strategic positions as well as lack of adequate resources such as vehicles which hamper their work. These challenges are either designed to frustrate the work of the national audit office or if by default also goes to indicate the lack of practical independence to do their work.","1. Interview with Mr. Suwaibou Touray, Editor, Foroyaa Newspaper, 3rd July 2014, Serrekunda\n\n2. THE PUBLIC IS ENTITLED TO EACH AUDITOR GENERAL’S REPORT WHEN CHECKS AND BALANCES ARE WEAK ACCOUTABILITY BECOMES THE CASUALTY, Foroyaa Newspaper, By Ousman Njie, Tuesday, 18 March 2014, available at http://www.foroyaa.gm/editorial/15206-the-public-is-entitled-to-each-auditor-general-s-report-when-checks-and-balances-are-weak-accoutability-becomes-the-casualty\n\n3. Speaker: PEC/PAC not out for a witch hunt, The Standard, by Sainey Marenah, 22/05/2014, available at http://standard.gm/site/news/3732-Speaker-PECPAC-not-out-for-witch-hunt.html\n\nBackground: \nGambia Gov’t spent hundreds of millions of dalasi without proper documentation, auditor general reveals, Gambia News Online, Wednesday, November 28, 2012, http://gambianewsonline.blogspot.com/2012/11/gambia-govt-spent-hundreds-of-millions.html\n\nReviewer sources:\n1. ‘Auditor General reports on government finances’ reported by the Point newspaper (www.thepoint.gm) on 27 February 2014 by Njie Baldeh. http://allafrica.com/stories/201402271281.html\n\n2. ‘National audit chief laments staff attrition at institution’ reported  by the Daily Observer newspaper (www.observer.gm)on Feb 4, 2014 by Bekai Njie and Aji Fatou Faal. http://allafrica.com/stories/201402040660.html","Although the constitution guarantees the independence of the National Audit Office, in practice this is not the case. This is because the president can dismiss the auditor general without giving any explanation, as was done to the last auditor general and the one before him about a..."]
["2014_GH_7",2014,"GH","Ghana",7,50,"Auditing of public accounts is a constitutional requirement, which is adhered to. There are internal auditors at every public institution who audit accounts of public institutions on quarterly basis. External auditors also visit those same public institutions to audit their accounts.\n \nThe auditors are not subject to control or direction of any person or authority in the performance of their duties. They also operate without fear or favor and are independent from other offices of government.\n \nHowever, the audit agency does not have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year. Like other government institutions, the Ghana Audit Service prepares its proposed budget and sends it to the Ministry of Finance, which then incorporates it into the national budget for Parliamentary approval. The Ministry of Finance, most of the time, cuts down the budget proposed by the Ghana Audit Service because of inadequate government revenue. Even after Parliamentary approval, when the funds are supposed to be released on quarterly basis to the Ghana Audit Service, the Ministry of Finance sometimes fails to release the funds on time.\n\nFor 2014, the Ghana Audit Service's budget proposal has been reduced and the release of funds to it (Ghana Audit Service) this year (2014) has been inconsistent as well as inadequate to ensure effective discharge of its duties. At its annual lectures in October 2013, the Auditor General disclosed that his office (Ghana Audit Service) was effectively broke, making it unable to fully perform its functions.","1. Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Joseph Ghunney, Public Relations Officer, Ghana Audit Service, Telephone interview, June 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Mohammed Zakaria, Auditing Assistant, University for Development Studies' (UDS) Central Administration, Table interview at UDS International Conference Center, August 11, 2014, Tamale.\n\n4. News story: Title: Audit Service is broke - Auditor General, Author: Daily Guide, Name of publication: www.ghanaweb.com, Date: October 3, 2013, Link: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=287805","Auditing of public accounts is a constitutional requirement, which is adhered to. There are internal auditors at every public institution who audit accounts of public institutions on quarterly basis. External auditors also visit those same public institutions to audit their account..."]
["2014_GN_7",2014,"GN","Guinea",7,0,"L'institution supérieure pour le contrôle des finances publiques est la Cour des Comptes. Bien qu'elle ait été instituée par la Constitution de 2010, la mission de la cour est assurée par la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême. \n\nNormalement, les rapports de la Chambre des Comptes sont rendus publics à travers le Journal Officiel (JO), mais depuis septembre 2013, il n'y a pas eu de publication de rapport. De plus, bien que les dépenses de la cour soient imputées au budget national, la cour est perçue par la population comme étant à la solde de l'exécutif. C'est pourquoi une plainte a été déposée par un groupe d'organisations de la société civile, y compris Avocat Sans Frontières, dans le cadre de la déclaration des biens par les hauts responsables, mais la plainte est restée sans suite.","Me SONOMOU Michel, avocat à la cour, président de Avocat Sans Frontière, Guinée, 11h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry., Conakry.\n\nFALCON François, directeur national de l'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, 18h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nMme Andrée, greffière en chef, Cour suprême, 10h, 20 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nDORÉ Tokpana, Guineenews.org, 5 février 2014, « Déclaration des biens de nos gouvernants : des avocats saisissent la Cour suprême.»  http://guineenews.org/declaration-des-biens-de-nos-gouvernants-des-avocats-saisissent-la-cour- suprême/","L'institution supérieure pour le contrôle des finances publiques est la Cour des Comptes. Bien qu'elle ait été instituée par la Constitution de 2010, la mission de la cour est assurée par la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême. ..."]
["2014_GW_7",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",7,0,"Auditors operate in favor of certain offices of the government in fear of the head of state, who nominates the president of the Court of Auditors. For example, after 21 years of its existence not even one state account has been issued a resolution.\n\nFinancial constraints limit the independence of the Court of Accounts. The court has been constantly under-funded. As an example, due to lack of funding, the previous headquarters of the court were always flooded during the rainy season. Human and material resources are also lacking. There is a complete lack of transparency in the execution of the state's budget, there are parallel accounts, and there is no accountability in the public bodies. All of these factors have made it impossible for the Supreme Audit Institute to fulfill its role.  For the past three years the Court of Accounts  has only received funding once.\n\nAnother problem is that public bodies resist being audited. This problem is compounded by the fact that court is perceived as less important than other bodies, which makes inter-institutional relationships very complicated. The Supreme Court Justice had refused to be audited during the period under study.  \n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments: \n\nAgree. In the same news reports, the president of the CoA, Mr Alberto Djedjo, was quoted as saying that the court has since its creation conducted several financial audits to public bodies, but none of the procedures was ever completed. Apart from these unfinished audits, the type of control that the CoA  actually does is a priori supervision: only some contracts regarding personnel and public works, rental agreements and material supplies are sent to the CoA for verification of legal compliance and budgetary cover in order to obtain validation. \n\nThe lack of efficacy of the court of accounts was mainly due to the cycles of political and military instability and to the systematic mismanagement of public resource by successive governments. The lack of efficiency of the court of accounts is also due to weak government support but also due to internal inefficiencies.","1. Interview with Vice-President, Roberto Indeque, Guinea-Bissau's Lawyer Association, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Professor, Juselino Pereira, Guinea-Bissau's Law Faculty, Law Professor, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. “Mesmo com as dificuldades do Tribunal de Contas, esta instituição deverá estar atenta às contas do Estado” - Serifo Nhamadjo (Even with its dificulties, the Audit Institution ought to pay attention to the state's accounts\", Rádio Difusão Nacional, 25 November 2013 http://www.gbissau.com/?p=8262.\n\n4. \"Guiné-Bissau: Tribunal de Contas nunca julgou uma conta no país\" (Guinea-Bissau: Supreme Audit Institution never judged one account in the country\", Portuguese News Network, 28 November 2013.\n\n5. Interview with General-Director of the Supreme Audit Institution, Idriça Mané, Tribunal de Contas,  14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n6. Interview with Juridical Counselor to the Supreme Audit Institution, Vasco Beaguê, Tribunal de Contas, Lawyer, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n7. Rádio Difusão Nacional, 25 November 2013 and Portuguese News Network, 28 November 2013.","Auditors operate in favor of certain offices of the government in fear of the head of state, who nominates the president of the Court of Auditors. For example, after 21 years of its existence not even one state account has been issued a resolution...."]
["2014_KE_7",2014,"KE","Kenya",7,75,"The Office of the Auditor-General is independent in practice. In March, the Auditor-General's Office, addressing the government's failure to account properly for expenditures, revealed that about 500 billion Kenya shillings could not be accounted for in the 2012/13 fiscal year. The Auditor-General in his reports does not favor any arm of government in its audit functions and several agencies continue to find themselves at odds to explain how they used public funds. The Auditor-General's office has also shown its independence when it revealed that it had found the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission chairman Isaack Hassan,  James Oswago (suspended CEO), and former Finance Minister Njeru Githae culpable in the procurement of biometric voter registration kits in a government-to-government arrangement.\n\nAlthough auditors do their work independently, there has been concern of inconsistences in the amount of funds released to the Auditor-General's Office.  Parliament allocated the Auditor-General's Office 3.3 billion (gross) for the 2014/15 fiscal year. This is an improvement from the 2013/14 fiscal year when Treasury allocated 1.9 billion against a request of 4 billion shillings to help tackle a bigger mandate covering the 47 counties. This kind of unpredictable funding for this office has been criticized as an obstacle for effective planning and discharge of functions. \n\nHowever, the question of consistency in funding for the Auditor-General's Office is  contestable because the office has only functioned in its current independent entity since August 2010, when the present Constitution was promulgated. This means its first full fiscal year as an independent agency came in 2012/2013. In fiscal year 2013/14 the Auditor-General's office was allocated KSH 2.1 billion and KSH 2.4 billion for the financial year 2014/15. This captures a trend of increased budgetary allocation.","1. Peter Opiyo, assistant communication manager Kenya National Audit Office (KENAO). Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n2. Mwalimu Mati, Executive Director Mars Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n3. Edwin Mutai, Parliamentary Reporter, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014. \n\n4. Kenya National Assembly Budget and Appropriation Committee Report on the Budget Policy Statement 2014. The Report was published in February 2014.\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ke/plone/national-assembly/committees/copy_of_committee-reports/report-on-the-budget-policy-statement/at_multi_download/item_files?name=Report%20on%20the%20BPS%20Final%202014.pdf.\n\n5. \"Sh500b State funds cannot be accounted for, says Auditor General Edward Ouko\". An article by Lillian Kiarie, published by the Standard Newspaper on March 24, 2014.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000107710&story_title=sh500b-state-funds-cannot-be-accounted-for-says-auditor-general-edward-ouko&pageNo=3.\n\n6. \"Auditor-General faults Hassan, Oswago over 2013 election kits\". An article by Edwin Mutai, published by the Business Daily Newspaper on June 24, 2014.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Auditor-General-faults-Hassan-Oswago-over-2013-BVR-election-kits/-/539546/2360712/-/k22j73z/-/index.html.","The Office of the Auditor-General is independent in practice. In March, the Auditor-General's Office, addressing the government's failure to account properly for expenditures, revealed that about 500 billion Kenya shillings could not be accounted for in the 2012/13 fiscal year. The..."]
["2014_LS_7",2014,"LS","Lesotho",7,50,"The independence of the supreme audit institution is partially guaranteed. The Office of the Auditor General (OAG) is only functionally independent, as this independence is limited to the actual auditing; it doesn't include independence in the recruitment of its staff nor does it have an independent budget. The Office of the Auditor General published qualified of the government financial statements for three years ended on March 31, 2013.\n\nThe audit report published on February 26, 2014, states that for the fiscal year 2012/13, there was no appropriation act for the OAG and therefore expenses in the total of M9.249 billion ($924.9 million) incurred in that year was authorised by Parliament. This simply highlights the independence of the office in forming an opinion about financial statements, but not in functionning on an appropriated budget. \n\nAccording to Matšepo Mohau of the Office of the Auditor General, the institution is independent in making audit and forming opinions on the audited financial statements. This was the view that was shared by Thabo Qhesi and Nkareng Letsie of the Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho and Consumers Protection Association respectively.  \n\nHowever, the office depends on other government ministries on administrative matters. The office depends on the Public Service Commission for staff recruitment and the Ministry of Finance for approval of budget. This subjects the office to delays in recruitment and means it has to take civil servants recruited by the Public Service Commission. \n\nThe government embarked on the granting of more autonomy to the office during the year under review. The draft law that should empower the office has been completed and was expected to be tabled before Parliament. However, until the law is passed and fully implemented, the office’s independence is limited.","Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer, Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho, 28th August 2014, Maseru. \n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nMatšepo Mohau, Chief Information Officer, Office of the Auditor General, 17th September 2014, Maseru.  \n\nSunday Express Newspaper, Letuka Chafotsa, Reviewed Audit Act to ‘empower’ AG’s office, 25th August 2014, http://sundayexpress.co.ls/?p=12001","The independence of the supreme audit institution is partially guaranteed. The Office of the Auditor General (OAG) is only functionally independent, as this independence is limited to the actual auditing; it doesn't include independence in the recruitment of its staff nor does it h..."]
["2014_LR_7",2014,"LR","Liberia",7,50,"The General Auditing Commission (GAC) is an autonomous agency that executes its mandates with greater independence than many other agencies within the government. The GAC has an autonomous status and reports directly to the legislature. Auditors have autonomy to audit most government entities and they do so without fear or favor. These auditors are not civil servants and so they are very independent from other branches of government. \n\nWhile the GAC does audit government agencies, there are exceptions as it cannot audit security institutions.\n\nThe GAC does not have complete financial autonomy, but it has an unhindered and consistent flow of cash to empower auditors in the discharge of their duties. The independence of the supreme audit institution is also limited by the fact that the auditor general shall be removed by the president for gross malfeasance in office, mental or physical disabilities or incompetence.","Interview:  Moses Kowo, Strategic Manager, GAC, Monrovia, 19/06/2014\n\nInterview: Mrs. Garmeh Browne, Owner, Private Inc. Monrovia, 12/07/2014\n\nInterview: Patrice Jlopleh - Human Rights Commission, Fish Town, River Gee Co, 10/07/2014","The General Auditing Commission (GAC) is an autonomous agency that executes its mandates with greater independence than many other agencies within the government. The GAC has an autonomous status and reports directly to the legislature. Auditors have autonomy to audit most governme..."]
["2014_LY_7",2014,"LY","Libya",7,0,"The Audit Bureau lacks the independence to operate free from the legislative and executive branches of government. In practice, it does not have the power to audit some public institutions. Officers of the institution cannot work free of fear or favor, because the chairman and his deputy are appointed and toppled by legislative authority and there is no oversight procedure. \n\nThe financial controllers of the Audit Bureau are appointed by the minister of finance to observe the bureau's budget and spending. The bureau has objected to such appointment as it sees this as an overbearing control of its affairs by the executive branch. On Aug. 10, 2014, the minister forwarded the bureau's objection letter to the legislative authority challenging its power to appoint financial controllers to the bureau as stated by law.\n\nThe Audit Bureau has consistent funding, which is under the control of the Ministry of Finance.","Interview with Jamal Al Amari, head of Warriors Against Corruption Organisation, Sept. 18, 2014. \n\nInterview with Alaa Amoslati, Libyan Audit Bureau agent, Sept. 21, 2014. \n\nAn official letter from the Ministry of Finance to impose financial controllers in Libyan Audit Bureau (attached), Kelani Al kilani, the Ministry of Finance in the interim Libyan government, April 6, 2014.","The Audit Bureau lacks the independence to operate free from the legislative and executive branches of government. In practice, it does not have the power to audit some public institutions. Officers of the institution cannot work free of fear or favor, because the chairman and his ..."]
["2014_MG_7",2014,"MG","Madagascar",7,0,"La Cour des comptes a le pouvoir d'auditer tous les comptes publics. Mais dans la pratique, cela se passe presque en circuit fermé, d'où la méconnaissance du grand public de cette Cour. Même la média a peu d'informations sur les activités de la Cour.\n\nA Madagascar, il y a trop d'asymétrie d'informations entre l'Etat et les citoyens concernant la gestion des finances publiques. \n\nLe budget de la Cour des comptes est inclus dans le budget général de l'Etat au titre du Ministère de la Justice auquel elle est rattachée.\n \nLes contrôles effectués jusqu’ici sont donc jugés inefficaces. Aussi, le magistrat à la Cour des comptes, auteur de l’article publié par la Revue MCI « propose la mise en place d’une autorité véritablement indépendante qui exerce les contrôles. »\n \nToutefois, une opération d’audit ne peut être interdite pour n’importe quel motif. Souvent, c’est le gouvernement où l’institution qui demande un audit ou une inspection. Il arrive même qu’un département ministériel ou une institution demande un contrôle ou une enquête sur sa gestion financière. C’est tout dernièrement le cas du Président de l’Assemblée nationale, qui suite à des rumeurs de détournement au sein de l’institution qu’il préside, à demandé l’intervention du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIAC). \n \nMême l’avènement de la IVème République (année 2014) n’a pas changé la pratique administrative héritée de la colonisation. Finalement, l’article de La Gazette de la Grande Ile souligne « le manque d’indépendance de ces institutions (de contrôle, d’inspection et d’audit) par rapport à la branche exécutive du gouvernement a tendance à diminuer leur crédibilité aux yeux du grand public et à limiter leur marge de manœuvre », c’est-à-dire leurs libertés d’action. Ils sont émargés du budget général de l'Etat au titre de leurs organismes de rattachement (Présidence de la République ou ministère des finances et du bhudget).","RAKOTONDRASOA Landy, conseillère juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 05 juillet 2014.  \n\nRADO Rakoto Raharilanto, chef de service d’appui à l’intégrité au ministère des finances et du budget, 05 juillet 2014.  \n\nJONASY Joelson, Madagascar Tribune, 04 décembre 2013, « Organes de contrôle : le grand oublié des débats politiques ». http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Organe-de-controle-le-grand-oublie,19401.html.  \n\nANTSA R., Midi Madagasikara, 31 mars 2014, «Finances publiques : Vers un contrôle à tous les niveaux, pour la transparence». http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/economie/2014/03/31/finances-publiques-vers-controle-les-niveaux-transparence/.  L.T., \n\nLa Gazette de la Grande Ile, 05 juillet 2014, « Détournemt à Tsimbazaza : le BIANCO (Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption) appelé à la rescousse ». http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40993:detournement-a-tsimbazaza-le-bianco-appele-a-la-rescousse&catid=41:politique&Itemid=55.   \n\nLa Gazette de la Grande Ile, 16 juillet 2014, « Systèmes d’audit et de contrôle : toujours inefficaces». http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41284:systemes-daudit-et-de-controle-toujours-inefficaces&catid=42:societe&Itemid=57  \n\nRASOLONJATOVO Jean Michel, La Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International), n° 65 et 66, 1er et 2ème trimestres 2014, « Réflexions pour une meilleure efficacité du contrôle des finances publiques ». www.cabinet-mci.com.\n\nInterview de Hughues Rajaonosn, Professeur à l'Institut d'Etudes Politiques, publié par Midi Madagasikara du 11 avril 2014, in http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201404110858.html.","La Cour des comptes a le pouvoir d'auditer tous les comptes publics. Mais dans la pratique, cela se passe presque en circuit fermé, d'où la méconnaissance du grand public de cette Cour. Même la média a peu d'informations sur les activités de la Cour...."]
["2014_MW_7",2014,"MW","Malawi",7,50,"The independence of the Office of the Auditor General, Malawi’s supreme audit institution, is not fully guaranteed because the auditor general is appointed by the president, pending however, parliamentary approval. The integrity of the institution has come under scrutiny during the past 12 months in the wake of the \"cash-gate\" scandal in which an estimated $250 million of taxpayer money was looted from government coffers between April and September 2013. \n\nThe audit system is opaque and it is difficult to measure to what extent the supreme audit institution is prevented from independently carrying out its duties. The Malawi 'cash-gate' audit report carried out by the British accountacy firm, Baker Tilly Business Services Limited, on behalf of the British government faults two officers in the auditor general's office for their failure to detect the fraud despite their responsibility in policing government reports. It is impossible to know at this stage whether pressure was put on them by the government to overlook the fraud or whether they were part of it. \n\nThe high-level corruption scandal was uncovered in September 2013 shortly after the attempted murder of the then-budget director, Paul Mphwiyo. The funding of the Office of the Auditor General is not consistent from year to year. The last 12 months have been a problem for Malawi in terms of cash flow due to suspension of budget support by donor partners due to the “cash-gate” corruption scandal.","1. Bloomberg Business Week, Frank Jomo/Brian Latham, 15 October 2013, \"Malawi's Banda Grapples With \"Cash-Gate\" to Save Government (1)\" - http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-15/malawi-s-banda-grapples-with-cash-gate-to-save-government-1\n\n2. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee, 3 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Chris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice, 4 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","The independence of the Office of the Auditor General, Malawi’s supreme audit institution, is not fully guaranteed because the auditor general is appointed by the president, pending however, parliamentary approval. The integrity of the institution has come under scrutiny during the..."]
["2014_ML_7",2014,"ML","Mali",7,100,"L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques (BVG) est garantie au Mali. Cette indépendance est établie par les textes et elle l'est aussi dans la pratique. Le Bureau du Vérificateur Général ne subit aucune forme d'influence extérieure. Le Vérificateur arrête librement son programme de travail et formule ses constats et recommandations sans ingérence et procède à une large diffusion du rapport annuel. Les atteintes les plus graves à l’indépendance relèvent plutôt des insuffisances de la loi en matière de contrôle de finances publiques et de protection juridique et judiciaire.\n\nPlusieurs acteurs de la justice ont mesuré l'impact de l'autonomie des agents de la structure, notamment dans le cadre des audits effectués sur la très célèbre affaire de l'avion présidentiel, des marchés d'armements ainsi que plusieurs autres marchés publics. De plus, des agents ont temoigné de l'autonomie dont ils ont bénéficié, sans crainte ni faveurs, dans leurs opérations d'audits. L'institution bénéficie d'un financement autonome, permanent et constant prélevé sur le budget d’État.\n\nIdrissa Maîga, journaliste, indique que «son autonomie permet à ses contrôleurs de vérifier sans crainte les comptes en toute souveraineté». Selon Me Nadia, l'autonomie financière dont jouit le Bureau du Vérificateur lui permet d'être efficace. \nÀ titre d'exemple, le juge anti-corruption, Mohamed Sidda Dicko a récemment rappelé au ministre de la justice sur l'indépendance dont il jouit sur le traitement des dossiers, quand ce dernier lui avait instruit la réouverture de l'enquête sur le maire de Bamako.","Me Myriam NADIA, présidente de l’Association des jeunes avocats du Mali, barreau malien, 24 juin 2014.\n        \nTRAORÉ Adama, conseiller, Cour suprême du Mali, 24 juin 2014.\n        \nMAÏGA Idrissa, journaliste, Journal L’AUBE, 24 juin 2014.\n\nDOUMBIA Souleymane, journaliste à l'Essor, octobre 2014. \n\nNGATTE Hamidou, Maliweb.com, 13 janvier 2014, «Démission du procureur de la République près le Tribunal de la C III, Mohamed Sidda Dicko: Les vrais raisons du clash.» http://www.maliweb.net/societe/demission-du-procureur-de-la-republique-pres-le-tribunal-de-la-c-iii-mohamed-sidda-dicko-les-vrais-raisons-du-clash-189312.html","L'indépendance de l'institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques (BVG) est garantie au Mali. Cette indépendance est établie par les textes et elle l'est aussi dans la pratique. Le Bureau du Vérificateur Général ne subit aucune forme d'influence extérieure. Le Vérificat..."]
["2014_MR_7",2014,"MR","Mauritania",7,0,"La Cour des comptes joue un rôle marginal dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien, car elle est reléguée au second plan et demeure encore méconnue dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien; de plis les autorités se méfient d'elle.  \n\nLa Cour des comptes ne peut contrôler tous les services publics mauritaniens. Cela donne une plus grande marge de manœuvre à l'Inspection Générale d’Etat  (IGE) (qui n’est qu’une structure administrative).\n \nDans les discours portant sur la modernisation institutionnelle, l'on parle beaucoup moins de la cours des comptes que de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE).","1. AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 4 octobre, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. Source anonyme, Cour des comptes, 4 octobre 2014, Nouakchott.  Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\n3. Source anonyme, Cour des comptes, 4 octobre, 2014. Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Cour des comptes joue un rôle marginal dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien, car elle est reléguée au second plan et demeure encore méconnue dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien; de plis les autorités se méfient d'elle.  ..."]
["2014_MU_7",2014,"MU","Mauritius",7,100,"The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent body which issues timely reports to point out any abuse or malpractice with regards to spending in the public sector. There have not been any official or unofficial allegations concerning the autonomy of the institution. \n\nMs Kwee Chow Tse Yuet Cheong, director of audit, cited the constitution to support that in the exercise of her functions, she shall not be subject to the direction and control of any person or authority. She added that the constitution further provides that the director of audit cannot be removed from office before legal retirement age, except for misbehaviour or inability to discharge the functions of the office. Even then, the president could only act on the recommendation of a tribunal of at least three persons who hold office or have held office as a judges of the Supreme Court.\n\nHer predecessor, Mr Rajun Jugurnath stated that the independence of the NAO is guaranteed on paper and in practice. The former director of audit added that he had not been subjected to interference during his time in office. The office draws its budget from the consolidated fund, receiving consistent amounts from year to year. \n\nJayen Chellum, general secretary of the Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), said that while any political institution is always somewhat dependent as human beings are prone to succomb to favours, to his knowledge, no such charge of influence has ever been brought against the NAO.","1.        Kwee Chow Tse Yuet Cheong, Director of Audit, National Audit Office, 12 September 2014, by phone and mail\n2.        Rajun Jugurnath, former Director of Audit, 11 September 2014, by phone and mail \n3.        Jayen Chellum, General Secretary, Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), 10 September 2014, face-to-face interview","The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent body which issues timely reports to point out any abuse or malpractice with regards to spending in the public sector. There have not been any official or unofficial allegations concerning the autonomy of the institution. ..."]
["2014_MA_7",2014,"MA","Morocco",7,75,"In practice auditors at Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) have the autonomy to audit public institutions as well as political parties before and after elections and any entity using public funds. Auditors also issue recommendations for better financial management of Moroccan departments and agencies. They are asked by the parliament to support investigations on public management of government institutions. Auditors operate without fear or favor from other government offices. \n\nHowever, there are sustained tensions between government departments in cases of good governance including the national retirement agency (September 2013) and the compensation fund (June 2014).\n\nThe practical independence of the Supreme Audit Institution is explained and detailed during the interview of Mohamed Braou (magistrate at the SAI and a specialist of financial law), about judges at the Supreme Court on March 3, 2014, who, after being very critical on the independence of the SAI in the past two years, he acknowledges that the institution took an important step towards better control of state budget expanditure. Law 62-99 for financial jurisdictions in its Article 112 states that the budget of the SAI is not subject to a control a priori. It is part of the budget for general affairs. An accountant from the Ministry of Finance is detached at \"La Cours des Comptes\" to assist in budget management.\n\nAlthough, the reports of the SAI are sent to the royal cabinet, they are sent there after they are approved internally by the SAI.  There is no evidence that the royal cabinet is involved or redacts the reports before they are published. This process does not question the independence of the institution.","Pr Ali Boufous - Jurist, Lecturer and specialist of public and constitutional laws- University Hassn II Casablanca - phone interview 03/07/2014.\n\nReda Oulamine -- Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the Association of Rights and Justice - Freedom of speech activist - Casablanca - phone interview 03/07/2014.\n\nLahcen Kers, Head of section at the Supreme Audit Institution - Summary of his speech at the international summit of public finance on September 14th, 2013 (see attached).\n\nInterview of Mohamed Braou - Judge at the supreme court on March 3rd 2014. http://www.marocdroit.com","In practice auditors at Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) have the autonomy to audit public institutions as well as political parties before and after elections and any entity using public funds. Auditors also issue recommendations for better financial management of Moroccan departme..."]
["2014_MZ_7",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",7,25,"There is evidence of the ruling party interfering with the audits conducted by the supreme audit Institution. For instance, there were calls for the Adminstrative Court to launch an audit into the process of awarding certain mineral contracts (coal) to an Indian company in October 2013. The audit never happened. The concession of the northern corridor to a Brazillian consortium is another example where audits were demanded, but never took place.\n\nThe Frelimo Party influences decisions to audit or not, depending on the individuals involved. If there are high-profile people (those linked to the politburo), an audit is unlikely. The counselor judges, as well as the presiding judges, are politically connected to Frelimo. The party will advise judges on what steps to take.\n\nAlso, some elements are not in practice subject to the jurisdiction of the Court. These accounts ncludes the issues regarding military equipment procurement and acquisition as well as the police and the intelligence.  What happens is that these procurement process and acquisition falls under the \"state security norms\" which are controlled from the presidency and restricted department of the ministry of defence and security. Such accounts/proceedings, like the presidency budget and expenditure are not subject of audit. \n\nThe government's concession of the digital migration process from analog TV to digital, awarded in March 2014 to Chinese company Startimes, which is headed by the Mozambique president's daughter, created a public outcry and an investigation was demanded, but nothing ever happened. \n\nThe Frelimo Party controls which audits can take place and which cannot. The independence of the Administrative Court is illusory. Beyond the fact that the president of the court is appointed by the president of the republic, its mandate, and subsequent actions, to duly audit the state accounts are politically conditioned and influenced by the ruling Frelimo Party. \n\nMoreover, the annual budget for the court is approved through the state budget, and the amount of funding varies from year to year.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nAntónio Costa David Ucama, \"Independence of the judiciary in Mozambique\" (\"A Independencia do poder judicial em Mozamibque\"), October 2013. http://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/13276/1/David%20Ucama_tese%20Mestrado.pdf","There is evidence of the ruling party interfering with the audits conducted by the supreme audit Institution. For instance, there were calls for the Adminstrative Court to launch an audit into the process of awarding certain mineral contracts (coal) to an Indian company in October ..."]
["2014_NA_7",2014,"NA","Namibia",7,75,"The Auditor-General has the autonomy to audit all statutory accounts, including ministries, agencies and departments as well as municipalities, towns and villages. The extent of the autonomy as well as AG's credibility has been reported in newspapers. However, Auditor-General reports do not disclose the culprits nor the exact reasons for the disclaimed audit opinions.  The Auditing Institution's funding for the 2013/2014 financial year has been increased to N$89 million due to infrastructure developments and for the expenses of running the office.\n\nThe Auditor-General is now on his third term in office and has been praised for his professionalism. The Auditor-General's reports are mostly independent and do not shy away from issues of accountability at all levels of power. Over the years, the Auditor-General has sought to catch up with the backlog of ministries, parastatals, and local entities with occasional assistance of private companies. Thus far, the audit institution has been well-respected in its judgments and quite willing to issue critical reports.","Klaus Schade, Senior Economist, Ministry of Finance, Face Interview, 27 July 2014.\n\nWalter Barth, The Villager Newspaper, Summary report of the Auditor General\" 27 May 2014 found - http://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/6461/Summary-report-of-the-Auditor-General-on-the-accounts-of-the-Government-of-Namibia-for-the-financial-year-ended-March-31-2012/.\n\nShinovene Immanuel, The Namibian,'Rehoboth Town Council fails Auditor-General financial test' 28 November 2013, available at http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=117093&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=169.","The Auditor-General has the autonomy to audit all statutory accounts, including ministries, agencies and departments as well as municipalities, towns and villages. The extent of the autonomy as well as AG's credibility has been reported in newspapers. However, Auditor-General repor..."]
["2014_NE_7",2014,"NE","Niger",7,75,"Au Niger, la Cour des comptes est la juridiction qui est considérée dans la pratique, comme suffisamment indépendante, par les analystes nationaux. Les contrôleurs de la Cour travaillent sans crainte ni faveur. La cour a controlé les comptes des principaux partis politiques du Niger (du pouvoir comme de l'opposition) et a constaté qu'aucun parti ne dispose de comptabilité fiable.\n \n Pour le moment, ils disposent d’un budget annuel leur permettant de mener à bien leur mission. Selon les membres actuels de Cour des comptes et l'ancien membre interrogé, le financement de l'Etat est régulier d'année en année. Les partenaires du Niger comme l'Union Européenne commencent à financer cette Cour des comptes.\n \n D'un certain point de vue, l'indépendance des magistrats de la Cour des comptes est également renforcée par leur inamovibilité durant tout leur mandat, telle que prévue par l'article 8 de la loi 2012-08, déterminant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour des comptes. Il est difficile de donner un exemple de l'absence de l'influence du pouvoir exécutif ou législatif sur le travail de la Cour des comptes car cette cour est très jeune. Elle travaille principalement sur la déclaration des biens des hautes personnalités qui entre au gouvernement. Et depuis peu, la cour forme les partis politiques sur leur budget.","MANZO Djibrillou, magistrat, ancien membre de la Cour des comptes, 10 septembre 2014.\n \n HAMANI Nouhou, président de la 4ème chambre de la Cour des comptes, 10 septembre 2014.\n \n KADI Moustapha, défenseur des Droits de l’Homme, coordonnateur ONG Collectif pour le Droit à l’Energie (CODDAE), membre de la Commission africaine des Droits de l’Homme, 10 septembre 2014.","Au Niger, la Cour des comptes est la juridiction qui est considérée dans la pratique, comme suffisamment indépendante, par les analystes nationaux. Les contrôleurs de la Cour travaillent sans crainte ni faveur. La cour a controlé les comptes des principaux partis politiques du Nige..."]
["2014_NG_7",2014,"NG","Nigeria",7,25,"Nigeria's auditor-general has the autonomy to audit accounts, but exceptions exist. The law prevents his office from auditing statutory public corporations. Examples are the Nigerian Customs Service and the state-run oil company, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corp. (NNPC), which has repeatedly been accused of corruption. There are at least 31 such offices.\n\nA recent manifestation of the auditor's limitation was between December 2013 and early 2014, when the auditor-general complained that he could not audit the NNPC's account following an allegation by Nigeria's former Central Bank governor, Lamido Sanusi, that the NNPC diverted at least $20 billion of oil revenue.\n\nFunding for the auditor-general's office comes from a predictable source, namely, the government's annual budget that must be approved by the National Assembly and disbursed by the executive arm. However, lawmakers and the auditor's office have consistently complained about insufficient funding, and the money having to be routed through the legislature and executive arms. An attempt in 2013 to amend the constitution and place the auditor's funds directly from the federal purse (called first-line charge, without any intermediate approving body), has been unsuccessful so far.\n\nThere are no indications or proof that auditors are subjected to other specific positive or negative political incentives.","Interview with Emma Ovuakporie, House of Representatives correspondent, who has extensive knowledge of the Public Accounts Committee, which oversees the auditor-general's office, Abuja, 25 June 2014.\n\nTribune, Gbola Subair, \"Improved funding coming for Auditor General’s Office,\" 3 March 2014.\nhttp://tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/631-improved-funding-coming-for-auditor-general-s-office/631-improved-funding-coming-for-auditor-general-s-office\n\nPremium Times, \"Auditor General calls for speedy passage of Audit Bill,\" 10 Sept. 2013. \nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/144461-auditor-general-calls-speedy-passage-audit-bill.html\n\nPunch, Ifeanyi Onuba, \"FG to strengthen auditor-general’s office for anti-graft war,\" 25 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/fg-to-strengthen-auditor-generals-office-for-anti-graft-war/\n\nPremium Times, Bassey Udo, \"Missing $20 billion: I don’t have powers to audit NNPC accounts‪, Nigeria’s Auditor General says,\" 7 March 2014. http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/156333-missing-20-billion-dont-powers-audit-nnpc-accounts%E2%80%AA-nigerias-auditor-general-says.html\n ","Nigeria's auditor-general has the autonomy to audit accounts, but exceptions exist. The law prevents his office from auditing statutory public corporations. Examples are the Nigerian Customs Service and the state-run oil company, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corp. (NNPC), which ..."]
["2014_RW_7",2014,"RW","Rwanda",7,50,"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed. There have not been any reports from the media or any other organizations indicating that government officials have interfered with the Office of the Auditor General by restricting or interfering with its investigations or the publication of its annual reports. \n\nWhen the annual Auditor General report is issued, the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of parliament is mandated with the responsibility to ensure that any suspects are questioned and prosecuted if it is discovered that they mismanaged public funds. In practice, the head of the Office of the Auditor General is a government appointee, but after his investigations, PAC follows up on the report. In recent years, both entities have been able to put on the spot several government bodies over the issue of mismanagement of public monies.\n\nBetween 2013 and 2014, several government bodies were in the news as officials answered questions before PAC. Also, the fact that the PAC sessions happen in public, in the presence of journalists, is something many of the interviewees say is a sign of independence.\n\nJuvenal Nkusi, the head of the committee, and several legislators also say that it would be against the law for any government official to try to influence the activities of the audit institution.\n\nAs it is, the auditor general is commended by many Rwandans for doing a great job. Many political heavyweights would love to see it scrapped or its powers trimmed. The 2012-13 Office of the Auditor General report, which was presented to parliament in April, showed that more than Rwf1.6bn (USD 2,350,570) had been mismanaged or misappropriated or went unaccounted for. As of October 2014, more government officials continue to appear before the Public Accounts Committee, including some institutions that previously were seen as untouchable. \n\nThe funding of the OAG is consistent, considering that it runs on a budget mainly funded by the DfID (UK) and partly by the government of Rwanda to the tune of Rwf760m (USD 1,1 million) each financial year. The current five-year funding runs until 2016. \n\nAn official of the OAG, interviewed on Nov. 8, 2014, on the condition of anonymity, said that three public institutions are not audited: the Office of the President (for no apparent reason), the Rwanda Social Security Board (RSSB) and the National Bank of Rwanda (BNR). The latter two are not audited because the OAG does not have the necessary budget and enough staff to do so. \n\nA Journalist interviewed on condition of anonymity for fear of reprisals said that the failure of the auditor general to check the expenditures of the three institutions should be worrisome to Rwandans because these are vital institutions with access and control of large sums of public resources. Similarly, the expenditure for the military goes unaudited, which is equally worrying.  \n\n\nPeer Reviewer's comments:\n\nAgree: The Office of the Auditor General is staffed by RPF loyalists, and the reward/retaliation system is active in this government office (as it is in most government offices). In addition, funding levels are inconsistent, as recent donor aid cuts have rippled through the bureaucracy.","Interview with Jean Baptiste Rucibigango, member of parliament and president of the Rwanda Socialist Labor Party, Kigali, July, 20, 25, 2014.\n\nInterview with Juvenal Nkusi, chairman of Public Accounts Committee of parliament, Kigali, July 31, 2014.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, official from the Office of the Auditor General, Nov. 8, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, journalist, Nov. 8, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nThe New Times, \"Rwanda: MPs Question EWSA Over Failure to Bill 40 Percent of Water Consumers,\" March 27, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201403270101.html  \n\nPeer Reviewer's sources:\n\nForeign Affairs, Susan Thomson, \"Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Postgenocide Rwanda,\" 2013. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/142251/susan-thomson/whispering-truth-to-power-everyday-resistance-to-reconciliation","In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed. There have not been any reports from the media or any other organizations indicating that government officials have interfered with the Office of the Auditor General by restricting or interfering with its..."]
["2014_ST_7",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",7,25,"An interviewed official at the Court of Auditors noted that auditors do at times suffer interference by the executive. While the institution is officially independent, the small-country nature of Sao Tome and Principe, where almost everyone knows everyone else, allows for pressure to be exerted more easily. \n\nAn auditor may be afraid of retaliation if the results of an audit challenge the administration of a public institution. This fear translates into general interference in the court itself, as challenging audits are either not conducted or not released.\n\nNot all state institutions are held accountable for their financial activities, and the Court of Auditors does not always exercise its oversight role, per its charge.","Interview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nOnline interview with Ambrosio Quaresma, director, digital Journal O Parvo, www.parvodigital.info, Nov. 17, 2014.\n\nOnline interview with Célia Posser, lawyer and member of civil society, Jan. 24, 2015.\n \nInterview with Herlander Medeiros, Court of Auditors, Nov. 25, 2014.\n ","An interviewed official at the Court of Auditors noted that auditors do at times suffer interference by the executive. While the institution is officially independent, the small-country nature of Sao Tome and Principe, where almost everyone knows everyone else, allows for pressure ..."]
["2014_SN_7",2014,"SN","Senegal",7,75,"En décembre 2012, les dirigeants ont procédé à une réforme qui assure à la Cour des comptes son autonomie financière et son indépendance, en lui transférant notamment la maîtrise de son budget annuel. Cela a mis fin à une situation où elle se devait de rendre compte de son calendrier au Président de la République. \n\nLa Cour des comptes n'a cessé d'affirmer son autorité rappelant sans cesse à l'ordre l'exécutif et les autorités politiques pour qu'ils appliquent ses recommandations suite à ses rapports qui ont épinglés certains d'entre eux. Au cours de la période de recherche, les magistrats de la Cour des comptes sont montés au créneau à travers la presse pour se faire entendre. \n\nCependant, compte tenu des faibles moyens humains et financiers dont dispose la Cour des comptes, ses recommandations ne sont presque jamais suivies d'effets malgré la qualité de ses rapports : ses moyens d'investigations sont limités et sa capacité de sanction nulle.","KANE NDIAYE Alioune Kane, journaliste économique  à Nouvel Horizon, coordonnateur du Collectif des Journalistes Économiques du Sénégal (Cojes), 1 juillet 2014.\n\nMBODJI Mouhamadou, coordonnateur du forum civil, section sénégalaise de Transparency International, 30 juin 2014.\n\nAnonyme, ancien magistrat de la Cour des comptes, 1 juillet 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nMOUNASS Par, novembre 2013, « La Cour des comptes déplore La persistance de la gestion nébuleuse des entreprises sénégalaises »\nhttp://carrapide.com/xibar/44896/cour-des-comptes-deplore-la-persistance-de-la-gestion-nebuleuse-des-entreprises-senegalaises","En décembre 2012, les dirigeants ont procédé à une réforme qui assure à la Cour des comptes son autonomie financière et son indépendance, en lui transférant notamment la maîtrise de son budget annuel. Cela a mis fin à une situation où elle se devait de rendre compte de son calendri..."]
["2014_SC_7",2014,"SC","Seychelles",7,50,"The Office of the Auditor General (OAG) has autonomy to audit accounts, it operates freely, and is independent of other branches of government. The guiding principles of the office is integrity and independence. The Staff must at all times abide by rules and regulations, be respectful, and conduct themselves in a professional manner. The OAG must be independent of audited bodies and other interested groups. The staff must avoid any potential conflicts of interest.  \n\nThe OAG has an annual budget that is approved by parliament, but the it is often insufficient. According to the chairman of the Finance Committee's proposals on May 2014,  \"the Leader of Opposition spoke about the National Assembly’s Finance and Public Accounts Committee (FPAC) and he suggested that the Government gives the Auditor General all the resources that he requires in order to perform the auditing duties to the highest level. He stated that Government needs ministries and other public sector agencies to be totally accountable in the manner in which they spend public money and that in order for the country to achieve that, the Auditor General’s Office needs extra reinforcement and equipment\". \n\nThe Office of the Auditor General received an allocation of SR11.7 million in the 2013 budget which represents an increase of SR1.9 million or 19% in comparison with the 2012 budget. According to the chairperson of Finance and Public Accounts Committee, but such an increase does not actually mean the Auditor General may undertake its tasks properly, since the budget of the OAG is still too small compare to the task to be carried out.\n\nIn the fiscal year 2013, the government total budget allocation is SR5.4 billion which represents 36% of GDP. This is an increase of SR722 million or 15% above the initial 2012 budget or 3% of the revised 2012 budget. (sources: Budget Address 2013 by the Minister for Finance, Pierre Laporte). Compare this increase to the SR11.7 millions allocated to the Office of Auditor General.","Interview with Hon Peter David, Leader of the opposition, Chairperson of Finance and Public Accounts Committee, National Assembly Building, Ile du Port, 04 September 2014.\n\nInterview with Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, interview on 03 September 2014.\n\nWebsite of the Office of Auditor General, Republic of Seychelles, http://www.oag.sc/about-us/our-core-values, undated, visited on 14 September 2014.\n\n\"Fake Opposition King With Fake Proposals! “,Seychelles reality, Friday, 30 May 2014, http://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2014/05/fake-opposition-king-with-fake-proposals.html .\n\nInterview with Mr Roger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director Xpress printing LTD, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri,  2 September 2014.\n\nBudget Address 2013 by the Minister for Finance, Pierre Laporte”, December 4, 2012, http://www.sib.gov.sc/index.php/info-centre/general-info/events/95-budget-address-2013-by-the-minister-for-finance-pierre-laportev\n\nFreedom House, Freedom in the World 2014 - Seychelles, 26 June 2014, http://www.refworld.org/docid/53b2b8ac3e0.html.","The Office of the Auditor General (OAG) has autonomy to audit accounts, it operates freely, and is independent of other branches of government. The guiding principles of the office is integrity and independence. The Staff must at all times abide by rules and regulations, be respect..."]
["2014_SL_7",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",7,50,"The Audit Service of Sierra Leone is responsible for auditing all public institutions in Sierra Leone, including that of the President and Vice President. \n\nIn past years, it has audited all government institutions, but in 2012 it did not audit the President's office. The institution has yet to release the 2013 audit report. The Audit Service of Sierra Leone is funded by the government of Sierra Leone through the Consolidated Fund.","Interview with Martin Sandy, information, education and communications officer, Audit Service Sierra Leone, 8 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Mohamed Konneh, business reporter/secretary, Budget Advocacy Network, Freetown, 27 June 2014. \n\nInterview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.","The Audit Service of Sierra Leone is responsible for auditing all public institutions in Sierra Leone, including that of the President and Vice President. ..."]
["2014_SO_7",2014,"SO","Somalia",7,0,"The provisional constitution mandates the creation of the Office of the Auditor General and its independence within the federal government. But it does not mention specific laws or mandates. \n\nIn response to the constitution’s demand for the creation of the Office of the Auditor General, an institution has been created consisting of a chairman and three deputies. Its independence, however, depends much on the political interests of the day.\n\nThe auditor general and his deputies declined the researcher's request for an interview about the nature of their work, their independence, and sources of income. Other government official, interviewed for this study confirmed that the office functions and has dedicated staff, but that it is not independent from political influences. These same officials refused to discuss the sources of income the office receives and who provides it. The auditor general was recently replaced through a ministerial decision, providing  further proof that the institution is not independent. \n\nThere were no sources showing any investigations the auditor general had undertaken in the last 12 months. Staff declined to be interviewed, and other government officials declined to address the issue as well.","Anonymous\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\n*The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nProf. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous, government official, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAssessing the Financial Accountability of the Somali Federal Government Organizations\nAbdirisaq Ibrahim Mohamed\nFaculty of Business and Accountancy, SIMAD University, Vol.4.No.2, February 2014, \nMogadishu Somalia","The provisional constitution mandates the creation of the Office of the Auditor General and its independence within the federal government. But it does not mention specific laws or mandates. ..."]
["2014_ZA_7",2014,"ZA","South Africa",7,100,"The Auditor General, over the past months since September 2013, has not been hindered, gagged or reprimanded. He has released his reports without fail since his appointment in September 2013. \n\nIn June 2014 the premier of the North West province, of which the authorities have been plagued by corruption allegations, vowed to \"implement the clean audit targets\" while \"Auditor General recommendations will be built into performance management contracts of all municipal managers, and other senior management officials.\"\n\nThis shows that the authorities of this province are taking the Auditor General and his function seriously. \n\nResearcher and political analyst Karin Alexander, who used to work for the Institute for Democracy in Africa, said that most Chapter 9 institutions (a group of organisations established in terms of Chapter 9 of the South African Constitution to guard democracy) like the Auditor General are independent, have autonomy to audit accounts, and don't operate in fear or favour.\n\n\"In terms of the law and the framework, their independence is well guaranteed,\" she said. \"The structure and the basis on which these institutions work, particularly with the constitutional framework that underpins this, the chapter nine institutions like the Auditor General, remain incredibly strong. It is a framework which people have not tried to tamper with.\"","Interview with researcher and political analyst Karin Alexander (26 June 2014 / Garden Centre Cape Town)\n\nNorth West premier vows to 'clean up' municipalities (News24 / 14 June 2014), http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/North-West-premier-vows-to-clean-up-municipalities-20140627\n\n\nSA’s dismal labour, education rankings in WEF Competitiveness Report cast a dark shadow over top marks achieved for Auditing and Reporting Standards (FA News / 13 September 2013), http://www.fanews.co.za/article/economy/43/general/1198/sa-s-dismal-labour-education-rankings-in-wef-competitiveness-report-cast-a-dark-shadow-over-top-marks-achieved-for-auditing-and-reporting-standards/14202","The Auditor General, over the past months since September 2013, has not been hindered, gagged or reprimanded. He has released his reports without fail since his appointment in September 2013. ..."]
["2014_SS_7",2014,"SS","South Sudan",7,0,"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution known as the National Audit Chamber is guaranteed only to a smaller extent.\n\nFor example, the National Audit Chamber Act, 2009 grants the institution independence in human resource matters. The act provides that auditors who are graded 1-4 shall be appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the auditor general, while the auditor general is mandated to appoint auditors who fall within grades 5-17. The latter auditors are to be nominated by a selection committee within the supreme audit institution.\n\nHowever, Section 23 (1) of the act requires that the annual staffing requirements be approved by the president following consultations with the Ministry of Labour, Public Service and Human Resource Development. Section 24 (1) states that “appointment of auditors might be done by the AG after consultation with the Ministry of Labour. In addition, Section 26 (1 & 2) instructs that terms and conditions shall be in accordance with the Civil Service.\"\n\nSources familiar with the audit institution say it lacks the authority and capacity to independently administer the institution. In fact, the situation on the ground is that there is no board or commission tasked with human resources and administrative matters. In addition, the chamber staff remains under general conditions of the South Sudan civil service. This implies that in practice, the chamber cannot respond quickly to urgent issues. And this. in turn, places the audit chamber under the grace and consideration of some of the people it audits.\n\nAlso, the institution's financial independence is hampered by Sections 23 and 37 of the act. The law contradicts itself in that on the one hand it states that the budget should be independent, while on the other hand, it says the budget proposed by the supreme audit institution should be submitted to the president for consultation with the ministries of finance and labor. Information on the ground indicates that the ministries set limits on budget and staffing. And, in practice, the transfer of funds from Treasury to the audit chamber is often delayed and sometimes below the scheduled ceiling. This may affect the audit's coverage, scope and quality.","Interview with Denis Ejulu, reporter, The Corporate newspaper, July 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Badru Mulumba, editor, The New Times, July 10, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.   \n\nSouth Sudan National Audit Chamber website.\nhttp://www.auditchamber-ss.org/index.html","In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution known as the National Audit Chamber is guaranteed only to a smaller extent...."]
["2014_SD_7",2014,"SD","Sudan",7,0,"In Sudan, the auditor general rarely has autonomy to audit the accounts of powerful government institutions such as National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), police and army. During the period of study, there was no new report from the auditor's office, and the last report is outdated and from 2012. \n\nWhile the findings of that report portray a minimum amount of political independence, as the auditor general reported on important losses of money and wasted resources, including identifying alleged culprits. However, the report also made clear that there are companies run by the NISS, police and army and that those companies refused to allow the auditor to audit their accounts. Other government-owned companies did not allow the auditors to audit their accounts either, including the Kenana Sugar Co. as an example.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Abdelazeem Mohamed Ahmed, director of Al-sharq Center, Oct. 24, 2014, Khartoum.","In Sudan, the auditor general rarely has autonomy to audit the accounts of powerful government institutions such as National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), police and army. During the period of study, there was no new report from the auditor's office, and the last repor..."]
["2014_SZ_7",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",7,0,"In practice, the Office of the Auditor General is able to do investigations of some, though not all, government spending activity. Some audits, such as those of the security forces, are off limits to public or legislative scrutiny. The king's office accounts are usually not audited and when they are they excluded from the auditor general’s annual report. If ideally an auditor general must be free to investigate all public spending, then the restriction on auditing the King's office compromises that Independence.  With regard to the auditor general’s auditing of non-royal and non-military expenditures, the office’s independence was shown during the year under review by reports given to parliament.\n\nWhile it is a public knowledge that public monies are spent on and by the royal family, the secrecy of some audits conducted by the Office of the Auditor General and its inability to audit the kings' office compromise the perception of the Office of Auditor General's independence. The auditor general reported to parliament in May 2014 that E220 million (US $22 million) had gone missing from the treasury, but said the matter could not be discussed because it involved the country’s highest leaders. This “off limits” rule that applies to auditing of royal expenditures (or at least the public disclosure of these) and the fact that the king appoints the auditor general have raised questions about the office’s independence.\n\nWith regard to whether auditors subject to any negative or positive incentive. Any possible corruption (e.g., bribery) would not be known without an arrest or investigation or at least some accusation raised in a public forum. Section 208 of the Constitution specifies that the office holder should be paid. The process for removal of the Auditor-General is the same as for a superior courts judge, according to Section 207 (9), via an investigation and determination by the Chief Justice, Judicial Review Commission and the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission.\n\nWith regard to the issue of consistent funding for the Auditor-General's office, although the constitutional provision that sets up the office of the Auditor-General specifies that office holders will be paid from the consolidated fund, there is no mention of funding for resources needed to do the job. Although the Auditor-General’s work was funded by the Ministry of Finance during the year under review, in theory it is possible for the office to cease functioning if funding is diminished or withdrawn.","Interview: Charles Dlamini, public accountant, Manzini, 3 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Thandi Dlamini, government accountant, Department of Treasury, Ministry of Finance, Mbabane, 30 June 2014.\n\n\"Swaziland treasury missing more than R3 billion,\" Stephen Langa, IOL News, 10 June 2014. http://m.iol.co.za/article/view/s/9/a/592352","In practice, the Office of the Auditor General is able to do investigations of some, though not all, government spending activity. Some audits, such as those of the security forces, are off limits to public or legislative scrutiny. The king's office accounts are usually not audited..."]
["2014_TZ_7",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",7,75,"In practice, the National Audit Office of Tanzania has autonomy to audit accounts and work without fear or favor because it is independent from other offices of the government and has a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year. The president selects the top management of the organization and other members of the National Audit Office  from the pool of civil service.\n\nThe National Audit Office (NAOT) still has to refer to the Government's Civil Service Commission at the President's Office of Public Service Management Ministry for critical decisions in related to human resources management. The NAOT cannot yet exercise full independence in the hiring, disciplining, and firing of staff.\n\nThe National Audit Office is free from conflict of interest and operates without fear or favor. For example, some ministers have been arrested and now their cases are ongoing in different courts in Tanzania, as reported by local media.\n\nBut the number of cases taken to court by the Director of Public Prosecutions is not enough compared to the number of officials reported by the National Audit Office to have misused public funds. Funding for the National Audit Office is guaranteed by law to be consistent from year to year by parliament.","1. CAG, Bunge committee to meet over $122m IPTL deal, The Citizens, March 12, 2014, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/CAG--Bunge-committee-to-meet-over--122m-IPTL-deal/-/1840392/2239996/-/ewyaob/-/index.html.\n\n2. James Nyasi, is an auditor for 20 years, said in an interview October 16, 2014 in Kibaha-Coast Region-Tanzania,\n\n3. The National Audit Office of Tanzania website, http://nao.go.tz/?page_id=51.\n\n4. Mramba, Yona Case resumes September 9, DailyNews, July 18, 2014,  http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/33864-mramba-yona-case-resumes-september-9                                                 \n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n(1) The Role of oversight bodies in Public resource Management, August 2013; http://www.policyforum-tz.org/sites/default/files/NAO.pdf.\n(2) National Audit Act 2008.","In practice, the National Audit Office of Tanzania has autonomy to audit accounts and work without fear or favor because it is independent from other offices of the government and has a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year. The president selects the to..."]
["2014_TG_7",2014,"TG","Togo",7,50,"Récemment mis en place en septembre 2009, la Cour des comptes ne donne pas satisfaction. Néanmoins, elle a publié un rapport sur l’exécution du budget de l’Etat gestion 2010 qui a épinglé la présidence de Faure Gnassingbé sur les dépenses du personnel ainsi que l’écart qui a existé entre les prévisions de recettes non fiscales par rapport à l’exercice précédent.\n \nLa Cour des comptes est encore à ses balbutiements. Pour preuve, des formations sont encore organisées («Les corps de contrôle de l’état à l’école de la maitrise des bonnes pratiques»). Une ligne budgétaire est inscrite chaque année désormais. Même si la cour a récemment épinglé la présidence, elle ne vérifie pas tous les cas très suspects et graves. Par exemple, la Banque togolaise du commerce et de l'industrie qui est totalement à terre et s’ajoute à la longue liste des sociétés ou structures bancaires dont la gestion a été des plus calamiteuses sous le règne des Gnassingbé. Il existe donc des exceptions sur les cas graves et impliquant des hauts placés.\n \nLa Cour des comptes dispose d'une ligne budgétaire propre dans le budget de l'Etat.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n FABRGAT François, Collectif pour la vérité des urnes, 8 février 2014, «TARTUFFERIES POLITIQUES AU SEIN DU POUVOIR COMME DE L’OPPOSITION : QUEL BÉNÉFICE POUR LE PEUPLE TOGOLAIS ?».\n http://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2014/02/09/tartufferies-politiques-au-sein-du-pouvoir-de-lopposition-quel-benefice-pour-le-peuple-togolais/9908.\n \n FARIA Abbé, Liberté Togo, 6 avril 2014, «La Cour des comptes épingle la Présidence sur les dépenses du personnel et l’écart qui a existé entre les prévisions de recettes non fiscales». \n http://www.togoactualite.com/cour-comptes-epingle-presidence-les-depenses-du-personnel-lecart-existe-les-previsions-recettes-fiscales/.\n \n KETOHOU Carlos, L'indépendant express, 6 février 2014, «OTR : Plutôt prendre les taureaux par les cornes…».\n http://www.independantexpress.com/otr-plutot-prendre-les-taureaux-par-les-cornes/.\n \n L'Alternative, 8 août 2014, «Enquête exclusive BTCI : Descente dans la caverne d’Ali Baba». http://news.alome.com/h/24937.html, exemple avec la Banque Togolaise du Commerce et de l'Industrie \"A quoi sert la cour des compes?\".","Récemment mis en place en septembre 2009, la Cour des comptes ne donne pas satisfaction. Néanmoins, elle a publié un rapport sur l’exécution du budget de l’Etat gestion 2010 qui a épinglé la présidence de Faure Gnassingbé sur les dépenses du personnel ainsi que l’écart qui a existé..."]
["2014_TN_7",2014,"TN","Tunisia",7,50,"Auditors of the \"Cour des Comptes\" have full autonomy to audit the accounts of public institutions. For example, in 2014, the Cour des Comptes audited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the period 2012/2013 and found irregularities concerning a US $1 million grant made by the Chinese government. Currently, the minister of foreign affairs at the time is being heard by the court on this matter. \n\nNo particular problem or scandal was reported regarding the mission of the Cour des Comptes during the period of study. But in March 2014, the president of the Cour des Comptes, Abdelkader Zgolli, was dismissed by the prime minister, and many have voiced their concerns, considering the action unconstitutional. At the same time, the president of the Administrative Tribunal (Raoudha Mechichi) was also dismissed. \n\nThe Cour des Comptes still faces low funding and may be more efficient if it had more staff and equipment. Because funding for the Cour des Comptes comes from the Ministry of Finance, there is some pressure from the ministry to affect the full functionality of the court.","Interview with Slimene Sassi, Ministry of Finance, 13 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Bassem Karray, professor of public law, University of Sfax, 14 June 2014.\n\nArticle: La Presse, \"Mouvement à la tête du tribunal administratif et de la cour des compte,\" 20 March 2014.\nhttp://www.lapresse.tn/19062014/80521/lotim-reagit.html\n\nArticle: DirectInfo, \"La 'Cour des Comptes' relève un acte illégale et des défaillances,\" 15 May 2014.\nhttp://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2014/05/15/tunisie-defaillance-des-procedures-concernant-le-don-chinois/","Auditors of the \"Cour des Comptes\" have full autonomy to audit the accounts of public institutions. For example, in 2014, the Cour des Comptes audited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the period 2012/2013 and found irregularities concerning a US $1 million grant made by the Chin..."]
["2014_UG_7",2014,"UG","Uganda",7,75,"The Office of the Auditor General has the autonomy to audit accounts, and the past 12 months have seen the office inspect various government entities. The office has shown no partiality in unearthing graft and bringing it to light. The reports with the auditor general’s recommendations were submitted to parliament for detailed scrutiny by the accountability committees. \n\nDuring the scrutiny exercise, the parliamentary committees can drop some of the auditor general’s recommendations or raise more queries. The committees make recommendations to the parliament that are then considered for appropriate action. The auditor general has raised various complaints about the length of time taken by committees to finish scrutinizing these reports; sometimes by the time the committees are through the accounting officers have been moved to other government agencies or been promoted, making prosecution hard.\n\nBut Gloria Namugera, senior public relations officer in the Office of the Auditor General, pointed out that in the past 12 months, with more financial resources the office worked rigorously with the parliamentary accountability committees to clear backlogs that dated as far back as fiscal year 2008/09. Further, following fraud in the Office of the Prime Minister and the pension scheme in the Ministry of Public Service in the previous year, the Office of the Auditor General pointed out several financial irregularities that have led to public funds being lost. To this effect, the Office of the Auditor General has established the Directorate of Forensic Investigations and IT Audits to regularly undertake forensic audits into various aspects of government activities and undertakings. The directorate is to carry out extensive examinations and investigations of irregularities and their underlying records in high-risk entities and reported cases.\n\nThe office financed its activities from the government of Uganda and development partners. The Office of the Auditor General prepares and submits its budget to parliament for approval. For instance, for the fiscal year 2013/14, parliament approved a total budget of UGX 61.606bn, including taxes, and the office had a component budget of UGX 2.277Bn under the Financial Management and Accountability Programme (FINMAP) and UGX 0.980Bn under Irish Aid for capacity building. As of 31 March 2014, 86.4 percent of the approved GoU budget was released, 81 percent from the FINMAP, and 100 percent from Irish Aid. Further, during the year, the Office of the Auditor General prepared the Finance and Accounting Manual and can now produce its own rules and procedures to its satisfaction and that of stakeholders, thus providing operational independence and promoting an internal financial management culture.\n\nThe Office of the Auditor General activities are funded by government's consolidated fund and development partners. The source of funding is still unpredictable because the amount of money approved by parliament does not always come in time, and the amount released depends on how much is available in the government’s consolidated fund. Thus the office always has funding gaps and has complained of having insufficient funds to carry out its work effectively. Further, funding from the development partners depends on how much the partners are willing to release. However, in the past year, the Office of the Auditor General has in place a Finance and Accounting Manual that helps the OAG internally to monitor how its finances are managed and to report to government and donors.","Gloria Namugera, senior public relations officer, Office of the Auditor General, Kampala, 22 July 2014 \n\n“Auditor General Faults Govt On Increasing Domestic Arrears,” Red Pepper, 1 April 2014\nhttp://www.redpepper.co.ug/auditor-general-faults-govt-on-increasing-domestic-arrear/\n\n“AG unearths graft at URA,\" Yasiin Mugerwa; 10 April 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Auditor-General-uncovers-corruption-at-URA/-/688334/2272828/-/item/0/-/hccr92/-/index.html\n\n“Uganda: Auditor general stings Nema on oil waste,” Edward Ssekika; 3 June 2014 \nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201406040231.html","The Office of the Auditor General has the autonomy to audit accounts, and the past 12 months have seen the office inspect various government entities. The office has shown no partiality in unearthing graft and bringing it to light. The reports with the auditor general’s recommendat..."]
["2014_ZM_7",2014,"ZM","Zambia",7,75,"The auditor general tries to operate as independently as possible and audits all public accounts freely, some of which have in the past brought out major irregularities, such as the case of two members of parliament, Ronald Chitotela and Rogers Mwewa, who were both deputy ministers. The report showed that the two deputy ministers allegedly misappropriated constituency development funds, buying secondhand Toyota Land Cruisers off their constituents. \n\nThe office tries to operate without fear or favour, but as was the case in the above example, some top government officials try to intimidate the auditor general’s office. In this case, Chitotela is reported to have threatened to sue Auditor General Anne Chifungula if she did not clear him of allegations within 48 hours. \n\nThe auditor general's office is under the executive branch of the government, and while overwhelmingly independent, it is funded by the government with support from some donor countries, such as Norway and the Netherlands.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nLusakatimes.com, \"PF MP threaten to sue Auditor General if he is not cleared of corruption allegations within 48 hours,\" 10 Dec. 2013. http://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/12/10/pf-mp-threaten-sue-auditor-general-cleared-corruption-allegations-within-48-hours/\n\nNORAD, Zambia, The Auditor General, 6 Sept. 2013.\nhttp://www.norad.no/en/countries/africa/zambia","The auditor general tries to operate as independently as possible and audits all public accounts freely, some of which have in the past brought out major irregularities, such as the case of two members of parliament, Ronald Chitotela and Rogers Mwewa, who were both deputy ministers..."]
["2014_ZW_7",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",7,50,"The auditor general's office has autonomy to audit accounts, and it operates without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government. It gets funding from government, but the funding is not consistent from year to year. \n\nAccording to the auditor general, Mildred Chiri, her office had not experienced cases where senior government officials interfered with the work that the office does. However, she indicated that the office normally receives funding from the government late, and audits may not commence as planned.\n\nSection 309 of the new constitution, which took effect in 2013, reads: \"(1)There must be an Auditor-General, whose office is a public office but does not form part of the Civil Service. (2) The functions of the Auditor-General are—\n(a) to audit the accounts, financial systems and financial management of all departments, institutions and agencies of government, all provincial and metropolitan councils and all local authorities;\n(b) at the request of the government, to carry out special audits of the accounts of any statutory body or government-controlled entity;\n(c) to order the taking of measures to rectify any defects in the management and safeguarding of public funds and public property; and\n(d) to exercise any other functions that may be conferred or imposed on him or her by or under an Act of Parliament.\"","Interview with Joseph Munda, journalist, Humanitarian Information Facilitation Center (HIFC), 3 Aug. 2014, Harare.  \n\nThe Herald, \"We’re on top of the situation: Audit boss,\" 5 April 5 2014, accessed 7 Aug. 2014. \nhttp://www.herald.co.zw/were-on-top-of-the-situation-audit-boss/ \n\nThe Herald,  \"Corruption, all in a day's work\", June 20, 2014; http://www.herald.co.zw/corruption-all-in-a-days-work/","The auditor general's office has autonomy to audit accounts, and it operates without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government. It gets funding from government, but the funding is not consistent from year to year. ..."]
["2014_DZ_8",2014,"DZ","Algeria",8,25,"Les nominations au sein de la Cour des comptes ne renforcent pas l'indépendance de l'organisme puisque non seulement les règles de ces nominations ne sont pas claires mais font partie du domaine réservé du Président de la République. \n\nLe secrétaire adjoint de l’Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC)  interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche affirme qu'« aucun critère objectif ou d’intégrité n’est pris en compte concernant les nominations au sein de l’organisme de contrôle des finances publiques, excepté celui d’avoir des antécédents dans des actes de corruption ». Et d'ajouter: «aucune amelioration n'a été enregistrée au cours des 12 derniers mois dans le mode de nomination des membres de la Cour des comptes.»\n\nLa nomination du président de la Cour des comptes relève uniquement du pouvoir discrétionnaire du Président de la République. Le vice-président, les présidents des chambres, les présidents de sections sont nommés par décret présidentiel pris sur proposition du président de la Cour des comptes. Le censeur général et les censeurs sont nommés parmi les magistrats de la Cour des comptes par décret présidentiel, sur proposition du chef du gouvernement. La première nomination en qualité de conseiller ou d'auditeur intervient par décret présidentiel, sur proposition du président de la Cour des comptes, après avis du conseil des magistrats de la Cour des comptes.","HALIM Feddal, secrétaire adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC), interview par téléphone, 1er septembre 2014.\n\nTAKHEROUBT Brahim, L'expression, 12 décembre 2013, « Incroyable aveu de la Cour des comptes: 'Sonatrach nous échappe». http://www.lexpressiondz.com/actualite/186100-sonatrach-nous-echappe.html\n\nAPS, 03 juin 2014, «Bouchair plaide pour l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes».  http://www.aps.dz/algerie/6984-bouchair-plaide-pour-l%E2%80%99ind%C3%A9pendance-de-la-cour-des-comptes","Les nominations au sein de la Cour des comptes ne renforcent pas l'indépendance de l'organisme puisque non seulement les règles de ces nominations ne sont pas claires mais font partie du domaine réservé du Président de la République. ..."]
["2014_AO_8",2014,"AO","Angola",8,25,"The appointments to the Angolan Court of Auditors (CoA) do not support the independence of the (CoA). Nominations are based on personal and political party affiliation. The president of the (CoA),  Juliao Antonio, who has been in office since the establishment of the court in 2001, is a senior member of the ruling MPLA (Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola). \n\nAccording to Angolan legislation, the judges of the (CoA) should be recruited through curriculum evaluation by a jury headed by the president of the court, a member of the High Council of the Judicial Power and a law professor at Agostinho Neto University. However, the nomination of both the (CoA) president as well as the (CoA) judges is under the discretionary power of the president of the republic. In practice, the  appointment process to the (CoA) does not support the independence of the agency, because the merit criteria are only secondary, and appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties and political party affiliations.","Phone interview with international human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014    \n\nIn person interview with academic, Lisbon, July 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n\"Court of Auditors has been to sanction managers who divert public funds,\" (\"Tribunal de Contas tem estado a sancionar gestores que desviam fundos públicos), April 13, 2014, ANGOP \nhttp://www.portaldeangola.com/2014/04/tribunal-de-contas-tem-estado-a-sancionar-gestores-que-desviam-fundos-publicos/ \n\n\"Court of Auditors audits improves,\" January 2014, 24 hours online Angola\nhttp://www.noticias.co.ao/ver-noticia/tribunal-of-accounts-improvement audits  \n\nAudit Court/ Who Is Who/ Judges/ Curricular Note/ Juliao Antonio, (Tribunal de Contas/ Quem E Quem/ Juizes COnselheiros/ Nota Curricular/ Juliao Antonio) \nhttp://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Sobre%20TC/Quem%20%C3%A9%20Quem/Juizes%20Conselheiros/Juli%C3%A3o%20Ant%C3%B3nio.pdf \n\nAudit Court/ Who Is Who/ President and Judges\nTribunal de Contas/Quem E Quem/ Presidente e Juizes Conselheiros\nhttp://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Sobre%20TC/Quem%20%C3%A9%20Quem ","The appointments to the Angolan Court of Auditors (CoA) do not support the independence of the (CoA). Nominations are based on personal and political party affiliation. The president of the (CoA),  Juliao Antonio, who has been in office since the establishment of the court in 2001,..."]
["2014_BJ_8",2014,"BJ","Benin",8,100,"Les juges de la Chambre des Comptes sont nommés sur la base du mérite. Pour être nommé, il faut être un magistrat ou juriste de haut niveau ayant quinze ans au moins d’expérience professionnelle. \n\nLes auditeurs (qui travaillent avec les juges de la Chambre des Comptes) doivent être soit magistrats, soit  juristes ou fonctionnaires titulaires de diplômes universitaires et appartenant à la catégorie A1 de la fonction publique.\n\nLes juges de la Chambre des comptes comme ceux de la Cour suprême en général et des autres cours et tribunaux sont nommés par décret pris en conseil des ministres par le Président de la République, après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.\nLes auditeurs de la Chambre des Comptes (qui travaillent avec les juges de la Chambre des Comptes) sont recrutés par le président de la Cour Suprême. \n\nLes juges et les auditeurs nommés à la Chambre des comptes ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts dus aux allégeances personnelles, aux liens familiaux, aux affiliations aux partis politiques ou à d'autres préjugés même si elles sont nommées par le chef de l'Etat.\n\nLes juges ne sont pas révoqués  arbitrairement. Toute révocation d'un juge doit être soumise à l'appréciation de leurs pairs (c'est-à-dire le bureau de la cour).\n\nToutefois, l’un des deux syndicats, l'Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB) a contesté dans une motion de grève les nominations de juges pourtant  effectuées en janvier après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature.","Shérifath Gambari, secrétaire administrative, Cour Suprême, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nLamatou Idrissou Soulé-Allassane, Secrétaire particulière, Cour Suprême, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nMichel Adjaka, Président, Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), Cotonou, interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 22 janvier 2014. « Conseil des ministres du 20 janvier 2014 : Des nominations dans plusieurs cours d’appel et tribunaux.» http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=31336\n\nFraternité, 26 décembre 2013. « Conseil des ministres : Plusieurs nominations à la justice.» http://www.fraternitebj.info/conseil-des-ministres/article/conseil-des-ministres-plusieurs\n\nLe Matin, 1 octobre 2013. « Projet de relecture de la loi fondamentale du Bénin: Des arguments pour dire non à la révision de la Constitution.» http://www.sonangnon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6026:projet-de-relecture-de-la-loi-fondamentale-du-benin-des-arguments-pour-dire-non-a-la-revision-de-la-constitution&catid=1:actualite\n\nConstruire le Bénin, 27 janvier 2014. « Justice: L’Unamab relève des anomalies des nouvelles nominations de magistrats.» http://www.construirelebenin.info/article-justice-l-unamab-releve-des-anomalies-des-nouvelles-nominations-de-magistrats-122266161.html \n\nLe Matinal, 4 novembre 2013. « Rentrée judiciaire 2013-2014 à la Cour Suprême :  La grève en milieu judiciaire, principal sujet d’intérêt. » http://www.journauxdubenin.com/article/rentree-judiciaire-2013-2014-la-cour-supreme-la-greve-en-milieu-judiciaire-principal-sujet-d","Les juges de la Chambre des Comptes sont nommés sur la base du mérite. Pour être nommé, il faut être un magistrat ou juriste de haut niveau ayant quinze ans au moins d’expérience professionnelle. ..."]
["2014_BW_8",2014,"BW","Botswana",8,25,"The auditor general is appointed by the president solely at his discretion, and the criteria by which the appointment was made are not available to the public. The auditor general is appointed and disciplined/removed only by the Office of the President.  \n\nOn September 08, 2014, Botswana Guardian published on its web site, allegations of favoritism at the Office of Auditor General in which OAG staff members complained about unfair treatment, undue promotion and nepotism of some officers in their office. The article stated that this is possible because of lack of transparency, monopolistic and discretionary powers enjoyed by top management staff members within their office.","Interview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of Botswana Parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone.\n\nBotswana Guardian, \"Favouritism alleged at office of Auditor General,\" September 08, 2014, http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/1026-favouritism-alleged-at-office-of-auditor-general.html\n\nBotswana Guardian, \"Sebopeng calls it a day,\" 19 May 2014.\nhttp://botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/910-sebopeng-calls-it-a-day.html","The auditor general is appointed by the president solely at his discretion, and the criteria by which the appointment was made are not available to the public. The auditor general is appointed and disciplined/removed only by the Office of the President.  ..."]
["2014_BF_8",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",8,25,"Le mode de nomination des membres de la Cour des comptes est le principal motif pour lequel l'indépendance de cette cour est mise à mal. Ces nominations ne suivent pas toujours le mérite et le mode de nomination laisse ouverte la possiblité de conflit d'intérêt.\n\nSelon M. SANOU, le secrétaire général du Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP), les nominations en son sein ne sont pas toujours liées au mérite des individus mais plus à leur appartenance politique. Il trouve qu'il y a un sérieux défaut dans le système de nomination des membres des institutions de contrôle au Burkina. Pour lui, «le simple fait qu'ils soient nommés en conseil des ministres et donc par le gouvernement, ça limite leur indépendance. Il sont révocables à tout moment et on ne peut plus dire que c'est mérité ou qu'il y a pas de conflit d'intérêt.» \n\nPar contre le journaliste Hyacinthe SANOU pense qu'ils sont suffisamment indépendants et ne sont ni inquiétés, ni condamnés ni révoqués, sauf si cela s'est fait dans le secret. C'est donc un sentiment mitigé dès lors que l'on parle de l’indépendance suite à la nomination des membres des institutions de contrôle. \n\nIl existe des procédures à l’interne pour punir ou révoquer les membres de la Cour des Comptes. Le règlement intérieur de la Cour le prévoit. C’est notamment le Bureau de la Cour qui traite des questions de discipline sous la présidence du Premier Président de la Cour. Autrement dit, c’est un dispositif à l’interne qui s’occupe des cas d’inconduite des membres. Sur la base des enquêtes, ces procédures ne sont pas toujours suivies car l’Exécutif ayant en charge la nomination des membres peut à n’importe quel moment déchoir un membre de ses fonctions. Les cas d’indisciplines sont rares dans le milieu.","SANOU Aly, secrétaire général, Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP),Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10 Juillet 2014. \n\nKABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014.\n\nSANOU Hyacinthe, reporter, chef du desk papier d'initiative personnelle, l'Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.","Le mode de nomination des membres de la Cour des comptes est le principal motif pour lequel l'indépendance de cette cour est mise à mal. Ces nominations ne suivent pas toujours le mérite et le mode de nomination laisse ouverte la possiblité de conflit d'intérêt...."]
["2014_BI_8",2014,"BI","Burundi",8,25,"Au Burundi, les nominations au sein de l'appareil de l'Etat ne suivent pas toujours un système fondé sur le mérite. Le chômage élevé aidant, l'on se préoccupe plus de donner un emploi aux gens que de s'assurer quils remplissent bien les critères pour occuper tel ou tel poste. Quant il s' agit de nommer des gens à des postes de responsabilité, c'est l'esprit partisan qui prévaut. \n\nLes nominations au sein de la Cour des comptes sont faites par l' exécutif, ce qui ne garantit pas son indépendance. L' esprit partisan étant devenu monnaie courante dans le pays, le mérite n' est pas mis en avant pour faire avancer quelqu'un à un poste supérieur.\n\nPour souligner la place de l'esprit partisan dans les recrutements au Burundi, Gabriel RUFYIRI président de l'Observatoire pour la Lutte contre la corruption et les malversations économiques, indique lors du journal de la  Radio Publique Africaine du 21 février 2014 que  les recrutements dans le ministère des Finances sont faits sur base de favoritisme.","SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nNIYONGABO Jean Claude, ancien magistrat, interview par email, 21 juillet 2014. \n\nJournal de la  Radio Publique Africaine du 21 février 2014. Disponible sur le www.rpa.bi","Au Burundi, les nominations au sein de l'appareil de l'Etat ne suivent pas toujours un système fondé sur le mérite. Le chômage élevé aidant, l'on se préoccupe plus de donner un emploi aux gens que de s'assurer quils remplissent bien les critères pour occuper tel ou tel poste. Quant..."]
["2014_CM_8",2014,"CM","Cameroon",8,0,"Comme dans tous les secteurs de la vie institutionnelle du Cameroun, les nominations au sein des deux structures en charge du contrôle des finances publiques n’obéissent à aucun critère. C'est le Président qui nomme de façon discrétionnaire, c'est-à-dire que les critères de nomination ne sont connus que de celui qui nomme. \nEn principe pour occuper de telles fonctions, il faut être diplomé d'une école supérieure soit de magistrature, soit de finance, soit de comptabilité, de droit, avec une experience professionnelle requise dans le domaine. En réalité le government contourne ces critères pour des raisons politiques. On remarque que les nominations se font suivant des relations personnelles (loges maçonniques, liens tribaux et autres affinités) et que ces nominations décriées par l'ensemble de la société perpétuent le tribalisme et le népotisme. \n\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nPas d'accord (score=50): Selon l'article 18 de la loi 2003/005 du 21 avril 2003 fixant les attributions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Chambre des comptes  de la Cour suprême, les magistrats du siège de la Chambre des comptes sont nommés par décret du Président de la République après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Il est donc excessif d'affirmer que les nominations se font suivant le pouvoir discrétionnaire du Président. Cela dit, dans la pratique, les nominations peuvent dans certains cas être influencées par le népotisme ou d'autres facteurs.","ZAMBO AMOUGOU Jean-Marie, président de la Confédération syndicale des travailleurs du Cameroun, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nNESTOR Toko, avocat au barreau du Cameroun, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nKAZE Reneir, journaliste au journal Kalara, hebdomadaire du monde juridico-judiciaire, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nSources des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nNGANG Thomas, directeur du Bureau For Technical And Economic Studies (BETEC), Cameroon,  01 octobre 2014;\n\nTOUNA Gilbert, secrétaire exécutif, Youth Employment Service, Cameroun, le 04 ocotbre 2014","Comme dans tous les secteurs de la vie institutionnelle du Cameroun, les nominations au sein des deux structures en charge du contrôle des finances publiques n’obéissent à aucun critère. C'est le Président qui nomme de façon discrétionnaire, c'est-à-dire que les critères de nominat..."]
["2014_CV_8",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",8,50,"The fact that the head and judges of the Court of Accourts are appointed by the president with the advice of the government means the court is not free from political influence or conflict of interest. \n\nThe judges of the Court of Accourts are governed by the same law and under the same  authority as judges of the Supreme Court. Therefore, they are under disciplinary jurisdiction of the Superior Council of the Magistrates (SCM). They are all disciplined as prescribed by the law. Although political influence cannot be avoided due to the fact that some members of the SCM are political appointees, appointed by the two main political parties in parliament, most of the judges appointed to the COA must have the merit-based curriculum vitae stipulated by the law. \n\nBy law, the president and judges of the Court of Accounts shall be appointed by the president of the Republic, upon proposal of the government, and in particular committee service, for a five-year renewable term. According to Article 25 of Law No. 84 /IV/93 (Competence, Organization and functioning of the Court of Auditors and the Statute of the judges), judges must be persons licensed in law, economics, public administration, finance or organization and management, recognized suitability and competence. In practice, these are no known cases where these standards have not been met. However, one can find in the media reports that the president or a judge appointed may have affiliation with the ruling party, the main opposition party, or the president of the republic. \n\nThe mandate of members of the court have expired but they are still holding their posts because as alleged the executive is delaying the decision to end the mandates of the judges until the end of executive own mandate in 2016.  Critics say the reason for still keeping these judges even thought there mandates have expired since July of 2014 is because it’s of the loyalty of the judges and influence it has over these judges.  Beginning with the court’s president, José Carlos Delgado, his mandate expired since July 2014, same with judge José Pedro da Costa Delgado and judge Sara Boal. The most striking case is that of counselor judge Horace Dias Fernandes, with three years without a mandate. The audit office web page has a display of the names of the judges and the date of the last mandate. A visit of the president of Movement for Democracy (MPD), the largest opposition party , on December 4, 2013, to the Court of Accounts had suggested a review of the Court of Accounts law to avoid these situation.","1. A Semana, October 5, 2013, Contest to Counselor Judge shrouded in controversy: Judge Mary of Sorrows intends contentious appeal: http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article92505&ak=1\n\n2. Interview with Mário Silva, Professor, Institute of Law and Social Sciences, July 10, 2014, Praia City.\n\n3. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judge of Praia City Tribunal County, July 9, 2014, Praia City.\n\n4. ASEMANA newspaper, \"Court of Auditors 'out of date'\"March 3, 2015, http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article107780&ak=1#ancre_comm,\n\n5. The audit office web page with names of judges and the date of the last mandate. http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=485#horácio-dias-fernandes\n\n6. The audit office web page \"the visit of the president of the MPD, to the court accounts (CA) on 12.04.2013 , http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=210:o-presidente-do-mpd-visita-o-tribunal-de-contas&catid=83&Itemid=478","The fact that the head and judges of the Court of Accourts are appointed by the president with the advice of the government means the court is not free from political influence or conflict of interest. ..."]
["2014_CF_8",2014,"CF","CAR",8,25,"En République Centrafricaine les nominations générales et de façon particulière au sein de la Cour des comptes, l'organe de contrôle ou institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques, ne sont pas fondées sur les critères de mérite. \n\nLe plus souvent les personnalités nommées sont des amis du Ministre ou des adhérents du parti du Chef de l'État sur la proposition du Ministre de la justice et Garde des sceaux.\n\nLes sanctions sont parfois implicites. Elles se traduisent par l'affectation à des juridictions moins réputées ou en province. Ce qui signifie que les procédures de sanction ne sont pas respectées telles que prévues.","ZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, Conseiller national (Député), coordonnateur de l'Observatoire des élections, coordonnateurs adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme, interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKPEOU Aimé Césaire, juriste de formation, chef de département à l'Institut Supérieur de Gestion des Entreprises à l'université de Bangui et enseignant dans la même université, interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui;\n\nMEBOUROU Thierry, rédacteur en chef du journal le Démocrate, interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nAnonyme, inspecteur de commerce au Ministère du commerce et de l'industrie, des PME et de l'artisanat, interview du 17 juin 2014, Bangui. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","En République Centrafricaine les nominations générales et de façon particulière au sein de la Cour des comptes, l'organe de contrôle ou institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques, ne sont pas fondées sur les critères de mérite. ..."]
["2014_TD_8",2014,"TD","Chad",8,50,"Les erreurs de nomination par le passé semblent servir de leçon au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature et au pouvoir judiciaire en général dans les nominations au sein de la jeune Cour des comptes qui vient naître. \n\nLes textes de création de la cour (la loi N° 017/PR/2014) sont prévus pour ne pas tomber dans les mêmes insuffisances et les difficultés rencontrées dans les plus anciennes (les autres cours). Ce que confirme Merina GANG-NY: « les nominations des membres au sein de la Cour des comptes sont faites conformément  aux dispositions de la loi N° 017/PR/2014 portant sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la cour. Le président de la Cour des comptes est choisi parmi les cadres de la catégorie A de la fonction publique, ayant au moins 15 ans d'expérience professionnelle en droit budgétaire ou en comptabilité publique. Les conflits d'intérêt comme dans toute institution publique, il y en aurait mais le rôle principal du président de la cour est de faire en sorte que les objectifs de la cour soient respectés.» \n\nCependant les autres sources soulignent que comme dans le passé avec l'institution qui a précédé la Cour des comptes, les conflits d'interêt, les révocations, ou les nominations au sein de la jeune Cour des comptes sont fortement influencés par l'exécutif. L'avocat Mathias  DON souligne qu' il n'a pas jusque là enregistré des cas de révocation, de sanction ou des affectations des contrôleurs de la Cour des comptes ou peut être que l'institution est encore jeune. «La Cour des comptes n'a pas laissé transparaitre des signes de conflits d'intérêt interne, à ce que je sache. La Cour des comptes est une institution jeune mais c'est déja une avancée dans le domaine judiciaire au Tchad. Les problèmes surgiront certainement mais pour l'instant aucun signe de malaise se fait sentir.» \n\nDe même, le journaliste Moussa DJARMA, estime que «les magistrats de la Cour des comptes sont trop fermés sur eux mêmes et se méfient de la presse. Comme rien ne filtre, nous supposons que tout se passe bien selon les textes régissant la cour sinon on aurait déjà entendu des rumeurs et des bruits.» \n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: les nominations ne suivent pas toujours objectivement le critère du mérite. Les syndicats de la justice l'ont d'ailleurs récemment dénoncé par une lettre ouverte au Président. La nommination des membres de Cour des comptes en date du 12 août 2014, ne respecte pas les critères légaux en la matière. C'est ce qui a amené le Syndicat des Magistrats du Tchad (SMT) et la Confédération Autonome des Agents et Personnel Judiciaire (CAPJ)  à adresser une lettre ouverte au Chef de l’État Idriss Déby ITNO pour dénoncer ladite nomination. Dans cette missive, les deux organisations  écrivent : à l’exception de quelques rares cas qui remplissent les critères de la nomination, la quasi-totalité sont des magistrats  de  3ème rang n’ayant totalisé qu’à peine 7 à 8 ans d’exercice. Tous n’ont jamais fait leur preuve dans les juridictions du 1er degré et moins encore dans la Cour d’appel. Pire, certains d’entre eux sont incapables de rédiger le dernier des actes qu’un magistrats peut poser ». Les deux syndicats ont relevé d'autres insuffisances qui prouvent que les nominations ne suivent pas toujours un système basé sur le mérite.","1. Gang-Ny Merina, conseiller à la chambre des comptes, de la cour suprême, membre de la cour de justice entretien du 25 juillet 2014 à la cour suprême\n\n2. Me Don Mathias, avocat au barreau, entretien du 26 juillet 2014 au cabinet\n\n3. Moussa Djarma, Journaliste à la radio Dja Fm, entretien par téléphone du 26 juillet 2014\n\nSources des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nTAKADJI Edoouard, Journal du Tchad, 8 septembre 2014, «Tchad: les nominations à la Cour des comptes font un tollé.» http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=6615","Les erreurs de nomination par le passé semblent servir de leçon au Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature et au pouvoir judiciaire en général dans les nominations au sein de la jeune Cour des comptes qui vient naître. ..."]
["2014_KM_8",2014,"KM","Comoros",8,50,"Les magistrats ont été nommés à la Section des comptes sur les critères de mérite, et aucun remplacement n’a encore été constaté à ce jour car les membres de la Section des comptes sont nommés pour une période de 5 ans renouvelable. Étant nommés en 2012, leurs mandats s’achèveront théoriquement en 2017 (inamovibilité).  \n\nLes nominations à la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême sont fondées sur le mérite puisque les lois organiques tracent le profil des membres de cette cour : membres magistrats et membres non magistrats dits conseillers à la Cour suprême. Le président de la Cour suprême doit être un administrateur ayant l’expérience dans les finances et l’administration nommé par le décret. Toutefois, étant nommé par décret, l’appréciation des autorités politiques (en l’occurrence le Président de la République) joue un rôle dans sa nomination. \n\nLes membres de la Section des comptes désignés le 19 avril 2012 pour un mandat de 5 ans n'ont pas jusqu'ici fait l'objet de plaintes pour conflit d'intérêt au niveau de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC).\n\nConcernant la révocation et la mutation (transfert) des auditeurs de compte, aucun cas n'est apparu jusqu'à ce jour, la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême étant une institution récente (création en 2012). \n\nCependant, Le Président de la République est désigné par le terme « Premier Magistrat du pays », et il devrait consulter le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature dans  la  nomination,  l’affectation,  l’avancement, la notation, la discipline  des  magistrats,  le  renforcement de  l’inspection,  la radiation du corps de la magistrature, des magistrats qui ne respectent pas la déontologie, l’éthique et le statut de leur  corps.  Mais le Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature n’est pas effectivement mis en place, aussi le Président de l’Union assure tout seul ces fonctions.","MAANROUF Mohamed Elarif, secrétaire général de la Cour suprême, Moroni, 09 juillet 2014. \n\nAZIRI Moissuli Mohamed, chef de département de prévention et sensibilisation,  Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), Moroni, 09 juillet 2014. \n\nMHOMA Ali Mchangama, adjoint du contrôleur financier, ministère des finances et du budget, Moroni, 10 juillet 2014.","Les magistrats ont été nommés à la Section des comptes sur les critères de mérite, et aucun remplacement n’a encore été constaté à ce jour car les membres de la Section des comptes sont nommés pour une période de 5 ans renouvelable. Étant nommés en 2012, leurs mandats s’achèveront ..."]
["2014_CD_8",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",8,50,"C'est la Cour des comptes qui est l'institution supérieure du contrôle des finances publiques. Elle relève du pouvoir judiciaire qui est un organe indépendant du pouvoir exécutif. \n\nLes nominations des magistrats de la Cour des comptes se font par décret présidentiel suivant un système fondé sur la proposition faite par le ministre de la justice et le ministre des finances. Bien que les juges nommés aient le profil exigé (mérite), leur nomination par le seul pouvoir exècutif ouvre la voie aux conflits d'intérêt.","CHIRAC Ngangoue, cadre à la direction générale des impots, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Mikalou (Brazzaville), 04 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, cadre à la direction général du trésor, entretien a eu lieu au téléphone, 04 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nLoi n°19-99 du 15 aout 1999 modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi n°22-92 du 20 aout 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire, Article 16. http://www.cesbc.org/congo/Lois/Loi%20022-92.pdf","C'est la Cour des comptes qui est l'institution supérieure du contrôle des finances publiques. Elle relève du pouvoir judiciaire qui est un organe indépendant du pouvoir exécutif. ..."]
["2014_CG_8",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",8,100,"The last appointment of the supreme audit institution members was made in late 2012 with technical and financial support from the European Union. The process was merit-based and no appointee has been transferred or removed arbitrarily. All judge candidates are recruited according to the same criteria of a minimum of masters of arts in law, a minimum of five years experience, significant knowlege of the sector, and good moral reputation. An independent commission reviewed the applications. Nothing indicates any conflicts of interest involving these appointees.\n\nAppointments to the supreme audit institution are done based on objectives standards such as experience, level of education and moral probity, etc, and the  procedures and standard of appointment are all respected. Besides, there are clear dismissal, transfer and sanction procedures. The president of the republic does not relocate or dismiss members of the supreme audit institution. In case of any dismissal or transfer, there is an independent body that looks into the case and not the executive or president or the republic. First, there is an independent investigation done by the body to establish reasons for dismissal or transfer, then the body will communicate them to the concerned persons. The accused or concerned person would be given a hearing to defend and/justify himself to the body. If the transfer/dismissal decision is taken by the body, there are established measures for transfer and dismissal that are respected. No evidence of such cases where these measures were violated or interrupted by the executive was found during the period of the study.","1. (News article), Rdc : Division Sur Le Choix D’un Membre De La Cour Supreme, By Rfi, 14 Juin 2014, http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140615-rdc-division-le-choix-membres-cour-constitutionnelle/#./?&_suid=140468358664600482817653317531.\n\n2. (Face to face interview), Frank Fikirini, National Coordinator Of The New Citizenship Programme,  July 4, 2014.\n\n3. (Face to face interview),  Euphrasie Amina, Programme Manager Economic Justice Open Society Initiative For Southern Africa (Osisa), July 17, 2014.","The last appointment of the supreme audit institution members was made in late 2012 with technical and financial support from the European Union. The process was merit-based and no appointee has been transferred or removed arbitrarily. All judge candidates are recruited according t..."]
["2014_CI_8",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",8,50,"Il n’est pas forcement acquis que les nominations au sein de la Cour des comptes renforcent son indépendance. A ce jour les nominations qui y sont intervenus sont conformes et tiennent compte des compétences et expériences professionnelles réelles des auditeurs.\n \n Mais dans le milieu judiciaire, bien de juges ont été mutés à l'intérieur du pays en guise de sanction ces dernières années pour avoir pris des décisions qui ont de plus à la tutelle. Ces faits ne sont pas toujours relatés par la presse mais les victimes sont de plus en plus nombreux. Selon Kacou Gao dans son exposé, décalage entre déclaration et réalité, déclaré « couramment, les personnes désignées pensent devoir une gratitude compromettante à l’exécutif dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions.» \n \n La Cour des comptes fonctionne de manière autonome a vu son indépendance et son mandat renforcé a cours de l'année 2014. Il semble à priori que les membres de la Cour des comptes aient les compétences pour assurer leur mandat, mais plusieurs médias ont souligné que certaines personnes nommées étaient des proches du pouvoir, ce qui n'a pas empêché de produire des rapports critiques pour le gouvernement.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.\n \nExposé de GAO Kacou, maître assistant. P.54 de Incommunication démocratique en Côte d’Ivoire : Décalage entre déclaration et réalité. Consultable sur le site : www.comenquestion.com.","Il n’est pas forcement acquis que les nominations au sein de la Cour des comptes renforcent son indépendance. A ce jour les nominations qui y sont intervenus sont conformes et tiennent compte des compétences et expériences professionnelles réelles des auditeurs...."]
["2014_DJ_8",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",8,0,"Depuis qu'un incendie a ravagé son siège en 2008, la Cour des Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé . C'est l'Inspection Générale d’Etat (IGE) qui joue actuellement ce rôle. \n\nLes auditeurs de l'IGE ne sont pas nommés suivant un système fondé sur le mérite. En effet, aucun concours n'a été organisé afin de nommer les inspecteurs. Le recrutement se fait sur étude de dossier. Selon Osman Ali, journaliste à La Nation, presque tous les membres de l'inspection ont été recrutés de cette manière, c'est à dire sans passer un concours, et sur dossier présenté au Premier ministre qui décide s'il donne suite ou pas.\n\nCette procédure sur dossier peut ne pas être méritocratique puisque un dossier peut toujours comporter des résultats insuffisants eu égards aux missions de l'institution et être accepté par l'autorité politique alors que le concours sélectionne les meilleurs sur la base d'un examen à l'écrit en suivant la procédure de l'anonymat des candidats et ce pour sélectionner les meilleurs qui répondent au profil. \n\nLe principe de concours institué par un décret 2002 n'est pas respecté à Djibouti. Si au départ, le manque de personnel qualifié justifiait cet état de fait, de nos jours, cette justification n'a pas lieu d’être. La seule institution qui respecte ce texte est l'Assemblée nationale qui met en place pour ces assistants parlementaire un concours organisé par l'université de Djibouti. \nLes personnes interrogées ne relèvent pas l'existence d'un intérêt concernant le recrutement des fonctionnaires de l'Inspection. \n\nEn matière disciplinaire, les inspecteurs d'État sont tenus d'exercer leurs fonctions avec équité, impartialité, rigueur, probité, objectivité et d'observer la discipline professionnelle la plus stricte. Ils sont passibles de sanctions disciplinaires prévues dans le statut général des fonctionnaires. Toutefois le pouvoir disciplinaire à leur égard relève exclusivement du Président de la République et du Premier ministre.\n\nPar dérogation aux dispositions en vigueur, le Conseil de discipline, chargé de donner son avis sur les sanctions applicables à un Inspecteur d'État est composé, sous la présidence du secrétaire général du gouvernement, du directeur de cabinet du Premier ministre, du directeur chargé de la fonction publique, de l'inspecteur général d'État et de deux inspecteurs d'État de grades au moins égaux à ceux de l'intéressé et désignés par le Premier ministre.\n\nLe droit de grève n'est pas reconnu aux inspecteurs d'État. Tout fait de grève entraîne l'application de sanctions disciplinaires immédiates.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: Bien que la Cour des Comptes ne soit pas fonctionnelle, les nominations à la Cour des comptes sont souvent politiques et non basées sur le mérite.","MOHAMED Hibo, ancienne inspectrice à l'Inspection Générale d'Etat, entretien à la primature, 30 juin 2014.\n\nOSMAN Ali, journaliste à La Nation, 30 juin 2014.\n\nDAHER Houmed, inspecteur au sein de l'inspection Générale d'Etat, 16 juillet 2014.\n\n\nSources des pairs évaluateurs: \n\nGUEDI Mohamed Hassan, magistrat à la Cour des comptes, novembre 2014\n\nYONIS Farhan, magistrat à la Cour des compte, novembre 2014","Depuis qu'un incendie a ravagé son siège en 2008, la Cour des Comptes qui est l'institution suprême d'audit n’a pas siégé . C'est l'Inspection Générale d’Etat (IGE) qui joue actuellement ce rôle. ..."]
["2014_EG_8",2014,"EG","Egypt",8,75,"The head of the CAO is Hisham Genina. Though appointed by President Morsi he is not a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and turned down overtures to run for president to focus on his work. Genina was a consensus choice and the last remaining significant Morsi figure. He has now served under three Egyptian Presidents. The fact that Genina has not been removed from office by presidents Adly Mansour and  Sisi suggests the independence of the organization. It has made several statements in public with regard to corruption during the Morsi era and the practices of some Egyptian organizations which were against the political interests of the government.\n\nThe ongoing libel investigations against Genina for activities unrelated to his work maybe politically motivated. Genina is himself a former judge. \n\nAt lower levels, the CAO only accepts officers who have completed two examinations and are vetted by the CAO's office for possible conflicts of interests as well as a review by the personnel affairs department. The CAO's positions are open to all qualified applicants.\n\nMerit based appointment, appointment without conflict of interest and due process have all been the hallmarks of the CAO during the reporting period and under the management of Hisham Geneina.","Interview, Mohamed Zaher, General Auditor of the CAO, July 12-13, (Phone).\n\n Al Ahram, Feb 9, 2014  \"Egypt's top auditor to be tried for libeling justice minister\" english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93843/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-top-auditor-to-be-tried-for-libeling-justic.aspx.\n\nDaily News Egypt, March 5, 2014, Sara Aggour, \"CAO seizes Medical Syndicate’s accounting documents\"\nhttp://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/03/05/cao-seizes-medical-syndicates-accounting-documents/.\n\nAl Ahram  March 14, 2014 \"There is no real financial supervision on ministry of interior: Egypt's top auditor\"\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/96996/Egypt/Politics-/There-is-no-real-financial-supervision-on-ministry.aspx.\n\n\"What has CAO chief Hisham Geneina done?,\" Feb. 22, 2014 http://thecairopost.com/news/93809/op/what-has-cao-chief-hisham-geneina-done.\n\n\n\"The battle of Hesham Geneina,\" 26 Feb 2014, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/4/0/94874/Opinion/-The-battle-of-Hesham-Geneina.aspx.\n\nEgypt: ANHRI Gets an Acquittal for a Number of Elbadil Online Newspaper Journalists, 26 MARCH 2014\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201403261618.html.\n\nEgypt's top auditor to be tried for libeling justice minister, 9 Feb 2014, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93843/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-top-auditor-to-be-tried-for-libeling-justic.aspx.","The head of the CAO is Hisham Genina. Though appointed by President Morsi he is not a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and turned down overtures to run for president to focus on his work. Genina was a consensus choice and the last remaining significant Morsi figure. He has now serv..."]
["2014_GQ_8",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",8,0,"By the end of the period of review, the supreme audit institution had not been formally established, and as a result, independence can only be evaluated under current legislation. \n\nThe independence of the audit institution is not specifically guaranteed in the constitution of 2012, furthermore, its independence is undermined by the power granted to the president to name and remove the supreme audit institution’s president and magistrates with no parliamentary oversight. By the end of July 2014, there had not been any appointments to the supreme audit institution.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"Crisis in the Ministry of Information led by Teobaldo Nchaso Matomba\" (\"Cristis en el Ministerio de Información dirigido por Teobaldo Nchaso Matomba\"), April 3, 2014.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/crisis-en-el-ministerio-de-informacion-dirigido-por-teobaldo-nchaso-matomba/\n\nNews article: Radio Macuto, \"Audit to the Government\" (\"Auditoría del Gobierno\"), July 9, 2014.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/auditoria-del-gobierno/ \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"Supreme Audit Institution nonexistent until this date\" (\"El Tribunal de Cuentas de Guinea Ecuatorial no existe hasta la fecha\"), June 13, 2014. \nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/el-tribunal-de-cuentas-de-guinea-ecuatorial-existe-hasta-la-fecha/ \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary Compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nNews article: ABC, \"Guinea Ecuatorial Mira a Europa,\" March 23, 2014.\nhttp://www.abc.es/internacional/20140323/rc-guinea-ecuatorial-mira-europa-201403231015.html\n\nPublication: The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, June 26, 2014.\nhttp://country.eiu.com/FileHandler.ashx?issue_id=1761739760&mode=pdf \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf","By the end of the period of review, the supreme audit institution had not been formally established, and as a result, independence can only be evaluated under current legislation. ..."]
["2014_ER_8",2014,"ER","Eritrea",8,0,"A majority of the appointments are made via the national service system, which has been in practice since 2000. The Office of the Auditor General takes fresh graduates from business school as members of the national service. However, ranks are chosen based on loyalties rather than professionalism or experience, although they do possess a certain level of professional qualification. Trained accountants are appointed to the audit offices. More to the point, at the higher level, the audit institution is run by people who have close affiliation to the government, such as ex-veteran fighters. The auditor office remain under the same officials who were appointed since its establishment in 1993. They are all loyalists to the ruling party. No dismissal or removal has happened during the research period. \n\nAlthough the auditor general is a certified accountant and an international prize winner of the accountant's association, he is also a veteran liberation fighter and has been auditor general since the country got its official independence in 1993, and most importantly he has remained close to the political elites in power. His professional skill in auditing was taken into consideration when first appointed in 1993. Later on in 2003, he was appointed to become the general manager of the Eritrean National Mining Co. (ENAMCO), then elected as minister of Finance in 2013. Hence, he holds three positions simultaneously. \n\nOnly the top officials in the Office of the Auditor General are politically selected; the accountants in the office are graduates of Business College who are directly sent to perform their national service duty. Although sometimes the auditor's office hires skilled professionals from the market, it is rare since most of the auditors are national service members assigned directly from the colleges.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, June 3, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","A majority of the appointments are made via the national service system, which has been in practice since 2000. The Office of the Auditor General takes fresh graduates from business school as members of the national service. However, ranks are chosen based on loyalties rather than ..."]
["2014_ET_8",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",8,25,"Positions in the Office of the Auditor General are filled in two ways. The auditor general and his deputies are appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives upon the recommendation of the prime minister as per the law establishing the office. Other offices, on the other hand, are filled based on a competitive and merit-based system. This includes management positions such as directors and division heads. This contributes to their independence, as the professional requirements take precedence over political views. Expected political neutrality of the auditor general and his deputies also provides another layer of independence. \n\nHowever, it is feared that the pool of available candidates is either affiliated with the ruling political party or at least sympathetic to the political interests of the government. In addition, the appointment of the auditor general is seen as a mainly political decision. The nomination by the prime minister for approval by the parliament that is fully controlled by the ruling party with the exception of a single seat is only a matter of procedure after the political decision is made within the party.      \n\nAuditors have immunity in the conduct of their professional responsibilities. The removal and disciplinary actions against auditors is taken only in accordance with the procedures set up for this purpose. A peer review system is also important for the independence of the institution. No disciplinary measure against the auditors was reported during the study period.","Interview with Dilu Nesaw, Education and Training Division director, Office of the Auditor General, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Office of the Auditor General. \n\nInterview With Worku Alemu, auditor and director of the Audit Research and Development Directorate, Office of The Auditor General, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Office of the Auditor General.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Information Office of  the Office of the Auditor General, 2 July, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, lecturer at the Department of Accounting and Finance, Arbaminch University, 2 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Positions in the Office of the Auditor General are filled in two ways. The auditor general and his deputies are appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives upon the recommendation of the prime minister as per the law establishing the office. Other offices, on the other hand,..."]
["2014_GA_8",2014,"GA","Gabon",8,0,"On ne saurait dissocier l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes du Gabon à la nomination de ses membres. La proximité des membres avec l'exécutif l'emporte sur le mérite, l'actuel président de la Cour des comptes étant un oncle du Chef de l'état. Cela illustre le manque d' indépendance au regard de la séparation des pouvoirs. La Cour des comptes apparaît alors comme un instrument aux mains du pouvoir central.\n\nCertains rapports de la cour doivent d'abord recevoir l'approbation de la présidence de la République avant leur divulgation, et d'autres peuvent simplement être classés en fonction de la sensibilité et des rapports avec le pouvoir central.","ROUGOU Jean-Pierre, enseignant, Université Omar Bongo et Paris-Panthéon, interrogé par Facebook, 28 décembre 2014.\n\nGabon Review, 28 novembre 2014, «La Cour des comptes se muscle» http://gabonreview.com/blog/cour-comptes-se-muscle/\n\nNouvelles du Gabon, 30 août 2014, «Jean Eyeghe Ndong fustige le comportement de la Cour des comptes». http://www.nouvellesdugabon.com/?link=details_art&id=1299&type=Soci%E9t%E9","On ne saurait dissocier l'indépendance de la Cour des comptes du Gabon à la nomination de ses membres. La proximité des membres avec l'exécutif l'emporte sur le mérite, l'actuel président de la Cour des comptes étant un oncle du Chef de l'état. Cela illustre le manque d' indépendan..."]
["2014_GM_8",2014,"GM","The Gambia",8,0,"The president appoints the auditor general, who then selects lower level officials at the Office of the National Auditor General in consultation with the Public Service Commission. This means that auditors general can be appointed and removed by the president without resort to any peer panel or independent oversight body. The last auditor general, Mr. Baboucarr Sankareh, was removed in June 2013 without due process and without any explanation given. \n\nAccording to sources, many appointments of regular officers are merit-based. There have been no reports of appointees to the audit office having conflicts of interest or appointments to the National Audit Office (including the auditor general) being based on political party or tribal loyalties.\n\nWhile the president has the power to remove the auditor general, he has exercised this power very infrequently.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nI disagree, and support a higher score of 50.  As indicated by the researcher, lower level appointments are generally merit-based because they all pass through the public service commission. This body is in charge of the recruitment of public officers and usually positions are advertised openly and individuals compete. Thus there is high likelihood of competitiveness, fairness and equity. It is only in the case of the Auditor General that the President exercises arbitrariness in the appointment and removal of the post holder even though supposedly in consultation with the commission. The fact that no reasons are  given for the removal of the previous auditor general indicates its arbitrariness. However the individuals appointed as auditor generals so far are indeed well qualified professionals.","1. Interview with Mr. Suwaibou Touray, Editor, Foroyaa Newspaper, 3rd July 2014, Serrekunda\n\n2. Interview with Mr. Sam Sarr, Editor-in-Chief, Foroyaa Newspaper, 1st July 2014, Serrekunda\n\n3. Interview official who requested anonymity, Ministry of Justice, 25th June 2014, Banjul\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The president appoints the auditor general, who then selects lower level officials at the Office of the National Auditor General in consultation with the Public Service Commission. This means that auditors general can be appointed and removed by the president without resort to any ..."]
["2014_GH_8",2014,"GH","Ghana",8,75,"The Auditor General is appointed by the President in consultation with the Council of State. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana does not specify any criteria or qualification to attain to qualify to be appointed Auditor General.\n\nApart from the Auditor General, other appointments to the Ghana Audit Service are done by the Audit Service Board in consultation with the Public Services Commission. The appointment process of staff of the Ghana Audit Service other than the Auditor General follows a merit-based system, which involves announcing vacancies, setting criteria of qualifications needed and using a competitive process to choose the employees. \n\nAppointees and or auditors are free of conflict of interest in the performance of their functions and personal or political biases do not cloud their decisions. They, therefore do not compromise their integrity and accordingly operate without fear or favour. However, the mode of appointment of the Auditor General has been criticized because it does not allow other qualified and interested persons to apply where an independent expert panel will be constituted to screen the applications to select the most qualified ones.\n\nThe procedure to remove the Auditor General from office is spelled out in Article 46 clause one to five of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, which is the same as what pertains to Justices of the Superior Courts. It states that the Auditor General shall not be removed from office except for stated misbehaviour or incompetence or on ground of inability to perform the functions of his office arising from infirmity of body or mind. The Auditor General may only be removed in accordance with the procedure specified in this article; that is if the President receives a petition for the removal of the Auditor General, he shall refer the petition to the Chief Justice, who shall determine whether there is a prima facie case.\n\nWhere the Chief Justice decides that there is a prima facie case, he shall set up a committee consisting of three Justices of the Superior Courts or Chairmen of the Regional Tribunals or both, appointed by the Judicial Council and two other persons who are not members of the Council of State, nor members of Parliament, nor lawyers, and who shall be appointed by the Chief Justice on the advice of the Council of State. The committee shall investigate the complaint and shall make its recommendations to the Chief Justice who shall forward it to the President.\n\nIn the case of other staff members of the Ghana Audit Service in relation to discipline, transfers and removal from office, there is a code of conduct, which all staff must abide by. If any appointee or employee misconducts his or herself, an internal disciplinary committee investigates the issue before the appropriate sanction is applied and the affected staff is at liberty to appeal against the sanction. Transfers are not deemed to be punishment but rather to shore up other offices that require staff for efficient functioning.","1. Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Joseph Ghunney, Public Relations Officer, Ghana Audit Service, Telephone interview, June 25, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Mohammed Zakaria, Auditing Assistant, University for Development Studies' (UDS) Central Administration, Table interview at UDS International Conference Center, August 11, 2014, Tamale.","The Auditor General is appointed by the President in consultation with the Council of State. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana does not specify any criteria or qualification to attain to qualify to be appointed Auditor General...."]
["2014_GN_8",2014,"GN","Guinea",8,0,"Depuis  2010, il n' y a pas eu de nomination au sein de l'institution supérieure qui contrôle les finances publiques. Les juges de la chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême ne sont pas connus et n'ont pas été nommés suivant un critère de mérite. Les juges ont une formation de base qui a priori leur permet de siéger à la Cour des comptes. Seulement il ne dispose pas d'une formation complémentaire intégrant les domaines spécifiques touchant aux finances publiques. Aucune formation complémentaire n'est donnée aux juges de cette institution quand bien même leur tâche exige des qualifications spécifiques, notamment en comptabilité et autres disciplines connexes. Les titulaires n'ont pas été soumis à un test, et rien ne démontre qu'ils sont plus méritants que les autres magistrats. \n\nEn 2013, le projet RECOR a formé des jeunes juristes et comptables dans le but de les intégrer dans cette institution, mais jusqu'à présent, il n'y a pas encore eu de nomination.\nLe projet RECOR (Renforcement de Capacités des Corps de contrôle) est un projet qui consiste en la formation de toutes les entités de contrôle comme les inspecteurs des finances; les inspecteurs d'Etat et les membres de la Cour des Comptes. Ce projet est dirigé par le centre de Concertation des Corps de Contrôle en Guinée. Le premier financement a été accordé par l'Union Européenne  en 2013 à hauteur de 1 million de dollar US. Le deuxième (Projet RECOR2) est déjà signé et la formation doit bientôt commencer. Mais puisque la Cour des Comptes n'est pas encore effective, les jeunes qui sont formés et qui aspirent à intégrer cette cour restent toujours en attente.","Me SONOMOU Michel, avocat à la cour, président de Avocat Sans Frontière, Guinée, 11h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nFALCON François, directeur national de l'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, 18h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nMme Andrée, greffière en chef, Cour suprême, 10h, 20 juin 2014, Conakry.","Depuis  2010, il n' y a pas eu de nomination au sein de l'institution supérieure qui contrôle les finances publiques. Les juges de la chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême ne sont pas connus et n'ont pas été nommés suivant un critère de mérite. Les juges ont une formation de base ..."]
["2014_GW_8",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",8,25,"The Head of State appoints the president of the Supreme Audit Institution (Tribunal de Contas), rather than a peer election system as stipulated by law. As a consequence, appointments have traditionally been on the basis of personal and political loyalties. But some top officials at the Supreme Audit Institution are arguing that since 2011 the president of the Court of Auditors has been making efforts to guarantee that due process is followed in appointing and removing personnel in order to combat appointments on the basis of family/party connections and discipline/removals/transferences, which in the past have been frequent. \n\nAlthough the appointment to the head of the Supreme Audit Institution continues to be by a presidential nomination, which has not supported the independence of the agency, the appointments and promotions of the rest of the agency's functionaries is through a public contest and documental evaluation. There is no record of any promotion during the period of study. However at the moment, a recruitment process was underway and followed established criteria based on merit.   \n\nThe court of accounts is composed of three judges which, in law, are independent and cannot be removed once appointed. However, the court of accounts has a technical and administrative support body under the supervision of the President.","1. Interview with Vice-President, Roberto Indeque, Guinea-Bissau's Lawyer's Association, Lawyer, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Professor and Magistrate, Juselino Pereira, Law Faculty of Bissau, Law Professor, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Juridical Counsellor of the President of the Supreme Audit Institution, Vasco Beague, Tribunal de Contas, Lawyer, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Interview with General-Director of the Supreme Audit Institution, Idriça Mané, Tribunal de Contas,  14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. Interview with Prosecutor and President of the Union of the Magistrates of the Public Ministry, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, Magistrate, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The Head of State appoints the president of the Supreme Audit Institution (Tribunal de Contas), rather than a peer election system as stipulated by law. As a consequence, appointments have traditionally been on the basis of personal and political loyalties. But some top officials a..."]
["2014_KE_8",2014,"KE","Kenya",8,100,"All vacancies in the Office of the Auditor-General are publicly advertised and applicants competitively selected based on merit. The process of appointing the Auditor-General is independent because qualified candidates respond to a call for application which are scrutinized by the Public Service Commission of Kenya (PSC) and the applicants publicly interviewed by a panel. The names of the three best candidates are then forwarded to the Presidency for scrutiny. The best nominee would then be forwarded to Parliament for further scrutiny before the Presidency makes the final appointment based on Parliament's recommendations.\n\nThe Office of the Auditor-General has shown independence of function and recently published reports exposing the depth of  the utilization of public funds. The supreme audit office revealed in March 2014 that as much as Sh500 billion state cash cannot be accounted for since 2012. The office raised the red flag over continued plunder and discrepancies in the national book in its latest report for the fiscal year 2012/13.\n\nThe Auditor-General says the government cannot confirm whether Sh337 billion spent in 2012/2013 was used lawfully as required by the Constitution.\n\nAccording to the report tabled in the National Assembly  by Majority Leader Aden Duale, the Sh337 billion came from 130 financial statements with adverse and disclaimed opinions out of 343 statements scrutinised.\n\nTherefore in practice, there is independence of the Auditor-General's Office, free from the influence of parties involved in the appointment process.","1. Peter Opiyo, assistant communications manager, Kenya National Audit Office (KENAO). Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n2. George Omondi, senior writer, Economy and Policy at Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n3. Martin Kisuu, the director of Taxwise Consulting Limited. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n4. \"Pay not a big issue for audit boss\". An article by Jacob Ngetich, published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on August 24, 2011.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Pay-not-a-big-issue-for-audit-boss/-/1056/1224734/-/stehtkz/-/index.html\n\n5. \"Sh500b State funds cannot be accounted for, says Auditor General Edward Ouko\". An article by Lillian Kiarie, published by the Standard Newspaper on March 24, 2014.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000107710&story_title=sh500b-state-funds-cannot-be-accounted-for-says-auditor-general-edward-ouko&pageNo=3.\n\n6. \"Auditor-General raises queries over Sh337bn\". An article by John Ngirachu, published on July 17, 2014, by the Daily Nation Newspaper.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Auditor-General-2012-2013-Grand-Coalition-Budget/-/1056/2388360/-/c74uwi/-/index.html.","All vacancies in the Office of the Auditor-General are publicly advertised and applicants competitively selected based on merit. The process of appointing the Auditor-General is independent because qualified candidates respond to a call for application which are scrutinized by the ..."]
["2014_LS_8",2014,"LS","Lesotho",8,50,"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution do not support the independence of the agency. The current auditor general was appointed under the regime of Pakalitha Mosisili, which ended when it failed to gain an outright majority during the 2012 general elections. However, the fact that the current government has not appointed a new auditor general does not mean that the appointment is free from political interference. \n\nAccording to an article in the Public Eyes Newspaper, the Lesotho Congress for Democracy, which is one of the partners in the coalition government, has proposed that the auditor general should be appointed by Parliament in order to ascertain the independence of the office. Matsepo Mohau of the Office of the Auditor General stated that the office remains heavily dependent on the Public Service Commission for recruitment of staff. Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association stated that the appointment into the institution is compromised by the fact that it depends on the public services for recruitment processes.\n\nThe fact that the Office of the Auditor General still depends on the Public Service Commission for appointment of staff compromises the independence of the institution. The fact that the government during the period under review took a step towards granting the office autonomous status has been huge progress.","Nkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nMatšepo Mohau, Chief Information Officer, Office of the Auditor General, 17th September 2014, Maseru.  \n\nPublic Eye Newspaper, Sechaba Mokhethi, LCD Amendments Spark Debate, 4th July 2014, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=6293 (accessed 29th August 2014)","In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution do not support the independence of the agency. The current auditor general was appointed under the regime of Pakalitha Mosisili, which ended when it failed to gain an outright majority during the 2012 general elections. How..."]
["2014_LR_8",2014,"LR","Liberia",8,50,"Appointments to the supreme audit institution supports the independence of that body in a way. The body is headed by the auditor general who has a four-year tenure and is subject to reappointment. The head of the audit agency may only be removed by the president for malfeasance, disabilities or proven incompetence.\n\nIn addition to this protection, the president nominates and the person nominated has to submit to confirmation by the House and Senate.\n\nThere is no merit system for selecting who should serve as auditor general as this right is reserved solely for the president. The appointment is a constitutional right of the president, but whoever is appointed does not have to work to the will and pleasure of the president. The person also goes through scrutiny by the public, including the press. The renomination of Robert Kilby as auditor general by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in 2012, after the initial nomination that was made in 2011, was withdrawn because the Senate vetting process revealed that Kilby did not have some of the credentials that he claimed.\n\nIt was a major example of the lack of a merit-based system in the making of appointments to the General Auditing Commission. In January 2015 Robert Kilby was renominated by President Sirleaf.\n\nThe auditor general and the two deputies do not necessarily have to go through any selection process, merit or otherwise. The president nominates the three without due consideration for particular guideline or system, nor does the president consult anyone. The nominations will have to be the choice of the president. \n\nThat said, the position of auditor general is tenured to ensure that whoever is appointed will be independent and free of fear of removal. The position is tenured to also guarantee job security over a period of time. This aspect of the  position creation was intended to make the position independent from other branches of government.","Interview: Abraham Attoh, former employee, GAC, Monrovia, 19/062014\n\nInterview: Mr. Wesley Nanka, Deputy Auditor General, GAC, Monrovia, 19/06/2014\n\nInterview: Mr. Bah-wah Brownell, Civil Society Activist, Monrovia, 17/06/2014\n\nAlva Wolokolie, The Inquirer, 8 January 2015, ROBERT KILBY RE-NOMINATED AS GAC BOSS. http://theinquirer.com.lr/content1.php?main=news&news_id=921","Appointments to the supreme audit institution supports the independence of that body in a way. The body is headed by the auditor general who has a four-year tenure and is subject to reappointment. The head of the audit agency may only be removed by the president for malfeasance, di..."]
["2014_LY_8",2014,"LY","Libya",8,0,"The National Assembly appoints the chairman and deputy chairman of the Audit Bureau. Although the official regulations confirm that the appointments of other members of the bureau shall be by a decision of the legislative body, because the legislative body is currently  pressed with other security issues and the crisis in Libya, it has allowed official appointments to be made by authority of the Audit Bureau.  \n\nThe head of the Audit Bureau supervises the appointments in the bureau. Although the Audit Bureau informs the public that the main standard for appointments is based on proficiency, the transparency of the appointment process depends solely on the head. \n\nThe Facebook page for the regional offices of the Audit Bureaul contain the resumes of the head and staff as proof that the appointments follow proficiency and qualification criteria.  All the resumes show that the employees have a qualification that reflects the position for which they were hired. \n\nSection 3: \"Appointment of the Head of the Dewan of Audit, acceptance of his resignation, and dismissal from office shall be by resolution of the Revolutionary Command Council.\" \n\nSection 5: \"Appointment of the members of the Dewan and transfer of such members from their posts shall be effected by a decision of the RCC, which will be issued on recommendation of the Prime Minister made after consultation with the Head of the Dewan.\"","Interview with Alaa  Almaslati, Libya Audit Bureau agent,  Washington, D.C., Sept. 22, 2014. \n\nInterview with  Jamal Alamari, head of Warriors Against Corruption Organisation, Sept. 18/2014. \n\nLibyan regional head office Facebook page, page admin, the resume of Libyan  chairman of Audit Bureau and upper employees at headquarters office, Sept. 16, 2014.","The National Assembly appoints the chairman and deputy chairman of the Audit Bureau. Although the official regulations confirm that the appointments of other members of the bureau shall be by a decision of the legislative body, because the legislative body is currently  pressed wit..."]
["2014_MG_8",2014,"MG","Madagascar",8,0,"Les nominations au sein des institutions de contrôle des finances publiques comportent deux catégories :\n - Les nominations des premiers responsables (directeurs généraux) sont effectués en Conseil des ministres sur proposition du ministre des finances et du budget, normalement dans les corps des inspecteurs d’Etat, d’administrateurs civils et de magistrats financiers ;\n - Les nominations des simples agents fonctionnaires suivent les mêmes procédures que pour tout agent de l’Etat, dont les fonctions ne figurent pas dans la liste des hauts emplois de l’Etat.\n Les nominations devant garantir et renforcer l’indépendance des institutions de contrôle des finances publiques concernent surtout la première catégorie. Etant donné leur mode de nomination, il est quelque peu hasardeux d’affirmer que l’indépendance de ceux-ci soit garantie dans la pratique. En effet, il est difficile pour un fonctionnaire au sein de l’organe de contrôle de sévir contre un quelconque haut fonctionnaire du ministère des finances ou du budget ; ce ministère assurant le contrôle et la tutelle de l’organe contrôle où il travaille. Vu sous cet angle, il n’est pas possible de rendre effective cette indépendance. En plus, les fonctions des hauts responsables au sein des organes de contrôle des dépenses publiques sont classées parmi les hauts emplois de l’Etat. Et dans ces nominations, des irrégularités ont été soulevées en rapport avec l’indépendance d’action des nommés. En outre, certains organes de contrôle sont rattachés au Président de la République, lequel préside les Conseils des ministres. Enfin, de par ce mode de nomination, en Conseil des ministres présidé par le Président de la République, il est difficile, voire même impossible, de connaître si le mérite est un critère utilisé pour la nomination.\n\n L’article du quotidien La Nation, tout en citant la Constitution qui fait mention que le Président de la République dispose de tous les organes de contrôle, se demande qui osera auditer le Président lui-même. Pour la journaliste, la nomination au sein de l’organe de contrôle des dépenses publiques ne jouerait en aucune façon sur l’indépendance de celui-ci. Finalement, l’article de La Gazette de la Grande Ile souligne « le manque d’indépendance de ces institutions (de contrôle, d’inspection et d’audit) par rapport à la branche exécutive du gouvernement a tendance à diminuer leur crédibilité aux yeux du grand public et à limiter leur marge de manœuvre ». \n \nCes responsables sont sanctionnés (positivement ou négativement au même titre que les autres agents de l'Etat puisque ce sont des fonctionnaires.)\n\nIl est difficile de voir les critères de nomination dans la mesure où pour le compte du Ministère de la Justice, ce sont des présidents de juridiction en exercice qui sont nommé membres de la Cour des Comptes. Ils ont été déjà nommés auparavant. Quant aux autres membres : (i) représentants des universites de Madagascar et (ii) représentants des organismes de la société civile, ils ont élus par les membres de leurs entités respectives. Pour les représentants du Minsitère de la Justice, lesquels sont tous des fonctionnaires, en cas d'affectation ou autre, c'est le remplaçant qui prend sa place. Il en est de même pour les autres entités -universités et société civile.","Communiqué du SEFAFI (Observatoire de la Vie Publique) à l’intention des candidats à l’élection présidentielle du 25 octobre 2013 disponible http://sefafi.mg/fr/posts/si-vous-etes-elue-president-de-la-republique.  \n\nBOZZINI Alessandro, conseiller en gouvernance du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) à Madagascar lors du séminaire gouvernemental sur la gouvernance et l’efficacité de l’Etat (30 juin 2014), organisé par le Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité. http://www.csi.gov.mg/uncategorized/seminaire-gouvernemental-sur-la-gouvernance-et-lefficacite-de-letat/.  \n\nRAKOTOZANANY Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 04 juillet 2014.  RAKOTO Raharilanto Rado, chef de service d’appui à l’intégrité au ministère des finances et du budget, 05 juillet 2014.  \n\nRACL R., La Nation, n° 612, 30 juin 2014, «Jean-Michel Rasolonjatovo dénonce l’enrichissement illicite des dirigeants de l’Etat». http://www.lanation.mg/article.php?id=9866.  La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 16 juillet 2014, « Systèmes d’audit et de contrôle : toujours inefficaces ». http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41284:systemes-daudit-et-de-controle-toujours-inefficaces&catid=42:societe&Itemid=57.  \n\nRASOLONJATOVO Jean Michel, La Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International), n° 65 et 66, 1er et 2ème trimestres 2014, « Réflexions pour une meilleure efficacité du contrôle des finances publiques ». www.cabinet-mci.com.\n\nConseil supérieur de la magistrature Les nouveaux membres, jeudi 4 août 2011, http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Les-nouveaux-membres,16240.html.","Les nominations au sein des institutions de contrôle des finances publiques comportent deux catégories :\n - Les nominations des premiers responsables (directeurs généraux) sont effectués en Conseil d..."]
["2014_MW_8",2014,"MW","Malawi",8,50,"Concerns have emerged about presidential appointments of the auditor general in the past 12 months in the wake of the “cash-gate” corruption scandal as they are not always free of conflict of interest. The executive and civil servants in the Office of the Auditor General have been accused of favouring appointments of people they like. Despite previous president Joyce Banda's announcement that she would elevate the institution to enhance its independence, the massive “cash-gate” looting occurred under the oversight of her appointee, Peter Kamange.\n\nBanda appointed him in January 2013 after her attempt to appoint Anderson Kaligomba was rejected by parliament.","1. Bloommberg.com, Frank Jomo/Brian Latham, 15 October, 2013, Malawi's President Banda Grapples with \"Cash-Gate,\"  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-15/malawi-s-president-banda-grapples-with-cash-gate-.html\n\n2. Chris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice, 4 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee, 3 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","Concerns have emerged about presidential appointments of the auditor general in the past 12 months in the wake of the “cash-gate” corruption scandal as they are not always free of conflict of interest. The executive and civil servants in the Office of the Auditor General have been ..."]
["2014_ML_8",2014,"ML","Mali",8,100,"Le Bureau du Vérificateur Général (BVG) est constitué du vérificateur général, épaulé par un adjoint, les vérificateurs, des autres personnels de vérification et du personnel d'appui. L'actuel vérificateur est Amadou Ousmane Touré, nommé il y a 3 ans en remplacement du tout premier Sidi Sosso Diarra.\n\nL’actuel Vérificateur a été nommé par décret pris par le Président de la République, sur la base d’une procédure d’appel à candidature après laquelle le meilleur candidat a été retenu. C'est donc une nomination fondée sur le mérite. La loi prévoit. Le Vérificateur Général est nommé pour une durée de 7 ans non renouvellables.\n\nLe Vérificateur Général recrute les vérificateurs, les autres personnels de vérification et le personnel d'appui et met fin à leurs fonctions conformément aux dispositions du Code du travail. Le recrutement s'effectue sur la base d'une procédure d'appel à candidatures dont les conditions sont définies par le vérificateur général.\nLes fonctionnaires quel que soit le statut dont ils relèvent, choisis à l'issue de la procédure d'appel à candidatures, sont tenus d'obtenir leur mise en disponibilité pour la durée de leurs\nfonctions.\n\nDonc dans la pratique, les nominations au sein de l'institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques renforcent l'indépendance de la structure. L'avènement du régime actuel en septembre 2013 a permis plusieurs nominations basées sur le mérite. Une certaine rigueur caractérise des opérations d'audit. Cela a améné l'ensemble des services à se discipliner. Les recherches menées auprès de la structure et de la société civile ont établi que les nominations à des postes obéissent à un système fondé sur le mérite. \n\nIsmaël Touré du Bureau du Vérificateur Général, affirme que «les personnes nommées ne connaissent pas de conflits d'intérêts dus aux allégeances personnelles aux liens familiaux, aux affiliations aux partis politiques». De plus, les agents du Bureau du Vérificateur Général travaillent dans le respect strict d'une procédure interne intransigeante. \n\nPour ce qui est des procédures disciplinaires ou de révocation du Vérificateur Général, ce cas de figure ne s'est pas encore produit. Cependant, c'est une procédure de révocation par les pairs qui est prévue.  La loi en son article 6 prévoit que:\n\"Le Vérificateur Général est placé sous la protection de la loi contre les injures, les provocations et les menaces dont il peut faire l'objet dans l'exercice de ses fonctions. Il ne peut être inquiété, poursuivi, arrêté, détenu ou jugé pour les opinions qu'il émet, pour les faits signalés dans ses rapports de vérification ou les actes qu'il accomplit dans l'exercice de ses fonctions que suivant les formes et conditions prévues ci-dessous.\nLorsque le Vérificateur Général est susceptible d'être inculpé d'un crime ou d'un délit commis hors l'exercice de ses fonctions, le Procureur de la République compétent ou le magistrat qui le remplace réunit les éléments d'enquête et présente, sans délai le dossier au Procureur général près la Cour Suprême qui reçoit compétence pour exercer l'action publique.\nSi celui-ci estime qu'il y a lieu à poursuite, il adresse une requête à la chambre criminelle de la Cour suprême qui procède et statue comme en matière de règlement de juges en désignant, dans les huit jours, la juridiction chargée de l'instruction ou du jugement de l'affaire.\"","SANOGO Tignougou, magistrat, justice malienne, 24 juin 2014.\n        \nTOURÉ Ismaël, représentant du Bureau du Vérificateur Général, conseiller à la communication, Bureau du Vérificateur Général, 24 juin 2014.\n\nCOULIBALY Moussa, magistrat, justice malienne, 24 juin 2014.","Le Bureau du Vérificateur Général (BVG) est constitué du vérificateur général, épaulé par un adjoint, les vérificateurs, des autres personnels de vérification et du personnel d'appui. L'actuel vérificateur est Amadou Ousmane Touré, nommé il y a 3 ans en remplacement du tout premier..."]
["2014_MR_8",2014,"MR","Mauritania",8,0,"Le mode de recrutement des membres de la Cour des comptes s’opère de deux manières : la première s’effectue à travers les nominations de l’exécutif et le second à travers l’organisation des concours.\n\nAinsi le président de la Cour des comptes est nommé par décret pris par le Président de la République. Il s’agit d’un choix discrétionnaire à l’appréciation exclusive du Chef de l’Etat. Toutefois, il prévaut une certaine opacité dans la nomination du président de la Cour des comptes. Le législateur mauritanien ne l’a pas conditionnée par des critères objectifs.  Ainsi, la plupart du temps, le président de la Cour des comptes est un membre du parti présidentiel voire un proche du Président de la République. Le choix porté sur des personnalités proches du pouvoir ne renforce guère l’indépendance de la Cour des comptes. Cette affiliation partisane affaiblit le travail de cette institution de vérification des comptes publics. En outre, le président de cette structure de vérification des comptes est nommé par décret, il peut être mis fin à ses fonctions selon le même procédé. Il ne dispose pas d’un mandat, et est relégué au rang d’un simple fonctionnaire.  \n\nL’importance prise par la Cour des comptes  à travers sa consécration constitutionnelle contraste aussi bien avec le mode de nomination du Président de  l’instance qu'avec son renvoi.  A  contrario, ce hiatus entre la constitutionnalisation de la Cour des comptes et l’absence de mandat dans son mode de recrutement tend à réduire en peau de chagrin la mission de vérification des comptes publics. Mieux encore, l’absence de mandat tend  à affecter la crédibilité de l’institution.  On peut souligner que l’absence de clarté  constitue une épée de Damoclès, le président de la Cour des comptes peut faire l’objet d'un renvoi dès qu’il entreprend une action qui contrarie l’exécutif.  \n\nIl y a lieu de souligner également que le second personnage de la Cour des comptes, en l’occurrence le secrétaire général, est nommé par un décret pris en conseil des ministres.  Il n’existe guère de critères objectifs déterminant sa nomination. Ils sont laissés à l’appréciation discrétionnaire de l’exécutif. Ces modes de nomination opéres en dehors de critères objectifs et de mandat mettent à l'épreuve les missions de contrôle et de vérification de la Cour des comptes mauritanienne.","1. OULD HORMAN OULD ABDI Mohamed, ancien inspecteur général d’État, 20 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.  \n\n2. AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 15 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n3. Source anonyme, 18 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Le mode de recrutement des membres de la Cour des comptes s’opère de deux manières : la première s’effectue à travers les nominations de l’exécutif et le second à travers l’organisation des concours...."]
["2014_MU_8",2014,"MU","Mauritius",8,75,"For the past year and prior to that, there has never been any issue raised concerning the independence of the officers at the National Audit Office (NAO) or the head of agency. \n\nThe appointees are civil servants and are selected based on formal qualifications. Appointments are made on the basis of seniority and there have been no political nominees at the Office of the Director of Audit.\n\nJayen Chellum, secretary general of the Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), points out that there is no absolute transparency in the appointment procedure for the post of the director of audit. The appointment is made by the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition. There is no public scrutiny regarding the political considerations that may have led to the appointment. However, current and past appointees have never been accused of currying favors or having political biases.","1.        Kwee Chow Tse Yuet Cheong, Director of Audit, National Audit Office, 12 September 2014, by phone and mail\n\n2.        Rajun Jugurnath, former Director of Audit, 11 September 2014, by phone and mail\n\n3.        Jayen Chellum, General Secretary, Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), 10 September 2014, face-to-face interview\n\n4.        Website, National Audit Office, accessed September 2014, http://nao.gov.mu/English/Pages/default.aspx","For the past year and prior to that, there has never been any issue raised concerning the independence of the officers at the National Audit Office (NAO) or the head of agency. ..."]
["2014_MA_8",2014,"MA","Morocco",8,0,"The appointment of the First President of the Supreme Audit Institution, \"La cours des Comptes\", has no explicit procedure. The appointment is made at the discretion of the King. It is the same with several positions at critical government institutions. The appointment is the King's choice. \n\nHowever, Driss Jettou is at the top of the present leadership of the SAI. He is former Prime Minister and has managed several departments since 1993 (including the ministries of interior, finance, trade and industry).  Jettou is known for his integrity and diligence. The King made his choice based on the merits and the experience of Jettou. With no political affiliation, but a long experience within different departments in the government, Jettou is widely accepted as the right man for the job. \n\nApart from the appointment of the head of the SAI that has no explicit procedure, the appointments of auditors of the audit court follow strict rules of specific skills and requirements (proessional and academic qualifications). First their appointments is for two years as trainees, at the end of which they have to pass a test. Then they become officially appointed after a personal declaration of their finance, an audit and an approval of their profile by the administration council of the Supreme Audit Institution. Appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases.","Pr Ali Boufous - Jurist, Lecturer and specialist of public and constitutional laws- phone interview 04/07/2014.\n\nReda Oulamine -- Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the Association of Rights and Justice - Freedom of speech activist - phone interview 03/07/2014.\n\nWebsite of Supreme Audit Institution - http://www.courdescomptes.ma/index.php?id=12 - Last checked 4/07/2014.","The appointment of the First President of the Supreme Audit Institution, \"La cours des Comptes\", has no explicit procedure. The appointment is made at the discretion of the King. It is the same with several positions at critical government institutions. The appointment is the King'..."]
["2014_MZ_8",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",8,0,"There is no merit-based system of appointments of national judges in Mozambique. The presiding judge is known for being personally loyal to the president. From November 2013 to March 2014, the newspaper A Verdade denounced the mismanagement of public funds by the presiding judges and others, as well as cases of nepotism, increases in subsidies granted and salaries received. The presiding judge appeared before partliament in May and acknowleged some of the accusations and rejected others. However, the very same group, including the presiding judge, was reappointed for a second term in August 2014.    \n\nThe appointment of the presiding judge of the Administrative Court is made by the president of the republic. Although the president is constitutionally required to seek confirmation by parliament and the opinion of the Superior Council of the Judiciary, the appointment of these judges is politically biased and does not take into account competencies and skills. The appointees are from the inner circle of the ruling party, Frelimo, and require the trust of the president as well as some standing within the ruling party.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nAntónio Costa David Ucama, \"Independence of the judiciary in Mozambique\" (\"A Independencia do poder judicial em Mozamibque\"), October 2013. http://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/13276/1/David%20Ucama_tese%20Mestrado.pdf","There is no merit-based system of appointments of national judges in Mozambique. The presiding judge is known for being personally loyal to the president. From November 2013 to March 2014, the newspaper A Verdade denounced the mismanagement of public funds by the presiding judges a..."]
["2014_NA_8",2014,"NA","Namibia",8,75,"The Auditor-General is appointed by the president on recommendations of the Public Service Commission with the approval of the National Assembly. In April 2013, the Auditor-General was re-appointed to serve a further five-year term. This was done after a recommendation by the Public Service Commission and approved by the National Assembly. Other officials in this office are also hired through a  general recruitment process approved by the Public Service Commission in terms of ensuring qualifications are met and the right person fills a vacant position. Junias Kandjeke, first appointed AG in 2003, had served in various government posts before being appointed AG. These included being the director of finance in the Ministry of Defence, deputy director for general services in the Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation and accountant in the Office of the President. He has also worked as a clerk for Air Namibia (1990-91) and as a chief planning officer Swapo’s Logistics Department in Luanda, Angola (1980s). Currently Kandjeke is also completing his MBA thesis on Corporate Governance.\n\nThis two-tiered approval process seems fair and to be guaranteeing sufficient independence and credibility of the officer in charge. The procedure as set out in the constitution has worked well and the AG's office has always been seen as independent.\n\nThe AG has questioned the government spending at all times. For instance in the study period, the AG indicated that one of the municipalities has failed an audit test. \n\nJunias Kandjeke is in his third term of office. Article 127, sub-article (4) that deals with the removal of office indicates that the Auditor General shall not be removed unless a two-thirds majority of all members of the National Assembly vote for such removal on the ground of mental incapacity or gross misconduct. But there was never been a need to do this in the study period.","Klaus Schade, Principal Economist, Ministry of Finance, Face Interview 27 July 2014.\n\nThe Namibian Newspaper, Immanuel Shinovene, AG lambasts health ministry for N$53m under expenditure,  September 26, 2013 - See more at: http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=4060&page_type=story_detail#sthash.pHLBpm8T.dpuf.\n\nRehoboth Town Council fails Auditor-General financial test; Shinovene Immanuel; November 28. 2013 avaialable at http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=117093&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=169.","The Auditor-General is appointed by the president on recommendations of the Public Service Commission with the approval of the National Assembly. In April 2013, the Auditor-General was re-appointed to serve a further five-year term. This was done after a recommendation by the Publi..."]
["2014_NE_8",2014,"NE","Niger",8,50,"La loi prévoit que, le Président de la Cour des comptes, les présidents de chambre, les conseillers de la Cour des comptes sont nommés par décret du Président de la République sur proposition du ministre en charge de la justice, après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, et sur la base de mérite.\n \n Toutefois, dans la pratique, les nominations relèvent souvent du pouvoir discrétionnaire du Président de la République. Parfois les personnes nommées ont même des conflits d’intérêts. Exemple: l'actuel président de la Cour des comptes est également cadre du parti au pouvoir. Avant sa nomination, il était directeur adjoint au cabinet du Chef de l’Etat. Mais les fonctionnaires intermédiaires sont pas nommés grâce à des influences politiques. D'ailleurs, les vérificateurs sont admis à la Cour des comptes sur concours et pour les audits, des cabinets indépendants sont sollicités.\n \n Pour le moment, il n'y a pas eu de sanction à cause de la jeunesse de cette institution qui n'a pas encore eu de grands travaux à réaliser (la Cour des comptes existe seulement depuis 2010).","KADI Moustapha, défenseur des Droits de l’Homme, coordonnateur ONG Collectif pour le Droit à l’Energie (CODDAE), membre de la Commission africaine des Droits de l’Homme, 10 septembre 2014.\n \n ABARCHI Djibril, président de l'Association Nigérienne de Défense des Droits de l’Homme (ANDDH), 10 septembre 2014.\n \n MANZO Djibrillou, magistrat, ancien membre de la Cour des comptes, 10 septembre 2014.","La loi prévoit que, le Président de la Cour des comptes, les présidents de chambre, les conseillers de la Cour des comptes sont nommés par décret du Président de la République sur proposition du ministre en charge de la justice, après avis du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, e..."]
["2014_NG_8",2014,"NG","Nigeria",8,75,"Appointments to positions in the Office of the Auditor-General of the Federation are conducted periodically through public announcements, examinations and interviews following a due process, merit-based appointment process. The auditor-general is appointed by the president and confirmed to the post by the Senate. The last public recruitment was done in 2011.\n\nWhile there is no evidence that the process was a sham or that there is undue influence, most public-service recruitments at top levels are understood to be following an informal preselection process through which candidates are recommended by powerful politicians and through business interests among candidates who fulfill all the requirements.\n\nAuditors are disciplined/removed/transferred based on the civil service procedures through due process and hearings before a disciplinary committee. There are no known cases of staff being victimized for a professional decision or judgment.","Interview with Emmanuel Ovuakporie, House of Representatives correspondent, who has specific knowledge of the auditor-general's office, 20 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Udo Bassey, business editor, Premium Times, Abuja, 28 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Victor Oluwaseun, correspondent, The Nation newspaper, who has knowledge of the House of Representatives Public Accounts Committee, Abuja, 10 July 2014.","Appointments to positions in the Office of the Auditor-General of the Federation are conducted periodically through public announcements, examinations and interviews following a due process, merit-based appointment process. The auditor-general is appointed by the president and conf..."]
["2014_RW_8",2014,"RW","Rwanda",8,50,"Save for a few appointments that go through the cabinet, other appointments to top positions in the Office of the Auditor General are done on merit through public service recruitment processes. The majority of those appointed to work at in the office are known professionals whose appointments were made on merit. \n\nAccording to Frank Habineza, it is the duty of government to ensure that the people appointed to such offices are nonpartisan and have the integrity to act independently. Similarly, Transparency International officials say that they have not seen any evidence to indicate that appointments to the supreme audit institutions are politically compromised or influenced in any way. That applies to both the auditor general's office and the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee (PAC).\n\nBased on the impact and uproar caused by the findings of the 2012-13 Auditor General's Report in late 2013 and in early 2014 when PAC started its work, it is logical to conclude that employees appointed to supreme audit bodies act independently.\n\nHowever, because the government makes the appointments to some positions, there are sometimes conflicts of interest, and the interests of the ruling party and its para-statals (e.g., Crystal Ventures) are not subject to audit.","Interview with Frank Habineza, president of the Democratic Green Party of Rwanda, Kigali, Aug. 11, 2014. \n\nInterview with Ignatius Ssuuna, investigative journalist,  www.scidev.net, Kigali, July, 31, 2014.\n\nInterview with John Kimanuka, private lawyer, Kigali, Aug. 3, 2014.\n\nInterview with Marie Immaculee Ingabire, chairwoman Transparency International-Rwanda Chapter, Aug. 3, 2014.","Save for a few appointments that go through the cabinet, other appointments to top positions in the Office of the Auditor General are done on merit through public service recruitment processes. The majority of those appointed to work at in the office are known professionals whose a..."]
["2014_ST_8",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",8,50,"The appointment of members of the supreme audit institution does not in and of itself jeopardize its independence. The structure and mode of operation can indeed call into question the independence of the institution because of political and personal pressures.\n\nThe Court of Auditors' heads are appointed through open competition. In general, this process has accepted standards. However, there are cases in which those involved favor a particular candidate, depending on their affiliation, and thus merit doesn't come into play. In many cases, appointments are challenged by competitors who disagree with the results.\n\nHowever, no court officials are removed before their mandate, and judges are usually disciplined through due process.","Interview with Waldyner Boa Morte, press secretary, president of the Supreme Court, Nov. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.","The appointment of members of the supreme audit institution does not in and of itself jeopardize its independence. The structure and mode of operation can indeed call into question the independence of the institution because of political and personal pressures...."]
["2014_SN_8",2014,"SN","Senegal",8,50,"Les magistrats de la Cour des comptes sont nommés par décret, après avis du Conseil supérieur de la Cour des comptes, en vertu de l'article 6 de la la loi organique n° 99-70 du 17 février 1999 sur la Cour des comptes. Ce qui veut dire que le mode de nomination ne répond pas à des critères de sélection basés sur le mérite. \n\nBien que ce mode de nomination n’est peut-être pas un élément clé pour déterminer le caractère indépendant ou non d’une structure, il faut toutefois noter qu’il est perçu comme une menace à l’indépendance de l'institution de contrôle. La seule chose reprochée cette année à la Cour des comptes par la société civile, c’est la publication tardive de ses rapports. \n\nLes contrôleurs ont un mandat qui dure cinq ans renouvelable une fois; ils ne sont pas révocables pendant cette période.","Anonyme, ancien membre de la Cour des comptes du Sénégal, mercredi 10 sept 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nDIEYE Abdoulaye, professeur de droit constitutionnel et membre du forum civil, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, 10 septembre 2014. \n\nDIOMA NDIAYE Assane, avocat à la cour, coordonnateur de la Ligue sénégalaise des droits humains, 10 septembre 2014.\n\nAgence de Presse Sénégalaise, 9 septembre 2014. «La Cour des comptes appelée à publier des rapports moins décalés.» http://www.aps.sn/articles.php?id_article=132860","Les magistrats de la Cour des comptes sont nommés par décret, après avis du Conseil supérieur de la Cour des comptes, en vertu de l'article 6 de la la loi organique n° 99-70 du 17 février 1999 sur la Cour des comptes. Ce qui veut dire que le mode de nomination ne répond pas à des c..."]
["2014_SC_8",2014,"SC","Seychelles",8,50,"The auditor general is a constitutional appointee who is independent from the executive and the legislature. His or her office performs the external audit function of public funds and reports to the National Assembly.\n\nIn fact, the appointment of the auditor general does not entirely follow a merit-based system. An appointee must have a qualification on financial audit. But he or she is appointed by the president from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority, and usually the choice is made among supporters of the incumbent government.\n\nAs such, the auditor general may be faced with problems of conflict of interest or loyalty vis-a-vis the regime.\n\nDiscipline and removal of an auditor general depend entirely on the Seychelles president. Article 6 (3) of the Auditor General Act (2010), says \n“(1) The Auditor General shall be appointed by the President pursuant to article 158 of the Constitution to hold office for a term of seven years and shall be eligible for reappointment at the end of such a term. \n(2) The salary, allowances, gratuity or pension of the Auditor General shall be those provided under the Constitutional Appointees' Emoluments Act.\"\n(3) The Employment Act and the Public Service Orders shall not apply to the Auditor General in so far as they are inconsistent with the relevant provisions of the Constitution or this Act.\n\nAlthough the Auditor General enjoys some degree of independence as provided for in the 1993 Constitution, the staff of the OAG are civil servants and therefore dependent of the Public Service Orders in appointment and discipline.\n\nParliament is considering a bill that would provide for the operational independence of the auditor general and the OAG.","Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, interview on 03 September 2014.\n\nOAG website, http://www.oag.sc/about-us/profile-and-history, undated, accessed 08 September 2014.\n\nHon. David Pierre, Leader of Opposition, Chairperson of Finance and Public Accounts Committee, National Assembly Building, Ile du Port, interview on 02 September 2014.","The auditor general is a constitutional appointee who is independent from the executive and the legislature. His or her office performs the external audit function of public funds and reports to the National Assembly...."]
["2014_SL_8",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",8,75,"According to Section 119 of the Constitution of Sierra Leone, the President will appoint an auditor general at the Audit Service after consultation with the Public Service Commission and subject to the approval of Parliament. \n\nThe current auditor general was appointed based on her merit, and at the time of appointment, she was free from conflict of interest. The current auditor general is Lara Taylor-Pearce, and according to the website of the institution, \"She joined the Audit Service Sierra Leone in 2007 as Deputy Auditor General after an impressive career in both the public and private sectors. She was appointed and approved as Auditor General in November 2011, following the retirement of her predecessor, Mrs Anna Caesar. She commenced her career as a Trainee Auditor in 1991 at the KPMG Peat Marwick Sierra Leone, where she rose to the rank of Supervisory Senior seven years later. She entered public service with a stint at the Accountant General’s Department as Technical Assistant-Expenditure Control from 2000-2002. She transferred to the Public Sector Management Support Project in 2002 as Finance and Administrative Manager, and then as Principal Finance Manager and Head of Administration in the Institutional Reform and Capacity Building Project (IRCBP) from 2002-2007.\"\n\nThere is an Audit Service board within the Audit Service of Sierra Leone which is responsible for appointments and takes disciplinary actions against staff of the Audit Service. The board recruits staff members when there is vacancy in the institution. However, appointment of other staff members over the year has supported the independence of the agency. There have been no reported conflict-of-interest cases by staff members of the Audit Service in the year under review.","Martin Sandy, Information Officer, Audit Service Sierra Leone, 8th July 2014\n\nAlie Moigboi, Procurement Officer, Environment Protection Agency, June 3 2014, Freetown \n\nMohamed Konneh, Business Reporter/Secretary, Budget Advocacy Network, 27  June 2014, Freetown \n\nAudit Service Sierra Leone. Presentation of Mrs Lara Taylor-Pearce. http://www.auditservice.gov.sl/profile-mrs-lara-taylor-pearce.html","According to Section 119 of the Constitution of Sierra Leone, the President will appoint an auditor general at the Audit Service after consultation with the Public Service Commission and subject to the approval of Parliament. ..."]
["2014_SO_8",2014,"SO","Somalia",8,0,"Whereas the provisional constitution mandates the creation of an independent audit institution, it does not provide any specific laws describing the mandate of the auditor general and how he/she should be appointed.\n\nIn practice, the finance minister recommends the appointment of the auditor general to the Council of Ministers. Once the council backs the appointment, which is not free from political and family connections, the president signs it. The president can dismiss the auditor general at will. Government officials, interviewed for this study and who asked to remain anonymous, confirmed the existence of nepotism, political favoritism, and fear among other factors surrounding the appointment of the auditor general and his deputies.\n\nThe previous auditor general (as of September 2014), who passed away shortly before the end of this research period, was appointed by then President Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed based on a power-sharing agreement meant to reconcile the warring clan factions of four major clans and a collection of minority clans. Sources say the auditor general plays a major political role, and the office has no capacity to investigate or mitigate the widespread corruption in Somalia. \n\nA research paper titled \"Assessing the Financial Accountability of the Somali Federal Government Organizations,\" conducted by the Faculty of Business and Accountancy, SIMAD University (November 2, 2013), says: \"Public financial management self-assessment report made by the ministry of finance and planning (2013) revealed weak parliamentary oversight over public financial management functions, lack of comprehensive reporting on the use of state resources and the absence of a truly independent auditor general (Federal Republic of Somalia, 2013).\"","Anonymous,\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnonymous, government official, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 10, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnonymous, Expertise on Public Accounting, \nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 16, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAssessing the Financial Accountability of the Somali Federal Government Organizations\nAbdirisaq Ibrahim Mohamed\nFaculty of Business and Accountancy, SIMAD University, Vol.4.No.2, February 2014, \nMogadishu Somalia","Whereas the provisional constitution mandates the creation of an independent audit institution, it does not provide any specific laws describing the mandate of the auditor general and how he/she should be appointed...."]
["2014_ZA_8",2014,"ZA","South Africa",8,100,"The Auditor General is appointed according to a merit-based system. During the appointment process of the Auditor General, a list of nominees was made publicly available and hearings were held. These hearings were made public on the website of the parliamentary monitoring group. The law states that parliament has to vote for the appointment, thus through a multi-party scrutiny procedure. At least 60 percent of parliament (240 of the National Assembly's 400 MPs) have to support the appointment of an Auditor General.  \n\nAdvocate Paul Hoffman said that \"a head of state can't appoint someone favourable to his/her party\" and that \"it is furthermore difficult to remove the Auditor General, almost as difficult to remove a judge.\" \n\nKimi Makwetu, who was deputy Auditor-General since 2007, was appointed Auditor General in the September 2012-2013 period. He is still in office and has released reports like his predecessor Terence Nombembe. This includes a report stating that government bodies wasted 2 billion rand last year. This confirms that he has the same work ethics as his predecessor (and is free of fear and favour) and that he works according to his mandate.\n\nThe Auditor General (as per the constitution) can be removed from office only on the grounds of misconduct, incapacity or incompetence determined by a joint committee of the Houses of Parliament and upon receipt of a request for such removal made by Parliament in pursuance of a resolution to that effect adopted at a joint sitting of the National Assembly and the Senate. Two-thirds of the lawmakers need to vote in favour.","Government bodies wasted R2bn last year, says AG (Mail & Guardian / 5 February 2014), http://mg.co.za/article/2014-02-05-government-bodies-wasted-r2bn-last-year\n\nPARLIAMENT WELCOMES NEW Auditor General, MR KIMI MAKWETU (Website parliament / 2 December 2014)\nhttp://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=5193\n\nANC chief whip announces Makwetu as new Auditor General, Mail & Guardian, September 11 2013), http://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-11-anc-chief-whip-announces-makwetu-as-new-auditor-general.","The Auditor General is appointed according to a merit-based system. During the appointment process of the Auditor General, a list of nominees was made publicly available and hearings were held. These hearings were made public on the website of the parliamentary monitoring group. Th..."]
["2014_SS_8",2014,"SS","South Sudan",8,0,"Appointees to South Sudan’s supreme audit institution, known as the National Audit Chamber, have conflict of interests. \n\nAuditor General Steven Wondu is a longtime SPLM official and served as an ambassador during most of the interim period (between the end of the civil war in 2005 and July 2011), when South Sudan declared its independence. Many believe that though he is qualified for the job, he was appointed on the basis of his commitment to the ruling SPLM Party.\n\nIn addition, according to the Audit Chamber Act, 2009, whereas some of the National Audit Chamber staff members are appointed by the auditor general, they still have to be approved by the president. These employees are likely to be compromised when auditing departments or ministries held by officials seen to be the president’s allies, knowing that the president determines whether or not they will continue to serve in the audit chamber. \n\nAlthough the staff is appointed by the president and the auditor general, it remains under the general authority of the civil service. This implies that its flexibility is limited in reacting to emerging issues.","Interview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Badru Mulumba, editor, The New Times,  July 10, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.   \n\nInterview with Edmond Yakani, executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organization, July 20, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.","Appointees to South Sudan’s supreme audit institution, known as the National Audit Chamber, have conflict of interests. ..."]
["2014_SD_8",2014,"SD","Sudan",8,0,"In Sudan, appointments to the auditor general position rarely follow a merit-based selection process. The current auditor is appointed by the president, and despite the formal requirement of parliamentary approval, this is easily granted as Parliament essentially consists of the ruling party and no meaningful opposition. The former auditor was dismissed unilaterally by the president. The merit-based system is very weak. Moreover, appointees to the position of the auditor usually have conflicts of interest due to political affiliations with the president and the ruling party.\n\nThe audit institution does not have sufficient resources to carry out its powers independently and purposefully.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Abdelazeem Mohamed Ahmed, director of Al-sharq Center, Oct. 24, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nAl-sahafa newspaper, Sami Abdelrahman, \"A new auditor-general appointed,\"  July 7, 2010. \nhttp://www.alsahafasd.net/details.php?articleid=9701#9699","In Sudan, appointments to the auditor general position rarely follow a merit-based selection process. The current auditor is appointed by the president, and despite the formal requirement of parliamentary approval, this is easily granted as Parliament essentially consists of the ru..."]
["2014_SZ_8",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",8,0,"The Civil Service Commission (CSC), working under the watchful eye of the Swaziland National Association of Civil Servants, hires auditors for the auditor general's office and also removes them. Employment matters follow laid-down procedures and appear transparent.\n\nLike all key government positions, the auditor general is appointed by the king, in this case on the basis of a cabinet recommendation. Because the cabinet itself is appointed by the king and works to carry out the king’s governing agenda, the appointment recommendation for auditor general would not be based on a spirit of independence. If the auditor general’s performance discomforts officialdom, he or she may be removed from office without a public explanation. The lack of transparency in reasons for hiring and firing mitigates the regulations and procedures regarding the staffing of this position.","Interview: Anonymous, civil servant Ministry of Finance, Mbabane, 3 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Charles Dlamini, public accountant, Manzini, 3 July 2014.\n\n\"Swaziland Justice Sector and Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), March 2013. Available at http://www.osisa.org/other/law/swaziland/swaziland-justice-sector-and-rule-law","The Civil Service Commission (CSC), working under the watchful eye of the Swaziland National Association of Civil Servants, hires auditors for the auditor general's office and also removes them. Employment matters follow laid-down procedures and appear transparent...."]
["2014_TZ_8",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",8,50,"The president selects the top management of the organization and other members of the National Audit Office from the pool of civil service. Vacancies in the National Audit Office are advertised in the local media and people who have the required qualifications apply. Appointees are required to possess relevant academic or professional qualifications. The appointments to the National Audit Office generally support the independence of the agency. \n\nBut some political parties charge that the National Audit Office sometimes favors the government or those members of the ruling party. Since it is the president who appoints the top management of the organization, he selects much of the people who are loyal to him or his ruling party.\n\nSince independence, the country has been dominated by one political party and civil servants fear until this date to express support for members of the opposition, as many still find it difficult to distinguish party politics from civil service. \n\nMost Tanzanians believe that it is very hard for someone who has no connection to get a government job, and some media reports reinforce that belief.\n\nIn the online article headlined \"70 Immigration jobs put on hold over bias\", The Citizen Reporter, July 29  2014, said the government had decided to put on hold immigration jobs after allegations that most of those employed where the relatives of the government officials.\n\nDue to this, the political party Chadema and even a majority of Tanzanians believe most of the employees of the National Audit Office are the same. \n\nAccording to Section 144 (2) of the constitution, the controller and auditor general can only be removed for cause upon the investigation and advice of the Special Tribunal, which shall consist of a chairman and not less than two other members appointed by the president. No report shows that any member of NAO including the CAG has been disciplined or removed during this study period.","1. Chadema wants external auditor in $250m escrow, Posted  Wednesday, July 16  2014 By Athuman Mtulya ,The Citizen Reporter; http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/IPTL--Chadema-wants-external-audit/-/1840392/2385718/-/lkw9raz/-/index.html.\n\n2. Nurdin Madebe, Businessman, Mwenge-Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, September 23, 2014.\n\n3. National Audit Office of Tanzania, http://nao.go.tz/?page_id=83.","The president selects the top management of the organization and other members of the National Audit Office from the pool of civil service. Vacancies in the National Audit Office are advertised in the local media and people who have the required qualifications apply. Appointees are..."]
["2014_TG_8",2014,"TG","Togo",8,25,"Les corps de contrôle sont la Cour des comptes : l’Inspection générale des finances, l’Inspection générale d’Etat, l'Inspection générale du trésor et la Direction du contrôle financier.\n \n Les membres de la Cour des comptes sont nommés par décret, en conseil des ministres notamment. Ceux qui sont nommés ont déjà au moins quinze ans d’expérience comme fonctionnaire en la matière. La Cour des comptes, comme d'autres institutions, n'est pas acceptée par tous, notamment les partis politiques de l'opposition, en ce qui concerne le mandat et la composition. Toutefois, après un démarrage laborieux, la Cour des comptes commence enfin à enquêter ( sur le budget 2010 par exemple) et épingle même la présidence sur sa gestion budgétaire. La Cour des comptes est animée par la présidence, le parquet général, le secrétariat général et les trois chambres. Il n'existe pas de comité de surveillance à la Cour des comptes.\n \nIl n'existe pas de conseil de surveillance en tant que tel mais d'un conseil supérieur de la Cour des comptes qui a compétence en matière de discipline (loi organique n° 2009 - 003 du 15 avril 2009 ). D'après les enquêtes, aucun cas de révocation ni de sanction n'a été signalé depuis la mise en place de la Cour des comptes.\n\nSelon la loi, seuls peuvent être élus ou nommés à la Cour, des juristes de haut niveau, des inspecteurs des finances, des inspecteurs du trésor, des inspecteurs des impôts, des économistes-gestionnaires et des experts comptables ayant une expérience de quinze (15) ans au moins.\n \nLes membres de la Cour des comptes ont la qualité de magistrat. Ils sont inamovibles pendant la durée de leur mandat.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n FARIA Abbé, Liberté Togo, 6 avril 2014, «La Cour des comptes épingle la Présidence sur les dépenses du personnel et l’écart qui a existé entre les prévisions de recettes non fiscales». \n http://www.togoactualite.com/cour-comptes-epingle-presidence-les-depenses-du-personnel-lecart-existe-les-previsions-recettes-fiscales/.\n \n AKAKPO Angelo, collectif de résurgence de la diaspora CRD, 21 juillet 2014\n http://www.crdtogo.org/pdf/Interview%20Radio%20victoire%20CRD-TOGO%2021.07.2014%20-01.pdf.\n \n Icilomé, 26 avril 2014, «Mémorandum de la Plateforme Citoyenne Justice et Vérité».\n http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=781070.\nLoi organique n° 98-014 du 10 juillet 1998 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour des Comptes.\n http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/text.jsp?file_id=200884","Les corps de contrôle sont la Cour des comptes : l’Inspection générale des finances, l’Inspection générale d’Etat, l'Inspection générale du trésor et la Direction du contrôle financier.\n ..."]
["2014_TN_8",2014,"TN","Tunisia",8,0,"Appointments to midlevel positions at the \"Cour des Comptes\" are made according to merit and career achievements, and it has not been reported that any auditors were transferred or sanctioned as punishment during the period of study. \n\nDuring the nomination processes by the High Council of the \"Cour des Comptes\", accurate attention is given to the fact that nominated candidates are free of conflicts of interest, with a particular focus on family relationships. Sanctions of any type are also decided by the high council. \n\nThe president of the Cour des Comptes is, however, exclusively appointed by the prime minister, which does not support the independence of the institution. And this is what happenened in March 2014, when Prime Minister Mehdi Ben Jemaa appointed a new president of the Cour des Comptes.\n\nAppointment to Cour des Comptes is considered as an honorific position, and only magistrates who have demonstrated achievements (based on their CVs and experience) can be appointed to that court.\n\nBut in March 2014, the president of the Cour des Comptes, Abdelkader Zgolli, was dismissed by the prime minister, and many have voiced their concerns, considering the action unconstitutional. At the same time, the president of the Administrative Tribunal (Raoudha Mechichi) was also dismissed.","Interview with H. Slimene Sassi, Ministry of Finance, 13 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Bassem Karray, professor of public law, University of Sfax, 6 July 2014.\n\nArticle: La Presse, \"Des décisions inconstitutionelles,\" 26 March 2014.\nhttp://www.lapresse.tn/19062014/80788/des-decisions-inconstitutionnelles.html\n\nArticle: La Presse, \"Mouvement à la tête du tribunal administratif et de la cour des compte,\" 20 March 2014.\nhttp://www.lapresse.tn/19062014/80521/lotim-reagit.html\n\nArticle: DirectInfo, \"La 'Cour des Comptes' relève un acte illégale et des défaillances,\" 15 May 2014.\nhttp://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2014/05/15/tunisie-defaillance-des-procedures-concernant-le-don-chinois/ ","Appointments to midlevel positions at the \"Cour des Comptes\" are made according to merit and career achievements, and it has not been reported that any auditors were transferred or sanctioned as punishment during the period of study. ..."]
["2014_UG_8",2014,"UG","Uganda",8,100,"The auditor general is appointed by the president and vetted as well as approved by the parliament. The last 12 months have not seen a change of the auditor general, and there have been no queries regarding his capabilities or reports to show that he is compromised by the arm of the government. Further, 85 auditors were recruited during the year through the government’s recommended recruiting system. The office has a staff training and development program in which staff are given more skills and knowledge to enhance their service delivery, and their latest performance report shows that the number of professional staff increased by 4 percent between 2013 and 2014. The staff are also periodically evaluated to ensure that the organization attains high performance.\n\nThe Office of the Auditor General has a due process through which appointees are disciplined or removed. According to the latest report, in the past 12 months, 44 staff members were transferred internally to increase organization efficiency. The office also had a staff turnover of 31 members (nine audit staff and 22 nonaudit staff) due to normal retirement, voluntary retirement, transfer of service to mainstream public service and one natural death.\n\nThere are no evidence or media reports that appointees have clear bias or conflict of interest during the period of study.\n\nThe Office of the Auditor General is one of the few offices in Uganda that has largely remained free of controversy in the way appointments are made or personnel are removed or transferred.\n\nSection 5(1) of the National Audit Act, 2008 lays out the tenure of service of Auditor General. It stipulates that the Auditor General may retire at any time after attaining the age of 60 years, and shall vacate office on attaining the age of 70 years.\n\nSection 7 lays out the reasons and procedure of removing the Auditor General. Section 7(1) states that “In accordance with Article 163 (10) of the Constitution, the Auditor General may be removed from office by the President only for: inability to perform the functions of his or her office arising from infirmity of body or mind; misbehaviour or misconduct; or incompetence.","Gloria Namugera, senior public relations officer, Office of the Auditor General, Kampala, 22 July 2014  \n\nDamalie Naboosa, news editor, Urban TV, Kampala, 1 Oct. 2014.\n\n “Annual Report of the auditor general for the year ended 30 June 2013 - Volume 1 Performance Report,” Office Of The Auditor General; p.21\nhttp://www.oag.go.ug/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=32:2012-2013&Itemid=10 ","The auditor general is appointed by the president and vetted as well as approved by the parliament. The last 12 months have not seen a change of the auditor general, and there have been no queries regarding his capabilities or reports to show that he is compromised by the arm of th..."]
["2014_ZM_8",2014,"ZM","Zambia",8,75,"The auditor general's appointment is subject to ratification by the National Assembly, upon initial appointment by the president.\n\nThe auditors that work in the Office of the Auditor General are qualified to carry out the duties and be in the positions they hold; they are appointed on merit, as can be seen by their profiles, which are available online. Appointees try to operate free of conflicts of interest, but because the appointing authority is the president, they are answerable to him, which renders them loyal to him if they want to keep their jobs. By virtue of not being completely free of political influence, these appointments do not fully support the independence of the agency. \n\nDismissal or removal of the auditor general is in accordance with the law, which is specified in Article 122 (2)(3) of the constitution. The auditor general has not been removed since the new government took power in 2011. The auditor general is supposed to be removed by the National Assembly, after conducting an investigation, \"(3a) followed by the setting of a tribunal, 'which consists of a chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office.' (b) the tribunal shall inquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the National Assembly; and (c) the National Assembly shall consider the report of the tribunal at the first convenient sitting of the National Assembly after it is received and may, upon such consideration, by resolution, remove the Auditor-General from office.\" \n\nThere is no hard evidence of illegitimate removals. However, there is a persisting notion among observers that auditors (and the auditor general) may not be able to act entirely independently.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Kasebamashila Kaseba, author, journalist and media consultant, Shipwa Infoline, Lusaka, Zambia, 22 July 2014. \n\nU.S. Anti-Corruption Resources Centre, \"Zambia: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption, The Office of The Auditor General,\" Page 8, 16 April 2014. http://www.u4.no/publications/zambia-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption\n\nLinkedin, Profiles of Auditors at the Office of The Auditor-General. http://www.linkedin.com/vsearch/p?company=office%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bauditor%2Bgeneral%2Bzambia&companyScope=C&title=auditor&orig=TSEO_SN&trk=TSEO_SN&csrfToken=ajax%3A4197282233426725605&domainCountryName=\n\nConstitution of Zambia, 1996, Auditor General, Article 122.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=177164","The auditor general's appointment is subject to ratification by the National Assembly, upon initial appointment by the president...."]
["2014_ZW_8",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",8,75,"The current comptroller and auditor-general, Mildred Chiri, was appointed 24 Feb. 2004 following a merit-based system and is free from conflicts of interest. She holds a Bachelor of Accounting degree and is an associate member of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries. She completed her requirements with the Institute of Chartered Accountancy in 2002 and is currently studying Association of Chartered Certified Accountancy (ACCA). She joined the auditor-general's office as an audit assistant in 1983 and had risen through the ranks to become comptroller and auditor-general. She chairs the Board of Auditors for the Southern African Development Community (SADC). From these credentials, her appointment has followed a merit-based system. \n\nHowever, the office has been widely criticized for incompetence following salary scandals that recently emerged. For example, the auditor-general is the external auditor of the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corp. (ZBC), but the office did not address supposed financial mismanagement at the public broadcaster, where workers went for seven months without salaries while the chief executive was earning more that $30,000 per month. \n\nThere are no cases where appointees have been  disciplined/removed/transferred without due process.\n\nSection 105 of the Constitution speaks to the appointment process, merit requirements, tenure and process of removal of the controller and auditor general: Subsection (2), (3), (4) and (5) stipulate as follow:  \"(2) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall be appointed by the President after consultation with the Public Service Commission. (2a)  If the appointment of a Comptroller and Auditor-General by the President is not consistent with any recommendation made by the Public Service Commission, the President shall cause the Senate to be informed as soon as is practicable. (3)  A person shall not be qualified to hold or act in the office of Comptroller and Auditor-General unless he has held the post of Secretary of, or Deputy Secretary or Under Secretary in, a Ministry or a post in the Public Service of a grade equivalent to or higher than that of Under Secretary for periods which in the aggregate amount to at least five years. (4)  The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (5), hold office on such terms and conditions as are fixed by the President after consultation with the Public Service Commission. (5)  The Comptroller and Auditor-General may only be removed from office by the President if the House of Assembly has resolved by the affirmative votes of more than one-half of its total membership that he be removed from office for inability to discharge the functions of his office, whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause, or for misbehaviour.\"","Interview with J. Munda, journalist, Humanitarian Information Facilitation Center (HIFC), 3 Aug. 2014, Harare.  \n\nOffice of the Auditor General-Zimbabwe, accessed 3 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.auditgen.gov.zw/index.php/sample-sites-2/comptroller-and-Auditor-General \n\nThe Crisis Report, \"Auditor-General slept on the job – Worker’s Union,\"  Issue #253, 18 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://www.swradioafrica.com/Documents/Crisis%20Report%20Issue%20253.pdf\n\nThe Herald, \"We’re on top of the situation: Audit boss,\" 5 April 5 2014, accessed 7 Aug. 2014\nhttp://www.herald.co.zw/were-on-top-of-the-situation-audit-boss/ \n\nConstitution of Zimbabwe Amendment Act (No.20), 2013.\nhttp://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/56/constitution.pdf","The current comptroller and auditor-general, Mildred Chiri, was appointed 24 Feb. 2004 following a merit-based system and is free from conflicts of interest. She holds a Bachelor of Accounting degree and is an associate member of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries. She complete..."]
["2014_DZ_9",2014,"DZ","Algeria",9,0,"Il existe seulement deux rapports annuels datant de 1995 et 1996-1997 sur le site internet de la Cour des comptes qui établit pourtant chaque année un rapport qu’elle remet au Président de la République. \n\nSelon le secrétaire adjoint de l’Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC), Halim Feddal, «les rapports de la Cour des comptes sont sommaires et inexploitable et ceux de l’inspection générale des finances demeurent confidentiels et sont, généralement, des rapports de dissuasion et de chantage, sans jamais être exploités ». Notons que les rapports remis au Président de la Republique par la Cour des comptes ne sont pas rendus directement accessibles au public.","HALIM Feddal, secrétaire adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC), interview par téléphone, 1er septembre 2014.\n\nHADDOUCHE Hassan, Algerie focus, 29 janvier 2014, «A quoi sert la Cour des comptes en Algerie ?»  http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/01/a-quoi-sert-la-cour-des-comptes-en-algerie-par-hassan-haddouche/\n\nMEBTOUL Abderrahmane, professeur des universités, premier conseillé (magistrat)-directeur général des études économiques à la Cour des comptes (1980/1983), Algérie Patriotique, 4 août 2014, «La leçon du séisme d'Alger : où est le rapport de la Cour des Comptes de 1983 ?» http://algeriepatriotique.com/article/la-lecon-du-seisme-dalger-ou-est-le-rapport-de-la-cour-des-comptes-de-1983\n\nMEBTOUL Abderrahmane, professeur des universités, expert international, Le Matin, 04 mai 2014, «Corruption en Algérie : Bouteflika réhabilitera-t-il la Cour des comptes ?» \nHTTP://WWW.LEMATINDZ.NET/NEWS/14339-CORRUPTION-EN-ALGERIE-BOUTEFLIKA-REHABILITERA-T-IL-LA-COUR-DES-COMPTES.HTML\n\nHAMMOUCHE Mustafa, Liberté, 08 décembre 2013, «À quoi sert la Cour des comptes ?»\nhttp://www.liberte-algerie.com/contrechamp/a-quoi-sert-la-cour-des-comptes-211699","Il existe seulement deux rapports annuels datant de 1995 et 1996-1997 sur le site internet de la Cour des comptes qui établit pourtant chaque année un rapport qu’elle remet au Président de la République. ..."]
["2014_AO_9",2014,"AO","Angola",9,0,"There are no reports available on the Court of Auditors (CoA) agency website, despite the existence of a publications page. Upon request,  the CoA’s latest reports was unavailable.","Court of Auditors, Publications (Tribunal de Contas, Publicacoes), retrieved July 29, 2014 http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Publica%C3%A7%C3%B5es \n\nReport and Opinion on the General State Accounts for 2012, 2014, available at Court of Auditors website http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/ContaGeralEstado/Parecer%20sobr%20a%20Conta%20do%20Estado%20-%202012.pdf Sept. 15, 2014 \n\nReport and Opinion on the General State Accounts for 2011, 2013, available at  Court of Auditors website http://www.tcontas.ao/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20Contas%20de%20Angola/ContaGeralEstado/PARECER%20SOBRE%20A%20CONTA%20GERAL%20DO%20ESTADO%20DEFINITIVO%20-%202011.pdf  \n\nCASA-CE: \"General policy statement on the State (2012),\" K-Club, July 2, 2014 \nhttp://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18437:declaracao-politica-da-casa-ce-sobre-a-conta-geral-de-estado&catid=23:politica&Itemid=123","There are no reports available on the Court of Auditors (CoA) agency website, despite the existence of a publications page. Upon request,  the CoA’s latest reports was unavailable."]
["2014_BJ_9",2014,"BJ","Benin",9,0,"La Chambre des comptes produit sur une base annuelle le Rapport sur l’Exécution de la Loi de Finances (RELF) et la déclaration générale de conformité entre le compte administratif de l’ordonnateur et le compte de gestion du comptable. Ce rapport s’inspire des rapports annuels de performances des ministères et institutions de la République. \n\nLes rapports de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour Suprême ne sont pas rendus public et ne sont pas accessibles aux citoyens mais sont adressés au Chef de l'État et à l'Assemblée nationale (le Parlement) sur une base annuelle.","Shérifath Gambari, secrétaire administrative, Cour Suprême, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nLamatou Idrissou Soulé-Allassane, Secrétaire particulière, Cour Suprême, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nFraternité, 9 avril 2014. « Assemblée nationale/Ouverture solennelle de la 1ère session ordinaire : Les 47 points inscrits à l’ordre du jour.» http://www.fraternitebj.info/politique/article/assemblee-nationale-ouverture-1421\n\nCercle Finances Publiques, 10 février 2014. « Adoption de la nouvelle Loi Organique relative aux Lois de Finances (LOLF) au Bénin : risque de blocage du vote de la loi finances 2015 à l’Assemblée nationale.»  http://cerclefinancespubliques.over-blog.com/article-risque-de-blocage-du-vote-de-la-loi-finances-2015-a-l-assemblee-nationale-122486346.html\n\nMarius Anagonou, Finances Publiques, Septembre 2013. « Loi Organique sur la Loi des Finances au Bénin.» http://anagonou.over-blog.com/article-constitution-financiere-du-benin-suite-et-fin-de-la-lolf-122615335.html","La Chambre des comptes produit sur une base annuelle le Rapport sur l’Exécution de la Loi de Finances (RELF) et la déclaration générale de conformité entre le compte administratif de l’ordonnateur et le compte de gestion du comptable. Ce rapport s’inspire des rapports annuels de pe..."]
["2014_BW_9",2014,"BW","Botswana",9,0,"The Office of the Auditor General publishes one audit report on different ministerial departments and their expenditures annually on its website. The report is published less than a month after issuance.","Interview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone.\n\nInterview with Ntjidzi Smarts, communications officer – UNFPA, press and public affairs assistant- British High Commission, and business editor- Botswana Gazette, 28 Nov. 2014.\n \nThe Botswana Gazette, The 2012/13 Auditor General’s Report, May 1, 2014.\nhttp://www.gazettebw.com/the-201213-auditor-generals-report/\n\nOffice of the Auditor General website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Office-Of-The-Auditor-OAG/","The Office of the Auditor General publishes one audit report on different ministerial departments and their expenditures annually on its website. The report is published less than a month after issuance."]
["2014_BF_9",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",9,0,"La Cour des comptes tout comme l'Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d'État (ASCE), ne publie qu' un rapport par année. Ce qui fait que les données de l'année en cours ne sont disponibles que l'année suivante. \n\nPar exemple en décembre 2013, c'est le rapport de l'année 2012 qui a été remis dans un premier temps au Chef de l'État et dans un second temps aux journalistes à travers une conférence de presse. \nDonc le rapport 2013 sera disponible à partir de décembre 2014. Selon le journaliste Hyacinthe SANOU, ce rapport est même distribué gratuitement et disponible sur internet.","KABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014.\n\nSANOU Hyacinthe, reporter, chef du desk papier d'initiative personnelle, l'Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\nKALMOGO Loraine, Burkina 24, 23 décembre 2013, «Rapport public 2012 de la Cour des Comptes : les premiers jugements attendus en 2014» http://burkina24.com/2013/12/23/rapport-public-2012-de-la-cour-des-comptes-les-premiers-jugements-attendus-en-2014/","La Cour des comptes tout comme l'Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d'État (ASCE), ne publie qu' un rapport par année. Ce qui fait que les données de l'année en cours ne sont disponibles que l'année suivante. ..."]
["2014_BI_9",2014,"BI","Burundi",9,25,"L'institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques produit des rapports qui sont transmis à l'exécutif et au Parlement conformément à la loi. Ces publications sont accessibles sur le site internet de la Cour des Comptes. Au cours des deux dernières années, la cour a produit 2 rapports annuels tous accessibles sur le site: exercice 2011-2012 (publié en mai 2013), exercice 2013 (publié en avril 2014). \n\nL'accès des citoyens aux rapports publiés par la cour est indirect dans un premier temps puisque c'est aux parlementaires que les rapports sont transmis. Les rapports de la cour sont approuvés en audience plénière solennelle aussi bien à l'Assemblée nationale qu'au Sénat; chaque citoyen qui le souhaite peut assister aux travaux du parlement. C'est après adoption de ces rapports par le parlement qu'ils sont affichés publiquement sur le site de la cour.","NKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014 .\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nSIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nCour des Comptes du Burundi, rapports annuels. http://www.courdescomptes.bi/index.php/produits-de-la-cour/9-non-categorise/94-rapport-public-general-annuel","L'institution supérieure de contrôle des finances publiques produit des rapports qui sont transmis à l'exécutif et au Parlement conformément à la loi. Ces publications sont accessibles sur le site internet de la Cour des Comptes. Au cours des deux dernières années, la cour a produi..."]
["2014_CM_9",2014,"CM","Cameroon",9,0,"Parmi les institutions en charge d'auditer les comptes publics, le Contrôle supérieur de l'Etat rend public régulièrement ses rapports, mais cette publication ne s’arrête qu'aux sanctions pécuniaires. \n\nL'article 3 de la loi 2003/005 du 21 avril 2003 fixant les attributions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Cour suprême fait obligation à la Chambre des comptes de produire et se soumettre un rapport annuel au Président de la République, au président de l'Assemblée Nationale et au président du Sénat. Ce rapport est publié au Journal Officiel de la République. La Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême publie rarement le sien. La dernière publication du rapport liée au sanctions de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême date d’août 2013. Ce rapport est accessible au Journal Officiel de la République camerounaise. \n\nAprès la publication des rapports par les deux institutions, il faut toujours attendre « les très hautes instructions du président de la République» avant que les personnes mises en cause soient inquiétées par la justice.","BOBIOKONO Christophe, journaliste et directeur de publication de Kalara, journal spécialisé dans le monde juridique, 03 juillet 2014                                                                        \n\nSite web de la Chambre des comptes du Cameroun, consulté le 03 juillet 2014 http://www.chambredescomptes.net/;                                                                                                           \n\nLa Météo, Dernier rapport de la Chambre des comptes disponible en ligne, 29 Août 2013 «Cameroun - Gestion des finances publiques: Le rapport accablant de la Chambre des comptes » http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,50806,@,cameroun-gestion-des-finances-publiques-le-rapport-accablant-de-la-chambre-des-c.html;\n\nSissongo.com, 17 juillet 2014. « De nouvelles sanction du contrôle supérieur de l'Etat »  http://sissongo.com/cameroun/article/cameroun-corruption-de-nouvelles-sanctions-du-controle-superieur-de-l-etat-82bf0e409f0d4b769c121b773e7de18b","Parmi les institutions en charge d'auditer les comptes publics, le Contrôle supérieur de l'Etat rend public régulièrement ses rapports, mais cette publication ne s’arrête qu'aux sanctions pécuniaires. ..."]
["2014_CV_9",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",9,75,"The reports of nine plenary sessions of 2014 are posted on the website of the Court of Accourts (COA). The reports are published less than one month after issuance because the last plenary session took place July 24, 2014, and the report is now available on the site.\n \nIn addition to the plenary sessions, other acts of the COA are available online such as the annual reports of activities since 2005. \n\nThere is one annual report for 2013 on the Court of Accourts website and this report describes the activities carried out by the Court during the 2013. The most recent activity report available on the Court of Account website is the 2013 activity report. Other activity reports available on the website are 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012, representing one activity report for each year. Accounting from the year 2005, there is no report for 2008, 2009 and 2014 on the Court's website. The sentences about the audits/trials/hearings of accounts are posted on the site, i.e., court judgments are available. Generally,  the institutions that have been audited can request the report on accounts for consultation, and then provide clarification of the accounts  that had been delivered. Other documents about the audits/trials/hearings of reports on accounts are available on the website are available on the Court's website and in the Official Bulletin.","1. Court of Accourts' website; August 19, 2014; http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=88&Itemid=668\n\n2. Interview with Dulcelina Silva, Director of Human Resources of the court ofAccount, August 19, 2014, Praia City.\n\n3. Interview with João de Pina, Economist, Technical staff of the National Institute of Statistics and Professor of Economics at the Institute of Law and Social Sciences, August 18, 2014, Praia.\n\n4. Annual Reports of Activities since 2014; http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=491&view=finish&cid=639&catid=7\n\n5. Court of Accourts Opinions on General State Accounts, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006. http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=viewcategory&catid=5&Itemid=489.","The reports of nine plenary sessions of 2014 are posted on the website of the Court of Accourts (COA). The reports are published less than one month after issuance because the last plenary session took place July 24, 2014, and the report is now available on the site...."]
["2014_CF_9",2014,"CF","CAR",9,0,"La Cour des Comptes est tenue de publier annuellement un seul rapport englobant la situation  de gestion des administrations publiques, des offices publics et les entreprises publiques. Ce rapport doit être transmis en version papier au Président de la République  ainsi qu'au Ministre des finances et du budget pour appréciation administrative. Seuls les organes de contrôles de l'État et les services publics contrôlés qui peuvent y accéder lorsqu'ils formulent la demande au Ministre des finances et du budget. \n\nCependant, force est de constater que le rapport annuel de la Cour des Comptes n’est pas publié. Ce qui signifie que le public n’a pas accès à ce rapport. D’ailleurs, cette institution de grande envergure ne dispose pas d’un site ni d’un  journal. \n\nD'après l'une des personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche qui est l'inspecteur général des finances, la loi organique de son institution interdit de publier les rapports de contrôles et de missions.","LOUDEGUE Evelyne, inspecteur général des finances, interview du 1er juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMEMBOUROU Thierry, rédacteur en chef du journal le Démocrate, interview du 1er juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nTABANGUE Sylvain, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 28 juin 2014, Bangui.","La Cour des Comptes est tenue de publier annuellement un seul rapport englobant la situation  de gestion des administrations publiques, des offices publics et les entreprises publiques. Ce rapport doit être transmis en version papier au Président de la République  ainsi qu'au Minis..."]
["2014_TD_9",2014,"TD","Chad",9,50,"L'institution de la Cour des comptes date du 2e semestre 2014 avec des nominations effectuées en août 2014. Cependant, avant cette création, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême remplissait les fonctions de contrôle des finances publiques et de jugement des comptes publics. \n\nPour le conseiller Merina GANG-NY, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême «élabore des rapports particuliers sur toutes les questions d'ordre financier ou de comptabilité relevant de sa compétence dont elle est saisie ou à son propre initiative. Elle peut par ailleurs, adresser des rapports ordinaires au Président de la République. Pour l'instant, nous sommes à moins de 6 rapports par ans. Ils sont disponibles au secrétariat et dans les bibliothèques, les citoyens peuvent s'en procurer sans difficulté.»\n\nSelon le secrétaire d'accueil de la Chambre des comptes Naomie MILANEM: « les documents approuvés et validés par la cour sont toujours disponibles au secrétariat et les citoyens qui viennent chercher des documents amènent avec eux des papiers et nous mettons à leur disposition des photocopieuses gratuitement.»\n\nDans le rapporte  N° 03 du premier semestre 2014 de la Chambre des comptes, les parlementaires ont émis de recommandations parmi lesquelles, ils ont suggeré à la chambre de produire régulièrement de rapport et respecter les délais de publication. « La fréquence de la publication des rapports de la Cour des comptes doit être régulière pour permettre au citoyens en général et les parlementaires en particulier d'examiner la gestion des dépenses de la finances publiques.»","GANG-NY Merina, conseiller membre de la Cour suprême, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nMILAMEM Naomie Naissem, secrétaire d'accueil de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nRapport N° 03 du premier semestre 2014 de la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, page 19, titre: «recommandation extérieure». Rapport inaccessible en ligne.\n\nChambre des comptes de la Cour suprême, «Rapport général sur le recouvrement et les recettes du secteur Halieutique au trésor public.»  juin 2014. Rapport inaccessible en ligne.","L'institution de la Cour des comptes date du 2e semestre 2014 avec des nominations effectuées en août 2014. Cependant, avant cette création, la Chambre des comptes de la Cour suprême remplissait les fonctions de contrôle des finances publiques et de jugement des comptes publics. ..."]
["2014_KM_9",2014,"KM","Comoros",9,25,"La loi limite à deux le nombre de rapports que la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême doit produire par an et la Section des comptes se conforme à cette obligation. \n\nL’alinéa 3 de l’article 213  de la loi organique du 27 juin 2005 relative à la Cour Suprême stipule seulement que « la section des comptes établit un rapport général public, annuel reprenant les principales observations qu’elle a faites dans l’année et les mesures préconisées pour y remédier ».\n\nEn effet, la Section des comptes établit annuellement un rapport sur l’exécution des lois de finances accompagnant la déclaration générale de conformité aussi bien pour l’Union que les îles. Ce rapport est déposé sur le bureau de l’Assemblée de l’Union et de chaque île en même temps que le projet de loi de règlement. Tous les ans, la Section des comptes examine les observations faites à l’occasion des diverses vérifications effectuées pendant l’année précédente et forme avec celles qu’elle retient, un rapport qui est remis par le président de la Cour suprême au Président de l’Union et au président de l’Assemblée de l’Union ainsi qu’aux mêmes autorités de chaque île.  \n\nEnfin, la Section des comptes adresse au Président de l’Union et auprésident de l’Assemblée de l’Union, tous les deux ans, un rapport d’ensemble sur l’activité, la gestion et les résultats des entreprises contrôlées par elle. La Section des comptes expose dans ce rapport, ses observations et dégage les enseignements qui peuvent en être tirés. Le dépôt des rapports auprès du Parlement a été effectué le 30 janvier 2014. \n\nEn dehors de ce rapport, il n’existe pas des statistiques publiées sur Internet ou dans les journaux en ce qui concerne le nombre de rapports produits et publiés entre Septembre 2013 et septembre 2014.\n\nUne source au niveau de la Cour suprême a fait remarquer : « Etant donné qu’elle a été de création récente, la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême n’a  produit que son premier rapport d’activité . Théoriquement, il doit établir 4 rapports internes : un rapport trimestriel, des rapports sectoriels, et un rapport tous les 2 ans. Les rapports pour le grand public ne sont pas prévus, mais il faut noter que la remise de ces différents rapports aux différentes autorités fera l’objet de publication par voie de presse. » Le rapport intégral n'est pas disponible dans la presse. D'ailleurs, étant donné le format des journaux aux Comores, aucun organe de presse ne sont pas en mesure matériellement de reproduire de long textes. C'est la remise du document qui fait l'objet d'une couverture médiatique, et les journalistes profitent de cette occasion pour poser les questions qui les intéressent.\n\nSelon un expert cité par un article de journal, « la Section des comptes a déjà publié des rapports accablants sur les sociétés d’Etat (Sch, Comores Telecom et la Snpsf) ou encore sur les fonds issus de la citoyenneté économique »","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nAl Watwan, 31 janvier 2014, « La Cour suprême a déposé le rapport de la Section des comptes à Hamramba ». http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=6164\n\nMourad Ben Gassouma à Moroni : «Nette différence entre le juge des comptes et le juge pénal», Al Watwan, 18 décembre 2013.  http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php/index.php?home=actu.php&title=Mourad-Ben-Gassouma-A-Moroni-A-Nette-diffA-rence-entre-le-juge-des-comptes-et-le-juge-pA-nalA-&actu_id=6021.)","La loi limite à deux le nombre de rapports que la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême doit produire par an et la Section des comptes se conforme à cette obligation. ..."]
["2014_CD_9",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",9,0,"Les rapports de la Cour des comptes ne sont pas publiés et ne sont destinés qu'aux plus hautes autorités de l'État.\n\nSelon l'article 34 de la Loi n°19-99 du 15 Aout 1999 modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi n022-92 du 20 aout 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire, «tous les ans, la Cour des comptes examine les observations faites à l'occasion des diverses vérifications effectuées pendant l'année précédente et forme si elle le juge utile, avec celles qu'elle retient un rapport au Président de la République, au président de l'Assemblée nationale, au président du Sénat et au Premier ministre. Ce rapport comporte en outre toute observation utile concernant l'orientation économique et financière de la Nation.»","CHIRAC Ngangoue, cadre à la direction générale des impots, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Mikalou (Brazzaville), 04 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, cadre à la direction général du trésor. L'entretien a eu lieu au téléphone le 04 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nLoi n°19-99 du 15 aout 1999 modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi n022-92 du 20 aout 1992 portant organisation du pouvoir judiciaire, Article 34. http://www.cesbc.org/congo/Lois/Loi%20022-92.pdf","Les rapports de la Cour des comptes ne sont pas publiés et ne sont destinés qu'aux plus hautes autorités de l'État...."]
["2014_CG_9",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",9,0,"The supreme audit agency produces about one or two reports per year, but these reports are not accessible online. They are not placed on the institution's website. \n\nHowever, reports are available on paper within a week of request. The 2012 financial audit report produced in September 2013 is available in hard copy. The 2013 report has yet to be accessed. A copy costs around USD 10. The institution does not have a strong communication and marketing department, and citizens remain unaware of the reports and the work of the institution.","1. (Face To Face Interview),  Frank Fikirini, National Coordinator Of The New Citizenship Programme, July 4, 2014.\n\n2. (Phone Interview), Nadine Mulembusa, Journalist And Executive Director Association Des Amis Du Pere Tony (ASAPT),  July 6, 2014.\n\n3. (Face To Face Interview), Euphrasie Amina, Programme Manager Economic Justice Open Society Initiative For Southern Africa (Osisa),   July 17, 2014.","The supreme audit agency produces about one or two reports per year, but these reports are not accessible online. They are not placed on the institution's website. ..."]
["2014_CI_9",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",9,25,"En Côte d’Ivoire, la Cour des comptes publie les rapports des contrôles qu'elle effectue sur les états financiers des établissements publics nationaux et des sociétés d'Etat. \n\nLa Cour des comptes produit en moyenne 10 rapports par an, mais ces rapports remis au Chef de l'Etat ne sont pas régulièrement mis en ligne. Ces rapports sont consultables dans sa version papier sous autorisation préalable. Mais la fréquence de ses publications n'est pas régulière. Bien que ces rapports ne soient pas systématiquement mis à jour, encore moins tous publiés. \n\nLa Chambre en publie à peu près deux par an, selon le site www.courdescomptesci.com.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.\n \n La Chambre des Comptes de Côte d’Ivoire, www.courdescomptesci.com ( 17 juillet 2014)","En Côte d’Ivoire, la Cour des comptes publie les rapports des contrôles qu'elle effectue sur les états financiers des établissements publics nationaux et des sociétés d'Etat. ..."]
["2014_DJ_9",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",9,0,"En l'absence de la Cour de Comptes, institution suprême d'audit qui n'est plus opérationnelle depuis l'incendie de son siège en 2008, l'Inspection Générale d’Etat (IGE) remplit le rôle d'institution supréme d'audit.  \n\nL'article 19 du décret portant créant de l'Inspection Générale d’État dispose : «il est dressé, à la fin de chaque année, un rapport général sur les activités de l’Inspection Générale d’État.\nLe rapport annuel rend compte des missions effectuées et fait la synthèse des principales constatations relevées et des recommandations formulées dans les rapports de contrôle.\nIl est adressé au Premier ministre pour attribution. Le rapport annuel est publié au Journal Officiel.»\n\nMais cette publication n'est pas systématique, parfois on compte des lenteurs en matière de publication dues au service de maintenance de la présidence chargé de mettre en ligne le rapport.\n\nLe journaliste affirme aussi que ces rapports ne sont pas systématiquement mis en ligne sur le site de l'institution de contrôle. Cela constitue un manque de transparence pour le public. L'institution ne publie pas de rapports réguliers ou rarement. Pour l'Inspection Générale d’État, il n'y a qu'un seul rapport accessible pour le public, il s'agit de celui pour l'exercice 2005/2006.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: Malgré les nouveautés juridiques introduites récemment dans son organisation et ses missions, la Cour des comptes ne produit qu'un rapport par an qui est celui de l'exécution de la loi de finances.","MOHAMED Hibo, ancienne inspectrice à l'Inspection Générale d'Etat, entretien à la primature, 30 juin 2014.\n\nABDI Ahmed, journaliste à l'Agence Djiboutienne d'Information (ADI), 1er juillet 2014.\n\nSOULEIMAN Ahmed, enseignant chercheur en économie à l'université de Djibouti, 16 juillet 2014.\n\n\nSources des pairs évaluateurs: \n\nGUEDI Mohamed Hassan, magistrat à la Cour des comptes, novembre 2014\n\nYONIS Farhan, magistrat à la Cour des compte, novembre 2014","En l'absence de la Cour de Comptes, institution suprême d'audit qui n'est plus opérationnelle depuis l'incendie de son siège en 2008, l'Inspection Générale d’Etat (IGE) remplit le rôle d'institution supréme d'audit.  ..."]
["2014_EG_9",2014,"EG","Egypt",9,50,"The Central Auditing Organization CAO publishes frequent reports, and it has published six reports on corruption during this period of study. These reports, which are comprehensive and cover ongoing issues are made available online usually a week after their announcement. Some embargoed copies are made available to the media. \n\nHowever, not all of the information from the CAO is released to the public; some goes to the President’s office only.","Interview, Mohamed Zaher, General Auditor of the CAO, July 12-13, 2014 (Phone).\n\nDaily News Egypt, March 5, 2014, Sara Aggour, \"CAO seizes Medical Syndicate’s accounting documents\"\nhttp://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/03/05/cao-seizes-medical-syndicates-accounting-documents/.\n\nAl Ahram  March 14, 2014 \"There is no real financial supervision on ministry of interior: Egypt's top auditor\"\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/96996/Egypt/Politics-/There-is-no-real-financial-supervision-on-ministry.aspx.\n\nWhat has CAO chief Hisham Geneina done?, Feb. 22, 2014 , http://thecairopost.com/news/93809/op/what-has-cao-chief-hisham-geneina-done.\n\nThe battle of Hesham Geneina, 26 Feb 2014, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/4/0/94874/Opinion/-The-battle-of-Hesham-Geneina.aspx.\n\nTrial of Egypt auditing agency chief adjourned to May 22, May 19, 2014, http://www.turkishpress.com/news/406872/.\n\nEgypt's top auditor to be tried for libeling justice minister,  Feb 2014, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93843/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-top-auditor-to-be-tried-for-libeling-justic.aspx.","The Central Auditing Organization CAO publishes frequent reports, and it has published six reports on corruption during this period of study. These reports, which are comprehensive and cover ongoing issues are made available online usually a week after their announcement. Some emba..."]
["2014_GQ_9",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",9,0,"Despite the adoption of a regulatory framework in late September 2012, the Audit Court has not been formally established. By the end of the period of review, no audits had been conducted or made publicly available; and there was no other office within government with intraministerial auditing functions (auditing entities do exist within some parastatal companies, such as GEPetrol). \n\nDuring the period of review, there was an external audit being conducted in the country, but according to sources, the findings would not be public and some ministries have suspended the audit.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"Crisis in the Ministry of Information led by Teobaldo Nchaso Matomba\" (\"Cristis en el Ministerio de Información dirigido por Teobaldo Nchaso Matomba\"), April 3, 2014.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/crisis-en-el-ministerio-de-informacion-dirigido-por-teobaldo-nchaso-matomba/\n\nNews article: Radio Macuto, \"Audit to the Government\" (\"Auditoría del Gobierno\"), July 9, 2014.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/auditoria-del-gobierno/ \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf\n\nPublication: The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, June 26, 2014.\nhttp://country.eiu.com/FileHandler.ashx?issue_id=1761739760&mode=pdf \n\n ","Despite the adoption of a regulatory framework in late September 2012, the Audit Court has not been formally established. By the end of the period of review, no audits had been conducted or made publicly available; and there was no other office within government with intraministeri..."]
["2014_ER_9",2014,"ER","Eritrea",9,0,"The reports of the Office of the Auditor General are not accessible to the general public. Auditing reports are confidential and known only to the respective government office for which the audit was done. Hence, there are no publications by auditor general's office to the general public. \n\nFor example, the audit reports of the Eritrean National Mining Co. have never been published since its creation. The audit reports of Bisha Mining Co. are known only through the Canadian mining company Nevsun Resources.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, June 3, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The reports of the Office of the Auditor General are not accessible to the general public. Auditing reports are confidential and known only to the respective government office for which the audit was done. Hence, there are no publications by auditor general's office to the general ..."]
["2014_ET_9",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",9,0,"The Office of the Auditor General publishes an annual report after its presentation to the House of Peoples' Representatives. This report captures the audits done throughout the fiscal year and summarises the audits. It does not contain the details of each individual audit report. This summary report is available upon request from the organisation in electronic format. It is also available on the website of the office. \n\nOther reports by the Office of the Auditor General for the individual entities audited are not publicly available from the office. These reports are made available through the audited organisations in accordance with their own legal as well as policy considerations.","Website of the Office of the Auditor General \nhttp://www.ofag.gov.et/  \n\nInterview with Dilu Nesaw, Education and Training Division director,  Office of the Auditor General,  Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Office of the Auditor General. \n\nInterview with Worku Alemu, auditor and director of Audit Research and Development Directorate, Office of The Auditor General, Addis Ababa, 20 June 2014 at the Office of the Auditor General.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, lecturer at the Department of Accounting and Finance, Arbaminch University, 2 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Information Office of  the Office of the Auditor General, 2 July, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Office of the Auditor General publishes an annual report after its presentation to the House of Peoples' Representatives. This report captures the audits done throughout the fiscal year and summarises the audits. It does not contain the details of each individual audit report. ..."]
["2014_GA_9",2014,"GA","Gabon",9,0,"Au Gabon, les rapports de la Cour des comptes sont produits une fois par an seulement en version papier et immédiatement envoyés au chef de l'État. \n\nLa cour ne dispose pas d'un site web.","NDENGUÉ Didier, journaliste au quotidien Intégration, entretien par téléphone, 26 decembre 2014. \n\nBDP Modwoam, 26 août 2014, «Jean Eyeghe Ndong mis en cause par la Cour des comptes.» http://www.bdpmodwoam.org/articles/2014/08/26/jean-eyeghe-ndong-mis-en-cause-par-la-cour-des-comptes/#.VJ3KfsCZA;\n\nOgoué Infos, 05 février 2014, «Gabon : Gilbert Ngoulakia présente le bilan 2013 de la Cour des comptes.» http://www.ogooueinfos.com/index.php?action=voirNews&id=3237","Au Gabon, les rapports de la Cour des comptes sont produits une fois par an seulement en version papier et immédiatement envoyés au chef de l'État. ..."]
["2014_GM_9",2014,"GM","The Gambia",9,0,"Audited accounts of the central government for the year 2008, 2009 and 2010 as well as the annual reports and financial statements of public enterprises and agencies ending Dec, 31, 2012, were received in 2013 and considered by the Public Accounts Committee/Public Enterprise Committee (PAC/PEC) of the National Assembly in May 2014. That means some of these reports were six years overdue when they were submitted. \n\nThe reports are also not published online or available to the public through other means.","1. Interview with Mr. Sainey Marena, Editorial Assistant, Standard Newspaper, 8th July 2014, Bakau\n\n2. Interview with Mr. Musa Barrow, Teaching Assistant, Gambia Press Union School of Journalism, 07th July 2014, Fajara\n\n3.Gambia: Assembly approves government's Audited Accounts Report. The Daily Observer, by Alieu Ceesay and Aji Fatou Faal. October 4 2013, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/201310041414.html\n\n4.  THE PUBLIC IS ENTITLED TO EACH AUDITOR GENERAL’S REPORT WHEN CHECKS AND BALANCES ARE WEAK ACCOUNTABILITY BECOMES THE CASUALTY, Foroyaa Newspaper, By Ousman Njie, Tuesday, 18 March 2014, available at http://www.foroyaa.gm/editorial/15206-the-public-is-entitled-to-each-auditor-general-s-report-when-checks-and-balances-are-weak-accoutability-becomes-the-casualty\n\n5. Speaker: PEC/PAC not out for a witch hunt, The Standard, by Sainey Marenah, 22/05/2014, available at http://standard.gm/site/news/3732-Speaker-PECPAC-not-out-for-witch-hunt.html","Audited accounts of the central government for the year 2008, 2009 and 2010 as well as the annual reports and financial statements of public enterprises and agencies ending Dec, 31, 2012, were received in 2013 and considered by the Public Accounts Committee/Public Enterprise Commit..."]
["2014_GH_9",2014,"GH","Ghana",9,50,"In line with its constitutional mandate, the Ghana Audit Service and for that matter, the Auditor General, submits a report to Parliament about the public accounts it has audited. Parliament then refers the report to the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of Parliament, which then sits in public to review the Auditor General's report. Until PAC sits to review the Auditor General's report, the report is not published or made available to the public.\n\nWhen PAC sits to review the report, then it becomes a public document. It is then published on the website of the Ghana Audit Service and sometimes on the website of Parliament and can be accessed at anytime. However, PAC's sittings are not continuous, sometimes monthly. Therefore, the reports are published more than one month after issued. Between September 2013 to September 2014, about five performance audit reports were published on the website of the Ghana Audit Service.","1. Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Joseph Ghunney, Public Relations Officer, Ghana Audit Service, Telephone interview, June 20, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Mohammed Zakaria, Auditing Assistant, University for Development Studies' (UDS) Central Administration, Table interview at UDS International Conference Center, August 11, 2014, Tamale.\n\n4. Official website of Ghana Audit Service: http://www.ghaudit.org/gas/site/reports","In line with its constitutional mandate, the Ghana Audit Service and for that matter, the Auditor General, submits a report to Parliament about the public accounts it has audited. Parliament then refers the report to the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of Parliament, which then sit..."]
["2014_GN_9",2014,"GN","Guinea",9,0,"L'institution supérieure, la Cour des Comptes est presque non opérationnelle car les juges de cette cour ne sont pas encore nommés. Quant a la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême, ses juges ne font pas un travail transparent. La très grande majorité de la population, même lettrée, ne connait pas son existence. \n\nEn plus de cette Chambre, il y a des directions de contrôle des finances de l'Etat comme l'Inspection générale des finances, l'Inspection générale d'Etat, qui font des enquêtes, produisent des rapports, mais ne publient jamais ou presque leurs travaux. Leurs enquêtes restent souvent sans effet.","Me SONOMOU Michel, avocat à la cour, président de Avocats Sans Frontières, Guinée, 11h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nFALCON François, directeur national de l'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, 18h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nMme Andrée, greffière en chef, Cour suprême, 10h, 20 juin 2014, Conakry.","L'institution supérieure, la Cour des Comptes est presque non opérationnelle car les juges de cette cour ne sont pas encore nommés. Quant a la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour suprême, ses juges ne font pas un travail transparent. La très grande majorité de la population, même lettré..."]
["2014_GW_9",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",9,0,"The Supreme Audit Institution has not published any report during this period of study and therefore no report is available to the general public upon request.  Many audits conducted have not been concluded during this year.","1.  Interview with Professor and Magistrate, Juselino Pereira, Bissau's Faculty of Law, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Director-General of the Supreme Audit Institution, Idriça Mané, Tribunal de Contas, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Media article \"Guiné-Bissau: Tribunal de Contas nunca julgou uma conta no país\", Portuguese News Network, 28 November 2013\nhttp://jornaldigital.com/noticias.php?noticia=39267.\n\n4. Interview with Juridical Counsellor for the President of the Supreme Audit Institution, Vasco Beaguê, Tribunal de Contas, Lawyer and Professor, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The Supreme Audit Institution has not published any report during this period of study and therefore no report is available to the general public upon request.  Many audits conducted have not been concluded during this year."]
["2014_KE_9",2014,"KE","Kenya",9,75,"The Office of the Auditor-General now releases frequent reports on the state of affairs in the national government and regional governments. This is in line with Article 299(4) of the Constitution which demands that within six months of each financial year, the Auditor-General shall audit and report in respect of the accounts of the national and 47 county government, the accounts of all funds authorities of the national and county governments, the accounts of all courts and accounts of every commission and independent office.\n\nThe Auditor-General is also required by law to audit and publish the reports of the National Assembly, the Senate and County Assembly, the accounts of political parties funded by public funds and  the public debts.\n\nIn the period under review, the Auditor-General's Office published the 2011/12 report for all government ministries on October 9, 2013. The office also tabled in Parliament audit reports of 16 county governments on April 15, 2014. The Auditor-General's Office has also since the published the 2012/2013 report for government ministries on July 17, 2014.\n\nThe office tackles regular and special audits, although the timing of the release of the reports may vary depending of availability of material information in certain instances. The reports are available in Parliament, the Auditor-General's Office and some are even uploaded on the agency website. Hard copies of the reports tabled in Parliament can be obtained by application through the office of the Clerk of Parliament, while the public can also get them from the Auditor-General on request.\n\nThe audit office has for instance uploaded on its website the latest reports of special audits on the Judicial Service Commission, the Judiciary, the county governments as well as another on the procurement of Biometric Voter Register by the Independent Electoral  & Boundaries Commission (IEBC) for use in the March 2013  General Elections in Kenya.\n\nMany latest audit reports on country governments are now available on the audit agency's website.","1. Peter Opiyo deputy communications manager, Kenya National Audit Office (Kenao) interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n2. Edwin Mutai, senior Parliament reporter, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n3. Auditor paints a different picture of Machakos County, a story by Moses Njagih published in the February 18, 2014 edition of the Standard Newspaper.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000104897.\n\n4. Order paper of Kenya Senate sitting on April 15, 2014. The Auditor-General tabled 16 reports of various County governments.\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ke/plone/files-folder/fade7c04121941ceb3bdf11ba2b1bf97FILE1397717880285FNIX15THAPRILpdf.\n\n6. Audit shock at Sh304 billion that cannot be explained- An article by Edwin Mutai published in the October 8,2013.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Audit-shock-at-Sh304bn-that-cannot-be-explained/-/539546/2024694/-/15m6r86z/-/index.html.\n\n7. Auditor General Reveals Misuse Of Funds By County Governments-- a story item by Citizen TV's Francis Gachuri  aired on February 17, 2014.\nhttp://www.citizennews.co.ke/news/2012/local/item/17294-auditor-general-reveals-misuse-of-funds-by-county-governments.\n\n8. Kenya National Audit Office(KENAO) website. Accessed on January 19, 2014.  http://www.kenao.go.ke/index.php/audit-reports.\n\n9. \"Auditor-General faults Hassan, Oswago over 2013 election kits\" An article by Edwin Mutai, published by the Business Daily Newspaper on June 24, 2014.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Auditor-General-faults-Hassan-Oswago-over-2013-BVR-election-kits/-/539546/2360712/-/k22j73z/-/index.html.\n\n10. \"Sh500b State funds cannot be accounted for, says Auditor General Edward Ouko\" An article By Lillian Kiarie published by the Standard Newspaper on Monday, March 24th 2014.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000107710&story_title=sh500b-state-funds-cannot-be-accounted-for-says-auditor-general-edward-ouko&pageNo=2.\n\n11. \"Special Audit  On Procurement Of Electronic Voting Devices For the 2013 General  Election By The Independent Electoral & Boundaries Commission\" Published by the Auditor-General office on 06 June 2014. The report is available on the Kenya National Audit Office website.\n\n12. \"Special Audit Report on Judicial Service Commission and the Judiciary\", Published by the Kenya National Audit Office in April 2014. http://www.kenao.go.ke/index.php/reports/cat_view/2-reports/72-special-audit-reports\n\n13. \"Auditor-General raises queries over Sh337bn\" An article by John Ngirachu, published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on July 17, 2014.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Auditor-General-2012-2013-Grand-Coalition-Budget/-/1056/2388360/-/c74uwi/-/index.html.","The Office of the Auditor-General now releases frequent reports on the state of affairs in the national government and regional governments. This is in line with Article 299(4) of the Constitution which demands that within six months of each financial year, the Auditor-General shal..."]
["2014_LS_9",2014,"LS","Lesotho",9,50,"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases reports that are accessible to the citizens. The Office of the Auditor General publishes the audited financial statements and are accessed by the public at a nominal fee. During the period under review, the cost of the government’s audited financial statements was M50 (4.30$) per copy. Civil society organisations, government ministries and agencies, media houses and other key stakeholders receive free copies. The office is also now publishing its reports online in order to increase accessibility of its work to the citizens. \n\nThe period under review was marked by the publication of audited statements of three financial years (2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13) on February 26, 2014. The Office of the Auditor General has conducted a number of other independent audits for line ministries and government agencies during the year under review. It is up to those ministries or agencies to publish the reports to the public as the Office of the Auditor General submits them to the responsible authorities.  \n\nAccording to Nkareng Letsie and Thabo Qhesi of Consumers Protection Association and Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho respectively, the Office of the Auditor General has continued to provide free copies to key stakeholders. On the other hand Matšepo Mohau of the Office of the Auditor General indicated that the frequency is determined by the availability of the annual financial statement from the Office of the Accountant General. She indicated that in the past the supreme audit agency has not been receiving those report on time, which hindered them from processing the reports. She went further to indicate that for the period under review they have already received the financial statements from the Office of the Accountant General and the audit has already begun for the fiscal year 2013/14. \n\nThe Office of the Auditor General has been improving the frequency of reporting in recent years. The trend has been kept even during the period under review where the report contained the audited statements for three consecutive years. In that way the office has dealt with the backlog, which has overshadowed its operations in the past. Therefore, the office has done commendable work for the period under review.","Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer, Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho, 28th August 2014, Maseru. \n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nMatšepo Mohau, Chief Information Officer, Office of the Auditor General, 17th September 2014, Maseru.","In practice, the supreme audit agency releases reports that are accessible to the citizens. The Office of the Auditor General publishes the audited financial statements and are accessed by the public at a nominal fee. During the period under review, the cost of the government’s aud..."]
["2014_LR_9",2014,"LR","Liberia",9,0,"The supreme audit institution has not published a single report in the last 12 months. Since the removal of its first auditor general in 2011, the General Auditing Commission has fallen short of reporting in time or being proactive in publishing audit reports. The latest reports on the agency's website dates back to 2012 and many of the officials talked to declined to comment on why the GAC was lagging behind in timely reporting. \n\nOfficially, the head of the forensic audit at the GAC said there were lots of reports pending but final review of the reports are being made to finalize for the press. He refused to say what the reports were and how many audit reports were being reviewed. The audit institution previously had a robust reporting. Reports were always available to the public and online within two weeks of release. \n\nThe GAC has gone through and is still going through a transition period. It has a new auditor general, and recently many GAC staffers were suspended for reasons unexplained to the media.","Interview: Larmii Kpargoi, Director, Liberia Media Center, Monrovia, 28/06/2014\n\nInterview: Momolu Kiadii, Teacher, AME University, Monrovia, 28/06/2014 \n\nInterview: Moses Kowo - Strategic Manager, GAC, Monrovia, 28/06/2014\n\nReports published by the Liberia GAC: http://gacliberia.com/content_list_sub.php?sub=129&related=26&third=129&pg=sp","The supreme audit institution has not published a single report in the last 12 months. Since the removal of its first auditor general in 2011, the General Auditing Commission has fallen short of reporting in time or being proactive in publishing audit reports. The latest reports on..."]
["2014_LY_9",2014,"LY","Libya",9,0,"After the Libyan revolution, the Audit Bureau issued two annual reports, 2012-2013, but neither report is accessible online, and on the official website of the Audit Bureau there are no monthly or periodic reports. Article 53 of Law No. 19 (2013) on the reorganisation of the Audit Bureau also states that the bureau shall publish one annual report about its activity and recommendations.","Interview with Alaa  Almaslati, Libya Audit Bureau agent, Washington, D.C. Sept. 22, 2014. \n\nInterview with Jamal Alamari, head of Warriors Against Corruption Organisation,  Sept. 18, 2014. \n\nLibyan Audit Bureau official website, accessed September 2014.\nhttp://www.audit.gov.ly/","After the Libyan revolution, the Audit Bureau issued two annual reports, 2012-2013, but neither report is accessible online, and on the official website of the Audit Bureau there are no monthly or periodic reports. Article 53 of Law No. 19 (2013) on the reorganisation of the Audit ..."]
["2014_MG_9",2014,"MG","Madagascar",9,0,"Il n'y a pas de publication de la Cour des Comptes.\n\nLa publication par les institutions de contrôle des finances publiques d’un rapport fréquent et accessible au public n’est pas du tout effective, aussi bien en termes de fréquence que d’accès. \n\nPour la Direction générale du contrôle financier qui assure le contrôle de toutes les opérations affectant les finances de l’Etat, elle ne fait aucune publication sous forme de rapport, ne serait ce que pour les cas se rapportant aux litiges d’obtention du visa. \n\nPar contre, le ministère des finances et du budget lequel assure, entre autres, « l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la politique financière, fiscale et budgétaire de l’Etat » publie sur son site, rubrique statistiques, sous-rubrique dépenses publiques la situation des engagements des dépenses publiques par trimestre (4 par an) pour tous les ministères : crédit disponible, montant engagement, reliquat disponible, avec comme dernière publication pour la période allant du 1er janvier 2014 au 30 mars 2014. Sur le site de la Direction générale du budget est publiée une situation globale par trimestre (dernière en date 1er trimestre 2014 avec situation des recettes et réalisation des dépenses. \n\nEnfin, l’Inspection Générale de l’Etat (IGE) n’a pas de site web.\n  \nIl peut être dit que la publication de rapports fréquents et accessibles au public n’existe pas. En effet, l’accès du grand public aux sites officiels est très aléatoire dans la mesure où le taux de pénétration de l’internet est encore faible à Madagascar, estimé à 1%. En plus, aucune publicité ou autre information n’est faite sur l’existence et le contenu du site.Toutefois, il est affirmé au sein du ministère des finances et du budget que cela existe, mais aucune information n’est disponible là-dessus. Peut-être, c’est en interne, et non pas pour le public, car le contrôle financier doit informer les chefs d’institution ou les membres du gouvernement de toute infraction passible de conseil de discipline budgétaire et financière. En outre, il saisit l’inspection générale de l’Etat en cas d’irrégularités graves constatées soit par le directeur général lui-même, soit par les directeurs du contrôle financier. Enfin, le magistrat à la Cour des comptes, auteur de l’article de la Revue MCI n’hésite pas à recommander que « les organes de contrôle (quel qu’il soient) doivent publier régulièrement des rapports publics qui doivent être publiés et commentés par les médias et l’opinion publique ». Une telle recommandation justifie encore l’inexistence de tels rapports.","RAKOTO Raharilanto Rado, chef de service d’appui à l’intégrité au ministère des finances et du budget, 05 juillet 2014.\n \n RASOLONJATOVO Jean Michel, La Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International), n° 65 et 66, 1er et 2ème trimestres 2014, « Réflexions pour une meilleure efficacité du contrôle des finances publiques ». www.cabinet-mci.com.\n \n Site du contrôle financier. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=58.\n \n Site du ministère des finances et du budget. http://www.mefb.gov.mg/\n \n Site de la Direction générale du budget, http://www.dgbudget.mg/.","Il n'y a pas de publication de la Cour des Comptes.\n\nLa publication par les institutions de contrôle des finances publiques d’un rapport fréquent e..."]
["2014_MW_9",2014,"MW","Malawi",9,0,"In line with Section 184 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, the Office of the Audititor General, through the National Audit Office of Malawi (NAO) submits annual reports to parliament through the Minister of Finance. The reports are often released late, at the end of the year. The much-awaited forensic audit report in the \"cash-gate\" corruption scandal, which was supposed to have been released to the public on 18 February 2014, has been delayed.\n\nThe corruption report covered the period between April to September 2013 was completed on 14 February 2014. It was carried out in association with the the London-based international accountancy firm, Baker Tilly, and investigated incidents surrounding the loss of $250 milllion of public funds in the Central Payment System. The forensic audit report was funded by  the UK Department for International Development (DFID), one of Malawi’s major aid doners. The report’s findings include payments to 16 companies valued at millions of Malawian kwacha where no evidence was provided to support the provision of goods or services in relation to the payments made -  and as such should be classified as theft of government funds and subject to appropriate legal action.\n\nFollowing the cash-gate audit report recommendations by Baker Tilly, the Malawi government has announced that it has launched a fresh audit into the Malawi Defence Force (MDF), Malawi Police Service (MPS) and State House.\n\nThe delay in the release of the \"cash-gate\" audit report has sparked anger among Malawians who are concerned that the government may be engaging in delaying tactics in view of the large number of people involved in the looting of taxpayers funds. The NAO’s website is currently unavailable. Its reports are neither available to the public online from its website at www.nao.mw or by post. Given the lack of access to information measures (the Access to Public Information Bill has yet to be passed) it is generally difficult for citizens to obtain information about public finances.","1. The Nation, Suzgo Khuga, 8 February 2014, 'Forensic Audit Report Delays Again', http://mwnation.com/forensic-audit-report-delays\n\n2. Robert Phiri, Executive  Director, Public Affairs  Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 4 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Andrew Kumbatira, Executive Director, Malawi Economic Justice Network, 18 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","In line with Section 184 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, the Office of the Audititor General, through the National Audit Office of Malawi (NAO) submits annual reports to parliament through the Minister of Finance. The reports are often released late, at the end of th..."]
["2014_ML_9",2014,"ML","Mali",9,0,"Le Bureau du Vérificateur Général (BVG), chargé du contrôle des finances publiques, publie un rapport annuel qui est disponible sur son site et est mis à la disposition des citoyens dès le lendemain de la remise officielle du document au Président de la République. \nSelon Chahana Takiou, ledit rapport est repris par les journalistes point par point qui, généralement, se chargent de sa vulgarisation.\n\nOutre les rapports annuels qui vont de 2005 à 2012, le BVG publie aussi des rapports individuels et des rapports bilans.","TESSOUGUÉ Daniel, ancien conseiller, Bureau du Vérificateur Général, 26 juin 2014\n\nTAKIOU Chahana, directeur de publication, journal 22 Septembre, 26 juin 2014\n\nSANGHO Oumar Sidi, conseiller en communication, Primature, 26 juin 2014\n\nRapports du Bureau du Vérificateur Général. http://www.bvg-mali.org/categorie/list/parent_id/23.html","Le Bureau du Vérificateur Général (BVG), chargé du contrôle des finances publiques, publie un rapport annuel qui est disponible sur son site et est mis à la disposition des citoyens dès le lendemain de la remise officielle du document au Président de la République. ..."]
["2014_MR_9",2014,"MR","Mauritania",9,0,"Le dernier rapport de la Cour des comptes date de 2006.\n\nLa culture de la redévabilité n’est pas encore  développée dans le paysage institutionnel mauritanien. Le constituant mauritanien ne l'a pas encore inscrite dans la loi fondamentale pourtant son insertion aurait contribué à enraciner cette condition essentielle à la gouvernance financière.  \n\nL’une des faiblesses du système de vérification des comptes publics provient également de cette absence d'interaction avec les ONG luttant contre la corruption. Ces écueils tendent à montrer combien le champ de la culture de la redevabilité demeure inachevé, il constitue un challenge pour les pouvoirs publics.  Face à des citoyens ayant une faible connaissance du fonctionnement de la structure de vérification des comptes publics s’y ajoute la problématique de la langue.  La plupart des documents officiels sont en français et une majorité de citoyens ne maitrisent guère cette langue. Ce décalage entre un public en partie arabophone ( et un autre francophone) ne facilite guère l’accès des citoyens aux rapports de la Cour des comptes.","1.  AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 14 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2.MBARECK Hacen, président de l'Association mauritanienne pour la promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3.OULD DIDI Mohameden, ancien directeur du Trésor et de la comptabilité publique, 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","Le dernier rapport de la Cour des comptes date de 2006.\n\nLa culture de la redévabilité n’est pas encore  développée dans le paysage institutionnel maur..."]
["2014_MU_9",2014,"MU","Mauritius",9,0,"The National Audit Office (NAO) issued no report to the public in 2014. It was a change from other years, when it regularly issued one or more reports. The government said the reason is that the National Assembly had been suspended is due to the General Elections scheduled for December 10, 2014.\n\nMs. Kwee Chow Tse Yuet Cheong, director of audit, confirmed that in practice, the NAO report is accessible to the public. She quoted that as per the Finance and Audit Act, the Annual Audit Reports of the Director of Audit on Government and Rodrigues Regional Assembly Accounts, Performance Audit Reports and the annual Activity and Performance Report of the NAO are submitted to the minister responsible for finance, who lays them before the National Assembly. Thereafter, they are posted on the NAO website, which is accessible to the public. She also said that as per the Statutory Bodies (Accounts and Audit) Act, Annual Reports of Statutory Bodies, including audited financial statements and the audit report of the director of audit are submitted to the responsible minister who tables them before the National Assembly.\n\nHer predecessor, Mr Rajun Jugurnath, said that the NAO has published its annual report without fail each year and that it receives wide publicity through the media. Furthermore, if the director notices any issue warranting a side publication, such reports are then written. Jayen Chellum, Secretary General of the Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM) stated that reports are tabled in a timely way each year as provided by the law.","1.        Kwee Chow Tse Yuet Cheong, Director of Audit, National Audit Office, 12 September 2014, by phone and mail\n2.        Rajun Jugurnath, former Director of Audit, 11 September 2014, by phone and mail\n3.        Jayen Chellum, General Secretary, Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), 10 September 2014, face-to-face interview\n4.        Website, National Audit Office, accessed September 2014, http://nao.gov.mu/English/ReportsandPublications/Pages/default.aspx","The National Audit Office (NAO) issued no report to the public in 2014. It was a change from other years, when it regularly issued one or more reports. The government said the reason is that the National Assembly had been suspended is due to the General Elections scheduled for Dece..."]
["2014_MA_9",2014,"MA","Morocco",9,25,"The Supreme Audit Institution publishes one or two reports per year in addition to other reports, such as the strategy Maroc Numeric report and currently other thematic reports assessing the compensation fund and pensions system. They are easily accessible and available on the Internet for download in Arabic and French versions. However, they are generally released more than one month after they are issued. To obtain a paper copy, the person has to file a request in person in their office in Rabat.","Website of the Supreme Audit Institution \"Cour des Comptes\" - http://www.courdescomptes.ma/index.php?id=52&no_cache=1&L=0 (last checked July 4th, 2014).\n\nLink to report on the national compensation fund http://www.courdescomptes.ma/fileadmin/rapcompfr.pdf (last checked July 4th, 2014).\n\nRachida Chami - PR manager - Cour des Comptes - phone interview 14/07/2014.\n\nLink to the Supreme Audit Institution's annual report 2012 - http://www.courdescomptes.ma/index.php?id=52&no_cache=1&tx_abdownloads_pi1[action]=getviewdetailsfordownload&tx_abdownloads_pi1[uid]=121&tx_abdownloads_pi1[category_uid]=53&tx_abdownloads_pi1[cid]=24&cHash=636bfa86a9c3846047dc1b132b2465fb (last checked July 4th, 2014).","The Supreme Audit Institution publishes one or two reports per year in addition to other reports, such as the strategy Maroc Numeric report and currently other thematic reports assessing the compensation fund and pensions system. They are easily accessible and available on the Inte..."]
["2014_MZ_9",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",9,50,"The opinions and verdicts of the Administrative Court are published regularly and are accessible to the public through the official page on the Internet (www.ta.gov.mz) as well as through the provincial representations of the court. In addition, reports can be requested in hard copy at the offices of the court. On average, the Administrative Court publishes between 10 and 12 reports (audit results from the various institutions, investigations, etc). However, the general account of the state and the main document are published annually.\n\nReports are under the section \"Publicacoes.\" The reports take more than one month to be published after being issued. The website does not seem to have been updated on the reports recently.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nAdministrative Court website, accessed July 2014.\nwww.ta.gov.mz ","The opinions and verdicts of the Administrative Court are published regularly and are accessible to the public through the official page on the Internet (www.ta.gov.mz) as well as through the provincial representations of the court. In addition, reports can be requested in hard cop..."]
["2014_NA_9",2014,"NA","Namibia",9,75,"For the financial year 2013/2014, the Auditor-General has audited 31 ministries, offices and departments, which are produced into reports. Once tabled, the reports are available in hard copies at the National Assembly, accessible to the public at photocopying fees of not more than N$5.00 (approximately .42 USD). The Auditor-General has also uploads financial reports of these different ministries, agencies and departments on its website.  \n\nVarious ministries, agencies and departments also publish their audited reports on their websites. \n\nHowever, there are delays in publishing these reports, but mostly as a result of late submissions by the ministries, agencies and departments. The Ministry of Finance has tried to make the process quicker by allowing the Attorney General to review individual ministries as they submit. Audited reports are available but might not be accessible to ordinary people as they are tabled in Windhoek and hence accessibility could be limited in rural areas. \n\n\nReviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree. In 2013 and 2014, the Auditor-General tabled 96 ministerial reports,  48 municipal reports,  47 regional council reports and audit report for the Namibia Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) also appears on the Auditor-General's website numbered 55/2014. The Auditor-General's office boasts of a capacity that can conduct more than 120 asset inspections and special investigations and produce more than 170 audit reports annually.","Uhuru Dempers, NANGOF Education Coordinator, Table Interview, 24 July 2014.\n\nThe Namibian newspaper,  Immanuel Shinovene, AG lambasts health ministry for N$53m under expenditure, September 26 2013 - See more at: http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=4060&page_type=story_detail#sthash.pHLBpm8T.dpuf.\n\nThe Villager Newspaper, Walter Barth,Summary report of the Auditor General\" 27 May 2014 found - http://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/6461/Summary-report-of-the-Auditor-General-on-the-accounts-of-the-Government-of-Namibia-for-the-financial-year-ended-March-31-2012/.\n\nlink to the Auditor's General's Reports, http://www.oag.gov.na/CG_FINREPORT_MAIN.html. \n\n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\n(1) Central Government Audit: http://www.oag.gov.na/report/1CGOV-Fin-Min-reportPage16.html.\n\n(2) Municipal Audit: http://www.oag.gov.na/report/WEB_FIN_MUN_TABLED_REPORTPage17.html.\n\n(3) Regional Councils Audit: http://www.oag.gov.na/report/WEB_FIN_REGCOUN_TABLED_REPORTPage6.html.\n\n(4) NBC Audit: http://www.oag.gov.na/report/reports/55_2014_NBC_2008_09.pdf.","For the financial year 2013/2014, the Auditor-General has audited 31 ministries, offices and departments, which are produced into reports. Once tabled, the reports are available in hard copies at the National Assembly, accessible to the public at photocopying fees of not more than ..."]
["2014_NE_9",2014,"NE","Niger",9,25,"La Cour des comptes a publié un rapport en 2010, un rapport en 2011, quatre rapports en 2012 et un seul rapport en 2013 sur son site web. \n\nMais la périodicité de sa production n'est pas connue du public. Aussi même si les rapports sont produits, ils ne sont publiés et mis en ligne sur internet que plusieurs mois après. \n\n A titre d’exemple, sur le site web de la Cour des comptes, les rapports les plus récents datent de 2013. Il y a aucun rapport ou résultat d'une investigation concernant l'année 2014, sur le site web de la Cour des comptes. Le rapport de la Cour des comptes est publié avec 6 mois à une année de retard par rapport à la période de l'enquête.","MOUNKAILA Nouhou Hamani, président de la 4ème chambre de la Cour des comptes, 10 septembre 2014.\n \n ABARCHI Djibril, président de l'Association Nigérienne de Défense des Droits de l’Homme (ANDDH), 10 septembre 2014.\n \n Site de la Cour des comptes du Niger:\n http://www.courdescomptes.ne/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=62 ( accédé 10 septembre 2014)","La Cour des comptes a publié un rapport en 2010, un rapport en 2011, quatre rapports en 2012 et un seul rapport en 2013 sur son site web. ..."]
["2014_NG_9",2014,"NG","Nigeria",9,0,"The auditor-general's office releases four reports per year. The reports are sent to the Senate and the House of Representatives. But the reports are not published publicly after consideration by both houses of Parliament.  \n\nGenerally, the latest reports are not available to the public in paper or soft copies. They are, however, routinely leaked to the media. On the auditor-general's website, only one, outdated audit report is published, covering the year 2007.","Interview with Victor Oluwaseun, correspondent, The Nation newspaper, who has knowledge of the House of Representatives Public Accounts Committee, Abuja, 10 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Emmanuel Ovuakporie, House of Representatives correspondent, who has specific knowledge of the auditor-general's office, 20 July 2014.\n\nOffice of the Auditor-General for the Federation website, accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www.oaugf.gov.ng/AuditReport.html#","The auditor-general's office releases four reports per year. The reports are sent to the Senate and the House of Representatives. But the reports are not published publicly after consideration by both houses of Parliament.  ..."]
["2014_RW_9",2014,"RW","Rwanda",9,0,"The Office of Auditor General (OAG) publishes one report per year; in terms of public availability, only 6 percent of Rwandans speak English, the language of the reports, and even fewer have access to the Internet. Reports are not made available in government offices, whether nationally or locally.\n\nOn the website of the Office of the Auditor General for state finances, 11 reports are listed, from 2002 to 2013. The office releases a report every year and submits it to the parliament. All the reports are published on the website of the office, http://www.oag.gov.rw/, making them accessible to the public.\n\nAccording to Bercar Nzabagerage, a journalist with KFM who reports on the economy, “The auditor general releases reports every year showing how the government’s money is spent, and the reports are accessible to citizens at some point. Although the reports are published on the office’s website, there should be a way of making the reports available to many people, including those who cannot access the Internet.\"\n\nIn a story by The New Times, dated May 26, 2014, the reporter covers the release of the 2013 report by the Office of the Auditor General for state finances.","Interview with Bercar Nzabagerageza, journalist with KFM who reports on the economy, July 10, 2014.\n\nOffice of the Auditor General website, accessed July 25, 2014. \nhttp://www.oag.gov.rw/spip.php?article46\n\nThe New Times, Ivan R. Mugisha, \"Auditor General says public accountability is improving,\" May 26, 2014. \nhttp://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-05-26/75542/","The Office of Auditor General (OAG) publishes one report per year; in terms of public availability, only 6 percent of Rwandans speak English, the language of the reports, and even fewer have access to the Internet. Reports are not made available in government offices, whether natio..."]
["2014_ST_9",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",9,25,"Between September 2013 and September 2014, two reports were released, one concerning the financial year 2013. The most recent regarding 2013 was published in late 2014. The first report on the state general account was released in 2013. The reports are available to the public through the court's website. \n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree, and wish to add a comment: In practice, very few citizens have access or seek access to the very few reports produced by the audit office.","Interview with Waldyner Boa Morte, press secretary, president of the Supreme Court, Nov. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nCourt of Auditors website, accessed Feb. 12, 2015. \nhttp://www.tcontas-st.com/juizes/","Between September 2013 and September 2014, two reports were released, one concerning the financial year 2013. The most recent regarding 2013 was published in late 2014. The first report on the state general account was released in 2013. The reports are available to the public throu..."]
["2014_SN_9",2014,"SN","Senegal",9,0,"La Cour des Comptes n’a pas encore produit de rapport couvrant la période d'étude (septembre 2013 - septembre 2014). Le dernier rapport date de 2012 et a été publié en 2014.  Il n’y a pas encore de rapport disponible qui ne figure pas dans le site. \n\nDurant ces douze derniers mois, la presse n’a cessé de révéler quelques audits faits par la Cours des comptes, non sans manquer de dénoncer les retards constatés dans la publication de son rapport annuel. Un retard lié à des procédures d'enquêtes selon un entretien avec un ancien membre de la Cour des comptes qui a préferé garder l'anonymat. D'autres personnes interrogées ont indiqué que le manque de moyens humains et financiers auquel la cour fait face, une situation décriée depuis longtemps, explique en partie cette faible production de rapports par la cour.","Anonyme, ancien président de la Cour des comptes, 29 juin 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nSite Internet de la Cour des comptes: http: //www.gouv.sn/Cour-des-comptes.html (14 rapports sont disponibles de 2001 à 2012). \n\nNDAO A., Xelmi.info, 11 octobre 2013. « Un rapport de la Cour des comptes qui sera bientôt publié enfonce Ndèye Khady Guèye » : http://www.xelmi.info/07-2013/un-rapport-de-la-cour-des-comptes-qui-sera-bientot-publie-enfonce-ndeye-khady-gueye","La Cour des Comptes n’a pas encore produit de rapport couvrant la période d'étude (septembre 2013 - septembre 2014). Le dernier rapport date de 2012 et a été publié en 2014.  Il n’y a pas encore de rapport disponible qui ne figure pas dans le site. ..."]
["2014_SC_9",2014,"SC","Seychelles",9,50,"The Office of Auditor General (OAG) publishes three reports per year. The reports are published more than one month after being issued. They are available on the OAG website, and on paper upon request. It takes about one week after a request to obtain them, and there is no charge. \n\nAnnual reports issued between 2008 and 2012 on performance audit relating to specific areas included management of treatment for people living with HIV and AIDS, performance Audit of the Management of Police Vehicles (July 2013), Performance Audit of Public Utilities Corporation (May 2012), Performance audit of Seychelles Tourism Board (December 2011), Strategy document: OAG Performance audit Strategy, Strategic Plan 2009-2013.\n\nThe auditor general also must also yearly submit a report to the legislature. Within six months after the end of the financial year, he or she submits to the National Assembly a report on the activities of the office during the said financial year. The auditor general may also address a special report to the National Assembly on any matter he or she considers important or urgent.","OAG Website, http://www.oag.sc/downloads, undated, accessed 08 September 2014.\n\nHon.David Pierre, Leader of Opposition, Chairperson of Finance and Public Accounts Committee, National Assembly Building, Ile du Port, interview on 02 September, 2014. \n\nMarco Francis, Chairman, Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Ebrahim Building, interview on 02 September 2014.","The Office of Auditor General (OAG) publishes three reports per year. The reports are published more than one month after being issued. They are available on the OAG website, and on paper upon request. It takes about one week after a request to obtain them, and there is no charge. ..."]
["2014_SL_9",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",9,50,"The Auditor General of the Audit Service Sierra Leone is mandated to carry out audits on the efficiency and effectiveness of the economy. The Auditor General is the independent auditor of the country reporting to the Parliament of Sierra Leone. \n\nOver the year, the Audit Service had only published two types of reports including the annual public accounts of Sierra Leone and the annual performance audit reports in various government institutions in the country.\n\nThe Audit Institution does not publishes more than three reports per year and in most cases, the reports are published more than one month after they have been issued.\n\nThe annual public accounts of Sierra Leone is presented to the Parliament of Sierra Leone immediately after auditing and are also published on the Audit Service's website (http://www.auditservice.gov.sl) for public access free of charge.\n\nIn 2013, the Audit Service releases the performance report on the allocation of State Lands by the Lands Ministry and the performance Audit report on the rehabilitation of prisoners by the Sierra Leone Prisons service. In December 2013, the Audit Service also released the report on the Accounts of Sierra Leone for the financial year ended 31st December, 2012. They are all available at the institution's website.","Interview with Martin Sandy, information, education and communications officer, Audit Service Sierra Leone, 8 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Mohamed Konneh, business reporter/secretary, Budget Advocacy Network, Freetown, 27 June 2014. \n\nInterview with Alie Moigboi, procurement officer, Environment Protection Agency, Freetown, 3 June 2014. \n\n ","The Auditor General of the Audit Service Sierra Leone is mandated to carry out audits on the efficiency and effectiveness of the economy. The Auditor General is the independent auditor of the country reporting to the Parliament of Sierra Leone. ..."]
["2014_SO_9",2014,"SO","Somalia",9,0,"Since the state collapse in 1991, the Office of the Auditor General has not functioned well, in terms of staff selection, overall performance and publication of audit reports. The agency publishes no reports whatsoever and there are no records available to the public, neither in paper nor online.","Website review homepage of the Auditor General: \nhttp://www.oag.gov.so/index.html, accessed November 2014\n\nProf. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous, Expertise on Auditing\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 16, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAli Saed Isse\nLecturer\nFaculty of Economics and Social Sciences\nPuntland State University\nBossaso, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Since the state collapse in 1991, the Office of the Auditor General has not functioned well, in terms of staff selection, overall performance and publication of audit reports. The agency publishes no reports whatsoever and there are no records available to the public, neither in pa..."]
["2014_ZA_9",2014,"ZA","South Africa",9,100,"Between September 2013 and June 2014, when this research was conducted, the Auditor General had published more than 25 reports. These reports are available online and are easily accessible for those with an Internet connection. \n\nOne of the latest available reports concerns the public expenditures of national, provincial departments as well as public entities (November 2013). The report covers the 2012/2013 financial year, which ended on 31 March 2013. This means that it takes the Auditor General some seven months to compile this particular report.\n\nResearcher Karin Alexander says that Chapter 9 institutions, which were established to protect the constitution and democracy, such as the Auditor General are performing well, and are operating independently from the government. She confirms that the Auditor General published regular reports. \n\nHowever, as far as accessibility is concerned, though about 40 percent of the population of 51 million has access to the Internet, this does not automatically equate to daily access by this portion of the population, as quality might not be good enough or adequate to download documents. Additionally, people living in rural areas tend not to have access to the Web.","Interview with researcher and political analyst Karin Alexander (26 June 2014 / Garden Centre Cape Town).\n\nWebsite of the Auditor General of South Africa (see document section), accessed June 2014.\nhttp://www.agsa.co.za/Documents/Auditreports.aspx\n\nPFMA audit outcomes of national and provincial governments (November 2013), http://www.agsa.co.za/Documents/Auditreports/PFMAgeneralreportsnational.aspx","Between September 2013 and June 2014, when this research was conducted, the Auditor General had published more than 25 reports. These reports are available online and are easily accessible for those with an Internet connection. ..."]
["2014_SS_9",2014,"SS","South Sudan",9,0,"The National Audit Chamber, which is the agency responsible for auditing financial expenditure in South Sudan’s public institutions, does not release frequent reports accessible to citizens.\n\nThis is due, in part, to the infancy of the institution. Since its formation in 2009, the National Audit Chamber has only released audit reports for the financial years 2005-2006, 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. This is the only information available on the agency’s website. Steven Wondu, the auditor general, told reporters in November 2013 that the agency is working to recruit and train more staff so it can conduct audits of government institutions and release reports more frequently than it does now.\n\nThough the National Audit Chamber has released a few reports, these reports are not easily accessible by citizens. The reports were presented to members of parliament and published on the agency’s website. However, few people know of the website or can access it.","Interview with Denis Ejulu, reporter, The Corporate newspaper, July 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nCenter for Strategic Studies, Research Paper No. 4, Kate Almquist Knopf, \"Fragility and State-Society Relations in South Sudan,\"  September 2013.\nhttp://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ARP-4-EN.pdf\n\nNational Audit Chamber annual reports.\nhttp://www.auditchamber-ss.org/reports-1-annual.html","The National Audit Chamber, which is the agency responsible for auditing financial expenditure in South Sudan’s public institutions, does not release frequent reports accessible to citizens...."]
["2014_SD_9",2014,"SD","Sudan",9,0,"The National Audit Chamber website contains 10 publications (reports/studies/recommendations/letters], however, all of the publications date back to 2010 and 2011. There are no current or updated reports available.\n\nThe latest report available online at the chamber website is a summary of the final annual report for the year 2010. However, even for 2010, there is no full report available on the website.\n\nThe national auditor chamber in Sudan usually creates one report per year, however, the reports are not available to citizens, despite the institution's right to publish reports.","[Interview] Kamal Karar, journalist, Al-Midan newspaper, Oct. 22, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Phone interview] Asim Ismail, journalist, Al-sayha newspaper, Oct. 22, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Sidgi Kaballo, Ph.D. in economics, Oct. 23. 2014, Khartoum.\n\nThe National Audit Chamber website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.audit.gov.sd/","The National Audit Chamber website contains 10 publications (reports/studies/recommendations/letters], however, all of the publications date back to 2010 and 2011. There are no current or updated reports available...."]
["2014_SZ_9",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",9,0,"While the Ministry of Finance’s Internal Audit Department did monitor government spending in 2014, this activity cannot be closely scrutinized by the public because the department does not publicly release reports routinely. Its annual report covers the entire fiscal year and is usually released publicly each September. However, the report was not released for 2013. This report documents most offices that were included in the annual budget to monitor their expenditures, but the report is broad rather than deep, and not much detail of the audits is presented. \n\nFor the fiscal year 2012-13 ending March 31, 2013), the auditor general's annual report has not been posted on the government Web site, unllike previous years.","Interview: Elizabeth Matsebula, deputy accountant general, Mbabane, 3 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Thomas Ginindza, journalist and financial writer, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014.\n\nAuditor's General Tabled Reports on Swaziland Government's website: http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1544:e-procurement-readiness-assessment-questionaire-&catid=1:latest-news","While the Ministry of Finance’s Internal Audit Department did monitor government spending in 2014, this activity cannot be closely scrutinized by the public because the department does not publicly release reports routinely. Its annual report covers the entire fiscal year and is us..."]
["2014_TZ_9",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",9,50,"The website of the National Audit Office (NAOT) has three different categories of reports: CAG general reports, Performance reports and other audit reports. During the study period, NAOT published two reports dated May 7 and 8, 2014, on its website. The May 7, 2014, publication contains the reports of the financial year 2012/2013 reports under the title CAG General Report.  \n\nThe May 8 publication contains six performance reports. Four out of the six reports were issued on March 4, 2014, while the other two reports were issued on Dec. 2, 2013.  Based on the NAOT website, the reports are published more than one month after issuance.  \n\nAccording to a staffer at the NAO, the NAO publishes at least one national report per year showing the status of all public organizations in Tanzania. These reports are published online and on paper. The paper reports are distributed for free to all who need it shortly after being published or upon request at photocopying cost.","1. A REPORT OF THE CONTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA. March, 2014,  http://nao.go.tz/?wpfb_dl=115. \n\n2. A REPORT OF THE CONTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL  OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA, DECEMBER 2013, http://nao.go.tz/?wpfb_dl=120.  \n\n3. REPORT OF THE CONTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MARCH 2014, http://nao.go.tz/?wpfb_dl=118.\n\n4. Sacked Tanesco lawyer speaks out on escrow, The citizens, November, 28, 2014,  http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Sacked-Tanesco-lawyer-speaks-out-on-escrow/-/1840392/2537802/-/v73lbwz/-/index.html.","The website of the National Audit Office (NAOT) has three different categories of reports: CAG general reports, Performance reports and other audit reports. During the study period, NAOT published two reports dated May 7 and 8, 2014, on its website. The May 7, 2014, publication con..."]
["2014_TG_9",2014,"TG","Togo",9,0,"La Cour des comptes publie rarement des rapports ; un seul rapport a été publié cette année (en décembre 2013 sur l'exécution de la loi des finances 2011). \n \n Les rapports sont publiés sur le site de la Cour des comptes et donc accessibles au public. Mais les actions de la Cour des comptes ne sont pas connues de la population et il n’y a pas d’informations suffisantes à son sujet.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n AHOUELETÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.\n \n TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, Lomé, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 11 juillet 2014.\n http://courdescomptestogo.org/index.php/nos-publications.\n \n FARIA Abbé, Liberté Togo, 6 avril 2014, «La Cour des comptes épingle la Présidence sur les dépenses du personnel et l’écart qui a existé entre les prévisions de recettes non fiscales». \n http://www.togoactualite.com/cour-comptes-epingle-presidence-les-depenses-du-personnel-lecart-existe-les-previsions-recettes-fiscales/.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.","La Cour des comptes publie rarement des rapports ; un seul rapport a été publié cette année (en décembre 2013 sur l'exécution de la loi des finances 2011). \n ..."]
["2014_TN_9",2014,"TN","Tunisia",9,0,"The \"Cour des Comptes\" publishes one yearly report awhich presents the activities conducted over the year, the various investigations, the budget and the main objectives for the following year (fighting corruption, controlling administrative costs). \n\nIn the past few years the Cour des Comptes published an extra report in 2012 on the elections that took place in 2011. These are available for free, only in Arabic, on the Cour des Comptes website.\n\nThere is a two-year delay in publishing. For example, the report of 2012 was published in 2014, thus, only one report was published during the period of study.","Interview with Béchir Tekaya, chief accountant, 14 June 2014, University of Tunis. \n\n\"Cour des Comptes\" website, accessed on 16 June 2014. \nwww.courdescomptes.nat.tn\n\nCour des Comptes, 28th annual report, May 2014. \nhttp://www.courdescomptes.nat.tn/upload/rapport/28rapport/rapport28.pdf","The \"Cour des Comptes\" publishes one yearly report awhich presents the activities conducted over the year, the various investigations, the budget and the main objectives for the following year (fighting corruption, controlling administrative costs). ..."]
["2014_UG_9",2014,"UG","Uganda",9,50,"In the past 12 months, the Office of the Auditor General has produced only the five mandatory annual reports, i.e. the Performance Report; the Central Government Financial Report; the Local Authorities Financial Report; the Statutory Corporations Financial Report, and the Value for Money Audits. However, according to the office, these five reports (also referred to as volumes) are considered to make up the one annual report of the auditor general that was presented to the parliament in June 2014. \n\nThe Office of the Auditor General’s official Web site had the five reports uploaded, the only ones posted in the past 12 months. The reports are published once a year. To widen accessibility and reduce costs, the office has cut back on production of hard-copy reports but increased dissemination through electronic means by uploading the audit reports and through the distribution of less-costly CDs to stakeholders. \n\nA visit to the Office of the Auditor General's Resource Center revealed that it is open to the public, but reports produced in the time frame of the study have not been printed in hard copy. The office is financially constrained to print out the reports. To overcome this bottleneck, the resource center has computers through which visitors can access the most recent reports online.","Anonymous, Kampala, 9 July 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nOffice of the Auditor General home page\nhttp://www.oag.go.ug/ \n\nOffice of the Auditor General reports\nhttp://www.oag.go.ug/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=sections&Itemid=10.","In the past 12 months, the Office of the Auditor General has produced only the five mandatory annual reports, i.e. the Performance Report; the Central Government Financial Report; the Local Authorities Financial Report; the Statutory Corporations Financial Report, and the Value for..."]
["2014_ZM_9",2014,"ZM","Zambia",9,50,"The Office of the Auditor General regularly investigates irregularities and reveals its findings, especially where and when the irregularities are discovered throughout the year. However, the number of reports is usually fewer than 10 in a given year, and it is unclear how many reports the audit agency is supposed to publish. For instance, in July 2014, at least five special reports were published. \n\nOnly one full report is published yearly, covering all ministries and public institutions. After submission of the report, it is made available online on the National Assembly website, as well as other interested organizations' websites. The report can also be obtained from the Government Printers, which is the official printing company of the government. According to the research, however, the office runs out of copies often. Some of the reports are published late, as the report about financial management, which was published more than than a year after it was finalised. For example, the report released in 2014 reveals irregularities for the year 2011.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nU.S. Anti-Corruption Resources Centre, \"Zambia: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption, The Office of The Auditor General,\" Page 8, 16 April 2014. http://www.u4.no/publications/zambia-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption\n\nLusaka Voice, \"Over K500 million has been mismanaged by parastatals – Auditor General’s report,\" 26 April 2014.\nhttp://lusakavoice.com/2014/04/26/over-k500-million-has-been-mismanaged-by-parastatals-auditor-generals-report/\n\nOffice of the Auditor General (Zambia), Reports by type, http://www.ago.gov.zm/report.html, accessed August 2014\n \nOffice of the Auditor General (Zambia), Organisation of the office, Reporting and types of reports produced, accessed August 2014.\nhttp://www.ago.gov.zm/organisationofoag.html","The Office of the Auditor General regularly investigates irregularities and reveals its findings, especially where and when the irregularities are discovered throughout the year. However, the number of reports is usually fewer than 10 in a given year, and it is unclear how many rep..."]
["2014_ZW_9",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",9,0,"While the auditor-general's office is expected to prepare and publish reports on an annual basis, this has not been the case in Zimbabwe. In an interview with a reporter for The Herald in April 2014, the auditor-general, Mildred Chiri, indicated that although her mandate is to audit the accounts, financial systems and financial management of all departments, institutions and agencies of the government and produce annual audit reports that are tabled in parliament [as defined in Section 309 of the constitution, and by the Audit Office Act (Chapter 22:18)], the office is facing challenges affecting delivery of its mandate.\n\nSome entities do not submit their financial statements for audit in time, and as a result reports take more than a year to be tabled in parliament. She also mentioned that her staff had not increased in tandem with the size of the public sector to enable it to do all the audits simultaneously. The office normally receives funding from the government late, and audits might not commence as planned. \n\nDuring her interview with The Herald reporter, Chiri admitted that the office might take a year to submit a report to the parliament.\n\nThe auditor-general consolidates findings from all audits into an annual report that is tabled in parliament. The office also produces \"value for money audit reports\" that are also tabled in parliament independent of the annual report. All these reports become public upon tabling, and in addition hard copies can be obtained from the auditor-general’s office. These reports are available on the auditor-general website for 2012 and 2013.","Interview with J. Munda, journalist, Humanitarian Information Facilitation Center (HIFC), 3 Aug. 2014, Harare. \n\nThe Herald, \"We’re on top of the situation: Audit boss,\" April 5, 2014, accessed 7 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.herald.co.zw/were-on-top-of-the-situation-audit-boss/ \n\nOffice of the Auditor General-Zimbabwe.\nhttp://www.auditgen.gov.zw/index.php/reports","While the auditor-general's office is expected to prepare and publish reports on an annual basis, this has not been the case in Zimbabwe. In an interview with a reporter for The Herald in April 2014, the auditor-general, Mildred Chiri, indicated that although her mandate is to audi..."]
["2014_DZ_10",2014,"DZ","Algeria",10,100,"En Algérie, la corruption est criminalisée. La loi n°06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption consacre vingt articles pour le volet « des incriminations ». Voici, par exemple, ce que stipule l’article 25 : « sont punis d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d’une amende de 20.000 DA ($200) à 1.000.000 DA ($8000) :\n 1° Le fait de promettre d’offrir, d’accorder à un agent public, directement ou indirectement un avantage indu, soit pour lui-même ou pour une autre personne ou entité, afin qu’il accomplisse ou s’abstienne d’accomplir un acte dans l’exercice de ses fonctions ; \n2° Le fait pour un agent public, de solliciter ou d’accepter, directement ou indirectement, un avantage indu, pour lui-même ou pour une autre personne ou entité, afin qu’il accomplisse ou s’abstienne d’accomplir un acte relevant de ses fonctions ». \nL'article 33 dispose que « est puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d’une amende de 200.000 DA à 1000.000 DA, le fait, pour un agent public, d’abuser intentionnellement de ses fonctions ou de son poste en accomplissant ou en s’abstenant d’accomplir, dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, un acte de violation des lois et des règlements afin d’obtenir un avantage indu pour lui-même ou pour une autre personne ou entité ».\n\nPar ailleurs, L’article 42 de la même loi dispose que « le blanchiment du produit des crimes prévus par la présente loi est puni des mêmes peine prévues par la législation en vigueur en la matière ».","Gov.UK, Overseas Business Risk - Algeria, Sept. 10, 2014.\nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-algeria/overseas-business-risk-algeria\n\nGlobalSecurity.org, Algérie corruption, Militaire.\nhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/algeria/corruption.htm\n\nLa loi n°06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption, Articles 25, 26, 27, 28, 39,30,31, 32; 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42. 2006\nhttp://www.droit.mjustice.dz/loi_prev_lut_corrupt.pdf","En Algérie, la corruption est criminalisée. La loi n°06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption consacre vingt articles pour le volet « des incriminations ». Voici, par exemple, ce que stipule l’article 25 : « sont punis d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans ..."]
["2014_AO_10",2014,"AO","Angola",10,100,"The following Angolan laws clearly define and criminalize extortion, offering or accepting bribes, abuses of office, kickbacks, money laundering, etc., as acts of corruption. \n \nArticles 343 to 351 of the Penal Code criminalize bribery, embezzlement, kickbacks, trafficking, using public resources for private gain, etc., as acts of corruption. Article 18 of Probity Law No. 03/10 of March 29, 2010, prohibits public servants from requesting or accepting, directly or indirectly, gifts from individuals or companies, that could compromise their impartiality and integrity, and the image of the state/public administration. Article 25 also prohibits public servants from taking any undue patrimonial advantage, by virtue of their office, mandate, position or employment and also clear states that any act of unlawful enrichment is considered an act of public improbity. Law No. 34/11 of Dec. 12, 2011, prohibits money laundering and the use of office for undue financial advantage internally and abroad.","NORAD, Negócios Corrupção em Angola, Outubro de 2014.\nhttp://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/angola/snapshot.aspx\n\nForbes, Cobalt Internacional de Energia: Petróleo, Angola e Corrupção, 17 de agosto de 2014.\nhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/francescoppola/2014/08/17/cobalt-international-energy-sec-alleges-corruption-in-angolan-operations/\n\nLaw No. 13/03 of June 10,  2003, article 1 ( c)) \n\nLaw of Combat of Money Laundering and Funding of Terrorism, Law No. 34/11 of Dec. 12,  2011\n\nPenal Code, 1886,  Articles 343 to 351\n \nLaw on Public Probity, Law  No. 03/10 of March 29,  2010, Articles 18 and 25 \n\nDecree No 26/90 of  Oct. 12,  1990 ","The following Angolan laws clearly define and criminalize extortion, offering or accepting bribes, abuses of office, kickbacks, money laundering, etc., as acts of corruption. \n ..."]
["2014_BJ_10",2014,"BJ","Benin",10,100,"La Loi portant sur la lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin pénalise la corruption. L'article 2 de cette loi définit les différentes formes d'infractions dont pourrait être coupable un prévenu qui agirait  « sans le droit ». Agir sans droit est :\n\n- le fait d’agir sans habilitation ou sans autorisation en vertu d’une loi ou d’un contrat;\n- le fait de dépasser les limites de son habilitation ou de son autorisation;\n- le fait d’agir sans l’autorisation ou l’habilitation de l’entité privée ou publique compétente, conformément aux textes en vigueur, à l’octroyer en vue d’utiliser, d’administrer, de contrôler un système informatique ou de dérouler des recherches scientifiques ou d’effectuer toutes autres opérations dans un système informatique.\n\nBlanchiment de capitaux, actes commis intentionnellement, à savoir:\n\n- la conversion, le transfert ou la manipulation de biens dont l’auteur sait qu’ils proviennent d’un crime ou d’un délit, dans le but de dissimuler ou de déguiser l’origine illicite desdits biens ou d’aider toute personne impliquée dans la commission de ce crime ou délit à échapper aux conséquences judiciaires de ses actes :\n- la dissimulation, le déguisement de la nature, de l’origine, de l’emplacement, de la disposition, du mouvement ou de la capacité réelle de biens et de droits relatifs dont l’auteur sait qu’ils proviennent d’un crime ou d’un délit, tels que définis par le droit positif béninois, ou d’une participation à ce crime\n- l’acquisition, la détention ou l’utilisation de biens dont l’auteur sait, au moment de la réception desdits biens, qu’ils proviennent d’un crime ou d’un délit ou d’une participation à ce crime ou à ce délit.\nIl est indifférent que les faits à l’origine de l’acquisition, de la détention et du transfert des biens à blanchir soient commis sur le territoire d’un autre État.\n\nCavalerie : techniques d’escroquerie basée sur une course permanente entre la collecte de nouveaux fonds et des paiements visant à donner confiance. Une vitrine fictive sert à expliquer les gains auprès des bailleurs de fonds.\n\nConflit d’intérêts : il y a conflit d’intérêts dans tous les cas où un agent public possède à titre personnel, des intérêts qui pourraient influer ou paraître influer sur la manière dont il s’acquitte de ses fonctions et des responsabilités qui lui seraient ou sont confiées aux termes de ses fonctions ou d’un acte déterminé.\n\nEnrichissement illicite : augmentation substantielle du patrimoine d’un agent public, que celui-ci ne peut raisonnablement justifier par rapport à ses revenus légitimes.\n\nEscroquerie : est le fait, soit par l’usage d’un faux nom ou d’une fausse qualité, soit par l’abus d’une qualité vraie, soit par l’emploi de manœuvres frauduleuses, de tromper une personne physique ou morale et de la déterminer ainsi, à son préjudice ou au préjudice d’un tiers, à remettre des fonds, des valeurs ou un bien quelconque, à fournir un service ou à consentir un acte opérant obligation ou décharge.\n\nFonctionnaire d’une organisation internationale publique : fonctionnaire international ou toute personne autorisée par une telle organisation à agir en son nom.\n\nRecel : le fait de dissimuler, de détenir ou de transmettre une chose, ou de faire office d’intermédiaire afin de la transmettre, en sachant que cette chose provient d’un crime ou d’un délit. C’est aussi le fait, en toute connaissance de cause, de bénéficier par tout moyen, du produit d’un crime ou d’un délit.","Transparency International, Corruption Help Desk, le Bénin, le 30 Juin, 2014\nhttp://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Country_profile_Benin_2014_FR.pdf\n\nLoi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. (2011). Article 2. http://assemblee-nationale.bj/fr/dernieres-lois-votees/339-loi-corruption/file","La Loi portant sur la lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin pénalise la corruption. L'article 2 de cette loi définit les différentes formes d'infractions dont pourrait être coupable un prévenu qui agirait  « sans le droit ». Agir sans droi..."]
["2014_BW_10",2014,"BW","Botswana",10,100,"According to Sections 23-24 of the Corruption and Economic Crime (CEC) Act of 1994, offering and acceptance of a bribe, conflict of interests, kickbacks and money laundering all fall under the umbrella of corruption. \n\nThe Corruption and Economic Crime Act does not give a clear-cut definition for \"corruption,\" but rather it lists actions that point to corruption under Section 23. Simply put, the definition of corruption entails ”abuse of official position for personal gain, or offering, accepting or soliciting a valuable consideration as an inducement or reward for doing or not doing an act, which amounts to abusing one’s official position.\"\n\nSection 12 of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act states that a person arrested under Section 10 shall be taken as soon as possible to a police station to be dealt with in accordance with the provision of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.\n\nSection 10 states if any person is charged with a criminal offence, then, unless the charge is withdrawn, the case shall be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established or recognised by law.","Transparency International, 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index.\nhttps://www.transparency.org/cpi2014\n\nMail & Guardian Africa, Botswana, Cape Verde ranked least corrupt in Africa but new report makes uncomfortable reading for continent, Dec. 8, 2014.\nhttp://mgafrica.com/article/2014-12-03-the-scourge-of-our-times-botswana-gets-top-marks-but-this-corruption-report-will-make-uncomfortable-reading-for-africa\n\nCorruption and Economic Crime Act 1994, Sections 10, 12 and 23-35.\nhttps://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Botswana_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime_Act_1994.pdf","According to Sections 23-24 of the Corruption and Economic Crime (CEC) Act of 1994, offering and acceptance of a bribe, conflict of interests, kickbacks and money laundering all fall under the umbrella of corruption. ..."]
["2014_BF_10",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",10,100,"La corruption fait partie de ces crimes, comme la cybercriminalité, qui sont reconnus comme tels sans pour autant qu'il y ait des lois singulières et claires à ce propos au Burkina Faso. \n\nCependant, le Code pénal fait mention des crimes punis par la loi et qui sont des faits de corruption. \nL'article 85 du Code pénal stipule que \"Les délits de vol, escroquerie, abus de confiance, abus de blanc-seing, recel de choses, détournement de deniers publics ou d'objets saisis, extorsion de fonds, filouteries, corruption, concussion, délits relatifs au chèque et infractions en matière de société sont considérés comme un même délit au point de vue de la récidive.\"\n\nL'article 156 : «est puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à cinq ans et d’une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des choses reçues ou demandées, sans que ladite amende soit inférieure à 600 000 francs, tout fonctionnaire de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, tout militaire ou assimilé, tout agent ou préposé de l’administration, toute personne investie d’un mandat électif qui agrée des offres ou promesses, qui reçoit des dons ou présents, pour faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, même juste, mais non sujet à salaire.» \n\nArticle 158 du code pénal: « Le délit de corruption active est constitué quand une personne contraint ou tente de contraindre par voies de fait ou menaces, corrompt ou tente de corrompre les personnes de la qualité exprimée à l’article 156, que cette initiative ait eu ou pas d’effet » ;\n\nLes articles 154 et 155 font aussi mention des cas de détournement de deniers publics à des fins personnelles, ce qui est puni par la loi.  \n\nPar ailleurs, des organisations de la société civile comme le REN-LAC mène depuis plusieurs années une lutte pour «faire adopter une loi spécifique anti-corruption à même de faire reculer de manière significative la corruption» par le gouvernement. Plusieurs rencontres ont été tenues à cet effet en 2011 et 2012 et les recommandations devraient faire l'objet d'une proposition d'une loi à l'Assemblée nationale. \n\nLors du Conseil des ministres du 02 octobre 2013 le gouvernement a adopté un projet de loi portant prévention et répression de la corruption au Burkina Faso mais jusqu'à présent cette loi n'a pas été votée à l'Assemblée nationale et donc n'est pas opérationnelle. Le projet de loi est difficile d'accès mais on sait déjà qu'il comporte 5 titres de 81 articles contenus dans 49 pages. Il prévoit des mesures préventives des actes de corruption comme le principe de la déclaration des biens des agents publics, la transparence dans le recrutement d’agents publics. Elle étend la définition de la corruption aux agents du secteur privé tout comme elle étend la liste des personnes pouvant être poursuivies pour faits de corruption. L’érection de certains actes en infraction, la création de nouvelles infractions comme le délit d’apparence, l’alourdissement des peines encourues, la corruption d’agents publics étrangers, la protection des dénonciateurs de faits de corruption, l’accès des citoyens à l’information, le droit de saisine judiciaire des organisations de la société civile œuvrant dans la lutte contre la corruption, l’incrimination de l’acceptation de cadeaux sont prévus dans ce projet de loi. Le tribunal correctionnel reste compétent pour juger les cas de corruption même si les peines sont supérieures à 5 ans.","Transparency International, Daily Nouvelles corruption, le Burkina Faso, le 30 octobre 2014.\nhttp://www.transparency.org/news/dcn_news/daily_corruption_news_30_october_2014\n\nAlJazeera,\"Burkina Faso Parlement incendié en signe de protestation,\" le 30 octobre 2014.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/10/protesters-storm-burkina-faso-parliament-20141030103451460862.html\n\nLoi No. 043/96/ADP du 13 novembre 1996 portant Code pénal. http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/Penal-Code.pdf","La corruption fait partie de ces crimes, comme la cybercriminalité, qui sont reconnus comme tels sans pour autant qu'il y ait des lois singulières et claires à ce propos au Burkina Faso. ..."]
["2014_BI_10",2014,"BI","Burundi",10,100,"L'utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées; l'utilisation des renseignements confidentiels de l’État à des fins personnelles; conspiration ou tentative de commettre l’une des infractions susmentionnées (extorsion, versement ou acceptation de pot-de-vin) sont punies par la loi anticorruption du Burundi.\n\nArticle 420 :\nEst punie d’une servitude pénale de cinq ans à dix ans et d’une amende portée du simple jusqu’au double de la valeur du profit illicite acquis, toute personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique, chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat public électif, qui a sollicité ou agréé, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, pour son propre compte ou pour le compte d’autrui, des offres, des dons, des présents ou des avantages quelconques pour accomplir ou s’abstenir d’accomplir un acte de sa fonction ou de son mandat ou facilité par sa fonction, sa mission ou son mandat.\n\nArticle 421 :\nEst punie d’une servitude pénale de dix ans à quinze ans et d’une amende portée du simple jusqu’au double de la valeur du profit illicite acquis, toute personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique, chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat public électif, qui a sollicité ou agréé, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, pour son propre compte ou pour le compte d’autrui, des offres, des dons, des présents ou des avantages quelconques pour accomplir un acte injuste.","Transparency International, Armée et police Préparatifs pour la lutte contre la corruption au Burundi, le 5 Juin 2014.\nhttp://www.ti-defence.org/what-we-do/news-events/blog/276-army-police-fight-corruption-burundi.html\n\nLoi n°1 / 05 du 22 avril 2009 portant révision du Code pénal, titre VI : Des crimes et délits de nature économique et contre la chose publique, Chapitre II : de la corruption et des infractions connexes.\nhttps://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/a24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142/cb9d300d8db9fc37c125707300338af2/$FILE/Code%20P%C3%A9nal%20du%20Burundi%20.pdf","L'utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées; l'utilisation des renseignements confidentiels de l’État à des fins personnelles; conspiration ou tentative de commettre l’une des infractions susmentionnées (extorsion, versement ou acceptation de pot-de-vin) sont punies p..."]
["2014_CM_10",2014,"CM","Cameroon",10,100,"Au Cameroun,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 134, 140, et 184 du Code pénal:\n\nL'article 134 stipule que « (1) Est puni d'un emprisonnement de cinq à dix ans et d'une amende de 200.000 à 2.000.000 de francs, tout fonctionnaire ou agent public qui, pour lui-même ou pour un tiers, sollicite, agrée ou reçoit des offres, promesses, dons ou présents pour faire, s'abstenir de faire ou ajourner un acte de sa fonction. (2) L'emprisonnement est de 1 à 5 ans et l'amende de 100.000 à 1.000.000 de francs si l'acte n'entrait pas dans les attributions de la personne corrompue, mais a été cependant facilité par sa fonction. (3) Est puni des peines prévues à l'alinéa 2 précédent, tout fonctionnaire ou agent public qui sollicite ou accepte une rétribution en espèce ou en nature pour lui-même ou pour un tiers, en rémunération d'un acte déjà accompli ou une abstention passée.»\n\nL'article 134 bis  stipule que « (1) Quiconque, pour obtenir soit l'accomplissement, l'ajournement ou l'abstention d'un acte, soit une des faveurs ou avantages vus à l'article précédent, fait des promesses, offres, dons, présents ou cède à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, est puni des peines prévues à l'article 134, alinéa 1er, ci-dessus, que la corruption ait ou non produit son effet. (2) Est puni des peines prévues à l'alinéa 2 de l'article précédent, celui qui fait des dons, présents ou cède aux sollicitations tendant à rémunérer un acte déjà accompli ou une abstention passée. »\n\nL'article 140  stipule que « (1) Est puni d'un emprisonnement de trois mois à un an et d'une amende de 5.000 à 50.000 francs ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement, tout fonctionnaire qui abuse de ses fonctions pour porter atteinte aux droits ou intérêts privés. (2) Si l'infraction est commise dans le but de se procurer ou de procurer à autrui un avantage quelconque la peine d'emprisonnement est de trois mois à trois ans et l'amende de 50.000 à 1 million de francs. »\n\nL'article 184  stipule que « (1) Quiconque par quelque moyen que ce soit obtient ou retient frauduleusement quelque bien que ce soit, mobilier ou immobilier, appartenant, destiné ou confié à l'Etat fédéral ou fédéré, à une coopérative, collectivité ou établissement, ou publics ou soumis à la tutelle administrative de l'Etat ou dont l'Etat détient directement ou indirectement la majorité du capital, est puni : a) Au cas où la valeur de ces biens excède 500.000 francs, d'un emprisonnement à vie; b) Au cas où cette valeur est supérieure à 100.000 francs et inférieure ou égale à 500.000 francs, d'un emprisonnement de quinze à vingt ans ; c) Au cas où cette valeur est égale ou inférieure à 100.000 francs, d'un emprisonnement de cinq à dix ans et d'une amende de 50.000 à 500.000 francs. »\n\nLe Cameroun a aussi ratifié la Convention des Nations Unies de la prévention et de la lutte contre la corruption et signé la Convention africaine de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption.","CamerBe, Corruption: Still a Plague in Cameroon? 23 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://www.camer.be/31494/11:1/cameroun-cameroon-corruption-still-a-plague-in-cameroong.html\n\nLoi n° 67-LF-1 du 12 juin 1967 Le code pénal du Cameroun; http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Cameroon/CM_Code_Penal_Cameroun.pdf","Au Cameroun,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 134, 140, et 184 du Code pénal:..."]
["2014_CV_10",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",10,100,"The Penal Code stipulates penalties for employees convicted of passive or active corruption. Article 363 and 364 prohibit and punish the requests or acceptance, of money or any other gift, or a promise to do or refrain from practicing an act contrary to duties of office, prohibit and punish the offers or promises money or gift to any other employee or third party with knowledge of him, with the purpose to corrupt.\n\nThe Electoral Code (Law No. 8 February 92/V/99, amended by the Law No. 56/VII/2010) at Article 297º, states: \"The natural person to perform or accept funding prohibited shall be punished with a penalty corresponding to the crime of corruption.\" \n\nArticle 311 (1 and 2) of the Electoral Code relates to voter fraud and corruption. It states: \"Who, because of the elections, offers, promises or grants public or private employment or other thing or benefit to one or more voters or, in accordance with these, a third person, even when the thing or benefit used, or promised are achieved as a disguised way of monetary compensation given to the voter for travel expenses or subsistence payments or food or drink or on the pretext of the election campaign expenses, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to one year. The same penalty will be applied to any voter who accepts the benefits of the preceding paragraph.\"","Mail & Guardian Africa, Botswana, \"Cape Verde ranked least corrupt in Africa but new report makes uncomfortable reading for continent,\" Dec. 8, 2014.\nhttp://mgafrica.com/article/2014-12-03-the-scourge-of-our-times-botswana-gets-top-marks-but-this-corruption-report-will-make-uncomfortable-reading-for-africa\n\nCriminal Code of Cape Verde, May 2004, Ministry of Justice, Cape Verde, Articles 363º and  364º. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=206287\n\nElectoral Code (Law No. 8 February 92/V/99.  Amended by the Law No. 56/VII/2010), Article 297º and 311º.","The Penal Code stipulates penalties for employees convicted of passive or active corruption. Article 363 and 364 prohibit and punish the requests or acceptance, of money or any other gift, or a promise to do or refrain from practicing an act contrary to duties of office, prohibit a..."]
["2014_CF_10",2014,"CF","CAR",10,100,"En République Centrafricaine,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 368 et 369 du Code pénal. \n\nL'article 368 stipule que: « sera puni d’un emprisonnement d’un à dix ans et d’une amende de 100.002 à 2.000.000 de francs, quiconque en connaissance de cause, aura sollicité ou aura agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons, présents ou tout autre avantage indu, directement ou indirectement. » \n\nL'article 369 stipule que « sera puni d’un emprisonnement d’un à trois ans et d’une amende de 100.002 à 1.000.000 de francs, tout commis, employé ou préposé, salarié ou rémunéré sous une forme quelconque qui, soit directement, soit par personne interposée, aura, à l’insu et sans le consentement de son patron, soit sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, soit sollicité ou reçu des dons, présents, commissions, escomptes ou primes pour faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de son emploi.»\n\nL'article 372 stipule que « sera punie d’un emprisonnement d’un an au moins et de cinq ans au plus et d’une amende de 100.002 à 2.000.000 de francs, toute personne qui aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour faire obtenir ou tenter de faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses, des places, fonctions ou emplois ou des faveurs quelconques accordés par l’autorité publique.\n\nL'article 373 stipule que « est puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d’une amende de 200.000 à 5.000.000 de francs, tout fonctionnaire ou agent public qui, pour lui-même ou pour autrui, sollicite, agrée ou reçoit des offres, promesses ou dons pour faire obtenir un avantage quelconque accordé par l’autorité publique, des marchés ou autres bénéfices résultant des conventions conclues avec l’autorité publique, abusant ainsi de l’influence réelle ou supposée que lui donne sa qualité ou son mandat.\n\nL'article 374 stipule que « dans le cas où la corruption ou le trafic d’influence aurait pour objet un fait criminel comportant une peine plus forte que celle de l’emprisonnement, cette peine plus forte sera appliquée aux coupables. Dans les cas prévus aux articles 372 et 373 les coupables pourront, en outre être interdits des droits mentionnés dans l’article 24 du code pénal, pendant cinq ans au moins et dix ans au plus à compter du jour où ils auront subi leur peine. Il ne sera jamais fait au corrupteur restitution des choses par lui livrées ni de leur valeur ; elles seront confisquées au profit du Trésor Public.","International Foundation for Electoral Systems, \"Lutte contre la corruption en Afrique centrale,\" le 24 novembre 2014.\nhttp://www.ifes.org/Content/Galleries/C/Combating-Corruption-in-Central-Africa.aspx\n\nLoi n°10.001 portant Code pénal Centrafricain, Article 368, 369, 2010.\nwww.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/88116/100661/.../CAF-88116.pdt.","En République Centrafricaine,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 368 et 369 du Code pénal. ..."]
["2014_TD_10",2014,"TD","Chad",10,100,"La corruption est criminalisée AU Tchad suivant les dispositions des articles 227, 228, 229 et 232 du Code pénal. \n\nArticle 227. Tout fonctionnaire, tout officier public, tout agent du Gouvernement, qui, soit ouvertement, soit par actes simulés, soit par interposition de personnes, aura pris ou reçu quelque intérêt que ce soit dans les actes, adjudications, entreprises ou régies dont il a ou avait, au temps de l'acte, en tout ou en partie, l'administration ou la surveillance, sera puni d'un emprisonnement de six mois à cinq ans et d'une amende qui pourra s'élever au quart des restitutions et des indemnités. La présente disposition est applicable à tout fonctionnaire ou agent du Gouvernement qui aura pris un intérêt quelconque dans une affaire dont il était chargé d’ordonnancer le payement ou de faire la liquidation.\n\nArticle 228. Tous fonctionnaires ou officiers publics, tous percepteurs des droits, contributions ou deniers publics, leurs commis ou préposés, qui auront reçu, exigé ou ordonné de percevoir pour droits, taxes, contributions ou deniers, ou pour salaires ou traitements, ce qu'ils savaient n'être pas d’ou excéder ce qui était d\u0080, seront punis d'un emprisonnement d'un à cinq ans et d'une amende de 5 000 à 1 000 000 de francs ($10 - $2000). Les dispositions de l'article 31 pourront en outre être appliquées.\n\nArticle 229. Sera puni d'un emprisonnement de six mois à dix ans et d'une amende de 10 000 à 5 000 000 de francs ($20 - $10.000) quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents\n\nArticle 232. Sera punie d'un emprisonnement de six mois à cinq ans et de l'amende prévue par le premier alinéa de l'article 229, toute personne qui aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou\nprésents pour faire obtenir ou tenter de faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses,des places, fonctions ou emplois ou des faveurs quelconques accordées par l'autorité publique, des marchés,\nentreprises ou autres bénéfices résultant de traités conclus avec l'autorité publique ou avec une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique ou, de façon générale, une décision favorable d'une telle autorité ou administration et aura ainsi d'une influence réelle ou supposée.\nToutefois, lorsque le coupable est une des personnes visées à l'article 229 et qu'il a abusé de l'influence réelle ou supposée que lui donne son mandat ou sa qualité, la peine d'emprisonnement sera de un à dix ans et de 10 000 à 5 000 000 de francs d'amende ($20 - $10.000).","Answers Africa, «10 pays les plus corrompus en Afrique,\" le 14 juillet 2014.\nhttp://answersafrica.com/corrupt-countries-africa.html\n\nBorgen Magazine, La pauvreté au Tchad intensifiée par la corruption, le 26 novembre 2013.\nhttp://www.borgenmagazine.com/poverty-chad-intensified-corruption/\n\nCode pénal de la République du Tchad, articles 227,228,229,et 232 http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Chad/TD_Code_Penal.pdf","La corruption est criminalisée AU Tchad suivant les dispositions des articles 227, 228, 229 et 232 du Code pénal. ..."]
["2014_KM_10",2014,"KM","Comoros",10,100,"La loi criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction spécifique. Cette loi sanctionne la corruption dans ses multiples facettes. Il s’agit de la loi sur la transparence des activités publiques, économiques, financières et sociales de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, et qui a été promulguée en juin 2011. La loi sur la transparence, dans son chapitre II, Article 3 modifie plusieurs articles du  Code pénal, à savoir:\n- Art 155, avec l'introduction de la notion de «concussion»\n- Article 155.1, traitant des exonérations et franchises illégales\n- Article 156- traitant de la prise d’avantage injustifié\n- Article 156.1- traitant de la prise d’emploi prohibé\n- Article 156.2- traitant du favoritisme \n- Article 157- traitant du commerce incompatible avec la qualité de fonctionnaire\n- Article 157.1 -traitant de la corruption passive des personnes exerçant une fonction publique\n- Article 158. - traitant de la corruption active\n- Article 159.1 - traitant du trafic d’influence\n- Art 160.1 - traitant de l’abus de fonctions\n- Article 165.1 - traitant des cadeaux\n- Article 166. - traitant de l’enrichissement illicite\n- Article 166.1 - traitant du défaut de déclaration de patrimoine","RefWorld, 2013 Country Reports droits de l'homme - les Comores, le 27 février 2014.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/topic,50ffbce528c,50ffbce52a7,53284b3f14,0,,,COM.html\n\nLoi sur la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, et promulguée en juin 2011, modifiant dans son chapitre II, Article 3 les articles du Code pénal. http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=1548","La loi criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction spécifique. Cette loi sanctionne la corruption dans ses multiples facettes. Il s’agit de la loi sur la transparence des activités publiques, économiques, financières et sociales de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, et qu..."]
["2014_CD_10",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",10,100,"Au Congo, la corruption est pénalisée en vertu de section 1, 2, 3 et 4 de la Loi n° 5-2009 du 22 septembre 2009, sur la corruption, la concussion, la fraude et les infractions assimilées. Cette loi punit de peines de prisons et d'amendes les actes de corruption, de concussion, de la fraude, de l'extorsion, du traffic d'influence, de la prise illegale d'interet, de l'abus des biens sociaux, de l'abus des fonctions.\n\nLes articles 2 à 8 disposent des peines prévues pour la corruption, l'article 9 punit la consussion, l;article 10 punit la fraude, et les articles 11 à 18 punissent les infractions assimilées (extorsion, du traffic d'influence, de la prise illegale d'interet, de l'abus des biens sociaux, de l'abus des fonctions).","BTI 2014 | République du Congo Rapport Pays, Le 19 décembre 2014.\nhttp://www.bti-project.de/uploads/tx_itao_download/BTI_2014_Congo_Rep.pdf\n\nLoi n° 5-2009 du 22 septembre 2009, sur la corruption, la concussion, la fraude et les infractions assimilées. http://www.laga-enforcement.org/Portals/0/Documents/Legal%20documents/Africa%20anti-corruption/Congo_Anti%20corruption%20law.pdf\n\nDécret n° 2007-155 du 13 février 2007 portant réorganisation de la commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude.  http://track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Laws/Decret%20155%20reorganisation%20de%20la%20commission%20nationale%20de%20lutte%20contre%20la%20corruption%20(2007).pdf.\n\nLoi n° 16-2007 du 19 septembre 2007 portant création de l’observatoire anti-corruption. (indisponible en ligne).\n\nDécret n°2009-235 du 13 août 2009 portantpPlan d'action de lutte contre la corruption.  http://www.track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Authorities/Decret%202009-235%20Plan%20d'action%20lutte%20contre%20la%20corruption%20(2009).pdf.","Au Congo, la corruption est pénalisée en vertu de section 1, 2, 3 et 4 de la Loi n° 5-2009 du 22 septembre 2009, sur la corruption, la concussion, la fraude et les infractions assimilées. Cette loi punit de peines de prisons et d'amendes les actes de corruption, de concussion, de l..."]
["2014_CG_10",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",10,100,"The law defines corruption to include extortion, offering or accepting a bribe, kickbacks, etc. Articles 147-150 of the DRC penal code criminalizes corruption as specific crime. Its states that any senior officer or civil servant, any person in charge of a public service or extrastate duty, any person representing state interests or of a private company or of mixed interests, any expert or manager of public institution, any mediator, etc. who has provided procurements, promises, received gifts to do his/her job will be punished from six months to one year of prison and fined.\n \nArticle 307 of the Mining Code considers fraud and/or corruption as a special crime and increases the fine amounts starting at USD 1,000. Furthermore, Article 1 of the Law on Fight Against Money Laundering and Financial Support to Terrorism assesses this statement.\n\nAlso, Value 1 of the Code of Good Behavior in doing business in DRC condemns corruption.","Transparency International, APERÇU DE LA CORRUPTION ET ANTI-CORRUPTION DANS LA REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO (RDC), le 11 Mars 2014.\nhttp://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/answer/overview_of_corruption_and_anti_corruption_in_the_democratic_republic_\n\n Code Penale, Article 147, 2004, www.droit-afrique.com/.../RDC/RDC%20-%20Code%20penal%20modif%202006.pdf.\n\nLoi N.007/2002 Du 11 juillet 2002 Portant Code Minier, Articles 300, 3001, 305 & 307, 2002, www.droit-afrique.com/.../RDC/RDC%20-%20Code%20minier%202002.pdf. \n\nLoi Organique N.04/ 016 Du 19 juillet 2004 Portant Lutte Contre Le Blanchissement Des Capitaux Et Le Finacement Du Terrorisme, Article 1, www.droit-afrique.com/.../RDC/RDC%20-%20Lutte%20blanchiment.pdf \n\nCode De Conduite Des Affaire En Rdc, Valeurs 1, 2011, www.baacafrica.org/.../code_of_conduct_french_version_9nov11.pdf.","The law defines corruption to include extortion, offering or accepting a bribe, kickbacks, etc. Articles 147-150 of the DRC penal code criminalizes corruption as specific crime. Its states that any senior officer or civil servant, any person in charge of a public service or extrast..."]
["2014_CI_10",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",10,100,"La corruption est formellement proscrite par la législation ivoirienne. Le Code pénal de 1981, à les articles 232, 233 et aux articles de 405 à 409, prévoit les condamnations qu’encourent les différents auteurs de cette pratique. L’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées définit par ailleurs en ses articles 28 à 30 les actes de corruption et fixe les sanctions correspondantes.\n \n Ainsi, l’article 28 de l’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées puni de « cinq à dix ans et d’une amende de 5.000.000 à 10.000.000 de francs CFA, tout agent public qui sollicite, agréé ou reçoit sans droit, directement ou indirectement des offres, promesses, dons, présents ou un avantage quelconque pour lui-même ou pour une personne ou entité, pour accomplir ou s’abstenir d’accomplir un acte de sa fonction, de sa mission ou de son mandat ou facilite par sa fonction, sa mission ou son mandat ».\n \n Le Code pénal quant à lui stipule dans son article 232 qu’ « est puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d’une amende de 200.000 à 2.000.000 de francs, tout fonctionnaire qui, pour lui-même ou pour un tiers sollicite, agrée ou reçoit des offres, promesses, dons ou présents (…) ». L’article 405 prévoit les mêmes peines d’emprisonnement et amendes pour tout « tout arbitre ou expert, nommé par le Tribunal ou par les parties qui sollicite, agrée ou reçoit des offres, promesses, dons ou présents pour prendre une décision ou donner dans son rapport une opinion favorable ou défavorable à une partie ». L’article 406 prévoit un emprisonnement d’un à trois ans et une amende de 50.000 à 500.000 francs ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement pour « tout commis, employé ou préposé, salarié ou rémunéré sous une forme quelconque, qui, soit directement, soit par personne interposée, à l’insu et sans le consentement de son patron, sollicite, agrée ou reçoit pour lui-même ou pour un tiers des offres ou promesses, des dons, présents, commissions, acomptes ou primes pour faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de son emploi, ou en ajourner l’exécution ».","Articles 28 à 30 de l'Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées. (2013).\n\nHuman Rights Watch, les Country Reports: CÔTE D'IVOIRE, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/cote-d-ivoire\n\nArticles 232 et 405 à 409 de la Code pénal du 31 juillet 1981.","La corruption est formellement proscrite par la législation ivoirienne. Le Code pénal de 1981, à les articles 232, 233 et aux articles de 405 à 409, prévoit les condamnations qu’encourent les différents auteurs de cette pratique. L’Ordonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relati..."]
["2014_DJ_10",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",10,100,"L'article 200 du Code pénal réprime l'infraction spécifique de corruption :\n«Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique ou chargée d'une mission de service public, par une personne investie d'un mandant électif public, un juré, un arbitre ou un expert, de solliciter ou d'agréer, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, des offres ou promesses, des dons ou présents, ou des avantages quelconques, pour l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte de sa fonction, ou facilité par sa fonction, est puni de dix ans d'emprisonnement et de 5 000 000 F d'amende.\nLorsque l'infraction définie à l'alinéa précédent a été commise par un magistrat au bénéfice ou au détriment d'une personne faisant l'objet de poursuites pénales, la peine est portée à quinze ans de réclusion criminelle et à 7 000 000 F d'amende.»\n\nL'article 200 est inclu dans :\nLivre II - les crimes et délits contre la sûreté et l'autorité de l'état\nTitre II - les atteintes à l'autorité de l'état\nChapitre II - les atteintes a l'administration publique commises par les dépositaires de l'autorité publique\nSection II - Les manquements à la probité","Wall Street Journal, \"Courants de la corruption: De l'affaire d'arbitrage de Djibouti à Capital Russian Vol» 10, Juillet 2014.\nhttp://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2014/07/10/corruption-currents-from-djiboutis-arbitration-case-to-russian-capital-flight/\n\nLoi 59/AN/94 du 5 janvier 1995 portant Code pénal, Article 200. https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Djibouti_Penal_Code_Fr.pdf\n\nLoi n°03/AN/13/7ème L complétant les dispositions législatives relatives à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption. http://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/2013/Loi%20Relative%20%C3%A0%20la%20Pr%C3%A9vention%20et%20%C3%A0%20Lutte%20Contre%20la%20Corruption.pdf\n\nLoi n°96/AN/05/5ème L du 8 février 2005 portant ratification de la Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption. http://www.presidence.dj/","L'article 200 du Code pénal réprime l'infraction spécifique de corruption :\n«Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique ou chargée d'une mission de service public, par une personne investie d'un mandant électif public, un juré, un arbitre ou un e..."]
["2014_EG_10",2014,"EG","Egypt",10,100,"Multiple laws in Egypt criminalize various forms of corruption and the 2014 Constitution commits the government to fighting corruption.  As such, there is ample legislation defining, prohibiting and punishing corruption and corruption-related offenses. \n\nLaw No. 80 of 2002 criminalizes and defines money laundering.  Article 104b of the Penal code refers to non- intentional corruption – i.e. when a public official performs an act of corruption in the discharge of his or her duties “without having the intention” of doing so. Article 107 of the Penal code specifies bribery to be an undue advantage, financial or other in nature.\n\nArticles 103-112 of the Penal Code stipulate corruption to be an offence against the public interest.\n\nArticle 18 of Law No. 62/1975 covers illegal profit-making; Article 77 of Law No. 47/1978 prohibits civil servants from receiving gifts or rewards for exercising their duties.","Article 218 of the Constitution  of 2014 http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf\n\nArticle 2 (14) of Law No. 80 of 2002, of the Arab Republic of Egypt, prohibiting laundering of funds (money laundering) generated by criminal activity and setting forth the punishments for such crimes.\n\nArticles 103 - 107 of the Penal Code.","Multiple laws in Egypt criminalize various forms of corruption and the 2014 Constitution commits the government to fighting corruption.  As such, there is ample legislation defining, prohibiting and punishing corruption and corruption-related offenses. ..."]
["2014_GQ_10",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",10,100,"Although Article 15 (2) in the 2012 constitution states that corruption is punishable by law, it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offenses. Other legislation criminalizing corruption currently in force in Equatorial Guinea are a) The 1963 Penal Code (Código Penal), b) Law 9/2003 Regulating Public Finances and c) Decree Law No. 1/2004 on Public Ethics. All three pieces of legislation have been used by the courts to prosecute corruption cases, in particular the Penal Code.\n\nThe broader criminal justice system has not been overhauled since independence from Spain in 1968, when Equatorial Guinea inherited the Spanish Penal Code of 1963. Although there have been isolated attempts to update this code, this process has been repeatedly delayed, and the last formal revision was in February 1966 (Decree 480/1966). \n\nThe Código Penal of 1963 criminalizes influence peddling, the use of confidential state information for private gain, misuse of public resources, offering or acceptance of bribes, trafficking and extortion. But it does not address money laundering or organized crime. \n\nCorruption by civil servants is criminalized as a specific offense under Título II, Capítulo II, Sección Segunda of the Código Penal of 1963. See Articles 198–204 for provisions affecting civil servants (\"funcionarios públicos\"). See also Articles 385–393.\n\nArticle 198 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalizes civil servants who use their office or status for private gain (use of confidential state information for private gain). \n\nArticle 199 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalizes attempts by civil servants to undermine the independence of judges and magistrates. \n\nArticle 200 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalizes government ministers who request the payment of taxes not sanctioned by law (extortion).\n\nArticle 201 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalizes civil servants who request the payment of provincial or municipal taxes not sanctioned by law (extortion).\n\nArticle 204 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalizes civil servants who aid or abet other public officials engaging in acts of extortion. \n\nArticles 385–393 of the Código Penal (1963) criminalize civil servants who solicit or receive gifts.\n\nMisuse of public resources by civil servants is criminalized in the Penal Code of 1963 under Title VI and Chapter X (“De la malversación de caudales públicos”), Articles 394 - 399.\n\nLaw No. 9/2003 (“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas”) of Nov. 11, 2003, criminalizes specific offenses in the mismanagement of public finance. See Chapter 3 (“De las sanción de las irregularidades constatadas”), Section 1 (“De la responsabilidad de los ordenadores y administradores”), Articles 74–76.\n\nOn Feb. 5, 2004, the presidency of Equatorial Guinea passed Decree Law No. 1/2004, “On ethics and dignity in the performance of public service.” Chapter III, Articles  12–16, addresses conflicts of interest in the civil service; Chapter IV, Articles 17–20, addresses the rules governing gifts to civil servants. ","Passport, \"Oh, usted pensó la FIFA fue Guinea Ecuatorial corrupto? Meet\", 14 de noviembre 2014.\nhttp://foreignpolicy.com/2014/11/14/oh-you-thought-fifa-was-corrupt-meet-equatorial-guinea/\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Penal Code, Title II, Chapter II, Section II, \"Crimes committed by public officials against the exercise of the rights of people recognized by law,\" Articles 198-204, 394 (1963) . [Decree 691/1963 (March 28, 1963) Adopting the \"1963 revised text\" of Spain 's Penal Code].\nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=13:penal2&Itemid=79\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 1/2004, Chapter III (\"incompatibilities and conflicts of interest\" ), Articles 12-16; Chapter IV (\"Regime of gifts to public officials and summary prevention\"), Article 17-20; Chapter V (\"National Commission on Public Ethics\"), Articles 21-23 ( Feb. 5, 2004 ) \"On the ethics and dignity in the exercise of public service.\" (2004).\nhttp://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003, Title IV (\"Execution and Control of the State Budget\"), Chapter 3 (\"Sanction of proven irregularities\"), Section 1 (\"Responsability of officers and administrators\"), Articles 74-76 (2003). \nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/ofcvafzbvyk5skn/9.03Ley%20Reguladora%20de%20las%20Finanzas%20Publicas.pdf?dl=0","Although Article 15 (2) in the 2012 constitution states that corruption is punishable by law, it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offenses. Other legislation criminalizing corruption currently in force in Equatorial Guinea are a) The 1963 Penal ..."]
["2014_ER_10",2014,"ER","Eritrea",10,100,"Eritrean penal laws were inherited from the Ethiopian Penal Code of 1957. Eritrea got its independence from Ethiopia in 1993 and automatically inherited all laws and its amendments from Ethiopia, which are called transitional laws. Corruption is outlawed in Erithrea by the transitional Penal Code as amended in 1991. \n\nSection II, Articles 420 to 426 of the Penal Code of Ethiopia 1957 (Eritrean Transitional Penal Code) criminalizes the following offenses: breaches of Integrity or honesty by public servants, maladministration, unlawful disposal of objects in charge, appropriation and misappropriation in the in the discharge of duties, acceptance of undue advantages, traffic in official influence, corrupt practices and extortion.","The Global Economy, Eritrea Corruption perceptions - Transparency International, April 2015.\nhttp://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Eritrea/transparency_corruption/\n\nSection II, Articles 420 to 426 of the Penal Code of Ethiopia 1957 (Eritrean Transitional Penal Code) \nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/49216a0a2.html","Eritrean penal laws were inherited from the Ethiopian Penal Code of 1957. Eritrea got its independence from Ethiopia in 1993 and automatically inherited all laws and its amendments from Ethiopia, which are called transitional laws. Corruption is outlawed in Erithrea by the transiti..."]
["2014_ET_10",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",10,100,"The legislative framework to prevent and criminalize corruption in Ethiopia is comprehensive and strong and has seen revisions and amendments to address loopholes in the initial legislation. \n\nThe Criminal Code of 2004 criminalises active and passive bribery and money laundering article 404 (1). Chapter II of the Criminal Code, under the heading Crimes Committed by Public Servants Against Public Office, lists different crimes of corruption, including abuse of power in article 407, corrupt practices (article 408), maladministration (article 411), traffic in official influence (article 414), undue delay of matters (article 416), and possession of unexplained property (article 419). Article 404 (3) of the Criminal Code says \"In addition to the crimes specified in Chapter II Section I and Chapter III Section I of this Title the crimes of corruption also include corrupt electoral practices (Art. 468), forgery or falsification of public or military documents (Art. 479), aggravated breach of trust (Art. 676(1)), and the commission of and aiding in money laundering (Art. 684), aggravated fraudulent misrepresentation committed by a public servant (Art. 696 (a)).","allAfrica, \"Ethiopia Rooting Out Corruption,\" July 12, 2014\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201407140325.html \n\n\nFederal Ethics and Anti-corruption Commission establishment, Proclamations No. 235/2001 and No. A33/2005 (Anti-Corruption Law)\nhttp://www.abyssinialaw.com/uploads/235.pdf\nhttp://www.abyssinialaw.com/uploads/433.pdf \n\nCriminal Code of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 414/2004, \nhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/0/D68B3CC48F569422C1257677002ADF3A","The legislative framework to prevent and criminalize corruption in Ethiopia is comprehensive and strong and has seen revisions and amendments to address loopholes in the initial legislation. ..."]
["2014_GA_10",2014,"GA","Gabon",10,100,"La corruption est reconnue au Gabon comme une infraction et punie par la loi, aux termes des articles 144 et suivants du Code pénal gabonais . \n\nChapitre IX : Des crimes et délits commis par les fonctionnaires \n\nArticle 144 : (modifié par les ordonnances n°12/78 du 23 janvier 1978 et n°15/80 du 13 septembre 1980) : «Sera convaincu du délit de corruption passive et puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d’une amende d’un montant maximum de cinq million de francs, quiconque, pour lui-même ou pour un tiers, aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents, pour :\n1 – Etant dépositaire de l’autorité de l’État, investi d’un mandat électif, fonctionnaire public ou de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, militaire ou assimilé, agent ou préposé d’une administration publique ou d’une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique oud’une société d’État ou d’économie mixte, citoyen chargé d’un ministère de service public, faire, s’abstenir de faire ou ajourner un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, juste ou non, mais non sujet à salaire ;\n2 – Etant arbitre ou expert nommé soit par tribunal, soit par les parties, rendre une décision ou donner une opinion favorable ou défavorable à une partie ;\n3 – Etant médecin, chirurgien, dentiste, sage-femme, certifier faussement ou dissimuler l’existence de maladies ou d’infirmités, ou en étant de grossesse, ou fournir des indications mensongères sur l’origine d’une maladie ou infirmité, ou la cause d’un décès. Sera puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à cinq ans et d’une amende de 200 000 à 1500 000 francs tout commis, employé ou préposé, salarié ou rémunéré sous une forme quelconque, qui, soit directement, soit par personne interposée, aura, à l’insu et sans le consentement de son patron, soit sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, soit sollicité ou reçu des dons, présents, commissions, escomptes ou primes pour faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de son emploi.\nSi les offres, promesses, dons, sollicitations tendaient à l’accomplissement, à l’abstention ou à l’ajournement d’un acte qui, bien qu’en dehors des attributions personnelles de la personne corrompues, était ou aurait été facilité par sa fonction, ou par le service qu’elle assurait, la peine 6 sera, dans le cas du paragraphe premier de premier alinéa, d’un emprisonnement de deux à cinq ans et d’une amende de 200 000 à 1 500 000 franc ; et dans le cas du second alinéa, d’un emprisonnement de un à trois ans et d’une amende de 200 000 à 1 000 000 de francs. Est puni des peines visées à l’alinéa deux ci-dessus tout fonctionnaire ou agent de l’État qui sollicite ou accepte une rétribution en espèces ou en nature pour lui-même ou pour un tiers, en rémunération d’un acte de sa fonction déjà accompli.» \n\nArticle 145 (modifié par les ordonnances n°12/78 du 23 janvier 1978 et n°15/80 du 13 septembre 1980) : «Sera puni d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d’une amende d’un montant maximum de deux millions de francs, toute personne qui, pour elle-même ou pour un tiers, aura sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présent pour faire obtenir ou tenter de faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses, des places, fonctions ou emplois, ou des faveurs quelconques accordées par l’autorité publique, des marchés, entreprises ou autres bénéfices résultant des traités conclus avec l’autorité publique ou avec une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique, ou, de façon générale, une décision favorable d’une telle autorité ou administration, et aura ainsi abusé d’une influence réelle ou supposée. Toutefois, lorsque le coupable est une personne visées au paragraphe premier du premier alinéa de l’article 144, et qu’il a abusé de l’influence réelle ou supposé que lui donne son mandat ou sa qualité, la peine d’emprisonnement sera de trois ans au moins et dix ans au plus.»\n\nArticle 146 (modifié par les ordonnances n°12/78 du 23 janvier 1978 et n°15/80 du 13 septembre 1980) : «Aura commis le délit de corruption active quiconque, pour obtenir soit l’accomplissement, l’exécution ou l’abstention d’un acte, soit une des faveurs ou avantages prévus aux articles 144 et 145, aura usé de voies de fait ou de menaces, de promesses, offres ou présents, ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s’il n’en a pas pris l’initiative. Le coupable sera, que la contrainte ou la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des mêmes peines que celles prévues auxdits articles contre la personne corrompues.»\n\nArticle 147 (modifié par les ordonnances n°12/78 du 23 janvier 1978 et n°15/80 du 13 septembre 1980) : «Dans le cas où la corruption, qu’elle ait été active ou passive, ou le trafic d’influence, aurait pour objet un fait criminel comportant une peine plus forte que celle de l’emprisonnement, cette peine plus forte sera appliquée aux coupables. Dans tous les cas prévus aux articles qui précèdent, les coupables seront en outre interdit des droits mentionnés dans l’article 18 du présent code. Il ne sera jamais fait restitution au corrupteur des sommes par lui livrées ne de leur valeur. Elles seront confisquées au profit du trésor public.»\n\nArticle 148 (modifié par les ordonnances n°12/78 du 23 janvier 1978 et n°15/80 du 13 septembre 1980) : «Tout dépositaire de l’autorité de l’État, tout fonctionnaire, tout officier public, tout agent du gouvernement qui, soit ouvertement, soit par actes dissimulés, soit par interposition de personnes, aura, dans les actes, adjudications ou régies dont il a, ou avait au temps de l’acte en tout ou partie, l’administration ou la surveillance, dans les entreprises privées, les sociétés d’économie mixte ou à participation financière de l’État, soumise à sa surveillance ou à son contrôle, dans les marchés ou contrats passés au nom de l’État avec l’une des entreprises visées ci-dessus, pris ou reçu quelque intérêt que ce soit, sera puni d’un emprisonnement d’un an au moins et de cinq ans au plus, et sera condamné à une amende qui ne pourra excéder le quart des rétributions et des indemnités, ni être en 7 dessous du douzième. Il sera de plus déclaré à jamais incapable de n’exercer aucune fonction\npublique. La présente disposition est applicable à tout fonctionnaire ou agent du gouvernement qui aura pris un intérêt quelconque dans une affaire dont il étai chargé d’ordonnancer ou de faire liquidation.\nTout fonctionnaire public, tout agent ou préposé d’une administration publique, chargé, à raison même de sa fonction, de la surveillance ou du contrôle direct d’une entreprise privée et qui, soit en position de congé ou de disponibilité, soit après admission à la retraite, soit après démission, destitution ou révocation, et pendant un délai de cinq ans à compter de la cessation de la fonction, prendra ou recevra une participation par travail, conseils ou capitaux, sauf par dévolution héréditaire en ce qui concerne les capitaux, dans la concession, entreprises ou régies qui étaient directement soumises à sa surveillance ou à son contrôle, sera puni des peines prévues au premier alinéa du présent article. Il en sera de même des dirigeants des concessions, entreprises ou régies qui seront considérés comme complices.»","Y Charts, Gabon Freedom from Index corruption: 29,10 pour 2014., Jan. 13, 2015.\nhttp://ycharts.com/indicators/gabon_freedom_from_corruption_index\n\nCode pénal (loi n° 21/63 du 31 mai 1963), articles 144 et suivants. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=266824","La corruption est reconnue au Gabon comme une infraction et punie par la loi, aux termes des articles 144 et suivants du Code pénal gabonais . ..."]
["2014_GM_10",2014,"GM","The Gambia",10,100,"Section 23 of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act (ACCA) creates the offence of bribery of public officer and carries imprisonment of five years. Section 24 of the ACCA creates the offence of using office or position for gratification, Section 25 creates the offence of  bribery in relation to auction and Section 26 creates the offence of bribery for giving assistance in regard to contract.\n\nSection 86 (b) of the criminal code criminalises official corruption. It makes it an offence for anyone who is \"employed within the civil service and being charged with the performance of any duty by virtue of such employment, corruptly solicits, receives or obtains, or agrees or attempts to receive or obtain, any property or benefit of any kind for himself or herself or any other person on account of anything already done or omitted to be done, or to be afterwards done or omitted to be done, by him or her in the discharge of duties of his or her office\".\n\nSection 222 of the constitution discourages corruption and bribery, and Section 62 on the qualification for election to the post of president lists corruption as one of the cases that can disqualify an individual.","allAfrica, \"Gambia: Anti-Corruption Commission Here 'Very Soon,'\" 23 July 2014.\n\nSection 62 of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia on Qualification for Election of President and Section 222 of the 1997 Constitution on Code of Conduct for Public Officers. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf\n\nSections 23, 24, 25 and  26 of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2012.\n\nSection 86 (a) (b) of the Criminal Code, Cap 10:01, Vol. 3, Laws of the Gambia 2009.","Section 23 of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act (ACCA) creates the offence of bribery of public officer and carries imprisonment of five years. Section 24 of the ACCA creates the offence of using office or position for gratification, Section 25 creates the offence of  bribery in r..."]
["2014_GH_10",2014,"GH","Ghana",10,100,"The Criminal Code (Amendment Act) 2003, Act 646, Section 239 (1-2) criminalises the act of offering a bribe, accepting a bribe and extortion as a misdemeanour. The Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2008 (Act 749), Sections (2-3) also criminalises money laundering as an offence liable to a fine or a term of imprisonment or both.\n\nThe Criminal Code (Amendment Act) of 1960, Act 29, Section 239 (1-2) provides that:\n\"(1) Every public officer or juror who commits corruption, or wilful oppression, or extortion, in respect of the duties of his office, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour. \n(2) Whoever corrupts any person in respect of any duties as a public officer or juror shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.\"\n\nAlso the Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2008 (Act 749), Sections (2-3) provide:\n\"(2) A person commits an offence if the person knows or ought to have known that another person has obtained proceeds from an unlawful activity and enters into an agreement with that other person or engages in a transaction where \n(a) the retention or the control by or on behalf of that other person of the proceeds from unlawful activity is facilitated, or\n(b) the proceeds from that unlawful activity are used to make funds available to acquire property on behalf of that other person\n(3) A person who contravenes section 1 or 2 commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of not more than five thousand penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than twelve months and not more than ten years or to both.\"","Ghana Web, Ghana ranks 61 out of 175 countries in Corruption Index, Dec. 3, 2014.\nhttp://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=337672\n\nBBC News, \"'Where corruption is involved, we're taking measures,'\" Aug. 1, 2014.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/business-28606912\n\nCriminal Code (Amendment Act) 2003, Act 646, Section 239(1-2). Link: http://www.iaaca.org/AntiCorruptionLaws/ByCountriesandRegions/G/Ghana/201202/t20120221_808867.shtml\n\nAnti-Money Laundering Act, 2008 (749), Sections (2-3). Link: https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Ghana/GHA_AML2008.pdf","The Criminal Code (Amendment Act) 2003, Act 646, Section 239 (1-2) criminalises the act of offering a bribe, accepting a bribe and extortion as a misdemeanour. The Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2008 (Act 749), Sections (2-3) also criminalises money laundering as an offence liable to a..."]
["2014_GN_10",2014,"GN","Guinea",10,100,"La corruption est criminalisée en Guinée suivants les dispositions des articles 191, 192, 193 et suivant le Code pénal guinéen, ainsi que par les articles 4 et 179 de la loi relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux en République de Guinée. \n\nSelon le Code pénal, en son article 191 : - La corruption est une infraction dite passive lorsqu'elle résulte du fait par une personne d'être corrompue, et active lorsqu'elle résulte du fait de corrompre. Les articles 192 et 193 définissent et prévoient les peines encourues pour les faits de corruption passive alors que l'article 194 définit et prévoit les peines encourues pour les faits de corruption active.\n\nSelon la la loi  relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux en République de Guinée : \n\nArticle 4 de la loi N°L: La présente loi à pour objet de définir le cadre juridique relatif à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, afin de prévenir l'utilisation des circuits économiques financier, bancaire et non financier guinéen à des fins de recyclage de capitaux ou de tous autres biens d'origine illicite.\n\nArticle 179 : - Toute personne qui aura détourné ou soustrait ou tenté de détourner ou de soustraire, des deniers ou effets en tenant lieu, des pièces, titres de paiement, valeurs mobilières, actes contenant ou opérant obligation ou décharge, effets mobiliers, denrées, oeuvres d’art ou objets quelconques au préjudice de l’Etat, d’une collectivité publique, d’un établissement public, d’une société nationale, d’une société d’économie mixte soumise de plein droit au contrôle de l’Etat, d’une personne morale de droit privé bénéficiant du concours financier de la puissance publique, d’un ordre professionnel, d’un organisme privé chargé de l’exécution d’un service public, d’une association ou fondation reconnues d’utilité publique, sera punie :\n- S’il s’agit d’un simple particulier, d’un emprisonnement de 3 à 10 ans ;\n- S’il s’agit d’un agent civil ou militaire de l’Etat ou d’une collectivité publique, qu’il soit ou non comptable public, d’une personne revêtue d’un mandat public, d’un dépositaire public ou d’un officier public ou ministériel, d’un dirigeant ou d’un agent de toute nature des établissements publics, des sociétés nationales, des sociétés d’économie mixte soumises de plein droit au contrôle de l’Etat, des personnes morales de droit privé bénéficiant du concours financier de la puissance publique, des ordres professionnels, des organismes privés chargés de l’exécution d’un service public, des associations ou fondations reconnues d’utilité publique, d’un emprisonnement de 5 à 10 ans.","CNN, «La Guinée équatoriale fonctionnaire atteint $ 30,000,000 règlement de la corruption avec nous», le 10 octobre 2014.\nhttp://www.cnn.com/2014/10/10/world/equatorial-guinea-corruption-settlement/\n\nThe Economist, «L'exploitation minière et la corruption: Pleurer faute en Guinée,\" le 6 décembre 2014.\nhttp://www.economist.com/news/business/21635522-africas-largest-iron-ore-mining-project-has-been-bedevilled-dust-ups-and-delays-crying-foul\n\nCode pénal du 31 décembre 1998, article 191 - 192 - 193 - 194. http://www.hcch.net/upload/cp_gn.pdf   \nL'article 4 de la loi N°L/2006/010/AN relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux en République de Guinée. http://www.bcrg-guinee.org/.../Down.aspx?...Loi%20anti_bl...","La corruption est criminalisée en Guinée suivants les dispositions des articles 191, 192, 193 et suivant le Code pénal guinéen, ainsi que par les articles 4 et 179 de la loi relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux en République de Guinée. ..."]
["2014_GW_10",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",10,100,"Although Guinea-Bissau does not have an Anti-Coorruption Act, its penal code criminalizes over three of the specific corrupt offences established in the Yes criteria . \n\nTitle X of Guinea Bissau's Penal code(1993) criminalizes corruption under the following sections of the code titled \"Crimes committed in the performance of public functions\".  Article 247 relates to \"passive\" corruption, that is, when there is a request to a third party for an advantage, material or immaterial. Article 248 relates to \"active\" corruption, that is, when an official is actively giving or promising to a third party advantages, material or immaterial. Article 249 specifies embezzlement as a crime. Article 250 specifies the illegitimate use of embezzled items/monies.\n\nIn addition to these penal code,Law N. 12/2011 criminalizes human trafficking, law-decree N.2-B criminalizes drug trafficking and Law N. 12/1997 criminalizes money laundering.","United States Army War College, Col. Stephen K. Van Riper, \"Tackling Africa's First Narco-State: Guinea-Bissau in West Africa,\" September 2014.\nhttp://pksoi.army.mil/Publications/Papers/VanRiper%20monograph.pdf\n\nLaw N. 12/2011, Law for Prevention of the Combat against Human Trafficking ( Lei de Prevenção de Combate ao Tráfico de Pessoas), 2011.\n\nLaw-Decree N. 2-B, Legislation relative to drugs (Legislação relativa a estupefacientes, Decreto-Lei nº 2-B) 28 October 1993  (1st Official Bulletin Suplemment nº 43, de 1993). \n\nLaw N. 12/1997, Law Against Money Laundering (Uniforme relativa à Luta Contra o branqueamento de Capitais), 1997.\n\nPenal Code, Article 207º, Associação Criminal (Prohibition against criminal associations), 1993.\n\nPenal Code, Article 227º, Suborno (states 3 year prison for bribery), 1993.\n\nPenal Code, Title X (on the Crimes Committed during public functions), Article 247º,  Corrupção Passive (Passive Corruption), 1993\n\nPenal Code, Title X (on the Crimes Committed during public functions), Article 248º, Corrupção Activa, 1993\n\nCargos Políticos, Lei nº 14/97, de 2 de Dezembro (Suplemento ao B.O. nº 48, de 2 de Dezembro de 1997), Articles 17º (passive corruption by an illicit act), 18º (passive corruption by a licit act), 19º (active corruption), 1997","Although Guinea-Bissau does not have an Anti-Coorruption Act, its penal code criminalizes over three of the specific corrupt offences established in the Yes criteria . ..."]
["2014_KE_10",2014,"KE","Kenya",10,100,"In Kenya corruption is criminalized as a specific offense in the following laws: Public Finance Management Act 2012, Leadership and Integrity Act 2012, Proceed of Crime and Anti Money Laundering Act 2012, and The Ethics and Economic Crimes Act. The abovementioned laws criminalize corruption as a specific offense in at least the following:\n\nIn Article 198 of the Public Finance Management Act 2012(1) A public officer commits an offence if that office:  \n(a) takes possession of public funds or assets without lawful authority; \n(b) misappropriates public funds or assets;   \n(c) conceals information on public finances to obtain a financial benefit either for the officer or another person; or \n(d) engages in a corrupt act, which includes soliciting or receiving an inducement.   \n\nIn Article 12 of the Leadership and Integrity Act 2012, a State officer shall not use the office to unlawfully or wrongfully enrich himself or herself or any other person. Subject to Article 76 (2) (b) of the Constitution, a State officer shall not accept a personal loan or benefit which may compromise the State officer in carrying out the duties. \n\nIn Article 39 of the Ethics and Economic Crimes Act, a person is guilty of an offence if the person (a) corruptly receives or solicits, or corruptly agrees to receive or solicit, a benefit to which this section applies; or (b) corruptly gives or offers, or corruptly agrees to give or offer, a benefit to which this section applies. In Article 42, an agent of a public body who knowingly acquires or holds, directly or indirectly, a private interest in any contract, agreement or investment emanating from or connected with the public body is guilty of an offence.","Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya (LSK). Interviewed on June 19, 2014. \n\nThe Guardian, \"John Githongo: corruption in Kenya is poisoning politics,\" July 3, 2014.\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/03/john-githongo-kenya-corruption-politics\n\nTHE ANTI-CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC CRIMES ACT, 2011. This law was published in 2003 and revised in 2011.\nhttp://www.cickenya.org/index.php/legislation/acts/item/67-the-ethics-and-anti-corruption-commission-act-2011#.U6RQIEBEBNY\n\nThe Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, 2003. This law was published in 2003.\nhttp://www.laga-enforcement.org/Portals/0/Documents/Legal%20documents/Africa%20anti-corruption/Kenya_Anti-Corruption%20and%20Economic%20Crimes%20Act.pdf.\n\nTHE ANTI-CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC CRIMES ACT 2003 EXPLAINED-A Manual for Public Officers and Members of the Public Published by the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission(EACC).\nhttp://www.eacc.go.ke/Docs/IEC/ACECA2.pdf.\n\nLeadership and Integrity Act 2012.  http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/LeadershipandIntegrityActNo19of2012.pdf.\n\nPublic Finance Management Act 2012 . This law was revised in 2012. http://www.cickenya.org/index.php/legislation/acts/item/245-the-public-finance-management-act-2012#.U6RH5kBEBNY.\n\nProceeds of Crime and Anti-money Laundering Amendment Act2012 http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/AmendmentActs/2012/ProceedsofCrimeandAntiMoneyLaundering_Amendment_Act2012.PDF.","In Kenya corruption is criminalized as a specific offense in the following laws: Public Finance Management Act 2012, Leadership and Integrity Act 2012, Proceed of Crime and Anti Money Laundering Act 2012, and The Ethics and Economic Crimes Act. The abovementioned laws criminalize c..."]
["2014_LS_10",2014,"LS","Lesotho",10,100,"The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 criminalises all forms of corruption and establishes the functions of a Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. This directorate is tasked to investigate suspected cases of economic crimes and related offences. The Amendment Act of 2006 expanded the powers of the directorate to investigate and prosecute private bodies. For example, Section 15 of the Amendment Act empowers the directorate to probe corruption allegations relating to auctions conducted in the private sector. \n\nPart IV of the 1999 act provides the legal definition of corruption and includes specific offences that constitute corruption. These include, among others, racketeering, tax evasion, embezzlement of funds, failure to keep ledgers, and bribery in relation to auctions, procuring withdrawal of tenders and giving assistance with regard to contracts. The directorate can also investigate allegations of human trafficking in accordance with the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2011.\n\nSection 28 of the 1999 Act also criminalises conflict of interest as follows. \"A member or an employee of a public body commits the offence of corruption if he or she or an immediate member of his or her family has direct or indirect interest in any company or undertaking with which such body proposes to deal, or he or she has a personal interest in any decision which such body is to make, and he or she, knowingly, fails to disclose the nature of the interest, or votes or participates in the proceedings of the body relevant to the dealing or decision.\"","Business Day, Corruption and crime are roots of Lesotho conflict, Oct. 3, 2014.\nhttp://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2014/10/03/corruption-and-crime-are-roots-of-lesotho-conflict\n\nPrevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act No. 5 of 1999. Part IV. Section 28. http://www.commonlii.org/ls/legis/num_act/pocaeoa1999457.pdf\n\nPrevention of Corruption and Economic Offences (Amendment) Act, 2006. Section 15. http://www.lesotholii.org/files/prevention_of_corruption_and_economic_offences_amendment_act_2006.pdf","The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 criminalises all forms of corruption and establishes the functions of a Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. This directorate is tasked to investigate suspected cases of economic crimes and related offences...."]
["2014_LR_10",2014,"LR","Liberia",10,100,"Corruption is a criminal offense in Liberia. Most of the offenses listed are already criminalized under the penal law. \n\nArticle 90 of the constitution; , Part IX, section 9 of the administrative code of conduct for members of the Executive Branch of the Government, and Subchapter D section 12.50 of the penal code, criminalizes bribery (accepting gifts or offering gifts to influence a decision by public servant).  Part XI section 11.1 of the administrative code of conduct for members of the Executive Branch of the Government, and Subchapter E section 12.70 and 71 of the penal code, prohibit conflict of interest, nonpermissible use of official information, abuse of staff time (use of public resources for personal gains), and applies such penalties as dismissal, removal from office, reprimand, fine, demotion, seizure or forfeiture of property, interdiction of supsension from duty.\n\nThese are serious offenses if committed knowingly and recklessly. In terms of penalties, degrees of offenses vary from one act of corruption to another. Serious penalties are imposed for organized crimes once convictions are made in court. \n\nCorruption is spelled out in various forms in the penal code, and all corruption-related offenses are defined and categorized based on specific sanctions. Article 90 of the 1986 Constitution itself forbids corrupt practices by anyone holding office. While the word corruption is not mentioned, all offenses listed are directly linked to corrupt practices.","allAfrica, \"Liberia: 'Corruption with Impunity' - U.S. Rights Report Slams Liberia,\" Feb. 28, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201402280531.html\n\n1986 Constitution, Chapter 11, Article 90 (b). http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm#chapter7\n\nExecutive Order 55 of January 2014: Re-issuance of an administrative code of conduct for members of the Executive Branch of the Government, Part 9 (Gifts, Bribes and Conflicts of Interest). Available at http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Executive_Order_No_1.pdf\n\nTitle 26, The Penal Law of Liberia, 2.3. Available at https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Liberia-PenalLaw%20A.pdf","Corruption is a criminal offense in Liberia. Most of the offenses listed are already criminalized under the penal law. ..."]
["2014_LY_10",2014,"LY","Libya",10,100,"The General National Congress issued Law No. 2 on Economic Crimes in 1979, punishing public criminal acts without a specific definition for the corruption acts to be punished. After the Libyan revolution of February 2011, the Libyan Transitional Council issued in 2012 an anti-corruption law, but it faced great opposition by the local civil community for many reasons. \n\nThe Libyan Transparency Association published a press release criticising the law because it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalising specific offenses, among other serious issues. The Libyan government repealed this law and in March 2014 created a law establishing an anti-corruption official body and law, which revalidated some of the old laws against corruption and specify acts as corruption as crimes. \n\nArticle III (7) of the current 2014 anti corruption law, mentions list of laws that are considers active laws and criminalize what was already criminalized by that previous laws: Money laundry law of 1973 and  Section 2 (a,b,c,d) of Law No. (2) of 2005 on the fight against money laundering, discribe money laundery patterns and criminalized them, and organized crimes; Economic Crimes Law No 2 of 1979  was revalidated by the 2014 Anti- Corruption Law. In it articles 21 and 22, it criminalizes giving and accepting bribes; and using public resources for private gain.  All these laws are classifiied in the Libyan Penal Code.","Sadeq Institute, \"Libya’s Other War: Fighting Corruption for Sustainable Stability,\"\nOct. 23, 2014.\nhttp://www.sadeqinstitute.org/2014/10/libyas-other-war-fighting-corruption-for-sustainable-stability/\n\nLaw No. 11 of 2014 for the establishment of an anti-corruption body.\nhttp://www.alyassir.com/index.php?pid=4&i=1&f=66\n\nThe 2014 law is published online. \nhttp://www.alyassir.com/index.php?pid=4&i=1&f=66\n\nLaw No. 2 of 2005 on the fight against money laundering.\nhttp://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=120 \n\nLaw No. 2 of 1979 on economic crimes.\nhttp://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=160","The General National Congress issued Law No. 2 on Economic Crimes in 1979, punishing public criminal acts without a specific definition for the corruption acts to be punished. After the Libyan revolution of February 2011, the Libyan Transitional Council issued in 2012 an anti-corru..."]
["2014_MG_10",2014,"MG","Madagascar",10,100,"Les articles 169, 174, 177 et 178 de la Code pénal mis à jour au 30 mars 2005 criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction.\n \n L'Article 169 (Ord.n°72-014 du 04.08.72) punit le détournement de fonds publics, l'extorsion, versement de pot-de-vin, acceptation de pot-de-vin une personne qui a interposé des offres, promesses, dons, présents ou avantages quelconques pour obtenir d’une personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique, chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat électif public : 1° soit qu’elle accomplisse ou s’abstienne d’accomplir un acte de sa fonction, de sa mission ou de son mandat ; 2° soit qu’elle facilite par sa fonction, sa mission ou son mandat l’accomplissement ou non de cet acte ; 3° soit qu’elle abuse de son influence réelle ou supposée en vue de faire obtenir d’une autorité ou d’une administration publique des distinctions, emplois, marchés ou toute autre.\n  \n L'article premier de la Loi 2004-020 définit le blanchiment. Enfin, le Décret n° 2003-1158 portant Code de déontologie de l'administration et de bonne conduite des agents de l'Etat définit les actes de corruption pouvant être commis par les agents de l’Etat.\n \n Article 17 :«l’agent de l’Etat doit s’abstenir de toute activité délictuelle, tels que le détournement des deniers publics, le trafic d’influence, la concussion. Commet une infraction, tout agent de l’Etat qui exige ou accepte d’une personne requérant les services de l’administration, une commission, une récompense, un avantage ou un bénéfice de quelque nature, soit directement, soit indirectement.»","Transparency International, Lutte contre la corruption à Madagascar, 16 Décembre 2014.\nhttps://blog.transparency.org/2014/12/16/fighting-corruption-in-madagascar/\n\nOrdonnance nº 62-052 du 20 septembre 1962 portant Code de procédure pénale. Journal Officiel de la République, nº 246 du 05 octobre 1962, p. 2050. http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/les%20codes/CODE%20DE%20PROCEDURE%20PENALE.pdf.\n \n Code pénal mis à jour au 30 mars 2005.\n http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/les%20codes/CODE%20PENAL.pdf.\n \n Loi n° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, Journal Officiel de la République, n°2928, 16 septembre 2004, p.3307 http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20les%20societes/lois%20et%20ordonnances/Loi%202004-030.pdf\n \n Décret n° 2003-1158 du 17 décembre 2003 portant Code de déontologie de l'administration et de bonne conduite des agents de l'Etat http://www.mfptls.gov.mg/Decret%20Fop/decret2003-1158deontologie.pdf\n \n Loi n° 2004-020 du 19 août 2004 sur le blanchiment, le dépistage, la confiscation et la coopération internationale en matière de produits du crime, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 2939 du 8 novembre 2004, page 4349. http://www.banque-centrale.mg/index.php?id=m8_3_7_1\n \n Décret n° 2007-510 du 4 juin 2007 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement du service des renseignements financiers dénommé SAMFIN\n http://www.banque-centrale.mg/index.php?id=m8_3_7_11.","Les articles 169, 174, 177 et 178 de la Code pénal mis à jour au 30 mars 2005 criminalise la corruption comme étant une infraction.\n ..."]
["2014_MW_10",2014,"MW","Malawi",10,100,"Corruption is explicitly criminalised by the Penal Code (amended in 2010) and other laws.\n\nSection 90-100 of the Penal Code criminalises \"corruption and abuse of office\" that includes extortion, public officer receiving property to show favour, any abuse of public office, unauthorised administration of oaths, and forced assumption of authority.\n\nSection 24 of  the Corrupt Practices Act of 1996 (amended in 2004) mandates:\n\n(1) Any public officer who by himself, or by or in conjunction with any other person, corruptly solicits, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to receive or obtain, from any person for himself or for any other person, any advantage as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do, or for having done or forborne to do, anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any public body is or may be concerned shall be guilty of an offence.\n\n(2) Any person who by himself, or by or in conjunction with any other person, corruptly gives, promises or offers any advantage to any public officer, whether for the benefit of that public officer or of any other public officer, as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any public body is or may be concerned shall be guilty of an offence.\n\nOther acts that prohibit corruption include Laundering, Proceeds of Serious Crime and Terrorist Financing Act (2006) and Public Procurement Act (2003).","Nyasa Times, \"Britain Calls for Action on Malawi Corruption: 'No Selective Justice,'\" Sept. 11, 2014.\nhttp://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/09/11/britain-calls-for-action-on-malawi-corruption-no-selective-justice/\n\nCorrupt Practices Act. Section 3 of 1996 as amended in 2004. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/7:04/corrupt_practices_act_pdf_90548.pdf\n\n2. Money Laundering. Proceeds of Serious Crime and Terrorist Financing Act. Sections 35 and 36 of  2006. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/act/2006/11/money_laundering_act_2006_pdf_19156.pdf\n\n3. Penal Code. Sections 90-92 as amended in 1995. Sections 93-98 of 1930. Section 99 as amended in 1973. Section 100 of 1930. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/7:01/penal_code_pdf_14611.pdf","Corruption is explicitly criminalised by the Penal Code (amended in 2010) and other laws.\n\nSection 90-100 of the Penal Code criminalises \"corruption and abuse of office\" that includes e..."]
["2014_ML_10",2014,"ML","Mali",10,100,"La corruption est un crime au Mali. Elle constitue une infraction spécifique que punit la loi sur la répression de la corruption. L'extorsion, le versement de pot-de-vin, l'acceptation de pot-de-vin sont sévèrement punis. Même chose pour l'utilisation des ressources publiques à des fins privées, l'utilisation des renseignements confidentiels de l'État à des fins personnelles, le blanchiment d'argent...\nL'article 1 de cette loi dispose que : «sera puni de 5 à 10 années de travaux forcés et d’une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des choses reçues ou demandées, sans que ladite amende puisse être inférieure à cent mille francs, quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents.»","Good Governance Africa, «Style malienne - Mali: nouveau gouvernement ne parvient pas à inverser la corruption enracinée dans les sphères publiques et privées», le 1 septembre 2014.\nhttp://gga.org/stories/editions/aif-26-dirty-dealings/malian-style\n\nYahoo News, «Gouvernement du Mali pressions pour procéder à des arrestations dans le scandale de corruption,\" le 7 novembre 2014.\nhttp://news.yahoo.com/mali-government-pressured-arrests-bribery-scandal-142204391--business.html\n\nLoi No 8240/ANRM sur la répression de la corruption, adoptée le 1er avril 1982, article 1, http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20repression%20de%20la%20corruption.pdf","La corruption est un crime au Mali. Elle constitue une infraction spécifique que punit la loi sur la répression de la corruption. L'extorsion, le versement de pot-de-vin, l'acceptation de pot-de-vin sont sévèrement punis. Même chose pour l'utilisation des ressources publiques à des..."]
["2014_MR_10",2014,"MR","Mauritania",10,100,"En Mauritanie,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 171, 172, 173 et 174 du Code pénal:\n\nL'article 171 de cette loi dispose que :  « sera puni d'un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans et d'une amende double de la valeur des promesses agréées ou des choses reçues ou demandées, sans que ladite amende puisse être inférieure à 20.000 UM, quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour : 1. Etant investi d'un mandat électif, fonctionnaire public de l'ordre administratif ou judiciaire, militaire ou assimilé, agent ou préposé d'une administration publique ou d'une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique, ou citoyen chargé d'un ministère de service public, faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, juste ou non, mais non sujet de salaire; »\n\nL'article 172. -  « sera punie d'un emprisonnement d'un an au moins et de cinq ans au plus, et de l'amende prévue par le premier alinéa de l'article précédent, toute personne qui aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses, des places, fonctions ou emplois ou des faveurs quelconques accordées par l'autorité publique, des marchés, entreprises ou autres bénéfices résultant de traités conclus avec l'autorité publique ou, de façon générale, une décision favorable d'une telle autorité ou administration et aura ainsi abusé d'une influence réelle ou supposée. Toutefois, lorsque le coupable est une des personnes visées au paragraphe 1er du premier alinéa de l'article 171 et qu'il a abusé de l'influence réelle ou supposée que lui donne son mandat ou sa qualité la peine d'emprisonnement sera de deux années au moins et dix ans au plus.  »\n\nL'article 173. -  « quiconque, pour obtenir soit l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte, soit de faveurs ou avantages prévus aux articles 171 et 172, aura usé des voies de fait ou menaces, de promesses, offres, dons ou présents ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s'il n'en a pas pris l'initiative, sera, que la contrainte ou la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des mêmes peines que celles prévues aux dits articles contre la personne corrompue. »\n\nL'article 174. -  « dans le cas où la corruption ou le trafic d'influence aurait pour objet un fait criminel comportant une peine plus forte que celle de l'emprisonnement, cette peine plus forte sera appliquée aux coupables. Dans les cas prévus à l'alinéa 1er paragraphe 3 de l'article 171, à l'alinéa 2 de l'article 172, le coupable, s'il est officier, sera, en outre, puni de la destitution. Il ne sera jamais fait au corrupteur restitution des choses par lui livrées, ni de leur valeur; elles seront confisquées au profit du Trésor.  »\n\nEn dépit de l'engagement des pouvoirs publics à lutter contre la corruption, il n'existe pas à proprement parler de texte ou de disposition juridique réprimant les infractions à caractère économique. Ce retard traduit également les atermoiements, les hésitations à pénaliser des formes de concussion en constante mutation. L'ordonnance 83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 est désuète et inadaptée aux nouvelles formes de corruption. La présente disposition institutionnelle ne constitue pas un cadre dissuasif au développement de la corruption. Le législateur mauritanien n'a pas intégré les nouvelles formes de corruption. Ce décalage entre les textes et les pratiques constitue un frein à la pénalisation des délits à caractère économique. Il existe bien quelques structures de lutte contre la corruption, comme l'Inspection générale d'État (IGE), la direction chargée de la lutte contre les crimes économiques. En dépit de la volonté affichée par les pouvoirs publics de combattre la corruption, la pénalisation des délits économiques se limite à des injonctions aux auteurs incriminés à rembourser les sommes. La campagne de rationalisation, de lutte contre le gaspillage a néanmoins permis d'inscrire la Mauritanie sur le chemin de la transparence.","allAfrica, \"Mauritania Will Toughen Anti-Corruption Laws,\" Dec. 10, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201412110352.html\n\nDépartement d'État américain, Résumé exécutif sur la Mauritanie, Juin 2014.\nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/227363.pdf\n\nOrdonnance 83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 portant institution d’un Code pénal. (1983). Alinéa 4. « De la corruption des fonctionnaires publics et des employés des entreprises privées » (articles 171 à 177)\nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/mr/mr004fr.pdf","En Mauritanie,  la loi reconnait la corruption comme étant une infraction par le biais des articles 171, 172, 173 et 174 du Code pénal:..."]
["2014_MU_10",2014,"MU","Mauritius",10,100,"The Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA) passed in 2002 and amended on various occasions since, defines and criminalizes corruption in Mauritius. \n\nUnder the PoCA, the act of corruption is defined as an act which constitutes a corruption offence and includes:\n\n1) Any conduct whereby, in return for gratification, a person does or neglects from doing an act in contravention of his public duties; \n\n2) The offer, promise, soliciting or receipt of a gratification as an inducement or reward to a person to do or not to do any act, with a corrupt intention;\n\n3) The abuse of a public or private office for private gain;\n\n4) An agreement between two or more persons to act or refrain from acting in violation of a person’s duties in the private or public sector for profit or gain; \n\n5) Any conduct whereby a person accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification for inducing a public official, by corrupt or illegal means, or by the exercise of personal influence, to do or abstain from doing an act in the exercise of his duties to show favor or disfavor to any person; \n\nThere are 14 main offences which are covered by PoCA:\n1.        Bribery by public official \n2.        Bribery of public official \n3.        Taking gratification to screen offender from punishment \n4.        Public official using his office for gratification \n5.        Bribery of or by a public official to influence decision of a public body \n6.        Influencing public official \n7.        Traffic d’influence\n8.        Public official taking gratification \n9.        Bribery for procuring contracts \n10.        Conflict of interests \n11.        Treating of public official \n12.        Receiving gift for a corrupt purpose \n13.        Corruption of agent \n14.        Corruption to provoke a serious offence","Transparency International, OVERVIEW OF CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION IN MAURITIUS, 15 Dec. 2014.\nhttp://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/answer/overview_of_corruption_and_anti_corruption_in_mauritius\n\nSources: Name of the Law(s): Prevention of Corruption Act\n • Year passed: 2002\n • Section(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Part 1 (Sections 1 to 3) and Part 2 (Sections 4 to 17)\n • Link to the law(s) if or when available: \nhttp://www.icac.mu/English/Documents/140318%20Prevention%20of%20Corruption%20Act.pdf\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf ","The Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA) passed in 2002 and amended on various occasions since, defines and criminalizes corruption in Mauritius. ..."]
["2014_MA_10",2014,"MA","Morocco",10,100,"Criminal law is very specific on corruption for all of the following cases: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain. When it concerns judges, lawyer and experts, the sentence can be up to 10 years in prison (Criminal Law Section 4 - article 248).\n\nIn other cases penalties are proportionate to the amount, the function and the subject matter (details in Criminal Law Section 4 articles 249 to 256).","Maroc.ma, \"Morocco's Anti-Corruption Authority Received 3,096 Complaints In 2009-2013,\" Dec. 30, 2014.\nhttp://www.maroc.ma/en/news/moroccos-anti-corruption-authority-received-3096-complaints-2009-2013\n\nAnti-Corruption Research Network, Investigating the Efficiency of the Moroccan Anti-Corruption Campaign, Aug. 5, 2014.\nhttp://corruptionresearchnetwork.org/acrn-news/blog/investigating-the-efficiency-of-the-moroccan-anti-corruption-campaign\n\nMoroccan Criminal Law (November 26, 1962) - Section IV - articles 248 to 256 - published in the Official Bulletin n°2640 - by Dahir Dahir n° 1-59-413 - link to resource http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/penal/Code%20Penal.htm.","Criminal law is very specific on corruption for all of the following cases: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain. When it concerns judges, lawyer and experts, the sentence can ..."]
["2014_MZ_10",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",10,100,"Legislation in Mozambique criminalises corruption as a specific crime. The punishment is regulated by Law No. 6 of June 17, 2004, in which all kinds of practices defined as corruption are outlawed. These practices include extortion, bribery and kickbacks, in addition to using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, organized crime and trafficking.\n\nArticles 1 and 2 stipulate that this law aims at the reinforcement of the existing legal framework for combating crimes of corruption and unlawful economic participation. The law applies to officeholders, officials or employees of state or local authorities, public companies and private companies participating in state affairs.\n\nFurther, Article 7 notes that corruption is considered to be:\nb) intervention in the process, or participation in decision-making, involving or obtaining benefits, rewards, grants, loans, adjudication or conclusion of contracts in general, recognition or registration of rights and exclusion or extinction of obligations in violation of the law;\nc) providing information about public tenders and preventing fair competition. \n\nThe law gives two definitions of corruption: passive corruption, which is when a state official or agent requests material or nonmaterial benefits in order to commit or omit an act, contrary or not to the duty of his position; and active corruption, which is when someone offers a material or nonmaterial benefit to a state official or agent to commit an act contrary to the duties of that position.","Mail & Guardian, «Les donateurs slash aide le Mozambique sur les demandes de corruption,\" 14 Juin 2014.\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-14-donors-slash-mozambique-aid-over-corruption-claims\n\nAnti-Corruption Law, 2004, Articles 1 and 2 (Lei No. 6/2004 de 17 de Junho). \nhttp://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/Boletim_Republica-24-04.pdf","Legislation in Mozambique criminalises corruption as a specific crime. The punishment is regulated by Law No. 6 of June 17, 2004, in which all kinds of practices defined as corruption are outlawed. These practices include extortion, bribery and kickbacks, in addition to using publi..."]
["2014_NA_10",2014,"NA","Namibia",10,100,"By law, corruption is a criminal offence. Chapter 4 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2003, highlights and punishes the following acts: Article 35 corruptly accepting gratification by or giving gratification to agent; article 36 corrupt acquisition of private interest by public officer; article 37 corruption in relation to tenders; article 38 bribery of public officer; artilce 39 corruption of witnesses; article 40 bribery of foreign public officials; article 41 bribery in relation to auctions; article 42 bribery for giving and assistance in relation to contracts; article 43 corruptly using office or position for gratification; article 45 dealing with, using, holding, receiving or concealing gratification in relation to any offence; and article 47 fraudulent concealment of offence.\n\nNamibia has signed the Southern Africa Development Community and Africa Union Convention on Corruption. These do not necessarily have only one definition of corruption as it can vary from operations and conduct.","Al Jazeera English, \"Namibia slipping into endemic corruption,\" Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/09/namibia-slipping-into-endemic-corruption-201492131519733850.html\n\nallAfrica, \"Namibia Ranks 55th for Corruption,\" Dec. 4, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201412041451.html\n\nAnti-Corruption Act, 2003 (Act No.8 of 2003),  Government Gazette August 4  2003., www.accnamibia.org/pnTemp/downloads_upload/anti_corruption_act.pdf","By law, corruption is a criminal offence. Chapter 4 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2003, highlights and punishes the following acts: Article 35 corruptly accepting gratification by or giving gratification to agent; article 36 corrupt acquisition of private interest by public officer; ..."]
["2014_NE_10",2014,"NE","Niger",10,100,"La Constitution de la République du Niger rejette la corruption et les trafics d'influence. Selon l'article 41 de la Constitution, «les biens publics sont sacrés et inviolables. Toute personne doit les respecter scrupuleusement et les protéger. Tout acte de sabotage, de vandalisme, de corruption, de détournement, de dilapidation, de blanchiment d'argent ou d'enrichissement illicite est réprimé par la loi.» \n \n Articles 130 à 133 du Code pénal : « Sera puni d’un emprisonnement de deux ans à moins de dix ans et d’une amende de 50.000 à 1.000.000 de francs quiconque aura sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents pour : \n 1) étant investi d’un mandat électif, fonctionnaire public ou de l’ordre administratif ou judiciaire, militaire ou assimilé, agent ou préposé d’une administration publique ou d’une administration placée sous le contrôle de la puissance publique, ou citoyen chargé d’un ministère de service public, faire ou s’abstenir de faire un acte de ses fonctions ou de son emploi, juste ou non, mais non sujet à salaire ; \n 2) étant arbitre ou expert nommé soit par le tribunal, soit par les parties, rendre une décision ou donner une opinion favorable à une partie ; \n 3) étant médecin, chirurgien, dentiste, sage-femme, infirmier, certifier faussement ou dissimuler l’existence de maladies ou d’infirmités ou un état de grossesse ou fournir des indications mensongères sur l’origine d’une maladie ou infirmité ou la cause d’un décès ; sera puni d’un emprisonnement de un à cinq ans et d’une amende de 10.000 à 600.000 francs, ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement, tout commis, employé ou préposé, salarié ou rémunéré sous une forme quelconque qui soit directement, soit par personne interposée aura, à l’insu et sans le consentement de son patron, soit sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, soit sollicité ou reçu des dons, présents, commissions, escomptes ou primes pour faire un acte de son emploi. Si les offres, promesses, dons ou sollicitations tendaient à l’accomplissement ou l’abstention d’un acte qui, bien qu’en dehors des attributions personnelles de la personne corrompue, était ou aurait été facilité par sa fonction ou par le service qu’elle assurait, la peine sera d’un emprisonnement de un à cinq ans et d’une amende de 10.000 à 1.000.000 de francs ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement.» \n \n Article 131 : « Sera puni d’un emprisonnement d’un à cinq ans et d’une amende de 50.000 à 1.000.000 de francs, toute personne qui aurait sollicité ou agréé des offres ou promesses, sollicité ou reçu des dons ou présents, pour faire obtenir ou tenter de faire obtenir des décorations, médailles, distinctions ou récompenses, des places, fonctions ou emplois ou des faveurs quelconques accordées par l’autorité publique, des marchés, entreprises ou autres bénéfices résultant de traités conclus avec l’autorité publique ou, de façon générale, une décision favorable d’une telle autorité ou administration, et aura ainsi abusé d’une influence réelle ou supposée. Toutefois, lorsque le coupable est une des personnes visées au paragraphe 1er du premier alinéa de l’article 130 et qu’il a abusé de l’influence réelle ou supposée que lui donne son mandat ou sa qualité, la peine de l’emprisonnement sera de deux à moins de dix ans.» \n \n Art. 132 : « Quiconque pour obtenir, soit l’accomplissement ou l’abstention d’un acte, soit une des faveurs ou avantages prévus aux articles 130 et 131, aura usé de voies de fait ou menaces, de promesses, dons ou présents ou cédé à des sollicitations tendant à la corruption, même s’il n’en a pas pris l’initiative, sera, que la contrainte ou la corruption ait ou non produit son effet, puni des mêmes peines que celles prévues auxdits articles contre la personne corrompue. Il ne sera jamais fait au corrupteur restitution des choses par lui livrées ou de leur valeur, elles seront confisquées au profit du Trésor. »\n \n Art. 133 : « Dans tous les cas prévus à la présente section, lorsque le coupable sera une des personnes prévues aux 1°, 2° et 3° de l’article 130, elle sera privée de tout ou partie des droits énoncés à l’article 21. »","Constitution 25 novembre de la République du Niger:\n \n Articles. 130 - 133 Code pénal, 13 juin 2003 : https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/a24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142/3e747f82e6028e32c1257084002f7245/$FILE/Niger%20-%20Criminal%20Code%202008%20fr.pdf","La Constitution de la République du Niger rejette la corruption et les trafics d'influence. Selon l'article 41 de la Constitution, «les biens publics sont sacrés et inviolables. Toute personne doit les respecter scrupuleusement et les protéger. Tout acte de sabotage, de vandalisme,..."]
["2014_NG_10",2014,"NG","Nigeria",10,100,"Nigeria criminalises a range of acts of corruption using the Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Act, Sections 8 to 26. \n\nSection 22 (1) says, for instance, that \"Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, offers an advantage to a public servant as an inducement to or reward for or otherwise on account of such public servants giving assistance or using influence in, or having given assistance or used in: (a) the promotion, execution, or procuring of: (i) any contract with a public body for the performance of any work, the providing of any service, the doing of anything or the supplying of any article, material or substance; or (ii) any sub-contract to perform any work, provide any article, materials or substance required to be performed, provided, done or supplied under any contract with a public body; or (b) the payment of the price, consideration or other moneys stipulated or otherwise provided for in any such contract or sub- contract as aforesaid, shall be guilty of an offence.\"\n\nSections 14 to 18 and several other sections of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act also criminalise financial crimes and money laundering.","The Guardian, \"Corruption in Nigeria, not just Boko Haram, is at the root of violence,\" July 11, 2014.\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/jul/11/boko-haram-nigeria-violence-corruption-security\n\nEconomic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004, Sections 14-18, etc.  \nhttps://efccnigeria.org/efcc/index.php/about-efcc/the-establishment-act\n\nCorrupt Practices and Related Offences Commission, 2000, Sections 9-27.\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf\n\nMoney Laundering (Prohibition) Act 2011. http://www.anti-moneylaundering.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=92052593-489F-4D9A-9ACA-10ECFF7E17F1\n\nAdvance Fee Fraud and other Fraud Related Offences Act, 2006.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/Advance%20Fee%20Fraud%20and%20other%20Fraud%20Related%20Offences%20Act%202006.htm","Nigeria criminalises a range of acts of corruption using the Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Act, Sections 8 to 26. ..."]
["2014_RW_10",2014,"RW","Rwanda",10,100,"The organic law instituting the penal code punishes corruption, whether passive or active and in many explicit forms. Corruption ranges from demanding or receiving illegal benefit in order to offer a service; demanding or receiving an illegal benefit in order to accomplish an illegal act; refraining from carrying out required duties; to demanding or offering favors of a sexual nature in exchange for a service.\n\nThe organic law also punishes money laundering (Articles 652-658), for example, where there is conversion, transfer or handling of property whose perpetrator knows that it derives from a misdemeanor or a felony.\n\nThere is also a specific law aimed at preventing, suppressing and punishing corruption and related offenses committed in service-sector organs, public and private institutions as well as in nongovernmental organizations.\n\nRegarding passive corruption, Article 10 of the law states: “Whoever will have explicitly or implicitly demanded, indirectly or directly received gifts or any other profit for oneself or for others, or who will have accepted it as a promise in order to render a service within his or her function, mission, mandate or whoever will have used them to do it, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of between 2 and 5 years and a fine ranging from twice to 10 times the value of illicit profit solicited.\"\n\nAs for active corruption, Article 14 of the law stipulates: “Whoever will have explicitly or implicitly offered, indirectly or directly proposed, gifts or any other illicit profit, to a person in charge of a function, mission or mandate or who will have promised it in order to render for him or her or for somebody else a service that is within his or her attributions or who will use the latter for that service to be rendered, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of between 2 and 5 years and a fine ranging from twice to 10 times the value of illicit profit accorded.”","The New Times, \"Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected,\" Dec. 4, 2014.\nhttp://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/\n\nOrganic Law No. 1/2012, instituting the penal code, Chapter III, Section 6, Articles 634-650 and Articles 652-658. http://www.police.gov.rw/uploads/tx_download/Official_Gazette_no_Special_of_14.06.2012-4.pdf\n\nLaw No. 23/2003 related to the punishment of corruption and related offenses, Chapter 1, Section 1, Articles 10-16.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7726&iid=1170&rid=30692153","The organic law instituting the penal code punishes corruption, whether passive or active and in many explicit forms. Corruption ranges from demanding or receiving illegal benefit in order to offer a service; demanding or receiving an illegal benefit in order to accomplish an illeg..."]
["2014_ST_10",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",10,100,"The first Santomean Penal Code, Articles 452-454, stipulates the following: \n\"[...] the employee who by themselves or through a third party with your consent or ratification, solicit or accept, for himself or for third parties not due to him an advantage or asset, or its promise as consideration for an act or omission contrary to the duties of the office shall be punished with imprisonment for 2-6 years. 2. If the act is not performed, the penalty is imprisonment for up to three years or a fine of up to 300 days. 3. Since this is a mere omission or delay in practice act in relation to his duties, but in violation of the duties of his office, the penalty is, respectively, in n. 1, imprisonment of up to 2 years or a fine of up to 200 days and in the case of n. 2, the imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine of up to 100 days [...].\"\n\nArticle 453:\n\"1. Whoever gives or promises the employee, by itself or through an intermediary, an advantage or asset that is not due to the employee with the purposes stated in article 452 shall be punished, as appropriate, with the penalties provided in this provision. 2. whether the facts mentioned above are committed by representatives or bodies corporate or equivalent on their behalf and in the collective interest, are the same criminally responsible are punished with a fine to be set between 10 million and 500 million dobras, and may be decreed its dissolution. 3. if that has been practised to prevent the agent, spouse, adopter or adopted, or relatives or to the 3. degree expose themselves to the danger of being punished or subjected to any disciplinary response, the penalty may be mitigated or even waived.\"\n\nArticle 454. [Active corruption]:\n\"Whoever gives or promises the officer, themselves or a third party with your consent or ratification, solicit or accept, for himself or for a third party, without it being due, an advantage or asset, or its promise as consideration for an act or omission not contrary to the duties of office, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to 1 year or a fine of up to 100 days .\"\n\nCorruption is also criminalized in the recently pubished Law no. 7/2014. This law establishes very specific crimes for political elected officials and high rank public officials. Other forms of corruption such as passive corruption (article 16), active corruption (article 17) and kickbacks (article 15).","Law no. 7/2014, Chapter II. https://www.dropbox.com/s/8q6eikrphqx84jn/Law%20no%207.2014.pdf?dl=0\n\nPenal code, Law No. 6/2012, Title 5 (Crimes against the State), Chapter 4 (Committed crimes whilst in office). Section 1 (Corruption), Articles 452-454. \nhttp://www.rjcplp.org/sections/informacao/anexos/legislacao-sao-tome-e2539/codigos-e-estatutos-sao2859/codigo-penal-sao-tome-e/preview_html?file=file&file_html=file_html","The first Santomean Penal Code, Articles 452-454, stipulates the following: \n\"[...] the employee who by themselves or through a third party with your consent or ratification, solicit or accept, for himself or for third parties not due to him an advantage or asset, ..."]
["2014_SN_10",2014,"SN","Senegal",10,100,"Au Sénégal la corruption est considérée comme un délit, conformément aux Articles 105, 159 et 161 du Code pénal. Au moins trois de ces infractions sont punies par le Code pénal. \n\nL'abus de bien public, les crimes organisés et les trafics et le blanchiment sont des délits punissables de peine à la fois pécuniaires et d'emprisonnement. En effet le Code pénal punit dans sa section II «de la forfaiture et des crimes délits des fonctionnaires publics dans l'excercice de leurs fonctions» des détournements, des soustractions et des escroqueries portant sur les deniers publics (paragraphe I) des concussions commises par les fonctionnaires publics et de leur ingérence dans les affaires ou commerces incompatibles avec leur qualité (paragraphe II), de la coruption des fonctionnaires publics et des employés du secteur privé (paragraphe III), de l'enrichissement illicite (paragraphe III bis) des abus d'autorité, des abus d'autorité contre les particuliers, des abus d'autorité contre la chose publique.","ABC News, Associated Press, \"Son of Senegal's Ex-President Gets 6 Years for Corruption,\" March 23, 2015.\nhttp://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/son-president-senegal-years-corruption-29838181\n\nCode pénal du Sénégal, 21 juillet 1965 : http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Senegal/Senegal%20-%20Code%20penal.pdf","Au Sénégal la corruption est considérée comme un délit, conformément aux Articles 105, 159 et 161 du Code pénal. Au moins trois de ces infractions sont punies par le Code pénal. ..."]
["2014_SC_10",2014,"SC","Seychelles",10,100,"Divison II, Chapter X, Article 91-101 of the Penal Code criminalises corruption as a specific offence for: accepting a bribe, receiving a bribe, using public resources for private gain, exposing confidential state information for private gain, administering an oath or declaration where he/she did not have the authority to do so, falsely representing him/herself, or threatening any person employed in the public service.","ICIJ, \"Sun and Shadows: How an Island Paradise Became a Haven for Dirty Money,\" June 9, 2014.\nhttp://www.icij.org/offshore/sun-and-shadows-how-island-paradise-became-haven-dirty-money\n\nSeychelles News Agency, \"Seychelles shows steady improvement on global corruption index,\" Dec. 4, 2014. http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/1894/Seychelles+shows+steady+improvement+on+global+corruption+index#sthash.bWf5qLNp.dpuf\n\n\nChapter X, Sections 91-102 of the Penal code of Seychelles 1955.","Divison II, Chapter X, Article 91-101 of the Penal Code criminalises corruption as a specific offence for: accepting a bribe, receiving a bribe, using public resources for private gain, exposing confidential state information for private gain, administering an oath or declaration w..."]
["2014_SL_10",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",10,100,"Sections 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 47 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, criminalise corruption for any officer who receives bribes, solicits bribes and/or any person or entity bribing a public officer to influence decisions of a public body. The law furthermore specifies criminal offences such as misappropriating public funds or property, and those who receive gifts for a corrupt purpose. Part IV generally describes 24 distinct criminal offences to be investigated and prosecuted.\n\nFor example, Section 34 specifies: \n(1) A person who gives, or agrees to give, or offers to a public officer an advantage for (a) voting or abstaining from voting or having voted or abstained from voting, at a meeting of a public body of which he is a member, director or employee, in favour of or against any measure, resolution or question submitted to the public body;\n(b) performing or abstaining from performing or aiding in procuring, expediting, delaying, hindering or preventing or having performed, or abstained from performing or having aided in procuring, expediting, delaying, hindering or preventing the performance of an act by a public body of which he is a member, director or employee;\n(c) aiding in procuring, or preventing or having aided in procuring or preventing the passing of any vote or the granting of any contract or advantage in favour of any other person, commits an offence.\n(2) Any public officer who solicits, accepts or obtains an advantage for-\n(a) voting or abstaining from voting or having voted or abstained from voting at a meeting of a public body of which he is a member, director or employee in favour of or against any measure, resolution or question submitted to the public body;\n(b) performing or abstaining from performing or aiding in procuring expediting, delaying, hindering or preventing the performance of, an act of a public body of which he is a member, director or employee;\n(c) aiding in procuring or preventing, or having aided in procuring or preventing, the passing of any vote or the granting of any contract or advantage in favour of any person commits an offence.\n(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall on conviction be liable to a fine not less than thirty million leones or to imprisonment for a term not less than 3 years or to both such fine and imprisonment.\n\n The other sections referenced above specify other people and behaviors that fall under the scope of the Anti-Corruption Act.","Transparency International, \"Corruption in Sierra Leone,\" 2008-2014, 2014.\nhttp://www.tisierraleone.org\n\nU.S. Department of State, \"Combating Corruption: Impact of Anti-Corruption Programs in Nigeria and Sierra Leone,\" Dec. 22, 2014.\nhttps://blogs.state.gov/stories/2014/12/22/combating-corruption-impact-anti-corruption-programs-nigeria-and-sierra-leone\n\nAnti-Corruption Act, 2008, Part IV, particularly Sections 34, 35, 36, 37.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf","Sections 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 47 of the Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, criminalise corruption for any officer who receives bribes, solicits bribes and/or any person or entity bribing a public officer to influence decisions of a public body. The law furthermore specifies criminal offe..."]
["2014_SO_10",2014,"SO","Somalia",10,100,"The Somali Penal Code criminalizes specific corruption offenses including: corruption of a citizen by foreigners (Art. 189); political conspiracy by association; peculation (Art. 241); misappropriation of the prejudice of private persons; peculation by taking advantage of the error of another person (Art. 243); extortion by a public officer (Art. 244); corruption for performing an official act (Art. 245); corruption for performing an act contrary to the duties of office (Art. 246); corruption of a person entrusted with a public service (Art. 247); instigation of corruption (Art. 249);  private interest in official acts (Art. 251); disclosure of official secrets (Art. 253); and cheating (496).","International Governance Institute-Somalia, \"Governance and Corruption in Somalia,\" 2013/2014.\nhttp://www.igi-integrity.com/Documents/Somalia-130900.pdf\n\nNPR, \"Which Countries Are The Most Corrupt?\" Dec. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/12/02/367815515/which-countries-are-the-most-corrupt\n\nThe Somali Penal Code (1962). Articles 189, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249, 251 and 253. https://www.dropbox.com/s/a5lenbrxo7g3td6/Somalia_Penal_Code.pdf?dl=0\n\nThe Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved by the members of the National Constituent Assembly and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 111C. http://www.constitution.org/cons/somalia/120708_ENG_constitution.pdf\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","The Somali Penal Code criminalizes specific corruption offenses including: corruption of a citizen by foreigners (Art. 189); political conspiracy by association; peculation (Art. 241); misappropriation of the prejudice of private persons; peculation by taking advantage of the error..."]
["2014_ZA_10",2014,"ZA","South Africa",10,100,"The Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (2004) defines and explains conducts classified as constituting corruption. Section 3 of Chapter 2 explains general offences of corruption: \"Any person who directly or indirectly accepts or agrees or offers to accept any gratification from any other person ... whether for the benefit of himself or herself or for the benefit of another person: or gives or agrees or offers to give to any other person any gratification for the benefit of that other person or for the benefit of another person ... is guilty of the offence of corruption.\"\n\nSection 4 defines conducts relating to public officials, Section 7 deals with legislative authority and corruption, Section 8 deals with the judiciary, Section 9 with the prosecuting authority. Chapter 5 deals with the punishment of corruption.  \n\nThe Public Finance Management Act of 1999 also criminalises corruption in the public sphere. Chapter 10 part 1 deals with financial misconduct and what constitutes as such. Chapter 10 part 2 sets out penalties and punishments.","Mail & Guardian, \"SA bombs again in corruption index,\" Dec. 2, 2014.\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2014-12-02-fsdf/\n\nDeutsche Welle, \"South African police investigate President Zuma for corruption,\" Nov. 10, 2014.\nhttp://www.dw.de/south-african-police-investigate-president-zuma-for-corruption/a-18052572\n\nPrevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (Act 12 of 2004), http://www.info.gov.za/acts/2004/a12-04/index.html\n\nThe Public Finance Management Act (Act 1 of 1999), http://www.treasury.gov.za/legislation/pfma","The Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (2004) defines and explains conducts classified as constituting corruption. Section 3 of Chapter 2 explains general offences of corruption: \"Any person who directly or indirectly accepts or agrees or offers to accept any gratif..."]
["2014_SS_10",2014,"SS","South Sudan",10,100,"South Sudanese law criminalizes corruption. In particular, the Penal Code Act 2008 criminalizes a number of practices that constitute corruption. \n\nFor example, Article 87 of the Penal Code states that if a public servant \"accepts or obtains or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain from any person for himself, herself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, whether pecuniary or otherwise, other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward for doing or forbearing to do any official act; for showing or forbearing to show in the exercise of his or her official functions favour or disfavour to any person; or for rendering or attempting to render any service or disservice to any person with any department of the Government State or with any public servant as such, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or with a fine or with both.”\n\nArticle 91 of the act criminalizes the practice of receiving or giving a bribe or gratification by an agent or employee to show favour or disfavour. Article 92 of the act criminalizes any public servant for obtaining a valuable thing without consideration from a person concerned in proceeding or business transacted by such public servant.\n\nArticle 94 criminalizes any third person who profits by bribery or gratification. And Article 95 criminalizes the practice of a public servant dishonestly receiving money or property not due. It states: “Whoever being a public servant in his or her capacity as such dishonestly receives, from any person, any money or other property which he or she is not authorised to receive or which is in excess of the amount which he or she is authorised to receive, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or with a fine or with both.”","Voice of America, \"South Sudan Seen as One of World's Most Corrupt Nations,\" Dec. 3, 2014.\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/south-sudan-corruption-transparency-international-annual-index/2544599.html\n\nPenal Code Act, 2008. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf","South Sudanese law criminalizes corruption. In particular, the Penal Code Act 2008 criminalizes a number of practices that constitute corruption. ..."]
["2014_SD_10",2014,"SD","Sudan",10,100,"While there is no specific offense called \"corruption\" in Sudan, Article 88 of the Sudanese Criminal Act criminalizes both offering and accepting a bribe.\n\nArticle 176 furthermore criminalizes extortion, and Article 177 addresses criminal breach of trust, extending the concept to public officers who embezzle or commit any other wrongdoing for personal enrichment regarding any public property with which they are entrusted.","NORAD, Business Corruption in Sudan, June 2014.\nhttp://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/sudan/snapshot.aspx\n\nSudanese Criminal Act, 1991, Chapter 10, Article 88 (a) (b) (c), Articles 176 and 177 (1) (2). \nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/kjrsehgbbmmo99w/Criminal%20Act%20-%20Sudan%20-%20EN.pdf?dl=0\n\nCriminal Code, 2003, Chapter 13, Offenses by or relating to public servants.  \nhttp://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1504_1216568485_469e1f0a2.pdf","While there is no specific offense called \"corruption\" in Sudan, Article 88 of the Sudanese Criminal Act criminalizes both offering and accepting a bribe...."]
["2014_SZ_10",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",10,100,"In Swaziland, the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, the Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2001 and the Serious Offences (confiscation of proceeds) Act, 2001 allow the government to state that corruption is a prosecutable offence. \n\nRegarding the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, Section 21 relates to bribery; 23 deals with \"Corrupt transactions by or with public or private bodies\"; Section 24 deals with \"Cheating of public revenue,\" and Section 30 deals with \"Offences in respect of corrupt activities relating to politicians.\"","Times of Swaziland, \"Is Swaziland Corrupt?\" June 12, 2014.\nhttp://www.times.co.sz/features/100399-is-swaziland-corrupt.html\n\n\"Prevention of Corruption Act 2006.\": Section 23: \"Corrupt Transactions by or with public or private bodies\"; Section 24: \"Cheating of Public Revenue\"; Section 30 \"Offenses in respect of corrupt activities relating to politicians.\" http://www.track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Swaziland/Laws/Prevention%20of%20Corruption%20Act.%282006%29.pdf\n\nMoney Laundering Prevention Act, 2001\"; \"Serious Offences (confiscation of proceeds) Act, 2001. http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Swaziland/SZ_Money_Laundering_Act.pdf","In Swaziland, the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, the Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2001 and the Serious Offences (confiscation of proceeds) Act, 2001 allow the government to state that corruption is a prosecutable offence. ..."]
["2014_TZ_10",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",10,100,"Articles 15(1) to 39 (2) of the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau Act (2007)  gives a comprehensive list of acts the law prohibits and punishes as corruptions.  These include bribery of foreign public official, use of documents intended to mislead principal, persons obtaining advantage, advantage received on behalf of accused, possession of unexplained property, embezzlement and misappropriation, aiding and abetting, abuse of position, conspiracy, trading in influence, transfer of proceeds of corruption, presumption of corruption, and false pretence to be an officer.","BBC News, \"Tanzania PM Mizengo Pinda caught in corruption row,\" Nov. 27, 2014.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30228551\n\nDaily Mail, \"Tanzania parliament votes to sack ministers over corruption,\" 30 Nov. 2014.\nhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2854755/Tanzania-parliament-votes-sack-ministers-corruption.html\n\nThe Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau Act (2007) Articles 15\n(1) to 39 (2). \nhttp://www.egov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents\n/prevention_and_combating_of_corruption_act_sw.pdf","Articles 15(1) to 39 (2) of the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau Act (2007)  gives a comprehensive list of acts the law prohibits and punishes as corruptions.  These include bribery of foreign public official, use of documents intended to mislead principal, persons obt..."]
["2014_TG_10",2014,"TG","Togo",10,100,"Les articles 208 à 210 du Code pénal punissent l’extorsion de même que le versement et l'acceptation de pot-de-vin. Les articles 208 et 209 ont ensuite été complétés par la loi n° 2002-002 du 20 février 2002 modifiant et complétant les articles 208, 209 et 211 de la loi n° 80-01 du 13 août instituant Code pénal.\n \n L'article 202 traite des détournements de biens et de deniers publics.\n \n Le chapitre 8 traite des atteintes à la sureté de l'État, et notamment du complot, de la conspiration et de la divulgation des renseignements confidentiels de l'État.\n \n La loi du 6 juillet 2007 définit un cadre juridique relatif à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux au Togo. Le crime en bande organisée constitue une circonstance aggravante.","Y Charts, Togo Freedom from Index corruption: 23,80 pour 2014.\nhttp://ycharts.com/indicators/togo_freedom_from_corruption_index\n\nCode pénal du 13 août 1980. (1980). Articles 202 et 208 à 210, chapitre 8.\n \n Loi du 6 juillet 2007 relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment capitaux. (2007). Article 39.\n \nLoi n° 2002-002 du 20 février 2002 modifiant et complétant les articles 208, 209 et 211 de la loi n° 80-01 du 13 août instituant code pénal http://193.5.93.81/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=265962","Les articles 208 à 210 du Code pénal punissent l’extorsion de même que le versement et l'acceptation de pot-de-vin. Les articles 208 et 209 ont ensuite été complétés par la loi n° 2002-002 du 20 février 2002 modifiant et complétant les articles 208, 209 et 211 de la loi n° 80-01 du..."]
["2014_TN_10",2014,"TN","Tunisia",10,100,"In Articles 83 to 94, the Tunisia Penal Code indicates clearly that corruption is a crime. Article 83 of the code states the following: \"Any person having the quality of civil servant who accepted, directly or indirectly, for himself or for the benefit of someone else, gifts, donations, promises or any kind of advantage, to accomplish an action related to his position, will be given 10 years in prisons and fined 10,000 Tunisian Dinars.\"\n\nIn general, the following acts are considered as corruption and condemned by law: offering or accepting a bribe, using public influence for private gain and the issuing of a false judgment by a judge.","Le National \"rapport de la Banque mondiale affirme que la Tunisie« asphyxié par sa propre corruption, \"le 17 septembre 2014.\nhttp://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/world-bank-report-says-tunisia-asphyxiated-by-its-own-corruption\n\nTunisian Code Pénal, June 2005, Livre Premier. Dispositions Générales, Articles 83 to 94.\nhttp://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Code_penal_12_07_2010_fr.pdf","In Articles 83 to 94, the Tunisia Penal Code indicates clearly that corruption is a crime. Article 83 of the code states the following: \"Any person having the quality of civil servant who accepted, directly or indirectly, for himself or for the benefit of someone else, gifts, donat..."]
["2014_UG_10",2014,"UG","Uganda",10,100,"Section 2 of the Anti Corruption Act, 2009, defines the various offences regarded as corruption in Uganda. It states that a person commits the offence of corruption if one engages in the solicitation or acceptance of bribes, the offering or granting of bribes, the diversion of public resources for private benefit, and influence peddling among others. Further, Section 5 (a) (b) of the Anti Corruption Act, 2009, goes in detail to explain that offering and accepting of a bribe, as well as soliciting or accepting any gratification for oneself, is an offence. Also Section 6 of the Anti Corruption Act, 2009, states that a person commits an offence if he or she diverts public resources for private gain. Also important to note is that the Anti-Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013, has been tabled on the floor of parliament, but it proposes no amendments on what constitutes corruption. This bill seeks to ensure that government recovers any losses caused by a person who commits an offence.\n\nFurther, Section 291 (1) of the Penal Code, 1950, provides for attempts at extortion by threats and states that “Any person who, with intent to extort or gain anything from any person — accuses or threatens … commits a felony …” Section 5 of the Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2013, distinctively spells out money laundering as a crime in Uganda. Sections 3-7 of the Prevention of Trafficking in Persons Act, 2009, state that any person who engages in or promotes trafficking in human beings commits a crime. \n\nSection 14 (1) of the Leadership Code Act, 2002, hints at using confidential state information for private gain. It states that “… a leader shall not directly or indirectly use or allow any person under his or her control to use for furthering any private interest, whether financial or otherwise, any information obtained through or in connection with the office of the leader and not yet made available to the public.”","World Bulletin, \"Uganda vows to fight corruption,\" Dec. 11, 2014.\nhttp://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/150462/uganda-vows-to-fight-corruption\n\nThe Anti Corruption Act, 2009, Section 2, 5, 6\nhttp://www.publicservice.go.ug/public/Anticorruption%20Act%202009.pdf\n\nPenal Code, 1950, Section 291 (1)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/290/PENAL%20CODE%20ACT.pdf\n\nThe Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2013, Section 5\nhttps://www.bou.or.ug/opencms/bou/bou-downloads/acts/supervision_acts_regulations/FI_Act/The-Anti-money-Laundering-Act-2013.pdf\n\nThe Leadership Code Act, 2002, Section 14 (1)\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/leadership-code-act.pdf\n\nPrevention of Trafficking in Persons Act, 2009, Sections 3-7\nhttp://www.ulii.org/content/prevention-trafficking-persons-act-2009","Section 2 of the Anti Corruption Act, 2009, defines the various offences regarded as corruption in Uganda. It states that a person commits the offence of corruption if one engages in the solicitation or acceptance of bribes, the offering or granting of bribes, the diversion of publ..."]
["2014_ZM_10",2014,"ZM","Zambia",10,100,"Zambian Law criminalises corruption. Under Article 19 (1)  and (2), of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, corrupt practices include giving and/or accepting bribes, as follows: \n\"1) A public officer who, by oneself, or in conjunction with, any other person, corruptly solicits, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to receive or obtain, from any person for oneself or for any other person, any gratification as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do, or for having done or forborne to do, anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any public body is or may be concerned, commits an offence.\n(2) A person who, by oneself, or by, or in conjunction with, any other person, corruptly gives, promises or offers any gratification to any public officer, whether for the benefit of that public officer or of any other public officer, as an inducement or reward for doing or forbearing to do, anything in relation to any matter or transaction, actual or proposed, with which any public body is or may be concerned, commits an offence.\"\n\nPart II of the law specifies the following articles that contain specific definitions of corruption and corrupt practices: \n\"19. Corrupt practices by, or with, public officers\n20. Corrupt transactions by, or with, private bodies\n21. Abuse of authority of office\n22. Possession of unexplained property\n23. Corrupt transactions by, or with, agents\n24. Corruption of members of public or private bodies with regard to meetings\n25. Corruption of witness\n26. Corrupt practices by, or with, foreign public official\n27. Corruption in relation to sporting events\n28. Conflict of interest\n29. Gratification for giving assistance, etc. with regard to contracts\n30. Gratification for procuring withdrawal of tender\n31. Obstruction of justice\n32. Gratification with regard to bidding at auction sale\n33. Coercion of investor\n34. Corrupt acquisition of public property and revenue\n35. Electoral corruption\n36. Concealment of property\n37. Dealing with, using and concealing gratification\n38. Concealment of offence\n39. Public officer’s duty to report\n40. Attempts and conspiracies\n41. General penalty\n42. Restitution\n43. Recovery of gratification by distress, etc.\n44. Recovery of gratification corruptly received by agent\n45. Certification of Government valuation officer or other\nspecialist valuer\n46. Certain matters not to constitute defence\n47. Suspension of public officer charged with corruption\n48. Suspension of public officer convicted of corruption\n49. Effect of conviction\n50. Offences by body corporate or unincorporate body.\"","Jurist, \"Zambia court blocks arrest of chief prosecutor on corruption charges,\" 13 Feb. 2015\nhttp://jurist.org/paperchase/2015/02/zambia-court-prevents-arrest-of-chief-prosecutor-on-corruption-charges.php\n\nThe Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) (Amendment Act No. 3 of 2012), Articles 19 (1) & (2) and Articles 20-50, regarding the corrupt offences covered under the act.\nhttp://www.zambialii.org/files/zm/legislation/act/2012/3/The%20Anti-Corruption%202012.pdf","Zambian Law criminalises corruption. Under Article 19 (1)  and (2), of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, corrupt practices include giving and/or accepting bribes, as follows: \n\"1) A public officer who, by oneself, or in conjunction with, any other person, corruptly soli..."]
["2014_ZW_10",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",10,100,"The constitution in Section 9 requires the state to adopt and implement policies and legislation to develop efficiency, competence, accountability, transparency, personal integrity and financial probity in all institutions and agencies of government at every level. Specifically, Section 9 (b) requires that measures must be taken to expose, combat and eradicate all forms of corruption and abuse of power by those holding political and public offices. The Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act in Sections 170-174 criminalises bribery, use of a false document, corruptly concealing a transaction from a principal, concealing from a principal a personal interest in a transaction, and abuse of duty as a public officer. \n\nThe Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Act (Act 4/2013) prohibits money laundering and requires financial institutions and cash dealers to take prudent measures to help combat money laundering.","NewsDay, \"Zimbabwe: One of the most corrupt countries,\" Dec. 4, 2014.\nhttps://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/12/04/zimbabwe-one-corrupt-countries/\n\nConstitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act, Section 9,  Act 1/2013.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646\n\nCriminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, (Chapter 9:23), Sections 170-174, 2004. http://tsime.uz.ac.zw/claroline/backends/download.php/Y3JpbWluYWxfbGF3X2NvZGlmaWNhdGlvbl9hbmRfX3JlZm9ybV9hY3QuUERG?cidReq=LB004\n\nMoney Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Act, preamble (Act 4/2013). http://www.rbz.co.zw/Website%20materials%2019.08.13/3.%20Legal%20Framework/2.%20Money%20Laundering%20and%20Proceeds%20of%20Crime%20Act.pdf","The constitution in Section 9 requires the state to adopt and implement policies and legislation to develop efficiency, competence, accountability, transparency, personal integrity and financial probity in all institutions and agencies of government at every level. Specifically, Se..."]
["2014_DZ_11",2014,"DZ","Algeria",11,0,"En Algérie, il n'existe aucun organe indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et législatif mandaté pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public.\n\nL’Organe National de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (ONPLC), créé par la loi 06-01 du 20 février 2006 et placé auprès du Président de la République peut demander aux administrations, institutions et organismes publics ou privés ou toute personne physique ou morale de lui communiquer tout document ou information qu'il juge utile pour la détection des faits de corruption.","Aucune loi n'existe","En Algérie, il n'existe aucun organe indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et législatif mandaté pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public...."]
["2014_AO_11",2014,"AO","Angola",11,100,"Article 2 of Law No. 3/96 of April 5, 1996, provides for the creation of the High Authority Against Corruption, which according to the law is an independent body that functions side by side with the National Assembly and is mandated to prevent, investigate and take penal or disciplinary action against acts of corruption or fraud committed in the exercise of administrative functions.\n\nAlthough not independent of the executive branch, the Public Prosecution Service is another body mandated by law to receive and investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption. Article 32 of the Probity Law, (2010), states that the Public Prosecution Service may examine acts of improbity semi-officially, even where the report does not provide grounds to commence an investigation owing to lack of the information specified in the previous item. Where an investigation for the determination of acts of improbity has been commenced, the Public Prosecution Service may give knowledge to the Court of Auditors of the existence of the corresponding process, and the Court of Auditors may appoint a representative to monitor it at the Public Prosecution Service.  \n\nWhere there is well-founded circumstantial evidence of liability for acts of improbity, the Public Prosecution Service may request the court in accordance with the civil law to order the seizure of assets, including the freezing of bank accounts of the probable officer or third party who has become unjustly enriched or caused damage to public property. The court must hand down a decision upon request by the Public Prosecution Service in accordance with the previous item within a maximum of 20 days and the Public Prosecution Service must bring about the investigation expeditiously proposing the main action within a maximum time of 60 days otherwise the precautionary measure will expire.","Law on Creation of the High Authority Against Corruption, Law No. 3/96 of April 5, 1996   \n\nArticle 32 (3, 4, 5 and 6) of Law on Public Probity, Law No No. 03/10  of March 29,  2010\nhttp://srvtcsa2.tcontas.ao:7779/portal/page/portal/Tribunal%20de%20C ontas%20de%20Angola/Leis/Lei-3-10.pdf ","Article 2 of Law No. 3/96 of April 5, 1996, provides for the creation of the High Authority Against Corruption, which according to the law is an independent body that functions side by side with the National Assembly and is mandated to prevent, investigate and take penal or discipl..."]
["2014_BJ_11",2014,"BJ","Benin",11,100,"La loi sur la corruption au Bénin indique en son article 5 la création d'une Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption dotée d'une autonomie financière et dotée d'une personnalité juridique.\n\nCet article stipule qu' « il est créé, dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la présente loi, un organe de lutte indépendant contre la corruption doté de l’autonomie financière et d’une personnalité juridique afin de :\n- exploiter, à toutes fins utiles, les informations sur les doléances ou plaintes relatives aux faits relevant de la corruption et infractions assimilées dont ils sont saisis, et les dénoncer au procureur de la République compétent;\n- rechercher dans la législation, les règlements, procédures et pratiques administratives, les dispositions et usages favorisant la corruption afin de proposer des mesures visant à leur correction;\n- dispenser des conseils pour la prévention de la corruption à toute personne ou à tout organisme public ou privé;\n- éduquer la population sur les dangers de la corruption et l’obligation qu’a chacun de la combattre et mobiliser les soutiens nécessaires à cette fin ;\n- s’assurer que toutes les institutions publiques disposent de manuels de procédures effectivement appliquées;\n- conserver copies des déclarations de patrimoine des personnalités visées à l’article 3 de la présente loi;\n- prêter son concours aux autorités judiciaires, lorsqu’elles en font la demande ;\n- coopérer avec les organismes visant les mêmes objectifs tant sur le plan national, régional qu’international;\n- élaborer des rapports périodiques sur les risques de corruption au sein de l’administration publique.»","Loi portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. (2011). Article 5.  http://assemblee-nationale.bj/fr/dernieres-lois-votees/339-loi-corruption/file","La loi sur la corruption au Bénin indique en son article 5 la création d'une Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption dotée d'une autonomie financière et dotée d'une personnalité juridique...."]
["2014_BW_11",2014,"BW","Botswana",11,0,"The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime was established in September 1994 under the Corruption and Economic Crime Act. The statutory mandate of the directorate was to combat corruption, and this is done by implementing a three-pronged strategy of investigation, corruption prevention and public education. \n\nAlthough it is classified as an independent institution, there is no law that establishes the independence of the directorate, as it receives its funding from the executive and its head reports directly to the president. Under Section 4 (1) Corruption and Economic Crime Act, Chapter 08:05, the president may appoint a director on such terms and conditions as he thinks fit. This compromises the independence of the directorate.","Corruption and Economic Crime Act 1994. https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Botswana_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime_Act_1994.pdf\n\nDirectorate on Corruption and Economic Crime website. \nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Department-of-Corruption-and-Economic-Crime-DCEC/About-the-DCEC1/Overview-of-the-DCEC/","The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime was established in September 1994 under the Corruption and Economic Crime Act. The statutory mandate of the directorate was to combat corruption, and this is done by implementing a three-pronged strategy of investigation, corruption ..."]
["2014_BF_11",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",11,0,"L'article 3 de la loi organique portant création, attributions, composition de l'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d'État (ASCE) définit les missions de la structure et lui donne mandat d'enquêter sur les affaires de corruption: \n«L'Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d'État est chargée de mener des investigations sur les pratiques de délinquances économiques et de corruption au sein de l'administration concernant les personnes physiques et les personnes morales de droit privé.» L'article 3 précise que l'ASCE est chargée de «contrôler l'observation des textes législatifs et réglementaires qui régissent le fonctionnement administratif, financier et comptable dans tous les services publics de l'État, des collectivités territoriales, des établissements publics et de tout organisme national investi de mission de service public», et aussi de «recevoir et d'étudier les dénonciations des administrés dans leurs relations avec les administrations de l'État, des collectivités territoriales, des établissements publics ou tout autre organisme investi d'une mission de service public.»  \n\nL'article 17 consacre son indépendance en ces termes: «le contrôleur général d’État et les contrôleurs d’État jouissent d'une immunité dans l'exercice de leur fonction. Ils sont indépendants vis-à-vis des administrations, des services et organismes qu'ils contrôlent et libres dans l'appréciation des faits qu'ils examinent et des conclusions qu'ils en tirent.»  Ce qui suppose que son indépendance énoncée par l'article 17 concerne également l'exécutif composé des administrations d'État, puisque les ministères sont concernés. \n\nCependant, cette même loi stipule à son article premier que l'ASCE est placée sous l'autorité du Premier Ministre, ce qui la place sous le contrôle de l'exécutif.","Loi n° 032-2007/AN portant création, attribution, composition et fonctionnement d’une autorité supérieure de contrôle d’État JO n°03 du 17 janvier 2007, Article 6 et 17. http://track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Burkina%20Faso/Laws/Loi%20032%20Autorite%20Superieure%20de%20Controle%20d'État%20(2007).pdf.","L'article 3 de la loi organique portant création, attributions, composition de l'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d'État (ASCE) définit les missions de la structure et lui donne mandat d'enquêter sur les affaires de corruption: ..."]
["2014_BI_11",2014,"BI","Burundi",11,0,"La loi portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) charge cette brigade de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public tenues par les citoyens. L' article 1 de cette loi stipule que: «La Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) dispose de la compétence exclusive pour procéder à la recherche des auteurs présumés coupables des infractions de corruption et des infractions connexes.»\n\nQuant à l' indépendance de ce corps, l'article 5 de la loi stipule que «La brigade est placée sous la tutelle du ministère ayant la bonne gouvernance dans ses attributions.»\n\nLa brigade n'est donc pas indépendante du pouvoir exécutif.","Loi n° 1/37 du 28 décembre 2006, portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la brigade spéciale anti-corruption, article 1. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi_n1-27_du_03_aout_2006-2.pdf\n\nLoi n° 1/12 du 18 avril 2006, mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes, article 6. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/n%C2%B01_12_18_avril_2006.pdf","La loi portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) charge cette brigade de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public tenues par les citoyens. L' article 1 de cette loi stipule que: «La Brigade ..."]
["2014_CM_11",2014,"CM","Cameroon",11,0,"Au Cameroun, il existe bien une loi (décret présidentiel) qui crée la Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption (CONAC). Cet organisme est l'organe de l'Etat qui enquête sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public.\n\nCependant, dans son organisation et fonctionnement, il n'est pas indiqué son indépendance vis-à-vis de quelque pouvoir que ce soit. C'est une structure placée sous la tutelle de la Présidence de la République et ses rapports sont soumis à l'attention du Chef de l'Etat qui décide de l'ouverture ou non des poursuites. La CONAC en tant que telle, n'a pas l'autorité nécessaire pour déclencher les poursuites judiciaires à l'encontre des personnes incriminées.","Décret n° 2006/088 du 11 mars 2006 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption. http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/decret-n-2006088-du-11-mars-2006-portant-creation-organisation-et-fonctionnement-de-la-commission.html","Au Cameroun, il existe bien une loi (décret présidentiel) qui crée la Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption (CONAC). Cet organisme est l'organe de l'Etat qui enquête sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public...."]
["2014_CV_11",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",11,0,"There is no specific body. The Organic Law of Public Prosecution, Article 5, states that it is incumbent upon the prosecutor to lead the criminal investigation, even when performed by other entities.","1. Law 89/VII/2011, (Organic Law of Public Prosecution), Article 5º, In Official Bulletin, I Series nº 7, February 14, 2011.\n\n2. Law of Criminal Investigation, Law 30/VII/2008: \"Approves the Criminal Investigation,\" In Official Bulletin, Series nº 27, July 14, 2008.","There is no specific body. The Organic Law of Public Prosecution, Article 5, states that it is incumbent upon the prosecutor to lead the criminal investigation, even when performed by other entities."]
["2014_CF_11",2014,"CF","CAR",11,0,"En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe pas un organe indépendant mandaté pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption. En revanche, la RCA dispose d'un Comité national de lutte contre la corruption rattaché à la primature. Ce dernier a pour mission principale d'élaborer les stratégies de lutte contre la corruption. \n\nEn perspective, l'étude sur  la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption a proposé la mise en place d'une institution indépendante de lutte contre la corruption,  dotée de tous les moyens nécessaires. Cette recommandation bien que approuvée lors des assisses sur la corruption tenues en 2012 sous l'égide du Chef de l'État,  n'a pas encore connu un début de mise en oeuvre.","KOYASSAMBIA Jean-Batiste, Conseiller national (Député), ex expert du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) en matière de bonne gouvernance et du Comité national de lutte contre la corruption en RCA, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, ex expert des Nations Unies en matière des Droits de l'Homme à Goma (RDC), Conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'observatoire des élections, coordonnateurs adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme en RCA, interview du 21juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à l'université de Bangui, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe pas un organe indépendant mandaté pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption. En revanche, la RCA dispose d'un Comité national de lutte contre la corruption rattaché à la primature. Ce dernier a pour mission principale d'é..."]
["2014_TD_11",2014,"TD","Chad",11,0,"Il n'existe pas une loi déterminant un corps spécifique, indépendant, chargé de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public au Tchad. La lutte contre la corruption au Tchad est le parent pauvre des politiques publiques en termes de réformes.\n\nCe constat est confirmé par le juriste fondamentaliste Daram FINAMOU: « sauf le décret instituant le ministère de l'assainissement public et de la bonne gouvernance qui est en réalité une institution politique du gouvernement sinon aucune loi dans ce sens.»\n\nMême son de cloche du coté du parlementaire Abdoulaye CHOUA, « à mon avis, il n'y a pas une loi dans ce sens qui définit l'indépendance d'un corps ou une institution chargée d'enquêter sur la corruption dans le secteur public. Le ministère de l'assainissement et de la bonne gouvernance est une institution politique et rattachée à l'exécutif.»\n\nLe directeur de la législature du ministère de la justice et des Droits de l'Homme, Bégoto MIANROM a confirmé pour sa part que ce constat réflète les réalités.","Il n'existe pas de loi.\n\nFINAMOU Daram, juriste fondamentaliste, enseignant à l'université EMI-Koussi, entretien par téléphone, 27 juillet 2014 .\n\nCHOUA Abdoulaye, parlementaire, Assemblée nationale, 27 juillet 2014.\n\nMIAROM Bégoto, directeur général adjoint de la législation, des études et de la coopération au ministère de la Justice, président de la Commission Nationale OHADA (CNO-Tchad), 19 juin 2014.","Il n'existe pas une loi déterminant un corps spécifique, indépendant, chargé de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public au Tchad. La lutte contre la corruption au Tchad est le parent pauvre des politiques publiques en termes de réformes...."]
["2014_KM_11",2014,"KM","Comoros",11,100,"Une autorité administrative indépendante a été créée spécialement pour assurer la surveillance et le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption : c’est la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC).\nLa CNPLC  a notamment pour pouvoir de:\n- exploiter les informations et enquêter sur les faits de corruption (art 11).\n- mener des investigations et des recherches.( art 12).\n- s’introduire dans tous locaux et bâtiments publics et requérir tout agent et autorité publics quelque soit leur rang dans la hiérarchie pour fournir tout renseignement sur l’organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions au sein du service et produire toute documentation y afférente (Art 12/2).\n\nL'indépendance de cette commission est garantie par l'article 9 de cette loi qui stipule que «dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, les membres de la commission sont protégés de toute forme de pression, intimidation provenant d’entités politique, économique ou autres.[...] Il ne peut être mis fin aux fonctions des dirigeants de la CNPLC avant l’expiration de leur mandat qu’en cas de décision de révocation prise à l’issue de plaintes ou dénonciations déposées et avérées sur l’incapacité ou le comportement indigne ou inapproprié en vertu d’une recommandation d’une commission d’enquête parlementaire contre la corruption délibérant à la majorité de ses membres et présentant un caractère de gravité suffisante.»","Loi sur la transparence des activités publiques, économiques, financières et sociales de l'Union des Comores, votée en 2008, promulguée en juin 2011. (2011). Articles 11, 12 et 12/2. http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=1548","Une autorité administrative indépendante a été créée spécialement pour assurer la surveillance et le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption : c’est la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (..."]
["2014_CD_11",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",11,0,"En République du Congo, il existe bien une loi qui charge un corps spécifique de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Il s'agit de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude qui a été créée par le Décret n° 2007-155 du 13 février 2007. \nSelon l' article 2 de ce décret, « la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude, placée auprès du Premier ministre, est un organe technique qui assiste le Gouvernement dans la mise en oeuvre de sa politique de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude.»\n\nLa Commission n'est donc pas indépendante du pouvoir exécutif.","Resource Extraction Monitoring, Congo Brazzaville, les rapports d'inspection de terrain, la plus récente 23 Avril 2014.\nhttp://www.rem.org.uk/Reports2.html#4\n\nLoi n°16-2007 du 19 septembre 2007, portant sur l'Observatoire Anti-Corruption (OAC). (Indisponible en ligne).\n\nDécret n° 2007-155 du 13 février 2007 portant réorganisation de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude.  http://track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Laws/Decret%20155%20reorganisation%20de%20la%20commission%20nationale%20de%20lutte%20contre%20la%20corruption%20(2007).pdf\n\nDécret n° 2009 – 235 du 13 août 2009, portant plan d’action de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude et pour l’amélioration de la gouvernance en République du Congo. http://www.track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Authorities/Decret%202009-235%20Plan%20d'action%20lutte%20contre%20la%20corruption%20(2009).pdf\n\nLoi n° 5-2009 du 22 septembre 2009, sur la corruption, la concussion, la fraude et les infractions assimilées. http://www.laga-enforcement.org/Portals/0/Documents/Legal%20documents/Africa%20anti-corruption/Congo_Anti%20corruption%20law.pdf","En République du Congo, il existe bien une loi qui charge un corps spécifique de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Il s'agit de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude qui a été créée par le Dé..."]
["2014_CG_11",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",11,0,"There is no law establishing an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption. \nHowever, there is the Code of Behavior for public workers (Loi partant Code de Conduite de l’Agent Public de l’Etat) that establishes a Monitoring Office for the Professional Ethics (l’Observatoire du Code d’Ethique Professionnelle-OCEP). Part of the mandate of OPED is reducing cases of alleged public sector corruption through reporting. \n\nThere is also the Law on Public Management that establishes the Authority for Regulation of Public Procurement (Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publiques-ARMP), whose mandate is also monitoring and addressing cases of corruption in the public sector.\n\nHowever, these laws do not mandate the target institutions to receive and investigate citizens’ allegations of public sector corruption nor establish the independence of these institutions from executive and legislative branches.The Commission on Ethics and the Fight against Corruption is not functioning.","Loi n°10/010 du 27 avril 2010 Portant Code des Marches Publics, Articles 13, www.droit-afrique.com/.../RDC/RDC%20-%20Code%20des%20marches.\n\nLoi 04/020 du 30 juillet 2004, portant organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la Commission de l'Ethique et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CELC) (Commission of Ethics and Anti-Corruption)), Article 1.\n http://www.droitcongolais.info/files/1159_loi_du_30_juillet_2004_observatoire_nation.pdf","There is no law establishing an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption. \nHowever, there is the Code of Behavior for public workers (Loi partant Code de Conduite de l’A..."]
["2014_CI_11",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",11,0,"Une Brigade de Lutte contre la Corruption (BLC) a été créée au sein du ministère de l’économie et des finances en 2012 (Arrêté n° 038 MEF/IGF du 17 février 2012). L’article 3 de l’Arrêté précise que cette brigade jouit « d’une autonomie de décision dans les matières relevant de sa compétence ». Toutefois, il ne s’agit que d’une « unité opérationnelle (…) qui a compétence pour connaitre des faits soupçonnés de corruption et infractions connexes dans toutes les structures publiques relevant du ministère en charge de l’économie et des finances et leurs démembrements sur toute l’étendue du territoire national » (article 2 de l’Arrêté n° 038 MEF/IGF). Bien que cet organe soit mandaté pour recevoir des plaintes et pour enquêter sur des cas présumés de corruption, sa compétence et son champ d’action sont limités aux services relevant du ministère de l’économie et des finances et ne s’étendent pas au secteur public dans son ensemble.\n \n Il existe en Côte d’Ivoire un organe chargé d'enquêter sur des cas présumés de corruption, mais il n'est pas indépendant du pouvoir executif. Il s'agit de la Brigade de Lutte Contre le Racket (BLCR) dirigée par le commandant Tuo Fozie et composée de 350 éléments. A cela s'ajoute l'existence d'un centre d'appels de dénonciation des actes délictueux des forces de l'ordre, notamment le racket. Dans le cadre de la lutte contre le racket et l’insécurité, une Unité de Lutte Contre le Racket (ULCR) a également été créée par arrêté interministériel N°086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011 et placée sous la tutelle du ministère d’État, et du ministère de l’intérieur et de la sécurité. Il s’agit d’une structure interarmées composée de membres de la police, de la gendarmerie, des forces armées, des douanes et des eaux et forêts. Parmi ses attributions figurent la lutte contre les perceptions illicites d’argent dans l’administration publique et privée et l’appui au Plan National de Développement (PND) en matière de lutte contre la corruption. Toutefois, outre le fait qu’il ne soit pas très clair de quelle manière s’effectue cette lutte, il ne s’agit pas d’un organe indépendant.\n \n Un nouvel organe, la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance, vient d’être créée par l’Ordonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013. Cette ordonnance fixe les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Haute autorité. L’article 2 de l’Ordonnance décrit l’institution comme une « autorité administrative indépendante dotée de la personnalité morale et de l’autonomie financière, placée sous l’autorité du Président de la République ». \n Selon l’article 4, la Haute autorité est chargée, entre autres missions, de « mener des investigations sur les pratiques de corruption; d’identifier les auteurs présumés et leurs complices et d’initier les poursuites; de recueillir, de centraliser et d’exploiter les dénonciations et plaintes dont elle est saisie; de recevoir les rapports d’inspections et d’audits des organes et structures de contrôle et de détection de l’État en matière de lutte contre la corruption; de saisir le procureur de la République près la juridiction compétente ». \n \n Cette autorité comprendra un magistrat, un avocat, un enseignant chercheur en droit, un officier de police judiciaire, un fonctionnaire, administrateur des services financiers, un criminologue, un sociologue, un cadre de banque ou établissement financier et un ingénieur informaticien (article 7). Ces derniers seront nommés « par décret pris en Conseil des ministres, sur présentation du Premier ministre, pour un mandat d’une durée de trois ans, renouvelable une fois » (article 8). Selon l’article 12 de l’Ordonnance, « tout membre est démis de ses fonctions par lePprésident de la République, en cas de faute grave ou d’empêchement constaté par le conseil de la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance ».\n \n La Cour des comptes contrôle la gestion financière et budgétaire de l’État et de ses organes, de même que des Inspections générales différents départements ministériels. Il existe plusieurs organes et mécanismes chargés du contrôle administratif et financier du secteur public et de l’État dans son ensemble, mais ils sont ils sont soumis à l'exécutif.","Arrêté n° 038 MEF/IGF du 17 février 2012 créant la Brigade de Lutte contre laCcorruption au sein du ministère de l’économie et des finances. (2012). Articles 2 et 3.\n  \n Arrêté interministériel N°086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011 créant l’Unité de Lutte contre le Racket. (2011).\n \n Décret n° 2009-260 du 6 aout 2009 créant l’Autorité nationale de régulation des marchés publics. (2009).\n \n Ordonnance n° 2013-661 du 20 septembre 2013 fixant les attributions, la composition, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Haute autorité pour la bonne gouvernance. (2013).\n \n Il existe en Côte d’Ivoire un organe chargé d'enquêter sur des cas présumés de corruption, mais il n'est pas indépendant du pouvoir executif. Il s'agit de la Brigade de Lutte contre le Racket (BLCR) dirigée par le commandant Tuo Fozie et composée de 350 éléments. A cela s'ajoute l'existence d'un centre d'appels de dénonciation des actes délictueux des forces de l'ordre, notamment le racket. http://www.gouv.ci/actualite_1.php?recordID=2510&depart=968&c=p.\n \n Arrêté 038 MEF/IGI du 17 février 2012 portant création de l'unité de lutte contre la corruption au sein du ministère de l'économie et des finances\n \n Arrêté ministériel 086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011 portant création de la Brigade Anti Racket","Une Brigade de Lutte contre la Corruption (BLC) a été créée au sein du ministère de l’économie et des finances en 2012 (Arrêté n° 038 MEF/IGF du 17 février 2012). L’article 3 de l’Arrêté précise que cette brigade jouit « d’une autonomie de décision dans les matières relevant de sa ..."]
["2014_DJ_11",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",11,0,"La loi prévoit une institution de lutte contre la corruption, mais elle est placée sous l'autorité de la Présidence de la République. Il s'agit de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption. \nArticle 2 : Pour la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie nationale en matière de lutte contre la corruption, il est crée une commission nationale indépendante chargée de prévenir et de lutter contre la corruption.\n\nArticle 3 : La Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption est une autorité administrative indépendante jouissant de la personnalité morale et de l'autonomie financière, placée auprès de la Présidence de la République.\n\nPour le législateur, cette tutelle de la présidence (institution suprême) est synonyme de renforcement d’autonomie de l'institution car elle peut facilement contrôler les autres institutions administratives et judiciaires du pays. Cependant cela prouve que la commission n'est pas indépendante du pouvoir exécutif.","Loi du 13 juillet 2013 complétant les dispositions législatives relatives à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption, articles 2 et 3. \nhttp://www.pogar.org/publications/ac/2013/Loi%20Relative%20%C3%A0%20la%20Pr%C3%A9vention%20et%20%C3%A0%20Lutte%20Contre%20la%20Corruption.pdf","La loi prévoit une institution de lutte contre la corruption, mais elle est placée sous l'autorité de la Présidence de la République. Il s'agit de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption. ..."]
["2014_EG_11",2014,"EG","Egypt",11,0,"The Transparency and Integrity Committee (TIC), Administrative Control Authority (ACA), Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA), Illegal Profiting Apparatus (IPA), Money Laundering Combating Unit (MLCU), and the Ombudsman's Office Auditor General as well as scores of internal review and audit or oversight committees in other government institutions are bodies investigating corruption cases. Although the independence of the Central Auditing Organization is mentioned in Article 215 of the Constitution of 2014, the CAO is funded through the budget allocated through the Executive Branch. Indeed, many of the institutions noted above are reliant on the Executive Branch or the Legislature for funding, making them an appendage to the Executive or Legislative branches.\n\nCitizens, as well as private and public sector employees, can report corruption to the Illegal Profiting Apparatus (IPA). Public sector employees also have an internal reporting mechanism under the Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA).","Egypt 2014 Constitution\nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf\n\nAccording to Law no. 2/1977, \"Civil servants as well as private sector employees face serious repercussions if they report corruption falsely or with the intent to defame the accused.\"","The Transparency and Integrity Committee (TIC), Administrative Control Authority (ACA), Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA), Illegal Profiting Apparatus (IPA), Money Laundering Combating Unit (MLCU), and the Ombudsman's Office Auditor General as well as scores of internal re..."]
["2014_GQ_11",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",11,0,"Decree Law No. 1/2004 led to the creation of a National Public Ethics Commission in 2004. According to the law, the commission is tasked with investigating cases of illicit enrichment among civil servants and violations of regulations. However, the commissioners are appointed by the president, which undermines its independence. Article 22 of the Public Ethics Law grants authority to the president to appoint the seven members of the commission without parliamentary oversight. The law does not clarify the process for their removal, and there is no provision to protect them from dismissal. The president can dismiss any of the members at any point. The commissioners are appointed by the president for a period of four years and can be re-elected for the same time (Article 22, Ethics Law). See chapter V, Articles 21–23.\n \nAccording to the law, it applies “without exception, to all persons who provide public services at all levels and hierarchies, whether permanently or temporarily, by popular vote, direct appointment, by competition or any other legal means, and is applicable to all personnel and employees of the State” (Article 2) which means it can investigate all public sector corruption (Article 23 a).\n\nThe revised Ley Fundamental (2012 Constitution) introduced the position of ombudsman (\"Defensor del Pueblo\"). See Chapter 1 (\"De los poderes y órganos del estado\"), art. 32.1. The figure of the ombudsman is, in theory, one of the means by which the state carries out its functions. However, the office is not explicitly tasked with investigating corruption issues. In addition, the ombudsman is appointed by the president, undermining its independence. \n\nLaw No. 2/2005 (May 9, 2005), “Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado,” Título II (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”), Capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”), Articles 31–36, led to the creation of an oversight body tasked with investigating public-sector corruption. However, Law No. 2/2005 does not explicitly state that the Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas shall be independent from the executive and legislative branches. \n\nPreviously, Equatorial Guinea adopted Law No. 9/2003 (Nov. 11, 2003) to establish a regulatory framework for public finances (“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas”). Though it assigned financial oversight to civil servants within the tax and budget ministry (Ministerio de Hacienda y Presupuestos), Law No. 9/2003 did not lead to the creation of an independent anti-corruption body.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Articles 99 and 100 describe the mandate of the general prosecutor and his/her assistants. Article 100 states that the president has the right to \"name them and separate them.\" Article 123 describes the Office of the Ombudsman within the Lower House and Senate.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 1/2004, Capítulo V (“Comisión Nacional de Etica Pública”), Articles 21–23 [Sobre la ética y dignidad en el ejercicio de la Función Pública], 2004.\nhttp://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 2/2005, Capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”), Articles 31–36 (\"Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado”), Título II (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”), 2005. https://www.dropbox.com/s/mqq4vp77goruq9v/2.05Ley%20de%20Funcionarios%20Civiles%20del%20Estado%202005.pdf?dl=0\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003, Capítulo 1 (“De la ejecución del Presupuesto General del Estado”), Sección 1 (“Incompatibilidades inherentes a la función de control público”), Articles 47–56, Capítulo 2 (“De los controles del Presupuesto”), Articles 57–63, Sección 1 (“El control administrativo a priori de las operaciones presupuestarias del Estado”), Articles 64–67, Sección 2 (“El control jurisdiccional”), Articles 68–70, Sección 3 (“El control por la Cámara de los representantes del pueblo”), Articles 71–72, 2003. \nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/ofcvafzbvyk5skn/9.03Ley%20Reguladora%20de%20las%20Finanzas%20Publicas.pdf?dl=0","Decree Law No. 1/2004 led to the creation of a National Public Ethics Commission in 2004. According to the law, the commission is tasked with investigating cases of illicit enrichment among civil servants and violations of regulations. However, the commissioners are appointed by th..."]
["2014_ER_11",2014,"ER","Eritrea",11,0,"In 1996, the Government of the State of Eritrea (GSE) established a \"Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement.\" The Special Court has jurisdiction over cases involving corruption. It has the power to reopen and adjudicate cases that have already been processed through the regular criminal justice system. Its investigations are usually conducted by police, the National Security Agency, Special Task Force established by the president and the army. \n\nIt cannot be classified as an independent body that investigates corruption because it is not independent from the executive branch. Its judges do not have formal legal training. They are appointed by the head of state and are mostly senior members of the armed forces. The president’s office has power to allocate budget for the court, making it an appendage of the executive branch. All the provisions of the Special Court are enforced by the Ministry of Defense. Because all the senior government officers are veteran liberation fighters, they report to the Ministry of Defense. They are still under the obligations of the Ministry of Defense's internal procedures and code of conduct.","Article 7 of the Proclamation 85/1996 to establish the Special Court, 1996 (Unofficial translation)\nhttp://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/eritrea.php","In 1996, the Government of the State of Eritrea (GSE) established a \"Special Court to address among other matters cases of corruption and embezzlement.\" The Special Court has jurisdiction over cases involving corruption. It has the power to reopen and adjudicate cases that have alr..."]
["2014_ET_11",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",11,0,"The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Establishment Proclamation establishes the commission as an independent federal government body, but that the commission shall be accountable to the prime minister. It is also clear from the proclamation that the prime minister nominates the appointed commissioner. \n\nMoreover, the prime minister is entitled by law to appoint the deputy commissioner without seeking the approval of the House of Peoples' Representatives. The independence of the commission is compromised as it states that the commissioner is accountable to the head of the executive branch of the government, and not to the House of Peoples' Representatives.","Proclamation No. 434/2005 Anti-Corruption Special Procedure and Rules of Proclamation No. 434/2005, Part 2, Article 3, subarticles 1 and 2, 2005, http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Ethiopia_Anti%20Corruption%20Rules%20Proclamation_434_2005_en.pdf","The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Establishment Proclamation establishes the commission as an independent federal government body, but that the commission shall be accountable to the prime minister. It is also clear from the proclamation that the prime minister nomi..."]
["2014_GA_11",2014,"GA","Gabon",11,100,"La Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI) a été créée par la Loi 0003/2003 du 7 mai 2003, portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite afin de lutter contre les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public.  \nL'article 2 de la loi créant la CNLCEI stipule qu'elle est indépendante: «il est créé une autorité administrative indépendante dénommée Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI).»","Loi n°003/2003/ portant création, organisation, et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI). http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Gabon_Anti%20Corruption%20Commission%20Law_3_2003_fr.pdf","La Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI) a été créée par la Loi 0003/2003 du 7 mai 2003, portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre l’Enrichissement Illicite afin de lutter contre les allégations de ..."]
["2014_GM_11",2014,"GM","The Gambia",11,100,"Section 3 of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act (2012) provides for the establishment of the Commission. Section 3 (3) provides that \"The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson and six other members\" and Section 3 (4) provides that its members  \"shall be appointed by the President in consultation with the Public Service Commission from among persons of proven integrity\". The act does not say anything about where the chairperson and six members will be drawn from but Section 4 provides that commissioners be:\n\na. Persons of integrity, competence and maturity of judgment \nb. Has knowledge and experience of not less than fifteen years in ethics and governance, law, public administration, economics, audit or accounting, or fraud investigation\nc. Has a distinguished career in his or her respective field.\n\nSection 4 (2) also provides that a person shall not be qualified for appointment as a member of the Commission it he or she is a member of the governing body of the political party; b. Is an undischarged bankrupt; or c. has been convicted of a criminal offence.\n\nThe commission has the power, among others, to conduct investigations on its own initiative or on a complaint made by any person, section 7 (2) (c). Thus citizens can make complaints to the commission. The mechanisms are however not yet in place because the commission is not yet set up. The chairperson is also mandated to make rules giving effect to the provisions of the act.","Section 3, section 5 and section 7 of Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2012.","Section 3 of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act (2012) provides for the establishment of the Commission. Section 3 (3) provides that \"The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson and six other members\" and Section 3 (4) provides that its members  \"shall be appointed by the Preside..."]
["2014_GH_11",2014,"GH","Ghana",11,100,"Article 216, Article 218(a), (b) and (c), and Articles 225 - 230 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana created the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) with the mandate to receive and investigate citizens allegations of public sector corruption. Even though the laws do not explicitly state that CHRAJ is independent of the Executive and the Legislature, it (CHRAJ) operates as a quasi-judicial body independent of all branches of government.\n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eighteen, Article 216, and Article 218(a), (b) and (c) provide that:\n\"216. There shall be established by Act of Parliament within six months after Parliament first meets after the coming into force of this Constitution, a Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice which shall consist of -\n(a) a Commissioner for Human Rights and Administrative Justice; and\n(b) two Deputy Commissioners for Human Rights and Administrative Justice\n\n218.The functions of the Commission shall be defined and prescribed by Act of Parliament and shall include the duty.\n(a) to investigate complaints of violations of fundamental rights and freedoms, injustice, corruption, abuse of power and unfair treatment of any person by a public officer in the exercise of his official duties;\n(b) to investigate complaints concerning the functioning of the Public Services Commission, the administrative organs of the State, the Armed Forces, the Police Service and the Prisons Service in so far as complaints relate to the failure to achieve a balanced structuring of those services or equal access by all to the recruitment of those services or fair administration in relation to those service;\n(c) to investigate complaints concerning practices and actions by persons, private enterprises and other institutions where those complaints allege violations of fundamental rights and freedoms under this Constitution.\"\n\nArticles 225 - 230 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana also provide that:\n\"225. Except as provided by this Constitution or by any other law not inconsistent with this Constitution the Commission and the Commissioners shall, in the performance of their functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\n226. The appointment of officers and other employees of the Commission shall be made by the Commission acting in consultation with the Public Services Commission.\n227. The administrative expenses of the Commission including salaries, allowances and pensions payable to, or in respect of, persons serving with the Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.\n228. The procedure for the removal of the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioners shall be the same as that provided for the removal of a Justice of the Court of Appeal and a Justice of the High Court respectively under this Constitution.\n229. For the purposes of performing his functions under this Constitution and any other law, the Commissioner may bring an action before any court in Ghana and may seek any remedy which may be available from that court\n230. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to any Act of Parliament made under this Chapter, the Commission shall make, by constitutional instrument, regulations regarding the manner and procedure for bringing complaints before it and the investigation of such complaints.\"\n\nThere is also the Economic And Organized Crime Office (EOCO) set by Act 804 (2010) in line with Article 190 (1((d) of the 1992 Constitution as one of the public services of Ghana to supplement and augment government efforts in fighting corruption. It serves as a specialized agency to monitor and investigate on the authority of the Attorney General to prosecute any offence involving serious financial and economic loss to the state. Though the law does not explicitly state that EOCO is independent of the Executive and the Legislature, members of its Governing board are like the commissioners of the CHRAJappointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State according to article 70 of the Constitution.","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eighteen, Article 216, and Article 218(a), (b) and (c), and Articles 225 - 230.\nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst18.html\n\n2. ECONOMIC AND ORGANIZED CRIME ACT, 2010 (ACT 804). http://www.eoco.org.gh/assets/Economic%20and%20organized%20crime%20Ac.pdf","Article 216, Article 218(a), (b) and (c), and Articles 225 - 230 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana created the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) with the mandate to receive and investigate citizens allegations of public sector corruption...."]
["2014_GN_11",2014,"GN","Guinea",11,0,"Il n’y a pas d’organe indépendant mandaté pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption.\n\nIl ya toutefois une agence qui n'est pas indépendante car elle est rattachée à la présidence de la république.  Cette agence connue sous le nom de Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC) avait été créée en 2004 sous le régime du président Lansana Conté (ordonnance no. 2004/7137/MPCEF/SGG du 13 juillet 2004). \n\nElle fut reconduite en décembre 2012, par un décret du président de la République qui lui adjoignait un Bureau des plaintes des citoyens pour les cas de la corruption (Décret D/2012/132/PRG/SGG du 12 Décembre 2012). Sa mission consiste à élaborer une politique nationale de bonne gouvernance et à en chapeauter la mise en œuvre. Cette mission implique aussi de conduire les activités de prévention, de détection et de répression de la corruption ou de pratiques assimilées. Le rattachement de l’ANLC aux institutions de la Présidence compromet son indépendance.","DIALLO Hassan II, secretaire exécutif de la reforme du secteur de la justice, 12h30, 23 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nTOURÉ Ali, substitut du procureur de Conakry , 14h30, 23 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nDécret D/2012/132/PRG/SGG du 12 Décembre 2012 portant réorganisation du Cabinet du Président de la République\n\nOrdonnance No. 2004/7137/MPCEF/SGG du 13 juillet 2004","Il n’y a pas d’organe indépendant mandaté pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption...."]
["2014_GW_11",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",11,100,"Law nº 6-B/95 of 17 July 1995, created the Superior Inspection Against Corruption (Inspecção Superior Contra Corrupção). In article 1º, section 2, it states that the \"Superior Inspection against Corruption is an independent body created for the defence of the citizens of the republic, and works alongside the National Popular Assembly\". Its mandate is to prevent, inquire, report and submit to the competent authorities the acts of corruption and fraud committed in the exercise of public office (article 2). Any individual or collective person, national or foreigner can press charges. \n\nArticle 5º refers to the inspection's autonomy and states \"In performing its functions, the Superior Inspection Against Corruption has total autonomy and independence regarding other public powers and owes obedience only to the constitution and the law\".  \n\nLaw n 8/96 approves the regulation of the Inspection against Corruption. Article 24º, section 2, it states that the inspection has administrative autonomy. In section 1 of the same article, it states that its budget is allocated by the National Popular Assembly.\n\nThe Superior Inspection Against Corruption, however, is merely symbolic. It does not have any human resources or financial means to operate. According to the Superior Inspector Against Corruption since its inception in 1996, this body has failed to act. As testimony of its failure the Superior Inspector himself in his speech to the members of parliament on 10 January 2014 said \"we have lost count of the number of cases and charges of criminal nature that have been pressed regarding the actions of various organs of the state and the successive and the hideous corruption incidents that have occurred, always with inconclusive results\". Given the practically inexistence of the Superior Inspection Against Corruption, the Public Ministry remains the active agency.\n\nAccording to Article 125 of the Constitution, \n1. The Prosecutor Office is the state body in charge of verify the legality and represent the public and social interest.\n2. The Prosecutor Office is organised as a hierarchical structure under the direction of the attorney general's office.\n3. The attorney general's office is appointed by the president after consultation with the government.\n\nArticle 2º of the Organic Law of the Prosecutor Office specifically states that it is an autonomous body and independent from the legislative and executive powers. \n\nArticle 3 of the Organic Law states the Prosecutor Office’s responsibilities and establishes that it has a mandate to represent the state and citizens, to promote democratic legality, and promote, coordinate and take preventive actions against criminality and investigate criminal allegations. The Prosecutor Office has a specific office against corruption and economic crimes.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Article 125º, 1996\n\n2.  Organic Law of the Public Ministry (Lei Orgânica do Ministério Público), Lei n. 8/95, 1995\n\n3.. The Superior Inspection against Corruption, Law 6-B, July 17, 1995 (Inspecção Superior Contra a Corrupção – Lei n. 6-B/95), articles 1º, 2º and 5º\n\n4. Lei N. 8/96, Regulation of the Superior Inspection against corruption, Article 24º, 9 December, 1996","Law nº 6-B/95 of 17 July 1995, created the Superior Inspection Against Corruption (Inspecção Superior Contra Corrupção). In article 1º, section 2, it states that the \"Superior Inspection against Corruption is an independent body created for the defence of the citizens of the republ..."]
["2014_KE_11",2014,"KE","Kenya",11,100,"Kenya has a functional Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) to check against corruption. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2011 expressly provides for the creation of an agency to fight graft in Kenya.\n\nArticle 3 (1)  states that there is established an Ethics and Anti- Corruption Commission.  \n(2) In addition to the powers of the Commission under Article 253 of the Constitution, the Commission shall have the power to: \n (a) acquire, hold, charge and dispose movable  and immovable property; and  \n (b) do or perform all such other things or acts for the proper discharge of its functions under the Constitution, this Act or any written law, as may lawfully be done or performed by a body corporate. \n\nArticle 28 (Independence of the Commission) establishes that \"Except as provided in the Constitution and this Act, the Commission shall, in the performance of its functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.","1. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2011. http://www.cickenya.org/index.php/legislation/acts/item/67-the-ethics-and-anti-corruption-commission-act-2011#.U6RQIEBEBNY.\n\n2. THE ANTI-CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC CRIMES ACT 2003 EXPLAINED-A publication of Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission,Directorate of Preventive Services-A Manual for Public Officers and Members of the Public. http://www.eacc.go.ke/Docs/IEC/ACECA2.pdf.\n\n3. Eric Mutua, chairman Law Society of Kenya. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n4. Yasin Aila, spokesman Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, Kenya. Interviewed on June 20, 2014.\n\n5. International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA) website. Accessed on June 20, 2014. http://www.iaaca.org/AntiCorruptionAuthorities/ByCountriesandRegions/K/Kenyajigou/201202/t20120209_801720.shtml","Kenya has a functional Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) to check against corruption. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2011 expressly provides for the creation of an agency to fight graft in Kenya...."]
["2014_LS_11",2014,"LS","Lesotho",11,100,"The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) is established under the Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 (and amended in 2006). According to Section 6 of the act, DCEO's mandate includes receiving “any complaints alleging corruption in any public or private body and … any conduct of any person, which in the opinion of the Director General, may be connected with ... corruption ... .\"  \n\nThis act notes, in 3(1)(b), that the Directorate \"shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority in the exercise of its\nfunctions except in accordance with this Act.\"\n\nHowever, the DCEO is in terms of prosecution, beholden to the executive branch. While the law gives the DCEO the freedom to initiate and conduct investigations, Section 43 of the DCEO Act requires it to secure the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) before taking corruption allegations to court. This is a limitation to its independence as the DPP is appointed by the king acting on the advice (not the recommendation) of the Prime Minister. The appointment process of the DPP makes him a political appointee beholden to the Prime Minister or the executive. According to Section 98 (b) of the constitution, the ultimate authority over the DPP is vested on the attorney general, whose appointment and possible corollaries are identical to that of the DPP. Both offices are also resourced (in personnel and finances) by the executive.","1. Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act, 1999. Sections 6 and 43. http://www.commonlii.org/ls/legis/num_act/pocaeoa1999457.pdf\n\n2. Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences (Amendment) Act, 2006. http://www.lesotholii.org/files/prevention_of_corruption_and_economic_offences_amendment_act_2006.pdf","The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) is established under the Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 (and amended in 2006). According to Section 6 of the act, DCEO's mandate includes receiving “any complaints alleging corruption in any publ..."]
["2014_LR_11",2014,"LR","Liberia",11,100,"There is an independent body mandated to receive and investigate corruption. The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) was established by an act and Section 10.2 of that act mandates the LACC to investigate acts of corruption without limits except for the law. \n\nThe LACC is composed of five commissioners. One is appointed as chairperson, one as vice chairperson who shall act as chairperson in the absence of the chairperson. The five commissioners are nominated by the president through popular consultations which is not defined. The appointees goes through confirmation by the Senate, then subsequently appointed and commissioned to their respective offices by the president. \n\nThe LACC's mandates include the investigation and prosecution of acts of corruption, outreach and public education on corrupt practices and the effects thereof, prevention of acts of corruption and the administration of procedures to ensure the fight against corruption is effective.","The Act Establishing Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission. http://www.lacc.gov.lr/public/LACC_ACT.pdf","There is an independent body mandated to receive and investigate corruption. The Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) was established by an act and Section 10.2 of that act mandates the LACC to investigate acts of corruption without limits except for the law. ..."]
["2014_LY_11",2014,"LY","Libya",11,0,"In March 25, 2014, the General National Congress issued Law No. 11 of 2014 establishing the National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption, a special body to fight corruption. However, Article 1 (1) of Law No. 11 of 2014 states that the commission will be independent body under legislative authority, and Article 2 (2) states that the chairman of the anti-corruption commission will be appointed and fired by the legislative authority.","Articles 1 (1) and 2 (2) of Law No. 11 of 2014 to establish a national commission to combat corruption.\n\nInterview with Mabrouk Shniab, head on the Libyan Organisation of Transparency and Anti-corruption, Sept. 24, 2014.","In March 25, 2014, the General National Congress issued Law No. 11 of 2014 establishing the National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption, a special body to fight corruption. However, Article 1 (1) of Law No. 11 of 2014 states that the commission will be independent body und..."]
["2014_MG_11",2014,"MG","Madagascar",11,100,"Il s’agit de deux entités, telles que prévues par la Loi n° 2004-030 prévoit en son article 18 pour la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale de lutte contre la corruption la mise en place d’un cadre institutionnel composé de : \n 1) un Conseil Supérieur de Lutte Contre la Corruption (CSLCC) \n 2) un Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption (BIANCO).\n \n Le BIANCO fut mis en place en 2004. A cet effet, il est chargé spécifiquement (article 3) de conduire la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption, notamment :\n 1° la mise en application de la législation anti-corruption ;\n 2° la prévention par l’élimination des opportunités de corruption dans le fonctionnement des systèmes du secteur public et privé ;\n 3° l’éducation des citoyens sur les effets néfastes engendrés par la corruption et l’incitation de la communauté à lutter contre la corruption.\n \n Le Conseil Supérieur de Lutte Contre la Corruption, l’autre composante du cadre institutionnel a été le leader dans la mise en place du BIANCO. Plus tard, il est devenu le Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité. Il a pour mission : le développement du Ssystème national d’intégrité, l’appui à la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale en matière d’intégrité, notamment dans le domaine de la réforme de la justice et de la police judiciaire, et l’assistance aux piliers du système national d’intégrité.","Loi n° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, Journal Officiel de la République, n°2928, 16 septembre 2004, p.3307 http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20les%20societes/lois%20et%20ordonnances/Loi%202004-030.pdf.\n \n Décret n° 2004-937 portant création du Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/.../decrets/Decret%202004-937.pdf.\n \n Décret n° 2008 – 176 du 15 février 2008 portant réorganisation du Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption http://www.bianco-mg.org/sites/default/files/DECRET_2008-176_DU_15-02-08_REORGANISATION_BIANCO.doc.\n \n Décret n° 2006 - 207 du 21 mars 2006 portant création du Comité pour la sauvegarde de l'intégrité http://www.csi.gov.mg/.","Il s’agit de deux entités, telles que prévues par la Loi n° 2004-030 prévoit en son article 18 pour la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale de lutte contre la corruption la mise en place d’un cadre institutionnel composé de : ..."]
["2014_MW_11",2014,"MW","Malawi",11,100,"Malawi has an independent body mandated to investigate all matters of corruption, the Anti-Corruption Bureau. It was established by the Corrupt Practices Act (1996). Section 4 (1) of this act reads \"There is hereby established a body to be known as the anti-corruption bureau which shall consist of the director, the deputy director and such other officers of the bureau, as may be appointed under section 9\".\n\nAccording to Section 4 (3), as amended in 2004, this institution is supposed to be independent. It stipulates: \"The bureau shall exercise its functions and powers independent of the direction or interference of any other person or authority\".\n\nThe functions of the bureau, which include receiving and investigating reports on cases of corruption, are outlined in Section 10 of the Corrupt Practices Act as follows:\n(a) Take necessary measures for the prevention of corruption in public bodies and private bodies, including, in particular, measures for:\n(i) examining the practices and procedures of public bodies and private bodies in order to facilitate the discovery of corrupt practices and secure the revision of methods of work or procedures which in the opinion of the bureau may be prone or conducive to corrupt practices.","Corrupt Practices Act (1996) Section 4 (1) and 10, amended in 2004.  http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/7:04/corrupt_practices_act_pdf_90548.pdf","Malawi has an independent body mandated to investigate all matters of corruption, the Anti-Corruption Bureau. It was established by the Corrupt Practices Act (1996). Section 4 (1) of this act reads \"There is hereby established a body to be known as the anti-corruption bureau which ..."]
["2014_ML_11",2014,"ML","Mali",11,100,"Le Mali dispose d'organe indépendants à même de recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. Il s'agit du Bureau du Vérificateur Général et du pôle économique de la justice malienne. Le rôle du BVG se limite à la vérification financière et à l'élaboration de rapports sur les structures publiques. Par contre le pôle économique a des prérogatives beaucoup plus poussées. Ce dernier peut engager des poursuites pénales et procéder à des arrestations si besoin en est.  \n\nL'article 1 de la loi stipule: «Il est institué un Vérificateur Général, autorité indépendante chargée de la vérification générale». Indépendant des pouvoirs exécutifs et législatifs, le Vérificateur Général a en charge de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public tenues par les citoyens, d'effectuer un contrôle de performance et de qualité des services et organismes publics, et des programmes et projets de développement; de contrôler la régularité et la sincérité des recettes et des dépenses effectuées par les institutions de la République, les administrations civiles et militaires de l'Etat, les collectivités territoriales, les établissements publics. Il procède également à la vérification d'opérations de gestion des entreprises dans lesquelles l'Etat ou une autre personne publique détient une participation financière. \n\nL'article 12 du texte instituant le Bureau du Vérificateur Général stipule que toute personne physique ou morale qui souhaite qu'une structure publique et  toute autre structure bénéficiant du concours financier de l'Etat, fasse l'objet d'une vérification, en saisit le Vérificateur Général par écrit, en lui donnant les informations nécessaires lui permettant d'effectuer son enquête.\nIl appartient au Vérificateur Général d'apprécier le caractère sérieux de l'information et de décider de la suite. Après la mise en place d'un régime democratique en septembre 2013, des particuliers ont demandé par exemple au BVG d'enquêter sur la gestion du gouvernement de transition et celle des militaires qui ont effectué le putsch en mars 2012.","Loi 2012-009 du 08 février 2012  abrogeant et remplaçant la loi 03-030 du 25 août 2003 instituant le Vérificateur Général, article 1, Page 79 du rapport annuel 2011 du Vérificateur Général http://www.bvg-mali.org/files/RA/rapport_annuel_2011.pdf","Le Mali dispose d'organe indépendants à même de recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. Il s'agit du Bureau du Vérificateur Général et du pôle économique de la justice malienne. Le rôle du BVG se limite à la vérification financière et à l'éla..."]
["2014_MR_11",2014,"MR","Mauritania",11,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.\n\nEn dehors de l'inspection générale d'État (IGE), dont la compétence se limite au respect des règles de procédure budgétaire et au respect des règles en matière de dépenses publiques, il n'existe pas à ce jour de structure indépendante habilitée à recevoir ou à enquêter sur les accusations de corruption dans le secteur public.","Une telle loi n'existe pas","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.\n\nEn dehors de l'inspection générale d'État (IGE), dont la compétence se limite au respect des r..."]
["2014_MU_11",2014,"MU","Mauritius",11,0,"Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 2002, a commission was set up known as the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). It is tasked with receiving and investigating cases of alleged public sector corruption. \n\nGiven that it is the prime minister who appoints the ICAC board, determines members' salaries and may renew their contracts, the commission cannot be considered entirely independent. Section 113 of the constitution allows a newly elected government to remove appointees prior to the expiration of their term. \n\nSection 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act states that: \n“There is established for the purposes of this act a commission, which shall be known as the Independent Commission against Corruption. The Commission shall be a body corporate. The Commission shall be administered and managed by a Board which shall consist of a Chairperson and 2 other members. The chairperson of the board shall be the director-general of the commission. The director-general shall be appointed by the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition.”\n\nSection 19 (4) states that: \nThe Director-General shall be appointed by the Prime Minister after consultation with the\nLeader of the Opposition and shall be a person who - \n(a) has served as a Judge of the Supreme Court;\n(b) has served as a Magistrate in Mauritius for not less than 10 years;\n(c) is, or has been, a practicing barrister or law officer for not less than 10 years; \n (ca) for an aggregate period of not less than 10 years, has served as a Magistrate in\nMauritius and been either a practicing barrister or a law officer, or both a practicing barrister\nand a law officer; or \n(d) has served in an anti-corruption agency in another country at an acceptable level of Seniority\n\nSection 19 (5) further specifies: The members of the Board, other than the Director-General, shall be persons having sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of law, banking, accountancy, finance, financial services, economics or fraud detection to be appointed by the Prime Minister.\n\nSection 20 details the functions of the commission. Section 20 (1) c, d and e state that the commission will:\n• Receive and consider any allegation that a corruption offence has been committed; \n• Detect or investigate any act of corruption;\n• Investigate the conduct of any public official which, in its opinion, is connected with or conducive to corruption; \n\nSection 20 (2) further states that the commission shall act independently, impartially, fairly and in the public interest.","Name of the law(s): Prevention of Corruption Act \n • Year passed: 2002\n • Section(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Part 3 (Sections 19-38)\n • Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://www.icac.mu/English/Documents/140318%20Prevention%20of%20Corruption%20Act.pdf","Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 2002, a commission was set up known as the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). It is tasked with receiving and investigating cases of alleged public sector corruption. ..."]
["2014_MA_11",2014,"MA","Morocco",11,0,"The body to fight corruption in Morocco Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) was created by Decree 2-05-1228 on March 13, 2007, after Morocco signed the UN convention against corruption. However this body is under the authority of the Prime Minister and therefore not independent from the executive power.  \n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree. Another agency, the National Instance of Probity and Prevention for the fight against Corruption was created by articles 36 and 167 of the Constitution 2011, but presently lacks independence  pending the adoption of its text of application by the parliament.","Website of the ICPC (Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption) http://www.icpc.ma/wps/portal (last checked July 4, 2013).\n\nDécret n° 2-05-1228 du 13 mars 2007 - Création de l'instance Centrale de prévention de la corruption (see attached).\n\nReviewer sources:\n \n(1) Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco. Title XII Article 167. 2011.\n(2) Press release of Transparency Maroc on 17 June 2014 criticizing the project of the bill on \"Instance nationale de probité et de lutte contre la corruption\": http://transparencymaroc.ma/TM/sites/default/files/communiqu%C3%A9%20nouvelle%20instance%20fr_0.pdf.","The body to fight corruption in Morocco Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) was created by Decree 2-05-1228 on March 13, 2007, after Morocco signed the UN convention against corruption. However this body is under the authority of the Prime Minister and therefore not ..."]
["2014_MZ_11",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",11,0,"The Central Office for Combating Corruption was created by Law No. 6/2004 and is regulated by Decree No. 22/2005. It took effect on 14 Oct. 2005. It is dependent on the executive and subordinated to the attorney general's office. \n\nArticle 2 of the anti-corruption law states that it applies to all civil servants, including leaders, officials or employees of state or local authorities, public and private companies participated in by state or concessionaires of public services. The office is subordinated to the attorney general, and it is, therefore, not fully independent of the executive branch.","Anti-Corruption Law, 2004,  Article 19. \nhttp://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/Boletim_Republica-24-04.pdf\n\nDecree No. 22, 2005. \nhttp://www.pgr.gov.mz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=27&Itemid=15","The Central Office for Combating Corruption was created by Law No. 6/2004 and is regulated by Decree No. 22/2005. It took effect on 14 Oct. 2005. It is dependent on the executive and subordinated to the attorney general's office. ..."]
["2014_NA_11",2014,"NA","Namibia",11,100,"The  Anti-Corruption Commission of Namibia is established by the Anti-Corruption Act of 2003, which came into force on April 15, 2005.  Sections 2 and 3 of the Act established the commission as an independent body and mandated it to receive or initiate and investigate allegations of corrupt practices in the public sector.","Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 (Act No.8 of 2003), Government Gazette August 4 2003, http://www.saflii.org/na/legis/num_act/aa2003200.pdf.\n\nArticle 94A of the Constitution of Namibia, \nhttp://www.orusovo.com/namcon/.","The  Anti-Corruption Commission of Namibia is established by the Anti-Corruption Act of 2003, which came into force on April 15, 2005.  Sections 2 and 3 of the Act established the commission as an independent body and mandated it to receive or initiate and investigate allegations o..."]
["2014_NE_11",2014,"NE","Niger",11,0,"Au Niger, depuis l’avènement du régime actuel dirigé par le Président Issoufou Mahamadou, il y a eu une certaine volonté des autorités à lutter contre la corruption et les trafics d'influence. \n \n Dans cette optique, des textes ont été adoptés pour mettre en place des organes de lutte contre la corruption, à savoir: la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et les Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA), le Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI). Le premier rend compte au Président de la République et le second est sous la tutelle du ministère de la justice. Actuellement, l'indépendance et l'impartialité de ces deux organes ne font pas l'unanimité.","Arrêté portant Création d'un Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI)\n Décret N° 2011-219, portant création, missions et attributions, composition et fonctionnement de la Haute Autorité de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA).","Au Niger, depuis l’avènement du régime actuel dirigé par le Président Issoufou Mahamadou, il y a eu une certaine volonté des autorités à lutter contre la corruption et les trafics d'influence. ..."]
["2014_NG_11",2014,"NG","Nigeria",11,100,"The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act establishes the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), and Section 2 (c) of the act designates the commission as the “financial intelligence unit in Nigeria, which is charged with the responsibility of coordinating the various institutions involved in the fight against money laundering and enforcement of all laws dealing with economic and financial crimes in Nigeria.\"\n\nAlso, the Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act establishes the Independent Corrupt Practices and Related Offences Commission with a mandate to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of corruption. \n\nLine 14 of the act says the commission shall be independent: \"The commission shall in the discharge of its functions under this act, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.\"","Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004, Section 6.\nhttps://efccnigeria.org/efcc/index.php/about-efcc/the-establishment-act\n\nCorrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act, 2000.\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act establishes the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), and Section 2 (c) of the act designates the commission as the “financial intelligence unit in Nigeria, which is charged with the responsibility of coordinating the vari..."]
["2014_RW_11",2014,"RW","Rwanda",11,100,"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date in its Chapter 7, has created the Office of the Ombudsman. Its responsibilities stipulated in Article 182 include, among others, to prevent and fight against injustice, corruption and other related offenses in public and private administration; to receive and examine complaints from individuals and independent associations related to acts of civil servants, state organs and private institutions, and to mobilize the civil servants and institutions to find solutions if the complaints are well founded. \n\nThe constitution states that the Office of the Ombudsman shall be an independent public institution.\n\nAll these elements are stated in Articles 3 and 7 of Law No. 25/2003, which establishes the organization and functioning of the Office of the Ombudsman.","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date, Article 182.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7796&iid=1434&rid=30694823\n\nLaw No. 25/2003, establishing the organization and functioning of the Office of the Ombudsman, Articles 3 and 7.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7779&iid=189&rid=2127","In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, as amended to date in its Chapter 7, has created the Office of the Ombudsman. Its responsibilities stipulated..."]
["2014_ST_11",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",11,0,"No such law exists. \n\nThere is no specific body to which cases of alleged public-sector corruption can be reported. All sorts of crimes, including the ones of alleged public-sector corruption, are reported to the attorney general, the state body in charge of judicial affairs, representing the state in the courts, defending democratic legality and promoting the interests posed by the law office. The Office of the Attorney General is independent of the government, but the attorney general directs and supervises all attorneys under his authority. \n\nArticle 3 of Law No. 9/91:1 specificies that among the attorney general's duties are to: direct criminal investigation, promote and coordinate crime prevention; monitor the police investigation, without the prejudice the technical and operational autonomy of these entities; appeal where the decision is in effect collusion of the parties to defraud or the law has been passed in violation of the law; ensure that the judicial function is exercised in accordance with the constitution and laws; promote the implementation of court decisions; and exercise advisory functions, pursuant to this law.\n\nArticle 2 states the independence of the Office of the Attorney General and it duties \"from the Government and local authorities.\" \n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. The attorney general (Procurador Geral da República) is not necessarily a completely independent and impartial professional either. The previous attorney general, Roberto Raposo, is currently minister of justice in the government headed by Patrice Trovoada (ADI).","No such law exists. \n\nThere is, however: \nOrganic Law of the Attorney General, Law No. 9/91, Chapter 1 (Structure and Functions), Article 3. \nhttp://www.stj.st/download/lei_organica_do_ministerio_publico.pdf\n\nReviewer's source:\nTéla Nón, \"Minister Fox proposed reforms for credible justice,\" Dec. 27, 2014.\nhttp://www.telanon.info/politica/2014/12/27/18298/ministro-raposo-propoe-reformas-para-credibilizar-a-justica/","No such law exists. \n\nThere is no specific body to which cases of alleged public-sector corruption can be reported. ..."]
["2014_SN_11",2014,"SN","Senegal",11,100,"La loi portant création de l'Office National de Lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC) dit clairement qu'il est l'autorité administrative indépendante mandatée pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. Son article premier stipule: « il est créé une autorité administrative indépendante dénommée l'Office National de Lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC). » Son article 3 numéro 3 et 4 dit que l'OFNAC est chargé de recevoir les réclamations des personnes physiques ou morales se rapportant à des faits de corruption, de pratiques assimilées ou d'infractions connexes.\n\nL’Office peut aussi entendre toute personne présumée avoir pris part à la réalisation de l'un des faits prévus au numéro 1 de l'article trois de la présente loi. Dans l'exercice de sa mission, la loi stipule en son article 3 que les membres de l'OFNAC ne reçoivent d'instruction d'aucune autorité. En clair, il est indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et législatif.\n\nIl faut rappeler que l'adoption de la loi est la résultante de la ratifiaction par le Sénégal de la Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption du 31 octobre 2003 qui oblige à chaque État partie de mettre en place un système juridique et un organe chargé de prévenir la corruption. Le Sénégal est aussi partie à la Convention de l'Union Africaine sur la prévention  et la lutte contre la corruption du 11 juillet 2003.","Loi numéro 20/2012 portant création de l'Office National de Lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC). Adoptée le 19 décembre 2012. Articles premier et 3 (numéro 1 et 4). http://www.gouv.sn/-Lois-et-reglements-.html","La loi portant création de l'Office National de Lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC) dit clairement qu'il est l'autorité administrative indépendante mandatée pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public. Son article premier stipule:..."]
["2014_SC_11",2014,"SC","Seychelles",11,100,"According to Article 143 of the constitution, \"(1) There shall be an Ombudsman who shall be appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority (CAA). (3) Subject to this Constitution, the Ombudsman shall not, in the performance of the office of Ombudsman, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority. (4) The person holding office as Ombudsman shall not hold any other public office of emolument or engage in any occupation for reward outside the functions of the office of Ombudsman which might compromise the integrity, impartiality and independence of that office. (6) An Act may provide for any matter, not otherwise provided for under this article, necessary or expedient for the purpose of ensuring the independence, impartiality and effectiveness of the office of Ombudsman.\" \n\nArticle 143 1.(1) Subject to this Schedule, the Ombudsman may\n(a)investigate an action taken by a public authority or the President, Vice-President, Minister, officer or member of the public authority, being action taken in the exercise of the administrative functions of the public authority in the circumstances specified in subparagraph (2);\n(b) investigate an allegation of fraud or corruption in connection with the exercise by a person of a function of a public authority.\n(c) assist an individual complainant in respect of legal proceedings in relation to a contravention of the provisions of the Charter;\n\nArticle 20 of the Public Officers' Ethics Act (2008) states that \"there shall be established a Public Officers' Ethics Commission to investigate and determine whether a public officer has contravened the Code of Conduct and Ethics. The commission consists of the obudsman and others.\"\n\nAccording to the Bar Association of the Seychelles, the ombudsman has the role of investigating actions taken by public authorities in the exercise of their administrative functions where it is alleged that a fault was made, an injustice created, or one's constitutional rights have been or is likely to be infringed.\n\nThe ombudsman also has the role of investigating allegations of fraud or corruption in connection with any person in the exercise of his or her duties as a public authority. The ombudsman may then set out recommendations in a report to deal with the maladministration. This report should be sent to the executive initially and if the ombudsman is not satisfied with how the report is dealt with, he or she may then send the report to the head of the National Assembly.\n\nSchedule 5 of the Constitution defines the powers of the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman investigate any public authority up to and including the President (Schedule 5, 1(1)(a)). The investigations include complaints of violations of fundamental human rights and allegations of corruption by public officials (Schedule 5, 1(1)(b); 1(2)(a)).","1. 1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles:\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400\n\n2.  Penal Code, Cap 158, last updated February 1, 1955:\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n \n3. Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice Seychelles \nSupreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n \n4. Description of the Office of the Ombudsman:\nhttp://www.bas.sc/seychelles-legal-system/the-ombuds.","According to Article 143 of the constitution, \"(1) There shall be an Ombudsman who shall be appointed by the President from candidates proposed by the Constitutional Appointments Authority (CAA). (3) Subject to this Constitution, the Ombudsman shall not, in the performance of the o..."]
["2014_SL_11",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",11,100,"The Anti-Corruption Commission was established by an act of Parliament in 2008. It prescribes the powers of the commission and its servants to request information and their powers, rights and privileges to handle all corruption investigations and allegations in the country without fear or favour. Section 7 (2) establishes the power of the commission to receive and investigate complaints regarding alleged contraventions and to detect or investigate any act of corruption in the country and to fully prosecute all offences of corruption. Section 9 (1) establishes the commission to \"act independently, impartially, fairly and in the public interest,\" while Section 9 (2) specifically provides for the commission not to in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.  \n\nAmong the provisions in Section 7 are a mandate for the commission to \"take all steps as may be necessary for the prevention, eradication or suppression of corruption and corrupt practices, and to investigate instances of alleged or suspected corruption referred to it by any person or authority or which has come to its attention, whether by complaint or otherwise.","Anti-Corruption Act, Section 7, 9 (1) (2), 2008.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf","The Anti-Corruption Commission was established by an act of Parliament in 2008. It prescribes the powers of the commission and its servants to request information and their powers, rights and privileges to handle all corruption investigations and allegations in the country without ..."]
["2014_SO_11",2014,"SO","Somalia",11,100,"Article 111C of the provisional constitution states: “(1) There shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission and its mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector. (2) The Anti-Corruption Commission may conduct inquiries at its own discretion and is not required to only act upon a complaint.”\n\nThe article stipulates the body's independence by noting: \"(6) The Anti-Corruption Commission shall be independent, impartial, representative and inclusive and shall not have more than nine members.\" \n\nThe appointment process begins with a proposal by the Cabinet, followed by approval in parliament and a subsequent formal appointment by the president.","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved by the members of the National Constituent Assembly and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 111C. http://www.constitution.org/cons/somalia/120708_ENG_constitution.pdf\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","Article 111C of the provisional constitution states: “(1) There shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission and its mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption that implicate the public sector. (2) The Anti-Corruption Commission may conduct inquiries at its own discretion and is..."]
["2014_ZA_11",2014,"ZA","South Africa",11,100,"The Public Protector was established in 1994 to oversee the public sphere. Chapter 9, section 182 of the constitution gives the Public Protector “the power to investigate any conduct in state affairs, or in the public administration in any sphere of government that is alleged or suspected to be improper or to result in any impropriety or prejudice; to report on that conduct; and to take appropriate remedial action ... in order to strengthen and support constitutional democracy in the republic.\"\n\nIn short, the Public Protector has the objective to investigate complaints from the public against government agencies or/and officials including cases of fraud and corruption. The Public Protector has the power to recommend corrective action and to issue reports. \n\nDespite being appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Assembly, the Public Protector is subject to the constitution and the law, and thus operates independently from government or any political party. According to the Public Protector Act of 1994, no person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of the Public Protector's activities. \n\nSection 7.3.a states that the Public Protector may at any given time, prior to or during an investigation, request anyone working “at any level of government” or “performing a public function” to assist him or her with regard to a particular investigation or investigations in general. \n\nSection 7.4.a adds that the Public Protector may ask anyone “to submit an affidavit or affirmed declaration or to appear before him or her to give evidence, or to produce any document in his or her possession or under his or her control which has a bearing on the matter being investigated.”\n\nThe Public Protector can only be removed from office if and when the National Assembly calls for a removal and passes a resolution. While there is some interdependence with both the executive and the legislative branch then, there is no immediate political or strong-arming possibility for either branch to appoint/remove the Public Protector.","Public Protector (Act 123 of 1994), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1994-023.pdf\n\nConstitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), chapter 9, http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng-09.pdf\n\nAddress by Public Protector Thuli Madonsela, February  7 2013, http://www.pprotect.org/media_gallery/2013/07022013_sp.asp\"","The Public Protector was established in 1994 to oversee the public sphere. Chapter 9, section 182 of the constitution gives the Public Protector “the power to investigate any conduct in state affairs, or in the public administration in any sphere of government that is alleged or su..."]
["2014_SS_11",2014,"SS","South Sudan",11,100,"In South Sudanese law, there is an independent body mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption. South Sudan’s Transitional Constitution, 2011, provides for the formation of a body to investigate cases of corruption in public offices.\n\nArticle 143, Subsection (1) of the Transitional Constitution (2011) states: “There shall be established an independent commission to be known as the National Anti-Corruption Commission.”\n\nArticle 144 details the function of the anti-corruption commission. Subsection (1) states: “Without prejudice to the powers of the Ministry of Justice in public prosecution, the Commission shall, inter alia, perform the following functions: protect public property; investigate cases of corruption involving public property and public interest; and it shall submit such investigation to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution, and combat administrative malpractices in public institutions.” \n\nThe second law that mandates an independent body to receive and investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption is the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009. It provides details on the establishment, functions and independence of the commission.\n\nSection 9, Subsection (1) of the act states that the commission shall protect public property; investigate cases of corruption involving public property as well as the private sector; coordinate with any agency of government in the investigation of cases of corruption; combat conducts which tend to promote or encourage corrupt practices in public affairs; and combat administrative malpractices in public institutions such as nepotism, favouritism, tribalism, sectionalism, gender discrimination, bribery, embezzlement and sexual harassment.","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf\n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009. \nhttp://southsudanngoforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Anti-Corruption%20Commission%20Act%202009.pdf","In South Sudanese law, there is an independent body mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption. South Sudan’s Transitional Constitution, 2011, provides for the formation of a body to investigate cases of corruption in public offices...."]
["2014_SD_11",2014,"SD","Sudan",11,0,"There is no existing law mandating an independent body to investigate corruption cases in Sudan.","No such law exists. ","There is no existing law mandating an independent body to investigate corruption cases in Sudan."]
["2014_SZ_11",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",11,100,"As called for by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) was established in 2007. \n\nIn 4(4), the act states: \"In the performance of their functions and in the carrying out of their duties the Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioners shall be independent and shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nIn Part II, Section 3 of this act, Section 10 (1) (a) (i) establishes the ACC as the official investigative body of matters in the public and private sectors. \n\nPart II, Section 10 (1) (a) (i) establishes the commission's duty to investigate public entities.\n\nPart II, Section 10 1 (b) establishes the commission's responsibility to receive and investigate complaints of alleged corruption against individuals filed by the public.\n\nAccording to Part II, Section 10 1 (b), any member of the public or an organization may file allegations of corruption with the ACC, and the commission must act upon these charges. However, the ACC is made up of officials who are not independent of executive authority.\n\nPart II, Section 4 (1) and (2) declare the appointment procedure of the commissioner and deputy commissioner by the king through the advice of the Judicial Services Commission. \n\nThe JSC also provides the due process by which a member may be removed by the king. However, as previously noted in indicator 1, the King appoints JSC members.","Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, Part II, Section 3 creates the Anti-Corruption Commission. https://www.acauthorities.org/sites/aca/files/countrydoc/Prevention_of_Corruption_Act%5B1%5D.2006.pdf","As called for by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) was established in 2007. ..."]
["2014_TZ_11",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",11,0,"The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) is established under The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act No. 11 of 2007 (PCCA No. 11/2007), which repealed the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) Cap 329 (RE 2002).  \n\nAccording to Article 5-(1), there is hereby established the Bureau to be known as the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau. (2), the Bureau shall be an independent public body. Article 7 stipulates that the Bureau shall take necessary measures for the prevention and combating of corruption in the public, parastatal and private sectors.\n\nHowever, Article 59 establishes the Minister to be able to set our specific regulations and thereby direct the office in its conduct and procedures to be followed. This article compromises the independence stated in 5-(1). \n\nThe office is therefore not independent from the executive. In addition to PCCB, there is the controller and auditor general, Good Governance Coordination Unit, Ethics Commission, and Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance.","The Prevention and Combating of Corruption  Bureau.\nArticles; 5-(1) to 7-(1), Article 59\nYear; 2007 \nhttp://www.pccb.go.tz/\nhttp://www.pccb.go.tz/index.php/about-pccb","The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) is established under The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act No. 11 of 2007 (PCCA No. 11/2007), which repealed the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) Cap 329 (RE 2002).  ..."]
["2014_TG_11",2014,"TG","Togo",11,0,"Article 4 du Decret N°2001-160/PR, modifiant et complétant le decret N°2001-95/PR du 9 mars 2001: « La commission adresse des rapports réguliers au Président de la République. »\n \n La Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Sabotage Économique (CNLCSE) ou Commission Anti-Corruption (CAC) n'est donc pas indépendante du pouvoir exécutif. Selon les coordonnées indiquées sur le site, son siège est rattaché à la présidence.\n \n Article 2: « La compétence de la Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Sabotage Économique s'étend à tous les services de l'État et des collectivités territoriales, aux services relevant à quelque titre que ce soit de l'État ainsi qu'à tous les organismes et institutions bénéficiant de ressources publiques. »\n \n Si le décret n’établit pas explicitement que la CNLCSE peut enquêter, des enquêtes ont toutefois été publiées sur le site. Voir par exemple l’affaire du détournement de fonds de la mairie de Lomé (http://www.cac.tg/mairie.htm).","Decret N°2001-160/PR, modifiant et complétant le decret N°2001-95/PR du 9 mars 2001 portant création d'une Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Sabotage Économique. (2001). Articles 2 et 4.\n http://www.cac.tg/decret.htm","Article 4 du Decret N°2001-160/PR, modifiant et complétant le decret N°2001-95/PR du 9 mars 2001: « La commission adresse des rapports réguliers au Président de la République. »\n ..."]
["2014_TN_11",2014,"TN","Tunisia",11,100,"After the revolution of 2010, in a desire for \"cleaning the administration\" from corruptive behaviors, the government created the National Anti-Corruption Authority or  \"Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption.\" This entity was created in 14 Nov. 2011 by Law No. 2011-120. \n\nArticle 1 of Law No. 2011-120 states: \"The Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority has the mission to fight against both private and public corruption.\" Article 12 states that the authority is financially and administratively independent. Article 13 states that the authority, among its tasks, \"receives all complaints concerning corruption affairs, investigates these cases and, if needed, transfers them to court.\"\n\nLaw No. 2011-120 states that the body is \"morally independent,\" and Chapter 20 spells out in detail  how commission members are selected. The council of the commission is composed of at least seven members of civil society and other people of high standing, including a member of the \"Cour des Comptes. Article 12 guarantees independence from the executive and legislative branches. \n\nIt is important to mention here that, in Article 130, the Tunisian Constitution refers to the Commission for Good Governance and Anti-Corruption.\n\nThe commission contributes to policies of \"good governance,\" preventing and fighting corruption; it \"strengthens the principles of transparency, integrity and accountability.\" The commission shall be in charge of monitoring cases of corruption within the public and private sectors, investigating and confirming them, and submitting them to the relevant authorities. The commission must be consulted on draft laws related to its specialisation and can give its opinion on general regulatory texts related to its mandate. \n\nThe commission is composed of \"independent impartial members possessing competence and integrity, who undertake their functions for one six-year period. One third of the members shall be renewed every two years.\"","Articles 1, 12, 13 and 20 of Law No. 2011-120, issued on 14 Nov. 2011. (See Page 197) \nhttp://www.cnudst.rnrt.tn/jortsrc/2011/2011f/jo0132011.pdf \n\nConstitution of the Tunisian Republic, unofficial translation by Jasmine Foundation, Final edition 26 June 2014. \nhttp://www.jasmine-foundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_constitution_final_ed.pdf","After the revolution of 2010, in a desire for \"cleaning the administration\" from corruptive behaviors, the government created the National Anti-Corruption Authority or  \"Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption.\" This entity was created in 14 Nov. 2011 by Law No. 2011-120. ..."]
["2014_UG_11",2014,"UG","Uganda",11,100,"Legally, the Inspectorate of Government is mandated to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption. Article 223 (1) of the constitution states that there shall be an inspectorate, and Article 225 sets out the functions of Inspectorate, which include eliminating and fostering the elimination of corruption. Part (2) of this article provides that “The Inspectorate of Government may investigate any matter … on its own initiative or upon complaint made to it by any member of the public.\" Also Article 230 (1) provides that “The Inspectorate of Government shall have power to investigate, cause investigation, arrest, cause arrest, prosecute or cause prosecution in respect of cases involving corruption.” \n\nBesides the inspectorate, the constitution gives the Directorate of Public Prosecutions the mandate to handle and prosecute all criminal cases in the country. Article 120 (3) lists the functions of the directorate; among them are (a) to direct the police to investigate any information of a criminal nature and …. (b) to institute criminal proceedings against any person or authority in any court with competent jurisdiction other than a court martial. The directorate of public prosecutions works closely with the Police Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Directorate and the judiciary.\n\nArticle 227 of the constitution states that the inspectorate of government shall be independent in the performance of its functions and shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority, and shall only be responsible to parliament. Article 120 (6) states that “In the exercise of the functions conferred on him or her by this article, the Director of Public Prosecutions shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\" And Clause (7) points out that “The Director of Public Prosecutions shall have the same terms and conditions of service as those of a High Court judge.”","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 13, Article 223(1), 225, 227, 230(1) and Chapter 7, Article 120(1), 120(3)(a)(b), 120(6),(7)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf \n\nInspectorate of Government Act, 2002, Section 3(1), 8(1)(e), 8(2), 10\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/ig-act.pdf","Legally, the Inspectorate of Government is mandated to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption. Article 223 (1) of the constitution states that there shall be an inspectorate, and Article 225 sets out the functions of Inspectorate, which include el..."]
["2014_ZM_11",2014,"ZM","Zambia",11,100,"Established under the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 1996, the Anti-Corruption Commission of Zambia is the body mandated to investigate citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption in Zambia.\n\nIt was later amended as the Continuation of Commission Act 38 of 2010, before it went through further amendments, to then become the Anti-Corruption Commission Act No. 3 of 2012, which continues to exist the same way as it was under the previous act of 2010 with the powers of the commission having been strengthened. The Independence of the body is also guaranteed. \n\nThe mandate and independence in question are contained under Part II, Article 4 (1) of the act, up to Article 6 of the same act. It reads:\n \n\"The Anti-Corruption Commission continued under the repealed Act shall continue to exist as if established under this Act, and shall be a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal, capable of suing and of being sued in its corporate name and with power, subject to this Act, to do all such acts and things as a body corporate may, by law, do or perform.\n\n(2) The provisions of the State Proceedings Act shall apply to civil proceedings by, or against, the Commission as if, for a reference to the State there were substituted a reference to the Commission.\n\n(3) The provisions of the Schedule apply to the Commission. \n\n(5). Subject to the Constitution, the Commission shall not, in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\n\n(6). (1) The functions of the Commission are to -\n\n(a) prevent and take necessary and effective measures for the prevention of corruption in public and private bodies, including, in particular, measures for -\n(i) examine the practices and procedures of public and private bodies in order to facilitate the discovery of opportunities of corrupt practices and secure the revision of methods of work or procedures which in the opinion of the Commission, may be prone or conducive to corrupt practices;\n(ii) advise public bodies and private bodies on ways and means of preventing corrupt practices, and on changes in methods of work or procedures of such public bodies and private bodies compatible with the effective performance of their duties, which the Commission considers necessary to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of corrupt practices;\n(iii) disseminate information on the evil and dangerous effects of corrupt practices on society;\n(iv) create committees in institutions for monitoring corruption in the institution; and\n(v) enlist and foster public confidence and support against corrupt practices;\n\n(b) initiate, receive and investigate complaints of alleged or suspected corrupt practices, and, subject to the directions of the Director of Public Prosecutions, prosecute\n(i) offences under this Act; and \n(ii) such other offences under any other written law as may have come to the notice of the Commission during the investigation of an offence under this Act.\"\n\nAutonomy of Commission Cap. 1, Functions of Commission Anti-Corruption [No. 3 of 2012 15\nCap. 71\\\n\n\"Provided that nothing in this paragraph shall be considered as precluding any public prosecutor from prosecuting, subject to the directions of the Director of Public Prosecutions, any offence under this Act which has come to the notice of the police during investigation of an offence under any written law;\n(c) investigate any conduct of any public officer which, the Commission has reasonable grounds to believe may be connected with, or conducive to, corrupt practices;\n(d) be the lead agency in matters of corruption;\n(e) co-ordinate or co-operate, as applicable, with other institutions authorised to investigate, prosecute, prevent and combat corrupt practices so as to implement an integrated approach to the eradication of corruption; \n(f) consult, co-operate and exchange information with appropriate bodies of other countries that are authorised to conduct inquiries or investigations in relation to corrupt practices;\n(g) adopt and strengthen mechanisms for educating the public to respect the public good and public interest and, in particular —\n(i) create awareness in the fight against corruption and related offences;\n(ii) develop educational and other programmes for the sensitisation of the media;\n(iii) promote an environment for the respect of ethics; and\n(iv) disseminate information and sensitise the public on the negative effects of corruption and related\noffences; and \n(h) do all such things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of its functions.\n(2) The Commission may establish specialised units to investigate and deal with such matters as the Commission considers appropriate.\"\n\nThe commission's director-general is appointed by the president, subject to ratification by the National Assembly. He can only be removed if parliament passes a resolution.","The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) Act No. 3 of 2012, Articles 4-6, Pages 14-16, (Gone through amendment stages in 2010 and 2012, with the same mandate and stengthened powers).\nhttp://www.zambialii.org/files/zm/legislation/act/2012/3/The%20Anti-Corruption%202012.pdf","Established under the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 1996, the Anti-Corruption Commission of Zambia is the body mandated to investigate citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption in Zambia...."]
["2014_ZW_11",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",11,100,"Sections 254 and 255 of the constitution establish the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission, whose functions include, among other duties, investigating and exposing cases of corruption in the public and private sectors. Section 235 of the constitution guarantees the independence of the commission to the extent that \"independent commissions are independent and are not subject to the direction or control of anyone.\" Section 235 (3) states that no person may interfere with the functioning of the independent commissions. \n\nAccording to Section 12 of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act,  the Anti-Corruption Commission's functions include: \n(a) to monitor and examine the practices, systems and procurement procedures of public and private institutions;  \n(b) to enlist and foster public support in combating corruption in society;  \n(c) to educate the public on the dangers of corruption in society;  \n(d) to instruct, advise and assist any officer, agency or institution in the elimination or minimisation of corruption;  \n(e) to receive and investigate any complaints alleging any form of corruption;  \n(f) to investigate any conduct of any person whom the commission has reason to believe is connected with activities involving corruption; and\n(g) to assist in the formulation of practices, systems and procurement procedures of public and private institutions with a view to the elimination of corrupt practices.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20), Section 9, Act 1/2013.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646\n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Act (Chapter 9:22), Sections 254 and 255, 2004.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c45b25e2.pdf","Sections 254 and 255 of the constitution establish the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission, whose functions include, among other duties, investigating and exposing cases of corruption in the public and private sectors. Section 235 of the constitution guarantees the independence of ..."]
["2014_DZ_12",2014,"DZ","Algeria",12,0,"Les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les  fonctionnaires d’état sont, souvent, traités par des services spéciaux relevant de la sûreté nationale ou du ministère de la défense nationale. \n\nAucun organe indépendant n'est en place. La dépendance de l'Organe National de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (ONPLC) vis à vis du pouvoir exécutif ne protège pas les membres des institutions contre les sanctions et risques liées à une liberté de jugement et d’expression. Crééé en 2006, l'ONPLC n'a été installée qu'en 2010. Il a fallu attendre 2014 pour que l'ONPLC commence timidement ses activités par le lancement d'un questionnaire. Elle n'a mené aucune enquête jusqu'ici.\n\nSelon Le site Internet d'information TSA (Tout sur l'Algérie), « le chef d’état-major de l’ANP et vice-ministre de la Défense nationale, le général Ahmed Gaïd Salah, a chargé la gendarmerie de reprendre de zéro les enquêtes sur la corruption, lancées par les services spéciaux il y a une année, dans la foulée des révélations de la presse italienne des malversations dans le secteur des hydrocarbures ». \n\nInterrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, le secrétaire adjoint de l’ Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption «  ANLC » estime que \"les organes de contrôle (la Cour des Comptes et l’Inspection générale des finances) et la justice qui se chargent d'examiner les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau dépendent du pouvoir exécutif\".","Feddal Halim, Secrétaire Adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption «  ANLC », 01/09/2014, (entretien par téléphone)\n\nCorruptions : Créé en 2006, installé en 2010, Première action en… 2014 ! L’Organe national de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption lance un questionnaire, Le soir d'Algérie, 10 novembre 2014. http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2014/11/10/article.php?sid=170781&cid=11\n\nCes dossiers enfermés dans les tiroirs des juges : Affaires Sonatrach et affaire de l'autoroute Est-Ouest, Salima Tlemçani, Djazairess, Publié dans ElWatan, 10/07/2014\nhttp://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/464125\n\nAutoroute Est-Ouest en Algérie: un milliard de dollars de commissions mais pas de procès, LYASS Hallas,  Le Quotidien d’Algerie, 16/04/2014\nhttp://lequotidienalgerie.org/2014/04/17/30603/\n\nInitiées par le DRS : Gaïd Salah charge la gendarmerie de reprendre les enquêtes sur la corruption, (TSA), Riyad Hamadi, Tout sur l’Algerie, 04/05/2014\nhttp://www.tsa-algerie.com/2014/05/04/initiees-par-le-drs-gaid-salah-charge-la-gendarmerie-de-reprendre-les-enquetes-sur-la-corruption/\n\nAlgérie - Gaïd Salah charge la gendarmerie de reprendre les enquêtes sur la corruption (TSA) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUWYiZ5v8B8\n\nLe DRS pourra mener des enquêtes judiciaires mais pas sur les affaires de corruption, Malik Tahir, Maghrebemergent, 24/06/2014\nhttp://www.maghrebemergent.com/actualite/maghrebine/item/38541-algerie-le-drs-pourra-mener-enquetes-judiciaires-mais-pas-sur-les-affaires-de-corruption.html\n\nAlgérie, les achats immobiliers suspects d’Amar Saadani, Par la rédaction, Monde Afrique, 1/05/2014, http://mondafrique.com/lire/bakchich/2014/05/01/algerie-les-achats-immobiliers-du-patron-du-fln","Les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les  fonctionnaires d’état sont, souvent, traités par des services spéciaux relevant de la sûreté nationale ou du ministère de la défense nationale. ..."]
["2014_AO_12",2014,"AO","Angola",12,0,"Despite numerous and serious corruption allegations against senior level politicians and civil servants, these are rarely if ever investigated. The High Authority against Corruption, mandated by the law of 1996, to date hasn't been established. In its absence, the Office of the Attorney General is the main body mandated to investigate corruption allegations in the public sector. The Office of the Attorney General is not only subject to political pressure, but it's compromised in that the attorney general himself, João Maria de Sousa, was under investigation in Portugal for fiscal fraud and money laundering, further delegitimizing his office’s role in combating corruption.\n\nCorruption is endemic and prevalent at all levels of public service, and there is neither a culture nor an institutional practice of denouncing or investigating corruption allegations. Rafael Marques de Morais, an award-winning journalist and anti-corruption activist, has denounced countless cases of high-level corruption, but none has warranted the attention of the Office of the Attorney General. \n\nIn an article published on June 27, 2014, on the popular website Maka Angola, Mr. De Morais alleged that the petroleum minister signed an executive decree transferring 10 percent of the shares owned by a subsidiary of the national oil company to a company owned by the president’s youngest sister, Marta dos Santos. According to Mr. De Morais, the “minister did this on the basis of ‘powers delegated by the President of the Republic.’” These allegations, like countless others, have so far not warranted  reaction from the presidency or the Office of the Attorney General. \n\nThe partnership of Cobalt International Energy, a U.S.-based company, and Nazaki Oil, an Angolan company owned by high-ranking government officials, is currently under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The investigation that started since 2011 has not warranted any action from the Angolan Office of the Attorney General, despite multiple indications that the case involves criminal behavior on the part of Nazaki Oil's owners.  \n\nAccording to Mr. De Morais, as reported by the German broadcaster DW, corruption is rampant in hospitals; mothers tending to their children in a pediatric hospital had to pay to use the bathrooms, family members have to pay doctors, nurses and medical staff so that their relatives can be treated.","Rafael Marques de Morais, journalist and human rights activist, Maka Angola, email interview, July 18, 2014 \n\nMaka Angola, Rafael Marques de Morais, \"Angola: The Dos Santos family’s private property,\"  June 27, 2014  http://www.makaangola.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11323%3Aangola-the-dos-santos-family-s-private-property&catid=26&Itemid=230&lang=en \n \nDW, Johannes Beck, Rafael Marques: \"o poder em Angola apoia-se na corrupção,\" July 1, 2014\nhttp://www.dw.de/rafael-marques-o-poder-em-angola-apoia-se-na-corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o/a-17749746 \n\nBloomberg, Zain Shauk, \"Cobalt Reports SEC Angola Corruption Case Moving Forward,\" Aug. 5, 2014\nhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-05/cobalt-reports-sec-angola-corruption-case-moving-forward.html ","Despite numerous and serious corruption allegations against senior level politicians and civil servants, these are rarely if ever investigated. The High Authority against Corruption, mandated by the law of 1996, to date hasn't been established. In its absence, the Office of the Att..."]
["2014_BJ_12",2014,"BJ","Benin",12,75,"La Haute Cour de Justice (HCJ) peut juger le Président de la République et les membres du gouvernement si ceux-ci sont accusés de faits qualifiés de haute trahison, d'outrage au Parlement, d'atteinte à l'honneur et à la probité, d'infractions commises dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Les membres de la Cour Constitutionnelle, le président de la Cour Suprême ainsi que six parlementaires (majorité et opposition) y siègent et en élisent le président.\n\nRécemment, Candide Azannaï, membre de l’opposition parlementaire et de la HCJ a adressé une lettre à la présidente de l’institution en souhaitant des réunions fréquentes. Dans un droit de réponse adressé au journal Le Matinal qui a relayé la lettre de Azannaï et traité la HCJ d’immobilisme, la secrétaire générale adjointe, Joséphine Affagnon a rappelé qu’à ce jour (28/05/14), le président du Parlement, qui est le seul habileté à le faire, n’a notifié à la HCJ aucune décision portant mise en accusation du Président de la République ou d’un membre du gouvernement. \n\nToutefois, six dossiers sont envoyés à la Chambre d'accusation de la Haute Cour de Justice qui les examine et les renverra au Parlement pour vote de l'inculpation dans le cas où des charges seraient retenues contre les accusés.\n\nPour sa part, l'Autorité Nationale de lutte contre la corruption (ANLC) a compétence à enquêter sur les infractions financières commises par les hauts fonctionnaires n'a jamais menée une quelconque enquête concernant des politiciens ou des hauts cadres.\n\nCependant, il n'existe aucune preuve pour soutenir que l'ANLC fait montre d'un favoritisme; il n' y a aucune preuve qu'elle poursuit ou non les hauts fonctionnaires sur des bases politques. \n\nDepuis son installation en mai 2013, l'ANLC a mené deux enquêtes et transmis les dossiers au Procureur de la République: la première enquête visait un \"marché d’acquisition de matériels de manutention portuaire au profit de la Société Béninoise de Manutentions Portuaires (SOBEMAP)\" et la deuxième concernait un cas présumé de malversations à la SONEB. Selon le site de l'ANLC, \"ce dossier a été classé sans suite par le Procureur de la République.\"","Joséphine Affagnon, Secrétaire générale adjointe, Haute cour de Justice, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nLe Matinal, 28 mai 2014. « Plongée dans un long sommeil : La Haute Cour de Justice sommée de se réveiller ». http://actubenin.com/?La-Haute-Cour-de-justice-sommee-de\n\nLe Matinal, 5 juin 2014. « Accusée d’immobilisme dans l’une de nos publications : La Haute cour de justice se défend ». http://www.actubenin.com/?La-Haute-cour-de-justice-se-defend\n\nPortail du gouvernement, Gouv.bj, consulté le 6 juin 2014. « La Haute Cour de Justice ». http://www.gouv.bj/institutions/la-haute-cour-de-justice\n\nSite web de la Haute Cour de Justice, consulté le 6 juin 2014. « Les membres de la Haute cour de Justice ». http://www.hcj-benin.org/?page=blank\n\nTobi Ahlonsou, La Presse du Jour, 8 mai 2014. « Audiences à la Haute Cour de Justice : Marcelline Gbèha échange sur l’insécurité et la démocratie avec deux associations. » http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=33415\n\nAutorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC), dossiers en justice. http://www.anlc.bj/category/dossier-en-justice/","La Haute Cour de Justice (HCJ) peut juger le Président de la République et les membres du gouvernement si ceux-ci sont accusés de faits qualifiés de haute trahison, d'outrage au Parlement, d'atteinte à l'honneur et à la probité, d'infractions commises dans l'exercice de leurs fonct..."]
["2014_BW_12",2014,"BW","Botswana",12,75,"The Directorate of Corruption and and Economic Crime (DCEC) receives a lot of allegations of corruption. In 2012-2013, some 2,346 reports were received by the DCEC, out of which 507 were classified under fraud and corruption. The annual report also indicates that as of that year the cumulative number of fraud and corruption cases under active investigation stood at 1,476, thus adding to the already-heavy caseload per officer. There has been controversy over the appointment of the director of the DCEC by the president and the fact that he reports directly to the president. \n\nThe mechanisms to investigate senior-level politicians exist, but there is a belief that they are not without fear or favour. There was the recent case of the director of intelligence services, Isaac Kgosi, who had been facing many offences of corruption and abuse of office, but the Sunday Standard reported on June 22, 2014, that the dockets of the Directorate of Corruption and and Economic Crime had gone missing. \n\nThere are also special select committees appointed by government to investigate certain matters; the committees publish their findings afterward. It’s normally the prerogative of the director of public prosecutions to take the issue to the courts, but this rarely happens.","Interview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of Botswana Parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nDirectorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Department-of-Corruption-and-Economic-Crime-DCEC/\n\nThe Botswana Gazette, \"Conflict of interest at DPP?\" 17 July 2014.\nhttp://www.gazettebw.com/?p=8398\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nMail and Guardian, Kgalemang, Tebogo, \"Botswana cowed by Big Brother's rule of fear,\"  21 Nov. 2014.\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2014-11-21-botswana-cowed-by-big-brothers-rule-of-fear\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Sunday Standard, \"Inside the DCEC docket on Kgosi,\" 22 June 2014. \nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=20354&GroupID=1","The Directorate of Corruption and and Economic Crime (DCEC) receives a lot of allegations of corruption. In 2012-2013, some 2,346 reports were received by the DCEC, out of which 507 were classified under fraud and corruption. The annual report also indicates that as of that year th..."]
["2014_BF_12",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",12,100,"L'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d'État (ASCE) n'hésite pas à assumer son rôle lorsqu'il s'agit d'examiner les cas de corruption ou de manquement dans la gestion de la chose publique au Burkina Faso. Chaque année un rapport public est présenté au Président du Burkina Faso et à la presse. Dans ces rapports, les personnes incriminées sont citées nommément qu'ils soient des «profils importants» ou de petits fonctionnaires. \n\nSelon un article de Hyacinthe SANOU dans L'Observateur Paalga du 5 décembre 2013,  le département de la santé est le plus décrié dans le rapport publié et la liste de tous ceux qui ont commis des malversations a été publiée avec les montants détournés correspondants. C'était aussi le cas de Joseph PARE épinglé en 2012 lorsqu'il était encore ambassadeur en France. \n\nSelon Antoine KABORE, procureur du Faso et secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB), «le problème n'est pas d'épingler les fraudeurs, mais de les punir et il ne faut pas se flatter, c'est la justice qui doit s'en charger. Mais elle n'est pas suffisamment impliquée.» \n\nMême si l'institution épingle les hauts fonctionnaires, il s'avère que les dossiers n'avancent pas beaucoup et on a tendance à être oubliés. En plus les rapports publiés ne sont pas actuels, il faut attendre plus d'un an après les faits pour que le rapport soit disponible.","KABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014.\n\nSOME Juvénal, Lefaso.net, 3 décembre 2013, «Mal gouvernance au Faso : l’ASCE décerne 53 bonnets d’âne». http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article57005\n\nL'Observateur Paalga, 5 décembre 2013, «Rapport ASCE 2012 : La Santé dans un piteux état, Hyacinthe Sanou». http://fr.africatime.com/burkina_faso/articles/rapport-asce-2012-la-sante-dans-un-piteux-État","L'Autorité Supérieure du Contrôle d'État (ASCE) n'hésite pas à assumer son rôle lorsqu'il s'agit d'examiner les cas de corruption ou de manquement dans la gestion de la chose publique au Burkina Faso. Chaque année un rapport public est présenté au Président du Burkina Faso et à la ..."]
["2014_BI_12",2014,"BI","Burundi",12,25,"La corruption  sous toutes ses formes fait parler d' elle au Burundi. Certains cas de corruption ne sont même pas punis par manque de dénonciateurs ou certaines personnalités sont protégées par la loi, surtout les hautes personnalités. Les allégations contre les politiciens de haut niveau et les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux ne sont pas toutes examinées car certains dossiers ne sont pas traités même lorsque les soupçons sont fondés et la dénonciation est faite par la société civile.\n\nDe plus, les organes qui traitent les allégations de corruption à savoir la Cour anti-corruption et la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) ne sont pas indépendants car ils sont sous le contrôle du gouvernement qui les a mis en place.\n\nLe BSAC mène des enquêtes sur les malversations commises par les hauts fonctionnaires, mais ce sont les cadres et hommes politiques de l'opposition qui sont le plus souvent inquiétés, les enquêtes sont moins fréquentes pour les hommes politiques de la mouvance. Pour  les fonctionnaires de haut niveau, des cas d’enquêtes faites existent, mais le chiffre est difficile à déterminer. Les enquêtes faites aboutissent rarement et ça dépend des personnalités visées.\n\nEn Août 2013 la BSAC avait arrêté le Juge Président du Tribunal de Résidence (TR) de  Rumonge en province de Bururi."," SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nNKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014 .\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nAfrica generation News, 22 aoùt 2013. Burundi: Arrestation du Juge Président du T.R. de Rumonge. http://burundi-agnews.org/sports-and-games/?p=8131","La corruption  sous toutes ses formes fait parler d' elle au Burundi. Certains cas de corruption ne sont même pas punis par manque de dénonciateurs ou certaines personnalités sont protégées par la loi, surtout les hautes personnalités. Les allégations contre les politiciens de haut..."]
["2014_CM_12",2014,"CM","Cameroon",12,50,"Au Cameroun, il existe un organe seulement chargé de traiter des cas d'allégations de corruption de la part des hauts fonctionnaires de l'administration camerounaise. La Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption (CONAC) créée en mars 2006 est la seule compétente pour enquêter sur les questions de corruption dans le secteur public (indépendamment du corps du fonctionnaire concerné), mais elle est placée sous la tutelle de la Présidence de la République. Selon le fonctionnaire de la CONAC interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, il n y a pas de statistiques publiques sur le nombre de dossiers liés aux politiciens de haut niveau. \n\nLa CONAC enquête sur tout type de personnalité sans exception. Pour ce qui est des pressions, elles sont rares avant les enquêtes; mais après la publication de certains rapports, certains ministres et autres hauts fonctionnaires ont de par le passé écrit à la CONAC pour marquer leur indignation et au besoin, porter des limites aux résultats des enquêtes initiées à leur encontre.\n\nC’est le cas de la Présidence de la République, tutelle immédiate de la CONAC qui exerce elle-même des pressions et des blocages. Cas d’école, le rapport 2013 qui devait être publié le 18 décembre 2014 est bloqué à la Présidence jusqu’ici. Selon des informations obtenues par un journaliste auprès de la CONAC, certains membres du gouvernement encore en fonction et d’autres hors du gouvernement exerceraient une pression pour que ça ne soit pas publié. Ce qui fait qu’à nos jours, le rapport 2013 de la CONAC n’est ni disponible, ni accessible.\n\nLa qualité du travail de la CONAC, 8 ans après sa création, est remise en cause par des professionnels, ses méthodes et approches scientifiques aussi. Même la moralité des agents de la CONAC est remise en cause avec en prime des suspicions de détournements de fonds publics par des cadres, d'où l'appel à la dissolution de cette structure par la Commission Indépendante contre la Corruption et la Discrimination (COMICODI), une organisation de la société civile.","NGA Armand Veronique, enquêteur de la Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption du Cameroun (CONAC), interview par téléphone, 14 juin 2014.\n\nTOMNÉ Shanda, président de la Commission Indépendante contre la Corruption et la Discrimination (COMICODI), intérrogé par téléphone depuis Yaoundé, 18 juin 2014.                                             \n\nTASSÉ Etienne, coordonnateur de l'ONG Journaliste en Afrique pour le Développement (JADE)-Cameroun, 18 juin 2014. \n\nSite de la CONAC, 19 juin 2014. http://www.conac-cameroun.net/fr/index_fr.php#.\n\n237online, 15 novembre 2013. « Cameroun - Lutte contre la corruption: La Conac-a-t-elle échoué ?» http://www.237online.com/article-12818-cameroun--lutte-contre-la-corruption-la-conac-a-t-elle-echoue----cameroon.html\n\n237online, 9 janvier 2015. Cameroun - Lutte contre la corruption: Le rapport de la Conac bloqué. http://www.237online.com/m/article-91567-cameroun--lutte-contre-la-corruption-le-rapport-de-la-conac-bloque.html","Au Cameroun, il existe un organe seulement chargé de traiter des cas d'allégations de corruption de la part des hauts fonctionnaires de l'administration camerounaise. La Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption (CONAC) créée en mars 2006 est la seule compétente pour enquêter sur les qu..."]
["2014_CV_12",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",12,25,"There is currently no independent authority to combat corruption. In the 1990s the government of the Movement for Democratic Party (MPD) created a High Authority Against Corruption, which has not had the desired effect, and consequently became defunct. According to the current minister of justice, the experience did not produce the expected positive effects, either because the model led to overlapping institutions and/or resource allocation, either by defects in the approach taken by the so-called high authority.\n\nCurrently the institution responsible for investigating alleged corruption is the prosecutor's office through the complaints made to the judiciary police. There are rare cases that are investigated by the prosecutor. One reason is that corruption cases are seldom reported. Another reason is that the prosecutor has taken a reactive rather than proactive stance in relation to corruption because it is considered a public crime.  The former attorney general, Júlio Martins, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 5 and 6 of the 2003 UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), defended the need to create an independent body tasked with preventing and coordinating policies against corruption.\n\nHe explained that these are not powers of the Public Ministry and constitutionally it is not the function of the prosecutor to coordinate and oversee policies and practices to prevent corruption.\n\nAllegations of corruption by political office holders and staff have occurred more frequently in the media, particularly during elections. Since multiparty elections began in Cape Verde in 1991, there have been many exchanges of accusations of electoral corruption and buying of votes, but there have been rare formal complaints with the prosecutor and the Supreme Court. The prosecution has had an attitude that can be considered cautious, seeking to avoid entering the field of political dispute, or judicialize the politics.\n \nFor example, in the last elections held in July 2012, allegations of corruption were made against senior political leaders. Out of the 36 electoral crimes proceedings instituted by the prosecution, none of them involves these high political leaders alleged to have committed electoral crimes.\n\nIn some cases when the allegations refer to a high-ranking politician or civil servant, actions are not taken. Sometimes there are external positive/negative incentives. In some cases, when the crimes are committed by politicians or active representatives in the parliament, the Permanent Commission does not lift the parliamentary immunity.","1. A semana online, 12-12-2013, «Minister of Finance: \"Fighting corruption has to be a flag for all of us\"»: http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article94653&ak=1\n\n2. A Semana online, 30-12-2013, «Movement against corruption strengthens with foreign partnerships»: http://asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article95142&ak=1\n\n3. Interview with Redy Wilson Lima, Sociologist, University Professor of Institute of Law and Social Sciences, 15-02-2014, Praia.\n\n4. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judge of Praia City Tribunal County, 02-08-2014, Praia  (http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article87913)","There is currently no independent authority to combat corruption. In the 1990s the government of the Movement for Democratic Party (MPD) created a High Authority Against Corruption, which has not had the desired effect, and consequently became defunct. According to the current mini..."]
["2014_CF_12",2014,"CF","CAR",12,0,"Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle en RCA un organe spécial ou indépendant chargé d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption. Par conséquent, il est difficile de parler d'examen des dossiers des hauts fonctionnaires corrompus ou soupçonnés. Ce constat a été confirmé par l'étude de stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption (2012) qui souligne qu'il n'existe pas ou très peu de poursuites du chef d'accusation de corruption. La même étude ajoute que les sanctions sont rares contre les auteurs de crimes économiques, les remboursements de fonds détournés sont rarement recouvrés. \n\nToujours selon les mêmes personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, on ne peut pas parler présentement des incitations positives ou négatives sur le personnel d'une structure qui n'existe pas encore. \n\nCependant, , il a été créé un Comité national de lutte contre  la corruption. Ce dernier a pour mission de: \n•        élaborer et de mettre  en œuvre de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption ;\n•        coordonner, superviser et aider à la formulation des différentes actions du gouvernement relatives à la lute contre la corruption, la transparence et la bonne gouvernance ;\n•        faire ratifier les Conventions des Nations Unies et celle de l’Union Africaine sur la lutte contre la corruption. \n\nL'étude mentionnée précédemment recommande la création d'une institution indépendante de lutte contre la corruption.","KOYASSAMBIA Jean-Batiste, Conseiller national (Député), ex expert du PNUD en matière de bonne gouvernance et du Comité national de lutte contre la corruption en RCA,interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZENETH Fulgence,  juriste de formation, ex expert des Nations Unies en matière des Droits de l'Homme à Goma (RDC), Conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'observatoire des élections, coordonnateurs adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme en RCA, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à l'université de Bangui, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui.","Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle en RCA un organe spécial ou indépendant chargé d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption. Par conséquent, il est difficile de parler d'examen des dossiers des hauts fonctionnaires corrompus ou soupçonnés. Ce constat a été confirmé par l'étude d..."]
["2014_TD_12",2014,"TD","Chad",12,25,"Même si les textes permettent aux magistrats et les agents d'enquêter sur les allégations contre les politiciens de haut niveau de l'appareil de l'État, dans la pratique ces cas sont rares et pour la plupart donnent du fil à retordre aux magistrats concernés. \n\nL'officier de la police judiciaire Nadji TCHAMATCHOU souligne que les allégations de corruption retenues contre les fonctionnaires de haut niveau et les politiciens n'aboutissent, le plus souvent, nulle part. Les enquêteurs ou les contrôleurs, y compris les agents de la police judiciaire font souvent preuve de retenue dans leurs travaux quand il s'agit de ces gens-là pour éviter des surprises désagréables.\n\nLes intimidations des magistrats et les craintes dans les traitements des dossiers impliquant les cadres politiques de haut niveau tendent à diminuer dans le domaine judiciaire au Tchad même si des cas isolés existent encore. Selon Mahamat TADJADINE, le secrétaire général du Syndicat des Magistrats du Tchad, beaucoup de magistrats se sentent protégés par les lois et semblent faire confiance à la procédure judiciaire; «l es magistrats n'ont pas de souci à se faire, ils sont protégés par les lois...quelques cas rares existent\". \n\nPour le journaliste Djamil AHMAT, certaines allégations retenues contre les fonctionnaires de haut niveaux ne sont pas examinées soit à cause de leurs immunité, soit par crainte de bouleversement que va engendrer l'enquête, dans l'appareil de l'État et les polémiques politiques qui vont suivre. Afin de préserver une certaine stabilité dans l'appareil de l'État, l'on évite d'examiner les dossiers qui peuvent occasioner des troubles à l'échelle nationale.","TCHAMATCHOU Nadji , officier de la police judiciaire au commissariat central de N'djamena, 30 juillet 2014.\n\nTADJADINE Mahamat, secrétaire général du Syndicat des Magistrats du Tchad, 27 juillet 2014.\n\nAHMAT Djamil, journaliste au journal Alwihdainfo.com, étudiant en droit à l'université de Mainte en France, journal Alwihda, 30 juillet 2014.\n\nTcahdPages.com, 5 décembre 2014, «Impunité au Tchad: Monsieur le Président Déby, où sont passés les dossiers de mesdames Fatimé Issa Ramadane et Chamchal Houda et du sieur Padush ?». http://tchadpages.com/justice-au-tchad-monsieur-le-president-deby-ou-sont-passes-les-dossiers-de-mesdames-fatime-issa-ramadane-et-chamchal-houda-et-du-sieur-padush/","Même si les textes permettent aux magistrats et les agents d'enquêter sur les allégations contre les politiciens de haut niveau de l'appareil de l'État, dans la pratique ces cas sont rares et pour la plupart donnent du fil à retordre aux magistrats concernés. ..."]
["2014_KM_12",2014,"KM","Comoros",12,50,"La Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) montre une volonté réelle d’examiner toutes les allégations, mais ses efforts sont freinés par des politiciens et certains hommes de loi. Les membres de la commission reçoivent parfois des pressions extérieures sans s'y plier.\n\nDans la pratique, les personnes déposent effectivement des plaintes pour corruption au niveau de l’organe anti-corruption qui enclenche effectivement la procédure. Mais quand l’affaire est déférée auprès des tribunaux, les dossiers sont parfois classés sans suite. Ce fut le cas lors des investigations à l’encontre du directeur de la sûreté pris en flagrant délit de vente de passeport comorien aux étrangers. Sous l’impulsion de la CNPLC, le suspect fut envoyé en prison, mais ce dernier fut ensuite mis en résidence surveillée puis finalement relaxé. De même, fin 2013, le ministre du tourisme et des transports fut suspecté d’octroyer frauduleusement le pavillon comorien à des bateaux étrangers. Les plaintes qui s’ensuivirent n’ont pas débouché sur des actions judiciaires mais au simple limogeage du ministre par le Président de la République. \n\nLa Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) confirme les actions menées contre le ministre des transports en ces termes: « La CNPLC a déjà reçu une plainte contre un ministre des transports. La commission a fait ses investigations, et transmis le dossier à la justice. Les  sanctions administratives sont tombées, et la procédure judiciaire est en attente ».\n\nA propos de ces classements sans suite, le secrétaire général du ministère de la justice affirme : «Certains  hauts fonctionnaires et politiques sont coupables de faits répréhensibles, mais ils sont protégés par l’immunité prévue par la loi comorienne. La Commission anti-corruption traite et communique des dossiers, mais il y a des dysfonctionnements au niveau du palais de justice ». \n\nDans le passé récent, les commissaires de la CNPLC ont déjà tiré la sonnette d'alarme en ayant publiquement déploré l’impunité qui règne dans le pays. Selon Comores droit, «ils demandent aux autorités de les accompagner dans leur combat engagé contre la corruption. Ils interpellent les ministères des finances, de l’intérieur et de la justice pour qu’ils prennent leurs responsabilités. Ils demandent au Chef de l’Etat d’interpeller les membres de son gouvernement pour l’accompagner dans sa politique, car aucune affaire transmise par la CNPLC à la justice n’a été jugée».\n\nLe blog du Dr Mtaera Maecha explique la réticence des magistrats à l'encontre de la CNPLC :  « certains avocats et magistrats de la place sont tellement remontés contre la loi relative à la lutte contre la corruption généralisée mais également contre la nature même de cette grande commission nationale chargée de lutter efficacement contre la corruption généralisée et l'achat de conscience collective (la CNPLC) ». Selon le bloggeur, «les avocats et les magistrats jugent que la commission est dangereuse ».\n\nPour se dédouaner des différentes critiques, un membre de la CNPLC affirme: « Les pressions politiques existent, mais les membres de la CNPLC disposent d’une liberté de conscience et ne se plient pas face à ces pressions ».","AZIRI Moissuli Mohamed, chef de département de prévention et sensibilisation, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), Moroni, 09 juillet 2014. \n\nMADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014.\n\nADAM Zoifir, commissaire à la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), 09 juillet 2014.\n\nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nAHMADA Mohamed, blog du Dr Mtaera Maecha, 29 janvier 2014, « Certains avocats et magistrats sont remontés contre la loi anti-corruption de te la Commision Nationale chargée de ces faits ? »  http://avecmaecha.skyrock.com/3205648897-CERTAINS-AVOCATS-ET-MAGISTRATS-COMORIENS-SONT-REMONTES-CONTRE-LA-LOI.html\n\nComores droit, mars 2013, « Le cri de désespoir de la CNPLC ». http://comoresdroit.comores-droit.com/wp-content/dossier/comoresdroit/Le%20dossier%202013%20de%20Comoresdroit.pdf\n\nComores droit, 26 mai 2014, « Année III : la lutte contre la corruption sacrifiée », http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/2.html).","La Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) montre une volonté réelle d’examiner toutes les allégations, mais ses efforts sont freinés par des politiciens et certains hommes de loi. Les membres de la commission reçoivent parfois des pressions exté..."]
["2014_CD_12",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",12,0,"La République du Congo connait une corruption endémique. Les acteurs de la lutte contre la corruption n'ont pas les moyens financiers pour mener à bien de manière indépendante leur travail. Par ailleurs, ils ne bénéficient d'aucune protection policière pour enquêter sur une personnalité du pouvoir. Ils s'auto-censurent de fait. Les rares cas dénoncés n'ont aucun impact significatif pour avancer dans la lutte conte ce fléau. Les cas de corruption contre les personnes du pouvoir sont en réalité dénoncés par les acteurs étrangers comme Transparency International.","ENGAMBE MBONGO Merryl, économiste au ministère du Plan, l'entretien  à son domicile, 10 novembre 2014.\n\nLAZARD  Violette, Libération, 15 décembre 2013, «Biens mal acquis, au tour du Congo.» http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2013/12/15/biens-mal-acquis-au-tour-du-congo_966787\n\nRFI, 22 juillet 2013, «Congo-Brazzaville: le président de l'Observatoire anti-corruption, et quatre de ses collaborateurs en prison pour corruption.» http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130722-congo-brazzaville-observatoire-corruption-mapakou-justice/","La République du Congo connait une corruption endémique. Les acteurs de la lutte contre la corruption n'ont pas les moyens financiers pour mener à bien de manière indépendante leur travail. Par ailleurs, ils ne bénéficient d'aucune protection policière pour enquêter sur une personn..."]
["2014_CG_12",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",12,0,"There is no specialized anti-corruption commission accountable for investigating allegations and/or cases of corruption against senior politicians or civil servants. \n\nHowever, the parliament, the Authority for Regulation of Public Procurement (ARMP) and the Monitoring Office for Professional Ethics (OPED) are accountable for reporting and addressing corruption in public institutions.\n\nThere are other transparency mechanisms specifically in the mining sector such as the ITIE, the Kimberly process endorsed by the DRC government. \n\nAlthough corruption is rampant in public institutions and recognized by both the head of state and the prime minster as confirmed by Angelo Mobateli’s report, allegations against senior-level politicians and civil servants are rarely investigated. Recurrent cases of influence peddling and obstructions to investigate cases of corruption from top political leaders and civil servants are common in public institution.","1. (Phone Interview), journalist At Rtga World Television Clarisse Ekoko, Phone: July 20, 2014. \n\n2. (Face To Face Interview) President Of The Drc Anticorruption League Ernest Pararo, Phone:  July 15, 2014. \n\n3. (News Article), \"Lutte Contre La Corruption Et L’impunite En Rdc : Les Resultats Obtenus Sont Encore Loin Des Attentes,\" By Angelo Mobateli, February 2014, http://www.lepotentielonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5557:lutte-contre-la-corruption-et-l-impunite-en-rdc-les-resultats-obtenus-sont-encore-loin-des-attentes&catid=90:online-depeches&Itemid=474. \n\n4. (Face To Face Interview), journalist At Digital Congo Television John Nzati, Phone:  July 12, 2014.","There is no specialized anti-corruption commission accountable for investigating allegations and/or cases of corruption against senior politicians or civil servants. ..."]
["2014_CI_12",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",12,25,"La Brigade de Lutte Contre la Corruption (BLCR), bien qu'en place, n'enquête que sur les allegations de corruption liées au racket. Sa spécialité est plus axée sur les rapports forces de l'ordre-transporteurs et voyageurs. C'est pour éradiquer le racket sur les routes que le gouvernement a créée cette unité. Mais elle n'a pas compétence pour enquêter sur des allégations même de corruption portées contre des politiciens ou des fonctionnaires. En Côte d'Ivoire, les hommes politiques sont jugés par les tribunaux de droits communs. Il n'y a aucune instance particulière en charge d'examiner les accusations portées contre eux. Comme tous les citoyens, ils répondent donc du droit commun. Le quotidien gouvernemental Fraternité Matin a, dans son édition du 7 octobre 2013, fait état de quatre haut fonctionnaires en service au ministère de la santé et de la lutte contre le Sida qui sont poursuivis pour détournement de deniers publics et corruption, notamment dans l’achat de certaines fournitures et de moto. « Les quatre responsables de la santé sont traduits devant la justice pour répondre des faits de détournement de deniers publics, faux et usage de faux, escroquerie et complicité d’escroquerie portant sur la somme exacte de 227 561 531 FCFA. La gabegie financière a été tout d’abord constatée par une mission d’investigation menée par l’Inspection générale des finances. Puis par la Gavi elle même à travers son département de la politique sur la reddition-comptes et la transparence. C’est donc, fort du constat de la dilapidation de 227 millions FCFA que l’Etat de Côte d’Ivoire, à travers l’agent judiciaire du trésor, a porté plainte contre les supposés responsables du détournement. L’enquête et les auditions menées par les limiers de la police économique et financière établissent la responsabilité sans équivoque de dirigeants au plus haut niveau de la Dipe.» La nouvelle Haute Autorité pour la bonne gouvernance a été installée seulement après le temps de recherche. Il n'existe pas encore d'organe chargé spécifiquement d'examiner les allégations et les accusations contre les hommes politiques et les fonctionnaires. Cela relève de la compétence du droit commun et des tribunaux du pays.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n ROMBERT Guei Bombet, président du parti politique La Renaissance, Abidjan, 12 août 2014 . \n \n KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.\n \n KOHON L, Fraternité Matin, n° 14657, p. 16, 7 octobre 2013, « Lutte contre la corruption: quatre haut fonctionnaires et un operateur économique déférés devant le parquet ».","La Brigade de Lutte Contre la Corruption (BLCR), bien qu'en place, n'enquête que sur les allegations de corruption liées au racket. Sa spécialité est plus axée sur les rapports forces de l'ordre-transporteurs et voyageurs. C'est pour éradiquer le racket sur les routes que le gouver..."]
["2014_DJ_12",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",12,25,"La Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption a été mise en place en 2013, mais les personnes interrogées affirment que les investigations concernant le cas de corruption ne sont pas effectives encore et il est tôt pour évaluer.","OKIEH Idriss, enseignant chercheur en économie à l'université de Djibouti, 4 juillet 2014.\n\nYAHYA Mounime, auditeur au trésor public au sein de la sous direction du ministère des finances, 4 juillet 2014.\n\nMOHAMED Ahmed Hassan, membre de la commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, entretien du 4 juillet 2014.","La Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption a été mise en place en 2013, mais les personnes interrogées affirment que les investigations concernant le cas de corruption ne sont pas effectives encore et il est tôt pour évaluer."]
["2014_EG_12",2014,"EG","Egypt",12,50,"Investigations against senior figures launched by independent anti-corruption authorities against high-level figures have had successes during the reporting period. For example, the head of Egypt's commodities importing authority was transferred after a corruption investigation against him revealed irregularities. However, such investigations are done in a haphazard way with the notable exception of the CAO.\n\nWhile there have been a number of high-level corruption investigations launched during the period in practice, once referred to the judicial system cases of corruption often flounder. While a number of Mubarak-era figures were investigated for corruption, scores of others were overlooked. Some investigations can also be seen as politically motivated such as investigations of Ahmed Shafiq, a reformist Mubarak figure who is also seen as a principal challenger from the ancien regime to the military orientated-regime of President Sisi.","Reuters, Shadia Nasralla and Maha El Dahan, Feb. 22, 2014 \"Egypt sweeps out senior wheat import official; suspects corruption\"  news.yahoo.com/egypt-supply-minister-sacks-silos-storage-head-state-135236605--finance.html.\n\nThe Jurist, \"Egypt court acquits ex-interior minister of corruption charges\"\nJune 14, 2014\nhttp://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/06/egypt-court-acquits-ex-interior-minister-of-corruption-charges.php.\n\nInterview, Osama Habashy, (Civil Servant) Writers Union of Egypt, July 18, 2014.\n\nThe Guardian, December 13, 2013 \"Hosni Mubarak sons and ex-PM acquitted in corruption trial\" \nhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/19/hosni-mubarak-sons-acquitted-corruption-egypt. \n\nArcheology News, May 2014, \"Zahi Hawass cleared of corruption charges\"Rhttp://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2014/05/zahi-hawass-cleared-of-corruption.html#.U8qsK_mSxJs (story originally from Al Ahram).","Investigations against senior figures launched by independent anti-corruption authorities against high-level figures have had successes during the reporting period. For example, the head of Egypt's commodities importing authority was transferred after a corruption investigation aga..."]
["2014_GQ_12",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",12,0,"International institutions continue to flag widespread corruption in the country, which is systematically denied by the government. During the period of review, the staff of the Attorney General Office increased its personnel appointments at the local level; thus far, this has had no impact, as the Anti-Corruption Office (officially known as Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas) continued to keep a low profile and few cases were started against public officials. If the office starts investigating corruption casese, it only targets low-level officials. \n\nAllegations of corruption of senior-level officials have only been prosecuted for political reasons. Despite international corruption cases against high-level officials, particularly the case of the president’s son, Second Vice President “Teodorin,\" the national Anti-Corruption Office did not open a case internally. According to sources, corruption is embedded in all government branches, including the judiciary. Given that there is no merit-based system within the administration and that the president appoints the attorney general and adjuncts, officials mandated to investigate corruption cases are subject to political pressures.\n\nAlso, despite the creation of the Public Ethics Commission in 2004, it has been noted in civil society reports during the universal periodic review that this commission is not operational and has not opened any investigations on public-sector corruption.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"Judicial corruption persists\" (\"Persistente Corrupción en el Poder Judicial de Guinea Ecuatorial\"), July 8, 2014.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/persistente-corrupcion-en-el-poder-judicial-de-guinea-ecuatorial/ \n\nNews article: Radio Macuto, \"Obiang’s greed does not have an end\" (\"La Avaricia de Obiang no Rompe el Saco\"), June 9, 2014.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/la-avaricia-de-obiang-no-rompe-el-saco/ \n\nNews article: Radio Macuto, \"INSESO is divided between two power lords\" (\"INSESO se repartee entre dos chorizos\"), June 1, 2014.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/inseso-se-reparte-entre-dos-chorizos/ \n\nNews article: Duhaime’s anti-money laundering law in Canada, Christine Duhaime, \"Equatorial Guinea Vice President charged with money laundering,\" March 20, 2014.\nhttp://www.antimoneylaunderinglaw.com/2014/03/equatorial-guinea-vice-president-charged-with-money-laundering.html \n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea; \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n \nBlog: Financial Times, \"Reporting back: Equatorial Guinea,\" January 23, 2014\nhttp://blogs.ft.com/the-world/2014/01/reporting-back-equatorial-guinea/ \n\nPublication: The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, June 26, 2014.\nhttp://country.eiu.com/FileHandler.ashx?issue_id=1761739760&mode=pdf","International institutions continue to flag widespread corruption in the country, which is systematically denied by the government. During the period of review, the staff of the Attorney General Office increased its personnel appointments at the local level; thus far, this has had ..."]
["2014_ER_12",2014,"ER","Eritrea",12,0,"The proclamation that establishes the Special Court, 85/1996, gives it full power to undertake all necessary investigations and render decisions. The court has the sole jurisdiction for cases of corruption against state officials, but its proceedings are neither open to the public nor published. Many top officials who were accused of corruption and sent to prison remain incommunicado. Those who are freed from prison are banned from official duty. Many allegations of corruption are dealt with in a  strict, confidential manner. The circumstances in which cases are investigated and tried are not transparent; all investigations are either jointly done by the Ministry of Defense, National Security Office and the police forces or by one of the three, taking into consideration the position of the accused and the magnitude of the alleged corruption.\n\nThe president has direct control over the court. He appoints the judges, and the budget of the Special Court is funded by the central government. The appointment of investigators remains confidential, and appointees act in favor of those who appoint them. The Special Court reports to the Ministry of Defense, and the Ministry of Defense takes the prime responsibility in enforcing all the provisions of the proclamation in cooperation with all security and police forces. The court was created in response to the corruption committed by high officials in government and party economic leaders in 1996. In Eritrea, almost all the civilian and military top officials are former liberation fighters who still report to the Ministry of Defense.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 24, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The proclamation that establishes the Special Court, 85/1996, gives it full power to undertake all necessary investigations and render decisions. The court has the sole jurisdiction for cases of corruption against state officials, but its proceedings are neither open to the public ..."]
["2014_ET_12",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",12,25,"The Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission (FEACC) is an independently formed institution and enjoys greater flexibility in what and who it investigates, although public opinion holds that investigations and especially indictments of senior political figures are politically motivated. Sometimes, the FEACC is also accused of leaving the big fish alone while focusing on the lower-level offenders. \n\nIn May 2013, the director general of the Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority and his deputy were charged with corruption offences along with some 50 individuals from the government and the private sector. Their charges included abuse of power, bribery and failing to perform their duties according to the law. The court proccedings started in October 2013. This case has been the highest-profile arrest regarding corruption since the conviction of a former prime minister some 15 years ago.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission, 8 July 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, director of a civil society organisation, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, international media correspondent based in Ethiopia, 9 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission (FEACC) is an independently formed institution and enjoys greater flexibility in what and who it investigates, although public opinion holds that investigations and especially indictments of senior political figures are politically ..."]
["2014_GA_12",2014,"GA","Gabon",12,0,"Au Gabon, seuls quelques cas de corruption font l'objet d’enquêtes, ce qui représente une infime minorité par rapport à l'ensemble des personnes supposées impliquées. \n\nIl est de notoriété publique que la lutte contre la corruption, pourtant punie par le dispositif légal et judiciaire du Gabon, n'est pas la priorité du gouvernement. Mais lorsque les rapports parviennent aux instances en charge d’enquêter, celles-ci ouvrent très peu des enquêtes.","BISSIÉLO Anaclet, docteur en sociologie et spécialiste des relations internationales, Université Omar Bongo de Libreville, entretien réalisé par email, 22 décembre 2014;\n\nJeune Afrique, 4 août 2014, «Corruption au Gabon : la fin de l'impunité ?» http://fr.africatime.com/external?url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/JA2795p008.xml0/\n\nMOUKETOU Jean Aimé ,Convention de la Diaspora gabonaise, 11 novembre 2013, «Gabon : Pendant que le peuple croupit dans la misère la prédation d'État continue.» http://conventiondiasporagabonaise.org/actualit%C3%A9s/actualit%C3%A9s-gabon/289-gabon-pendant-que-le-peuple-croupit-dans-la-misere-la-predation-d-État-continue.html","Au Gabon, seuls quelques cas de corruption font l'objet d’enquêtes, ce qui représente une infime minorité par rapport à l'ensemble des personnes supposées impliquées. ..."]
["2014_GM_12",2014,"GM","The Gambia",12,0,"The Office of the Anti-Corruption Commission has not been constituted yet. \n\nThere are no available and accessible data on investigations of corruption involving senior-level politicians or civil servants. But in October 2013, the former attorney general and minister of justice, former solicitor general and legal secretary, and the former secretary general and minister for presidential affairs were all convicted, inter alia of official corruption and sentenced to two years imprisonment each. The former chief justice of The Gambia was also convicted of charges which included official corruption and sentenced to two years imprisonment. \n\nThis shows that in the past year, senior-level civil servants were investigated, prosecuted and punished for official corruption. There is, however, no single body charged with the responsibility of investigating corruption against politicians or senior-level civil servants.\n\nThe said senior officials were detained by agents of the National Intelligence Agency (NIA). It is assumed the NIA investigated their cases. The NIA often assumes police functions such as detaining and questioning criminal suspects. During the period under review, the National Drug Enforcement Agency (NDEA), initially mandated to investigate narcotic crimes, received sweeping powers to protect state security, largely marginalizing the NIA.\n\nThe NIA and the NDEA generally are not seen as independent because they are directly answerable only to the president. It is true that investigations and prosecutions are in some instances politically motivated. One such example is the case of Mamburay Njie. He held different posts until he fell out with the president. He was then detained and charged with economic crimes. He was acquitted by the High Court but was re-arrested and has been in detention without trial for more than 100 days as of January 2015.  \n\nThis means that even though there have been instances in the past year where senior civil servants have been investigated for official corruption, one cannot say the government institution that investigated their cases is independent.\n\nA low score is also given because it is unclear which body is responsible for investigating corruption involving senior-politicians or senior civil servants.","1. Interview with Mr. Musa Barrow, Teaching Assistant, Gambia Press Union School of Journalism, 7th July 2014, Fajara\n\n2. Njogu Bah, Jobarteh, Pa Harry Jammeh jailed 2 years, The Point,  by Malamin L.M. Conteh, Friday, December 20, 2013, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/njogu-bah-jobarteh-pa-harry-jammeh-jailed-2-years, last accessed 18/06/2014\n\n3. Former Chief Justice Wowo jailed two years, The Daily Observer, by Malamin L.M. Conteh, Friday, January 10, 2014, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/former-chief-justice-wowo-jailed-two-years, last accessed 18/06/2014\n\n4. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013, U.S. State Department, The Gambia, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220328.pdf\n\nAdditional source:\n\"MAMBURY NJIE STILL DETAINED FOR 96 DAYS\", Foroyaa Newspaper, January 14, 2015 http://www.foroyaa.gm/archives/3266 ","The Office of the Anti-Corruption Commission has not been constituted yet. \n\nThere are no available and accessible data on investigations of corruption involving senior-le..."]
["2014_GH_12",2014,"GH","Ghana",12,50,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations. As per its mandate, CHRAJ has been performing its functions by investigating allegations against senior-level politicians and civil servants at any level.\n\nStaff of CHRAJ also operate without fear or favour from other offices. The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) is not influenced by fear or favor to not pursue some cases against certain high level officials, while pursuing those against others. There are not cases where there are allegations of corruption about certain officials which are not investigated due to pressure or bias. \n\nHowever, observers have criticized CHRAJ for not using its authority to at least speak against some of the numerous administrative irregularities reported mainly by the media over the last 12 months, let alone investigate them. CHRAJ's efficiency is hampered by poor funding, and inadequate critical staff in terms of lawyers and research officers, which have rendered it unable to bite.\n\nFor instance, in May 2014, Deputy Commissioner of CHRAJ Richard Quayson came out publicly stating that CHRAJ faced serious resource constraints, making it unable to perform its functions.","1. Justice Francis Emile Short, Former Commissioner of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Nkansah, President of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice Staff Association, Telephone interview, August 9, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. News Story: Title: Resource constraints hamper CHRAJ investigation into SADA, Author: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com|Ivy Benson, Name of Publication: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com|Ivy Benson, Date: April 23, 2014, Link: http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/april-23rd/resource-constraints-hamper-chraj-investigation-into-sada.php?print=1","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations. As per its mandate, CHRAJ has been performing its functions ..."]
["2014_GN_12",2014,"GN","Guinea",12,0,"Il existe trois corps de contrôle de gestion des investissements publics en République de Guinée, mais ce sont des organes qui ne sont pas indépendants. Ces organes sont nommés par l'exécutif et certains sont sous la responsabilité des départements ministériels (Inspection générale des finances) alors que d'autres sont directement liés à la présidence (Inspection générale d'Etat).  Ces organes font des contrôles, élaborent des rapports, mais les rapports ne sont presque jamais publiés. Au cours de la période d'étude, aucune autorité n'a été assignée en justice suite à des allégations de corruption. Or plusieurs allégations ont eut lieu concernant le patrimoine bâti-public.\n\nActuellement en Guinée, plusieurs cas de corruption sont révélés mais personne n’a jamais été inquiété pour ces faits. Il y a par exemple des nouvelles malversations dans le cadre de la gestion confuse des fonds mis à la disposition du comité d’audits dirigé par Jonas DIALLO.","KAMANO Jean, inspecteur des finances, 18h, 21 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nBANGOURA Andréa, Cour suprême, 10h, 20 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nCONDÉ Aboubacar, Aujourd'hui en Guinee, 25 juin 2014, Conakry. « Patrimoine bâti public : Grogne contre les réformes.» http://www.aujourdhui-en-guinee.com/fichiers/blog15-999.php?idc=fr_Patrimoine_b_ti_public___Grogne_contre_les_r_formes_10091&PHPSESSID=9af00e6d422d5367b641c25fdfa2917e\n\nKABINET SDIMÉ Alpha, Guinee7.com, 16 juillet 2014, Conakry. « Lansana Conté n’est-il qu’une pauvre victime de ces gestions calamiteuses (opinion). » http://www.guinee7.com/2014/07/16/lansana-conte-nest-il-quune-pauvre-victime-de-ces-gestions-calamiteuses-opinion/","Il existe trois corps de contrôle de gestion des investissements publics en République de Guinée, mais ce sont des organes qui ne sont pas indépendants. Ces organes sont nommés par l'exécutif et certains sont sous la responsabilité des départements ministériels (Inspection générale..."]
["2014_GW_12",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",12,0,"Throughout the years there have been many allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and or civil servants. However, investigations frequently are interrupted because members investigating receive negative incentives to do so. \n\nThe Public Ministry is likely to have investigated some cases of corruption. But to get the precise numbers/statistics/reports from the coordinator heading the corruption and economic crimes department seems unrealistic because of the inexistence of recent published and public reports.\n\nMagistrates constantly received negative incentives to stop the investigations. A case in point is two magistrates who were threatened with beatings if they continued investigating the allegations of corruption in Bissau's port authority. The media article by Lusa news agency, published in March 2014, confirms the veracity of this example by denouncing that after the magistrates refused a bribe to stop investigating the case of corruption in Bissau's report. They were then threatened violently to stop.\n\nThere is another body, the Superior Inspection Against Corruption, which is not part of the Public Ministry. It  was created by the parliament, authorized and mandated to denounce, investigate and prevent corruption.\n\nThis body, however, is merely symbolic. It does not have any human resources or financial means to operate. According to the Superior Inspector, since its inception in 1996, this body has failed to act.\n\nAs testimony of its failure, the Superior Inspector in his  speech to the members of parliament on 10 January, 2014, said: \"We have lost count of the number of cases and denouncements of criminal nature in the various organs of the state, of the successive and hidious incidents that have happened in this country with always inconclusive results.\"\n\nGiven the practical inexistence of the Superior Inspection Agaisnt Corruption, only the actions of the Public Ministry considered here.\n\nDuring 2013-2014 the situation has worsened. Out of fear, the public ministry has been unable to conclude any case against senior-level politicians during the period of this study. The Public Ministry during these last two years of transition has encountered difficulties such as staff not being paid, and pressure and interference from senior-level politicians.","1. Interview with Former Attorney-General, Edmundo Mendes, Public Ministry, Lawyer and Judiciary expert, 8 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Vice-President, Roberto Indeque, Guinea-Bisau's Lawyer Association, Lawyer, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with President of the Union of the Magistrates of the Public Ministry, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, Magistrate, 5 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Professor and Magistrate, Juselino Pereira, Faculty of Law of Bissau, Law Professor, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. Interview with Superior Inspector, Lassana Seidi, Superior Inspection Against Corruption, 15 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n6. Media article Lusa, \"Guinean magistrates who investigate corruption case threatened of beatings\" (\"Magistrados guineenses que investigam caso de corrupção ameaçados de espancamento\"), 23 March 2014.\n\n7. Interview with source requesting anonymity, Judiciary Police, July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","Throughout the years there have been many allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and or civil servants. However, investigations frequently are interrupted because members investigating receive negative incentives to do so. ..."]
["2014_KE_12",2014,"KE","Kenya",12,75,"In the period under review, there have been high-profile investigations against senior government and public officials. The Central Bank of Kenya Governor Njuguna Ndung'u, the Director of Immigration Services Jane Waikenda, the suspended CEO of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) James Oswago and County governors Amason Kingi (Kilifi) and Joshua Irungu (Laikipia) were investigated for various suspected crimes. \n\nThis reflects an attempt by the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) to investigate cases involving high-profile officers.\n\nThe graft body has, however, been criticized for failing to take up investigations and probe bribery allegations against Mining Cabinet Secretary Najib Balala. Balala has faced accusations of demanding a Sh80 million bribe from Cortec Mining after he cancelled all mining licences in August last year.","1. Yasin Aila, spokesperson, Ethic and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) interviewed on June 20, 2014.\n\n2. Mwalimu Mati, executive director, Mass Group. Interviewed on June 20, 214.\n\n3. George Omondi, senior Economy and Policy writer, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 20, 2014.\n\n4. \"Laikipia Governor grilled over Sh3m office tender\". An article by Kings Waweru published by the Star Newspaper on Jan 17, 2014.\nhttp://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-151100/laikipia-governor-grilled-over-sh3m-office-tender.\n\n5. \"Drama as Immigration boss collapses at Integrity Centre\". An article by Jacob Ngetich, Kurian Musa and Cyrus Ombati. Published by the Standard Newspaper on Jan 10, 2014.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000101955.\n\n6. \"Kilifi Governor Amason Kingi Grilled\". A news clip by Hussein Mohammed aired by Citizen TV. The item was aired on April 26, 2014.\nhttp://www.citizennews.co.ke/news/2012/local/item/18831-kilifi-governor-amason-kingi-grilled.\n\n7. \"DPP, graft team seeking Ndung’u’s arrest\". A story by Abiud Ochieng, published in the April 22, 2014 edition of the Daily Nation Newspaper.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/DPP-graft-team-seeking-Ndungus-arrest-/-/1056/2289316/-/12b1h9p/-/index.html\n\n8. \"We’re not probing any Cabinet Secretaries\" – EACC. A story by Olive Burrows, published by Capital News on February 26, 2014. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2014/02/were-not-probing-any-cabinet-secretaries-eacc/\n\n9. Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Annual Report 2012/2013. Released in March 2014. http://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/2012%20-%202013%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf\n\n10. \"James Oswago held over Sh1.3bn tender\". An article and video by Fred Mukinda. Published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on October 29, 2013.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/EACC-James-Oswago-IEBC-Arrest/-/1056/2052586/-/s1lyi5/-/index.html","In the period under review, there have been high-profile investigations against senior government and public officials. The Central Bank of Kenya Governor Njuguna Ndung'u, the Director of Immigration Services Jane Waikenda, the suspended CEO of the Independent Electoral and Boundar..."]
["2014_LS_12",2014,"LS","Lesotho",12,75,"Over the past 12 months, the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) has investigated several high-profile cases involving senior government employees and members of Parliament. \n\nIt has investigated and charged with fraud the former Minister of Finance, Dr. Timothy Thahane, who at the time of the investigation was the minister of Energy, Water and Meteorological Affairs. \n\nRecently, the principal secretary (chief accounting officer) in the Ministry of Finance was arrested following allegations of corruption that the DCEO was investigating. He is alleged to have defrauded the government of more than M6 million (approximately $600 000).\n\nAlso, following investigations by the DCEO, the Home Affairs principal was suspended and charged on allegations that he received M5 million in bribes from an Israeli firm, Nikuv International Projects Limited, which was awarded a multimillion-dollar project to produce Lesotho’s identity documents (ID) and electronic passports (e-passports).\n\nThe DCEO and the police are reportedly investigating allegations that the deputy Prime Minister has been using his position to influence the awarding of an M120 million road construction tender to a company that has failed to meet tender requirements. As a deputy Prime Minister, Metsing is a highest ranking government employee to be investigated for corruption in this country.\n \nThe investigations of the deputy Prime Minister, who is the second most senior member of the ruling coalition of parties, seems to suggest that the DCEO does not only target members of the opposition parties for its investigations.\n\nSources from the DCEO agree that certain powerful individuals do sometimes make attempts to influence its investigations. However, such attempts are reported to be weak and sporadic and have, as a result, failed to influence its operations. \n\nNevertheless, lack of institutional and financial independence makes DCEO extremely susceptible to the whims of the executive, to an extent that the latter possibly instigates some high-profile investigations. However, there is no evidence to support that DCEO did not investigate allegations made against senior level politicians or civil servants having serious allegations. Also, there is no known example of the DCEO's budget being reduced, or controlled, in a way to reduce its independence.","1. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Head of Department; Political and Administrative Studies Department. Lecturer. Interview 26 June 2014\n\n2. Anonymous. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Interviewed, 25 June 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n3. Mantoa Molefi.  Khethisa to Appear in Court. Informative Newspaper. 15 April 2014. http://www.informativenews.co.ls/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9067:khethisa-to-appear-in-court&catid=34:news&Itemid=27\n\n4. Lekhetho Ntsukunyane. PSs Face Suspension. 28 March 2014. http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=5605\n\n5. Tefo Tefo. Tampers Flare as Suspended Finance PS Fights for Bail.  18 April 2014. http://lestimes.com/?p=16198\n\n6.Billy Ntaote. Khetsi ‘took’ M5 million in Bribes. 14 November 2013.  http://lestimes.com/?p=14205","Over the past 12 months, the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) has investigated several high-profile cases involving senior government employees and members of Parliament. ..."]
["2014_LR_12",2014,"LR","Liberia",12,50,"All allegations of corruption are investigated by the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC). The LACC investigates allegations of corruption by all civil servants and public officials of government except those elected such as the president, vice-president, senators and members of the House of Representatives. \n\nThe LACC has arraigned several public officials to answer allegations of corruption. These include  Ms. Beatrice Muna Sieh, for a $199,800 economic sabotage case in the purchase of uniforms of the police Emergency Response Unit (ERU), Mr. Albert Bropleh, managing director at the Liberia Telecommunications Corporation; and Dr. Lawrence Bropleh, former minister of information. The former police commissioner and the former telecommunication managing director both appeared in court, the first one was found guilty by the jury (but the judge ordered retrial in April 2013 at the request of her lawyers) while the second's appeal case is still up for the Supreme Court's decision.\n\nThe LACC conducts investigations with no fear for anyone and its commissioners, and staff have never complained of intimidations because of the discharge of their duties. Allegations against cabinet ministers, appointees of the president and civil servants of any level are investigated and those guilty are forwarded to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution.","Interview: Wonder Freeman, PRO, LACC, Monrovia, 15/07/2014\n\nInterview: Varney Kanneh, Program Officer, NDI-Liberia, Monrovia, 15/07/2014 \n\nInterview: Thomas Doe-Nah, Director, CENTAL, Monrovia, 07/07/2014","All allegations of corruption are investigated by the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC). The LACC investigates allegations of corruption by all civil servants and public officials of government except those elected such as the president, vice-president, senators and members..."]
["2014_LY_12",2014,"LY","Libya",12,0,"Although there is an anti-corruption law in Libya mandating the establishment of an anti-corruption commission as a priority, the Libyan parliament has not held a session to implement provision of this law. Therefore, the commission has not been created. Even the Audit Bureau (Dewan) and the Administrative Control Authorityِ are unable to do their jobs independently  during this current period of chaos and Infighting in Libya.\n\nOn Sept. 19, 2014, the Libyan Audit Bureau ordered the freezing of assets of some Libyan public institutions, but the institutions refused to comply. After the decision, some Libyan parliamentarians threatened  to topple the head of the Libyan Audit Bureau. In a TV show on Al Jazeera, parliamentarian Zeyad Al Dagheem confirmed the move of some parliamentarians to topple the president of the Audit Bureau.","Skype interview with Ala'a Almoslati, agent the Libyan Audit Bureau (Dewan), Sept. 21, 2014.\n\nInterview with Mabrouk Shniab, head of Libyan Organisation of Transparency and Anti-corruption, Sept. 24, 2014.\n\nAl Jazeera Net, \"The political implications of the order freezing the accounts of Libyan institutions,\" Sept. 19, 2014.\nwww.Aljazeeranet.net","Although there is an anti-corruption law in Libya mandating the establishment of an anti-corruption commission as a priority, the Libyan parliament has not held a session to implement provision of this law. Therefore, the commission has not been created. Even the Audit Bureau (Dewa..."]
["2014_MG_12",2014,"MG","Madagascar",12,25,"Les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux sont examinées par un organe indépendant. Il s’agit du Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption (BIANCO) qui oeuvre tant qu’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption. Ainsi, il est habilité à examiner toutes les allégations de corruption dont il est saisi. Il n’est fait aucune mention d’une distinction quelconque, qu’il s’agit de politiciens de haut niveau ou de fonctionnaires. \n\nLes enquêtes peuvent être menés par le BIANCO suivant un mandat émanant du directeur général ou du directeur général adjoint. Selon les statistiques disponibles sur le site du BIANCO pour 2013, la plus grande partie des doléances de corruption concernent les secteurs fonctionnaires ou autres agents de l’Etat suivants (par ordre décroissant) qui se rapportent à des fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux. Lesdites statistiques ne font mention de doléances concernant un politicien de haut niveau. Mais la critique émise contre le BIANCO est celle de s’occuper que des affaires mettant en cause des petits fonctionnaires. \n\nToutefois, les actions du BIANCO sont limitées pour deux raisons :\n1) Il ne peut entamer une enquête qu’après une dénonciation qui lui est transmise, même si elle est anonyme : cela a pour effet de laisser passer les cas de corruption relatés par les médias, surtout la presse écrite;\n2) Il existe au sein des différents corps des fonctionnaires de l’Etat qui jouissent d’une immunité et ne peuvent être poursuivis que sur autorisation préalable de leurs corps d’appartenance. Cette affirmation est vérifiée par l’existence de cas de corruption ou de malversations qui restent impunis. Le 4 juillet dernier, le Premier ministre a soutenu que « 40% du budget de l’Etat malgache sont détournés ». La déclaration est plus qu’intéressante pour une toute autre raison. En effet, lorsque le chef du gouvernement annonce un chiffre aussi alarmant, cela correspond à une information officielle, surtout en ce qu’elle n’a pas fait l’objet d’un démenti. \n \nLa possibilité pour le BIANCO d’intervenir contre un politicien et /ou haut fonctionnaire dépend donc de l’existence de plaintes. Le BIANCO devant des cas de corruption étalés au grand jour n’intervient pas du fait qu’il n’a pas été saisi, et cela le discrédite. Le bulletin mensuel de la Direction Générale du Trésor (DGT) fait mention d’un cas de détournement opéré en 2012 au sein d’un ministère, lequel a été confirmé par les enquêtes de la DGT. Or, en 2014, le dossier est toujours aux mains du juge d’instruction. Pire, selon le bulletin, l’intéressé a été nommé à un poste ministériel plus important. Et le BIANCO n’est pas intervenu, faute de saisine.\n \nTransparency International-Initiative Madagascar (TI-IM) à travers son Centre d’Assistance Juridique et d’Action Citoyenne (CAJAC) a recueilli des doléances de cas de corruption relatifs à des fonctionnaires des secteurs suivants (par ordre décroissant): gendarmerie, les communes, la justice, la police et les secteurs de l’éducation et de la santé. On voit que les mêmes secteurs se retrouvent en tête de liste. Auprès de TI-IM, il n’est pas possible d’identifier la position des incriminés, de par la confidentialité qui la lie aux plaignants","RAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n LEJAMBLE Brice, secrétaire exécutif, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 11 juillet 2014.\n \n TSIHIAVONANA Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n RALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n RABENANTOANDRO Ony N. Tahiry (bulletin mensuel de la Direction générale du trésor, n° 40, février 2014, « Ce ministère a été mordu par son enfant chéri » (traduction du titre en malgache). http://www.tresorpublic.mg/?post_type=tahiry.\n \n GASPARD M. La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 10 juillet 2014, « Gabégie : détournements non démentis ». http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41122:gabegie-detournements-non-dementis&catid=41:politique&Itemid=55.\n \n Site du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO). http://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0.","Les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux sont examinées par un organe indépendant. Il s’agit du Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption (BIANCO) qui oeuvre tant qu’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption..."]
["2014_MW_12",2014,"MW","Malawi",12,25,"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants of various levels are not always equally investigated by the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) and other anti-graft organisations. A recent example is the $250 million \"cash-gate\" scandal. The UK-based, international accountancy firm, Baker Tilly, was contracted to conduct a forensic audit into the \"cash-gate\" looting for the period between January – September 2013, but not all senior-level politicians, civil servants and government departments were investigated. For example, the ACB did not investigate the former president, Joyce Banda, despite strong suspicion of her involvement in the scandal. Many Malawians believe that led her re-election defeat in the May 2014 presidential elections. \n\nThe ACB did not respond to the researcher's inquiry to provide the exact number of reports it has received in the past year, nor has it provided the number of investigations it has conducted in the past 12 months.\n\nOne example of an investigation and conviction by the ACB concerns Tressa Senzan, the principal secretary for the Ministry of Tourism. Arrested in 2013, she has since been convicted and is serving a three-year prison sentence. However, she is the only senior-level official to be arrested and prosecuted as part of the high-level \"cash-gate\" scandal.\n\nMoreover, the new administration of Peter Mutharika is appointing a new head of the ACB.","1. Nyasa Times, Emmanuel Mwale, 12 June, 2014, ‘Is the Media Responsible for Joyce Banda’s Downfall?’ \nhttp://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/06/12/is-malawi-media-responsible-for-joyce-banda-downfall\n\n2. Robert Phiri, Executive  Director, Public Affairs  Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 4 July, 2014, Lilongwe.\n\n3. Andrew Kumbatira, Executive Director, Malawi Economic Justice Network, 18 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","In practice, allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants of various levels are not always equally investigated by the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) and other anti-graft organisations. A recent example is the $250 million \"cash-gate\" scandal. The UK-..."]
["2014_ML_12",2014,"ML","Mali",12,50,"Au Mali, les plus hauts dirigeants et certains hauts fonctionnaires peuvent être convoqués devant le juge anti-corruption en cas de soupçon. Le pôle économique de la justice malienne n'est pas tout à fait indépendant dans la pratique, raison pour laquelle les allégations contre les personnalités ne sont pas toutes examinées. La structure en question reçoit parfois des incitations afin de se prononcer en faveur ou contre le dirigeant incriminé. \n\nPour Moussa Fofana, membre du groupe suivi budgétaire, «le pôle économique dirigé par le procureur anti-corruption peut recevoir des injonctions du Ministre de la justice pour ouvrir tel ou tel dossier».\n\nLe Bureau du Vérificateur fait des investigations sur la plupart des allégations de corruption sur lesquelles elle est saisie ou s’auto saisit. Actuellement le BVG effectue des opérations de vérifications sur la gestion d’anciens ministres du Gouvernement de l’ancien Premier Ministre Moussa Mara. Il s’agit par exemple de Bouaré Fily Cissoko, ancien ministre des de l’Economie et des Finances et Mohamed Ben Barka, ancien ministre de l’Investissement. Tous deux sont cités dans le rocambolesque dossier de l’achat de l’avion présidentiel et des armements. A la demande du Fond Monétaire International (FMI), le BVG a déjà livré un premier rapport d’investigation sur ces dossiers qui ont défrayé la chronique.","FOFANA Moussa, porte parole, groupe suivi budgétaire, 25 juin 2014\n        \nTOURÉ Alaye, président, Conseil national de la société civile, 25 juin 2014\n        \nTHÉRA Sombé, ancien procureur du pôle économique, ministère de la justice du Mali, 25 juin 2014\n\nMali Actu, 16 octobre 2014. \"Mali : Acquisition de l’avion présidentiel et achat de matériels militaires : L’ancien PM entendu par le BVG.\" http://maliactu.net/mali-acquisition-de-lavion-presidentiel-et-achat-de-materiels-militaires-lancien-pm-entendu-par-le-bvg/#sthash.PNq7hAua.dpuf\n\nYahooNews, 7 Novembre 2014. Mali government pressured to make arrests in bribery scandal. http://news.yahoo.com/mali-government-pressured-arrests-bribery-scandal-142204391--business.html","Au Mali, les plus hauts dirigeants et certains hauts fonctionnaires peuvent être convoqués devant le juge anti-corruption en cas de soupçon. Le pôle économique de la justice malienne n'est pas tout à fait indépendant dans la pratique, raison pour laquelle les allégations contre les..."]
["2014_MR_12",2014,"MR","Mauritania",12,0,"La Mauritanie ne dispose pas d'une structure chargée de mener à bien des investigations, des accusations de corruption contre les fonctionnaires et les politiciens; les accusations de corruption, si elles sont avérées, sont transmises au parquet, à lui de mener les investigations nécessaires. \n\nIl existe une Brigade de repression des crimes économiques et financiers, qui initie des poursuites occasionnellement contre les personnes prises en flagrant délit de corruption. La plus récente action de cette brigade date de juillet dernier, lorsque la police a brièvement détenu des hauts fonctionnaires, les obligeant à rembourser les sommes qu'ils ont volées. Ainsi,  à la demande de la Banque mondiale, principal bailleur de la Banque des céréales,  une enquête interne du Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire (CSA) a découvert d'importants détournements de fonds des banques des céréales impliquant des fonctionnaires dudit département. Les agents impliqués ont reçu une mise en demeure les obligeant à rembourser les sommes indûment percues. \n\nCependant, la légalité de cet organe est ambiguë et il règle les contentieux en catimini selon des procédures inconnues du public, son indépendance n'est consacrée par aucun texte. la brigade demeure une structure gouvernementale dont la fonction est ambiguë. On ne sait guère si elle enquête ou encore fait de la repression, ou l'étendue de cette repression. Mieux encore, la compétence de ses membres, leur mode de recrutement, son champ d'intervention ne sont pas connus, alors qu'il existe deux autres structures chargées de lutter contre les malversations financières (Inspection Générale d'Etat, la Cour des comptes). \n\nLes compétences et le savoir-faire dont dispose la Brigade de repression des crimes économiques et financiers pour mener à bien de telles investigations ne sont pas non plus connues. Cette opacité qui entoure le fonctionnement et la composition de cette brigade lui permet de se constituer en un instrument efficace d'intimidation et de réglements de comptes. Il convient de souligner que dans ces procédures, cette brigade intime les coupables à rembourser des montants sans qu'ils aient les moyens de prouver leur innoncence. Les méthodes expéditives  de cette structure suscitent controverses tant ses procédures demeurent inconnues voire cachées à l'opinion publique.","1. AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 14 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. MBARECK Hacen, président de l'Association mauritanienne pour la promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3.  Source anonyme, 18 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n4. Mauriweb, 16 juillet 2014. Scandale du détournement dans les banques des céréales : Des tractations pour étouffer l’affaire. http://mauriweb.info/index.php/actualite/2896-scandale-du-detournement-dans-les-banques-des-cereales-des-tractations-pour-etouffer-laffaire.html","La Mauritanie ne dispose pas d'une structure chargée de mener à bien des investigations, des accusations de corruption contre les fonctionnaires et les politiciens; les accusations de corruption, si elles sont avérées, sont transmises au parquet, à lui de mener les investigations n..."]
["2014_MU_12",2014,"MU","Mauritius",12,75,"Mr Anil Kumar Ujoodha, director general of the ICAC, said that all allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants are investigated by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) without fear or favour as per the Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA) 2002. Various cases involving senior politicians and senior civil servants have been investigated and prosecuted, and others are under investigation. Completed investigations must be referred to the prosecutor for his consent to either abandon the case or start prosecuting. The entire file as compiled by the ICAC, together with all evidence, is forwarded to the prosecutor. \n\nThe ICAC has investigated the then-minister of finance since 2011 as well as the then-minister of health for alleged corruption over the sale of a private clinic to the government. Both have left the government and are in the opposition. The case is ongoing.\n\nEven though the ICAC is bound to investigate all corruption cases, investigations are conducted confidentially. It is therefore impossible to determine whether all allegations are investigated and whether they are conducted professionally at all times. There is the concern that not all allegations against senior-level politicians or people close to them are thouroughly investigated. \n\nAntoine Domingue, senior counsel and president of the Bar Council, questioned the independence of the ICAC because of the influence the executive wields through appointments and because there is no constitutional protection afforded to any member of the ICAC. Prior to the ICAC, an institution called the Economic Crime Office afforded such protections to its members.","1. AK Ujoodha, Director General, Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC), 28 August 2014, by phone and mail\n2. Antoine Domingue, Chairman, Mauritius Bar Association, 11 September 2014, by mail\n3. Website, Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC), accessed August 2014, http://www.icac.mu/English/Pages/default.aspx\n4. Le Matinal Newspaper, the redaction, 17 April 2014, Title: Affaire Varma : Charge d’agression maintenue mais celle de complot rayée, \nLink: http://www.lematinal.com/faits-divers/3918-affaire-varma-charge-d%E2%80%99agression-maintenue-mais-celle-de-complot-ray%C3%A9e.html","Mr Anil Kumar Ujoodha, director general of the ICAC, said that all allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants are investigated by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) without fear or favour as per the Prevention of Corruption Act (..."]
["2014_MA_12",2014,"MA","Morocco",12,0,"Senior officials and politicians are sometimes investigated after suspicions of corruption or misuse of public money. The government has said there were 8,597 cases of investigated corruption allegations in 2013. However only 0.56% are presented to a tribunal for further examination or trial. \n\nFurthermore, the body in charge of these investigations, the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention,  is under the authority of the Prime Minister and therefore under the permanent influence of the executive power.","Marouane Korso - Maghreb Emergent - Article published online on May 5, 2014 - http://www.maghrebemergent.com/component/k2/item/37100-plus-de-8-500-affaires-de-corruption-traitees-en-2013-au-maroc-selon-le-gouvernement.html (last checked on July 6th, 2014).\n\nAmine Amerhoun - Bladi.net - article published online on May 16th, 2014 -http://www.bladi.net/maroc-affaires-corruption.html (last checked on July 6th, 2014).\n\nZineb Drissia Hamzi - Lawyer - Phone interview (on July 6th, 2014).","Senior officials and politicians are sometimes investigated after suspicions of corruption or misuse of public money. The government has said there were 8,597 cases of investigated corruption allegations in 2013. However only 0.56% are presented to a tribunal for further examinatio..."]
["2014_MZ_12",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",12,0,"The investigation of corruption cases involving senior-level politicians or officeholders was not reported during the period under review. The Central Office for Fighting Corruption (GCCC -Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao) was investigating 123 cases between September 2013 and 30 June 2014. \n\nHowever, despite cases of irregularities reported in the media involving senior politicians and civil servants, none has been followed up or investigated by the GCCC. This situation is a result of the the judiciary being dominated and influenced by political considerations. Even in circumstances where an investigation against a public officeholder with much political influence is occurring, the process usually does not go through.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nA Verdade. \"Control of corruption was not a priority in governance in 2005-2013\" (\"Controlo da corrupção não foi prioridade na governação de 2005-2013\"), 4 Nov. 2013.  http://www.verdade.co.mz/destaques/democracia/41425-controlo-da-corrupcao-nao-foi-prioridade-na-governacao-de-2005-2013\n\nDeutsche Welle. Karina Gomes, \"Fighting corruption is not a priority of the government of Mozambique, CIP points out\" (\"Combate à corrupção não é prioridade do governo de Moçambique, aponta CIP\"), 6 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.dw.de/combate-%C3%A0-corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o-n%C3%A3o-%C3%A9-prioridade-do-governo-de-mo%C3%A7ambique-aponta-cip/a-17210329","The investigation of corruption cases involving senior-level politicians or officeholders was not reported during the period under review. The Central Office for Fighting Corruption (GCCC -Gabinete Central de Combate a Corrupcao) was investigating 123 cases between September 2013 a..."]
["2014_NA_12",2014,"NA","Namibia",12,25,"The Anti-Corruption Commission is tasked with investigating incidences of alleged corruption, including those involving senior politicians and civil servants at any level. According to Section 2 of the ACC Act, the commission is an impartial and independent body. Currently a former Chief of Defence is being investigated for possible fraud, a case that dates back from 2011.\n\nAlthough in the period of study there has not been any observable interference with the operations of the commission, the fact that the ACC reports directly to the prime minister, a top-ranking member of the executive branch, does not in practice reflect an independence from the executive.\n\nAlso, not all cases of alleged corruption involving top members of the government are being investigated. That is demonstrated by the allegation about the Minister of Works regarding irregularity in the procedure of awarding tender. Contrary to an earlier report that the commission was investigating the Minister of Works, media accounts later revealed that such was not the case, which was confirmed by the director of the ACC.","Prof Nico Horn, Senior Legal Lecturer, University of Namibia,  Table Interview 28 July 2014.\n\nGraham Hopwood, Director: Institute of Public Policy and Research, Interview June 19 2014.\n\nUhuru Dempers, NANGOF Education Coordinator- Table Interview 24 July 2014\nPaulus Noa, Director: Anti- Corruption Commission - FacetoFace, Interview June 20 2014.\n\n\nWindhoek Observer, Diana Dimbira 06 MARCH 2014. http://observer24.com.na/8-latest-news/3073-erkki-rubbishes-claims. \n\n\nAllAfrica, Nghimtina Under Probe' Namibian Newspaper, 9 July 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201407090941.html.","The Anti-Corruption Commission is tasked with investigating incidences of alleged corruption, including those involving senior politicians and civil servants at any level. According to Section 2 of the ACC Act, the commission is an impartial and independent body. Currently a former..."]
["2014_NE_12",2014,"NE","Niger",12,50,"Au Niger, il existe deux organes importants de lutte contre la corruption: Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA) et le Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI) qui permet aux citoyens de se plaindre des abus dont ils pourraient être victimes dans leur interaction avec le corps judiciaire (police, juges).\n \nCes deux organes font des investigations et produisent des rapports. Mais la HALCIA est tenue de soumettre son rapport au Président de la République et de lui recommander les actions à engager. Pour beaucoup d'analystes, cette obligation de transmettre le rapport de la HALCIA au Président de la République, réduit considérablement son indépendance et son impartialité du travail. Selon le président de la HALCIA, le Président de la République aurait récemment suggéré que les rapports soient directement transmis à la justice. Mais ce n'est pas encore chose faite, puisqu'il n' y a eu aucune instruction formelle, ni loi qui autorise la HALCIA a envoyer directement son rapport au procureur de la République. La HALCIA enquête sur des allégations contre les politiciens de haut niveau et / ou des fonctionnaires de tous les niveaux. L'exemple le plus récent, c'est le cas du président du conseil de ville de Maradi (la capitale économique du Niger) qui est mis en prison en novembre 2014, à la suite d'une enquête de la HALCIA. Cette enquête a revelé que le président du conseil de ville de Maradi était impliqué dans plusieurs affaires de corruption, trafic d'influence et enrichissement illicite.\n \nLe Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), est, selon les analystes, plus autonome dans son action. Le bureau n'est pas tenu de soumettre ses rapports au ministre de la justice, même s'il est sous la tutelle du ministère de la justice, le bureau transmet le résultat de ses investigations à la justice et peut demander des sanctions. Seulement le champ d'action du bureau se limite aux abus, corruption et trafic d'influence qui concerne le corps judiciaire.\n\nRécemment, en mars-avril 2014, une affaire de corruption et de ventes illégales de terrains a défrayé la chronique au Niger. Un membre du gouvernement (le ministre des sports, qui était ancien directeur général d'une société immobilière) et plusieurs autres acteurs de la société étaient mis en cause. Quelques personnes ont été arrêtées dans l'affaire. Mais malgré les dénonciations de la presse et de la société civile, le ministre en question n'est toujours pas entendu par la justice, et l'enquête des organes de lutte contre la corruption peine à avancer, selon les médias. En fait, le BIR a pour mission que de s'occuper de la lutte contre la corruption dans le secteur de la justice (police judiciaire, tribunaux, et avocats). Donc, il permet surtout aux Citoyens d'avoir des voies de recours contre les abus possible au niveau de la justice et de la police (inconduite policiére).","BOUREIMA Issoufou, président de la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA), 10 septembre 2014.\n \n WADA Mamane, sécrétaire général de l'Association Nigérienne de Lutte Contre la Corruption-Section de Transparency International, 14 août 2014.\n \n SIDI Abdou, membre du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), 14 août 2014.\n \n Agence Africaine de Presse, 4 juillet 2014 , « Niger : 13 plaintes examinées en juin par le Bureau informations-réclamations».\n  http://news.aniamey.com/h/18134.html\n \n Journal La Griffe, nigerdiaspora.net, 10 avril 2014, «Lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées au Niger : Cette forme quotidienne de corruption qui semble tolérée au Niger.»\n http://nigerdiaspora.net/index.php/les-infos-du-pays/economie/item/66885-lutte-contre-la-corruption-et-les-infractions-assimilees-au-niger-cette-forme-quotidienne-de-corruption-qui-semble-toleree-au-niger\n \n Actuniger, 18 mars 2014, «Vente illicite des terres : Le ministre des sports dans la ligne de mire».\n http://actuniger.com/politique/8047-vente-illicite-des-terres-le-ministre-des-sports-dans-la-ligne-de-mire.html","Au Niger, il existe deux organes importants de lutte contre la corruption: Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA) et le Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI) qui permet aux citoyens ..."]
["2014_NG_12",2014,"NG","Nigeria",12,25,"The anti-corruption body, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) said it recorded 117 convictions in 2013, while its sister organization, the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) received 872 petitions in 2013. It investigated 176 and referred 434 petitions for investigation, charged 43 to court and secured 16 convictions.\n\nNo senior-level politician was investigated despite a series of allegations against many, including the petroleum and former aviation ministers. Cases against senior politicians have been ongoing prosecutions from past years.  EFCC has launched fresh investigations, but not against very senior politicians within the period. \n\nBetween September 2013 and February 2014, the country’s aviation minister, Stella Oduah, was accused of misspending $1.5 million on armoured cars. No anti-corruption agency investigated the former minister despite mounting public anger over the scandal. When she was eventually fired in February, the presidency made clear that the sacking was not a result of the allegations.\n\nThe most controversial corruption case came early in 2014 when the Central Bank governor accused the state-oil company, NNPC, of diverting $20 billion in oil money. Even before an investigation, Mr. Sanusi was fired by the president, who said the claim by the former CBN governor was untrue. The EFCC and ICPC are believed to gauge the president’s opinion before taking action on cases involving senior officials. So while the president did not openly stop any investigation, no investigation was opened by the EFCC or ICP, even though there was the serious allegation by the central bank governor. Only the Senate investigated the claims, while the government later commissioned the audit group PriceWaterHouseCoopers to audit the oil company.\n\nMany Nigerians accuse the anti-corruption agencies of doing the bidding of President Jonathan, moving against only senior politicians who are out favour with the president. In 2013, former President Obasanjo and the speaker of the lower house of Parliament, Aminu Tambuwal, accused Jonathan of encouraging corruption.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nDisagree and recommend a higher score of 50. A number of investigations against senior politicians and civil servants were undertaken during the period under review. The web page of the EFCC shows many cases of official corruption. Admittedly, compared with the period before now, the number of high-profile investigations has decreased. But this has nothing to do with change in policy of the present government, although there have been rumours about the anti-corruption agencies being partisan. However, there are challenges of inadequate funding as well as technical constraints related to the legal framework, including the limitations of the judicial process.","Interview with Folu Olamiti, media consultant, Independent Corrupt Practices Commission, 25 July 2014.\n\nEconomic and Financial Crimes Commission conviction sheet, accessed July 2014.\nhttps://efccnigeria.org/efcc/images/EFCC_2013_Convictions.pdf\n\nPunch, Ihuoma Chiedozie and Olalekan Adetayo, \"Jonathan encouraging corruption – Tambuwal,\" 10 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/jonathan-encouraging-corruption-tambuwal/\n\nPremium Times, Musikilu Mojeed, \"Obasanjo writes Jonathan, accuses president of lying, destroying Nigeria, promoting corruption,\" 11 Dec. 2013. http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/151275-exclusive-obasanjo-writes-jonathan-accuses-president-lying-destroying-nigeria-promoting-corruption.html#sthash.p4sVgjwm.dpuf\n\nReviewer sources:\nPunch, \"We’re too broke to fight corruption – EFCC,\" 17 Dec. 2013. \nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/were-too-broke-to-fight-corruption-efcc/\n\nEconomic and Financial Crimes Commission website, accessed 30 Jan. 2015. \nhttp://efccnigeria.org/efcc/","The anti-corruption body, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) said it recorded 117 convictions in 2013, while its sister organization, the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) received 872 petitions in 2013. It investigated 176 and referred 434 petitions ..."]
["2014_RW_12",2014,"RW","Rwanda",12,50,"The Office of Ombudsman as established by the law is an independent body and has investigated several corruption cases involving senior government officials. Based on its recommendations, many senior government officials have ended up in court and been prosecuted in corruption-related cases.\n\nIn recent months, the ombudsman has been on the spot for following up on corruption-related cases of low-ranking officials, while the so-called \"big fish\" get away, as shown in one of the sources (article of the East African:‘Big fish’ missing on name and shame corruption list, again). However most Rwandans continue to see the institution as vital in helping them solve their disputes and address injustices. Still, allegations of the ombudsman failing to investigate or implicate high-ranking officials persist.                   \n\nCorruption cases are also prosecuted based on the ombudsman's recommendation. Again, a list published by the Ministry of Justice of prosecuted officials who were found guilty this year and were forced to return money fails to turn up big names, which observers say could be a move to shield politically well-positioned officials from the name and shame list, as seen in an article published by the East African.\n\n\nPeer Reviewer's comments:\n\nDisagree (score=0): Corruption charges are leveled against senior government and military officials with impunity. The allegations are usually politically motivated and designed to sully the reputation of the accused, making them unfit for public office. Investigations into allegations are rare; prison sentences for the accused are not.","Interivew with Jean Nkurunziza, spokesman, Office of the Ombudsman, Kigali, July, 28, 2014.\n\nInterview with ACP Damas Gatare, police spokesman, Kigali, July, 27, 2014.\n\nThe East African, Ignatius Ssuuna, \"Ministry probes recruitment of Mutara lecturers,\" Sept. 20, 2013.\nhttp://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Ministry-probes-recruitment-of-Mutara-lecturers/-/1433218/2000896/-/vuyjj8/-/index.html\n\nThe New Times, Edwin Musoni, \"Why big wigs are missing on the list of corrupt officials,\" Aug. 24, 2014.\nhttp://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-08-27/240/ \n\nThe East African, Edmund Kagire, \"‘Big fish’ missing on name and shame corruption list, again,\" Sept. 19, 2014.\nhttp://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/name-and-shame-corruption-list/-/1433218/2458712/-/usfg7pz/-/index.html\n\n\nPeer Reviewer's sources:\n\nHuman Rights Watch, \"A Quiet Murder in Rwanda,\" July 20, 2014.  \nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/20/quiet-murder-rwanda","The Office of Ombudsman as established by the law is an independent body and has investigated several corruption cases involving senior government officials. Based on its recommendations, many senior government officials have ended up in court and been prosecuted in corruption-rela..."]
["2014_ST_12",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",12,25,"Although there is no agency specifically mandated to investigate alleged corruption charges, cases are investigated by the public prosecutor. In the past history of the country, cases of alleged corrupt practices were not concluded nor offenders punished. However, this scenario has changed now with the new criminal code, which made corruption an offense in specific terms. \n\nHowever, corruption allegations are not always investigated. There are cases where the prosecutor initiates an investigation, but does not complete it. For example, there are cases in which there is evidence of private companies engaging in corrupt practices that have hurt the state, but to date, the perpetrators have not been held accountable. \n\nSometimes, though, officials are investigated and prosecuted for corruption. A former leader was indicted for alleged corrupt practices in the \"rotten rice\" case in which a private company allegedly favored by members of the government imported rice unfit for human consumption in 2013. The case is running its course in the prosecution; if completed, it will be the first case of corruption to be resolved.\n\nIn terms of very high level politicians, the Prosecutor is not so empowered. Instead, in such cases, they would be investigated by a special forum and this forum is chaired by the Attorney General of the Republic or by a magistrate appointed by him. \n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. In the past, a few senior civil servants and government ministers were accused of corruption and tried. However, very few were found guilty and sentenced. Most defendants were acquitted. In 2013, the public prosecutor investigated allegations of money laundering against Patrice Trovoada, the former and current prime minister. Following Trovoada's election as prime minister in October 2014, nobody again mentioned this case - neither the accused nor the prosecutor. However, as far can be discerned, the prosecutor has not formally dropped the case.","Interview with Waldyner Boa Morte, press secretary, president of the Supreme Court, Nov. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nReviewer's source:\n\nEconomist Intelligence Unit (EIU), \"Opposition leader accuses political leadership of misrule,\"  July 22, 2014.  http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=62044990&Country=S%c3%a3o%20Tom%c3%a9%20and%20Pr%c3%adncipe&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Political+stability&u=1&pid=192750203&oid=192750203&uid=1","Although there is no agency specifically mandated to investigate alleged corruption charges, cases are investigated by the public prosecutor. In the past history of the country, cases of alleged corrupt practices were not concluded nor offenders punished. However, this scenario has..."]
["2014_SN_12",2014,"SN","Senegal",12,50,"En pratique l' Office National de lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC) prévu pour lutter contre la corruption n'a pas encore démarré ses activitiés sur le terrain. Par conséquent, on ne saurait juger ou présager de la qualité des investigations. Dans un entretien accordé au journal Populaire le dimanche 13 novembre 2013, la directrice de l'OFNAC affirme que la structure  «n'a pas les moyens de fonctionner.» \n\nBien qu'elle soit limitée dans ses actions, on ne peut pas conclure que l’OFNAC est contrôlé par l’exécutif et agit par la crainte ou par faveur dans la mesure où il n’a pas encore révélé les résultats de ses enquêtes. Mieux on constate qu’il y a une volonté affichée de ses membres qui dispose d’un pouvoir d’autosaisine, à aller jusqu’au bout de leur mission sans parti pris. En plus le président de la République a annoncé il y a quelques mois que l’OFNAC  va plus veiller aux dirigeants actuels qui gèrent le régime.\n\nIl est difficile de dire si à l'heure actuelle certains membres du gouvernement, ou des fonctionnaires de haut niveau proches du gouvernement sont l’objet d'une enquête par l’OFNAC, car la phase d’enquête de l'OFNAC est secrète; les noms ne peuvent donc pas être communiqués ou publiés. Toutefois, la Présidente de l’OFNAC, a récemment démasqué les ministres du nouveau régime qui tardent encore à déclarer leur patrimoine, comme le veut la loi.  \n\nLa traque des biens mal acquis s'inscrit dans une autre dynamique, celle de l'enrichissement illicite et l'organe en charge ,la Cour de Répression de l'Enrichissement Illicite (CREI), ne répond pas à tous les critères d'indépendance notamment ses procédures ne protègent pas assez les droits de la défense.\n\nLa traque des biens mal acquis déclenchée par les nouvelles autorités ne garantit pas un traitement équitable. Un exemple patent est que depuis le déclenchement en 2012 de la traque des biens mal acquis par le nouveau régime, toutes les autorités impliquées dans les cas de corruption n’ont pas eu le même traitement. Certaines sont inquiétées, d’autres non. C'est le cas d'une ex ministre de l'ancien régime qui échappée à la machine judiciaire parce qu'elle a tout simplement «transhumé», c'est à dire, qu'elle a rejoint le camp du pouvoir. Cette situation qui continue de prospérer jusqu’à nos jours a poussé certaines organisations des Droits de l'Homme, mais aussi la presse, à parler de deux poids deux mesures.\n\nAu Sénégal, le président et les membres de la Cour de Répression de l’Enrichissement Illicite (CREI) sont nommés par le Président de la République. Cette année on a constaté dans le cadre de la traque des biens mal acquis que beaucoup de partis politiques et certains membres de la société civile, comme révélé par la presse, essaient parfois de faire des incitations négatives aux membres qui composent l'organe pour qu’ils se prononcent en faveurs de certaines personnalités.","MBODJ  Mouhamadou, cordonnateur du Forum Civil section transparency Sénégal, 19 juillet 2014\n\nGAYE Mohamet, journaliste d'investigation, directeur de publication du journal Le Quotidien, 20 juillet 2013 \n\nNGOM KEITA Nafi, présidente de l’OFNAC, Leral.net, 3 novembre 2013, « Comment nous allons combattre la corruption ». http://www.leral.net/Nafi-Ngom-Keita-presidente-de-l-OFNAC-Comment-nous-allons-combattre-la-corruption_a97852.html \n\nLa Tribune, repris par Seneweb, 12 juillet 2014:  «L’ex-ministre Awa Ndiaye protégée par le palais », \nhttp://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/l-rsquo-ex-ministre-awa-ndiaye-protegee-par-le-palais_n_130375.html\n\nLe Dakarois.net, 25 juillet 2014, «AFFAIRE KARIM WADE: Rush anti CREI de la FIDH à Dakar.» http://ledakarois.net/rush-anti-crei-de-la-fidh-a-dakar.html\n\nLeukSenegal.com, 01 avril 2014. «Traque des biens mal acquis, Awa Ndiaye echappe grâce à la transhumance». http://www.leuksenegal.com/charme/item/38862-traque-des-biens-mal-acquis-awa-ndiaye-%C3%A9chappe-gr%C3%A2ce-%C3%A0-la-transhumance","En pratique l' Office National de lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC) prévu pour lutter contre la corruption n'a pas encore démarré ses activitiés sur le terrain. Par conséquent, on ne saurait juger ou présager de la qualité des investigations. Dans un entretien accordé..."]
["2014_SC_12",2014,"SC","Seychelles",12,0,"Allegations against senior-level politicians and /or civil servants at any level are rarely or never investigated. There are many bodies that deal with corruption issues - the ombudsman, the Ethics Commission, the Fair Trading Commission, and the Human Rights Commission. They are all under the influence of the government, because the head of state appoints all the heads of these bodies. They are neither independent nor efficient.\n\nFor example, the Fair Trading Commission, the Ethics Commission, the Human Rights Commission, and the ombudsman are supposed to issue a report on their activities on an annual basis, but they do not publish their annual reports and the Ethics Commission does not mention any individual by name in its report. Thus, denunciation of corruption against  high-level politicians and civil servants are mainly found in newspapers.  \n\nFor example, \"Today in Seychelles\" published an article on June 9, 2014, on allegations of corruption against President James Michel. The president's office responded that the charges were unfounded and denied any wrongdoing on the part of the president.\n\nAnother article published on June 9, 2014, from the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), showed how the Seychelles had become a haven for dirty money and how top officials including the current president had welcome organized crime and businesses engaging in corruption and fraud through poor regulation of the offshore financial industry.\n\nThe president's office describes the article as “rehash of old news concerning the deficiencies of the Seychelles offshore sector in the past”, and said it aimed to damage the reputation of the Seychelles. \n\nThe Ethics Commission is most concerned by the violations identified in the administration and public services. But no  complaints against senior-level civil servants and politicians are heard. There is no transparency among members of the commission. The ombudsman is also charged to investigate allegation of fraud or corruption in connection with the exercise of public duty, but there is no public record of the office having investigated a case. ","Interview with Mr Roger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director Xpress printing Ltd, former Secretary General Seychelles National Party, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, 02 September 2014.\n\nInterview with  Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, 03 September 2014.\n\n“Seychelles President’s office: ICIJ dirty money article is ‘one-sided’ – Seychelles News agency, 13 June 2014, http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/722/Seychelles+Presidents+office+ICIJ+dirty+money+article+is+one-sided#sthash.nmWc34qm.dpuf .\n\n Website of ACT Offshore- http://www.actoffshore.co/about-seychelles/legal-system, undated, accessed on 9 September 2014. ","Allegations against senior-level politicians and /or civil servants at any level are rarely or never investigated. There are many bodies that deal with corruption issues - the ombudsman, the Ethics Commission, the Fair Trading Commission, and the Human Rights Commission. They are a..."]
["2014_SL_12",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",12,50,"The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) of Sierra Leone is responsible for investigating allegations of public sector corruption in the country. Over the year, the commission has not handled all corruption cases. \n\nAmong the cases investigated is the one of Dr. Richard Conteh. While he was with the government, Dr. Richard Conteh, the former deputy minister of finance, allegedly bypassed procurement policy to award a $9.3 million contract for GST receipts to a Ghanaian company. The Anti-Corruption Commission opened a file on this well-publicised case. In June 2014, he was sacked as chief of staff by the President after Conteh's alleged involvement in abuse-of-power and other corruption incidents. The commission referred Conteh to the court, but the matter has yet to be adjudicated. \n\nThe Anti-Corruption Commission failed however to investigate four men, Edmond Koroma, Gibril Saccoh, Mamoud Idris and Mohamed Bah, for their role in the purchase of two broken ferries costing about 3 million Euros. The matter was settled in a controversial out-of-court action and the men were fined 500 hundred million Leones each. Only one of the four men honoured the fine. One of them is a close relative of the President of Sierra Leone. \n\nIn October 2013, the minister of works, Alimamy Petito, was sacked by the President without investigation for not having proved himself \"equal to the task of managing the implementation of the road projects.\" In this case, the ACC failed to investigate allegations of bribery against Alimamy Petito.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Unisa Bangura, senior court reporter, Standard Times newspaper, Freetown, 30 June, 2014.\n\nInterview with Alimamy Lahai, investigation officer, Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown, August 2014.\n\nSierra Leone News Hunters, Prince C. Kamara, \"‘Petito’ Is No More In Government!\" 21 Oct. 2013. \nhttp://www.sierraleonenewshunters.com/node/2504","The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) of Sierra Leone is responsible for investigating allegations of public sector corruption in the country. Over the year, the commission has not handled all corruption cases. ..."]
["2014_SO_12",2014,"SO","Somalia",12,0,"Although the provisional constitution mandates the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission that “may conduct inquiries at its own discretion and is not required to act only upon a complaint (Article 111C),” no such agency exists.\n\nThere are no records of government officials being investigated for public corruption over the last 12 months.","Prof. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAli Saed Isse\nLecturer\nFaculty of Economics and Social Sciences\nPuntland State University\nBossaso, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Although the provisional constitution mandates the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission that “may conduct inquiries at its own discretion and is not required to act only upon a complaint (Article 111C),” no such agency exists...."]
["2014_ZA_12",2014,"ZA","South Africa",12,100,"While most allegations of corruption against people from all levels are investigated by the Public Protector (Thuli Madonsela), the body lacks the power to prosecute. For punishment and action, it depends on other spheres of government. This means that change may be difficult to achieve if government does not want that change to be implemented. \n\nAccording to Vanessa Burger ”allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and public workers of any level are investigated in South Africa, namely by an independent body called the Public Protector and the Public Protector [Thuli Madonsela] is efficient in her work.\" \n\nThe Public Protector has done some excellent work over the past year, and has kept doing her work properly and consistently despite the political forces against her.\n\nVarious individuals the Public Protector has found guilty of corruption and misconduct have not been reprimanded. Apart from her recommendations not being followed through, the Public Protector has faced criticism and attacks by government officials including ministers. But she does not let these attacks get to her. Over the past 12 months Madonsela has been under increased attack by various government officials and even ministers. Some of them threatened to take her to court (in May 2014) over her report in which she accused Jacob Zuma of wrongfully using R230 million of taxpayers' money to renovate his private estate. Despite being targeted, Madonsela not backed down. \n\nAccording to the body's most recent Annual Report (financial year 2012/2013, published in October 2013), Madonsela received some 37,770 complaints, an increase from the previous year's 27,376. Of these, 22,400 were finalised and just under half of the cases were upheld, while 13,995 were carried over to the current financial year. This means that the Public Protector is investigating the vast majority of allegations dealing with for public corruption and misconduct. \n\nMadonsela has rejected the perceptions that the Presidency does not implement the actions she recommends. She said that in 99 percent of the cases where she finds maladministration, action is undertaken. \n\nMadonsela cannot easily be fired. Chapter 9 of the constitution, which involves \"State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy,\" states that the Public Protector may only be removed from office \"on the ground of misconduct, incapacity or incompetence; a finding to that effect by a committee of the National Assembly; and the adoption by the Assembly of a resolution calling for that person's removal from office.\"\n\nA resolution of the National Assembly concerning the removal from office of the Public Protector (Section 194) needs to be supported by at least \"two thirds of the members of the Assembly; or a member of a Commission must be adopted with a supporting vote of a majority of the members of the Assembly.\"","Interview Vanessa Burger (Right2Know Coordinator Kwa-Zulu Natal and the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal) / email interview / 5 October 2014.\n\nPublic Protector presents 2012/13 annual report to parliament, press release, October 15 2013, http://www.pprotect.org/media_gallery/2013/15102013.asp\n\nMadonsela: Govt takes most recommendations (Stephen Grootes / Eye Witness News 9 June 2014), http://ewn.co.za/2014/06/09/Madonselas-positive-review-of-Zuma\n\nPublic Protector notes Security Cluster Ministers’ intended court action (Thuli Madonsela / 16 May 2014 / PP media statement), http://www.pprotect.org/media_gallery/2014/15052014.asp\n\nCabinet ministers to take Public Protector to court (Reuters / SAPA / 15 May 2014), http://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-political-economy/cabinet-ministers-to-take-public-protector-to-cour\n\nSouth African Constitution, Chapter 9 (Section 194), http://www.saweb.co.za/constit/saconst09.html#194","While most allegations of corruption against people from all levels are investigated by the Public Protector (Thuli Madonsela), the body lacks the power to prosecute. For punishment and action, it depends on other spheres of government. This means that change may be difficult to ac..."]
["2014_SS_12",2014,"SS","South Sudan",12,25,"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are sometimes investigated by the South Sudan National Anti-Corruption Commission.\n\nThe South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission is mandated to investigate corruption cases. However, despite the several cases it has investigated, the body does not have prosecutorial powers. This makes it ineffective in fighting corruption. The Southern Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009, provides that the commission refer investigations suggesting criminal activity to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution. Therefore, given that decisions on whether anyone suspected of corruption is  prosecuted and punished if found guilty are not made by the anti-corruption body, it remains ineffective.\n\nIn addition, some of cases of corruption have been investigated by committees appointed by the president instead of the body mandated by law to investigate them. One prominent example is last year’s incident when President Salva Kiir lifted the immunity of two of his senior ministers, Deng Alor and Kosti Manibe, to answer questions regarding their role in the alleged nonprocedural transfer of nearly $8 million to procure fire safes, which were not delivered. The president appointed a committee headed by his deputy, James Wani Igga, which was seen by many as being partial.\n\nA second case that was investigated by a presidential committee was last year’s stolen money from the Office of President. Initially, 6 million South Sudanese pounds were reported to have been stolen. Later, a released statement admitted to the theft but disputed the amount, reporting only SSP 176,196 and USD 14,000 as the amount of money stolen. \n\nAnalysts, including The Sudd Institute’s Abraham Awolich, criticized the investigation committee’s report for its failure to “find any hard evidence implicating any official in the theft, blaming it on the loss of evidence due to the fact that the case was reported to the police after a considerable time period had elapsed. The fact is that no one would expect a thief to report a case that involves him or her.”\n\nTherefore, whereas in practice instances allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and civil servants are supposed to be investigated by an independent body, sometimes they are either not investigated at all or are investigated by a presidential committee perceived by many as being partial and incompetent. No government officials have so far been convicted of corruption.","Interview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Abraham Awolich, policy analyst, The Sudd Institute, June 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nThe Sudd Institute, policy brief, Nhial Tiitmamer and Abraham Awolich, \"South Sudan’s Anti-Corruption Efforts and Poor Global Ranking,\" Jan. 17, 2014.\nhttps://radiotamazuj.org/sites/default/files/Sudd%20Institute%20Policy%20Brief%20-%20Anti-Corruption.pdf \n\nThe Sudd Institute, weekly review, Abraham Awolich, \"South Sudan’s Fight against Corruption: Are We Winning?\" July 3, 2013.\nhttp://www.suddinstitute.org/assets/Publications/South-Sudan-Fight-Against-Corruption2.pdf","In practice, allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are sometimes investigated by the South Sudan National Anti-Corruption Commission...."]
["2014_SD_12",2014,"SD","Sudan",12,0,"In Sudan, there's no independent body investigating allegations against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants of any level. There is no anti-corruption commission. However, the attorney general, who is also the minister of justice, can investigate cases of alleged misconduct against civil servants of any level.\n\nDuring the research period (September 2013- September 2014), the attorney general/minister of justice has investigated only one case publicly, and there's no information about any other case.\n\nAllegations against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely investigated.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nSudan Tribune, \"Supreme Court rejects release of the accused in the case of Sudanese cotton company,\" July 22, 2014. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7,8742","In Sudan, there's no independent body investigating allegations against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants of any level. There is no anti-corruption commission. However, the attorney general, who is also the minister of justice, can investigate cases of alleged miscondu..."]
["2014_SZ_12",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",12,25,"The king as head of government is not considered a politician or civil servant, but the constitution indicate that the king is above investigation by anybody. Senior-level government officials are appointed by the king and are in practice immune from investigation. The highest-level politicians or civil servants under investigation by the the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) during the year under review is a retired principal secretary and a member of parliament (MP). \n\nWhile some corruption cases have been investigated, given the degree of corruption prevalent in Swazi government and society, cases are rarely investigated and when investigations occur they tend to be politically motivated.\n\nThe ACC is generally inactive, as is evidenced by the bulletins posted on its Web site; the latest of which was posted four years ago.\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments:\n\nDisagree (score = 75): In light of the fate of recent corruption cases involving politicians and senior civil servants (cases of Marwick Khumalo and Bhutana Dlamini and civil servants Nompumelelo Zulu and Zanele Gamedze), it appears that investigations are conducted off allegations. The suspects are arrested and charged, but once they post bail, the case stops and there is no further prosecution.","Interview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014\n\n\"Swazi film depicts corruption,\" Madeleine Davis, Church Times, 20 September 2013. http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2013/20-september/news/world/swazi-film-depicts-corruption\n\n“Swaziland Freedom from Corruption Index 2014,” Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation, 14 January 2014. http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2014/pdf/Index2014_Highlights.pdf\n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Web site: http://www.acc.gov.sz/\n\n\"Swaziland Corruption Perceptions, 2013,\" Transparency International, 2013\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Sources: \n\n\"Arrest Boosted my Campaign,\" Sibongile Sukati. Times of Swaziland, 12 September 2013. http://www.times.co.sz/news/91282-arrest-boosted-my-campaign-marwick.html  \n\n\"Ex-Swazi TV Employee, Four Others Arrested for Fraud,\" Mbongiseni Ndzemandze. Times of Swaziland. 20 May 2014. http://www.times.co.sz/news/97079-ex-swazi-tv-employee-four-others-arrested-for-fraud.html                                                                                                           \n\nInterview: Emmanuel Ndlangamandla, director of the Coordinating Assembly of NGOs, Mbabane. Sept. 26, 2014     ","The king as head of government is not considered a politician or civil servant, but the constitution indicate that the king is above investigation by anybody. Senior-level government officials are appointed by the king and are in practice immune from investigation. The highest-leve..."]
["2014_TZ_12",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",12,25,"The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) has investigated and taken to court some politicians and government leaders as well as those in the public organizations. Some of them include the former cabinet ministers Basil Mramba and Daniel Yona as well as Treasury Permanent Secretary Gray Mgonja, who are charged with abuse of office. Others are the former Tanzania Ports Authority Director General, Ephraim Mgawe, who was charged with abuse of office. \n\nHowever, not all allegations are investigated and/or prosecuted. There are many leaders alleged to engage in corruption, but some are not taken to court. There is a high number of alleged corruption cases that are not investigated and prosecuted. PCCB sometimes is unable to investigate all cases due to lack of funds.","1.  Journalist, Mr. Mehala Kihangwa, Sauti huru, September 23, 2014, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania.\n\n2. Nngirwa James, Makao, Kinondoni, Dar es Salaam-23, November 2014 \n\n3. Yona’s abuse of office case defence today, The Citizens, September, 10 2014, http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/yonas-abuse-of-office-case-defence-today.\n\n4. The New Book \"Corruption and Struggle for Development in Tanzania\" Prof. S. Ngware at IDS, http://www.ids.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/en/about-ids/ids-library/78-dynamic/frontpage/70-the-new-book-qcorruption-and-struggle-for-development-in-tanzania.\n\n5. \"Donors act against corrupt practices in Tanzania,\" Florence Mugarula, Suomi/Africa, http://suomiafrica.org/donors-act-against-corrupt-practices-in-tanzania.html","The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) has investigated and taken to court some politicians and government leaders as well as those in the public organizations. Some of them include the former cabinet ministers Basil Mramba and Daniel Yona as well as Treasury Perm..."]
["2014_TG_12",2014,"TG","Togo",12,0,"Depuis de plusieurs années, la Commission Anti-Corruption (CAC) existe, mais n'est pas opérationnelle. Son site est mis à jour et une brochure a même été éditée. Les conditions de travail des membres dépendent des affaires et des personnes impliquées. Dans la pratique ils ne disposent pas assez de moyens, ils affrontent des groupes de pressions très puissants et proches du pouvoir en place. Très peu de procédures sont ouvertes contre les politiciens, contre lesquels des allégations de corruption sont portées (exemple: détournement de fonds au ministère de la santé). Aucune enquête n'a été publiée cette année.","TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 11 juillet 2014.\n \n BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n AHOUELETÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.\n \n Site de la Commission anti-corruption: http://www.cac.tg/. juillet 2014.\n \n Pasteur Edoh K.KOMI, Mouvement Martin Luther KING, 22 février 2014, «Origines et causes des violences politiques au Togo». \n http://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/files/2014/02/ORIGINES-ET-CaUSES-DES-VIOLENCES-POLITIQUES-au-TOGO.pdf.\n \n KETOMAGNAN Godson, Libertés Hebdo, 07 novembre 2013, «L’ancien ministre d’Etat, ministre des Finances, Emile Elom Dadzie rompt le silence : 'Je reste sceptique quant au bien fondé de l’Office togolais des Recettes qui reste une supercherie'».\n http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=\n \n Dossier Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et le Sabotage économique, \n http://www.cac.tg/cnss.htm.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n Togoactualités, 21 novembre 2013, «Détournement de fond au ministère de la santé : accusé, Charles kondi Agba crie son l’innocence». \n http://www.togoactualite.com/detournement-de-fond-au-ministere-de-la-sante-accuse-charles-kondi-agba-crie-son-linnocence/.","Depuis de plusieurs années, la Commission Anti-Corruption (CAC) existe, mais n'est pas opérationnelle. Son site est mis à jour et une brochure a même été éditée. Les conditions de travail des membres dépendent des affaires et des personnes impliquées. Dans la pratique ils ne dispos..."]
["2014_TN_12",2014,"TN","Tunisia",12,75,"The Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority has investigated many cases of corruption in Tunisia during the period of study.\n\nAllegations against ministers and secretaries of state, as well as against managers of public companies, are investigated. Some ministers have been jailed and are awaiting trial. The members of the Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority have started investigating and transferred some cases to the courts. \n\nBut media reports show that Tunisia still has \"small corruption\" cases involving small amounts of money (US $50).","Interview with Chadli Laaroussi, former minister in the government, 14 June 2014.\n\nInstance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority, list of corruption cases in Tunisia, accessed 14 June 2014.\nwww.anticor.tn \n\nArticle.: Huffington Post Maghreb, \"Affaire Sheraton-Gate: La \"Cour des Comptes\" relève un acte illégal et des défaillances, 16 May 2014, Tunis. http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/05/16/tunisie-sheraton-gate_n_5335415.html\n\nMinistry of governance and fight against corruption, Report 2013, February 2014.\nhttp://www.anticor.tn/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/01/Rapport-MGLCC.pdf\n\nArticle: La Presse de Tunisie, \"Prolifération de la petite corruption et du népotisme,\" 14 July 2014.  \nhttp://www.lapresse.tn/14062014/83505/proliferation-de-la-petite-corruption.html\n\nTransparency International website; details corruption worldwide, accessed on 14 June 2014. (Nothing listed for Tunisia.) \nhttp://www.transparency.org/country#TUN","The Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority has investigated many cases of corruption in Tunisia during the period of study...."]
["2014_UG_12",2014,"UG","Uganda",12,50,"In the period of study, there have been no major allegations of corruption that came to light involving senior-level politicians. However, from the past the Inspectorate of Government has a reputation of failing to investigate all allegations of corruption against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants. Over the years, no high-ranking politician and/or civil servant has ever served a prison sentence, despite investigations into numerous corruption scandals. The alleged offenders have always used loopholes in the law to evade prosecution by citing that political appointees are not accountable for actions/decisions undertaken while in office on behalf of government. Political interference in the work of anti-corruption institutions also has derailed high-level prosecutions. There also have been cases of major reshuffles in government following corruption-related cases, and in the process people accused of corruption are shifted to other government positions.\n\nNo reported instances in which officers were subjected to negative or possitive incentives were found. The main challenges involve inadequate staffing and funding that constrain service delivery. Regarding the number of reports received and investigations conducted, by the end of December 2013, the Inspectorate of Government's latest statistics show that a total of 1,050 corruption complaints were received, and they accounted for 69.4 percent of total complaints. Of the corruption complaints received, 545 were investigated and completed.","Kayondo Farouk, inspectorate officer/public relations officer, Inspectorate of Government, Kampala, 21 July 2014 \n\n“Report to Parliament,” Inspectorate of Government, July-December 2013; p.9-10\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/IGG_REPORT_DEC_2013_2.pdf \n\n“Stop rhetoric and demonstrate political will to defeat corruption In Uganda,” Uganda Debt Network; 9 Dec 2013 \n\n“IGG threatens to arrest Parliamen clerk for ‘shielding’ accused official,\" Yasiin Mugerwa; 7 Jan. 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/IGG-threatens-to-arrest-Parliament-Clerk/-/688334/2136704/-/uokxs5/-/index.html \n \n“IGG asks House to suspend director,” Yasiin Mugerwa; 30 Dec. 2013\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/IGG-asks-House-to-suspend-director/-/688334/2128698/-/fqp70jz/-/index.html \n\n“Ugandan ministers failing to tackle corruption, says HRW report,\" Alon Mwesigwa, 22 Oct. 2013\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/oct/22/ugandan-ministers-fail-to-tackle-corruption \n\n“Ugandan government attacked over selective prosecution of government corrupt officials,” Foundation for Human Rights Initiative; 21 Oct. 2013\nhttp://www.fhri.or.ug/index.php/component/content/article/366.html \n\nKayondo Farouk, Inspectorate Officer/Public Relations Officer, Inspectorate of Government, Kampala, July 21, 2014.","In the period of study, there have been no major allegations of corruption that came to light involving senior-level politicians. However, from the past the Inspectorate of Government has a reputation of failing to investigate all allegations of corruption against senior-level poli..."]
["2014_ZM_12",2014,"ZM","Zambia",12,50,"Allegations against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and if found wanting, arrests are made and prosecution cases commence in the court of law. For example, in December 2013, the ACC instituted investigations into two deputy ministers, Rodgers Mwewa of the Ministry of Agriculture and his Labour counterpart Ronald Chitotela for alleged involvement in fraudulent deals, which included the purchase of secondhand vehicles using constituency development funds.\n\nThe members of the body normally work independently, and even though there have been reports of intimidation attempts from the ruling party the year before (2012), including the president of the republic, there have not been such reports during the period of study, September 2013-September 2014. During this study period, the commission has instituted investigations without interference. In addition, the government has been cooperating with the investigations. In the case of the ministers mentioned, the investigations eventually led to their dismissal so the commission could fully investigate the ministers. \n\nHowever, some entities of the civil society have noted that the operations of the commission are affected by the procedures they have to follow, as the commission may sometimes be required to consult the director of public prosecution (DPP), as to whether to investigate a case in order not to preclude the regular functions of the public prosecutor. Yet, this process is for coordination only - and not a hierarchy or reporting structure. \n\nThe other concern by civil society is that the commission is under the government and and members are appointed by the president (albeit subject to ratification by parliament). This means that its independence still depends (to a certain degree) on the discretion of the government. That is especially true of the terms and conditions of appointment, which are determined by the president. Although there are no reports of any impact of this setup during the past year, it may potentially compromise the professionalism of office bearers as they can be expected to want to maximise their job security.\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. In addition, in some cases, the ACC gets cold feet to investigate senior politicians. A classic example were the investigations instituted by the commission on former defence minister Geoffery Bwalya Mwamba, popularly known as GBM, and his counterpart, former justice minister Wynter Kabimba, after the president accosted the ACC for instituting investigations on his senior ministers without consulting him first. In this instance, the Police Service began investigating after the ACC closed its investigation.","Interview with Rae Hamoonga, assistant public relations manager, Zambia Police, Lusaka, Zambia, June 2014.\n \nLusakatimes.com, \"ACC Institutes Investigations On Two Deputy Ministers Suspected of graft,\" 14 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/12/14/acc-instituted-investigations-two-deputy-ministers-suspected-graft/\n\nSouthern African Institute for Policy and Research, Muna Ndulo, Review of the Anti-Corruption Legal Framework in Zambia, Independence of The Commission, March 2014.  http://saipar.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Ndulo_Review-of-the-Anti-corruption-Legal-Framework1.pdf\n\nReviewer source:\nZambian Watchdog, \"Canisius Banda wonders why GBM was not investigated while in govt,\" 9 Feb. 2014. \nhttp://www.zambianwatchdog.com/canisius-banda-wonders-why-gbm-was-not-investigated-while-in-govt/","Allegations against senior-level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and if found wanting, arrests are made and prosecution cases commence in the court of law. For example, in December 2013, the ACC instituted inve..."]
["2014_ZW_12",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",12,0,"The Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC)  was established under the Anti-Corruption Commission Act (Chapter 9:22) to deal with cases of corruption in both the public and private sectors. In practice, not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated.\n\nIn July 2014, the speaker of parliament blocked MPs from setting up a corruption probe targeting cabinet ministers, arguing that the move was unconstitutional. Legislators wanted to probe parastatal bosses accused of corruption and ministers responsible for these state enterprises following recent outrage over the huge salary packages drawn by the executives. Some ministers were accused of conniving in the scandal after taking bribes from the respective companies. According to the speaker, investigating corruption was the responsibility of ZACC and not legislators. \n\nThere are several cases where corruption in Zimbabwe was not thoroughly investigated by an independent body, and where the culprits simply walked free. In 2013, for example, President Mugabe publicly alleged that the chairman of the government-owned Zimbabwe Minerals Marketing Co., Goodwills Masimirembwa, had solicited a US$6 million bribe from Ghanaian investors. He promised that the police would investigate and prosecute him shortly. The case simply died, and as of writing now, nothing has been heard about that case. There are several other cases like that in Zimbabwe.\n\nThe commissioners’ terms of office expired on 31 Aug. 2013, and their contracts have still not been renewed, nor have there been any new appointments. A ministerial statement presented to parliament by Minister of Home Affairs Kembo Mohadi said there is a need to harmonise laws that regulate the appointment of new ZACC commissioners with the new constitution before appointments are done. Delays by government to appoint and properly constitute the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission therefore presents a major hurdle in combating corruption.","Interview with David Magorokosho, former court magistrate, 31 July 2014, Mutare. \n\nNewZimbabwe.com, \"Speaker blocks probe of corrupt ministers,\" 7 Aug. 2014, accessed 7 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-16651-Speaker+blocks+probe+of+corrupt+ministers/news.aspx \n\nDaily News, Gift Phiri, \"Mugabe's shock U-turn: The real story,\" 25 Feb. 2014, accessed 14 Jan. 2015\nhttp://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2014/02/25/mugabe-s-shock-u-turn-the-real-story \n\nVeritas, Ministerial Statement to the National Assembly, Status of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission, 22  July 2014.\nhttp://www.veritaszim.net/node/1067\n\nGovernment of Zimbabwe, Anti-Corruption Act, Chapter 9:22.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c45b25e2.pdf\n\nThe Zimbabwe Independent, Owen Gagare, \"Masimirembwa case 'as good as dead,\" 1 Nov. 2013, accessed: 15 Dec. 2014.\nhttp://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/11/01/masimirembwa-case-good-dead/","The Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC)  was established under the Anti-Corruption Commission Act (Chapter 9:22) to deal with cases of corruption in both the public and private sectors. In practice, not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants o..."]
["2014_DZ_13",2014,"DZ","Algeria",13,25,"Les organes de lutte contre la corruption ouvrent rarement des enquêtes de leur propre initiative et préfèrent, souvent, garder le silence lorsqu’il s’agit d’une affaire de corruption, impliquant un haut responsable ou une personnalité politique. \n\nLes enquêtes menées mais elles épargnent certaines personnes bien placées dans l'appareil de l'État. Par exemple, selon un article publié par le Soir d'Algérie, le scandale autour de la construction de l'autoroute Est-Ouest a abouti à l'inculpation de 19 personnes pour corruption; cependant le ministre des Travaux Publics organe de tutelle et de supervision, n'a pas été inquiété. \n\nSelon le secrétaire adjoint de l'Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, la constitution Algérienne  stipule en son article 158 qu’il est institué une haute cour de l’Etat pour juger les chefs d'état et de gouvernement ; mais cette cour n’a jamais vu le jour.","Feddal Halim, Secrétaire Adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption «  ANLC », 01/09/2014 (contacté par Téléphone)\n\nAutoroute Est-ouest : Près d’un milliard de dollards de commission et pas de procés, Liyas Hallas, Maghrebemergent, 10/04/2014\nhttp://www.maghrebemergent.com/actualite/maghrebine/item/36353-autoroute-est-ouest-pres-d-un-milliard-de-dollars-de-commissions-et-pas-de-proces.html\n\nKHALIFA, SONATRACH, AUTOROUTE EST-OUEST :Quel traitement pour les affaires de corruption ?, N. I, Le Soir d’Algerie, 06/05/2014\nhttp://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2014/05/06/article.php?sid=163109&cid=2\n\nTraitement de 1.990 affaires de corruption l'année précédente (Sellal), APS, 5/06/2014, http://www.aps.dz/algerie/7129-traitement-de-1-990-affaires-de-corruption-l-ann%C3%A9e-pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9dente-sellal\n\nPrès d’une année après l’éclatement du scandale de SonatrachII : Les enquêtes sur la grande corruption au point mort, Hadjer Guenanfa, TSA, 10/01/2014\nhttp://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/eco/corruption/enquetes_point_mort.htm","Les organes de lutte contre la corruption ouvrent rarement des enquêtes de leur propre initiative et préfèrent, souvent, garder le silence lorsqu’il s’agit d’une affaire de corruption, impliquant un haut responsable ou une personnalité politique. ..."]
["2014_AO_13",2014,"AO","Angola",13,0,"The High Authority Against Corruption, mandated by the 1996 law to be created to receive and investigate public-sector corruption, has never been established. Citizens can file complaints with the Office of the Ombudsman and with the Office of the Attorney General. However, there are no records of any investigation of alleged corruption cases in the public sector by either of these institutions during the current study period. \n\nCorruption in the public sector is widespread in Angola at all levels, and cases reported are rarely, if ever, investigated. In April 2013, Associação Mãos Livres, a legal aid and corruption watchdog organization, filed a criminal complaint with the Office of the Attorney General accusing close collaborators of President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos of corruption and money laundering. The case refers to a historical debt repayment deal between Angola and Russia in which some $700 million was allegedly diverted into offshore shell companies and private Swiss bank accounts. The Office of the Attorney General has so far failed to react to the lodging of the criminal complaint. \n\nAgain, a criminal complaint lodged on Aug. 8, 2013, by Rafael Marques de Morais, journalist and anti-corruption campaigner, against Manuel Vicente for allegedly holding the post of director of China-Sonangol International Holding Ltd. while in office as the vice president of Angola, has not warranted reaction from the Office of the Attorney General.","Rafael Marques de Morais (journalist and human rights activist, Maka Angola), email interview, July 18, 2014 \n\nVoice of America, Manuel Jose, \"Angola: Maoes Livres Will Lodge New Corruption Charges,\" (\"Angola: Mãos Livres vai apresentar novas queixas de corrupção\"), Aug. 15, 2013, http://www.voaportugues.com/content/angolamaos-livres-vai-apresentar-novas-queixas-de-corrupcao-/1730491.html \n\nDeutsche Welle, Guilherme Correia da Silva and Johannes Beck, \"Criminal Complaint Against Angola Vice_President Manuel Vicente,\" (\"Queixa-crime contra vice-presidente de Angola Manuel Vicente\"), Aug. 8, 2013\nhttp://www.dw.de/queixa-crime-contra-vice-presidente-de-angola-manuel-vicente/a-17008250 \n\nRTP/Lusa (Radio Televisao Portuguesa - Portuguese state-owned television; Lusa - Portuguese state-owned news agency),  \"Journalist Rafael Marques files new criminal complaint against Angolan vice-president,\" (\"Jornalista Rafael Marques apresenta queixa-crime contra vice-presidente angolano\"), Aug. 8, 2013  http://www.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=672385&tm=7&layout=121&visual=49\n\nMail & Guardian, Louise Redvers, \"Angola debt deal back in the spotlight,\" April 19, 2013\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-00-angola-debt-deal-back-in-the-spotlight","The High Authority Against Corruption, mandated by the 1996 law to be created to receive and investigate public-sector corruption, has never been established. Citizens can file complaints with the Office of the Ombudsman and with the Office of the Attorney General. However, there a..."]
["2014_BJ_13",2014,"BJ","Benin",13,50,"L’Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC) dispose d'un site internet et peut être saisi par écrit par voie postale, par téléphone, par fax, par sms ou par email. Pendant longtemps l’ANLC est resté presque sans moyen. Malgré ces difficultés financières, l'ANLC reçoit des plaintes et elles sont examinées au plus une semaine après son dépôt.  \n\nL'autorité ouvre également des enquêtes de sa propre initiative. De sa date de création à juin 2014 (un an environ), elle a reçu et traité 26 plaintes, mais c'est tôt pour faire une evaluation. Fin mai 2014, l’Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC) a fait le point sur les dossiers en étude devant la presse, dont ceux portant sur deux sociétés d’État à savoir la Société béninoise des manutentions portuaires et la Société nationale des eaux du Bénin.\n\nL’Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC) a été créée par décret présidentiel en 2011; elle est une institution publique autonome, placée sous tutelle du Président de la République, jouissant de la personnalité juridique et de l’autonomie financièreet. Le budget de l'ANLC est inclus dans celui de la présidence de la République et l'ANLC est tenu de rendre compte au Président de la République. \n\n\n\nCependant, selon un de ses cadres, Etienne Badou, l'ANLC ne subit aucune pression de la Présidence. Il n'y a eu aucun cas connu de pression sur l'ANLC au cours de la période d'étude . Lorsque l'ANLC reçoit une plainte, elle mène son enquête et transmet ses observations our recommandations au procureur de la république compétent.","Etienne Badou, Cadre administratif, Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, Porto Novo, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\n24h au Bénin, 16 janvier 2014. « Vœux de l’Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption aux professionnels des médias ». http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article3177\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 9 avril 2014. « Mise en œuvre du projet Prévention et lutte contre la corruption au Bénin : Les membres de l’ANLC s’approprient le contenu de la loi 2011-20 ».  http://news.acotonou.com/h/21231.html\n\nJournal Adjinakou, 5 février 2014. « Lutte contre la corruption au Bénin : Le président de l'ANLC rencontre les responsables de la HAAC ». http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=4&cat=6&id2=21355&jour=05&mois=02&an=2014\n\nTobi Ahlonsou, La Presse du Jour, 4 décembre 2013 « Pour avoir sevré l’autorité de la lutte contre la corruption dans le budget 2014 : Eric Houndété met la pression à Yayi». http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=30159\n\nJunior Fatongninougbo, La Presse du Jour, 27 mai 2014. « Saisine du Ministre de la fonction publique : L’Anlc attend le point des sanctions administratives». http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=33895\n\nAdrien TCHOMAKOU, Fraternité, 6 juin 2014. « Passation de marché public à la Soneb/Suite à une plainte de l’Anlc : Le Procureur exige la lumière sur une affaire de 1,444 milliards ».http://www.fraternitebj.info/societe/article/passation-de-marche-public-a-la","L’Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC) dispose d'un site internet et peut être saisi par écrit par voie postale, par téléphone, par fax, par sms ou par email. Pendant longtemps l’ANLC est resté presque sans moyen. Malgré ces difficultés financières, l'ANLC reçoit..."]
["2014_BW_13",2014,"BW","Botswana",13,75,"Citizens can report public-sector corruption to the Directorate of Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) through a special ssytem. It is worth noting that appointees report directly to the Office of the President. \n\nThe DCEC has the power to initiate investigations immediately after it receives allegations. Under the investigation division, the intelligence unit receives reports from members of the public as well as other sources of information. The public can also report cases online using the website and the DCEC's Facebook page. The DCEC has not yet released its annual report for 2013.\n\nWith limited resources, in terms of skills and numbers, the time it takes to conclude investigations at DCEC is lengthy. Therefore, DCEC investigates complaints at their own pace, sometimes depending on the urgency. According to the Daily News, DCEC Director, Rose Seretse has admitted that the reason standard investigations would sometimes take longer times to complete is due to the fact that the DCEC is faced with challenges of the capacity of anti-corruption units across government departments. To address that, the DCEC requested various ministries and departments to identify positions to engage retired people who had background in investigations to assist in fighting corruption in their respective organisations.","Interview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone.\n\nInterview with Kealeboga Dihutso, print editor (Botswana Gazette) and former radio presenter/programme director (Duma FM), Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.     \n\nInterview with Madoda Nasha, private secretary to the minister of justice, defence and security, Gaborone, 11 Feb. 2014. \n\nBotswana Daily News,  BOPA June 16, 2013, \"DCEC investigates company\", http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=3479","Citizens can report public-sector corruption to the Directorate of Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) through a special ssytem. It is worth noting that appointees report directly to the Office of the President. ..."]
["2014_BF_13",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",13,75,"L'ASCE (Autorité Supérieur du Contrôle de l'État) dispose d'un numéro vert (80 00 11 02), par lequel les citoyens peuvent signaler les cas de corruption de façon gratuite; le REN-LAC, une organisation de la société civile dispose d'un autre numéro, le  80 00 11 22.\n\nPour le dernier rapport de l'ASCE qui est celui de 2012, on constate qu'il y a eu 600 missions d'enquêtes en raison d'une cinquantaine par mois. L'ASCE ne tarde pas pour entamer les investigations dès lors que des allégations ont été enregistrées. Pour certains des cas investigués, l'ASCE agit de sa propre initiative, comme ce fut le cas pour le secteur de la santé qui a enregistré, à en croire l'article, plus de contrôles que les autres. \n\nLe problème de la corruption est endémique au Burkina Faso. Cela est d'ailleurs confirmé par les récents événements, l'insurrection populaire du 30-31 octobre 2014.\n\nEn juin 2014, à l'occasion de la présentation de son rapport 2013 sur la corruption au Burkina Faso, le Dr Claude Wetta, secrétaire exécutif du REN-LAC déclarait « L’État donne l’impression de s’attaquer à la corruption mais il y a beaucoup de raisons de douter de sa volonté. Il est temps qu’il nous montre qu’il n’a pas démissionné ». Par ailleurs cet article mentionne « ces nombreux dossiers transmis en justice qui n’auraient pas connu de résultat escompté. A cela s’ajouteraient les multiples engagements maintes fois pris par le Premier Ministre Luc Adolphe TIAO mais jamais respectés.»","SAKO Idrissa, substitut du procureur, près le tribunal de grande instance de Tenkodogo, Tenkodogo, Burkina Faso, 26 juillet 2014. \n\nKABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014.\n\nOUOBA Boukari, journaliste d’investigations, reporter, journal Mutations, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 19 juin 2014.\n\nPARÉ Fulbert,Lefaso.net, 4 décembre 2013, «ASCE : Près de 600 contrôles effectués en 2012»  http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article56978\n\nSOME Juvénal, Lefaso.net, 5 décembre 2013, «Mal gouvernance au Faso : l’ASCE décerne 53 bonnets d’âne». http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article57005\n\nLe faso.net, 19 septembre 2014, «Le REN-LAC avait fait une proposition de loi en 2013 qui a finalement été emputée des aspects qui concernaient la corruption électorale et des marchés publics».  http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article60890 ","L'ASCE (Autorité Supérieur du Contrôle de l'État) dispose d'un numéro vert (80 00 11 02), par lequel les citoyens peuvent signaler les cas de corruption de façon gratuite; le REN-LAC, une organisation de la société civile dispose d'un autre numéro, le  80 00 11 22...."]
["2014_BI_13",2014,"BI","Burundi",13,25,"La Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) dispose d'un système permettant de recevoir les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public déposées par les citoyens. En effet, la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) au Burundi a mis en place un numéro vert ( téléphone : 22 27 54 54 ) qui permet à tout citoyen en cas de constat d’un acte de corruption d’appeler en toute discrétion les agents anti-corruption.\n\nLes personnes interrogées estiment que bien que ce mécanisme soit effectif, le traitement des dossiers n’est pas efficace car ils sont soumis à l' influence des corrupteurs et les délais pour étudier les allégations peuvent dépasser trois mois. De plus, les membres de ces organes ne sont pas indépendants, ils sont sous le contrôle du gouvernement qui les a mis en place.  \n\nLa brigade spéciale anti-corruption et la cour anti-corruption ne s'occupent que de la petite corruption et sur le terrain il n'y a aucun changement. Transparency International et l'Association des Consommateurs ABUCO ont méné une enquête conjointe aux mois de juin et juillet 2014. Les résultats ont été publiés le 08 décembre 2014 et classent le Burundi comme le premier pays le plus corrompu dans la communauté Est africaine. Les enquêtes se sont focalisées sur la petite corruption. Réagissant suite à ces résultats, Gabriel RUFYIRI, président de l'OLUCOME, se dit satisfait du pas franchi mais demande à ce que la haute corruption soit banie. Il l'a déclaré aux ondes de la RPA après une campagne de dénonciation des policiers de la police de sécurité routière qui demandaient de l'argent aux motards.","NKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014 .\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nSIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nJournal de la Radio Publique Africaine, 29 aout 2014, www.rpa.bi                                                                                  \n\nNDUWAYO Pierre, sécrétaire général et porte parole de l'Association des Consommateurs du Burundi (ABUCO), journaux de la Radio Publique Africaine 8 décembre 2014. www.rpa.bi","La Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) dispose d'un système permettant de recevoir les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public déposées par les citoyens. En effet, la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) au Burundi a mis en place un numéro vert ( téléphone : 22 27 5..."]
["2014_CM_13",2014,"CM","Cameroon",13,50,"La CONAC dispose de plusieurs mécanismes existent pour recueillir les allégations des citoyens et les dénonciations peuvent se faire sous anonymat. Par téléphone : +237 222203732- +2237 22203727 et par fax +237 222203730. Par email : infos@conac-cameroun.net.\n\nLa CONAC initie ses propres enquêtes. Outre les enquêtes planifiées à chaque début d’année dans ce qui est qualifié de plan d’action, il existe aussi des enquêtes instantanées sur la base des dénonciations sporadiques. Ces enquêtes s’effectuent par un mécanisme appelé Brigade d’Intervention Rapide qui a toute un véhicule de fonction lui permettant d’aller un peu partout dans le pays. \n\nLa CONAC ne se limite qu'aux enquêtes; les opportunités de poursuites sont décidées par la Présidence de la République sous la tutelle de qui elle est placée. Il lui manque une force de coercition pouvant rendre ses missions plus importantes. Bien que certains de ses rapports soient rendus publics et choquent souvent les incriminés, ils n'aboutissent pas aux effets escomptés, notamment les condamnations selon le Code de procédure pénale. \n\nUn responsable de la société civile interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche estime que pour rendre plus efficace la lutte contre la corruption au Cameroun, il est important que la CONAC « dispose de pouvoirs insuffisants parce que cet organe ne s’est pas vue attribuer un pouvoir réglementaire lui permettant de codifier les conditions et les modalités de sa saisine par toute personne physique ou morale, pouvoir être également capable de fixer les conditions de protection de ses sources d’information. La CONAC ne bénéficie pas non plus du pouvoir d’ordonner des gels, des saisies et des confiscations de biens et avoirs, ce qui est très préjudiciable pour l’efficacité de son action.»","MATHO Anne, journaliste à l'ONG Journaliste en Afrique pour le Développement (Jade-Cameroun), 2 juillet 2014. \n\nBIYONG Pauline, membre du Collectif des Citoyens Patriotes, 2 juillet 2014. \n\nInvestir au Cameroun. 14 février 2014. «L’AFD menace la Commission nationale anti-corruption du Cameroun de poursuites judiciaires.» http://www.investiraucameroun.com/tags/conac;","La CONAC dispose de plusieurs mécanismes existent pour recueillir les allégations des citoyens et les dénonciations peuvent se faire sous anonymat. Par téléphone : +237 222203732- +2237 22203727 et par fax +237 222203730. Par email : infos@conac-cameroun.net...."]
["2014_CV_13",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",13,25,"The bodies investigating allegations of public sector corruption are not effective. The prosecutor has taken a reactionary rather than proactive stance in relation to corruption. A current example is the embezzlement of 35 thousand Capeverdean escudos in the Ministry of Finance that was judged in court in March 2014. According to the Finance Minister, Cristina Duarte, the General Inspectorate of Finance was the one who detected the fraud mechanism that was going on because of a loophole with respect to the internal control system, and immediately sent the case to the prosecutor for inquiry.  \n\nFor the political parties, particularly those of the opposition, accusations of corruption and public scandals have been the most effective way to sensitize the public, but instead  political parties, particularly their local representatives (in the islands), show more interest in politicizing prosecutions, looking to get political dividends, than the outcome of litigation.\n\nIn fact not all the reported cases are yet to be investigated by the Prosecutor´s Office. The Prosecutor´s Office, as the main body responsible for investigation of public sector corruption, rarely starts investigations out of its own initiative.\n \nTwo criminal complaints with the Regional Prosecutor's Office are examples: Americo Nasciment is the mayor of Ribeira Brava (in the S. Nicolau island). He brought a criminal complaint against Mr Nelson Brito and Aguinaldo Cabral both MPs of MPD, who called him thief during sessions of the National Assembly and the Municipal Assembly when denouncing a network of embezzlement of public funds within the municipality. This case follows the \"hole\" discovered in the vaults of the City Hall in September 2013 in which about 10,000 contos disappeared and the prime suspect was the accountant Crisolita Livramento.","1. A Semana online, March 15, 2014, \"Fraud in the Ministry of Finance: Yara Alfama sentenced to more than 10 years in jail,\" http://asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article97750&ak=1.\n\n2. Interview with Redy Wilson Lima, Sociologist, University Professor of Institute of Law and Social Sciences, February 15, 2014, Praia.\n\n3. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, Judge of Praia City Tribunal County, August 2, 2014, Praia.\n\n4. \"If deviation in Ribeira Brava: Criminal proceedings against MPD Members,\"  May 5, 2013; http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article87674/.\n\n5. Theft in Finance: Minister denies \"serious incident,\" April 2013; http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article87428.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n6. Articles 38 and 42, related to the role of the Prosecutor´s Office, as the main body responsible for investigation of public sector corruption, file:///C:/Users/Edsonm/Downloads/legislEst_Organiza.aoJudiciaria.pdf.","The bodies investigating allegations of public sector corruption are not effective. The prosecutor has taken a reactionary rather than proactive stance in relation to corruption. A current example is the embezzlement of 35 thousand Capeverdean escudos in the Ministry of Finance tha..."]
["2014_CF_13",2014,"CF","CAR",13,0,"Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle en RCA un organe spécial chargé d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, ce qui signifie que les cas de corruption à l'heure actuelle ne sont pas traités. Seul un Comité national de lutte contre la corruption rattaché à la primature existe.","KOYASSAMBIA Jean-Batiste, Conseiller national (Député), ex expert du PNUD en matière de bonne gouvernance et du Comité national de lutte contre la corruption en RCA, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, ex expert des Nations Unies en matière des Droits de l'Homme à Goma (RDC), Conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'observatoire des élections, coordonnateurs adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme en RCA, 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à l'université de Bangui, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui.\n\nMEBOUROU Thierry, rédacteur en chef du journal le Démocrate, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui.","Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle en RCA un organe spécial chargé d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, ce qui signifie que les cas de corruption à l'heure actuelle ne sont pas traités. Seul un Comité national de lutte contre la corruption rattaché à..."]
["2014_TD_13",2014,"TD","Chad",13,0,"Le Tchad a connu des crises succesives qui ont freiné sa stabilité et l'absence d'un organe spécial permettant de recevoir les plaintes sur la corruption dans le secteur public reste une réalité. Il n'existe pas une loi déterminant un corps spécifique, indépendant, de recevoir et d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public au Tchad. Cet état de fait a été confirmé par toutes les sources consultées. \n\nLe juriste fondamentaliste Fenamou DARAM estime qu' «aucun organe dans ce sens au Tchad puisque la corruption est presque généralisée.»\n\nC'est une réalité que partage le directeur de la législature du ministère de la justice et des Droits de l'Homme, Bégoto MIANROM.\n\nEn réalité, même les parlementaires ignorent l'existence d'un tel organe chargé de recevoir les allégations de corruption dans le domaine public. Une institution de ce genre n'est pas une priorité pour le gouvernement. \nLe parlementaire Abdoulaye Choua estime qu'« il n'y a pas une loi qui définit l'indépendance d'un corps ou une institution chargée d'enquêter sur la corruption dans le secteur public. Le ministère de l'Assainissement et de la bonne gouvernance est une institution politique et rattachée à l'exécutif.» \n\nLe Ministère de la Bonne Gouvernance et de la Moralisation Publique ne dispose pas d’un système de réception des plaintes de corruption émanant directement des citoyens. Il est, soit saisi par les institutions publiques en cas d’une affaire de corruption faisant l’objet d’un débat public, en vue de faire la lumière sur le cas et\nengager une poursuite judiciaire contre les auteurs, soit saisi par l’exécutif ou le législatif pour des cas de corruption de haut niveau au sein de l’appareil d’Etat. Mais il a aussi pour compétence d’engager une enquête, de sa propre initiative, contre des cas de corruption dans une institution publique.\nLes enquêtes peuvent durer d’une semaine à six mois maximum selon le Secrétaire Général dudit Ministère, Djamal Dermy Haroun. Il évoqué le cas récent (Décembre\n2014) de la durée de 18 jours de l’enquête engagé par le Ministère de la Bonne Gouvernance et de la Moralisation Publique sur publication des résultats d’entrée à l’Ecole Nationale d’Administration (ENA), contestés et taxés d’irrégularité par les candidats et la société civile.","FINAMOU Daram, juriste fondamentaliste, enseignant à l'université EMI-Koussi, entretien par téléphone, 27 juillet 2014 .\n\nCHOUA Abdoulaye, parlementaire, Assemblée nationale, 27 juillet 2014.\n\nMIAROM Begoto, directeur de la législature au ministère de la justice et des Droits de l'Homme, par téléphone, 22 juillet 2014.\n\nDjamal Dermy Haroun, interviewé au bureau ce lundi 23 mars 2015.","Le Tchad a connu des crises succesives qui ont freiné sa stabilité et l'absence d'un organe spécial permettant de recevoir les plaintes sur la corruption dans le secteur public reste une réalité. Il n'existe pas une loi déterminant un corps spécifique, indépendant, de recevoir et d..."]
["2014_KM_13",2014,"KM","Comoros",13,50,"La Commission anti-corruption dispose d’une procédure éprouvée pour le traitement des dossiers de corruption, mais les autres acteurs étatiques ne collaborent pas assez pour la réussite de la lutte contre la corruption. Les délais de traitement des dossiers diffèrent selon la complexité du dossier.\n\nSelon Moissuli Mohamed Aziri, chef de département de prévention et sensibilisation de la CNPLC, « la commission dispose d’un système permettant de recevoir les plaintes des citoyens. Il existe deux départements à la CNPLC, le département de la prévention et le département de l’investigation. C’est le département de l’investigation qui reçoit la plainte. Mais la CNPLC peut aussi s'auto-saisir ». La commission met aussi à la disposition du citoyen un numéro vert permettant d’enregistrer les plaintes. \n\nPar ailleurs le droit d’initiative de la Commission anti-corruption pour ouvrir des enquêtes s’est illustré en mars 2013 dans « l’affaire des conteneurs » à la douane de Grande Comores. Le gouverneur de l’île s’était entendu avec des importateurs de camions pour importer des véhicules dans des conteneurs libellés « gouvernorat de NGadjiza ». Moyennant finances, ces importateurs devaient ensuite récupérer leurs véhicules aux bureaux du gouvernorat. Devant cette présomption de corruption, la Commission anti-corruption s’est tout de suite saisie du dossier et a mené des enquêtes.  \nConcernant le délai de traitement du dossier, « La plainte est traitée séance tenante : dès que l’information parvient à la CNPLC, la commission s’accorde un court laps de temps pour analyser la fiabilité de l’information. Elle dresse ensuite un plan d’intervention et agit en conséquence. Le délai d’action après la réception de la plainte est d'une semaine à un mois ».\n\nLa célérité est de mise dans certains dossiers : par exemple pour le cas ayant concerné le directeur de la sûreté pris en flagrant délit de vente de passeport comorien aux étrangers, le délai de moins d’un mois a été constaté pour l’instruction du dossier au niveau de la commission.\n\nLe manque de collaboration dont font preuve les instances politiques et juridiques ternit l’image de la CNPLC. Les bloggeurs de Comores droit  écrivent ainsi : « presque deux ans après leur nomination, les membres de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption font du surplace. Ils sont loin d’assurer leur mission fixée par la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores. Ils ont intérêt à changer de stratégie et de méthode pour mieux lutter contre la corruption ». \n\nLe rapport 2013 sur les Droits de l'Homme aux Comores publié par les États-Unis en mai 2014 note: «La Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption, une entité nationale, est responsable de la lutte contre la corruption. Bien que les allégations publiques de corruption soient apparues de manière routinière, le gouvernement a mené des enquêtes sur 80 affaires de corruption au cours de l’année et référé 15 affaires pour une éventuelle poursuite. Un responsable a été condamné à six mois d’emprisonnement pour avoir reçu un pot-de-vin».\n\nIl est à noter que des membres de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption ont démissionné pour occuper d'autres postes: «sur les 6 membres nommés par le Chef de l’Etat le 28 août 2011 (Décret N° 11 - 162/PR), 2 ont déjà quitté le navire de la CNPLC qui est toujours à quai».","AZIRI Moissuli Mohamed, chef de département de prévention et sensibilisation, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), Moroni, 09 juillet 2014. \n\nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nComores droit, juillet 2013, «Les organismes anti-corruption sont-ils des gadgets ? », http://comoresdroit.comores-droit.com/wp-content/dossier/comoresdroit/Le%20dossier%202013%20de%20Comoresdroit.pdf\n\nUS States department, mai 2014, «Comoros 2013 Human Rights report». http://www.antananarivo.usembassy.gov/news-events/reports-on-comoros/rapport-sur-la-situation-des-droits-dde-lhomme-aux-comoresen-2013.html\n\nComores droit, 27 juin 2014, «La Cour Constitutionnelle politisée». http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/1565-une-cour-constitutionnelle-politisee","La Commission anti-corruption dispose d’une procédure éprouvée pour le traitement des dossiers de corruption, mais les autres acteurs étatiques ne collaborent pas assez pour la réussite de la lutte contre la corruption. Les délais de traitement des dossiers diffèrent selon la compl..."]
["2014_CD_13",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",13,25,"Au Congo, il existe une ambiguïté en matière de lutte contre la corruption. \n\nLa mise en place de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption était censée améliorer le dispositif de lutte contre la corruption. Lorsque les investigations ont mis en évidence des faits susceptibles de constituer des infractions graves, la commission peut saisir le Président de la République, le Premier ministre ou les autorités judiciaires compétentes. \n\nMalgré toutes ces dispositions contraignantes, force est de constater que les cas de corruption lorsqu'ils sont détectés ne font pas toujours l'objet d'une enquête approfondie par les services compétents. Ce fut le cas lors de l'affaire de soupçon de corruption qui pesait sur un sénateur. Les sénateurs se sont opposés à la levée de l'immunité parlementaire de ce dernier, empêchant ainsi toute enquête.","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 05 septembre 2014.\n\nCHIRAC Ngangoue, cadre à la direction générale des impots, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Mikalou (Brazzaville), 04 septembre 2014.\n\nKOUBEMBA Jean-Jacques, Les dépêches de Brazzaville n°1814, 2 septembre 2013, p. 2, «Le vénérable IKONGO LOGAN conserve son immunité.» http://www.lesdepechesdebrazzaville.fr/flex/php/simple_document.php?doc=20130902_DBZ_DBZ_ALL.pdf\n\nNGO Cyr Armel Yabbat, La Semaine Africaine, 12 novembre 2013, «Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude : Le rapport 2013 est accablant pour certains opérateurs économiques!»  http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/7237-commission-nationale-de-lutte-contre-la-corruption-la-concussion-et-la-fraude-le-rapport-2013-est-accablant-pour-certains-operateurs-economiques","Au Congo, il existe une ambiguïté en matière de lutte contre la corruption. \n\nLa mise en place de la Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption était censée amélior..."]
["2014_CG_13",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",13,0,"The Loi n° 04/020 du 30 juillet 2004 established the Commission on Ethics and the Fight against Corruption, but it is no longer functioning. \n\nThe Authority for Regulation of Public Procurement (ARMP) and the Monitoring Office for Professional Ethics (OPED) are mandated to investigate allegations of public procurement, but do not have the mandate to investigate cases of corruption in the public sector by themselves.\n\nMost cases of corruption in public procurement are reported to the ARMP. The basic aim of ARMP is not to receive complaints and investigate general cases of corruption but rather to ensure that the bidding process is done properly. ARMP can investigate only when there has been official complains from people/organisations that participate in the bidding process and that feel they were victimized. ARMP does not need to get permission from another authority to initiate investigation. All reported cases are investigated within three months after being reported. For each case reported, a specific commission from the ARMP is set up and initiates investigations according to its internal procedures. After investigations the commission produces a report, which is then communicated to the parties. During the period of this study no corruption assessment was conducted in the public sector and there are no local statistics on corruption. \n\nJournalists describe ARMP as reactive. Cases investigated and/or reported by these institutions are often first identified and/or denounced by the community.  Not all cases reported are investigated by ARMP. This was particularly confirmed by OPED staff, who say that OPED has an inadequate budget.\n\nThere is also the Code of Behavior for public workers (Loi partant Code de Conduite de l’Agent Public de l’Etat) that establishes a Monitoring Office for the Professional Ethics (l’Observatoire du Code d’Ethique Professionnelle-OCEP). Part of the mandate of OPED is reducing cases of alleged public sector corruption through reporting.","1. (Face To Face Interview), President of the Congolese League for Human Rights-Asadho Jean Claude Katende,  July 15, 2014.\n \n2. (Face To Face Interview), journalist working on Governance And New Citizenship issues at the Drc National Television, Pascaline Nzarubara, July 16, 2014.\n \n3. (Face To Face Interview),  Luck Mumba, Corporate Social Responsibility Manager at EURASIAN NATURAL RESOURCES CORPORATION PLC, July 15, 2014.\n\n4. (Face To Face Interview), National Coordinator of the New Citizenship Programme Frank Fikirini,  July 4, 2014.","The Loi n° 04/020 du 30 juillet 2004 established the Commission on Ethics and the Fight against Corruption, but it is no longer functioning. ..."]
["2014_CI_13",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",13,25,"Au delà des lois n°77-427 du 29 juin 1977 portant répression de la corruption et n°81-640 du 31 juillet 1981 instituant le Code pénal, l'organe qui réçoit les allegations de corruption dans le secteur public est la Brigade de Lutte Anti Corruption, mais il y a également la Haute autorité de lutte contre la corruption dont les membres ont été installés courant octobre 2014 par le Conseil constitutionnel.\n \nEn réalité la Brigade de Lutte contre la Corruption (BLC) ne produit pas les résultats escomptés. En théorie l'organe a bien pour mission de lutter contre les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, mais dans la pratique son champ d'action reste circonscris au secteur du transport. La BLC a un droit d'initiative d'enquête. Ces enquêtes ne sont pas forcement tenues par un délai. La BLC ne publie pas ses rapports, elle les communique en cas de necessité. Le directeur Maj Tuo Fozié a été contacté pendant la période de cette recherche, mais n'a pas communiqué le rapport d'activité de l'année en cours.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. «En Côte d’Ivoire, la répression contre la corruption et le racket est assurée par la brigade de lutte contre le racket. Cette brigade existe bel et bien et fait son travail» KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014. «Les cas de corruption sont traités en Côte d’Ivoire par la brigade de lutte contre le racket. Mais les effets de cette lutte ne sont perceptibles. Il y a encore beaucoup d'efforts à faire.» N’GUESSAN Koffi Bernard, agent d’affaires judiciaires à Abidjan, 12 juillet 2014 .«Oui, il y a un organe en charge d'enquêter sur les faits de corruption. Il s'agit de la Brigade de Lutte contre le Racket et la Corruption. La lutte est effective.»","Au delà des lois n°77-427 du 29 juin 1977 portant répression de la corruption et n°81-640 du 31 juillet 1981 instituant le Code pénal, l'organe qui réçoit les allegations de corruption dans le secteur public est la Brigade de Lutte Anti Corruption, mais il y a également la Haute au..."]
["2014_DJ_13",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",13,0,"Selon les membres de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption, la Commission ne dispose d'aucun système permettant de recevoir les allégations des citoyens auprès d'elle.","NAGUEYE Ahmed, élu local, membre de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption, 4 juillet 2014.\n\nILIAS Mohamed, enseignant chercheur en droit public, 4 juillet 2014\n\nSOUGOULEH Ismael Abdillahi, membre de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption, 4 juillet 2014.","Selon les membres de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption, la Commission ne dispose d'aucun système permettant de recevoir les allégations des citoyens auprès d'elle."]
["2014_EG_13",2014,"EG","Egypt",13,50,"The CAO is the primary anti-corruption organization in Egypt. While the CAO investigates all cases that are reported and initiates investigation on its merit, proceedings can drag on as some of the current investigations date back from the Mubarak era. They only got looked at by the CAO in early 2014. \n\nThe CAO continues to publish reports that are against the political interests of the government and to respond effectively to calls for investigation. However, the problem with the CAO and similar governmental watchdogs in Egypt is that their interaction with other government institutions remains tenuous.","The Jurist, \"Egypt court acquits ex-interior minister of corruption charges\"\nJune 14, 2014\nhttp://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/06/egypt-court-acquits-ex-interior-minister-of-corruption-charges.php.\n\nInterview, Osama Habashy, (Civil Servant) Writers Union of Egypt, July 18, 2014.\n\nDaily News Egypt, \"Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale\" Sara Aggour, December 3, 2013 www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/12/03/egypt-ranks-114th-on-corruption-scale/.\n\nThe Guardian, December 13, 2013 \"Hosni Mubarak sons and ex-PM acquitted in corruption trial\" \nhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/19/hosni-mubarak-sons-acquitted-corruption-egypt.\n\nReuters, Shadia Nasralla and Maha El Dahan, Feb. 22, 2014 \"Egypt sweeps out senior wheat import official; suspects corruption\"  news.yahoo.com/egypt-supply-minister-sacks-silos-storage-head-state-135236605--finance.html.","The CAO is the primary anti-corruption organization in Egypt. While the CAO investigates all cases that are reported and initiates investigation on its merit, proceedings can drag on as some of the current investigations date back from the Mubarak era. They only got looked at by th..."]
["2014_GQ_13",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",13,0,"As was reported in the prior research round, again during the period of review there was no formal mechanism established by the Anti-Corruption Office (officially known as Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas) in Equatorial Guinea to receive citizens’ allegations of corruption. And as the Office of the Ombudsman has not been established yet (the alternative institution to receive allegations, evaluate them and forward them to the Anti-Corruption Office for further inquiry and prosecution), there is no other formal mechanism to receive citizens’ complaints. Corruption continues to be a common practice among government officials who act with impunity, as reported cases are rarely investigated.\n\nAdditionally, the Public Ethics Commission, created in 2004, was not yet operational through the period of review. The only mechanism available during the period of review to submit complaints was through Parliament; no other mechanism within the administration to submit citizens´allegations of corruption exists.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n \nNews article: Guinea Ecuatorial Net, \"Radio Macuto uncovers a corruption scheme in the Ministry of Energy in Equatorial Guinea\" (\"Radio Macuto Destapa una Trama de Corrupción en el Ministerio De Minas Industria y Energía de Guinea Ecuatorial\"), Sept. 9, 2013.\nhttp://www.guinea-ecuatorial.net/inicio.asp?cd=ni8890 \n\nNews article: Financial Times, \"Equatorial Guinea: Squandered riches,\" Feb. 3, 2014. \nhttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a06d499a-8a99-11e3-ba54-00144feab7de.html#axzz351YUB0Fo \n\nNews article: Reuters, \"INSIGHT-Equatorial Guinea seeks to shake off 'oil curse' image,\" March 10, 2014.\nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/10/equatorial-image-idUSL2N0LK08Q20140310\n\nNews article: El País, \"The court investigates the beating of a Spanish entrepeneur in Guinea\"  (\"La Audiencia investiga una paliza a un empresario español en Guinea\"), June 22, 2014.\nhttp://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/06/22/actualidad/1403445294_714336.html \n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea.\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n \nNews article: Radio Macuto, Guinea Ecuatorial Net, \"Destapa una Trama de Corrupción en el Ministerio De Minas Industria y Energía de Guinea Ecuatorial,\" Sept. 9, 2013.\nhttp://www.guinea-ecuatorial.net/inicio.asp?cd=ni8890 \n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Equatorial Guinea 2014 Crime and Safety Report, July 1, 2014.\nhttps://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=15933","As was reported in the prior research round, again during the period of review there was no formal mechanism established by the Anti-Corruption Office (officially known as Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas) in Equatorial Guinea to receive citizens’ allegations of corrupti..."]
["2014_ER_13",2014,"ER","Eritrea",13,0,"There is no agency that receives citizen complaints or allegations of corruption. \n\nIn theory, the police are responsible to accept citizen complaints. However, in practice, there is no process. There are publicly known cases of corruption involving officials of municipal bodies, but once they are sent to prison, either the police or Ministry of Defense takes over the investigation, and the public is kept in the dark about other measures. \n\nThe investigation and trial of corruption cases were only reported in media after several senior government officers accused the president of power abuse in 2001. There has never been a report of an investigation of public-sector corruption because it is strictly confidential. The accused in a public-sector corruption case does not get a copy of the verdict handed down by the Special Court. The accused knows only his/her sentence or fine. Many of those accused of public-sector corruption in 1996 are still behind bars.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July22, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 24, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no agency that receives citizen complaints or allegations of corruption. \n\nIn theory, the police are responsible to accept citizen complaints. However, in practice, ther..."]
["2014_ET_13",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",13,75,"Reporting corruption is made easy through dedicated phone lines and in person at the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission (FEACC) and through the online system. Reports can be made anonymously, and most cases are investigated based on the fulfillment of a basic credibility requirement. \n\nHowever, in practice, although the FEACC doesn't need permission to launch investigations, there isn't a established responsibility for a specific department to initiate high-profile investigations. At times, it is the commission in collaboration with the federal police and other governemnt security bodies. The study period has been characterised by high-profile arrests and prosecutions as a result of an improved system of investigations. For example, Melaku Fenta, the director-general of the Revenues and Customs Authority, and Gebre-Wahd Wolde-Giorgis, the deputy director-general of the same authority, were arrested in May 2013, and the court proceedings started in October 2013.","The website of the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission\nwww.feac.gov.et  \n\nOnline reporting system\nhttp://www.feac.gov.et/index.php/report-corruption \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, director of a civil society organisation, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, international media correspondent based in Ethiopia, 9 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Reporting corruption is made easy through dedicated phone lines and in person at the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission (FEACC) and through the online system. Reports can be made anonymously, and most cases are investigated based on the fulfillment of a basic credibility..."]
["2014_GA_13",2014,"GA","Gabon",13,25,"Le Gabon fait beaucoup d'efforts dans la lute contre la corruption. La Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et l'Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI) compte à ce jour 102 dossiers dans son portefeuille qui sont au  «stade de l’initiation, très avancés, même finalisés», selon les dires du président de la CNLCEI dans son bilan des 10 ans de son institution (2003 - 2013). Des mesures conservatoires allant de la saisine de véhicules aux blocages des comptes sont désormais légions.\n\nMais si la Commission nationale de lutte contre l'enrichissement illicite enquête sur des cas de corruption et d'enrichissement illicite, il reste que ses enquêtes ne sont pas exhaustives et que les procédures sont très longues. De plus en termes d'efficacité, elle ne parvient pas à assurer la confidentialité de ses enquêtes. \n\nDes critiques contre la CNLCEI porte sur sa \"léthargie\". Selon Gabon Review, \"des enquêtes sont parfois diligentées après une révélation par voie de presse\", mais malgré des révélations dans les médias ces dernières années sur des scandales financiers, le CNLCEI ne remplit pas pleinement son rôle.\n\nSelon le classement 2014 de Transparency International,  sur un total de 175 pays retenus cette année pour le classement, le Gabon obtient la note  de 37/100 en 2014 contre une note de 34/100. Cette note montre qu'entre 2013 et 2014, des efforts ont été consentis pour lutter contre la corruption car selon les critères de notification de Transparency International, plus la note est inférieure à 25 et 50%, plus la corruption est considérée importante dans le pays.","Alain Fondop, employé secteur BTP au Gabon, entretien réalisé le 02 janvier 2015 sur facebook.\n\nGabon Review, Gérald Mounomby, 29 août 2014. La CNLCEI: Une autorité administrative indépendante en léthargie…http://gabonreview.com/blog/cnlcei-autorite-administrative-independante-en-lethargie/\n\nGabon Review, mai 2013. \"Lutte contre la corruption : l’an 10 de la CNLCEI\". http://gabonreview.com/blog/lutte-contre-la-corruption-lan-10-de-la-cnlcei/\n\nGabon Eco, 05 decembre 2014. \"Le Gabon à la 94e place mondiale dans le classement 2014 de Transparency International\". http://www.gaboneco.com/nouvelles_africaines_34196.html\n\nGabon Review. \"La CNLCEI: Une autorité administrative indépendante en léthargie…\", 29 août 2014. http://gabonreview.com/blog/cnlcei-autorite-administrative-independante-en-lethargie/","Le Gabon fait beaucoup d'efforts dans la lute contre la corruption. La Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et l'Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI) compte à ce jour 102 dossiers dans son portefeuille qui sont au  «stade de l’initiation, très avancés, même finalisés», se..."]
["2014_GM_13",2014,"GM","The Gambia",13,25,"The Office of the Anti-Corruption Commission has not been constituted yet. \n\nThere is no specific mechanism available to citizens at this point other than directly addressing the police or National Intelligence Agency. These organizations deal with corruption allegations and have prosecuted high-level officials. But they are answerable to the president, and therefore limited in their effectiveness as they are not independent. \n\nThere is no available and accessible data either from the police or any other government agency on the number of public-sector corruption cases investigated during the period under review. There is also no available and accessible data on the number of cases taken to court and the conviction rate.\n\nThe absence of such data makes it impossible  to track the performance of the agencies. Sources interviewed for this study said that the police and other security agencies have successfully investigated and prosecuted corruption allegations. Despite the reservations expressed about the effectiveness of these bodies, there have been prosecutions and convictions involving a former attorney general and minister of justice, a former solicitor general and legal secretary and a former chief justice. All these senior officials were convicted of abuse of office and/or corruption.\n\nSources also reveal that despite these recent prosecutions and convictions, investigations are sometimes unduly prolonged, and some cases are never prosecuted.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nI disagree and recommend a lower score of 0. The only available avenue open to citizens is the police, which has a fraud squad or division. Citizens can also submit petitions to the Office of the President, but more often than not, many of the petitioners get dragged into court for 'giving false information to a public officer'. The case of a university professor Dr. Gumbo Touray a few years ago was classic. He reported to the parliament that the Vice Chancellor Prof. Muhammadou Kah was not only inefficient and corrupt but also practices nepotism in the running of the University of the Gambia. He was dragged to court and eventually won the case.","1. Interview with Mr. James Manga, Sub-Inspector , Gambia Police Force, 29th June 2014, Banjul\n\n2.Interview with Mr. Emil Touray, President, Gambia Press Union, 25th June 2014, Churchill's Town, Serrekunda\n\n3.Interview with Suwaibou Touray, Editor, Foroyaa Newspaper, 3rd July 2014, Churchill's Town, Serrekunda\n\n4. Njogu Bah, Jobarteh, Pa Harry Jammeh jailed 2 years, The Point by Malamin L.M. Conteh, Friday, December 20, 2013, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/njogu-bah-jobarteh-pa-harry-jammeh-jailed-2-years, last accessed 15/08/2014\n\n5. Former Chief Justice Wowo jailed two years, The Point, Friday, by Malamin L.M. Conteh, January 10, 2014, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/former-chief-justice-wowo-jailed-two-years, last accessed 15/08/2014\n\nReviewer source:\n\"Revisiting the now famous Gumbo Touray Trial\", Freedom Newspaper, January 24, 2013. http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/Homepage/tabid/36/newsid367/8349/Revisiting-the-now-famous-Gumbo-Touray-Trial-/Default.aspx","The Office of the Anti-Corruption Commission has not been constituted yet. \n\nThere is no specific mechanism available to citizens at this point other than directly address..."]
["2014_GH_13",2014,"GH","Ghana",13,50,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations.\n\nCHRAJ has put in place a functioning mechanism to make it easy for members of the public to report allegations of public sector corruption to it. These include an online platform where people can file cases directly to the Commission. People who do not have access to Internet facilities or cannot use internet facilities can write and post or submit a case personally at the Commission. One can also walk to CHRAJ's Head Office or decentralized offices across the country to lodge complaints.\n \nCHRAJ does not on its own initiate investigations into allegations of public sector corruption. Members of the public must file complaints to it. It takes less than a month to open investigations into the allegations. However, investigations take more than three months, sometimes two years to complete.\n\nObservers have criticized CHRAJ for not using its authority to at least speak against the numerous cases of perceived public sector corruption reported mainly by the media over the last 12 months (September 2013 to September 2014) let alone investigate them.\n\nCHRAJ's efficiency is hampered by poor funding, and inadequate critical staff in terms of lawyers and research officers, which have rendered it unable to bite. For instance, in May 2014, Deputy Commissioner of CHRAJ Richard Quayson came out publicly stating that CHRAJ faced serious resource constraints, making it unable to perform its functions.\n\nAnother organization that investigates allegations of public sector corruption is the Economic and Organized Crime Office (EOCO). It is a government department under the Ministry of Justice and Attorney General's Department. Its functions include to prevent and detect organized crime and facilitate the confiscation of the proceeds of crime. EOCO investigates any member of the public - be it senior level politicians and or civil servants of any level including entities or companies suspected of a crime. It also has a webpage contact column where people can file allegations to it. People can also call its telephone lines to file allegations or visit its national or regional offices to file allegations. Allegations can also be written and posted to it.\n\nUnlike CHRAJ, EOCO initiates its own investigations into allegations. It does not wait for a member of the public to lodge the complaint. However, depending on the nature of the allegations, EOCO sometimes spends more than a year to investigate an allegation. EOCO can either prosecute cases on its own or refer them to the Ministry of Justice and Attorney General's Department for prosecution.","1. Justice Francis Emile Short, Former Commissioner of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2.Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Nkansah, President of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice Staff Association, Telephone interview, August 9, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. News Story: Title: Resource constraints hamper CHRAJ investigation into SADA, Author: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com|Ivy Benson, Name of Publication: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com, Date: April 23, 2014, Link: http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/april-23rd/resource-constraints-hamper-chraj-investigation-into-sada.php?print=1","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations...."]
["2014_GN_13",2014,"GN","Guinea",13,25,"L'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et la Promotion de la Bonne Gouvernance (ANLC Guinée) a un numéro vert (147) par lequel elle peut recevoir des dénonciations de corruption. Elle peut aussi être saisi par téléphone. Elle dispose aussi d'un site web qui sert de plateforme de réception des plaintes. \n\nCependant ce site ne renseigne pas sur le nombre de plaintes reçues par cette agence depuis sa crèation en 2012, ni sur les délais des enquêtes. \n\nOutre l'ANLC, il y a trois grands organes de contrôles des dépenses de l’Etat et qui constituent aussi des institutions de lutte contre la corruption en Guinée. \n- L’inspection générale de l’Etat qui contrôle les plus gros dossiers financiers quand il y a allégations ;\n- L’inspection générale des finances, qui contrôle à postériori, les dépenses de l’Etat dans tous les secteurs.\nCes organes sont effectifs car ils effectuent des missions de contrôle et produisent des rapports; cependant ces rapports ne sont presque jamais publiés, ni mis à la disposition du public et presque jamais suivis d’effets.\n\nLes cas signalés à ces deux institutions ne font pas souvent l'objet d'enquêtes, et même s'il y a eu des enquêtes, les rapports ne sont pas publiés et il n'y a souvent pas d'effet. En ce qui concerne les allégations dans la presse contre l'actuel directeur du patrimoine bâti public, il n'y a pas eu de sanctions jusqu'à présent.\n\nLa troisième institution est la Cour des comptes; elle chapeaute les deux premières dans leurs missions de contrôle. Bien que prévue par la Constitution guinéenne de 2010, cette cour n’est pas encore mise en place; son rôle est assumé par la Chambre des Comptes de la Cour Suprême.","FALCON François, directeur national de l'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, 18h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nFOFANA Jeanne, kababacjir.com, 09 Juillet 2014, « Cession Air Guinée : Dalein plein là-dans, selon le rapport d’audit ! » http://www.kababachir.com/index.php/template/2013-05-01-14-38-39/list-of-all-tags/item/1601-cession-air-guinee-dalein-plein-la-dans-selon-le-rapport-d-audit\n\nTRAORÉ Ibrahima, Guinnee7.com; 09 mai 2014, « Direction du patrimoine bâti public : Les dessous de la grogne. » www.guinee7.com/direction-du-patrimoine-bati-public-les-dessous-grogne\n\nAgence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et la Promotion de la Bonne Gouvernance (ANLC Guinée). http://www.anlcguinee.org/","L'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et la Promotion de la Bonne Gouvernance (ANLC Guinée) a un numéro vert (147) par lequel elle peut recevoir des dénonciations de corruption. Elle peut aussi être saisi par téléphone. Elle dispose aussi d'un site web qui sert de platef..."]
["2014_GW_13",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",13,0,"Although citizens can report allegations of corruption, it is not effective and cases are rarely investigated because of lack of inter-institutional cooperation that ended up blocking investigations. Also, lack of proper means to investigate, disorganization in the public administration and lack of preparation from those who investigate remain a problem. All investigations can take over three months to start. Both in the Public Ministry and in the Superior Inspections against Corruption, there are no reports and statistics on last year's number of investigations and convictions rate. \n\nSince 1996, only three cases investigated had been brought to court. No case had been investigated in 2013-2014. In addition to the lack of political will to investigate cases, there was also  budget problems which made it impossible for them to function. The Superior Inspection Against Corruption does not even have its own headquarters (they use two office cabinets in the National Popular Assembly). \n\nThere is consensus that the Public Ministry is not effective because in Guinea-Bissau's society, there are untouchables and no one dares to investigate cases of corruption when it involves them.","1. Interview with Former Attorney-General/Judiciary expert, Edmundo Mendes, Public Ministry , 8 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n2. Interview with Vice-President, Roberto Indeque, Guinea-Bissau's Lawyer's Association, Lawyer, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n3. Interview with President of the Union of the Magistrates of the Public Ministry, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, General Prosecutor, 5 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n4. Interview with Professor, Juselino Pereira, Faculdade de Direito, Law Professor, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n5. Interview with Superior Inspector of the Superior Inspection Against Corruption, Lassana Seidi, 15 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau","Although citizens can report allegations of corruption, it is not effective and cases are rarely investigated because of lack of inter-institutional cooperation that ended up blocking investigations. Also, lack of proper means to investigate, disorganization in the public administr..."]
["2014_KE_13",2014,"KE","Kenya",13,50,"The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) is the principal body that investigates allegations on public sector corruption. The cases are received mainly as written memoranda or verbal tips. It however takes time to prepare and allocate officers to pursue cases.\n\nThe commission has recently tackled several high-profile corruption cases involving public officers. For the quarter running July to September 2013, EACC handled 18 high profile-public corruption cases of which 15 were taken up by the Office of the Director of Public Prosecution (ODPP) for action.\n\nIn the three-month period to September 2013, the EACC forwarded 15 case files to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) of which 10 were certified fit for prosecution, three for administrative action and the other two were closed.\n\nThis represents a transition rate of 66.66% in prosecution of cases over cases. The cases remain in court  awaiting action. Some of the cases pending before the courts may never take off due to inconclusive investigation or lack of evidence.","1. Dave Opiyo, journalist, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on this particular subject on June 27, 2014.\n\n2. Yasin Aila, spokesman Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, Kenya. Interviewed on June 20, 2014.\n\n3. Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Annual Report 2012/2013. Released in March 2014.\nhttp://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/2012%20-%202013%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf\n\n4. \"Asst  Recovery Through Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: The Case Of Irregularly  Alienated  Public Land In Mombasa County\" - A presentation by Mr Halakhe D. Waqo, Secretary/Chief Executive Officer of Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) during the 4th Commonwealth Regional Conference for Heads of Anti-Corruption Agencies in Africa Accra, Ghana\n26 – 30 May 2014. http://www.eacc.go.ke/archives/speeches/presentation%20by%20kenya.pdf\n\n5. Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission(EACC) 2012/2013 Annual Report. Released in September 2013.\nhttp://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/2012%20-%202013%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf.\n\n6. Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission(EACC) 2013/2018 Strategic Plan. \nhttp://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/EAAC-strategic-plan-2013-2018.pdf.\n\n7. EACC Report for the quarter June-September 2013. http://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/QUARTELY-REPORT-JULY-SEPT-2013.pdf","The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) is the principal body that investigates allegations on public sector corruption. The cases are received mainly as written memoranda or verbal tips. It however takes time to prepare and allocate officers to pursue cases...."]
["2014_LS_13",2014,"LS","Lesotho",13,50,"The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) receives hundreds of allegations of corruption annually. These can be submitted through various methods ranging from walk-ins to anonymous phone calls. But not all of the allegations are investigated. This is because the DCEO has to thoroughly scrutinize each allegation and satisfy itself of its merits before launching an investigation.\n\nBy doing this, the directorate avoids spending resources investigating false, frivolous or groundless complaints. It only proceeds when it has convinced itself that an allegation warrants an investigation. With simple allegations, the DCEO can wrap up an investigation in less than three months. However, most of the complaints are very complex and tend to take well over three months to probe thoroughly.  \n\nThe DCEO’s comprehensive corruption education campaigns through public gatherings, school visits and radio programmes seek to sensitize the public about forms of corruption and mechanisms for reporting complaints. However, the DCEO continues to face serious problems of accessibility to the majority of people, especially those who reside in the rural areas where it has absolutely no representation. It does not have a toll-free number that citizens can use to provide information about possible wrong-doing in their communities.\n\nFurthermore, the effectiveness of the DCEO has been curtailed by insufficient funding from the government. This has led to cases being prolonged because of inability to meet the operational needs due to insufficient funds.","1. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Head of Department; Political and Administrative Studies Department. Lecturer. Interview 24 June 2014.\n\n2. Anonymous. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Interviewed 25 June 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n3.  Ntsebeng Motsoeli. DCEO initiates corruption awareness in schools. Lesotho Times.  12 September 2013. http://lestimes.com/?p=13285","The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) receives hundreds of allegations of corruption annually. These can be submitted through various methods ranging from walk-ins to anonymous phone calls. But not all of the allegations are investigated. This is because the DC..."]
["2014_LR_13",2014,"LR","Liberia",13,50,"Liberia's corruption-fighting body is not effective. The body has mandates to enforce the fight against corruption, but there have been very few instances where its proceedings has led to arrest for alleged corruption. The LACC did not arrest anyone during the period of the research; it did however summon people for questioning during the same period but none were sent to court.\n\nThe website of LACC has a 'report corruption' box with the fields e-mail, name, phone, message. However, very few cases are reported due to the fact that the reporting mechanism or strategy is not as explicit as expected by many citizens who would like to report suspected practices of corruption in their work places.  \n\nOver the past 12 months, the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission has begun initiating corruption investigations on its own. There are several cases pending before it and some of those cases include highly placed officials from government and the private sector. \n\nThe body does not have policing power and so it cannot arrest accused officials without the Ministry of Justice to effect arrest.","Interview: Barly Togba, Director, GRASS, Buchanan City, 15/07/2014\n\nInterview: Gabriel Tarplah, Special Assistant, Ministry of Transport, Monrovia, 14/07/2014\n\nInterview: Mohammed Fahnbulleh, Legal Officer, Human Rights Commission, Monrovia, 14/07/2014","Liberia's corruption-fighting body is not effective. The body has mandates to enforce the fight against corruption, but there have been very few instances where its proceedings has led to arrest for alleged corruption. The LACC did not arrest anyone during the period of the researc..."]
["2014_LY_13",2014,"LY","Libya",13,0,"Corruption is still rampant in many government departments in Libya. There is no effective department in Libya to investigate public-sector corruption. The only active body in Libya is the Audit Bureau, which issued its annual report for 2013, but without any specific accusations. \n\nThe court is closed and the judges and prosecutors are targeted in the current civil war; therefore, allegations against public-sector corruptions cannot be investigated or prosecuted. Before the revolution, the administrative Control Authority was investigating allegations of corruption, but its investigations were not effective; it only criminalized the Junior public staff, while powerful politicians went unchecked.   \n\nResearch published by the strategy department of the Libyan prime minister's council in April 2013 confirmed advanced managerial corruption in most official bodies in Libya and permeating the public sector since 1970. As published in Libyan local news outlets, a meeting detailed by Ali Zeidan, the current prime minister of Libya, noted that the interior ministry could not be funded because of corruption and that some people deal with the public fund as profit or booty.","Interview with Jamal  AL Amieri, head of the Warriors Against Corruption Organisation, Sept. 18, 2014.\n \nAl Jazeera Net, Khaled Almaheer, \"Rampant corruption in Libyan departments,\" Jan. 29, 2013. http://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2013/1/29/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9\n\nStudies and Strategic Research administration in Council of the Libyan prime minister (managerial corruption in Libya), Strategic Studies Department, April 29, 2013.\nhttp://www.npdc.gov.ly/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1294:2013-05-20-10-04-07&catid=4:2012-08-02-22-28-43&Itemid=7\n\nLibyan agency for news, the editor, \"The prime minister: We can not fund the interior ministry, because of the corruption,\" Feb. 17, 2014.\nhttp://libyens.net/tag/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%83%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85/","Corruption is still rampant in many government departments in Libya. There is no effective department in Libya to investigate public-sector corruption. The only active body in Libya is the Audit Bureau, which issued its annual report for 2013, but without any specific accusations. ..."]
["2014_MG_13",2014,"MG","Madagascar",13,50,"Le Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption (BIANCO), l’organe gouvernemental habilité à enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, est jugé comme effectif mais pas dans tous les cas. Les observations négatives à l’encontre de cet organe gouvernemental ont trait à: l'absence de délai fixé pour l’étude des plaintes, de même pour répondre aux plaignants ; La procédure d’étude d’un cas de dénonciation est plutôt lourde, car un comité prend en charge le dossier pour voir si les allégations sont fondées et que le cas est vraiment un cas de corruption. Si c’est le cas, alors le dossier est transmis au Département des investigations qui fait les enquêtes judiciaires nécessaires sur le terrain ou au bureau; Si le cas de corruption est fondée après investigation, le dossier est transmis au tribunal, et là s’arrête l’action du BIANCO ; ce qui se passe après n’est plus de son ressort, ce que le simple citoyen a du mal à comprendre; et le BIANCO est taxé de ne s’occuper que des cas de corruption touchant des « petits fonctionnaires » en laissant les « gros poissons ». \n \n Toutefois, les résultats de ces enquêtes laissent certains plutôt pessimistes. D’ailleurs, le premier responsable même de la lutte contre ce fléau national de « reconnaître également avec ses pairs qu’il y a de nombreux barrages sociologiques, ethniques, politiques ou encore corporatistes, comme au sein de l’éducation ou l’enseignement ».\n\nDes critiques font entendre également que les limites du BIANCO réside dans le fait que le bureau ne pourrait intervenir à travers des enquêtes ou interpellations que suite à la déposition d'une plainte. En septembre 2014, la presse a constaté qu'aucune enquête a suivi le cas révélé dans les médias sur une somme d'argent élevé transmis à Air Madagascar. \n\nSelon le site du BIANCO, le nombre des doléances de corruption reçues était 306. Il n'y a pas d'informations toutefois sur le nombre des cas traités. \n\nDes critiques font entendre également que les limites du BIANCO réside dans le fait que le bureau ne pourrait intervenir à travers des enquêtes ou interpellations que suite à la déposition d'une plainte","RABETRANO Faly, directeur général du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO), La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 31 mai 2014. http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40175:lutte-anti-corruption-un-veritable-parcours-du-combattant&catid=41:politique&Itemid=55.  \n\nRAKOTOARISOA Angela, assistante juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 11 juillet 2014.  \n\nRAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014.  \n\nLEJAMBLE Brice, secrétaire exécutif , Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 11 juillet 2014.  \n\nRALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014. \n\nRAKOTOSEHENO Zo, Midi Madagasikara, 12 juillet 2014, « Du BIANCO (Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption) à la justice ». http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/vision/2014/07/12/du-bianco-justice/.  \n\nCerle de refléxion des economists de Madagascar. “La corruption à Madagascar : partie intégrante de la vie socio-économique, selon le Crem”. Septembre 6, 2013. http://www.cremmadagascar.org/la-corruption-a-madagascar-partie-integrante-de-la-vie-socio-economique-selon-le-crem \n\nSiteweb BIANCO. Rapport et Statistiques. http://www.bianco-mg.org/rapport-et-statistiques/\n \nL'Express.\"Lutte contre lq Corruption\". May 31, 2014. http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/lutte-contre-la-corruption-le-bianco-recommande-une-politique-etatique-11612","Le Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption (BIANCO), l’organe gouvernemental habilité à enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, est jugé comme effectif mais pas dans tous les cas. Les observations négatives à l’encontre de cet organe gouvernemental ont trait à..."]
["2014_MW_13",2014,"MW","Malawi",13,50,"The Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB), the main body responsible for investigating allegations of public-sector corruption, is not always effective. High-level players, including senior-level politicians and civil servants, are not always taken to task as investigations in the recent \"cash-gate\" corruption scandal have highlighted. An example is former President Joyce Banda, who was not investigated despite strong suspicion of her involvement in \"cash-gate\" while she was in office. \n\nThe ACB has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption. Citizens can call an ACB-designated telephone number and report suspected corruption online on the ACB website at http://www.acbmw.com.\n\nThe ACB often investigates allegations of corruption within three months of being reported. However, it does not always exercise its own initiative to start investigations. There have been times when its anti-graft investigations have been activated by major financial scandals reported in the media. An example of this during the research period is \"cash-gate.\" Despite the researcher's inquiry, there were no reports or concrete case numbers being made available. \n\nBetween 2012 and 2013, the ACB received 1,673 complaints in total. Of these, 587 were authorized for investigation. Completed investigations for the period totaled 451. Of these, 80 cases were recommended for prosecution.\n\nThe 451 completed investigations include not only those authorized in the year under report, but also cases completed from authorized investigations of previous years.","1. Malawi Voice, Innocent Mawaya, 27 June, 2014, ‘Joyce Banda Fleeing Malawi for Good, ACB Papers Ready,’ http://www.malawivoice.com/2014/06/27/joyce-banda-fleeing-malawi-good-acb-arrest-papers-ready\n\n2. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 4 July, 2014, Lilongwe.\n\n3. Andrew Kumbatira, Executive Director, Malawi Economic Justice Network, 18 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\n5. Malawi Anti-Corruption Bureau website, last accessed on January 26, 2014, http://www.acbmw.com\n\n6. Nyasa Times, Wanga Gwede, 28 July 2018, ‘Malawi Fires Anti-Corruption Chief, Top Prosecutor’ http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/07/28/mutharika-fires-malawi-anti-corruption-chief-top-prosecutor","The Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB), the main body responsible for investigating allegations of public-sector corruption, is not always effective. High-level players, including senior-level politicians and civil servants, are not always taken to task as investigations in the recent \"c..."]
["2014_ML_13",2014,"ML","Mali",13,75,"Les attributions du Pôle Économique et du Bureau du Vérificateur Général se rejoignent dans le cadre de la lutte contre la corruption et la délinquance financière. Les missions attribuées à l'un ou l'autre sont plutôt complémentaires. \n\nMais, la différence entre les deux structures se situe à deux niveaux. \n\nPremièrement, le Vérificateur Général est totalement indépendant et autonome alors que le Pôle économique est sous tutelle du ministre de la justice et rattaché au tribunal de première instance de la Commune III de Bamako. \n\nLa deuxième différence est que contrairement au pôle économique, le BVE ne dispose pas de pouvoir de sanction. Ce qui fait que beaucoup de ses rapports ne sont pas exécutés, et ses recommandations non suivies d'effets. L'ancien Vérificateur Général, M. Sidi SOSSO DIARRA, avait toujours recommandé dans ses rapports de 2006, 2007 et 2008 de créer une Cour des comptes pouvant renforcer et appuyer le BVG dans ses missions.\n\nIl existe des numéros de téléphone pour saisir les instances qui enquêtent sur les allégations de corruption. Mais la saisine du Pôle Economique ainsi que du BVG s’opère généralement sur la base d’un courrier formel. Quitte à la structure concernée de juger de la pertinence de la requête afin d’y engager des investigations. Selon Alassane Diarra, Conseiller technique au Ministère de la Justice, il n’y a pas de délai requis pour le traitement des dossiers. Il indique que les textes instituant le BVG n’en fixent pas de délais absolus. Toutefois, est-il que le BVG inscrit ses travaux dans un cadre annuel. Raison pour laquelle, tous les ans, il produit un rapport. \n\nLe Pôle Éonomique est quant à lui rattaché au tribunal de première instance de la Commune III de Bamako. Le pôle économique a à sa tête le procureur anticorruption. L'actuel préposé à ce poste, Yaya Karembé, affirme que son organe dispose d'un système pour ce faire. «Notre mission est d'étudier la plupart des allégations dans un délai assez raisonnable et de dire le droit. Réprimer ou sanctionner quant il le faut». Harouna Diallo, constitutionnaliste indique que le pôle économique «exerce son droit d'initiative pour ouvrir des enquêtes en cas de nécessité». \n\nLe procureur du pôle économique a un pouvoir d'auto-saisine sur la base des rapports de contrôle financier qui lui sont soumis. Quitte à lui d'ouvrir ou non les dossiers en fonction de leur pertinence. Toutes les structures de contrôle de l'Etat lui soumettent leurs rapports. Pendant l'année qui s'achève, Yaya Karembé a ouvert le dossier du chef de l'ex junte auteur du coup d'Etat de 2012. Le pôle économique a semble-t-il classé l'affaire du maire du district de Bamako, Adama Sangaré, qui avait été mis aux arrêts et incarceré au sujet d'un roccabolesque dossier de spéculation foncière et de détournement de fonds.","SANGARÉ Siaka, représentant, Groupe suivi budgétaire, 25 juin 2014.\n        \nTOURÉ Alaye, président, Conseil national de la société civile, 25 juin 2014\n        \nKAREMBÉ Yaya, procureur anti-corruption, pôle économique, 25 juin 2014.\n\nAlassane Diarra, Conseiller technique au Ministère de la Justice, 25 juin 2014.\n\nKoulouba.com, 6 novembre 2013, «Justice : Le capitaine Sanogo annoncé aujourd’hui devant le juge Yaya Karembé.» http://koulouba.com/crise-malienne/justice-le-capitaine-sanogo-annonce-aujourdhui-devant-le-juge-yaya-karembe                                                     \n                                                                    \nDIAKITÉ Adama, Le Combat, 8 juillet 2014, «Faux et usage de faux: Adama Sangaré spolie des vivants de leurs terrains avec des papiers établis au nom des morts.» http://lecombat.info/societe/149-lire-plus-dans-lecombat/2881-faux-et-usage-de-faux-adama-sangare-spolie-des-vivants-de-leurs-terrains-avec-des-papiers-etablis-au-nom-des-morts                                                     \n\nLe Reporter, 12 Novembre 2014.  Brigade du Pôle économique et financier : la porte d’entrée de la lutte contre la corruption. http://malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/actualite_de_la_nation_malienne/115953-brigade-du-p%C3%B4le-%C3%A9conomique-et-financier-la-porte-d%E2%80%99entr%C3%A9e-de-la-.html","Les attributions du Pôle Économique et du Bureau du Vérificateur Général se rejoignent dans le cadre de la lutte contre la corruption et la délinquance financière. Les missions attribuées à l'un ou l'autre sont plutôt complémentaires. ..."]
["2014_MR_13",2014,"MR","Mauritania",13,0,"Les pouvoirs publics mauritaniens n'ont pas encore une telle structure. Il n'existe pas en l'espèce une instance effective chargée d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. A contrario, l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE) constitue une entité chargée d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le service public. Dans ce cadre, il peut demander aux fonctionnaires coupables de concussions de rembourser les sommes indument perçues. Toutefois, il y a lieu de noter l'absence d'indépendance de l'IGE. Elle demeure et reste une structure administrative rattachée à la Primature. Ce lien avec le Premier Ministre constitue un frein à l'effectivité de ses actions. Qui plus est, les membres de l'IGE sont nommés par le chef de gouvernement. Cette absence d'autonomie voire d'indépendance fait de l'IGE un simple service public","1. AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 14 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. MBARECK Hacen, président de l'Association mauritanienne pour la promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3.  Source anonyme, 18 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Les pouvoirs publics mauritaniens n'ont pas encore une telle structure. Il n'existe pas en l'espèce une instance effective chargée d'enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. A contrario, l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE) constitue une entité chargée d'enq..."]
["2014_MU_13",2014,"MU","Mauritius",13,75,"The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) has a system in place to receive citizen allegations of public sector corruption. The institution also can initiate investigations. While the ICAC does not shy away from investigating all public servants, there is sometimes less rigor and effort in investigating cases concerning politicians in power. While the institution has been recognized by international agencies as an effective anti-corruption agency and numerous convictions have been secured against public officials, there are a large number of cases pending trial before the Intermediate Court or awaiting the advice of the prosecutor’s office. The timeliness of investigations suffers when it comes to politicians of the ruling party.\n\nAntoine Domingue, chairman of the Mauritius Bar Association, says: “There is no reason why there should be a ‘loi d’exception’ when it comes to corruption\".","1. Anil Kumar Ujoodha, Director General, Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC), 28 August 2014, by phone and mail\n2. Antoine Domingue, Chairman, Mauritius Bar Association, 11 September 2014, by mail\n3. Nawaz Noorbux, Editor-in-Chief, Radio Plus, 25 August 2014, by phone and mail","The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) has a system in place to receive citizen allegations of public sector corruption. The institution also can initiate investigations. While the ICAC does not shy away from investigating all public servants, there is sometimes less ..."]
["2014_MA_13",2014,"MA","Morocco",13,0,"The Central Authority for Corruption Prevention rarely starts investigations by its own initiative. \n\nFuthermore, the body has a website that is extremely slow and often inaccessible. Investigations take generally between 6 months and a year. Based on figures from 2013, more than 99 percent  of corruption investigations are closed without trial.\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments: \n\nAgree. Central Authority for Corruption Prevention lacks investigatory mandate for corruption.  Also the National Instance of Probity and Prevention for the fight against Corruptioncreated by articles 36 and 167 of the Constitution presently lacks independence  pending the adoption of  its text of application by the parliament.","Amine Amerhoun - Bladi.net - article published online on May 15th, 2014 - http://www.bladi.net/maroc-affaires-corruption.html (last checked on July 6th 2014).\n\nZineb Drissia Hamzi - Lawyer - phone interview (July 6th, 2014).\n\nOfficial link to report corruption online (sub website of \"ICPC Instance Centrale de la prévention de la corruption)-http://www.stopcorruption.ma/ - last checked on July 6th 2014.\n\nReviewer sources:\n\n(1) Article published in Quid  by Ghita Zine on 28 September 2014 available at:  http://www.quid.ma/politique/icpc-lutte-contre-corruption-vers-action-restreinte/.\n(2) Article published on Panorapost \"Lutte anti-corruption : Transparency inquiète, l’ICPC silencieuse\" on 16 September 2014 by Qods Chabaa, available at: http://www.panorapost.com/lutte-anti-corruption-transparency-inquiete-licpc-silencieuse/.","The Central Authority for Corruption Prevention rarely starts investigations by its own initiative. ..."]
["2014_MZ_13",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",13,25,"The Central Office for Combating Corruption (GCCC), besides working with a lack of funds and lack of staff, has to respond to reported cases and follow up on citizen complaints received. In the past, the GCCC initiated investigations on its own, but there is no evidence of this happening during the period of the study. The influence of politics inhibts its efficiency, with investigations sometimes taking more than six months to start.\n\nAnother issue is the reduction of cases reported or received by the GCCC and prosecutors from September 2013 to June 2014 in comparison with prior years. In contrast to the factual reality of several cases of alleged corruption having been reported in the media, especially relating to the embezzlement of public funds, the GCCC has not investigated those cases. The reduction in the number of reported cases may be linked to the nonimplementation of the Law on Protection of Victims, Whistleblowers, Witnesses and Other Procedural Subjects (LPVTD). Potential complainants feel intimidated to file reports for fear of adverse consequences.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.","The Central Office for Combating Corruption (GCCC), besides working with a lack of funds and lack of staff, has to respond to reported cases and follow up on citizen complaints received. In the past, the GCCC initiated investigations on its own, but there is no evidence of this hap..."]
["2014_NA_13",2014,"NA","Namibia",13,75,"The Anti-Corruption Commission, in its efforts to deal with citizens' allegations, has set up a report centre and has a toll-free number and on its website, it has a reporting email system that guarantees anonymity.  \n\nAccording to ACC Director Paulus Noa, investigations into any allegation usually commence within three months after being reported to the office. Finalisation of the investigation could take longer or within the same period.\n\nThe commission also exercises its own initiative to start investigations. Even though no cases were initiated by the commission during the study period,  the commission also has in place a case management system that is linked to regional offices, making it easy to monitor cases.","Paulus Noa, Director,  Anti- Corruption Commission, Face to Face Interview 19 June 2014. \n\nUhuru Dempers, NANGOF, Education Advisor, FacetofaceInterview, 21 June 2014.\n\nGraham Hopwood, Director: Institute of Public Policy and Research, Interview June 19 2014.\n\nDr Andrew Niikondo, Vice Rector Academic Affairs and Research. Polytechnic of Namibia. Table Interview 31 July 2014.","The Anti-Corruption Commission, in its efforts to deal with citizens' allegations, has set up a report centre and has a toll-free number and on its website, it has a reporting email system that guarantees anonymity.  ..."]
["2014_NE_13",2014,"NE","Niger",13,50,"Les organes de Lutte contre la corruption au Niger, principalement, la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruptions et Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA) et le Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI) disposent des moyens matériels et humains requis pour leur fonctionnement.\n \n Ils reçoivent les plaintes et dénonciations des citoyens et mènent des investigations. Seulement, la périodicité de la publication n'est pas fixée et ni connue par les citoyens. La HALCIA rend compte et transmet son rapport au Président de la République et ne communique sur son action, que selon son propre agenda. Le Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), lui publie quelques détails (généralement les statistiques des plaintes traitées et les suites données) après chacune de ses sessions. \n \n Les deux organes disposent normalement et juridiquement de l'autonomie nécessaire pour initier des enquêtes.Toutefois, la HALCIA, du fait de sa grande proximité du Président de la République à qui elle remet des rapports d'investigations, beaucoup d'analystes (société civile et acteurs politiques) estiment que le travail de la HALCIA est influencé par le gouvernement et/ou la Présidence de la République. La preuve selon eux est que la HALCIA enquête peu ou pas sur des allégations mettant en cause des dirigeants du parti du Président ou ses alliés politiques.","BOUREIMA Issoufou, président de la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA), 10 septembre 2014.\n \n WADA Mamane, sécrétaire général de l'Association Nigérienne de Lutte Contre la Corruption-Section de Transparency International, 14 août 2014.\n \n SIDI Abdou, membre du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), 14 août 2014","Les organes de Lutte contre la corruption au Niger, principalement, la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruptions et Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA) et le Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI) disposent des moyens matéri..."]
["2014_NG_13",2014,"NG","Nigeria",13,25,"The two anti-corruption units, namely, ICPC and the EFCC, have functioning procedures for receiving citizens’ petitions. Petitions can be filed in paper format, mailed or submitted at both offices, available across the country. In addition, the ICPC also receives online petitions.\n\nThe response and the time to do so, however, depend on who is accused. Both offices say investigations commence “as soon as possible” after receipt of complaints. In reality, that lasts from weeks to several months.\n\nStill, petitions against senior-level politicians and civil servants are not attended to with such speed, if they are ever addressed.\n\nIn 2013/2014, despite repeated calls and petitions and evidence provided, the ICPC and the EFCC refused or failed to probe a former aviation minister accused of mismanaging public funds.\n\nThe two offices occasionally start investigations of their own initiative.","Interview with Folu Olamiti, media consultant, Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), 25 July 2014.\n\nIndependent Corrupt Practices Commission, online petition page, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/submit-petition/\n\nPunch, John Alechenu, John Ameh, Olalekan Adetayo and Kamarudeen Ogundele, \"EFCC, ICPC scared to probe Oduah — Investigation,\" 3 Nov. 2013. http://www.punchng.com/news/efcc-icpc-scared-to-probe-oduah-investigation/\n\nPunch, Ihuoma Chiedozie and Olalekan Adetayo, \"Jonathan encouraging corruption – Tambuwal,\" 10 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/jonathan-encouraging-corruption-tambuwal/","The two anti-corruption units, namely, ICPC and the EFCC, have functioning procedures for receiving citizens’ petitions. Petitions can be filed in paper format, mailed or submitted at both offices, available across the country. In addition, the ICPC also receives online petitions...."]
["2014_RW_13",2014,"RW","Rwanda",13,50,"There is evidence to confirm that the body that investigates public-sector corruption is effective. Even senior members of the ruling government have been dragged into court to answer questions related to corruption. Those found culpable are always prosecuted.\n\nAccording to Clement Musangabatware, the deputy ombudsman, the Office of the Ombudsman has efficient ways of receiving complaints and tips from citizens. Most of the methods are meant to safeguard the identity of the person who submitted, say, a corruption allegation against a powerful government official and fears reprisals. \n\nThere are online platforms to submit complaints, with an option for the citizen to remain anonymous. The ombudsman also has complaint boxes at the district level, where people can slot their complaints and the ombudsman workers pick them up. When citizens believe they weren't accorded justice either by local government officials or even the courts regarding certain powerful individuals, they can come to the ombudsman, who will press all parties to find a solution. \n\nThe investigations are done in a time frame of one year (June 1 to July 31st of the following year), and a report is compiled and delivered to parliament in August. The ombudsman begins investigations into a matter on a tip from either citizens or a report by a competent body. It can only initiate investigations after declarations by individuals or groups. \n\nAs indicated earlier, the ombudsman's annual report fails to capture high-ranking officials engaged in corruption, focusing mainly on low-ranking officials, which, according to the chair of Transparency International Rwanda, is a sign that the ombudsman, while generally doing a good job, either is afraid to investigate powerful officials or intentionally protects them, or the corruption they engage is too sophisticated for the ombudsman to detect. \n\nThe deputy ombudsman quoted above says that what most people fail to understand is that the Rwandan government has built institutions in such a way that top officials do not have direct access to money, as compared to officials at the lowest levels of implementation of government programmes, who often get tempted to engage in corrupt activities. \n\n\nPeer Reviewer's comments:\n\nAgree (score=50): Citizens can allege corruption, but those who do often lose access to government services as a kind of punishment. School fees, health insurance and survivor (of the genocide) benefits are tied to \"good citizenship.\"  It is widely accepted in Rwanda that government officials practice petty corruption and that the risks of speaking up are too high for the average citizen.","Interview with Jean Pierre Kalimunda, monitoring and evaluation officer, Transparency Rwanda chapter, Kigali, Aug. 3, 2014.\n\nInterview with Ningi Namuhanga, senior journalist, Izuba Rirashe, Kigali, July, 31, 2014.\n\nInterview with Clement Musangabatware, deputy ombudsman, Nov. 10, 2014.\n\nThe East African, Ignatius Ssuuna, \"Rwandan court awards alarm minister,\" Sept. 16, 2013. \nhttp://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Rwandan-court-awards-alarm-minister/-/1433218/1956502/-/7lti80z/-/index.html \n\nPeer Reviewer's sources:\n\nForeign Affairs, Susan Thomson, \"Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Postgenocide Rwanda,\" 2013. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/142251/susan-thomson/whispering-truth-to-power-everyday-resistance-to-reconciliation","There is evidence to confirm that the body that investigates public-sector corruption is effective. Even senior members of the ruling government have been dragged into court to answer questions related to corruption. Those found culpable are always prosecuted...."]
["2014_ST_13",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",13,0,"Although there is no agency specifically mandated to investigate alleged corruption charges, these cases are handled by the public prosecutor. There is no functioning independent mechanism set up to receive complaints or allegations. There is no institution or telephone number for citizens to report such issues. Corruption cases are usually made public through the media.\n\nThe allegations of corruption are not always investigated. There are cases in which charges are filed, but the prosecutor fails to start an investigation, and many of these cases end up being dropped.\n\nThere are some cases, however, that do go forward. For example, a public official can file a complaint of alleged corrupt practices in his department, and the prosecutor initiates the investigation process. However, it is more common that an employee, for fear of reprisals, chooses to go to a media outlet instead. Then, the Public Ministry and prosecutor is invited to start the investigatory process.","Interview with Waldyner Boa Morte, press secretary, president of the Supreme Court, Nov. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.","Although there is no agency specifically mandated to investigate alleged corruption charges, these cases are handled by the public prosecutor. There is no functioning independent mechanism set up to receive complaints or allegations. There is no institution or telephone number for ..."]
["2014_SN_13",2014,"SN","Senegal",13,25,"Le Sénégal s’est doté de l'Office National de Lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption au Sénégal (OFNAC) pour enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Cependant, l’OFNAC peine toujours à commencer ses missions malgré la nomination de tous ses membres. Une situation qui a poussé cette année la présidente de l’OFNAC à dénoncer le manque de moyens, ce qui a fortement déplu au Président de la République. \n\nActuellement l'OFNAC a démarré le travail, mais il n'y a pas encore de résultat rendu public. Seuls des rares cas commencent à être étudiés comme la plainte de « Alliance sauvons le Sénégal » contre Alioune Sall, le frère du Président sur ses actions dans la société pétrolière Pétro-Tim, et au-delà, sur tout son patrimoine. Pour preuve, la présidente de l’OFNAC a adressée à Alioune Sall une correspondance (n°463/PR/ CAB/ OFNAC du 31 décembre 2014) pour qu'il vienne s'expliquer.\n\nTout citoyen peut aller porter plainte au sein de l’OFNAC au sujet de la corruption ou d’appeler directement à un numéro vert qu’elle a mis en place. L’OFNAC reçoit des plaintes et procède à des enquêtes. Mais le temps que dure une enquête, ses membres ne peuvent pas le dire. Tout dépend de la complexité  de l’affaire. L’OFNAC enquête s’il estime que l’affaire mérite d’être poursuivie et si les faits dénoncés relèvent de sa compétence.\n\nDe nombreux cas signalés de corruption ou de faits similaires ne font toujours pas l'objet d'une autosaisine de la part de l'OFNAC, ne serait-ce que pour déclarer sa compétence à agir ou pas. Actuellement, un groupe de jeunes marabouts déclare son intention de demander la convocation de l'épouse du Président actuel devant la CREI et l'OFNAC pour des pratiques présumées corruptives après que la Fondation qu'elle dirige, \"Servir le Sénégal\" qui aurait reçu des promesses de financements importants provenant d'hommes d'affaires marocains qui ont des intérêts dans le pays.  \n\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nPas d'accord (score=0): Le Sénégal ne s'est doté d'une loi portant lutte contre la corruption qu'en 2012 et la structure chargée de recevoir les plaintes n'est pas effectivement fonctionnelle. Le système judiciaire connaît de la répression de la corruption mais de très rare cas y sont rapportés.","NGOM KEITA Nafi, inspectrice générale d'Etat, présidente de l'OFNAC, 23 juillet 2014\n\nDIOUF Amacodou, membre de l'OFNAC, président du Congad, 24 juillet 2014\n \nRewmi. com, 17 décembre 2013, «COLERE DE MACKY SALL – Le Président de la République 'savonne' Nafi Ngom Keïta de l’OFNAC».\nhttp://www.rewmi.com/colere-de-macky-sall-le-president-de-la-republique-savonne-nafi-ngom-keita-de-l-OFNAC_a86146.html\n\n\nSources des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nBA Dié, PresseAfrique.com, 1er octobre 2014, «Dans n’importe quel pays, un million d’euros destiné à la Première Dame aurait déclenché une enquête judiciaire », leaders de la défense de la République» http://www.pressafrik.com/Dans-n-importe-quel-pays-un-million-d-euros-destine-a-la-Premiere-Dame-aurait-declenche-une-enquete-judiciaire-_a127688.html  \n\nDakarActu.com, 21 juin 2014, «Affaire Mittal : le Forum civil saisit l’OFNAC.» http://www.dakaractu.com/Affaire-Mittal-le-Forum-civil-saisit-l-OFNAC_a69065.html","Le Sénégal s’est doté de l'Office National de Lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption au Sénégal (OFNAC) pour enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public. Cependant, l’OFNAC peine toujours à commencer ses missions malgré la nomination de tous ses membres. Une ..."]
["2014_SC_13",2014,"SC","Seychelles",13,0,"The ombudsman and the Ethics Commission have the authority to receive complaints from citizens related to corruption and conflict of interest. The ombudsman has the legal authority to investigate and report on allegations of official fraud and corruption and the Attorney General's Office prosecutes such cases. The commission has the power to carry out investigations on its own initiative, and can authorize another body or an officer to assist in an investigation.\n\nAlthough the media reported allegations of corruption during the period of study, there are no reports of corruption charges against high public officials being investigated nor are there reports of corruption cases involving high officials in court.\n\nThere is no prescribed processing time for the commission to conduct investigations upon receipt of the complaint, and because of lack of transparency, it is difficult to access the effectiveness of the system. The Ethics Commission requires that every complaint or communication, which can be made by any person, should be in writing and clearly identify the public officer against whom the complaint is made.\n\nIt should also specify the alleged violation and  provide in details the basis for alleging it. If the investigation establishes that the public officer has violated the Code of Conduct and Ethics, the commission must send the case to the body or person appropriate for taking disciplinary action. If measures are not taken at the executive level, then after one reminder, the case is submitted to the attorney general for action. The ombudsman and the Ethics Commission do not have websites where information is available.","Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, 03 September, 2014.\n\nAnonymous source, judge of the Supreme Court,  Ile du Port, 02 September 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n \n\nRoger Mancienne, Senior journalist, Managing Director Xpress printing Ltd, former Secretary general Seychelles National Party, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, 02 September 2014.\n\nUnited States Department of State, 2013 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Seychelles, 27 February 2014, http://www.refworld.org/docid/53284a7519.html","The ombudsman and the Ethics Commission have the authority to receive complaints from citizens related to corruption and conflict of interest. The ombudsman has the legal authority to investigate and report on allegations of official fraud and corruption and the Attorney General's ..."]
["2014_SL_13",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",13,50,"The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) of Sierra Leone is responsible for investigating corruption allegations in the country. The commission receives many cases of corruption from the public and deals with those that fall within its mandate. The cases that the commission finds under its purview will be handled, while those that are not will be dismissed. There is an investigation unit within the Anti-Corruption Commission. \n\nThe body investigates the cases at a slow pace and can only charge an individual when there is full evidence after a period of up to three or more months. In October 2013, the minister of works was sacked and the chief of staff sacked in June 2014, but they have yet to be charged by the Anti-Corruption Commission.","Joseph Kamara, Chairman, Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown, July 2014\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, July 5, 2014\n\nUnisa Bangura, senior Court Reporter, Standard Times Newspaper, Freetown, 30th June, 2014\n\nSierra Leone News Hunters, 21 October 2013, by Prince C. Kamara . ‘Petito’ Is No More In Government! http://www.sierraleonenewshunters.com/node/2504","The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) of Sierra Leone is responsible for investigating corruption allegations in the country. The commission receives many cases of corruption from the public and deals with those that fall within its mandate. The cases that the commission finds under..."]
["2014_SO_13",2014,"SO","Somalia",13,0,"Though the provisional constitution mandates the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission that “may conduct enquiries at its own discretion and is not required to act only upon a complaint (Article 111C),” no such agency has been created.\n\nThere are, however, parliamentary committees established to conduct investigations against government corruption. The committees' ability to investigate such wrongdoings is limited to summoning the minister(s) accused of corruption.","Prof. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous, Member of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nMogadishu, Somalia\nInterview by telephone\n\nAli Saed Isse\nLecturer\nFaculty of Economics and Social Sciences\nPuntland State University\nBossaso, Somalia\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Though the provisional constitution mandates the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission that “may conduct enquiries at its own discretion and is not required to act only upon a complaint (Article 111C),” no such agency has been created...."]
["2014_ZA_13",2014,"ZA","South Africa",13,100,"The Public Protector has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption and it investigates most of the allegations. The Public Protector also exercises its own initiative to start investigation. Researcher and political analyst Karin Alexander states that “the Public Protector is effective in fulfilling her mandate, which is investigating corruption within the public sphere and making recommendations with regards to repercussions.”     \n\nWhat makes the Public Protector not as effective as she could is that she lacks the mandate to prosecute. Advocate Paul Hoffman confirmed that the Public Prosecutor's mandate structure had not changed recently, and that she could still not convict and prosecute. Various individuals the Public Protector has found guilty of corruption and misconduct have not been reprimanded. \n \nIn the 2012/2013 financial year, the Public Protector (Thuli Madonsela) handled 37,770 cases of which 22,400 were finalised and 13,995 carried over to the current financial year. Again, Madonsela does not have the power to prosecute, punish and convict. \n\nMadonsela in March 2014  stated that the South African government takes most recommendations to heart. This action usually concerns public workers who find themselves lower in the chain of command. People with higher ranks are not always reprimanded. \n\nTina-Joemat Pettersson, former minister of Fisheries, has been found guilty of acting recklessly and improperly in the awarding of a government tender to Sekunjalo Investments for the maintenance and operation of state-owned marine patrol vessels. Madonsela's recommendation: Disciplinary action against Joemat-Pettersson, for her reckless dealing with state money and services, resulting in fruitless and wasteful expenditure, loss of confidence in the fisheries industry in South Africa, and alleged decimation of fisheries resources in South Africa. \n\nInstead, Joemat-Pettersson was promoted in May 2014 by being appointed as the national Energy Minister.\n\nJoemat-Pettersson was one of the many high-profile ANC ministers who were found guilty of corruption and misuse of money and privileges who have not been reprimanded including President Jacob Zuma. Madonsela found him guilty of benefiting improperly from the R215m spent so far on the upgrade at Nkandla. \n\nAs Paul Hoffmann stated: \"She has no power to prosecute and depends for that on other spheres of government. In order for the Public Protector to be efficient, she needs to be able to combat, investigate, prosecute and punish. If you are part of the right clique, you can do what you like. There is a strong culture of impunity in South Africa, of which the Public Protector has warned against. Madonsela said that to fight corruption one needs to promote accountability, preserve transparency and counter the culture of impunity.\"","Interview with researcher and political analyst Karin Alexander / 26 June 2014 / Garden Centre Cape Town.\n\nPublic Protector presents 2012/13 annual report to parliament, press release, October 15 2013, http://www.pprotect.org/media_gallery/2013/15102013.asp\n\nMadonsela: Govt takes most recommendations (Stephen Grootes / Eye Witness News 9 June 2014), http://ewn.co.za/2014/06/09/Madonselas-positive-review-of-Zuma\n\nDocked Vessels Report (Public Protector / 5 December 2013), http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/sites/default/files/2013/Docked%20Vessels%20-%20TJP.pdf\n\nPublic Protector lays down law (Melanie Gisling / Cape Times / 6 December 2014), http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/public-protector-lays-down-law-1.1617671#.U6GTgY2SwUc\n\nMinisters’ Nkandla call a threat to Public Protector, says DA (Paul Vecchiatto /  Business Live / 9 April 2014) \nhttp://www.bdlive.co.za/national/politics/2014/04/09/ministers-nkandla-call-a-threat-to-public-protector-says-da","The Public Protector has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption and it investigates most of the allegations. The Public Protector also exercises its own initiative to start investigation. Researcher and political analyst Karin Ale..."]
["2014_SS_13",2014,"SS","South Sudan",13,0,"In practice, the South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission (SSACC), which is the body mandated to investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption, is generally not effective. The SSACC has not established any mechanism through which it could receive any allegations from citizens.  \n\nThough the South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission is mandated to investigate corruption cases, it does not have powers to prosecute. This makes it ineffective in fighting corruption. The Southern Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009, provides that the SSACC refer investigations suggesting criminal activity to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution. Therefore, given that decisions on whether anyone suspected of corruption is prosecuted and punished if found guilty are not made by the anti-corruption body, it remains ineffective.\n\nThe commission is ineffective due, in part, to loopholes in the law. Currently, the agency asks senior civil servants and politicians on the basis of provisions in the Transitional Constitution, 2011, and the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009, to confidentially declare wealth upon taking office. However, so far there is no specified punishment for noncompliance. Also, the process is not transparent as the information declared by both senior civil servants and politicians is not available to the public. \n\nIn addition, the commission’s ineffectiveness can be attributed to its infancy. Like all other South Sudanese institutions, this agency has limited capacity to deal with corruption especially as it lacks experienced personnel to investigate complicated corruption scandals.\n\nAccording to a recent policy brief by a local think tank, The Sudd Institute, “Corruption in South Sudan happens in both small and grand scales and many of the corrupt practices take place through bogus contracts, inflated prices during procurement, political patronage, hiring unqualified tribesmen ...”   \n\nThe Sudd Institute cites several cases of corruption including a government vehicles scandal in which millions of dollars were lost. For example, there was a case in which millions of dollars were paid to contractors who did not deliver the supplies. Another case involved the alleged loss of $60 million meant to transition the SPLM into a modern political party. And, there was the alleged loss of millions of dollars meant to construct John Garang Military Academy. Despite reports that investigations were carried out by the anti-corruption commission and that several investigations were conducted, nobody has been prosecuted.","Interview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Abraham Awolich, policy analyst, The Sudd Institute, June 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nThe Sudd Institute, policy brief, Nhial Tiitmamer and Abraham Awolich, \"South Sudan’s Anti-Corruption Efforts and Poor Global Ranking,\" Jan. 17, 2014.\nhttps://radiotamazuj.org/sites/default/files/Sudd%20Institute%20Policy%20Brief%20-%20Anti-Corruption.pdf","In practice, the South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission (SSACC), which is the body mandated to investigate cases of alleged public-sector corruption, is generally not effective. The SSACC has not established any mechanism through which it could receive any allegations from citizens..."]
["2014_SD_13",2014,"SD","Sudan",13,0,"In Sudan, there's no independent body with a specific system for receiving citizens' allegations. There is no anti-corruption commission. \n\n\nReviewer's comments:\n\nAgree: In the past, a system was in place for anti-corruption by Jan. 3, 2012, when the president of Sudan directed the Ministry of Finance to select Dr. Eltyeb Abu-Ganaya, former first undersecretary of the ministry, as chief of the anti-corruption mechanism. According to the announcement, the mechanism was to operate independently, but it lacked detail. However, the anti-corruption mechanism was terminated on Feb. 14, 2013, without any cases investigated or news of what had occurred.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nReviewer's Sources:\nEl-Sahafa newspaper, \"Bashir Abu Topples Kanayet Head Of The Anti-Corruption Mechanism,\" Feb. 14, 2013.\nhttp://www.alrakoba.net/news-action-show-id-87103.htm","In Sudan, there's no independent body with a specific system for receiving citizens' allegations. There is no anti-corruption commission. ..."]
["2014_SZ_13",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",13,25,"The body exists to collect citizens' complaints, but in the absence of information on the number and nature of its investigation, it is not clear that cases reported are investigated. The Anti-Corruption Commission would not release information on the number and nature of its investigations, citing the need for security.\n\nThere is no evidence during the year under review that the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) is anything more than a way for government to give the appearance of handling corruption, but with no more practical corruption-ending results than the highway billboards that proclaim, \"Corruption Hurts Everyone.\" In other words, sources say the ACC is for show, and there is no review to do anything about corruption other than for politicians to give condemning speeches. \n\nEven if the ACC did investigate and its recommendations to the office of the director of prosecutions resulted in convictions, the body is still hamstrung by an inability to investigate the country's authorities.","Interview: Anonymous, businessman, Matsapha, 3 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview: Bernard Nkhambule, business advisor, RLH Investments, Mbabane, 3 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014\n\n\"PM Declares War on Corruption,\" Times of Swaziland, 12 November 2013. http://www.times.co.sz/news/92960-pm-declares-war-on-corruption.html\n\n\"ACC teeth bite deeper as senior army officer arrested for corruption,\" Sandile Nkambule, Swazi Observer, 14 June 2014. http://www.observer.org.sz/news/62870-acc%E2%80%99s-teeth-bite-deeper-as-senior-army-officer-arrested-for-corruption.html.","The body exists to collect citizens' complaints, but in the absence of information on the number and nature of its investigation, it is not clear that cases reported are investigated. The Anti-Corruption Commission would not release information on the number and nature of its inves..."]
["2014_TZ_13",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",13,50,"The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) receives and investigates citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption. Although there is no online form available for citizens to report allegations, it is done via PCCB offices that are available almost all over the country from districts to regional levels.\n\nCitizens are free to report allegations in person, via PCCB’s emails or other contacts. The PCCB has various operations in receiving complaints, investigating and recovering money in corruption charges and other violation of public office procedures.  The PCCB president's remark published on DailyNew August 2014 reported that there are other new unit formed at PCCB such as the Asset Tracing and Recovery and Public Expenditure Tracking Systems (PETS) that ensure that properties of all those who have illegally accumulated wealth for themselves are nationalized through court orders, and efforts in preventing corrupt practices and embezzlement of funds in development projects at district council levels.\n\nThe PCCB exercises its own initiative to start investigations and it starts to make follow-up shortly after getting the report given by the member of the public or by its own findings. It does not seek for permission anywhere to conduct investigation. Between July 2013 and June 2014, through various operations PCCB has recovered about 40bn shillings in corrupt transactions. The law enforcement institution filed 327 cases emanating from the investigations and the operations and continues to apprehend all who are engaged in illegal acts. In 2013/2014 PCCB has inspected 215 projects worth 20.594 bn/- and queries were raised against projects valued at 9.59 bn/- which have been reported at PCCB regional office for investigation.  \n\nThe PCCB has no mandate to put any suspects on trial, which  is under the office of the Director of Public Prosecution (DPP) and the police.\n\nIn the Tegata Escrow account scandal, PCCB submitted to Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda its investigation report about the multibillion-shilling Tegeta escrow account because according to its president it was the prime minister who orders for the investigation to be done. The PCCB move came just because donors had announced last month that they were suspending general budget support totaling about Sh1 trillion, pending the completion and outcome of the investigation.\n\nThe controller and auditor general (CAG) were accused of deliberately delaying the final report to prevent parliament from debating on it. The PCCB move also came as a relief for the government, which has been under pressure by the donor community to complete investigations and prosecute those responsible for the scandal.","1. Jackie Bomboma, Chairman, Strong Mothers (NGO), Morogoro-Tanzania, November 4, 2014\n\n2. THE PREVENTION AND COMBATING OF CORRUPTION ACT, http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/PREVENTION_AND_COMBATING_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_sw.pdf.\n\n3. Research paper on “GOVERNANCE INITIATIVES TO FIGHT CORRUPTION IN TANZANIA’S PUBLIC SERVICE\", by Dr. Mujwahuzi Njunwa, Associate Professor of public policy and Administration, Director, Institute of Public Administration, Mzumbe University-Tanzania, 2013/2014\nhttp://www.napsipag.org/pdf/MUJWAHUZI_NJUNWA.pdf.\n\n4.\"PCCB now included in Constitution\" by Felister Peter, 30th September 2014) http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=72697\n\n5. Revealing Tanzania Escrow Account scandal http://www.jamiiforums.com/jukwaa-la-siasa/754404-revealing-tanzanias-escrow-account-scandal-coded-message.html\n\n6. Hoseah submits escrow account probe dossier, The Citizens, November 4, 2014, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Hoseah-submits-escrow-account-probe-dossier/-/1840392/2509738/-/j1nnlv/-/index.html\n\n7. PCCB recovers 40bn/- from corrupt dealers, DailyNews, August, 26, 2014, http://www.touch.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/35285-pccb-recovers-40bn-from-corrupt-dealers 2\n\n8.  \"PCCB now included in Constitution\" by Felister Peter, 30th September 2014, IPPMedia.com.\n\nAll websites last checked on 12/04/2014.","The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) receives and investigates citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption. Although there is no online form available for citizens to report allegations, it is done via PCCB offices that are available almost all over the co..."]
["2014_TG_13",2014,"TG","Togo",13,0,"La Commission Anti-Corruption (CAC) n'est pas effective et il n'y a pas information public sur ses enquêtes. Le site de la commission est toutefois mis à jour épisodiquement (ajout d'articles ou de rapports d'ONG), et pendant la période d'etude aucun enquête a été publié par les médias.","AHOUELETÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.\n \n BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 11 juillet 2014.\n \n Site de la Commission anti-corruption: http://www.cac.tg/a juillet 2014\n \n Pasteur Edoh K.KOMI, Mouvement Martin Luther KING, 22 février 2014, «Origines et causes des violences politiques au Togo». \n http://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/files/2014/02/ORIGINES-ET-CaUSES-DES-VIOLENCES-POLITIQUES-au-TOGO.pdf.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.","La Commission Anti-Corruption (CAC) n'est pas effective et il n'y a pas information public sur ses enquêtes. Le site de la commission est toutefois mis à jour épisodiquement (ajout d'articles ou de rapports d'ONG), et pendant la période d'etude aucun enquête a été publié par les mé..."]
["2014_TN_13",2014,"TN","Tunisia",13,50,"Since its creation in 2011, the Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority has received around 10,000 cases of corruption. It has created a dedicated website (www.anticor.tn), through which it engages citizens. To date, it has examined and referred only 500 cases to the courts (5 percent of the total cases). \n\nThe large number of cases is due to the fact that the authority examines all corruption allegations, dating back to 7 Nov. 1987 (when the former president of the republic, Ben Ali, assumed power).","Interview with Ben Attia, victim of corruption (his house in Carthage was sold by force to the former president of the republic, Ben Ali, in 2004), 15 June 2014.\n\nIInstance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption website; lists cases of corruption examined, accessed on 14 June 2014.\nwww.anticor.tn \n\nArticle: La Presse, \"Corruption dans le domaine de l'enérgie,\" 15 June 2014.\nhttp://www.lapresse.tn/19062014/84274/30-affaires-devant-la-justice.html","Since its creation in 2011, the Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority has received around 10,000 cases of corruption. It has created a dedicated website (www.anticor.tn), through which it engages citizens. To date, it has examined and r..."]
["2014_UG_13",2014,"UG","Uganda",13,50,"The  Inspectorate of Government has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption. Complaints can be lodged in various ways that include the following: (i) Writing to the inspectorate by mailing through P.O. Box 1682 Kampala; (ii) Visiting any of the inspectorate offices during office hours (8:30 a.m.-5 p.m.) and making a verbal report to the officer on duty, who will then put it in writing; (iii) Making a phone call to the inspectorate office nearest to the complainant's home via the hotline (0414 347387) during office hours; (iv) Sending a fax to an inspectorate office; (v) Sending an email to complaints@igg.go.ug with details of the case and particulars; (vi) Using SMS via mobile phone by typing ‘Corrupt’ and sms to 6009. The sender answers all the follow-up questions and then is given a reference number. \n\nInvestigations commence as soon as the complaint is analysed by the investigating officers. All complaints are not the same; some require less time to investigate, while others are complex and require longer periods to resolve. The inspectorate's December 2013 report complained of limited financial and human resources. The entities being investigated and partner institutions were not providing the inspectorate with adequate support during the investigations and prosecutions. Most of the institutions take a long time to provide information requested and supportive documents, which has resulted in a lag in time to investigate and prosecute cases. The inspectorate pointed out that in the past year such institutions included the Office of Registrar General of Companies, Uganda Land Commission, Ministry of Defence, Lands Office, Solicitor General’s Office, Administrator General’s Office, Ministry of Education and Sports, Ministry of Public Service, UNEB and some universities. The inspectorate adds that there is a lot of collusion and connivance among district officials. The audit departments have not been spared, as they won’t detect or report the corrupt and this is only done when the officials disagree during the sharing of the proceeds.\n\nThe above challenges increase the time taken to start and complete investigations and prosecute cases. The inspectorate says these offices continue to keep poor records with a lot of missing important information that would otherwise make investigations easy and expeditious. The Inspectorate of Government also starts investigations out of its own initiative. According to the latest report of July-December 2013, the inspectorate prosecuted 121 cases, of which 109 were carried forward from the previous period. Three cases resulted in conviction, two resulted in acquittals, two cases were withdrawn and none abated.","Kayondo Farouk, inspectorate officer/public relations officer, Inspectorate of Government, Kampala, 21 July 2014\n\n“Report to Parliament,” Inspectorate of Government, July-December 2013; p.12-13\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/IGG_REPORT_DEC_2013_2.pdf \n\n“Uganda’s very good laws are abused – IGG,\" Fredric Musisi; 18 June 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-s-very-good-laws-are-abused-IGG/-/688342/2351940/-/ef06ckz/-/index.html\n\n“Alleged corruption, abuse and mismanagement of office by the director Parliamentary Budget Office,” Inspectorate of Government; 3 Jan. 2014\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/Alledged_Corruption_by_the_Director_Parliamentary_Budget_Office.pdf \n\n“Uganda: IGG toothless, says report,\" Edward Ssekika; 8 June 2014\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201406091012.html?viewall=1","The  Inspectorate of Government has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public-sector corruption. Complaints can be lodged in various ways that include the following: (i) Writing to the inspectorate by mailing through P.O. Box 1682 Kampala; (ii) Visiti..."]
["2014_ZM_13",2014,"ZM","Zambia",13,75,"The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) has a mechanism to receive citizen’ allegations of public-sector corruption. Citizens are free to file allegations either online, in person or by phone.\n\nThe ACC also investigate cases on its own initiative, for example, when the auditor general releases a report in which some irregularities are unearthed.\n\nHow long the ACC investigates allegations depends on the nature of the allegations and how complicated the case is. As Timothy Mono, the ACC public relations manager, said in the organisation’s first quarter media report, some cases that are more complex require additional time to investigate.\n\nSome critics, however, say it only takes three weeks for the ACC to investigate an ordinary person, while it takes longer for some top government officials.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Rae Hamoonga, assistant public relations manager, Zambia Police, Lusaka, Zambia, June 2014.\n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Zambia, Cchibanku, ACC 2014 first quarter media briefing, 8 April 2014.\nhttp://www.acc.gov.zm/?p=1037","The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) has a mechanism to receive citizen’ allegations of public-sector corruption. Citizens are free to file allegations either online, in person or by phone...."]
["2014_ZW_13",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",13,0,"The Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) mandate to investigate corruption in public and private sectors has not been instituted since the contracts of sitting commissioners expired in August 2013. The commission is not in practice an independent entity, as it is answerable to a minister and it is difficult for the body to start investigations of its own initiative.\n\nThe police have set up WhatsApp number +263 782475000 to enable the public to report cases of corruption, especially by members of the armed forces. Upon tips, a number of police officers have been apprehended and either dismissed or transferred from their stations. For example, in May 2014, 2,000 traffic cops were hit with transfers across the country — some to rural areas — in a major shake-up aimed not only at weeding corruption, but also restoring “sanity” on the country’s roads.\n\nIn May, President Mugabe extended the term of ZACC commissioners whose tenure had expired. This was, however, reversed and a fresh call for nominations was issued. Nominations were slated to close 30 Aug. 2014, and no new commissioners were appointed during the period of this study.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Zimbabwe Republic Police, 7 Aug. 2014, Harare. \nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them..\n\nNewsDay, \"2,000 cops hit with transfers,\" May 7, 2014, accessed 7 Aug. 2014.\nhttps://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/05/07/2-000-cops-hit-transfers/\n\nThe Zimbabwean, \"ZACC delays cripple corruption fight,\" 27 Feb. 2014, accessed 7 Aug. 2014\nhttp://zw.newshub.org/zacc_delays_cripple_corruption_fight_419382.html \n\nSouthern Eye, Nqobile BheBhe, \"Anti-Corruption Commission Nominations Open,\" July 28, 2014\nhttp://www.southerneye.co.zw/2014/07/28/anti-corruption-commissioner-nominations-open/\n\nThe Sunday Mail, \"Nomination of ZACC Officers in Progress,\"  31 Aug. 2014. \nhttp://www.sundaymail.co.zw/?p=13724\n\nNewsDay, \"Zimbabwe Anti Corruption Commission 'Toothless' Bulldog,\" 4  March 2014. \nhttps://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/03/04/zimbabwe-anti-corruption-commission-toothless-bulldog/","The Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) mandate to investigate corruption in public and private sectors has not been instituted since the contracts of sitting commissioners expired in August 2013. The commission is not in practice an independent entity, as it is answerable t..."]
["2014_DZ_14",2014,"DZ","Algeria",14,0,"Les nominations à des postes au sein de l'organisme, qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption, ne renforcent pas son indépendance. Les personnes nommées sont sous l'autorité du responsable de l'organisme qui est désigné soit par le Président de la République soit par le ministre des finances.\n\nAucune enquête ne peut être ouverte sur une affaire de corruption impliquant un haut fonctionnaire ou une personnalité politique sans que la présidence ne donne expressément son consentement.","HALIM Feddal, secrétaire adjoint, Association Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption (ANLC), interview par téléphone, 1er septembre 2014.\n\nIMAD-EDDINE Annane, Mon Journal, 11 septembre 2013, «Bouteflika met les services stratégiques sous sa coupe, y compris les enquêtes sur les dossiers de corruption : pilotage automatique pour 2014 !» \nHTTP://MONJOURNALDZ.COM/FR/INDEX.PHP/ACTUALIT%C3%A9/4219-BOUTEFLIKA-MET-LES-SERVICES-STRAT%C3%A9GIQUES-SOUS-SA-COUPE,-Y-COMPRIS-LES-ENQU%C3%AATES-SUR-LES-DOSSIERS-DE-CORRUPTION-PILOTAGE-AUTOMATIQUE-POUR-2014.HTML\n\nHAMMADI Riyad, Mon Jounal, 4 mai 2014, «Initiées par le DRS : Gaïd Salah charge la gendarmerie de reprendre les enquêtes sur la corruption». \nHTTP://MONJOURNALDZ.COM/FR/INDEX.PHP/ACTUALIT%C3%A9/4219-BOUTEFLIKA-MET-LES-SERVICES-STRAT%C3%A9GIQUES-SOUS-SA-COUPE,-Y-COMPRIS-LES-ENQU%C3%AATES-SUR-LES-DOSSIERS-DE-CORRUPTION-PILOTAGE-AUTOMATIQUE-POUR-2014.HTML\n\nY. C, Algerienews, 23 octobre 2013, «Lutte contre la corruption : L’ONPLC recrute en attendant mieux.» http://www.algerienews.info/en-bref-1274/","Les nominations à des postes au sein de l'organisme, qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption, ne renforcent pas son indépendance. Les personnes nommées sont sous l'autorité du responsable de l'organisme qui est désigné soit par le Président de la République soit par le minist..."]
["2014_AO_14",2014,"AO","Angola",14,0,"In the absence of the creation of an independent anti-corruption body as mandated by the 1996 law, the attorney general and the ombudsman perform such functions. According to Article 119 (j) of the constitution, both the attorney general and his deputies are nominated and exonerated by the president of the republic. According to Article 163 of the Constitution, the Office of the Ombudsman is elected by the National Assembly. But the National Assembly is controlled by the ruling party, MPLA, which has been in power since 1975. \n\nGiven this constitutional setup, the independence of these bodies is highly compromised. Appointments for both the Office of the Ombudsman and the Office of the Attorney General are political and under the control of the president of the republic. Appointments for both the Office of the Ombudsman and the Office of the Attorney General are therefore based on political loyalty as a first and paramount criterion. \n\nThe Supreme Judicial Council of the Public Prosecutor’s Office shall be responsible for the assessment, appointment, placing, transfer and promotion of public prosecutors and for any disciplinary measures. The Attorney General heads the (SJCPPO).","Phone interview with international human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014 \n\nIn person interview, academic, Lisbon, July 4, 2014. \n\nRafael Marques de Morais, journalist and human rights activist, Maka Angola, email interview, July 18, 2014\n\nAngolan Constitution\nhttp://www.governo.gov.ao/Arquivos/Constituicao_da_Republica_de_Angola.pdf\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","In the absence of the creation of an independent anti-corruption body as mandated by the 1996 law, the attorney general and the ombudsman perform such functions. According to Article 119 (j) of the constitution, both the attorney general and his deputies are nominated and exonerate..."]
["2014_BJ_14",2014,"BJ","Benin",14,100,"Les membres de l'ANLC sont désignés par plusieurs institutions dont le gouvernement, la société civile, la police, la justice, l'association des sociologues, etc. Pour être nommé, il faut justifier d'une expérience professionnelle d'au moins 15 ans dans son domaine d'intervention. Dans la nomination des membres actuels, le mérite a été pris en compte puisqu'aucun membre n'a été contesté. La page internet de l'ANLC dédié à la présentation des membres illustre bien que les mebres de l'ANLC ont tous été nommés selon le mérite. \n\nLes nominations des membres ont été effectuées dans le respect des statuts et règlements. Le président est élu par ses pairs qui eux aussi sont désignés par plusieurs corporations. Il n'existe aucun conflit d'intérêt connu entre les membres de l'ANLC et les branches de l'État. Selon l'article 8 de la loi anti-corruption, les membres prêtent serment devant la Cour Suprême et sont jugés et punis en cas de parjure d'une peine allant de 1 à 5 ans et d'une amende de 1 à 5 millions de FCFA.\nDe plus, les confrontations entre les plaignants et l’accusé (quel qu'il soit) sont souvent organisées en toute quiétude par l’ANLC. \n\nLes membres de l'ANLC sont irrévocables et jouissent d'un mandat de 3 ans renouvellable une fois. \n\nLes 13 membres de l'ANLC sont désignés par divers corps professionnels dont trois par le gouvernement. L'ANLC est composée des 13 membres suivants :\n- Un inspecteur d’État désigné par l’Inspection Générale d’État;\n- Un communicateur désigné par la  Haute Autorité de l'Audiovisuel et de la Communication (HAAC);\n- Un sociologue désigné dans le corps professoral universitaire par ses pairs;\n- Un inspecteur des banques désigné par l’association des professionnels de banques et établissements financiers;\n- Un magistrat ayant au moins quinze ans d’ancienneté désigné par ses pairs;\n- Un expert comptable désigné par ses pairs de l’Ordre national des comptables;\n- Un administrateur des impôts désigné par l’exécutif;\n- Un inspecteur des douanes désigné par l’exécutif;\n- Un spécialiste en passation de marché public désigné par l’exécutif;\n- Deux officiers de police judiciaire : un agent de la gendarmerie et un agent de la police;\n- Un représentant du patronat désigné par ses pairs;\n- Un représentant de la société civile intervenant dans la lutte contre la corruption;","Etienne Badou, Cadre administratif, Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption, Porto Novo, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\nSite de l'ANLC - Présentation des membres. http://www.anlc.bj/conseillers-de-lanlc/\n\n24h au Bénin, 16 janvier 2014. « Vœux de l’Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption aux professionnels des médias.» http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article3177\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 09 avril 2014. « Mise en œuvre du projet Prévention et lutte contre la corruption au Bénin : Les membres de l’ANLC s’approprient le contenu de la loi 2011-20.» http://news.acotonou.com/h/21231.html\n\nTobi Ahlonsou, La Presse du Jour, 4 décembre 2013. « Pour avoir sevré l’autorité de la lutte contre la corruption dans le budget 2014 : Eric Houndété met la pression à Yayi.» http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=30159\n\n24 heures au Bénin , 7 mars 2014. « La Soneb et le Fonac se justifient devant l’Anlc pour une affaire de malversation». http://fr.africatime.com/benin/articles/la-soneb-et-le-fonac-se-justifient-devant-lanlc-pour-une-affaire-de-malversation","Les membres de l'ANLC sont désignés par plusieurs institutions dont le gouvernement, la société civile, la police, la justice, l'association des sociologues, etc. Pour être nommé, il faut justifier d'une expérience professionnelle d'au moins 15 ans dans son domaine d'intervention. ..."]
["2014_BW_14",2014,"BW","Botswana",14,0,"The head of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) reports directly to the Office of the President, who appoints him/her. Therefore, the head's independence has always been questioned. The candidates are never subjected to public hearings before appointment. \n\nThe secrecy under which some of the appointments have been made has led to suspicion that the heads are political appointees and, by extension, serve the interests of the appointing authority instead of the public. The Office of the President has the power to remove or discipline the head of the DCEC. \n\nHowever, the president only makes senior appointments to the DCEC; lower-ranking officials are hired through a merit-based system.","Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Ejikeme Nonso Alo,\nDepartment of Political Science, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, \"INDEPENDENT COMMISSIONS IN ANTI-CORRUPTION FIGHTS: THE NIGERIA, UGANDA AND BOTSWANA EXAMPLES, 2000-2007,\" Volume 16, No.2, 2014.\nhttp://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol16No2-Spring2014B/PDF/Independent%20Commissions%20in%20Anti.pdf\n\n\nInterview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone.\n      \nSunday Standard, \"DCEC on the back-foot on allegations against DIS boss,\" 10 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=18431&GroupID=1\n\nSunday Standard, \"Ground breaking case may solve the DCEC whodunit,\" 15 June 2014.\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=20283&GroupID=1","The head of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) reports directly to the Office of the President, who appoints him/her. Therefore, the head's independence has always been questioned. The candidates are never subjected to public hearings before appointment. ..."]
["2014_BF_14",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",14,50,"Il y a un problème dans le choix des magistrats et autres contrôleurs de l'ASCE car les personnes choisies ne sont pas à l'abri des conflits d'intérêt. Les personnes interrogées sur l'ASCE sont de cet avis. \n\nPour Me KABORE, le principe même de la nomination pose problème car même s'ils sont méritants, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'ils sont assujettis à l'exécutif qui les a nommés et ils ne sont donc pas à l'abri des conflits d'intérêts. \n\nTout en admettant qu'il n'a jamais vu de cas de révocation ou de sanction de contrôleurs, le journaliste d’investigations Boukari OUOBA reconnaît néanmoins qu'il y a des contrôleurs politiquement acquis car ayant été «nommés plus pour leur bord politique que leur valeur intrinsèque.» En résumé, il est difficile d'affirmer à 100% que l'indépendance de l'ASCE est garantie par le mode de nomination des membres.","SAKO Idrissa, substitut du procureur, près le tribunal de grande instance de Tenkodogo, Tenkodogo, Burkina Faso, 26 Juillet 2014. \n\nKABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014.\n\nOUOBA Boukari, journaliste d’investigations, reporter, journal Mutations, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 19 juin 2014.","Il y a un problème dans le choix des magistrats et autres contrôleurs de l'ASCE car les personnes choisies ne sont pas à l'abri des conflits d'intérêt. Les personnes interrogées sur l'ASCE sont de cet avis. ..."]
["2014_BI_14",2014,"BI","Burundi",14,0,"Selon les articles 7, 8 et 14 de la loi l'instituant, la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) est dirigée par un commissaire général et un commissaire général adjoint nommés par décret sur proposition du ministère de tutelle et assistés par des officiers de police judiciaire nommés sur ordonnance ministérielle. \n\nComme au sein de toutes les institutions du Burundi, les nominations au sein de la BSAC ne suivent pas un système de mérite, du moment où l'esprit partisan a envahi dans tous les domaines de la vie nationale. \n\nSelon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, malgré sa position stratégique, les nominations au sein de la BSAC n'échappent pas à la règle générale selon laquelle les nomminations aux postes de responsabilité se font selon l'appartenance au parti au pouvoir et ne suivent pas un système fondé sur le mérite au Burundi.  \n\nToutes les nominations au sein du BSAC sont faites par l’exécutif. Les personnes interrogées estiment que ces nominations ne sont pas fondées sur le mérite, quelque soit le domaine. \n\nLes cadres du BSAC ne sont pas nommés pour un mandat; ils peuvent être changés à tout moment car ils sont nommés par ordonnance ministérielle et donc révocable selon la volonté du ministre de tutelle. \n\nEn sommes ces nominations ne renforcent pas l'indépendance de l'institution car elles sont faites directement par l'exécutif.","SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nNKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014 .\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.","Selon les articles 7, 8 et 14 de la loi l'instituant, la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) est dirigée par un commissaire général et un commissaire général adjoint nommés par décret sur proposition du ministère de tutelle et assistés par des officiers de police judiciaire nom..."]
["2014_CM_14",2014,"CM","Cameroon",14,0,"Les nominations et les recrutements à la CONAC n’obéissent pas à un critère préétabli. Seuls les critères professionnels sont montrés au moment du recrutement. Certaines des informations liées au recrutement circulent, cependant sans établir de critères de mérite particuliers.\n\nQuant aux nominations, elles procèdent du pouvoir discrétionnaire des différents responsables en charge de la gestion de cette structure et de la Présidence de la République qui nomme des hauts responsables sur la base de certains critères, de manière discrétionaire. Aucun responsable en charge des nominations ne dit sur quelle base il procède à celles-ci.","KOUM Joly, cadre à la Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption du Cameroun, 14 juillet 2014; \n\nTOMNÉ Shanda, président de la Commission Indépendante contre la Corruption et la Discrimination (COMICODI), intérrogé par téléphone depuis Yaoundé, 18 juin 2014.   \n\nTASSÉ Pierre, Coordonnateur national de l’ONG Journaliste en Action pour le Développement en Afrique (JADE-Cameroun) travaillant sur les questions de corruption, 14 juillet 2014","Les nominations et les recrutements à la CONAC n’obéissent pas à un critère préétabli. Seuls les critères professionnels sont montrés au moment du recrutement. Certaines des informations liées au recrutement circulent, cependant sans établir de critères de mérite particuliers...."]
["2014_CV_14",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",14,50,"Although the attorney general is guided by the principles of neutrality and legality, he is appointed by government politicians and the appointment is actually executed by the president. The appointment comes after the head of state has heard various political actors, including the chairmen of the opposition parties.  \n\nThe politicians may have an indirect influence on the position, which renders the position less independent than ideally observed for a position that is in charge of prosecuting corruption cases involving high-level government officials. President Jorge Carlos Fonseca has said he supports the nomination of Óscar Tavares to serve as the new attorney general. \n\nThe Supreme Council of the Public Ministry is the organ to manage and discipline  prosecutors, with the exception of the attorney general. The Superior Council of the Public Ministry (SCPM) considers professional merit to appoint, assign, transfer and promote prosecutors. \n\nOn the recommendation of the government, the presidnet of the republic appoints the Attorney General. There are no known previous cases where a president has refused the to appoint a candidate recommmended for appointment. There have always been a consensus for the candidate chosen for appointment as the AG. The nominee is selected based on merit as stated in the organic Law of the Public Ministry 89 / VII / 2011, Article nº 21, nº 2.  The law requires that the nominees must have been a prosecutor or a judge or public official.  \n\nAttorney General is appointed for a five-year term, renewable and can be removed only on the following circumstances:\na) death, permanent and inhibitive physical or mental incapacity;\nb) resigns in writing;\nc) Dismissal or compulsory retirement as a result of disciplinary or criminal proceedings;\nd) taking up of office or exercise activity incompatible with the performance of their duties, under the Constitution or the law.\nThis means that neither the Government or the President can arbitrarily remove the Attorney General of the Republic.\n\nThe Attorney General is appointed on the basis of merit and with  the consensus reached between the president of the republic and the government. Morever, the current government is not only make of the president's political party but a coalition of government of the ruling party and the opposition, thus making the vetting system for a consensus for the appointment of the AG more merit based.","1. Expresso das Ilhas online, 24-04-2014, \"Oscar Tavares appointed the new General Prosecutor of the Republic,\" http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/politica/item/41944-oscar-tavares-nomeado-como-novo-procurador-geral-da-republica.\n\n2. Interview with Redy Wilson Lima, sociologist, University Professor of Institute of Law and Social Sciences, 15-02-2014, Praia.\n\n3. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal County, 02-08-2014, Praia.\n\n4. \" Trade Union Association of Magistrates of Cape Verde (ASMCV) calls Superior Council of the Public Ministry (CSMP) to annul decision 'unconstitutional' Judges and Prosecutors on the verge of strike,\" October 28, 2013, http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article93119.","Although the attorney general is guided by the principles of neutrality and legality, he is appointed by government politicians and the appointment is actually executed by the president. The appointment comes after the head of state has heard various political actors, including the..."]
["2014_CF_14",2014,"CF","CAR",14,0,"Etant donné que l'organe spécial ou indépendant de lutte contre la corruption est inexistant, par conséquent, il est n'est pas judicieux de parler de  quelconque nomination ou de l'indépendance de ce dernier.\n\nPar contre, un Comité national de lutte contre la corruption a été mis en place  par le décret N° 08.133 du 31 mars 2008.  Ce dernier est composé de membres du secteur public, privé, de la société civile et d'un expert du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD). Le mode de désignation n'est pas totalement basé sur les critères de mérite. En plus, certains membres désignés connaissent des conflits d'intérêts (lien politique, familial ou amical).  Ce Comité est rattaché à la primature. Autrement dit, il dépend fortement du Premier Ministre. Ce qui limite son pouvoir d'initiative. Il ne prononce pas de sanctions à l'endroit des auteurs de la corruption.\n\nIl convient de signaler qu'aucun mécanisme de sanction des membres n'est prévu. D'ailleurs, aucun de ces membres n'a jamais été sanctionné depuis que le Comité existe, sauf un expert qui est parti après l'expiration de son contrat. \n\nEn termes d'impact, on peut noter selon le rapport du 19 et 20 septembre 2012  relatif aux assises nationales de validation de document de lutte contre la corruption que :\n-le Comité national de lutte contre la corruption a obtenu le principe de la déclaration des patrimoines des membres du gouvernement et des hauts responsables de l’administration publique ;\n-le Comité national de lutte contre la corruption a élaboré la stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption et a proposé un plan d’actions qui est soumis à la validation par tous les acteurs de lutte contre la corruption.","KOYASSAMBIA Jean-Batiste, Conseiller national (Député), ex expert du PNUD en matière de bonne gouvernance et du Comité national de lutte contre la corruption en RCA, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, ex expert des Nations Unies en matière des Droits de l'Homme à Goma (RDC), Conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'observatoire des élections, coordonnateurs adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme en RCA, interview du 21juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à l'université de Bangui, interview du 21juin 2014, Bangui","Etant donné que l'organe spécial ou indépendant de lutte contre la corruption est inexistant, par conséquent, il est n'est pas judicieux de parler de  quelconque nomination ou de l'indépendance de ce dernier...."]
["2014_TD_14",2014,"TD","Chad",14,0,"Il n'existe pas un corps spécifique, indépendant, pour recevoir et enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public au Tchad.  Par conséquent l'on ne saurait parler d'une quelconque nomination au sein d'une telle structure.\n\nLe juriste fondamentaliste Fenamou Daram affirme que «le ministère de l'assainissement public et de la bonne gouvernance qui est en réalité une institution politique du gouvernement et les nominations sont politiques.»\n\nMême son de cloche du coté de parlementaire Abdoulaye CHOUA:« à mon avis, il n'y a pas un corps indépendant ou une institution chargée d'enquêter sur la corruption dans le secteur public. Le ministère de l'assainissement et de la bonne gouvernance est une institution politique et rattachée à l'exécutif. les nomination sont décidés en Conseil des ministres».\n\nLe directeur de la législature du ministère de la justice et des Droits de l'Homme, Bégoto MIANROM a confirmé ce constat.","FINAMOU Daram, juriste fondamentaliste, enseignant à l'université EMI-Koussi, entretien par téléphone, 27 juillet 2014 .\n\nCHOUA Abdoulaye, parlementaire, Assemblée nationale, 27 juillet 2014.\n\nMIAROM Begoto, directeur de la législature au ministère de la justice et des Droits de l'Homme, par téléphone, 26 juillet 2014.","Il n'existe pas un corps spécifique, indépendant, pour recevoir et enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public au Tchad.  Par conséquent l'on ne saurait parler d'une quelconque nomination au sein d'une telle structure...."]
["2014_KM_14",2014,"KM","Comoros",14,75,"L'institution de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC)  date de 2012. \n\nSelon un membre de la CNPLC, « les nominations suivent un système fondé sur le mérite car elles sont encadrées par la loi organique portant création de la CNPLC. Il n’y a pas de cas de conflits d’intérêt de quelque sorte que ce soit dans la nomination des commissaires actuelles ». Selon l'article 8 de la loi la créant,  «la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) est composée de sept personnalités qualifiées dans le domaine juridique, financier, économique, médiatique, titulaires au moins d’un diplôme de maîtrise, reconnues pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur impartialité, leur sens patriotique. Les membres de la Commission sont nommés par décret du Président de l’Union et choisies à raison de : 2 représentants du Président de la République ; 1 représentant de l’Assemblée de l’Union. 1 représentant du ministère des finances de l’Union. 1 représentant du ministère de la justice de l’Union 1 représentant des organisations professionnelles du secteur privé. 1 magistrat représentant le corps judiciaire». \n\nDe l'avis d'un journaliste qui est en même temps membre d'une ONG, les nominations des 7 commissaires anti-corruption ont suivi un système fondé sur le mérite car tous les membres sont titulaires de diplômes de haut-niveau en droit, en économie ou en gestion. \n\nEnfin, selon un autre membre de la CNPLC, la nomination suit un rituel très strict qui contribue au renforcement de l’indépendance de l’organe : les membres de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption prêtent serment au palais de justice de Moroni, devant Son Eminence le Grand Moufti (la plus haute autorité religieuse du pays), les membres du gouvernement, de la Cour constitutionnelle, du cabinet présidentiel, des membres du corps diplomatique, des magistrats et auxiliaires de justice et d'autres hautes personnalités du pays. Les membres de la commission doivent, la main droite posée sur le livre du Coran, répéter l’un après l’autre la formule suivante prévue par la l'article 9 de la loi du 25 juillet 2008 : « Je jure devant Dieu le miséricordieux, de remplir dignement et loyalement ma mission, de préserver le secret des faits et des actes dont j’aurais eu connaissance, de veiller au respect strict dû à la justice et aux institutions de la République ». \n\nLa loi N°08-013 du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores) ne prévoit pas que les Commissaires nommés à la  Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC) doivent obtenir un quelconque quitus, ni que ces commissaires soient choisis par les corps dont ils relèvent.\n\nDans la pratique, il s’agit d’un choix personnel du Président qui doit juste se conformer aux prescriptions légales, à savoir :\n\n1) choisir des personnalités « qualifiées dans le domaine juridique, financier, économique, médiatique, titulaires au moins d’un diplôme de maîtrise, reconnues pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur impartialité, leur sens patriotique »\n\n2) faire en sorte que les 07 commissaires nommés soient ainsi répartis : 2 représentants du Président de la République ; 1 représentant de l’Assemblée de l’Union. 1 représentant du Ministère des Finances de l’Union. 1 représentant du ministère de la Justice de l’Union 1 représentant des organisations professionnelles du secteur privé, 1 magistrat représentant le corps judiciaire.\n\nDepuis son institution, la question de mesures disciplinaires à l'encontre d'un commissaire (sanction, révocation) ne s'est pas encore posée. Cependant, il faut rappeller que selon l'article 9 de la loi qui l'a instituée, «il ne peut être mis fin aux fonctions des dirigeants de la CNPLC avant l’expiration de leur mandat qu’en cas de décision de révocation prise à l’issue de plaintes ou dénonciations déposées et avérées sur l’incapacité ou le comportement indigne ou inapproprié en vertu d’une recommandation d’une commission d’enquête parlementaire contre la corruption délibérant à la majorité de ses membres et présentant un caractère de gravité suffisante».","ADAM Zoifir, commissaire, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), 09 juillet 2014.\n\nAMROINE Mouzaoui, commissaire, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), Moroni, 9 juillet 2014.\n\nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.","L'institution de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC)  date de 2012. ..."]
["2014_CD_14",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",14,0,"Au Congo, force est de constater que la nomination à la tête de l'organe de lutte contre la corruption ne contribue pas à renforcer l'indépendance de cet organe.  L'actuel président de la  Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude Lamir Nguélé a été nommé par le Président de la République en mars 2013. Les différents interviews menées démontrent souvent que les nominations au sein du bureau directeur de la commission ainsi que des membres de la commission sont source de dépendants vis-avis de l'executif. \n\nSelon l'article 3 de la loi portant sa création, «la commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude comprend seize membres. Elle est composée ainsi qu'il suit:\nUn président: une personnalité nommée par le Président de la République;\nUn vice- président: une personnalité nommée par le Président de la République;\nUn secrétaire permanent: le conseiller juridique du Chef de l'Etat;\n\nMembres:\nun représentant du cabinet du Chef de l'Etat;\nun représentant du cabinet du Premier ministre;\nun représentant du ministère de la justice;\nun représentant du ministère de l'économie ou des finances;\nun représentant du ministère de la fonction publique ou de la réforme de l'Etat;\nun représentant du ministère de la sécurité, issu de la police judiciaire;\nun représentant du ministère des hydrocarbures;\nun représentant du ministère des mines;\nun représentant du ministère de l'économie forestière;\nun représentant du ministère du commerce;\nun représentant de l'inspection générale d'Etat;\nun représentant du haut commissariat à l'instruction civique et à l'éducation morale;\nun représentant du programme national de gouvernance.»\n\nArticle 4 : «Les membres de la commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude sont nommés par décret du Président de la République sur proposition de leur administration ou organisme.»","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 05 septembre 2014.\n\nCHIRAC Ngangoue, cadre à la direction générale des impots, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Mikalou (Brazzaville), 04 septembre 2014.","Au Congo, force est de constater que la nomination à la tête de l'organe de lutte contre la corruption ne contribue pas à renforcer l'indépendance de cet organe.  L'actuel président de la  Commission nationale de lutte contre la corruption, la concussion et la fraude Lamir Nguélé a..."]
["2014_CG_14",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",14,0,"There is no specific institution mandated to receive and investigate public sector corruption in the sense of an anticorruption commission. The Authority for Regulation of Public Procurement (ARMP) deals only with cases from public procurement and not the public sector in general. The basic aim of ARMP is not to receive complaints and investigate cases of corruption but rather to ensure that the bidding process is done properly. So the ARMP cannot be perceived as a specialized institution receiving and investigating cases of alleged corruption as one would expect the anticorruption commission to do.  \n\nHowever, members of the ARMP and of the Monitoring Office for Professional Ethics (OPED) are recruited on a merit-based system. This is done according to well-defined criteria and job descriptions. During the period of this study, there were no cases of illegal transfer of staff from these institutions. There also was no case of conflict of interest.","1. (Phone Interview), journalist At Rtga World Television Clarisse Ekoko, Phone: +243815039753, July 20, 2014. \n2. (Face To Face Interview) President Of The Drc Anticorruption League Ernest Pararo, Phone: +243816049837, July 15, 2014. \n4. (Face To Face Interview), National Coordinator Of The New Citizenship Programme Frank Fikirini, Phone: +243813332270, July 4, 2014.","There is no specific institution mandated to receive and investigate public sector corruption in the sense of an anticorruption commission. The Authority for Regulation of Public Procurement (ARMP) deals only with cases from public procurement and not the public sector in general. ..."]
["2014_CI_14",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",14,0,"En ce qui concerne la nomination du patron de la Brigarde de Lutte contre la Corruption, elle s'est opérée par décret présidentiel sur proposition du ministre de l'intérieur et de la sécurité. Dans la pratique, c'est ce dernier qui choisit les hommes avec lesquels il doit travailler. Quant à la Haute autorité de lutte contre la corruption dont les membres viennent de prêter serment pour un mandat de 3 ans, ils ont eux aussi été nommés. Ces personnes ne connaissent pas de conflit d'intérêt. Si révocation il doit y avoir, elle interviendra par la décision du Chef de l'Etat qui les a nommées. \n \n Toutefois, ce sont les résultats réalisés par cette brigade qui peuvent prouver son indépendance ou non. A ce jour, l'on n'a pas connaissance de la révocation d'aucun membre de cette brigade dirigée par le commandant Tuo Fozié. Lequel est un membre des ex-forces nouvelles, auteurs de la rébellion en Côte d'Ivoire.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n ROMBERT Guei Bombet, président du parti politique La Renaissance, Abidjan, 24 août 2014. \n \n KEITA Moussa, juriste à Abidjan, 17 juillet 2014.","En ce qui concerne la nomination du patron de la Brigarde de Lutte contre la Corruption, elle s'est opérée par décret présidentiel sur proposition du ministre de l'intérieur et de la sécurité. Dans la pratique, c'est ce dernier qui choisit les hommes avec lesquels il doit travaille..."]
["2014_DJ_14",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",14,0,"L'autonomie des membres de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption est limitée, selon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche. \n\nTrois membres de cette commission interrogés dans le cadre de cette recherche ont estimé que par rapport aux disposistions existantes, ils ne peuvent être autonomes et puisque certains membres sont des élus et des fonctionnaires, des conflits d'intérêt existent. \n\nSelon Ilyas Mohamed, enseignant chercheur en droit public à l'université de Djibouti, la composition ne renforce pas l'indépendance de l'organe car certains d'entre eux ont des fonctions au sein de l'administration publique. Ces derniers sont fonctionnaires de l'Etat et ne pourraient remettre en cause un responsable politique comme un ministre.\n\nSelon l'article 13 de la loi portant création de la commission, ses 9 membres «sont nommés par décret du Président de la République. Les membres y compris le président sont nommés pour une période de 4 années non renouvelable.» Selon l'article 14, «les membres sont issus pour part égale : de l'administration publique, du secteur privé et de la société civile, et des élus. Les membres doivent être en majorité des administrateurs, des juristes, économistes et des comptables d'expérience.» Et selon l'article 15, «il ne peut être mis fin aux fonctions des membres avant l'expiration de leur mandat qu'en cas de faute grave ou de comportement indigne, dûment constaté par la majorité des membres qui dresse un procès verbal. Le procès verbal est transmis au Président de la République qui peut à son tour faire diligenter une enquête. Si l'enquête confirme les faits incriminés, l'intéressé est suspendu et la procédure de révocation enclenchée.»","KALSOUMA Ahmed, membre de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption, 3 juillet 2014\n\nMOHAMED Ahmed Hassan, membre de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption, 3 juillet 2014.\n\nRAYALEH Habdourahman Hassan, vice président de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption, 3 juillet 2014.\n\nILYAS Mohamed, enseignant chercheur en droit public à l'université de Djibouti, 3 juillet 2014.","L'autonomie des membres de la Commission Nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Corruption est limitée, selon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche. ..."]
["2014_EG_14",2014,"EG","Egypt",14,50,"Despite the changes in government in recent years, the Illicit Gains Authority (IGA), Money Laundering Combating Unit, Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA), and the Administrative Control Authority remain free of interference via appointment. Neither the institutions nor the CAO have been tampered with, and the administrations of presidents Adly Mansour and Sisi took no action to remove any figures from these offices during the reporting period. Nor were there unexpected political appointments.\n\nThe current regime of President Sissi largely rules by decree. While this is a political appointment, , Genina, the head of the CAO has been effective and no concrete evidence of political influence in the exercise of duties in the CAO has been established. However, the head of the CAO is arbitrarily chosen by the president of the republic and can be removed at any time on the discretion of the president of the republic.","Interview, Osama Habashy, (Civil Servant) Writers Union of Egypt, July 18, 2014.\n\nAhram Online Feb 18, 2014 \"Travel ban for former Al-Ahram officials under corruption investigation\" english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/94600/Egypt/Politics-/Travel-ban-for-former-AlAhram-officials-under-corr.aspx.\n\nDaily News Egypt, March 5, 2014, Sara Aggour, \"CAO seizes Medical Syndicate’s accounting documents\"\nhttp://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/03/05/cao-seizes-medical-syndicates-accounting-documents/.\n\nAl Ahram  March 14, 2014 \"There is no real financial supervision on ministry of interior: Egypt's top auditor\"\nhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/96996/Egypt/Politics-/There-is-no-real-financial-supervision-on-ministry.aspx.\n\nTrial of Egypt auditing agency chief adjourned to May 22, May 19, 2014, http://www.turkishpress.com/news/406872/.","Despite the changes in government in recent years, the Illicit Gains Authority (IGA), Money Laundering Combating Unit, Administrative Prosecution Authority (APA), and the Administrative Control Authority remain free of interference via appointment. Neither the institutions nor the ..."]
["2014_GQ_14",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",14,0,"There is no peer panel overseeing the removal of government officials following due process; rather, removals are due to a political decision. No merit-based system in place within the administration. The Attorney General Office continues to operate without a regulatory framework.\n\nAdditionally, Article 22 of the Public Ethics Law grants authority to the president to appoint the seven members of the Public Ethics Commission without parliamentary oversight. According to the sources interviewed and a searched online, the commission has never been established, and since its creation in 2004, there have not been any appointments.\n\nArticle 32 of the Law No. 2/2005 (May 9, 2005), “Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado”. Título II (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”), capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”) establishes that the President will designate the head of the Fiscalia (the Anti-Corruption Office) and its adjuncts without any parliamentary oversight. The law does not provide a time limit to their post and does not clarify the process for their removal. In practice the President can arbitrarily appoint and remove all government officials, this is common practice at the higher level.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews Article: Equatorial Guinea Office of Press and Information, \"Meeting of the Attorney General and the staff of the Public Prosecutor\" (\"Encuentro del Fiscal General y el personal del Ministerio Fiscal\"), May 26 2014.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5214 \n\nLaw: Fundamental Law, Chapter 5 of the Judicial Power, General Provisions, Article 100, first and second paragraphs, 2012.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary Compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: The Economist, Political Forecast: Equatorial Guinea, \"President Appoints 50 Advisers,\" April 11, 2014.\nhttp://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1911717775&Country=Equatorial%20Guinea&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Political+stability&u=1&pid=601767044&oid=601767044&uid=1\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 2/2005, Capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”), Articles 31–36 (\"Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado”), Título II (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”), 2005. Article 32. https://www.dropbox.com/s/mqq4vp77goruq9v/2.05Ley%20de%20Funcionarios%20Civiles%20del%20Estado%202005.pdf?dl=0","There is no peer panel overseeing the removal of government officials following due process; rather, removals are due to a political decision. No merit-based system in place within the administration. The Attorney General Office continues to operate without a regulatory framework...."]
["2014_ER_14",2014,"ER","Eritrea",14,0,"There is a Special Court to adjudicte corruption cases, but it is not independent. Usually, investigations are done either by the Ministry of Defense, national security forces, police forces or a special task force appointed by the president of the republic. The task force comes into play for special public-sector corruption cases; for example, there was a task force to investigate corruption in the port authorities. \n\nThe president appoints judges of the Special Court, and the court reports to the Ministry of Defense. All the judges are former veteran fighters who have high military ranks ranging from colonels to brigadier generals and are loyalists of the head of the state.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 24, 2014\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There is a Special Court to adjudicte corruption cases, but it is not independent. Usually, investigations are done either by the Ministry of Defense, national security forces, police forces or a special task force appointed by the president of the republic. The task force comes in..."]
["2014_ET_14",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",14,25,"The director of the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission (FEACC) as well as his deputy are appointed by and report to the prime minister, which creates a subordinate relationship with the executive. These positions have political connections, and therefore the ruling party does not want them to be strictly independent. To keep some level of control over the commission's functions, political measures, including the investigation of political figures as well as other party loyalists, take preference over merit in the appointment of top officials of the commission.\n\nOther employees of the commission, including investigators and public prosecutors, are selected after thorough background checks on their moral standing as well as their political affilaitions. Even though all employees are not members of the ruling party, their loyalty to opposition parties is ascertained to make sure they are not sympathisers.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, director of a civil society organisation, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, international media correspondent based in Ethiopia, 9 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\n\nSkype interview with source who requested anonymity, lecturer, Addis Ababa University School of Law, 3 July 2014.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The director of the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission (FEACC) as well as his deputy are appointed by and report to the prime minister, which creates a subordinate relationship with the executive. These positions have political connections, and therefore the ruling party..."]
["2014_GA_14",2014,"GA","Gabon",14,25,"Le président de la commision est nommé par le Chef de l'État; les deux vice-présidents (un magistrat et un non-magistrat) sont élus au bulletin secret par leurs pairs de la CNLCEI constitués pour la circonstance en collège électoral. \n\nCependant, les personnes interrogées estiment que le fait que certaines membres de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et l'Enrichissement Illicite (CNLCEI) soient nommés directement par le Président de la République, le Premier ministre et le président du Sénat pose déjà un problème de conflits d'intérêts; 7 personnes sur les 10 membres de la CNLCEI sont nommées par des politiques. Malgré ce que dit la loi, les nomminations au sein de la CNLCEI n'obeissent à aucun critère, car elles relèvent de la discretion du Chef de l'État.\n\nSelon la loi portant sa création (article 6), la commission est composée de 10 membres, dont «quatre magistrats hors hiérarchie désignés par le Président de la République parmi les magistrats des groupes 6 et 7» et 6 membres non magistrats «choisis parmi les personnalités ayant exercé des hautes fonctions et responsabilités dans le secteur public ou privé et connues pour leur probité et leur intégrité morale. Ils sont désignés comme suit: \n- un membre désigné par le Premier ministre, chef du gouvernement; \n- un membre désigné par le président du Sénat; \n- un membre désigné par le président de l’Assemblée nationale; \n- un membre désigné par l’ordre des avocats parmi les avocats inscrits au barreau national; \n- un membre désigné par l’association des établissements de crédit; \n- un membre représentant les associations et les organisations non gouvernementales dont l’objet associatif est la lutte contre la corruption et l’enrichissement illicite.»","KUIDJEU Adelaide, opératrice économique, présidente directrice générale du KA consulting and services, entretien par téléphone, 02 janvier 2014.\n\nMVASSI Anselme, membre du PDG, entretien par téléphone, 02 janvier 2014.\n\nGabon Review, 10 juillet 2013, «CNLCEI : Dieudonné Ondounga Awassi, nouveau president.» http://gabonreview.com/blog/cnlcei-dieudonne-ondounga-awassi-nouveau-president/;\n\nMILKOMBA Fabrice, Gabon Initiatives, juillet 2013, «Installation des deux vice-présidents de la CNLCEI.» http://www.gaboninitiatives.com/installation-des-deux-vice-presidents-de-la-cnlcei/","Le président de la commision est nommé par le Chef de l'État; les deux vice-présidents (un magistrat et un non-magistrat) sont élus au bulletin secret par leurs pairs de la CNLCEI constitués pour la circonstance en collège électoral. ..."]
["2014_GM_14",2014,"GM","The Gambia",14,0,"The Anti-Corruption Commission is not yet constituted. Appointments and promotions in the Gambia Police Force, the National Intelligence Agency and other security agencies that deal with public corruption are done by the executive, and according to sources, this highly affects these bodies in their investigations of public-sector corruption due to fear of losing one's job.\n\nSources reveal that many appointments are not merit-based as they do not always rely on professional criteria but on loyalty to the president primarily. The president has also been accused of appointing his fellow tribesmen to head these agencies.\n\nSources also referred to the removal of appointees at the National Intelligence Agency, the National Drug Enforcement Agency (both agencies deal with public sector corruption cases) and the deputy inspector general of police during the period under review. These removals were done without observing due process.","1. Interview with official who requested anonymity, Ministry of Justice, 24th June 2014, Banjul\n\n2. Interview with Mr. James Manga, Sub-Inspector, Gambia Police Force, 29th June 2014, Banjul\n\n3. Interview with Mr. Emil Touray, President, Gambia Press Union, 25th June 2014, Churchill's Town, Serrekunda\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Anti-Corruption Commission is not yet constituted. Appointments and promotions in the Gambia Police Force, the National Intelligence Agency and other security agencies that deal with public corruption are done by the executive, and according to sources, this highly affects thes..."]
["2014_GH_14",2014,"GH","Ghana",14,75,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations. \n\nThe President appoints the Commissioner and two Deputy Commissioners to head CHRAJ in consultation with the Council of State. The Constitution states that for one to qualify to be appointed Commissioner of CHRAJ, he or she must be of high moral character and proven integrity and must not be less than twelve years' standing as a lawyer whiles those to be appointed as Deputy Commissioners must be of high moral character and proven integrity and must not be less than ten years' standing as a lawyer. The President adheres to these criteria to appoint the Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioners to head CHRAJ. \n\nHowever, this mode of appointment has been criticised for lacking merit because the vacant positions are not advertised for all qualified citizens to apply for an independent expert panel to screen the applications and select the most qualified personnel to head the Commission. \n\nApart from the Commissioner and the two Deputy Commissioners who are appointed by the President, recruitment of other staff members of CHRAJ follow a merit-based system. The recruitment is done in consultation with the Public Services Commission, and the process comprises advertising the vacant positions for all to apply, shortlisting applicants who meet the standard qualifications criteria for the job, and interviewing them before selecting the most qualified ones for the job.\n\nOnce appointed, the Commissioner and the Deputies and other staff members of CHRAJ  perform their functions without fear or favour and are also free from conflict of interest. They do not allow their personal, political and or other biases to cloud their decisions.\n \nThere are different procedures for disciplining, transferring and removing the appointees. The Commissioner and the two Deputies enjoy security of tenure of office in the sense that the Commissioner can only retire at the age of 70 while Deputy commissioners retire at the age of 65.\n\nThe procedure to remove the Commissioner and the two Deputy Commissioners from office is spelled out in Article 146 clause one through to five of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, which is the same as what pertains to Justices of the Superior Courts of the country. This states that the Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioners of CHRAJ shall not be removed from office except for stated misbehaviour or incompetence or on ground of inability to perform the functions of their office arising from infirmity of body or mind.\n\nThe Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioners may only be removed in accordance with the procedure specified in this article; that is if the President receives a petition for the removal of the Commissioner and the Deputies, he shall refer the petition to the Chief Justice, who shall determine whether there is a prima facie case. Where the Chief Justice decides that there is a prima facie case, he shall set up a committee consisting of three Justices of the Superior Courts or Chairmen of the Regional Tribunals or both, appointed by the Judicial council and two other persons who are not members of the Council of State, nor members of Parliament, nor lawyers, and who shall be appointed by the Chief Justice on the advice of the Council of State.\n\nThe committee shall investigate the complaint and shall make its recommendations to the Chief Justice who shall forward them to the President.\n\nIn the case of other staff members, there is a code of conduct, which all must abide by and if any appointee or employee misconducts his or herself, an internal disciplinary committee investigates the issue before the appropriate sanction is applied and the affected staff is at liberty to appeal against the sanction. Transfers are not deemed to be punishment but rather to shore up other offices that require staff for efficient functioning. \n\nIn the case of EOCO, the Constitution does not specify any merit system and it is the President that appoints the Executive Director and other members of staff in consultation with the Public Services Commission. However, other staff members could be seconded from the public service to join EOCO.\n\nThe same procedure for disciplining staff of CHRAJ applies to staff of EOCO. There is a code of conduct which all staff must abide by. If any appointee or employee misconducts his or herself, an internal disciplinary committee investigates the issue before the appropriate sanction is applied, and the affected staff is at liberty to appeal against the sanction. Transfers are not deemed to be punishment but rather to shore up other offices that require staff for efficient functioning.","1. Mr Nkansah, President of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice Staff Association, Telephone interview, August 9, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Patrick Stephenson, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Justice Francis Emile Short, Former Commissioner of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations. ..."]
["2014_GN_14",2014,"GN","Guinea",14,0,"L'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et la Promotion de la Bonne Gouvernance (ANLC Guinée) est un organisme anti-corruption, MAIS C’est une structure relativement nouvelle.\n\nLa nomination de son directeur exécutif et son adjoint se fait par décret présidentiel. Le reste du personnel se fait par recrutement ou par cooptation et affectation des fonctionnaires de l’Etat. Aucun mérite spécifique n'est pris en comptes dans ces nominations.","FALCON François, directeur national de l'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, 18h, 23 juin 2014, Conakry\n\nTARAN DIALLO Mamadou, Point Focal Transparency International - Guinée , 17h30, 21 Juin 2014, Conakry. \n\nTRAORÉ Ibrahima, Guinnee7.com; 09 mai 2014, « Direction du patrimoine bâti public : Les dessous de la grogne. » www.guinee7.com/direction-du-patrimoine-bati-public-les-dessous-grogne","L'Agence Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption et la Promotion de la Bonne Gouvernance (ANLC Guinée) est un organisme anti-corruption, MAIS C’est une structure relativement nouvelle...."]
["2014_GW_14",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",14,0,"Although the law states that the Public Ministry is an independent body, the fact that the Attorney-General is nominated and can be removed by the President of the Republic has not supported the independence of the body. The Attorney-General tends not to challenge the President since his position depends upon his loyalty to the President.  In 2012, for example, AG Edmundo Mendes was removed by decree by the transitional President, Serifo Nhamadjo, and replaced by Abdu Mané. The decree does not state any reason for Mendes's removal. According to the media article published by Angola Press, \"Abdu Mané nominated as Attorney General\", 24 August, 2012, the transitional Head of State did not provide any reasoning for his removal. In an article published by the Portuguese News Network,\"Serifo Nhamadjo nominates new Attorney General\", 28 August 2012, it is suggested that the Head of State removed the AG due to pressures by the military, which did not feel comfortable with Mendes who was fighting to combat impunity and apply the rule of law. \n\nFurthermore, promotions within the Public Ministry are rarely based on merit. In the Public Ministry there has not been an open contest for promotion in years.\n\nThe members of the Superior Inspection against Corruption (one superior inspector and two associates) were elected by the National Popular Assembly. The party with majority proposes a candidacy for the superior inspection position and the two other largest parties with seats in the national popular assembly propose candidacies for the associates.\n\nMembers of parliament then elect them. Their mandate lasts four years. Thus, appointments do follow (somewhat) a merit-system. However, there are conflicts of interest due to political party affiliations, which tend to block investigations. Members may not be removed from their position unless they commit serious offences. In those cases they may be exonerated by the National Popular Assembly by an absolute majority vote. According to the Superior Inspector, as far as he was aware, there had never been a disciplinary process or removal.\n\nRecently the AG was receiving threats for investigating a case (the illegal boarding of Syrian passengers in a TAP Air Portugal flight departing from Bissau to Lisbon), which involved the Minister of Interior.  An article published by TPN/Lusa, \"Guinea-Bissau - No-one responsible for TAP incident two months on\", 13 February, 2014, summarizes well the incidents and specifically makes mention to the influence and pressure from other powers that impeded the AG to act.\n\nThe Guinea-Bissau attorney general, Abdu Mané, told Lusa News Agency: \"I have said what I had to say and done what I had to do”, adding that he has become the target of threats, making him change his habits and have 24-hour security. The AG is still working, but cannot see his friends as before.\n\n“I have limited movements” to avoid encounters, particularly at night, he said ... . The minister was heard by the public prosecutor on 23 December and the attorney general said an arrest warrant was issued but the criminal investigation police (PJ) refused to comply with it.\n\nThe minister’s lawyer denied this version of the facts and is suing the attorney general for slander.","1) Interview with Former Attorney-Genera, Edmundo Mendes, Public Ministry, Judiciary expert, 8 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n2) Interview with Vice-President of Guinea-Bissau's Lawyer Association, Roberto Indeque, Lawyer, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n3) Interview with the President of the Public Magistrates Union, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, attorney, 5 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n4) Interview with Law Professor, Juselino Pereira, Bissau's Faculty of Law, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n5) Interview with Superior Inspector of the Superior Inspection against Corruption, Lassana Seidi, Superior Inspector, 15 July, 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n6. Angola Press, \"Abdu Mané nominated as Attorney General\", 24 August 2012 (http://www.gbissau.com/?p=1964).\n\n7. Portuguese News Network, \"Serifo Nhamadjo nominates new Attorney General\", 28 August 2012 (http://jornaldigital.com/noticias.php?noticia=32262).\n\n8. TPN/Lusa, \"Guinea-Bissau - No-one responsible for TAP incident two months on\", 13 Febuary 2014 (http://theportugalnews.com/news/guinea-bissau-no-one-responsible-for-tap-incident-two-months-on/30630.","Although the law states that the Public Ministry is an independent body, the fact that the Attorney-General is nominated and can be removed by the President of the Republic has not supported the independence of the body. The Attorney-General tends not to challenge the President sin..."]
["2014_KE_14",2014,"KE","Kenya",14,100,"The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) is the principal body that investigates allegations on public sector corruption in Kenya. The appointment of EACC commissioners is anchored in the law and this has helped instill merit. EACC chairmen are appointed through an elaborate and multi-sectoral 2-phase process which includes the nomination by the president and confirmation or by the parliament. Appointees are vetted by the parliament through a process where challenges to the appointments are given full consideration to prevent potential conflicts of interest. \n\nThe controversy that shrouded the appointment of the current EACC Chairman Mumo Matemu in 2012 sheds light on how conflicts of interest are taken seriously in the appointment process. His appointment, confirmed in May 2012 by the parliament, was first revoked in September 2012 by a court on the grounds of integrity brought by a lobby group Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance. This decision was later annulled by an appeals court in July 2013 and he was reinstated as the head of the anti-graft body. \n\nThe commission has recently tackled several high-profile corruption cases involving public officers. This raft of cases show that the EACC is acting independently without fear or manipulation from the various arms of government.\n\nFor the quarter running July to September 2013, EACC handled 15 high-profile public corruption cases of which 10 were taken up by the Office of the Director of Public Prosecution (ODPP) for action, 3 recommended for administrative and another two thrown  out.\n\nIn the period under review, the EACC has shown action through prosecution of top public officers both within the executive and the legislature.\n\nCentral Bank of Kenya Governor Prof Njuguna Ndung'u is presently facing court action over a botched IT service tender. According to EACC, Prof Ndung’u directed the award of the tender to Horsebridge Network Systems East Africa Limited against the advice of the tender committee. \n\nThe EACC also has another high-profile case in court against a legislator. Kasarani MP John Njoroge Chege is accused that on June 25, 2013, at the Continental House parking yard in Nairobi, he solicited Sh100,000 from a contractor Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi as an inducement to facilitate payment of Sh3.3 million for a completed Baba Dogo Secondary school tuition block.\n\nIn yet another big case, the EACC and the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) intend to have the Governor of Machkos County Alfred Mutua face court for criminal charges over alleged irregular purchase of vehicles.","1. Dave Opiyo, journalist, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on this specific subject on June 27, 2014.\n\n2. Yasin Aila, spokesman Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, Kenya. Interviewed on June 20, 2014.\n\n3. Ruling by High Court Judge  David Majanja in a petition case; Thuita Mwangi & 2 others v Ethics & Anti-Corruption Commission & 3 others [2013] . The ruling was delivered on November 1, 2014.\nhttp://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/91848/.\n\n4. Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) quarterly report for the period ending September 2013. The report outlines high profile cases investigated over the period and action. The cases involve top and mid-level public officers. http://www.eacc.go.ke/docs/QUARTELY-REPORT-JULY-SEPT-2013.pdf\n\n5. \"Court reinstates Matemu as EACC boss\". An article by Lydia Matata published in the Star Newspaper edition of July 26, 2013.\nhttp://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-129695/court-reinstates-matemu-eacc-boss.\n\n7. \"Court allows case against CBK boss arrest to go ahead\". An article by Galgalo Fayo, published by the Business Daily Newspaper on June 10, 2014.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Court-allows-case-against-CBK-boss-arrest-to-go-ahead/-/539546/2343750/-/i4mxdj/-/index.html.\n\n8. \"Kasarani MP corruption charges to continue\". An article by  Fred Makana and Kamau Muthoni, published in the Standard Newspaper edition of May 30, 2014.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000123086&story_title=kasarani-mp-corruption-charges-to-continue.\n\n9. \"Machakos governor loses bid to get case details from EACC\".  An article by Brian Wasuna, published on July 14, 2014 by the Business Daily Newspaper.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Machakos-governor-loses-bid-to-get-case-details-from-EACC/-/539546/2383862/-/s4n3w2/-/index.html.","The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) is the principal body that investigates allegations on public sector corruption in Kenya. The appointment of EACC commissioners is anchored in the law and this has helped instill merit. EACC chairmen are appointed through an elaborat..."]
["2014_LS_14",2014,"LS","Lesotho",14,50,"Recruitment into the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) is based on merit. Positions are advertised and candidates are subjected to a rigorous selection process to verify their skills and competencies. More than 80% of the DCEO employees hold university degrees. As the law requires, the DCEO's Director General is a registered legal practitioner. \n\nNonetheless, interviewed sources said that DCEO’s recruitment processes are not free from the influence of the executive. By law, the terms and conditions of employment of the director general are determined by the minister of justice in consultations with the minister of finance and that of Public Service. The acting director general is appointed directly by the Prime Minister.\n\nA five-member Directorate Appointment and Promotion Board is responsible for the terms and conditions of recruitment and promotions of other employees of the DCEO, (excluding the director general). However, all members of the board, except the eminent person from the private sector, are somehow associated with the executive; the chairman of the Judicial Service Commission, who nominates a member to the board, is appointed by the Prime Minister; the principal secretary and another senior member of the Ministry of Justice are government employees and, finally as already indicated, the government has a huge influence on the appointment of the director general who acts as a secretary of the board.\n\nThe issue here is that the decisions on who gets recruited or promoted in the DCEO is determined by people who owe allegiance to the executive. Apart from this, employees of the DCEO are governed by the Public Services Act of 2005.\n\nThe DCEO has advanced a bill to Parliament that seeks to, among other things, rectify its appointments and promotion procedures, thereby boosting its independence from the executive and/or the Prime Minister.","1. S.T Maqakachane. Human Rights Lawyer and Lecturer. National University of Lesotho. Interviewed, 20 June 2014.\n\n2. Thato Molapo. Head of Department of Public Law. National University of Lesotho. Interviewed, 25 June 2014.\n\n3. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Head of Department; Political and Administrative Studies Department. Lecturer. Interview 24 June 2014.\n\n4. Anonymous. Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences. Interviewed, 25 June 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Recruitment into the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO) is based on merit. Positions are advertised and candidates are subjected to a rigorous selection process to verify their skills and competencies. More than 80% of the DCEO employees hold university degrees...."]
["2014_LR_14",2014,"LR","Liberia",14,25,"Appointments to Liberia's corruption-fighting body does not necessarily support the independence of the body. All appointments to government offices are constitutional responsibility of the president. She/he decides who will best serve to his/her will and pleasure. There is no system of vetting to select commissioners or the chair (head) of that of that body.  \n\nNotwithstanding the president's sole prerogative to appoint, commissioners appointed to the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) are tenured to serve for five years. When the Senate confirms the president's nominees, the president then commissions them and they have a five-year tenure except for proven misconduct or incapacitation.\n\nIn addition to the protection this clause provides, the president does popular consultations with civil society groups that are in the fact against corruption.\n \nUnlike in the past, where the president appointed a relative, the current Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission is composed of people from the civil society whose appointments were highly influenced by the civil society groups in the country. The current body is more considered by the public than the previous one.\n\nThe appointment itself does not necessarily support or undermine the LACC's independence but the tenured clause in the appointing power of the president guarantees independence of the commission. The absence of conflict of interest is also not secure as the president once appointed a close family member to chair the LACC.","Interview: Bah-wah Brownell, Political Activist, Monrovia, 26/06/2014\n\nInterview: Thomas Doe-Nah, Executive Director, CENTAL, Monrovia, 26/06/2014\n\nInterview: Elyn Wright, Social Worker, Monrovia, 26/06/2014\n\nFrontPage Africa, 27 February 2014. Liberia: Cllr. James Verdier Appointed LACC Executive Chair. http://allafrica.com/stories/201402280547.html","Appointments to Liberia's corruption-fighting body does not necessarily support the independence of the body. All appointments to government offices are constitutional responsibility of the president. She/he decides who will best serve to his/her will and pleasure. There is no syst..."]
["2014_LY_14",2014,"LY","Libya",14,0,"The National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption in Libya cannot effectively work due to tribal and political reasons, especially these days. \n\nNo one can criticise or reveal anything related to a powerful politician who has a strong tribal base. A brief Al Jazeera report showed how legislative power interfered with and controlled the actions of the the Audit Bureau when a parliament member threatened to remove the Audit Bureau head after his recent decision to freeze official credits for some ministries and sovereign departments.","Interview with Jamal AL Amieri, head of the Warriors Against Corruption Organisation, Sept. 18, 2014.\n\nInterview with Alaa Almaslati, agent of the Libyan Audit Bureau, Sept. 22, 2014.\n\nAljazeera net, beyond the news program brief, \"The political results for official credit freeze in Libya,\" Sept. 19, 2014.\n http://www.aljazeera.net/programs/behindthenews/2014/9/19/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7","The National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption in Libya cannot effectively work due to tribal and political reasons, especially these days. ..."]
["2014_MG_14",2014,"MG","Madagascar",14,0,"La nomination au poste de directeur général du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO), l’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption figure parmi les hauts emplois de l’Etat. A cet effet, elle s’effectue en Conseil des ministres. Le nouveau directeur général vient d’être nommé en Conseil des ministres. C’est le Comité de sauvegarde de l’intégrité (organe rattaché au Président de la République) qui a réalisé la sélection des candidatures. Trois d’entre elles ont été présentées au Président de la République et son choix a été validé en Conseil des ministres. L’actuel premier responsable du BIANCO est le premier magistrat à diriger cet organe après avoir succédé à deux officiers généraux de la gendarmerie nationale. Aussi, les réactions sont-elles favorables en sa nomination sur le plan professionnel, mais pas sur son indépendance.\n \n En effet, l’indépendance du BIANCO a été fortement critiquée dès sa création en 2004 pour la principale raison qu’il est rattaché sur le plan administratif au Président de la République. En effet, «en contre partie de l’indépendance, le BIANCO:\n - a l’obligation de rendre compte au Président de la République et au parlement\n - est soumis au contrôle annuel de la Cour des comptes». \n En outre, les nominations aux hauts emplois de l’Etat se font surtout sur une proposition de l’autorité de tutelle (présidents d’institutions, ministres). La recherche d’une meilleure entente dans la réalisation des activités implique la nomination des personnes en qui on a confiance. \n  \n Le BIANCO est trop dépendant de l’exécutif, ne serait-ce que sur le plan budgétaire (ministère des finances et du budget). Allant plus loin, le colloque sur la fragilité et les crises à Madagascar recommande que le BIANCO sorte de la tutelle de l’exécutif pour une vraie indépendance. L’article de la Revue MCI va même plus loin, jusqu’à proposer son rattachement aux organes de contrôle à l’Assemblé nationale (organe législatif). Il est sanctionné et révoqué comme tous les fonctionnaires de l'Etat par son chef hiérarchique qu'est le Président de la République.","RAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n LEJAMBLE Brice, secrétaire exécutif , Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 11 juillet 2014.\n \nTSIHIAVONANA Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTOARISOA Angela, assistante juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 11 juillet 2014.\n \nRALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014.\n \nPATRICUIS Jao, Les Nouvelles, 05 juin 2014, « Lutte contre la corruption : un magistrat à la tête du BIANCO ». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/la-une/42458-lutte-contre-la-corruption--un-magistrat-a-la-tete-du-bianco#.U9O_nEBS7vk.\n \n RASOLONJATOVO Jean Michel, La Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International), n° 65 et 66, 1er et 2ème trimestres 2014, « Réflexions pour une meilleure efficacité du contrôle des finances publiques ». www.cabinet-mci.com.\n \n Site du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO) : http://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-2/.\n \n Actes du colloque sur « La fragilité et les crises à Madagascar », publié par La Nation en date du 09 juillet 2014. http://www.lanation.mg/archive.php?id=12489.","La nomination au poste de directeur général du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO), l’organe gouvernemental de lutte contre la corruption figure parmi les hauts emplois de l’Etat. A cet effet, elle s’effectue en Conseil des ministres. Le nouveau directeur général vient d’êt..."]
["2014_MW_14",2014,"MW","Malawi",14,0,"The merit-based appointment process is not adhered to because the president appoints the head of the Anti-Corruption Bureau. Dismissal of the head of the ACB is usually done when a new administration takes power despite his/her success record. This is done automatically as has happened with the new administration of Peter Mutharika.\n\nAppointments to the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) do not always support its independence. Appointees are not always free of conflicts due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations and other biases. When appointments are made on a merit system, those appointed do not always perform as expected because the government sometimes interferes with their investigations. At times appointees are fired based on political grounds.\n\nA recent example of this during the research period is the firing of Justice Renzine Nzikamanda as head of the ACB by Malawi’s recently elected president, Peter Mutharika. The ACB has not specified the number of reports it has specifically received against senior-level politicians and senior civil servants for the research period or whether the cases were investigated. \n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. The diector of Anti Corruption Bureau is appointed by the state president. Change is presidency in Malawi has also affected chnages in within anti-corruption bureau. This brings conflict of interest within the organisation that is supposed to be independent of political, public and any outside influence in how it handles its duties. The election of President Peter Mutharika last May, for instance, has also meant the change in anti-corruption bureau chief. Similarly, there were complaints during Joyce Banda's presidency that Anti Corruption Bureau failed to follow upcorruption cases that could have complecated Joyce Banda's inner cicle.","1. Nyasa Times, Wanga Gwede, 28 July 2014, ‘Malawi Fires Anti-Corruption Chief, Top Prosecutor’ http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/07/28/mutharika-fires-malawi-anti-corruption-chief-top-prosecutor\n\n2. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 4 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Andrew Kumbatira, Executive Director, Malawi Economic Justice Network, 18 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\nReviewer sources:\n(1) Zawadi Chilunga, 2014  \"APM appoints new Malawi anti-corruption czar: Lucas Kondowe a financial expert\" http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/10/08/apm-appoints-new-malawi-anti-corruption-czar-lucas-kondowe-a-financial-expert/comment-page-1/                \n(2) \"Cashgate Scandal Probe Could Impact Malawi Elections\", by Lameck Masina, VOA, January 1, 2014. http://m.voanews.com/a/cashgate-scandal-probe-could-impact-malawi-elections/1821457.html ","The merit-based appointment process is not adhered to because the president appoints the head of the Anti-Corruption Bureau. Dismissal of the head of the ACB is usually done when a new administration takes power despite his/her success record. This is done automatically as has happ..."]
["2014_ML_14",2014,"ML","Mali",14,50,"Les nominations au sein du Pôle économique ne sont pas toujours de nature à renforcer son indépendance. Elles sont faites par arrêtés du ministre de la justice pris en Conseil des ministres et tiennent rarement compte du mérite. Une affaire a récemment défrayé la chronique. L'actuel ministre de la justice, Mohamed Ali Bathily, a donné des injonctions au procureur anti-corruption qui a refusé d’obtempérer. C'était à propos de l'ouverture du dossier du maire du district de Bamako épinglé dans un rocambolesque dossier de corruption. Mohamed Sidda Dicko a finalement été relevé de ses fonctions puisqu'il ne faisait pas l'affaire du ministre.\nC'est dire combien le personnel de la structure de contrôle est influençable par l'exécutif.\n\nCependant, quant au Vérificateur Général, l'actuel Vérificateur a été nommé par décret pris par le Président de la République, sur la base d’une procédure d’appel à candidature après laquelle le meilleur candidat a été retenu. C'est donc une nomination fondée sur le mérite. Cette procédure a permis d'éviter des conflits d'intérêt. \n\nLe Vérificateur Général est nommé pour une durée de 7 ans non renouvellables. Il ne peut être révoqué que suite à une procédure impliquant les pairs (les juges de la Cour suprême).","TRAORÉ Aïssata, assistante administrative à la Section des comptes de la Cour suprême, Cour suprême, 25 juin 2014.\n \nTRAORÉ Demba, avocat, barreau malien, 25 juin 2014.\n\nDAKOUO David, ancien comptable, Section des comptes de la Cour suprême, 25 juin 2014.\n\nMaliweb, 5 mai 2014, «Justice : Un autre désaveu pour Mohamed Ali Bathily.» http://www.maliweb.net/politique/gestion-affaires-publiques/justice-autre-desaveu-mohamed-ali-bathily-278682.html","Les nominations au sein du Pôle économique ne sont pas toujours de nature à renforcer son indépendance. Elles sont faites par arrêtés du ministre de la justice pris en Conseil des ministres et tiennent rarement compte du mérite. Une affaire a récemment défrayé la chronique. L'actue..."]
["2014_MR_14",2014,"MR","Mauritania",14,0,"Les modes de nomination des membres de la structure, ainsi que leur profil n'ont pas été précisés par l'ordonnance n° 122-2005 portant création de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE). Le poste d'inspecteur général d'Etat créé dans la précipitation de l'après coup d'Etat du 03 aout 2005 demeure une simple structure administrative. Les membres de l'IGE sont nommés et révocables à tout moment. Ils sont de simples fonctionnaires. Ces dernières années la fonction d'Inspecteur Général d'Etat a fait l'objet d'une certaine politisation. Les récents inspecteurs généraux qui se sont succédés sont souvent des membres du parti au pouvoir ou sinon affiliés à la majorité présidentielle.","1. AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 14 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. MBARECK Hacen, président de l'Association mauritanienne pour la promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3.  Source anonyme, 18 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Les modes de nomination des membres de la structure, ainsi que leur profil n'ont pas été précisés par l'ordonnance n° 122-2005 portant création de l'Inspection Générale d'Etat (IGE). Le poste d'inspecteur général d'Etat créé dans la précipitation de l'après coup d'Etat du 03 aout 2..."]
["2014_MU_14",2014,"MU","Mauritius",14,50,"Mr Anil Kumar Ujoodha of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) said the ICAC is an independent body, which does not fall under any ministry or department as per the Prevention of Corruption Act 2002. Instead the ICAC is accountable administratively to a parliamentary committee, composed of members of the opposition and members of the government.\n\nThe commission is administered and managed by a board consisting of a chairperson and two other members. The chairperson of the board is the director general of the commission and is appointed by the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition. The members of the board are appointed by the prime minister. \n\nIn practice, the independence is protected as members can only be removed following a set procedure. However the law has been amended to give the prime minister a determining role in appointing and removing the head of ICAC, which inevitably creates an allegiance to the prime minister. There is also a perception of lack of transparency on the criteria used to appoint or remove officials including police officers seconded for duty at ICAC. The office bearers are given immunity from prosecution.\n\nIn practice, there have been discussions in various forums with regards to the fact that it is the prime minister who appoints the director general after consultation with the leader of opposition, and the members of the commission as well as the prime minister renewing contracts. Furthermore, it is the prime minister who determines such terms and conditions of the appointment of the director general. \n\nThere were general elections on December 10, 2014. The new government, in charge since the end of December, has used Section 113 of the constitution to remove the director general and the two board members of the ICAC. \n\nIn July 2014 the prime minister announced that the government was working on a new law for the setting up of a fraud agency that would replace and oversee the ICAC. He stated that the government was in the process of contacting the Hong Kong Anti-Corruption Agency to \"see whether we can get the best person to head the Serious Fraud Office as director general.\"","1. Anil Kumar Ujoodha, Director General, Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC), 28 Aug 2014, by phone and mail\n\n2. Reza Uteem, Barrister Uteem Chambers and Member of Opposition, 19 Sept 2014, by mail\n\n3. Hansard of 7 July 2014 (reports), National Assembly), The hansard quotes the position of the PM on the ICAC and the proposal to replace it by a Serious Fraud Office.","Mr Anil Kumar Ujoodha of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) said the ICAC is an independent body, which does not fall under any ministry or department as per the Prevention of Corruption Act 2002. Instead the ICAC is accountable administratively to a parliamentary..."]
["2014_MA_14",2014,"MA","Morocco",14,0,"The appointment criteria for members of the assembly of the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention is not clearly defined, political appointees are not selected on merits and the agency remains under the authority of the Prime Minister. \n\nThe selection process varies. All governmental appointees as well as plenary appointees are political appointees who are not selected on merit and occasionally face conflict of interest due to political party affiliation. It must be noted that the institution is under the authority of the PM thus not independent from the executive.","Governemental website for public function employement -  http://refgrh.mmsp.gov.ma/index.php?lang=fr (last checked 13/07/2014).\n\nZineb Drissi Hamzi - Lawyer - phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nReda Oulamine -- Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the Association of Rights and Justice - Freedom of speech activist - phone interview 13/07/2014.","The appointment criteria for members of the assembly of the Central Authority for Corruption Prevention is not clearly defined, political appointees are not selected on merits and the agency remains under the authority of the Prime Minister. ..."]
["2014_MZ_14",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",14,25,"During the period under review, there were no appointments to the Central Office for Fighting Corruption (GCCC). The prosecuters currently serving were appointed three years ago. The assessment presented is based on the facts surrounding those appointments. Cases involving conflict of interest were not explicitly evident, but when the body received complaints about the irregular awarding of the TV digital migration tender to the Startimes company headed by the president's daughter in May 2014, it did nothing to investigate.    \n\nThe appointments of senior prosecutors of the GCCC are sanctioned by the Frelimo Party, which has been in power since independence. This prosecutors are intrinsically linked to the party and are chosen based on their political affiliation and sympathy toward the Frelimo cause. Competence and skills are undermined by political-party attachments.","Field Verification: Inquiry with the GCCC on 27 Aug. 2014. The researcher did not receive an answer. \n\nInterview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.","During the period under review, there were no appointments to the Central Office for Fighting Corruption (GCCC). The prosecuters currently serving were appointed three years ago. The assessment presented is based on the facts surrounding those appointments. Cases involving conflict..."]
["2014_NA_14",2014,"NA","Namibia",14,50,"In practice, the appointment process goes through the due scrutiny system just as stipulated by law between three bodies. The director and deputy director of the commission are appointed based on the selections made and recommended to the President of the Republic by the Judicial Service Commission through the process of interviews. The president nominates for appointment and sends the names to the National Assembly for confirmation. The law only allows the president to nominates any person based on the recommendations from the JSC or any person of high integrity, knowledge or experience to the functions of the commission. The law is not specific on certain merit qualifications, so the final decision is left to the president subject to confirmation.\n\nNo allegations about the director and deputy director of the commission being affiliated to any political party have been reported. The current director and deputy director have been in office since the creation of the commission in 2006. \n\nAccording to chapter 2 section 7 (1) of the Anti Corruption Act 2003,  which deals with the term of office and conditions of service of director and deputy director says \" The Director and Deputy Director are appointed on a full-time basis for five years and may be reappointed upon expiry of their term of office.   The head of the Commission henceforth can only be removed under the following circumstances  as stipulated in Section 9 1) The appointment of the Director or Deputy Director may be terminated if he or she: (a) has failed to comply with a condition of his or her appointment; (b) is unable to perform the functions of his or her office by reason of mental or physical infirmity; (c) fails to perform efficiently the duties of his or her office; or (d) has been guilty of misconduct. (2) If the question of termination of the appointment of the Director or the Deputy Director arises, the President must notify the Chief Justice who, after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission established under Article 85 of the Namibian Constitution, must within 30 days appoint a board to inquire into the matter and submit a report and recommendations to the President.","Paulus Noa, Director Anti Corruption Commission, FacetoFace Interview, 20 July 2014.\n\nUhuru Dempers, NANGOF Education Coordinator- Table Interview 24 July 2014.\n\nNaita Hishoono, Director, Namibia Institute for Democracy, FacetoFace Interview.  24 July 2014.\n\nDr Andrew Niikondo, Vice Rector Academic Affairs and Research. Polytechnic of Namibia. Table Interview 31 July 2014\n\nNo. 8, 2003 ANTI-CORRUPTION ACT, 2003 http://www.accnamibia.org/pnTemp/downloads_upload/anti_corruption_act.pdf","In practice, the appointment process goes through the due scrutiny system just as stipulated by law between three bodies. The director and deputy director of the commission are appointed based on the selections made and recommended to the President of the Republic by the Judicial S..."]
["2014_NE_14",2014,"NE","Niger",14,0,"Les personnes nommées à la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et les Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA) sont en principe sélectionnées selon leurs compétences et leur notoriété de personnes intègres. Toutefois, le texte qui nomment ces personnes et même le texte qui crée la HALCIA n'est pas une loi mais un décret du Président de la République. Les personnes sont nommés sans aucune précision sur les critères de mérite. Le Président de la République qui momme et revoque par décret les hauts fonctionnaires de la HALCIA. \n\nAu niveau du BIR/LCTI, le coordinateur et le rapporteur général sont nommés par le ministre de la justice, mais il y a dix autres personnalités qui sont membres de plein droit du BIR/LCTI du fait de leur fonctions, comme le procureur de la République, le représentant du syndicat des juges, le syndicat des notaires.\n \n De l'avis du président de la HALCIA compris, l'organe est juridiquement fragile et ses dirigeants ont de la peine à avoir le soutien des autres acteurs (partis politiques, médias, organisations de la société civile) dans la lutte contre la corruption. Les responsables de la HALCIA ne sont pas tout à fait indépendants dans leur action.\n \n Pour le moment depuis la création de la HALCIA, les personnes n'ont pas subi de sanction ou de révocation.\n\nLes cadres sont nommés par le Président sans aucune précision sur les critères de mérite.","BOUREIMA Issoufou, président de la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA), 10 septembre 2014.\n \n WADA Mamane, sécrétaire général de l'Association Nigérienne de Lutte Contre la Corruption-Section de Transparency International, 14 août 2014.\n \n SIDI Abdou, membre du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), 14 août 2014","Les personnes nommées à la Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre la Corruption et les Infractions Assimilées (HALCIA) sont en principe sélectionnées selon leurs compétences et leur notoriété de personnes intègres. Toutefois, le texte qui nomment ces personnes et même le texte qui crée la ..."]
["2014_NG_14",2014,"NG","Nigeria",14,50,"Recruitment into the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) are generally based on merit. But less-qualified candidates also find their way into the two bodies on the recommendation of senior civil servants and corrupt politicians.\n\nThe specific merit requirements are stated in sections 2 and 3 of the EFCC Act, 2004. The chairman of EFCC must be a serving or retired member of any government security or law enforcement agency not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police or equivalent; and possess not less than 15 years cognate experience. The chairman of ICPC must be a person who has held or is qualified to hold office as a judge of a superior court or record in Nigeria. The President solely decides on these appointments, upon the confirmation of the Senate.\n\nSenior positions such as the head of the two bodies are appointed by the president, a privilege critics say has been abused in the past. For instance, the immediate past chairman of the EFCC was allegedly recommended by a former corrupt governor to help numb charges against him. The former governor, James Ibori, of the oil rich Delta State is now serving a 14-year jail term in a United Kingdom prison for corruption. \n\nThe current head of the EFCC was appointed in 2012 in his capacity as the most senior officer after the exit of the former boss. There are no indications that appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body. The proper procedure of going through an oversight body is largely followed in such events.\n\nThe chairman will have a tenure of five years, and may be reappointed for another five years maximum. The president can only remove the chairperson at any other time, with the approval of two-thirds majority of the Senate. The EFCC law does not provide any other clear safeguard regarding the removal of its chairperson by the president. Section 3(2) says the president may remove the head of EFCC anytime on account of misconduct, etc.","Interview with Folu Olamiti, media consultant for the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), Abuja, 18 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Auwal Rafsanjani, executive director of the Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre, Abuja, 30 July 2014. \n\nPunch, Kamarudeen Ogundele, \"Ibori recommended Waziri for EFCC job – Obasanjo,\" 11 Sept. 2013.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/ibori-recommended-waziri-for-efcc-job-obasanjo/","Recruitment into the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) are generally based on merit. But less-qualified candidates also find their way into the two bodies on the recommendation of senior civil servants and corrup..."]
["2014_RW_14",2014,"RW","Rwanda",14,25,"By law, both the Chief and Assistant Ombudsman should be known for their honesty, wisdom and capacity. No more specific merit criteria is found in the law. The Government deliberates and submits its chosen candidate to the Senate for approval, after which they are appointed by Presidential Order. Once appointed, the Ombudsman serves a defined term during which he is protected from any arbitrary removal. \n\nAppointments to the investigating body are made by the government, but they are based on merit. There is no evidence indicating that the appointees have acted in a partisan way. They are free of conflicts of interest. \n\nAs explained by Clement Musangabatware, the deputy ombudsman, and Appolinaire Mupiganyi, Transparency International Rwanda executive secretary, the appointments to the ombudsman's office are based on merit. Regardless of past or current political affiliations, their work record and experience speaks for itself, and their ability to act in a nonpartisan way cannot be disputed. \n\nThe current ombudsman, Aloysia Cyanzaire, for example, was not known to engage in any political activities or make any political statements during the period she served as chief justice and currently as ombudsman. According to Mupiganyi Apollinaire, such people should be given the benefit of the doubt to serve in their position, regardless of their political background. Mupiganyi argues that for individuals to get to such a position, they ought to have risen through the ranks, including earlier political positions; however, it is only fair to judge them on their current performance, whether or not it is nonpartisan. Their loyalty to their political godfathers, however, cannot be dismissed completely.","Interview with Mupiganyi Apollinaire, executive director, Transparency International Rwanda, Kigali, July, 30, 2014.\n\nInterview with Connie Bwiza, member of parliament, Kigali, Aug. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Clement Musangabatware, deputy ombudsman, Nov. 10, 2014.\n\nLaw No. 25/2003, establishing the organization and functioning of the Office of the Ombudsman, Articles 3 and 7.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7779&iid=189&rid=2127","By law, both the Chief and Assistant Ombudsman should be known for their honesty, wisdom and capacity. No more specific merit criteria is found in the law. The Government deliberates and submits its chosen candidate to the Senate for approval, after which they are appointed by Pres..."]
["2014_ST_14",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",14,0,"No such body exists. \n\nThe prosecutor is the one who oversees the process, i.e., initiates an investigation. There is conflict of interest insofar as the prosecutor may have a political or personal stake in a case, which is common in view of the size of the country. Prosecutorial appointments are not just on merit, but usually are based on politics. There are cases in which an investigation fails to advance because of a conflict of interest involving the prosecutor's office itself.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. In early 2013, Elsa Pinto, wife of the then-president of the National Assembly Alcino Pinto (MLSTP/PSD) and herself a prominent politician of the MLSTP/PSD, was appointed as a new public prosecutor (Procurador Geral da República). The appointment was fiercely criticized by the opposition, the bar association and public opinion on the grounds that she had always been an active party politician. Elsa Pinto refused to resign; however, 15 days after her appointment she was dismissed by the government.","Interview with Waldyner Boa Morte, press secretary, president of the Supreme Court, Nov. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nReviewer's source:\n\nBrill, Africa Yearbook Volume 10, chapter on São Tomé and Príncipe, 2014.\nhttp://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/africa-yearbook-volume-10","No such body exists. \n\nThe prosecutor is the one who oversees the process, i.e., initiates an investigation. There is..."]
["2014_SN_14",2014,"SN","Senegal",14,0,"Pour enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, le Sénégal s’est doté de l'Office National de lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC) en remplacement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la non-transparence, la Corruption et la Concussion (CNLCC). \n\nToutefois, dans le cadre de l'instauration des autorités administratives indépendantes, toutes les nominations sont présidentielles même si dans certains cas la société civile est représentée. La nomination n'obéit pas toujours à des critères prédéfinis et publiés. Les conditions de selection et nomination ne sont pas ouvertes et transparentes pour permettre au public de faire des commentaires ou objections. C'est essentiellement le Président qui nomme l'ensemble des membres par décret.  \n\nLa désignation des membres de l’OFNAC n'a pas suivi un système fondé sur le mérite. Des interrogations légitimes fusent de la part de la société civile sénégalaise quant au respect des principes énoncés dans les conventions internationales et régionales de lutte contre la corruption. Les médias ont mis à nu le non-respect des critères d’apolitisme, d’impartialité, de neutralité et d’intégrité de certains membres de l’OFNAC qui à leurs yeux, pourraient favoriser les conditions de neutralisation des suites pénales à donner à des dossiers concernant des membres de la majorité présidentielle et entraîner un traitement discriminatoire des autorités en cause. La loi prévoit  que les contrôleurs peuvent être sanctionnés en cas de faute lourde par un comité de pairs.","NDOYE Ibrahima, ancien secrétaire permanent de l’Office National de lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC), 6 juillet 2014.\n\nNDEYE Marième Samb, directrice exécutive, Forum civil, 3 juillet 2014.\n\nBA Dié, Pressafrik, 10 Janvier 2014 : « Nomination des membres de l’OFNAC : le forum civil dénonce, soupçonne et regrette » http://www.pressafrik.com/Nomination-des-membres-de-l-OFNAC-le-forum-civil-denonce-soupconne-et-regrette_a117531.html\n\nLeral.net, 26 Juillet 2013 «Le Forum civil se réjouit de la nomination de Nafi Ngom à l'OFNAC.» http://www.leral.net/Audio-Le-Forum-civil-se-rejouit-de-la-nomination-de-Nafi-Ngom-a-l-OFNAC_a90462.html  \n\nSenxibar, 3 janvier 2014, «Nomination Les membres de l’OFNAC connus.» http://www.senxibar.com/Nomination-Les-membres-de-l-OFNAC-connus_a14942.html","Pour enquêter sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public, le Sénégal s’est doté de l'Office National de lutte contre la Fraude et la Corruption (OFNAC) en remplacement de la Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la non-transparence, la Corruption et la Concussion (CNLC..."]
["2014_SC_14",2014,"SC","Seychelles",14,25,"Articles 143 and 144 of the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles 1993  establishes the Office of the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman is appointed by the President from candidates nominated by the Constitutional Appointments Authority and serves a term of seven years which is renewable. The current ombudsman (Ms Dora Zatte) was appointed on 15/02/2010 and her tenure will end on  15/02/2017. According to a statement from the State House on her appointment, \"Ms Zatte , who has extensive experience as an attorney, was a notary public as well as legal adviser to the Seychelles People’s Defence Forces\". No sources state that there was a political bias in the appointment.  But generally, constitutional appointees have the full confidence of the President of the Republic and they are usually recruited from the supporters of the ruling party, rather than on a strictly merit-based system.\n\nAccording to the Constitution the Ombudsman shall be a Seychelles citizen and he or she has all the time and focus needed to carry out the tasks. The Constitution also prohibited the Ombudsman from holding any other paid public office or engaging in any occupation for reward because this “might compromise the integrity, impartiality and independence” of the office. There aren't detailed merit criteria listed. \n\nConstitutional appointee (including Ombudsman) cannot be dismissed from his post during his 7-year term, unless he commits a serious offense.\n\nThe Ethics Commission has five members. There are three ex-officio members, namely the ombudsman, auditor general and the chairman of the Constitutional Appointments Authority. The president, in consultation with the chief justice, the speaker of the National Assembly, the leader of the opposition and the leader of government business, appoints two other members.\n\nThe executive function of the commission is held by the chief executive officer, assisted by the other full-time member appointed by the president. This method of appointment can undermine the merit-based recruitment system since the president has the final say in the appointment. It often happens that the appointees are supporters of the ruling party, thus there is potential conflict of interest. \n\nThe president has full power to discipline and dismiss members of Ethics Commission. The Ethics Commission Act do not include provisions for discipline or dismissal of members.","Interview with Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, Liaison Unit of Non-Governmental Organisations of Seychelles (LUNGOS), Premier Building, Victoria, 03 Septembre 2014.\n\nInterview with  Roger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director of Xpress printing Ltd, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, 02 September 2014.\n\nInterview with anonymous source, judge of the Supreme Court,  Ile du Port, 02 September 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n \nPublic Officers' Ethics Commission Internal Guidelines, [Approved by the Commission in its meeting of the 7th May 2009], http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Seychelles_Ethics%20Commission%20Internal%20Guidelines_2009_en.pdf.","Articles 143 and 144 of the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles 1993  establishes the Office of the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman is appointed by the President from candidates nominated by the Constitutional Appointments Authority and serves a term of seven years which is renewab..."]
["2014_SL_14",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",14,50,"The Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioner of the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption in Sierra Leone are appointed by the President of Sierra Leone as per constitutional mandate. The Commissioners need to have legal and accounting backgrounds before they are appointed which sometimes discriminate other more credible people from holding such positions. Those who are affiliated to the ruling government are mostly favoured in positions at the Anti-Corruption Commission in other to be able to control the cases that may be handled by the Commission. However, junior officers of the Anti-Corruption Commissioner are hired, removed and promoted by the Commission administrative and recruitment committee. \n\nThe current boss of the Anti-Corruption Commission of Sierra Leone is Joseph Fitzgerald Kamara. His appointment was however believed to be merit-based, but he was believed to be a member of the rulling APC government. Mr. Joseph Kamara and President Koroma were both born in the same Bombali District.\n\nIn April 2014, the President Dr. Ernest Bai Koroma appointed Shollay Davies as Deputy Commissioner of the Anti-Corruption Commission. Although there was no evidence, Mr. Shollay was widely believed to be a secret supporter of the present government.","Joseph Kamara, Chairman, Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown, 8th July 2014\n\nSulaiman Kabba Koroma, Legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, July 5, 2014\n\nUnisa Bangura, senior Court Reporter, Standard Times Newspaper, Freetown, 30th June, 2014","The Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioner of the body that investigates allegations of public sector corruption in Sierra Leone are appointed by the President of Sierra Leone as per constitutional mandate. The Commissioners need to have legal and accounting backgrounds before th..."]
["2014_SO_14",2014,"SO","Somalia",14,0,"Though the provisional constitution mandates the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission that “may conduct enquiries at its own discretion and is not required to act only upon a complaint (Article 111C)”, no such agency has been created.","Prof. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAli Saed Isse\nLecturer\nFaculty of Economics and Social Sciences\nPuntland State University\nBossaso, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nIn-person interview","Though the provisional constitution mandates the establishment of an Anti-Corruption Commission that “may conduct enquiries at its own discretion and is not required to act only upon a complaint (Article 111C)”, no such agency has been created."]
["2014_ZA_14",2014,"ZA","South Africa",14,100,"The Public Protector is appointed based on a merit based-system, operates independently and impartially and is protected against arbitrary removal.\n\nThe website of the Public Protector shows that the agency published 12 investigation reports between September 2013 and July 18 2014 (when this research was conducted). These investigations revolved around a variety of issues involving people from various parties and levels of government. \n\nSome cases centered on allegations of improper prejudice caused by the City of Cape Town's \"repudiation of a claim for damages caused by defective sewerage and storm water drains\" as well as  allegations of maladministration, abuse of power and irregular expenditure in the North West province and \"the irregular appointment of Hlaudi Motsoeneng by the South African Broadcasting Corporation.\"","Interview democracy researcher and analyst Karin Alexander (19 June 2014, Garden Centre / Cape Town).\n\nPublic Protector, list of Investigation reports, http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_report.asp\n\nSouth African Government, 13 Dec 2014. Public Protector Thuli Madonsela releases three investigation reports. http://www.gov.za/public-protector-releases-investigation-reports-dec-2014\n\nPublic Protector (Act 123 of 1994), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1994-023.pdf","The Public Protector is appointed based on a merit based-system, operates independently and impartially and is protected against arbitrary removal...."]
["2014_SS_14",2014,"SS","South Sudan",14,0,"Since South Sudan declared its independence in 2011, the country has established only a few institutional checks and balances, including a merit-based civil service. It’s clear that appointments to the anti-corruption commission are based on appointees' support of the ruling Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) Party or their relationship with powerful people in the ruling party. Currently, the commission is led by people known to be members of the SPLM.\n\nIn addition, senior staff of thecommission, including the chair, deputy chair and commissioners are appointed by the president and can be removed by the president. This basically means the duration of their tenure of office depends on their relationship with the president and the president’s allies. This partly explains why, despite several concerns that government officials have been stealing public funds since the end of the civil war in 2005, no one has been prosecuted so far. And until the commission is able to ensure a senior politician or civil servant is prosecuted, corruption will remain a major problem in South Sudan.","Interview with Abraham Awolich, policy analyst, The Sudd Institute, June 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nInterview with Badru Mulumba, editor, The New Times, July 23, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nCenter for Strategic Studies, Research Paper No. 4, Kate Almquist Knopf, \"Fragility and State-Society Relations in South Sudan,\"  September 2013.\nhttp://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ARP-4-EN.pdf","Since South Sudan declared its independence in 2011, the country has established only a few institutional checks and balances, including a merit-based civil service. It’s clear that appointments to the anti-corruption commission are based on appointees' support of the ruling Sudan ..."]
["2014_SD_14",2014,"SD","Sudan",14,0,"In Sudan, there's no independent body to investigate allegations of public-sector corruption.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.","In Sudan, there's no independent body to investigate allegations of public-sector corruption."]
["2014_SZ_14",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",14,25,"The commissioner of the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) must be a High Court justice, according to the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006. The deputy commissioner can be a political appointee. Because High Court justices are appointed by the king via a recommendation from a body (the Judicial Services Commission) that the king also appoints, appointments to positions in the ACC rarely follow a merit-based system; they are done on the basis of loyalty to the monarchy and a proven record of compliance with the government’s agenda. \n\nIn addition, the king himself cannot be investigated by the ACC. The vetting process of choosing ACC officials is not a matter of public record – there are no public hearings before legislators, for instance. The appointment announcements are made by the king without explanation, which leaves the door open to conflicts of interest and biases.\nThe ACC either does not have or will not release details of any investigations into government officials.","Interview: Anonymous, businessman, Matsapha, 3 July 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview: Buhle Simelane, businesswoman, Frontier Investment (Ltd.), Manzini, 3 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014\n\n\"Swaziland: A Failed Feudal State,\" Freedom House, 15 Sept. 2013. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/swaziland-failed-feudal-state#.U_KEfYBdVU0","The commissioner of the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) must be a High Court justice, according to the Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006. The deputy commissioner can be a political appointee. Because High Court justices are appointed by the king via a recommendation from a body (..."]
["2014_TZ_14",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",14,25,"The bureau shall consist of the director general, deputy director general, and such other officers as may be necessary for efficient and effective carrying out of the functions of the bureau. According to Section 6 (1-3), the president appoints the director general and deputy director, and then the bureau appoints other officers. Although there have not been reports showing direct conflict of interest cases by the director/deputy director general and other officers, according to Salimu Mhimu, a political analyst from Global Source Watch, in order for someone to be appointed in the above positions, one must be loyal or sympathetic to the ruling party. This signals a high degree of conflict of interest and lack of independence by way of influence or pressure. Thus, the appointments are more political than merit-based, as the President may select his appointees, and there is no set of merit qualifications nor outside confirmation of those selections. \n\nDuring this period of study, there were no reported cases of any appointee being disciplined or removed. The disciplinary process is prescribe by law, which states that the director of the bureau appoints a committee to investigate an officer alleged to engage in unlawful action. If the director or deputy does not follow due process, the Minister of Finance has the power to appoint a special committee to investigate.","1. Salimu Mhimu, a political analyst from Global Source Watch, July 20, 2014, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania.\n\n2.\"PCCB now included in Constitution,\" by FELISTER PETER, IPP Media, September 30, 2014, http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=72697\n\n3.\"Feleshi loses powerful post, becomes judge,\" by Frank Kimboy, The Citizen, Aug 15, 2014. http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Feleshi-loses-powerful-post--becomes-judge/-/1840392/2419652/-/q6uv42z/-/index.html","The bureau shall consist of the director general, deputy director general, and such other officers as may be necessary for efficient and effective carrying out of the functions of the bureau. According to Section 6 (1-3), the president appoints the director general and deputy direc..."]
["2014_TG_14",2014,"TG","Togo",14,0,"Depuis que des membres ont été nommés en 2001 lors de la création de la Commission Anti-Corruption (CAC), aucune autre nomination n'a été effectuée. Ces membres avainet été nommés par décret présidentiel sans aucune précision sur les critères de mérite, ce qui laissait la porte ouverte aux conflits d'intérêt. \n\nLa comission est rattachée à la présidence de la république.","TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 11 juillet 2014.\n \n KETOMAGNAN Godson, Libertés Hebdo, 07 novembre 2013, «L’ancien ministre d’Etat, ministre des Finances, Emile Elom Dadzie rompt le silence : 'Je reste sceptique quant au bien fondé de l’Office togolais des Recettes qui reste une supercherie'».\n http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=\n \nSite de la Commission anti-corruption, consultée Juillet 2014.\nhttp://www.cac.tg/.\n \n Pasteur Edoh K.KOMI, Mouvement Martin Luther KING, 22 février 2014, «Origines et causes des violences politiques au Togo». \n http://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/files/2014/02/ORIGINES-ET-CaUSES-DES-VIOLENCES-POLITIQUES-au-TOGO.pdf.","Depuis que des membres ont été nommés en 2001 lors de la création de la Commission Anti-Corruption (CAC), aucune autre nomination n'a été effectuée. Ces membres avainet été nommés par décret présidentiel sans aucune précision sur les critères de mérite, ce qui laissait la porte ouv..."]
["2014_TN_14",2014,"TN","Tunisia",14,100,"The president and members of the I'Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority are selected from a panel of independent Tunisian personalities, reputed for their integrity and honesty, and the fact that they do not belong to a party. Their mandates last three years.\n\nAppointees must not be known to belong or even to support a particular party. There were no reported disciplinary, removal or transfer cases during the period of study.\n\nLaw No. 2011-120  spells out in how commission members are selected. The chairman must be known for competence in the legal field, and is appointed by decree, and then the other members are appointed in consultation with others. There is no specific merit criteria listed. The council of the commission is composed of at least seven members of civil society and other people of high standing, including a member of the Cour des Comptes.","Phone interview with Lamia Lemkecher, lawyer who has worked on corruption cases, 29 Jan. 2015.\n\nIInstance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption website; lists cases of corruption examined, accessed on 14 June 2014.\nwww.anticor.tn \n\nArticle: Business News, \"Liste des membres de l'Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority,\" 21 June 2013. http://www.businessnews.com.tn/Liste-des-membres-de-l%E2%80%99instance-nationale-de-lutte-contre-la-corruption,520,38873,3\n\nDécret No. 2013-2394, 4 June 2013.\nhttp://www.legislation-securite.tn/sites/default/files/files/lois/D%C3%A9cret%20n%C2%B02013-2394%20du%204%20juin%202013%20(fr).pdf\n\nArticles 1, 12, 13 and 20 of Law No. 2011-120, issued on 14 Nov. 2011. (See Page 197) \nhttp://www.cnudst.rnrt.tn/jortsrc/2011/2011f/jo0132011.pdf ","The president and members of the I'Instance Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption/National Anti-Corruption Authority are selected from a panel of independent Tunisian personalities, reputed for their integrity and honesty, and the fact that they do not belong to a party. Their ma..."]
["2014_UG_14",2014,"UG","Uganda",14,50,"A year has passed since the appointments of the current inspectorate general of government (IGG) and her deputies, and there have been no instances to show that the appointees are incompetent. The appointments to the Inspectorate of Government have always followed a merit-based system. The IGG and deputy IGGs are fit to be High Court judges and exhibit high moral character and proven integrity in their previous assignments. They possess considerable experience and have demonstrated competence in the conduct of public affairs. \n\nThe Inspector General of Government and the deputies are appointed by the president who forwards the names to parliament for vetting. The appointed person must have served in a field relevant to the work for a period of at least seven years or more. They should be persons of integrity and good moral standing.\n\nThe IGG Mulyagonja has a long history in the judiciary; from private practice, to consultancy, and later appointed a judge of the high court in 2008. The legal fraternity attests that she is diligent and thorough. At the time of her appointment she was said to be one of the best on the judicial bench. One MP and lawyer, Ayena Crispus pointed out that “Justice Mulyagonja is a professional person with a knack for perfection and a good choice for such a demanding job\". Her deputies Fauzar Wangadya had worked with the Uganda Human Rights Commission and George Bamugemereire worked with Shell for 14 years at senior levels in Africa, Europe and Latin America. He was a State Attorney in the Directorate of Public Prosecutions from 1990 to 1995 and remembered for his zero tolerance to corruption. He had also been a private consultant. He was an advocate of the High Court since 1991.\n\nSo far since appointment, the IGG and deputies have endeavored to be impartial in conducting their duties, although a few media reports show that the inspectorate is being used to fight personal battles under the guise of whistle-blowing. In that article “Uganda’s very good laws are abused – IGG”, of June 2014, the IGG strives to explain that they are working as best as they should despite the challenges they face that impinge on their work.\n\nThe process of disciplining or removal of the IGG and the deputies is supposed to go through a peer panel, a tribunal set up by the president to investigate the matter. There is also an Appointments Board and Disciplinary Committee that is used in case staff have to be disciplined, and the system has never been bypassed. \n\nThe latest IG report does not indicate what level the prosecuted civil servants are, but in its analysis the report shows that the complaints received by the Inspectorate of Government during the period July-December 2013 were mainly against district administrators and individual public officers; each accounted for 15.9 percent of the total complaints received. These were local government officials who allegedly used their offices for private gain. The report adds that local governments are more susceptible to corruption because interactions between private individuals and officials happen at greater levels of intimacy and with more frequency than at centralized levels.","Kayondo Farouk, inspectorate officer/public relations officer, Inspectorate of Government, Kampala, 21 July 2014 \n\n“Holding the IGG to account,” Andrew Mwenda; 11 May 2014\nhttp://www.independent.co.ug/the-last-word/the-last-word/8947-holding-the-igg-to-account \n\n“Uganda: IGG must work with, protect whistleblowers,” Irene Mulyagonja Kakooza; 21 May 2014\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201406030496.html?viewall=1 \n\n“NSSF bribe: IGG asks for more investigation time,” Anthony Wesaka; 21 May 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NSSF-bribe--IGG-asks-for-more-investigation-time/-/688334/2321386/-/veo81m/-/index.html \n\n“Report to Parliament,” Inspectorate of Government, July-December 2013; p.11-12\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/IGG_REPORT_DEC_2013_2.pdf \n\nDaily Monitor, “Uganda’s very good laws are abused – IGG”, June 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-s-very-good-laws-are-abused-IGG/-/688342/2351940/-/ef06ckz/-/index.html","A year has passed since the appointments of the current inspectorate general of government (IGG) and her deputies, and there have been no instances to show that the appointees are incompetent. The appointments to the Inspectorate of Government have always followed a merit-based sys..."]
["2014_ZM_14",2014,"ZM","Zambia",14,25,"The commissioner is appointed by the president, and the rest of the officers are employed as civil servants and operate as such. The commissioner is qualified to hold the position but does not have security of tenure; thus, he or she can be easily removed by the president. As such, there is a direct link between the commissioner and the president, with the latter expecting loyalty from the former and those close to him simply to protect their jobs. Even though 'the Anti-Corruption Commission Act No. 3 of 2012',  says that removal can only be done if parliament passes a resolution, the President having the power to appoint, means he also has the power to dismiss and there is nothing that can restrict or stop him from doing that, as shown in the 2011 instance where a new anti-corruption commission head was appointed, while at the same time dismissing the incumbant. \n\nWhile the law formally requires appointment and dismisal of commissioners to be subject to parliamentary approval, parliament mostly endorses the president's decision; most members are from the ruling Patriotic Front Party (PF). As for removing commissioners/officers, the president can simply order their removal.\n\nTop government officials, such as Justice Minister Wynter Kabimba, sometimes try to interfere with investigations and to intimidate officers when they face investigations. Sometimes, citizens observe that some top government officers get cleared within a week, whereas it can take a year to investigate cases involving ordinary citizens.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Kasebamashila Kaseba, author, journalist and media consultant, Shipwa Infoline, Lusaka, Zambia, 22 July 2014. \n\nLusakatimes.com, \"President Sata reaffirms resolve to fight corruption,\" 14 March 2014.\nhttp://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/03/14/president-sata-reaffirms-resolve-fight-corruption/\n\n\"President Sata appoints new Anti-Corruption Commision Chief,\" Lusaka Times October 11, 2011. http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/10/01/president-sata-appoints-anticorruption-commision-chief/ \n\nAnti-Corruption Commission (ACC) website, Anti-Corruption Commission Zambia, the Board of Commissioners, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.acc.gov.zm/?page_id=214","The commissioner is appointed by the president, and the rest of the officers are employed as civil servants and operate as such. The commissioner is qualified to hold the position but does not have security of tenure; thus, he or she can be easily removed by the president. As such,..."]
["2014_ZW_14",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",14,50,"As of August 2014, the appointments of commissioners for the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission had not taken place following the expiration of their contacts in August 2013. In a ministerial Statement delivered to the parliament on 22 July 2014 by Minister of Home Affairs Kembo Mohadi, he indicated that parliament would advertise publicly the post of commissioners. If this method is adopted, it is likely that commissioners will be appointed based on their professional and academic backgrounds. Following the statement, the clerk of parliament published a call for nominations to the commission.\n\nThe law carries specific merit requirements for the positions, as well as providing security of tenure.","Interview with David Magorokosho, former court magistrate, 31 July 2014, Mutare. \n\nVeritas, Status of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission, Ministerial Statement to the National Assembly, 22 July 2014. \nhttp://www.veritaszim.net/node/1067\n\nNomination Form: Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission, accessed 4 Aug. 2014. \nhttp://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Zimbabwe%20Anti-Corruption%20Commission%20-%20Nomination%20Form%20July%202014.pdf \n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Act (Chapter 9:22), Sections 254 and 255, 2004.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c45b25e2.pdf","As of August 2014, the appointments of commissioners for the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission had not taken place following the expiration of their contacts in August 2013. In a ministerial Statement delivered to the parliament on 22 July 2014 by Minister of Home Affairs Kembo M..."]
["2014_DZ_15",2014,"DZ","Algeria",15,100,"La loi ne préserve pas les chefs d'État et de gouvernement en cours de mandat, des enquêtes et des poursuites judiciaires si des preuves attestent qu'ils sont auteurs de crimes. L’article 158 de la Constitution prévoit l’institution d’une Haute Cour de l’Etat «‘pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du Président de la République, des crimes et délits du chef du gouvernement, commis dans l’exercice de leur fonction’.»","Constitution de la République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire, 1989, Chapitre 3 : Du pouvoir judiciaire, Art 158, 1996, http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm","La loi ne préserve pas les chefs d'État et de gouvernement en cours de mandat, des enquêtes et des poursuites judiciaires si des preuves attestent qu'ils sont auteurs de crimes. L’article 158 de la Constitution prévoit l’institution d’une Haute Cour de l’Etat «‘pour connaître des a..."]
["2014_AO_15",2014,"AO","Angola",15,100,"The Constitution of Angola provides for a criminal immunity protection to the president’s mandate (who is both the head of state and the government under article 108.1.) depending on the nature of the crime. Thus, there are exemptions, such as treason and subordination as stipulated by the constitution. By and large the president enjoys immunity from civil or criminal cases through public prosecution, for other crimes committed while in office but not related to the exercise of his functions, the president may be answerable to the Supreme Court five years after the expiry of his term. Nonetheless, the president remains immune during his tenure. \n\nYet, there is a clear stipulation that allows the President to be investigated if and when there are allegations that speak to Article 127 (1). \n\nThe Constitution, § IV, art. 127:\n\"1. The President is not responsible for acts performed in the exercise of his functions, except in case bribery, treason and crimes defined by this Constitution as imprescriptible and not subject to amnesty.\n2. Sentencing implies removal from office and impossibility of candidacy for another term.\n3. Crimes in the exercise of its functions, the President accountable to the Court Supreme, five years after the end of its mandate.\"\n\nHowever, art. 129 states that the National Assembly must vote to allow any such prosecution to go forward:\n5. The procedures for criminal liability and removal of a President of the Republic from office referred to in the previous points shall observe the following:\na) The initiation of proceedings must be duly justified and shall be the responsibility of the National Assembly;\nb) The proposal to initiate proceedings shall be presented by one third of the Members in full exercise of their office;\nc) The decision shall be approved by a two-thirds majority of Members in full exercise of their office and the respective communication or application for proceedings must afterwards be sent to the Supreme Court or Constitutional Court, as appropriate.","Republic of Angola Constitution, § IV, art. 127 (1, 2 & 3), 129.  (2010) .  Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498","The Constitution of Angola provides for a criminal immunity protection to the president’s mandate (who is both the head of state and the government under article 108.1.) depending on the nature of the crime. Thus, there are exemptions, such as treason and subordination as stipulate..."]
["2014_BJ_15",2014,"BJ","Benin",15,100,"Les articles fondateurs de la Haute Cour de Justice sont les 135, 136, 137 et 138 de la loi n°90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. L’article 136 dit que « la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les membres du gouvernement à raison de faits qualifiés de haute trahison, d’infractions commises dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice de leurs fonctions, ainsi que pour juger leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l’État », y compris lorsqu’ils sont reconnus auteurs, co-auteurs ou complices de malversations, de corruption, d’enrichissement illicite.","Loi n°90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Articles 135, 136, 137 et 138. http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/cop/assemble/constitution/constitution.html\n\nLoi organique n°93-013 du 10 août 1999 portant Création de la Haute Cour de Justice. http://www.ahjucaf.org/Loi-no93-013-du-10-aout-1999.html","Les articles fondateurs de la Haute Cour de Justice sont les 135, 136, 137 et 138 de la loi n°90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. L’article 136 dit que « la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les me..."]
["2014_BW_15",2014,"BW","Botswana",15,0,"The Constitution of Botswana, Section 41, protection of President in Respect of Legal Proceedings, states: \"Whilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of the president, no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity, and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his private capacity.\"","Constitution of Botswana, 1966, Chapter V: The Executive, Section 41: Protection of the president in respect of legal proceedings. http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf\n\nCase study: Motswaledi vs. The President, court document (attached).\nfile:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/LAONE/Desktop/BACK%20-%20UP/Motswaledi%20Vs%20The%20President.htm","The Constitution of Botswana, Section 41, protection of President in Respect of Legal Proceedings, states: \"Whilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of the president, no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything ..."]
["2014_BF_15",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",15,100,"La loi limite la protection du Président et des membres du gouvernement contre les poursuites judiciaires en cours de mandat. En effet, ils peuvent être traduits devant les juridictions pour crime grave comme la haute trahison et c'est la Haute Cour de Justice qui est compétente pour se saisir de ces affaires. C'est ce que l'on peut lire à l'article 76 de la Constitution : «chaque membre du gouvernement est responsable devant la Haute Cour de Justice des crimes et délits commis par lui dans l’exercice de ses fonctions.» À l'article 138 «la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour connaître des actes commis par le Président du Faso dans l’exercice de ses fonctions et constitutifs de haute trahison, d’attentat à la Constitution ou de  détournement de deniers publics. La Haute Cour de Justice est également compétente pour juger les membres du gouvernement en raison des faits qualifiés crimes ou délits commis dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice de leurs fonctions. Dans tous les autres cas, ils demeurent justiciables des juridictions de droit commun et des autres juridictions.»","La Constitution du Burkina Faso, Articles 76 et 138, juin 2012. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Burkina_Faso_2012.pdf","La loi limite la protection du Président et des membres du gouvernement contre les poursuites judiciaires en cours de mandat. En effet, ils peuvent être traduits devant les juridictions pour crime grave comme la haute trahison et c'est la Haute Cour de Justice qui est compétente po..."]
["2014_BI_15",2014,"BI","Burundi",15,100,"L’article 117 de la Constitution du Burundi stipule que: «le Président de la République n’est pénalement responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions qu’en cas de haute trahison.\n\nIl y a haute trahison lorsqu’en violation de la Constitution ou de la loi, le Président de la République commet délibérément un acte contraire aux intérêts supérieurs de la nation qui compromet gravement l’unité nationale, la paix sociale, la justice sociale, le développement du pays ou porte gravement atteinte aux droits de l’homme, à l’intégrité du territoire, à l’indépendance et à la souveraineté nationales.\n\nLa haute trahison relève de la compétence de la Haute Cour de Justice.\n\nLe Président de la République ne peut être mis en accusation que par l’Assemblée nationale et le Sénat réunis en Congrès et statuant, à vote secret, à la majorité des deux-tiers des membres.\n\nL’instruction ne peut être conduite que par une équipe d’au moins trois magistrats du parquet général de la République présidée par le procureur général de la République.»","Loi n°1/ 010 du 18 mars 2005 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République du Burundi, article 117. http://icoaf.org/docs/Burundi/Loi_N_1-010_du_18.03.05.pdf","L’article 117 de la Constitution du Burundi stipule que: «le Président de la République n’est pénalement responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions qu’en cas de haute trahison...."]
["2014_CM_15",2014,"CM","Cameroon",15,100,"Au Cameroun, la loi stipule que le Chef de l'État  et du gouvernement peut être jugé par la Haute Cour de Justice, ce qui signifie qu'il n'y a pas d'immunité prévue par la loi. La Constitution protège le Président de la République en son Titre VIII  consacré à la Haute Cour de Justice, notamment l'Article 53.— 1 qui indique que « la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger les actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions par : \n\n— Le Président de la République ; \n\n— Le Premier Ministre, les autres membres du gouvernement et assimilés, les hauts responsables de l'administration ayant reçus délégation de pouvoirs en application des articles 10 et 12 ci-dessus, en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'Etat.","Constitution du Cameroun de 1996,  article 53. http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Cameroon/Legislation/La%20Constitution%20de%20la%20Republique%20du%20Cameroun.pdf,","Au Cameroun, la loi stipule que le Chef de l'État  et du gouvernement peut être jugé par la Haute Cour de Justice, ce qui signifie qu'il n'y a pas d'immunité prévue par la loi. La Constitution protège le Président de la République en son Titre VIII  consacré à la Haute Cour de Just..."]
["2014_CV_15",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",15,100,"The constitution does not specify any immunity for the president while in office. \n\nArticle 132 (1-4) of the constitution stipulates that the president is accountable to the Supreme Court for crimes committed in the course of his/her duties. He/she can only be prosecuted by a two-third majority votes of members of the representative and he/she would be suspended from his/her duty from the date of the final judgment of the indictment and his/her conviction or equivalent means immediate loss of office, removal from office and disqualification to be re-elected.  Furthermore, for crimes committed outside the course of duty, the president is accountable to ordinary courts, after ending his/her tenure.\n\nArticle 199 provides for the head of the government, the prime minister, that \"(1) No member of the Government may be detained or remanded in custody without authorization of the National Assembly, except in cases of flagrant crime, for a crime that is punishable in prison, whose ceiling is more than three years. (2) Where criminal proceedings against a member of the Government is definitely pronounced, the National Assembly at the request of the Attorney General's Office, shall decide whether the official should or should not be suspended for the purpose of continuing the process. The suspension is mandatory in the case of a crime that is punishable in prison, whose ceiling is more than eight years.","1. Cape Verde Constitution (2010), Article 199º and 132º.\n\n2. Status of political appointees (all) - Law no. 85/III/90 of 6 October, 1990.","The constitution does not specify any immunity for the president while in office. \n\nArticle 132 (1-4) of the constitution stipulates that the president is accountable to the Supr..."]
["2014_CF_15",2014,"CF","CAR",15,100,"L'article 34 de la constitution (2004) dispose que « La vacance de la Présidence de la République n'est ouverte que par le décès, la démission, la destitution, la condamnation du Président ou par son empêchement définitif d'exercer ses fonctions conformément aux devoirs de sa charge. En cas de condamnation, la décision qui la prononce est transmise par le Président de la juridiction concernée au Président de la Cour Constitutionnelle qui en informe le Président de l'Assemblée Nationale par lettre et la Nation par message.»\n\nDans la Charte constitutionnelle de 2013 qui régit d'ailleurs le fonctionnement de la transition politique actuelle, il n'existe pas de disposition relative à l'immunité du Président de la République. Ce vide constitue une contrainte morale pour la Cheffe de l'État actuelle, Catherine Samba-Panza, en ce qui concerne la conformité à la loi. Les personnes interrogées affirment qu'on peut engager des actions judiciaires contre le Président actuel s'il s'avère qu'elle a commis des infractions pénales selon le principe de « nul est au dessus de la loi. »","L'article 34 de la constitution (2004). http://www.sangonet.com/actu-snews/ICAR/Dsp/constitution2004-qmout.html\n\nLoi n° 13.001 portant charte constitutionnelle de transition (18 juillet 2013). http://www.pmcar.org/docs/chartedetransition.pdf\n\nTABANGUE Sylvain, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 28 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nYABINDI Edmond, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui.","L'article 34 de la constitution (2004) dispose que « La vacance de la Présidence de la République n'est ouverte que par le décès, la démission, la destitution, la condamnation du Président ou par son empêchement définitif d'exercer ses fonctions conformément aux devoirs de sa charg..."]
["2014_TD_15",2014,"TD","Chad",15,100,"Le Président de la République et les membres du gouvernement sont suspendus de leurs fonctions en cas de mise en accusation.\n\nEn cas de condamnation, le Président de la République est déchu de ses charges et les ministres de leurs fonctions par la Haute Cour de la Justice.»\n\nAux termes de l'article 78 de la Constitution du Tchad : « Pendant l'exercice de ses fonctions, la responsabilité pénale du président de la République n'est engagée que dans le cas de haute trahison telle que prévue à l'article 174. »\n\nArticle 174 : « La Haute Cour de justice est compétente pour juger le président de la République et les membres du gouvernement ainsi que leurs complices en cas de haute trahison. Constitue un crime de haute trahison, tout acte portant atteinte à la forme républicaine, à l'unicité et à la laïcité de l'État, à la souveraineté, à l'indépendance et à l'intégrité du territoire national. Sont assimilés à la haute trahison, les violations graves et caractérisées des droits de l'homme, le détournement des fonds publics, la corruption, la concussion, le trafic de drogues et l'introduction de déchets toxiques ou dangereux, en vue de leur transit, dépôt ou stockage sur le territoire national. Le président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. »\"\n\nL'article 175 de la Constitution de la République du Tchad stipule que : « La mise en accusation du Président de la République et des membres du gouvernement est votée, au scrutin secret, à la majorité de 2/3 des membres de l’Assemblée nationale.","Constitution de la République du Tchad adoptée par referendum du 31 mars 1996 et revisée par la loi constitutionnelle no 08/PR/2005 du 15 juillet 2014 2005. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf","Le Président de la République et les membres du gouvernement sont suspendus de leurs fonctions en cas de mise en accusation...."]
["2014_KM_15",2014,"KM","Comoros",15,100,"Aux Comores, le chef de l'État ou du gouvernement ne bénéficie que d'une immunité de juridiction, car en cours de mandat, ils sont passibles de poursuites par la Haute Cour de Justice en cas d'infractions qualifiées de haute trahison. Selon l’article 30 de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores, « en cas de haute trahison le Président, le vice-président et les membres du gouvernement de l'Union sont traduits devant la Cour suprême siégeant en Haute Cour de Justice». La loi n'accorde donc pas d'immunité au chef d'État ou de gouvernement.  \n\nDe même, les membres du gouvernement peuvent être poursuivis: \n- s'ils portent atteinte à la liberté individuelle ou aux droits civiques du citoyen. Ils encourent la déchéance civique (Art 105 de la loi n°082/PAF-Loi 95-012/AF portant Code pénal)\n- s'ils s'immiscent dans l'exercice du pouvoir judiciaire (art 105/2 de la loi n°082/PAF-Loi 95-012/AF portant Code pénal);","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001. (2001). Article 30.\n\nLoi n°- 082 P/A.F - Loi 95-012/AF portant Code pénal (Crimes et délits), Article 105, Article 105/2, délibéré et adopté par le Parlement comorien en ses séances des 15 mai 1982 et 18 septembre 1995. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=208476","Aux Comores, le chef de l'État ou du gouvernement ne bénéficie que d'une immunité de juridiction, car en cours de mandat, ils sont passibles de poursuites par la Haute Cour de Justice en cas d'infractions qualifiées de haute trahison. Selon l’article 30 de la Constitution de l’Unio..."]
["2014_CD_15",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",15,100,"Le cadre juridique en matière de poursuite à l'endroit de hauts responsables qui auraient commis des crimes est une réalité au Congo. \n\nEn vertu de l'article 87 de la Constitution, le Chef de l'État peut être poursuivi pour crimes de haute trahison.\n\nARTICLE 87 : «La responsabilité personnelle du Président de la République n’est engagée qu’en cas de haute trahison.»\n\nSelon la Loi N° 1-99 DU 8 janvier 1999 portant attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Haute Cour de Justice, le Chef de l'État et celui du gouvernement sont passibles de poursuites judiciaires devant ladite cour.\n\nArticle premier. «La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger les membres du Parlement et du gouvernement à raison des faits qualifiés crimes ou délits commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions ainsi que pour juger leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'État. Elle est également compétente pour juger le Président de la République en cas de haute trahison.» \n\nArticle 2. «Dans les cas prévus à l'article premier, la Haute Cour de Justice est liée par la définition des crimes et des délits ainsi que par la détermination des peines telles qu'elles résultent des lois pénales en vigueur au moment où les faits ont été commis.»","Constitution du 20 janvier 2002 (article 47, 48, 76, 87).  http://cour-constitutionnelle.cg/docs/constitution-congolaise.pdf\n\nLoi n° 5 - 2009 du 22 septembre 2009 sur la corruption, la concussion et la fraude et les infractions assimilées en République du Congo (article 3). http://www.laga-enforcement.org/Portals/0/Documents/Legal%20documents/Africa%20anti-corruption/Congo_Anti%20corruption%20law.pdf\n\nLoi n° 1-99 du 8 janvier 1999 portant attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Haute Cour de Justice. http://www.droitcongolais.com/depot/Juridique/Legislation/1999/TextesNonClasse08011999/LOI%20N%C2%B0%201-99%20DU%208%20JANVIER%201999%20PORTANT%20ATTRIBUTIONS,%20ORGANISATION%20ET%20FONCTIONNEMENT%20DE%20LA%20HAUTE%20COUR%20DE%20JUSTICE.pdf","Le cadre juridique en matière de poursuite à l'endroit de hauts responsables qui auraient commis des crimes est une réalité au Congo. ..."]
["2014_CG_15",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",15,100,"The law does not protect the head of state and the government from being investigated and prosecuted while in the office if evidence shows they have committed a crime. However, the head of state and the government are only criminally liable in case of  high treasons such as a deliberate violation of the constitution or grave violations of human rights and for other crimes committed in the exercise of their functions. \n\nArticles 163 to 167 of the constitution states that if evidence shows that the head of state and the prime minister are found guilty, they may be investigated and prosecuted. The Constitutional Court is the judicial institution to prosecute the head of state and the government. The decision to inpeach and prosecute the president and prime minister requires a two-third votes from members of parliament. \n\nArticle 168 of the constitution says that the decisions of the Constitutional Court are not subjected to any appeal and are immediately enforceable. They are imperative and transcend all the public powers and all administrative, judicial, civil and military authorities. The above provisions are ratified in Article 42 of the Law establishing the Constitutional Court.","1.\tConstitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 167 & 168, www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf.\n\n2.\tLoi Organique n.13/026 du 15 Octobre 2013 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cour Constitutionnelle, 2013, Article 42,  http://www.misdac-rdc.net/index.php/118-actualites/356-loi-organique-portant-organisation-et-fonctionnement-de-la-cour-constitutionnelle.","The law does not protect the head of state and the government from being investigated and prosecuted while in the office if evidence shows they have committed a crime. However, the head of state and the government are only criminally liable in case of  high treasons such as a delib..."]
["2014_CI_15",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",15,100,"En vertu de l’article 109 de la Constitution de 2000, « le Président de la République n’est responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions et traduit devant la Haute Cour de Justice qu’en cas de haute trahison. » Selon l'article 111, «la mise en accusation du Président de la République et des membres du gouvernement est votée au scrutin secret, par l’Assemblée nationale à la majorité des 2/3 pour le Président de la République, et à la majorité absolue pour les membres du gouvernement. » En dehors de cette disposition constitutionnelle, il semblerait que le droit positif ivoirien soit silencieux sur la question du statut pénal du Président de la République, laissant penser à l’existence d’une immunité pénale pour les crimes de droit commun. On pourrait ainsi conclure en disant qu’en droit, le Chef de l’État peut être mis en accusation, mais uniquement en cas de haute trahison, un crime qui n’est pas clairement défini et qui doit faire l’objet d’une appréciation de l’Assemblée nationale. L’article 112 de la Constitution précise également « que la Haute Cour de justice est liée par la définition des crimes et délits et par la détermination des peines résultant des lois pénales en vigueur à l’époque des faits compris dans les poursuites ». Ainsi, l’article 142 du Code pénal précise qu’ « est coupable de trahison et puni de la peine de mort, tout ivoirien, tout militaire au service de la Côte d’Ivoire qui en temps de guerre: provoque des militaires à passer au service d’une puissance étrangère ou leur en facilite les moyens; fait des enrôlements pour une puissance étrangère; entretient des intelligences avec une puissance étrangère ou avec un agent en vue de favoriser les entreprises de cette puissance étrangère contre la Côte d'Ivoire; entrave la circulation de moyens ou matériels militaires; participe sciemment à une entreprise de démoralisation des Forces armées ou de la nation ayant pour objet de nuire à la défense nationale ».","Constitution du 1er août 2000 : «sAux termes des dispositions de l’article 109 de la Constitution, «le Président de la République est traduit devant la Haute Cour de Justice qu'en cas de haute trahison»","En vertu de l’article 109 de la Constitution de 2000, « le Président de la République n’est responsable des actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions et traduit devant la Haute Cour de Justice qu’en cas de haute trahison. » Selon l'article 111, «la mise en accusation du Prés..."]
["2014_DJ_15",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",15,100,"La Constitution dispose que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale.\n\nArticle 83 : il est institué une Haute Cour de Justice. Elle est composée de membres désignés par l'Assemblée nationale à chaque renouvellement général. Elle élit son président parmi ses membres.\n\nArticle 84 : une loi organique fixe sa composition, les règles de son fonctionnement ainsi que la procédure applicable devant elle.\n\nLa Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale.\n\nLe Président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Les membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions et qualifiés crimes ou délits au moment où ils ont été commis. La mise en accusation est votée par scrutin public à la majorité des deux tiers des députés composant l'Assemblée nationale.\n\nLa Haute Cour de Justice est liée par la définition des crimes et délits ainsi que par la détermination des peines résultant des lois pénales en vigueur à l'époque des faits compris dans la poursuite.","Constitution du 15 septembre 1992, article 83 et 84. http://www.presidence.dj/constitution.htm\n\nLoi organique N°6/AN/93/3ème L fixant la composition et les règles de fonctionnement de la Haute Cour de Justice du 24 mai 1993. http://www.presidence.dj/","La Constitution dispose que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale...."]
["2014_EG_15",2014,"EG","Egypt",15,100,"The President of Egypt is subject to prosecution. The constitution states that the President of the Republic shall be tried before a special court headed by the President of the Supreme Judicial Council, with the membership of the most senior deputy of the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the most senior deputy of the President of the State Council, and the two most senior Presidents of the Courts of Appeal; prosecution is to be carried out before such court by the Prosecutor General.\n\nMeanwhile Article 173 allows for the trial of the Prime Minister. Intriguingly, however while Article 173 makes it clear that the prime minister can still be tried for crimes upon leaving office, no such claim is made on an ex-President. Yet two former presidents, Hosni Mubarak and President Morsi, are on trial for suspected crimes related to violence against protesters during their fall from power.","Articles 159 and 173 of Egypt's 2014 Constitution 2014.","The President of Egypt is subject to prosecution. The constitution states that the President of the Republic shall be tried before a special court headed by the President of the Supreme Judicial Council, with the membership of the most senior deputy of the President of the Supreme ..."]
["2014_GQ_15",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",15,0,"There is no provision in the Ley Fundamental (2012 constitution) that allows for the head of state to be investigated and prosecuted while in office. \n\nNone of the articles in Chapter II of the 2012 constitution (Articles 33–45) address the possibility of investigating or prosecuting the head of state while in office if evidence suggests a crime was committed.\n\nUnder Article 34 of the 2012 constitution, \"The position of Head of State is inviolable. The Law regulates the privileges and immunities after his term.\" Thus, the head of state is immune from investigation and prosecution while serving.\n\nAlso, article 85 establishes also that the former presidents become members of the Senate automatically after their mandate, keeping their immunity as members of the Senate, while they keep a good reputation and do not engage in any political and social misbehavior.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, Capítulo II (“Del Presidente de la República”), Articles 33–45, 2012. \nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf","There is no provision in the Ley Fundamental (2012 constitution) that allows for the head of state to be investigated and prosecuted while in office. ..."]
["2014_ER_15",2014,"ER","Eritrea",15,100,"Article 41(6)(b) of the constitution establishes the possibility for the head of state to be investigated and prosecuted for either gross violations of the constitution or national laws or other actions such as criminal practices and corruption through an impeachment process by a majority vote of the National Assembly (parliament). \n\nAccording to the article 32 (9) of the Constitution \"Pursuant to the provisions of Sub-Article 6(a) and (b) of Article 41 hereof, the National Assembly, by a vote of two-thirds majority of all its members, shall have the power to impeach and charge the President before the end of his term of office.\" \nArticle 41 (6) provides that \"The President may be removed from office by two-thirds majority vote of all members of the National Assembly for the following reasons: \na) violation of the Constitution or grave violation of the law; \nb) conducting himself in a manner which brings the authority or honour of the office of President into ridicule, contempt and disrepute; \nc) being incapable of performing the functions of his office by reason of physical or mental incapacity.\n\nAccording to article 49 (2) (2) The Supreme Court shall have b) sole jurisdiction of hearing and adjudicating upon charges against a President who has been impeached by the National Assembly pursuant to the provisions of Sub-Article 6 (a) and (b) of Article 41 hereof;"," Article 41(6)(a) and (b) of the Constitution of 1997. http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er00000_.html\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.","Article 41(6)(b) of the constitution establishes the possibility for the head of state to be investigated and prosecuted for either gross violations of the constitution or national laws or other actions such as criminal practices and corruption through an impeachment process by a m..."]
["2014_ET_15",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",15,100,"The Constitution of Ethiopia is relatively silent regarding the investigation and prosecution of either the president (head of state) or the prime minister (head of government) while in office. No law explicitly forbids the prosecution of such figures. \n\nTake note that in Ethiopia, the conditions and threshold for prosecution of even federal and local legislators is relatively high. The prime minister and the president are selected from members of the House of Peoples’ Representatives and therefore entitled to any privileges enjoyed as a result. Articles 54 and 63 of the constitution state that permission is required from the House for any arrest or prosecution of its members, except in cases of in flagrante delicto.","The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Articles 54 and 63, 1995.\nhttp://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html","The Constitution of Ethiopia is relatively silent regarding the investigation and prosecution of either the president (head of state) or the prime minister (head of government) while in office. No law explicitly forbids the prosecution of such figures. ..."]
["2014_GA_15",2014,"GA","Gabon",15,100,"La Constitution gabonaise prévoit des poursuites contre un Chef d'État en cours de mandat.\n\nV - De la Haute Cour de Justice et des autres juridictions d'exception\nArticle 78: «La Haute Cour de Justice est une juridiction d'exception non permanente. Elle juge le Président de la République en cas de violation du serment ou de haute trahison. Le Président de la République est mis en accusation par le Parlement statuant à la majorité des deux tiers de ses membres, au scrutin public. Pendant l'intersession, le décret de convocation du Parlement sera exceptionnellement pris par le Premier ministre. Le vice-président de la République, les présidents et vice-présidents des corps constitués, les membres du gouvernement et les membres de la Cour constitutionnelle sont pénalement responsables devant la Haute Cour de Justice des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions et qualifiés de crimes ou délits au moment où ils ont été commis, ainsi que leurs complices et co-auteurs en cas d'atteinte à la sûreté de l'État. Dans ce cas, la Haute Cour de Justice est saisie, soit par le Président de la République, soit par les présidents des chambres du Parlement, soit par le procureur général près de la Cour de cassation agissant d'office ou sur saisine de tout personne intéressée;\n\nLe Président de la République qui a cessé d'exercer ses fonctions ne peut être mis en cause, poursuivi, recherché, arrêté détenu ou jugé pour les faits définis par la loi organique prévue à l'article 81 de la Constitution.»","Constitution gabonaise (2003), chapitre V - DE LA HAUTE COUR DE JUSTICE ET DES AUTRES JURIDICTIONS D'EXCEPTION plus précisément  A - DE LA HAUTE COUR DE JUSTICE, Article 78. http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Gabon.pdf","La Constitution gabonaise prévoit des poursuites contre un Chef d'État en cours de mandat.\n\nV - De la Haute Cour de Justice et des autres juridictions d'exception..."]
["2014_GM_15",2014,"GM","The Gambia",15,100,"Section 69 of the constitution provides that \"no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against any person while holding or performing the functions of office of president in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him or her whether in an official or private capacity\".\n\nThe president is the only person given such immunity and clearly by virtue of Section 69  he, as head of state and government, is given immunity from being investigated and prosecuted while in office even if evidence suggests he committed a crime.\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 63 of the constitution: \n 63 (3) A person elected as President may at any time during his term of office be removed from office if a no confidence motion is passed in the National Assembly supported by two thirds of the members of the National Assembly.\n67 (1) (a) (b) The President may be removed from office in accordance with this section on any of the following grounds: Abuse of office, willful violation of the oath of allegiance or President’s oath of office, willful violation of any provision of this Constitution, contempt or disrepute of the office of the President or has dishonestly done any act which is prejudicial or inimical to the economy of The Gambia or dishonestly omitted to act with similar consequences.","Section 69 of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","Section 69 of the constitution provides that \"no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against any person while holding or performing the functions of office of president in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him or her whether in an official..."]
["2014_GH_15",2014,"GH","Ghana",15,100,"The following law grants immunity to the head of state from being prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests he or she committed a crime. \n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eight, Article 57, clause (4-6) provides that:\n\"(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 2 of this Constitution, and subject to the operation of the prerogative writs, the President shall not, while in office, be liable to proceedings in any court for the performance of his functions, or for any act done or omitted to be done, or purported to be done, or purported to have been done or purporting to be done in the performance of his functions, under this Constitution or any other law.\n(5) The President shall not, while in office as President, be personally liable to any civil or criminal proceedings in court.\n(6) Civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a person within three years after his ceasing to be President, in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him in his personal capacity before or during his term of office notwithstanding any period of limitation except where the proceedings had been legally barred before he assumed the office of President.\"\n\nThis grants immunity to the head of state from being prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests he or she committed a crime.\n\nHowever, the President shall be removed from office where the President as the case may be, has been indicted and convicted by impeachment (not less than one-third of all the members of Parliament) as noted in section 69 of the constitution. \n\n69 (1) The President shall be removed from office if he is found, in accordance with the provisions of this article: \n(a) Willful violation of the oath of allegiance or constitution \n(b) Conducted himself in a manner disrepute, ridicule or contempt or prejudicial or inimical to the economy or the security of the State.","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eight, Article 57, clause (4-6), Article 69. \nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst8.html","The following law grants immunity to the head of state from being prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests he or she committed a crime. ..."]
["2014_GN_15",2014,"GN","Guinea",15,100,"Les articles 118, 119 et 120 de la Constitution guinéenne disposent que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président et le Premier Ministre dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions dans les cas suivants: \n- Le Président de la République en cas de haute trahison;\n- Le Premier Ministre et les autres membres du gouvernement pour crimes et délits.\n\nArticle 119: Il y a haute trahison lorsque le Président de la République a violé son serment, les arrêts de la Cour constitutionnelle, est reconnu auteur, coauteur ou complice de violations graves et caractérisées des droits  humains, de cession d'une partie du territoire national, ou d'actes attentatoires au maintien d'un environnement sain, durable et favorable au développement.\n\nArticle 120: La mise en accusation est demandée par un dixième des députés. Elle ne peut intervenir que par un vote de l'Assemblée nationale au scrutin secret à la majorité des trois cinquièmes des membres qui la composent.\nCelle-ci peut décider, lorsque le président de la République est mis en accusation, que le président de l'Assemblée nationale exerce sa suppléance jusqu'à ce que la Haute Cour de Justice ait rendu son arrêt.\nL'instruction et le jugement ont lieu toutes affaires cessantes.\nLe Président de la République, le Premier Ministre et les membres du gouvernement, en cas de mise en accusation devant la Haute Cour de Justice, sont suspendus de leurs fonctions.\nEn cas de condamnation, ils sont déchus de leurs fonctions.\nEn cas d'acquittement, ils reprennent leurs fonctions.","Constitution guinéenne. (2010). Articles 118, 119 et 120. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf","Les articles 118, 119 et 120 de la Constitution guinéenne disposent que la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président et le Premier Ministre dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions dans les cas suivants: ..."]
["2014_GW_15",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",15,100,"The head of state may be investigated and prosecuted by the Supreme Court for crimes committed in the exercise of his functions as the president. Thus, a penal action against him means that the National Popular Assembly (Guinea-Bissau's parliament) has to approve, by two-thirds majority, his prosecution (Article 33º of law 14/1997). If approved, he is then removed from office and then goes to trial in a regular court. However he may only be prosecuted in ordinary courts for crimes committed outside the exercise of his functions once he is removed from office. The president does indeed enjoy some immunity. \n\nArticle 72 of the Consitution reads as follows: \n1. For crimes committed in the exercise of its functions the president is accountable to the supreme court.\n2. The national people's congress can require the attorney general to promote prosecution of the president upon proposal of one third and vote of two-thirds of the members in office.\n3. The condemnation of the president entails forfeiture of office an impossibility of re-election.\n4. For crimes committed outside the exercise of his functions, the president is accountable to the ordinary courts, ending his mandate.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Article 72, 1996\n\n2. Cargos Políticos, Lei nº 14/97, Articles 33º and 35º, 2 December, 1997","The head of state may be investigated and prosecuted by the Supreme Court for crimes committed in the exercise of his functions as the president. Thus, a penal action against him means that the National Popular Assembly (Guinea-Bissau's parliament) has to approve, by two-thirds maj..."]
["2014_KE_15",2014,"KE","Kenya",15,100,"The Constitution of Kenya provides a sitting Head of State and Government protection from legal proceedings.\n\nArticle 143. (1)  says criminal proceedings shall not be instituted or continued in any court against the President or a person performing the functions of that office, during their tenure of office. \n\n(2) Civil proceedings shall not be instituted in any court against the President or the person performing the functions of that office during their tenure of office in respect of anything done or not done in the exercise of their powers under this Constitution. \n\n(3) Where provision is made in law limiting the time within which proceedings  under clause (1) or (2) may be brought against a person, a period of time during which the person holds or performs the functions of the office of the President shall not be taken into account in calculating the period of time prescribed by that law. \n\n(4) The immunity of the President under this Article shall not extend to a crime for which the President may be prosecuted under any treaty to which Kenya is party and which prohibits such immunity. \n\nA sitting President in Kenya cannot be investigated and prosecuted. Cases brought against Daniel Moi and Mwai Kibaki have taken place only after they retired as Heads of State.\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 145 of the constitution:\n\n145. (1) A member of the National Assembly, supported by at least\na third of all the members, may move a motion for the impeachment of the Presiden —\n(a) on the ground of a gross violation of a provision of this\nConstitution or of any other law;\n(b) where there are serious reasons for believing that the President has committed a crime under national or international law; or\n(c) for gross misconduct.","1. Harold Ayodo, advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on June 19, 2014.\n\n2. Constitution of Kenya 2010. 145. https://www.kenyaembassy.com/pdfs/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya.pdf\n\n3. \"Why former Kenyan President is restless in retirement\" An article By KIPCHUMBA SOME published buy the Africa Review on  Sunday, November 6  2011.\nhttp://www.africareview.com/Special-Reports/Why-former-Kenyan-President-Moi-is-restless-in-retirement/-/979182/1268184/-/i8b8hyz/-/index.html.\n\n4. \"Seroney family sues Moi over atrocities\"- A story by Galgalo Fayo, published by the Business Daily Newspaper on October 16,2013.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Seroney-family-sues-Moi-over-atrocities/-/539546/2035496/-/b2m1v2/-/index.html.\n\n5. \"Retired president, Mwai Kibaki's, testimony causes laughter in Nyeri court\". A joint report Published by the Standard Newspaper on December 2,2013. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/article/3183/retired-president-mwai-kibaki-s-testimony-causes-laughter-in-nyeri-court\n\n6. Ruling by Justice F. Gikonyo. Delivered in open court at Bungoma on April,15 2013.\nhttp://kenyalaw.org/CaseSearch/view_preview1.php?link=38851754593461195001894.","The Constitution of Kenya provides a sitting Head of State and Government protection from legal proceedings...."]
["2014_LS_15",2014,"LS","Lesotho",15,0,"Section 50 (1) of the constitution entitles the titular head of state, the king, to “immunity from suit and legal process in any civil cause in respect of all things done or omitted to be done by him in his private capacity and to immunity from criminal proceedings in respect of all things done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity.\"  Subsection (2) provides thus: “Whilst any person exercises the functions of the office of king as regent or by virtue of a designation under section 45 (3) of this constitution, no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity, and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him in his private capacity.”\n\nHowever, Lesotho’s chief executive, the Prime Minister, can be investigated and prosecuted if evidence suggests wrongdoing. The king being a ceremonial head of state, the Prime Minister is responsible for all policy decisions in the country.","The Constitution of Lesotho (1993). Chapter V: Section 50 (1) and (2). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf","Section 50 (1) of the constitution entitles the titular head of state, the king, to “immunity from suit and legal process in any civil cause in respect of all things done or omitted to be done by him in his private capacity and to immunity from criminal proceedings in respect of al..."]
["2014_LR_15",2014,"LR","Liberia",15,100,"The Constitution of Liberia protects the president from prosecutions while in office. There are provisions within the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) Act to investigate anyone but the same provisions state that they are pursuant to existing laws of the state. Besides, the constitution is the supreme law of the land and all others are sub-judicio.\n\nHowever, the legislature can initiate impeachment proceedings, as described in article 62 and 43 of the constitution.\n\nArticle 62:\n\"The President and the Vice–President may be removed from office by impeachment for treason, bribery and other felonies, violation of the Constitution or gross misconduct.\"\n\nArticle 43:\n\"The power to prepare a bill of impeachment is vested solely in the House of Representatives, and the power to try all impeachments is vested solely in the Senate. When the President, Vice President or an Associate Justice is to be tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; when the Chief Justice or a judge of a subordinate court of record is to be tried, the President of the Senate shall preside. No person shall be impeached but by the concurrence of two-thirds of the total membership of the Senate. Judgements in such cases shall not extend beyond removal from office and disqualification to hold public office in the Republic; but the party may be tried at law for the same offense. The Legislature shall prescribe the procedure for impeachment proceedings which shall be in conformity with the requirements of due process of law.\"","The Constitution of Liberia, Chapter VI, Article 61. http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm#chapter7","The Constitution of Liberia protects the president from prosecutions while in office. There are provisions within the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC) Act to investigate anyone but the same provisions state that they are pursuant to existing laws of the state. Besides, the..."]
["2014_LY_15",2014,"LY","Libya",15,0,"The law gives immunity for the members of national general conference without specifically mentioning of head of state. The article 55 of the internal law states that the national general conference members are waived from legal detention or criminal prosecution while they are in office. While there is is no law providing immunty for a President or head of government, the GNC does itself wield power, and carries immunity.","Interview with Jamal AL Amieri, head of the Warriors Against Corruption Organisation, Sept. 18, 2014.\n\nInterview with Alaa Almaslati, agent of the Libyan Audit Bureau, Sept. 22, 2014.\n\nInternal law (Hasanah) of the General National Council, itdoc.com/view.asp?id=75329&sid=1M4H&ext=PDF&lcl=113017448-Gnc-bylaws.pdf&usr=libyanproud&doc=113898001&key=key-20glkbfhwwyyraw5ci1n","The law gives immunity for the members of national general conference without specifically mentioning of head of state. The article 55 of the internal law states that the national general conference members are waived from legal detention or criminal prosecution while they are in o..."]
["2014_MG_15",2014,"MG","Madagascar",15,100,"Selon l'article 131 de la Constitution, le Président de la République peut être mis en accusation par l’Assemblée nationale au scrutin public et à la majorité des deux tiers pour « des actes accomplis liés à l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison, de violation grave, ou de violations répétées de la Constitution, de manquement à ses devoirs manifestement incompatible avec l'exercice de son mandat ». \n \n Pour le Premier ministre, il s’agit de l’article 133 avec les mêmes dispositions. Ces deux articles stipulent que seule la Haute Cour de Justice est habilitée à les juger. \n \n L’article 136 donne la composition d’une telle cour. Comme la Constitution de la IVème République fut promulguée en décembre 2010, les actuels dirigeants ne font qu’imiter ce qu’ont fait leurs aînés en ne montrant aucune disposition à mettre en place cette Haute Cour. Ainsi, depuis son indépendance (juin 1960) à ce jour, Madagascar ne possède pas une juridiction spéciale pour les Chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement.","Constitution du 11 décembre 2010 http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm. \n\n Code Pénal www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/.../les%20codes/CODE%20PENAL.pdf.\n\n Loi n° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, Journal Officiel de la République, n°2928, 16 septembre 2004, p.3307 http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20les%20societes/lois%20et%20ordonnances/Loi%202004-030.pdf.","Selon l'article 131 de la Constitution, le Président de la République peut être mis en accusation par l’Assemblée nationale au scrutin public et à la majorité des deux tiers pour « des actes accomplis liés à l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison, de violation grav..."]
["2014_MW_15",2014,"MW","Malawi",15,100,"There is no law subjecting the president to investigation or prosecution.To the contrary, the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, under Section 91, gives immunity to the president from prosecution. It explicitly states that:\n\n(1) No person holding the office of president or performing the functions of president may be sued in any civil proceedings but the office of president shall not be immune from orders of the courts concerning rights and duties under this constitution.\n\n(2) No person holding the office of president shall be charged with any criminal offence in any court during his term of office.\n\n(3) After a person has vacated the office of President, he or she shall not be personally liable for acts done in an official capacity during his or her term of office but shall not otherwise be immune. \n\nThis immunity ceases at the time one leaves the office of the president, according to subsection 3 of Section 91 of the constitution, even though one is not personally liable for acts done in an official capacity when in office.\n\nHowever, the President or First Vice-President shall be removed from office where the President or First Vice-President, as the case may be, has been indicted and convicted by impeachment as noted in section 86 of the constitution. \n\n86 (2) The procedure for impeachment shall be as laid down by the Standing Orders of Parliament, provided that they are in full accord with the principles of natural justice and that: (a) indictment and conviction by impeachment shall only be on the grounds of serious violation of the Constitution or serious breach of the written laws of the Republic that either occurred or came to light during the term of office of the President or the First Vice-President; (b) indictment on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly in a committee of the whole house; (c) conviction on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of both Chambers.","Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (2010) Section 91. Article 86. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf","There is no law subjecting the president to investigation or prosecution.To the contrary, the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, under Section 91, gives immunity to the president from prosecution. It explicitly states that:..."]
["2014_ML_15",2014,"ML","Mali",15,100,"Les Chefs d'État et de gouvernement peuvent faire l'objet d'enquêtes et de poursuites en cours de mandat si des preuves attestent qu'ils sont auteurs de crimes.\n\nLa Constitution malienne dit clairement à son titre X :«la Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les ministres mis en accusation devant elle par l'Assemblée nationale pour haute trahison ou en raison des faits qualifiés de crimes ou délits commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions ainsi que leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'Etat». Il faut que la mise en accusation soit votée par scrutin public à la majorité des 2/3 des députés composant l'Assemblée nationale.","Constitution du Mali, article 95, titre X, adoptée le 25 février 1992, http://www.sgg.gov.ml/Journal0/Constitu.pdf","Les Chefs d'État et de gouvernement peuvent faire l'objet d'enquêtes et de poursuites en cours de mandat si des preuves attestent qu'ils sont auteurs de crimes...."]
["2014_MR_15",2014,"MR","Mauritania",15,100,"L'article 93 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1992 alinéa 2 stipule notamment que le Premier ministre et les membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables pour les crimes et infractions commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Cette disposition, tout en consacrant la responsabilité pénale du premier ministre et des membres du gouvernement, souligne aussi que le Président de la République ne peut être poursuivi qu'en cas de haute trahison. En d'autres termes, elle sous-entend que le Président de la République ne peut être poursuivi pour des infractions à caractère pénal. Déjà, la loi fondamentale reprend une vieille disposition de la Constitution française (dont elle s'inspire dans les grandes lignes), qui évoque l'irresponsabilité du chef de l'État dans les actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions. Cet article accorde une sorte d'immunité au Président de la République. Le constituant mauritanien, en instituant la Haute Cour de justice en son article 92 souligne que le Premier ministre et les membres du gouvernement ne sont pas des justiciables ordinaires et ne peuvent comparaitre que devant une juridiction composée de parlementaires et de magistrats. La disposition de l'article 92 s'applique également au Président de la République en cas de haute trahison.","1. Constitution du 20 juillet 1992 rétablie par le référendum de 2006. (1992). Article 93.\nhttp://www.ami.mr/fr/index.php?page=Mauritanie-Constitution","L'article 93 de la Constitution du 20 juillet 1992 alinéa 2 stipule notamment que le Premier ministre et les membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables pour les crimes et infractions commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Cette disposition, tout en consacrant la respo..."]
["2014_MU_15",2014,"MU","Mauritius",15,100,"There is no specific language in any law that the head of the state, whether it is the president or the prime minister, cannot be investigated and prosecuted for criminal acts.\n\nThe constitution states: “No person shall be deprived of his personal liberty save as may be authorized by law – in consequence of his unfitness to plead to a criminal charge or in execution of the sentence or order of a court, whether in Mauritius or elsewhere, in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been convicted; (…) upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed, or being about to commit, a criminal offence.”\n\nIn other words, any citizen including the president and the prime minister may be deprived of his/her liberty if he/she is convicted in a criminal case. Moreover, the criminal code makes no distinction between who can be prosecuted or not. All the articles of the code mention “Any person” or “Any attempt.\"\n\nWhile Article 30 protects the president and vice-president from criminal or civil proceedings regarding their actions in office, this article gives immunity to the heads of state or government as individuals only with respect to an act done in the performance of his function. It does not give immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated, prosecuted or even sued by a private citizen if the head of state or government commits an illegal act, and particularly if the act is not in the context of the performance of his/her functions. Even if the head of state or government takes a decision and an action which he truly believes is in conformity with the law and in line with the authority to perform his function, he may be challenged in a court as to the legality of such a decision. There is no immunity clause in the law as is confirmed by the State Law Office asking about the interpretation of the clause. \n\nArticle 30 also notes:\n(1) The President or the Vice-President may be removed from office in accordance with thissection for -\n(a) violation of the constitution or any other serious act of misconduct...\n\nMoreover, Article 30A (Privilege and Immunity) states that : \n(1) Subject to Section 64 (5), “no civil or criminal proceedings shall be taken against the president or the vice-president in respect of the performance by him of the functions of his office or in respect of any act done or purported to be done by him in the performance of those functions. \n(2) Subject to Section 64 (5), no process, warrant or summons shall be issued or executed against the president or the vice-president during his term of office.”","Sources Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius  \n• Year passed: 1968 \n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 5 \n• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/constitution/Pages/Constitution.aspx \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf \n\nName of the law(s): The Criminal Code \n• Year passed: 1838 \n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: The entire code. \n• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/C/Page%207/CRIMINALCODE1.pdf","There is no specific language in any law that the head of the state, whether it is the president or the prime minister, cannot be investigated and prosecuted for criminal acts...."]
["2014_MA_15",2014,"MA","Morocco",15,0,"Article 46 of the Moroccan Constitution of July 2011 is interpreted as giving the Head of State full imunity. \"The King's person is inviolable and respect is due to him\". However neither the penal code nor the constitution specifically mentions immunity as such for the Head of State or the Head of Government.","No such law exists\n\nMoroccan Constitution of 2011, article 46. (http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf)","Article 46 of the Moroccan Constitution of July 2011 is interpreted as giving the Head of State full imunity. \"The King's person is inviolable and respect is due to him\". However neither the penal code nor the constitution specifically mentions immunity as such for the Head of Stat..."]
["2014_MZ_15",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",15,100,"According to the Constitution of Mozambique, for crimes committed while in office, the president of the republic shall be brought before the Supreme Court.\n\nArticle 153 of Chapter I, Title IV of the constitution reads:\n\"Criminal responsibility\n\n1. For crimes committed in the performance of his functions, the president of the republic shall be tried before the supreme court.\n2. For crimes committed outside the performance of his functions, the president of the republic shall be tried before the ordinary courts, at the end of his term of office.\n3. It shall be incumbent upon the assembly of the republic to request that the attorney general of the republic institute criminal proceedings against the president of the republic, upon the recommendation of at least one-third and carried by a majority of two-thirds of the deputies of the assembly of the republic.\n4. The president of the republic shall be suspended from his duties as of the date on which definitive indictment or its equivalent has been passed, and his conviction shall result in his discharge from office.\n5. The supreme court, sitting in plenary session, shall deliver its judgment within a maximum period of 60 days.\n6. In the event of a conviction, the president of the republic shall not be able to stand as a candidate for that office again, nor may he hold any position in a sovereign public office or a local authority.\"","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique. Title IV, Chapter I, Article 153, No 1, 2004.\nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf","According to the Constitution of Mozambique, for crimes committed while in office, the president of the republic shall be brought before the Supreme Court...."]
["2014_NA_15",2014,"NA","Namibia",15,100,"Article 29 (2) provides that the National Assembly adopt a resolution impeaching the president on the ground that he or she has been suspected of a violation of the constitution or guilty of a serious violation of the laws of the land or otherwise guilty of such gross misconduct or ineptitude as to render him or her unfit to hold with dignity and honour the office of president.\n\nHowever, according to Article 31 of the constitution, a seated president has immunity to civil and criminal offenses. But such immunity as pertains to civil suits will not extend to  such proceedings concerning an act done in his or her official capacity as president. Such immunity would also not be extended to an unseated president if a resolution adopted by parliament resolving that any such proceedings are justified in the public interest notwithstanding any damage such proceedings might cause to the dignity of the office of president.","Namibian Constitution, 1990, chapter 5 - The President, Article 31 - Immunity from Civil and Criminal Proceedings, http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/AboutNamibia2/AboutNamsDocs/Constitution/constitutionDoc.pdf.\nArticle 31 of the Namibian Constitution (1990, as amended 1998 and 2010),\nwww.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/docs/NamibiaConstitution.pdf","Article 29 (2) provides that the National Assembly adopt a resolution impeaching the president on the ground that he or she has been suspected of a violation of the constitution or guilty of a serious violation of the laws of the land or otherwise guilty of such gross misconduct or..."]
["2014_NE_15",2014,"NE","Niger",15,100,"Selon l'article 142 de la Constitution (2010), «le président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il est jugé par la Haute cour de justice. Il y a haute trahison lorsque le président de la République viole son serment, refuse d'obtempérer à un arrêt de la Cour constitutionnelle, est reconnu auteur, coauteur ou complice de violations graves et caractérisées des droits humains, de cession frauduleuse d'une partie du territoire national, de compromission des intérêts nationaux en matière de gestion des ressources naturelles et du sous-sol et d'introduction de déchets toxiques sur le territoire national. Lorsque le Président de la République est reconnu coupable du crime de haute trahison, il est déchu de ses fonctions. La déchéance est constatée par la Cour constitutionnelle au terme de la procédure devant la Haute cour de justice conformément aux dispositions de la présente Constitution. La Haute cour de justice est compétente pour juger les membres du gouvernement en raison des faits qualifiés crimes ou délits commis dans l'exercice ou à l'occasion de l'exercice de leurs fonctions.»","Articles 142, 144 et 145 de la Constitution du 25 novembre 2010 de la République du Niger","Selon l'article 142 de la Constitution (2010), «le président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il est jugé par la Haute cour de justice. Il y a haute trahison lorsque le président de la République vi..."]
["2014_NG_15",2014,"NG","Nigeria",15,100,"The Nigerian Constitution gives the president and vice president (and also the governors of the 36 federal states and their deputies), immunity against civil or criminal charges while in office. However, while the president, vice president, as well as the governors and their deputies, cannot be prosecuted, the constitution does not preclude their investigation. Both the President and Vice-President can also be investiaged and removed by the legislature. \n\nIn addition, Section 52 of the Independent Corrupt Practices Act provides for the appointment of an independent counsel to investigate this category of officers even while they are in office. Section 143 of the Constitution allows for legislative investigation and removal of the holder of the office of President or Vice-President if they are determined to be guilty of gross misconduct in the performance of the functions of their office.\n\nSection 52 of the ICPC act states: \"When an allegation of corruption or anything purporting to contravene any provision of this Act is made against the President or the Vice-President of Nigeria or against any state government or deputy governor, the Chief Justice of the Federation shall, if satisfied that sufficient cause has been shown upon an application on notice supported by an affidavit setting out the facts on which the allegation is based, authorise an independent counsel (who shall be a legal practitioner of not less than fifteen years standing) to investigate the allegation and make a report of his findings to the national assembly in the case of the president or vice-president and to the relevant state house of assembly in the case of the state government or the deputy governor.\"","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Miscellaneous Provisions, Section 308. \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1\n\nCorrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act, 2000, Section 52. \nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","The Nigerian Constitution gives the president and vice president (and also the governors of the 36 federal states and their deputies), immunity against civil or criminal charges while in office. However, while the president, vice president, as well as the governors and their deputi..."]
["2014_RW_15",2014,"RW","Rwanda",15,100,"Article 44 of Organic Law No. 1/2004, establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, stipulates that the Supreme Court has special and exclusive jurisdiction to try the president of the republic, the president of the Senate, the president of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Supreme Court and the prime minister for offenses committed during their terms of office, whether the offenses relate to the exercise of their public duties or their private matters and regardless of whether they are still in or have ceded to hold office. \n\nDuring the time when they are still in their posts, the court also has the power to try them on offenses they committed before occupying such posts. The court also has jurisdiction to try their accomplices. \n\nHowever, the law stipulates that the president of the republic shall not, while still in office, be subject to investigation or prosecution for crimes he or she has committed until both chambers of parliament meet in joint session to charge him or her by a majority vote of two-thirds of the members of each chamber.","Organic Law No. 1/2004, establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, Chapter 2, Article 44. \nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/amategekodb.aspx?mode=r&pid=7517&iid=1202&rid=30692473","Article 44 of Organic Law No. 1/2004, establishing the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, stipulates that the Supreme Court has special and exclusive jurisdiction to try the president of the republic, the president of the Senate, the president of the C..."]
["2014_ST_15",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",15,100,"In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government. Article 74 – Control and responsibility - of the constitution states that those who hold a political position \"answer for their political, civil, criminal actions and omissions they commit whilst in office.”\n\nArticle 86 of the constitution states: \n\"1. For crimes committed during the exercise of his functions the President of the Republic responds to the supreme court of justice.\n2. The national assembly takes the initiative of a criminal process through the proposal of a fifth of the deputies and approval by a majority of two-thirds of the deputies.\n3. The condemnation implies the destitution from office and the impossibility of re-election.\n4. For crimes committed outside the exercise of his functions the President of the Republic responds after the end of his term at the common courts.\"\n\nConcerning criminal responsibility involving government members, Article 115 says:\n\"1. The government member definitively accused of crime committed in exercise of his functions is punishable with a prison term superior than two years (and) is suspended for the purpose of pursuing the case.\n2. In the case of the definitive accusation of a crime punishable with a sentence of up to two years, the national assembly decides if the government member has to be suspended or not for the same purpose.\"","Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Law No. 1/2003, Part 3, Title 1, Article 74, and Title 2, Articles 86 and 115. \nhttp://www.parlamento.st/Legisl/leg%20Constit/Frames_legisl_constit.htm","In law, there is no immunity from prosecution for heads of state and government. Article 74 – Control and responsibility - of the constitution states that those who hold a political position \"answer for their political, civil, criminal actions and omissions they commit whilst in of..."]
["2014_SN_15",2014,"SN","Senegal",15,100,"La Constitution en son article 101 dit clairement que : « le Président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il ne peut être mis en accusation que par les deux assemblées, statuant par un vote identique au scrutin secret, à la majorité des trois cinquièmes des membres les composant ; il est jugé par la Haute Cour de Justice. Le Premier Ministre et les autres membres du gouvernement sont pénalement responsables des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions et qualifiés de crimes ou délits au moment où ils ont été commis. Ils sont jugés par la Haute Cour de Justice.\n\nLa procédure définie ci-dessus leur est applicable, ainsi qu'à leurs complices, dans le cas de complot contre la sûreté de l'État. Dans les cas prévus au présent alinéa, la Haute Cour est liée par la définition des crimes et délits ainsi que par la détermination des peines, telles qu'elles résultent des lois pénales en vigueur au moment où les faits ont été commis ».  \n\nLes Chefs d'État et de gouvernment sont donc des personnes pénalement responsables mais qu'on ne peut pas attaquer devant des tribunaux ordinaires. Ils ont un statut particulier.","Constitution du 22 janvier 2001. Article 101. http://www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf","La Constitution en son article 101 dit clairement que : « le Président de la République n'est responsable des actes accomplis dans l'exercice de ses fonctions qu'en cas de haute trahison. Il ne peut être mis en accusation que par les deux assemblées, statuant par un vote identique ..."]
["2014_SC_15",2014,"SC","Seychelles",15,100,"Laws exist to protect/give immunity to heads of state from being prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime. But the head of state can be investigated. Article 54 of the constitution states: \"Where notice in writing signed by not less than half the number of the members of the National Assembly of a motion alleging that the President has committed a violation of this Constitution or a gross misconduct and specifying the particulars of the allegation and proposing that the Constitutional Court investigates the allegations is given to the Speaker. [...] (c) the Constitutional Court shall investigate the matter and report to the Speaker whether it finds that the particulars of the allegation specified in the motion constitute a prima facie case for the removal of the President; [...] (7)\n\nWhere the National Assembly when it meets pursuant to clause (6) resolves by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the number of its members that the finding of the Constitutional Court be adopted, the President shall cease to hold office on the passing of the resolution.\"  \n\nThe president has immunity from criminal aspects while in office. Thus, if an investigation turns up criminal wrongdoing, he or she will not be prosecuted. Investigation can proceed but prosecution would take place after he or she left office by term or impeachment.","1. 1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles:\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400\n\n2. Privileges and Immunities (Diplomatic, Consular and International \nOrganisations) Act, Cap: 181, (Last updated January 31, 1980): \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/181.\n\n3. Interview: Chief Justice Fredrick Egonda-Ntende, Chief Justice \nSeychelles Supreme Court, November 26, 2013.\n\n4. Penal Code, Cap 158, last updated February 1, 1955: \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\n5. Civil Code, Cap 33, last updated January 1, 1976: \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/33.\n\n6. Public Service Orders (Second Edition), June 1996 (Updated based \non circulars issued between 1996 and Dec 2003): \nhttp://www.mamd.gov.sc/PSO%20UPD%2003_04.pdf.","Laws exist to protect/give immunity to heads of state from being prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime. But the head of state can be investigated. Article 54 of the constitution states: \"Where notice in writing signed by not less than half the numbe..."]
["2014_SL_15",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",15,100,"Sierra Leone is headed by President who is the head of State and Government. He is appointed by a majority of more than 50% during a periodic election after each five years. The Heads of State and Government is protected in Sierra Leone from any investigation and prosecution while he or she is occupying the position. The 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone in section 48 (4) prevents any civil or criminal proceedings to be instituted against the President while in office in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official or private capacity.\n\nSection 48 of the Constitution of Sierra Leone\n(4) While any person holds or performs the functions of the office of President, no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official or private capacity.\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment as noted in section 51 of the constitution:\n51 (1) If notice in writing is given to the Speaker signed by not less than one-half of all the Members of Parliament of a motion alleging that the President has committed any violation of the Constitution or any gross misconduct in the performance of the functions of his office and specifying the particulars of the allegations and proposing that a tribunal be appointed under this section to investigate those allegations.","Constitution of Sierra Leone, Section 48 (1), 51, 1991.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf","Sierra Leone is headed by President who is the head of State and Government. He is appointed by a majority of more than 50% during a periodic election after each five years. The Heads of State and Government is protected in Sierra Leone from any investigation and prosecution while ..."]
["2014_SO_15",2014,"SO","Somalia",15,100,"The House of the People of the Federal Parliament can propose the dismissal of the president if he is accused of treason, or gross violation of the constitution or the laws of Somalia. \n\nThe motion for dismissing the president may be introduced by no less than one-third (1/3) of the total membership of the House, and may be presented to the Constitutional Court, which shall preside over the case to see whether it has legal grounds. If the court determines that the case has legal grounds (finds the president guilty), the president may be dismissed by a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote of the total membership of the two chambers of parliament. In the event of the dismissal of a president, in accordance with clauses 1-3 of Article 92, the speaker of the House shall assume the duties of the president.\n\nIn Puntland, the constitution explains presidential and/or vice presidential impeachment:\nTo accuse the president and or the vice president of tyranny, gross incompetence, violation of the constitution or any other serious crime, the following procedure shall be observed: \n(a) At least one fourth (1/4) of the members of the House of Representatives or the Attorney General have to initiate the procedures, asking the House to impeach the functionary and offering proof of the charges. \n(b) The House will examine the charges, offering the accused the opportunity to exercise his or her right of defence; \n(c) The House will vote on the accusation and shall approve it only if a majority of two thirds (2/3) of it members vote for impeachment in a secret vote; where the majority indicated above is reached, the functionary will be removed from the post.","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved by the members of the National Constituent Assembly and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 92 (1, 2 and 3) http://www.constitution.org/cons/somalia/120708_ENG_constitution.pdf\n\nFirst Draft of Revised Constitution of the Regional State of Puntland. 2012. Article 81. https://www.dropbox.com/s/d6zalzajd3a33j8/First_Draft_of_Revised_Constitution_the_Regional_State_of_Puntland.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","The House of the People of the Federal Parliament can propose the dismissal of the president if he is accused of treason, or gross violation of the constitution or the laws of Somalia. ..."]
["2014_ZA_15",2014,"ZA","South Africa",15,100,"The head of state can be prosecuted. Chapter 5 (Article 89) on the \"Removal of President\" states that (1) The National Assembly, by a resolution adopted with a supporting vote of at least two thirds of its members, may remove the President from office only on the grounds of (a) a serious violation of the Constitution or the law; (b) serious misconduct; or (c)  inability to perform the functions of office. This presumes that the President can be investigated to establish serious misconduct while in office.\n\nThe National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) is a Chapter 9 institution under the constitution, therefore independent from the executive. This means the NPA is required to act if there is evidence the president has committed a crime.\n\nThe Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, South Africa's main anti-corruption statute, applies to everyone including the president. \n\nShadrack Gutto of the Institute for African Renaissance Studies at the University of South Africa said in March 2014 that South Africans had a right to lay criminal charges against anyone including the president. \n\nVarious forces including the ANC Youth League are lobbying for a presidential immunity law. But these are just noises at this stage and therefore won't affect the score.","The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.acts.co.za/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-act-1996\n\nPrevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (Act 12 of 2004), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2004-012.pdf\n\nZuma can be tried in court, says legal eagle (Warren Mabona / The Citizen / 21 March 2014), http://citizen.co.za/147589/zuma-can-be-tried-in-court-says-legal-eagle/\n\nANC youth lobby for immunity for Zuma (Matuma Letsoalo / Mail & Guardian / 21 February 2014), http://mg.co.za/article/2014-02-20-anc-youth-lobby-for-immunity-for-zuma","The head of state can be prosecuted. Chapter 5 (Article 89) on the \"Removal of President\" states that (1) The National Assembly, by a resolution adopted with a supporting vote of at least two thirds of its members, may remove the President from office only on the grounds of (a) a s..."]
["2014_SS_15",2014,"SS","South Sudan",15,100,"Under South Sudanese law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests a crime was committed.\n\nEven though Article 103, Subsection (1) of South Sudan’s Transitional Constitution, 2011, states: “The President shall be immune from any legal proceedings and shall not be charged or sued in any court of law during his or her tenure of Office,” the same constitution makes clear that the president is not above the law.\n\nArticle 103, Subsection (2) states: “Notwithstanding sub-Article (1) above, in case of high treason, gross violation of this Constitution or gross misconduct in relation to National affairs, the President may be charged before the Supreme Court upon a resolution passed by a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Assembly.”\n \nArticle 103, Subsection (3) states: “The President of the Supreme Court shall, within seven days after receipt of the impeachment notice referred to under sub-Article (2) above, constitute a tribunal comprising three Justices of the Supreme Court, to evaluate the allegation in the notice and to report its findings to the constitutional panel of the Supreme Court.”","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf","Under South Sudanese law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests a crime was committed...."]
["2014_SD_15",2014,"SD","Sudan",15,100,"Article 60 (1) grants immunity to the head of state, limited, however, in Subsection (2) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, which stipulates that the head of state shall be investigated and prosecuted while in office \"in case of high treason, gross violation of this Constitution or gross misconduct in relation to State affairs.\"","Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, Article 60.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba749762.html","Article 60 (1) grants immunity to the head of state, limited, however, in Subsection (2) of the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, which stipulates that the head of state shall be investigated and prosecuted while in office \"in case of high treason, g..."]
["2014_SZ_15",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",15,0,"The king of Swaziland’s constitutional as well as traditional authority places him as both head of state and head of government. He is legally above the law and above the constitution itself (Chapter 2: \"The Monarchy,\" Section 11: \"Protection of the King in Respect of Legal Proceedings\"), and thus laws and their enforcement do not apply to him. The unwritten parallel rules of national governance, called Swazi Law and Custom, also immunizes the king against criminal prosecution.","The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter 2, Section 11, 2006, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125409.pdf","The king of Swaziland’s constitutional as well as traditional authority places him as both head of state and head of government. He is legally above the law and above the constitution itself (Chapter 2: \"The Monarchy,\" Section 11: \"Protection of the King in Respect of Legal Proceed..."]
["2014_TZ_15",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",15,100,"According to Article 46 of the Constitution of Tanzania 1977, during the president’s tenure of office in accordance with this constitution it shall be prohibited to institute or continue in court any criminal proceedings whatsoever against him. During the president’s tenure of office in accordance with this constitution, no civil proceedings against him shall be instituted in court in respect of anything done or not done, or purporting to have been done or not done, by him in his personal capacity as an ordinary citizen whether before or after he assumed the office of president, unless at least thirty days before the proceedings are instituted in court, notice of claim in writing has been delivered to him or sent to him pursuant to the procedure prescribed by an Act of Parliament, stating the nature of such proceedings, the cause of action, the name, residential address of the claimant and the relief which he claims. Except where he ceases to hold the office of president pursuant to the provisions of Article 46A(10) it shall be prohibited to institute in court criminal or civil proceedings whatsoever against a person who was holding the office of president after he ceases to hold such office for anything he did in his capacity as president while he held the office of president in accordance with this constitution. \n\nHowever, Article 46A says: Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 46 of this constitution, the National Assembly may pass a resolution to remove the president from office if a motion to impeach the president is moved and passed in accordance with the provisions of this article. Subject to the other provisions of this article, no motion to impeach the president shall be moved save only if it is alleged that the president has:\n(a) committed acts which generally violate the constitution or law concerning ethics of public leaders;\n(b) committed acts which contravene the conditions concerning the registration of political parties specified in Article 20(2) of this constitution; or\n(c) conducted himself in a manner which lowers the esteem of the office of President of the United Republic,\nand no such motion shall be moved within twenty months from the time when a similar motion was previously moved and rejected by the National Assembly.\n\nTherefore by virtue of the impeachment clause of the constitution the president may be investigated and possibly be prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.","Articles 46 and 46A of the Constitution of Tanzania (1977)\nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/tz/tz008en.pdf.","According to Article 46 of the Constitution of Tanzania 1977, during the president’s tenure of office in accordance with this constitution it shall be prohibited to institute or continue in court any criminal proceedings whatsoever against him. During the president’s tenure of offi..."]
["2014_TG_15",2014,"TG","Togo",15,100,"L'immunité ne concerne que les parlementaires. Selon l'article 127 de la Constitution (2002), «La Haute Cour de Justice est la seule juridiction compétente pour connaître des infractions commises par le Président de la République. La responsabilité politique du Président de la République n’est engagée qu’en cas de haute trahison. La Haute Cour de Justice est compétente pour juger les membres du gouvernement et leurs complices en cas de complot contre la sûreté de l’Etat.\n \n Article 129 : «La Haute Cour de Justice est liée par la définition des crimes et délits ainsi que par la détermination des peines telles qu’elles résultent des lois pénales en vigueur au moment où les faits ont été commis.\n La décision de poursuivre ainsi que la mise en accusation du Président de la République et des membres du Gouvernement est votée à la majorité des quatre cinquième (4/5) des membres de chacune des deux Assemblées composant le Parlement, selon la procédure prévue par une loi organique.\n En cas de condamnation, ils sont déchus de leurs charges.»","Constitution du 27 septembre 1992. Articles 53, 103 et 127. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0","L'immunité ne concerne que les parlementaires. Selon l'article 127 de la Constitution (2002), «La Haute Cour de Justice est la seule juridiction compétente pour connaître des infractions commises par le Président de la République. La responsabilité politique du Président de la Répu..."]
["2014_TN_15",2014,"TN","Tunisia",15,100,"The new Tunisian Constitution gives immunity to the president of the republic from being investigated and prosecuted while in office, if ever evidence suggests he committed a crime.\n\nArticle 87 of the Tunisian Constitution states the following: \"The President of the Republic enjoys judicial immunity during his or her mandate. All statutes of limitations and other deadlines are suspended. Judicial procedures may recommence after the end of his or her mandate. The President of the Republic cannot be prosecuted for acts that were carried out in the context of his or her functions.\"  \n\nWhile the president cannot be prosecuted for crime, he/she can be impeached for gross violation of the constitution, as per Article 88 of the constitution:\n\n\"A majority of the members of the Chamber of the People’s Deputies may initiate a request to bring an end to the President of the Republic’s mandate for a flagrant violation of the Constitution, detailing their arguments, and it must be approved by two-thirds of members. In such event, the matter is referred to the Constitutional Court for determination by two-thirds of its members. In the event of condemnation, the Constitutional Court must render an order of removal of the President of the Republic from office. This shall not mean immunity from criminal prosecution where necessary. Where the President has been removed from office under these circumstances, he or she is not entitled to run in any other elections.\"","Constitution of the Tunisian Republic, unofficial translation by Jasmine Foundation, Final edition 26 June 2014. \nhttp://www.jasmine-foundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_constitution_final_ed.pdf","The new Tunisian Constitution gives immunity to the president of the republic from being investigated and prosecuted while in office, if ever evidence suggests he committed a crime...."]
["2014_UG_15",2014,"UG","Uganda",15,100,"In Uganda, the president is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces and the Fountain of Honour. The constitution gives the head of state the privilege not to be prosecuted while in office.\n\n Article 98: \n(4) While holding office, the President shall not be liable to proceedings in any court.\n(5) Civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a person after ceasing to\nbe President, in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity  before or during the term of office of that person; and any period of limitation in respect of any such proceedings shall not be taken to run during the period while that person was President. \n\nNote that Section 183(1) of the Penal Code, 1950, gives the president absolute privilege regarding the publishing of defamatory matter. It states that “The publication of defamatory matter is absolutely privileged, if the matter is published by the President …”\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings (not less than one-third votes of all the members of Parliament) as noted in section 107 of the constitution:\n\n107: (1) The President may be removed from office in accordance with this article on any of the following grounds: (a) abuse of office or willful violation of the oath of allegiance and the presidential oath or any provision of this Constitution; (b) misconduct or misbehavior: (i) that he or she has conducted himself or herself in a manner which brings or is likely to bring the office of President into hatred, ridicule, contempt or disrepute; or (ii) that he or she has dishonestly done any act or omission which is prejudicial or inimical to the economy or security of Uganda.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Article 98 Clause (4) and (5),  and Article 107. \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","In Uganda, the president is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces and the Fountain of Honour. The constitution gives the head of state the privilege not to be prosecuted while in office...."]
["2014_ZM_15",2014,"ZM","Zambia",15,0,"The president in Zambia is immune from investigations and/or prosecution while in office. The president also retains some immunity after leaving office, though this may be lifted. However, according to Article 37 of the constitution, the legislature can remove a sitting president through an impeachment process if the President has committed any violation of the Constitution or any gross misconduct. \n\nUnder Article 43 (1) – (4) of the Zambian Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land, the president cannot be held liable for acts or omissions he commits while executing his duties, even if evidence suggests that he/she has committed a crime.\n\nThe article in question states:\n \n\"(1) Civil proceedings shall not be instituted or continued against the person holding the office of President or performing the functions of that office in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his private capacity. \n\n(2) A person holding the office of President or performing the functions of that office shall not be charged with any criminal offence or be amenable to the criminal jurisdiction of any court in respect of any act done or omitted to be done during his tenure of that office or, as the case may be, during his performance of the functions of that office.\n\n(3) A person who has held, but no longer holds, the office of President shall not be charged with a criminal offence or be amenable to the criminal jurisdiction of any court, in respect of any act done or omitted to be done by him in his personal capacity while he held office of President, unless the National Assembly has, by resolution, determined that such proceedings would not be contrary to the interests of the State. \n\n(4) Where provision is made by law limiting the time within which proceedings of any description may be brought against any person, the term of any person in the office of President shall not be taken into account in calculating any period of time prescribed by that law which  determines whether any such proceedings as are mentioned in clause (1) and (3) may be brought against the person.\"","Zambian Constitution, 1996, Protection of the President in Respect of Legal Proceedings, Article 43 (1)-(4). http://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1","The president in Zambia is immune from investigations and/or prosecution while in office. The president also retains some immunity after leaving office, though this may be lifted. However, according to Article 37 of the constitution, the legislature can remove a sitting president t..."]
["2014_ZW_15",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",15,100,"Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity, that is, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for actions accomplished or omitted while in office. \n\nAccording to the constitution:\n\"(1) While in office, the President is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for things done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity.\n(2) Civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a former President for things done and omitted to be done before he or she became President or while he or she was President.\n(3) The running of prescription in relation to any debt or liability of the President arising before or during his or her term of office is suspended while he or she remains in office.\n(4) In any proceedings brought against a former President for anything done or omitted to be done in his or her official capacity while he or she was President, it is a defence for him or her to prove that the thing was done or omitted in good faith.\"\n\nHowever, the legislative branch is empowered to remove a sitting president through impeachment proceedings as noted in section 97 of the constitution: \n97: (1) The Senate and the National Assembly, by a joint resolution passed by at least one-half of their total membership, may resolve that the question whether or not the President or a Vice-President should be removed from office for (a) serious misconduct; (b) failure to obey, uphold or defend this Constitution; (c) wilful violation of this Constitution; or (d) inability to perform the functions of the office because of physical or mental incapacity; should be investigated in terms of this section.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Section 97, 98, Act 1/2013. \nhttp://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe-news/66967/bill-watch-292013-of-17th.html","Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity, that is, the president is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for actions accomplished or omitted while in office. ..."]
["2014_DZ_16",2014,"DZ","Algeria",16,0,"La Constitution algérienne prévoit l’institution d’une Haute Cour de l’Etat «pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du Président de la République, des crimes et délits du Premier ministre, commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. (Art. 158)». \n\nMais cette Haute Cour de l’Etat qui est la seule juridiction habilitée à juger le Président de la République et le Premier ministre n’a jamais vu le jour. En sus, le Chef d'État en exercice est inattaquable en justice puisqu'il est le chef du Conseil des ministres, et du Haut Conseil de sécurité. Il est également le chef des armées et responsable de la défense nationale, il arrête et conduit la politique extérieure de la Nation, il nomme le Premier ministre et peut également mettre fin à ses fonctions, il signe les décrets présidentiels, il dispose du droit de grâce, du droit de remise ou de commutation de peine, il nomme le président du Conseil d’État, le secrétaire général du gouvernement, le gouverneur de la Banque d’Algérie, les magistrats, les responsables des organes de sécurité et  les walis.","OUALI Djafar, membre fondateur de la Ligue Algérienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’homme (LADDH), président de bureau de wilaya de la LADDH, Saida, 31 août 2014\n\nAREZKI Slimani, L’Expression, 09 avril 2014, «Moussa Touati à Bejaia : 'Il faut lever l'immunité parlementaire',»  http://www.lexpressiondz.com/actualite/192619-il-faut-lever-l-immunite-parlementaire.html\n\nWAKLI Essaïd, Algerie focus, 18 septmbre 2013, «Bouteflika, la tentation monarchique».  http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/09/algerie-bouteflika-la-tentation-monarchique/\n\nHAFID Tarek, Le Soir d’Algérie, 17 mai 2014, «Projet de révision constitutionnelle : Des omissions et de timides avancées». http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2014/05/17/article.php?sid=163563&cid=2\n\nADLÈNE Meddi, ElWatan 2014, 28 mars 2014, «Un Président malade serait un risque pour le pays». http://elwatan2014.com/analyses/item/1303-Un-Pr%C3%A9sident-malade-serait-un-risque-pour-le-pays","La Constitution algérienne prévoit l’institution d’une Haute Cour de l’Etat «pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du Président de la République, des crimes et délits du Premier ministre, commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. (Art. 158)». ..."]
["2014_AO_16",2014,"AO","Angola",16,0,"No head of state has been under investigation or prosecuted while in office, despite numerous allegations of corruption, human rights violations and electoral fraud.\n\nUNITA (Uniao para a Independencia Total de Angola), the largest opposition party and historical enemy of the ruling MPLA Party (Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola), lodged a criminal complaint against President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos on March 11, 2013, accusing him of crimes against the state, including sabotage, excess of power, falsification of electoral results and use of false documents. \n\nThe Office of the Attorney General dismissed the complaint, considering that under Article 129 (5 a) of the Constitution, only the National Assembly is competent to initiate an investigation of allegations against the president of the republic. The National Assembly is controlled by the MPLA and, therefore, there is little or no chance that this body would initiate proceedings against anyone in its ranks, let alone the head of state. \n\nSince independence in 1975, Angola has only known two heads of state: Agostinho Neto, president of the republic from 1975 to 1979, and Jose Eduardo dos Santos, in power since 1979.","Rafael Marques de Morais, journalist and human rights activist, Maka Angola, email interview, July 18, 2014 \n\nRede Angola, \"UNITA Considers Recourse to International Court,\" (\"UNITA pondera recorrer a tribunal internacional\"), Aug. 5, 2014\nhttp://www.redeangola.info/unita-pondera-recorrer-a-tribunal-internacional/ \n\nMaka Angola, \"UNITA Files New Complaint Against Gov Officials,\" (\"UNITA Apresenta Nova Queixa-Crime Contra Governantes\"), March 27, 2013 http://www.makaangola.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6801&Itemid=268&lang=pt  \n\nRadio Ecclesia, \"Office Of the Attorney General Dismisses UNITA's Petition Against the President of the Republic,\" (\"PGR-Indefere petição da UNITA na queixa-crime contra o presidente da republica\"), March 28, 2013\nhttp://www.radioecclesia.org/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=196:politica&id=12605:pgr-indefere-peticao-da-unita-na-queixa-crime-contra-o-presidente-da-republica&Itemid=717#.U9ftw0jPazc","No head of state has been under investigation or prosecuted while in office, despite numerous allegations of corruption, human rights violations and electoral fraud...."]
["2014_BJ_16",2014,"BJ","Benin",16,100,"La Haute Cour de Justice (HCJ) est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les membres du gouvernement si ceux-ci sont accusés de faits qualifiés de haute trahison, d'outrage au Parlement, d'atteinte à l'honneur et à la probité, d'infractions commises dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. \n\nA ce jour, aucun des six dossiers instruits par la chambre d'accusation de la Haute Cour de justice ne concerne directement le Chef de l'État.","Joséphine Affagnon, Secrétaire générale adjointe, Haute cour de justice, Porto Novo, interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nLe Matinal, 28 mai 2014. « Plongée dans un long sommeil : La Haute Cour de Justice sommée de se réveiller.» http://actubenin.com/?La-Haute-Cour-de-justice-sommee-de\n\nLe Matinal, 5 juin 2014. « Accusée d’immobilisme dans l’une de nos publications : La Haute Cour de Justice se défend.» http://www.actubenin.com/?La-Haute-cour-de-justice-se-defend\n\n Portail du gouvernement, Gouv.bj, consulté le 6 juin 2014. « La Haute Cour de Justice » http://www.gouv.bj/institutions/la-haute-cour-de-justice\n\nSite web de la HCJ, consulté le 6 juin 2014. « Les membres de la Haute Cour de Justice.» http://www.hcj-benin.org/?page=blank\n\nTobi Ahlonsou, La Presse du Jour, 8 mai 2014. « Audiences à la Haute Cour de Justice : Marcelline Gbèha échange sur l’insécurité et la démocratie avec deux associations.» http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=33415","La Haute Cour de Justice (HCJ) est compétente pour juger le Président de la République et les membres du gouvernement si ceux-ci sont accusés de faits qualifiés de haute trahison, d'outrage au Parlement, d'atteinte à l'honneur et à la probité, d'infractions commises dans l'exercice..."]
["2014_BW_16",2014,"BW","Botswana",16,0,"Heads of state of Botswana have never been investigated and prosecuted while in office, being  protected by section 41 of the constitution, and this will continue to be the case unless the constitution is reviewed. During the period of study, there were no “credible” allegations of wrong-doing by the head of state.","Interview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of the Botswana Parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Kabo Motswagole, lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone.\n\nInterview with Kealeboga Dihutso, print editor (Botswana Gazette) and former radio presenter/programme director (Duma FM), Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.","Heads of state of Botswana have never been investigated and prosecuted while in office, being  protected by section 41 of the constitution, and this will continue to be the case unless the constitution is reviewed. During the period of study, there were no “credible” allegations of..."]
["2014_BF_16",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",16,100,"Le Président du Faso et le chef du gouvernement dans l'exercice de leur mandat peuvent être poursuivis pour haute trahison, attentat à la Constitution et détournement de deniers publics. \n\nDans les faits aucun de ces crimes n'a encore été enregistré au Burkina Faso. \n\nMme Ilboudo du Conseil constitutionnel précise à ce propos que «dans la pratique au Burkina, ni le Président, ni le Premier Ministre et même les ministres n'ont fait l'objet de poursuites ni de jugement, même si souvent des enquêtes sont ouvertes sans aboutir.» \nPour Armand KABORE, «quand ces cas arrivent notamment pour les détournements, il y a des démissions mais pas de poursuite ni de jugement. Mais ces cas constatés sont ceux de ministres ou ambassadeurs pas du Président ou du Premier Ministre.» L'immunité dont jouissent les Chefs d'État et de gouvernement au Burkina font que les poursuites en cours de mandat sont inexistantes jusqu'à présent.\n\nÀ la date d'aujourd'hui, et même après l'insurrection qui a vu la chute du régime Compaoré, il n'y a pas eu d'allégations de détournement ou de haute trahison contre le Premier Ministre et le Président. Il y a eu des cas de supçons contre des Premiers Ministres, mais cela s'est fait soit après leur mandat, ou les faits reprochés datent d'avant leur mandat. Mais tous sont restés au stade de soupçons.","KABORE Joseph Armand, secrétaire permanent, Labo Citoyennetés, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 27 juin 2014. \n\nKABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014.\n\nILBOUDO Marceline, directrice de communication et des relations publiques, Conseil constitutionnel, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 02 juillet 2014.","Le Président du Faso et le chef du gouvernement dans l'exercice de leur mandat peuvent être poursuivis pour haute trahison, attentat à la Constitution et détournement de deniers publics. ..."]
["2014_BI_16",2014,"BI","Burundi",16,0,"Au Burundi, malgré les multiples appels de la société civile burundaise qui réclame la mise en place d'une Haute Cour de Justice pour juger les hautes autorités, rien n'a été fait. Les Chefs d'État et de gouvernement jouissent d'une immunité de fait, ce qui les empêche, en pratique, de faire l'objet d'enquêtes, de poursuites ou de sanctions.\n\nCela met en cause l'existence d' un État de droit. Pas un seul  Chef d’État ou de gouvernement n'a fait l’objet de poursuite pénale en cours de leur mandat du fait de cette immunité dont ils jouissent.","KAZOVIYO Gertrude, professeur à l’université du Burundi et dans différents privés, secrétaire général de la Ligue burundaise des Droits de l’Homme Iteka, entretien par email, 4 août 2014.\n\nNKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.","Au Burundi, malgré les multiples appels de la société civile burundaise qui réclame la mise en place d'une Haute Cour de Justice pour juger les hautes autorités, rien n'a été fait. Les Chefs d'État et de gouvernement jouissent d'une immunité de fait, ce qui les empêche, en pratique..."]
["2014_CM_16",2014,"CM","Cameroon",16,0,"La Haute Cour de Justice, devant laquelle le Chef de l'État et le Chef du gouvernement sont susceptibles d'être jugés, n'existe pas en pratique. Le Chef de l'Etat qui a modifié la Constitution deux fois depuis qu'il est en fonction (32 ans), s'est mis avec sa famille à l'abri des poursuites judiciaires. En conséquence, le Président ou un membre de sa famille ne peuvent être poursuivis pour un quelconque crime. \n\nToutes les plaintes sur les crimes qu'il aurait commis n'ont jamais abouti devant les juridictions camerounaises à cause de son influence sur la justice et sur les fonctionnaires.","KAMI Jefferson, journaliste politique et juriste, 2 juillet 2014;\n\nMOMO Jean de Dieu, avocat au barreau du Cameroun et membre de l'ONG Tribunal article 53 pour juger des crimes commis par M. Biya,  2 juillet 2014. \nLes missions de cette ONG sont disponibles sur http://tribunalarticle53.com/\n\nGerard Kuissu, Coordonnateur national Tribunal article 53 sur l’impunité au Cameroun, organisation de la société civile ayant porté plainte contre le Chef de l’Etat plusieurs fois sans succès. Entretien réalisé le 22 mars 2015 par téléphone.","La Haute Cour de Justice, devant laquelle le Chef de l'État et le Chef du gouvernement sont susceptibles d'être jugés, n'existe pas en pratique. Le Chef de l'Etat qui a modifié la Constitution deux fois depuis qu'il est en fonction (32 ans), s'est mis avec sa famille à l'abri des p..."]
["2014_CV_16",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",16,100,"Since independence, no seated head of state has been investigated or tried while in office. \n\nDuring this period of study, there were no allegation against the head of state that would warrant any investigation.","1. A Semana online, May 21, 2014, \"Flying boat: No more appeals and confirmed the judgment of the Supreme Court,\" http://asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article99813&ak=1.\n\n2. Interview with Redy Wilson Lima, sociologist, University Professor of Institute of Law and Social Sciences, 15-02-2014, Praia.\n\n3. Interview with Judge Júlio Sanches Afonso, judge of Praia City Tribunal County, 02-08-2014, Praia.","Since independence, no seated head of state has been investigated or tried while in office. \n\nDuring this period of study, there were no allegation against the head of state that would war..."]
["2014_CF_16",2014,"CF","CAR",16,0,"Bien que la Charte constitutionnelle actuelle n'a pas prévu une disposition spécifique en ce qui concerne l'immunité du Président de la République, il n'est pas aisé de poursuivre ce dernier en raison du pouvoir qu'il exerce sur les juridictions et la dette morale que les magistrats disposent envers lui, puisque c'est lui qui les nomme et c'est lui qui chapeaute le Conseil de la Magistrature qui décide de l'avancement et la carrière des juges. \n\nMême si des actions sont menées par la société civile lorsque la preuve pénale existe, les plaintes n'aboutiront pas. En l'absence de la Haute Cour de Justice, aucune juridiction ne pourrait prendre ce risque de se prononcer judiciairement sur le cas. En d'autres termes, aucune sanction pénale légale ne peut être prononcée dans le contexte actuel de la transition.\n\nA titre d'illustration, plusieurs crimes ont été commis au temps de régimes passés, mais ceux-ci sont resté impunis. L'ex Président, Michel Djotodia, n'est pas inquiété par la justice nationale même si le gouvernement actuel a saisi la Cour Pénale Internationale pour enquêter sur la situation allant de la période d’août 2012 à janvier 2014. \n\nAu cours de la période de recherche, il n’y a pas eu des allégations crédibles d’actes répréhensibles posés par la Cheffe d’Etat de Transition. En 2013 , il y avait eu des soupçons de détournement d’un don en argent de l’Etat Angolais en faveur du peuple Centrafricain.  Le Premier Ministre a été convoqué au Conseil National de Transition en octobre 2014 pour justifier et expliquer les procédures de gestion de ce fonds public. Par conséquent, ce dernier a laissé entendre que l’argent n’a pas été détourné à des fins privées, mais utilisé  pour les causes nationales. Seulement, ce sont les procédures d’utilisation de l’argent public telles que définies par les lois et règlements qui n’ont pas  été respectées.  Le bureau du Conseil National de Transition a pris acte de la déclaration du Premier Ministre a tourné la page de cette affaire.","TABANGUE Sylvain, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 28 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nYABINDI Edmond, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la République Centrafricaine, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui.","Bien que la Charte constitutionnelle actuelle n'a pas prévu une disposition spécifique en ce qui concerne l'immunité du Président de la République, il n'est pas aisé de poursuivre ce dernier en raison du pouvoir qu'il exerce sur les juridictions et la dette morale que les magistrat..."]
["2014_TD_16",2014,"TD","Chad",16,0,"La justice tchadienne n'a pas encore poursuivi ou enquêté sur un chef d'État en exercice jusqu'à nos jours. \n\nNabia Youkou DECKO, journaliste au journal La Voix affirme qu'« aucune poursuite ou enquête sur un Chef d'État en fonction au Tchad n'a eu lieu depuis les indépendances. Soit parce qu'ils sont protegés par l'immunité présidentielle, soit la justice n'est véritablement pas assez indépendante pour le faire.» \n\nMahamat Nour MAHAMT de la Police judiciaire, renforce ce point : « la justice tchadienne a connu son indépendance véritablement en 1990 avec l'avènement de la démocratie au Tchad. Encore faut il s'interroger si les magistrats ont suffisament les mains libres pour enquêter ou poursuivre un chef d'État en exercice.» \n\nMais pour Mahamat Nour HISSEIN, juge de paix, l'espoir reste ouvert: «la justice tchadienne est jeune et entame sa marche vers une véritable indépendance dans les faits.»\n\nL'affaire de l'ancien Chef de l'État Hissein HABRÉ aurait pu être une occasion de tester l'indépendance et la célérité de la justice tchadienne mais le contexte politique ne le permet pas pour beaucoup de raisons. Par exemple, les avocats de HABRÉ demanderaient la parution de DÉBY comme témoin voire comme complice, ce que l'État tchadien n'accepte pas.","DECKO Nabia Youkou, journaliste au journal La Voix, Maison des médias du Tchad, 7 Août 2014.\n\nMAHAMT Mahamat Nour, police judiciaire, 6 Août 2014.\n\nHISSEIN Mahamat Nour, juge de paix, restaurent Pélikan, 11 octobre 2014.\n\nHuman Rights Watch, «Tchad: Agents de l'ère Habré reconnu coupable de torture,\" 25 Mars 2015.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2015/03/25/chad-habre-era-agents-convicted-torture","La justice tchadienne n'a pas encore poursuivi ou enquêté sur un chef d'État en exercice jusqu'à nos jours. ..."]
["2014_KM_16",2014,"KM","Comoros",16,100,"Il n'y a pas eu des allégations criminelles contre les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement pendant qu’ils sont encore en fonction. Au cours de la période d'étude, il n'y a pas eu d'allégations crédibles d'actes répréhensibles posés par le chef de l'Etat qui n’ont pas recu de suites en raison de son immunité.\n\nEn 2011, le parti La Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores (CRC) avait déposé une plainte, au tribunal de Moroni, contre Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, ancien Président de la République, pour « détournement ». Mais à l’époque où la plainte a été déposée, il n’avait plus la qualité de Chef d’Etat.\n\nSelon le secrétaire général du ministère de la justice, « certains hauts fonctionnaires et politiques sont coupables de faits répréhensibles, mais ils sont protégés par l’immunité prévue par la loi comorienne. La Commission anti-corruption traitent et communiquent des dossiers, mais il y a des dysfonctionnements au niveau du palais de justice ».\n \nZoifir Adam, sommissaire au CNPLC ajoute que jusqu’à présent, « aucun cas de plainte contre le Chef de l’Etat en exercice n’a été mis à la connaissance de la CNPLC ».","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nMADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014.\n\nADAM Zoifir, commissaire, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), 09 juillet 2014.","Il n'y a pas eu des allégations criminelles contre les chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement pendant qu’ils sont encore en fonction. Au cours de la période d'étude, il n'y a pas eu d'allégations crédibles d'actes répréhensibles posés par le chef de l'Etat qui n’ont pas recu de suites en ..."]
["2014_CD_16",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",16,0,"Les différentes interviews menées démontrent que dans la pratique il est difficile de pouvoir mettre en cause les gouvernants devant les instances judiciaires.\n\nEn effet, s'agissant du Président de la République, il ne peut être poursuivi durant son mandat que pour des crimes de haute trahison. Le législateur n'a cependant pas encore défini ce que l'on entend par haute trahison. L'incrimination pour ce chef d'inculpation s'avère impossible.\n\nS'agissant des ministres le même cas se présente car les ministres ne peuvent être jugés que devant la Haute Cour de Justice mais le texte d'application qui l'organise n'a pas encore été pris.","Anonyme, parquet près le Tribunal de Grande Instance de Brazzaville, interview au TGI de Brazzaville le 04 septembre 2014. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.  \n\nLEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 05 septembre 2014.\n\nRadio France Internationale (RFI), 10 septembre 2014, «Marcel Ntsourou porte plainte contre Sassou Nguesso.» http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140909-congo-marcel-ntsourou-porte-plainte-contre-le-president-sassou-nguesso/\nPar","Les différentes interviews menées démontrent que dans la pratique il est difficile de pouvoir mettre en cause les gouvernants devant les instances judiciaires...."]
["2014_CG_16",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",16,0,"The Constitutional Court that has the mandate to investigate the head of state’s and the prime minister’s cases and prosecute them while in power was established only in 2014. No allegation against the sitting head of the state and the prime minister has been investigated.\n\nAll participants to discussions were doubtful on the ability of the DRC constitutional court to investigate allegation against the head of state and the prime minister while they are in office because in the country criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution.\n\nOne recent case brought to the discussion is the assassination of Mamadou, the police commander who defeated the M23 in late November 2013. This assassination was interpreted to be committed by the government but no credible investigation has been done.\n\nWhile theoretically not protected by the law, the head of state and government largely have immunity, thus making it hard to investigate or prosecute them.","1. (Face To Face Interview) Nathalie Kapela  journalist specialized in the judiciary and working at Journal Judiciaire , July 15, 2014.\n \n2. (Face To Face Interview), Asadho Jean Claude Katendelawyers and president of the Congolese League For the Defense of Human Rights,  July 15, 2014.\n \n3. (Phone Interview), Georges Bokundu, lawyers and Country Director of the Southern Africa Resource Watch  July 6, 2014.","The Constitutional Court that has the mandate to investigate the head of state’s and the prime minister’s cases and prosecute them while in power was established only in 2014. No allegation against the sitting head of the state and the prime minister has been investigated...."]
["2014_CI_16",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",16,0,"Il ressort des différents avis que les textes de loi restent insuffisants quant à l'assurance d'une justice égale pour tous. \n\nLa notion de l'immunité atteste de l'impossibilité de poursuivre les Chefs d’État en exercice. Il n'y a eu aucune allégation contre le Président de la République ni contre le Premier ministre au cours de l'année écoulée.","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n \n ROMBERT Guei Bombet, président du parti politique La Renaissance, Abidjan, 24 août 2014. \n \n N’GUESSAN Koffi Bernard, agent d’affaires judiciaires à Abidjan, 12 juillet 2014","Il ressort des différents avis que les textes de loi restent insuffisants quant à l'assurance d'une justice égale pour tous. ..."]
["2014_DJ_16",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",16,0,"Depuis l'indépendance, le pays a connu deux Chefs d'Etat et de gouvernement. Aucun d'eux n'a été inculpé pendant et après son mandat. \n\nSelon les personnes interrogées, il est en effet, inconcevable de faire inculper le Chef d'Etat, en même temps chef de gouvernement et chef suprême des armées. Il est garant des institutions et de la bonne exécution de la justice. La démocratie djiboutienne n'est pas assez mûre pour permettre l'inculpation d'un Chef d'Etat ou de gouvernement en exercice. Pour que cela puisse se produire, selon les personnes interviewées, il faudrait des institutions fortes, une justice indépendante, des organes de contrôles dénués de tout interférences politiques etc.","MOHAMED Ali, membre de la société civile, 4 juillet 2014.\n\nOSMAN Mohamed, syndicaliste dans le secteur prvé et ancien parlementaire, 4 juillet 2014.\n\nMOUHYADINE Omar, journaliste à La Nation, 4 juillet 2014.","Depuis l'indépendance, le pays a connu deux Chefs d'Etat et de gouvernement. Aucun d'eux n'a été inculpé pendant et après son mandat. ..."]
["2014_EG_16",2014,"EG","Egypt",16,25,"Allegations against former presidents Morsi and Mubarak existed while they were still in office.  After Morsi was overthrown in the July 3, 2013 coup, he was investigated and tried for escaping from prison amid the overthrow of Mubarak during the 2011 revolution, and the death of anti-government protesters.\n\nIn both crimes he was only tried after his removal from office similar to those under Mubarak. No investigations against a sitting head of state could be launched. Though it could be argued, legally speaking, that Morsi was still the president of Egypt when investigations into alleged abuses during his time in office were ongoing.\n\nClearly, the Rabbah Massacre and also there is evidence that President Sissi conspired to change the status of where Mohammed Morsi was held prisoner to make it easier to try him in civilian court.  The Guardians repoterted the Egypt’s version of the Watergate scandal: in which recordings allegedly implicate Egypt’s president in judicial interference, secret bank transfers from other countries and a conspiracy against Mohamed Morsi.","Interview Cairo Correspondent, July 2014  \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAl Ahram, \"Prosecution to review Ahmed Shafiq's land corruption\" caseenglish.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/89537/Egypt/Politics-/Prosecution-to-review-Ahmed-Shafiqs-land-corruptio.aspx.\n\nAssociated Press 12-18-2013,  \"Egypt's Morsi to be tried on conspiracy charges\" www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2013/1218/Egypt-s-Morsi-to-be-tried-on-conspiracy-charges.\n\nEgypt trials: Mubarak officials' charges and verdicts, 24 February 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14389223.\n\nWill #SisiLeaks be Egypt's Watergate for Abdel Fatah al-Sisi?,  December 4, 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/05/sisileaks-egypt-watergate-abdel-fatah-al-sisi","Allegations against former presidents Morsi and Mubarak existed while they were still in office.  After Morsi was overthrown in the July 3, 2013 coup, he was investigated and tried for escaping from prison amid the overthrow of Mubarak during the 2011 revolution, and the death of a..."]
["2014_GQ_16",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",16,0,"Corruption continues to be a widespread practice in Equatorial Guinea, and government officials operate with impunity. The constitution provides immunity to the president (Article 34).\n\nDuring the period of review, several foreign governments continued cases against high-level officials for money laundering and corruption, as first reported during the period of research for 2012-2013. Despite the cases directly related to corrupt operations in Equatorial Guinea at the highest government level, these allegations were not investigated. The United States and France continue legal proceedings, seeking forfeiture and indictment in their respective cases against Tedoro Neguema Obiang, the second vice president responsible for national security and defense. \n\nAnti-corruption authorities constantly fail to investigate allegations of corruption by heads of state deriving from international corruption allegations and cannot be considered independent.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Human Rights Watch, \"Equatorial Guinea: Indictment of President’s Son in France,\" March 20, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/20/equatorial-guinea-indictment-president-s-son-france \n\nNews article: BBC, \"Equatorial Guinea leader's son Obiang faces French probe,\" March 20, 2014.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26666871 \n\nNews article: Wall Street Journal, \"U.S. Court Deals Blow to Forfeiture Case Against Obiang,\" May 9, 2014.\nhttp://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2014/05/09/u-s-court-deals-blow-to-forfeiture-case-against-obiang-assets/ \n\nNews article: La Gaceta de Guinea, David Rodriguez, \"Tedorin Obiang buys Michal Jackson memorabilia through a construction company cover\" (\"Teodorin Obiang compra iconografía de Michael Jackson mediante una empresa constructora tapadera\"), March 13, 2014.\nhttp://www.gacetadeguinea.com/noticia/750/GUINEA-ECUATORIAL/Teodoring-Obiang-compra-iconografia-de-Michael-Jackson-mediante-una-empresa-constructora-tapadera.html","Corruption continues to be a widespread practice in Equatorial Guinea, and government officials operate with impunity. The constitution provides immunity to the president (Article 34)...."]
["2014_ER_16",2014,"ER","Eritrea",16,0,"Since January 2002, there has been no National Assembly (The national Assembly was disolved by the Head of State), and the judiciary has no power to hear any prosecution for alleged crimes committed by any government officer, let alone the head of state.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 24, 2014\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nDaily National News, Ministry of Information, Speech of the President of State of Eritrea on the Occasion of Independence Day, May 23, 2014\nhttp://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/17116-president-isaias-afewerkis-speech-on-the-occasion-of-the-23rd-independence-day-celebrations.","Since January 2002, there has been no National Assembly (The national Assembly was disolved by the Head of State), and the judiciary has no power to hear any prosecution for alleged crimes committed by any government officer, let alone the head of state."]
["2014_ET_16",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",16,0,"The heads of state and government in Ethiopia have not been subject to investigations by the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission. In the past 23 years, the country has only had four presidents and three prime ministers. Since the law establishing the FEACC took effect, there have only been two prime ministers and two presidents, none of whom have been formally investigated by the FEACC. Only the death of a prime minister and the retirement of a president led to a transfer of power.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission, 8 July, 2014. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, director of a civil society organisation, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, international media correspondent based in Ethiopia, 9 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The heads of state and government in Ethiopia have not been subject to investigations by the Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission. In the past 23 years, the country has only had four presidents and three prime ministers. Since the law establishing the FEACC took effect, th..."]
["2014_GA_16",2014,"GA","Gabon",16,0,"Au Gabon, bien que la Constitution de la République gabonaise dispose clairement dans son article 78 que le Chef de l'État est poursuivable d'un type de crimes (haute trahison) au cours de son mandat, le problème de cet article reste son inapplicabilité, car le décret établissant les éléments constitutifs de la haute trahison n'existe pas. \n\nDonc il est pratiquement impossible de savoir ce qu'est la haute trahison et donc de poursuivre le Chef de l'État sur cette base. Des allégations de détournements ont certes été emises contre le président Ali Bongo mais puisque la loi lui accorde l'immunité contre les poursuites (à l'exception de la haute trahison) et que ces actes ne sont pas constitutifs de la haute trahison, aucune démarche judiciaire n'a été déclenchée contre lui.","ROUGOU Jean-Pierre, enseignant, Université Omar Bongo et Paris-Panthéon, interrogé par Facebook, 2 janvier 2015.\n\nFrance24, 14 decembre 2014, «La justice gabonaise rejette une plainte de l’opposition contre le président Bongo.» http://www.france24.com/fr/20141214-justice-gabonaise-rejette-plainte-opposition-contre-president-ali-bongo-gabon-pean/;\n\nAl Jazeera, \"Tensions mijoter en signe de protestation touchée Gabon capitale,\" le 21 décembre 2014.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/12/tensions-simmer-protest-hit-gabon-capital-20141221173819140291.html","Au Gabon, bien que la Constitution de la République gabonaise dispose clairement dans son article 78 que le Chef de l'État est poursuivable d'un type de crimes (haute trahison) au cours de son mandat, le problème de cet article reste son inapplicabilité, car le décret établissant l..."]
["2014_GM_16",2014,"GM","The Gambia",16,0,"The president is immune from all criminal and civil proceedings by virtue of Section 69 of the 1997 constitution. The current president has been in power since July 1994. He was military ruler from 1994 -1996, and first elected president in 1996. In the face of these constitutional provisions, he has never been the subject of any criminal investigation or prosecution. Thus, under Section 69, the president is given immunity, making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish him for any crime committed.\n\nWhile impeachment is legally possible, this has not been used. The web link (http://civilsociety-gambia.org/list-of-yahya-jammehs-crimes-against-gambians/) contains a very comprehensive list of impeachable offences committed by the head of state. None of the crimes have been investigated due to the immunity in his position.","1. Officer who requested anonymity, Gambia Police Force, 29th June 2014, Banjul\n\n2. Interview with an officiat at the Ministry of Justice who requested anonymity, 25/06/2014 at the Ministry of Justice, Marina Parade, Banjul, \n\n3. Interview with Mr.  Emil Touray, President, Gambia Press Union, 25th June 2014, Churchill's Town, Serrekunda\n\n4. List Of Yahya Jammeh’s Crimes against Gambians, Civil Society Associations Gambia. http://civilsociety-gambia.org/list-of-yahya-jammehs-crimes-against-gambians/\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The president is immune from all criminal and civil proceedings by virtue of Section 69 of the 1997 constitution. The current president has been in power since July 1994. He was military ruler from 1994 -1996, and first elected president in 1996. In the face of these constitutional..."]
["2014_GH_16",2014,"GH","Ghana",16,0,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations. As per its mandate, CHRAJ can investigate criminal allegations against the head of state while he is in office.\n\nHowever, the head of state cannot be prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing against him. This is because he is immune from prosecution whiles he is in office. In this instance, the head of state can only be prosecuted if Parliament impeaches him and he is removed from office.\n\nGhana is a unitary state that practises a system of governance, which is based on combinations of elements of the presidential and parliamentary systems of government premised on the United States of America's system and the Westminster system of Britain. The President wields enormous powers under the Constitution and he is immune from prosecution whilst in office and can only be prosecuted within three years after leaving office.\n\nDuring the study period, the President never violated any laws which deserved investigation but was not investigated due to immunity from prosecution.\n\nHowever, CHRAJ can investigate criminal allegations against other members of government while they are in office. The other members of government can be prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing against them while they are in office. In this instance, legal punishment is imposed when they are found guilty.\n\nFor instance, in January 2014, a serving Member of Parliament on the ticket of the ruling government, who previously served as National Coordinator of a government agency called Ghana Youth Employment and Entrepreneurial Development Agency, was arraigned before court for causing financial loss to the state following investigations. The case is pending at the court.","1. Justice Francis Emile Short, Former Commissioner of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Patrick Stephenson, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Nkansah, President of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice Staff Association, Telephone interview, August 9, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. News story: Title: GYEEDA rot: Abuga Pele, one other charged with causing financial loss, Author: Malik Abass Daabu, Name of publication: www.myjoyonline.com, Date: January 24, 2014, Link: http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/January-24th/gyeeda-rot-abuga-pele-one-other-charged-with-causing-financial-loss.php \n\n5. News Story: Title: Resource constraints hamper CHRAJ investigation into SADA, Author: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com|Ivy Benson, Name of Publication: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com|Ivy Benson, Date: April 23, 2014, Link: http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/april-23rd/resource-constraints-hamper-chraj-investigation-into-sada.php?print=1","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and human rights violations. As per its mandate, CHRAJ can investigate criminal allegatio..."]
["2014_GN_16",2014,"GN","Guinea",16,0,"Dans la pratique aucune poursuite n'est possible au cours du mandat. \n\nAu cours de la période d'étude il n'y a pas eu d' allégations crédibles d'actes répréhensibles posés par le chef de l'État ou le Premier Ministre et qui n’ont pas reçu de suites en raison de leur immunité; aucun membre du gouvernement n'a fait l'objet de poursuites. \n\nAu cours de la période couverte par cette étude,il y a eu poursuite et jugement de hauts fonctionnaires. L'ex-directeur national du patrimoine bâti-public à été poursuivi et condamné pour abus d'autorité par le tribunal de première instance de Kaloum à 18 mois de prison et au paiement d'une amende. Mais cette sanction n'a jamais été exécutée. Au contraire, le coupable a été promu à un poste ministériel (actuel Ministre de la jeunesse).\n\nPar ailleurs, l'affaire du 28 septembre 2009 dans le cadre du massacre des manifestants politiques est toujours en cours d'instruction. Il y a eu inculpation de huit personnes, mais elles sont toujours libres de leurs mouvements et certains occupent encore des postes dans le gouvernement.","LAMAH Pierre, juge au tribunal de première instance de Kaloum, 16h,  23 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nMe SONOMOU Michel, avocat à la cour, 11h, 23 Juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nGuineelive.com, 9 Janvier 2014. «Condamné à 18 mois de prison ferme et 50 millions de GNF avec un mandat d’arrêt décerné contre lui, le Directeur Général du patrimoine Bati-public fait appel.» http://www.guineelive.com/index.php/component/content/article/8-actualite/739-condamne-a-18-mois-de-prison-ferme-et-50-millions-de-gnf-avec-un-mandat-d-arret-decerne-contre-lui-le-directeur-general-du-patrimoine-bati-public-fait-appel","Dans la pratique aucune poursuite n'est possible au cours du mandat. \n\nAu cours de la période d'étude il n'y a pas eu d' allégations crédibles d'actes répréhensibles..."]
["2014_GW_16",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",16,100,"Although the heads of state and government have rarely been investigated and prosecuted while they are in office when there are sufficient indications and proof of wrongdoing, there were no criminal allegations against the present head of state to investigate during this period of study.","1. Interview with Former Attorney-General, Edmundo Mendes, Public Ministry, Former  General Prosecutor/Judiciary expert, 8 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n2. Interview with Vice- President, Roberto Indeque, Ordem dos Advogados (Lawyer's Association), Lawyer, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n3. Interview with President of the Union of the Public Magistrate, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, Attorney, 5 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n4. Interview with Law Professor, Juselino Pereira, Bissau's Faculty of Law, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n5. Interview with Superior Inspector of the Superior Inspection Against Corruption, Lassana Seidi, 15 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n6. Media article Lusa, \"Ministro do Interior da Guiné-Bissau ameaça processar Procurador\" (Interior Minister threatens to file a compaint against the Attorney-General\", Público, 29 December 2013 \nhttp://www.publico.pt/portugal/noticia/ministro-interior-da-guinebissau-ameaca-processar-procurador-1617853\n\n7. Media Article, Alberto Dabó, \"Second Guinea-Bissau minister steps down over Syrian refugee scandal\", Reuters, 18 December 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/18/us-bissau-minister-idUSBRE9BH0VA20131218\n\n8. Media article, \"Guinean Attorney-General says to be receiving threats in consequence of the TAP case\", Jornal de Notícias, 1 July 2014,\nhttp://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Mundo/Palops/Interior.aspx?content_id=3619350","Although the heads of state and government have rarely been investigated and prosecuted while they are in office when there are sufficient indications and proof of wrongdoing, there were no criminal allegations against the present head of state to investigate during this period of ..."]
["2014_KE_16",2014,"KE","Kenya",16,0,"The Constitution of Kenya provides a sitting Head of State and Government protection from legal proceedings as per article 143 sections (1) to (4). \n\nThe Head of State only face court action after exiting the Presidency. There have not been cases where presidents were investigated or prosecuted in Kenyan courts. \n\nAs noted in the previous indicator, cases brought against former presidents Daniel Moi and Mwai Kibaki have taken place only after they retired as Heads of State.\n\nHowever, during the period under review there wasn't any substantive violations reported by the head of state.","1. Rayola Olel, advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on July 2, 2014.\n\n2. Constitution of Kenya 2010. https://www.kenyaembassy.com/pdfs/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya.pdf\n\n3. \"Seroney family sues Moi over atrocities\". A story by Galgalo Fayo, published by the Business Daily Newspaper on October 16, 2013.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Seroney-family-sues-Moi-over-atrocities/-/539546/2035496/-/b2m1v2/-/index.html.\n\n4. \"Retired president, Mwai Kibaki's, testimony causes laughter in Nyeri court\". A joint report Published by the Standard Newspaper on December 2, 2013.\nRead more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/article/3183/retired-president-mwai-kibaki-s-testimony-causes-laughter-in-nyeri-court.\n\n ","The Constitution of Kenya provides a sitting Head of State and Government protection from legal proceedings as per article 143 sections (1) to (4). ..."]
["2014_LS_16",2014,"LS","Lesotho",16,50,"The heads of state cannot be investigated or prosecuted while in office regardless of whether evidence suggest that they have committed a crime or not. The king, is the head of state of Lesotho; he has immunity from prosecution. \n\nOn the other hand, the head of government (Prime Minister) can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests that he/she has committed a crime. During the period under review, one Joachim Ferreira filed a case in the High Court of Lesotho accusing Prime Minister Thomas Thabane of having an extra-marital affair with his wife, Macidalia Adolphia Ferreira, otherwise known as Liabiloe Adolphia Ramoholi. According to the Lesotho Times, Prime Minister Thabane is being sued for LSL1.5 million by Ferreira for allegedly committing adultery with his wife. \n\nThe closest that a person was investigated was when the Deputy Prime Minister (DPM) Mothejoa Metsing was investigated. However, Metsing stated that the investigations were meant to embarrass him. The period under review saw massive coverage of alleged corruption by Metsing, among others. The Lesotho Times reported that the Prime Minister wrote a letter to request military intervention from neighbouring South Africa. The paper reported that the Prime Minister said that “these days, at his rallies, the Deputy Prime Minister openly prides himself with the firm support that he enjoys from our military and his comfort that it will protect him against any action by law-enforcement agencies regarding his legal woes.” \n\nKimetso Mathaba, the chairperson of the National Assembly Portfolio Committee on Natural Resources indicated that, the past 12 months have demonstrated the country’s commitment to rule of law when both Deputy Prime Minister Mothejoa Metsing and Prime Minister Thomas Thabane had court cases against them before the courts of law. On the other hand, Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association indicated that the fact that the head of government is also a minister responsible for the police and the army makes it impractical to investigate and prosecute. \n\nThe investigations against the DPM were the highlights of an attempt by the police to subject the powers that be to the normal cause of justice. However, Metsing was very quick to oppose charges against him in the constitutional court, where he wanted the court to declare the provisions of the anti-corruption act to be unconstitutional. The most striking thing about the whole issue is that Metsing did not even attempt to explain to the public the sources of funding. The question of whether the case was politically motivated or whether the DPM should answer the charges before the courts of law regardless of how his privacy was violated remained the major bone of contention between opposing sides.","1. Motlamelle Kapa. National University of Lesotho. Head of Department; Political and Administrative Studies Department. Lecturer. Interview 26 June 2014\n\n2. Moeketse Vincent Malebo. Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. Maseru. 30 June 2014\n\n3. Thato Molapo. Head of Department of Public Law. National University of Lesotho. Interviewed, 25 June\n\n4. Kimetso Mathaba, Chairperson of the Natural Resources Portfolio Committee, National Assembly, 15th September 2014, Maseru. \n\n5. Nkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\n6. Anonymous. Judge of the High Court of Lesotho. Maseru. 29 June 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n\n7. Public Eye Newspaper, Staff Reporter, Thabane sued M1.5 million for adultery, February 28th 2014, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=5383 (28th August 2014)","The heads of state cannot be investigated or prosecuted while in office regardless of whether evidence suggest that they have committed a crime or not. The king, is the head of state of Lesotho; he has immunity from prosecution. ..."]
["2014_LR_16",2014,"LR","Liberia",16,0,"In Liberia, the head of state who is also head of government is immune from all forms of investigations and prosecutions while in office. \n\nThe head of state would only be subjected to any form of legal actions after resignation and or/end of term.","Interview: Atty. Jallah Zumoh, Public Defender, Ministry of Justice, 26/06/2014\n\nInterview: Thomas Du, Program Officer, National Democratic Institute, Monrovia, 26/06/2014\n\nInterview: Marayah Farniah, Coordinator, Women Legislative Caucus, Monrovia, 26/06/2014","In Liberia, the head of state who is also head of government is immune from all forms of investigations and prosecutions while in office. ..."]
["2014_LY_16",2014,"LY","Libya",16,0,"Allegations against the heads of state and government have never been investigated while they are in office. Although the last 2013 report of the Audit Bureau documented many corruption cases, no official was being investigated. \n\nFor example, allegations against the previous prime minister, Ali Zeidan, over bribes to Federalist Movement leader Ibrahim Jathran to end his blockade at oil ports in Eastern Libya have never been proved. Although Zeidan resigned, no judicial action was ever taken.","Interview with Jamal AL Amieri, head of the Warriors Against Corruption Organisation, Sept. 18, 2014.\n\nInterview with Alaa Almaslati, agent of the Libyan Audit Bureau, Sept. 22, 2014.\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\nForeign Policy, Mohamed Eljarh, \"On Top of Everything Else, Now Libya Has a Corruption Scandal to Worry About,\" Oct. 10, 2013.\nhttp://foreignpolicy.com/2013/10/22/on-top-of-everything-else-now-libya-has-a-corruption-scandal-to-worry-about/ ","Allegations against the heads of state and government have never been investigated while they are in office. Although the last 2013 report of the Audit Bureau documented many corruption cases, no official was being investigated. ..."]
["2014_MG_16",2014,"MG","Madagascar",16,0,"La période d’étude correspond à l'organisation des élections présidentielles et législatives (dernier trimestre 2013), et à la mise en place des institutions de la IVème République. En outre, aucun crime perpétré par soit le Chef de l’Etat, soit du chef de gouvernement n’a été rendu public. Par ailleurs, aucun média n’oserait s’aventurer dans une telle opération, ne serait-ce que sur la base du principe d’innocence. \n \n Le Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO) en charge d’enquêter sur des allégations de corruption ne peut intervenir qu’à partir d’une plainte. Or, qui oserait déposer une plainte contre les Chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement.\n\nDepuis la mise en place du premier gouvernement de la IVème République, on s’attendait à quelque chose de plus concret sur le mise en place de la Haute Cour de Justice devant juger les Chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement. Mais, jusqu’ici rien n’a été encore annoncé que ce soit au niveau du gouvernement qu’au niveau de l’Assemblée nationale.\n \n Mais, comme la Haute Cour de Justice n’est pas encore mise en place, l’Assemblée nationale depuis 1960 n’a engagé aucune procédure pour mettre en accusation le Président de la République (art. 131 de la Constitution).","Site du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO). http://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0  RAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014. LEJAMBLE Brice, secrétaire exécutif , Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nAl Jazeera, Madagascar ex-leader »ne sera pas expulsé,\" le 19 octobre 2014.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/10/madagascar-marc-ravalomanana-201410192465760329.html\n\nAfrica Intelligence », Hery Rajaonarimampianina, un nouveau président a besoin d'alliés forts,\" le 28 janvier 2014.\nhttp://www.africaintelligence.com/insiders/ION/MADAGASCAR/2014/01/28/hery-rajaonarimampianina-a-new-president-in-need-of-stronger-allies/108005349-BE1","La période d’étude correspond à l'organisation des élections présidentielles et législatives (dernier trimestre 2013), et à la mise en place des institutions de la IVème République. En outre, aucun crime perpétré par soit le Chef de l’Etat, soit du chef de gouvernement n’a été rend..."]
["2014_MW_16",2014,"MW","Malawi",16,0,"The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi gives immunity from investigations and prosecutions to heads of state while they are in office even if evidence suggests they committed a crime. They can only be investigated and prosecuted after they have left office.\n\nOnce they have left office, legal penalties can be imposed when they are found guilty. A legal precedent is when the property of the late president, Dr Kamuzu Banda was confiscated through court order in the Press Trust case.\n\nHowever, the process is long and slow. A recent example of when a head of state was not investigated and prosecuted while in office is that of the previous president, Joyce Banda. She was not investigated in the ongoing high-profile \"cash-gate\" looting scandal, (which occurred under her administration) despite strong suspicion of her involvement. \n\nThe \"cash-gate\" looting of public funds through the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMIS), which led international donors to suspend budget support, has underscored the need for Malawi to redouble its efforts to improve accountability and transparency in the public sector.","1. Malawi Voice, 13 December, 2013, ‘President Joyce Banda’s Fingerprints Are All Over Cashgate Scandal: It Started as PP Wanted Resources To Bankroll 2014 Campaign- Catholic Commission Tells Malawi Parliament’ - http://www.malawivoice.com/2013/12/13/president-joyce-bandas-fingerprints-are-all-over-cash-gate-scandal-catholic-commission-tells-malawi-parliament\n\n2. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Chris Chisoni, Secretary, Catholic Commission for Justice, 4 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi gives immunity from investigations and prosecutions to heads of state while they are in office even if evidence suggests they committed a crime. They can only be investigated and prosecuted after they have left office...."]
["2014_ML_16",2014,"ML","Mali",16,50,"Dans la pratique au Mali, les Chefs d'État ainsi que les ministres ne font pas l'objet, en cours de mandat, d'enquêtes et de poursuites judiciaires. Et ce, même si des preuves attestent qu'ils sont auteurs de crimes.\n\nLes accusations de crimes ne sont pas examinées pendant qu'ils sont en fonction. \n\nCependant, les enquêtes sont menées après leur mandat. Présentement l'ancien président de la transition le Général Amadou Haya Sanogo  est détenu et attend son jugement pour les crimes commis pendant qu'il était encore à la tête du pays. Sous prétexte d'un coup d'État contre son régime, il aurait ordonné des assassinats des militaires du camp Kati de Bamako. Les plaintes avaient été portées contre lui alors qu'il était encore en fonction mais la justice s'était jugée incompétente.","KAREMBÉ Yaya, juge, pôle économique du Mali, 26 juin 2014.\n   \nDIARRA Amadou Tioulé, avocat, barreau malien, 26 juin 2014.\n\nDIARRA Alassane, conseiller en communication, ministère de la justice, 26 juin 2014.\n\nMalijet, 28 mars 2014, «Assemblée nationale : les membres de la haute cour de justice ont prêté serment». http://malijet.com/a_la_une_du_mali/97449-assemblee_nationale_les_membres.html\n\nFrance 24, 27 novembre 2013. Le général Amadou Sanogo, auteur du putsch de 2012, arrêté à Bamako.\nhttp://www.france24.com/fr/20131127-mali-general-sanogo-arrete-domicile-bamako-coup-etat-putsch-capitaine/\"","Dans la pratique au Mali, les Chefs d'État ainsi que les ministres ne font pas l'objet, en cours de mandat, d'enquêtes et de poursuites judiciaires. Et ce, même si des preuves attestent qu'ils sont auteurs de crimes...."]
["2014_MR_16",2014,"MR","Mauritania",16,0,"À ce jour, il n'y a jamais eu de poursuites contre un Chef de l'Etat, ou un chef de gouvernement. En l'espèce dans le système politique mauritanien actuel, bien que le Chef de l'État ne jouisse pas d'une immunité totale dans l'exercice de ses fonctions (le Chef de l'Etat peut être jugé pour les faits relevant de la haute trahison), il est fort difficile de mettre en œuvre la  disposition mettant en accusation le Chef de l'Etat ou le chef du gouvernement. \n\nD'abord le pluralisme politique mauritanien demeure marqué par un fort clientélisme. Ensuite, le parlementarisme mauritanien demeure marqué par la prépondérance de l'exécutif et enfin le constituant mauritanien a encadré cette procédure complexe dont notamment l'obtention des trois cinquième de votes (3/5) au Parlement pour déclencher la procédure d'accusation.\n\nAu cours de la période d’étude, il n’y a pas eu d’allégations crédibles d’actions répréhensibles posées par le Premier Ministre ou le chef de l’Etat qui n’ont pas reçu de suite en raison de leur immunité. Cependant, il est peu probable que des allégations puisse parvenir sur la place publique, ou qu'elles soient suivies d'enquêtes ou de poursuites. Toutefois, la loi fondamentale mauritanienne établit l'irresponsabilité du chef de l'État, et ne stipule sa comparution devant la Haute Cour de justice qu’en cas de haute trahison.","1.  OULD EBETTY Brahim, avocat à la Cour, 14 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott. \n\n2. EL MOCTAR TOURÉ Mohamed, avocat à la Cour, 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Source anonyme, membre du Conseil constitutionnel, 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. \nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","À ce jour, il n'y a jamais eu de poursuites contre un Chef de l'Etat, ou un chef de gouvernement. En l'espèce dans le système politique mauritanien actuel, bien que le Chef de l'État ne jouisse pas d'une immunité totale dans l'exercice de ses fonctions (le Chef de l'Etat peut être ..."]
["2014_MU_16",2014,"MU","Mauritius",16,100,"The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), Mr Satyajit Boolell, senior counsel, said the commissioner of police would be lawfully entitled to start an investigation with a view to detect any offence committed by any individual including a head of state in accordance with the Police Act. If the police commissioner, after conducting an investigation, refers a matter involving a head of state to the Office of the DPP for consideration, the DPP may institute criminal proceedings against the head of state if in his view, there is sufficient evidence to substantiate the charge and it is in the public interest to do so. \n\nAccording to the DPP, the president and vice president enjoy privileges and immunities under the constitution. They are immune from civil and criminal proceedings with respect to the performance of their functions in office, or with respect to any act done or purported to be done by them in the performance of those functions.  The Prime Minister does not enjoy such immunity.\n\nThe police commissioner referred to the constitution to state that no civil or criminal proceedings shall be instituted against the president or vice president with respect of any act done or purported to be done by them in the performance of their functions. He again referred to the constitution to say that the president or vice president may be removed from office for violation of the constitution or any other serious act of misconduct.\n\nThe president or vice president shall not be removed from office for any other cause, except by a motion made before the Assembly by the prime minister and supported by votes to have the matter be investigated by a tribunal.\n\nThe senior counsel and president of the Bar Council has a differing opinion, stating that the president and vice president enjoy effective immunity while in office. He said this does not apply to the prime minister and other members of Cabinet while in office. Minister Choonee, for example, was arrested while in office in 2003. The prosecutor eventually decided to drop the case.\n\nThere have been no direct or credible evidence against either of them during the period under scrutiny. There had been suspicions levelled namely for corruption against the former Prime minister while he was in office but no credible evidence was put forward.  It may be argued that no allegation was formalised as a result of the position or influence he had.","1. Satyajt Boolell SC, Director of Public Prosecutions, Office of the Director of Public  Prosecutions, 10 September 2014, by phone and mail\n2. Antoine Domingue, Chairman, Mauritius Bar Association, 11 September 2014, by mail\n3. Questions sent to Mr. Dhun Iswar Rampersad, Commissioner of Police, Mauritius Police Force, and answer received from the Office, 6 September 2014, by phone and mail\n4. POLICE VS VARMA YATINDRA NATH,  Judgment delivered by: M.GAYAN-JAULIMSING, Senior District Magistrate. 10 July 2014,  http://motors.mega.mu/news/2014/07/10/police-vs-varma-yatindra-nath/","The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), Mr Satyajit Boolell, senior counsel, said the commissioner of police would be lawfully entitled to start an investigation with a view to detect any offence committed by any individual including a head of state in accordance with the Police..."]
["2014_MA_16",2014,"MA","Morocco",16,0,"There is no record of the head of state being investigated or prosecuted by a local tribunal. It is considered illegal to prosecute the head of state as \"the person of the King is inviolable\" according to the Moroccan Constitution. \n\nHowever, the head of the government (prime minister) can be prosecuted and does not have any constitutional immunity. \n\nHere are some examples:\n\nNovember 2013 - PM under the radar of Moroccan justice for false declarations. January 2014 - political party Istiqlal vs Prime minister. July 2014 - a feminist movement regrouping dozens of associations lodges a collective complaint against PM Benkirane.","Pr Ali Boufous - Jurist, Lecturer and specialist of public and constitutional laws- phone interview 13/072014.\n\nReda Oulamine - Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the NGO Rights and Justice / Freedom of speech activist - phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nRedouane Ghadouna - Independent Journalist (politics) - phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nPolitical party Istiqlal vs Prime minister. http://www.afrik.com/maroc-l-istiqlal-depose-plainte-contre-abdelilah-benkirane.\n\nJuly 2014 - a feminist movement regrouping dozens of associations lodges a collective complaint against PM Benkirane. http://www.medias24.com/ECONOMIE/ECONOMIE/13412-Un-collectif-d-associations-feminines-depose-plainte-contre-Abdelilah-Benkirane.html.\n\nNovember 2013 -  PM under the radar of Moroccan justice for false declarations, http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/21340/maroc-juge-porte-plainte-contre.html.","There is no record of the head of state being investigated or prosecuted by a local tribunal. It is considered illegal to prosecute the head of state as \"the person of the King is inviolable\" according to the Moroccan Constitution. ..."]
["2014_MZ_16",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",16,50,"Since independence was attained in 1975, no head of state has been investigated or prosecuted while in office or even after leaving office. \n\nDuring the period under review, there were no allegations against the president of the republic. The judiciary is, however, not independent and can be reaonably assumed to not let any allegations come to the fore. \n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nDisagree, and recommend a lower score. In Mozambique, a critical letter against the president posted on Facebook has attracted a possible prosecution of the author. It is, therefore, not even possible for any allegations to be made against the president, nor to talk of any investigation. The investigations will be made against the person making the allegations.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nReviewer's source:\nH-Luso-Africa, Bridget O'Laughlin, \"News: Mozambique, Charges against Carlos Castel-Branco for crimes against State Security,\" 26 May 2014. \nhttps://networks.h-net.org/node/7926/discussions/27975/news-mozambique-charges-against-carlos-castel-branco-crimes-against","Since independence was attained in 1975, no head of state has been investigated or prosecuted while in office or even after leaving office. ..."]
["2014_NA_16",2014,"NA","Namibia",16,0,"There have not been allegations against the head of state and government under the year of review and hence no criminal evidence to investigate and prosecute. But also the heads of state and government are subject to immunity from criminal but not civil proceedings in the performance of their functions. This is guaranteed by the constitution while the president is in office.\n\nA case regarding an awarding of a public tender to his daughter was reported in the media. However, this was not investigated as there was no clear evidence of misuse of office. Also it was more a case of morals and integrity than one involving possible criminal acts.","Prof Nico Horn, Senior Legal Lecturer, University of Namibia,  Table Interview 28 July 2014. \n\nPaulus Noa, Director,  Anti- Corruption Commission, Face to Face Interview 19 June 2014.\n\nNatasha Tibinyane, Director, Media Institute of Southern Africa – Namibia Chapter,  Table Interview,  18 July 2014.\n\nUhuru Dempers, NANGOF Education Coordinator- Table Interview 24 July 2014.\n\nGraham Hopwood, Director: Institute of Public Policy and Research, Interview June 19 2014.\n\nSacky Shanghala, Chairman; Law Reform & Development Commission, 11 August 2014.","There have not been allegations against the head of state and government under the year of review and hence no criminal evidence to investigate and prosecute. But also the heads of state and government are subject to immunity from criminal but not civil proceedings in the performan..."]
["2014_NE_16",2014,"NE","Niger",16,0,"En étant en fonction, le Chef de l'Etat ne peut être poursuivi que pour crime de haute trahison. Il y a haute trahison lorsque le Président de la République viole son serment, refuse d'obtempérer à un arrêt de la Cour constitutionnelle, est reconnu auteur, coauteur ou complice de violations graves et caractérisées des droits humains, de cession frauduleuse d'une partie du territoire national, de compromission des intérêts nationaux en matière de gestion des ressources naturelles et du sous-sol et d'introduction de déchets toxiques sur le territoire national. Dans l'histoire du Niger, il n' y a jamais eu ce type d'allégation contre un Président de la République.\n\nLorsque le Président de la République est reconnu coupable du crime de haute trahison, il est déchu de ses fonctions. Il n'y a pas d'allégations sérieuses de haute trahison ou de crime concernant le Chef de l'Etat actuel.","OUMAROU Narey, professeur agrégé des facultés de Droit, membre de la Cour constitutionnelle du Niger, 14 août 2014.\n \n GOUBÉYE Abdoulaye, magistrat et sécrétaire général adjoint du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger, premier substitut du procureur de la République, 14 août 2014.\n \nRadio France International-RFI, 28 juin 2014, «Levée de l’immunité de l’ex-président nigérien Mamadou Tandja». http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140628-niger-mamadou-tanja-justice-levee-immunite-ex-president-nigerien-mamadou-tandja/","En étant en fonction, le Chef de l'Etat ne peut être poursuivi que pour crime de haute trahison. Il y a haute trahison lorsque le Président de la République viole son serment, refuse d'obtempérer à un arrêt de la Cour constitutionnelle, est reconnu auteur, coauteur ou complice de v..."]
["2014_NG_16",2014,"NG","Nigeria",16,0,"The Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), empowered under the law to carry out such investigation, receives an unspecified number of petitions against the president and the vice president yearly. The numbers are not released.\n\nPetitions against the president and vice president were among the 872 total complaints received by the commission in 2013. Of that number, 176 were investigated, 434 were referred for investigation, and 43 were charged to court; in all, there were 16 convictions. \n\nNo accusation against the president or vice president was investigated.","Interview with Folu Olamiti, media consultant for the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), Abuja, 18 July 2014. \n\nPunch, Ihuoma Chiedozie and Olalekan Adetayo, \"Jonathan encouraging corruption – Tambuwal,\" 10 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/jonathan-encouraging-corruption-tambuwal/\n\nPremium Times, Musikilu Mojeed, \"Obasanjo writes Jonathan, accuses president of lying, destroying Nigeria, promoting corruption,\" 11 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/151275-exclusive-obasanjo-writes-jonathan-accuses-president-lying-destroying-nigeria-promoting-corruption.html#sthash.p4sVgjwm.dpuf","The Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), empowered under the law to carry out such investigation, receives an unspecified number of petitions against the president and the vice president yearly. The numbers are not released...."]
["2014_RW_16",2014,"RW","Rwanda",16,0,"There have been no reports in this country that the president has acted unlawfully, but this is a country where no one dares to question the actions of the head of state. There have been no suspicious cases brought up for prosecution of the president while in office in Rwanda.\n\n\nPeer reviewer's comments:\n\nAgree. President Kagame is on record as saying that he is above the law and regularly threatens citizens not to defy his authority.","Interview with Alex Ngarambe, journalist, The East African, Kigali, July, 27, 2014.\n\nInterview with Emmanuel Rutayisire, political journalist, The East African, Kigali, July, 27, 2014.\n\nInterview with Ignatius Ssuuna, investigative journalist, Kigali, July, 20, 2014.\n\n\nPeer reviewer's source:\n\nThe Telegraph, Aislinn Laing, \"President Paul Kagame 'wishes' he had ordered death of exiled spy chief,\" Jan. 24, 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/10595069/Rwandas-president-Paul-Kagame-wishes-he-had-ordered-death-of-exiled-spy-chief.html \n\nRDI-Rwanda Rwiza, \"Paul Kagame will one day account for Pension Funds,\" Sept. 16, 2014. \nhttp://www.rdirwandarwiza.com/president-paul-kagame-will-one-day-account-for-rwandan-pension-funds/","There have been no reports in this country that the president has acted unlawfully, but this is a country where no one dares to question the actions of the head of state. There have been no suspicious cases brought up for prosecution of the president while in office in Rwanda...."]
["2014_ST_16",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",16,50,"These practices would be investigated by the public prosecutor, but usually are not effective. No head of state or government has been prosecuted during his term.\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. Constitutionally, there is no immunity as far as the president and government members are concerned. However, taking into account the country´s political culture prominent politicians are expected to enjoy protection against criminal investigations. In 2013, Patrice Trovoada, former and current prime minister, was investigated by the public prosecutor folowing accusations of money laundering while in office. Apparently the case was tacitly dropped after Trovoada was elected prime minister in October 2014. In 2003, then-president Fradique de Menezes was publicly accused of having received an illegal payment of $100,000 from a Nigerian oil company into his private Belgian bank account. However, the public prosecutor never investigated into the allegations, although a copy of the bank transfer circulated widely in the country at that time.","Interview with Waldyner Boa Morte, press secretary, president of the Supreme Court, Nov. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nInterview with Celiza de Deus Lima, member of civil society, lawyer and ex-president of Bar Association of São Tome and Principe, Nov. 12, 2014.\n\nReviewer's sources:\nGerhard Seibert, São Tomé and Príncipe: \"The Troubles of Oil in an Aid-Dependent Micro-State.\" In: Kenneth Omeje (ed.), Extractive Economies and Conflicts in the Global South: Multi-regional Perspectives on Rentier Politics, pages 119-134, Ashgate Publishing, 2008.\n\nThe Economist, Intelligence Unit, \"Opposition leader accuses political leadership of misrule,\" July 22, 2014.  http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=62044990&Country=S%c3%a3o%20Tom%c3%a9%20and%20Pr%c3%adncipe&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Political+stability&u=1&pid=192750203&oid=192750203&uid=1","These practices would be investigated by the public prosecutor, but usually are not effective. No head of state or government has been prosecuted during his term...."]
["2014_SN_16",2014,"SN","Senegal",16,100,"Le Président de la République peut être poursuivi qu'en cas de haute trahison, mais dans la pratique, aucune allégation de haute trahison ou de tout crime poursuivable n'a été portée contre le Président de la République au cours de ces 12 derniers mois.","BA Tidiane,  juriste, coordonnateur du projet Forum civil, section sénégalaise, Transparency International, 23 juin 2014.\n\nDAME SALL Shérif, enseignant en droit à l'université de Dakar, 23 juin 2014.\n\nDIÈYE Abdoulaye, professeur en droit constitutionnel, université de Dakar, 21 juin 2014.","Le Président de la République peut être poursuivi qu'en cas de haute trahison, mais dans la pratique, aucune allégation de haute trahison ou de tout crime poursuivable n'a été portée contre le Président de la République au cours de ces 12 derniers mois."]
["2014_SC_16",2014,"SC","Seychelles",16,0,"There have never been public allegations against heads of state and government by citizens.  No head of state has been the subject of allegations while still in power. The current system is an extension of the old authoritian one-party system. Citizens have continued to be silent for fear of being harassed. In addition, citizens are not likely to complain to the court because the costs are prohibitive. \n\nMost allegations come from the foreign press. In June 2014 foreign journalists alleged Seychelles government officials of money laundering during the time of former President France-Albert René. Allegations also targeted the current President Michel, who was at the time Seychelles’ Finance Minister. The president's office has denied the allegations and no investigation was conducted by the Ethics Commission, attorney general or by the ombudsman.","Roger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director of Xpress printing Ltd, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, 02 September 2014.\n\nBryan Julie, lawyer and Good Governance Commissioner for LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, interview on 03 September 2014.\n\nSeychelles President's Office: Dirty money ICIJ article is 'one-sided' - Seychelles news agency, June 13, 2013. http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/722/Seychelles+Presidents+office+ICIJ+dirty+money+article+is+one-sided#sthash.nmWc34qm.dpuf) .\n\nSeychelles Reality blog, \"Seychelles Police Brutality Sanction By State,\" March 25, 2014.\nhttp://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2014/03/seychelles-police-brutality-sanction-by.html","There have never been public allegations against heads of state and government by citizens.  No head of state has been the subject of allegations while still in power. The current system is an extension of the old authoritian one-party system. Citizens have continued to be silent f..."]
["2014_SL_16",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",16,0,"The Anti-Corruption Commission is responsible for investigating all corruption cases in the country, but the laws of Sierra Leone do not allow the commission to institute any civil or criminal proceedings against an individual performing the functions of the President.\n\nOver the years, there have been allegations about the President being involved in corrupt practices and illegal acquisition of wealth, but because of immunity enshrined in the constitution, the Anti-Corruption Commission has never made efforts to investigate. The President and the Vice President have not been charged in any court since they assumed power in 2007.","Interview with Joseph Kamara, chairman, Anti-Corruption Commission, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Unisa Bangura, senior court reporter, Standard Times newspaper, Freetown, 30 June 2014.","The Anti-Corruption Commission is responsible for investigating all corruption cases in the country, but the laws of Sierra Leone do not allow the commission to institute any civil or criminal proceedings against an individual performing the functions of the President...."]
["2014_SO_16",2014,"SO","Somalia",16,0,"According to Article 92 (Impeachment and Discharging of Duties of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia) of the provisional constitution, the president, who is head of state, can be impeached and discharged from his duties through impeachment and subsequent prosecution. \n\nDespite the possibility of accusing, investigating, charging and possibly indicting the president, in practice there effectively is no chance of this happening. One reason is that the Constitutional Court is not functional.\n\nAnother reason has been politics. In May 2014, for example, Reuters and other agencies reported that “More than 100 Somali lawmakers have signed a letter demanding the president resign for failing to improve security and meet other promises, threatening to impeach him if he does not quit.”\n\nBut the initiative failed because these lawmakers needed the backing of more than 183 of the 275, or 2/3 of members of parliament, and the support of Constitutional Court to force President Mohamoud out.","Prof. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAli Saed Isse\nLecturer\nFaculty of Economics and Social Sciences\nPuntland State University\nBossaso, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nSomali MPs demand president quit, threaten impeachment\nAbdi Sheikh\nReuters\nMay 8, 2014\nMogadishu\nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/08/us-somalia-president-idUSBREA470PP20140508","According to Article 92 (Impeachment and Discharging of Duties of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia) of the provisional constitution, the president, who is head of state, can be impeached and discharged from his duties through impeachment and subsequent prosecution. ..."]
["2014_ZA_16",2014,"ZA","South Africa",16,25,"While most allegations of corruption (classified a crime) are investigated by the Public Protector, not all of her findings have been followed through over the past 12 months. Recommendations with regards to, for instance, President Jacob Zuma and former Fisheries Minister Tina Joemat-Pettersson have not been translated into actions. The latter has even been promoted to Minister of Energy (one of SA's most crucial ministerial posts). Other ministers found guilty of corruption and misconduct have been removed from their ministerial functions, but have been allowed to remain in Parliament. \n \nResearcher and democracy expert Karin Alexander says that “the Public Protector is effective in fulfilling her mandate, which is investigating corruption within the public sphere and making recommendations with regards to repercussions. The Public Protector doesn't have the power to prosecute and depends on others. The investigation is there, the prosecution not always.”\n\nOver the past 12 months, various government officials have been found guilty of corruption, fraud and other crimes. Some have faced the music. In January 2014 former Home Affairs financial official Selby Skosana was convicted of fraud and sentenced to six years in jail. \n\nHowever, when it comes to high-placed officials such as ministers and the president, action is not always taken. In 2013 and 2014, the Public Protector (Thuli Madonsela) published a series of reports involving senior government officials including President Jacob Zuma. \n\nIn March 2014 she released the Nkandla report, revolving around the controversial upgrade of Zuma's homestead. She found that the president \"tacitly accepted the implementation of all measures at his residence\" and as a result \"unduly benefited from the enormous capital investment from the non-security installations at his private residence, a reasonable part of the expenditure towards the installations that were not identified as security measures in the list compiled by security experts in pursuit of the security evaluation, should be borne by him and his family.\" She added that \"the President, as the head of South Africa Incorporated, was wearing two hats, that of the ultimate guardian of the resources of the people of South Africa and that of being a beneficiary of public privileges of some of the guardians of public power and state resources, but failed to discharge his responsibilities in terms of the latter.\"\n\nMadonsela's recommendations in response to the findings (refunding the state) were thrown aside. ANC MPs in April 2014 shut down an ad hoc committee that was established to process Zuma's response to the Nkandla report. It has not been the first time Zuma dodged the judicial/prosecution bullet. The corruption charges against him were withdrawn in 2009. \n\nOther high-placed officials have come off scot-free over the past year, including former Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries Tina Joemat-Pettersson (now Minister of Energy). The Public Protector accused her of breaking the public procurement rules and recommended that Zuma take disciplinary action against her for her “reckless dealing with state money and services, resulting in fruitless and wasteful expenditure, loss of confidence in the fisheries industry in South Africa, alleged decimation of fisheries resources in South Africa and delayed quota allocations due to lack of appropriate research.” Joemat-Pettersson was recently appointed as the country's energy minister.","Interview with researcher and political analyst Karin Alexander / 26 June 2014 / Garden Centre Cape Town.\n\nHome Affairs welcomes conviction of official in PE Commercial Crimes Court (Government website / 30 january 2014)\nhttp://www.home-affairs.gov.za/index.php/statements-speeches/422-home-affairs-welcomes-conviction-of-official-in-pe-commercial-crimes-court\n\nSecure in Comfort (Public Protector's Nkandla report / 19 March 2014), http://cdn.mg.co.za/content/documents/2014/03/19/finalreport19march2014.pdf\n\nANC shuts down parliamentary Nkandla committee (Andisiswe Makinana / Mail & Guardian / 29 April 2014), http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-28-anc-shuts-down-parliamentary-nkandla-committee\n\nPublic Protector lays down law (Melanie Gosling / Cape Times / 6 December 2013), http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/public-protector-lays-down-law-1.1617671#.U6P-1Y2SwUc","While most allegations of corruption (classified a crime) are investigated by the Public Protector, not all of her findings have been followed through over the past 12 months. Recommendations with regards to, for instance, President Jacob Zuma and former Fisheries Minister Tina Joe..."]
["2014_SS_16",2014,"SS","South Sudan",16,25,"In practice, there have not been any investigations into the conduct of South Sudan’s head of state. Since South Sudan came into being as a semiautonomous region of The Sudan following the end of the country’s civil war in 2005, the head of state has never been investigated, let alone being prosecuted, for crimes committed. \n\nWhereas some individuals have accused the president of violating the country’s constitution, no one has instituted a criminal investigation against him; a review of newspaper articles shows South Sudan’s head of state has never ben investigated. \n\nThe only one who came close to succeeding was the former ruling SPLM Party secretary general, Pagan Amum, who petitioned the High Court to reverse a presidential decree that barred him from traveling outside the capital and speaking to journalists. The petitioner argued that the president had violated his right of movement and freedom of expression and association, which are guaranteed by South Sudan’s constitution. Therefore, he argued, the president has violated his rights. \n\nHowever, the High Court judges - seen by many as not being independent - threw out the petition before they could even investigate the matter. The court panel ruled that the petitioner had not sought other mechanisms to resolve his differences with the president; many criticized the decision as a sign that the judiciary won’t investigate or prosecute any head of state as long as he is in office.\n\nIn addition, the anti-corruption commission says that since its establishment in 2009 it has not received any criminal allegations against the head of state.","Interview with Johny Saverio Ayik, deputy chairman, South Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission, June 25, 2014. \n\nInterview with Edmond Yakani, executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organization, June 25, 2014.\n\nSudan Tribune, \"S. Sudan’s Supreme Court rejects Pagan Amum petition against Salva Kiir,\" Oct. 30, 2013.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48630\n\nKSL.com, Associated Press, Charlton Doki, \"S. Sudan leader petitions against president orders,\" Aug. 7, 2013. \nhttp://www.ksl.com/?nid=119&sid=26126451","In practice, there have not been any investigations into the conduct of South Sudan’s head of state. Since South Sudan came into being as a semiautonomous region of The Sudan following the end of the country’s civil war in 2005, the head of state has never been investigated, let al..."]
["2014_SD_16",2014,"SD","Sudan",16,0,"In Sudan, the constitution grants immunity to the heads of state and government, therefore making it impossible, in practice, to investigate, prosecute or punish them. The president of Sudan is alleged to have committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. \n\nDespite credible allegations and the president being sought by the International Criminal Court (ICC), no investgations or charges have been brought forth in Sudan.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.","In Sudan, the constitution grants immunity to the heads of state and government, therefore making it impossible, in practice, to investigate, prosecute or punish them. The president of Sudan is alleged to have committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. ..."]
["2014_SZ_16",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",16,0,"The king is the head of state and head of government. The constitution is silent on whether the king may be investigated; however, the view of a traditional leader and senior palace adviser conforms to popular belief that the king and his business are both untouchable, and any inquiry into his affairs would be an extreme violation of Swazi Law and Custom, the unwritten national governing and social code that is equal -and practically speaking, superior - to the national constitution (which as mentioned also puts the king above the nation’s laws.) \n\nAlso the Prime Minsiter who is a member of the King's family Tcannot be prosecuted.","Interview: Charles Simelane,independent political analyst, Manzini, 25 June, 2014.\n\nInterview: Prince Mangaliso Dlamini, traditional leader, Ludzidzini, April 22, 2014.\n\nAfrica Check, \"Unpacking Swaziland’s ‘monarchical democracy,’\" Feb. 21, 2014.\nhttp://africacheck.org/2014/02/21/unpacking-swazilands-monarchical-democracy/\n\n\"The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland\" Buhle Dube and Alfred Magagula, Hauser Global Law School Programme, 2012. http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/swaziland.htm\n\n\"Swaziland Justice Sector and the Rule of Law,\" Maxine Langwenya, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Mbabane, March 2013 http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/afrimap_swz_justice_sector_main_text_web.pdf","The king is the head of state and head of government. The constitution is silent on whether the king may be investigated; however, the view of a traditional leader and senior palace adviser conforms to popular belief that the king and his business are both untouchable, and any inqu..."]
["2014_TZ_16",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",16,50,"During this period of study, there was an allegation about the Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda trying to twist an investigation into the corruption allegations of authorising unlawful offshore payments under guise of energy contracts a month after donors withhold funding amid corruption fears.\n\nMPs have alleged serious concerned about what they saw as the CAG’s move to delay the final report. On Friday 28 November 2014, reported in The Guardian online news article, \"Tanzanian politicians are calling for the resignation of the prime minister, Mizengo Pinda, after a government report implicated him in an energy scandal that resulted in the plunder of more than $120m (£76.5m) from the country’s central bank.\"\n\nThe Citizen newspaper of Tanzania reported that $122 million (Sh207 billion) Tegeta escrow account saga rocked parliament as legislators from both the opposition and the ruling party demanded a parliamentary probe. The move came after the government failed to submit its report on the matter. Prime Minister Pinda promised in mid-2014 that he would submit two reports on the investigation of the escrow billions carried out by the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) and the controller and auditor general (CAG). \n\nThis is not the first time a call is made in Parliament for the PM to quit. In April 2013, some MPs from the ruling CCM and the opposition vowed to vote out Mr. Pinda if he failed to have five Cabinet ministers accused of incompetence, embezzlement and corruption resign. At least 70 MPs signed in support of a plan to lodge a motion of no confidence against the PM whom they accused of failing to discharge his duties. It was the speaker of the National Assembly, Ms. Anne Makinda, who ruled out the possibility of the motion to sail through, saying it was time-barred and that there was no tangible evidence that the PM has contravened the Public Leadership Code as stipulated by Parliamentary Standing Orders. \n\nThere have been no investigations in the past against a seated head of state, but following the Tegeta Escrow Account saga, MPs are calling for the investigation of the head of state, Prime ministers and CAG as there are many corruption allegations that the government is being quiet about.\n\n\nReviewers Comment:\n\n\nDisagree: No sitting President has been investigated and prosecuted while still in office since this is expressly barred under Article 46. According to article 52 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Tanzania, the Prime Minister is only head of government BUSINESS and not head of state and government.","1. Esther Mrema, An economist from TZAID, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania. November, 3, 2014.\n\n2. Cosmas Mhinya, SAS; Study Abroad Services, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania, November 3, 2014. \n\n3. Jackie Jothi, SA, November 3, 2014.\n\nPinda told to step down or be voted out of office, 12 April 2013, By The Citizen Reporters, Dodoma, http://www.jamiiforums.com/jukwaa-la-siasa/433371-pinda-told-to-step-down-or-be-voted-out-of-office.html.\n\nPinda booed as MPs close ranks on IPTL scam, The Citizens, November 21, 2014, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Pinda-booed-as-MPs-close-ranks-on-IPTL-scam/-/1840392/2530156/-/135hldhz/-/index.html.","During this period of study, there was an allegation about the Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda trying to twist an investigation into the corruption allegations of authorising unlawful offshore payments under guise of energy contracts a month after donors withhold funding amid corrupti..."]
["2014_TG_16",2014,"TG","Togo",16,0,"Le Chef de l'Etat bénéficie d’une immunité quasi totale. Les seules poursuites intentées ont en fait porté sur des membres du gouvernement tombés en disgrâce aux yeux du pouvoir en place (exemple avec l'ex ministre de l'administration territoriale, M. Pascal BODJONA, inculpé pour escroquerie).\n \n Si les plaintes concernant l'État sont nombreuses, elle n'aboutissent que rarement. \n \n Des plaintes sont également instruites à la Cour de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDAO), comme cela a été le cas avec M. BODJONA.","TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 11 juillet 2014.\n \n Apanews, 05 décembre 2013, «Nouvelle inculpation de l’ancien ministre togolais Pascal Bodjona».\n http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=769486.\n \n Togoone, 14 octobre 2013, « Togo : l’affaire Pascal Bodjona »,\n http://www.togoone.com/news_actutg_affairebodjonac.html.\n \n Apanews, 23 juin 2014, «Pascal Bodjona annonce une plainte contre le Togo et son retour en politique».\n  http://news.icilome.com/?idnews=784915.","Le Chef de l'Etat bénéficie d’une immunité quasi totale. Les seules poursuites intentées ont en fait porté sur des membres du gouvernement tombés en disgrâce aux yeux du pouvoir en place (exemple avec l'ex ministre de l'administration territoriale, M. Pascal BODJONA, inculpé pour e..."]
["2014_TN_16",2014,"TN","Tunisia",16,0,"There were no reported cases in which the head of state and government was accused or investigated in the period of the study. This is something that never happened in Tunisia. But there are cases where former ministers were investigated after leaving their position.\n\nIt is difficult to say whether during the period of study the president of the state never broke the law, or if he was not prosecuted because he is protected by the constitution (he has imunity during his mandate). But nowadays many voices in civil society are being raised, and there is debate concerning the immunity of the head of the state while in office.","Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, 12 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Mehdi Mabrouk, former minister of culture, 13 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Ahmed Solaani, judge in the court of Sfax, 14 June 2014.","There were no reported cases in which the head of state and government was accused or investigated in the period of the study. This is something that never happened in Tunisia. But there are cases where former ministers were investigated after leaving their position...."]
["2014_UG_16",2014,"UG","Uganda",16,0,"The president of Uganda has immunityrom investigation, prosecution or punishment while in office. \nAbout 2-3 years ago there was a push to have the law amended so the president could be prosecuted while in office, or at least after leaving office, for any crimes committed. In the past, there have been allegations against the current president but neither investigation nor prosecution were successful because of presidential immunity. Therefore, the advocates for change in the law have been silent in the past 12 months.\n\nMoreen Kiiza, a lawyer with Human Rights Communication Network, said various sections of society have queried the justification for the president's immunity from prosecution because past presidents have misused this constitutional provision and committed gross human rights violations. But the Judiciary Spokesperson explained that members of parliament, mainly from the National Resistance Movement, proposed presidential immunity from prosecution even after leaving office because this would ensure a smooth transition in the future. It was argued that without immunity from prosecution, presidents wouldn't leave office in a country without presidential term limits.","Elias Kisawuzi, spokesperson, The Judiciary, Kampala, 30 Sept. 2014 \n\nMoreen Kiiza, lawyer, Human Rights Communication Network, 30 Sept. 2014 \n\n“Presidential immunity from criminal prosecution in the Ugandan Constitution: Drafting history and emerging jurisprudence,” Jamil Ddamulira Mujuzi; February 2014; p.146-154\nhttp://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/ajicl.2014.0084","The president of Uganda has immunityrom investigation, prosecution or punishment while in office. \nAbout 2-3 years ago there was a push to have the law amended so the president could be prosecu..."]
["2014_ZM_16",2014,"ZM","Zambia",16,0,"All government officials, including ministers, do get investigated and prosecuted, except the president. The president is not supposed to be investigated or prosecuted while in office, even if evidence suggests he committed a crime, although he can sue or appear as a witness in a case that interests him if he so wishes, as was the case when President Michael Sata decided to go to court, personally, during a defamation case against him involving a local newspaper. \n\nHe is immune from being investigated or prosecuted while in office, according to the constitution, the supreme law of the country. \n\nA precedent has been set in Zambia, where once one is no longer president, investigations can be commenced and prosecution cases can be developed against him. It happened to the first republican president, Kenneth Kaunda, the late second republican president, Frederick Chiluba, and currently former president Rupiah Banda, for corruption-related offences.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Kasebamashila Kaseba, author, journalist and media consultant, Shipwa Infoline, Lusaka, Zambia, 22 July 2014. \n\nLusaka Voice, Elias Munshya, \"Can a Zambian President Sue in Tort,\" 23 May 2014.\nhttp://lusakavoice.com/2014/05/23/can-zambian-president-sue-tort-elias-munshya/","All government officials, including ministers, do get investigated and prosecuted, except the president. The president is not supposed to be investigated or prosecuted while in office, even if evidence suggests he committed a crime, although he can sue or appear as a witness in a c..."]
["2014_ZW_16",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",16,0,"Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity; i.e., \"While in office, the President is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for things done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity.\" In respect to the constitution, no allegations against the head of state have been investigated.\n\nThere have been media stories in which the president's family was accused of looting state resources for personal use. These allegations were never investigated.","Interview source who requested anonymity, inspector, Zimbabwe Republic Police, 31 July 2014, Harare. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nConstitution of Zimbabwe, Amendment No. 20, 2013. Chapter 5, The Executive. Part 2, The president and vice presidents.\n\nNew Zimbabwe, Ken Yamamoto, \"Mugabe fighting corruption? Forget it!\" 9 April 2014, accessed 20 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-15219-Mugabe+fighting+corruption+Forget+it!/news.aspx ","Section 98 of the constitution provides for presidential immunity; i.e., \"While in office, the President is not liable to civil or criminal proceedings in any court for things done or omitted to be done in his or her personal capacity.\" In respect to the constitution, no allegation..."]
["2014_DZ_17",2014,"DZ","Algeria",17,0,"Il n'existe pas d'institution indépendante à cette fin.\n\nLes citoyens peuvent signaler une inconduite policière ou déposer une plainte contre un agent de la police  auprès de la justice ou au niveau de l’inspection générale de la sûreté nationale et les inspections régionales. Dans le cas où l’infraction à la loi est confirmée, le prévenu  est présenté devant les instances compétentes. \n\nSelon l’organigramme de la direction générale de la sûreté nationale, l’inspection générale a pour mission « d'inspecter les structures de la Direction Générale de la Sûreté nationale (DGSN), évaluer l’organisation par rapport aux objectifs assignés, déterminer éventuellement les dysfonctionnements, afin de contribuer à une meilleure appréciation des services et à une bonne évaluation des cadres et des personnels et effectuer des enquêtes relatives à des fautes graves commises par des cadres supérieurs de la sûreté nationale sur instruction du directeur général de la sûreté nationale. », tandis que les inspections régionales sont chargées de « procéder aux inspections techniques des services actifs ou de soutien dictés par la direction générale, initier des inspections jugées par eux opportunes en raison des faits ou informations parvenues à leur services, exécuter des missions d’enquêtes ou de contre-enquête à la suite de faits graves parvenues à leur connaissance et mettant en cause l’image de marque de l’institution. »","Décret exécutif n° 10-322 du 22 décembre 2010 portant sur le statut particulier des fonctionnaires appartenant aux corps spécifiques de la sûreté nationale.\nArt 61, 62, 63. (2010). http://www.dgfp.gov.dz/texte/SURTF1078.pdf\n\nSite web de la direction générale de la sûreté nationale (inspection générale), http://www.dgsn.dz/?L-inspection-generale-de-la-surete","Il n'existe pas d'institution indépendante à cette fin.\n\nLes citoyens peuvent signaler une inconduite policière ou déposer une plainte contre un agent ..."]
["2014_AO_17",2014,"AO","Angola",17,100,"According to Article 192 (1) of the constitution, the ombudsman shall be an independent public body whose purpose shall be to defend the rights, freedoms and guarantees of citizens ensuring, by informal means, the justice and legality of the public administration. Subsection (4) gives citizens and corporate bodies the right to present the ombudsman with complaints concerning acts or omissions by public authorities. The ombudsman shall consider, with no powers of decision, submitting the necessary recommendations for the prevention and remedying of injustices to the appropriate bodies. \n\nCitizens also can present complaints and appeals to higher hierarchical entities under Decree Law No. 16/A-95, Dec. 15, 1995, or to the General Attorney of the Republic of Angola. These entities have a duty to inquire and instruct disciplinary and criminal proceedings, if appropriate. The body responsible for the criminal investigation is the National Directorate of Criminal Investigation (DINC).","Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 1992 (1 and 4)\nhttp: //www.parlamento.ao/constituicao-an/index.html#/1/ \n\nDecree Law No. 16 / A-95, Dec. 15, 1995. Unavailable online","According to Article 192 (1) of the constitution, the ombudsman shall be an independent public body whose purpose shall be to defend the rights, freedoms and guarantees of citizens ensuring, by informal means, the justice and legality of the public administration. Subsection (4) gi..."]
["2014_BJ_17",2014,"BJ","Benin",17,100,"Le Médiateur de la République est habilité à recevoir les plaintes émanant des citoyens sur les litiges qui les opposent aux entités et démembrements de l'administration publique. Dans ce cadre, elle peut recevoir et enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. \n\nSelon Article 8 de la loi créant le Médiateur, \"Le Médiateur de la République reçoit les griefs des administrés relatifs au fonctionnement des administrations centrales de  l’Etat, des collectivités décentralisées, des établissements publics et les  étudie afin d’y apporter des solutions équitables. Il suggère au Chef de l’Etat des propositions tendant au fonctionnement normal et à l’efficience \ndes services publics. Il contribue de façon générale à l’amélioration de l’Etat de droit et de la gouvernance administrative.\"\n\nL'article 210 du Code de procédure pénale fournit aussi une base légale pour introduire un recours contre un abus de droit effectué par un dépositaire de la force publique, mais cet article n'institue pas un organe spécifique à cette fin.\n\nSelon le Code en son article 210, « toute personne ayant fait l’objet d’une garde à vue ou d’une détention abusive peut, lorsque la procédure aboutit à une décision de non-lieu, de relaxe ou d’acquittement passée en force de chose jugée, obtenir une indemnisation si elle établit qu’elle a subi du fait de sa détention ou garde à vue un préjudice actuel d’une gravité particulière » .\n\nDe plus, le Code indique à l'article 634 que « lorsqu’un officier de police judiciaire est susceptible d’être inculpé d’un crime ou d’un délit qui aurait été commis dans la circonscription où il est territorialement compétent hors ou dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, le procureur de la République saisi de l’affaire présente sans délai la requête à la chambre judiciaire de la Cour Suprême qui procède et statue comme en matière de règlement de juge et désigne la juridiction chargée de l’instruction ou du jugement de l’affaire ».","Loi N° 2009-22 du 11 août 2009 instituant le Médiateur de la République. http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Loi_Num_2009-22_DU_11_AOUT_2009_INSTITUANT_LE_MEDIATEUR_DE_LA_REPUBLIQUE_AU_BENIN.pdf\n\nLoi n° 2012-15 portant code de procédure pénale en République du Bénin. (2012). Articles 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 et 634. http://ppja.org/countries/benin/Benin%20CPC.pdf/at_download/file","Le Médiateur de la République est habilité à recevoir les plaintes émanant des citoyens sur les litiges qui les opposent aux entités et démembrements de l'administration publique. Dans ce cadre, elle peut recevoir et enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la for..."]
["2014_BW_17",2014,"BW","Botswana",17,0,"No such law exists.\n\nThe Ombudsman Act limits the powers of the ombudsman with respect to investigating the police.","No such law exists.\n\nOmbudsman Act, 1995. 4(e) http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/84985/94894/F1962826933/BWA84985.pdf","No such law exists.\n\nThe Ombudsman Act limits the powers of the ombudsman with respect to investigating the police."]
["2014_BF_17",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",17,0,"Nulle part, dans la Constitution ou dans les statuts de la police, il n'est fait mention d'un organe chargé de  recevoir et enquêter sur les allégations d'inconduite et de recours abusif à la force par la police. Toutefois, il existe au sein de la police même, un « service de contrôle » qui est chargé d'assurer : \n- le contrôle du fonctionnement normal et régulier des services de police ;\n- le respect, par les fonctionnaires de police, des lois et règlements, notamment du règlement de discipline générale ;\n- le suivi des procédures disciplinaires et judiciaires dans lesquelles des personnels de la police nationale sont impliqués.\nLe service de contrôle comporte un « bureau de discipline » chargé du contrôle du respect, par les fonctionnaires de police, du règlement de discipline générale des fonctionnaires de la police nationale, des enquêtes administratives, disciplinaires et judiciaires et du suivi des procédures disciplinaires et judiciaires. C'est en d'autres termes une police des polices qui est un service interne.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière","Nulle part, dans la Constitution ou dans les statuts de la police, il n'est fait mention d'un organe chargé de  recevoir et enquêter sur les allégations d'inconduite et de recours abusif à la force par la police. Toutefois, il existe au sein de la police même, un « service de contr..."]
["2014_BI_17",2014,"BI","Burundi",17,100,"L'Ombudsman peut être saisi en cas d'inconduite policière. Selon l'article 6 de la loi nr. 1/03 \"l'Ombudsman a pour missions:\n1. D'examiner les plaintes et de mener les enquêtes concernant les fautes de gestion et les violations des droits de l'homme commises par des agents de la fonction publique, du service judiciaire, des collectivités locales, des établissements publics et de tout organisme investi d'une mission de service public.\"\n\nEn cas d' usage abusif de la force par la police ou d'inconduite policière, la gestion de cette situation se fait au niveau hiérarchique ou la justice s' en occupe. \n\nSuite à une éventuelle corruption, c'est la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) qui reçoit de telles allégations. L' article 1 de la loi portant sur cette brigade stipule que « la Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC) dispose de la compétence exclusive pour procéder à la recherche des auteurs présumés, coupables des infractions de corruption et des infractions connexes.»","Loi n°1/37 du 28 décembre 2006 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de la  Brigade Spéciale Anti-Corruption (BSAC), article 1.\n\nLaw 1/03 of Jan. 25, 2010 Organization et Fonctionnement de l'Ombudsman, Article 6, http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Burundi/Burundi-Loi-2010-organisation-Ombudsman.pdf","L'Ombudsman peut être saisi en cas d'inconduite policière. Selon l'article 6 de la loi nr. 1/03 \"l'Ombudsman a pour missions:\n1. D'examiner les plaintes et de mener les enquêtes concernant les fautes de gestion et les vi..."]
["2014_CM_17",2014,"CM","Cameroon",17,0,"Au Cameroun, il n'existe pas une institution spécifique chargée d’enquêter sur les abus des forces de l'ordre. Seuls les tribunaux sont compétents en la matière. Cependant, au sein de la police, il y a des mécanismes internes qui permettent d’enquêter sur ces sujets. \n\nGénéralement, les policiers qui font l'objets de plainte des civils sont rarement inquiétés. En l'état, il n'existe pas un organisme indépendant de la police pour ce genre d'enquête.","Site web de la Délégation Générale à la Sûreté Nationale (DGSN- Police), «Décret n° 2002/003 du 4 janvier 2002 portant organisation de la Délégation Générale à la Sûreté Nationale. »10 juillet 2014. http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/decret-n-2002003-du-4-janvier-2002-portant-organisation-de-la-delegation-generale-a-la-surete-nati.html","Au Cameroun, il n'existe pas une institution spécifique chargée d’enquêter sur les abus des forces de l'ordre. Seuls les tribunaux sont compétents en la matière. Cependant, au sein de la police, il y a des mécanismes internes qui permettent d’enquêter sur ces sujets. ..."]
["2014_CV_17",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",17,100,"Article 4 of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship Law states that the mission of the commission includes investigation of the assault and other human rights violations which have been brought to the commission's attention or investigated on its own initiative. The Cape Verdean parliament adopted in 2003 the basis for the Office of Ombudsman.","1. National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship (Decree-Law No. 38/2004 of October 11, published in the Official Bulletin of the Republic of Cape Verde, Series I, No. 30 October 11, 2004). http://www.portaldoconhecimento.gov.cv/bitstream/10961/1582/1/Brochura_Plano_Nacional_de_Accao_Direitos_Humanos.pdf\n\n2. Cape Verde Constitution (2010), Part II, Title I, Article 21, Ombudsman.\n\n3. António Espírito Santo Fonseca was elected on December 12, 2013, in Parliament as the first Ombudsman of Cape Verde: http://asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article95966&ak=1","Article 4 of the National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship Law states that the mission of the commission includes investigation of the assault and other human rights violations which have been brought to the commission's attention or investigated on its own initiative. T..."]
["2014_CF_17",2014,"CF","CAR",17,0,"En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe pas présentement un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force selon les personnes interrogées. Par contre, ils mentionnent que les personnes victimes d'abus de pouvoir de la part des policiers peuvent déposer une plainte à la gendarmerie ou intenter une action en justice conformément à certaines dispositions de la loi fondamentale, notamment la Charte constitutionnelle (article 5) et le Code pénal.\n\nLa RCA dispose d’une loi portant le statut spécial de la police centrafricaine, la loi n° 08.016 du 20 mai 2008. Mais cette loi n’a pas prévu des procédures disciplinaires contre les policiers fautifs. Toutefois, l’article 25 de cette même loi stipule qu' «  il  est fait interdiction aux policiers, en service ou non, d’user de leur qualité en vue  :\n-d’obtenir ou tenir un avantage de quelque nature que ce soit ;\n-de faire ou organiser toute collecte, démarche ou toute autre forme de rackets auprès des particuliers etc. ;\n-d’exercer de quelque manière ce soit un trafic d’influence sur les tiers. »\n\nEn outre, l’article 45 de cette loi souligne qu’un décret d’application devrait déterminer la nature des fautes et les catégories des sanctions applicables et les disciplines.  Mais ce décret n’est pas encore effectif. \n\nToutefois les policiers sont sanctionnés lorsqu’ils sont en violation de l’article 25 de la loi portant statut spécial de la police centrafricaine. Ces sanctions vont de la suspension de salaire jusqu’à à révocation dans le corps de la police selon le degré des fautes.","Loi n° 08.016 du 20 mai 2008 portant le statut spécial de la police centrafricaine. Articles 25 & 45. \nhttp://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:kiw9AF_163oJ:www.track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Central%2520African%2520Republic/Laws/Central%2520African%2520Republic%2520portant%2520Statut%2520Special%2520de%2520la%2520Police%2520Centrafricaine%25202008.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us\n\nTROP Apolline, ex commandant de brigade motorisée, interview du 22 juin 2014; Bangui\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à la faculté de Droit de l'université de Bangui,  interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nSAMBIA Omer, journaliste et attaché de presse à l'université de Bangui, interview du 22 juin 2014, Bangui.\n\nKAWELE Bernard, lieutenant de  la police centrafricaine, interview du 16 décembre 2014, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe pas présentement un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force selon les personnes interrogées. Par contre, ils mentionnent que les personnes victimes d'abus de pouvoir de la part de..."]
["2014_TD_17",2014,"TD","Chad",17,100,"Il existe un bureau au sein de l'office du Médiateur de la République qui peut recevoir et examiner les plaintes des citoyens des violations des droits de l’Homme en général y compris les abus policiers. Selon le conseiller chargé des missions du Médiateur de la République, Ahmat Yacoub Dabio, le bureau est libre d’ouvrir une enquête suite à une plainte, sur toute violation des droits de l’Homme.\n\nSelon le journaliste Sadam AHMAT, il y a aussi l'inspection générale de la police qui fait le travail de surveillance des policiers et est chargée d'enquêter sur les inconduites policières et autres recours abusifs de force. Cependant, la loi N° 07/PR/2011 du 24 Mars 2011 portant la ratification de l'ordonnance 015/PR/2011 du 01 Mars 2011 portant statut général du personnel du corps de la police nationale fait référence à l'inspection de la police nationale, mais aucun rôle spécifique ne lui est attribué dans ce sens.","Loi 09-031 2009-12-11 PR portant création de La Médiature de la République. http://legitchad.cefod-tchad.org/texte/1388\n\nAHMAT Sadam, journaliste au journal Alwihda, 07 Août 2014. \n\nAhmat Yacoub Dabio, interview du 23 mars 2015.","Il existe un bureau au sein de l'office du Médiateur de la République qui peut recevoir et examiner les plaintes des citoyens des violations des droits de l’Homme en général y compris les abus policiers. Selon le conseiller chargé des missions du Médiateur de la République, Ahmat Y..."]
["2014_KM_17",2014,"KM","Comoros",17,0,"La Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) peut recevoir des plaintes sur « les atteintes aux droits de l’homme » en général. Bien que les abus policiers ne soient pas expressément visés dans ses attributions, ils constituent une violation des droits de l’homme.  \n\nSelon l’Art.8. de la Loi du 27 juin 2006 relative à la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés de l’Union des Comores : « La Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés est habilitée  (…)  à :\n1) Recevoir des plaintes individuelles ou collectives à propos de toutes allégations de violation des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés sur le territoire national, constater les atteintes qui pourraient être portées et dresser rapport.\n2) Ester en justice sur toutes les violations avérées des Droits de l’Homme notamment au nom des victimes desdites violations.\n3) Orienter les plaignants et offrir l’assistance à ceux qui le demandent devant les tribunaux compétents.\n\nLa Commission ne peut pas elle-même mener des enquêtes; elle reçoit des plaintes qu’elle remet à la justice.\n\nEn dehors de la CNDH, aucun mécanisme spécial n'est spécifiquement prévu dans la loi comorienne au cas où un citoyen est victime de violence policière (par exemple coups et blessures dans les commissariats ou à la gendarmerie). De même, il n'existe pas une agence destinée à enquêter exclusivement sur l’inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. La loi N°97- 010 /AF portant création, missions, organisation et fonctionnement de l’armée nationale de développement qui regroupe l’ensemble des formations de la gendarmerie, de la force comorienne de Défense, du service de santé militaire et des services rattachés est muette sur le sujet. \n\nC’est plutôt le policier qui est protégé et non le citoyen car selon l’article 10 de la loi sur la police fédérale, «indépendamment de la protection à laquelle les fonctionnaires de Police ont droit conformément aux règles fixées par le Code pénal et les lois spéciales, l’administration est tenue de les protéger contre les blessures, coups, menaces, outrages, injures et diffamations dont ils peuvent être l’objet dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice de leurs fonctions et de réparer le cas échéant, le préjudice qui en est résulté, dans tous les cas non prévus par la réglementation sur les pensions ».\nDe même selon l'article 38 de la loi N° 97- 006/AF portant statut des personnels militaires de la République Fédérale Islamique des Comores, la loi protège les militaires et non les citoyens : «  L’Etat est tenu de les protéger contre les menaces et attaques dont ils peuvent être l’objet à l’occasion de l’exercice de leurs fonctions et de réparer, le cas échéant, le préjudice qui en est résulté ». \n\nCependant, en tant qu’agent public, les dispositions de l’Article 105 du Code pénal s’appliquent au policier fautif. Cet article stipule que « lorsqu’un fonctionnaire public, un agent, un préposé ou un membre du gouvernement, aura ordonné ou fait quelques actes arbitraires ou attentatoires, soit à la liberté individuelle, soit aux droits civiques d’un ou plusieurs citoyens, soit à la Constitution, il sera condamné à la peine de la dégradation civique ».\n \nLe rapport des USA sur les droits humains de 2013 indique qu'«il n’existait aucun mécanisme pour mener des enquêtes sur des abus perpétrés par des éléments de la police.  La force de la police de l’Union a participé à une formation sur les relations civilo-militaires, la santé publique, et les opérations de maintien de la paix».","Loi n°95-012/AF du 18 septembre 1995 portant Code pénal (crimes et délits) , Article 105. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=208476\n\nLoi n°83-014/ portant création, organisation, de la police fédérale. http://comoresdroit.comores-droit.com/wp-content/dossier/legislatifs/Loi%20sur%20Police%20Federale.pdf) \n\nUnited States Department of State, mai 2014, «Comoros 2013 Human rights report». www.antananarivo.usembassy.gov/embassy_news/press-releases2/comoros-2013-human-rights-report.html\n\nArticle 38 de la loi N° 97- 006/AF portant statut des personnels militaires de la République Fédérale Islamique des Comores. http://comoresdroit.comores-droit.com/wp-content/dossier/legislatifs/Loi%20du%20statut%20pmilitaire.pdf\n\nLoi du 27 juin 2006 relative à la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés de l’Union des Comores, article 8. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Loi%202006%20commission%20des%20droits%20de%20l%27Homme.pdf","La Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) peut recevoir des plaintes sur « les atteintes aux droits de l’homme » en général. Bien que les abus policiers ne soient pas expressément visés dans ses attributions, ils constituent une violation des droits de l’homme.  ..."]
["2014_CD_17",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",17,100,"Sur le plan institutionnel, la Loi n° 9 - 98 du 31 octobre 1998  portant institution, attributions et fonctionnement  du Médiateur de la République permet à la population d'adresser des requêtes pour dénoncer non seulement le comportement des forces de la police et de la gendarmerie, mais aussi de l'administration en générale.\n\nArticle 3 : «Le Médiateur de la République ne se substitue pas aux tribunaux. Il joue le rôle d'intermédiaire entre les pouvoirs publics et les particuliers au sujet de leurs revendications relatives au fonctionnement de l'administration.» \n \nArticle 4 : «Le Médiateur de la République est saisi directement des requêtes des administrés « personnes physiques ou morales ». \n\nArticle 16 : «Toute personne physique ou morale qui estime, à l'occasion d'une  affaire la concernant, qu'un organisme visé à l'article 12 n'a pas fonctionné conformément à la mission de service public, peut, par une réclamation  individuelle, saisir le Médiateur comme prévu à l'article 4 de la présente Loi.» \n \nArticle 17 : «La réclamation doit être précédée des démarches nécessaires auprès des administrations intéressées. Elle n'interrompt pas les délais de recours, notamment devant les juridictions  compétentes.»\n\nAussi, il existe bien un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force c'est l’Inspection Générale de la Police (IGP). Suivant le cas, il y a une commission d'enquête administratif en vue de sanctionner l'agent où le fonctionnaire de police auteurs des faits. Cette commission est circonstancielle, elle n'est pas permanente.\n\nDès que l'affaire est importante, l'administration policière, par le biais du directeur général de la police, transmet à l'inspection générale de la Police Nationale pour enquête. Cette inspection peut directement recevoir les plaintes et dénonciation des particuliers.  Et lorsque l'inspection des enquêtes a monté le dossier, celle-ci le transmet directement au ministre de l'Intérieur pour ce qui est du volet disciplinaire le ministre de l'Intérieur peut sanctionner. En revanche, pour ce qui relève du volet pénale, le dossier est transmis au parquet.","1 - Loi n° 9 - 98 DU 31 octobre 1998  portant institution, attributions et fonctionnement du Médiateur de la République.  http://track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Laws/Loi%209%20Mediateur%20(1998).pdf\n\n2 - Décret 2011-792 du 2 décembre 2011 portant attribution et organisation de l'Inspection Générale de la Police Nationale (IGPN).\n\n3- La loi 6-2011 du 2 mars 2011 fixant les missions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la police Nationale.\n\n4 - Décret n°2011-427 du 25 juin 2011 portant attribution et organisation de la direction générale de la police.\n\n5 - Décret n°2009-394 du 13 octobre 2009 relatif aux attributions du ministre de l'Intérieur et de la décentralisation.\n\n6 - La loi n° 9-98 du 31 octobre 1998 portant création et attribution du médiateur de la République.","Sur le plan institutionnel, la Loi n° 9 - 98 du 31 octobre 1998  portant institution, attributions et fonctionnement  du Médiateur de la République permet à la population d'adresser des requêtes pour dénoncer non seulement le comportement des forces de la police et de la gendarmeri..."]
["2014_CG_17",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",17,0,"There is no officially established mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. However, Articles 102 of the law establishing the police says the police must resist corruption and report any form of corruption. Articles 103 & 104 of the Police Criminal Code state that any police officer who abuses civilians shall be sentenced to four years in prison. Citizens can report cases to the police criminal court.\n\nAdditionally, the government created in 2012 the Ministry of New Citizenship aimed at combating misbehavior and promoting lawful behavior from the police and other government officials as well as from citizens at large. This ministry has a department called \"Maison du Citoyen\" (Citizen’s House) that is to provide a setting for dialogue between the government and citizens. In cases of alleged police misconduct or abuse, citizens are encouraged to go there and report the allegations.","1.Loi N.024/2002 Du 18 Novembre 2002 Portant Code Penale Militaire, Articles 103 &104, 2002, www.leganet.cd/.../Droit%20Judiciaire/Loi.024.2002.18.11.2002.pdf.\n\n2 Loi Organique Portant Organisation Et Fonctionnement De La Police Nationale Congolaise, Article 102, 2011, http://www.misdac-rdc.net/index.php/services147/police-nationale-congolaise-pnc-147/90-loi-organique-portant-organisation-et-fonctionnement-de-la-police-nationale-congolaise.","There is no officially established mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. However, Articles 102 of the law establishing the police says the police must resist corruption and report any form of corruption. Articles 103 & 104 of the Police Criminal Code..."]
["2014_CI_17",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",17,0,"Il existe bien en Côte d’Ivoire des moyens permettant aux populations de dénoncer des abus qu’elles auraient subis de la part des forces de l’ordre. L’article 6 du Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du ministère d’État, ministère de l’intérieur stipule que l’inspection générale des services de police est chargée « d’assurer le contrôle du fonctionnement normal et régulier des services de police, reçoit les plaintes et les dénonciations formulées à l’encontre des fonctionnaires de police et conduit les enquêtes subséquentes.\n\n La brigade anti-corruption créée par décret 2012-05 du 11 janvier 2012 se présente comme une police des polices qui enquête sur l'inconduite policière et les abus des forces de l'ordre en Côte d'Ivoire.\n \n Il existe également un site web où tout citoyen peut denoncer les abus, rackets ou inconduites policières, celui de l'Unité de lutte contre le racket, créée par l'arrêté ministériel 086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011. \n \n  Il n'existe pas de corps avec un degré d'indépendance qui peut être approché par les citoyens en dehors des organes de l'Etat.","Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du ministère d’État, ministère de l’intérieur. (2011). Article 6. http://www.gouv.ci/doc/textes_fondamentaux/CONSTITUTION%20AOUT%202000.doc\n\nArrêté interministériel N°086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011 créant l’Unité de Lutte Contre le Racket (ULCR). (2011). \n\nUnité de lutte contre le racket, créée par l'arrêté ministériel 086/MI/MEF/MDPMMD du 22 juillet 2011. www.stopracket.gouv.ci/?q=fr/saisine% 20de%ulrc.","Il existe bien en Côte d’Ivoire des moyens permettant aux populations de dénoncer des abus qu’elles auraient subis de la part des forces de l’ordre. L’article 6 du Décret n° 2011-388 du 16 novembre 2011 portant organisation du ministère d’État, ministère de l’intérieur stipule que ..."]
["2014_DJ_17",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",17,100,"Aucun texte n'existe pour ce mécanisme spécifique, mais il existe des autorités administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur ou la Commission Nationale de Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) pour assurer la défense des droits des citoyens. \n\nL'Article 1er de la loi portant Médiateur de la République dispose: «autorité indépendante, le Médiateur de la République reçoit, dans les conditions fixées par la présente loi, les réclamations concernant, dans leurs relations avec les administrés, le fonctionnement des administrations de l'État, des institutions décentralisées, des établissements publics et de tout autre organisme investi d'une mission de service public.»\n\nConcernant la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) : «la Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme est un cadre national de concertation entre les acteurs publics concernés par les questions des Droits de l'Homme, d'une part, et les représentants des associations, mouvements et organisations non gouvernementales de protection et promotion des Droits de l'Homme d'autre part. La Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme est un organe consultatif des Droits de l'Homme. Elle œuvre pour la protection et la promotion des Droits de l'Homme.»","Loi n° 51/AN/99/4ème L relative au Médiateur de la République du 21 août 1999. http://www.presidence.dj/\n\nDécret n°2008-0103/PR/MJAP portant création de la Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH). http://www.presidence.dj/\n\nL’article 11 de la loi n°59/AN/ 14/7ème L du 20 juillet 2014","Aucun texte n'existe pour ce mécanisme spécifique, mais il existe des autorités administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur ou la Commission Nationale de Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) pour assurer la défense des droits des citoyens. ..."]
["2014_EG_17",2014,"EG","Egypt",17,100,"Egypt's National Council for Human Rights, a quasi-government authority, informs the public prosecutor and instigates investigations. However, it cannot conduct such investigations independently. Article 80 stipulates that the National Council for Human Rights shall inform the Public Prosecution of any violation... may join the injured party in a civil action, and may appeal on their behalf. There are, however, laws and provisions that can be (and sometimes are) interpreted as allocating such mandate to the public prosecution. According to articles 99 and 197 of Egypt's 2014 Constitution, the public prosecution is the body entitled to investigate corruption charges (and all other criminal cases).\n\nAbuse or misconduct would thus be investigated by a body belonging to the executive power and therefore be dependent.\n \nThe explicit independent mechanism or body specifically mandated to provide redress options is that Human Rights Commission.\n \nFurther, the Criminal Procedure Code 23 of 1971 entitles public prosecution and an auditing department affiliated with the Interior Ministry to investigate police misconduct. This, however, relates more to administrative misconduct and not to abuse of power that comes from corruption.","Egypt Constitution of 2014\nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf.\n\nThe Criminal Procedure Code 23 of 1971 entitles Public Prosecution.\n\nNational Council of Human Rights website\nhttp://www.nchregypt.org/index.php/en/.","Egypt's National Council for Human Rights, a quasi-government authority, informs the public prosecutor and instigates investigations. However, it cannot conduct such investigations independently. Article 80 stipulates that the National Council for Human Rights shall inform the Publ..."]
["2014_GQ_17",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",17,0,"There is no single mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Articles 178–204 in the Penal Code of 1963 (Codigo Penal) address specific offenses committed by civil servants (\"funcionarios públicos\"), including judges, prison personnel, members of the military and police officers. For example, Article 184 of the 1963 Criminal Code stipulates that civil servants who illegally arrest an individual are subject to suspension of duties or fines. \n\nHowever, no oversight body exists that is specifically tasked by law with investigating police misconduct or abuse of force.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Penal Code, Title II, Chapter II,  Section 2, Articles 178–204, 1963 [Decree 691/1963 (March 28, 1963) adopting the “Texto revisado de 1963” of Spain’s Penal Code].   \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=13:penal2&Itemid=79","There is no single mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Articles 178–204 in the Penal Code of 1963 (Codigo Penal) address specific offenses committed by civil servants (\"funcionarios públicos\"), including judges, prison personnel, members of the mil..."]
["2014_ER_17",2014,"ER","Eritrea",17,0,"Eritrea still uses Ethiopia's criminal procedure code. Under the code, the public prosecutor office (the attorney general) oversees police actions, but under the law no mechanism is provided for citizen complaints against police abuse and misconduct. \n\nArticle 8 (2) states, \"The public prosecution department may in the discharge of its duties give the necessary orders and instructions to the police and ensure that the police carry out their duties in accordance with law.\"","Article 8 of the Eritrean Transitional Criminal Procedure Code of 1991, Chapter 2: Public Prosecution Department and Police (Criminal Procedure Code Of Ethiopia Proclamation No. 185 of 1961","Eritrea still uses Ethiopia's criminal procedure code. Under the code, the public prosecutor office (the attorney general) oversees police actions, but under the law no mechanism is provided for citizen complaints against police abuse and misconduct. ..."]
["2014_ET_17",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",17,100,"There are general provisions, including the proclamations that establish the Institution of the Ombudsman and the Human Rights Commission, that describe possible mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting government organs in cases of human rights abuses and/or maladministration. However, no specific instrument with which to address police conduct, use of force or abuses exists. Both the Comission and the Ombudsman have their establishment by proclamation.  \n\nAccording to Articles 6 (4) and 7 of the Human Rights Commission Proclamation No. 210/2000, the commission shall have the powers and duties to undertake investigation, upon complaint or its own initiation, in respect to human rights violations. The commission shall have full powers to receive and investigate all complaints on human rights violations made against any person, save cases brought before the House, the House of the Federation, Regional Council or before the courts of law, at any level.","Human Rights Commission Proclamation No. 210/2000, Articles 6 (4) and 7. \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_229633.pdf \n\nProclamation No. 211/2000: A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of the Institution of the Ombudsman, 2000.\nhttp://chilot.me/2011/08/03/proclamation-no-211-2000-establishment-of-the-institution-of-the-ombudsman/","There are general provisions, including the proclamations that establish the Institution of the Ombudsman and the Human Rights Commission, that describe possible mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting government organs in cases of human rights abuses and/or maladministration...."]
["2014_GA_17",2014,"GA","Gabon",17,0,"Le Gabon a établit en décembre 1970 un système de huissiers de justice, par la loi n° 11/70, à travers lequel les citoyens peuvent signaler l'abus de force par la police. Cependant, ces huissiers aident les citoyens à déposer des réclamations et sont un mécanisme procédural. Il lui manquait aspects clés qui faciliteraient leur activité au jour le jour, et leur mandat a également coïncidé avec celle des avocats.\n\nAucun outre mécanisme existe pour remonter la plainte des citoyens vis-à-vis des agents de la sécurité pour abus de pouvoir. Le Code de procédure pénale ne fait aucune mention et du coup, la plainte de cette nature peut revêtir un caractère ordinaire. \n\nL'Article 139 du Code pénal gabonais parle des peines encourues par les auteurs d'abus de pouvoir, mais ne prévoit aucun mécanisme de plainte en dehors du système judiciaire ordinaire. \n\nArticle 139: «Lorsqu’un fonctionnaire ou un officier public, un administrateur, un agent ou un préposé du gouvernement ou de la police, un exécuteur des mandats de justice ou jugements, un commandant en chef ou en sous-ordre de la force publique aura, sans motif légitime, usé ou fait user de violences envers les personnes dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de ses fonctions, il sera puni d’un emprisonnement de un à dix ans et pourra l’être, en outre, d’une amende d’un montant maximum d’un million de francs.»","Code pénal, Loi No. 21/63.  (31 mai 1963), Livre II (Des crimes et délits contre la chose publique), chapitre IX (Des crimes et délits commis par les fonctionnaires), articles 134–139. \nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/ga/ga026fr.pdf","Le Gabon a établit en décembre 1970 un système de huissiers de justice, par la loi n° 11/70, à travers lequel les citoyens peuvent signaler l'abus de force par la police. Cependant, ces huissiers aident les citoyens à déposer des réclamations et sont un mécanisme procédural. Il lui..."]
["2014_GM_17",2014,"GM","The Gambia",17,100,"There is no specific law in place vesting any institution with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. However, the Ombudsman is established to hear citizen complaints, and to investigate those complaints. This does not exclude complaints about police misconduct or abuse of force. \n\nThe Ombudsman Act:\n3.  (1)   In addition to the functions of the Ombudsman under the Constitution, the Ombudsman shall have the following functions -\na.        to investigate complaints of injustice, corruption, abuse of power, maladministration and unfair treatment of any person or a public officer in the exercise of official duties;\n\nb.        to investigate complaints concerning the functioning of the Public Service Commission, the administrative and security organs of the State, the Police Service and Prisons Services in so far as the complaints relate to the failure to achieve a balanced structuring of those services or equal access by all to the recruitment to those services or fair administration in relation to those services.\n\n     (2)  The Ombudsman may, where it is considered desirable, investigate into any matter referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1).","The Ombudsman Act of 1997. Article 3. \nhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theioi.org%2Fdownloads-ioi%2Fflunq%2FOMBUDSMAN%2520ACT.doc&ei=Y5oAVYDpHYa0sATOxoLQBg&usg=AFQjCNGU-RM-7cuMe-TKvCHw6Nf5vCBE-w","There is no specific law in place vesting any institution with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force. However, the Ombudsman is established to hear citizen complaints, and to investigate those complaints. This does not exclude complaints about police miscon..."]
["2014_GH_17",2014,"GH","Ghana",17,100,"The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eighteen, Article 216 and Article 218(a), (b) and (c) created the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice as an independent body  with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.\n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eighteen, Article 216 and Article 218(a), (b) and (c) provide that:\n\n\"216. There shall be established by Act of Parliament within six months after Parliament first meets after the coming into force of this Constitution, a Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice which shall consist of -\n(a) a Commissioner for Human Rights and Administrative Justice; and\n(b) two Deputy Commissioners for Human Rights and Administrative Justice\n\n218. The functions of the Commission shall be defined and prescribed by Act of Parliament and shall include the duty.\n(a) to investigate complaints of violations of fundamental rights and freedoms, injustice, corruption, abuse of power and unfair treatment of any person by a public officer in the exercise of his official duties;\n(b) to investigate complaints concerning the functioning of the Public Services Commission, the administrative organs of the State, the Armed Forces, the Police Service and the Prisons Service in so far as complaints relate to the failure to achieve a balanced structuring of those services or equal access by all to the recruitment of those services or fair administration in relation to those service;\n(c) to investigate complaints concerning practices and actions by persons, private enterprises and other institutions where those complaints allege violations of fundamental rights and freedoms under this Constitution.\"","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eighteen, Article 216 and Article 218(a), (b) and (c).\nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst18.html","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Eighteen, Article 216 and Article 218(a), (b) and (c) created the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice as an independent body  with the mandate to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force...."]
["2014_GN_17",2014,"GN","Guinea",17,0,"Il n' y a pas de lois spécifiques, de mécanisme clair permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière en Guinée. Les seules protections dont disposent les citoyens contre les inconduites policières sont les libertés fondamentales énoncées dans la Constitution. \n\nSelon l'article 9 de la Constitution, \"Nul ne peut être arrêté, détenu ou condamné qu'en vertu d'une loi promulguée antérieurement aux faits qui lui sont reprochés, pour les motifs et dans les formes prévues par la loi. Tous ont le droit imprescriptible de s'adresser au juge pour faire valoir leurs droits face à l'Etat et ses préposés. Toute personne accusée d'un acte délictueux est présumée innocente jusqu'à ce que sa culpabilité ait été légalement établie au cours d'une procédure conforme à la loi. Tous ont droit à un procès juste et équitable, dans lequel le droit de se défendre est garanti. Le droit à l'assistance d'un avocat est reconnu dès l'instant de l'interpellation ou de la détention. La loi établit les peines nécessaires et proportionnées aux fautes qui peuvent les justifier.\"","Article 9 de la Constitution de Guinée.","Il n' y a pas de lois spécifiques, de mécanisme clair permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière en Guinée. Les seules protections dont disposent les citoyens contre les inconduites policières sont les libertés fondamentales énoncées dans la Constitution. ..."]
["2014_GW_17",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",17,100,"Article 32º of Guinea-Bissau's Constitution states that \"all citizens have a right to appeal to judiciary bodies against all acts that violate his constitutional rights.\"\n\nPenal code Article 179 stipulates that any complaint may be made by any citizen in respect of public offences and can be presented to the public ministry, or a police agent who will communicate with the ministry.\n\nArticle 180 states that possessors of the right to complain are the offended citizens, or the protectors of their interests according to the law. Complaints can be made by any citizen, particularly in relation to crimes of corruption or abuse of functions by public authority.\n\nThe National Human Rights Commission established in 2008 and its purpose is to promote human rights. Citizens may complain to the National Human Rights Commission whenever their rights have been violated. However, the Commission does not have a mandate to investigate the police this belongs to the responsability of the Public Ministry.","1. Penal Code Guinea Bissau, Article 179. Denounciation, 1993.\n\n2. Penal Code, Section II Complaints, Article 180º, 1993.\n\n3. Contitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Article 32º, 1996.","Article 32º of Guinea-Bissau's Constitution states that \"all citizens have a right to appeal to judiciary bodies against all acts that violate his constitutional rights.\"..."]
["2014_KE_17",2014,"KE","Kenya",17,100,"The National Police Service Commission Act 2011 provides for the creation of a National Police Service Commission whose function includes registering complaints from the public.\n\nArticle 10 (1) of the National Police Service Commission Act 2011  says the Commission shall receive and refer civilian complaints to the Independent Policing Oversight Authority (IPOA), the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNHCR), the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) or the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC), as the case may be, where necessary.\n\nThe Independent Police Oversight Authority Act 2011 provides for the creation of a special authority to oversight police work and relations with the public.\nArticle 6 of the Act  sets out the functions of the Authority. \nThe functions of the Authority shall be to:\n(a) investigate any complaints related to disciplinary or criminal offences committed by any member of the Service, whether on its own motion or on receipt of a complaint, and make recommendations to the relevant authorities, including recommendations for prosecution, compensation, internal disciplinary action or any other appropriate relief, and shall make public the response received to these recommendations;\n(b) receive and investigate complaints by members of the Service;\n(c) monitor and investigate policing operations affecting members of the public;\n(d) monitor, review and audit investigations and actions taken by the Internal Affairs Unit of the Service in response to complaints against the Police and keep a record of all such complaints regardless of where they have been first reported and what action has been taken;\n(e) conduct inspections of Police premises, including detention facilities under the control of the Service;\n(f) co-operate with other institutions on issues of Police oversight, including other State organs in relation to services offered by them;\n(g) review the patterns of Police misconduct and the functioning of the internal disciplinary process;\n(h) present any information it deems appropriate to an inquest conducted by a court of law;\n(i) take all reasonable steps to facilitate access to the Authority’s services for the public;\n(j) subject to the Constitution and the laws related to freedom of information, publish findings of its investigations, monitoring, reviews and audits as it sees fit, including by means of the electronic or printed media;\n(k) make recommendations to the Service or any State organ,\n\n3. The Police Service Act 2011 spells out the role of the Inspector General police which includes registering complaints from members of the public.\nArticle 10(1) on functions of the IG-\n(s) cooperate with other public or private bodies to provide reliable police statistics on crime rates, detection rate, public confidence in the police, number of complaints against the police, as well as personnel statistics;\n(t) act on the recommendations of the Independent Policing Oversight Authority, including compensation to victims of police misconduct.\n\nThere are therefore  legal provisions  for the citizenry to report police abuse in Kenya.","1. Fred Mukinda, senior crime reporter, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 23, 2014.\n\n2. Titus Koceyo, Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on June 23, 2014\n\n3.The National Police Service Commission Act, No 30 of 2011. http://www.klrc.go.ke/index.php/constitution-of-kenya/158-chapter-fourteen-national-security/part-4-the-national-police-service/415-246-national-police-service-commission\n\n4. The Independent Policing Oversight Authority Act 2011. http://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/rest//db/kenyalex/Kenya/Legislation/English/Acts%20and%20Regulations/I/Independent%20Policing%20Oversight%20Act%20Cap.%2088%20-%20No.%2035%20of%202011/docs/IndependentPolicingOversightAuthorityAct35of2011.pdf\n\n5. National Police Service Act 2011. http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Kenya/National%20Police%20Service%20Act%202011.pdf\n\n6. \"Rogue police officers 'falsifying evidence' to avoid justice\". An article by Fred Mukinda published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on February 11, 2014.\nhttps://www.google.com/search?q=Daily+Nation+on+IPOA+receives+complaints+over+police+officers+in+2014&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=fflb.","The National Police Service Commission Act 2011 provides for the creation of a National Police Service Commission whose function includes registering complaints from the public...."]
["2014_LS_17",2014,"LS","Lesotho",17,100,"Section 22 of the Police Service Act 1998 establishes the Police Complaints Authority to monitor and investigate allegations of human rights violation by members of the police services. Subsection (3) of this act reads as follows: “The Police Complaints Authority shall have responsibility for investigating and reporting to the police authority on any complaint referred to it by the police authority of the commissioner [of police], which is a complaint from a member of the public about the conduct of a member of the police service.”\n\nSection 7 of the Ombudsman Act 1996 empowers the Ombudsman to investigate public institutions and officers for allegations of human rights violations and misconduct.","1. Police Service Act No7 of 1998 Part II. Sections 21 and 22. http://www.lesothotradeportal.org.ls/index.php?r=site/display&id=49\n\n2. Ombudsman Act 1996. Section 7 (11). http://www.lesotholii.org/files/ombudsman_act_1996.pdf","Section 22 of the Police Service Act 1998 establishes the Police Complaints Authority to monitor and investigate allegations of human rights violation by members of the police services. Subsection (3) of this act reads as follows: “The Police Complaints Authority shall have respons..."]
["2014_LR_17",2014,"LR","Liberia",17,100,"The Human Rights Commission is empowered in Article III (3) to - among other items - receive citizen complaints and act upon them with quasi judicial powers, including issuing subpoenas, investigating and refering cases to the prosecuting agencies on any police or other state forces misconduct or abuse of force, representing citizens and guaranteeing their well-being and their human rights.\n\nThe Liberia National Police as a body set up a unit to investigate police malpractices against citizens. This unit is called Professional Standard Division (PSD) and it is headed by an assistant commissioner and a civilian in the employ of the Ministry of Justice through the Liberian National Police. This unit within the police reports directly to the Inspector General of Police. \n\nSection 14 of the act creating the Ministry of Justice within which the police operates says that the Ministry of Justice may set up as many units as may allow for the dispensation of justice. It is in line with this provision, based on numerous complaints, that the police set up a special unit to investigate police misconduct.\n\nThe PSD has been up and running since 2004 as the result of abusive practices by police. From the unset it was dormant due to the fact that citizens do not go to it for redress. Citizens did not have that much trust for the police due to past experience, and police has done very little to sensitize citizens.","Article IV (1) of the Independent Human Rights Commission Act, 2005, http://www.refworld.org/type,LEGISLATION,,LBR,473c68c72,0.html","The Human Rights Commission is empowered in Article III (3) to - among other items - receive citizen complaints and act upon them with quasi judicial powers, including issuing subpoenas, investigating and refering cases to the prosecuting agencies on any police or other state force..."]
["2014_LY_17",2014,"LY","Libya",17,100,"No such law exists. Police Law No. 10 of 1992 governs the police system in Libya, including the appointments, duties, etc., but does not state a mechanism for citizens to report misconduct by the police.","Interview with Fatheya Alshebly, researcher and activist in social and political affairs, Oct. 9, 2014.\n\nPolice Law: Law Number 10 of 1992.\n http://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=41 ","No such law exists. Police Law No. 10 of 1992 governs the police system in Libya, including the appointments, duties, etc., but does not state a mechanism for citizens to report misconduct by the police."]
["2014_MG_17",2014,"MG","Madagascar",17,100,"L' article 52 du Code de conduite de la police nationale de 2012 stipule que le non respect du code est un acte punissable pour l’agent et constitue soit une faute disciplinaire soit un faute pénale. Dans ces cas, les particuliers peuvent faire des recours hiérarchiques ou des recours au niveau de la juridiction répressive. Le Décret 96-174 donne plus de précisions, « tout manquement aux prescriptions du présent code expose son auteur à des sanctions disciplinaires, sans préjudice, le cas échéant, de poursuites pénales mais aussi civiles. » \n \nTout abus effectué par l’agent à l’occasion de sa fonction est réprimé par le Code pénal, et pouvant faire l’objet d’une poursuite pénale devant la juridiction répressive. Par déduction de ce que prévoit la Loi n° 96-026 du 2 octobre 1996 portant statut général autonome des personnels de la police nationale, on peut donc poursuivre les agissements abusifs et dépassés des agents de la police nationale. En effet, l’article 17 spécifie que « hors les cas de crimes et délits flagrants, la poursuite des fonctionnaires de police est soumise à l’autorisation du ministre chargé de la police nationale ».\n\nCependant, La Commission Nationale Indépendante des Droits de l'Homme (CNIDH) a été créée par la Loi No 2014-007 du 22 juillet 2014. Selon l’article 4 de cette loi, la Commission procède à des études, analyses, enquêtes, et publications sur toutes les questions relatives aux droits de l’homme et aux libertés fondamentales, ce qui inclut les aussi les abus commis par des policiers sur des civils. \n\nAu moment de la collecte des données de cette recherche, la Commission n’était pas encore fonctionnelle puisqu'elle était dans l'attente du Décret d’application de la loi pour l’élection ou désignation des membres.\n\nEn ce qui concerne le Médiateur de la République, il a é été créée par l'Ordonnance n°92-012 du 29 avril 1992. Son mandat n'est pas de recevoir en tant que tel les plaintes, mais plutôt des réclamations des citoyens dans des litiges qui les opposent aux institutions publiques.","Loi No 2014-007 du 22 juillet 2014 portant institution de la Commission Nationale Indépendante des Droits de l’Homme. http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/TEXTES2014/L2014-007.pdf\n\nOrdonnance n° 92-012 du 29 avril 1992 instituant un Médiateur, défenseur du peuple. http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PUBLIC/Libertes%20publiques/Droits%20de%20l%20homme/ordonnance%2092-012.pdf\n\nCode pénal mis à jour au 31 mars 2005 à partir du 17 juin 1972, Journal Officiel de la République, n° 841 www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/.../les%20codes/CODE%20PENAL.pdf‎  Loi n° 96-026 du 2 octobre 1996. portant statut général autonome des personnels de la police nationale http://www.policenationale.gov.mg/?page_id=148  Décret n° 96-174 portant Code de déontologie de la police nationale http://www.policenationale.gov.mg/?page_id=1229  Arrêté n° 24.480/2012 portant Code de conduite de la police nationale http://www.policenationale.gov.mg/?page_id=1129","L' article 52 du Code de conduite de la police nationale de 2012 stipule que le non respect du code est un acte punissable pour l’agent et constitue soit une faute disciplinaire soit un faute pénale. Dans ces cas, les particuliers peuvent faire des recours hiérarchiques ou des reco..."]
["2014_MW_17",2014,"MW","Malawi",17,100,"The Police Act of 2010 provides a mechanism for public complaints against the police.\n\nSections 128 to 132 establish and outline the composition, function and powers of the police independent complaints commission. This is headed by a legal practitioner appointed by the Public Appointments Committee of parliament from nominees submitted by the public. Its core function is to receive and investigate complaints from the public and make recommendations for action to the relevant authorities. The commission is supposed to operate independently.\n\nThe constitution, which establishes and gives power to the Malawi Police Service, does not establish any specific oversight body.\n\nThe Malawi Human Rights Commission, founded by Chapter XI of the constitution, is mandated to consider all suspected cases of human rights violation. Its enabling act, the Human Rights Commission Act, gives the commission powers to \"hear and consider complaints and petitions within its competence brought before it by individuals or groups of individuals\" (Section 16 (1). This is general but can include matters concerning police conduct.","1. Police Act (2010), Sections 128-132\n\n2. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi 2010) 152-158 Amended in 2001. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n3. The Human Rights Commission Act, Section 16, of 1998. http://www.rwi.lu.se/NHRIDB/Africa/Malawi/Malawi_NHRI_Act_1998.pdf","The Police Act of 2010 provides a mechanism for public complaints against the police.\n\nSections 128 to 132 establish and outline the composition, function and powers of the police i..."]
["2014_ML_17",2014,"ML","Mali",17,100,"Il existe au Mali un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. Il s'agit de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme du Mali (CNDH-Mali). L'article 2 de la Loi no 09-042 du 19 novembre 2009 relative à la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme stipule qu'elle est chargée (entre autres) d' «examiner toutes les situations d'atteinte aux droits de l'homme constatées ou portées à sa connaissance et entreprendre toute action appropriée en la matière auprès des autorités compétentes.»\n\nActuellement, la structure produit des rapports et y mentionne les cas d'abus policiers qu'elle a pu enregistrer et participe à des manifestations sociales.","Site de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme du Mali (CNDH-Mali). http://www.cndhmali.org/\n\nLoi No 09-042 du 19 novembre 2009 relative à la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme. http://www.cndhmali.org/images/stories/PDF/loic.pdf\n\nMali Actu, 10 décembre 2014. \"Mali : Violations des droits de l’homme au Mali : La CNDH plaide en faveur des droits des victimes.\" http://maliactu.net/mali-violations-des-droits-de-lhomme-au-mali-la-cndh-plaide-en-faveur-des-droits-des-victimes/#sthash.qIfGVvkB.dpuf","Il existe au Mali un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. Il s'agit de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme du Mali (CNDH-Mali). L'article 2 de la Loi no 09-042 du 19 novembre 2009 relative à la Commission Na..."]
["2014_MR_17",2014,"MR","Mauritania",17,100,"Il existe plusieurs institutions étatiques à travers lesquelles il est possible de faire des recours contre diverses formes d'injustice policière: la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) et la Médiature de la République. \n\nL'article 2 de la Loi N° 2010-031 abrogeant et remplaçant l'ordonnance N° 015-2006 portant institution de la CNDH stipule que « la commission est une institution publique indépendante dotée de l'autonomie administrative et financière. »\nL'article 5 stipule que « sans préjudice des attributions conférées aux autorités administratives et financières, la commission est chargée d'examiner toutes les situations d'atteinte aux Droits de l'Homme constatées ou portées à sa connaissance et d'entreprendre toute action appropriée en la matière en concertation et en coordination avec les autorités compétentes. À ce sujet, la commision addresse un rapport circonstancié contenant les mesures qu'elle propose au gouvernement.»\n\nLe Médiateur de la République est une autorité administrative indépendante instituée par la loi n° 93-27 du 27 juillet 1993. Il reçoit les réclamations des citoyens relatives à des différends avec les administrations de l’Etat, les collectivités publiques territoriales, les établissements publics et tout autre organisme investi d’une mission de service public. Le Médiateur est saisi par les particuliers à travers les élus, et peut être sollicité par le Président de la République. \n\nEn dehors de ces deux institutions, les commissariats de police et les brigade mixte de gendarmerie sont habilitées à recevoir les plaintes des citoyens contre les policiers. \n\nIl convient de rappeler que le constat de la violation des droits des citoyens a été global. En réponse, l'Etat a créé un commissariat en charge des droits de l'Homme en 1998. C'est à cet effet qu'un plan d'action pour la promotion et la protection des Droits de l'Homme a été élaboré. Ce document prend en compte les droits des citoyens face aux bavures policières et repose sur les principes énoncés par les conventions internationales suivantes:\n\n- Ordonnance n°2006-015 portant  institution  d’une Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH) (abrogée par la loi n° 2010-031);\n-        Promulgation de la nouvelle loi N° 2010-031 abrogeant et remplaçant l'ordonnance N° 015-2006 portant institution de la CNDH;\n-        La Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme;\n-        Les Principes de Paris; \n-        Déclaration de Bamako;\n-        La Charte Africaine des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples;","Loi N° 2010-031 abrogeant et remplaçant l'ordonnance N° 015-2006 portant institution de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH). http://www.cndh.mr/images/stories/Doc/loi-cndh-fr.pdf\n\nRépublique Islamique de Mauritanie, Commissariat aux Droits de l'Homme, à  la Lutte contre la Pauvreté et à l'insertion. « Plan national pour la promotion et la protection des Droits de l'Homme (1998).» http://www.dhnet.org.br/dados/pp/a_pdfmundo/pndh_mauritania.pdf","Il existe plusieurs institutions étatiques à travers lesquelles il est possible de faire des recours contre diverses formes d'injustice policière: la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) et la Médiature de la République. ..."]
["2014_MU_17",2014,"MU","Mauritius",17,100,"The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) deals with human rights guaranteed by Chapter II of the constitution and was established by the Protection of Human Rights Act 1998 under Section 3. It is composed of three divisions as per Section 3(3) namely : (a) a Human Rights Division; (b) a Police Complaints Division; (c) a National Preventive Mechanism Division.\n\nComplaints can be lodged by filling out and posting to the NHRC the Complaints Form, which can be downloaded from the site of the National Human Rights Commission or requested by post or by phone. Complaints can also be lodged by sending a letter to the NHRC specifying the complainants name, address, telephone number and National Identity number, and by specifying the particulars of the complaint (the right that has been/is likely to be violated, the name of the person or body complained against, the nature of the complaint, date, time, place of occurrence, etc.)\n\nOnce a complaint is received by the NHRC, it will:\n•        examine the information;\n•        summon the complainant, respondent and witnesses and examine them under oath or solemn affirmation;\n•        call for the production of documents or exhibits; and\n•        if need be, visit the locus.\nThe NHRC will first attempt to resolve the complaint by a conciliatory procedure. If this fails, the NHRC will:\n•        Refer the case to:\n(a) The Director of Public Prosecutions if it appears that an offence has been committed;\n(b) The appropriate Service Commission, where it appears that disciplinary action should be taken; or\n(c) The Officer in Charge of a parastatal body or Government owned company where it appears that disciplinary action should be taken against an employee.\n•        send its conclusions and any recommendations in writing to the Minister responsible for Human Rights for appropriate action;\n•        recommend, where appropriate, the grant of relief to the complainant or any other person; and\n•        inform the complainant of the action taken.\nThere are no costs involved when the NHRC deals with a complain. The Complainant and Respondent may appear in person an do not need to be represented by a legal adviser.\n\nThe NHRC does not deal with complaints relating to economic, social and cultural rights, such as the right to work, the right to education, the right to health services, the right to social security, etc. It can be argued that the powers of the NHRC are not extensive in the view that the NHRC does not deal with the following:\n•        relating to events dating back to more than two years\n•        against the police when the complaints are already being investigated by the Ombudsman\n•        against the President or his personal staff; the Chief Justice; the Director of Public Prosecutions or any person acting on the director’s instructions;\n•        against the Commission on the Prerogative of Mercy, the Electoral Boundaries Commission, the Electoral Supervisory Commission, the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, the Public Service Commission and the Disciplined Forces Service Commission;\n•        against any person exercising powers delegated to him by the Public Service Commission and the Disciplined Forces Service Commission.\n• regarding a private dispute between individuals or against private employers or professionals.\n\nThe NHRC will send its conclusions and any recommendations in writing to the minister responsible for human rights for appropriate action. The NHRC is not empowered to fine, imprison or in any other way punish any person against whom a complaint is made.\n\nThe Police and Criminal Evidence Bill (PACE ) is another legal watchdog approved by the government and awaiting implementation. It embeds Codes of Practice for police and other law enforcement officers, along the same line as the 1998 UK PACE Act or Jersey Police Procedures and Criminal Evidence Law 2003: police powers to search persons, vehicles and premises; arrest and detention; access to legal advice and police interviewing.\n\nPACE's far-reaching codes of practice provide the way in which interview should be conducted, with the appropriate keeping of records including the setting of the interview room ( Code C ) and procedures for tape recording of interviews ( Code E ), securing the rights of suspects against unwanted police actions in obtaining confessions. The trump card of PACE is that evidence obtained in breach of its codes may be excluded by the trial judge under sections 40 ( exclusion of unfair evidence ) and  41-44, or in common law.","Name of the law : Protection of Human Rights Act\nYear passed: 1998\nArticle (s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator : section 3, 4 \nLink to the law : http://nhrc.gov.mu/English//DOCUMENTS/PROTECTION%20OF%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%20ACT.PDF \n\nName of the law : The Police and Criminal Evidence Bill ( PACE )\nYear passed: 2013\nArticle (s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator : Code C , Code E , sections 40-44\nLink to the law : http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/Police%20and%20Criminal%20Evidence%20Bill.pdf","The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) deals with human rights guaranteed by Chapter II of the constitution and was established by the Protection of Human Rights Act 1998 under Section 3. It is composed of three divisions as per Section 3(3) namely : (a) a Human Rights Divisio..."]
["2014_MA_17",2014,"MA","Morocco",17,100,"There are no dedicated mechanisms  to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force, but teporting of police misconduct can be done through more than one possible channels, including the Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) or the Ministry of Interior. \n\nDecree 2-05-1228 of 13 March 2007 established the ICPC. Its Article 2 mandates the agency to collect and investigate any act of corruption from the administration and its agencies. \n\nDahir No. 1.11.19 (1 March 2011) establishes by decree the National Human Rights Council. The National Human Rights Council, established by decree, is open to receiving compaints about police misconducts without this being its primary mission. The council has offices in 13 cities in Morocco, trained staff and NGOs, and a public and private mix of board members. Article 4 of the Dahir No. 1.11.19 states: \"The Council shall monitor human rights violations in all of the Kingdom’s regions. To this end, it may conduct the necessary investigations and inquiries whenever it has confirmed and reliable information that such violations have occurred, irrespective of their nature or origin. Article 5 of Decree 2-05-1228 says the Council shall look into all human rights violations, either on its own initiative or following a complaint by the parties concerned. The Council shall examine, handle and follow up on complaints, and shall submit its recommendations to the relevant authorities.\" \n\nThe laws do not specifically mention that the bodies are mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force, but are mandated to investigate any type of suspected abuse by authorities. \n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree. There are also the Administrative Courts and the Institution of the Mediator that also receive complaints from citizens about general abuses of the adminstration and public agencies.","Website of the ICPC (Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption) http://www.icpc.ma/wps/portal (last checked July 4th, 2013).\n\nDécret n° 2-05-1228 du 13 mars 2007 - Création de l'instance Centrale de prévention de la corruption.\n\nOfficial link to report corruption online (sub website of \"ICPC Instance Centrale de la prévention de la corruption)- www.http://www.stopcorruption.ma/ - last checked on July 6th 2014.\n\nThe National Council for Human Rights in Morocco http://www.cndh.org.ma/ (last checked 12/03/2014)\n\nDahir No. 1.11.19 dated 18 Rabii I 1431 H (1 March 2011)\nestablishing the National Human Rights Council http://www.cndh.ma/sites/default/files/documents/Dahir_No_1_11_19_establishing_the_National_Human_Rights_Council.pdf\n\nReviewer sources:\n(1) Press relase of Amnesty International \"Imprisoned for denouncing torture activists should be released immediately\" 14 August 2014: http://www.amnesty.fr/Presse/Communiques-de-.\n(2) presse/Maroc-Des-militants-emprisonnes-pour-avoir-denonce-des-actes-de-torture-doivent-etre-immediatement-l-12347 (last accessed 12/02/14).\n(3 Article: Wafaa Charaf un an de prison pour avoir porté plainte. H24 Info. 12 August 2014: http://www.h24info.ma/maroc/wafaa-charaf-un-de-prison-pour-avoir-porte-plainte/26480  last accessed 12/02/14).","There are no dedicated mechanisms  to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force, but teporting of police misconduct can be done through more than one possible channels, including the Central Agency for Prevention of Corruption (ICPC) or the Ministry of Interior. ..."]
["2014_MZ_17",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",17,100,"The Human Rights Commission has been formally established, but it has not begun to fulfill its mandate. The commission is meant to be one of the mechanisms that citizens can approach. . Its mandate is to \"a) promote and protect human rights in Mozambique; b) be the lead agency in conducting awareness campaigns on human rights; c) cooperate with the competent authorities to promote respect for human rights; d) interact with the public through the collection and investigation of complaints.\"\n\nIn 2006, the post of justice ombudsman was established in accordance with Article 256 of the constitution. The Law of the Justice Ombudsman (Law No. 7 of 2006) defines its function as guaranteeing the rights of all citizens and defending legality and justice. The function of the ombudsman is to examine complaints brought by individuals or groups concerning acts or omissions by public bodies and make recommendations to the appropriate body to take preventive or corrective action. \n\nThe ombudsman is able to take up cases without a complaint if they amount to serious violations of human rights by members of the public administration. The ombudsman has the authority to carry out investigations into situations surrounding complaints and to institute proceedings relative to the complaints.","Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 2004, Article 256. \nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/constituicao_republica/constituicao.pdf\n\nHuman Rights Commmission Law No. 33, 2009. \nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/f3pjvuiywrh4o1j/Lei_7_2006.pdf?dl=0\n\nOmbudsman Law No. 7, 2006 (Lei No.7/2006). \nhttp://www.atneia.com/atneia/fac/1004047F.pdf?tipo_link=1","The Human Rights Commission has been formally established, but it has not begun to fulfill its mandate. The commission is meant to be one of the mechanisms that citizens can approach. . Its mandate is to \"a) promote and protect human rights in Mozambique; b) be the lead agency in c..."]
["2014_NA_17",2014,"NA","Namibia",17,100,"Chapter 3 of the Ombudsman Act also gives the ombudsman authority to investigate: a) alleged or apparent or threatened instances or matters of violations or infringements of fundamental rights and freedoms, abuse of power, unfair, harsh, insensitive or discourteous treatment of an inhabitant of Namibia by an official in the employ of any organ of government (whether national or local), manifest injustice, or corruption or conduct by such official which would properly be regarded as unlawful, oppressive or unfair in a democratic society.\n\nUnder Chapter 3 Section 17 (I) of the Anti-Corruption Act of 2003, any person may furnish to the Anti-Corruption Commission information in connection with any matter that person suspects on reasonable grounds concerns or may concern practice. The persons suspected also include police officers.","Anti-Corruption Act, 2003 (Act No.8 of 2003), Government Gazette, August 4 2003.\n\nOmbudsman Act  1990, (Act no 7 of 1990), chapter 3, Government Gazette,June 14 1990, available at http://www.parliament.gov.na/acts_documents/156_ombudsman_act_7_of_1990.pdf","Chapter 3 of the Ombudsman Act also gives the ombudsman authority to investigate: a) alleged or apparent or threatened instances or matters of violations or infringements of fundamental rights and freedoms, abuse of power, unfair, harsh, insensitive or discourteous treatment of an ..."]
["2014_NE_17",2014,"NE","Niger",17,100,"Depuis la mise en place du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), qui dispose d'une ligne verte (n°08 00 11 11) qu'on peut appeler gratuitement, les citoyens ont un cadre spécifique où ils peuvent signaler des cas d'abus causés par les policiers et tous les agents de l'ordre. Le bureau se charge de vérifier les informations fournies par le citoyen et l'accompagne pour porter plainte ou transmet directement le dossier tribunal en demandant une poursuite.\n \n Article 2: « Le bureau est chargé de: [...] recevoir les plaintes et les réclamations des citoyens pour faits de corruption au sein de l'appareil judiciaire ».\n \n Article 4: « Le bureau Informations-réclamations, lutte contre la corruption et le trafic d'influence (BIR/LCTI) dans le secteur judiciaire peut être saisi directement par écrit, par mail ou par téléphone ; un numéro téléphonique vert et une adresse électronique sont mis, à cet effet, à la disposition du public ».\n\nCependant, il s'agit d'un arrêté ministériel propre à la dénonciation des faits de corruption commis par les fonctionnaires du secteur judiciaire, ce qui ne lui donne pas la force d'une loi nationale. La loi n'a pas établis une commission des droits de l'homme  ou un organe indépendant auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent déposer plainte pour usage abusif de la force par la police.","Arrêté n° 000056/GS/PPG du 12 août 2011 portant création d'un Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI)  Articles 2 et 4 de la Lutte contre la Corruption et le Trafic d'Influence (BIR/LCTI). http://www.justice.gouv.ne/sites/default/files/corruption.pdf. Section III du Code des procédures pénales du Niger.","Depuis la mise en place du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), qui dispose d'une ligne verte (n°08 00 11 11) qu'on peut appeler gratuitement, les citoyens ont un cadre spécifique où ils peuvent signaler des cas d'abus ca..."]
["2014_NG_17",2014,"NG","Nigeria",17,100,"The Police Service Commission has a mandate to investigate police abuse. The commission has administrative and disciplinary powers over police officers, except the police chief (inspector general). \n\nAccording to the Police Service Act, the Police Service Commission \"sets aside a unit, named the Department of Police Discipline, with specific functions to handle “disciplinary cases involving members of the Nigeria Police, petition and appeals from the Police, complaints from the public against Police conduct or misconduct as well as any other duties assignment to it by the Commission.\"\n\nIn addition, the Public Complaints Commission (Nigeria’s ombudsman) is mandated to receive and treat all forms of complaints from the public, and the National Human Rights Commission is empowered to intervene where rights have been violated, including violation by law enforcement agencies. Both bodies, however, are not police-specific. \n\nSection 5 of the National Human Rights Act mandates the commission to \"monitor and investigate all alleged cases of human rights violation in Nigeria and make appropriate recommendations to the Federal Government for the prosecution and such other actions as it may deem expedient in each.\"\n\nAlso, Section 5(2) of the Public Complaints Commission Act says that “a Commissioner shall have power to investigate either on his own initiative or following complaints lodged before him by any other person, any administrative action taken by any Department or Ministry of the Federal or any State Government; any Department of any local government authority (howsoever designated) set up in any State in the Federation; any statutory corporation or public institution set up by any Government in Nigeria; any company incorporated under or pursuant to the Companies and Allied Matters Act whether owned by any Government aforesaid or by private individuals in Nigeria or otherwise howsoever; or any officer or servant of any of the aforementioned bodies.\"","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Section 30 (a&b).\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#PoliceServiceCommission\n\nPolice Service Act, 2001, Section 6 (1b).\nhttp://www.psc.gov.ng/node/41\n\nDepartment of Police Discipline, Police Service Commission.\nhttp://www.psc.gov.ng/node/52\n\nNational Human Rights Act, 1995, Section 5 (a&b).\nhttp://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/download/44\n\nPublic Complaints Commission Act, 2004, Section 5 (2). ","The Police Service Commission has a mandate to investigate police abuse. The commission has administrative and disciplinary powers over police officers, except the police chief (inspector general). ..."]
["2014_RW_17",2014,"RW","Rwanda",17,100,"There is a mechanism through which citizens can report police misconduct, ranging from corruption to beatings. This is handled by the disciplinary committees of the Rwanda National Police, supervised by the police force's Directorate of Inspectorate of Services, which also submits a report to the inspector general of the police. \n\nThere are toll-free numbers reserved for reporting police misconduct, and there is an online platform, available on the police website, to report police misconduct (http://www.police.gov.rw/e-policing/citizen-complaint/).\n\nWhile there is no law explicitly establishing an independent body for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse, there is a law providing mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force - the law establishing the human rights commission. The commission has in its prerogatives, as mentioned in its article 4, to receive and examine claims relating to human rights violations. This can be upon its own initiative or request. \n\nThis means among other things that citizens can report to the commission any human rights violations. Police misconduct and abuse of force can be one of them. In addition, the commission has to investigate (article 3) and suggest that those who committed human rights violations be prosecuted.","Law No. 46/2010, determining the powers, responsibilities, organization and functioning of the Rwanda National Police, Article 38.\nhttp://www.police.gov.rw/uploads/tx_download/Amategeko.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 04/99.  (1999).  [Establishing the National Human Rights Commission (O.G. n° 6 du 15/03/1999). Modified and completed by Law No. 37/2002 of 31/12/2002 (O.G. n° special of 16/01/200)].  Retrieved from http://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7779&iid=185&rid=2045","There is a mechanism through which citizens can report police misconduct, ranging from corruption to beatings. This is handled by the disciplinary committees of the Rwanda National Police, supervised by the police force's Directorate of Inspectorate of Services, which also submits ..."]
["2014_ST_17",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",17,0,"No such law exists. Currently there's not public sector mechanism to report specific cases of police misconduct.\n\nArticle 1 of Law No. 1/2007, regarding the exercise of the right of petition, states: “The right to present petitions, complaints and claims before the competent authority, other than the courts, to demand the restoration of violated rights and in defence of public interest is exercised in accordance to this law.” But there is no specific mechanism in law for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Law No. 1/2007 - on the exercise of the right of petition - Chapter I, Article 1. https://www.dropbox.com/s/uqyo0932uxkviox/Law%20regarding%20the%20exercise%20of%20the%20right%20of%20petition%20Law%201.2007.doc?dl=0","No such law exists. Currently there's not public sector mechanism to report specific cases of police misconduct...."]
["2014_SN_17",2014,"SN","Senegal",17,0,"Au Sénégal, il n'y a pas de loi qui établisse l'existence d'un organe ou d'une entité de surveillance chargé d'enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. \n\nLe parquet (bureau du procureur) demeure la seule possibilité pour les crimes commis par les policiers.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière","Au Sénégal, il n'y a pas de loi qui établisse l'existence d'un organe ou d'une entité de surveillance chargé d'enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. ..."]
["2014_SC_17",2014,"SC","Seychelles",17,100,"Complaints of police misconduct and/or abuse of force may be reported to the police commissioner. But the office and mechanism do not qualify as independent or as specifically mandated to investigate without a vested interest.\n\nThe president has complete control over the security apparatus, which includes the national guard, army, presidential protection unit, coast guard, and police. The police commissioner, who reports to the president, commands the unarmed police and the armed paramilitary police mobile unit, which together have primary responsibility for internal security. When necessary, the police are assisted by the army on issues of internal security, as police resources can be limited. The special support unit, a division of the police force, is responsible for crowd and riot control. Corruption within the police force remains a problem. \n\nHowever, the National Human Rights Commission was established by law under the Protection of Human Rights Act in 2009 for better protection and promotion of human rights in Seychelles. Its mandate is to investigate and act upon reports of human rights abuse in the country. The appointment of the chairperson and its members was in accordance with Section 3(9) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 2009 for a four year tenure. The Commission comprises of three members, among them the chairperson of the Commission is the person appointed as the Ombudsman under article 143 (1) and the two other members should be a person who has been a Judge or is a barrister for more than five years standing or a person having knowledge of, or practical experience in matters relating to human rights.\n\nIn 6(1), the act notes the relevant mandate of the Commission, which includes among other things:\n(a) inquire into any written complaint from any person alleging that any of his human rights has been, is being or is likely to be violated by an act or omission of any other person;\n(b) visit any police station, prison or other place of detention under the control of the State to study the living conditions of the inmates and the treatment afforded to them;","1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles, Chapter XIII, 159.(1) \nand (2): \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\n\nProtection of Human Rights Act, 1999. Art 6. http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/act/2009/3\n\nSeychelles Police Website: http://www.police.gov.sc/\nPenal Code, Cap 158: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidatedact/158.\n\nJuris prudence of misconduct by police, Civil Side No 306 of 2003: \nhttp://www.saflii.org/sc/cases/SCSC/2005/14.html.","Complaints of police misconduct and/or abuse of force may be reported to the police commissioner. But the office and mechanism do not qualify as independent or as specifically mandated to investigate without a vested interest...."]
["2014_SL_17",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",17,100,"The Office of the Ombudsman checks the administrative irregularities of any government institution in Sierra Leone, including the police. Section 7 of the Ombudsman Act, 1997, authorises the ombudsman to \"investigate any administrative act of a prescribed authority\" about whom a complaint is made and information received and take appropriate action to remedy, correct or reverse the action through \"fair, proper and effective means.\"\n\nAdditionally, the Complaints Discipline and Internal Investigations Department of the Sierra Leone Police (CDIID) was established during a police restructuring prior to the end of the civil conflict. Its authority is anchored in the police (discipline) regulations of 2001 and an administrative decision by the police council and the then-inspector general of the police. The CDIID mandate is to receive complaints from the police itself and members of the public against police officers, and taking necessary disciplinary actions.\n\nPolice Regulation 8, 2001, states that after a complaint is filed, if it appears that a member of the police force may have committed an offence, it shall be referred \"by the appropriate police authority to an investigating officer for investigation.\" The investigating officer shall be at least of the rank of inspector.","Ombudsman Act, Part 3, Functions and Administration of Office of the Ombudsman, Section 7, 1997.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1997-2.pdf\n\nThe Police (Discipline) Regulations, Part III - Discipline, Section 8 (1-2).\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2001-PDR.pdf","The Office of the Ombudsman checks the administrative irregularities of any government institution in Sierra Leone, including the police. Section 7 of the Ombudsman Act, 1997, authorises the ombudsman to \"investigate any administrative act of a prescribed authority\" about whom a co..."]
["2014_SO_17",2014,"SO","Somalia",17,100,"The provisional constitution does not mandate the creation of body/bodies specifically designed to handle the complaints made by citizens against police harassment or misconduct. It does, however, establish “a Human Rights Commission that is independent of State control, and has adequate resources to carry out its functions effectively.”\n\nThe constitution specifies the job of the commission by saying: “The functions of the Human Rights Commission shall include the promotion of knowledge of human rights, and specifically Shari’ah, setting implementation standards and parameters for the fulfillment of human rights obligations, monitoring human rights within the country, and investigating allegations of human rights violations.”","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved by the members of the National Constituent Assembly and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 41 (1 and 2).https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote:\nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","The provisional constitution does not mandate the creation of body/bodies specifically designed to handle the complaints made by citizens against police harassment or misconduct. It does, however, establish “a Human Rights Commission that is independent of State control, and has ad..."]
["2014_ZA_17",2014,"ZA","South Africa",17,100,"Members of the public can contact the Independent Police Investigative Directorate when reporting police misconduct. The aim of this body is to \"ensure independent oversight over the South African Police Service and the Municipal Police Services\" and to conduct \"independent and impartial investigations of identified criminal offences allegedly committed by members of the South African and the Municipal police services, and make appropriate recommendations.\"\n\nThe Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act (Act 1 of 2011) gave way to the directorate. Chapter 1 (Section 2) states that the act has to \"ensure independent oversight of the South African police service and 15 municipal police services ... to provide for independent and impartial investigation of identified criminal offences allegedly committed by members of the South African police service and municipal police services ... to make disciplinary recommendations in respect of members of the South African police service and municipal police services resulting from investigations conducted by the directorate ... to enhance accountability and transparency by the South African police service and municipal police services in accordance with the principles of the constitution.\"","Independent Police Investigative Directorate (website), www.ipid.gov.za\n\nIndependent Police Investigative Directorate Act (Act 1 of 2011). http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_act/ipida2011430/","Members of the public can contact the Independent Police Investigative Directorate when reporting police misconduct. The aim of this body is to \"ensure independent oversight over the South African Police Service and the Municipal Police Services\" and to conduct \"independent and imp..."]
["2014_SS_17",2014,"SS","South Sudan",17,100,"In law, there is no specific mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Though the Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009, mentions that complaints against police by civilians will be heard, it does not specify who would investigate such cases or the consequences of police misconduct.\n\nArticle 52, Subsection (2) of the police act states: “Complaints against police personnel received through a civilian complaint system, established by regulations, shall be referred to judicial courts subject to the regulations.\n\nHowever, the Constitution does also establish a Human Rights Commission which can investigate complaints of citizens in relation to violation of their rights.  \n\n146: Functions of the Commission\n1. The functions of the Commission shall be to:\na. monitor the application and enforcement of the rights and freedoms enshrined in this Constitution;\nb. investigate, on its own initiative, or on a complaint made by any person or group of persons, against any violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms;","South Sudan Transitional Constitution, 2011. Chapter IV. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf\n\nSouthern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009.\nhttp://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/South%20Sudan/policeact.pdf","In law, there is no specific mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force. Though the Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009, mentions that complaints against police by civilians will be heard, it does not specify who would investigate such cases or the con..."]
["2014_SD_17",2014,"SD","Sudan",17,100,"There is a National Human Rights Commission Law from 2009. The commission was actually established in 2012. The law consists of 21 articles, two of which address  the commission's mandate. \n\nArticle 9 of the NHRC law mandates the commission to protect and promote human rights in Sudan. Paragraph 9 (2) (h) clarifies that the commission will receive complaints from individuals and other entities to investigate and take necessary action regarding human rights violations. \n\nArticle 5 also clarifies that the commission shall be independent in the performance of its functions and powers and decision-making, use and manage their money.","National Commission for Human Rights Act, 2009, Article 5 and 9.\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12b/3.htm","There is a National Human Rights Commission Law from 2009. The commission was actually established in 2012. The law consists of 21 articles, two of which address  the commission's mandate. ..."]
["2014_SZ_17",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",17,0,"No civilian or governmental oversight body exists to investigate police conduct. Neither the Police Act No. 29/1957 that established the modern police force nor the Swaziland Constitution, 2005 call for such an oversight body. \n\nThe Royal Swaziland Police Force (RSPF) will accept complaints from the public regarding police conduct. There is no set policy for handling these allegations or reporting back to the complainant. Police disciplinary cases are handled internally and out of public view, and the results of these cases are not made public.","No law exists.","No civilian or governmental oversight body exists to investigate police conduct. Neither the Police Act No. 29/1957 that established the modern police force nor the Swaziland Constitution, 2005 call for such an oversight body. ..."]
["2014_TZ_17",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",17,100,"According to Section 6 (1) (g) of the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance Act (2001), the commission is \"to investigate or inquire into complaints concerning practices or actions by persons holding office in the service of the government, public authorities or other public bodies, including private institutions and private individuals where those complaints allege abuse of power, injustice, unfair treatment of any person, whether complainant or not, in the exercise of their official duties.\"\n\nThis act has no oversight role over the police specifically, but includes all public authority persons holding office in the service of the government and includes complaints alleging abuse of power.\n\nAlso,  Chapter 322, Article 53 of the Police Force and Auxiliary Service Act says police officers can be investigated, no matter what position they hold. This includes all security officers and soldiers.","Article 6 (1) of the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance Act  (2001). http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:vyAEQfsO0VwJ:www.theioi.org/downloads-ioi/dvnuf/Commission%2520for%2520Human%2520Rights%2520and%2520Good%2520Governance_Amendment%2520Act%25202001.pdf+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us \n\nArticle 53 of CHAPTER 322 of the THE POLICE FORCE AND AUXILIARY SERVICES ACT. \n1.http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Tanzania\n2.https://www.pesatimes.com/news/legal-environment/defence-for-suma-jkt-officers-suffers-blow.","According to Section 6 (1) (g) of the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance Act (2001), the commission is \"to investigate or inquire into complaints concerning practices or actions by persons holding office in the service of the government, public authorities or other pub..."]
["2014_TG_17",2014,"TG","Togo",17,100,"La mission de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH) est de procéder à la vérification des cas de violation des Droits de l’Homme (article 2), et notamment ceux que les forces de l'ordre auraient pu commettre. La CNDH a pour missions :\n \n a) d’assurer la protection et la défense des droits de l’homme sur le territoire de la République togolaise;\n b) de promouvoir les Droits de l’Homme par tous les moyens;\n c) de procéder à la vérification des cas de violation des Droits de l’Homme.\n \n Toute personne qui s’estime victime d'une violation d’un Droit de l’Homme peut adresser une requête à la CNDH. À la demande de son président ou de l’un de ses membres, la commission peut aussi se saisir d’office de cas de violation des Droits de l’Homme.","Loi organique n°2005-004 du 9 février 2005 modifiant et complétant la loi organique n°96-12 du 11 décembre 1996 relative à la composition, à l’organisation et au fonctionnement de la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH). (2005). Articles 2 et 17.","La mission de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH) est de procéder à la vérification des cas de violation des Droits de l’Homme (article 2), et notamment ceux que les forces de l'ordre auraient pu commettre. La CNDH a pour missions :..."]
["2014_TN_17",2014,"TN","Tunisia",17,0,"Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011, issued 18 Feb. 2011, has created the Commission d'établissement des faits, with the aim of collecting evidence and investigating cases in which police officers have abused citizens. \n\nThe commission started examining facts that took place since 17 Dec. 2010 (date of the beginning of the Tunisian revolution and the change of regime in Tunisia). During this period, many cases of police abuse of citizens were reported. However, this commission is not a mechanism to report current abuses to, but only those prior to the success of the revolution.\n\nIn addition to this specific mechanism, citizens can report police abuse directly at a police station, just like with any crime.\n\nThere is an ombudsman, but he has not specific mandate to receive complaints about police. Ombudsman is not a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Law No. 8/2011, issued on 18 Feb. 2011. Not available online.","Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011, issued 18 Feb. 2011, has created the Commission d'établissement des faits, with the aim of collecting evidence and investigating cases in which police officers have abused citizens. ..."]
["2014_UG_17",2014,"UG","Uganda",17,100,"Citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force as provided for under Section 70(1)(2)(3) of the Police Act, 1994. In corruption-related cases, complaints against a police officer can be addressed to the most senior officer in charge of the district or unit to which the accused officer is stationed or to the inspector general. Other complaints related to neglect, nonperformance and misconduct are addressed to a senior police officer.\n\nAs for outside mechanisms, article 51 of the Constitution; establishes the Uganda Human Rights Commission.  Article 53 (1) In the performance of its functions, the commission shall have the powers of a courtto issue summons or other orders requiring the attendance of any person before the commission and the production of any document or record relevant to any investigation by the commission; (b) to question any person in respect of any subject matter under investigation before the commission; (c) to require any person to disclose any information within his or her knowledge relevant to any investigation by the commission; and (d) to commit persons for contempt of its orders.\n\nAccording to Article 52(1) ,The commission shall have the following functions:  (a) to investigate, at its own initiative or on a complaint made by any person or group of persons against the violation of any human right; (b) to visit jails, prisons, and places of detention or related facilities with a view to assessing and inspecting conditions of the inmates and make recommendations; (c) to establish a continuing programme of research, education and information to enhance respect of human rights; (d) to recommend to Parliament effective measures to promote human rights, including provision of compensation to victims of violations of human rights or their families; (e) to create and sustain within society the awareness of the provisions of this Constitution as the fundamental law of the people of Uganda; (f) to educate and encourage the public to defend this Constitution at all times against all forms of abuse and violation; (g) to formulate, implement and oversee programmes intended to inculcate in the citizens of Uganda awareness of their civic responsibilities and an appreciation of their rights and obligations as free people; (h) to monitor the Government’s compliance with international treaty and convention obligations on human rights; and (i) to perform such other functions as may be provided by law.\n\nAccording to section 7 of the Uganda Human Rights Commission Act, Uganda Human Rights Council receives citizens' complaints about their abuse of rights by police and does investigate the police.","The Police Act, 1994, Section 70 (1)(2)(3)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/297/POLICE%20ACT.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Articles 51, 52. \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution\n\nHuman Rights Commission Act, 4/1997, Section 7, http://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/400/UGANDA%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%20COMMISSION%20ACT.pdf","Citizens can report police misconduct or abuse of force as provided for under Section 70(1)(2)(3) of the Police Act, 1994. In corruption-related cases, complaints against a police officer can be addressed to the most senior officer in charge of the district or unit to which the acc..."]
["2014_ZM_17",2014,"ZM","Zambia",17,100,"The Police public Complaints Authority is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was established pursuant to the Zambia Police Amendment Act No. 14 of 1999, to effectively and efficiently address public complaints against police misconduct in order to secure individual fundamental human rights and freedoms and achieve professionalism in the Zambia Police Force.                                                            \n\nThe Zambian Human Rights Commission is a national institution established under Article 125 of the Constitution of Zambia and mandated by the Human Rights Commission Act No. 39 of 1996 to inter alia investigate and remedy human rights violations, conduct human rights education, monitor the conditions under which individuals are detained in prisons and police cells and monitor government’s fulfilment of international and regional human rights treaties and human rights obligations under national law.\n\nIts functions, as provided by Section 9 of the Human Rights Commission Act No 39 of 1996, are to investigate human rights violations, investigate any maladministration of justice, propose effective measures to prevent human rights abuses and visit prisons and other places of detention and related facilities with a view to assessing and inspecting conditions of those held in such places and make recommendations to redress existing problems. The commission also is mandated to establish a continuing program of research, education, information and rehabilitation of victims of human rights abuse to enhance the respect for and protection of human rights.","Zambia Police (Amendment) Act, Cap 107, Police Public Complaints Authority, Part XA, 57B, complaints authority, 1966. http://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/107\n\nHuman Rights Commission Act, Section 9, Chapter 48, 1997.\nhttp://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/48","The Police public Complaints Authority is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was established pursuant to the Zambia Police Amendment Act No. 14 of 1999, to effectively and efficiently address public complaints against police misconduct in order to secure individual fundamental ..."]
["2014_ZW_17",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",17,100,"Section 2010 of the constitution provides for the establishment of an independent complaints mechanism for receiving and investigating complaints from members of the public about misconduct on the part of members of the security services (including the police service). According to the section, \"An Act of Parliament must provide an effective and independent mechanism for receiving and investigating complaints from members of the public about misconduct on the part of members of the security services, and for remedying any harm caused by such misconduct.\" \n\nThis act has been enacted. Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission Act (Chapter10:30) Act 2/2012 provides for the establishment of a Human Rights Commission, an independent and impartial body mandated with the responsibility of conducting investigations on its own or on receipt of complaints.\n\nAlso, the Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission Act, under Section 243 (e) and (f), has the mandate to receive complaints from the public and to investigate the conduct of any authority or person who allegedly violated the human rights or freedoms set out in the declaration of rights.","Constitution of Zimbabwe, Amendment (No. 20) Act, Section 210, 2013. \nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646\n\nZimbabwe Human Rights Commission Act, Section 243, 2012. \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_232685.pdf","Section 2010 of the constitution provides for the establishment of an independent complaints mechanism for receiving and investigating complaints from members of the public about misconduct on the part of members of the security services (including the police service). According to..."]
["2014_DZ_18",2014,"DZ","Algeria",18,50,"L’inspection générale de la sûreté nationale procède à des enquêtes  lorsqu’elle a connaissance d’une inconduite policière ou d’un fait grave mettant en cause l’image de marque de la sûreté nationale. Une fois la faute ou l’infraction est constatée, le concerné est présenté  devant les instances compétentes. \n\nPar exemple selon un article de Algerie1.com daté de juillet 2014, a Direction générale de la Sûreté nationale (DGSN) avait annoncé quelques jours auparavant \"l’ouverture d’une enquête sur les circonstances de la mort, le même jour, d’une personne âgée de 27 ans d’une balle tirée par une arme d’un agent de police à « Mechta Sekrine » (Ain Azal-Sétif).\" De plus la même manière, une enquête avait été annoncée suite aux violences physiques exercées par les policiers sur des manifestants à Tizi-Ouzou en avril 2014.\n\nToutefois, les affaires liées au recours abusif de la force sont parfois classées sans suite. Par exemple lors d'une visite parlementaire à Ghardaia, la police avait pris à partie des membres de la délégation sans qu'aucune sanction n'ait été prise à leur encontre.\n\nDurant le mois de mars 2014, la direction générale de la sûreté nationale a rappelé, dans un communiqué rendu public, que ses services, en l’occurrence l’inspection  générale, les inspections régionales ainsi que les 48 brigades d’inspection et de contrôle, veillaient à l’application du plan annuel d’inspection qui a pour « priorité l’ouverture d’enquêtes immédiates en cas de plainte contre un agent de la Sûreté nationale ». Pour rappel, 5000 policiers ont été révoqués durant la décennie noire qui désigne la guerre civile algérienne (1992 - 2002).","Ouali Djafar, Membre du conseil national de la Ligue Algérienne pour la défense des droits de l’homme (LADDH),  président d'un bureau de wilaya de la LADDH, Saida, 31/08/2014\n\nBavure policière à Ain Azel (Sétif): La DGSN annonce l’ouverture d’une enquête. Publié par Kaci Haider dans Algerie1.com, 29/07/2014. http://www.algerie1.com/actualite/bavure-policiere-a-ain-azel-setif-la-dgsn-annonce-louverture-dune-enquete/\n\nLes parlementaires du FFS humiliés par la police à Ghardaïa, Publié dans le site SIWEL (Agence kabyle d’information), 02/12/2013, http://www.siwel.info/Racisme-d-Etat-Les-parlementaires-du-FFS-humilies-par-la-police-a-Ghardaia_a5689.html\n\nMission parlementaire à Ghardaia: Les services de police font de l’obstruction (communiqué), Ahmed Betatache, Premier secrétaire du Front des Forces Socialistes (FFS), 1/12/2013\nhttp://www.ffs-dz.net/?p=3078\n\nAlger, Deux policiers accusés d’avoir violé une jeune fille dans un commissariat, elyas Nour, Algérie focus, 19/05/2014\nhttp://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/05/alger-deux-policiers-accuses-davoir-viole-une-jeune-fille-dans-un-commissariat/\n\nDépassements dans des postes de police : La DGSN dément, Mourad Abrani, Algerie1.com, 24/03/2014\nhttp://www.algerie1.com/actualite/depassements-dans-des-postes-de-police-la-dgsn-dement/\n\nLe DGSN ordonne une enquête sur les dépassements des forces de l’ordre à Tizi Ouzou (Vidéo), Lila Ghali, Algerie1.com, 21/04/2014\nhttp://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-dgsn-ordonne-une-enquete-sur-les-depassements-des-forces-de-lordre-a-tizi-ouzou-video/","L’inspection générale de la sûreté nationale procède à des enquêtes  lorsqu’elle a connaissance d’une inconduite policière ou d’un fait grave mettant en cause l’image de marque de la sûreté nationale. Une fois la faute ou l’infraction est constatée, le concerné est présenté  devant..."]
["2014_AO_18",2014,"AO","Angola",18,0,"The country continues to lack a system to receive, investigate and redress complaints of police abuse and misconduct. However, there are mechanisms within the police itself and within the Ombudsman Office whereby citizens may report abuse and misconducts of public administrators, including those of police officers. But how these work and their effectiveness are not accessible nor reported. The National Police website has two forms of complaints that can be filed online. Citizens also may make a report via phone using the hotline number 117, or by using several cell phone numbers from both mobile operators. There is a widespread sense of impunity regarding police misconduct and abuse of force. All attempts to get a track record of the cases reported and investigated within the period of study from the police, ombudsman and the Ministry of Interior were unsuccessful.\n\nCitizens also have access to the Office of the Ombudsman to file electronic complaints. In a rare show of investigative action, the Office of the Attorney General summoned the president of Bloco Democratico, a minority party that had lodged a criminal complaint after one of its members was violently attacked by agents of the rapid Intervention police on May 27, 2014, during an anti-government demonstration.","Phone interview with international a human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them\n\nK-Club, Fernando Vumby, \"Angola may one day confirm crimes against humanity committed by the regime of JES,\" (\"Angola poderá um dia confirmar crimes contra humanidade cometidos pelo regime de JES,\"), June 16, 2014\nhttp://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18319:angola-podera-um-dia-confirmar-crimes-contra-humanidade-cometidos-pelo-regime-de-jes-fernando-vumby&catid=17:opiniao&Itemid=124 \n\nAngola: Police Abuses against Hawkers in Luanda, HRW, SEPTEMBER 30, 2013 http://www.hrw.org/pt/news/2013/09/30/angola-abuse-cops-versus-street-sellers-in -luanda .\n\nDirector of Luanda jail suspended, Angonotícias, September 27, 2013, http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/40006/director-the-chain-of-moonlight-suspended.\n\nClub K, Office of the Attorney General Investigates Police Aggressions Against BD leaders, (PGR investiga agressões policiais a dirigentes do Bloco Democrático), July 29, 2014, http://club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18627%3Apgr-investiga-agressoes-policiais-a-dirigentes-do-bloco-democratico&catid=23%3Apolitica&Itemid=12.\n\nAngolan National Police website: (a) http://cgpn.gov.ao/queixas/# , (b) http://cgpn.gov.ao/DenunciasAnonimas/Create \n\nOffice of the Ombudsman (Provedor de Justiça) website: http://www.provedor-jus.co.ao/apresentar_queixa.php.\n\nMinistry of the Interior website. www.minint.gov.ao/","The country continues to lack a system to receive, investigate and redress complaints of police abuse and misconduct. However, there are mechanisms within the police itself and within the Ombudsman Office whereby citizens may report abuse and misconducts of public administrators, i..."]
["2014_BJ_18",2014,"BJ","Benin",18,25,"À défaut d'un organe spécialement dédié à la reception des plaintes contre les fonctionnaires de police, des citoyens envoient des recours au Médiateur de la République qui les traite tous dans un délai d'une semaine environ. Le Médiateur aide les plaignants à faire valoir leurs droits et travaille à \"assurer la protection des citoyens face à la toute puissance de l’Administration.\"\n\nToute personne peut saisir le Médiateur de la République mais cela doit se faire uniquement à travers une réclamation écrite; cette réclamation ou plainte peut être déposée aux bureaux sont situés à la Place de la République face à l’Assemblée Nationale, ou envoyée par courier (01BP1501 Porto-Novo) ou par fax (00229 20 21 49 09).\n\nEn termes d'efficacité, le Médiateur de la République donne toujours satisfaction aux citoyens en saisissant l'organisme compétent pour suivre le dossier. Le Médiateur de la République mène des enquêtes préliminaires qui leur permettent de saisir la juridiction la plus appropriée. \n\nLe médiateur de la République est compétent pour se saisir d’office de toute question relevant de sa compétence, chaque fois qu’il a des  motifs sérieux et réels de croire qu’une personne ou un groupe de  personnes a été lésé ou peut vraisemblablement l’être par l’acte ou l’omission d’un organisme public ou concessionnaire du service public. \n\nIl faut toutefois noter que lla police aussi reçoit les plaintes, mais les allégations des citoyens et les plaintes adressées à la police sont rarement étudiées. Les bavures policières sont fréquentes au Bénin et plusieurs cas sont signalés chaque année sans qu’aucune mesure ne soit prise contre les auteurs. \n\nEn janvier 2014, les travailleurs de tous secteurs du service public ont entamé une grève illimitée en exigeant le limogeage du commissaire central de Cotonou après une marche de syndicats sévèrement réprimée. La grève s’est poursuivie pendant trois mois sans qu’aucune sanction n’ait été prise contre les policiers responsables. Mais les syndicalistes blessés ont eut droit à des excuses officielles du Président de la République. \n\nEn février 2014, une autre bavure policière a fait une demi-douzaine de blessés sans que ceux-ci n’aient même bénéficié d’une prise en charge des frais au centre de santé.\n\n\nCommentaire des évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: Le recours au médiateur n'est pas spécifiquement dédié aux plaintes face aux abus des forces de l'ordre mais permet de résoudre ce contentieux par cette voie.","Emilien Amoussou, directeur des recours, Médiateur de la République, Porto Novo, Interview du 17 juin 2014. \n\nPortail officiel de la République du Bénin - Le Médiateur de la République. http://www.gouv.bj/institutions/le-m-diateur-de-la-r-publique\n\nJournal Adjinakou, 6 décembre 2013. «Bavure policière : un citoyen blessé par balles à Cotonou.» http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=4&cat=6&id2=20688&jour=09&mois=12&an=2013\n\nMarc Kossou, Nouvelle Expression, Décembre 2013. « Sanglante répression de marche syndicale le vendredi dernier: Bavure policière ou action délibérée pour saboter le régime Yayi.»  http://nouvelle-expression.net/?p=759\n\nNoureni Brieux, Le Libre débat Bénin, 6 octobre 2013. « Bavure policière à Zongo-Cotonou: Un policier tire sur un innocent.» http://lelibredebatbenin.over-blog.com/2013/12/bavure-polici%C3%A8re-%C3%A0-zongo-cotonou-un-policier-tire-sur-un-innocent.html\n\n24h au Bénin, 12 février 2014. «Une bavure policière fait quatre blessés à Toffo.» http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article3353\n\nLe Matinal, 25 février 2014. « Excès de zèle dans ses interventions : la police en perte de crédibilité.» http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article13856","À défaut d'un organe spécialement dédié à la reception des plaintes contre les fonctionnaires de police, des citoyens envoient des recours au Médiateur de la République qui les traite tous dans un délai d'une semaine environ. Le Médiateur aide les plaignants à faire valoir leurs dr..."]
["2014_BW_18",2014,"BW","Botswana",18,0,"There is no body that investigates cases of police misconduct. Citizens report police misconduct to the police unit itself. Incidents of police brutality have increased over the years, with the civic society constantly calling for the creation of a police ombudsman position.","Interview with Kealeboga Dihutso, print editor (Botswana Gazette) and former radio presenter/programme director (Duma FM), Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.     \n\nMmegi, \"Stop This Police Brutality,\" 15 Sept. 2014.\nhttp://mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=9&aid=11&dir=2009/November/Monday23\n\nSunday Standard, John Regonamanye, \"MP’s grill Seretse over mysterious deaths of suspects in police custody,\" 14 July 2014.\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=20508&GroupID=1","There is no body that investigates cases of police misconduct. Citizens report police misconduct to the police unit itself. Incidents of police brutality have increased over the years, with the civic society constantly calling for the creation of a police ombudsman position."]
["2014_BF_18",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",18,25,"Il n'y a pas d'organisme chargé spécialement de recueillir les plaintes sur les abus ou inconduite des policiers. Les personnes interviewées sont unanimes, en dehors «de la chaîne de commandement», la hiérarchie policière ou la justice, les numéros verts du REN-LAC ou ASCE, ou encore des médias, il n'y a pas de structure qui s'occupe exclusivement de ces cas d'inconduite policière. \n\nUn interviewé a évoqué le cas du Médiateur du Faso qui est une institution étatique chargée de recevoir les réclamations relatives au fonctionnement des administrations de l’État, des collectivités territoriales, des établissements publics et de tout autre organisme investi d’une mission de service public. Cependant, son rôle est limité et ne prend pas en compte l'inconduite policière. \n\nIl y a aussi le service du contrôle de la police nationale qui est également un service interne de la police et donc ne répond pas véritablement à ce que les citoyens attendent. La police nationale dispose également d'une Salle d’Informations et de Commandement (SIC) qui gère le numéro vert (17) et donc est censée recueillir les plaintes. Seulement le service ne semble pas répondre aux attentes des populations comme on peut lire dans un article de Burkina24. Le récent cas de bavure policière enregistré à Réo a été confié à l’Inspection Générale des Services de Police (IGSP) qui selon l'article a été, dès le lundi 04 août 2014, dépêchée à Réo pour une enquête administrative sur les circonstances de la survenue de l’incident en vue des mesures appropriées à prendre. En plus de n'avoir pas de mécanisme particulier pour signaler l'inconduite policière, le numéro vert de la police censé permettre de demander de l'aide ne fonctionne pas comme le souhaite les citoyens en ce sens que les cas signalés ne sont pas toujours étudiés.","KABORE Joseph Armand, secrétaire permanent, Labo Citoyennetés, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 27 juin 2014. \n\nSANOU Hyacinthe, reporter, chef du desk papier d'initiative personnelle, l'Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\nKABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB),  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 24 juin 2014.\n\nLe Quotidien, 29 mai 2014, «INFIDELITE A OUAGADOUGOU: Un policier au coeur d’un film pornographique, YIM et  GMB». http://www.lequotidienbf.com/index.php/joomla-fr/societe/409-infidelite-a-ouagadougou-un-policier-au-coeur-d-un-film-pornographique","Il n'y a pas d'organisme chargé spécialement de recueillir les plaintes sur les abus ou inconduite des policiers. Les personnes interviewées sont unanimes, en dehors «de la chaîne de commandement», la hiérarchie policière ou la justice, les numéros verts du REN-LAC ou ASCE, ou enco..."]
["2014_BI_18",2014,"BI","Burundi",18,0,"Au Burundi, les mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force par des policiers ne sont pas effectifs. Les citoyens peuvent signaler l'inconduite au chef hiérarchique ou à la justice, mais les cas signalés ne sont pas tous examinés ou les enquêtes prennent plus d'une semaine pour être déclenchées. \n\nSelon les personnes interrogées, les citoyens ne dispossent pas de moyens de communication permettant d'obtenir justice dans l'urgence et les enquêtes aboutissent ou non selon les personnes visées. Les hauts cadres ou hommes politiques au pouvoir ne sont pas souvent inquiétés. \n\nLes citoyens lésés par la police ou tout organe du service public peuvent aussi se plaindre chez l’Ombudsman ou à la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH). \n\nLe degré d’efficacité est difficile à mesurer du moment que ces deux institutions constatent et donnent des conseils aux partis lésés et à l’organe habileté à prendre une décision, mais le plus souvent il y a une réponse réconciliatrice. \n\nPour ce qui sont des délais, tout dépend du cas à étudier. Le site de l'Ombudsman ne renseigne pas sur les chiffres concernant les plaintes reçues et traitées ainsi que les délais de traitement; la CNDH n'a pas de site qui puisse fournir de telles informations.","SIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nNIYONGABO Jean Claude, ancien magistrat, interview par email, 21 juillet 2014. ","Au Burundi, les mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force par des policiers ne sont pas effectifs. Les citoyens peuvent signaler l'inconduite au chef hiérarchique ou à la justice, mais les cas signalés ne sont pas tous exa..."]
["2014_CM_18",2014,"CM","Cameroon",18,0,"Le système de plainte des citoyens au Cameroun est au mieux très faible, sinon, inexistant. Lorsqu'on compose les numéros mis à disposition des citoyens pour les plaintes, il arrive que parfois personne ne réponde au téléphone ou alors aucune suite n'est donnée après la plainte. La police justifie cette attitude par le fait que certains citoyens appellent pour déranger les réceptionnistes. Cependant, quelques actes de limogeage de fonctionnaires de la police sont souvent rendus public, même si la proportion avec le cas de dénonciation est insignifiante. L'accès au documents et rapports concernant ces cas restent strictement interne à la police.","ATANGANA Bernard, journaliste chargé des questions de sûreté nationale, Radio Tiemeni Siantou (RTS) à Yaoundé, 10 juillet 2014;\n\nSUMO Raoul, Historien et chercheur sur les questions de frontières, de défense et de sécurité au Centre d'études stratégiques et des innovations; 10 juillet 2014;\n\nSite web de la Délégation Générale à la Sûreté Nationale (DGSN- Police), 10 juillet 2014; http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/decret-n-2002003-du-4-janvier-2002-portant-organisation-de-la-delegation-generale-a-la-surete-nati.html","Le système de plainte des citoyens au Cameroun est au mieux très faible, sinon, inexistant. Lorsqu'on compose les numéros mis à disposition des citoyens pour les plaintes, il arrive que parfois personne ne réponde au téléphone ou alors aucune suite n'est donnée après la plainte. La..."]
["2014_CV_18",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",18,25,"The National Commission on Human Rights and Citizenship,  and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, through the Inspector General of Homeland Security (IGSI) can investigate allegations of police abuse.\n\nHowever, complaints made by citizens to these bodies, or the media, as was the recent case of Américo Fortes, never get results. Several times, the complaints did not cause any immediate consequence to the alleged culprits such as suspension or dismissal from their jobs.\n\nOften the investigation started but would last for years without a response from the agency nor investigations being send to court for prosecution. Even those that manage to get to the prosecution stage are forgotten in the courts, which further increases the sense of impunity on the part of the alleged abusers' sense of injustice. \n\nThe office of the Ombudsman has started working. However, according to United Nations information, \"Mechanisms to ensure accountability of governments to their international human rights obligations such as the Ombudsman, the Commission of Human Rights, and the courts must be promoted and used more systematically, including through the adoption of necessary enabling legislation.  Civil society must become more familiar with these processes and must advocate for adequate housing laws, policies and programs based in human rights.\"","1. Expresso das Ilhas online, 26-03-2014, \"Xclumbumba accuses PN of aggression,\" http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/sociedade/item/41751-xclumbumba-acusa-pn-de-agressao.\n\n2. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013, United States Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor: \"2013 report on human rights in Cape Verde,\" http://www.humanrights.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CABOVERDE-POR-FINAL.pdf.\n\n3. Interview with Zelinda Cohen, president, National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship, June 6, 2014, Praia.\n\n4. \"Xclumbumba and the survey aggression: 'They wanted to make me feel guilty'\" May 10, 2014; http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/exclusivo/item/42055-xclumbumba-e-o-inquerito-as-agressoes-quiseram-fazer-me-sentir-culpado).\n\n5. End-of- visit statement, Cabo Verde, Press statement - Jan 2015. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15511&LangID=E#sthash.XTX4Uokq.dpuf","The National Commission on Human Rights and Citizenship,  and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, through the Inspector General of Homeland Security (IGSI) can investigate allegations of police abuse...."]
["2014_CF_18",2014,"CF","CAR",18,0,"Il n'existe pas un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours à la force en RCA. Par conséquent, on ne peut pas parler d'effectivité d'un tel mécanisme à l'heure actuelle d'après les personnes interrogées. \n\nCependant, les citoyens qui sont victimes d'abus d'autorité de la part des policiers peuvent saisir la gendarmerie, le parquet ou autres juridictions compétentes.\n\nSelon les gendarmes contactés informellement dans le cadre de cette recherche, il convient de noter que, pour 50% des cas, les victimes obtiennent des réponses positives. Autrement dit, les policiers qui sont déclarés responsables de tel dérapage, ou d'abus d'autorité, sont sanctionnés conformément aux lois de la République. Notamment, le Code civil, la loi fondamentale, le Code pénal etc.","TROP Apolline, ex commandant de brigade motorisée, interview du 22 juin 2014, Bangui.\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de laCcour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à la faculté de Droit de l'université de Bangui, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nSAMBIA Omer, journaliste et attaché de presse à l'université de Bangui, interview du 22 juin 2014, Bangui.","Il n'existe pas un mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours à la force en RCA. Par conséquent, on ne peut pas parler d'effectivité d'un tel mécanisme à l'heure actuelle d'après les personnes interrogées. ..."]
["2014_TD_18",2014,"TD","Chad",18,0,"Le recours abusif à la force est rarement reprimandé au Tchad surtout s'il est commis par un policier. Soit parce qu'il n'existe pas un organe spécialement chargé de recevoir les allégations des citoyens sur l'inconduite policière, soit parce que la justice prête rarement attention à ce délit. \n\nPour ce qui est du rôle de la Médiature de la République, ses objectifs sont presque méconnus par le public. Pour saisir le Médiateur, il faut lui adresser une plainte par écrit exposant le motifs et les démarches pertinentes engagées par le plaignant pour résoudre le problème. Cependant,  aucun cas d’abus policier n’a été enregistré jusqu’à nos jours, selon le Conseiller Chargé des Missions du Médiateur, Ahmat Yacoub Dabio.\nPour la durée des enquêtes, selon le même conseiller, tout dépendra de l’ampleur et de la délicatesse de l’enquête. Elle peut durer de trois jours à plusieurs mois.\n\nMahamat Hissein CHOUKRY, inspecteur de la police nationale, au commissariat central de N’Djamena, : « Je ne pense pas s'il y a un organe permettant aux citoyens de signaler l’abus policier en dehors de l’inspection générale de la police nationale. Tout policier qui a abusé de la force ou a commis un délit est automatiquement mis en interrogatoire par les inspecteurs de la police et éventuellement une enquête est ouverte si elle est nécessaire afin de le transférer en justice si le besoin se fait sentir. »\n\nMême constat du côté de la société civile où l'importance d'un tel organe n'est pas passée inapperçue. Abakar Youssouf ZAÏD, président de l’Agence Tchadienne pour l’Action Humanitaire, le Droit de l’Homme, la Paix et le Développement durable estime que « pour que les citoyens aient le courage de dénoncer les policiers, il faut un travail de sensibilisation sérieuse de la société civile, parce que les gens ont encore peur de porter plainte contre les corps policiers devant la justice. D’ailleurs, il n’y a pas un organe spécialisé qui reçoit les plaintes de l’inconduite policière et fait des enquêtes si nécessaire. »\n\nLe manque d'un organe spécialment dédié aux abus policiers constitue un vide judiciaire important et la démocratie perd un peu de ses valeurs à cause de la repression policière abusive qui reste parfois impunie par la justice. Brahim Ben SEID, secrétaire général de la confédération libre des travailleurs du Tchad,  : « Les policiers au Tchad opèrent comme les tous puissants parce qu’il n’y a pas un organe qui permet aux citoyens de signaler les abus. » Ce qui fait que parfois les citoyens ne font pas confiance à la justice, pour dénoncer des abus policier car ils ont peur de la vengeance des policiers.","CHOUKRY Mahamat Hissein, inspecteur de la police nationale, au commissariat central de N’Djamena, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nZAID Abakar Youssouf, président de l’Agence Tchadienne pour l’Action Humanitaire, les Droits de l’Homme, la Paix et le Développement Durable, Réseau des Associations de Droits de l'Homme du Tchad (RADHT), 20 juillet 2014.\n\nSEID Brahim Ben, secrétaire général de la Confédération Libre des Travailleurs du Tchad, par teléphone, 18 juillet 2014.\n\nAhmat Yacoub Dabio, Conseiller Chargé des Missions du Médiateur, entretien du 23 mars 2015.","Le recours abusif à la force est rarement reprimandé au Tchad surtout s'il est commis par un policier. Soit parce qu'il n'existe pas un organe spécialement chargé de recevoir les allégations des citoyens sur l'inconduite policière, soit parce que la justice prête rarement attention..."]
["2014_KM_18",2014,"KM","Comoros",18,25,"Un mécanisme ou système permettant de recevoir les allégations des citoyens victimes de recours abusif à la force existe auprès de deux organes; ces organes s'occupent des plaintes en cas de brutalité policière. Il s'agit de l'inspection des affaires judiciaires au sein du ministère de la justice et le délégué aux Droits de l'Homme. Il existe aussi un organe indépendant, la Commission nationale des Droits de l'Homme.\n\nCependant, les citoyen ne portent jamais plainte, sinon très rarement. De très rares enquêtes ont été ouvertes par les organes concernés, mais la poursuite est abandonnée du fait des pressions et l'abandon de la procédure par la famille victime. \n\nSelon Houssamou Mohamed Madi, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, « le service d’inspection des affaires judiciaires agit quand des cas de brutalités lui sont rapportés. Mais aucune plainte ne lui est encore parvenue, peut-être parce que les citoyens ne connaissent pas l’existence de ce service ». \n\nSelon Djazilla Saendou, délégué aux Droits de l’Homme, ministère de la justice en charge des Droits de l’Homme, « le délégué au Droit de l’Homme auprès du ministère de la justice est le service qui veille à l’application de la politique gouvernementale en matière de Droits de l’Homme. Son rôle consiste à donner des informations aux autorités concernées sur les atteintes aux Droits de l’Homme, lesquelles autorités portent une communication au Conseil de ministres qui se charge de réprimander les ministères ou institutions pris en faute. Mais depuis 2007 jusqu’à ce jour, aucune plainte sur l’atteinte aux Droits de l’Homme n’a été versée auprès du délégué aux Droits de l’Homme». \n\nConcernant la Commission nationale des Droits de l’Homme, Ahmed Mohamed Allaou, le président de l’organe affirme que « l’existence de bavures policières dépend de l’île où l’on se trouve. A Ikouni, en mars 2014, un détenu a été trouvé mort alors qu’il était en rétention à la gendarmerie. La commission a effectué des investigations et elle était complètement libre dans ses mouvements. Mais les enquêtes effectuées juste après le décès n’ont pas pu établir l’existence d’une brutalité policière. La commission a établi un rapport, mais la famille elle-même s’est désistée. Aujourd’hui, les citoyens commencent à connaitre le véritable rôle et action de la Commission nationale des Droits de l’Homme, et il est à espérer que les plaintes vont augmenter les années futures ».\n\nUn autre cas peut aussi être cité, celui d’un prévenu sévèrement torturé à Moheli en novembre 2013. La famille a saisi la commission nationale qui s’est portée partie civile. Le policier fautif a été sanctionné et a été déplacé. La plainte en justice n’a pas abouti car il y a eu une pression au niveau du procureur pour qu’on abandonne la charge de « torture ».  \n\nLes différents interlocuteurs gouvernementaux affirment que la brutalité policière a diminué. Pour le délégué aux Droit de l’Homme auprès du ministère de la justice, «la brutalité policière a diminué grâce à l’existence des structures liées à la défense des Droits de l’Homme, ainsi que la prise de conscience des autorités gouvernementales. On n’assiste plus aujourd’hui qu’à de très rares bavures». \n\nSelon un journaliste, la brutalité policière existe surtout à l’encontre des petits voleurs et gens anonymes, car dans les grandes villes les faits et gestes des autorités sont suivis à la loupe.\nPour un membre de la société civile, les plaintes sont rares parce que les victimes sont sceptiques quant à leur aboutissement. «Le 6 juin 2014 par exemple, des manifestants réclamant la mise en marche de l’eau et de l’électricité ont été tabassés par la police mais ces manifestants ne songent jamais à déposer une plainte car ils pensent pertinemment que leurs actions resteraient sans suite. Ceux qui sont victimes de l’inconduite policière préfèrent se tourner vers les réseaux sociaux pour dénoncer les injustices dont ils ont été la cible». \n\nLe rapport des USA sur les droits humains de 2013 indique qu' «il n’existait aucun mécanisme pour mener des enquêtes sur des abus perpétrés par des éléments de la police. La force de la police de l’Union a participé à une formation sur les relations civilo-militaires, la santé publique, et les opérations de maintien de la paix».","MADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014.\n\nSAENDOU Djazilla, délégué aux Droits de l’Homme, ministère de la justice en charge des Droits de l’Homme, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nALLAOUI Ahmed Mohamed, président de la Commission nationale des Droits de l’Homme, interview au ministère de la justice à Moroni, 11 jullet 2014. \n\nAMIR Ahmed Ali, journaliste à Al Watwan, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nUnited States Department of State, mai 2014, «Comoros 2013 Human rights report». www.antananarivo.usembassy.gov/embassy_news/press-releases2/comoros-2013-human-rights-report.html","Un mécanisme ou système permettant de recevoir les allégations des citoyens victimes de recours abusif à la force existe auprès de deux organes; ces organes s'occupent des plaintes en cas de brutalité policière. Il s'agit de l'inspection des affaires judiciaires au sein du ministèr..."]
["2014_CD_18",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",18,50,"Le Médiateur de la République du Congo a pour mission de recevoir les doléances et réclamations des personnes morales et physiques vis-à-vis de l'administration publique, ce qui comprend aussi la police. Cependant, toute réclamation doit être précédée des démarches nécessaires auprès des Administrations intéressées. Une fois une réclamation reçue, le Médiateur contacte l'administration concernée pour un règlement à l'amiable. Selon l'article 6 de la loi qui l'a instituée, \"La mission du Médiateur de la République est de faciliter, en dehors de toute procédure judiciaire, le règlement amiable des différends portant sur des droits dont les intéressés ont la libre disposition.\"\n\nLe Médiateur a des mécanismes en place pour recevoir les plaintes et réclamations des citoyens: il dispose de délégués départementaux qui peuvent aider le citoyens à résoudre le problème au niveau local, le cas échéant, le délégué départemental aide le réclamant à acheminer son dossier au Médiateur à Brazzaville. \n\nLe Médiateur dispose d'un courriel, d'un numéro de téléphone et d'un fax; il permet aussi de remplir un formulaire sur son site internet. \n\nCependant, le dernier rapport du Médiateur disponible sur le site est celui de 2007, par conséquent il ne permet pas renseigner si actuellement le Médiateur enquête sur toutes les réclamations ou pas; il ne permet pas non plus de connaître les délais dans lesquels le Médiateur mène ses enquêtes. \n\nOutre le Médiateur, il faut noter qu'un effort a été effectué par les services de police afin de pouvoir se rapprocher de la population notamment par le biais de la presse. Cependant il s'agit d'un système informel ayant pour but de restaurer la confiance entre la police et la population congolaise.\n\nSelon un article de presse en date du 14 novembre 2013, «la direction générale de la police a sollicité, de la part de la presse congolaise qu’elle considère comme un partenaire majeur, une plus large collaboration pour un contrôle externe des agents de l’ordre. Le soutien de la presse en tant que quatrième pouvoir permettra, selon les autorités policières, de restaurer l’image de ce corps de métier terni par certains insubordonnés et d’améliorer ses relations avec la population qui perd de plus en plus sa confiance dans ses prestations.»\n\nUn exemple de l'efficacité des mécanismes de dénonciation des crimes commis par les policiers: En mars 2014, le parquet de Pointe-Noire a lancé un numéro vert dénommé \"Allo Justice\" 01 212 1314 qui permet aux citoyens de signaler directement au parquet tous les crimes commis dont ils ont connaissance, ce qui comprend aussi les cas d'abus et de sévices dont se rendent coupables les policiers.  \n\nCe mécanisme ayant été institué récemment, il n'existe aucune information permettant d'affirmer si des plaintes ont été déposées contre des policiers et quelle suite a été réservée à ses plaintes l'on ne dispose d'aucune preuve qu'il ait abouti.","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 05 septembre 2014.\n\nNGABIRA AYMARD Gladys, sergent chef à la direction générale de la police, entretien au sein de l'école nationale de la police à Moukondo,  3 septembre 2014.\n\nDOUNIAMA Parfait Wilfried,« Les dépêches de Brazzaville n°1867, 15 novembre 2013, p. 3, \"Sécurité publique le soutien de la presse est sollicité»\" http://www.lesdepechesdebrazzaville.fr/flex/php/simple_document.php?doc=20131115_DBZ_DBZ_ALL.pdf\n\nMAMPOUYA Hervé Brice, Les dépeches de Brazzaville, 10 Mars 2014, «Justice : le Parquet de la République lance son numéro vert.» http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/justice-le-parquet-de-la-republique-lance-son-numero-vert-9157   \n\nSite du Médiateur de la République du Congo, http://www.mediateur-congo.org/index.php.\n\nLOI N° 9 - 98 DU 31 octobre 1998Portant institution, attributions et fonctionnement du Médiateur, article 6. (In TEXTES FONDAMENTAUX REGISSANT L’INSTITUTION « LE MEDIATEUR DE LA REPUBLIQUE ») http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:yCNRhrctAHoJ:track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Congo-Brazzaville/Laws/Loi%25209%2520Mediateur%2520%281998%29.pdf+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us","Le Médiateur de la République du Congo a pour mission de recevoir les doléances et réclamations des personnes morales et physiques vis-à-vis de l'administration publique, ce qui comprend aussi la police. Cependant, toute réclamation doit être précédée des démarches nécessaires aupr..."]
["2014_CG_18",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",18,25,"Citizens can report cases of police misconduct to the police criminal court. Police stations are most accessible in urban areas than in rural areas, and the police criminal court members (police militaire) can be seen moving around, especially in urban areas.\n\nHowever, the police criminal court is not effective. Often citizens’ allegations are not investigated and the process often takes a long time. Most of the time, investigations are prompted by complaints, with only a few cases initiated by the court itself. The criminal court is essentially a police internal investigation unit, thus lacking independence.","1. (Face To Face Interview) Police Captain Mbuya Kasongo,  July 16, 2014.\n\n2. 1. (Face To Face Interview) Journalist specialized in the judiciary and working at Journal Judiciaire Nathalie Kapela, July 15, 2014.\n \n3. (Face To Face Interview), Professional Lawyers And President Of The Congolese League For The Defense Of Human Rights-Asadho Jean Claude Katende, July 15, 2014.","Citizens can report cases of police misconduct to the police criminal court. Police stations are most accessible in urban areas than in rural areas, and the police criminal court members (police militaire) can be seen moving around, especially in urban areas...."]
["2014_CI_18",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",18,50,"En Côte d’Ivoire, les moyens permettant aux populations de signaler les abus des policiers sont effectifs. \n\nD'abord il y a le Médiateur de la République qui a pour mission d'aider à la résolution des conflits entre l'administratuon et les administrés. L'action du Médiateur \"vise à trouver une solution acceptée, voire négociée par les parties, en présence d'un tiers impartial et indépendant qu'est le Médiateur, plutôt qu'imposée par le juge\" selon l'article 115 de la constitution. \n\nLe Médiateur dispose d'un mécanisme de réception des plaintes; elles peuvent être \"adressée directement au Bureau du Médiateur de la République (28 BP 1006 Abidjan) ou être déposé en personne aux bureaux du Médiateur (sis Boulevard de l'université, près de l'INSAAC, Cocody). Les réclamations peuvent aussi être \"adressée aux Médiateurs Régionaux au nombre de trois actuellement; deux pour la Région des Lagunes installés à Abidjan et un pour la Région du Zanzan établi à Bondoukou.\"\n\nLe site du Médiateur de Côte d'Ivoire ne renseigne pas sur le nombre de plaintes et de réclamations reçues; il n'est donc pas possible de connaitre le pourcentage des plaintes sur lesquelles des actions on été prises. Selon la présentation faite de ses actions, \"Il règle au cas par cas les reclamations qui lui sont adressées. Après avoir verifier que l'affaire est recevable et relève de sa competence, le Médiateur de la République procède à un examen quant au fond du dossier. Le Médiateur analyse le conflit, fait des investigations et propose des solutions; bref il tente de reconcilier le plaignant et l'administrationequérant doit constituer un dossier complet, comportant un exposé du litige et toutes les pièces concernant l'affaire, \"\n\nSelon l'article 16 de la loi organique portant le Médiateur de la République, il \"peut se saisir de toute question relevant de sa compétence chaque fois qu'il estime qu'une personne ou un groupe a été lésé ou peut l'être par l'action ou l'omission d'un organisme public.\"\n\nEnsuite il ya la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDHCI) qui est chargée de \"recevoir les plaintes et dénonciations portant sur les cas de violations des Droits de l’Homme ;procéder à des enquêtes non judiciaires, mener toutes investigations nécessaires sur les plaintes et dénonciations dont elle est saisie et établir un rapport contenant les mesures qu’elle propose au Gouvernement ; interpeller toute autorité ou tout détenteur d’un pouvoir de coercition sur les violations des Droits de l’Homme dans les domaines qui les concernent et proposer les mesures tendant à y mettre fin ; émettre des avis sur toutes les questions relatives à la promotion, à la protection et à la défense des Droits de l’Homme). \n\nLa CNDH dispose d'un mécanisme de reception des plaintes comprenant une boîte postale, un Numéro vert (800 00 888), un numéro de Fax (225 22 48 21 39) et un courriel (info@cndhci.net). \n\nLe site de la CNDH ne renseigne pas sur la proportion des plaintes qui ont été résolues, mais la loi précise que \"Pour chaque affaire, le Président désigne, parmi les membres de la Commission Centrale, un rapporteur et lui impartit un délai pour déposer son rapport.Le rapporteur dépose, au plus tard dans un délai de trente jours à compter de sa désignation, un rapport sur l'ensemble des diligences qu'il a effectuées et formule des avis et recommandations.\"\n\nEnfin, la CNDHCI peut s'autosaisir sur des cas. Selon le mode de saisine affiché sur le site, \"La CNDHCI peut être saisie par toute victime ou par toute autre personne physique ou morale. La CNDHCI, à la demande de son Président ou de l’un de ses membres, peut se saisir d’office des cas de violation des Droits de l’Homme.\"","NIMAGA Mohamed, juge au tribunal de première instance d'Abidjan, 21 juillet 2014. \n\nSite du Médiateur de la République Côte d'Ivoire. http://mediateur-republique.ci/index.html\n\nSite de la CNDHCI. http://www.cndhci.net/AUTRES%20PAGES/presentation.php?lang=fr\n\nLoi organique No 2007-540 du 1er Août 2007 fixant les attributions, l'organisation et le fonctionnement de l'organe de médiation dénommé Médiateur de la République. http://www.sgg.gouv.ci/photo_doc/1339597597.pdf\n\nConstitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire du 23 juillet 2000, Titre XI, article 115 et suivants. http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Cote_d_Ivoire.pdf\n\nConnection ivoirienne, 23 août 2014, «Dans le cadre de la lutte contre le racket et bien d'autres actes répréhensibles, les éléments des forces de l'ordre sont bien poursuivis devant les tribunaux.» http://www.connectionivoirienne.net/102427/cote-divoire-element-kone-zakaria-condamne-vie\" \n \nAbidjaN.net, «Baisse de 75% du racket en Côte d'Ivoire.», 1 octobre 2013, http://news.abidjan.net/h/479215.html","En Côte d’Ivoire, les moyens permettant aux populations de signaler les abus des policiers sont effectifs. ..."]
["2014_DJ_18",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",18,25,"Comme il n'existe aucun mécanisme spécifique permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière, les citoyens se tournent vers des institutions administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur de la République ou bien rarement la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) et enfin vers la justice en dernier recours. \n\nUne personne physique ou morale ne peut pas directement saisir le Médiateur de Djibouti; toute plainte doit être addressée \"à un Député ou à un membre des Conseils Régionaux et Municipaux. Ceux-ci la transmettent au Médiateur de la République si elle leur paraît  entrer dans sa compétence et mériter son intervention.\" (article 4 de la loi sur le Médiateur)\n\nLe Médiateur enquête sur les plaintes qui sont portées à son attention. La procédure consiste notamment pour le médiateur à trouver une solution à l’amiable et régler l’affaire avant que le tribunal ne soit saisi. Le médiateur convoque les responsables hiérarchiques de la personne accusée afin de s’entretenir et s’enquérir de la situation. Il peut s’il estime nécessaire établir un rapport spécial sur un cas de violation et le publier au Journal officiel et le transmettre au chef de l’Etat. Les délais d'enquête sont variables mais c’est souvent autour d’un à trois mois.\n\nLa loi ne prévoit pas le pouvoir d'auto-saisine du Médiateur. \n\nLa Médiature n'a pas de site qui puisse renseigner sur la proportion des cas qui font l'objet d'une enquête; son rapport annuel est transmis au Président de la République.\n\nConcernant la CNDH, les enquêtes en matière de violation de droits de l’homme sont assez rapides. En effet, comme l’atteste le cas du prisonnier politique décédé (voir article), un communiqué est établi par les services de la présidence de la commission pour annoncer qu’une enquête est diligentée. Et au bout d’un délai d’un mois, l’enquête est finalisée afin de donner des éléments de vérité sur les circonstances de fait et de droit de la violation des droits humains.  \n\nLa Loi n°59/AN/ 14/7ème L Portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Nationale de Droit de l'Homme (CNDH) du 20 juillet 2014 stipule en son article  12 que \"Les modalités de saisine de la Commission seront précisées dans un décret d'application.\" Ce décret n'a pas encore été pris; de plus n'a pas de site qui puisse renseigner sur la proportion des cas qui font l'objet d'une enquête; son rapport annuel est transmis au Président de la République.\n\nToutefois, Farah Abdi, journaliste au sein de l'Agence Djiboutienne de l'Information indique que dans les journaux il n'existe pas d'articles relatifs aux inconduites policières, c'est l'omerta. Et quand les citoyens se trouvent devant le juge, c'est la parole de l'agent contre celle du citoyen.","WARSAMA Ali, employé au sein de la Médiature de la République, 6 juillet 2014.\n\nABDI Farah, journaliste au sein de l'Agence Djiboutienne de l'Information, 6 juillet 2014.\n\nOBSIEH Mahad, membre de la société civile, 6 juillet 2014.\n\nLa Nation, 5 septembre 2013. \"Décès d'un détenu à Gabode, la CNDH mène sa propre enquête.\" http://www.lanationdj.com/deces-dun-detenu-gabode-cndh-mene-enquete/\n\nCNDH, 23 Septembre 2013. Rapport sur le deces de Mr Mahamoud. http://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2013/09/23/rapport-sur-le-deces-de-mr-mahamoud/","Comme il n'existe aucun mécanisme spécifique permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière, les citoyens se tournent vers des institutions administratives indépendantes comme le Médiateur de la République ou bien rarement la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (..."]
["2014_EG_18",2014,"EG","Egypt",18,0,"While the public prosecutor investigates some police abuses, punishments are rarely handed out in practice, and many police crimes, especially in rural areas, have happened without any investigations.  During the reporting period, Egypt saw numerous protests from anti-coup demonstrators during which individuals were killed by the police without investigation. Equally disturbing was a cellphone video of an abused prisoner that made it way onto the Internet but no suspects were arrested or held as a result. \n\nThe Egyptian police and Central Security Forces as an institution have supported the new regime from the first day and, in response, have been shielded from many corruption investigations.","Global Post, Louisa Loveluck \"Egypt police 'inflict pain like it's an art'\" December 15, 2013 www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/egypt/131215/police-brutality-protesters-mubarak-morsi-torture.\n\nInterview with Cairo Correspondent, who requested anonymity, July 12, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nPolice brutality in Egypt back in the spotlight (12/18/2013), http://www.dw.de/police-brutality-in-egypt-back-in-the-spotlight/a-17302014.\n\nWhat happened to reform?, Mar 23rd 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21574017-police-are-rotten-ever-what-happened-reform\n\nU.S. rights activist alleges Egypt police abuse, Mar 4, 2014 , http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-activist-idUSBREA2317P20140304\\\\.\n\nEgypt to investigate claim that police detainee was tortured, July 15, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-egypt-police-torture-investigation-20140715-story.html.\n\nBBC News,  Orla Guerin \"  Egypt police brutality 'unchecked'\" 4 December 2013 www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25121936.\n\nPBS NewsHour, Sarah Sheffer, \"Two Egyptian police officers sentenced for 2010 death of activist\" March 3, 2014 ,\nhttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/two-egyptian-police-officers-sentenced-2010-death-activist/.","While the public prosecutor investigates some police abuses, punishments are rarely handed out in practice, and many police crimes, especially in rural areas, have happened without any investigations.  During the reporting period, Egypt saw numerous protests from anti-coup demonstr..."]
["2014_GQ_18",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",18,0,"Allegations of police involvement in mugging through public taxis, particularly targeting women and foreign nationals, have continued. Police officers and military personnel continued the practice of stopping citizens, in particular foreigners, at checkpoints and seeking bribes. In the last months of the period of review, the number of military personnel at checkpoints was reduced. \n\nNo formal mechanism exists yet to denounce police misconduct, and the allegations brought to police attention either via the news media or other informal means were seldom investigated, as citizens are afraid to file complaints at the police stations. Foreign nationals inform their respective embassies. Police officers continue to torture civilians under their care with impunity. In 2013, few police officers were arrested on corruption and misconduct charges and a trial was conducted, but according to sources, the prosecution was politically motivated.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil servant, Equatorial Guinea, July 10 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nNews Article: Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office, \"Solemn opening of the Judicial Year 2014\" (\"Solemne apertura del Año Judicial 2014\"), Jan. 16, 2014.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=4705 \n\nNews Article: Radio Macuto, \"Municipal Police officers view drivers with scrupulous eyes\" (\"Los Policías Municipales Siguen con sus Miradas de Lince sobre los Chóferes\"), June 21, 2014.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/los-policias-municipales-siguen-con-sus-miradas-de-lince-sobre-los-choferes/\n\nNews article: Espacios Europeos, \"Equatorial Guinea police arrested a homosexual and the government shows him on television like a trophy\" (\"La policía de Guinea Ecuatorial detiene a un homosexual y el gobierno lo exhibe en la televisión como si fuera un trofeo\"), April 14, 2014.\nhttp://espacioseuropeos.com/54707/la-policia-de-guinea-ecuatorial-detiene-a-un-homosexual-y-el-gobierno-lo-exhibe-en-la-television-como-si-fuera-un-trofeo/ \n\nBlog: Los Angeles Review of Books,\" Equatorial Guinea’s Most Important Living Writer Forced Into Hiding,\" Feb. 19, 2014.\nhttp://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/uncategorized/equatorial-guineas-important-living-writer-forced-hiding/ \n\nNews article: Amnesty International, \"Ecuatorial Guinea: Torture, death penalty and freedom of expression must be in the agenda of Rajoy\" (\"Guinea Ecuatorial: Tortura, pena de muerte y libertad de expresión deben figurar en la agenda de Rajoy\"), June 24, 2014.\nhttp://amnistiainternacional.periodismohumano.com/2014/06/24/guinea-ecuatorialtortura-pena-de-muerte-y-libertad-de-expresion-deben-figurar-en-la-agenda-de-rajoy/  \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary Compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Equatorial Guinea 2014 Crime and Safety Report, July 1, 2014.\nhttps://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=15933 \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"Flash: Detenciones de militares en la Ciudad de Bata,\" Sept. 30, 2013.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/algo-gordo-esta-sucediendo-en-la-ciudad-de-bata/ \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"La Guerra entre Nguema Obiang y Carmelo Obiang,\" Oct. 5, 2013.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/la-guerra-entre-nguema-obiang-y-carmelo-obiang/","Allegations of police involvement in mugging through public taxis, particularly targeting women and foreign nationals, have continued. Police officers and military personnel continued the practice of stopping citizens, in particular foreigners, at checkpoints and seeking bribes. In..."]
["2014_ER_18",2014,"ER","Eritrea",18,0,"No independent body receives citizen complaints against police abuses. The mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct is to present formal complaints to the public prosecutor, who has the responsibility to oversee police functions. The Central Police Office (headquarters of the Eritrean police) receives some complaints of police abuse. However, the process is not clear because no information is given as to what kinds of measures are taken. Arbitrary police detention and flogging are common, but public awareness in reporting these abuses is very low.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 24, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources are has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAnnual Human Right Practices Report, U.S. State Department, March 2014, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013  (Report attached)","No independent body receives citizen complaints against police abuses. The mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct is to present formal complaints to the public prosecutor, who has the responsibility to oversee police functions. The Central Police Office (headquarters of..."]
["2014_ET_18",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",18,25,"Reporting police abuse is practically possible through the internal system of the federal police as well as through the Ombudsman Office. In addition, the Human Rights Commission has procedures to allow for the lodging of complaints against the police. The criminal justice system also has a mechanism in which public prosecutors oversee the investigation and handling of suspects in criminal procedures. \n\nThe police abuse issue is considered by the internal systems of the police or external organs only when the arrest or contact with the police has nothing to do with political concerns and if there are no apparent political ramifications. Journalists and opposition political figures are routinely abused by the police and security agents, but these matters do not get attention because the agencies in charge of the task of investigating and prosecuting police abuse are subject to political influence.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Ministry of Justice public prosecutor, 9 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, director of a civil society organisation, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, international media correspondent based in Ethiopia, 9 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Reporting police abuse is practically possible through the internal system of the federal police as well as through the Ombudsman Office. In addition, the Human Rights Commission has procedures to allow for the lodging of complaints against the police. The criminal justice system a..."]
["2014_GA_18",2014,"GA","Gabon",18,25,"Il n'existe pas au Gabon une structure specialisée pour recevoir les plaintes déposées par des citoyens contre les policiers ou les hommes en uniforme. Néanmoins, un citoyen peut se plaindre aussi bien auprès d'un commissariat ou d'une gendarmerie mais sans garantie que la plainte prospère en raison de la situation. Pour qu'une plainte contre un homme en tenue prospère, il faut que l'affaire soit grave au point d'être de nature à ternir l'image de l'institution. No recent cases were found, in part because there is no mechanism to report them.","ANDZONGO Sylvain, journaliste à l'hebdomadaire sous-regional Repères, entretien par téléphone, 02 janvier 2014.\n\nNAFON Pierre Ella, membre du Réseau des Défenseurs des Droits Humains en Afrique Centrale (REDAHC), section du Gabon, entretien par mail, 02 janvier 2014,\n\nGabon Review, 07 janvier 2013, «La police, la justice et l’armée sources d’insécurité».  http://gabonreview.com/blog/la-police-la-justice-et-larmee-sources-dinsecurite/;","Il n'existe pas au Gabon une structure specialisée pour recevoir les plaintes déposées par des citoyens contre les policiers ou les hommes en uniforme. Néanmoins, un citoyen peut se plaindre aussi bien auprès d'un commissariat ou d'une gendarmerie mais sans garantie que la plainte ..."]
["2014_GM_18",2014,"GM","The Gambia",18,25,"There is no mechanism with a specific legal mandate to deal with police misconduct. The mechanisms described here are internal ones, with activities that are rarely made public. \n\nThe Anti-Corruption Commission is not yet constituted and there is no human rights panel. There is, however, the Office of the Ombudsman that investigates \"allegations of mal-administration or discriminatory practices in any Government department, authority, or other public body\". The ombudsman therefore can act on a \"complaint by a member of the public who claims that he or she has suffered injustice in consequence of mal-administration or mismanagement, or discrimination\".\n\nHowever, the ombudsman does not have a website and clear data on its effectiveness are unavailable. When they receive complaints against police officers, they write to the head of police (Inspector General of Police) and request for his response within two weeks. If no response is received from the IGP within the two months, then the Office of the Ombudsman then assigns its investigators to investigate the complaint. If the police officer is found wanting, the Office of the Ombudsman makes its findings and recommendations which are forwarded to the Inspector General of Police. Recommendations they have made in the past include disciplinary action such as dismissal, demotion, suspension, compensation and prosecution. The office receives about 100 complaints every year and most of the complaints are against members of the security forces such as the police, the army and the National Intelligence Agency. \n\nThe Gambia police force has a unit called the Complaint and Disciplines Unit. It is allegedly effective and receives and investigates allegations of police misconduct. Yet, there are no available and accessible data on the number of cases reported and investigated. Sources indicated that this unit deals with complaints of abuse of police powers, initiates its own investigations and makes a report of its findings within one or two weeks after a complaint is filed.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. In addition to the comments by the researcher, there is also the Human Rights Unit of the Gambia Police Force which seeks to raise the awareness of agents on human rights so as to make human rights values and standards integral to the work of the police. The unit is still in the process of building its capacity as it had benefited from such support from diverse institutions such as the Embassy of Taiwan and TANGO in the course of 2013 and 2014.","1. Interview with Officer, Gambia Police Force who requested anonymity, Interviewed at his office on 24th/06/2014, Banjul\n\n2. Interview with prosecutor who requested anonymity,  Interviewed at his office on 29th June 2014, Banjul\n\n3.Interview with Emil Touray, President, Gambia Press Union, 25th June 2014, Churchill's Town, Serrekunda\n\n4. Interview with official who requested anonymity, Interviewed via phone on 23rd March, 2015. \n\nReviewer sources:\n1. ‘Ambassador Chen presents $52, 000 for Police Human Rights Unit' reported by the Point newspaper on 2 July 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201307091062.html\n2. 'TANGO trains 30 Police Officers on human rights’ reported by http://allafrica.com/stories/201411261005.html on 25 Nov 2014.\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There is no mechanism with a specific legal mandate to deal with police misconduct. The mechanisms described here are internal ones, with activities that are rarely made public. ..."]
["2014_GH_18",2014,"GH","Ghana",18,50,"The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate amongst others police misconduct or abuse of force.\n \nCHRAJ has put in place a functioning mechanism to make it easy for members of the public to file allegations police misconduct to it. These include an online platform where people can file cases directly to the Commission. People who do not have access to Internet facilities or do not know how to use information and communication technology tools can write and post or lodge a complaint personally at the Commission. One can also walk to CHRAJ's Head Office or decentralized offices across the country to lodge complaints.\n \nCHRAJ does not on its own initiate investigations into allegations of police misconduct. Such allegations must be made to it (CHRAJ) by a member or members of the public. It takes more than a week to open investigations into the allegations.\n\nObservers have criticized CHRAJ for not using its authority to at least speak against the numerous incidents of police misconduct. CHRAJ's efficiency is hampered by poor funding, and inadequate critical staff in terms of lawyers and research officers, which have rendered it unable to bite. \n\nThe Ghana Police Service has set up an internal body known as the Police Intelligence and Professional Standards Unit (PIPS), which also receives complaints of police misconduct or abuse of force. However, PIPS does not have any established functioning system of receiving complaints from the public. PIPS has only one office located in Accra, therefore it is not accessible to all members of the public. People can as well report police misconduct at any police station across the country but such reports are treated with scorn and are most of the time never forwarded to PIPS in Accra.\n \nPIPS sometimes initiates investigations on its own but most of the time, it (PIPS) only acts when it receives allegations. Investigations take less than a week to start.\n\nFor instance, in July 2014, a police officer shot a taxi driver in Accra allegedly without provocation. The driver sustained serious injuries and was taken to hospital. The police administration said that the police officer would face interdiction, the usual mantra when the outcome of the interdiction is never known.\n \nIt has been suggested that PIPS be manned by independent security experts and a retired senior-level police officer to ensure efficiency and avoid shielding of police personnel who engage in misconduct.\n\nNotwithstanding, there was a news report in August, 2014, which gave some statistics of police misconduct. The report said 245 cases of misconduct by police were received by PIPS in the first quarter of 2014. Out of this, 127 cases were investigated whiles 118 were pending and 21 police officers were sacked.\n  \nAlso, the latest Ghana Country Report of the Human Rights Commission, available at PIPS and released at a conference for security personnel in Accra in June 2014, said 132 officers had their ranks reduced, 239 received warning, and 433 cases were pending. These figures were for January 2011 to June 2013.","1. Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) Mr Cephas Arthur, Director of Public Affairs of the Ghana Police Service, Telephone interview, July 19, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Dr Maurice Ampaw, Founder and President, Legal Advocacy Foundation, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr David Agbee, Executive Director, Ghana Institute of Governance and Security, Telephone interview, July 22, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Nkansah, President of the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice Staff Association, Telephone interview, August 9, 2014, Accra.\n\n5. News story: Title: Man suffers damage to bladder, intestines after police shot him, Author: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com, Name of publication: www.myjoyonline.com, Date: July 14, 2014, Link: http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/July-14th/man-suffers-damage-to-bladder-intestines-after-police-shot-him.php\n\n6. News story: Title: 21 police officers sacked, Author: Finder, Name of publication: www.myjoyonline.com, Date: August 6, 2014, Link: http://myjoyonline.com/news/2014/August-6th/21-police-officers-sacked.php\n\n7. News story: Title: More than 100 Police Officers dismissed, Author: GNA, Name of publication: www.ghananewsagency.org, Date: June 26, 2014, Link: http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/more-than-100-police-officers-dismissed--76551","The Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) has been created as an independent body mandated by the Constitution to investigate amongst others police misconduct or abuse of force...."]
["2014_GN_18",2014,"GN","Guinea",18,25,"En Guinée, toute personne qui souhaite porter plainte contre un policier pour inconduite peut utiliser la procédure administrative qui lui permet de porter plainte devant le supérieur hiérarchique de ce policier. Ensuite, il y a la procédure judiciaire. Mais les cas signalés ne sont pas tous examinés ou les enquêtes prennent des mois et quelques fois des années pour être ouvertes. Très peu de cas sont poursuivis. \n\nA défaut d'organe spécifique chargé de recevoir les plaintes des citoyens en cas d'inconconduite de la police, la procédure judiciaire classique reste le seul recours. Mais même dans ce cas, la comparution des membres de la police n'est pas chose aisée car les plaintes déposées contre les membres de la police, notamment les officiers de police judiciaire dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions n'ont quasiment jamais abouti. Dans le cadre de la lutte contre la torture, plusieurs plaintes déposées contre des officiers de police judiciaire depuis plus de deux ans sont restées sans suite, les juges ont régulièrement montré leur incapacité à faire comparaître les personnes mises en cause.\n\nL'ONG Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT) par exemple, travaille dans le cadre de la lutte contre la torture. Elle a porté quatre  plaintes au nom et pour le compte des victimes contre les officiers de police judiciaire depuis maintenant deux ans, mais la procédure est toujours en cours. Selon le rapport de MDT, une fille a été violée pendant le mois de janvier 2014 par le fils d'un agent des forces de défense et de sécurité, elle est allée porter plainte, mais la justice a considéré le violeur comme un mineur donc, il n'a pas été arrêté."," Me LOUA FOROMO Frederic, avocat à la cour, président de l'ONG Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MD)T, 16h, 04 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nMe LAMAH Pépé Antoine, avocat à la cour, 11h30, 04 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nM. N'DIAYE Saliou, directeur national des affaires criminelles et des grâces, 10h30, 04 Juillet 2014, Conakry.","En Guinée, toute personne qui souhaite porter plainte contre un policier pour inconduite peut utiliser la procédure administrative qui lui permet de porter plainte devant le supérieur hiérarchique de ce policier. Ensuite, il y a la procédure judiciaire. Mais les cas signalés ne son..."]
["2014_GW_18",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",18,25,"While there is a system to receive citizens' allegations and some have been investigated, the system is not effective and cases sometimes take months to be investigated. Rarely are cases self-started. In the judicial police and in the public ministry, there was no available information on the number of reports received, nor was there information on the number of cases conducted during this last year. \n\nExamples were given during 2014 of when cases of police misconduct were reported or investigated and resulted in police interferences and even violence.\n\nSana Candé of the Centre for Access to Justice, reported a situation in which a police officer accused his client and detained the client. On the day of the trial the police prevented Sana Candé  from entering the court under the allegation that since it was a police issue Sana Candé was not allowed in the court.\n\nThe case has not been further investigated or resolved. Sana Candé also reported that a citizen was beaten by police for having honked. This case was reported, but since the police has close connections with higher officials in the judiciary police, these created obstacles to investigations.","1. Interview with Former Attorney-General, Edmundo Mendes, Public Ministry, Former  General Prosecutor/Judiciary expert, 8 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Vice- President, Roberto Indeque, Ordem dos Advogados (Lawyer's Association), Lawyer, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with President of the Union of the Public Magistrate, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, Attorney, 5 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Interview with Law Professor, Juselino Pereira, Bissau's Faculty of Law, 4 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. Interview with Superior Inspector of the Superior Inspection Against Corruption, Lassana Seidi, 15 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n6. Interiview with Intern lawyer, Sana Candé,  Access Centre for Justice, 8 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","While there is a system to receive citizens' allegations and some have been investigated, the system is not effective and cases sometimes take months to be investigated. Rarely are cases self-started. In the judicial police and in the public ministry, there was no available informa..."]
["2014_KE_18",2014,"KE","Kenya",18,25,"Citizen reporting of police misconduct and abuse is handled through the Independent Police Oversight Authority (IPOA). Citizens have a provision to file complaints online through a portal on the IPOA website or through written memorandums or face-to-face interactions with officers.\n\nRecords by the IPOA show that in the six months to December 31, 2013, the Authority recorded 250 complaints, 78% of which were from the public, 4% from the police, 14% from state actors, and 4% from non-state agencies.\n \nAt total of 115 or 46% of the 250 complaints were within IPOA’s mandate while 135 or 54% were outside its mandate. During the period, the Authority launched investigations of 23 cases, 9 of which relate to unlawful killing, 3 on death in custody and three relating to sexual abuse.\n\nAs at June 2014 the number of complaints registered by IPOA has climbed to 1,400 including one in which a senior police officer is accused of shooting and killing a woman within Nairobi's Mathere slum.\n\nOverall the citizen mechanism for complaints against the police has not achieved its potential and more action is required to have more Kenyans report atrocities. IPOA says that the public is yet to understand the Authority’s role, and particularly its mandate and thus complaints directed to it rather than to appropriate government agencies.\n\nCritics say lack of capacity to prosecute cases has also affected reporting of public complaints against the police.\n\nThe uptake of investigations by IPOA has remained  constrained due to lack of adequate capacity to handle all the cases received, particularly due to interference of evidence by suspected ofﬁcers.\n\nThe Authority says it has strengthened its investigations by hiring an additional 14 investigators, increasing the capacity to twenty. With the increased capacity, the Authority says it will hasten investigations of the pending cases. Notably, the Authority continues to be faced with challenges in investigations, particularly due to interference of evidence by suspected ofﬁcers. This is a matter that the Authority is taking seriously, and will take appropriate action within its powers against ofﬁcers hindering its work.","1. Macharia Njeru, chairman Independent Police Oversight Authority (IPOA) Kenya. Interviewed on June 24, 2014.\n\n2. Independent Police Oversight Authority (IPOA) performance report for the six months ending December 2013. http://www.ipoa.go.ke/images/downloads/IPOA_Performance_Report_Jul-Dec_2013.pdf\n\n3. \"Is the Independent Policing Oversight Authority (IPOA) the new toothless bulldog in town?\" An opinion article by Joe Kiarie Published in the Standard Newspaper of Saturday, February 22nd 2014\nRead more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000105207.\n\n4. \"2013 Human Rights Reports: Kenya\" A report by the US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. The Report was published on February 27, 2014.\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/af/220124.htm.\n\n5. \"Senior officer to be charged over fatal shooting in slum\". An article by Fred Mukinda, published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on April 5, 2014.\nhttp://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Senior-officer-to-be-charged-over-fatal-shooting-in-slum/-/1950946/2272190/-/format/xhtml/-/mfj9fqz/-/index.html.","Citizen reporting of police misconduct and abuse is handled through the Independent Police Oversight Authority (IPOA). Citizens have a provision to file complaints online through a portal on the IPOA website or through written memorandums or face-to-face interactions with officers...."]
["2014_LS_18",2014,"LS","Lesotho",18,25,"In practice, there is a mechanism for report police misconduct or abuse of force. Citizens can report such incidents to the Police Complaint Authority. However, this institution being based in Maseru, many citizens cannot access its services. Alternatively, citizens can report police misconducts to heads of police stations which are available across the country. \n\nPolice officers are known in some cases of shooting and torturing innocent people in Lesotho. During the period under review, police have shot unarmed health workers at the largest referral hospital of Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital. According to the Lesotho Times newspaper, the Lesotho Mounted Police Service investigated the case after the incident. \n\nTsikoane Peshoane of the Transformation Resource Centre stated that the Police Complaints Authority is not effective in protecting citizens against police brutality.","Tsikoane Peshoane, Democracy Education and Parliamentary Affairs Officer, Transformation Resource Centre, 17th September 2014, Maseru.\n\nLesotho Times, Keiso Mohloboli, Maputsoe Under Siege, http://lestimes.com/?p=14951 (access on the 28th August 2014).\n\nLesotho Times, ‘Mantoetse Maama, Police probe Tšepong shooting, 1st May 2014, http://lestimes.com/?p=16294 (accessed on the 5th September 2014)","In practice, there is a mechanism for report police misconduct or abuse of force. Citizens can report such incidents to the Police Complaint Authority. However, this institution being based in Maseru, many citizens cannot access its services. Alternatively, citizens can report poli..."]
["2014_LR_18",2014,"LR","Liberia",18,25,"The Professional Standard Division (PSD) of the Liberian National Police investigates alleged police misconduct against citizens. This unit is headed by an assistant commissioner, and reports directly to the inspector general of police. According to the head of the division, the inspector general receives at least two cases per day. PSD has a functioning system in place and it investigates cases brought to it within a week.\n\nThe PSD does not proactively seek cases of misconduct. It waits for complaints and has been actively documenting cases since its founding in 2004 with the help of the U.N. Mission in Liberia. The division is gaining the confidence of the public, which has been lacking for a long time.\n\nCitizen also make complaints on serious police abuse (beatings, detention without cause, shootings, illicit force, etc.) to the Independent Human Rights Commission. The Independent National Commission on Human Rights investigates complaints of police abuses when it is reported. When such is reported the commission takes between 3 weeks and 6 months to start and conclude investigation. \n\nThe commission has never initiated such investigation of its own.","Interview: Karsor Zubah, Traffic Court Judge, Bentol City, Montserado County, 25/06/2014\n\nInterview: Mohammed J. Kelleh, County Coordinator, Voinjama, Lofa County, 25/06/2014\n\nInterview: Prince Mulbah, Asst. Commissioner, Liberia National Police, 25/06/2014\n\nIRIN News, 11 october 2013. Despite reforms, corruption rife among Liberian police. http://www.irinnews.org/report/98924/despite-reforms-corruption-rife-among-liberian-police\n\nFrontpageAfrica, 28 April 2014. Liberia: U.S. Government Pledges Support to Liberia National Police. http://allafrica.com/stories/201404281695.html","The Professional Standard Division (PSD) of the Liberian National Police investigates alleged police misconduct against citizens. This unit is headed by an assistant commissioner, and reports directly to the inspector general of police. According to the head of the division, the in..."]
["2014_LY_18",2014,"LY","Libya",18,0,"There's no system to receive citizens' allegations against police misconduct or abuse of force in Libya. Even police abuse against citizens is not a phenomenon during this period, when the country is suffering from chaos and in a power struggle. Most Libyans are armed, and the police departments are weak and disorganised. The national center for public freedom and human rights has a section that allows citizens to register complaints, but at the same time these are rarely investigated, as stated by journalist and social activist Abdullah Burzebah and Fatheya Alshebli, a social and political activist. Furthermore, general disillusionment with the judicial system in the country holds back the majority of people from reporting police abuse.","Interview with Fatheya Alshebli, social and political activist, Oct. 9, 2014.\n\nInterview with Abdullah Burzebah, journalist and social activist, Libyan youth club, Oct. 12, 2014. \n\nNational Council for Public Freedoms and Human Rights, compliance page.\nhttp://www.ncclhr.org/page/index.php?c=20 \n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nInterview with Masoud Ben Khalifa, manager of tourism company Tidwa, Dec. 21, 2014.\nInterview with Younis Nanis, medical insurance department manager, Al Salaam Medical Center, Dec. 22, 2014.","There's no system to receive citizens' allegations against police misconduct or abuse of force in Libya. Even police abuse against citizens is not a phenomenon during this period, when the country is suffering from chaos and in a power struggle. Most Libyans are armed, and the poli..."]
["2014_MG_18",2014,"MG","Madagascar",18,0,"Les cas d’inconduites policières ou des forces de l’ordre en général sont souvent cités, notamment par les médias et autres organismes. Au niveau des victimes de telles inconduites, il n’existe pas de mécanisme formel pour signaler de tels cas. De même, le recours au tribunal n’est pas courant. Le rapport 2013 de l’ambassade des Etats Unis à Madagascar spécifie que de tels recours se produisent rarement. Après l’implantation d’une antenne régionale à Antananarivo du Comité international de la Croix Rouge, il recommande « l’établissement d’un système de sanctions en cas d’abus ou de violations avérés des forces de l’ordre ».\n \nAu niveau du site de la police nationale, il est fait mention du numéro gratuit avec les spécifications suivantes : à appeler « pour demander l’intervention et signaler un événement ». Dans la pratique, c’est surtout utilisé pour appeler de l’aide ou signaler un cas nécessitant l’intervention de la police.\n  \nToutefois, les citoyens peuvent signaler de tels cas au Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO). Mais ils préfèrent plutôt aller au Centre d’Assistance Juridique et d’Action Citoyenne (CAJAC) de Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar (TI-IM). \n \n Selon la méthode du CAJAC, ces cas sont traités, soit par l’assistance aux plaignants sur la rédaction de la plainte puis envoi à la chaîne pénale anti corruption (juridiction spéciale pour juger les cas de corruption). Si l’intéressé est d’accord, soit par l’envoi des dossiers au BIANCO pour enquête judiciaire. Ce que le CAJAC reçoit surtout comme plaintes concernant la police ont trait à divers abus d'autorité entachés de demande de pots-de-vin. En tant qu'association, il ne peut faire d'enquêtes. Son rôle se limite à la fourniture d'une asssitance juridique (et non judiciaire) gratuite et confidentielle.\n \n Deux articles de journaux citent des cas d’inconduites policières. Pour le premier, les villageois face à divers « abus » perpétrés par les agents des forces de l’ordre font un appel aux associations de défense des Droits de l’Homme. Quant au second, il s’agit d’un agent de police ivre qui a tué par balle un adolescent. Et comme toujours, la population a voulu faire justice elle-même. Ces deux cas illustrent donc l’absence de mécanisme fiable de recours face à la dérive policière.","Site de la police nationale. http://www.policenationale.gov.mg/\n \n Site du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO). http://www.bianco-mg.org/statistiques-0, \n \n Site de l’ambassade des Etats Unis à Madagascar, «rapport 2013 sur les droits humains à Madagascar». http://www.antananarivo.usembassy.gov/reports/02/27/2014-madagascar--rapport-2013-sur-les-droits-humains.html\n \n Comité international de la Croix Rouge, « Madagascar : Améliorer la vie dans les prisons », 10 octobre 2013. http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/interview/2013/10-02-madagascar-prisons-malnutrition.htm\n \n RAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n LEJAMBLE Brice, secrétaire exécutif, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 11 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTOARISOA Angela, assistante juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 11 juillet 2014.\n \n RALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n LALAINA Ny Andry, La Vérité, 30 mai 2014, « Opération « coup d’arrêt » à Besakoa - Des exactions de gendarmes dénoncées ! ». http://www.laverite.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1878:operation-l-coup-darret-r-a-besakoa-des-exactions-de-gendarmes-denoncees-&catid=3:societe\n (Reportage) « Une bavure policière vire à l’émeute », L’Express de Madagascar, 06 mai 2014, http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/une-bavure-policiere-vire-a-l-emeute-10210","Les cas d’inconduites policières ou des forces de l’ordre en général sont souvent cités, notamment par les médias et autres organismes. Au niveau des victimes de telles inconduites, il n’existe pas de mécanisme formel pour signaler de tels cas. De même, le recours au tribunal n’est..."]
["2014_MW_18",2014,"MW","Malawi",18,50,"Although the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi and the Police Act prohibit police misconduct, there have been a number of credible and recurring reports of police abuse of power.\n\nThe Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHRC) received numerous complaints of police misconduct during the research period. This includes excessive use of force, rape, extraction of bribes, inciting and encouraging mob violence against suspects and detainees in police cells.\n\nAlthough mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct and abuse are in place (including lodging complaints to the MHRC), many victims of police misconduct are afraid to press charges out of fear of reprisals. Citizens can report police misconduct in different ways, including visiting a police station to complain, writing to the inspector general of the Malawi Police Service, going in person to the Human Rights Consultative Committee and Malawi Human Rights Commission.\n\nHowever, not all cases are investigated or investigated within the period specified in the indicator.","1. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2.Peter Chisi, executive Director, Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHRC), 1 August, 2014, Lilongwe.\n\n3. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Transparency International, Global Corruption Barometer 2013 http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/pub/global_corruption_barometer_2013","Although the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi and the Police Act prohibit police misconduct, there have been a number of credible and recurring reports of police abuse of power...."]
["2014_ML_18",2014,"ML","Mali",18,0,"Au Mali, les plaintes pour inconduite des forces en uniforme sont possibles. Des entités de surveillance chargé(e) d'enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force travaillent à cet effet. Pour toutes plaintes contre un ou des agents  de la police, un numéro vert (17) est mis à la disposition des usagers. On peut aussi saisir le responsable d'unité de la localité concernée, lequel saisira l'autorité supérieur hiérarchique. \n\nLe mécanisme permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force n'est pas tout à fait opérationnel, car ces plaintes se font à travers les commissariats. Ce mécanisme n'existe tout simplement pas du fait de la méconnaissance des populations, selon les personnes interrogées. \n\nSelon le commissaire de police de Kadiolo, le colonel Magassouba, «il existe bien un système permettant de recevoir les accusations des citoyens. Il n'y a certes pas une structure spécifique créée pour s'occuper des cas d'inconduite policière, mais les commissariats sont disposés à reçevoir les plaintes des usagers; il faut que les usagers s'approprient ce droit». \n\nLe constat cependant est que d'abord les citoyens ne se sont pas appropriés ce droit, ensuite ce mécanisme pose un problème de conflit d'intérêt puique les commissaires de police ne peuvent pas juger avec neutralité les écarts de leurs agents. \n\nIl faut aussi noter que de rares cas sont signalés mais peu sont étudiés. Moussa Tembely, un militant des Droits de l'Homme témoigne que les cas signalés ne sont pas tous examinés. De plus, ajoute-t-il, quelques enquêtes seulement sont ouvertes de la propre initiative de l'organe.\n\nEn ce qui concerne la CNDH-Mali, elle est animée principalement par des juristes chevronnés et dispose d’un bureau à Bamako. La CNDH dispose d'un site web, d'un numéro de fax ((00223) 20 29 70 21) et d'un email (info@cndhmali.org) qui peuvent être utilisés pour la contacter. \n\nQuelques citoyens, du moins ceux qui s’approprient ce droit, se plaignent bien des abus policiers, mais la CNDH enquête rarement, vu ses moyens matériels et financiers très limités; elle se résout à faire des lobbyings auprès des autres institutions via des rapports périodiques.\n\nSelon son rapport 2013, \"En 2013, la CNDH a reçu une  dizaine de plaintes et dénonciations portant sur des cas de violations des droits de l’Homme tels que des réclamations de salaire et des droits, des litiges de terre, des licenciements, des menaces de mort  et des  cas de tortures.\n\nEn réponse à ces plaintes reçue, le CNDH a respectivement saisi des juridictions pour les cas de licenciement et réclamation de salaire; le Ministre de la Justice et des droits de l’Homme pour accorder une audience aux victimes des cas de litiges fonciers  et la Clinique DEMESO pour les cas de menaces de mort et de torture.\"","DEMBÉLÉ Kiyon, cadre de la police nationale, 26 juin 2014.\n        \nTEMBELY Moussa, membre de l'Association Malienne des Droits de l’Homme (AMDH), 26 juin 2014.\n        \nColonel MAGASSOUBA, commissaire de police à Kadiolo, police nationale du Mali, 26 août 2014.\n\nSite web de la CNDH - page de contact: http://www.cndhmali.org/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=1&Itemid=2\n\nRapport annuel 2013 de la CNDH, publié en Août 2014. Page 62 http://www.cndhmali.org/images/stories/PDF/rapport2013.pdf","Au Mali, les plaintes pour inconduite des forces en uniforme sont possibles. Des entités de surveillance chargé(e) d'enquêter sur l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force travaillent à cet effet. Pour toutes plaintes contre un ou des agents  de la police, un numéro ve..."]
["2014_MR_18",2014,"MR","Mauritania",18,0,"Dans la pratique, la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme peut recevoir des plaintes contre les abus de police, toutefois elle ne peut procéder à des enquêtes encore moins à des investigations poussées. En l’espèce, son champ de compétence dans ce domaine est très limité. Elle ne peut substituer aux autorités compétentes. Elle ne que réunir l’ensemble des éléments relatifs aux abus de la police et le transmettre au bureau du Procureur de la République. \n\nLa Commision Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH) de la Mauritanie a un site internet, lequel permet de contacter la commission par courrier postal, par courier électronique ou par téléphone ou fax. \nCependant le site ne spécifie pas si ces coordonnées sont destinées à recueillir des plaintes des citoyens ou pas. De plus, le site de la commision ne contient aucune donnée sur le nombre de plaintes reçues, leur traitement et les décisions qui ont été prises dans ce sens. Selon la loi l'instituant, la CNDH est tenue de soumettre un rapport d'investigations au gouvernement, toutefois aucun rapport ne figure sur son site. Selon celui-ci, la CNDH peut « être saisie et/ou s’autosaisir de toute situation afférente aux Droits de l’Homme, d’en dénoncer l’illégalité, d’en avertir les autorités concernées et de leur prodiguer des recommandations pour y remédier.»\n\nEn outre, le législateur mauritanien ne permet pas  encore aux citoyens de porter plainte contre les policiers par le biais des organisations de la société civile. Cette impossibilité faite aux ONG de pouvoir porter plainte est également liée à la méfiance qu'elles suscitent auprès des pouvoirs publics. Les relations entre l'exécutif mauritanien et acteurs non-étatiques demeurent assez tendues. Les organisations les plus reconnues sont:\n- La ligue mauritanienne des Droits de l'Homme\n- L'association mauritanienne des Droits de l'Homme\n- Le Forum des Organisations Mauritaniennes des droits de l'homme\n- L'ordre national des avocats.","1. OULD EBETTY Brahim, avocat à la Cour, 14 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott. \n\n2. BOUHOUBEINY Maitre, ancien bâtonnier de l'ordre National des avocats, 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. DIAGANA Kissima, journaliste, redacteur en chef à La Tribune, 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","Dans la pratique, la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme peut recevoir des plaintes contre les abus de police, toutefois elle ne peut procéder à des enquêtes encore moins à des investigations poussées. En l’espèce, son champ de compétence dans ce domaine est très limité. Ell..."]
["2014_MU_18",2014,"MU","Mauritius",18,25,"There is institutional confusion regarding the mechanism to report police misconduct or abuse. The commissioner of police explained that since the coming into force of the Police Complaints Act 2012 on July 1, 2013, all complaints against members of the Mauritius Police Force are reported to the Police Complaints Division of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) for investigation. Any complaint against police reported to police stations is referred to the NHRC which then deals directly with the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions if there is a prima facie case.\n\nHowever, the mechanism is practically non-existent. It was inoperative for the past year until June 2014 when its board was reconstituted.  The reconstituted NHRC has been in operation only since August 2014. Though the Police Complaints Division is investigating several accusations, no statistics or figures have been published on these to date by the NHRC. There is no data to suggest that the NHRC is effective and has produced any results.\n\nAlso, in practice, officers at police station often refuse to record complaints. Yet, the Police Complaints Division of the NHRC, the Mauritius Police Force still hosts a web page for the Complaints Investigation Bureau.","1. Questions sent to Mr. Dhun Iswar Rampersad, Commissioner of Police, Mauritius Police Force, and answer received from the Office, 6 September 2014, by phone and mail\n2. Jean Claude Bibi, Barrister at law, 11 September 2014, phone and mail\n3. 5Plus Newspaper, The redaction,  23 June 2014, Title:  The National Human Rights Commission reconstituted with Justice Seetulsingh as its Chair \nLink: http://5plus.mu/actualite/la-national-human-rights-commission-reconstituee-son-president-dhiraj-seetulsingh-notre  \n4.Website of the Mauritius Police Force, Complaint Investigation Bureau, accessed September 2014, Link: http://police.gov.mu/English/Organisation/Units/Pages/Complaint-Investigation-Bureau.aspx\n5. Interview with source who requested anonymity, NHRC, by phone. February 2015. ","There is institutional confusion regarding the mechanism to report police misconduct or abuse. The commissioner of police explained that since the coming into force of the Police Complaints Act 2012 on July 1, 2013, all complaints against members of the Mauritius Police Force are r..."]
["2014_MA_18",2014,"MA","Morocco",18,0,"Complaints can be filed through the general processes to report abuse of force or corruption in the public function (i.e. ICPC \"Instance Centrale de Prévention de la Corruption\").\n\nHowever, these channels are not specific to report alleged police abuse of force, misconduct or corruption. They are generally very slow and rarely lead to trial or disciplinary measures against police officers.","Reda Oulamine -- Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the NGO Rights and Justice / Freedom of speech activist - phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nZineb Drissia Hamzi - Lawyer - Phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nRedouane Ghaouna - independent journalist (politics) - phone interview 13/07/2014.","Complaints can be filed through the general processes to report abuse of force or corruption in the public function (i.e. ICPC \"Instance Centrale de Prévention de la Corruption\")...."]
["2014_MZ_18",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",18,50,"The Office of the Ombudsman works with several shortcomings. Among the biggest constraints are the limited number of qualified employees and the lack of coordinators and advisers for field services such as petitions, complaints and claims, as well as for legal advice. This situation will prevail if a proposed law aimed at enabling the recruitment and training of staff is not approved by parliament. To illustrate the lack of operational ability, the ombudsman himself and his office do not have official vehicles. Notwithstanding this lack of resources, and under the period of review, the Office of the Ombudsman opened 315 cases, of which 53 were related to abuse of force by the police and the state security apparatus.\n\nThe ombudman's office has not started any investigations on its own. It awaits citizens to table the complaints, at which time it investigates. Due to reduced staff and the lack of  adequate qualifications, the turnaround for investigations can be long - sometimes months. The legally created Human Rights Commission should be important, however, in practice it is not operational.\n\nLast year, the president of the Human Rights Commission mentioned that the main task was to set up offices in all provincial capitals and launch a public awareness campaign to make the office known. However, these objectives have not succeeded because of a lack of funds. The commission has offices in Maputo (the capital city) only. The commissioner has mentioned that outside Maputo, even the governors of other provinces show a lack of knowledge about the commission and its mandate.","Interview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nA Verdade, \"Complaints against the Public Administration Office lead cases with the the Ombudsman in Mozambique\" (\"Queixas contra Administração Pública lideram processos na Provedoria da Justiça em Moçambique), 28 April 2014. \nhttp://www.verdade.co.mz/destaques/democracia/45828-queixas-contra-administracao-publica-lideram-processos-na-provedoria-da-justica\n\nJornal Noticias, \"PELO SEGUNDO ANO CONSECUTIVO: Provedor de Justiça queixa-se ao Parlamento,\" 29 April 2014.\nhttp://jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/politica/14876-pelo-segundo-ano-consecutivo-provedor-de-justica-queixa-se-ao-parlamento","The Office of the Ombudsman works with several shortcomings. Among the biggest constraints are the limited number of qualified employees and the lack of coordinators and advisers for field services such as petitions, complaints and claims, as well as for legal advice. This situatio..."]
["2014_NA_18",2014,"NA","Namibia",18,25,"The police units, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and the ombudsman have a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force. The police even have internal investigative units, but few actions are taken and cases are mostly unresolved. Citizens prefer the ACC to report abuses and misconducts than police units because police internal procedures seem to be protective of its officers. Therefore the police units reporting mechanism seem ineffective. \n\nFor example, the Namibian Sun Newspaper reported the claims of female police officers, one of them sexually abused for eight years. Despite her countless complaints filed by using the police internal reporting channels, nothing was done about her situation until she decided to fight back against this senior officer in public. Sixteen other female police officers have come forth in the public with claims about police misconducts within the force that aren't attended to.\n\nDuring the study period, the ombudsman produced a report over a mother whose child died in custody because police officers did not take the necessary precautions. The police unit claimed it does not have homes for juvenile in custody and what happens to detainees is out of its mandate.\n\nThe ACC is not quick to responding to complaints since it relies on written responses from the police station and this causes inordinate delays. Complainers do not get feedback or responses after complaining, which discourage many complainers' efforts in seeking redress to these sort of abuses. \n\nHowever, sometimes the ACC initiates investigations by it own right and police officers have been arrested, disciplined and removed on account of their conducts, although none of such cases were reported in the study period.","Sacky Shanghala, Chairman; Law Reform & Development Commission, 11 August 2014\nPaulus Noa, Director,  Anti- Corruption Commission, Face to Face Interview 19 June 2014. \n\nUhuru Dempers, NANGOF Education Coordinator- Table Interview 24 July 2014.\n\nToni Hancox, Director, Legal Assistance Centre, FacetoFace Interview 28 July 2014.\n\nProff Nico Horn, Senior Legal Lecturer, University of Namibia,  Table Interview 28 July 2014.\n\nNamibian Sun, Reporter; \"Female cop ‘sexually harassed’ for 8 years\" 18 May 2014, http://www.namibiansun.com/crime/female-cop-sexually-harassed-for-8-years.65931","The police units, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and the ombudsman have a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force. The police even have internal investigative units, but few actions are taken and cases are mostly unr..."]
["2014_NE_18",2014,"NE","Niger",18,25,"La Médiature de la République du Niger est une institution qui a pour rôle de régler les conflits entre l'administration et les usagers en recevant les plaintes et en contactant l'administration concernée afin de trouver une solution. \nElle n'a pas de site internet et il n'est pas actuellement possible de savoir la proportion des réclamations qu'elle a résolu.\n\nLa Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH-Niger) est aussi une institution qui reçoit des plaintes pour les violations des Droits de l'Homme. Elle dispose d'un site et des informations sur comment la contacter; elle dispose également d'un formulaire de plainte qui peut être téléchargé sur le site. Les plaintes peuvent aussi être déposeés directement en ligne. \n\nLe site ne contient aucune statistique qui puisse renseigner sur la proportion des plaintes qui ont reçu des suites, la durée d'une enquête par la commission. \n\nLa Commission peut s'autosaisir. \n\nOutre ces deux institutions, il ya aussi le Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI).\nDepuis la création du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI) en 2011, il existe au Niger un cadre spécifique permettant aux citoyens de signaler et de dénoncer tout abus des acteurs de la justice, y compris le corps de police judiciaire.\n \n Ce bureau mène des investigations et envoit des rapports au procureur de la République, en demandant également des sanctions. Mais le bureau n'a pas de délai de réponse connu par les citoyens, de même que le bureau et plus connu à Niamey, la capitale du Niger que dans les autres régions du pays. \n \n En dehors du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), les tribunaux peuvent également recevoir et traiter les plaintes des citoyens relatives à l'inconduite policière. Mais là encore, le souci majeur dans la pratique, est que beaucoup de citoyens ignorent qu'ils peuvent porter plainte contre un agent ou un officier de police.\n \n Il existe un système fonctionnant où les citoyens abusé par de fonctions publiques et l'inconduite des agents publics, y compris les agents de police, peut signaler. Mais cet agences sont situés dans les capitales et non physiquement disponible dans une autre partie du pays. Les citoyens sont donc pas au courant de ses services et ne l'utilisent pas de signaler de tels abus et inconduites. Deuxièmement, il ya peu ou pas d'informations du temps que prend le agences »pour enquêter sur les allégations rapportées fois.\n \n L'examen des plaintes (sans mention de catégorie), qui doit donner lieu à la décision du BIR/LTC de classer sans suite ou d'enquêter de manière approfondie, a lieu au cours de sessions plénières d'une durée moyenne d'une dizaine de jours et espacées entre elles d'un à plusieurs mois. Il apparaît ainsi que la seconde session annuelle d'examen pour l'année 2014 s'est tenue entre les 21 et 30 avril, tandis que la troisième session s'est tenue entre les 16 et 21 juin. Ce qui sous-entend qu'entre les mois de janvier et avril 2014, une seule session d'examen des plaintes a eu lieu. Il apparait donc impossible au vu du calendrier des sessions du Bureau qu'une plainte fasse de manière régulière l'objet d'une enquête dans un délai d'une semaine.\n\nPar ailleurs, sur les 35 plaintes examinées au cours des deuxième et troisième sessions de l'année 2014, soit entre le 21 avril et le 21 juin 2014, deux seulement sont expressément mentionnées comme ayant étant transmises au procureur de la république. Les 33 restantes sont soient en « informations », soit classées sans suite, soit en cours d'enquête à la date de la présentation du rapport.\n\nOutre le BIR/LCT,","GOUBÉYE Abdoulaye, magistrat et sécrétaire général adjoint du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger, premier substitut du procureur de la République, 14 août 2014.\n \n WADA Mamane, sécrétaire général de l'Association Nigérienne de Lutte Contre la Corruption-Section de Transparency International, 14 août 2014.\n \n SIDI Abdou, membre du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), 14 août 2014\n\nDécret portant création du Bureau Informations-Réclamations, Lutte Contre la Corruption et le Trafic d’Influence (BIR/LCTI), 12 août 2011, http://www.justice.gouv.ne/sites/default/files/corruption.pdf Nigeria.net, « Conférence de presse pour la présentation du rapport intermédiaire de juin 2014 du BIR». http://nigerdiaspora.net/les-infos-du-pays/economie/item/67607-point-de-presse-du-rapporteur-general-du-bureau-informations-reclamations-lutte-contre-la-corruption-et-le-trafic-d-influence-presentation-du-rapport-general-de-juin-2014.\n\nLoi n°2008-36 du 10 juillet 2008 instituant un Médiateur de la République. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Niger/Niger%20-%20Loi%202008%20mediateur%20de%20la%20Republique.pdf\n\nPrésentation de la CNDH-Niger. http://www.cndh-niger.com/?page_id=100","La Médiature de la République du Niger est une institution qui a pour rôle de régler les conflits entre l'administration et les usagers en recevant les plaintes et en contactant l'administration concernée afin de trouver une solution. ..."]
["2014_NG_18",2014,"NG","Nigeria",18,25,"Nigeria’s Police Service Commission reported 159 public complaints against police officers in 2009 and a decline to 92 petitions in 2010, the latest available figures. The allegations included threat to life, corruption, harassment/intimidation and burglary/stealing; most were investigated.\n\nFor 2013, the commission said the number of complaints declined further, without specific details. It explained the decline as a reflection of a police force that has become more professional with increased respect for human rights, aware of the commission’s determination to ensure speedy justice against erring officers. Unlike past years when a backlog of petitions lasted as long as 10 years, cases are now determined within three months, but only a minority of the cases are started by the Police Service Commission itself.\n\nIn reality, the number of public petitions before the Police Commission does not reflect the actual level of public discontent against the police, accused almost daily of various forms of excess. The Public Complaints Commission is hardly mentioned here regarding the investigation of abuses. The body is simply not working.\n\nThe Human Rights Commission, on the other hand, has been involved consistently in the investigation of reports of human rights abuses. There were no immediate statistics – moreso one showing police cases specifically. The Human Rights Commission has investigated several allegations of abuse by the police and the armed forces. The duration often takes months.","Interview with Kemi Asiwaju, CLEEN Foundation, Abuja, 6 Aug. 2014.\n\nPolice Service Commission report, 2008-2013, Discipline of Police Officers, 8.1.\nhttp://www.psc.gov.ng/node/247\n\nSahara Reporters, \"NOPRIN Calls For Investigation of Another Police Execution Of Five Men In Benin City,\" 7 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://saharareporters.com/2013/12/07/noprin-calls-investigation-another-police-execution-five-men-benin-city\n\nCleen Foundation, Police Discipline, Comparative Table on Discipline Statistics, Inspectors and Rank and File 2007 and 2008. http://www.cleen.org/summary%20for%20police%20discipline%20in%202008.pdf","Nigeria’s Police Service Commission reported 159 public complaints against police officers in 2009 and a decline to 92 petitions in 2010, the latest available figures. The allegations included threat to life, corruption, harassment/intimidation and burglary/stealing; most were inve..."]
["2014_RW_18",2014,"RW","Rwanda",18,75,"The Rwanda National Police has put in place procedures by which citizens can submit or report allegations of misconduct and abuse. The measures include a toll-free line reserved for reporting police misconduct and an online platform to report police misconduct available on police website (http://www.police.gov.rw/e-policing/citizen-complaint/). These means have been publicized, and people are aware of them. \n\nAccording to an anonymous source within the Rwandan National Police, the disciplinary committee submits a report to the Criminal Investigations Department, which initiates an investigation into a police officer's conduct; if necessary, a case file is opened and the policeman is tried in civilian courts. For example, 32 police officers have appeared in courts of law on corruption charges. In essence, the police high command in itself acts as an oversight body. According to the source, Inspector General of Police Emmanuel Gasana is keen on maintaining the image of the force, especially in terms of discipline. \n\nThe ombudsman and Transparency International also receive complaints from citizens on police indiscipline and misconduct and follow up on them.\n\nAlso, according to Marie Immaculee Ingabire, who chairs the Rwanda chapter of Transparency International, the police inspectorate general has shown the will in the past to curb misbehaving cops, mainly on corruption and indiscipline, something which is commendable. She says if the police had not acted, it could have been worse. \"I have all reasons to believe that police top bosses want to see a well-behaving force with a good record, and they are doing this genuinely, which is a good thing,\" she said, adding that the force has cooperated in recent years on initiatives to investigate corruption and graft cases. She also said the act of police parading misbehaving cops is being done in good faith rather than protecting them. \n\nBut in recent years, Transparency International and the media have pointed out that senior officers are protected, a charge that police officials deny. \n\nThe Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013 by the U.S. Department of State indicated that the inspectorate general of the Rwanda National Police generally disciplined officers for excessive use of force and prosecuted acts of corruption.  \n\nThere are incidents in which the police arbitrarily arrested and beat individuals, engaging in corrupt activities and demonstrating a lack of discipline, which go uninvestigated. Me Pie Habimana revealed that “I personally have reported police misconduct, but nothing was done. The officer who took my call kept on asking me many questions and in a tone sounding like he was protecting his fellow.”\n\nAccording to an article in Chimp Reports, under the RNP’s internal campaign against corruption, about 34 officers on the Rwanda National Police force were arrested in connection with various graft-related crimes.","Interview with Me Pie Habimana, a lecturer on the law faculty at the University of Rwanda and in the Institute of Legal Practice and Development (ILPD) and advocate member of the Rwanda Bar Association, Kigalie, July 10, 2014. \n\nInterview with Marie Immaculee Ingabire, chairwoman of Transparency Internation Rwanda chapter, Kigali, Nov. 10, 2014.\n\nU.S. Department of State, 2013 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices  - Rwanda, Feb. 27, 2014, Page 9.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/53284a805.html [accessed 20 July 2014]\n\nRwanda National Police \"34 Police officers arrested over corruption,\" September 11, 2013.\nhttp://www.police.gov.rw/news-detail/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=267&cHash=369fb0d9bbcb1fed64d5b028bb8d6091\n\nThe East African, \"Police intensifies fight on graft,\" Sept. 13, 2013. \nhttp://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/1992576/-/jn6nykz/-/index.html","The Rwanda National Police has put in place procedures by which citizens can submit or report allegations of misconduct and abuse. The measures include a toll-free line reserved for reporting police misconduct and an online platform to report police misconduct available on police w..."]
["2014_ST_18",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",18,50,"Citizens complain to the prosecutor, and the prosecutor undertakes an investigation to ascertain whether there was abuse of power by the police officer. Generally the cases of alleged police force are always investigated when reported, and the agents are punished. Several agents have been convicted of abuse of police power.\n\nRecently, a police officer assaulted a citizen, and the case was carried in the media. The prosecutor's office started the investigation process to hold the culprits. When such cases happen often the media will announce and condemn the act and exert some pressure towards the authorities do their work.\n\nThe speed of justice in these cases is still a major constraint to be overcome. When a case is reported, particularly the abuse of the police force, investigations can begin months after the complaint. There are cases that drag on for several years until completion.\n\nIf there is no citizen or media complaint, the the prosecution doesn't initiate any independent investigations into police conduct. \n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nNo such special body has been established by law. People can report police misconduct to the media, the chief police officer or to the public prosecutor. However, there is not always the guarantee that the accusations are fully investigated and the culprits are punished. See the quoted report by the U.S. State Department.","Interview with Waldyner Boa Morte, press secretary, president of the Supreme Court, Nov. 5, 2014.\n\nInterview with Andrew Aragon Aureliano, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Nov. 11, 2014.\n\nOnline interview with Ambrosio Quaresma, director, digital journal O Parvo, www.parvodigital.info, Nov. 17, 2014.\n\nU.S. State Department, Sao Tome and Principe 2013 Human Rights Report.\nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220361.pdf","Citizens complain to the prosecutor, and the prosecutor undertakes an investigation to ascertain whether there was abuse of power by the police officer. Generally the cases of alleged police force are always investigated when reported, and the agents are punished. Several agents ha..."]
["2014_SN_18",2014,"SN","Senegal",18,25,"Le bureau du procureur est le seul système qui permet aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. Mais la majeure partie des cas signalés ne sont pas examinés. L'enquête peut prendre des semaines avant de démarrer. Ce dernier s'autosaisit rarement pour enquêter sur l'inconduite policière. Cette situation a favorisé l’excès de zèle constaté de plus en plus chez les policiers.\n\nIl existe certes deux commissions: le Comité Sénégalais des Droits de l’Homme et le Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l’Homme et à la Promotion de la Paix. Cependant aucun rapport ne prouve que ces comités ont jamais enquêté sur la police.\n\nLe Comité Sénégalais des Droits de l’Homme est \"une institution indépendante de consultation, d’observation, d’évaluation de dialogue, de concertation et de proposition, en matière de respect des Droits de l’Homme. Il assure la représentation pluraliste des forces sociales issues des institutions et de la société civile concernées par la promotion et la protection des droits de l’homme\". Le comité peut émettre des recommandations à la demande du gouvernement, du parlement, ou encore sur sa propre initiative. De même il est chargé de promouvoir les Droits de l’Homme par des actions d’information et de recueillir toute documentation y afférent.\n\nLe Comité n'a pas de site internet et il n'est pas possible de connaître la proportion des saisines sur lesquelles elle a enquêtées, ou la durée de chaque enquête. \n\nLe comité a un pouvoir d'autosaisine en vertu de l'article 2 de la loi qui l'a institué.\n\nLe Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l’Homme et à la Promotion de la paix est chargé notamment du suivi de toutes les questions se rapportant à la promotion et à la protection des Droits de l’Homme, à la mise en œuvre du droit international humanitaire et au développement de la culture de la paix.\nLe Haut Commissariat dispose d'un \"Guichet des droits de l’homme\" qui \"reçoit les réclamations de toutes personnes physiques ou morales, ainsi que des organisations œuvrant dans les domaines des droits de l’homme et du droit humanitaire. Il accuse réception du dépôt des réclamations.\nIl procède à l’instruction des réclamations en liaison avec les départements ministériels intéressés. Ces derniers doivent fournir au Guichet les documents, renseignements et informations demandés dans le délai qui leur est fixé.\nIl prépare et soumet au Président de la République la proposition de suites à donner à la réclamation. Il assure le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la décision prise par le Président de la République.\"\n\nIl reçoit et instruit en collaboration avec les administrations concernées, pour suite à donner par le Président de la République, toutes réclamations dont il est saisi par des personnes physiques ou morales, ainsi que des organisations intervenant en matière de promotion et de protection de Droits de l’Homme et de Droit humanitaire, sans toutefois pouvoir intervenir dans une procédure juridictionnelle, ni remettre en cause le bien fondé d’une décision de justice.\nIl collabore avec le Comité sénégalais des Droits de l’Homme, dont il exploite les avis et recommandations portant sur les rapports périodiques, ainsi que les réponses aux interpellations adressées au Gouvernement en matière de respect des Droits de l’Homme.\n\nLe Haut Commissariat n'a pas de site internet et il n'est pas possible de connaître la proportion des saisines sur lesquelles elle a enquêtées, ou la durée de chaque enquête. \n\nLa loi qui a institué le Haut Commissariat (Arrêté présidentiel n° 5691 du 6 juillet 2004 fixant les règles d'organisation et de fonctionnement du Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l'Homme et à la Promotion de la Paix) ne précise pas qu'il a un pouvoir d'auto-saisine.","BADIANE Ousmane,pPrésident de l’Organisation Nationale des Droits de l’Homme (ONDH), 3 juillet 2014.\n\nSOW Felix, avocat, coordonnateur-adjoint, Forum Civil, 3 juillet 2014.\n\nDIOMA NDIAYE Assane, président, Ligue sénégalaise des Droits de l'Homme, 4 juillet 2014.\n\nANNA NDIAYE Ndeye, journaliste au journal Le Populaire, 4 juillet 2014.\n\nLoi n° 97-04 du 10 mars 1997 relative au comité sénégalais des droits de l'Homme. Article 2. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/47300/42162/F-1132781402/SEN-47300.pdf\n\nArrêté présidentiel n° 5691 du 6 juillet 2004 fixant les règles d'organisation et de fonctionnement du Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l'Homme et à la Promotion de la Paix. http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article2495","Le bureau du procureur est le seul système qui permet aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. Mais la majeure partie des cas signalés ne sont pas examinés. L'enquête peut prendre des semaines avant de démarrer. Ce dernier s'autosaisit rareme..."]
["2014_SC_18",2014,"SC","Seychelles",18,0,"The Human Right Commission and the ombudsman are supposed to handle cases of police brutality, but effectively nothing has been done since these bodies were created.\n\nIn the last 10 years, commission has conducted only an investigation, about the death of an prison inmate.  The \"Today in Seychelles\" newspaper reported on September 5, 2014, about the case of Allan Ah Thion, who was arrested and detained for 14 days, prosecuted for robbing his own house and found not guilty. The Human Rights Commission, to which he wrote, did not help him because they are not sufficiently independent, being too closely affiliated to the government.\n\nA survey submitted by Pauline Ferrari, Media Consultant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in February 2014 states that some of the key institutions for human right are very weak. This applies to the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). The NHRC is made up of three members. The term of two of them expired early 2014. Until then, they have not been replaced. The NHRC is mandated to investigate allegation of human rights abuse, including those committed by members of law enforcement agencies. There are major bottlenecks in functioning of this entity: there is a drastic lack of resources, compromising efficiency; the NHRC has no office;         it is unclear where complaints to it should be made; and the president appoints its members.\n\nThe Constitutional Appointment Authority nominates candidates for the post of the Ombudsman and the president appoints. The appointee serves for a seven-year term that is renewable. The ombudsman is the chairperson of the NHRC, which poses a problem in terms of checks and balances. This also creates confusion for the persons who wants to report human rights abuses.\n\nThese bodies are competent to receive complaints against police brutality, but they have never conducted investigations into these matters. The functions of ombudsman and human rights commissioner are now held by the same person.  On March 18, 2014, a blogger describe the Human Rights Commission as window dressing and not credible due to its close ties to the army and the government. In practice it stifles and buries human rights complaints in red tape and all of its members are appointed by the president. \n\nThe Enquiry Board is a police complaint office, whose functions are neither used by the authorities nor the victims of brutality. Citizens can also complain to the courts, but no complaints of police brutality have been recorded. Although police brutality is very common in the Seychelles, only few cases of illegal detention have been reported. The most common complaints are against police corruption. On August  29, 2014, the Mauritian press argued that their compatriot died as a result of police brutality while he was in custody for investigation. The Seychelles Reality on March 23, 2014, reported on a blog accusing the regime of using violence as a method of governance. The Seychelles News Agency, on May 28, 2014, reported on an officer who was brought before the disciplinary board for alleged assault, but the Attorney General’s Office found no evidence to prosecute.","Interview with Roger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director of Xpress printing Ltd, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, 02 September 2014.\n\nInterview with Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, interview on September 02, 2014.\n\nInterview with anonymous, judge of the Supreme Court,  Ministry of Justice, Ile du port, Seychelles, Interview on 02 September 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\n“Seychelles drowning in Human Right violation”, Seychelles Reality, Tuesday 18 march 2014, http://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2014/03/seychelles-drowning-in-human-rights.html.\n\n“Wrongly accused, a 5 years of trauma”, Today News, Friday 5 september 2014, p.2\nReport on the State of Media and Communication (media on threshold) , submitted by Pauline Ferrari, Media Consultant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, February 2014, p.13 http://mfa.gov.sc/uploads/files/filepath_53.pdf.\n\nRepris par le blog Seychelles reality,  Friday, 29 August 2014, L’etat des Seychelles Doit Rendre Des Comptes: \"Un mensonge répété plusieurs fois peut devenir une vérité... \" http://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2014_08_01_archive.html).\n\nSeychelles reality, Sunday, 23 March 2014, ‘Seychelles Police Brutal Attack Is Planned, Premeditated Upon Civilians”. http://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2014/03/seychelles-police-brutal-attack-is.html.\n\n “Seychelles Attorney General’s office says no evidence to prosecute police officers in alleged assault case”, Seychelles News Agency, May 28, 2014, http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/605/Seychelles+Attorney+Generals+office+says+no+evidence+to+prosecute+police+officers+in+alleged+assault+case#sthash.Spd9WWfR.dpuf.","The Human Right Commission and the ombudsman are supposed to handle cases of police brutality, but effectively nothing has been done since these bodies were created...."]
["2014_SL_18",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",18,50,"The Complaints Discipline and Internal Investigations Department (CDIID) of the Sierra Leone Police is responsible for receiving complaints from members of the public against police officers and taking disciplinary action. It was established during the restructuring of the police prior to the end of the civil conflict. The CDIID is headed by a senior member of the Sierra Leone Police who, together with other senior members, investigates reported cases of police misconduct at the earliest possible time. In June 2014, the CDIID investigated torture allegations made by Ade Manneh against police officer Isreal Lamin, but the matter was later resolved through an out-of-court settlement between the officer and the victim.\n\nThere is a functioning system at the Office of the Ombudsman to investigate public complaints against government officers. During the review year, the ombudsman did not receive any complaints from members of the public. The Office of the Ombudsman does not have a website and can only receive complaints through a visit to its office in the central part of the city.\n\nCDIID and the ombudsman have offices across the country to investigate police misconduct and complaints from the public. The hearing of such cases received by either the CDIID or the ombudsman normally takes a fairly long time - a month or more.","Interview with Ibrahim Samura, assistant superintendent of police, Sierra Leone Police, Freetown, 1 Aug. 2014.\n\nInterview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Emerson Kamara, director, Peace Links Sierra Leone, Freetown, 30  June 2014.","The Complaints Discipline and Internal Investigations Department (CDIID) of the Sierra Leone Police is responsible for receiving complaints from members of the public against police officers and taking disciplinary action. It was established during the restructuring of the police p..."]
["2014_SO_18",2014,"SO","Somalia",18,0,"Though the provisional constitution calls for the creation of a “Human Rights Commission to be independent of state control, and has adequate resources to carry out its functions effectively,” there is no such independent body.\n\nThe only body in existence is a parliamentary commission. However, it lacks resources and does not working effectively.","Prof. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 11, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSharmarke Abdirashid Janle\nIndependent Lawyer\nBari Regional Court\nAugust 13, 2014\nBossaso, Somalia","Though the provisional constitution calls for the creation of a “Human Rights Commission to be independent of state control, and has adequate resources to carry out its functions effectively,” there is no such independent body...."]
["2014_ZA_18",2014,"ZA","South Africa",18,50,"The Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) is tasked with the investigation of police misconduct, and it can start investigations on its own. Citizens can lodge complaints with the IPID, formerly known as the Independent Complaints Directorate. This body is tasked with responding to complaints and investigating them. It may start an investigation on its own. The body publishes its findings in annual reports. \n\nAccording to Vanessa Burger, “the IPID, which serves as a tool for people to report police misconduct or abuse of force is not effective in South Africa.” She points in direction of the many complaints against the police and the fact that quite a few police officers are working, despite having criminal records and convictions against them. \n\nThe finalisation rate of the IPID is low (54%, as stated of the last annual report over the 2012/2013 financial year). \n\nThe 2012/2013 annual report (last one published at the time this research was conducted on 23 July 2014), states that 98 percent of the cases received/reported in the 2012/2013 financial year (April 2012/March 2013) involved members of the National South African Police Service and 2 percent involved members of the Metro Police Service. \n\nIn 2012/2013, the directorate had 6,728 complaints on its books, including 6,563 South African police service cases (1,805 cases more than the previous financial year) and 165 metropolitan police service cases. Last year's South African police service cases included 116 complaints of corruption and six complaints of systematic corruption. The metropolitan police service cases included four cases of corruption and no cases of systematic corruption.\n\nAll in all, the number of complaints increased by 37 percent between 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The number of cases that were completed stood at 3,963 (54 percent of all cases). Most complaints are not finalised. In addition, 2.5 percent of South African police service members charged with corruption, defeating the ends of justice, fraud, and other forms of misconduct were suspended last year.\n\nThe problem facing the IPID comes in the form of lack of resources and human capacity, says researcher Malose Langa (Centre for the Study of violence and reconciliation) in an interview with New channel eNCA. \"Cases of police brutality are on the increase. If you look at 2012/2013, there are more than 6,000 cases of police misconduct. Of these cases more than 200 people died, either in police custody or as a result of police action,\" he said, adding that there were more than 100 cases of rape and 50 cases of torture. \"It clearly shows that we are in a state of crisis.\"\n\nLanga says IPID is not enough. \"IPID only has provincial offices. In a day how many cases get reported to them? That is more than 20 cases per day based on 6,000 cases. That means IPID doesn't have the capacity or resources.\" \n\nLanga, who wrote a research paper on the topic, recommends that IPID improve public access to its organisation.  \"Currently, there are nine IPID provincial offices and six satellite offices. Many people still do not know much about IPID, but this is slowly changing due to the increasing media coverage of IPID and its good work in arresting and successfully prosecuting police officials accused of assault, rape, torture and use of excessive force. Many awareness-raising campaigns are still needed in communities about the work that IPID does in protecting members of the public against abuse of power by the police. It is important that IPID is given additional financial support to open satellite offices in all major districts and to hire more staff members, so that its services can be accessible to all people in the country, including in remote rural areas.\" \n\nHuman Rights Watch, in its 2014 Global Report, expressed serious concerns \"about the ongoing conduct and capacity of the South African Police Services (SAPS), both in terms of the use of force in general, as well as the ability to deal with riots in a rights-respecting manner.\"\n \nOne of the main concerns is that police officers who are accused of crimes will remain part of the force - regardless of what they have been accused of. This might not be something the IPID has control over, but it has been identified as a concern.\n\n> In August 2013 media reported how 140 police officers found guilty of all sorts of crimes and offences were still on duty.\n> In October 2013 it appeared that of the 900 police officers who were charged with fraud and corruption in the 2012/2013 financial year, only 22 were suspended.\n> In January 2014  police officers in Pretoria shot dead an informal trader. No arrest had been made one week after that. The officers involved in the incident remained on duty. \n> In January 2014 it appeared that a police officer found guilty of murder of a 17-year-old youth in 2012 was still on duty.","Interview with Vanessa Burger (Right2Know Coordinator Kwa-Zulu Natal and the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal) / email / 5 October 2014.\n\nPolice brutality: IPID lacks resources (eNCA News / 14 january 2014), http://mobi.enca.com/media/video/police-brutality-ipid-lacks-resources\n\nAnalysis of existing data on torture in South Africa with specific focus on annual reports published by IPID and JICS (Malose Langa / Centre for the Study of violence and reconciliation / 14 January 2014), http://www.csvr.org.za/images/docs/Other/analysis_of_existing_data_on_torture_in_south_africa.pdf\n\n140 Guilty Cops Still on Duty in the Western Cape (Knysna Crime watch / 19 August 2013), http://www.knysnacrimewatch.co.za/140-guilty-cops-western-cape/\n\nCharged fraud cops not suspended (News24 / 2 October 2014), http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Charged-fraud-cops-not-suspended-20131002\n\nHawker death: Metro officers still on duty (Eye Witness News / Barry Bateman / 15 january 2014), http://ewn.co.za/2014/01/15/Hawker-death-Metro-officers-still-on-duty\n\nPolice officer still on duty despite Oct 2013 murder conviction - AfriForum (PoliticsWeb / Ian Cameron / 22 January 2014)\nhttp://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71651?oid=518588&sn=Detail&pid=71651","The Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) is tasked with the investigation of police misconduct, and it can start investigations on its own. Citizens can lodge complaints with the IPID, formerly known as the Independent Complaints Directorate. This body is tasked with..."]
["2014_SS_18",2014,"SS","South Sudan",18,0,"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is not effective in South Sudan. \n\nThe ineffectiveness of the mechanism is due, in part, to the government’s failure to establish a civilian complaints system. Though the Southern Sudan Police Service Act, 2009, mentions that complaints against police by civilians will be heard, it does not specify who would investigate such cases and what the consequences of police misconduct would be. \n\nArticle 52, Subsection (2) of the police act states: “Complaints against police personnel received through a civilian complaint system, established by regulations, shall be referred to judicial courts subject to the regulations.\" However, despite the above provision, the government has yet to set up a independent oversight body to investigate police misconduct.\n\nLately, there have been rumors about police officers abusing prostitutes - some of them child prostitutes - in brothels in an attempt to extort money. However, the head of the public relations department of South Sudan’s National Police Service, Col. James Monday Enocka, says nobody has reported any police misconduct regarding abuse of prostitutes, in particular, and other abuses in general.\n\nA recent study by a local think tank, The Sudd Institute, found that South Sudanese citizens mistrust and fear the police. The report, titled “Police Service and Law Enforcement in South Sudan,” says ordinary South Sudanese citizens see the police as being inefective and incapable of protecting lives and property. Citizens also see police as people who extort money, and beat up or harass civilians. And there have been cases in which police officers have been arrested in connection with armed robbery, extortion and other offenses.\n\nVictims are often reluctant to report police abuse incidents because they either don’t think the officers will be punished or they don’t know they have the right to report police misconduct. Many civilians think of the police as not just having failed to protect them, but also as part of the problem.\n\nA consultant with the International Development Law Organisation (IDLO) says South Sudan has yet to adopt a police code of conduct to ensure police personnel can be disciplined for abusing their powers. If civilians were to file complaints today against police officers, he says, the officers would probably argue that they were doing their jobs.\n\nAndrew Kuol Nyuon, South Sudan’s deputy inspector general of police, says that although there is still no mechanism in place to address civilian complaints against the police, the government has already taken steps to punish offending police officers according to provisions of the police act.\n\nThere is no evidence that citizens have ever complained to the Human Rights Commission about police brutality. Emmanuel Pitia, a lawyer who works as Program Officer International Development Law Organization (IDLO), says the reason citizens don’t complain to the Human Rights Commission is because they don’t think the police will ever be punished. And some citizens fear that reporting police brutality may result in more brutality.","Interview with Emmanuel Pitia, program officer, International Development Law Organization, July 5, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nAljazeera, Simona Foltyn, \"South Sudan child prostitution on the rise,\" June 29, 2014.\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/south-sudan-child-prostitution-rise-201462881543120146.html \n\nThe Sudd Institute, Jok Madut Jok, special report, “Police Service and Law Enforcement in South Sudan,” Sept. 6, 2013.\nhttp://www.suddinstitute.org/publications/show/police-service-and-law-enforcement-in-south-sudan/","In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is not effective in South Sudan. ..."]
["2014_SD_18",2014,"SD","Sudan",18,0,"While there is a Human Rights Commission established by the law, it is not effective. Citizens can also file a case in the normal courts, yet evidence shows that police members enjoy immunity and cases are either not heard, are dismissed or immunity is not lifted. \n\nThere is no specific system to open a case against policemen. Moreover, cases brought in the normal courts are rarely investigated because of the immunity. In the case of Awadia Aganba, it took more than one year to lift the immunity and bring the police officer to court, and after the court decision, police appealed to the higher court, which nullified the lower-court decision.\n\nIn practice, the police often have immunity. The cancellation of immunity requires permission from the internal affairs ministry, which is not possible for citizens in most cases except when the case garners attention in the news media or when it is taken up by a well-known lawyer.\n\nThe human rights commission does some investigation and some demonstrations by human rights activists are geared towards presenting their grievances to the commission. According to the government the role of the human rights commission is to make consultation with institutions that are suspected of having committed human rights violation. The human rights commission according to their practices is more advocacy and decorative for the government.","[Interview] Ali Suleman, Ph.D. in law, university lecturer, former dean of faculty of law, Khartoum University, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D., lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Mohamedzain Elmahi, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nEl-rakoba, \"Case of rape women in Kassala State,\" Sept. 21, 2014.\nhttp://www.alrakoba.net/news-action-show-id-164897.htm\n\nEl-rakoba, \"Case of murder of Awadya Agabna, murder by the police officer in Eldam area in Khartoum,\" March 6, 2014.\nhttp://www.alrakoba.net/news-action-show-id-169968.htm  \n\nSudan Tribune, Joseph Khalil, Nov. 22 2013. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.net/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82,6725","While there is a Human Rights Commission established by the law, it is not effective. Citizens can also file a case in the normal courts, yet evidence shows that police members enjoy immunity and cases are either not heard, are dismissed or immunity is not lifted. ..."]
["2014_SZ_18",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",18,0,"Allegations of police brutality are usually lodged in the media rather than with the police themselves in the belief that the police will not investigate police brutality or punish offenders. Incidents of police brutality are many, widely reported in the media and have led to numerous condemnations by international human rights groups and comments from diplomats. No investigation into allegations of police brutality occurred during the time period under review. However, a police officer interviewed did say police brutality complaints are investigated.\n\nPolice disciplinary cases are handled internally, and the outcomes are not known publicly. There is no civilian oversight of the police or any independent regulatory body. \n\nSome charges of police abuses are investigated, but it is questionable how seriously the charges are taken by police authorities.\n\nThe Swaziland Commission on Human Rights and Public Integrity has never acted upon any complaint on police abuse.","Interview: Anonymous, police officer, Royal Swaziland Police Force, Manzini, 4 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Nkululeko Dlamini, political activist, Manzini, 1 July 2014.\n\n“Policeman points gun at journalist documenting police brutality in Swaziland,” Media Institute of Southern Africa, 11 October 2013. http://www.ifex.org/swaziland/2013/10/11/pointed_gun/\n\n“Swaziland’s Road to Nowhere,” Greg Nicholson, Daily Maverick, 16 September 2013. No web link available.","Allegations of police brutality are usually lodged in the media rather than with the police themselves in the belief that the police will not investigate police brutality or punish offenders. Incidents of police brutality are many, widely reported in the media and have led to numer..."]
["2014_TZ_18",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",18,0,"There are no strong mechanisms that citizen can use to report police if they are treated unlawfully. Although there is the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance established in law, it is not a specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct and abuse of office. This leaves citizens to report to police bosses who are in denial and alleging that it is a way of discouraging police from doing their job.\n\nPolice heads and police in general are not very cooperative when citizens complain about police officers. There are no other specific bodies to receive report about police abuses or misconduct in Tanzania. The only other means for citizens is to complain to the Minister of Home Affairs who is controlling the police and security officers. But even at that level not all complaints are heard.\n\nFor example, according to an IPPMedia.com article, Said Kubenea, a member of the Tanzania Human Rights Defenders (THRD-Coalition), \"condemned the police action and called for urgent measures against Chagonja [Paul Chagonja, Commissioner of Operations in the Police Force] for his unacceptable behaviour in the handling of journalists. We cannot accept such brutal acts to journalists by the police force. Bad enough such acts were being conducted just around their headquarters. It is shame for the country that journalists should be punched and severely injured by the police force itself within their headquarters at the Ministry of Home Affairs.\"\n\nTanzanians perceived their police force as the most corrupt institution compared to other East African nations.","1. A Pattern of Abuse:\nHuman Rights at Risk at the North Mara Mine, March 28, 2014 Tanzania, http://www.protestbarrick.net/article.php?id=950.\n\n2. IPP Media.com,\"Activists condemn police brutality against journos\", by Aisia RWEYEMAMU 20th September 2014\nhttp://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=72340\n\n3. Ibrahim Yamola, Senior Journalist, Mwananchi Communications Limited, November 22, 2014, Dar es Salaam.\n\nAll websites last checked on 12/04/204.","There are no strong mechanisms that citizen can use to report police if they are treated unlawfully. Although there is the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance established in law, it is not a specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct and abuse of office. Thi..."]
["2014_TG_18",2014,"TG","Togo",18,50,"La CNDH (La Commission nationale des droits de l’homme) recueille les allégations sur l'inconduite policière au moyen d’un formulaire en ligne. Aucune enquête en autosaisie n'a été menée parce que les citoyens craignent les risques de représailles. Les plaintes ne sont pas traitées à temps et les citoyens sont souvent découragés. Mais des efforts sont faits actuellement au niveau du ministère de la sécurité pour dissuader les bavures policières.\n \nIl est à noter toutefois que, en dehors de la CNDH, d'autres organes tels que le Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), le Groupe de Réflexion et d'Action Femme Démocratie et Développement (GF2D), la Ligue togolaise des Droits de l'Homme (LTDH) reçoivent des plaintes de tout genre et fournissent quand même, un accompagnement aux victimes.","DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n HOUMEY EKLU-KOEVANOU Epiphanie, coordonnatrice Groupe de Réflexion et d'Action Femme Démocratie et Développement (GF2D), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n AHOUELETÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.\n \n Site de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme (CNDH), «Comment saisir la CNDH?». \n http://www.cndh-togo.org/cndh-togo/articles/view.php/18/comment-saisir-la-cndh.\n \n Commission nationale des droits de l’homme (CNDH) Togo, Formulaire en ligne : http://cndh-togo.org/cndh-togo/query.php.\n \n TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014.","La CNDH (La Commission nationale des droits de l’homme) recueille les allégations sur l'inconduite policière au moyen d’un formulaire en ligne. Aucune enquête en autosaisie n'a été menée parce que les citoyens craignent les risques de représailles. Les plaintes ne sont pas traitées..."]
["2014_TN_18",2014,"TN","Tunisia",18,25,"With the Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011, issued on 18 Feb. 2011, which created the Commission d'établissement des faits, citizens understood that policemen are no longer untouchable and that it is possible to report cases of police abuse of citizens (harrassment, beating, torturing, etc.).\n\nCitizens can also go to the citizens relations office (Bureau des relations avec les citoyens) within the Ministry of Interior, where they can lodge their complaint. Subsequently, the police will investigate. But the investigation can take much more than one week to begin, as the police are under-resourced and overloaded with more urgent assignments (such as crimes, riots, terrorism).\n\nThere is an ombudsman, but he has not specific mandate to receive complaints about police. Ombudsman is not a specific mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, police officer, 16 June 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nArticle: Tuniscope, \"Battu par les policiers, Moudhafer Laabidi portera plainte,\" 17 May 2014. http://www.tuniscope.com/index.php/article/45136/actualites/societe/plainte-064218 \n\nArticle: La Presse, \"Haro sur la torture,\" 13 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.lapresse.tn/19062014/76148/haro-sur-la-torture.html\n\nArticle, Huffington Post Maghreb, \"Tunisie - Affaire des policiers accusés de viol: Interview exclusive de Meriem Ben Mohamed,\" 20 Jan. 2014.  http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/01/20/meriem-viol-tunisie-proces-policiers_n_4630144.html","With the Law (décret-loi) No. 8/2011, issued on 18 Feb. 2011, which created the Commission d'établissement des faits, citizens understood that policemen are no longer untouchable and that it is possible to report cases of police abuse of citizens (harrassment, beating, torturing, e..."]
["2014_UG_18",2014,"UG","Uganda",18,50,"The Uganda Police Force Professional Standards Unit, which handles complaints of misconduct made by citizens toward police personnel, is a unit within the police. Anyone with a complaint can take it directly to the nearest Professional Force Professional Standards Unit office in their region. Alternatively, one can lodge a complaint using a toll-free phone number that is available 24 hours a day. Some complainants have preferred to log their cases at the Inspectorate of Government, and according to the IGG’s report of December 2013, 7.7 percent of all complaints received by the inspectorate were against the Uganda Police Force.\n\nThe police inquiries start after a week. For those logged at the regional offices, investigations may take longer to start because all reported cases are first forwarded to  headquarters in Kampala. At the Inspectorate of Government, the public relations officer reported that the investigation starts immediately. Both the Police Force Professional Standards Unit and the Inspectorate of Government can exercise their own initiative to start investigations.","Mr. Kayondo Farouk, inspectorate officer/public relations officer, Inspectorate of Government, Kampala, 21 July 2014.\n\n“Top police officer held over bribe,” Andrew Bagala; 13 April 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Top-police-officer-held-over-bribe/-/688334/2278476/-/d46uhu/-/index.html \n\n“Police officers who acted unethically put on defence,” Uganda Police Force; 9 Nov. 2013\nhttp://www.upf.go.ug/police-officers-acted-unethically-put-defence/ \n\n“Four officers dismissed,” Uganda Police Force; 3 Dec. 2013\nhttp://www.upf.go.ug/four-officers-dismissed","The Uganda Police Force Professional Standards Unit, which handles complaints of misconduct made by citizens toward police personnel, is a unit within the police. Anyone with a complaint can take it directly to the nearest Professional Force Professional Standards Unit office in th..."]
["2014_ZM_18",2014,"ZM","Zambia",18,50,"Generally, the Police Public Complaints Authority (PPCA) does investigate and prosecute cases involving police misconduct. Police officials, through such offices as the public relations department, encourage citizens to report police misconduct to their offices via the complaints body and the Anti-Corruption Commission. The authority does not initiate Investigations without receiving a complaint and does not investigate under its own initiative, because it is not legally mandated to do so. It waits and acts on a complaint.\n\nThe PPCA is more effective than the police service when it comes to investigating misconduct, as the latter tends to cover up for their colleagues, and the complaints never yield results. An example is the incident where David Zulu, a mobile theft suspect, ended up being punished further for reporting the torture that he underwent at the hands of the arresting officers when they wanted him to confess to the theft. Instead of disciplining the perpetrators of the torture, the other officers ended up beating and locking up the suspect.\n\nWhile the PPCA depends on aggrieved parties to issue a complaint, the Human Rights Commission (HRC) and the Anti-Corruption Commission initiate investigations even if no one has complained, as long as a case has come to their attention through sources such as the media. The national ombudsman is the investigator general's office, a government body, whereas the HRC, a public service commission that also acts as an ombudsmen, is independent. \n\nWhile the others deal with general issues such as human rights, abuse and corruption, the Police Public Complaints Authority concerns itself with issues of police misconduct only. Investigations start as soon as a complaint is raised or as soon as the organisations becomes aware of a case. How investigations are started varies among agencies, but the system is generally observed to be less responsive and effective than was envisioned when the mechanisms were created.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Rae Hamoonga, assistant public relations manager, Zambia Police, Lusaka, Zambia, June 2014.\n\nU.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Country Reports on Human Rights for 2013, Human Rights and Labour, 2013, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 2014.\nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220386.pdf\n\nHuman Rights Commission of Zambia, Torture of Suspects by Mazabuka Police, 7 April 2014.\nhttp://www.hrc.org.zm/index.php/component/content/article/81-news/latest-news/115-torture-of-suspects-by-mazabuka-police\n\nRepublic of Zambia, Ministry of Home Affairs, Police Public Complaints Authority, accessed July 2014.  \nhttp://www.homeaffairs.gov.zm/?q=police_public_complaints_authority\n\nLusaka Voice, \"Police Public Complaints Authority currently not effective – Mwanakatwe,\" 25 Feb. 2014. \nhttp://lusakavoice.com/2014/02/25/police-public-complaints-authority-currently-not-effective-mwanakatwe/    ","Generally, the Police Public Complaints Authority (PPCA) does investigate and prosecute cases involving police misconduct. Police officials, through such offices as the public relations department, encourage citizens to report police misconduct to their offices via the complaints b..."]
["2014_ZW_18",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",18,50,"The Human Rights Commission, an independent and impartial body established under the Human Rights Commission Act (Chapter10:30) 2/2012 has the responsibility to receive and handle complaints from citizens. The act explains procedures that should be taken when reporting and/or investigating cases of human rights violations. In the last year, no cases have been reported where the human rights commission has handled complaints from the public.\n\nThe Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) has a complaints desk where citizens can report police misconduct or abuse. The police have also set up WhatsApp hotline +263 782475000, which members of the public can use to expose incidents of corruption and human rights violations by the police.\n\nIn January 2014, 33 traffic police officers from Avondale Police Station, accused of soliciting bribes, were transferred to other stations. The whole unit was disbanded after a motorist, who was in the company of well-known musician Jah Prayzah, formally complained that one of the officers had demanded a $50 bribe. The Zimbabwe Republic Police’s internal investigations team swiftly reacted to a complaint by the motorist, leading to the transfer of the police officer.\n\nAt times, the police have investigated cases, but the public rarely gets feedback on cases that they have reported. In some cases, police self-start investigations as part of the institution's internal quality control system.","Interview with a source who requested anonymity, Zimbabwe Republic Police, 31 July 2014, Harare. \nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSW Radio Africa, Mthulisi Mathuthu, \"Police in Zimbabwe set up WhatsApp hotline +263 782475000,\" 9  May 2014, accessed 3 Aug. 2014. http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zimsit_police-in-zimbabwe-set-up-whatsapp-hotline/ \n\nSW radio Africa, Nomalanga Moyo, 17 Jan. 2014. \"Zimbabwe: 33 Corrupt Avondale Police Officers Transferred,\" , accessed 20 Aug. 2014 . http://allafrica.com/stories/201401180005.html\n\nThe Herald, \"33 Traffic Cops Sent Packing,\" 17  Jan. 2014. \nhttp://www.herald.co.zw/33-traffic-cops-sent-packing/","The Human Rights Commission, an independent and impartial body established under the Human Rights Commission Act (Chapter10:30) 2/2012 has the responsibility to receive and handle complaints from citizens. The act explains procedures that should be taken when reporting and/or inves..."]
["2014_DZ_19",2014,"DZ","Algeria",19,0,"La loi organique n°° 12--01 du 12 janvier 2012 relative au Code électoral ne prévoit aucune disposition spécifique relative à l’indépendance des organes chargés de l’organisation et de la surveillance des élections nationales.\n\nSelon l'article 171 de cette loi, «il est institué une commission nationale de surveillance des élections. Elle est mise en place à l’occasion de chaque scrutin, et est chargée de veiller à la mise en œuvre du dispositif légal et réglementaire en vigueur régissant les élections.» Cependant, cette commisison n'est ni permanente, ni indépendante et ses attributions ne couvrent pas l'émission des décisons contraignantes\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs: \n\nD'accord: La présidentielle de 2014 est la première élection présidentielle organisée sur la base d’un modèle hybride. En vertu du Décret exécutif n°91-01 du 19 janvier 1991, le ministère de l’intérieur et des collectivités locales est l’organe en charge de l’organisation des opérations électorales en Algérie et veille au bon déroulement du scrutin. Il est assisté dans sa mission par les commissions électorales sises au niveau des communes, des wilayas et des circonscriptions diplomatiques et consulaires. La Loi organique relative au régime électoral pose en son article 160 le principe de la stricte neutralité des agents chargés de l’organisation des élections. Pour veiller à la stricte application de ce principe, l’élection est organisée par l’administration publique et supervisée par deux structures indépendantes","Code électoral, Loi organique n° 12--01 du 12 janvier 2012 relative au régime électoral. Titre VI: Des mécanismes de supervision et de contrôle, Chapitre II: De la commission nationale de surveillance des élections, Articles : 173-181 [Format PDF]. (2012). http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FElect.pdf\n\nSource des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nCommission de supervision et de surveillance, Rapport mission d'observation de l'Union Africaine, juin 2014, p.10. http://pa.au.int/en/sites/default/files/MOEUA%20Rapport%20Final%20Algeria%20Juin%202014.pdf","La loi organique n°° 12--01 du 12 janvier 2012 relative au Code électoral ne prévoit aucune disposition spécifique relative à l’indépendance des organes chargés de l’organisation et de la surveillance des élections nationales...."]
["2014_AO_19",2014,"AO","Angola",19,100,"According to Article 107(1) of the constitution, electoral procedures shall be organised by independent electoral administration bodies whose structure, functions, composition and responsibilities shall be defined by law. \n\nAccording to Article 154 (1) of the Electoral Law, the National Electoral Commission is an independent body. Article 155 further stipulates that the Electoral Commission is mandated to review and monitor the procedural safeguarding of the elections. In Article 155(f), the commission is granted the authority to hear complaints and issue decisions. \n\nThe commission does not have final authority regarding decision-making cases. The Constitutional Court is the body of appeal for claims of all parties or citizens, as noted in sections 164, 165, and 166.","Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 107 (1)\nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ao/ao001en.pdf\n\nElectoral Law, Law No. 06/05 of Aug. 10, 2005, Articles 154 (1), 155, 156 (1), 164, 165, 166. \nhttp://www.governo.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=132 \n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\nRepublic of Angola Internal Law on the Organization and Functioning of the National\nElectoral Commission (CNE) No. 12/12 of 2012   ","According to Article 107(1) of the constitution, electoral procedures shall be organised by independent electoral administration bodies whose structure, functions, composition and responsibilities shall be defined by law. ..."]
["2014_BJ_19",2014,"BJ","Benin",19,100,"L'article 13 de la Loi n° 2013-06 du 25 novembre portant code électoral en République du Benin établit l'indépendance de l'organe chargé des élections vis -à-vis des 3 pouvoirs de l'État: \n\nArticle 13: \"Les élections sont gérées par une structure administrative permanente dénommée Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA). La Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) dispose d’une réelle autonomie par rapport aux institutions de la République (Exécutif, Assemblée Nationale, Cour Constitutionnelle, Cour suprême, Haute Cour de Justice, Conseil Economique et Social, Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication), sous réserve des dispositions des articles 33, 97 alinéa 2 et 1, 1er et 2ème tirets de la Constitution du 11 décembre 1990 et des articles 42, 52 et 54 de la loi n° 91- 009 du 04 mars 1991 portant loi organique sur la Cour Constitutionnelle modifi ée par la loi du 31 mai 2001. Elle élabore et gère son budget de fonctionnement et le budget d’organisation des consultations électorales et référendaires dans le respect des règles en matière de budget et de comptabilité publique en vigueur. \nCes différents budgets sont intégrés au budget général de l’Etat.\"\n\nLes articles 15 et 16 garantissent le droit de la CENA à surveiller le déroulement des élections, à émettre des décisions contraignantes et à choisir les cas qu'elle peut arbitrer.\n\nSelon l'Article 15 : La Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) est chargée notamment de : \n- la préparation, de l’organisation, du déroulement, de la supervision des opérations de vote et de la centralisation des résultats ;\n- l’organisation et de la supervision des opérations référendaires et électorales ;\n- l’élaboration des documents, actes et procédures devant, d’une part assurer la régularité, la sécurité, la transparence des scrutins et, d’autre part, garantir aux électeurs ainsi qu’aux candidats, le libre exercice de leur droit ;\n- la formation des agents électoraux ;\n- l’information des citoyens sur le contenu du code électoral ;\n- la commande et du déploiement du matériel électoral ;\n- la commande des bulletins de vote et de l’ensemble du matériel électoral ;\n- la répartition du matériel électoral dans les centres de vote ;\n- l’enregistrement des candidatures et leur publication ;\n- l’étude des dossiers de candidature ;\n- la nomination des représentants de la majorité et de l’opposition parlementaires dans les postes de vote, après désignation de ceux-ci par l’Assemblée Nationale ;\n- l’établissement de la liste des observateurs internationaux à inviter par le gouvernement qui établit les accréditations ;\n- l’établissement du code des observateurs ;\n- l’attribution des documents d’identifi cation aux observateurs et de la coordination de leurs activités ;\n- la publication des grandes tendances des résultats provisoires.\n\nArticle 16 : La Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) a tout pouvoir d’investigations pour assurer la sincérité du vote. La Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) proclame les résultats définitifs des élections locales (élection des membres des Conseils communaux ou municipaux et des membres des Conseils de village ou de quartier de ville). La Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) centralise les résultats des élections législatives et présidentielles. Après centralisation des résultats des élections législatives et présidentielles, la Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) les transmet à la Cour Constitutionnelle pour vérification de leur régularité, examen des réclamations et proclamation des résultats définitifs. Trente (30) jours au plus tard après la proclamation des résultats définitifs de l’élection, la Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) dépose son rapport général d’activités à toutes les institutions concernées par les élections. Elle publie sur son site web ledit rapport. En cas d’annulation d’élections et/ou de vacance prononcée par la juridiction compétente, la Commission électorale nationale autonome (CENA) organise la reprise des élections.","Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Articles 4, 49, 81 et 117. http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5364.html\n\nLoi n° 2013-06 DU 25 NOVEMBRE 2013 PORTANT CODE ÉLECTORAL EN RÉPUBLIQUE DU BENIN. http://wanepbenin.org/files/documents%20publi%C3%A9s/Loi_n_2013-06_du_25_novembre_2013_portant_code_lectoral_en_RB.pdf","L'article 13 de la Loi n° 2013-06 du 25 novembre portant code électoral en République du Benin établit l'indépendance de l'organe chargé des élections vis -à-vis des 3 pouvoirs de l'État: ..."]
["2014_BW_19",2014,"BW","Botswana",19,0,"According to Section 65A of the constitution (1997), the independence of the Electoral Commission is guaranteed and it shall be responsible for the conduct and supervision of elections, but the commission's reviews and reports of elections are submited to a minister. The minister is supposed to then present the reports to Parliament within seven days. \n\nAlso, Part X of the Botswana Electoral Act states that the High Court is the only institution empowered by law to review the validity of elections and issue binding decisions. The Electoral Commission has no such authority.","Constitution of Botswana, 1966, Section 65A (1, 8, 12): appointment of independent electoral commission 18 of 1997, s. 2. http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf\n\nBotswana Electoral Act, Part X.\nhttp://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Botswana-Electoral%20Act%201968.pdf","According to Section 65A of the constitution (1997), the independence of the Electoral Commission is guaranteed and it shall be responsible for the conduct and supervision of elections, but the commission's reviews and reports of elections are submited to a minister. The minister i..."]
["2014_BF_19",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",19,100,"La loi a créé une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) ainsi définie à l'article 2 du Code électoral:  «il est créé une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante en abrégé CENI, régie par les dispositions de la présente loi.» De fait et par son nom, l'organe est dite indépendante. L'article 14 définit clairement ses attributions dont celles d'organiser les élections et de mener le processus électoral à terme.","Loi nº 014-2001/AN portant Code électoral, Articles 2 et 14, 03 juillet 2001. http://www.legiburkina.bf/SitePages/code-electoral.aspx","La loi a créé une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) ainsi définie à l'article 2 du Code électoral:  «il est créé une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante en abrégé CENI, régie par les dispositions de la présente loi.» De fait et par son nom, l'organe est d..."]
["2014_BI_19",2014,"BI","Burundi",19,100,"La Loi n 1/ 20 du 3 juin 2014 portant révision de la loi n°1/22 du 18 septembre 2009 portant Code électoral  stipule en son article 3 que :  «la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dont les missions et la composition sont déterminées par la Constitution garantit la liberté, l’impartialité et l’Indépendance du processus électoral. Son mandat, son organisation et son fonctionnement sont déterminés par décret.»\n\nArticle 236 : Pour les élections organisées sur le plan national : référendum, élections présidentielles et législatives, le bureau de la CENI est compétent pour prononcer les sanctions. Ses membres délibèrent suivant les règles de quorum et de majorité prévues par les textes réglementaires qui régissent la CENI.\n\nArticle 237 : La CENI et ses démembrements se prononcent soit sur saisine d’office, soit à la requête de toute personne ou organisation ayant la capacité d’ester en justice et justifiant d’un intérêt direct dans les élections en cours. La requête est examinée toutes affaires cessantes.\n\nArticle 238 : Les sanctions administratives prises par la CENI et ses démembrements sont immédiatement exécutoires et sans recours.\n\nLe décret N° 100/76 du 12 mars 2012 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) stipule en son article 3 que «la Commission jouit d'une autonomie organique et financière.»","Loi n 1/ 20  portant révision de la loi n°1/22 du 18 septembre 2009 portant Code électoral. http://www.parliament.am/library/Electoral%20law/burundi.pdf\n\nDécret N° 100/76 du 12 mars 2012 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante. http://www.ceniburundi.bi/IMG/pdf/Decret_12_mars_2012_portant_organisation_et_fonctionnement_de_la_CENI-2.pdf","La Loi n 1/ 20 du 3 juin 2014 portant révision de la loi n°1/22 du 18 septembre 2009 portant Code électoral  stipule en son article 3 que :  «la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dont les missions et la composition sont déterminées par la Constitution garantit la ..."]
["2014_CM_19",2014,"CM","Cameroon",19,100,"La loi portant Code électoral du Cameroun, stipule en son chapitre I lié aux dispositions générales notamment en son article 4 alinéa (1) que « Elections Cameroon (ELECAM) est un organisme indépendant chargé de l'organisation, de la gestion et de la supervision de l'ensemble du processus électoral et référendaire.»\n\nARTICLE 9.- (1) Elections Cameroon est placé sous l’autorité du Conseil électoral. (2) Le Conseil Electoral veille au bon fonctionnement d’Elections Cameroon.\nARTICLE 10.- (1) Le Conseil Electoral veille au respect de la loi électorale par tous les intervenants de manière à assurer la régularité, l’impartialité, l’objectivité, la transparence et la sincérité des scrutins.\n(2) A ce titre, le Conseil Electoral :\n- opère les vérifications et les contrôles qu’il juge opportuns ;\n- examine les dossiers de candidature et publie la liste ou les listes définitives des candidats à l’élection présidentielle, aux élections législatives, sénatoriales, régionales et municipales ;\n- transmet les procès-verbaux des élections au Conseil constitutionnel ou aux instances prévues par la loi ;\n- veille à ce que la liste des membres des commissions locales de vote soit publiée et notifiée, dans les délais impartis, à tous ceux qui, selon la loi électorale, doivent la recevoir, notamment les représentants des listes des candidats ou les candidats ;\n- contrôle la mise en place du matériel électoral et des documents électoraux dans les délais impartis par la loi ;\n- connaît des contestations et réclamations portant sur les opérations préélectorales et électorales, sous réserve des attributions du Conseil constitutionnel et des juridictions ou administrations compétentes ;\n- ordonne les rectifications rendues nécessaires à la suite de l’examen des réclamations ou contestations reçues, relatives aux élections ou aux opérations référendaires.\n\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: l'indépendance de Elections Cameroon est garantie dans les textes. La loi portant code électoral du Cameroun, stipule en son chapitre I lié aux dispositions générales notamment en son article 4 alinéa (1) que « Elections Cameroon est un organisme indépendant chargé de l'organisation, de la gestion et de la supervision de l'ensemble du processus électoral et référendaire.» Elections Cameroon est placé sous l'autorité du Conseil électoral\" (art. 9. Chapitre II).","Loi N°2012/001 du 19 avril 2012 portant Code électoral  (ELECAM). http://www.elecam.cm/uploads/media/Code_Electoral.pdf","La loi portant Code électoral du Cameroun, stipule en son chapitre I lié aux dispositions générales notamment en son article 4 alinéa (1) que « Elections Cameroon (ELECAM) est un organisme indépendant chargé de l'organisation, de la gestion et de la supervision de l'ensemble du pro..."]
["2014_CV_19",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",19,100,"According to Articles 11, 15 and 18 of the Electoral Law, the National Election Commission is an independent and permanent organ, which works with the National Assembly. Moreover, members of the National Election Commission are independent, irremovable and not liable for their decisions and votes they express in the exercise of their functions in the same way as magistrates. It is the sole responsibility of the NEC announce election results, without prejudice to its disclosure by the organs of the media, under the law.","1. Electoral Code, Article 11, 15, 18 (Law No. 56/VII/2010: Amends the Electoral Code approved by Law No. 92/V/99) http://www.dgape.cv/index.php/site-map/legislacao\n\n2. Decree-Law No. 47/2003 of Nov. 10, 2003; http://www.dgape.cv/index.php/site-map/legislacao","According to Articles 11, 15 and 18 of the Electoral Law, the National Election Commission is an independent and permanent organ, which works with the National Assembly. Moreover, members of the National Election Commission are independent, irremovable and not liable for their deci..."]
["2014_CF_19",2014,"CF","CAR",19,0,"En République Centrafricaine, l'indépendance  de l'organe de surveillance des élections appelées l'Autorité Nationale des Elections (ANE) est garantie par la nouvelle loi portant le Code électoral de ce pays, mais son pouvoir se limite à l'organisation et proclamation des résultats provisoires des élections. Le reste relève de la compétence de la Cour constitutionnelle qui doit valider et statuer sur les conflits électoraux. \n\nL'article 16 qui stipule que « les membres de l’ANE sont irrévocables et inamovibles pendant la durée de leur mandat sauf cas de violation de leur serment.» Leur indépendance de droit vis-à-vis des pouvoirs publics. Celui-ci est renforcé par le troisième paragraphe qui souligne que les membres de l'ANE ne reçoivent pas des ordres émanant d'une personne publique (allusion aux pouvoirs publics) ou privé (allusion aux partis politiques).\n\nL'article 12 de ce code précise que « l’ANE comprend sept (7) membres dont au moins deux (02) femmes. Les candidat(e)s sont proposé(e)s par les partis politiques, les pouvoirs publics et la société civile selon des critères de compétence, de probité, de neutralité et d’indépendance vis-à-vis des pouvoirs publics et des partis politiques. Un comité représentatif de ces entités procède à la sélection des candidat(e)s répondant le mieux à ces critères et ayant fait l’objet de consensus. Le Chef de l'État de la Transition nomme les candidat(e)s retenus consensuellement par un décret pris en Conseil des ministres\". \n\nEn outre, l'article 7 de la même loi stipule que \" L’Autorité Nationale des Elections (ANE) est chargée de la préparation, de l’organisation, de la supervision des élections présidentielle et législatives, ainsi que du référendum constitutionnel, et d’en assurer la publication des résultats provisoires au vu des procès-verbaux provenant des centres de compilation.\nElle est chargée notamment :\n- du recensement électoral ;\n- de l’élaboration des listes électorales informatisées;\n- de l’impression et de la distribution dans les délais des cartes d’électeur biométriques;\n- de l’élaboration et de la publication de la liste des bureaux de vote et centres de dépouillement ;\n- de la nomination des membres des bureaux de vote, des centres de dépouillement, et de leur formation ;\n- de la nomination des membres de ses démembrements ;\n- de l’enregistrement et du contrôle des dossiers de candidatures aux élections présidentielle et législatives;\n- de l’édition de bulletins de vote conformes aux couleurs et signes retenus par les candidats ;\n- de l’organisation de la campagne de sensibilisation et d’éducation pré-électorales ;\n- de la confection et de la distribution des matériels et documents électoraux, le cas échéant en présence des candidats ou leurs représentants ;\n- de la fourniture en quantité suffisante des matériels et bulletins de vote dans tous les bureaux de vote et de dépouillement ;\n- de la révision de la carte d’implantation des bureaux de vote ;\n- de la conservation des urnes à la fin des opérations de vote ;\n- de la transmission par la voie la plus sûre et la plus rapide des résultats du scrutin à l’organe chargé de leur proclamation ;\n- du recensement général des votes ;\n- de la mise en place par les autorités compétentes des mesures de sécurité adéquates pendant la durée du processus électoral ;\n- de l’accréditation des professionnels des médias chargés de la couverture du processus électoral;\n- de la publication des résultats provisoires des élections présidentielle et législatives;\n- de la supervision et du contrôle de tout le processus d’établissement et de gestion du Fichier électoral ;\n- de la mise à jour du découpage électoral ;\n- de l’examen de la documentation relative aux analyses, à la configuration physique et technique du matériel et des équipements informatiques, à la programmation et aux procédures de saisie, de mise à jour, de traitement et de restitution des données ;\n- de la formation appropriée en matière électorale des membres de ses démembrements ainsi que tous autres acteurs électoraux qui s’y intéressent;\n- de la commande, du contrôle de l’impression des bulletins de vote ;\n- de la spécification et de la codification des matériels et documents électoraux;\n- de la publication de la liste des bureaux de vote au plus tard soixante (60) jours avant le début de la campagne électorale, ainsi que de sa notification aux candidats ;\n- de la publication des listes électorales informatisées et des rectifications nécessaires ;\n- du comptage des cartes d’électeur non retirées ;\n- de l'accréditation des observateurs nationaux et internationaux;\n- du contrôle le jour du scrutin, de la mise en place et en nombre suffisant des matériels et documents électoraux, de la présence effective des membres des bureaux de vote ainsi que des représentants des candidats, de l’accessibilité du bureau de vote, de la sincérité des opérations de vote et de dépouillement, de la\nbonne tenue et rédaction des procès-verbaux ainsi que de leur répartition entre les différents destinataires ;\n- de la conservation d’un exemplaire de tous les documents électoraux ;\n- du contrôle, en liaison avec les structures compétentes, du bon déroulement de la campagne électorale etc.","Loi portant le code électorale de la République Centrafricaine, article 16, 2013; http://www.sangonet.com/afriqg/PAFF/Dic/actuC/ActuC13/code_electoral_republique_centrafricaine.pdf","En République Centrafricaine, l'indépendance  de l'organe de surveillance des élections appelées l'Autorité Nationale des Elections (ANE) est garantie par la nouvelle loi portant le Code électoral de ce pays, mais son pouvoir se limite à l'organisation et proclamation des résultats..."]
["2014_TD_19",2014,"TD","Chad",19,100,"L'article 1 de la loi n° 020/PR/2008 portant création d'une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) stipule: «il est créé une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante en abrégé CENI.» \n\nL'article 2 de la cette loi stipule que «la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) a pour mission générale l'organisation, la supervision et le contrôle du déroulement de toutes les opérations de recensement électoral, des élections référendaires, présidentielle, législatif et locales.\nA cet effet , elle est chargée de:\n- faire respecter les dispositions des lois électorales,\n- coordonner toutes les opérations relatives aux élections tant au niveau national qu'au niveau des représentations diplomatiques et consulaires à l'étranger.»\n\nLa loi n° 020/PR/2008 portant création d'une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est complétée par le Décret n° 621/PR/PM/MISP/2009, qui donne plus de précisions. La CENI n'est pas un organe permanent, mais elle est composée avant chaque élection. La continuité est assurée par le Bureau Permanent des Elections (BPE) selon la Loi N° 020/PR/2008, en ses articles 4 et 6. \n\nSelon le Décret N° 621 (Article 6), les membres de la CENI doivent exercer leur mandat de façon indépendante et sans instructions extérieures et on demande au gouvernement et aux partis politiques de respecter leur mission. Le Bureau Permanent des Elections (BPE), est une structure administrative et technique permanente qui assiste la CENI dans toutes les opérations liées au processus électoral relevant de son domaine de compétence. Le Bureau Permanent des Elections est placé sous l’autorité de la CENI pour son fonctionnement  pendant toutes les périodes électorales. Le Bureau Permanent des Elections (BPE) assure le secrétariat de la CENI pendant les périodes électorales et tient un fichier général des électeurs et organise la révision des listes électorales (articles 1-3, Décret N°1690/PR/P/CENI portant organisation et attributions du Bureau Permanent des Elections).","Loi N° 020/PR/2008 portant création d'une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), 2008. http://www.cefod.org/legitchad/web/texte/3346\n\nDécret N°1690/PR/P/CENI portant organisation et attributions du Bureau Permanent des Elections, 14 septembre 2010. http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TD/tchad-decret-no-1690-pr-p-ceni-portant                       \n\nDécret N° 621/PR/PM/MISP/2009 portant Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante, 6 juin 2009. ","L'article 1 de la loi n° 020/PR/2008 portant création d'une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) stipule: «il est créé une Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante en abrégé CENI.» ..."]
["2014_KM_19",2014,"KM","Comoros",19,100,"La loi électorale prescrit que la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est un organe indépendant de régulation des opérations électorales, ayant un caractère autonome (Article 42), et jouissant d'une autonomie de gestion et de décision (Article 43). \nSon indépendance est garantie par la section 1 (statut et rôle de la CENI). L'Article 42 stipule que «la CENI est un organe indépendant de régulation des opérations électorales, ayant un caractère autonome». L'article 43 stipule qu'«elle jouit d'une autonomie de gestion et de décision. Elle élabore son budget, adopte son règlement intérieur et élit son bureau en son sein. Elle prend des décisions relatives à l'organisation et au déroulement des opérations électorales, lesquelles décisions de la CENI sont susceptibles de recours devant la Cour constitutionnelle. Les frais et indemnités des membres sont fixés pour la période de scrutin par décret pris en Conseil des ministres du gouvernement de l'Union après avis conjoint du ministre en charge des élections et du ministre des finances». \nD’autre part, l'Observatoire des élections, qui est une association privée indépendante , est associée dans la surveillance des opérations électorales.","Loi N°07-001 /AU du 14 janvier 2007, portant modification de certaines dispositions  de la loi N° 05-015/AU du 16 octobre 2005, relative à la loi électorale, Articles 42 et 43. http://comoresconstitution.skyrock.com/1683550344-Loi-Electorale-apres-Amendement.html","La loi électorale prescrit que la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est un organe indépendant de régulation des opérations électorales, ayant un caractère autonome (Article 42), et jouissant d'une autonomie de gestion et de décision (Article 43). ..."]
["2014_CD_19",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",19,100,"Le cadre juridique de la Commission Nationale d'Organisation des Elections au Congo (CONEL) est une source de garantie de l'indépendance de cette dernière. L'article 17 de la loi n° 9-2012 du 23 mai 2012 modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions de la loi électorale précise que la Conel est un organe indépendant doté de l'autonomie financière, la CONEL a pour missions de préparer et d'organiser le scrutin.\n\nIl est indiqué dans la loi que cet organe est indépendant, doté d'une autonomie financière. Selon le texte la CONEL a une capacité de fonctionnement, elle prend des décisions concernant l'organisation, la gestion et la conduite des élections dans le respect des textes en vigueur.","Loi n° 40 - 2014 du 1er septembre 2014 modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions de la loi n° 9-2001 du 10 décembre 2001 et des lois n° 5-2007 du 25 mai 2007  et n° 9-2012 du 23 mai 2012 modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions de la loi électorale\n\nDécret n° 2014-457 du 12 septembre 2014 fixant l’organisation et le  fonctionnement de la commission nationale d’organisation des élections et les modalités de désignation de ses membres","Le cadre juridique de la Commission Nationale d'Organisation des Elections au Congo (CONEL) est une source de garantie de l'indépendance de cette dernière. L'article 17 de la loi n° 9-2012 du 23 mai 2012 modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions de la loi électorale précise qu..."]
["2014_CG_19",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",19,100,"Article 211 of the constitution establishes an Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) that has the mandate to organize the elections and ensure the regularity of the process of elections and referendum. \n\nArticle 6 of the law establishing the CENI recognizes the financial and administrative autonomy of the institution, and Article 7 of the same law establishes that the CENI is independent from other institutions (executive, legislative and judicial). \n\nFurther, Article 9 of the law on the CENI establishes that the institution has the right, authority and mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions and choose cases to be heard by the other institutions.","1. Constitution de la Republique Democratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 211, www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf.\n\n2. Loi Organique N.10/013 du 27 juillet 2010 portant fonctionnement et organisation de la Commission Electorale Nationale Independante, Articles 6,  7 & 9, 2010, www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/.../Loi.28.07.2010.pdf.","Article 211 of the constitution establishes an Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) that has the mandate to organize the elections and ensure the regularity of the process of elections and referendum. ..."]
["2014_CI_19",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",19,100,"Il est créé en application de l’article 32 alinéa 4 de la Constitution, une Commission Electorale Indépendante en abrégé CEI, dont les attributions, l’organisation et le fonctionnement sont déterminés par la présente loi. L'article 30 de la Constitution ivoirienne précise que: «l'organisation et la supervision du référendum et des élections sont assurées par la commission électorale indépendante dans les conditions prévues par la loi.» Conformément à la loi organique portant attribution et fonctionnement de cette instance, ses membres prêtent serment. Son autorité et son indépendance, sont, cependant garanties par la loi 2004-642 du 14 décembre 2004. Laquelle loi est issue des réformes prescrites par les accords de Linas Marcoussis. Une nouvelle loi a été votée et promulguée le 18 juin 2014 par le Président de la république. Cette loi baisse le nombre des membres de la commission de 31 à 17. Selon l'article 7 de la loi n°2014-335 du 05 juin 2014 portant modification de la loi n°2001-634 du 09 octobre 2001 portant composition, organisation, attributions et fonctionnement de la commission electorale independante (cei), telle que modifiee par la loi n°2004-642 du 14 decembre 2004 et par les decisions n°2005-06/pr du 15 juillet 2005 et n° 2005-11/pr du 29 août 2005 consacre cette indépendance. Selon l'Article 3, « La Commission électorale indépendante veille à l’application du Code électoral et des textes subséquents aussi bien par les autorités administratives que par les partis politiques, les membres de la société civile, les candidats et les électeurs.»","Constitution du 1er Août 2000. Loi 2004-642 du 14 décembre 2004. Articles 1 et 3. http://www.ceici.org/elections/ci/index.php?ivoire=loi. Décision n° 2005-06/PR du 15 juillet 2005 relative à la Commission Electorale Indépendante (CEI).","Il est créé en application de l’article 32 alinéa 4 de la Constitution, une Commission Electorale Indépendante en abrégé CEI, dont les attributions, l’organisation et le fonctionnement sont déterminés par la présente loi. L'article 30 de la Constitution ivoirienne précise que: «l'o..."]
["2014_DJ_19",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",19,100,"Á Djibouti, l’administration des élections est repartie entre deux structures : le ministère de l’intérieur et la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI).  \n\nPour ce qui est du ministère de l’intérieur, la Loi organique No1/AN/92 relative aux  élections n’a pas de disposition fixant un cadre global d’attribution. Les fonctions  d’organisateur de l’élection attribuées au ministère de l’intérieur y sont énumérées de façon éparse.                                                                                                                                                             \n\nLe décret n°2010-0241/PR/MID portant composition et fonctionnement de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante précise en son chapitre 5 les attributions de la CENI. Elle est chargée du contrôle des opérations électorales. Elle a tout pouvoir  d'investigation pour assurer la sincérité du vote.                                      \n\nLa Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) jouit d’une autonomie de gestion du budget alloué pour chaque échéance électorale. Les membres de la CENI sont choisis parmi les personnalités reconnues pour leur compétence, leur probité, leur impartialité, leur moralité et leur sens patriotique.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nPas d'accord (score=0): La loi ne prévoit pas d'indépendance de la CENI vis à vis des autres pouvoirs de l'État. La commission est dite indépendante seulement de nom et les conditions garantissant cette indépendance ne sont pas complètes dans le droit. La composition prévue par le décret du 30 septembre 2002 laisse le choix de ses membres aux pouvoirs exécutif et législatif. Il n'y a pas de place pour toutes les tendances politiques.","Décret n°2002-0198/PR/MID portant création de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), 30 septembre 2002. http://www.presidence.dj/text2005/decr0189pr05.htm\n\nDécret  n°2005-0189/PR/MID portant composition et fonctionnement de la Commission Électorale Régionale Indépendante (CERI), 19 novembre 2005. http://www.presidence.dj/LES%20TEXTES/decr0198pr02.htm","Á Djibouti, l’administration des élections est repartie entre deux structures : le ministère de l’intérieur et la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI).  ..."]
["2014_EG_19",2014,"EG","Egypt",19,100,"The constitution calls for the creation of the High Electoral Committee and the Presidential Election Committee with independent funding.  \n\nArticle 228 of the 2014 Constitution states that the High Electoral Committee and the Presidential Election Committee existing at the time this constitution comes into force shall undertake the full supervision of the first parliamentary and presidential elections following the effective date of the constitution. The funds of the two committees shall be transferred to the National Electoral Commission, immediately upon its formation.\n\nArticle 107  gives the Court of Cassation jurisdiction over the validity of membership in the House of Representatives. Appeals shall be submitted to the Court of Cassation within a period not exceeding 30 days from date on which the final election results are announced. Appeals shall be adjudicated within 60 days from the date of the receipt thereof.\n\nArticle 210 states that appeals brought against the decisions of the HEC are heard by the Supreme Administrative Court, except for appeals pertaining to local elections, which are brought before an administrative court.","2014 Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt\nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdft.\n\nInterview Sabrine Abu Sabaa, Head Spokesperson, Shayfeenkum (election monitoring NGO), July 12-13, 2014 (phone).\n\nSisi President issued a decree to form the Supreme Committee for Election, July 15, 2014, http://cl.s6.exct.net/?qs=69bf7a74944bf06d5d055327162b776d7d16a16fada42b725bbd7210310dda97.","The constitution calls for the creation of the High Electoral Committee and the Presidential Election Committee with independent funding.  ..."]
["2014_GQ_19",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",19,0,"There is no law establishing an independent agency tasked with organizing and monitoring national elections.  Although there is a National Election Commission (Junta Electoral Nacional, JEN) tasked by law with organizing electoral processes, it is an extension of the Ministry of the Interior. \n\nThe Ley Fundamental (2012 constitution), Articles 31 and 34, and the Regulatory Law on Presidential Elections (Ley Reguladora de las Elecciones Presidenciales), (Law No. 5/1995), Article 49, are tasked with regulating the electoral process in Equatorial Guinea. Neither law has created an independent agency tasked with organizing and monitoring elections, or reviewing election results and issuing binding decisions.  \n\nAccording to Law No. 4/2011 (14 July 2011), “Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional,” the Constitutional Court of Equatorial Guinea is tasked with issuing binding results for presidential, legislative and municipal elections, as well as for referendums.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Decree No, 15/2009  (“Por el que se convocan elecciones presidenciales en la República de Guinea Ecuatorial”).   http://guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2009/ELECCCIONESPRESIDENCIALES.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 15/1995 (Reguladora de las Elecciones Presidenciales en la República de Guinea Ecuatorial).\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 4/2011 Ley orgánica del tribunal constitucional, Título I, Capítulo 1, Article (c), 2011, (\"Proclamar los resultados definitivos de las elecciones Presidenciales, Legislativas, Municipales y de Referéndum”). \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Article 33 (2) and Article 56 (1).  \nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea, Political Groups, \"Regulación de los partidos políticos.\" \nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=128","There is no law establishing an independent agency tasked with organizing and monitoring national elections.  Although there is a National Election Commission (Junta Electoral Nacional, JEN) tasked by law with organizing electoral processes, it is an extension of the Ministry of th..."]
["2014_ER_19",2014,"ER","Eritrea",19,100,"Article 58 of the Eritrean Constitution of 1997 stipulates that there shall be an electoral commisssion operating independently, without interference, which shall on the basis of the electoral law determine its mandate. Chapter VII (Article 58) states: \"1) There shall be established an Electoral Commission, operating independently, without interference, which shall, on the basis of the electoral law, ensure that free and fair elections are held and administer their implementation; decide on issues raised in the course of the electoral process; and formulate and implement civic educational programmes relating to elections and other democratic procedures. 2) An Electoral Commissioner shall be appointed by the President with the approval of the National Assembly. 3) The detailed organisation, powers and duties of the Electoral Commission shall be determined by law.\"\n\nThe electoral commission noted in the constitution has never materialized, and there has not been a proclaimed national election. Further, the election law was never adopted. Proclamation 140/2004 is about the election of regional parliamentarians, and it refers to an ad hoc committee that is for regional and local administrative purposes. It has nothing to do with a national election or the election of representatives to the national parliament. \n\nThe election law is in a draft form and has not been issued since the last draft was prepared by the National Election Law Drafting Committee. After the drafting committee came up with a draft law in 2001, some of the committee members were  jailed, and the draft law was never adopted. Some of its members (called G15) who opposed the powers of the president are currently behind bars in undisclosed location. An electoral law ratified in 2002 governs regional parliamentary elections; it is different from the national election law that never took effect after its drafting in 2001.","The Constitution of Eritrea (ratified in 1997)\nhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan040909.pdf\n\nGlobal Integrity is aware the constitution was ratified but not implemented but for the purpose of this study we have decided to accept it as law.\n\nThere is no election law in Eritrea. The election law is in draft form, and it has not been issued since the last draft was prepared by the National Election Law Drafting Committee in early 2001.","Article 58 of the Eritrean Constitution of 1997 stipulates that there shall be an electoral commisssion operating independently, without interference, which shall on the basis of the electoral law determine its mandate. Chapter VII (Article 58) states: \"1) There shall be establishe..."]
["2014_ET_19",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",19,100,"The Establishment Proclamation of the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia declares in Articles 5 and 7 that \"there shall be established a National Election Board independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial manner free and fair election in Federal and State constituencies.\" It further states that the board has the authority to \"investigate, cancel election results, order reelection or order injunction of results when it has credible evidence that a violation of electoral law has occurred.\" Aricle 4 (1) of Proclamation No. 532/2007 states that the board is accountable to the House of Peoples' Representatives and was created as an independent and autonomous organ for conducting elections. \n\nAccording to Article 6 of the amended Proclamation No. 532/1999 EC, the board has nine members who are nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives. The composition of the board members takes into consideration national diversity, gender representation and includes legal professionals. The proclamation also states that board members must be: loyal to the constitution, nonpartisan, professionally competent and known for their good conduct.","Establishment Proclamation of the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 64/1985 E.C.","The Establishment Proclamation of the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia declares in Articles 5 and 7 that \"there shall be established a National Election Board independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial manner free and fair election in Federal and State constituenc..."]
["2014_GA_19",2014,"GA","Gabon",19,100,"Selon l'Article 7 de l'Ordonnance N°004/2006 du 22 août 2006, portant modification et abrogation de certaines dispositions de la loi n°07/96 du 12 mars 1996 portant dispositions communes à toutes les élections politiques, modifiée, «la préparation, l’organisation et l’administration des élections incombent respectivement à l’administration, sous l’autorité du ministre chargé de l’intérieur, et à la Commission Électorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente, en abrégé CENAP.»\n\nCette disposition indique que la CENAP est détachée de la tutelle des trois pouvoirs de l'État. \n\nLes articles 10 et 13 de cette ordonnance établissent le droit de la CENAP à surveiller les élections et à donner suite aux éventuels dysfonctionnements du processus électoral\nArticle 10 nouveau : « il est créé une Commission Nationale Électorale Autonome et Permanente, en abrégé CENAP à laquelle sont confiées l’organisation et l’administration de chaque élection politique et référendaire. Elle veille, en particulier, à leur bonne organisation matérielle et apporte les correctifs nécessaires à tout dysfonctionnement constaté. La CENAP a son siège à Libreville. Elle jouit de l’autonomie de gestion budgétaire». \nArticle 13 nouveau : «La Commission Électorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente est chargée de l’organisation de l’élection et de l’administration du scrutin».","Ordonnance N°004/2006 du 22 août 2006, portant modification et abrogation de certaines dispositions de la loi n°07/96 du 12 mars 1996 portant dispositions communes à toutes les élections politiques, modifiée. http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GA/gabon-ordonnance-nb0004-2006-modifiant-et","Selon l'Article 7 de l'Ordonnance N°004/2006 du 22 août 2006, portant modification et abrogation de certaines dispositions de la loi n°07/96 du 12 mars 1996 portant dispositions communes à toutes les élections politiques, modifiée, «la préparation, l’organisation et l’administratio..."]
["2014_GM_19",2014,"GM","The Gambia",19,0,"Section 42 (1) of the constitution provides that there shall be an independent electoral commission, with the function of supervising and conducting all public elections and referenda and also the registration of voters (s. 43), including the registration of political parties; (d) ensuring that the dates, times and places of public elections and referenda are determined in accordance with law and that they are publicised and elections held accordingly; and (e) ensuring that candidates in elections make a full declaration of their assets at the time of nomination. \n\nSection 43 (3), which establishes its independence, provides that \"In the exercise of its functions under this constitution or any other law, the commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority\".\n\nArticle 44 furthermore specifies independence of the budget proposal (to be presented to the legislative branch), while allowing the executive to comment on the budget proposal. \n\nThe law therefore mandates the Independent Electoral Commission to organize and monitor national elections independent from the executive, legislative and judicial branches. \n\nThe commission does not, however, deal with cases and such decisions. All cases on the conduct of elections and the registration of voters are dealt with by the courts as seen in Section 100 Elections Decree 78.","1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia. Articles 42 (1), 43 (3) and Section 44.\nhttp://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/gambia-constitution.pdf\n\nElections Decree No. 78 of 1996\nhttp://www.iec.gm/files/images/Elections_Decree_78_of_1996.pdf","Section 42 (1) of the constitution provides that there shall be an independent electoral commission, with the function of supervising and conducting all public elections and referenda and also the registration of voters (s. 43), including the registration of political parties; (d) ..."]
["2014_GH_19",2014,"GH","Ghana",19,100,"The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Seven, Articles 46, and 47 - 54 created the Electoral Commission as an independent body not subject to the control or direction of any person or authority. These provisions of the Constitution also grant the Electoral Commission the authority to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard.\n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Seven, Article 46 provides that: \"Except as provided in this Constitution or in any other law not inconsistent with this Constitution, in the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission, shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nAlso, articles 47-54 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana provide that:\n47(5) \"The Electoral Commission shall review the division of Ghana into constituencies at intervals of not less than seven years, or within twelve months after the publication of the enumeration figures after the holding of a census of the population of Ghana, whichever is earlier, and may, as a result, alter the constituencies.\"\n48(1)  \"A person aggrieved by a decision of the Electoral Commission in respect of a demarcation of a boundary, may appeal to a tribunal consisting of three persons appointed by the Chief Justice and the Electoral Commission shall give effect to the decision of the tribunal.\"\n51 \"The Electoral Commission shall, by constitutional instrument, make regulations for the effective performance of its functions under this Constitution or any other law, and in particular, for the registration of voters, the conduct of public elections and referenda, including provision for voting by proxy.\"\n53 \"The appointment of officers and other employees of the Electoral Commission shall be made by the Commission acting in consultation with the Public Services Commission.\"\n54\" The administrative expenses of the Electoral Commission including salaries, allowances and pensions payable to, or in respect of persons serving with the Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.\"","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Seven, Articles 46, and 47 - 54.\na) Link: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst7.html\nb) Link: Official website of the Electoral Commission: http://www.ec.gov.gh/page.php?page=389§ion=41&typ=1","The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Seven, Articles 46, and 47 - 54 created the Electoral Commission as an independent body not subject to the control or direction of any person or authority. These provisions of the Constitution also grant the Electoral Commissi..."]
["2014_GN_19",2014,"GN","Guinea",19,100,"L'article 132 de la Constitution et les articles 1 et 2 du Code électoral disposent des compétences de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dans le processus electoral. La CENI est dotée de la personnalité juridique et de l’autonomie financière.\n\nArticle 132: La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est chargée de l’établissement et de la mise à jour du fichier électoral, de l'organisation, du déroulement et de la supervision des opérations de vote. Elle en proclame les résultats provisoires.\n\nArticle 1 du Code électoral: Il est créé en République de Guinée conformément aux articles 2 et 132 de la Constitution et à l’article 2 du Code électoral, une institution dénommée Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), chargée de l’établissement et de la mise à jour du fichier électoral, de l’organisation, du déroulement, de la supervision des opérations de vote et de la proclamation des résultats provisoires. \n\nArticle 2 de la loi organique (Code électoral): « La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) est l'institution chargée de l'organisation de toutes les élections politiques et du referendum en République de Guinée. Elle est techniquement aidée par les départements ministériels concernés par le processus électoral, notamment, le ministère en charge de l'administration du territoire.\n\nLes cours et tribunaux veillent à la régularité des élections, règlementent le contentieux électoral, et prescrivent toutes mesures qu'ils jugent utiles au bon déroulement des élections.»\n \nSelon les attributions de la CENI telles que fixées par la loi L/2007/013/AN portant sur la Commission EÉlectorale Nationale Indépendante, la CENI a le pouvoir \"d'examiner les questions liées aux élections qui lui sont soumises par les partis politiques ou tite personne y ayant intérêt en vue d'y trouver une solution.\"","Constitution guinéenne. (2010). Articles 132. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf \n\nLoi organique L/ 2010/CNT du 22 AVRIL 2010 révisant la loi organisque n° 91/012/CTRN portant code électoral modifiée par les lois organisques N° L93/038/ et L/95/011CTRN du 12/05/1995 respectivement. (2010). http://www.ceniguinee.org/doc/CodeElectoral_91_012_ctrn.pdf\n\nLoi L/2007/013/AN portant sur la Commission EÉlectorale Nationale Indépendante, article 3. http://www.ceniguinee.org/doc/loiinstituantlaceni.pdf","L'article 132 de la Constitution et les articles 1 et 2 du Code électoral disposent des compétences de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) dans le processus electoral. La CENI est dotée de la personnalité juridique et de l’autonomie financière...."]
["2014_GW_19",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",19,100,"The Law of the National Commission of Elections, 2013, Article 1º - establishes the National Election Commission (Comissão Nacional de Eleições - CNE), which is an independent and permanent body and has as its functions to organize, monitor and run the electoral process. \n\nThe National Elections Commission is an independent and permanent body that works with the national assembly, and is responsible for the oversight, organisation and management of the electoral and referendum process.\n\nMembers of the National Election Commission are unchangeable and independent during the exercise of their functions. It is the responsibility of the National Elections Commission to organize and lead presidential, legislative and municipal elections, as well as referendums and review and publish electoral results.\n\nIn cases where the Regional Judical Court in cases of electoral irregularity does not deliberate in conformity to the electoral registration acts or if the Supreme Court of Justice does not deliberate on other acts of the electoral process in five days, the National Election Commission has the authority to deliberate on such irregularities.","Law N. 12/2013, Law of the National Election Commission, 27 December, 2013.","The Law of the National Commission of Elections, 2013, Article 1º - establishes the National Election Commission (Comissão Nacional de Eleições - CNE), which is an independent and permanent body and has as its functions to organize, monitor and run the electoral process. ..."]
["2014_KE_19",2014,"KE","Kenya",19,0,"The independence of the electoral agency in Kenya is vested in the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act of 2011.\n\nArticles 3, 4, and 26 of the IEBC Act 2011 says Independence of the Commission except as provided in the Constitution, the Commission shall, in the performance of its functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority but shall observe the principle of public participation and the requirement for consultation with stakeholders. \n\nThe Constitution of Kenya 2010 also guarantees the independence of the electoral body.  Article 88. (1) of the constitution says there is established the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. But according to Article 4 of the IEBC Act 2011, the law does not gives the commission the mandate to review elections petitions and disputes subject to the declaration of election results. \n\nHowever the IEBC cannot review election disputes and petitions.","1. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act 2011. http://info.mzalendo.com/media_root/file_archive/INDEPENDENT_ELECTORAL_AND_BOUNDARIES-1.pdf\n\n2. The Constitution of Kenya 2010. This law was promulgated in August 2010. https://www.kenyaembassy.com/pdfs/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya.pdf\n\n3. Harold Ayodo, an advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on June 20, 2014.\n\n4. George Omondi, senior Economy and Politics writer at Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 20, 2014.","The independence of the electoral agency in Kenya is vested in the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Act of 2011...."]
["2014_LS_19",2014,"LS","Lesotho",19,0,"Section 66 of the Constitution of Lesotho as amended in 1997 establishes the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). The commission is made up of a chairperson and two commissioners appointed by the king acting on the advice of the Council of State. This Council of State comprises the Prime Minister, the speaker of the National Assembly, the attorney general, two judges, the commander of the Defence Force, the commissioner of police, a principal chief, a member of the legal profession and a representative of the opposition. The Council of State selects commissioners from a list of no fewer than five names that are jointly nominated by all registered political parties. \n\nThe constitution and Section 5 of the National Assembly Election Order 1992 provide for only personal responsibilities that are necessary to ensure the independence of the commission. Section 5 of the order stipulates that \"for purposes of safeguarding the independence of the electoral commission, every member and every officer of the commission shall perform his functions impartially and independently in good faith and without fear, favour or prejudice.\"\n\nThe IEC does not have the authority to issue binding decisions. It refers all legal matters through the attorney general who is appointed by the king acting on the advice of the Prime Minister. This chain of reporting limits the independence of the IEC from the executive.\n\nThe reporting procedure of the IEC as established by the law does not support its independence from the executive branch. The director of elections answers to the Public Service Commission. Section 144 of the National Assembly Election Act 2011 states that the terms of employment of the director of elections must be determined by Electoral Commission in consultation with the Public Service Commission.","1. The Constitution of Lesotho (Amendment 1997). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. National Assembly Election Order 1992. Part 1: Section 5. http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LS/lesotho-national-assembly-elections-order-1992/view\n\n3. National Assembly Election Act 2011. Chapter 9, Section 125 & 144","Section 66 of the Constitution of Lesotho as amended in 1997 establishes the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). The commission is made up of a chairperson and two commissioners appointed by the king acting on the advice of the Council of State. This Council of State comprises ..."]
["2014_LR_19",2014,"LR","Liberia",19,100,"The National Elections Commission (NEC) is an independent body established by the constitution to conduct elections for all electable positions in government. The NEC has greater autonomy and is independent from all branches of government. NEC is a quasi-court and has the right to handle disputes emanating from elections. Appeals from rulings by NEC goes to the Supreme Court. This means that the NEC is at the level of a circuit court. \n\nCommissioners are appointed by the president but they have to be confirmed by the Senate. They are then commissioned by the president for seven years except for proven misconduct. This process guarantees independence and autonomy to a greater degree. \n\nAlthough the NEC lacks complete financial autonomy, its activities have never been stopped because of the lack of funds. It has a separate account where the Ministry of Finance deposits approved amount in the fiscal budget.","The 1986 Constitution, Chapter X, Article 89 B.,  http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm#chapter7\n\nThe Liberia Electoral Reform Law, http://www.ifes.org/files/liberia/20041222_Electoral_Reform_Law_publication.pdf\n\nThe New Elections Law, Section 2.1 and Section 2.2. http://www.necliberia.org/admin/pg_img/Election%20Law%20Incorporated%202011final.pdf","The National Elections Commission (NEC) is an independent body established by the constitution to conduct elections for all electable positions in government. The NEC has greater autonomy and is independent from all branches of government. NEC is a quasi-court and has the right to ..."]
["2014_MG_19",2014,"MG","Madagascar",19,100,"L'Article 5 de la Constitution de la IVème République du 11 décembre 2010 prévoit la mise en place d’une structure indépendante pour s’occuper de l’organisation et de la gestion de toutes les opérations électorales.\n \n L'article 2 de la Loi n° 2012-004 du 01 Février 2012 fixant l’organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante pour la Transition (CENI-T) précise l’indépendance de la commission chargée d’assurer le bon déroulement de l’élection: « La Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante est un organe collégial chargé de l’organisation et de la gestion, en toute indépendance, neutralité et impartialité de tout le processus électoral pendant la période de transition….Elle jouit de l’autonomie administrative et financière. La loi organique n°2012-005 du 22 Mars 2012 portant Code électoral rappelle encore cette autonomie administrative.\n \n La loi fixe le droit, l’autorité et le mandat de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI). En effet, selon la Loi n°2012-004, les principales attributions de la CENI sont :\n - Organiser et superviser les opérations électorales\n - Traiter et publier les résultats provisoires des élections\n - Faire respecter la législation électorale sur l’ensemble du territoire national\n - Contribuer à l’élaboration du cadre juridique relatif au processus électoral.\n \n En outre, selon l’Article 166 du Code électoral, la CENI peut poursuivre les auteurs des infractions énumérées au code. Par ailleurs, les membres de la CENI ont qualité d’agent verbalisateur pour constater les infractions électorales. Les infractions ainsi constatées sont transmises aux juridictions compétentes, dont la Commission Electorale Spéciale qui statue en dernier lieu avant de publier les résultats finaux des élections.","Constitution de la IVème République du 11 décembre 2010. http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm  Loi n° 2012-004 du 01 février 2012 fixant organisation, le fonctionnement et les attributions de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante pour la Transition (www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/Loi_2012-004_CENIT.pdf‎)  Loi organique n°2012-005 du 22 mars 2012 portant Code électoral, www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/cod_electoral_2012_005.pdf‎","L'Article 5 de la Constitution de la IVème République du 11 décembre 2010 prévoit la mise en place d’une structure indépendante pour s’occuper de l’organisation et de la gestion de toutes les opérations électorales...."]
["2014_MU_19",2014,"MU","Mauritius",19,0,"Section 40 of the constitution states that there must be an electoral commissioner who is nominated by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission. Section 40 (3) stresses that: “(…) in the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the electoral commissioner shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.”\n\nThe constitution also states that there must be an electoral boundaries commission to determine the constituency boundaries prior to elections as well as an electoral supervisory commission to supervise and monitor the conduct of elections. The two commissions are appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister, the leader of the opposition and any other leader of parties present in the National Assembly if the president thinks it is necessary. Moreover, Section 38 (3) states that: “No person shall be qualified for appointment as a member of the Electoral Boundaries Commission or the Electoral Supervisory Commission if he is a member of, or a candidate for election to, the Assembly or any local authority or a public officer or a local government officer.” \n\nThe Office of the Electoral Commissioner, the Electoral Supervisory Commission and the Electoral Boundaries Commission are commissions that do not fall under the aegis of any ministry or of the National Assembly.\n\nIn the Constitution it is mentioned that the Commission shall have such powers and other functions relating to such registration and such elections as may be prescribed. However those powers and functions haven’t been prescribed in some other laws as they should have been. As things are now, they do not have the power or resources to investigate, verify, check, control, to sanction and take appropriate measures where offences or malpractices have taken place.","Name of the law(s): The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius  \n• Year passed: 1968 \n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Sections 38 and 40 \n• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://mauritiusassembly.gov.mu/English/constitution/Pages/Constitution-Contd1.aspx\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf ","Section 40 of the constitution states that there must be an electoral commissioner who is nominated by the Judicial and Legal Service Commission. Section 40 (3) stresses that: “(…) in the exercise of his functions under this constitution, the electoral commissioner shall not be sub..."]
["2014_NG_19",2014,"NG","Nigeria",19,0,"Section 158 (1) of the Nigerian Constitution grants the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) independence as stated below: \n\n\"In exercising its power to make appointments or to exercise disciplinary control over persons, the Code of Conduct Bureau, the National Judicial Council, the Federal Civil Service Commission, the Federal Judicial Service Commission, the Revenue Mobilisation and Fiscal Commission, the Federal Character Commission, and the Independent National Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.\"\n\nINEC's powers to conduct key elections lies in Section 15 (a), which states that the commission shall: \"organise, undertake and supervise all elections to the offices of the president and vice-president, the governor and deputy governor of a state, and to the membership of the senate, the House of Representatives and the house of assembly of each state of the federation.\"\n\nHowever, INEC has no powers to receive complaints and issue binding decisions on electoral matters. All enforcement of electoral cases fall to the courts. There is no section of the Electoral Act or Constitution that gives INEC any such powers, and all disputes are settled in court. Specifically, Sections 133 upward, outline that disputes go to election tribunals and courts.\n\nINEC lacks clear, substantive legal mandate to hear disputes, and to pursue and punish. The best the law allows INEC on non-electoral issues is to investigate and publicize. Powers of sanctions are not with INEC in most cases. The closest to sanctions, perhaps, is INEC's powers to de-register a political party -- that happens essentially on account of whether an organization has/has not met stipulated requirements to be a political party.\n\nOn other matters, the commission can probe, if it wishes, and then make its findings open for anyone to seek sanctions from the court. \n\nThis is the same for finances. The law says INEC can investigate the parties for compliance, and can trigger audits, but nothing more.  Although there are penalties found in the Electoral Act, it is difficult to evaluate how they have been utilized by INEC, even on account of precedents, since the commission itself has repeatedly admitted not doing anything on finance in the past.\n\nWhatever maneuvering INEC makes with regards to its power to investigate or punish, is not derived from the Electoral Act, but the Constitution's general provisions. This states as follows:\n\nThird Schedule(Section 15). The Commission shall have power to -\n(c) monitor the organisation and operation of the political parties, including their finances;\n(d) arrange for the annual examination and auditing of the funds and accounts of political parties, and publish a report on such examination and audit for public information;\n (f) monitor political campaigns and provide rules and regulations which shall govern the political parties;","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Section 158 (1) and Schedule F.\nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1","Section 158 (1) of the Nigerian Constitution grants the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) independence as stated below: ..."]
["2014_SC_19",2014,"SC","Seychelles",19,0,"According to Article 115 of the constitution, the electoral commissioner is appointed by the president from candidates nominated by the Constitutional Appointments Authority. Article 115 states, \"(1) There shall be an electoral commission which shall perform the functions conferred upon it by this Constitution. (2) Subject to this Constitution the Electoral Commission shall not, in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.\"\n\nAccording to Articles 116 and 118 of the constitution, and  Articles 2 (3) and 29 of the Political Parties Act, the electoral commissioner is broadly responsible for the conduct and supervision of voter registration, the conduct and supervision of elections and referenda, the delimitation of constituencies, the monitoring of election campaigns, the review of existing legislation governing electoral matters, the making of recommendations to the government, and the registration and public financing of political parties. \n\nNomination of members of the Electoral Commission are made by the Constitutional Appointments Authority, but the final appointment decision of its members is made by the president. \n\nHowever, the Electoral Commission does not have the authority to review and decide on election cases.","1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles, article 115:\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400  Elections Act, chapter 68A, 3.(1):\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SC/seychelles-electoral-act-1996.\n\n Office of the Electoral Commission:\nhttp://www.ecs.sc/pages/aboutus/Default.aspx.\n\nAdditional Information from the Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa:\nhttp://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/sey4.htm.","According to Article 115 of the constitution, the electoral commissioner is appointed by the president from candidates nominated by the Constitutional Appointments Authority. Article 115 states, \"(1) There shall be an electoral commission which shall perform the functions conferred..."]
["2014_SZ_19",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",19,0,"The constitution sets up an “independent” body and Subsection 13 affirms that the body is not subject to control by any person or authority. However, the law is silent on the cases to be heard and whether the commission's decisions are binding.\n\nThe establishment of an Elections and Boundaries Commission is included in the Swaziland Constitution in the chapter devoted to the legislature. The provision calls for the king to appoint the committee members based on the recommendations of the Judicial Services Committee, whose members he also picks. The appointment arrangement has called into question the independence of the elections commission.","Constitution of Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter VII, Part 1 (c), 2006 http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=217889,","The constitution sets up an “independent” body and Subsection 13 affirms that the body is not subject to control by any person or authority. However, the law is silent on the cases to be heard and whether the commission's decisions are binding...."]
["2014_ZM_19",2014,"ZM","Zambia",19,100,"Article 76 of the constitution creates the Electoral Commission and states that it is an autonomous body mandated \"to supervise the registration of voters, to conduct Presidential and Parliamentary elections and to review the boundaries of the constituencies into which Zambia is divided for the purposes of elections to the National Assembly.\"\n\nThe Electoral Commission Act establishes in Article 2 that the commission is impartial and independent. The same article also empowers the commission to \"adjudicate disputes which may arise from the organisation, administration or conducting of elections and which are of an administrative nature.\"\n\nSection 111 of the act states that the commission has powers to \"facilitate the establishment of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for the management of electoral disputes,\" and Section 129 gives it the authority to delineate and regulate the rules of electoral processes.\n\nFurther, under Section 93 of the same act, only the High Court has the final authority to review and invalidate electoral results. The commission itself has the mandate to substantively monitor material proceedings or wrongdoings during the elections.\n\nAccording to Articles 18-20 of the Electoral Commission Act, there is an Electoral Court that shall review the decisions of the commission and may hear appeals of the commission's decisions \"in so far as such decision[s] relate[s] to the interpretation of any law or any other matter for which an appeal is provided by law.\"\n\nThe commission has the mandate of \"holding power to account through issuing guidelines and procedures that actors have to adhere to, and the commission is empowered to condemn them when they break the rules, as well as through assisting the courts with necessary information and other corporation in legal cases.\"\n\n\nReviewer comment:\nTo clarify, the electoral body does not monitor elections. Instead, the law mandates NGOs and other observer teams to do so. The role of the electoral body is to organise and conduct elections.","The Electoral Act of 2006, Article 103, 111, 129 etc.\nhttp://www.elections.org.zm/media/electoral__act_2006.pdf\n\nConstitution of Zambia, 1996, Article 76 (1), Page 51, Electoral Commission.\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1\n\nElectoral Commission Act of 1996, Chapters 2 and 9.\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZM/Electoral%20Commissions%20Act%201996.pdf/view","Article 76 of the constitution creates the Electoral Commission and states that it is an autonomous body mandated \"to supervise the registration of voters, to conduct Presidential and Parliamentary elections and to review the boundaries of the constituencies into which Zambia is di..."]
["2014_BF_20",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",20,50,"La sélection des membres de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante se fait sur la base de critères définis. Le principe est que chaque tendance politique (opposition, majorité) est représentée en plus de la société civile et les représentants des religions et des coutumiers. \n\nSelon Monsieur SANOU, secrétaire général du Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP) «cette composition plurielle» est le signe qu'un «effort est quand même fait à ce niveau. Mais au délà, la question de mérite au sens propre du terme ne peut pas être considérée ici, car chaque bord choisi son représentant sans tenir compte forcément d'une quelconque formation juridique. Mais au moins, la sélection est équitable et respecte les normes prescrites.»\n \nC'est aussi, l'avis de Me SANKARA, député, président de l'Union Pour la Renaissance/Parti Sankariste (UNIR/PS) pour qui le système de sélection renforce l'indépendance de l'organe mais pas son autonomie, car il dépend toujours de l'exécutif en la matière. C'est donc un point de vue mitigé pour tous nos interlocuteurs même si tous sont d'avis que le principe d'indépendance est respecté.","SANKARA Bénéwendé Stanislas, député, président de l’Union Pour la Renaissance/Parti Sankariste (UNIR/PS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nSANOU Aly, secrétaire général, Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10 juillet 2014.\n\nOUOBA Boukari, journaliste d’investigations, reporter, journal Mutations, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 19 juin 2014.","La sélection des membres de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante se fait sur la base de critères définis. Le principe est que chaque tendance politique (opposition, majorité) est représentée en plus de la société civile et les représentants des religions et des coutumier..."]
["2014_CF_20",2014,"CF","CAR",20,75,"La République Centrafricaine a adopté un nouveau Code électoral en 2013 et un nouveau bureau chargé d'organiser les élections. L’Autorité Nationale des Elections comprend sept membres dont au moins deux femmes. \n\nLes critères de désignation et  de  nomination  des membres de l’Autorité Nationale des Elections en République Centrafricaine ne sont pas clairement définis ou mentionnés dans le code électoral. Il est dit que les candidat(e)s sont proposé(e)s par les partis politiques, les pouvoirs publics et la société civile selon des critères de compétence, de probité, de neutralité et d’indépendance vis-à-vis des pouvoirs publics et des partis politiques. Un comité représentatif de ces entités procède à la sélection des candidat(e)s répondant le mieux à ces critères et ayant fait l’objet de consensus. Le Chef de l'État de la Transition nomme les candidat(e)s retenus consensuellement par un décret pris en Conseil des ministres. Fort ce qui précède,  tous les membres de l’ANE sont déjà nommés et ils sont opérationnels depuis l’année passée (décembre 2013). \n\nLe favoritisme pourrait exister au moment de désignation des membres  des partis politiques. Mais, cela pourrait être décelé par le comité de sélection car celui-ci a la mission de vérifier les compétences requises des candidats  proposés par les partis politiques et autre structures nationales avant la validation par le Chef de l’Etat par un décret. \n\nD'après les personnes interrogées, cette nouvelle approche de nomination des membres du bureau de l'Autorité Nationale des Elections garantit leur indépendance contrairement à l'ancien code qui prévoyait 31 membres répartis inégalement entre les acteurs (parti au pouvoir, administration, parti politique et société civile). En outre, le Président de la Commission électorale mixte était désigné et nommé par le Président de la République en outrepassant les critères de mérite. Ce qui signifie qu'il y a une réforme en ce qui concerne le mode de désignation des membres de l'ANE.","ZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, Conseiller national (Député), coordonnateur de l'observatoire des élections, coordonnateurs adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme, interview du 1 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nKPEOU Cesaire Richard, juriste de formation, chef de département de l'Insititut Universitaire de Gestion des Entreprises (IUGE) à l'université de Bangui, président de l'observatoire des élections et de la démocratie, interview du 1 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKPONGABA Bernard, président de la Commission « opérations électorales », interview du 4 juillet 2014, Bangui","La République Centrafricaine a adopté un nouveau Code électoral en 2013 et un nouveau bureau chargé d'organiser les élections. L’Autorité Nationale des Elections comprend sept membres dont au moins deux femmes. ..."]
["2014_DJ_20",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",20,0,"Les nominations des membres de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI)  sont faites par le gouvernement et le pouvoir législatif. Ses membres sont souvent des fonctionnaires et par conséquent ne sont pas indépendants, c'est le ministre de l’intérieur qui les propose. C'est donc une nomination à la discrétion du gouvernement. \n\nLes membres de surveillance des élections sont nommés sur instruction du ministère de l’intérieur et les représentants des partis de l'opposition ne sont pas nombreux à cause de leur quota limité par le décret.\n\nLa composition de la commisison électorale est d'ailleurs la raison pour laquelle le dialogue destiné à résoudre la crise politique post-élections législatives de février 2013 entre gouvernement et opposition demeure bloqué jusqu'à ce jour. Le principal point de mésentente entre le gouvernement et l'opposition est celui relatif à l'indépendance de la commission électorale, notamment sa composition et le mode de désignation de ses membres. L'opposition, malgré les dix sièges qu'elle a obtenu selon les résultats officiels des législatives de 2013 qu'elle conteste, refuse de siéger au Parlement. Elle exige une réforme de la commission électorale au préalable.","KENEDID Ibrahim, president du syndicat de journaliste djiboutien, 5 juillet 2014.\n\nILTIREH Said, ancien membre du cabinet du maire, 5 juillet 2014.\n\nSOULDAN Farah, membre de la liste indépendante à Ali sabieh pour les elections locales de 2012, 5 juillet 2014.\n\nGUELLEH Abdourahman Mohamed, militant d'un parti d'opposition, novembre 2014.\n\nISMAIL Ali, journaliste, novembre 2014. \n\nABDIRAZAK Omar, militant de la société civile, novembre 2014.","Les nominations des membres de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI)  sont faites par le gouvernement et le pouvoir législatif. Ses membres sont souvent des fonctionnaires et par conséquent ne sont pas indépendants, c'est le ministre de l’intérieur qui les propose...."]
["2014_ER_20",2014,"ER","Eritrea",20,0,"An independent National Election Commission does not exist. An election commission was established  by the last convened National Assembly in January 2002. The main task of the commission was to oversee the 2004 regional election, and thereafter it ceased to exist. The election commission was composed of members of the ruling party's political bureau and was headed by former secretary general of the current ruling party.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 4, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 9, 2014\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","An independent National Election Commission does not exist. An election commission was established  by the last convened National Assembly in January 2002. The main task of the commission was to oversee the 2004 regional election, and thereafter it ceased to exist. The election com..."]
["2014_GW_20",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",20,50,"The 2013 revision to the electoral law has improved and in fact guaranteed a merit-selection system in what concerns the appointments of the highest electoral officials. The appointments to the current executive secretariat of the National Commission of Elections was transparent because presently the law stipulates that their members must be judges and/or magistrates and have to be elected by two-thirds of the members of the National Popular Assembly. \n\nHowever,  the appointments to the presidency of the regional electoral commissions were questionable since the public contest was done in a rush just to justify that it was done and these appointments did not guarantee a merit-based selection.\n\nNonetheless it was equally reported that after various pressures by political parties to open a public contest, the CNE did so but those who passed were exactly the same who held the postions previously. This was the case because they had previous trainings and preparations and therefore did better in the examination and curricular appreciation. Due to time constraints and practical reasons the public contest was done quickly and the same people ended up appointed.\n\nCurrently the electoral law is being revised and this may be an issue that will come up in discussions and be altered.","1. Interview with the President of the National Election Commission, Augusto Mendes, Cousellour-Judge, 21 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Coordinator of the EU - PAANE, Support programme for Non-State Actors, Sonia Moreno, 21 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissa.u\n\n3. Interview with Campaign Director of a political party (PRS) and member of parliament, Baltasar Cardoso, 21 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Interview with anonymous source, consultant, 21 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The 2013 revision to the electoral law has improved and in fact guaranteed a merit-selection system in what concerns the appointments of the highest electoral officials. The appointments to the current executive secretariat of the National Commission of Elections was transparent be..."]
["2014_KE_20",2014,"KE","Kenya",20,50,"The current team of commissioners was approved through a Parliamentary process and later appointed by retired President Mwai Kibaki in exercise of the powers conferred on the President by paragraph seven of the First Schedule to the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011, as read with section 5 of the Act.\n\nThere has however been widespread debate over the impartiality or independence of the current team of officials of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). Several civil society groups and the opposition Coalition for Reforms and Democracy (CORD) have called for the disbandment of the present IEBC team for alleged partiality during the March 2013 General Elections. Though evidence of IEBC's partiality has however not come through, it is clear that a team of individuals nominated through a political process most likely comes with partisan interests. \n\nPerceptions of partiality and lack of integrity led to loss of public confidence in the defunct ECK which negatively impacted on the 2007 election. That was largely a result of the manner of the appointment of commissioners of the defunct ECK prior to the 2007 General Election. The ECK could simply not deliver when it mattered most, leading a bloody conflict following the 2007 presidential election results.","1. Dave Opiyo, a seniour politics writer with the Daily Nation Newspaper. Interviewed on June 25, 2014.\n\n2. \"We’re going nowhere, says IEBC chairman\". An article by Irene Githinji, published by the People Newspaper on June 24, 2014.\n http://www.mediamaxnetwork.co.ke/thepeople/86220/going-nowhere-says-iebc-chairman.\n\n3. \"CORD takes petition to have IEBC commissioners removed to Parliament\". A story by James Mbaka published in the April 29, 2014 edition of the Standard Newspaper.\nRead more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000110490/cord-takes-petition-to-have-iebc-commissioners-removed-to-parliament.\n\n4. \"Letter from Kenya's Civil Society Organizations to the African Union\". The letter was written in October 2013 and also published in the January 2014 Newsletter Edition by the Africa Centre for Open Governance(AfriCog). http://africog.org/partners/letter_to_AU_from_Kenyan_CSOs.\n\n5. \"IEBC under fire as James Oswago responds to ‘Jicho Pevu’ tape\". Story By GEOFFREY MOSOKU and FAITH RONOH Published in the April 22, 2014 edition of the Standard Newspaper.\nRead more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000109957&story_title=iebc-under-fire-as-oswago-responds-to-jicho-pevu/\n\n6. \"Constitutional Commissions in Kenya Experiences, Challenges and Lessons\". A paper by Prof Ben Sihanya , JSD (Stanford) Scholar, Intellectual Property, Constitutionalism & Education Law\nUniversity of Nairobi Law School & Professor-in-residence, Public Intellectual & Advocate.\nThe paper was presented at a Conference on State Implementation of the Constitution since 2010 at Nairobi's Laico Regency on  November 20, 2013.\nhttp://www.fes-kenya.org/media/publications/Constitutional%20Commissions%20-%20Prof.%20Ben%20Sihanya.pdf\n\n7. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act 2011. This law commenced in 2011.\n\n8. Kenya National  Human Rights Commission(KNHRC) 2012/13 annual report published on April 11, 2014.\n\n9. End of Project Evaluation of the Support to Implementation for Resultant National Processes From National Dialogue and Reconciliation Project. Published by UNDP on January 2014\n\n10. \"MP opposes calls to disband poll agency\".  An article by Tobias Chianji published by the Standard Newspaper on May 6, 2014.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000111083","The current team of commissioners was approved through a Parliamentary process and later appointed by retired President Mwai Kibaki in exercise of the powers conferred on the President by paragraph seven of the First Schedule to the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission A..."]
["2014_ML_20",2014,"ML","Mali",20,0,"Les nominations au sein de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) ne renforcent pas son indépendance. Les agents électoraux sont rarement choisis suivant des systèmes de sélection basés sur le mérite. Le système de sélection au sein des partis ne tient pas forcément compte des critères de qualité pour les postes en question. \n\nSelon l’article 4  du Code Electoral, la CENI compte quinze (15) membres. Les textes indiquent clairement que l’équité soit établie au sein de l’organe : Cinq (5) pour le gouvernement et sa majorité, cinq (5) pour la société civile et cinq (5) pour l’opposition. Mais la réalité est toute autre. La composition actuelle de la CENI accorde huit (8) places à la majorité parlementaire et trois (3) pour l’opposition et 4 à la société civile.\n\nLes membres du comité central de la CENI sont recommandés par les partis politiques et la société civile. Ceux-ci forment eux même, à l'interne, le bureau exécutif. D'autres agents, plusieurs centaines, sont envoyés sur le terrain le jour du scrutin pour reccueillir les chiffres de chaque bureau de vote. \n\nPar ailleurs, indique Ibrahima Sangho, président du Réseau d'Appui au Processus Electoral au Mali (réseau APEM), il arrive aussi que le président de la CENI choisisse certains de ses proches, même si ceux-ci n'ont pas la compétence requise.","BOLLY Moussa, journaliste, journal Les Échos, 28 juin 2014.\n\t\nSANGHO Ibrahima, président, Réseau d'Appui au Processus Electoral au Mali (réseau APEM), 28 juin 2014.\n\t\nDIAMOUNTÉNÉ Mamadou, président, Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), 28 juin 2014.","Les nominations au sein de la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) ne renforcent pas son indépendance. Les agents électoraux sont rarement choisis suivant des systèmes de sélection basés sur le mérite. Le système de sélection au sein des partis ne tient pas forcément..."]
["2014_MA_20",2014,"MA","Morocco",20,0,"Although it is known that all civil servants working at the Ministry of Interior follow the general civil service recruitment guideline, with no specific provision for those working on supervising elections, it is unclear how appointment are made at the ministry for the functions relating to the organization of elections.","Pr Ali Boufous - Jurist, Lecturer and specialist of public and constitutional laws- phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nMohamed Jaabouk, \"Maroc: Le ministere de l'interieurs écarté Benkirane de la supervision des élections Prochaines\", June 13th, 2014 http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/26811/maroc-ministere-l-interieur-ecarte-benkirane.html ( last checked 13/07/2014).\n\nTaoufiq Bouachrine, \"Signes inquiétants pour l’élection communale à venir\", June 12th, 2014 - http://www.panorapost.com/signes-inquietants-pour-lelection-communale-a-venir-par-taoufiq-bouachrine-1/.\n\nhttp://www.panorapost.com/signes-inquietants-pour-lelection-communale-a-venir-par-taoufiq-bouachrine-1/.","Although it is known that all civil servants working at the Ministry of Interior follow the general civil service recruitment guideline, with no specific provision for those working on supervising elections, it is unclear how appointment are made at the ministry for the functions r..."]
["2014_ST_20",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",20,50,"The National Electoral Commission is composed of a chairman and a secretary chosen by the National Assembly. \n\nThe parliamentary groups present their candidates and a vote is taken. During the period of study, the leadership of the NEC, elected in 2010, had not changed. Each party in parliament also selects a representative. The government picks three new members from the ministries of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation, Media, and Public Administration, State Reform & Territorial Administration. There are no objective criteria for these appointments.  \n\nUnder Law No. 12/90, the National Electoral Commission operates on an ad hoc basis. It is constituted 90 days prior to an election (referendum, voter registration or elections), and its activities end 30 days after the publication of the results.","Interview with Dr. Victor Correia, chairman, National Electoral Commission, Jan. 21, 2015. \n\nPhone interview with Boa Morte, ADI Party representative, National Electoral Commission, Jan. 30, 2015. \n\nPhone interview with Olinto Menezes, Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation representative, National Electoral Commission, Jan. 30, 2015.\n\nElections Commissions, Law No. 12/90. \nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/xknyle6xzm6v6yz/LEI%2012%2090.pdf?dl=0","The National Electoral Commission is composed of a chairman and a secretary chosen by the National Assembly. ..."]
["2014_ZA_20",2014,"ZA","South Africa",20,100,"Commissioners of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) are appointed through independent mechanisms and on a merit-based system. \n\nThe IEC  is a Chapter 9 Institution created under the constitution. Unlike other Chapter 9 institutions such as the Public Protector, the commissioners of the IEC are not appointed in a parliamentary process. They are appointed by the president, on the recommendations of a National Assembly committee which is proportionally composed of members of all parties represented in the Assembly. This particular committee cannot appoint whoever they want. They have to appoint the five commissioners from a list of no less than eight recommended candidates submitted by a panel of external experts. This panel consists of the chief justice as the chairperson, a representative of the SA Human Rights Commission, a representative of the Commission on Gender Equality, and the Public Protector.\n\nResearcher Karin Alexander said that the way members of the IEC are appointed confirms the organisation's independence. \"The process is thorough, and does not allow for instance the head of state to make his choice. I think the IEC is an organisation of integrity.\" \n\nThe debacle around commission chairperson Pansy Tlakula, found guilty of misconduct/conflict of interest in 2013 by the Public Protector, did taint the independent reputation of the body in 2013. However, the fact that the IEC in 2014 has called for Tlakula's removal made up for that.\n\nThe most problematic aspects was an \"undisclosed conflict of interest\" with regards to the lease for the commission's new offices, between Tlakula and ANC prominent figure and businessperson Thaba Mufamadi - who has a stake in the property through his company Manaka Property. In addition, the two are alleged to be romantically involved. In 2006, it has been reported that Tlakula was Mufamadi's business partner in a mining logistics company (Lehotsa Investment).\n\nThe IEC was briefly tainted by this, particularly when an ad-hoc parliamentary committee decided to let Tlakula off the hook. “We are going to draft a report that says it is not within our competency to take any action; that any remedial action proposed in her [Madonsela’s] report will be dealt with in our report,” committee chairman Luwellyn Landers was quoted in the press, adding that it would be illegal for the committee to take any action based on Madonsela’s report. “It will simply say something to the effect that treasury, the commission and home affairs need to tighten up any procurement processes in the commission and that’s it.”\n\nIn 2014, the Electoral Court (which overseas the IEC) recommended that the National Assembly should remove Tlakula from her position due to misconduct. This verdict has solidified the IEC's independence as well as the notion that IEC commissioners are hired and fired based on their actions, not their political ties for instance.","Interview with democracy researcher and analyst Karin Alexander (19 June 2014).\n\nRestoring the Electoral Commission: What happens next? (Pierre de Vos, Daily Maverick,  September 30, 2013) http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2013-08-30-restoring-the-electoral-commission-what-happens-next/#.UoC-e5QpZKk\n\nTreasury report slams IEC deal, confirms Madonsela's findings (Verashni Pilay / Mail & Guardian /  18 March 2014), http://mg.co.za/article/2014-03-18-treasury-report-slams-iec-deal-confirms-madonselas-findings\n\nIEC to Study Electoral Court Judgement (SABreaking News / 16 June 2014), http://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2014/06/19/iec-to-study-electoral-court-judgement/\n\nElectoral Court recommends Parliament removes IEC chair Tlakula (Mail & Guardian / 18 June 2014), http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-18-electoral-court-recommends-parly-removes-iec-chair-tlakula","Commissioners of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) are appointed through independent mechanisms and on a merit-based system. ..."]
["2014_TG_20",2014,"TG","Togo",20,50,"Les agents électoraux sont en cours de sélection par la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) en prévision des élections présidentielles de 2015.\n \n Les agents électoraux sont recrutés par la CENI, ce qui n’a pas manqué de soulever une polémique lors du recensement préélectoral d’octobre 2012. Sur les 17 membres que compte la CENI, 5 sièges sont revenus à la majorité présidentielle, 5 à l’opposition parlementaire, 3 pour les partis politiques extraparlementaires, 3 pour la société civile et 1 siège pour l’administration publique. D’un point de vue général, la composition des membres n’a pas beaucoup évolué par rapport aux membres qui avaient composé l’ancienne CENI. Il n'y a visiblement pas eu de contestation au niveau des qualifications.\n \n Néanmoins, si le pouvoir a pu placer certains de ses éléments à la CENI, aucune contestation n’a été émise à ce sujet lors des dernières élections législatives de juillet 2013. \n \n En prévision des prochaines élections (présidentielles en l’occurrence), il a été recommandé à la CENI de renforcer les capacités des agents électoraux placés dans les bureaux de vote, afin que le contrôle du scrutin ne soit plus considéré comme une « mission improvisée ».","DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 11 juillet 2014.\n \n alome.com, 27 juin 2014, «ANPE, recrutement Ceni-Togo 2014». \n http://news.alome.com/h/22560.html\n \n BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n \n koaci.com, Aghu, 5 août 2013, «Togo : Grogne des agents des bureaux de vote après les législatives»","Les agents électoraux sont en cours de sélection par la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) en prévision des élections présidentielles de 2015.\n ..."]
["2014_DZ_21",2014,"DZ","Algeria",21,25,"La commission nationale de surveillance des élections est composée  de représentants des partis politiques. Pour ce qui est de la commission nationale de supervision des élections, ses membres sont désignés par le Président de la République. Ce faisant, ils ne sont pas à l'abri des ingérences politiques dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions.","OUALI Djafar, membre fondateur de la Ligue Algérienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’homme (LADDH), président de bureau de wilaya de la LADDH, Saida, 31 août 2014\n\nInstallation officielle de la Commission nationale de surveillance de l'élection présidentielle, APS, 18/03/2014 \nhttp://www.aps.dz/dossier-election-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-2014/3121-installation-officielle-de-la-commission-nationale-de-surveillance-de-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle\n\nBelaiz dit « non » à une commission indépendante pour la surveillance de l’élection présidentielle, Abbes Zineb, algerie1, 28/11/2013\nhttp://www.algerie1.com/actualite/belaiz-dit-non-a-une-commission-independante-pour-la-surveillance-de-lelection-presidentielle/\n\nM. Boutbik appelle toutes les parties concernées à assurer la transparence et la régularité du scrutin, APS, 17/04/2014\nhttp://www.aps.dz/dossier-election-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-2014/4684-m-boutbik-appelle-toutes-les-parties-concern%C3%A9es-%C3%A0-assurer-la-transparence-et-la-r%C3%A9gularit%C3%A9-du-scrutin\n\nBan Ki-moon félicite l’Algérie pour la tenue pacifique des élections présidentielles, APS, 24/04/2014\nhttp://www.aps.dz/dossier-election-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-2014/5014-ban-ki-moon-f%C3%A9licite-l%E2%80%99alg%C3%A9rie-pour-la-tenue-pacifique-des-%C3%A9lections-pr%C3%A9sidentielles\n\nInstallation de la commission nationale de surveillance de l’élection présidentielle, APS, Youtube, 18/03/2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaBv8qDKkJY\n\nA quoi va servir la commission nationale de supervision de l’election presidentielle 2014 ?, Elyas Nour, Algerie focus, 22/01/2014\nhttp://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/01/a-quoi-va-servir-la-commission-nationale-de-supervision-de-lelection-presidentielle-de-2014/\n\nD’énormes indemnités « illégales » pour les membres de la commission de surveillance des elections, Elyas Nour, Algerie Focus, 19/03/2014\nhttp://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/03/denormes-indemnites-illegales-pour-les-membres-de-la-commission-de-surveillance-des-elections/\n\nLa commission de supervision de l'élection installée jeudi, Elwatan 2014 avec APS, 22/01/2014, http://elwatan2014.com/actu/item/574-la-commission-de-supervision-de-l-election-installee-jeudi\n\nBOUTEFLIKA NOURRIT LA CONFUSION ENTRE LE CANDIDAT ET LE PRÉSIDENT, Les 5 autres candidats dénoncent des dépassements, A. B, El Watan, 1/04/2014\nhttp://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/pol/presidentielles_2014/depassements_denonces.htm\n\nMISSION D’OBSERVATION DE L’UNION AFRICAINE POUR L’ELECTION PRESIDENTIELLE DU 17 AVRIL 2014 EN REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRAT, DECLARATION PRELIMINAIRE, 19/04/2014\n http://www.content.eisa.org.za/pdf/alg2014au2.pdf\n\nCommission de surveillance (Cnisep) :170 recours enregistrés, ZOHRA Chender, Algerie news, 18/04/2014, http://www.algerienews.info/170-recours-enregistres/","La commission nationale de surveillance des élections est composée  de représentants des partis politiques. Pour ce qui est de la commission nationale de supervision des élections, ses membres sont désignés par le Président de la République. Ce faisant, ils ne sont pas à l'abri des..."]
["2014_BI_21",2014,"BI","Burundi",21,0,"La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) n'est pas à l'abri des ingérences politiques, parce que la procédure de nomination de ses membres n'assure pas son indépendance.  \n\nSelon les personnes interrogées, la CENI n'est pas pas protégée des ingérences politiques parce que les membres sont comme des mandataires d’un seul parti (le parti au pouvoir) et la CENI est toujours soumises aux spéculations politiciennes.\n\nPour Léonce NGENDAKUMANA, président de l'Alliance des Démocrates pour le Changement ADC-IKIBIRI, la Commision Électorale Nationale Indépendante a été reconduite afin d'organiser les élections de 2015 bien que les résultats des élections de 2010 organisée par la même commission ont été contestés. Cela signifie que les membres de cette commission travaillent pour le compte du parti au pouvoir, qui les nomme.                                                                                                      \n\nLes membres de la Commission Nationale Indépendante sont nommés pour un mandat de cinq non renouvelable (Article 19 du décret n°100/76 du 2 mars 2012 portant organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante). \n\nDurant leur mandat, ils jouissent d’une immunité des poursuites reconnus aux parlementaires en exercice (Article 12 du même décret).","GAKWAVU Juvénal, secrétaire exécutif du parti UPRONA (Union pour le Progrès National), bureau de l’UPRONA, 18 août 2014. \n\nMWAGAZI Innocent, secrétaire permanent du parti MRC RURENZANGEMERO, 20 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nNGENDAKUMANA Léonce, président de l'Alliance des Démocrates pour le Changement ADC IKIBIRI, interview téléphonique, 6 décembre 2014.","La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) n'est pas à l'abri des ingérences politiques, parce que la procédure de nomination de ses membres n'assure pas son indépendance.  ..."]
["2014_CF_21",2014,"CF","CAR",21,100,"Depuis la mise en place de l'ANE en 2013, les membres ne sont pas encore forcés à la démission ni sanctionnés. Ils sont restés inchangés bien que deux gouvernements (Premier Ministres et certains Ministres) se sont succédés après la mise en place de l'ANE. \nSelon les personnes interrogées, le mandat des membres de l’ANE est de sept ans renouvelable une fois conformément au Code électoral. Toutefois, il est procédé à son renouvellement partiel au titre du second mandat selon les dispositions prévues à cet effet. En outre, l'article 16 du même Code précise que « les membres de l’ANE sont irrévocables et inamovibles pendant la durée de leur mandat sauf cas de violation de leur serment prévu dans le code électorat. »\n\nCe qui signifie que les personnes nommées au sein de l'ANE peuvent être sanctionnées que lorsqu'il y a violation de la disposition 16. Elles ne peuvent pas être révoquées lorsqu'une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir. En réalité cet aspect n'a pas été clairement mentionné dans le nouveau Code éléctoral.","ZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, Conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'observatoire des élections, coordonnateur adjoint de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme en RCA, interview du 1 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nKPEOU Aimé Cesaire Richard, juriste de formation, chef de département à l'université de Bangui, président de l'observatoire national des élections et de la démocatie, interview du 1 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAYA Albert, Directeur du journal l'Agora, Membre du Groupe de Presse Horizon, 30 juin 2014, Bangui;\n\nKPONGABA Bernard, président de la Commission « opérations électorales », interview du 4 juillet 2014, Bangui","Depuis la mise en place de l'ANE en 2013, les membres ne sont pas encore forcés à la démission ni sanctionnés. Ils sont restés inchangés bien que deux gouvernements (Premier Ministres et certains Ministres) se sont succédés après la mise en place de l'ANE. ..."]
["2014_EG_21",2014,"EG","Egypt",21,0,"The process by which organizations oversee elections is not transparent nor are the institutions independent. The Presidential Electoral Committee oversaw the 2014 Egyptian Election with the judiciary overseeing the result by the 2014 Constitution. A 2014 Presidential Election law also limits oversight of the commission by outside bodies. While in theory this would allow the organization to operate more independently, in practice this has meant that the body has been able to function in a way that supports the preferred election result of President Sisi's regime.\n\n\nReviewers' Comments: \n\nDisagree: The Constitutional Declaration in 2011 and the revised Law Regulating the Presidential Election reaffirmed the PEC as the supervisory authority for the presidential election. The PEC which was formed according to the Constitutional Declaration in 2011 is the same committee who organized 2012, and 2014 presidential elections.","Interview Sabrine Abu Sabaa, Head Spokesperson, Shayfeenkum (election monitoring NGO), July 12-13, 2014 (phone).\n\nInterview Ahmed Hafez, Executive Director, Shayfeenkum July 12, 2014.\n\nMiddle East Eye, Ryan J Suto  May 26, 2014 \"Pillar of autocracy: Egypt’s presidential election law\" http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/pillar-autocracy-egypt-s-presidential-election-law-411738645#sthash.pGRDC1UX.dpuf.\n\nAl Sharq Al Aswat, Mohamed Abdu Hassanein, March 21, 2014 \"Egypt: Presidential Election Commission cites “technical” delays\nhttp://www.aawsat.net/2014/03/article55330295.\n\nPresidential Election Commission website\nhttps://www.elections.eg/en/home.\n\nEgypt's 2014 Presidential Elections Law\nhttp://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/20140320EgyptPresidentialElectionsLaw.pdf.","The process by which organizations oversee elections is not transparent nor are the institutions independent. The Presidential Electoral Committee oversaw the 2014 Egyptian Election with the judiciary overseeing the result by the 2014 Constitution. A 2014 Presidential Election law ..."]
["2014_GH_21",2014,"GH","Ghana",21,100,"The Electoral Commission is the body mandated by the Constitution to organize and monitor national elections. The mode of appointment of members to the Electoral Commission is spelled out in Ghana's 1992 Constitution. The Constitution mandates the President to appoint the Chairman, two Deputy Chairmen and four Commissioners to the Electoral Commission in consultation with the Council of State. One must qualify to be elected as a member of Parliament to qualify for appointment as a member to the Electoral Commission.\n\nThe Chairman of the Electoral Commission enjoys the same conditions of service as Justices of the Appeals Court whiles the two Deputy Commissioners enjoy the same conditions of service as the Justices of the High Court. The other four Commissioners are paid such allowances as determined by Parliament. \n\nThe Chairman and the two Deputy Chairmen of the Electoral Commission enjoy security of tenure of office in the sense that they may retire at anytime after attaining the age of 60. They shall vacate their offices - in the case of the Chairman, on attaining the age of seventy years and in the case of the two Deputy Chairman, on attaining the age of 65. Their salaries, which include allowances, facilities, and privileges and retiring benefits or awards are charged on the consolidated fund and shall not be varied to their disadvantage. They also cannot be removed from office arbitrarily.\n\nThe procedure to remove the Chairman and the two Deputy Chairmen from office is spelled out in Article 146 clause one through to five of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, which is the same as what pertains to Justices of the Superior Court. This states that the Chairman and the two Deputy Chairmen shall not be removed from office except for stated misbehaviour or incompetence or on ground of inability to perform the functions of their office arising from infirmity of body or mind. The Chairman and the two Deputy Chairmen may only be removed in accordance with the procedure specified in this article; that is if the President receives a petition for the removal of the the Chairman and the two Deputy Chairmen, he shall refer the petition to the Chief Justice, who shall determine whether there is a prima facie case.\n\nWhere the Chief Justice decides that there is a prima facie case, he shall set up a committee consisting of three Justices of the Superior Courts or Chairmen of the Regional Tribunals or both, appointed by the Judicial council and two other persons who are not members of the Council of State, nor members of Parliament, nor lawyers, and who shall be appointed by the Chief Justice on the advice of the Council of State. The committee shall investigate the complaint and shall make its recommendations to the Chief of Justice who shall forward them to the President.\n\nWhile these procedures ensure the independence of the appointees, questions have been raised about the non-advertisement of the positions of the Chairman, his two Deputies and four other Commissioners, preventing all qualified Ghanaians to apply to be vetted by an independent body to ascertain their suitability for the job. The current situation where the President appoints the Commissioners in consultation with the Council of State has been criticized as lacking merit.\n\nApart from the Chairman, the two Deputy Commissioner and four other Commissioners who are appointed by the President, the recruitment of other staff members of the Electoral Commission follows a merit-based system. This recruitment is done by the Commission acting in consultation with the Public Services Commission and the process involves advertising the vacant positions for all to apply, shortlisting applicants who meet the standard qualifications criteria for the job, interviewing them before selecting the most qualified ones for the job.  \n\nThere is a code of conduct, which all must abide by and if any appointee or employee misconducts his or herself, an internal disciplinary committee investigates the issue before the appropriate sanction is applied and the affected staff is at liberty to appeal against the sanction. Transfers are not deemed to be punishment but rather to shore up other offices that require staff for efficient functioning.\n \nThe appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power. They serve and only retire when they reach the retiring age set by the Constitution.","1. Mrs Sylvia Anor, Public Relations Officer, Electoral Commission of Ghana, Telephone interview, July 15, 2014, Kumasi.\n\n2. Mr Francis Ameyibor, Political Correspondent and Assistant Editor, Ghana News Agency, Table interview at his office, July 29, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Dr Emmanuel Akwetey, Executive Director, Institute for Democratic Governance, contributing to a discussion on JOY FM Super Morning Show, June 19, 2014, 07:20GMT to 07:45GMT, Accra.\n\n4. Dr Richard Amoako Baah, Head of Political Science Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, contributing to a discussion on JOY FM Super Morning Show, June 19, 2014, 07:20GMT to 07:45GMT, Accra.","The Electoral Commission is the body mandated by the Constitution to organize and monitor national elections. The mode of appointment of members to the Electoral Commission is spelled out in Ghana's 1992 Constitution. The Constitution mandates the President to appoint the Chairman,..."]
["2014_LS_21",2014,"LS","Lesotho",21,50,"The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) is not protected from political interference, as the commissioners are members of political parties. But appointments of new commissioners come at the expiration of the terms of the incumbents. There were new appointments of the IEC commissioners during the year under review. \n\nAccording to the Lesotho Times during the year under review, the Prime Minister stated that the three newly appointed IEC commissioners were representatives of the three ruling coalition parties. It reported that Mahapela Lehohla was a member of the All Basotho Convention (ABC), Makase Nyaphisi was a member of the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) and ‘Mamosebi Pholo a member of the Basotho National Party (BNP). \nTsikoane Peshoane of Transformation Resource Centre stated that the appointment of the three commissioners and the declaration of their political affiliation by the Prime Minister thereafter highlighted the extent to which the IEC is not protected from political interference. Kimetso Mathaba of the National Independent Party stated that the period under review marked the lowest point on political interference within the IEC. \n   \nThe allegations that the three IEC commissioners are representatives of the ruling coalition partners do not help protect the institution from political interference. However, the elections that have been organised since the appointment of the new commissioners do not suggest that IEC is in anyway biased towards the ruling coalition. The election results are conducted in a free and fair manner and the results reflect the will of the people. \n\nThere was no reported disciplinary case against any of the commissioners during the period under review. The new appointments came as a result of the expiration of the terms of previous commissioners. The former chairperson Limakatso Mokhothu had served her two terms and did not qualify for reappointment. Dr. Fako Likoti only served one term after he was appointed a commissioner in 2008. Dr. Likoti and Pholo served as interim commissioners before the appointment of the substantive commissioners.","Tsikoane Peshoane, Democracy Education and Parliamentary Affairs Officer, Transformation Resource Centre, 17th September 2014, Maseru. \n\nKimetso Mathaba, President, National Independent Party, 15th September 2014, Maseru. \n\nTuoe Hantši, Chief Information Officer, Independent Electoral Commission, 19th September 2014, Maseru.\n\nLesotho Times, Boitumelo Koloi, Coalition Parties Represented in IEC. http://lestimes.com/coalition-parties-represented-in-iec/ (accessed on the 12th September 2014)","The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) is not protected from political interference, as the commissioners are members of political parties. But appointments of new commissioners come at the expiration of the terms of the incumbents. There were new appointments of the IEC commis..."]
["2014_ML_21",2014,"ML","Mali",21,50,"La loi ne précise pas la durée du mandat des commissaires de la CENI. Selon le code électoral en son article 17, \" Le mandat de la C.E.N.I prend fin trois mois au plus après la proclamation définitive des résultats de l'élection générale, d'élections générales successives ou du référendum. A la fin de son mandat, la C.E.N.I adresse un rapport au Président de la République.  Ce rapport est rendu public dans un délai maximum de trois (3) mois. \"\n\nAu Mali, la CENI n'est pas exempte de toute ingérence politique. Les personnes nommées sont parfois révoquées en violation de la procédure prévue. Cela arrive lorsqu'une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir. Et l'on assiste à une véritable bataille pour les postes. L'organe souffre de l'absence d'un comité de surveillance à même d'exiger le respect de l'équité. Les partis politiques peuvent par un simple vote révoquer tous les membres de la CENI sans que cela ne soit basé sur une quelconque violation.","TOURÉ Allaye, président, Conseil national de la société civile, 28 juin 2014.\n        \nKEÏTA Nènè, observatrice électorale, Réseau APEM, 28 juin 2014.\n        \nSISSOKO Moussa, membre de la CENI, 28 juin 2014.\n\nLe Katois, 16 juillet 2014, «CENI : On joue les prolongations.» http://koulouba.com/politique/ceni-joue-les-prolongations\n\nLoi O6-044 portant Loi électorale du Mali, adoptée le 4 septembre 2006. http://www.sgg.gov.ml/Journal0/CodElect.pdf","La loi ne précise pas la durée du mandat des commissaires de la CENI. Selon le code électoral en son article 17, \" Le mandat de la C.E.N.I prend fin trois mois au plus après la proclamation définitive des résultats de l'élection générale, d'élections générales successives ou du réf..."]
["2014_MR_21",2014,"MR","Mauritania",21,0,"L'actuelle CENI est le fruit d’une concertation entre les partis de la majorité et une partie de l’opposition lors des journées de dialogue en 2011. Sa création est somme toute récente, son institutionnalisation date de 2012. Contrairement à ses prédécesseurs (2007 et 2009), la présente CENI est pérenne, c'est à dire qu'elle ne peut pas être  dissoute après les élections. Elle existe pour une durée indéfinie.\n\nLes membres de la CENI (dont le Président) ont un mandat de cinq ans non renouvelable. Dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, le législateur dispose en son article 9 qu’il ne peut être mis fin à leurs fonctions. Celui-ci lui a aménagé un régime de protection et d’inamovibilité qui présente de fortes similitudes avec celui dont bénéficient les membres du Conseil Constitutionnel. Il ressort de ce rapprochement que les membres de la CENI ont un statut quasi-juridictionnel.  \nL’exégèse de ces dispositions sous-entend notamment trois faits majeurs.\n1) Le Président et les membres de la CENI ne peuvent faire l’objet d’un renvoi y compris en cas d’alternance politique ;\n2) Il montre également l’existence d’un régime d’immunité empêchant toute révocation arbitraire avant l’expiration de leur mandat. \n3) Corollaire du régime d’immunité, le Président et les membres de la CENI bénéficient d’un mécanisme de protection pour les actes émis, les propos tenus dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions.\n\nLes membres de la CENI ont une immunité de poursuite dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, mais ils peuvent être poursuivis en cas de crimes. Dans ce cas, la procédure disciplinaire implique que leur immunité soit d'abord levée par leurs pairs (les membres de la CENI) à la majorité des 2/3. L'actuelle CENI a été installée en 2012 et n'a pas encore connu une procédure disciplinaire à l'encontre d'un membre. \n\nLes membres ne sont pas relevés de leurs fonctions lorsqu'un nouveau gouvernement arrive au pouvoir. Depuis sa création, il n’y pas eu d’alternance politique qui est de nature à remettre en cause son existence voire sa composition actuelle.  \n\nEn dépit de ces dispositions, l’actuelle CENI est critiquée par une grande partie de l’opposition tant dans sa composition que dans son fonctionnement. On estime qu’elle n’offre pas toutes les garanties d’indépendance. Dans la perspective d’un nouveau dialogue national en gestation, l’actuelle opposition regroupée au sein du FNDU(Front National pour la Démocratie et l’Unité) réclame la refonte de la CENI et une plus grande indépendance dans son fonctionnement.\n\nLes dernières élections législatives, municipales (novembre 2013) et présidentielles (juin 2014) ont eu lieu dans un contexte marqué par le boycott des partis d'opposition.","1. SALL Mariam, ancien membre de la CENI, 22 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. Agence Mauritanienne d'Information (AMI), 15 juin 2014, « La CENI déplore tout acte ou comportement qui prive l'électeur de l'exercice de son droit de vote »  http://www.ami.mr/fr/index.php?page=Depeche&id_depeche=27307\n\n3. ODH-Mauritanie, 2 0ctobre 2013. \"Mauritanie : la CENI cumule improvisation, amateurisme et manque de professionnalisme (APP).\" http://odh-mauritanie.com/actualite-12916-mauritanie-la-ceni-cumule-improvisation-amateurisme-et-manque-de-professionnalisme-app.html","L'actuelle CENI est le fruit d’une concertation entre les partis de la majorité et une partie de l’opposition lors des journées de dialogue en 2011. Sa création est somme toute récente, son institutionnalisation date de 2012. Contrairement à ses prédécesseurs (2007 et 2009), la pré..."]
["2014_RW_21",2014,"RW","Rwanda",21,25,"The independence of the National Electoral Commission (NEC) is legally provided for, and there is no evidence to suggest political interference from government or officials of the political parties. Today, NEC appointees are not members of the ruling party, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), as in the past.\n\nThere have been a number of changes at NEC since 2010, when the chairman, who had past links with RPF, was asked to take a new oath. The oath to relinquish his party ties was based on Organic Law No. 27/2010, governing elections. In fact, as seen in the reports of the Commonwealth and African Union observation missions to the September 2013 parliamentary elections, the NEC proved to be a competent body that many Rwandans respect, regardless of the political dynamics in the country. \n\nNEC is run competently and independently and is viewed as capable of conducting a free and fair election, even if RPF was not in power. \n\n\nPeer Reviewer's comments:\n\nDisagree (score=0): The National Electoral Commission is in practice staffed by RPF loyalists. There is political interference in the agency, as it does not operate independently of the ruling party.","Interview with Frank Habineza, president, Democratic Green Party (opposition political party), Kigali, Aug. 4, 2014.\n \nInterview with Dan Ngabonziza, journalist, Kigali Today, Nyagatare, Eastern Province, July 12, 2014.\n\nThe New Times, \"EAC electoral bodies urged to be independent,\" June 13, 2014.\nhttp://newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15752&a=12725\n\nCommonwealth report of the 2013 Rwandan parliamentary polls, accessed Nov. 10, 2014. http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/project/documents/Rwanda_Elections_2013_Commonwealth_Expert_Team_Report.pdf  \n\nAfrican Union Observatory report of parliamentary elections in Rwanda, accessed Nov. 10, 2014, Page 9. http://pa.au.int/en/sites/default/files/AUEOM%20RWANDA%20FINAL%20REPORT%20%202013.pdf\n\nPeer Reviewer's sources: \n\nFilip Reyntjens, \"Political Governance in Rwanda,\" 2013, Cambridge University Press. ","The independence of the National Electoral Commission (NEC) is legally provided for, and there is no evidence to suggest political interference from government or officials of the political parties. Today, NEC appointees are not members of the ruling party, the Rwandan Patriotic Fr..."]
["2014_SN_21",2014,"SN","Senegal",21,25,"Le Sénégal, dispose d'une Commission Nationale Électorale Autonome (CENA) chargée de superviser et de contrôler les opérations électorales. \n\nLes membres de la CENA sont nommés par décret du Président de la République, après simple avis consultatif des organismes et institutions d’origine. Ils sont révocables à la demande de ces institutions. \n\nIl faut aussi préciser que les membres restent toujours en place quel que soit le changement intervenu à la tête de l’état.","SALL Issa, porte-parole, Commission Nationale Électorale Autonome (CENA), 4 juillet 2014.\n\nDIEYE Abdoulaye, professeur de droit, université Cheik Anta Diop de Dakar et membre du forum civil, 3 juillet 2014.\n\nConnection Ivoirienne, 10 sept 2014. Sénégal – La Commission électorale autonome, un exemple pour la CEI en Côte-d’Ivoire ? http://www.connectionivoirienne.net/102952/senegal-commission-electorale-autonome-exemple-cei-en-cote-divoire","Le Sénégal, dispose d'une Commission Nationale Électorale Autonome (CENA) chargée de superviser et de contrôler les opérations électorales. ..."]
["2014_SD_21",2014,"SD","Sudan",21,0,"In Sudan, the current National Elections Commission (NEC) is appointed based on a political decree issued by the Sudanese president, who has appointed the top commission officials. There are no reports of dismissals since the commission's establishment. The National Elections Commission is also dependent on budget decisions by the government each year.\n\nThe members of NEC , included the head of the commission, are appointed by the President , and removed by the President. There is no defined term of service/ tenure during protected from arbitrary removal by political decisions.","[Interview], Asmaa Ismail Bushara, political analyst and expert on electoral observation, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum. \n\n[Interview] Nasraldeen Altayeb, journalist, Al-Ayam newspaper, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum. \n\nSudan Tribune, \"Sudan’s Bashir appoints new chief of National Elections Commission,\"  July 6, 2014.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article51591\n\nAlshorooq.net, \"NEC Appoints Officers for Constituencies,\" Oct. 13, 2014. \nhttp://www.ashorooq.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43041:2014-10-13-19-28-58&catid=32:2008-07-30-07-03-25&Itemid=1163","In Sudan, the current National Elections Commission (NEC) is appointed based on a political decree issued by the Sudanese president, who has appointed the top commission officials. There are no reports of dismissals since the commission's establishment. The National Elections Commi..."]
["2014_UG_21",2014,"UG","Uganda",21,75,"There is a process through which appointees are disciplined or removed, and there have not been in this period of study a case of undue process of appointment or removal or discipline. The chairman and the commissioners are appointed for a seven-year term in office renewable only once and are currently serving their last term. The appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power. Over the years, previous chairmen and commissioners have served until the end of their terms. Whenever the terms of the commissioners expire, the rest of the junior staff stay on their jobs.\n\nHowever, reforms are being called for, and early this year, the Uganda Law Reform Commission was holding consultations with various stakeholders with a view to making changes to the existing process used to appoint and remove appointees. Interestingly, ahead of the 2016 election, an opinion poll conducted by Research World International (RWI) between April 15 and 27, 2014, revealed that 48 percent (margin of error +/-3 percent) of the respondents said they had faith in the current Electoral Commission to conduct a free and fair election. The Observer reported that the main purpose of the poll was to “measure public attitudes, opinions and behaviour towards political and governance issues.”","Jennifer Barya, head of legal department, Electoral Commission, 21 July 2014\n\n“EC dismisses opposition’s electoral reforms,” Moses Mulondo; 15 Feb. 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/652592-ec-dismisses-opposition-s-electoral-reforms.html\n\n“Uganda should carry out electoral reforms to achieve credible polls,” Kristian Schmidt; 10 July 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Uganda-should-carry-out-electoral-reforms/-/689364/2378306/-/item/0/-/p9nqvt/-/index.html\n\nUganda Law Reform Commission; “Issue Paper: Reform of Electoral Laws in Uganda”; p.11-16","There is a process through which appointees are disciplined or removed, and there have not been in this period of study a case of undue process of appointment or removal or discipline. The chairman and the commissioners are appointed for a seven-year term in office renewable only o..."]
["2014_BW_22",2014,"BW","Botswana",22,100,"The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) publishes sunstantive reports before and after elections, which contain  voter rolls, election outcomes, and conduct of the election. The last elections were held in October 2009. The IEC publishes data online about voter registration before the election, however, the commission is required to publish only one report after the elections. That report is compiled for the Office of the President. The reports are available online and in paper form.","Interview with Ntjidzi Smarts, communications officer – UNFPA, press and public affairs assistant- British High Commission, and business editor- Botswana Gazette.\n\nIndependent Electoral Commission website. \nhttp://www.iec.gov.bw/\n\nMmegi, \"IEC struggles to stay online,\"  25 Sept. 2014.\nhttp://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=46274\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nIndependent Electoral Commission website. \nhttp://www.iec.gov.bw/\n\nBotswana Post Election Timeline, October 2019\nhttp://www.electionsbotswana.org/index.php ","The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) publishes sunstantive reports before and after elections, which contain  voter rolls, election outcomes, and conduct of the election. The last elections were held in October 2009. The IEC publishes data online about voter registration befo..."]
["2014_CV_22",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",22,50,"The election results and reports are found in the Official Bulletin. The most recent elections held were the municipal and the local government elections in 2012.  The National Election Commission (NEC) publishes the results of the elections and the reports of accounts of the parties in the Official Bulletin (the official journal of the republic).\n\nPublication on the NEC website is not obligatory. However, once published in the Official Bulletin, the information is made immediately accessible (printed and online). The two reports (on the elections results and on the accounts) are publish separately but they are both complete, reporting on fairness and results. No reports are published before the elections.\n\nAlso, newspapers often publish reports of NEC.  For example,  information on the report on state subsidies of political parties based on election results.","Interview with Redy Lima, sociologist, social activist, Institute of Law and Social Sciences, September 2, 2014, Praia.\n\nInterview with Bartolomeu Varela, jurist and academic, former NEC president, Cape Verde University, September 2, 2014, Praia.\n\nA Semana online, March 12, 2013, \"NEC approves accounts of the parties,\" http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article85770.","The election results and reports are found in the Official Bulletin. The most recent elections held were the municipal and the local government elections in 2012.  The National Election Commission (NEC) publishes the results of the elections and the reports of accounts of the parti..."]
["2014_CG_22",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",22,100,"The National Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) has a website where electoral reports, plans and activities are available before and after elections. The CENI publishes these reports wthin an acceptable time frame, less than a month, and the reports are comprehensive, containing results and details about fairness of the elections process. Citizens have easy access to these reports. According to the CENI staff, publishing reports and ensuring that people can access them is part of the institution’s communication and marketing policy and actions.\n\nHowever, in rural areas without the Internet and without effective infrastructure, getting these reports is often difficult.","1. (Face To Face Interview), Head Of Logistics At Ceni Mola Mazyambo, July 20, 2014.\n\n2. (Website), Ceni, July 22, 2014, http://www.ceni.gouv.cd/\n\n3. (Face To Face Interview) journalist specialized in the judiciary and working at Journal Judiciaire Nathalie Kapela, July 15, 2014.","The National Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) has a website where electoral reports, plans and activities are available before and after elections. The CENI publishes these reports wthin an acceptable time frame, less than a month, and the reports are comprehensive, containi..."]
["2014_GQ_22",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",22,0,"During the period under review, there were no electoral processes in Equatorial Guinea. Since the last election in May 2013, there has not been a report from the National Election Commission (JEN), and neither the JEN nor the local election committees have held formal meetings. \n\nThere are no reports available from the previous elections. The JEN does not have a website, nor does the main government website, guineaecuatorialpress.com, have any information available on the JEN or any reports on any electoral processes.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization - party member, Equatorial Guinea, July 16, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, lawyer with elections expertise, Equatorial Guinea, Aug. 22, 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n\nPublication: The Economist, Political Forecast: Equatorial Guinea, \"President Appoints 50 Advisers,\" April 11, 2014.\nhttp://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1911717775&Country=Equatorial%20Guinea&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Political+stability&u=1&pid=601767044&oid=601767044&uid=1\n\n\n ","During the period under review, there were no electoral processes in Equatorial Guinea. Since the last election in May 2013, there has not been a report from the National Election Commission (JEN), and neither the JEN nor the local election committees have held formal meetings. ..."]
["2014_GN_22",2014,"GN","Guinea",22,50,"La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) produit seulement des rapports après les élections pour l'information du public. Elle produit aussi des rapports dans le cadre de la révision des listes électorales. \n\nLe rapport de la CENI après les élections parlementaires de septembre 2013 portaient  sur les résultats, l’équité et la transparence. Ce rapport apport évaluant les élections législatives passées a été élaboré au cours de la retraite de Kindia à 135 kilomètres de Conakry depuis février 2014; il n'est pas encore publié. \n\nCependant, même lorsque la publication est faite, elle est accessible aux citoyens seulement après plusieurs mois.","KONI KOUROUMA Holomo, Député à l'Assemblée nationale 9h40,  24 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nFASSOU Elisée Kolié, coordinateur de Y-DAY-Guinée, membre de la Coalition Nationale des ONG de la Société Civile, 9h40, 24 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nGBONIMY Jacques, commissaire, responsable formation à la CENI, 11h, 24 juin 2014, Conakry.\n\nNKPA KOULÉMOU Francis, commissaire membre de la CENI, 10h, 05 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nGuinee7.com, 14 février 2014. «Retraite de la CENI pour préparer les élections locales en Guinée.» http://www.guinee7.com/retraite-ceni-preparer-les-elections-locales-en-guinee/ ","La Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) produit seulement des rapports après les élections pour l'information du public. Elle produit aussi des rapports dans le cadre de la révision des listes électorales. ..."]
["2014_LY_22",2014,"LY","Libya",22,25,"During the parliament elections of June to July 2014, the National Supreme Commission for Elections published final results reports for the primary and the general election. \n\nThe official website of the commission had the post-election reports, though they were not much more substantive than results. Also, no report was published before the elections. The reports were published a few days after the elections and contained only the results.","Interview with Abd Albaset Alnazal, chairman of the board of directors of the Organisation Alraqeeb for control over elections, 9/26/2014. \n \nInterview with Khaled Al Towaybe, director of the Libyan Association for Democracy, Sept. 26, 2014.\n\nNational  Supreme Commission for Elections, initial and final results reports for parliamentary elections, July 7, 2014-July 16, 2014. \nhttp://hnec.ly/?page_id=6248; or//hnec.ly/?page_id=5741\n\nHigh National Election Commission.    http://www.hnec.ly/","During the parliament elections of June to July 2014, the National Supreme Commission for Elections published final results reports for the primary and the general election. ..."]
["2014_MW_22",2014,"MW","Malawi",22,0,"Nonetheless, during the May 2014 tripartite elections, the MEC failed to publish a timely, publicly available report before and after the 2014 presidential election.\n\nThe Malawi Electoral Commission (MEC) does not publish detailed reports, but it does report on major incidents such as those occurring during the 2009 election, and does report based on its mandate to ensure oversight.\n\nAs required by law, it publishes election results in the daily newspapers. It has always adhered to this requirement. The MEC publishes election results for all constituencies, wards and presidential results. Its publications are always accessible. They are available from the MEC website at ‪www.mec.org.mw‬ free of charge – and at the cost of photocopying by post.","1. Sangwani Mwafulira, Regional Officer, Malawi Electoral Commission, 23 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe","Nonetheless, during the May 2014 tripartite elections, the MEC failed to publish a timely, publicly available report before and after the 2014 presidential election...."]
["2014_NG_22",2014,"NG","Nigeria",22,50,"The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) only published one report after the last general elections in 2011. The report, which reviewed all factors that contributed to the election's outcome, took more than a month to appear on the commission's website and remains the latest election report listed there. \n\nSince then, the electoral body has conducted a number of state governorship elections, but the reports are not available on its website. They can, however, be obtained from INEC's office without fee, and it takes more than a month to conclude the publication after the polls have closed. \n\nThe reports assess fairness and due process of the elections.","Interview with Kayode Idowu, senior aide to Attahiru Jega, chairman, Independent National Electoral Commission, 18 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Festus Owete, general editor and political correspondent, Premium Times, 18 July 2014.\n\nIndependent National Electoral Commission website, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.inecnigeria.org/?page_id=38&paged=2","The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) only published one report after the last general elections in 2011. The report, which reviewed all factors that contributed to the election's outcome, took more than a month to appear on the commission's website and remains the l..."]
["2014_RW_22",2014,"RW","Rwanda",22,100,"The National Electoral Commission releases voter registration reports before the election and post-election results reports. \n\nAccording to the AU & Commonwealth on the conduct of elections, the NEC is a competent and efficiently run institution in Rwanda, at least administratively. The calender provided for the 2013 parliamentary polls was followed, and everything went as indicated. The results were also published on the above-mentioned dates. \n\nAccording to NEC Executive Secretary Charles Munyaneza, there have been no hitches or glitches in past record-keeping for legislative and presidential polls. Results are published at the provincial level and on the NEC website.","Interview with Jean Baptiste Rucibigango, member of Parliament and president of the Socialist Labor Party, Kigali, July, 23, 2014.\n\nInterview with James Karuhanga, political journalist, The NewTimes, Kigali, Aug. 4, 2014.\n\nInterview with Charles Munyaneza, National Electoral Commission executive secretary, Nov. 10, 2014.\n\nCalendar of legislative elections of 2013. \nhttp://www.nec.gov.rw/uploads/media/Electoral_Calendar_for_legislative_elections_2013.pdf\n\nNational Electoral Commission website, accessed Nov. 11, 2014. http://www.nec.gov.rw/details/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=99&cHash=f7c29edd39e64ce9d2dd738a5e341942  ","The National Electoral Commission releases voter registration reports before the election and post-election results reports. ..."]
["2014_SD_22",2014,"SD","Sudan",22,25,"The National Elections Commission (NEC) in Sudan has published one post-elections report, which was available online roughly a month later. The commission did not publish a report before the elections, but it issued about 18 decisions and media briefings, all of which were available online in less than one month. The data was based on the most recent elections, which took place in 2010.\n\nHowever, this report only contains election results, without any more in depth discussion of the elections themselves.","[Interview], Asmaa Ismail Bushara, political analyst and expert on electoral observation, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum. \n\nBBC News interview, James Copnall, \"Sudan elections 'failed' to meet international norms,\" Khartoum, April 17, 2010. \nhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8626677.stm\n\nNational Elections Commission website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://nec.org.sd/\n\nNational Elections Commission's decisions, acccessed October 2014. \nhttp://nec.org.sd/%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9/\n\n2009-2010 Election Report. Issued by NEC. Last accessed March 23, 2015. http://nec.org.sd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9/","The National Elections Commission (NEC) in Sudan has published one post-elections report, which was available online roughly a month later. The commission did not publish a report before the elections, but it issued about 18 decisions and media briefings, all of which were availabl..."]
["2014_SZ_22",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",22,0,"Swaziland's Elections and Boundaries Commission (EBC) is constitutionally required to produce periodic reports on its work. Eleven months after the 2013 National Elections (August-September 2013), the EBC has not submitted its election report to the head of state nor released the report publicly. The commission does not make announcements regarding election matters in the media and is only heard from when journalists seek information. The EBC is incorporated into the government’s Web site, but no new information has been posted in 2014. News reports in July 2014 noted irregularities that resulted in four local officials being illegally declared elected following the 2013 national elections, but this information did not originate with the EBC.","Interview: Ndumiso Maziya, polling monitor, Elections and Boundaries Commission, Manzini Region, Manzini, 28 June 2014.\n\nInterview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014\n\n“Silence on Swazi Election Results,” Swazi Media Commentary, 10 February 2014.\thttp://swazimedia.blogspot.com/2014/02/silence-on-swazi-election-result.html \t \n\n“Elections blunder!,” Senzo Dlamini, Times of Swaziland, 8 July 2014. http://www.times.co.sz/news/97900-elections-blunder.html","Swaziland's Elections and Boundaries Commission (EBC) is constitutionally required to produce periodic reports on its work. Eleven months after the 2013 National Elections (August-September 2013), the EBC has not submitted its election report to the head of state nor released the r..."]
["2014_ZW_22",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",22,25,"The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) did not publish a comprehensive report on the 2013 harmonised elections. The only information available on the commission website were press statements produced before and after the elections as well as the election results. Results are published within a month after the votes and are usually posted in the media.\n\nThe Zimbabwe Electoral Commission does not publish any reports before the election.","Interview with Fungayi Zawi, churches and peace program officer, Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD), 7 Aug. 2014, Harare. \n\nZEC, Press Release, accessed 8 Aug. 2014. \nhttp://www.zec.gov.zw/press-releases \n\nZEC, 2013 Harmonised Election Results, accessed 8 Aug. 2014. \nhttp://www.zec.gov.zw/election-notice-board/election-results/2013-election-results","The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) did not publish a comprehensive report on the 2013 harmonised elections. The only information available on the commission website were press statements produced before and after the elections as well as the election results. Results are publi..."]
["2014_BF_23",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",23,50,"Le passage des partis politiques dans les médias publics est régulé par le Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC). La présidente du CSC Béatrice DAMIBA déclarait avant la tenue des élections partielle de 2014 que son institution mettait tout en oeuvre pour garantir «le respect des principes de pluralisme et d’équilibre de l’information par les médias publics et privés. Les médias devraient prendre toutes les dispositions pour accompagner ceux qui les sollicitent et même ceux qui ne les sollicitent pas.» \n\nDans la pratique cependant, tout n'est pas aussi parfait. En effet, même si  les candidats ou les partis politiques ont un accès équitable et reçoivent un traitement impartial dans les médias publics et mêmes privés, Mme OUEDRAOGO, juriste, chargée de mission du CSC estime que l'égalité mathématique en période électorale est difficile à atteindre. Selon elle, «en période ordinaire c'est l'équité qui est demandée et en période électorale, l'égalité à travers un tirage au sort. Et le CSC met tout en oeuvre pour qu'il y ait la gratuité pour tous les partis. Mais dans la réalité c'est difficile. Ce sont les partis eux-mêmes qui n'arrivent pas à respecter les programmes. Par exemple dans certains journaux, il y a des pages blanches car il n' y a pas de message du parti en question, ou la chaise vide lors des émissions télévisuelles. Il arrive même qu'on aide certains candidats à reprendre leur message car il a beaucoup hésité au cours de l'enregistrement.»  En somme, il y a un accès équitable, les mêmes tarifs, mais pas d'accès égalitaire pour l'instant aux médias publics.","OUEDRAOGO Fatoumata, Juriste Chargée de Mission, Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), 11 Juillet 2014, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.\n\nSANKARA Bénéwendé Stanislas, député, président de l’Union Pour la Renaissance/Parti Sankariste (UNIR/PS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nDAMIBA Béatrice, présidente du CSC, bureau de presse et de la communication, CSC, 15 fevrier 2014, à propos de la campagne des municipales partielles, «Nous avons jugé utile de mettre un dispositif léger adapté à la situation». http://news.aouaga.com/h/21366.html","Le passage des partis politiques dans les médias publics est régulé par le Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC). La présidente du CSC Béatrice DAMIBA déclarait avant la tenue des élections partielle de 2014 que son institution mettait tout en oeuvre pour garantir «le respect..."]
["2014_CD_23",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",23,25,"A la lumière des entretiens effectués il apparaît que l’équité en matière de temps de parole dans les médias est globalement peu respectée. Une frange de l'opposition (opposition dite radicale) n'a pas accès aux médias publics. Leur présence dans les médias n'est visible qu'au moment des campagnes électorales.","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 25 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication et des relations avec le Parlement du Congo Brazzaville, entretien au domicile de l’intéressé, 22 septembre 2014. \n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. \n\nLes sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","A la lumière des entretiens effectués il apparaît que l’équité en matière de temps de parole dans les médias est globalement peu respectée. Une frange de l'opposition (opposition dite radicale) n'a pas accès aux médias publics. Leur présence dans les médias n'est visible qu'au mome..."]
["2014_DJ_23",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",23,25,"En termes d'accès équitable aux médias publics, le seul média audiovisuel existant à ce jour étant sous l'autorité de l'Etat, l'accès de l'opposition est très marginal.\n\nCependant il faut souligner qu'il y a eu une évolution depuis l'année dernière, puisqu'à l'occasion des élections législatives de 2013, il a été constaté par les personnes interrogées que certains candidats du parti politique de la majorité au pouvoir avaient parfois plus d'accès et recevaient un meilleur traitement dans les médias publics. Aussi, l'accès est parfois inégal dans les reportages ou les commentaires éditoriaux au profit du parti au pouvoir, l'UMP (Union pour la Majorité Présidentielle). \n\nAhmed Ali, journaliste à la radio télévision Djibouti interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche affirme que les candidats aux élections locales de 2012 sont tous passés à la télé pour présenter leurs programmes à la population. Chaque candidat et candidate a présenté pendant 5 minutes son programme et expliqué pourquoi la population devait voter pour eux. En revanche lors des élections législatives de février 2013, le temps de parole était majoritaire pour le parti au pouvoir.\n\nOmar Said, membre du parti USN interviewé, affirme qu'il n'a pas forcément eu le même temps de parole que les membres du parti au pouvoir.La diffusion des images à la télé n’était pas équitable.","SAID Omar, membre du parti de l'opposition Union pour le Salut Nationale (USN), 6 juillet 2014.  \n\nALI Ahmed, journaliste à la radio télévision Djibouti, 6 juillet 2014.  \n\nRefworld, Freedom in the World 2014 - Djibouti, Aug. 4, 2014.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/53e0a20cb.html\n\nArticle 15 du cahier des charges de la Radio Télévision de Djibouti (RTD), « L’établissement assure sous le contrôle de la Commission Nationale de la Communication, l’honnêteté, la crédibilité et le pluralisme de l’information.», 6 septembre 1992. http://www.presidence.dj/LES%20TEXTES/loi1an92.htm","En termes d'accès équitable aux médias publics, le seul média audiovisuel existant à ce jour étant sous l'autorité de l'Etat, l'accès de l'opposition est très marginal...."]
["2014_GA_23",2014,"GA","Gabon",23,50,"La dernière élection des sénateurs au Gabon en décembre 2014 et les élections législatives de 2011 ainsi que la présidentielle de 2009 ont permis de constater que le temps d'antenne sur Gabon Télévision, le média d'État, est inégalement réparti entre les candidats. \n\nPourtant, en signant le code de bonne conduite en décembre 2013 dans le cadre des élections locales, les candidats aux élections locales du 14 décembre 2013 s’engagaient dans la voie du respect des lois et responsabilités établies pour garantir la bonne tenue de ce scrutin, autant en ce qui les concerne qu’en ce qui concerne les responsables des médias publics (Gabon Télévision, Radio Gabon, RTG2, Agence gabonaise de presse, Gabon Matin) qui devront tout mettre en œuvre pour permettre à ces candidats de s’exprimer en toute impartialité sur leur média.\n\nSelon l'article 52 du Code de la communication audiovisuelle, cinématographique et écrite, \" Conformément aux dispositions de l'article 34 de la loi organique N° 14/91 du 24 mars 1992, le Conseil National de la Communication répartit le temps d’antenne de manière égale entre les différents partis politiques ou candidats selon les modalités qu’il fixe en temps utile.\"","ROUGOU Jean-Pierre, enseignant, Université Omar Bongo et Paris-Panthéon, interrogé par Facebook, 24 décembre 2014.\n\nMAMBOUNDOU Pierre, un des leaders de l’Union du Peuple gabonais (UPG, opposition), entretien par téléphone, 23 décembre 2014\n\nInfo241, janvier 2014, «Locales : Eyeghe Ndong propose à Ossouka Raponda d'être son maire adjoint.» http://info241.com/spip.php?page=pages_mobiles&squelette_mobile=mobile/article&id_article=130","La dernière élection des sénateurs au Gabon en décembre 2014 et les élections législatives de 2011 ainsi que la présidentielle de 2009 ont permis de constater que le temps d'antenne sur Gabon Télévision, le média d'État, est inégalement réparti entre les candidats. ..."]
["2014_KE_23",2014,"KE","Kenya",23,50,"Kenya’s media industry is well developed with rapid expansion being witnessed in recent years. The electronic segment has particularly grown fast and today about 100 FM radio and 15 TV stations operate in the country.\n\nThe popular national media are available in English or Kiswahili. However radio stations broadcasting in vernacular languages are also important sources of information, in particular for the rural population. While radio remains the overall dominant medium, TV and Internet are increasingly used to receive information, especially in urban areas. Access to radio signals and Internet is also available through mobile phones utilised by some 30 million users.\n\nCritics opine that the media environment in Kenya is vibrant and provides for pluralism of views. However the media are not free from political influence as many are controlled by political actors. \n\nA few private media companies own dominant parts of the media industry including the most popular broadcast and print media outlets, and media cross ownership is an issue of concern.\n\nThe State-owned broadcaster-Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) has national coverage and operates nation-wide TV and two radio stations in official languages as well regional services in 18 vernacular languages. While KBC aims at fulfilling several criteria of a public service broadcaster, it lacks editorial and financial independence from the government.\n\nBut despite the government link,  KBC has lately striven to offer balanced coverage for all political matters. \n\nBoth ruling alliance Jubilee and the opposition CORD have dominated the news programmes, talk shows and other regular programmes aired by KBC. Since January 2014,  fairly balanced coverage of Jubilee and CORD has been noted as both sides debated on key issues of governance.\n\nA similar pattern was also recorded in the run up to the country's General Election in March 2013. During that time the state-owned KBC also offered most of its time to two key coalitions (each of them getting about one third of coverage). But in comparison with other media monitored, it gave a more even picture of all eight presidential candidates and their parties in terms of time dedicated to their coverage.\n\nHowever in spite of these examples, the access of less prominent parties and contestants to the media’s regular programmes (news and current affairs) as well as paid programmes, overall, was limited. Lack of financial means was a discriminatory factor weighing against smaller parties in their access to media.","1. Jorim Osewe, member Coalition of Kenya Civil Societies. Interviewed on June 25, 2014.\n\n2. Harun  Mwangi, CEO  Media Council of Kenya. Provided emailed responses on July 16, 2014.\n\n3. Johnson Sakaja, chairman of The National Alliance(TNA) party-a member of the ruling Jubilee Coalition. Interviewed on June 23, 2014.\n\n4. Magere Lang'at, executive director of the Orange Democratic Movement(ODM) party-a member of the of the opposition coalition(CORD). Interviewed on June 26, 2014.\n\n5. Nation Media Group (NMG) Editorial Policy Guidelines and Objectives.The policy was downloaded from the company website on June 26, 2014. Privately owned NMG is the largest in Kenya and the East and Central Africa region. http://www.nation.co.ke/meta/-/1194/1199444/-/format/xhtml/-/hfvw8sz/-/index.html \n\n6. EU observe mission final report on Kenya 2013 General-Elections. The report was released in May 2013. http://www.eods.eu/library/eu-eom-kenya-2013-final-report_en.pdf.","Kenya’s media industry is well developed with rapid expansion being witnessed in recent years. The electronic segment has particularly grown fast and today about 100 FM radio and 15 TV stations operate in the country...."]
["2014_MW_23",2014,"MW","Malawi",23,50,"Malawi’s electoral laws demand equal news coverage of all parties from public media outlets and specify the rights of candidates and parties to assemble and express themselves during the campaign period. However, although candidates' and political parties’ access to state-owned media generally improved in the run-up to and during the May 2014 presidential and tripartite elections, there was some bias towards Joyce Banda’s ruling People’s Party (PP).\n\nA report by the internationally funded Media Monitoring Project found that the coverage on the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation state radio and TV Malawi television stations showed a bias in favour of the PP, both in terms of number of items and tone. Malawi’s other main political parties include the Democratic People’s Party (DPP), Malawi Congress Party (MCP) and United Democratic Front (UDF). Presidential and parliamentary elections are held every five years and the overall legal framework provides for free and fair contests.","1. Nyasa Times, Jimmy Kainja, 1 April 2014, ‘Dishonest Reporting? Media Bias and Malawi’s 2014 Tripartite Elections’ - http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/16/dishonest-reporting-media-bias-and-malawis-2014-tripartite-elections\n\n2. Media Monitoring Project, ‘First Media Monitoring Report (22 March to 2nd April 2014) Of The 2014 Malawi Tripartite Elections - http://blog.malawivote2014.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FIRST-MEDIA-MONITORING-REPORT.pdf\n\n3. Sangwani Mwafulira, Regional Officer, Malawi Electoral Commission, 23 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Anthony Kasunda, Journalist and Chairperson, Media Institute of Southern Africa – Malawi (MISA-Malawi), 20 July, 2014\n\n5. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","Malawi’s electoral laws demand equal news coverage of all parties from public media outlets and specify the rights of candidates and parties to assemble and express themselves during the campaign period. However, although candidates' and political parties’ access to state-owned med..."]
["2014_MZ_23",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",23,100,"For the period under review in Mozambique, political parties and candidates, regardless of political affiliation, had the right to and were given airtime on public broadcasting radio (Rádio Moçambique) and television (Televisão de Moçambique) during the municipal elections period in November 2013.\n\nDuring the electoral campaign, political parties are exempted from paying fees for political advertisements that run in public media (TV and radio). All the parties involved were given equal airtime and were fairly treated. Opposition political parties with seats in parliament and others without a seat have enjoyed the right of airtime on public and private broadcast outlets to present their political positions in response to statements by government.","Interview with Jeremias Candido Mondlane, journalist, Radio Mocambique, Maputo, 21 June 2014. \n\nInterview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.","For the period under review in Mozambique, political parties and candidates, regardless of political affiliation, had the right to and were given airtime on public broadcasting radio (Rádio Moçambique) and television (Televisão de Moçambique) during the municipal elections period i..."]
["2014_NG_23",2014,"NG","Nigeria",23,25,"There is widespread disparity in access to state-owned media between the ruling and the opposition parties. As a policy, the government directs its channels - Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) - to grant equal access to all parties. But the reality is different. \n\nThe ruling Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, receives priority coverage of all its public events, while only selected ones from the opposition are covered. Opposition leaders complain of being repeatedly denied coverage time by the two state-owned media that have the widest reach in the country.\n\nIronically, the same disproportionate access exists at the state level in areas controlled by the national opposition parties: APC, APGA and LP. There, too, state-owned channels give more coverage time and analysis of events to the ruling parties, drawing complaints from the PDP-led federal government.\n\nIn recent elections in APC-held states, Ekiti and Osun, the PDP raised the same allegations.\n\nThe advertising rates are effectively the same for all. The unequal access improves gradually as elections draw near, with increased public/external scrutiny.","Phone interview with Lai Mohammed, spokesman for All Progressives Congress, APC, 24 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Topsy Gimba, senior editor, Aso Radio, (Abuja Radio), Abuja, 24 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Kayode Idowu, senior aide to Attahiru Jega, chairman of INEC, Abuja, 5 Aug. 2014.\n\nDaily Post, \"Maku defends budget before Senate,\" 26 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://dailypost.ng/2014/02/26/maku-defends-budget-senate/","There is widespread disparity in access to state-owned media between the ruling and the opposition parties. As a policy, the government directs its channels - Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) - to grant equal access to all parties...."]
["2014_ZA_23",2014,"ZA","South Africa",23,50,"Opposition parties and the ANC have access to state outlets such as the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), but that access is said to be not equitable. Before the 2014 elections, various stories were published around this issue. One involved a Democratic Alliance (DA) commercial being pulled twice by SABC. Other parties did not get the airtime they felt they deserved, either. Media policy watchdog Media Monitoring Africa (MMA), however, says that media coverage of the elections, including SABC reporting, was fairly balanced.\n\nIn November 2013 draft regulations issued by Icasa showed that free airtime for political parties would be determined by their size, leaving newcomers such as Agang and EFF high and dry. These were draft regulations which have not been passed it seems, as EFF did receive airtime ahead of the 2014 elections. This seems to have been distributed unfairly.\n\nIn March 2014 the SABC announced that parties would get equitable free airtime on the public broadcaster's platforms from the 5 April to the 5 May (TV and radio). However, in April, the SABC pulled an election ad by the Democratic Alliance (“Ayisafani”) that accuses Zuma and his administration of numerous public policy failures, including the charge that the nation’s police force has unfairly killed citizens. The SABC said that it would \"serve as an incitement to public disorder.\" Not too long after that, the Complaints and Compliance Committee (CCC) of SA’s Independent Communications Authority, ICASA, ruled for the return of the ad.  \n\nMedia Monitoring Africa, which reviews among other things news coverage during election time, said that the ad should have been shown. \"Is the advert strong in its critique of the ANC yes?  Is it strategic? It may well not be.  Will it make the ANC very angry? Almost certainly yes, but should the SABC ban it from it’s airwaves? Definitely not and here’s why,\" said William Bird of Media Monitoring Africa in a statement.\n\n\"While all parties have signed and agreed to abide by a code of conduct set out by the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) it should not mean that we should discourage robust debate and strong views.  Indeed it is during an election period that politicians are more likely to be more strident in their views and critiques of parties.  It is during this time that we expect, as citizens to hear our political parties asserting and putting their views and policies forward, yes the SABC has taken the ability of the voter to decide for themselves whether to accept or dismiss the DA’s critique or not. The SABC should be encouraging robust debate, not seeking to limit it. We have seen too many reports in the media in the run up to these elections where different political parties have complained about bias at the SABC.  MMA has monitored the SABC’s coverage of all democratic elections and we are currently monitoring their news and current affairs.  We have noted in all our previous reports how despite views to the contrary the SABC has managed to perform exceptionally well in many instances but also the content of their programming in previous elections has been overwhelmingly fair.\"\n\nThe second ad was rejected as well. The Democratic Alliance (DA) leader Helen Zille in a statement accused the SABC of censorship: \"There is absolutely no rational or legal basis on which to prevent this ad from airing. The SABC’s intent is clear – they wish to seriously damage the DA’s election campaign in this crucial final week of the election. We will not let this stand. The DA will approach the Gauteng North High Court this afternoon for an urgent interdict compelling the SABC to air the DA’s advert immediately. Political advertising regulations ordinarily require us to approach ICASA. We will do this simultaneously, as we cannot delay the airing of this ad for even 48 hours, the time it would take for ICASA to hear the matter.\"\n\nThe SABC also rejected an ad by the EFF. It said that the ad in particular was not banned but rejected because  they found that they couldn't put it on air as it was said to incite violence. The party was given the opportunity to amend the advert, but it did not do so.\n\nShortly after these two events, the DA and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) said in a statement that the SABC is biased in its reporting, and that the ANC was getting more attention than other parties. Other smaller parties complained too. “The SABC does not cover our events, not a single event in KZN. We are not invited to their political debates,” ACDP provincial leader Joann Downs was quoted by the media in April 2014. \n\nThe SABC rejected the claims. “I don’t know what they are talking about. We get all these complaints at this time of the elections. Events compete and that is how it happens. If they want to talk to us, they must do so,” an SABC spokesperson said in The Witness. \n\nThe 2014 Media coverage report by Media Monitoring Africa showed that the ANC received 39 percent of all media coverage and the DA 26 percent. The rest was divided over other parties. Monitoring for this report reveals that since the advent of democracy in South Africa, the majority of South African media have an exceptionally positive record in reporting elections in a fair manner, this includes the public broadcaster, the SABC,\" the report stated.","Ayisafani: SABC loses, freedom of expression wins (Daily Maverick / J Brooks Spector / 16 April 2014, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-04-16-ayasifani-sabc-loses-freedom-of-expression-wins/\n\nEFF ad rejected, not banned - SABC (IOL / Baldwin Ndaba / 23 April 2014), http://www.news24.com/elections/news/eff-ad-rejected-not-banned-sabc-20140422\n\nEFF, Agang cry foul over free airtime rules: report (Business Tech / 24 November 2013), http://businesstech.co.za/news/media/49970/eff-agang-cry-foul-over-free-airtime-rules-report/\n\nSABC scoffs at complaints by IFP, ACDP about coverage (The Witness / Mayibongwe Maqhina / 24 April 2014) http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=117865\n\nMMA responds to possible censorship at the SABC (Media Monitoring Africa Press release / 11 A[ril 2014), http://www.mediamonitoringafrica.org/index.php/news/entry/mma_responds_to_possible_censorship_at_the_sabc/\n\nInterim 2014 Election coverage report (Media Monitoring Africa / published 5 May 2014), http://www.mediamonitoringafrica.org/images/uploads/Reporting_Elections_A_Good_Story_to_Tell.pdf","Opposition parties and the ANC have access to state outlets such as the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), but that access is said to be not equitable. Before the 2014 elections, various stories were published around this issue. One involved a Democratic Alliance (DA) c..."]
["2014_SS_23",2014,"SS","South Sudan",23,0,"While South Sudan has not held any elections since gaining its independence three years ago, in practice, candidates and political parties do not have equitable access to state-owned media outlets. Evidence shows that if there was an election, political parties would not have equal access.\n\nStaff with the state-owned South Sudan Television and Radio, speaking on condition of anonymity, says prior to the outbreak of violence in South Sudan’s capital in December 2013, security personnel instructed editors and reporters in the state-run media not to give airtime to former vice president Riek Machar and other politicians allied to him. The government knew that Machar planned to stand for the presidency in 2015 and did not want him to sell his agenda to the country.\n\nDuring a meeting with Thomas Garrett, visiting vice president of the International Republican Institute (IRI) last year, Machar called on security agencies to not take sides with politicians but remain neutral, arguing that censorship of “statements coming from some individual leaders in the public media should not be encouraged.” Machar expressed concern that security agencies had allegedly ordered the state-owned media houses not to broadcast statements and activities of some of the political leaders.","Interview with a source who requested anonymity, mid-level editor of state-owned South Sudan Television, June 27, 2013, Juba.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with Peter Abdelrahman Sule, head of the opposition United Democratic Front (UDF) Party, June 28, 2014, Juba.\n\nSudan Tribune, \"Machar and IRI VP Discuss Importance of Building Democracy in South Sudan,\" Oct. 19, 2013.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48497","While South Sudan has not held any elections since gaining its independence three years ago, in practice, candidates and political parties do not have equitable access to state-owned media outlets. Evidence shows that if there was an election, political parties would not have equal..."]
["2014_TN_23",2014,"TN","Tunisia",23,100,"Elections were held in Tunisia after the period of study (september 2013-September 2014). Parlamentary elections were held in October 2014 and presidential elections in December 2014.\n\nIn practice, the independent High Authority for Audiovisual Communication (HAICA) is responsible for controlling the degree of compliance to ensure media coverage that meets the requirements of neutrality and transparency. This authority has not imposed sanctions against state-owned channels during the legislative elections. \n\nThere was equal access by the political parties in the state media, and there was no discrimination claim against a particular media outlet during the 2014 elections. With regards to the law, Article 45 of Legislative Decree 2011/116 prohibits political advertising during election periods. \n\nAlso during the October 2011 elections, in which a provisional parliament (Assemblée Nationale Constituante/ANC) was elected, the Supreme Authority for the Independence of the Elections (Instance Supérieure pour l'Indépendance des Elections/ISIE) was in charge of media preparations. ISIE prepared an equitable programme for the different parties to access media, using state-owned television and radio outlets. Forty-four political parties have participated in the programme, with four daily hours divided among the 44 parties, which received equal time. In this programme, priority is based on random selection. The production and broadcast of the TV and radio advertising spots were free for all political parties.\n\nRegarding print media, the report from ISIE on its website states the following (p. 141: \"An equal balance between all parties has been observed concerning articles in the news.\"","Telephone interview with Chafiq Sarsar, president of ISIE, 16 June 2014.\n\nTelephone interview with Imen Kochbati, journalist in RTT (Ratio Télévision Tunisienne), 25 June 2014.\n\nReset DOC, Fatima el Issawy, \"Tunisian media and political polarization: glorifying the self, rejecting the other,\" Feb. 5, 2015.\nhttp://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000022498\n\nISIE, \"Rapport relatif au déroulement des élections de l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante,\" February 2012.\nhttp://www.isie.tn/Ar/image.php?id=762","Elections were held in Tunisia after the period of study (september 2013-September 2014). Parlamentary elections were held in October 2014 and presidential elections in December 2014...."]
["2014_DZ_24",2014,"DZ","Algeria",24,100,"En Algérie, les grandes dépenses doivent être exécutées par passation de marchés publics exigeant des appels d'offres.\n\nToutefois, le service contractant peut recourir au gré à gré dans certains cas (exceptionnels), dont le cas d’un approvisionnement urgent destiné à sauvegarder le fonctionnement de l’économie ou les besoins essentiels de la population, les cas d’urgence impérieuse motivée par un danger imminent que court un bien ou un investissement déjà matérialisé sur le terrain et qui ne peut s’accommoder des délais quand il s’agit d’un projet prioritaire et d’importance nationale. \n\nDans ce cas, le recours à ce mode de passation exceptionnel doit être soumis à l’accord préalable du Conseil des ministres, si le montant du marché est égal ou supérieur à 10.000.000.000 DA ($105,000), et à l’accord préalable pris en réunion du gouvernement, si le montant du marché est inférieur au montant précité. (Art 43 du de décret présidentiel n° 10-236 du 7 octobre 2010 portant réglementation des marchés publics)","Décret présidentiel n° 10-236 du 7 octobre 2010 portant réglementation des marchés publics,  Art 25, 28, 43, 44, Code des marchés publics, 2010\nhttp://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FMPublics.pdf","En Algérie, les grandes dépenses doivent être exécutées par passation de marchés publics exigeant des appels d'offres...."]
["2014_CM_24",2014,"CM","Cameroon",24,100,"Selon la loi du Cameroun, tout marché public d'un montant supérieur ou égal à 5 millions FCA ($10000) doit faire l'objet d'un appel d'offres. Les appels d'ofres sont reglémentés par le décret 2004/275 du 24 septembre 2004 portant Code des marchés publics. \n\nLes textes indiquent  en section 1 qu'il  y a des marchés sur appel d'offre. L'article 8 précise que «(1) L'appel d'offres est la procédure par laquelle l'attribution d'un marché intervient après appel public à la concurrence. (2) Les critères de choix tiennent compte :\n- du prix des prestations et variantes proposées ou du coût de leur utilisation ;\n- de leur valeur technique et fonctionnelle notamment, les conditions d'exploitation et d'entretien ainsi que de la durée de vie potentielle des ouvrages produits ou des fournitures et services concernés ;\n- de la qualité et de la capacité professionnelle des candidats ;\n- du délai d'exécution ou de livraison. »\n\nIl faut aussi noter que certains marchés aux montants importants peuvent ne pas passer par l'appel d'offres, l'autorisation du Premier Ministre suffit. Il s'agit des marchés de l’ordre de 10 millions de Fcfa qui doivent être exécutés dans l'urgence. \n\nLa loi autorise le Premier Ministre à autoriser ces marchés. Selon l'article 160 du code des marchés, \"L'Autorité chargée des Marchés Publics est le Premier Ministre. A ce titre, il dispose de tous les pouvoirs et attributions à lui conférés par le présent Code, notamment en matière de visa, d'autorisation de procédures exceptionnelles et d'arbitrage en cas de conflit ou de recours des soumissionnaires.\"\n\nLorsque le marché va au-delà de 4,9 millions de Fcfa, certaines institutions, obtiennent des autorisations du pour faire du gré à gré.","Décret n° 2004/275 du 24 septembre 2004 portant Code des marchés publics, http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/decret-n-2004275-du-24-septembre-2004-portant-code-des-marches-publics.html","Selon la loi du Cameroun, tout marché public d'un montant supérieur ou égal à 5 millions FCA ($10000) doit faire l'objet d'un appel d'offres. Les appels d'ofres sont reglémentés par le décret 2004/275 du 24 septembre 2004 portant Code des marchés publics. ..."]
["2014_CD_24",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",24,100,"En République du Congo le décret n° 2009-156 du 20 mai 2009 portant Code des marchés publics régit les règles de passation de marché. Selon l'Article 28 : \n\n1) Les marchés publics sont passés après mise en concurrence des candidats potentiels sur appel d’offres. \n\n2) Ils peuvent exceptionnellement être attribués selon la procédure de gré à gré dans les conditions définies dans le présent décret.","Décret n°2009-156 du 20 mai 2009  portant Code des marchés publics. http://www.droitcongolais.com/depot/Juridique/Legislation/2009/TextesNonClasse20052009/Code%20des%20marches%20publics%20en%20R%C3%83%C2%A9publique%20du%20Congo.pdf","En République du Congo le décret n° 2009-156 du 20 mai 2009 portant Code des marchés publics régit les règles de passation de marché. Selon l'Article 28 : ..."]
["2014_EG_24",2014,"EG","Egypt",24,100,"Article 39, of Law 89 of 1998, issued by the Ministry of Finance, requires competitive bidding and draws on a previous laws passed in 1992. The tender law states that tenders are open to all parties, provided they act in compliance of the process in terms of purchase or procedures and commissioning.\n\nThese laws require competitive bidding for all government projects regardless of scope, including the oil and gas sector. \n\nHowever, in September 2013 the interim government of Adly Mansour issued an executive order exempting some projects from this requirement to account for exceptional measures and special circumstances. The original law suggests some exceptions for minor projects only.\n\nEgypt is not a member of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement.","Arab Republic of Egypt.  (1998) .  Egypt Tender Law No. 89 of 1998 \n\nMasry Awy, Muhammed Sulieman, 11/24/2013  \"Army given government construction contracts valued at 7 billion pounds\"  http://www.masrawy.com/news/egypt/economy/2013/november/24/5766489.aspx.\n\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Trade & Industry website.  Retrieved from http://www.tas.gov.eg/English/WTO/Egypt%20i n%20WTO/others\n(n.d.) .  Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of State for Administrative Development.  Retrieved from http://www.ad.gov.eg/Default.\n\n(n.d.) .  Monakasat.com.  [Egypt's first online tender guide].  Retrieved from www.monakasat.com/.  accessed 11/24/2013 ","Article 39, of Law 89 of 1998, issued by the Ministry of Finance, requires competitive bidding and draws on a previous laws passed in 1992. The tender law states that tenders are open to all parties, provided they act in compliance of the process in terms of purchase or procedures ..."]
["2014_GH_24",2014,"GH","Ghana",24,100,"The Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), Sections 35(1), and 44 - 47 require that all major procurements follow competitive bidding.\n\nThe Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), Section 35(1) provides:\n\"A procurement entity shall procure goods , services or works by competitive tendering except as provided in this Part.\"\n\nSections 44 - 47 of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) provide:\n\"44(1) In procurement proceedings in which the procurement entity decides that only domestic suppliers or contractors may submit tenders, the procurement entity shall employ national competitive tendering procedures.  \n(2) The procurement entity is not required to employ the procedures set out in sections 47 and 48 of this Act if the estimated contract amount is lower than the value threshold specified in Schedule 3.  (3) The procurement entity may stipulate in the tender documents that tenderers must quote only in the local currency and payments must be made wholly in the local currency. \n45(1) International competitive tendering shall be used whenever open competitive tendering is used and effective competition cannot be obtained unless foreign firms are invited to tender. \n(2) Open international tendering shall be in accordance with Part IV and Part V of this Act and the following shall also apply: \n(a) the invitation to tender and tender documents must be in English, subject to sections 34 and 52; (b) the invitation to tender shall be placed in a newspaper with adequate circulation to attract foreign competition as provided under section 47; \n(c) at least six weeks shall be allowed for submission of tenders in order to allow sufficient time for the invitation to reach candidates and to enable them to prepare and submit the tenders as provided in section 53; \n(d) technical specifications shall, to the extent compatible with national requirements, be based on international standards or standards widely used in international trade and in particular shall conform to the provisions of sections 33 and 50(3); \n(e) tenderers are permitted to express their tenders, as well as any security documents to be presented by them, in freely convertible currency and stated in the tender documents, subject to section 50(3) and section 55(2)(c); and \n(f) general and special conditions of contract as stated in the tender documents.\n46. Part IV and Part V shall apply with such modification as may be necessary whenever effective competition cannot be obtained unless foreign firms are invited to participate in procedures apart from open competitive international tendering such as selective tendering or invitation for proposals. 47(1) A procurement entity shall invite tenders or, where applicable, applications to prequalify by causing an invitation to tender or an invitation to prequalify, to be published in the Procurement Bulletin. \n(2) The invitation to tender or invitation to prequalify shall also be published in at least two newspapers of wide national circulation. \n(3) The invitation may also be published in a newspaper of wide international circulation, in a relevant trade publication or technical or professional journal of wide international circulation.","1. Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), Sections 35(1), and 44 - 47.\nLink: http://www.ppbghana.org/documents/Public%20Procurement%20Act%202003%20Act%20663.pdf","The Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), Sections 35(1), and 44 - 47 require that all major procurements follow competitive bidding...."]
["2014_LR_24",2014,"LR","Liberia",24,100,"There is a procurement commission that is responsible for ensuring all major procurements by government be done through a competitive biding process. The act creating the procurement commission sets forth restrictions, limitations and prohibitions on the use of particular procurement methods. There are certain procurements that do fit within the ambits of the commission for bidding. The fact that a procurement method fits within the threshold set by the commission is not sufficient to establish that it is permitted under the act.\n\nThere is no minimum contract size for both international competitive bidding and national competitive bidding that is prohibited. This mean an agency of government may use international or national competitive bidding even if the use of a request for quotations is permitted if, in the discretion of the agency, \"such use of international or national competitive bidding is consistent with conducting an efficient and effective procurement,\" as stated in a schedule drawn out by the commission.","Public Procurement & Concession Commission Act of September 16, 2010, Part II, Session 3. (1) and Session 4; http://ppcc.gov.lr/doc/PPCA%20_Sept%2013%202010%20_FINAL.pdf","There is a procurement commission that is responsible for ensuring all major procurements by government be done through a competitive biding process. The act creating the procurement commission sets forth restrictions, limitations and prohibitions on the use of particular procureme..."]
["2014_MU_24",2014,"MU","Mauritius",24,100,"Section 8 of the Public Procurement Act states: “There is established a Central Procurement Board, which shall be a body corporate and be responsible for the approval of the award of major contracts by public bodies.” \n\nMajor contracts are defined as contracts for the procurement of goods, services or execution of work to which a public body is party and which exceeds the prescribed amount as per the schedule of the law. For example, for all ministries, the prescribed amount is Rs. 50 million ($1.7 million) for all contracts.\n\nSection 15 (2) further stipulates competitive bidding to be the default choice for public procurement: \n(a) Except in the cases referred to in paragraph (d), procurement shall, in the case of goods, other services or works, be made by means of open advertised bidding, to which equal access shall be provided to all eligible and qualified bidders without discrimination.  \n(b) Open advertised bidding proceedings may include a pre-qualification stage, or post-qualification procedures, before selection of the winning bidder.  \n(c) Open advertised bidding proceedings shall be carried out in a single stage or in two stages in the cases referred to in Section 29.  \n(d) A method of procurement referred to in subsection (1) (a) (ii) to (vi) may be used only if the public body has reason to believe that open advertised bidding   \n(i) will not be efficient or practical for the procurement in question; or  \n(ii) will be too costly to apply given the value of the procurement.  \n(e) Where a public body uses a method of procurement other than open advertised bidding or, in the case of the procurement of consultancy services, a method other than one specified in subsection (1)(b)(i), it shall note in the record of the procurement proceedings the ground for the choice of the procurement method.","Name of the law(s): Public Procurement Act   \n• Year passed: 2006 \n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 8 (1), Section 15 (2)  \n• Link to the law(s) if/when available: http://ppo.gov.mu/English/Documents/PPA2006.pdf","Section 8 of the Public Procurement Act states: “There is established a Central Procurement Board, which shall be a body corporate and be responsible for the approval of the award of major contracts by public bodies.” ..."]
["2014_NE_24",2014,"NE","Niger",24,100,"Au Niger, il existe une loi portant Code des marchés publics dont le respect et la mise en oeuvre sont supervisés par l'Agence de régulation des marchés publics. \n \n Les dépenses militaires sont régies par un Code des marchés spécifique. \n \n En plus des lois nationales, il y a également des Directives de l'Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) relatives à la régulation des marchés publics. Ces directives s'appliquent à l'ensemble des pays membres de l'Union, dont le Niger.\n \n Décret n°2013-569/PRN/PM du 20 décembre 2013, portant Code des marchés publics et de délégations de service public au Niger. Article 1 du décret : « Le présent texte fixe les règles applicables à la passation, l’approbation, l’exécution et le contrôle des marchés publics. Ces règles reposent sur les principes suivants : libre accès à la commande publique, égalité de traitement parmi les candidats et transparence des procédures d’attribution ».\n \n Article 16 : « Tous les marchés passés par appel d’offres sont précédés d’un avis général de publicité dont l’objet est d’informer le public des marchés que l’autorité contractante prévoit de lancer au cours de l’année à venir. L’agence de régulation des marchés publics définira le modèle de cet avis général qui est publié dans le journal des marchés publics ».\n \n Article 17 : « Chaque marché passé par appel d’offres ouvert est précédé d’un avis public d’appel d’offres dont le modèle est défini par l’agence de régulation des marchés publics ».\n \n Article 30 : « L’avis de pré-qualification est publié dans les mêmes conditions que l’avis d’appel d’offres visé à l’article 17 ci-dessus ».\n \n Art 122: « L’Agence de régulation des marchés publics assure le secrétariat du Comité de règlement des différends en matière d’attribution et du comité ad hoc d’arbitrage en matière d’exécution des marchés publics et publie leurs décisions. »","Décret n°2013-569/PRN/PM du 20 décembre 2013, portant Code des marchés publics et de délégations de service public au Niger Décret n°2013-570/PRN/PM du 20 décembre 2013 portant modalités particulières de passation des marchés de travaux, d'équipements, de fournitures et de services concernant les besoins de défense et de sécurité nationale Directive n°04/2005/CM/UEMOA portant procédures de passation, d'execution et de réglement des marchés publics et des délégations de service public dans l'Union Economique Monétaire Ouest Africaine.  Directive n°05/2005/CM/UEMOA portant controle et régulation des marchés publics et des délégations de service public dans l'Union Economique Monétaire Ouest Africaine.","Au Niger, il existe une loi portant Code des marchés publics dont le respect et la mise en oeuvre sont supervisés par l'Agence de régulation des marchés publics. \n ..."]
["2014_SC_24",2014,"SC","Seychelles",24,100,"The 2008 Procurement Act lays out all the requirements to participate in the formal bidding process, and all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding. Article 42 of the act says, \"The procuring entity shall use open tendering under Part VI for every tendering, or an alternative procurement procedure under Part VII. A procuring entity may, subject to this Act, use an alternative procurement procedure only, if that procedure is allowed under Part VII. A procuring entity may use restricted tendering or direct procurement as an alternative procurement procedure only, if before using that procedure, the entity — (a) obtains the written approval of the Procurement Oversight Unit; and (b) records, in writing, the reasons for using the alternative procurement procedure.\"\n\nThe act aims to provide for the basic principles and procedures to be applied in, and regulate, the public procurement of goods, public works, consultancy services, and other services and for the institutions responsible for those matters, and to provide for related matters. The act also defines the following: International competitive bidding’ means bidding open to all bidders, including citizens of Seychelles, local and foreign bidders. \"Limited bidding\" means a procurement method for goods, works and non-consultancy services, where bids are obtained by direct invitation to a shortlist of bidders, without open advertisement. \"Limited selection\" means a procurement method for consultancy services, where bids are obtained by direct invitation to a shortlist of bidders, without open advertisement.","Article 42 of the Procurement Act 33, 2008: \nhttp://www.ntb.sc/docs/Procurementact33of2008.pdf.\n\nPublic Finances (Control and Management) Act, Cap: 188: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/188.\n\nNational Tender Board of Seychelles: http://www.ntb.sc/.\n\nDocument laying out a number of jurisprudence cases:\nhttp://www.legal500.com/assets/images/stories/firmdevs/kbw_bhprocure\nmentupdate.pdf.\n\nAdditional information can be found at the public administration reform project, a World Bank-funded project for ‘Advisory Support and Capacity Development on Critical Aspects of the Public Administration \nReform Process in the Republic of Seychelles,' undertaken by Linpico:\nhttp://www.linpico.com/public-administration-reform-project-in-theseychelles/.","The 2008 Procurement Act lays out all the requirements to participate in the formal bidding process, and all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding. Article 42 of the act says, \"The procuring entity shall use open tendering under Part VI for every tend..."]
["2014_SS_24",2014,"SS","South Sudan",24,0,"In South Sudan some major procurement must be done through competitive bidding while others don’t require bidding. The Public Procurement Bill was being drafted in 2011 and went before the National Assembly in 2012, but as of 2014, had not been enacted. \n\nSection 8 of the Public Procurement and Disposal Bill, 2011, states that “any authorized procuring entity, shall in conducting any procurement activity, ensure that public funds and resources are used in the most efficient, transparent and cost effective manner.\" The philosophy for public procurement, according to the act, is that \"open tendering\" is the default procedure for public procurement and that \"80 percent to 85 percent\" of tenders shall be conducted through this method and that all tendering is conducted in an \"open, fair and transparent manner.” \n\nHowever, the same Public Procurement and Disposal Bill explains the circumstances under which certain procurements are exempted or excluded from competitive bidding. It states: \"The Central Procurement Unit (UNIT) or any procuring entity as the case may be, shall not be required to comply with any provision of this Bill on advertising, or transparency or requiring the use of a specific procurement procedure, if the Council of Ministers, having previously sought the legal advice of the UNIT, and subsequently issued a decision determining that such compliance may compromise classified information or national security interests.\" \n\nAlso, Section 7 (4) states: “Upon consultation and agreement with the Unit, Public Enterprises, or companies may be formally granted certain exemptions from the full scope of this Bill, if operating as a commercial company, provided that appropriate and necessary procurement principles of transparency, fair and equal treatment, promote competition, participation regardless of nationality, value for money, and maximizing economy and cost efficiency in procurement practices shall be adhered thereof, and subject to increased checks by the Unit.”\n\nFurther, Section 7 (5) states that “activities of the Police, Prisons, Wildlife, Custom, Fire Brigade, and Security Services, or other institutions, engage in strategic and or security sensitive procurements, may request prior written approval from the Unit, to selectively keep confidential the activities, which may be subjected to increased audit checks by procurement compliance teams.\"","Public Procurement and Disposal Act, 2011.\nhttp://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/South%20Sudan/PublicProcurementandDisposalBill.pdf\n\n2014 Investment Climate Statement - South Sudan, US Dept of State. February, 2013. June 2014. http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204855.htm","In South Sudan some major procurement must be done through competitive bidding while others don’t require bidding. The Public Procurement Bill was being drafted in 2011 and went before the National Assembly in 2012, but as of 2014, had not been enacted. ..."]
["2014_UG_24",2014,"UG","Uganda",24,100,"The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act, 2003, provides for competitive bidding in all major procurements. Section 51 states that “a procuring and disposing entity shall use open bidding as the preferred method of procurement and disposal.” Sections 79 to 83 explain all the procedures to be followed so that maximum competition is ensured.\n\nThe Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act (Amendment), 2011, did not make any changes to competitive bidding. However, Sections 80, 81, 82 and 83 of the principal act were amended by repealing the words “disposal” appearing in each of those sections.\n\nSections of 82-88 of the Public Procurement and Disposal Act provide for alternative methods like restricted domestic and international bidding, direct procurement and micro-procurement as shown below:\n \n82. (1) Restricted domestic bidding is the procurement or disposal method where bids are obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement.\n(2) Restricted domestic bidding is used to obtain competition and value for money to the extent possible, where the value or circumstances do not justify or permit the open bidding procedure.\n \n84. (1) Quotation and Proposals are simplified procurement and disposal methods which compare price quotations obtained from a number of providers.\n(2) The Quotation and Proposal method shall be used to obtain competition and value for money to the extent possible, where the value or circumstances do not justify or permit open or restricted bidding procedures.\n(3) Quotations shall be used in works and supplies while Proposals shall be used for services.\n \n85. (1) Direct procurement or disposal is a sole source procurement or disposal method for procurement or disposal requirements where exceptional circumstances prevent the use of competition.\n(2) Direct procurement or disposal shall be used to achieve efficient and timely procurement or disposal, where the circumstances do not permit a competitive method.\n \n86. (1) Micro procurement or disposal is a simple direct procurement or disposal method which shall be used for very low value procurement requirements.\n(2) Micro procurement or disposal shall be used to achieve efficient and timely procurement where the value does not justify a competitive procedure.\n \n87. (1) Disposal of public assets may also be by way of the following methods-\n(a) public auction where the professional valuation of an individual asset or lot does not exceed the value stated in the guidelines;\n(b) direct negotiation where disposal on the open market would raise legal or human rights issues and the consideration received is not less than the professional valuation;\n(c) destruction of assets where there is no residual value or no grounds of national security or public interest;\n(d) conversion or classification of assets into another form for disposal by sale such as scrap metal or land fill;\n(e) trade-in; and\n(f) transfer to another procuring and disposing entity.\n \n(2) The procedures for the methods in subsection(1) shall be prescribed by regulations made under this Act.\n\n88. The detailed procedures for selection of providers shall be prescribed by regulations","Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act, 2003, Sections 51, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83.\n\nThe Public Procurement And Disposal Of Public Assets (Amendment) Act, 2011; Sections 36 and 37.","The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act, 2003, provides for competitive bidding in all major procurements. Section 51 states that “a procuring and disposing entity shall use open bidding as the preferred method of procurement and disposal.” Sections 79 to 83 explai..."]
["2014_ZM_24",2014,"ZM","Zambia",24,100,"The Zambia Public Procurement Authority was in the past known as the Zambia National Tender Board, which was formed on 2 Dec. 2008, with the goal of institutionalising best procurement practices in the public sector by 2011. \n\nThe Public Procurement Act of 2008 says, under Section 6, that the authority's functions include to \"regulate the procurement of goods, works and services by procuring entities and ensure transparency and accountability in public procurement.\" Sections 25 and 26 require the procurement entity to conduct open and competitive bidding. \n\nThe Zambia Public Procurement Authority regulates and controls public-sector procurement \"to promote favourable, competitive procurement/bidding environments in all public procurement processes.\"","The Public Procurement Act, No. 12 of 2008, Sections 25 and 26.\nhttp://www.zppa.org.zm/downloads.php","The Zambia Public Procurement Authority was in the past known as the Zambia National Tender Board, which was formed on 2 Dec. 2008, with the goal of institutionalising best procurement practices in the public sector by 2011. ..."]
["2014_BF_25",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",25,75,"Les marchés publiques font l'objet d'appels d'offre au Burkina Faso. Cette procédure est requise pour les marchés d'un montant égal ou supérieur à 20millions de CFA ($40,000), selon l'article 12 du Décret portant rélgémentation des marchés publics et délégation de service public au Burkina Faso. C'est la procédure qui est suivie pour la grande majorité des marchés (95% selon les chiffres de 2012).\n\nLa loi autorise la passation des marchés suivant des appels d’offres ouverts, des appels d’offres restreints, et le gré à gré. Article 3 du décret portant règlementation des marchés publics. «  Tout marché public est passé après une mise en concurrence préalable ouverte ou exceptionnellement une mise en concurrence restreinte ou de gré à gré selon les procédures décrites dans le présent décret. »\nEn termes de chiffres, le dernier rapport de l’Autorité de Régulation des marchés publics (rapport 2012, publié en 2013), note que 89,70% des marchés sont passés suivant des appels à concurrence ouverts, contre 4,25% par appels d’offre restreints et 6,05% par le gré à gré.\n\nSelon la loi sur la passation des marchés publics au Burkina, « Le délai de remise des offres ne peut être inférieur à trente (30) jours calendaires à compter de la date de première publication de l'avis précité sauf autorisation expresse du ministre chargé du budget. » \nDe façon globale cette loi est respectée et les procédures de passations prennent en compte les délais impartis et c’est constatable dans le revue des marchés publics disponible et accessible par tous.\n\nLes critères de sélection et d'évaluation des fournisseurs sont disponibles sur le site web de l'Autorité des Régulations des Marchés Publics (ARMP) et dans les appels publiés par voie de presse, donc accessibles à tout moment. \n\nModeste YAMEOGO de l'ARMP déclare que «selon la procédure de droit commun, les marchés publics font toujours l'objet d'appel d'offre. A côté il y a une procédure contractuelle qui permet de passer un marché public de gré à gré quand on estime que le marché est urgent et si le fournisseur a déjà exécuté à succès des marchés publics. Ce sont les petits marchés qu'on passe au gré à gré, sinon les grands marchés passent toujours par appel d'offre. C'est ce qu'on peut constater dans l'appel d'offre en avril dernier pour l'étude de faisabilité de la construction et de l'équipement de l’hôpital de Bobo-Dioulasso, où l'appel a été publié dans les journaux et donc le document entier figure en bas de l'article de presse en fichier joint.","YAMEOGO Modeste, chef du service juridique et du contentieux, Autorité des Régulations des Marchés Publics (ARMP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nOUOBA Boukari, journaliste d’investigations, reporter, journal Mutations, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 19 juin 2014.\n\nLefaso, 27 février 2014, «Construction et équipement d’un autre CHU à Bobo : Appel aux bureaux d’étude pour la réalisation de l’étude de faisabilité». http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article58057\n\nARMP, rapport d'activités 2012 (Publié en mai 2013). Annexe n° 2 \nTableau n°2 : Synthèse des indicateurs de performances du système des marchés publics renseignés dans le rapport (Page 62). http://www.armp.bf/images/stories/docs/rapport_activites/rapport_activites_armp_2012.pdf","Les marchés publiques font l'objet d'appels d'offre au Burkina Faso. Cette procédure est requise pour les marchés d'un montant égal ou supérieur à 20millions de CFA ($40,000), selon l'article 12 du Décret portant rélgémentation des marchés publics et délégation de service public au..."]
["2014_CV_25",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",25,50,"The Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (ARAP) is the authority whose mission is to regulate, supervise and deals with conflict resolution on public procurement. It has an official government procurement portal. This is a website where all government tenders are advertised, including scope, specifications, and terms of the potential contract as well as the criteria by which the bids are to be assessed.\n \nThe major public procurements are advertised. For example, on the website one can find all public procurement conducted by the state, a list of announcements and open contests, completed and ongoing between 2011-2014.  Overall, in the case of public contracts in which funding is entirely foreign, such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation, there is competitive bidding. \n\nHowever, opposition parties and Cape Verdean companies, especially construction companies, have continued to accuse the government of lack of transparency in major contracts undertaken by the state. They alleged that some of these contracts are assigned without conducting the public tender. There are several examples pointed out by opposition parties in online newspapers. Both major parties proposed the creation of two parliamentary committees of inquiry on public works in Cape Verde from 1991 to 2012.\n\nAs a result, parliament approved on July 30, 2014, the draft law establishing the Public Procurement Code, initiated by the government in order to reduce bureaucracy and modernize this practice. The Movement for Democracy Party (MPD), the largest opposition party, abstained from voting on this proposal. It said that a code of procurement will not eliminate the harmful use and improper management of public resources practices.","1. Interview with João de Pina, economist, National Institute of Statistics, August 14, 2014, Praia.\n\n2. A Semana online, December 23, 2013, \"MPD Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry (PCI) detects irregularities in several works of the State,\" http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article95041.\n\n3. Jornal de S. Nicolau online, February 26, 2014. «Infrastructures: MPD will present complaint against rulers», http://www.jsn.com.cv/index.php/politica-e-cidadania/766-infraestruturas-mpd-vai-apresentar-queixa-crime-contra-governantes.\n\n4. PINN website, July 31, 2014, \"Parliament approved the Code of Public Procurement,\" http://portugueseindependentnews.com/2014/07/31/cabo-verde-parlamento-aprova-codigo-de-contratacao-publica/.\n\n5. ARAP website, Public Procurement Regulatory Authority, May 2, 2014, \"Announcements and Contests,\" http://www.arap.cv/index.php/anuncios/80-em-andamento/296-mca-rfq-fiscal-oversight-agent-services.","The Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (ARAP) is the authority whose mission is to regulate, supervise and deals with conflict resolution on public procurement. It has an official government procurement portal. This is a website where all government tenders are advertised, inc..."]
["2014_CI_25",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",25,50,"En Côte d’Ivoire, les appels d'offres sont toujours publiés dans les médias d'Etat; notamment Fraternité Matin. On peut souvent lire également ces offres sur des sites de l'autorité de regulation des marchés publics (ANRMP) et même le site du patronant ivoirien (www.cgeci.org). Les avis contient les critères d'évaluation et pour les dossiers complets, les candidats intéressés peuvent obtenir le dossier complet en contactant l'ANRMP.\n\nLes grandes dépenses font l'objet d'appels d'offres, mais plusieurs rapports ivoiriens décrient l'explosion du nombre de contrats gré-à-gré signés par le gouvernement, un nombre qui atteindrait 56% pour 2013 selon l'Autorité de régulation des marchés mublics. La loi indique qu'un marché au delà de 30 millions FCFA nécessite un appel d'offres. Dans le cas d'espèce, les informations relatives au marché sont mis à la dispositions des éventuels candidats. Mais ces dispositions ne sont pas toujours respectées. En témoigne les propos du Président de la République lui-même qui déclare que face à certaines situations d'urgence, on peut se passer des appels d'offres (« face à des situations d'urgence, les appels d'offres ne sont pas nécessaires. Je ne vais pas m'enfermer dans des appels d'offres pour tout ce que je fais», explique le Président Alassane Ouattara). Cela explique aussi en partie les nombreuses plaintes dans le monde des affaires.","ADINGRA Erick, journaliste économique au journal Le Patriote, 06 août 2014. \n \n BOURAHIMAN Ouattara, directeur général de l'entreprise Ivoire technologies nouvelles, 10 août 2014. \n \n Le journal le Mandat, 9 août 2013, «Passation des appels d'offres: Le President Ouattara explique les procédures des appels d'offres.» http://news.abidjan.net/h/467507.html.","En Côte d’Ivoire, les appels d'offres sont toujours publiés dans les médias d'Etat; notamment Fraternité Matin. On peut souvent lire également ces offres sur des sites de l'autorité de regulation des marchés publics (ANRMP) et même le site du patronant ivoirien (www.cgeci.org). Les..."]
["2014_ER_25",2014,"ER","Eritrea",25,25,"Usually, the government newspaper posts different contract notices and procurement bids in all the local newspapers. The papers are usually Haddas Eritrea, the Eritrean Profile and the Arabic newspaper Al Hadisa. Newspapers also announce those bids subsidized through foreign aid. There are times that the ministries and other government bodies post bids for public procurement; however, the criteria are not open to scrutiny. And not all procurements are publicly announced. In early 2013, the government purchased heavy machinery that amounts close to USD100 million, but it wasn't disclosed how the government undertook the procurement bidding.\n\nThe Ministry of Finance has its own directives when public procurement is involved. However, the government for the most part does not abide by the instructions for heavy procurement, which is usually handled by the ruling party's economic enterprises. Usually, procurement notices are posted in Eritrean media for procurements involving the local market or for domestic purchases. Foreign procurement do not usually follow the directives of the Ministry of Finance. The government is obliged to be transparent in announcing procurement notices in cases of foreign-sponsored procurement, as the attached announcement in an Eritrean newspaper shows.\n\nThe system does not have an effective mechanism for scrutiny. In addition, although there are times when bids are open to the public, bid winners usually are notified by a phone call.\n\nIn the local market, the Red Sea Trading Corp. does solicit some bids for certain procurements. The corporation can't meet all the supply needs of government offices, so it seeks bids from the local market by collecting pro formas. The process is not open to public scrutiny; contractors are invited via notices to offer their bids.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 24, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 25, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources are has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nEritrean newspaper, Ministry of Information, Contract Notice, Subject: Supply and installation of a PV system for the project “Capacity building for the public administration of Eritrea,\" June 7, 2014, (attached), Shabait.com","Usually, the government newspaper posts different contract notices and procurement bids in all the local newspapers. The papers are usually Haddas Eritrea, the Eritrean Profile and the Arabic newspaper Al Hadisa. Newspapers also announce those bids subsidized through foreign aid. T..."]
["2014_GN_25",2014,"GN","Guinea",25,25,"La passation des marchés publics en Guinée doivent normalement suivre une procédure d'appel d'offre en matière des grandes dépenses de l'Etat. Cependant, il arrive souvent que les appels soient publiés après la remise des offres. Les passations ne respectent pas toujours les procédures. \n\nLa question des passations restreinte est très fréquente. Certains journaux en font cas et demandent la vigilance des populations. Les autorités compétentes pour la passation des marchés ont des entreprises privilégiées, qui sont informées. C'est surtout des entreprises chinoises et brésiliennes.\n\nL’offre elle-même explique en détails les termes de référence, la procédure de soumission et les critères d’évaluations. Les personnes interessées peuvent se rendre au siège de l'agence de régulation des marchés publics afin de se procurer toutes ces informations. Il faut rappeler que l’autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) et le Conseil de Régulation des Marchés Publics (CRMP) n'existaient jusqu'ici que de nom; ils sont devenus opérationnels en novembre 2014.","FALCON François, directeur national de l'Agence National de la Lutte contre la Corruption, 10h,  07 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nCISSÉ Mamadou, Gbassikolo.com, 25 juin 2014, «La Guinée : A quand l’avènement d’un marché de pure concurrence ? (Actualisé !).» http://www.gbassikolo.com/libre-opinion/60-libre-opinion/3919-la-guinee-a-quand-lavenement-dun-marche-de-pure- \n\nGuinneinter.com, Affaire passation de marchés publics sur liste restreinte: Plus de mille milliards fg engagés sans crédit budgétaire. http://www.guineeinter.com/fichiers/videos5.php?langue=fr&idc=fr_Affaire_passation_de_march_s_publics_sur_liste_restreinte__Pl\n\nGuinee Presse Info, 23 mai 2014. «Corruption et trucage dans l’attribution de marchés publics.» www.guineepresse.info/index.php?id=14,14155,0,0,1,0","La passation des marchés publics en Guinée doivent normalement suivre une procédure d'appel d'offre en matière des grandes dépenses de l'Etat. Cependant, il arrive souvent que les appels soient publiés après la remise des offres. Les passations ne respectent pas toujours les procéd..."]
["2014_MG_25",2014,"MG","Madagascar",25,25,"En pratique, les grandes dépenses devront faire l’objet d’appel d’offres. Toutefois, il y a des dérogations concernant surtout les promesses présidentielles. Les irrégularités citées par le rapport de mission de contrôle publié par l’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Public (ARMP) concernent surtout la non-conformité des procédures (liberté d’accès à la commande publique, l’égalité de traitement des candidats et la transparence des procédures).\n \nIl y a également l’attribution de marchés publics par le système de « gré à gré », lequel a subsisté, malgré les critiques formulées à son encontre. A cet effet, les travaux de réhabilitation du palais de l’Assemblée nationale ont fait débat sur le manque d’appel d’offres, et l’attribution du marché à une personnalité politique proche du pouvoir. Ce non respect de la procédure de recours à l’appel d’offres pour les grandes dépenses publiques est confirmé par les interviews.","Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP), rapport de mission de contrôle à posteriori des Ccntrats passés durant les années 2011 et 2012 dans six institutions, 35 ministères, 21 établissements publics et 21 régions. Antananarivo : Projet de Gouvernance et de Développement Institutionnel/ARMP, mars 2014.\n \nRALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014. VONJY Razafy Harison, directeur général p.i, Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics, 17 juillet 2014. FANJANARIVO, La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 24 avril 2014, « Passation de marchés publics: Plus de 78% non-conformes au code ». http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=39414:passation-de-marches-publics-plus-de-78-non-conformes-au-code&catid=45:newsflash&Itemid=58. IMASINDIA Le Courrier, 14 juin 2014, « Attribution des marchés publics : les copains d’abord ! ». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/la-une/43046-attribution-des-marches-publics--les-copains-dabord-#.U744P0DEdOc.","En pratique, les grandes dépenses devront faire l’objet d’appel d’offres. Toutefois, il y a des dérogations concernant surtout les promesses présidentielles. Les irrégularités citées par le rapport de mission de contrôle publié par l’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Public (ARMP)..."]
["2014_MA_25",2014,"MA","Morocco",25,50,"Conditions have improved significantly when it comes to public procurements. While in the past decade competitive bidding processes lacked transparency, now bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract. Additionally, the criteria by which the bids are evaluated are available for public scrutiny.\n\nHowever, problems remain. For example sometimes criteria are unnecessarily specific and only a few companies - or just one - can answer the bid.","Hassan Harti - Expert in Public Procurement at the General Confederation of Moroccan Companies (CGEM) - phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nGhorfi Thami - Businessman, Shareholder at a media outfit and  Expert at CES (Economic and Social Council) - Department of business and social environment- phone interview 13/07/2014.\n\nAsmae Bennis - Director of public tenders - SGTM - phone interview 14/07/2014.","Conditions have improved significantly when it comes to public procurements. While in the past decade competitive bidding processes lacked transparency, now bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and..."]
["2014_NE_25",2014,"NE","Niger",25,50,"Le principe de recours aux appels d’offres est systématique pour les grandes dépenses et les appels d’offres supérieures ou égales à 500 millions doivent faire l’objet d’une communication en conseil des ministres. Le gouvernement et/ou les administrations publient une annonce d'appel d'offres et invitent les soumissionnaires à retirer le dossier complet d'appel d'offre à une adresse qui est indiquée dans l'annonce. Les appels peuvent être consultés sur le site de l’Autorité de régulation des marchés publics publie tous les marchés publics.\n \nCependant, la mise en œuvre des solutions demeure difficile à cause des insuffisances des textes et règlements juridiques relatifs à la nécessité et/ou de recours à la procédure de passation des marchés publics, procédure relativement plus complexe et plus longue que celle prévue pour les dépenses de fonctionnement n’atteignant pas, par unité, une valeur donnée, en plus de la procédure interne, elles sont soumises à celle des partenaires techniques et financiers.","MOHAMED Abdoulaye, cadre de la cellule des reforme DGB ministère des finances et du budget, 14 septembre 2014.\n \nSEYBOU Gati, membre de l’Agence de Régulation des Marchés Publics du Niger, 14 septembre 2014.\n \nMOSSI Abdoul Karim, ancien membre l’Agence de Régulation des Marchés Publics du Niger, 14 septembre 2014.","Le principe de recours aux appels d’offres est systématique pour les grandes dépenses et les appels d’offres supérieures ou égales à 500 millions doivent faire l’objet d’une communication en conseil des ministres. Le gouvernement et/ou les administrations publient une annonce d'app..."]
["2014_SO_25",2014,"SO","Somalia",25,25,"All major contracts requiring bidding from competitors are managed either by international organizations such as the United Nations (U.N.) or the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or by government ministries with international partner organizations. While procedures follow the basic outline of U.N.-mandated procurement procedures, government procurement is often riddled with conflicts of interest.\n\nBecause the government relies on international partners for major development programs and international partners prefer to have control on how their projects are contested, all major subsequent procurement programs are administered by those international partners in partnership with relevant government ministries. And they are publicly advertised. The government administered procurement projects, albeit small sized compared to those by the international partners, have opaque procedures like direct appointment for the evaluating panel and directors.\n\nMost of the internationally funded bids are publicly advertised and competitors are asked to apply within one week or so, which many competitors complain is not enough time to prepare given language barriers in the case of international organizations that present offers in English, and unclear scope. Qualifying criteria accompany the tenders, but the scope and filtering processes applied are not always explained. The procedures are not accessible to applicants either.\n\nIn a May 2014 meeting by the Council of Ministers chaired by Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed, ministers discussed a proposed agenda of government buying/selling regulations. Speaking after the meeting to the media, Finance Minister Hussein Abdi Halane said: “It is a milestone triumph for the Cabinet to unanimously pass this Bill. It addresses all issues of transparency, accountability and utilizing public funds wisely when the public institutions procure goods and services as well as concessions.” \n\nThe proposed bill must however be passed through Parliament for it to be officially enacted as a law.","Abdi Abshir Dhoorre\nDirector General of National Chamber House\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 23, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nProf. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSomalia: Cabinet unanimously passes the Public Procurement & Concessions Act\nHorseed Media\nGovernment Press Release\nSagal Ahmed\nSenior Press Officer\nPrime Minister’s Media Office\nMay 22, 2014\nMogadishu, Somalia\nhttp://horseedmedia.net/news/2014/05/somalia-cabinet-unanimously-passes-public-procurement-concessions-act/","All major contracts requiring bidding from competitors are managed either by international organizations such as the United Nations (U.N.) or the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or by government ministries with international partner organizations. While p..."]
["2014_TZ_25",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",25,50,"There is open advertising, but the advertising does not leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers, and the tender documents sometimes lack clarity in their basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract). Also, the criteria by which the bids are evaluated are not readily available for scrutiny. \n\nMedia reports show that there are a lot of ghost projects in Tanzania, mainly because most of the procurement programs do not follow rules and canons of procurement. According to the IPPmedia.com online newspaper report of Sept. 23, 2013, in which 35 firms were barred from procurement activities, it was reported that the government was losing trillions of shillings in public funds because, among other reasons, \"there were inappropriate procurements, causing delays in the implementation of the projects, inappropriately prepared tender and contract documents, specifications and drawings that were not included in the tender and contract, resulting in activities that were not adequately described and delayed payments.\"","1.Ghost projects cost taxpayers over Sh 2 trillion, September 2013; http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=59781\n2.Esta Mrema, activist, October 30, 2014, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania\n3. Ghost projects cost taxpayers over Sh 2 trillion by AMINA YAHYA, IPPMedia.com, 28, September 2013, http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=59781\n4. The Public Procurement Regulaltory Authority website has a tender portal; http://tender.ppra.go.tz/. Last accessed in March 2015.","There is open advertising, but the advertising does not leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers, and the tender documents sometimes lack clarity in their basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract). Also, the criteria by which the bids ar..."]
["2014_ZW_25",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",25,0,"The State Procurement Board, established under Section 1 of the Procurement Act - Chapter 22:14, has the function of making provisions for the procurement of goods, construction work and services by the state, statutory bodies and others. \n\nAlthough Section 31 of the same act clearly stipulates tendering procedures, sources indicate there is widespread malpractice such that bids from competing contractors, suppliers or vendors are rarely, if ever, invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications and terms of the proposed contract. For example, the government recently assigned the Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure and Utilities to monitor transactions and ensure transparency, and industry players have been urging the committee to join forces with the police to investigate tender corruption and ensure taxpayers get value for money amid growing evidence of a “cosy” relationship between the State Procurement Board and Chinese company ZTE Corp. over two electricity-related deals. ZTE was awarded a $180 million off-the-books deal to build solar-powered facilities, and there has been apparent protection of ZTE from losing another contract despite its installation of substandard electricity meters.\n\nIn a newspaper article in the Sunday Mail in April 2014, Kuda Bwititi and Lincoln Towindo pointed that the State Procurement Board (SPB) has been riddled with serious problems ranging from understaffing, poor oversight and slack monitoring systems for the tender process; experts estimate that the SPB doesn't properly evaluate or scrutinize between 60 and 70 percent of tenders awarded.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, land information officer, Ministry of lands and Rural Resettlement, 15 July 2014, Harare. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nDaily News, \"Govt cracks down on procurement malpractice,\" 27 March 2014.  \nhttp://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2014/03/27/govt-cracks-down-on-procurement-malpractice \n\nThe Sunday Mail, Kuda Bwititi and Lincoln Towindo. SPB Deals Cost Treasury Millions,\" 27 April 2014. http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/?p=3331\n\nGovernment of Zimbabwe, Procurement Act, Chapter 22:14. \nhttp://www.cfuzim.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=368:procurement-act-chapter-2214&catid=63:legal-the-law&Itemid=90","The State Procurement Board, established under Section 1 of the Procurement Act - Chapter 22:14, has the function of making provisions for the procurement of goods, construction work and services by the state, statutory bodies and others. ..."]
["2014_BF_26",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",26,50,"Il existe une revue des marchés publics que les fournisseurs et autres prestataires de services achètent au prix de 200 francs CFA (moins d'un dollar) et dans laquelle sont consignées les appels d'offres et les résultats des dépouillements. \n\nCette information a été confirmée par le journaliste Boukari OUOBA et corroborée par M. YAMEOGO. Ces informations sont disponibles partout puisque c'est le principe même de la passation qui l'exige. On peut effectivement consulter la revue sur le site web de la direction du contrôle des marchés publiques, ou celui de l'ARMP, ou acheter la revue qui est un quotidien disponible à la direction générale de passation des marchés publics. Cela n'est pas le cas en revanche des contrats des différentes prestations qui ne sont pas rendus publics car ils concernent les deux parties contractantes, selon les explications fournies par les officiels.","YAMEOGO Modeste, chef du service juridique et du contentieux, Autorité des Régulations des Marchés Publiques (ARMP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nOUOBA Boukari, journaliste d’investigations, reporter, journal Mutations,  Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 19 juin 2014.\n\nSite web de la direction de contrôle des marchés publics, visité le 26 juillet 2014, la revue des marchés publics en consultation unique du 31 juillet 2014, , http://www.dcmp.bf/SiteDcmp/revue-consultation-unique/revue-consultation.jsp#","Il existe une revue des marchés publics que les fournisseurs et autres prestataires de services achètent au prix de 200 francs CFA (moins d'un dollar) et dans laquelle sont consignées les appels d'offres et les résultats des dépouillements. ..."]
["2014_BI_26",2014,"BI","Burundi",26,0,"Les citoyens burundais n’ont pas accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics. \n\nEmmanuel NKURUNZIZA, chargé des programmes au sein de l’OLUCOME et Gilbert NININAHAZWE, agent de l’investigation au PARCEM, confirment tous les deux que les citoyens n’ont pas accès aux documents relatifs aux marchés publics.\n\nCependant, Edouard BIHA, ancien directeur exécutif de la ligue burundaise des Droits de l' Homme Iteka relativise et déclare que tout dépend de la nature des dossiers.","NKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014\n\nBIHA Edouard, ancien directeur exécutif de la ligue Burundaise des Droits de l'Homme Iteka, 18 août 2014.","Les citoyens burundais n’ont pas accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics. ..."]
["2014_CG_26",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",26,50,"There is a centralized archive at the Bureau Central de Coordination (BCECO) that contains full documentation for each government contract. But citizens cannot access all documents related to any contract. All this information is not online and the archive cannot be visited by anyone. \n\nFor citizens (journalist, researchers, academics, etc.) to access this information, they must get approval from management, and they need to provide an acceptable reason.","1. (Consultation website on BCECO Competing Bids), Government Contracting Institution Bureau Central De Coordination (Bceco), July 21, 2014, http://www.bceco.cd/fr/.\n\n2. (Face To Face Interview), Ronsard B., Procurement Officer At BCECO, July 5, 2014. \n\n3. (Face To Face Interview), Pascaline Nzarubara,  journalist working on governance and new citizenship issues at The DRC National Television, July 16, 2014.","There is a centralized archive at the Bureau Central de Coordination (BCECO) that contains full documentation for each government contract. But citizens cannot access all documents related to any contract. All this information is not online and the archive cannot be visited by anyo..."]
["2014_DJ_26",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",26,0,"L'article 16 du Code des marchés publics dispose que «les avis d'appel d'offres ouvert ou d'appel public de candidatures font l'objet d'une publicité par insertion obligatoire dans le journal La Nation et, le cas échéant, par tous autres moyens de publicité.»\n\nEn pratique, les citoyens ne peuvent avoir accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux marchés publics. En effet, les personnes interrogées confirment que les citoyens n'ont pas souvent le réflexe de demander ces informations. Cependant, ces documents sont consultables que pour les entreprises candidates aux marchés publics. La commission nationale des marchés publics ne dispose pas de site internet dans lequel est publié les résultats et documents relatifs aux marchés publics.","ALI Oubah, membre de la société civile et chef d'entreprise, 8 juillet 2014. \n\nKIDAR Ahmed, auditeur au sein de la sous direction de l'audit, 8 juillet 2014.  \n\nGARAD Mouhoumed, responsable de publication des offres de marchés publics au sein du journal La Nation, 8 juillet 2014.","L'article 16 du Code des marchés publics dispose que «les avis d'appel d'offres ouvert ou d'appel public de candidatures font l'objet d'une publicité par insertion obligatoire dans le journal La Nation et, le cas échéant, par tous autres moyens de publicité.»..."]
["2014_GM_26",2014,"GM","The Gambia",26,0,"The government procurement authority regulates procurement contracts and archives records of public procurement contracts. However these records are rarely made public and are difficult to access. Sources interviewed also raised concerns over the difficulty in accessing such records  for publication. The Gambia Public Procurement Agency has  a website (http://www.gppa.gm) but it is not updated very often and does not contain full documentation for each government contract.\n\nThis means citizens lack access to such information. The failure to publicize and update records of all government's contract on the Procurement Authority's website means they are not available for online scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing contractors and any citizen who request them.","1. Interview with a Procurement Officer who requested anonymity, Gambia Public Procurement Authority (GPPA), Interview on 3rd July 2014, Karaiba Avenue\n\n2. Interview with Mr Suwaibou Touray, Editor, Foroyaa Newspaper, 3rd July 2014, Serrekunda\n\n3. Interview with Mr. Ousman Njie, Editor, Foroyaa Newspaper, 10th July 2014, Serrekunda\n\n4. The Gambia Public Procurement Agency website, accessed 28 January, 2015. http://www.gppa.gm. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The government procurement authority regulates procurement contracts and archives records of public procurement contracts. However these records are rarely made public and are difficult to access. Sources interviewed also raised concerns over the difficulty in accessing such record..."]
["2014_LS_26",2014,"LS","Lesotho",26,0,"In practice, citizens cannot access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts. Procurement documents are regarded as highly confidential and not available for public viewing. A typical example of how inaccessible the procurement document are is the fact that an agreement between the government and Tšepong Consortium remains a mystery to the public some six years after it was signed by the two parties. Tšepong was contracted to build the country’s largest hospital and manage it under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) agreement for the period of 18 years. That agreement was signed in 2008, and pressure by civil society organisations on the parties to make it available to the public has failed to change the situation.  \n\nAccording to Thabo Qhesi of the Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho, the private sector has an observer status during tendering processes. However, he stated that being an observer does not mean that they have access to full contract, proposals, executions reports and financial audits associated with government procurement. He stated that they are simply informed of who has won the tender without being furnished with the details of how the decision was made.\n \nThis is the view that was supported by Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association who stated that there is no transparency without giving the citizens of how decisions are reached in the awarding of government contracts. He stated that there has been no improvement on accessibility during the year under review. On the other hand, Public Eye newspaper reported that the opposition Democratic Congress accused the government for being biased in awarding government tenders. \n\nThe issue of public procurement has caused serious stirs during the period under review. It is less evident as to whether the government procurement regulations are still in place given that the principal secretaries were not even willing to comply with court order that forced them to adhere to them. Lefu Manyokole, the principal secretary for the Ministry of Health, has been heavily criticised in the media for his decisions within the ministry during the year under review.","Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer, Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nPublic Eye Newspaper, Kananelo Boloetse and Mpho Leshota, Parties Accuse Thabane of Bias, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=6381 (accessed on the 27th August 2014)","In practice, citizens cannot access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts. Procurement documents are regarded as highly confidential and not available for public viewing. A typical example of how inaccessible the procurement document are is the fact that a..."]
["2014_MW_26",2014,"MW","Malawi",26,0,"In Malawi, citizens cannot access reports and documents associated with procurement contracts. They are generally unavailable except to those inside the civil service. There is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts. But these records cannot be accessed online or offline for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and any citizen who request them.\n\nThe Access to Information Bill, which has yet to be passed, would make such records available to citizens.","1. Tamani Nkhono-Mvula, National Director, Civil Society Agriculture Network , 3 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Chris Chisoni, National Secretary, Catholic Commission for Justice, 3 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Peter Nyirenda, Registration Officer, National Construction Industry Council of Malawi (NCIC), 8 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","In Malawi, citizens cannot access reports and documents associated with procurement contracts. They are generally unavailable except to those inside the civil service. There is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts. But these records cannot be accessed onl..."]
["2014_NA_26",2014,"NA","Namibia",26,50,"Tender bids are open in public and announced in public. Tender awards are displayed on the notice board of the Ministry of Finance and also on the ministerial website. Reports are prepared annually. But citizens cannot access tender documents unless the document was submitted by them. This is a matter of a confidentiality clause of the tender regulations. \n\nAlthough there were no reports on individuals denied access of tender results or documents associated with them during the period of study, Namibians do not have access to the results and documents associated with procurement contracts. In part this is because the laws are too restrictive. One has to show direct and substantial interests.\n\nThe tender documents available at the Tender Board office contain basic components such as scope, specifications and terms of the proposed contract.","Leonie Du Toit, Tender Board Spokesperson, Ministry of Finance, Face to Face Interview 27 July 2014.\n\nSacky Shanghala, Chairperson, Law Reform & Developement Commission, Face to Face Interview 30 July 2014.\n\nNamibian Tender Board Website - http://www.mof.gov.na/tender-board.","Tender bids are open in public and announced in public. Tender awards are displayed on the notice board of the Ministry of Finance and also on the ministerial website. Reports are prepared annually. But citizens cannot access tender documents unless the document was submitted by th..."]
["2014_SN_26",2014,"SN","Senegal",26,25,"Au Sénégal les contrats portants sur les marchés publics sont accessibles aux citiyens, mais ils n'ont pas accès aux rapports d'exécution et audits, car ces informations sont confidentielles et sont archivées par la direction des statistiques.\n\nLes citoyens sont en mesure sont en mesure d'accéder aux avis d’appels d’offres de grands montants par le billet d’un journal d’un avis d’attribution.","El HADJU Malick Guèye, chargé de diffusion, division de la documentation, de la diffusion et des relations avec les usagers, agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie, 1 juillet 2014.\n\nSECK Birahim, expert en marché public, membre du Forum civil, 6 juillet 2014.\n\nDIOP Babacar, ancien membre du Conseil de régulation des marchés public, chef d’entreprise BTP SEBADCO, 24 juillet 2014.","Au Sénégal les contrats portants sur les marchés publics sont accessibles aux citiyens, mais ils n'ont pas accès aux rapports d'exécution et audits, car ces informations sont confidentielles et sont archivées par la direction des statistiques...."]
["2014_ZA_26",2014,"ZA","South Africa",26,25,"According to interviewed sources, citizens only have access to information about the winning contractor; they don't have access to information on the details of full contract, proposals, execution reports, and financial audits, since such information does not make it to the public domain. The government website also does not have this information.\n\nWhile very little information is available online, the data that is available is often inaccessible, says Moira De Roche, director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa. She says that this is due to poor access to a proper Internet  connection, but also due to the lack of knowledge of how to use computer technology and the Internet. “The real issue is that they do not have the skills they need to find the information even when they get access to technology. The real challenge is to educate people on how technology will change their lives. I was asked by a media representative a few months ago to comment on a planned portal the Education Department wants to build for learners, teachers, and parents. I emphasized that apart from access it is vital that there is a good reason for people to visit the site, and go back often.”\n\nThe  database of expired tenders not seem to be kept up to date: On 22 July 2014, the last awarded tender that was listed dated back to May 5, 2014. The TenderLink website was not functional either. \n\nSome municipalities such as Cape Town and Durban disclose to who tenders were awarded to, the value, when they were awarded and what type of company the tender was awarded to. These records do not disclose information such as full contract, proposals, execution reports, and financial audits.  They are not readily available to journalists and the public online or offline. One has to ask for such information. \n\nTender sections of various departments were surveyed to see what information on expired tenders was available:\n- Treasury: Only name of winning bidder, type of contract and value contract available. There is a list of tenders available for tenders that are currently in the process of being awarded. \n- Department of Labour: Only name of winning bidder, type of contract and value contract available. Not whom the other bidders were. \n- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Only name of winning bidder, type of contract and value contract available. Not whom the other bidders were. No information around the contract (duration, rules etc).","Interview Moira de Roche,  director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa / 6 October 2014 / email\n\nList of awarded tenders - national government (government website), http://www.gov.za/documents/tenders/awardedtenders.htm\n\nList of awarded tenders - Treasury (Treasury website), http://www.treasury.gov.za/tenderinfo/awarded/\n\nList of awarded tenders - Department of Labour (Department's website), http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/tenders\n\nList of awarded tenders - Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Department's website), http://www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/Tenders/Awarded-Bids","According to interviewed sources, citizens only have access to information about the winning contractor; they don't have access to information on the details of full contract, proposals, execution reports, and financial audits, since such information does not make it to the public ..."]
["2014_TN_26",2014,"TN","Tunisia",26,0,"Both public and private institutions keep in their archives written records of all their procurement contracts, but these are considered to be strictly confidential and are not available for scrutiny by citizens. Citizens have no access to notification of government procurement awards, even the larger ones. Results are not published in newpaper, website, etc.\n\nIn specific cases, they can be available to government officials, for example, when they involve police investigations, national security, surveys, preparing of national statistics and fiscal control. They are also available in the case of the sale of a company (due diligence). In such cases, the company that wants to buy another company can have access to its financial documents in order to evaluate the purchasing price. But ordinary citizens cannot access them, and this data is not published online.","Interview with Adnene Fourgi, accountant, TTE (private company), 18 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Adel Bannour, head of archives department, Hospital Rabta, 18 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Alya Abbassi, responsible for purchasing in the Ministry of Higher Education, 19 June 2014, Tunis.","Both public and private institutions keep in their archives written records of all their procurement contracts, but these are considered to be strictly confidential and are not available for scrutiny by citizens. Citizens have no access to notification of government procurement awa..."]
["2014_AO_27",2014,"AO","Angola",27,0,"No such law exists. The Public Procurement Law No. 20/10 does not establish prohibitive procedures.","Law on Public Procurement, Law No. 20/10 of Sept. 7,  2010 ","No such law exists. The Public Procurement Law No. 20/10 does not establish prohibitive procedures."]
["2014_BW_27",2014,"BW","Botswana",27,100,"Section 7.1 of the Code of Ethics under the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board Act, 2008, provides that it is a serious breach of the public trust to undermine the public purchasing process by directing purchases to certain favoured vendors or to tamper with the competitive bidding process, whether for kickbacks, friendship or any other reason. \n\nMisuse of purchasing power by an organisation or individual carries civil and/or criminal penalties. Such action also will result in the inclusion of individuals and organisations in the delisting register of the board or, in the case of a civil servant, the punishment is stipulated by law. \n\nArt. 124 and 126 state:\n\"124. Suspension and de-listing from the register: A contractor who does not comply either with the code of conduct or the contract concluded with a procuring entity may be suspended or delisted by the Board from the Register of Contractors.\n[...]\n126. Restriction on defaulting contractor: Where the defaulting shareholders, directors and senior officers of the suspended contractor join another contractor in key operational positions, that contractor shall be debarred from bidding on new tenders until the period of suspension has lapsed.\"","Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board Act, 2008, Chapter 14, Code of Ethics (7),  Commitment to the highest ethical standards. http://www.ppadb.co.bw/Act_Reg/PPAD%20Act_revised.pdf","Section 7.1 of the Code of Ethics under the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board Act, 2008, provides that it is a serious breach of the public trust to undermine the public purchasing process by directing purchases to certain favoured vendors or to tamper with the competitiv..."]
["2014_CD_27",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",27,100,"L'article 53 du Code des marchés publics dispose que: «1) Ne peuvent soumissionner, les personnes physiques ou morales ci-après : ....f) personnes reconnues coupables d’infraction à la réglementation des marchés publics ou exclues des procédures de passation des marchés par une décision de justice définitive en matière pénale, fiscale, ou sociale ou par une décision de l’autorité de régulation des marchés publics. »","Code des marchés publics du 25 mai 2009. http://www.droitcongolais.com/depot/Juridique/Legislation/2009/TextesNonClasse20052009/Code%20des%20marches%20publics%20en%20R%C3%83%C2%A9publique%20du%20Congo.pdf","L'article 53 du Code des marchés publics dispose que: «1) Ne peuvent soumissionner, les personnes physiques ou morales ci-après : ....f) personnes reconnues coupables d’infraction à la réglementation des marchés publics ou exclues des procédures de passation des marchés par une déc..."]
["2014_GQ_27",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",27,0,"There is no law in Equatorial Guinea that explicitly bans companies from participating in future bids if they are guilty of violating procurement, tax, labor or corruption regulations. Equatorial Guinea has no publicized public procurement regulatory framework. In addition, there is no centralized agency tasked with issuing tenders or bids for public-sector infrastructure. \n\nLaw No. 9/2003 (Nov. 11, 2003) “Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas del Estado de Guinea Ecuatorial” was meant to bring the country in line with budgetary legislation in other countries in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). However, it did not legislate procurement regulations.","No such law exists.\n\nThere is, however: \nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003 Regulating Public Finances, 2003 (“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas del Estado de Guinea Ecuatorial”).  \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71","There is no law in Equatorial Guinea that explicitly bans companies from participating in future bids if they are guilty of violating procurement, tax, labor or corruption regulations. Equatorial Guinea has no publicized public procurement regulatory framework. In addition, there i..."]
["2014_GM_27",2014,"GM","The Gambia",27,100,"By virtue of Section 29 of The Gambia Public Procurement Act, persons and companies found in breach of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of five years. The list of procurement faults is extensive and specific and includes the following grounds for debarment. \n\n(a) Refusal by a successful bidder to: \n(i) sign a procurement contract, or \n(ii) furnish a performance security, if required to do so in accordance with the terms of the bidding  documents; \n \n(b) provision of false information supplied in the process of submitting a bid; \n \n(c) collusion between the bidders or a bidder and a public officer concerning the formulation of terms of reference or the bidding documents; \n \n(d) connivance to interfere with the participation of competing bidders; \n \n(e) misconduct relating to the submission of bids, including corruption, collusion, price fixing, a pattern of underpricing of bids, and breach of confidentiality; \n \n(f) breach of contractual obligations under a procurement contract deemed serious enough to warrant debarment, provided that the breach was not due to circumstances beyond the control of the supplier or bidder; \n \n(g) conviction of a criminal offence relating to obtaining or attempting to obtain a contract or subcontract; or \n \n(h) conviction for an economic crime.","Section 29 of the  Gambia Public Procurement Act 2001,  http://www.gppa.gm/assets/Downloads/GPPA-ACT-2001.pdf","By virtue of Section 29 of The Gambia Public Procurement Act, persons and companies found in breach of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of five years. The list of procurement faults is ext..."]
["2014_GH_27",2014,"GH","Ghana",27,100,"The Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), (1.7.6) forbids companies found guilty of violating the law in terms of attempting to influence a procurement process from participating in future bidding for up to five years. It provides that:\n\n\"Any supplier, contractor or consultant who attempts to influence a procurement process, or the administration of a contract by any unfair method, will be subject to sanctions. This may include debarment of the company from Government contracts for a period of five years, in addition to any remedies that may be sought in a court of law.\"","1. Mannuals - Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), (1.7.6).\nLink: http://www.ppaghana.org/documents/FINALMANUAL_PPB.pdf?story_id=23","The Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663), (1.7.6) forbids companies found guilty of violating the law in terms of attempting to influence a procurement process from participating in future bidding for up to five years. It provides that:..."]
["2014_LY_27",2014,"LY","Libya",27,0,"There is no penalty for violations of procurement regulations. The only existing text is a recommendation sent to the government in 2012.","Royda, Chairman of the Libyan Transparency Association: General budget worth 66.9 billion Libyan dinars will be exposed to theft and looting, Libya Al Salam, Aug. 14, 2013.  \nhttp://libyaalsalam.net/?p=7422","There is no penalty for violations of procurement regulations. The only existing text is a recommendation sent to the government in 2012."]
["2014_MA_27",2014,"MA","Morocco",27,100,"Decree N° 2-94-223 (1994) establishes a system preventing delinquent companies from participating in public procurement processes.","Decree N° 2-94-223 (1994) Chapter 3 article 13. https://www.marchespublics.gov.ma/pmmp/IMG/pdf/1-6.pdf ","Decree N° 2-94-223 (1994) establishes a system preventing delinquent companies from participating in public procurement processes."]
["2014_NE_27",2014,"NE","Niger",27,100,"Au Niger, le Code des marchés publics tout comme le Code des marchés concernant les besoins de défense et sécurité nationales, prévoient des cas d'infractions qui rendent inéligibles les entreprises coupables. La pratique de la corruption, la fourniture de fausses informations, le non respect des obligations fiscales... font partie de ces infractions qui excluent les entreprises de la compétition concernant les marchés publics. Décret 2013-569/PRN/PM, portant Code des marchés publics au Niger, Article 17: «Tout soumissionnaire ou attributaire d'un marché public ou de délégations de service public, qui s'est rendu complice ou a sciemment bénéficié des actes incriminés aux articles 6 à 8 ci-dessus, encourt une pénalité d'un million (1.000.000) à cent millions (100.000.000) de francs CFA, et sera interdit de marché public pour une période allant de 6 mois à 2 ans. Ces sanctions sont prononcées, sans préjudice des poursuites judiciaires auxquelles les faits peuvent donner lieu devant les juridictions compétentes.»","Décret 2013-569/PRN/PM, portant Code des marchés publics au Niger Chapitre III: de la participation des candidats et soumissionnaires, Article 17: http://www.armp-niger.org/workspace/uploads/reglementation/decre-2014-127-du-26-fevrier-2014-sur-les-sanctions.pdf. \n\n\nDécret 2013-570/PRN/PM, portant modalités particulières spécifique de passation de marchés de travaux, d'équipements, de fournitures et de service concernant les besoins de défense et de sécurité nationales, Chapitre III, Article 6: http://www.armp-niger.org/workspace/uploads/reglementation/code-millitaire.pdf","Au Niger, le Code des marchés publics tout comme le Code des marchés concernant les besoins de défense et sécurité nationales, prévoient des cas d'infractions qui rendent inéligibles les entreprises coupables. La pratique de la corruption, la fourniture de fausses informations, le ..."]
["2014_SL_27",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",27,100,"The National Public Procurement Authority is responsible for regulating and harmonising public procurement processes in the public service as well as decentralising public procurement to procuring entities in the country. \n\nSection 35 (1) of the Public Procurement Act, 2004, requires the authority to exclude a bidder or a supplier from participation in public procurement for a minimum period of one year and a maximum of six years after nonsettlement of tax obligations, after assessment by the national revenue authority or the evasion of tax by any means. Section 35 also stipulates that the bidder be given \"reasonable opportunity\" to respond to the proposed action. \n\nGrounds on which a bidder can be debarred from participating include: providing false information in submitting a bid; collusion between the bidder and another bidder or a bidder and a public officer concerning the formulation of any part of the bidding documents; connivance to interfere with the participation of competing bidders; and misconduct relating to the submission of bids, including corruption, collusion, price fixing, a pattern of underpricing of bids or breach of confidentiality.","Public Procurement Act, 2004, Section 35 (1).\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2004-14p.pdf","The National Public Procurement Authority is responsible for regulating and harmonising public procurement processes in the public service as well as decentralising public procurement to procuring entities in the country. ..."]
["2014_SZ_27",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",27,100,"The Procurement Act stipulates the conditions whereby companies found in breach of the law’s procedures are not allowed to bid for government tenders. The law permits companies that have been banned from tender bidding to appeal to an Independent Review Board.","Swaziland Procurement Act, 2010, Part VI, Section 55,56,57. http://www.gov.sz/the_procurement_bill_2010_for_publication1%20doc-.pdf","The Procurement Act stipulates the conditions whereby companies found in breach of the law’s procedures are not allowed to bid for government tenders. The law permits companies that have been banned from tender bidding to appeal to an Independent Review Board."]
["2014_ZM_27",2014,"ZM","Zambia",27,100,"Under the Public Procurement Act, the public procurement authority can suspend or debar any bidder or supplier from participating in public procurement in accordance with the act. The act indicates that a suspension \"shall be for a minimum period of one year\" and \"a maximum period of five years.\"\n\nIt also outlines grounds when bidders or suppliers \"shall be permanently barred from participating in procurement.\" The grounds include misconduct relating to the submission of bids; substantial nonperformance or underperformance of contractual obligations; and conviction for a criminal offense. The Public Procurement Act, No. 12 of 2008, regulates and controls public procurement/bidding practices.","Public Procurement Act, No. 12 of 2008, Section (67), Subsection (1) a. \nhttp://www.zppa.org.zm/","Under the Public Procurement Act, the public procurement authority can suspend or debar any bidder or supplier from participating in public procurement in accordance with the act. The act indicates that a suspension \"shall be for a minimum period of one year\" and \"a maximum period ..."]
["2014_BW_28",2014,"BW","Botswana",28,25,"The Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board keeps a list of companies that are blacklisted from bidding for public tenders. However, the information is not available to the public. PPADB avails the list upon request to those who are in one way or another involved in public procurement, and the process is expected to take less than a month to obtain access.","Interview with Joseph Kuruneki, lecturer at Limkokwing University of Technology, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Twinkle Kebapetse, project and logistics management, supplies officer, Botswana National Archive, 28 Nov. 2014. \n\nPublic Procurement and Asset Disposal Board website. \nhttp://www.ppadb.co.bw/","The Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board keeps a list of companies that are blacklisted from bidding for public tenders. However, the information is not available to the public. PPADB avails the list upon request to those who are in one way or another involved in public proc..."]
["2014_CF_28",2014,"CF","CAR",28,0,"Certaines dispositions du Code des marchés publics et de délégations de service public relatives à des sanctions à l'égard des entreprises qui ne sont pas en règles, ne sont pas respectées en grande partie par les institutions contractantes en République Centrafricaine. Ce qui signifie de façon précise que les entreprises reconnues coupables de violation de la loi, surtout de corruption, sont rarement défendues de participer aux futurs appels d'offres. Ces entreprises sont sanctionnées parfois directement par les institutions contractantes. \n\nLes personnes interrogées confirment que le gouvernement ne publie pas la liste des entreprises qui sont interdites de participer à la passation des marchés publics en RCA du fait que la majeure partie des marchés publics sont passés de gré à gré. \n\nElles soulignent enfin que les procédures de passation des marchés publics en RCA sont influencées par la pression hiérarchique et l'ingérence politique dans la mesure où la majeure partie des entreprises ou des fournisseurs ont des liens avec les autorités contractantes.","LOUDEGUE Evelyne, inspecteur général des finances au ministère des finances et du budget, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKIZIMALET Lydie, Inspecteur de trésor, chef de service des dépenses et recettes à la municipalité de Bangui, interview du 21 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nGUEZA Dieudonné, secrétaire permanent à l'Autorité de régulation des marchés publics, rattachée à la primature, interview du 5 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZOSSE Judes, directeur du journal l'Hirondelle, interview du 5 juin 2014, Bangui.","Certaines dispositions du Code des marchés publics et de délégations de service public relatives à des sanctions à l'égard des entreprises qui ne sont pas en règles, ne sont pas respectées en grande partie par les institutions contractantes en République Centrafricaine. Ce qui sign..."]
["2014_CD_28",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",28,0,"En pratique il est difficile d'avoir un aperçu sur le respect de la règle visant à sanctionner ceux qui ont violé les dispositions du Code des marchés publics. En effet aucune publicité n'est faite par l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics des sanctions qu'elle est amenée à prendre à l'encontre de ces personnes. Une telle liste n’existe pas.","MAPITHY MA MAPITHY Alban, directeur des affaires juridiques à l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics, entretien à son bureau, 21 septembre 2014.\n\nLEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 25 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","En pratique il est difficile d'avoir un aperçu sur le respect de la règle visant à sanctionner ceux qui ont violé les dispositions du Code des marchés publics. En effet aucune publicité n'est faite par l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics des sanctions qu'elle est amenée à ..."]
["2014_ET_28",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",28,100,"The Public Procurement and Property Administration Agency (PPAA) keeps a record and database of debarred suppliers. This list accessible on the agency's website a list of ineligible firms only includes a single company. \n\nThe PPAA also provides a link to the ban list of the World Bank ban list of non responsible vendors, which currently shows four banned vendors. The list includes the name of the supplier, the reason as to why it is barred, the duration of the debarment and a remark section. Some of the main reasons given include failure to supply the contract after winning the bid, fraud related to bid documentation and financial statements, undue delay in the performance of duties, etc. \n\nCurrently, there are about 145 suppliers on the list of debarred companies, which also includes some that already have served their time.","List of debarred suppliers \n(1) FPPA's, http://www.ppa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_ppa&view=supplier&layout=BlacklistedSuppliers&Itemid=120&lang=en - Accessed 2014\n\n(2) World Bank Corporate Procurement Listing of Non-Responsible Vendors http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/OPPORTUNITIES/EXTCORPPROCUREMENT/0,,contentMDK:22030810~pagePK:64147231~piPK:64147158~theSitePK:438017,00.html - Accessed 2014\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Information  office of the Government Procurement and Property Administration Agency, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, lecturer and researcher, Ethiopian Civil Service University, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Public Procurement and Property Administration Agency (PPAA) keeps a record and database of debarred suppliers. This list accessible on the agency's website a list of ineligible firms only includes a single company. ..."]
["2014_GW_28",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",28,0,"The Regulatory Authority for Public Procurement was created in 2012 and only started operating in 2013. This is the agency with the authority to suspend and cancel bids, to penalize companies and forbid them from participating in future bids. Given the short time period it has been running, it is difficult to evaluate whether companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbidden from participating in future biddings in the country.\n\nHowever, according to the President of the  Regulatory Authority for Public Procurement, in 2014, two companies have already been found guilty of corruption and fraud and have been forbidden from participating in future bids for the next 3 years (Deliberation No. 3/2014, Misconduct Commission and Resolution of Conflicts, 2014). \n\nA follow-up was made to the Central Unit for Public Procurement on 21 July 2014, to get a list of companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations and prohibited from participating in future bid. No such document was accessible.","1. Interview with President of the Public Procurement Regulation Authority, Dengol Mendes, Ministry of Justice, 19 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with anonymous source, 18 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Deliberation n. 3/2014, Misconduct Commission and resolution of conflicts, 2014.\n\n4. Interview with anonymous source, Minsitry of Economy, 21 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. visit to the Central Unit for Public Procurement on 21 July 2014. \n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","The Regulatory Authority for Public Procurement was created in 2012 and only started operating in 2013. This is the agency with the authority to suspend and cancel bids, to penalize companies and forbid them from participating in future bids. Given the short time period it has been..."]
["2014_KE_28",2014,"KE","Kenya",28,100,"As provided by Article 115-117 of the Public Procurement & Disposal Act 2010, firms found guilty of breaching the law are blacklisted from participating in subsequent tenders.\n\nRecords show that in the period under review two firms have been debarred by the public procurement watchdog. The list is currently available at the authority's website. \n\nIn the first debarment case, Collect Enterprises of Nairobi was on October 25, 2013, blacklisted from public tenders for a period of five years until October 25, 2018. The firm was penalised for giving false information about qualification in a procurement proceeding Section 115(1)(d) of the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2010.\n\nIn the second case, Intelligent Logistics Solutions Limited of Nairobi was on May 19, 2014 slapped with a five-year ban from participating in public tenders until May 19, 2019. The firm was penalised for giving false information about qualification in a procurement proceeding Section 115(1)(d) of the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005.\n\nThe list of debarred firms is circulated among all public entities for guidance. The Public Procurement Oversight Authority reviews all public tenders and checks the particulars of participating firms as well. This helps to lock out marked bidders who participated in previous malpractices.","1. Dido Guyatu, spokeswoman, Public Procurement Oversight Authority(PPOA) Kenya. Interviewed on June 26, 2014.\n\n2. Harold Ayodo, an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on this subject on June 26, 2014.\n\n3. Public Procurement Oversight Authority(PPOA) list of blacklisted firms. The List has two companies debarred from October 25, 2013 and May 19, 2014.\nhttp://www.ppoa.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=307&Itemid=190.","As provided by Article 115-117 of the Public Procurement & Disposal Act 2010, firms found guilty of breaching the law are blacklisted from participating in subsequent tenders...."]
["2014_MG_28",2014,"MG","Madagascar",28,0,"Les entreprises ayant commis des violations aux règles de passation des marchés, selon la législation en vigueur, ne sont pas autorisées à participer aux futurs appels d'offres. Toutefois, c’est difficile à vérifier dans la pratique car il y a beaucoup de moyens de contourner la loi pour pouvoir participer. A titre d’exemple, l’on pourrait citer l’emprunt du nom d’une entreprise encore « propre », ou la création d’une nouvelle entreprise avec les mêmes responsables. Il s’agit ici de l’opération bien connue sous la dénomination de « prête-nom ».\n \n Au niveau de la Direction générale de l’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP), l’unique institution gouvernementale en charge des marchés publics, elle ne dispose pas de données sur ces entreprises. Ces données sont supposées venir des personnes responsables des marchés publics des autorités contractantes des marchés (institutions, ministères, collectivités décentralisées). Ainsi, en l’absence de telles données, il n’existe pas de moyens de vérification et de contrôle. En outre, les entreprises et autres fournisseurs de prestations auprès de l’administration publique ne font aucune dénonciation d’une quelconque violation des procédures. Pour le directeur général de cet organisme, «il est difficile, voire impossible de démasquer les malfaiteurs car lors d’une passation de marché, l’ARMP ne peut pas mener une enquête contre les potentielles sociétés en course pour gagner l’offre pendant la séance d’appel ; quand l’entreprise dispose d’une carte d’identité fiscale, elle est classée en règle ».\n \n Au niveau des statistiques du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO), aucune doléance sur les marchés publics ne lui a été rapportée. Quant au Centre d’Assistance Juridique et d’Action Citoyenne (CAJAC) de Transparency International Madagascar qui fournit une assistance juridique gratuite et confidentielle à toute personne victime de cas de corruption ou d’abus, il n’a enregistré qu’une seule plainte relative à des anomalies dans les procédures d’attribution de marchés publics pour la période d’étude. Enfin, des doléances peuvent être également adressées au Service des Renseignements Financiers (Samifin), une structure centrale de l’administration de lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux. Tout dernièrement, lors de la présentation du dernier rapport de la Samifin, son directeur général a fait connaître que « des responsables de quatre ministères de l’ancien régime transitoire (2009 – 2013) sont dans le collimateur du Service de renseignements financiers (Samifin). Ces quatre ministères ont été le théâtre d’infractions relatives à la passation d’un marché public ». Celles-ci ont été portées à la connaissance de l’organisme suite à des déclarations d’opérations suspectes sur ces ministères. Ici, il ne s’agit pas d’entreprises mais des fonctionnaires en charge des marchés publics.\n\n Au vu d’une telle situation, la conclusion qui s’impose est que dans la pratique, toute entreprise en règle avec les procédures (possession d’une carte fiscale) peut concourir à un appel d’offres publiques, même si elle a été pénalisée auparavant.","VONJY Razafy Harison, directeur général p.i, Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics, 17 juillet 2014.\n \n RALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014.  \n\nRAKOTOARISOA Angela, assistante juridique, Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar, 11 juillet 2014.  \n\nLOVA Emmanuel, L’Express de Madagascar, 19 juillet 2014, « Marchés Publics : quatre ministères dans le viseur du Samfin (Service de renseignements financiers) ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/economie/marches-publics-quatre-ministeres-dans-le-viseur-du-samifin-14315.  \n\nSite de l’Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics. http://www.armp.mg/ \n\n Statistiques du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO), disponible sur son site http://www.bianco-mg.org/rapport-et-statistiques/  Site du Service des Renseignements Financiers de Madagascar (Samfin). http://www.samifin.gov.mg/.","Les entreprises ayant commis des violations aux règles de passation des marchés, selon la législation en vigueur, ne sont pas autorisées à participer aux futurs appels d'offres. Toutefois, c’est difficile à vérifier dans la pratique car il y a beaucoup de moyens de contourner la lo..."]
["2014_MZ_28",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",28,0,"The enforcement of the procurement law is close to nonexistent. There is no mechanism in the public domain that punishes companies violating procurement  laws. Generally, companies that violate these rules are associated with the political elite of the country, particularly with the Frelimo Party, which exerts control over the state. As a result, such companies are not penalised in any way and can participate in tenders again and again. There is no registry that records companies that have violated procurement laws.","Interview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Vasco Nhabinde, professor, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 13 July 2014.  \n\nA Verdade, Luis Nhachote, \"Inheritance and the sins of the 'Glorious'\" (\"A herança e os pecados do 'Glorioso'\"), 19 Sept. 2013.  http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2013/09/presidente-guebuza.html \n\nCIP -Servico de Partilha de Informacao, Baltazar Fael, \"Law on Public-Private Partnerships has weaknesses that can be exploited by the political elite - business\" (\"Lei das Parcerias Público - Privadas apresenta fragilidades que podem ser aproveitadas pela elite politico - empresarial\"), September 2013.  https://www.dropbox.com/s/b1y2mvlwwvbtxt2/cipdoc_268_Servi%C3%A7o%20de%20Partilha%20de%20Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20n%C2%BA15_2013.pdf?dl=0","The enforcement of the procurement law is close to nonexistent. There is no mechanism in the public domain that punishes companies violating procurement  laws. Generally, companies that violate these rules are associated with the political elite of the country, particularly with th..."]
["2014_SC_28",2014,"SC","Seychelles",28,0,"There is no registry known or available to the public that contains names of companies forbidden from participating in bids because of procurement violations.\n\nIn principle, the Procurement Oversight Unit can suspend a bidder from participating in public procurement for a minimum period of six months and a maximum period of two years if they violate the rules, but in practice these rules are not observed.","Marco Francis, Chairman, Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Ebrahim Building, Victoria,  02 September 2014.\n\nRoger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director of Xpress printing Ltd, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, 02 September 2014.\n\nMr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, 03 Septembre 2014.","There is no registry known or available to the public that contains names of companies forbidden from participating in bids because of procurement violations...."]
["2014_SO_28",2014,"SO","Somalia",28,0,"The provisional constitution states: “The Principles of public finance will be discussed between the Federal Government and Federal Member State in accordance with the Constitution.”\n\nHowever, there are no such laws in place, and the Somalia Penal Code does not specifically state that companies violating rules should be prohibited from future participation.\n\nThere is no enforcement, and no functional agency with the power to restrict or prohibit companies found guilty of violations. Thus there is no such register of companies that are prohibited from participating in future bids.","Abdi Abshir Dhoorre\nDirector General of National Chamber House\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 23, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nProf. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSomalia: Cabinet unanimously passes the Public Procurement & Concessions Act\nHorseed Media\nGovernment Press Release\nSagal Ahmed\nSenior Press Officer\nPrime Minister’s Media Office\nMay 22, 2014\nMogadishu, Somalia\nhttp://horseedmedia.net/news/2014/05/somalia-cabinet-unanimously-passes-public-procurement-concessions-act/","The provisional constitution states: “The Principles of public finance will be discussed between the Federal Government and Federal Member State in accordance with the Constitution.”..."]
["2014_TG_28",2014,"TG","Togo",28,50,"il existe une page web répertoriant l'ensemble des personnes physiques ou morales pour lesquelles il a été prononcé par le Comité de Règlement des Différends (CRD) l'interdiction de concourir pour l'obtention de marchés publics au Togo. \n \n Néanmoins, seules y sont inscrites les entreprises ne bénéficiant pas de l’appui du pouvoir. Les autres entreprises peuvent toujours soumissionner, indépendamment de leur intégrité, quitte à le faire par le biais de sociétés écrans.","TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014.\n \n AGBEMADON Didier Kokou, coordonnateur national, Initiative pour la Transparence dans les Industries Extractives (ITIE) − Togo, 01 novembre 2013.\n \n Liste rouge des entreprises, Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP)\n http://www.armp-togo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=88.","il existe une page web répertoriant l'ensemble des personnes physiques ou morales pour lesquelles il a été prononcé par le Comité de Règlement des Différends (CRD) l'interdiction de concourir pour l'obtention de marchés publics au Togo. ..."]
["2014_DZ_29",2014,"DZ","Algeria",29,25,"En Algérie, les bilans financiers des entreprises publiques sont souvent établis dans un délai de six mois à compter de la date de la clôture de l’exercice, le 31 décembre. Ils sont rarement accessibles au public. \n\nParmi les entreprises qui ont publié au cours des 12 derniers mois leurs bilans financiers, il y a l’entreprise de gestion hôtelière chaine El Aurassi détenue à 80% par l'État algérien, et l’entreprise Sonelgaz (Socièté Nationale de l'Electricité et du Gaz) une entreprise 100% publique. \n\nCe sont les entreprises privées qui mettent beaucoup plus leur bilan financier à la disposition des citoyens.","Ouali Djaafar, Ancien chef d’entreprise, Membre fondateur de la Confédération Générale des Entrepreneurs Algériens (CGEA) et de l’Union Générale des Entrepreneurs Algériens (UGA), 01/09/2014, Saida\n\nBilan de l’exercice 2013, A. El-Djouzi (commissaire au comptes), 15/06/2014, http://www.el-aurassi.com/rapport/COMMUNIQUE_BILAN_2013.pdf\n\nhttp://www.el-aurassi.com/rapport/Chaine%20El%20Aurassi%20-%20Rapport%20CA%202013%20PDF.pdf\n\nhttp://www.sonelgaz.dz/Media/upload/14%2006%2023_discours%20pdg_conf%20de%20presse_bilan%202013_revPDG_version%20finale.pdf\n\nSynthèse des bilans d’activités et Comptes sociaux consolidés 2013 des sociétés du Groupe Sonelgaz,  Nourredine Boutarfa, Président-directeur général de Sonelgaz, 23/06/2014\nhttp://www.sonelgaz.dz/Media/upload/14%2006%2023_discours%20pdg_conf%20de%20presse_bilan%202013_revPDG_version%20finale.pdf\n\nAlliance Assurances dresse le bilan de ses 10 ans d’activités (entreprise privée), Philippine Le Bret, Algerie Focus, 23/06/2014\nhttp://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/06/alliance-assurances-dresse-le-bilan-de-ses-10-ans-dactivite/\n\nBilan de l’Entreprise de fabrication de bateaux Acroplast Algérie, 18/11/2013, http://www.lemidi-dz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&id_article=evenement%40art15%402013-11-18\n\nRenault Trucks Algérie : Un bilan 2013 jugé satisfaisant, Auto Algerie, 19/01/ 2014, http://www.autoalgerie.com/un-bilan-2013-juge-satisfaisant,6910","En Algérie, les bilans financiers des entreprises publiques sont souvent établis dans un délai de six mois à compter de la date de la clôture de l’exercice, le 31 décembre. Ils sont rarement accessibles au public. ..."]
["2014_CM_29",2014,"CM","Cameroon",29,0,"L'accès aux documents financiers et même comptables dans les entreprises publiques est une véritable gageure. Sur les sites web des différentes entreprises vérifiées, ces documents ou des informations relative sont introuvables. Les représentants de ces différentes entreprises disent que les documents sont internes et ne peuvent être accessibles au public. Dans une moindre mesure, l'on doit faire une demande auprès du directeur général qui peut décider ou non de les mettre à disposition. On note un manque de professionnalisme et de rigueur sur l'ensemble de la chaîne opérationnelle au sein de ces entreprises.","YONTA Elysée, universitaire, économiste et consultant en management des entreprises, 04 juillet 2014;\n\nESSI Franck, secrétaire général du Cameroon People Party, 04 juillet 2014;\n\nSite web de la Direction générale du trésor, 04 juillet 2014 http://www.dgtcfm.cm/index.php/fr/;\n\nSite web de la Caisse National de Prévoyance Sociale, 04 juillet 2014. http://www.cnps.cm/","L'accès aux documents financiers et même comptables dans les entreprises publiques est une véritable gageure. Sur les sites web des différentes entreprises vérifiées, ces documents ou des informations relative sont introuvables. Les représentants de ces différentes entreprises dise..."]
["2014_KM_29",2014,"KM","Comoros",29,0,"Les entreprises publiques ne rendent pas publics leurs dossiers financiers. Les archives de ces entreprises ne sont pas accessibles, et les informations sont introuvables même à la bibliothèque nationale où sont déposés tous les documents sur les Comores. Même les journalistes n'ont pas accès aux dossiers financiers des entreprises d’Etat.\n\nCette situation est corroborée par un article paru sur Al Watwan le 21 décembre 2013, qui mentionne que le Président des Comores a fait un rappel à l’ordre à l’encontre des directeurs généraux des entreprises publiques pour qu’ils fassent preuve de plus de transparence. Après ce rappel à l’ordre, les budgets des sociétés publiques devront systématiquement figurer chaque année dans la loi des finances. \n\nCertaines entreprises publiques sont totalement réticentes à rendre accessibles leurs dossiers financiers. Ainsi, le directeur général de la société comorienne des hydrocarbures qui a été  auditionné par le Chef de l’Etat, Dr Ikililou Dhoinine en mars 2013 en présence des membres du gouvernement, des conseillers du Chef de l’Etat, des élus, des étudiants de l'université des Comores, des opérateurs économiques, des responsables des sociétés d'État des établissements publics, des représentants des médias et de la société civile, n’a pas présenté  les états financiers de la société, notamment le bilan et le compte de résultats. Avant lui, l’Office du riz n’a pas non plus présenté ces documents. \n\nUn syndicaliste, comptable d’une entreprise publique de l’électricité et de l’eau, a été licencié pour avoir voulu connaitre le circuit de décaissement des fonds au sein de l’entreprise où il travaille. Il a notamment demandé pourquoi le directeur a décaissé des millions de francs comoriens en espèces pour construire une centrale hydraulique, alors que la procédure stipule que tout décaissement supérieur à 25.000 francs comoriens doit se faire par virement ou par chèque.\n\nCependant, selon Mouzaoui Amroine, membre de la Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), les dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques peuvent être disponibles si la CNPLC le demande. Ils sont moins disponibles pour le grand public car la culture de transparence n’est pas très vive aux Comores.","AMIR Ahmed Ali, journaliste à Al Watwan, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nAMROINE Mouzaoui,  commissaire anti-corruption, Commission Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre la Corruption (CNPLC), Moroni, 9 juillet 2014.\n\nABDOU Ali, trésorier général CTC, Confédération Générale des Travailleurs, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014. \n\nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nAlwatwan, 24 décembre 2013, « Trois questions au Président de l’ARMP : les budgets des sociétés d’Etat figureront dans les lois de finances ». http://www.alwatwan.net/index.php?home=actu.php&actu_id=6040\n\nComores droit, 6 mars 2013, « L’audition du DG de la SCH ». http://comoresdroit.comores-droit.com/wp-content/dossier/comoresdroit/Le%20dossier%202013%20de%20Comoresdroit.pdf","Les entreprises publiques ne rendent pas publics leurs dossiers financiers. Les archives de ces entreprises ne sont pas accessibles, et les informations sont introuvables même à la bibliothèque nationale où sont déposés tous les documents sur les Comores. Même les journalistes n'on..."]
["2014_EG_29",2014,"EG","Egypt",29,0,"Egypt's state-owned companies choose not to disclose the full extent of their assets and activities to the public. This is particularly true of companies involved in strategic or sensitive industries such as the energy sector and defense sector. Indeed, the 2014 Constitution makes industries and companies controlled by the military immune to such disclosures.\n\nDuring the reporting period a journalist was prosecuted for disclosing information that was considered sensitive. Occasionally, reports are made available to investors or those whose request is considered valid.","Interview Nadia Darwish, Owner of Nile Fyro Company, August 7, 2014.\n\nReview of Ministry of Petroleum website\nhttp://www.petroleum.gov.eg/en/MediaCenter/Pages/ArticlesandInterviews.aspx. Accessed August 7, 2014\n\nReuters \"Egypt Extends Bidding Deadline For 22 Oil, Gas Concessions,\" April 30, 2014 http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/132842/Egypt_Extends_Bidding_Deadline_For_22_Oil_Gas_Concessions#sthash.4zSnSrZ3.dpufhttp://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/132842/Egypt_Extends_Bidding_Deadline_For_22_Oil_Gas_Concessions. \n\nReview of government Etender website http://etenders.gov.eg/en/index.php. Accessed August 7, 2014\n\nEgypt's Military Economy: Money is Power, Power is Money, 11 April 2014, http://thinkafricapress.com/egypt/military-power-politics-economy-judicial-sisi","Egypt's state-owned companies choose not to disclose the full extent of their assets and activities to the public. This is particularly true of companies involved in strategic or sensitive industries such as the energy sector and defense sector. Indeed, the 2014 Constitution makes ..."]
["2014_GA_29",2014,"GA","Gabon",29,25,"Selon ESSONO ONDO Protet Judicaël, chargé des programmes à l'ONG Brainforest, «en dehors de très rares entreprises publiques qui publient leurs états financiers, les citoyens n'ont quasiment aucun moyen d'accéder aux dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques.»\n\nCependant, bien que certaines aient des sites, aucune ne permet un accès aux documents financiers en ligne. Selon les personnes interrogées sur la question, les documents financiers sont souvent internes et ne peuvent etre accessibles au public pour des besoins de réserve. Les journalistes quant à eux, usent de subterfuges pour y avoir accès.\n\nLe Gabon compte une trentaine d'entreprises publiques et para-publiques dont les plus importantes sont : la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS), le Conseil Gabonais des Chargeurs (CGC), la Société Gabonaise de Transport (Sogatra), le Centre de Développement des Entreprises (CDE), la Poste S.A, l’Office des Ports et Rades du Gabon (OPRAG), la Caisse de Stabilisation et de Péréquation (CAISTAB), la Caisse Nationale d’Assurance-Maladie et de Garantie Sociale (CNAMGS), l’Agence de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes (Arcep), la Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC) et la Société Nationale Immobilière (SNI).","ESSONO ONDO Protet Judicaël, chargé des programmes à l'ONG Brainforest, entretien par email, 05 janvier 2015;\n\nSite web de la Caisse de Stabilisation et de Péréquation du Gabon (CAISTAB) consulté le 05 janvier 2015 : http://www.caistab.com/;\n\nSite web de la Société Nationale Immobilière (SNI) du Gabon, consulté le 05 janvier 2015. http://www.snigabon.fr/","Selon ESSONO ONDO Protet Judicaël, chargé des programmes à l'ONG Brainforest, «en dehors de très rares entreprises publiques qui publient leurs états financiers, les citoyens n'ont quasiment aucun moyen d'accéder aux dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques.»..."]
["2014_LS_29",2014,"LS","Lesotho",29,25,"Citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies. It is a legal requirement that all incorporated companies be it state or non-state file their annual reports with the office of the Registrar of Companies. Most companies publish their financial records in their annual reports. Whereas, others such as the Lesotho Electricity Company and the Water and Sewage Company are compelled to make their records public as part of annual tariff adjustment process. \n\nAccording to Thabo Qhesi of the Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho, citizens have access to the financial records of some state owned companies. However, he stated that there are companies that do not publish their reports.\n \nNkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association stated that some regulatory requirements force utility companies to publish financial records to the citizens. He stated that during the period under review the most updated records were presented to regulatory institutions by utility companies. He said that this is a huge improvement as compared to the previous years when obsolete records were presented by companies. Public Eye newspaper published the report that Letšeng Diamond, a company in which the government of Lesotho has 30% stake, has seen an 80% increase in revenues to US$ 147.8 million (about M1.6 billion) compared to the first half of 2013. This was the first time that a mining company could publish such information to the public.   \n\nThe fact that some state owned monopolies are compelled to prepare and publish audited financial statement has ascertained that citizens have access to financial records of state- owned companies. Apart from that, most state-owned companies publish their statements that are easily accessible to the citizens. That said, there are a handful of state-owned companies whose financial records were beyond the reach of the citizens during the period under review. For instance the Lesotho National General Insurance Company (LNGIC), which manages the country's third-party insurance, does not even have a website where citizens can access information and reports about its operations. The Lesotho Electricity Company, which is the government-owned utility, last posted the 2011 annual report on its website. Maluti Mountain Brewery, in which the government of Lesotho holds majority shares, does not even have a website where reports could be posted and be accessed by the public.","Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer, Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho, 28th August 2014, Maseru. \n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nPublic Eye, Bereng Paki, Letšeng’s exceptional half-year performance, 1st August 2014, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=6568 (accessed on the 28th August 2014)","Citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies. It is a legal requirement that all incorporated companies be it state or non-state file their annual reports with the office of the Registrar of Companies. Most companies publish their financial records in their an..."]
["2014_ML_29",2014,"ML","Mali",29,0,"Les citoyens maliens ont rarement accès aux dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques. \n\nSiaka Sangaré, du Groupe de Suivie Budgetaire (GSB) indique que «dans un souci de transparence, les entreprises  publiques devraient mettre le peuple au parfum de leurs activités financières».\n\nSelon Chaka Doumbia, c'est une opacité totale qui entoure l'activité financière des entreprises d’État. «Nous sommes très souvent bloqués dans nos investigations; il y a quelque part une volonté inavouée de camoufler les failles d'une gestion généralement chaotique des entreprises d’État.»","SANGARÉ Siaka, membre, Groupe de Suivie Budgetaire (GSB), 30 juin 2014. \n\nDOUMBIA Chaka, journaliste, journal Le Challenger, 14 juin 2014.\n\nSANGARÉ Nana, juriste, Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH), 14 juin 2014. ","Les citoyens maliens ont rarement accès aux dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques. \n\nSiaka Sangaré, du Groupe de Suivie Budgetaire (GSB) indique que «dans un souci de transparence..."]
["2014_MU_29",2014,"MU","Mauritius",29,50,"Quarterly information is rarely available, and only some state-owned companies publish their annual reports directly. Most publish audited accounts, which are displayed on their website.\n\nReza Uteem, a member of the National Assembly, stated that the public only has access to accounts that are filed with the Registrar of Companies. Ms Zoon Tin Loi of the Office of the Registrar of Companies explained that the office maintains records and that citizens can have access to financial records of state-owned enterprises. All state-run companies have their annual financial reports available to the public through the Registrar of companies. The public can readily access the information for a nominal fee of Rs 50 (USD 1.75). \n\nIn parliament, ministers refuse to answer questions relating to state-owned enterprises including companies that are 100% owned by the state.","1.\tReza Uteem, Barrister at law and Member of the National Assembly, 19 Sept 2014, mail\n2.\tMs Zoon Tin Loi, Office of the Registrar of Companies, 9 Sept 2014, mail and phone\n3.\tL'Express Newspaper, Lindsay Prosper, 10 Sept 2014, Title: Prabha Chinien: «Les données des rapports financiers seront désormais communiquées en ligne»\nLink: http://www.lexpress.mu/article/252182/prabha-chinien-donnees-rapports-financiers-seront-desormais-communiquees-en-ligne","Quarterly information is rarely available, and only some state-owned companies publish their annual reports directly. Most publish audited accounts, which are displayed on their website...."]
["2014_NA_29",2014,"NA","Namibia",29,50,"In the period of study, state-owned entities (SOEs) reported their financial records to parliament and in annual reports, with a number of them indicating they had outstanding financial results such as the NGC, Air Namibia. But there is no way that ordinary citizens can request for this information unless it is tabled in parliament as per the current laws. \n\nSOEs' financial reports are tabled in parliament by line ministries annually (or according to availability and completion by the Auditor General's Office). Once  tabled in parliament they become accessible by the public for free. SOEs publish their records online and they are available at their offices.  Citizens can also access them from the parliament or its website, or regional councils offices. \n\nReports are provided to the line ministry, tabled in parliament and become public information. The Anti-Corruption Commission also provides its records to parliament. Information is accessible once it is available.  The law in Namibia regarding provision of financial reports seems to be annual and not quarterly.","Kazembire Zemburuka, Executive Producer, NBC 23 July 2014.\n\nPaulus Noa, Director,  Anti- Corruption Commission, Face to Face Interview 19 June 2014.\n\nSacky Shanghala, Chairperson, Law Reform & Developement Commission, Face to Face Interview 30 July 2014.\n\nDr Andrew Niikondo, Vice Rector Academic Affairs and Research. Polytechnic of Namibia. Table Interview 31 July 2014.","In the period of study, state-owned entities (SOEs) reported their financial records to parliament and in annual reports, with a number of them indicating they had outstanding financial results such as the NGC, Air Namibia. But there is no way that ordinary citizens can request for..."]
["2014_SC_29",2014,"SC","Seychelles",29,0,"Financial records of state-owned companies are not accessible to the public and the media. State-owned enterprises are reluctant to publish their financial records. CEOs of such enterprise are not accustomed to making their activities transparent. The Office of the Auditor General (OAG) conducts an audit of state companies, and the result of this audit is normally included in the annual report published by the OAG. It is not, strictly speaking, financial records or detailed accounts, but an overview of the use of finances by these enterprises. The information given is not always up to date. There is a delay of about one year before the accounts are published.\n\nImprovement towards transparency in this sector is underway as reported by the Organisation for Ecomic Co-operation and Development, Corporate Governance Working Papers, No. 13.","Mr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, 03 September 2014.\n\nRoger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director of Xpress printing Ltd, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, 02 September 2014.\n\nTax Justice Network, Financial Secrecy Index, Report on Seychelles,  7 November, 2013, http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/kfsi.\n\nSultan Balbuena, S. (2014), “State-owned Enterprises in Southern Africa: A Stocktaking of Reforms and Challenges”, OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers, No. 13,OECD Publishing.   http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5jzb5zntk5r8.pdf?expires=1410615164&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=7D6B4870509817D4E92EE80DA7C44979) also at:  www.oecd.org/daf/corporateaffairs/wp .\n\n“Southern African guidelines on the governance of state-owned enterprises”, revised draft, January 2014, SOE Network of Africa, OECD, http://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/SouthernAfricanSOEGuidelines_Revised_22.1.14.pdf.","Financial records of state-owned companies are not accessible to the public and the media. State-owned enterprises are reluctant to publish their financial records. CEOs of such enterprise are not accustomed to making their activities transparent. The Office of the Auditor General ..."]
["2014_SS_29",2014,"SS","South Sudan",29,0,"In practice, citizens cannot access financial records of state-owned companies. There are only a handful of state-owned companies in South Sudan, including the South Sudan Urban Water Corp., Nile Petroleum Co., South Sudan Electricity Corp. and Agricultural Bank of South Sudan.\n\nBut even for the few available corporations, so far there is no evidence to show that citizens have ever accessed their financial records. In addition, most of these corporations either have no websites or their websites are rarely updated and don’t include financial records.\n\nSeveral journalists have tried without success to access financial records of state-owned corporations. Generally, South Sudanese political and business leaders are not used to transparency, and this partly explains why it will take several years before information on financial records of government-owned companies are publicly available.","Interview with Denis Ejulu, reporter, The Corporate newspaper. July 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nNile Petroleum Co. website.\nhttp://nilepetsouthsudan.com/\n\nBank of South Sudan website.\nhttps://bosshq.net/","In practice, citizens cannot access financial records of state-owned companies. There are only a handful of state-owned companies in South Sudan, including the South Sudan Urban Water Corp., Nile Petroleum Co., South Sudan Electricity Corp. and Agricultural Bank of South Sudan...."]
["2014_TN_29",2014,"TN","Tunisia",29,25,"Financial records of state-owned companies are not available to the public. The balance sheets of the large public firms are published yearly in the main newspapers, but with no details. Websites of public companies do not include financial data.\n\nAs part of this study, requests were sent on 5 June 2014 to Tunisair (state-owned airline) and SONEDE (state-owned water distribution company) seeking their financial records for 2013, but there was no response by the time of reporting (8 Aug. 2014).","Interview with Adel Nouira, financial manager, Ministry of Tourism, 21 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Héd Ayadi, financial expert and auditor, 22 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Karim Moalla, professor of public accountancy, Institut des Hautes Etides Commerciales, Cartaghe, 22 June 2014, Tunis.","Financial records of state-owned companies are not available to the public. The balance sheets of the large public firms are published yearly in the main newspapers, but with no details. Websites of public companies do not include financial data...."]
["2014_BJ_30",2014,"BJ","Benin",30,0,"Les dossiers financiers liés à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles ne sont pas disponibles en ligne qu’ils impliquent ou non les entreprises publiques ou privées.\n\nLes gisements sont connus et même exposés à toutes les foires et conférences sur les mines. Les contrats d’exploitation ne sont pas disponibles en ligne et sont considérés comme des documents confidentiels.","Vincent Gbèwézoun, Directeur du cadastre minier, Ministère des mines, Cotonou, Interview du 18 juin 2014. \n\nBenin.ca, 11 juin 2014, «Les potentialités minières du Bénin», http://www.benin.ca/potentialite_miniere.php\n\nLa Nouvelle Tribune, 13 mars 2014, «Fouille du sous-sol béninois : fin de l’étude géophysique aéroportée sur le potentiel minier». http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/politique14/18506-fouille-du-sous-sol-beninois-fin-de-l-etude-geophysique-aeroportee-sur-le-potentiel-minier\n\nXinhua, 25 avril 2014, « Bénin : les résultats du scanning du sous-sol exposés aux investisseurs». http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2014-04/25/content_32200880.htm\n\nAllAfrica.com, 29 avril 2014, «Bénin: Palais de la Marina - Les investisseurs se bousculent aux portes du secteur pétrolier et minier béninoi».   http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201404291286.html\n\nLe Matinal, 08 avril 2014, « Bénin: les choquantes exonérations concédées à la Nocibé».  http://fr.africatime.com/benin/articles/benin-les-choquantes-exonerations-concedees-la-nocibe","Les dossiers financiers liés à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles ne sont pas disponibles en ligne qu’ils impliquent ou non les entreprises publiques ou privées...."]
["2014_CF_30",2014,"CF","CAR",30,0,"Les dossiers financiers relatifs aux projets de ressources naturelles ne sont pas mis à la disposition du public. Ce qui signifie qu'ils ne sont pas publiés. les personnes interrogées soulignent que par ailleurs on a constaté beaucoup de désordre dans le secteur minier pendant le régime précédent même dans les zones tenues présentement par des hommes armés. C'est ainsi que la RCA est suspendue du processus de Kimberley, Initiative pour la Transparence dans les Industries Extractives (ITIE).","MBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre de groupe de presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZOSSE Judes, directeur du journal l'Hirondelle, interview du 5 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nMAKAGBOSSOKO Lucienne, membre de médias / Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption en Afrique Centrale (OLCAC), interview du 5 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nTANGA Valerie, Conseillère nationale, anthropologue, enseignante-chercheure à l'université de Bangui, interview du 4 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nYAKA MAIDE Prosper, journaliste spécialiste de gestions des ressources naturelles de la RCA, interview du 5 juillet 2014, Bangui.","Les dossiers financiers relatifs aux projets de ressources naturelles ne sont pas mis à la disposition du public. Ce qui signifie qu'ils ne sont pas publiés. les personnes interrogées soulignent que par ailleurs on a constaté beaucoup de désordre dans le secteur minier pendant le r..."]
["2014_CD_30",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",30,25,"Les citoyens peuvent accéder à certains dossiers financiers liés à  l'exploitation des ressources naturelles (gaz, pétrole et mines) . En effet , l'adhésion du Congo  à l’Initiative pour la Transparence dans les Industries Extractives (ITIE) en 2008, a eu pour conséquence immédiate la publication régulière des documents financiers liés à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles.\n\nLa Société Nationale des Petroles du Congo publie l'intégralité des contrats de partage de production, mais ce n'est pas le cas des autres entreprises, particulièrement les sociétés minières.","NGOULOU NGOULOU Paul, cadre de la direction générale du trésor, entretien à son domicile, 25 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nRapport de l'ITIE sur le Congo Brazzaville. http://www.itie-congo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=127","Les citoyens peuvent accéder à certains dossiers financiers liés à  l'exploitation des ressources naturelles (gaz, pétrole et mines) . En effet , l'adhésion du Congo  à l’Initiative pour la Transparence dans les Industries Extractives (ITIE) en 2008, a eu pour conséquence immédiate..."]
["2014_ER_30",2014,"ER","Eritrea",30,25,"Foreign mining companies in Eritrea publish reports of their finacial records online because they are obliged by their respective national laws to publish their activities and financial records. Nevsun Resources, a Canadian mining company active in the Eritrea gold and production process since 2011, publishes online its financial records in accordance with the legal requirements in its country. The Eritrean legal framework has no such obligations. Hence, local companies like ENAMCO don't publishing such records.  \n\nBisha Mining Share Co. was formed by Nevsun and the Eritrean National Mining Corp. (ENAMCO). It produces both gold and copper from the Bisha mining area in the west-central part of Eritrea. Nevsum has a 60 percent ownership share, while ENAMCO has 40 percent. Since it started mining production, Nevsun has maintained quarterly publication of its financials. The only means for citizens to access Bisha's financial standing is via an announcement by Nevsun on its website.  Citizens can access the Nevsun financial report online, but ENAMCO's report has never been made available.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 25, 2014\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nFinancial report, Nevsun Resources, Ltd., Condensed consolidated interim financial statements for three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, unaudited; prepared by management, March 31 2014\nhttp://www.nevsun.com/investors/financials/","Foreign mining companies in Eritrea publish reports of their finacial records online because they are obliged by their respective national laws to publish their activities and financial records. Nevsun Resources, a Canadian mining company active in the Eritrea gold and production p..."]
["2014_GN_30",2014,"GN","Guinea",30,0,"Que ce soit en entreprise publique ou privée en matière des ressources naturelles, la situation est identique. Les dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques et privées dans les mines et carrières ne sont presque jamais accessibles aux citoyens.  \n\nUn citoyen va rarement demander les comptes des entreprises publiques. Même s'il est admis et permis juridiquement d'obtenir les informations sur la gestion de la chose publique, l'accès à ces informations est très difficile pour le citoyen.\n\nPar ailleurs, les institutions de contrôle des finances publiques font des rapports qui ne sont jamais ou presque jamais publiés.\n\nLorsqu'un citoyen se présente au bureau de l’ITIE, il peut obtenir ces informations, mais cela n'est pas systématique dans tous les cas.\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nPas d'accord (score=25):  La Guinée étant un membre de la coalition internationale Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) qui regroupe autour d’une norme devenue mondiale en 2013 les gouvernements, les compagnies  minières, pétrolières et gazières en vue de la transparence  pour la bonne gouvernance et l’intérêt des populations, ce pays donne accès aux citoyens à l’information sur l'exploitation de ses ressources naturelles. Les dossiers financiers des entreprises minières et gazières guinéennes sont inclus dans les rapports de l'ITIE, publiés annuellement depuis 2007. Le dernier rapport date toutefois de 2012.","FALCON François, directeur national de l'Agence National de la Lutte contre la Corruption, 10h,  07 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nTARAN DIALLO Mamadou, point focal de Transparency International et membre de l'ITIE en Guinée, 16h, 07 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nBALDÉ Mamadou, inspecteur général adjoint de l'inspection générale des finances, 11h, 07 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nHABA Matthieu, cadre au ministère de l'économie et des finances, 13h, 07 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nLOUA Yves, entrepreneur en bâtiment à NECO5, 14h, 04 Juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nSources des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nRapports de Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) sur la Guinée (2013) : http://www.itie-guinee.org/index.php?rubrique=rapports","Que ce soit en entreprise publique ou privée en matière des ressources naturelles, la situation est identique. Les dossiers financiers des entreprises publiques et privées dans les mines et carrières ne sont presque jamais accessibles aux citoyens.  ..."]
["2014_LY_30",2014,"LY","Libya",30,0,"The financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public. Information about the oil trade in Libya is not available; even the financial records of government or semi-governmental oil companies could not be obtained. \nSometimes, this information may be obtained through insiders in some companies, but that happens rarely. Sometimes, the person who requests that kind of information is accused of betrayal. The National Oil Corp. website has no icons for any monthly financial reports. Transparency about oil revenues in Libya was one of the main issues after the 2011 revolution.","Interview with Hasan Almohtaseb, an employee of the Libyan Audit Bureau and post employee in the government department for contractors, Nov. 1, 2014.\n\nInterview with Rabe'ah Ammar, former information officer in the Labor Ministry, Nov. 1, 2014.\n\nInterview with Abdulla Burzeebah, journalist and coach in the Libyan Youth for Culture and Dialogue Club, Nov. 1, 2014.\n\nNational Oil Corporation website.\nhttp://noc.ly/index.php/en/","The financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public. Information about the oil trade in Libya is not available; even the financial records of government or semi-governmental oil companies could not be obtained. ..."]
["2014_MU_30",2014,"MU","Mauritius",30,100,"Mauritius has no natural resources such as gas, oil and mining. Marine resources are exploited (fish stocks) and research is being carried out concerning the possible development of  gas, oil or mining sectors.","Vassen Kauppaymuthoo, Oceanographer, Registered Professional Environmental Engineer, Managing Director & CEO of Delphinium Ltd\nInterview through mail and phone on 1 December 2014\n\nAdditional sources:\nThe WorldFact Book - Mauritius. CIA. Updated June 2014. Accessed 23 Dec 2014. Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html\n\nMauritius tops non-extractive countries in Afrobarometer survey on transparency. Ion News. 29 Jan 2014. Accessed 23 Dec 2014. Available: http://ionnews.mu/mauritius-tops-non-extractive-countries-afrobarometer-survey-transparency-2901/","Mauritius has no natural resources such as gas, oil and mining. Marine resources are exploited (fish stocks) and research is being carried out concerning the possible development of  gas, oil or mining sectors."]
["2014_NG_30",2014,"NG","Nigeria",30,25,"There is no common online pool of all financial records of natural resources in Nigeria. Such records should cover oil and gas, Nigeria’s major natural resources exports. Different government offices provide separate data points, however, that must be be sourced and mined by the public. \n\nFor instance, while the state-run oil company, Nigerian National Petroleum Corp. (NNPC), details quarterly data online on the quantity of oil and gas produced, the Central Bank provides data on prices of oil and gas, while the Ministry of Finance and the Office of the Accountant General publish monthly oil money shared figures by the various levels of government, called FAAC. \n\nThere are no financial statements made publicly available on the NNPC's financial data, showing its revenues, expenses, etc. The only information is what has been mentioned. \n\nA citizen can access the summary of oil receipts to the government for each month, although such information is not detailed. The available information shows total oil royalties received (no details of amount paid by oil firms) and the amount shared with the different tiers of government.","Phone interview with Eric Ojo, business correspondent, African Examiner, 25 July 2014.\n\nNigerian National Petroleum Corp. (NNPC) website, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/OilandGasStatistics/AnnualStatisticsBulletin/MonthlyPerformance.aspx\n\nCentral Bank of Nigeria website, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://cenbank.org/Rates/\n\nMinistry of Finance website, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.fmf.gov.ng/\n\nData from the finance ministry and accountant general's office, called FAAC, is outdated currently or not available at the time of research (July 2014).","There is no common online pool of all financial records of natural resources in Nigeria. Such records should cover oil and gas, Nigeria’s major natural resources exports. Different government offices provide separate data points, however, that must be be sourced and mined by the pu..."]
["2014_SN_30",2014,"SN","Senegal",30,50,"En général, les entreprises qui opèrent dans les domaines gazier et minier sont assez transparentes en ce qui concerne la publication de leurs états financiers. C'est le cas de Teranga Gold qui non seulement publie des rapports financiers annuels mais aussi trimestriels. Les autres entreprises sont Randgold Ressources, Godlston ressources LTD.  Ces dossiers sont disponibles sur une base trimestrielle. \n\nCependant, cette diffusion est limitée à certains aspects seulement; par exemple les informations sur les contrats qui lient ces compagnies et l'État ne sont pas rendues publiques et demeurent sous le sceau du secret. Ces pratiques ont poussé les organisatiuons de la société civile à se lancer dans la mise en place d'un comité de suivi de Initiative dans la Transparence des Industries Extractives (ITIE) qui s'est fixé comme objectif de produire son premier rapport en janvier 2015 comme relaté dans la presse.","CISSÉ Ousmane, directeur général des mines et de la géologie, 19 juillet 2014\n\nSAGNE Aly, expert en mine, membre de la coalition pour l’Initiative de Transparence des Industries Extractives (ITIE), 21 juillet 2014.\n\nTOURÉ Cheikh, secrétaire permanant de l’ITIE Sénégal, 26 juillet 2014.\n\nDossiers financier de la société Teranga Gold, disponible à jour sur le site : http://www.terangagold.com/English/Investors/StockQuotes/default.aspx","En général, les entreprises qui opèrent dans les domaines gazier et minier sont assez transparentes en ce qui concerne la publication de leurs états financiers. C'est le cas de Teranga Gold qui non seulement publie des rapports financiers annuels mais aussi trimestriels. Les autres..."]
["2014_SL_30",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",30,25,"The Sierra Leone Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (SLEITI) sets global standards for mining, oil and gas in Sierra Leone. It creates standards for the country to implement greater transparency on what companies disclose and what governments receive. Since it started its operations in 2006, SLEITI reconciled with the finances reported by the mining companies to the government of Sierra Leone. In December 2013, the Sierra Leone EITI published the reconciliation report of mining companies in Sierra Leone and posted the report on its website\n\nThe SLEITI reports are not available quarterly. Now that Sierra Leone was designated EITI-compliant in May 2014, SLEITI is expected to produce annual reports.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 1 June 2014. \n\nInterview with Fatmata Bakarr Sesay, IEC officer, Environment Protection Agency of Sierra Leone, Freetown, 2 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Joseph Rahall, director, Green Scenery, 22 July 2014.","The Sierra Leone Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (SLEITI) sets global standards for mining, oil and gas in Sierra Leone. It creates standards for the country to implement greater transparency on what companies disclose and what governments receive. Since it started it..."]
["2014_TZ_30",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",30,50,"Tanzania is a member of  the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and is in compliance with its reporting. The minerals audit agency is responsible for publishing the audit reports of the mining sector, but it only produces annual financial reports, which are available on its website. However, the Ministry for Energy has refused to show even MPs gas contracts and other financial records.","1. Janes Kaziuna, Vodafast, Manager, 9 November 2014.\n\n2. Tanzania Communications Company LTD, http://www.ttcl.co.tz/about_us.asp\n\n3. Muhongo: Why Bunge won’t see gas contracts, November 14, 2014, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Muhongo--Why-Bunge-won-t-see-gas-contracts/-/1840392/2521930/-/ff5vvj/-/index.html.","Tanzania is a member of  the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and is in compliance with its reporting. The minerals audit agency is responsible for publishing the audit reports of the mining sector, but it only produces annual financial reports, which are available on ..."]
["2014_ZW_30",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",30,0,"Financial records associated with natural resource projects are not available to the public.  For example, despite the massive mining of diamonds in Marange, Mutare West constituency, the local communities have nothing to show as they continue to languish in poverty and underdevelopment, and they are not aware of how much income is realised from the mining. This is typical of all mining communities in Zimbabwe.\n\nThe Chiadzwa Community Development Trust (CCDT), in conjunction with the Zimbabwe Environmental Lawyers Association (ZELA) has been pushing government to make available financial records associated with natural resource extraction, but they have not been successful.","Melanie Chiponda, coordinator, Chiadzwa Community Development Trust (CCDT), 15 July 2014.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, environmental officer, Environmental Management Agency, 9 July 2014, Harare. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nPRFT, 2013, \"Study on Rural Poverty in Manicaland: The Case of Mutare Rural.\" \nhttp://www.prftzim.org/publications/47-study-on-rural-poverty-in-manicalandthe-case-of-mutare-rural/download.html","Financial records associated with natural resource projects are not available to the public.  For example, despite the massive mining of diamonds in Marange, Mutare West constituency, the local communities have nothing to show as they continue to languish in poverty and underdevelo..."]
["2014_BW_31",2014,"BW","Botswana",31,50,"Once a year, in February, the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning releases budget figures applicable to all arms of the government. This data is usually delivered to the National Assembly and is often referred to as the \"budget speech.\"\n\nPreparation of budgets starts at the ministerial level. Ministries are asked to make their own budget proposals without exceeding a limit given to them by the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. The finance ministry then allocates funds to the various ministerial departments. The budget proposals are then debated and approved in parliament. Parliament also makes midyear amendments to the proposed budget. In December 2014, supplementary budget requests were submitted to parliament for approval. Budget sessions are not open to the public.","Interview with Modiri Mogende, business journalist, radio presenter and business commentator.\n\n2014 budget speech, minister of finance and development planning, 3 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://www.bankofbotswana.bw/assets/uploaded/2014%20BUDGET%20SPEECH%20PDF.pdf\n\nBotswana Daily News, 2014/15 budget sound, 3 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=8490\n\nA peep into the 2014/2015 budget, 10 March 2014.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/News/Peep-into-the-20142015-budget-/\n\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\nBotswana Daily News, \"MPs approve supplementary budget,\" 14 Dec. 2014. \nhttp://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=16457","Once a year, in February, the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning releases budget figures applicable to all arms of the government. This data is usually delivered to the National Assembly and is often referred to as the \"budget speech.\"..."]
["2014_TD_31",2014,"TD","Chad",31,50,"Les prévisions des dépenses annuelles de l'État tchadien sont soumis par l'exécutif (le gouvernement) aux parlementaires sous le titre «projet de budget annuel», au début de l'année, pour adoption. Ces derniers peuvent donner avis favorable ou défavorable et peuvent apporter des modifications en guise de revision du projet. Les séances plénières sont publiques et se tiennent dans l'enceinte de l'Assemblée nationale. \n\nSelon Abba Djidda MAHAMAT, député du 3ème arrondissement de N’djamena, les budgets de finance publique sont soumis par le gouvernement à l’Assemblée nationale pour son approbation dans une plénière ouverte au public. Les parlementaires peuvent demander à l’exécutif de revoir le projet ou de faire une proposition consensuelle pour son approbation. Le budget de l’État en cours d’exécution peut aussi faire l’objet de modification. Par exemple en 2013, le budget de la défense est revu pour l’envoi des contingents tchadiens au Mali.\n\nLa procédure de l'élaboration et de l'adoption des budgets de dépenses annuelles de l'État est respectée, cela est due à la lucidité des textes de la loi fondamentale. Selon l'Article 129 de la Constitution de la République du Tchad : « Les lois de finances déterminent les ressources et les charges de l’État dans les conditions et sous réserve prévue par la loi organique. Le projet de loi de finance ou de budget est déposé sur le bureau de l’Assemblée nationale au plus tard la veille de l’ouverture de la deuxième session ordinaire.»\n\nDans un article du site d'information journaldutchad.com on peut lire: «les députés tchadiens ont adopté une loi de finances rectificative qui réajuste les recettes et dépenses de l'État pour l'exercice 2014, ramenant le déficit prévisionnel à 20 milliards FCFA. La loi de finances initiale, promulguée le 2 janvier 2014, avait intégré les hypothèses de la conclusion d'un programme financier avec le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) dans le cadre de la Facilité élargie de crédits (FEC), en vue de l'atteinte du point d'achèvement de l'initiative pour les pays pauvres très endettés (IPPTE) par le Tchad dès juin 2014», selon le ministre tchadien des finances et du budget, Bédoumra KORDJÉ. Cependant, dès la mise en exécution de ce budget, des éléments majeurs sont apparus rendant nécessaire sa révision, selon le grand argentier tchadien. Dans le budget initial adopté en décembre dernier, le gap s'élevait à 96 milliards F CFA (192 millions USD).»\n\nCependant, des dépenses considérables du gouvernement ne sont pas toutes approuvées par le corps législatif. Dans le passé, le président de la République pouvait ordonner des dépenses sur simple ordre de paiement, en dehors de la nomenclature de la comptabilité publique.\n\nSelon le Contrôleur Général du Trésor Public, Mahamat Nour Ibedou, la situation des dépenses avant ordonnancement au trésor public persiste. Il confirme le fait que le Président de la République du Tchad peut, par simple signature, ordonner des dépenses publiques.","MAHAMAT Abbas Djidda, député de 3ème arrondissement de N’djamena, Assemblée nationale, 07 juillet 2014.\n\nConstitution de la République du Tchad. https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/f53b3f1871db6a6cc125707b004c77e8/$FILE/Constitution%20-%20Chad%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nJournal du Tchad, 25 juin 2014, «Tchad: le budget général de l'Etat 2014 réajusté.» http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=6280\n\nMahamat Nour Ibedou, le Contrôleur Général du Trésor Public, Entretien du 24 mars 2015 par téléphone","Les prévisions des dépenses annuelles de l'État tchadien sont soumis par l'exécutif (le gouvernement) aux parlementaires sous le titre «projet de budget annuel», au début de l'année, pour adoption. Ces derniers peuvent donner avis favorable ou défavorable et peuvent apporter des mo..."]
["2014_CG_31",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",31,100,"Parliament approved the 2014 budget in an open hearing. It made in-year amendments to the government after a critical appraisal of the proposed draft budget by its Economy and Finance Commission.","1. (News Articles), Budget 2014 : Approuvé Par La Plénière, Le Projet De Budget 2014 Envoyé A L’ecofin Pour Enrichissement, By ROL/PKF, 14/01/2014, http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/97333.\n\n2. (Phone Interview), Member of the parliament and member of the Economy And Finance Commission of the parliament Jean-Pierre Pasi, July 21, 2014. \n\n3. (Face To Face Interview), Economic Justice Program Manager at Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa And working with local NGOs on participative budgeting process Euphrasie Amina,  July 16, 2014.","Parliament approved the 2014 budget in an open hearing. It made in-year amendments to the government after a critical appraisal of the proposed draft budget by its Economy and Finance Commission."]
["2014_ET_31",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",31,75,"Government expenditure is approved annually within the budget proclamation. The proclamation is promlugated through the normal process of law that involves consultations with the public and open hearings. Budget adjustment takes place within the year through the House of Peoples' Representatives. The situation on the ground in Ethiopia has blurred the line between the ruling party and the government and has created some issues regarding decisions. Most significant decisions are made within the party structure and are taken up by the parliament or other appropriate organs as a matter of formality. The decision-making or legislative process of the parliament therefore might not be independent.   \n\nThe parliament also takes up decisions on the financing of government projects, especially if they involve borrowing and multilateral financing. Although these financing agreements are negotiated by the executive, formal approval by the parliament is required. In addition, if the project is financed by the annual budget of the government, scrutiny is applied in the House on the amounts and the earmarking of the funds.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the House of Peoples' Representatives, 9 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.  \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Ethiopia, 9 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.  \n\nBroadcast of the budget hearing for 2007 Ethiopian calendar, Ethiopian Television, 3 July 2014.","Government expenditure is approved annually within the budget proclamation. The proclamation is promlugated through the normal process of law that involves consultations with the public and open hearings. Budget adjustment takes place within the year through the House of Peoples' R..."]
["2014_KE_31",2014,"KE","Kenya",31,100,"The national budget goes through elaborate processes and approved through an open debate on the floor of Parliament. The Public Finance Management Act of 2012 demands that budget documents be submitted each year to the National Assembly for approval in line with Article 38-40. The Parliament also recommend reajustments and adopts amendments to the budget following an in-year control of public expenses.\n\nArticle 38. (1) says The Cabinet Secretary shall submit to the National Assembly the following other budget documents for each financial year—  \n(a) A budget summary that includes: (i)  a summary of budget policies including policies on revenue, expenditure, debt and deficit financing; (ii) an explanation of how the budget relates to the fiscal responsibility principles and to the financial objectives; and (iii) a memorandum by the Cabinet Secretary explaining how the resolutions adopted by the National Assembly on the Budget Policy Statement under section 25(7) have been taken into account.\n\nArticle 39. (1) says that (5) Not later than twenty-one days after the National Assembly has approved the budget estimates, the National Treasury shall consolidate, publish and publicise the budget estimates.  \n\nArticle 40. (1) says  Each financial year, the Cabinet Secretary shall, with the approval of Cabinet, make a public pronouncement of the budget policy highlights and revenue raising measures for the national government.        \n\n (3) On the same date that the budget policy highlights and revenue raising measures are pronounced, the Cabinet Secretary shall submit to Parliament the Finance Bill, setting out the revenue raising measures for the national government, together with a policy statement expounding on those measures.   \n\nThe legislature through the Parliamentary Budget Committee makes amendments to the government expenditure plans.","1. Edwin Mutai Parliamentary reporter , Nation Media Group. Interviewed on this particular topic on June 26, 2014.\n\n2. \"The gift that new law gave Kenyans in budget making\". An article by  Sam Njuguna  published by the People Newspaper edition of June 12, 2014.\nhttp://www.mediamaxnetwork.co.ke/thepeople/83166/gift-new-law-gave-kenyans-budget-making.\n\n3. Kenya 2014/15 Budget Speech by National Treasury Cabinet Secretary Henry Rotich. The Speech was presented in the National Assembly on June 12, 2014.\n\n4. Public Finance Management Act 2012. http://www.cickenya.org/index.php/legislation/acts/item/245-the-public-finance-management-act-2012#.VOdz8dNdU2s\n\n5. Kenya 2013/14 Budget Guide by the Institute of Economic Affairs. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VWm-j9JypMgJ:www.ieakenya.or.ke/publications/doc_download/277-budget-guide-2013-14+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us\n\n6. Parliamentary Budget Committee Proposes Budget Cut. A story by Citizen TV aired on February 25, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZkvssxf_D8\n\n7. \"House approves Sh1.4b Anglo Leasing payout in mini-budget\" An article by Mercy Mwai, published by the People Newspaper on June 26, 2014.\nhttp://www.mediamaxnetwork.co.ke/thepeople/86759/house-approves-sh1-4b-anglo-leasing-payout-mini-budget\n\n8. Business Daily Africa. \"Rotich at a loss over Sh10bn gap after MPs revise budget\". June 12, 2014. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Rotich-at-a-loss-over-Sh10bn-gap/-/539546/2346450/-/c2hjft/-/index.html","The national budget goes through elaborate processes and approved through an open debate on the floor of Parliament. The Public Finance Management Act of 2012 demands that budget documents be submitted each year to the National Assembly for approval in line with Article 38-40. The ..."]
["2014_MW_31",2014,"MW","Malawi",31,25,"Large-scale public expenditure generally receives legislative approval annually. The legislature does not make in-year budget amendments to proposed budgets by the government. There were no examples of significant public expenditure not receiving legislative approval during the research period. Budget hearings are not open to the public.","1. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Emma Kaliya, Executive Director, Gender Network, 6 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","Large-scale public expenditure generally receives legislative approval annually. The legislature does not make in-year budget amendments to proposed budgets by the government. There were no examples of significant public expenditure not receiving legislative approval during the res..."]
["2014_MR_31",2014,"MR","Mauritania",31,75,"La Représentation nationale (le Parlement) approuve le budget dans son intégralité et ce budget fait l'objet d'une publication. Toutefois, le budget annuel tend souvent à faire l'objet de modifications. \n\nAu cours de l'année, l'exécutif est amené à proposer une loi des finances rectificatives. Cette disposition tend à remettre en cause le budget tel qu'il avait été approuvé. Cette pratique est devenue une véritable habitude et met en évidence la difficulté à maîtriser les dépenses publiques. Souvent confrontés à des situations d'urgence ou de crise économique, les pouvoirs publics ont tendance à faire de la loi des finances rectificatives un instrument de refonte du budget annuel et de remise en cause des grandes lignes budgétaires arrêtées en fin d'année. Ce recours à la loi des finances rectificatives cache mal l'une des faiblesses du système des finances publiques, à savoir des outils budgétaires basés sur les moyens et non sur les résultats.","1. OULD DIDI Mohameden, consultant, ancien directeur du Trésor et de la comptabilité publique, 23 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. LEMINE OULD DHEYBY Mohamed, ancien directeur du Trésor et de la comptabilité Publique, 23 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 23 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Représentation nationale (le Parlement) approuve le budget dans son intégralité et ce budget fait l'objet d'une publication. Toutefois, le budget annuel tend souvent à faire l'objet de modifications. ..."]
["2014_ST_31",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",31,75,"All public expenditures are based on the state budget, which must be approved by the National Assembly at the end of the previous year to take effect the next year. This happens in open sessions. All expenses must be budgeted in order to have the corresponding amount available for implementation. Legislative approval is generally given only once. After that, no changes can be made until the next budget. Usually, no changes or adjustments are made during the year, but are carried over to the next. \n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. The government's national budget is approved annually by the National Assembly. If necessary, parliament can approve a revised budget or amendments to the current budget. The parliamentary sessions are open to the interested public and are frequently boadcast live on local radio. However, frequently the budget approval process has been slow and consequently budget approval was delayed. Besides, actual budget execution is poor, since not all foreign funds promised are made available and governmental implementation capacities are weak. Budget transparency is also poor, but has improved slightly.","Interview with Herlander Medeiros, auditor, Court of Auditors, Nov. 25, 2014.\n\nOnline interview with Deodato Capela, president, Center for Public Integrity, Nov. 25, 2014.\n\nReviewer's sources:\n\nAfrican Economic Outlook 2014, São Tomé and Príncipe.  http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Sao_Tome_et_Principe_EN.pdf  \n\nKPMG, \"São Tomé e Príncipe improves Open Budget Index ranking by publishing key budget reports,\" on São Tomé and Príncipe's open budget index ranking since 2008.  http://www.kpmg.com/eastafrica/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/pages/gtf334-msr03-saotome-cat06.aspx","All public expenditures are based on the state budget, which must be approved by the National Assembly at the end of the previous year to take effect the next year. This happens in open sessions. All expenses must be budgeted in order to have the corresponding amount available for ..."]
["2014_ZA_31",2014,"ZA","South Africa",31,100,"All significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis, in open hearings. The legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. As a result of this and other factors, the South African budget is ranked as one of the most open and transparent budgets in the world.\n\nBudget hearing schedules, for instance for the medium term budget policy statements, can be found online, on parliament's website. The same counts for the complete budget speeches. These are always made available on the day of the announcement. \n\nAccording to Mukelani Dimba, Executive Director Open Democracy Advice Centre, “yes, expenditure is approved. However, expenditures are  not approved centrally. Each agency/department/ministry runs its own expenditure management system unless you refer to the National Treasury that is responsible to generation of the national budget. The National Treasury only develops the budget in consultation with line ministries, once the figures are agreed to between the National Treasury and each line department expenditure decisions then become the responsibility of that department ... .” \n\nThe fact that reports are available online doesn't mean they are accessible for everyone. Less than half of households (40.9 percent) have at least one member who has access to  the Internet at home or elsewhere (Source: 2013 General Household Survey). It is not that 40.9 percent of these households have daily access, or that the access is adequate to download documents. According to Stats SA, less than 10 percent of South African households had access to the Internet at home.\n\nParticularly people living in rural areas tend not to have access to the Web. This is important to take into account when talking about accessibility as well as high telephonic costs; the fact that not everyone in South Africa is connected to the electricity network (11 percent of households don't have access to electricity) and illiteracy rates (According to the Department of Basic Education 6 percent of the adult population over 20 years of age was, and 12 percent of the  of the adult population was functionally illiterate).","Interview: Mukelani Dimba / Executive Director Open Democracy Advice Centre / email / 12 October\n\nMedium Term Budget Policy Statements overview (Treasure website / http://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/mtbps)\n\n2014 Budget Speech, Minister Pravin Gordhan (government website), http://www.gov.za/speeches/view.php?sid=43936\n\nSchedule of Parliamentary committee meetings  and parliamentary programme, http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=276\n\nDaily Schedule of Parliamentary hearings (Parliamentary Monitoring Group, 14 July 2014), http://www.pmg.org.za/programmes-schedules\n\n2012 Open Budget Index Survey (Budget Partnership / January 2013), http://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBI2012-Report-English.pdf.\n\n11% of SA households still without electricity (Engineering News /  Leandi Kolver / 14 November 2013)\nhttp://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/11-of-sa-households-still-without-electricity-2013-11-14\n\n2013 General Household Survey (Statssa / published in 2013), http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0318/P03182013.pdf\n\nEducation for All (EFA) / 2013 Country Progress Report: South Africa (Department of Basic Education), http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TZ4Cx%2BcnCzk%3D&tabid=36","All significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis, in open hearings. The legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. As a result of this and other factors, the South African budget is ranked as one of the mos..."]
["2014_TZ_31",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",31,100,"Parliament holds budget sessions each year and in those sessions it debates and approves the budget and expenditure the executive and ministries present to the parliament. The parliamentarians are doing this as assigned by articles 136 (1b) and 137(2 and 3) of the Constitution of 1977, which says parliament must deliberate and approve all executive and its government agencies' expenditures and budget each year. The legislature approves in-year budget amendments.\n\nThe budget sessions held each year by parliament are open to the public. Also the national television and national radio air it live. All parliamentary sessions are aired live in Tanzania, not just the budget sessions.","1. Rightness Kivambe, Msowelo, Morogoro region-Tanzania, November 2, 2014.\n\n2. Public Expenditure Review, http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/aid-effectiveness/public-expenditure-review.html \n\n3. USAID /Tanzania Country Strategic Plan FY 20o5-2015 http://www.slideshare.net/ABST/usaid-tanzania-country-strategic-plan-fy-2005-2014\n\nAll websites last checked 12/04/2014.","Parliament holds budget sessions each year and in those sessions it debates and approves the budget and expenditure the executive and ministries present to the parliament. The parliamentarians are doing this as assigned by articles 136 (1b) and 137(2 and 3) of the Constitution of 1..."]
["2014_TG_31",2014,"TG","Togo",31,0,"Toutes les dépenses du gouvernement sont approuvées par le corps législatif sur une base annuelle en audience publique (vote de la loi de finances). Le budget est voté à l'Assemblée nationale et publié dans les médias.\n \nC'est le gouvernement qui propose les modification budgétaires pendant l'exercice budgétaire; le corps législatif peut apporter des modifications budgétaires si cela s’avère nécessaire ou s’il y a problème.","ADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \nAnonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \nAssemblée nationale du Togo, http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/","Toutes les dépenses du gouvernement sont approuvées par le corps législatif sur une base annuelle en audience publique (vote de la loi de finances). Le budget est voté à l'Assemblée nationale et publié dans les médias...."]
["2014_AO_32",2014,"AO","Angola",32,0,"The approved budget is published by law every year. The proposed budget is not. \n\nArticle 104 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Angola and Article 4 of Law No. 15/10 of July 15, 2010, the Framework Law of the State Budget, establish that the state budget shall constitute the annual or multiannual consolidated state financial plan.  Although the rule for the publication of the state budget is not expressly enshrined in that law, it is understood that the state budget must be published in the official gazette, by virtue of its approval in the form of a specific law by the National Assembly. Under Article 5 (1) of the Civil Code, the law only becomes binding after publication in the official gazette, the Daily Republic (DR). So, being a specific law, the budget law is subject to publication in the first series of the DR, like other laws, as a condition of its validity. The 2013 state budget was approved by Law No. 2/13 of March 7, 2013.","Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 104 (1)\nhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ao/ao001en.pdf\n\nFramework Law of the State Budget, Law No. 15/10 of July 15, 2010, Article 4\n\nAmendment of the Law of the State Budget, Law No. 24/12 of Aug. 22, 2012 \n\nLaw of the State Budget 2013, Law No. 2/13 of March 7, 2013 \n\nCivil Code, 1966, Article 5 (1) ","The approved budget is published by law every year. The proposed budget is not. \n\nArticle 104 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Angola and Article 4 of Law No. 15/10 o..."]
["2014_CV_32",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",32,0,"Only the approved budget is required by law to be published in full every year. The government approved the Decree Law that defines the rules and procedures necessary to implement the state budget. In turn, the decree is published in the official bulletin of the republic.\n\nFramework Law 78/V/98 of December 7, Article 20 (Discussion and vote on the budget) provides that \"The State Budget is approved and published in the Official Bulletin with all the features listed in Articles 17, 18 and 19 of this law.\"\n\nIn the case of budget proposed by the executive (draft sent to Congress for approval), there is no obligation by law for publication. However, it is possible to find this proposal on the website of the Ministry of Finance.","1. Law No.__/VIIII/2013: Approves State Budget for the year 2014.\nhttp://www.parlamento.cv/OE_2014/LEI%20OGE%202014_Vers%C3%A3o%20final_corrigida_03_Outubro.pdf.\n\n2. Budget proposal for state 2015; http://www.minfin.gov.cv/index.php/orcamento-2015; \n\n3. Finance Minister meets with Finance Committee and Budget of the Parliament to discuss state budget for 2015; November 13, 2014; http://rtc.cv/tcv/index.php?paginas=13&id_cod=36514\n\n4. Framework Law 78/V/98 of December 7, Article 20 (Discussion and vote on the budget). Not accessible online","Only the approved budget is required by law to be published in full every year. The government approved the Decree Law that defines the rules and procedures necessary to implement the state budget. In turn, the decree is published in the official bulletin of the republic...."]
["2014_KM_32",2014,"KM","Comoros",32,100,"Selon l’Article 17 de la Constitution, le Président de l’Union doit promulguer les lois de l’Union dans les quinze jours qui suivent la transmission au gouvernement de la loi définitivement adoptée. Le budget (loi de finances) suit cette règle. La loi de finances est votée annuellement, et la séance de l’Assemblée de l’Union doit se faire publiquement. La publicité est donc assurée en théorie. \n\nEn effet, l’ Article 24 de la Constitution énonce que les séances de l’Assemblée de l’Union sont en principe publiques, sauf les cas prévus par le règlement intérieur de l’assemblée.\n\nDepuis 2012, le gouvernement met à la disposition  du  public  les  Tableaux des opérations financières de l’Etat (TOFE) et  les rapports  d’exécution  budgétaire  sur  le  site de la Cellule Technique de Suivi des Réformes Economiques et Financières (CREF). Et depuis juin 2013, toutes les informations  budgétaires  disponibles  sont mises à la disposition du public sur le site du ministère des finances.","Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001. (2001). Article 17.\n\nEvaluation PEFA (Public Expenditure Financial Accountability) répétée 2013, «Analyse du système de gestion des finances publiques», juillet 2013; p.45.28-        https://www.google.fr/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Evaluation+PEFA+2013+Comores","Selon l’Article 17 de la Constitution, le Président de l’Union doit promulguer les lois de l’Union dans les quinze jours qui suivent la transmission au gouvernement de la loi définitivement adoptée. Le budget (loi de finances) suit cette règle. La loi de finances est votée annuelle..."]
["2014_GQ_32",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",32,0,"No such law exists. By law, the minister of finance and budgets (\"Ministro de Hacienda\") submits the draft budget of Equatorial Guinea to Parliament at the beginning of each fiscal year. There is, however, no mention in the 2012 constitution or in Law No. 9/2003 regarding the publication of the draft or approved government budget.\n\nLaw No. 9/2003 (Nov. 11, 2003) “Regulating Public Finances in Equatorial Guinea” laid down a new set of rules for preparing, approving and executing the government budget. It was an attempt to bring Equatorial Guinea in line with budgetary laws in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). \n\nAccording to Law No. 9/2003, Chapter 2, Article 37, the minister of finance and budgets is tasked with drafting the budget law and submitting it to Parliament (\"Cámara de Representantes\") at the beginning of September. According to Article 38, the draft budget must be submitted for approval one day before deliberations begin in the House of Representatives and Senate. Though Article 42 mentions the publication of the budget law as a decree law (\"decreto ley\"), there is no mention of publication of the budget law.","No such law exists. \n\nThere are however various laws researched with respect to the budget: \nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Article 49 (c), Articles 71 and 72.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 9/2003, 2003, Chapter 2, Articles 37–43 (“Reguladora de las Finanzas Públicas del Estado de Guinea Ecuatorial”).    http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5&Itemid=71","No such law exists. By law, the minister of finance and budgets (\"Ministro de Hacienda\") submits the draft budget of Equatorial Guinea to Parliament at the beginning of each fiscal year. There is, however, no mention in the 2012 constitution or in Law No. 9/2003 regarding the publi..."]
["2014_GM_32",2014,"GM","The Gambia",32,0,"Section 102 (a) and (c), Section 109 (1) (b), and Section 109 (2) (a) (b) of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia and Section 77 (2) of the Standing Orders of the National Assembly of The Gambia, provide for the rules of the Public Accounts and Public Enterprises Committees (PAC/PEC) of the National Assembly. Once the budget goes through parliament, the above legal provisions require that it is then published in the official gazette. There is, however, no law requiring the draft budget to be published before it is approved by the National Assembly.\n\nIn addition, the constitution sets the process for budget making in the Gambia. The process indicates that the president will cause the minister of finance to lay before the parliament the national estimates at least 30 days before the end of the year. When the budget is finally approved by the parliament it is then made available to the government for spending. The presentation of the budget before the assembly is usually a grand public ceremony which is provided live coverage on national television and radio.","Section 102 (a) and (c), Section 109 (1) (b), Section 109 (2) (a) (b), section 152, section 153 of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf\n\nSection 77 (2) of the Standing Orders of the National Assembly of The Gambia. http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/gambia/constitution/constitution07.php","Section 102 (a) and (c), Section 109 (1) (b), and Section 109 (2) (a) (b) of the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia and Section 77 (2) of the Standing Orders of the National Assembly of The Gambia, provide for the rules of the Public Accounts and Public Enterprises Committees (PAC/PEC..."]
["2014_LS_32",2014,"LS","Lesotho",32,100,"As soon as the finance minister has presented it to the 'committee of the whole house', the appropriation bill is published in the Gazette or in such other manner as the speaker of the National Assembly may direct.  Article 52 of the Standing Orders of the National Assembly lays out the manner in which bills must be published and circulated. For example, the National Assembly clerk should ensure that all bills, including the appropriation bill, are published in full.  Section 52 (4) indicates that “In the case of a bill involving the expenditure of public money an indication of the cost shall be annexed to the bill [and] the annexure shall be provided by the Minister of Finance… .” The Appropriation Act that lays out the budget allocations for the year is published annually in a legal notice.\n\nArticle 112 of the Constitution (1) The Minister for the time being responsible for finance shall cause to be prepared and laid before both Houses of Parliament in each financial year estimates of the revenues and expenditure of Lesotho for the next following financial year.\n(2) When the estimates of expenditure (other than expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund by this Constitution or by any Act of Parliament) have been approved by the National Assembly, a bill, to be known as an Appropriation bill, shall be introduced in the Assembly, providing for the issue from the Consolidated Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums, under separate votes for the several heads of expenditure approved, to the purposes specified therein.","1. Lesotho's Constitution. Chapter X (Finance), Sections 110, 111, 112 and 113. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. Appropriation (2013/2014) Act. Legal Notice, 31st March 2014\n\n3. Standing Order of the National Assembly of Lesotho. Chapters IX and X. http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Lesotho_Standing%20Orders%20of%20Parliament_en.pdf","As soon as the finance minister has presented it to the 'committee of the whole house', the appropriation bill is published in the Gazette or in such other manner as the speaker of the National Assembly may direct.  Article 52 of the Standing Orders of the National Assembly lays ou..."]
["2014_MR_32",2014,"MR","Mauritania",32,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi qui impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le projet de budget initial, mais la Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF) impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le budget annuel et dans son intégralité. \n\nLe droit budgétaire mauritanien est régulé par deux piliers majeurs. \n1. La Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF) dispose que « les lois de finances déterminent la nature et le montant des charges et des ressources de l’État  ainsi que l’équilibre financier qui en résulte dans le cadre de la politique générale définie par le gouvernement. Elles contiennent notamment les dispositions relatives à l’assiette, aux taux et aux modalités de recouvrement des impositions de toute nature perçues pour le compte de l’État ainsi qu’aux emprunts contractés, aux avals accordés et aux conventions financières passées par l’État ». Aux termes de la présente disposition, il y a lieu de comprendre que le gouvernement présente la loi des finances qui fixe les recettes et dépenses de l'État au cours de l'année à venir. Cette disposition encadre les mécanismes des finances publiques. Ceux-ci reposent sur les règles d'unité, d'universalité, d'annualité. \n\n2. Le second aspect qui régule le droit budgétaire mauritanien repose sur la fonction constitutionnelle que remplit le Parlement. La Constitution mauritanienne dispose notamment en son article 68 que le Parlement vote la loi des finances. Conformément à la Constitution du 20 juillet 1991, notamment en son article 70, la loi des finances est promulguée par le Président de la République et publiée au Journal Officiel. ","1. Constitution du 20 juillet 1991. (1991). Article 70.\nhttp://www.carim.org/public/legaltexts/MAUConstitution.pdf\n\n2. La Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF)","Il n'existe aucune loi qui impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le projet de budget initial, mais la Loi N° 78-011 du 19 Janvier 1978 portant Loi Organique relative aux Lois des Finances (LOLF) impose aux pouvoirs publics de publier le budget annuel et dans son intégralité. ..."]
["2014_NE_32",2014,"NE","Niger",32,0,"Conformément à la Constitution du 25 Novembre de la République du Niger, les lois des finances, comme toutes les lois, doivent être publiées intégralement dans le Journal Officiel de la République. Cette publication ne se fait mais pas de manière à ce qu'elle soit largement accessible aux citoyens. Le journal Officiel de la République du Niger, n'est pas mis en ligne sur internet, et il n'est accessible à qu'une petite partie des Citoyens: les élites politico-économiques , qui s'intéressent au document et qui ont les moyens de se le procurer. Car, le Journal Officiel est vendu à un prix assez élévé pour les citoyens ordinaires (en moyenne 2000 CFA). En dehors de la publication au Journal Officiel, l'Institut National de la Statistique (INS) est l'une des rares institutions de l'Etat qui met en ligne sur son site Web (http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/) l'exposé de motifs ou le cadrage macro-économique des lois de finances. Toutefois, cette mise en ligne se fait plusieurs semaines après adoption de la loi des finances. \n \nCependant, la loi n'exige pas la publication du projet de budget. Loi exige seulement la publication du budget voté au plutard en décembre de chaque année.\n\nArt. 93 (Constitution de 2010) - Les séances de l'Assemblée nationale sont publiques. Il est publié un procès-verbal intégral des débats au Journal Officiel.","I. Constitution du 25 Novembre 2010:\n http://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/constitution.pdf","Conformément à la Constitution du 25 Novembre de la République du Niger, les lois des finances, comme toutes les lois, doivent être publiées intégralement dans le Journal Officiel de la République. Cette publication ne se fait mais pas de manière à ce qu'elle soit largement accessi..."]
["2014_ST_32",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",32,100,"Law No. 3/2007 requires full publicity for both the draft state annual budget and the final version approved by the National Assembly. \n\nArticle 13 of Law No. 3/2007 states: “In its preparation and implementation, the state budget must follow, among others, the following principles and rules: \nh) advertising, in accordance with the budget law, the tables of revenue and expenditure tables, as well as other information, economic and financial, deemed appropriate shall be published in the official gazette.”","Law Establishing the State Financial Admiinistrative System, Law No. 3/2007, Chapter 1, Section 2, Article 13. \nhttp://www.min-financas.st/index.php/pt/legislacao-orcamental/file/328-classificador-orcamental?start=15","Law No. 3/2007 requires full publicity for both the draft state annual budget and the final version approved by the National Assembly. ..."]
["2014_SD_32",2014,"SD","Sudan",32,0,"The Financial and Accounting Procedures Act, 2007, Section 2, Article 5, item 6, states that the state budget must be sent to the National Assembly (the Congress) for discussion and approval, in a period not less than one month from the end of the fiscal year. However, the law does not speak about publishing the budget in full every year.","Financial and Accounting Procedures Act, 2007, Section 2, Article 5, item 6.  \nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/12/1.htm","The Financial and Accounting Procedures Act, 2007, Section 2, Article 5, item 6, states that the state budget must be sent to the National Assembly (the Congress) for discussion and approval, in a period not less than one month from the end of the fiscal year. However, the law does..."]
["2014_UG_32",2014,"UG","Uganda",32,0,"Sections 3(1), 4(2) and 6(1) of the Budget Act 2001 provide for the submission of the proposed executive budget. Article 155(1) of the constitution states that “The President shall cause to be prepared and laid before Parliament in each financial year, but in any case not later than the fifteenth day before the commencement of the financial year, estimates of revenues and expenditure of Government for the next financial year.”\n\nThe law does not point out that the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget should be published annually. A visit to the Ministry of Finance Web site shows both the executive's budget proposal (i.e., the budget framework papers) and the approved budget (i.e., national budget) uploaded.","Fred Mukasa, research officer, Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Authority, Kampala, 15 Sept. 2014\n\nChapter 9, Article 155(1) of The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf\n\nSections 3(1), 4(2), 6(1), The Budget Act, 2001, \nhttp://www.ulii.org/files/Budget%20Act%202001.pdf","Sections 3(1), 4(2) and 6(1) of the Budget Act 2001 provide for the submission of the proposed executive budget. Article 155(1) of the constitution states that “The President shall cause to be prepared and laid before Parliament in each financial year, but in any case not later tha..."]
["2014_ZM_32",2014,"ZM","Zambia",32,0,"The minister of finance presents annual budget reports to parliament related to cost estimates and actual expenditures, as well as the country's financial position. This also includes revenue and other monies received by government, as well as other relevant information required by parliament. \n\nThe budget is presented and published in full every year, but legally is not required to be.\n\nUnder Article 16 of the constitution, 116 (Supplementary estimates in respect of expenditure authorised by warrant), “Where in any financial year any expenditure has been authorised by a warrant issued by the President under paragraph (d) of clause (2) Article 113, the Minister responsible for finance shall cause a supplementary estimate relating to that expenditure to be laid before the National Assembly for its approval before the expiration of a period of four months from the issue of the warrant or, if the National Assembly is not sitting at the expiration of that period, at the first sitting of the National Assembly thereafter.”\n \nArticle 18 states:  “(1) The Minister responsible for finance shall cause to be prepared and shall lay before the National Assembly not later than nine months after the end of each financial year a financial report in respect of that year.”","Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Articles 116-118, Pages 69-71, Supplementary Estimates In Respect of Expenditure, Appropriation Acts and Supplementary Appropriation Acts, Financial Report.\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1","The minister of finance presents annual budget reports to parliament related to cost estimates and actual expenditures, as well as the country's financial position. This also includes revenue and other monies received by government, as well as other relevant information required by..."]
["2014_BJ_33",2014,"BJ","Benin",33,25,"Le gouvernement invite rarement publiquement les populations à contribuer aux décisions budgétaires. Des mouvements de la société civile comme par exemple People’s Health Movement Bénin font du lobbying pour l’instauration du budget participatif au Bénin. Social Watch Bénin qui travaille sur le suivi des budgets d’État sensibilise les élus locaux sur la participation des populations au budget des municipalités et de l’État. Plusieurs groupes sociopolitiques y compris des réseaux de journalistes et des partis politiques appellent à un budget plus participatif.\n\nToutefois, le budget d'État est examiné par la Commission des finances de l'Assemblée Nationale de concert avec les parties prenantes.","Théophile Gankpé, Chef de service Information et archives, Assemblée Nationale, Porto Novo, Interview du 18 juin 2014.\n\nEmmanuel Machioudi, Chef division Séance et questions, Assemblée Nationale, Porto Novo, Interview du 18 juin 2014.\n\nPrdbenin.com, 11 décembre 2013, «Budget général de l’État – gestion 2014 : Observations du Parti du Renouveau Démocratique (PRD)». http://prdbenin.com/index.php/actualite/communiques/243-budget-general-État2014-observations-prd\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 30 septembre 2013, « Mensuelle du Rejeb sur le budget de l’État gestion 2014 : Il doit viser le bien-être de la population béninoise». http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=28611\n\nDirection Générale du Budget, 13 février 2014, «Budget des citoyens : Budget adopté 2014». http://www.finances.bj/IMG/pdf/budget_des_citoyens_relatif_au_budget_adopte_2014.pdf\n\nPHM Bénin, 31 ocotbre 2013, «Déclaration de People's Health Movement Benin a l'occasion de la journée mondiale d'information sur le développement».   http://www.phmovement.org/fr/node/8138\n\nSocial Watch Bénin, 22 novembre 2013, «Lettre du coordonnateur Social Watch Bénin». https://m.facebook.com/notes/social-watch-b%C3%A9nin/lettre-du-coordonnateur-octobre-novembre-2013/686014168089300/","Le gouvernement invite rarement publiquement les populations à contribuer aux décisions budgétaires. Des mouvements de la société civile comme par exemple People’s Health Movement Bénin font du lobbying pour l’instauration du budget participatif au Bénin. Social Watch Bénin qui tra..."]
["2014_CV_33",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",33,50,"The only means available to the public to contribute to the debate on the state budget is through the government's official page, where the government proposal is available before it is submitted for approval by parliament. The government invites citizens to provide input for budget decision, but only through the government website. \n\nThere were no known direct mechanisms other than the site in 2013/2014. With respect to indirect mechanisms, they are provided in the parliamentary system. Where citizens may consult with their elected representatives who are required to take inputs from their constituents to the budget debate.","1. Article, Redy Lima e Aquilino Varela, 2014, \"Spheres (hidden) of political participation of young people in Praia, Cape Verde: the political to beyond political\": http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/debates/article/view/46465/31155.\n\n2. Article, Suzano Costa, 2013, \"Civil Society, State and Quality of Democracy in Cape Verde:  between civic lethargy and the Omnipresence of Leviathã,\" https://www.academia.edu/5891955/Sociedade_Civil_Estado_e_Qualidade_da_Democracia_em_Cabo_Verde_entre_a_Letargia_Civica_e_a_Omnipresenca_do_Leviatha.\n\n3. Interview with João de Pina, economist, National Institute of Statistics, August 13, 2014, Praia.\n\n4. Government's official page (http://www.governo.cv/).","The only means available to the public to contribute to the debate on the state budget is through the government's official page, where the government proposal is available before it is submitted for approval by parliament. The government invites citizens to provide input for budge..."]
["2014_EG_33",2014,"EG","Egypt",33,0,"For each of the past three years, Egypt’s government has failed to meet an April 1 deadline to release details about the budget 90 days before the start of the following fiscal year. The government has also failed to provide a simplified \"Citizens Budget\" for the layperson. Instead the Ministry of Finance only posts online the  press release about the laws related to the 2014-2015 budget.\n\nDuring the reporting period, in defiance of efforts by civil society and NGO groups, the budget was approved secretly while most of the country was distracted by the 2014 Egyptian Presidential Election.","Interview, Hussien El Said, Member Supreme Council of the Free Egyptians Party, July 25, 2014.\n\nMada Masr \" Draft budget sent to president, calls for 12% deficit \" May 26, 2014 www.madamasr.com/content/draft-budget-sent-president-calls-12-deficit.\n\nCairo Post, YASMINE SAMRA and AHMED ABU SHADY  May, 27, 2014 \"Cabinet passes FY 2014-15 budget in final days of Mansour presidency\" thecairopost.com/news/112325/business/cabinet-passes-fy-2014-15-budget-in-final-days-of-mansour-presidency.\n\nFor the third year in a row, Egypt’s government has missed an April 1 deadline to release details about the budget for the upcoming fiscal year, April 16, 2014, http://www.madamasr.com/content/rights-groups-call-public-release-draft-budget.","For each of the past three years, Egypt’s government has failed to meet an April 1 deadline to release details about the budget 90 days before the start of the following fiscal year. The government has also failed to provide a simplified \"Citizens Budget\" for the layperson. Instead..."]
["2014_ER_33",2014,"ER","Eritrea",33,0,"There is no mechanism for citizens to give their input for budget decisions. In addition, all government ministries and other government bodies do not have the means to enable citizens to give their opinion on budgetary issues. There is no publication of the budget in Eritrea, and it has never been made public since the country gained its independence in 1993. No direct representation of citizens exists in Eritrea. \n\nMedia access for citizens to give their input on the budget doesn't apply because they have no way of knowing the state's revenues or expenditures. Citizens sometimes raise demands during public meetings with government officials or the head of the state, but these instances are not a certain and predictable mechanism whereby they can influence the budget-making process.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 25, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There is no mechanism for citizens to give their input for budget decisions. In addition, all government ministries and other government bodies do not have the means to enable citizens to give their opinion on budgetary issues. There is no publication of the budget in Eritrea, and ..."]
["2014_GW_33",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",33,25,"Citizens' input for budget decisions is extremely rare and there is no mechanism in place that ensures such practice. The state budget is elaborated by the government and public institutions, and citizens generally do not have a say in this process. Only after its elaboration does the state budget sometimes go to a plaform called Conselho Nacional de Consertação Nacional. It is composed of civil society organizations and unions, but their considerations are rarely taken on board. \n\nAll sources commented that the government does not give enough time for citizens (or members of the parliament) to study the proposed state budget before its discussion in parliament.","1. Interview with Head of the Department of Legislative Organization and Secreatriat of the National Popular Assembly, Augusto Mancabo, 22 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with the Director of the Legislative Services of the National Popular Assembly, José Oliveira, 22 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with member of parliament (PRS), Baltasar Cardoso, National Popular Assembly, 21 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","Citizens' input for budget decisions is extremely rare and there is no mechanism in place that ensures such practice. The state budget is elaborated by the government and public institutions, and citizens generally do not have a say in this process. Only after its elaboration does ..."]
["2014_MG_33",2014,"MG","Madagascar",33,0,"Une telle pratique n’existe pas à Madagascar. La preuve, sur le site web de la Direction générale du budget, dans la rubrique « programmation budgétaire », sur les 18 étapes, aucune référence n’est faite aux citoyens. \n \n Toutefois, après la publication de la Loi des finances, certains groupes d’intérêt peuvent adresser des réclamations au ministère des finances et du budget. Il s’agit notamment de groupes d’opérateurs économiques (industriels, importateurs-exportateurs). Si c’est une contribution, elle n’aura aucune effet dans la mesure où la loi est déjà votée et promulguée.","RAKOTO Raharilanto Rado, chef de service d’appui à l’intégrité au ministère des finances et du budget, 05 juillet 2014.  \n\nRALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014.  \n\nANDRIAMASY Léon, président de l’Association rassemblement des citoyens, Antananarivo, 25 juillet 2014  Site de la Direction générale du budget : http://www.dgbudget.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=4,","Une telle pratique n’existe pas à Madagascar. La preuve, sur le site web de la Direction générale du budget, dans la rubrique « programmation budgétaire », sur les 18 étapes, aucune référence n’est faite aux citoyens. ..."]
["2014_MU_33",2014,"MU","Mauritius",33,100,"Citizens are invited by the government to provide input, although there are no guarantees that any specific input will lead to specific outcomes. Citizens are normally invited to send proposals to the Ministry of Finance prior to presentation of the annual budget.\n\nThere is usually a wide consultation process with all stakeholders every year.","1.        Dan Maraye, former Governor of the Bank of Mauritius, 10 August 2014\n\n2.        Afsar Ebrahim, Partner, BDO, 22 September 2014\n\n3.        Xavier Luc Duval, former vice Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, now Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee (since Sept 2014), 22 September 2014. \n\n4.        Le Defi Quotidien Newspaper, the redaction, 09 July 2014, Title: Budget 2015 : Coup d’envoi des consultations pré-budgétaires\nLink: http://www.defimedia.info/defi-quotidien/dq-economie/item/55923-budget-2015-coup-d-envoi-des-consultations-pre-budgetaires.html","Citizens are invited by the government to provide input, although there are no guarantees that any specific input will lead to specific outcomes. Citizens are normally invited to send proposals to the Ministry of Finance prior to presentation of the annual budget...."]
["2014_RW_33",2014,"RW","Rwanda",33,100,"The finance minister encourages all citizens to participate in the budgeting process. The process is participatory and individuals voice their input. Civil society organizations, however, say citizens are not well educated on budget issues, so when they participate in the process they do not do so from an informed perspective.\n\nAccording to Sam Ruburika, communications specialist in the Ministry of Finance, citizen participation in the budget process was, in fact, improved in the 2014-15 financial year with an SMS platform, a toll-free line, discussion groups at the sector and district level as well as an online platform. The ministry also held a countrywide campaign on citizen participation. There were a lot of views expressed by citzens at district level and submitted to the Ministry of Finance for inclusion.","Interview with Sam Rubirika, communications specialist, Ministry of Finance, Kigali, July 25, 2014. \n\nInterview with Jean Baptiste Rucibigango, member of parliament and president of the Rwanda Socialist Labour Party, Kigali, Aug. 3, 2014. http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15476&a=70253\n\nThe New Times, Eugene Kwibuka, \"Government launches citizens’ budget guide,\" Sept. 10, 2013.\nhttps://24tanzania.com/government-launches-citizens-budget-guide/\n\nThe National Budget, a Citizen's Guide 2013-2014. \nhttp://www.minecofin.gov.rw/uploads/media/The_National_Budget_-_a_Citizen_s_Guide_2013-2014_01.pdf","The finance minister encourages all citizens to participate in the budgeting process. The process is participatory and individuals voice their input. Civil society organizations, however, say citizens are not well educated on budget issues, so when they participate in the process t..."]
["2014_SO_33",2014,"SO","Somalia",33,0,"There is no input from citizens to determine or influence the government's budget. In fact, the government itself is not elected through a popular vote. The only elected government that came into office through a public vote in Somalia was in the late 1960s. In 1969, a military regime led by the late General Mohamed Siad Barre assumed power, and in 1991, a civil war broke out that eventually led to Barre's ousting. \n\nIn August 2012 delegates representing Somali clans gathered in Mogadishu to approve what would become the current Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia. The effort was led by the United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS) and the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and was financially backed by Western governments and other international partners. The delegates also elected the current Federal Parliament which, in turn, elected the speaker of the House of the People and the president in August 2012.\n\nThroughout this time, no mechanisms have been in place for citizens to submit their input within the political or economic sphere.","Prof. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 17, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSharmarke Abdirashid Janle\nIndependent Lawyer\nBari Regional Court\nAugust 23, 2014\nBossaso, Somalia\nIn-person interview\n\nSomalia: Somali Parliament Approves $218 million Budget\nHorseed Media\nMay 8, 2014\nhttp://horseedmedia.net/news/2014/05/somalia-somali-parliament-approve-218-million-budget/","There is no input from citizens to determine or influence the government's budget. In fact, the government itself is not elected through a popular vote. The only elected government that came into office through a public vote in Somalia was in the late 1960s. In 1969, a military reg..."]
["2014_SZ_33",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",33,0,"Swaziland’s budget is produced annually by the Ministry of Finance to reflect King Mswati’s spending priorities as articulated in a speech from the throne at the opening of parliament. Swaziland's parliament then approves government's annual budget. The Ministry of Finance does not invite the public to contribute ideas or input. Theoretically, ordinary Swazis may lobby their MPs regarding government spending on preferred matters, but in practice this is not done. What the finance minister, an appointee of the king, proposes becomes the budget.","Interview: Shirley Mkhonta, Swaziland Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS, Mbabane, 10 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Absalom Ndwandwe, financial consultant, Mbabane, Manzini, 22 June 2014.\n\n\"King Mswati spends and spends,\" Richard Rooney, Swazi Media Commentary, 15 May 2014. http://swazimedia.blogspot.com/2014/05/king-mswati-spends-and-spends.html\n\n\"King of impoverished Swaziland increases household budget to $61m,” AFP, 14 May 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/14/king-mswati-iii-swaziland-increases-household-budget","Swaziland’s budget is produced annually by the Ministry of Finance to reflect King Mswati’s spending priorities as articulated in a speech from the throne at the opening of parliament. Swaziland's parliament then approves government's annual budget. The Ministry of Finance does not..."]
["2014_ZW_33",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",33,50,"The Ministry of Finance and the parliamentary portfolio Committee on Finance and Economic Planning contact consultative meetings during which citizens provide input in budget discussions. Citizens submit their input through town hall meetings. However, during preparation of the 2014 national budget, few public consultations were conducted, and the few were sporadic in nature.\n\nConsultations were done in all 10 provinces of Zimbabwe, but citizens were not given the necessary amount of time needed to study the budget. \n\nDuring development of council budgets, city councils usually invite residents to participate in identifying budget priorities. However, according to the Combined Harare Residents Association (CHRA) chairperson, Simbarashe Moyo, councils conduct budget consultations on an ad hoc basis without publicising the schedule and, as a result, the consultations seem to be cosmetic.","Interview with Fungayi Zawi, churches and peace programme officer, Catholic Agency for Overseas Development, 14 July 2014, Harare.\n\nThe Zimbabwean, T. Majoni, \"Five questions Chinamasa must answer,\" 27 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/analysis/69552/five-questions-chinamasa-must-answer.html \n\nThe Crisis Report 2013, \"Harare Council blasted over budget consultation insincerity,\" 24 Oct. 2013, Harare.\nhttp://www.swradioafrica.com/Documents/Crisis%20Report%20Issue%20232.pdf  ","The Ministry of Finance and the parliamentary portfolio Committee on Finance and Economic Planning contact consultative meetings during which citizens provide input in budget discussions. Citizens submit their input through town hall meetings. However, during preparation of the 201..."]
["2014_BF_34",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",34,25,"La Commission des Finances et du Budget (COMFIB) est chargée d'examiner les dossiers de finances publiques, budget, monnaie, crédit, domaines au Burkina Faso. Elle est composée de 26 membres et siège sur convocation de son président, lorsqu'il y a des dossiers à examiner. \n\nSelon Ibrahim GUIGMA, journaliste parlementaire, direction de la communication de l'Assemblée nationale: «Il arrive qu'ils se réunissent plusieurs fois à l'intérieur d'une même semaine lorsque plusieurs dossiers leur sont soumis et ils se réunissent même en dehors des sessions parlementaires.» \n\nL'un des dossiers qu'elle a examiné au cours de l'année dernière est celui sur le projet de loi 2014 dont fait cas l'article publié sur le site web de l'Assemblée nationale. En résumé la Commission des Finances et du Budget existe mais ne siège pas de façon régulière.","GUIGMA Ibrahim, journaliste parlementaire, Assemblée nationale, Ouagadougou, 19 juin 2014.\n\nSANKARA Bénéwendé Stanislas, député, président de l’Union Pour la Renaissance/Parti Sankariste (UNIR/PS), Ouagadougou, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nSite web de l'Assemblée nationale, visité le 27 juillet 2014, «Le rapport général du budget de l’État gestion 2014 examiné à Tenkodogo». http://www.assembleenationale.bf/spip.php?page=article&id_article=274","La Commission des Finances et du Budget (COMFIB) est chargée d'examiner les dossiers de finances publiques, budget, monnaie, crédit, domaines au Burkina Faso. Elle est composée de 26 membres et siège sur convocation de son président, lorsqu'il y a des dossiers à examiner. ..."]
["2014_CM_34",2014,"CM","Cameroon",34,0,"Au Cameroun, il n'existe pas de commission au Parlement chargée de veiller spécifiquement sur les fonds publics. La seule commission en charge des finances n'est là que pour l'examen du budget.\n\nEn plus, le Parlement camerounais a ceci de particulier que les commissions d’enquête, quel qu'en soit les secteurs d'activités, ne fonctionnent pas régulièrement. Les personnes interrogées attribuent cette situation à des blocages liés aux problèmes de réseau politique et à la pluralité des partis politiques au Parlement. \n\nPlusieurs problèmes ont eu lieu au Cameroun sans qu'il y ait ouverture d'une enquête parlementaire pour informer l'opinion. Il en va de même des cas de détournement de fonds publics qui n'ont jamais été suivis d'une enquête parlementaire. Pourtant, plusieurs députés de l'opposition appellent souvent à l'ouverture d'une enquête sans que cela ne soit effectif, les présidents des deux chambres appartiennent au parti au pouvoir.","NINTCHEU Jean-Michel, député SDF à l'Assemblée nationale, 10 juillet 2014;\n\nHAMEKOUÉ Hilaire, homme politique, membre du bureau politique de l'Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), 10 juillet 2014;\n\nTOKO Sandrine, ancienne cadre de Transparency International Cameroun, 10 juillet 2014","Au Cameroun, il n'existe pas de commission au Parlement chargée de veiller spécifiquement sur les fonds publics. La seule commission en charge des finances n'est là que pour l'examen du budget...."]
["2014_TD_34",2014,"TD","Chad",34,0,"La commission des finances et du budget de l’Assemblée nationale est l'organe qui examine les questions financières. Cependant elle ne mène aucune enquête. \n\nSelon Abdoulaye CHOUA, député du 5ème arrondissement de N’djamena, à part la commission des finances et du budget de l’Assemblée nationale composée de quelques députés et techniciens du ministère en charge de la finance publique et du budget qui joue un rôle de contrôle à priori dans l’examination des projets, il n’existe pas un comité parlementaire chargé de faire de contrôle à posteriori des questions financières publiques.\n\nCes propos du parlementaire sont confirmés par Maïmos Armand DJIMADOUM, comptable de la Maison des médias du Tchad et Madjissembaye NGARDINON, journaliste-reporter au journal Le Temps.","CHOUA Abdoulaye, député du 5ème arrondissement de N’djamena, 5 juillet 2014 \n\nDJIMADOUM Maïmos Armand, comptable de la Maison des médias du Tchad, 27 août 2014 \n\nNGARDINON Madjissembaye, journaliste-reporter au journal Le Temps, au siège du journal, 27 août 2014.","La commission des finances et du budget de l’Assemblée nationale est l'organe qui examine les questions financières. Cependant elle ne mène aucune enquête. ..."]
["2014_DJ_34",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",34,0,"Il n'existe pas spécifiquement un comité dédié à cette tâche. Les différentes commissions et notamment celle relative aux finances préparent les debats mais ne fait pas de travail de suivi concernant le contrôle du budget. \n\nComme toutes les autres commissions elle est \"saisies à la diligence de la Conférence des Présidents, des projets et propositions entrant dans leurs compétences, ainsi que des pièces et documents s'y rapportant\" donc il n'ya aucune régularité dans ses réunions.\n\nLe député interrogé estime que ce contrôle devrait être renforcé car la commission de finance ne joue pas, selon lui, son rôle institué par la loi. Sa légitimité est remise en cause lorsque son rôle se limite à recevoir le ministre des finances en vue de l'interroger sur les différentes lignes budgétaires ou des questions d'ordre géneral.","CHOUKRI Ali, journaliste au journal La Nation, 9 juillet 2014.\n\nFARAH Hassan, ancien ministre du sport et actuel député à l'Assemblée nationale, 9 juillet 2014.\n\nFOULIYE Mohamed, député à l'Assemblée nationale, 9 juillet 2014.\n\nPrésentation de l'Assemblée Nationale de Djibouti. http://www.presidence.dj/assemblee.htm","Il n'existe pas spécifiquement un comité dédié à cette tâche. Les différentes commissions et notamment celle relative aux finances préparent les debats mais ne fait pas de travail de suivi concernant le contrôle du budget. ..."]
["2014_GA_34",2014,"GA","Gabon",34,25,"La Commission des finances, du budget et de la comptabilité du Parlement gabonais (Assemblée nationale et Sénat) est chargée de s'assurer de la conformité et sa validation avant la séance pléinière au cours de laquelle le budget final est adopté. \n\nElle tient des sessions périodiques qui ne sont pas précisées sur le site de l'Assemblée nationale et celui du Sénat. \n\nElle n'a mené aucune investigation au cours des deux dernières années.","ESSONO ONDO Protet Judicaël, ingénieur forestier coordonnateur des programmes à ONG Brainforest, entretien par email, 05 janvier 2014.\n\nEYÉNÉ Marcel Saint-Clair, journaliste freelancer gabonais, entretien par Facebook, 05 janvier 2014.\n\nSite web de l'Assemblée nationale gabonaise consulté le en décembre 2014. http://www.assemblee-nationale.ga/","La Commission des finances, du budget et de la comptabilité du Parlement gabonais (Assemblée nationale et Sénat) est chargée de s'assurer de la conformité et sa validation avant la séance pléinière au cours de laquelle le budget final est adopté. ..."]
["2014_KE_34",2014,"KE","Kenya",34,75,"There is a legislative watchdog specially created to watch over utilization of public funds. The Budget and Appropriation Committee meets averagely twice a month to deliberate. The committee has made five conclusive investigations and published reports in the past year including one on the Estimates of Revenue and Expediture for 2014/15 , a joint report on Settlement of Foreign Court Judgement against the Government of Kenya and the Supplementary Budget 2013/14.\n\nThe Budget and Appropriations Committee is established pursuant to the provisions of the National Assembly Standing Order No. 207. It consists of a chairperson, and not more than fifty other Members.\n(3) The functions of the Committee shall be to: \nI. Investigate, inquire into and report on all matters related to coordination, control and monitoring of the of the national budget;\nii. Discuss and review the estimates and make recommendations to the House;\niii. Examine the Budget Policy Statement presented to the House;\niv. Examine Bills related to the national budget, including Appropriations Bills; and\nv. Evaluate tax estimates, economic and budgetary policies and programmes with direct budget outlays.\n\nThe committee has so far remained active and has taken several actions taken to bring prudence in public expenditure. For instance in the 2014/15 Budget, the committee has recommended for major tweaks in the spending plans.\n\nThe Committee recommends that the following expenditure reallocations be instituted on the budgets submitted to Parliament. The adjustments are listed by vote and the details of the specific areas affected are as per Schedule 1:\n- Reduce the proposed allocation for the State Department of Planning by kshs.3.164\nbillion;\n- Reduce the proposed allocation for the State Department of Education for rehabilitation of infrastructure in primary and secondary schools by Ksh.243 million; (this amount is to be disbursed through the CDF framework);\n- Reduce the proposed allocation for the National Treasury by Ksh.2.46 billion;\n- Reduce the proposed allocation for the ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development by kshs.1.244 billion;\n- Reduce the proposed allocation for the Judiciary by kshs.826 million;\n- Reduce the proposed allocation for the Public Service Commission by kshs.57 million;\n- Reduce the proposed allocation for the ministry of Energy and Petroleum by kshs.633 million.","1. John Mbadi, member Budget and Appropriations Committee of the National Assembly. Interviewed on June 27, 2014.\n\n2. Edwin Mutai, Parliamentary reporter Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 26, 2014.\n\n3. Geoffrey Mwau, Economic Secretary, National Treasury. Interviewed on June 27, 2014.\n\n4. The National Assembly of Kenya listed mandate of the Budget & Appropriations Committee. Information accessed on the Parliamentary website on June 28, 2014.\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ke/plone/national-assembly/committees/committees/budget-and-appropriations-committee.\n\n5. \"Eyebrows raised over Sh187m for wage bill meeting\". An article by John Ngirachu, published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on April 20, 2014.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Supplementary-Budget-Parliament-Committee/-/1064/2215562/-/daknxpz/-/index.htm.l\n\n6. \"MPs hand State more cash in revised Budget\". An article by Edwin Mutai published by the Business Daily Newspaper on June 4, 2014.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/MPs-hand-State-more-cash-for-war-on-terrorists/-/539546/2337664/-/mk8ybd/-/index.html.\n\n7. \"Parliament cracks austerity whip on air travel \". An article by Edwin Mutai published by the Business Daily Newspaper on October 23, 2013.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Parliament-cracks-austerity-whip-on-air-travel/-/539546/2044736/-/kl3kgbz/-/index.html.\n\n8. The Budget and Appropriations Committee Report on the Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for 2014/2015. Published on June 9, 2014.\n\n9. Budget and Appropriations Committee Report on the Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for FY 2013/14. Published in June 2013.","There is a legislative watchdog specially created to watch over utilization of public funds. The Budget and Appropriation Committee meets averagely twice a month to deliberate. The committee has made five conclusive investigations and published reports in the past year including on..."]
["2014_ML_34",2014,"ML","Mali",34,100,"L'Assemblée nationale dispose d'une commission finances qui assure le contrôle des fonds publics.\nCette commission est opérationnelle et siège régulièrement. \n\nSelon Sidi Wagué, elle est mandatée pour suivre et contrôler l'action gouvernementale en matière de finances publiques. Elle mène à cet effet des enquêtes minutieuses qui l'autorisent à interpeller le gouvernement devant le Parlement. La commission se réunit sur invitation de son président en fonction d'un planning préétabli et aussi en fonction de l'actualité des finances publiques.  \n\nToutefois, selon le journaliste Chahana Takiou, il y a une nécessite absolue de renforcer la Commission finances de façon à ce qu'elle soit plus incisive et rigoureuse dans sa tâche.","Mamadou Diarassouba, questeur, Assemblée nationale du Mali, 1er juillet 2014.\n\nWAGUÉ Sidi, service communication, Assemblée nationale, 1er juillet 2014.\n\nTAKIOU Chahana, journaliste, journal Le 22 Septembre, 1er juillet 2014.","L'Assemblée nationale dispose d'une commission finances qui assure le contrôle des fonds publics.\nCette commission est opérationnelle et siège régulièrement. ..."]
["2014_NE_34",2014,"NE","Niger",34,0,"La commission des finances de l’Assemblée nationale a cette prérogative d’examiner et de rendre compte à la plénière à travers un rapport de ladite commission, il existe un comité de contrôle qui ne siège pas chaque semaine. \nCependant, il a effectué un contrôle au cours de l’année précédente et a soumis un rapport. Il faudrait noter que la validation du rapport 2013 de la commission des finances et du budget rencontre quelques difficultés à cause des remous sociaux au sein du Parlement.","BOUKAR Hassan, chargé de projet suivi budgétaire à Alternative Espaces Citoyens, 11 septembre 2014.\n \n ABDOU Hambally Haoua, députée nationale, membre de la Commission des finances à l'Assemblée nationale, 11 septembre 2014.\n \n Composition et compétences de la commission finance de l'Assemblée nationale\n http://www.assemblee.ne/images/stories/commissions/commission_finances_budget.pdf (accédé 11 septembre 2014)","La commission des finances de l’Assemblée nationale a cette prérogative d’examiner et de rendre compte à la plénière à travers un rapport de ladite commission, il existe un comité de contrôle qui ne siège pas chaque semaine. ..."]
["2014_ST_34",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",34,0,"There is a Parliamentary Standing Committee for Economic and Financial Affairs. This committee has the task of forming an opinion on the implementation rate of the National Assembly. And she has been working so.  The results of the meetings of the standing committees are submitted to the Assembly in plenary.\n\nThe Standing Committee for Economic and Financial Affairs ordinarily meets once a week. And can also meet in an extraordinary way when there is a topic to be addressed.\n\nOver the past year the Standing Committee for Economic and Financial Affairs has issued no study on public spending, or other indication of any in depth investigations.","Interview with Yonelma D'Alva, Public Relations Office, National Assembly, Nov. 26, 2014.\n\nInterview with Herlander Medeiros, auditor, Court of Auditors, Nov. 25, 2014.\n\nOnline interview with Deodato Capela, president, Center for Public Integrity, Nov. 25, 2014.\n\nReviewer's source:\n\nNational Assembly website, accessed March 17, 2015. \nhttp://www.parlamento.st/","There is a Parliamentary Standing Committee for Economic and Financial Affairs. This committee has the task of forming an opinion on the implementation rate of the National Assembly. And she has been working so.  The results of the meetings of the standing committees are submitted ..."]
["2014_SS_34",2014,"SS","South Sudan",34,25,"A legislative committee, called the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), exercises oversight of public funds in South Sudan. \n\nHowever, the committee rarely goes into session. In the past two years, committee members have gone into session once after every two to three months. There is no evidence to show that the committee has an agreed-upon time frame by which members should go into session.\n\nIn addition, there have been a number of reports about the failure by some government departments to cooperate with the Public Accounts Committee. The most recent example is when Speaker of the National Legislative Assembly Manasseh Magok Rundial complained during the reopening of parliament in June that the judiciary had obstructed the work of the assembly’s Public Accounts Committee. Apparently, the judiciary declined to have its accounts scrutinized by the committee.\n\nThe last major investigation that the committee conducted was in early 2013, when it investigated financial irregularities that the auditor general discovered in his 2007-2008 financial report released in July 2012. In that investigation, the committee wanted to find out why the country’s finance ministry did not base the release of funds to spending agencies on approved budget lines, as required by law.","Interview with Edmond Yakani, executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO), July 25, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nInterview with Waakhe Simon Wudu, freelance journalist, Aug. 1, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nRadio Tamazuj, \"Politics: Shortage of Funds for South Sudan Parliament,\" June 3, 2014.\nhttps://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/politics-shortage-funds-south-sudan-parliament","A legislative committee, called the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), exercises oversight of public funds in South Sudan. ..."]
["2014_TG_34",2014,"TG","Togo",34,0,"La commission des finances de l'Assemblée nationale existe et elle examine chaque année le projet de loi de finance. \n \n L'incompétence des membres de la commission est dénoncée dans un article, et aucune enquête n'a été menée au cours de ces deux dernières années selon les sources.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n Délégation Union Européenne Togo, 07 février 2014, «Cérémonie de décaissement de l'appui budgétaire 2013: Déclaration du Chef de Délégation».\n http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/togo/press_corner/all_news/news/2014/20140207_1_fr.htm.\n \n Togo infos, 29 novembre 2013, «NUBUKPO Kako : Nous espérons que le budget togolais reflète de plus en plus les aspirations des populations» \n http://togoinfos.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=1079.\n \n 27 avril.com, 29 ocotobre 2013, «Togo : Gouvernance, nulle. Illustrations, Assemblée nationale et ministères».\n http://www.27avril.com/blog/actualites/politiques/togo-gouvernance-nulle-illustrations-assemblee-nationale-ministeres.","La commission des finances de l'Assemblée nationale existe et elle examine chaque année le projet de loi de finance. \n ..."]
["2014_DZ_35",2014,"DZ","Algeria",35,0,"En Algérie, toute personne qui prend connaissance d'un cas de corruption et ne le signale pas est punie par la loi.  L'article 47 de la loi 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption ne concerne pas spécifiquement les fonctionnaires. il dispose qu'«est puni d'un emprisonnement de six mois à cinq ans et d'une amende de 50.000 DA ($520) à 500.000 DA ($5200), toute personne qui, de par sa fonction ou sa profession, permanente ou provisoire, prend connaissance d'une ou plusieurs infractions prévues à la présente loi, et n'informe pas à temps les autorités publiques compétentes.»","La loi 06-01 relative à la prevention et à la lutte contre la corruption, Art 47, 2006. http://www.droit.mjustice.dz/loi_prev_lut_corrupt.pdf","En Algérie, toute personne qui prend connaissance d'un cas de corruption et ne le signale pas est punie par la loi.  L'article 47 de la loi 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption ne concerne pas spécifiquement les fonctionnaires. il dispose qu'«est puni d..."]
["2014_CM_35",2014,"CM","Cameroon",35,0,"Au Cameroun il n'existe aucune contrainte légale faite aux fonctionnaires de dénoncer les cas de corruption. \n\nCependant, les entités publiques sont encouragées à adopter des mesures visant à assurer l'intégrité des fonctionnaires. Dans les institutions, il existe ce qu'on appelle des « boites de dénonciation» et des «comités sectoriels de lutte contre la corruption.» En priorité il sont adressés aux usagers, mais ces boîtes ne sont pas utilisées par beaucoup de monde.","Il n'existe aucune loi.","Au Cameroun il n'existe aucune contrainte légale faite aux fonctionnaires de dénoncer les cas de corruption. ..."]
["2014_CD_35",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",35,100,"En vertu des dispositions du décret du n° 2003-327 du 19 décembre 2003, portant Code de conduite des agents publics, en son article 9 alinéa 5 : « dans l'exercice de ses fonctions, l'agent public doit : dénoncer les cas de fraude, de corruption, de concussion, de népotisme ou de toute autre acte qui constitue un délit ou qui cause un préjudice à l'intérêt général ».","Décret du n° 2003-327 du 19 décembre 2003, portant Code de conduite des agents publics, article 9 alinéa 5. (Indisponible en ligne).","En vertu des dispositions du décret du n° 2003-327 du 19 décembre 2003, portant Code de conduite des agents publics, en son article 9 alinéa 5 : « dans l'exercice de ses fonctions, l'agent public doit : dénoncer les cas de fraude, de corruption, de concussion, de népotisme ou de to..."]
["2014_DJ_35",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",35,0,"Il n'existe pas d'obligation légale imposant aux agents publics de déclarer les cas de corruption présumée. \nPar contre l'article 200 du Code pénal prévoit l'infraction de corruption passive.\n\nL'article 200 du Code pénal réprime la corruption passive en ces termes :\n«Le fait, par une personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique ou chargée d'une mission de service public, par une personne investie d'un mandant électif public, un juré, un arbitre ou un expert, de solliciter ou d'agréer, sans droit, directement ou indirectement, des offres ou promesses, des dons ou présents, ou des avantages quelconques, pour l'accomplissement ou l'abstention d'un acte de sa fonction, ou facilité par sa fonction, est puni de dix ans d'emprisonnement et de 5 000 000 F d'amende.\nLorsque l'infraction définie à l'alinéa précédent a été commise par un magistrat au bénéfice ou au détriment d'une personne faisant l'objet de poursuites pénales, la peine est portée à quinze ans de réclusion criminelle et à 7 000 000 F d'amende.»","Article 200 du Code pénal. 1995. http://www.djibouti.mid.ru/doc/UK.htm","Il n'existe pas d'obligation légale imposant aux agents publics de déclarer les cas de corruption présumée. \nPar contre l'article 200 du Code pénal prévoit l'infraction de corruption passive...."]
["2014_GQ_35",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",35,100,"Law No. 2/2005 (May 9, 2005) “On civil servants,” Chapter VI (“On duties and responsibilities”), Section 1 (“On general duties”), Article 98 (q) stipulates that civil servants must come forward and inform their superiors of any act or procedure that could be damaging to the state or constitute a criminal act.\n\nCorruption by civil servants is criminalized as a specific offense under Título II, Capítulo II, Sección Segunda of the Código Penal of 1963.  Therefore, civil servants are required to report cases of corruption.\n\nOther laws touch on these issues.  Chapter III (“On the Prosecutor’s Office for Administrative Investigations”), Articles 31–36, lists the duties of the prosecutor’s office to carry out an inquiry, without an explicit requirement for civil servants to step forward with claims of irregularities.\n\nThere is also no explicit provision in Decree Law No. 1/2004 (Feb. 5, 2004) “On ethics and dignity in the exercise of civil service” that requires civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption among their ranks. \n\nIn Chapter IV of Decree Law No. 1/2004 (“Rules on gifts to civil servants and administrative inquiry”), Articles 17–20 do not mention the possibility of reporting such cases. In Chapter V (“National Public Ethics Commission”), Article 23 makes reference to filing claims of misconduct against officials or civil servants with the Anti-Corruption Commission. But it does not state that other civil servants are required to report them.\n\nArticle 23: The Commission shall have the following functions: a) To receive claims from individuals or legally registered intermediary entities with regard to the ethical misconduct of officials or agents of the administration.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 2/2005,Título II, Chapter 6, (“De los órganos de la Función Pública”), Capítulo III (“De la Fiscalía de Investigaciones Administrativas”), Articles 31–36, 2005 (“Sobre Funcionarios Civiles del Estado”).  \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=5:administrativa&Itemid=71\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Penal Code, Title II, Chapter II, Section II, \"Crimes committed by public officials against the exercise of the rights of people recognized by law,\" Articles 198-204, 394 (1963) . [Decree 691/1963 (March 28, 1963) Adopting the \"1963 revised text\" of Spain 's Penal Code].\nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=13:penal2&Itemid=79\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Decree Law No. 1/2004, Capítulo V (“Comisión Nacional de Etica Pública”), Articles 21–23, 2004 (“Sobre la ética y dignidad en el ejercicio de la Función Pública”).   \nhttp://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf","Law No. 2/2005 (May 9, 2005) “On civil servants,” Chapter VI (“On duties and responsibilities”), Section 1 (“On general duties”), Article 98 (q) stipulates that civil servants must come forward and inform their superiors of any act or procedure that could be damaging to the state o..."]
["2014_GH_35",2014,"GH","Ghana",35,0,"No such law exists. However, the Whistleblower Law enjoins all citizens to report cases of alleged corruption.\n\nThe Whistleblower Act, 2006 Act 720 Section (1) states that:\n\"1(1) A person may make a disclosure of information where that person has reasonable cause to believe that the information tends to show \n(a) an economic crime has been committed, is about to be committed or is likely to be committed; (b) another person has not complied with a law or is in the process of breaking a law or is likely to break a law which imposes an obligation on that person; \n(c) a miscarriage of justice has occurred, is occurring or is likely to occur;\n(d) in a public institution there has been, there is or there is likely to be waste, misappropriation or mismanagement of public resources; \n(e) the environment has been degraded, is being degraded or is likely to be degraded; or \n(f) the health or safety of an individual or a community is endangered, has been endangered or is likely to be endangered.\" \n\nThis law, Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720) Section (1), does not explicitly mention civil servants but it enjoins all citizens to report instances where a crime is about to be, is being or has being committed.","1. Whistleblower Act, 2006 (Act 720), Section 1.\nLink: http://www.gapa-gh.org/publications/whitsleblower-act-720-2006-57.pdf","No such law exists. However, the Whistleblower Law enjoins all citizens to report cases of alleged corruption...."]
["2014_LY_35",2014,"LY","Libya",35,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2014_MR_35",2014,"MR","Mauritania",35,0,"La législation mauritanienne n'a pas prévu un dispositif permettant aux fonctionnaires de signaler des cas de corruption présumée.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","La législation mauritanienne n'a pas prévu un dispositif permettant aux fonctionnaires de signaler des cas de corruption présumée."]
["2014_NG_35",2014,"NG","Nigeria",35,100,"Section 23 (1 and 2) of Nigeria’s Corrupt Practices Act makes it mandatory for public officers to report alleged cases of bribery. This section states: \"(23) (1) Any public officer to whom any gratification is given, promised, or offered, in contravention of any provision of this act, shall report such gift, promised or offered, together with the name, if known, of the person who gave, promised or offered such gratification to him to the nearest officer of the commission or police officer.\"\n\nIt adds: \"(2) Any person from whom gratification has been solicited or obtained, or from whom an attempt has been made to obtain such gratification, in contravention of any provision of this act, shall, at the earliest opportunity thereafter, report such soliciting or obtaining, or attempt to obtain, the gratification together with the name, if known, or a true and full description of the person who solicited, or obtained, or attempted to obtain the gratification from him, to the nearest officer of the commission or police officer.\"","Corrupt Practice and Other Related Offences Act, 2000, Section 23, Subsections 1, 2 and 3.\nhttp://icpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/CORRUPT-PRACTICES-ACT-2010.pdf","Section 23 (1 and 2) of Nigeria’s Corrupt Practices Act makes it mandatory for public officers to report alleged cases of bribery. This section states: \"(23) (1) Any public officer to whom any gratification is given, promised, or offered, in contravention of any provision of this a..."]
["2014_SN_35",2014,"SN","Senegal",35,0,"Il n'existe pas de loi créant une obligation légale explicite pour les fonctionnaires de signaler les cas de corruption présumée dont ils ont connaissance. \n\nÀ l'article 10 de la Loi n° 61-33 du 15 juin 1961 relative au statut général des fonctionnaires, on constate tout au plus qu’il est interdit à tout fonctionnaire de solliciter ou d'accepter, en échange de l’exécution du service, soit directement soit par personne interposée, des urgences de services publics, des dons ou prêts; en nature ou en espèce des services gratuites ou à tarifs minorés ou quelque avantage que ce soit.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière\n\nLoi n°61-33 du 15 juin 1961 relative au statut général des fonctionnaires. \nRéactualisée version 2005. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN048559.pdf","Il n'existe pas de loi créant une obligation légale explicite pour les fonctionnaires de signaler les cas de corruption présumée dont ils ont connaissance. ..."]
["2014_SD_35",2014,"SD","Sudan",35,0,"There is no such law in Sudan. \n\nMoreover, Sudanese laws criminalize public servants who disclose information, or pass on information about corruption to the media through, for example, the Sudanese Criminal Act, Chapter 5, Article 55. This article states: \"Whoever, without permission, obtains in any way, any secret matters, such as information, or documents relating to the affairs or the State, and whoever, without permission, or lawful excuse, discloses or attempts to disclose such information, of documents, to any person, shall be punished, with imprisonment, for a term not exceeding two years, or with a fine, or with both, and if the offender is a public servant, he shall be punished with imprisonment, for a term not exceeding five years.\"","No such law exists in Sudan.\n\nSudanese Criminal Act, 1991, Chapter 5, Article 55.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=241802","There is no such law in Sudan. \n\nMoreover, Sudanese laws criminalize public servants who disclose information, or pass on infor..."]
["2014_ZM_35",2014,"ZM","Zambia",35,0,"No such law exists. \n\nThe law refers to the protection of whistle-blowers, but it is not specific as to whether or not it is a duty of civil servants to report alleged corruption. The wording in the act says \"may\" rather than \"must\" when discussing procedures for making public disclosures.\n\nMoreover, Section 40(1) of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, Chapter 91, states: \"A public officer to whom any gratification is corruptly given, promised or offered shall make a full report of the circumstances of the case to a police officer or an officer of the commission within 24 hours of the occurrence of the event, and if he fails to do so without reasonable cause, he shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable, upon conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to a fine not exceeding one thousand penalty units or to both.\"  \n\nThere is no obligation to report any allegation of corrupt activity.","No such law exists. \n\nThe Anti-Corruption Act, Chapter 91, Section 40 (1).\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/91","No such law exists. \n\nThe law refers to the protection of whistle-blowers, but it is not specific as to whether or n..."]
["2014_BW_36",2014,"BW","Botswana",36,100,"Section 45 (a) of the amended Corruption and Economic Crime Act of 2013 criminalises the punishment or threatening of any whistle-blower who points out instances of corruption and/or economic crime. Any person convicted under this section of intimidation or reprisal will be liable to a fine of 10,000 pulas or five years imprisonment, or both.","Corruption and Economic Crime Act, Section 45a, as amended, 2013. https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Botswana_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime_Act_1994.pdf","Section 45 (a) of the amended Corruption and Economic Crime Act of 2013 criminalises the punishment or threatening of any whistle-blower who points out instances of corruption and/or economic crime. Any person convicted under this section of intimidation or reprisal will be liable ..."]
["2014_CV_36",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",36,0,"There are no specific laws to protect civil servants from negative consequences during the investigation of corruption cases. For example, the law on civil service (which governs the conduct of state officials) has rules encouraging the need to have transparency in public activities. However, the rules do not provide this kind of protection for whistleblowers.\n\nLaw No. 81/VI/2005 (Protection of Witnesses in Criminal Matters) only provides governing regulations on the implementation of measures to protect witnesses in criminal proceedings. Generally, though, there is a lack of investment in the means of protection.","No law exists to protect civil servants who report cases of corruption from recrimination or other negative consequences.\n\nLaw No. 81/VI/2005 (Protection of Witnesses in Criminal Matters) \nNo link available.","There are no specific laws to protect civil servants from negative consequences during the investigation of corruption cases. For example, the law on civil service (which governs the conduct of state officials) has rules encouraging the need to have transparency in public activitie..."]
["2014_CI_36",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",36,0,"L’article 67 de ladite Ordonnance prévoit que « les dénonciateurs, témoins, experts, victimes et leurs proches, les informateurs, ainsi que les membres de la Haute Autorité pour la bonne gouvernance bénéficient d’une protection spéciale de l’État contre les actes éventuels de représailles ou d’intimidation ». Toutefois, cette protection n’est pas spécifique aux fonctionnaires et les conditions de cette protection n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’une définition précise. L’article 68 prévoit même une peine de prison « d’un à cinq ans quiconque recourt à la vengeance, à l’intimidation ou à la menace, sous quelque forme que ce soit, contre la personne des témoins, experts, dénonciateurs ou victimes ou leurs parents ou autres personnes qui leur sont proches ».","Aucune loi de ce type n'existe.\n\nOrdonnance n° 2013-660 du 20 septembre 2013 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption et les infractions assimilées. (2013). Articles 67 à 72.\nhttp://www.cnps.ci/im2s/Documents%20divers/JOURNAL%20OFFICIEL%20DU%2003%20JANVIER%202014.pdf","L’article 67 de ladite Ordonnance prévoit que « les dénonciateurs, témoins, experts, victimes et leurs proches, les informateurs, ainsi que les membres de la Haute Autorité pour la bonne gouvernance bénéficient d’une protection spéciale de l’État contre les actes éventuels de repré..."]
["2014_ET_36",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",36,0,"No such law exists.\n\nBoth Article 8 of the Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Proclamation and Article 4 (1) of the Proclamation to Provide for the Protection of Witnesses and Whistle-Blowers of Criminal Offenses set forth clear protections for whistle-blowers, including the following:\na) Physical protection of person and property;\nb) Providing secure residence including relocation;\nc) Concealing identity and ownership;\nd) Change of identity;\ne) Provision of self-defense weapon;\nf) Immunity from prosecution for an offense for which he renders information.\n\nHowever, there are no protections explicitly for public sector whistleblowers. The law does not mention explicit protections for public officials: it doesn't forbid termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blower.","Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Proclamation, Article 8, 2 Feb. 2005.\nhttp://www.iaaca.org/AntiCorruptionLaws/ByCountriesandRegions/E/Ethiopia/201202/t20120221_808823.shtml \n\nProclamation to Provide for the Protection of Witnesses and Whistle-blowers of Criminal Offenses, Proclamation No. 699/2010, Article 4, Section 1, sub-sections (a)-(l). \nhttp://chilot.me/2011/07/31/proclamation-no-6992010-a-proclamation-to-provide-for-the-protection-of-witnesses-and-whistleblowers-of-criminal-offences/","No such law exists.\n\nBoth Article 8 of the Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Proclamation and A..."]
["2014_GN_36",2014,"GN","Guinea",36,0,"Il n'y a pas de loi qui protège les fonctionnaires qui dénoncent les cas de corruption.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'y a pas de loi qui protège les fonctionnaires qui dénoncent les cas de corruption."]
["2014_GW_36",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",36,0,"No such law exists. A law to protect public sector whistleblowers was in the process of being elaborated by the Public Ministry (together with the United Nations' political mission in Guinea-Bissau - UNOIGBIS). But all work was interrupted by the military coup of 2012.","No such law exists.\n\n1. Statutes of Civil Service Staff, Decree N. 30 -A/92, 30 June 1992 \nhttp://doutrina.vlex.pt/vid/disciplinar-funcionarios-agentes-regional-36578349\n\n2. Statutes of the Public Administration Staff, Decree 12  A/94, 28 February 1994\nhttp://www.gep.msess.gov.pt/apresentacao/legislacaoadmpublica.php\n\n3. Code of Criminal Procedure 1993 - Decreto-lei No. 5/93 Aprova o Codigo do Processo Penal, Boletim Oficial Republica da Guine-Bissau, 13 Outubro de 1993\nhttps://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat/0/680FC9B367B474BCC12577A50035BA0D\n\n4. Penal Code, 1993\nhttp://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/GuineBissau.CodigoPenal.pdf","No such law exists. A law to protect public sector whistleblowers was in the process of being elaborated by the Public Ministry (together with the United Nations' political mission in Guinea-Bissau - UNOIGBIS). But all work was interrupted by the military coup of 2012."]
["2014_MG_36",2014,"MG","Madagascar",36,0,"Aucun changement en matière de protection des fonctionnaires signalant des cas de corruption:\n la Loi N° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 en son Titre 5 consacre 3 articles (32, 33 et 34) à la protection des dénonciateurs et des témoins des cas de corruption. Les fonctionnaires, en tant que citoyens à part entière, bénéficient des dispositions de cette loi. L’article 180.2 du Code pénal, mis à jour au 31 mars 2005, assure la protection des personnes ayant signalé des cas de corruption avant toutes poursuites ou après l’engagement de poursuites. La loi n° N°2003-011 du 3 septembre 2003 portant statut général des fonctionnaires n’inclut aucune disposition sur la protection d’un agent de l’Etat en cas de dénonciation de cas de corruption. Toutefois, elle mentionne dans son article 3 que « lorsqu’un fonctionnaire est poursuivi par un tiers pour faute de service et que le conflit d’attribution n’a pas été élevé, l’administration dont il relève doit le couvrir des condamnations civiles prononcées contre lui, dans la mesure où une faute personnelle détachable du service ne lui est pas imputable. Dans le cas contraire, le fonctionnaire responsable est poursuivi devant les juridictions compétentes ». En conclusion, il n’existe pas de mesures spéciales de protection en faveur des fonctionnaires dans la dénonciation des cas de corruption. S’ils le font, ils sont considérés comme de simples citoyens.","Aucune loi de ce type n'existe.\n\nLoi N° N°2003-011 du 3 septembre 2003 portant statut général des fonctionnaires http://www.mfptls.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73:decrets-et-lois&catid=3:fonction-publique&Itemid=7  Loi N° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 sur la lutte contre la corruption, Journal Officiel de la République de Madagascar, n° 2928 ,16 septembre 2004, p. 3307 http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20les%20societes/lois%20et%20ordonnances/Loi%202004-030.pdf.  Code pénal mis à jour au 31 mars 2005. Journal Officiel ,n° 240, 7 septembre 1962, pp. 1766 et suivantes","Aucun changement en matière de protection des fonctionnaires signalant des cas de corruption:\n la Loi N° 2004-030 du 09 septembre 2004 en son Titre 5 consacre 3 articles (32, 33 et 34) à la protection des dénonciateurs et des témoins des cas de corruption. Les fonctionnaires, en ta..."]
["2014_NA_36",2014,"NA","Namibia",36,0,"No such law exists. Article 52 (1-5) of the Anti-Corruption Act (2003) provides for the protection of informers and information. From the framing of this article, it protects all informers, including civil servants, but does not provide adequate protection to whistleblowers from the civil service. The law does not forbid termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistleblowers, and the protection of whistleblowers or informers is not enacted specifically as also indicated by the ACC on its website.","No such law exists.\n\nAnti-corruption Act 2003 http://www.saflii.org/na/legis/num_act/aa2003200.pdf.","No such law exists. Article 52 (1-5) of the Anti-Corruption Act (2003) provides for the protection of informers and information. From the framing of this article, it protects all informers, including civil servants, but does not provide adequate protection to whistleblowers from th..."]
["2014_RW_36",2014,"RW","Rwanda",36,100,"In general, whistle-blowers in Rwanda are protected by the law, and the law encompasses public-sector employees. Article 3 of the The Whistleblowers Protection Law defines a whistle-blower as a person who shall disclose to the relevant body \"any information in his/her possession or which has been brought to his/her attention in connection with offenses, illegal acts and behaviors.\"  \n\nArticles 12 to 16 under Chapter V of that law set the protection and protection mechanisms for whistle-blowers. Article 12 states that \"any entity which receives information from a whistle-blower must establish reliable mechanisms designed to protect whistle-blowers including receiving information in secret and the filing of disclosures by using a code. \n\nArticle 16 protects whistle-blowers who disclose information in good faith from being sued in civil and criminal matters or under administrative process.\n\nThe law stipulates that the judge or any qualified authority handling the case must take the necessary measures to protect those who have supplied information and witnesses who made statments concerning the offenses. \"This law aims to promote general interest by protecting persons who  disclose information relating to offences, misconduct and maladministration from public and private institutions.\" \n\nAccording to Jean Nkurunziza, the spokesman for the Office of the Ombudsman, who was interviewed on Nov. 14, 2014, civil servants who report corruption cases are protected from any retributive or negative consenquences because the ombudsman's office ensures that they are accorded maximum secrecy. In any event, if the person who was reported finds out and undertakes a witch hunt against the whistle-blower, the civil servant can report to the ombudsman for further protective action. He says between 2013 and 2014, about 42 civil servants filed corruption-related complaints with the ombudsman.","Interview with Jean Nkurunziza, spokesman, Office of the Ombudsman, Nov. 14, 2014.\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 35/2012, related to the protection of whistle-blowers.\nhttps://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/whistle_blowers_protection_law.pdf\n\nRepublic of Rwanda Law No. 23/2003, related to the punishment of corruption and related offenses.\nhttps://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/Documents/AMAT.URW.ENGa/Law%20No%2023-2003%20on%20Prevention%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20Corruption.pdf","In general, whistle-blowers in Rwanda are protected by the law, and the law encompasses public-sector employees. Article 3 of the The Whistleblowers Protection Law defines a whistle-blower as a person who shall disclose to the relevant body \"any information in his/her possession or..."]
["2014_ZA_36",2014,"ZA","South Africa",36,100,"The Protected Disclosures Act (Act 26 of 2000), also known as the Whistleblowers Act, protects public and private employees who disclose corruption and unlawful conduct by colleagues and/or superiors.\n\nThe preamble of the act states that \"every employer and employee has a responsibility to disclose criminal and any other irregular conduct in the workplace\" and that  \"every employer has a responsibility to take all necessary steps to ensure that employees who disclose such information are protected from any reprisals as a result of such disclosure.\"\n\nSection 2 stipulates that the act has the objective to protect an employee, whether employed in the private or public sector, from being subjected to an occupational detriment on account of having made a protected disclosure. In case a whistleblowing employee has faced or is facing consequences because of his/her action, section 4.a grants him/her the right to \"approach any court having jurisdiction, including the labour court ... for appropriate relief; or pursue any other process allowed or prescribed by any law.\" Section 4.2 furthermore says that any dismissal as a result of whistleblowing is automatically an unfair dismissal and that any other occupational detriment is an unfair labour practice. This may be referred to the labour court for adjudication.\"\n\nThe Protection of State Information Bill (POIB) might change this if signed into an Act.\n\nThe revised version of the bill was passed in Parliament in November 2013 (225 MPs voted in favour and 88 against), and sent to President Jacob Zuma for his signature. Nothing has happened with it when this research was conducted (June 2014).\n\nDespite the revisions, the POIB continues to be controversial and if passed, will have an impact on not just the broadcasters of controversial facts but also on those who blow the whistle. The South African National Editors Forum (SANEF) has called to send the bill to the constitutional court for review.\n\n“The Bill is arguably the biggest threat to press freedom and freedom of expression since the dawn of democracy. We stand ready to challenge it in court should the president sign it into law,\" said SANEF chair Mpumelelo Mkhabela in a statement (May 2014).","National Anti-Corruption Forum website, http://www.nacf.org.za/guide_to_the_whistle_blowing_act/section_two.html\n\nSecrecy bill passed, awaits Zuma's signature (eNCA / 13 November 2013), http://www.enca.com/south-africa/secrecy-bill-passed-awaits-zumas-signature\n\nInfo bill will harm press freedom, says Sanef (News24 / 3 May 2014), http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Info-bill-will-harm-press-freedom-says-Sanef-20140503","The Protected Disclosures Act (Act 26 of 2000), also known as the Whistleblowers Act, protects public and private employees who disclose corruption and unlawful conduct by colleagues and/or superiors...."]
["2014_TZ_36",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",36,0,"Sections 52 and 53 of the Economic and Organized Crime Control Act do not expressly protect whistleblowers. The sections, in fact, refer to would-be whistleblowers as witnesses, with the police and the court granted powers to compel them to stand in court as witnesses or release information they may not want to publicly be associated with.\n\nThe act, too, offers generalities relating to role of reporting officers in financial institutions to report suspicious transactions and for which they may be compelled to offer evidence or testimony in court. This law, in the same sections, also states that \"victims\" will enjoy the same treatment as that of the \"witnesses.\" The said laws thus provide elements of witness protection but there is no specific whistleblower protection law with the full complement of necessary protections.","No such law exists. The law does not provide protections for public sector whistleblowers.\n\n1. The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act. 2007.\nhttp://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/PREVENTION_AN\nD_COMBATING_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_sw.pdf.\n\n2. The Economic and Organized Crime Control Act.\nhttp://www.pccb.go.tz/images/stories/laws/eoca.pdf.\n\n3. The Anti-Money Laundering Act.\nhttp://www.pccb.go.tz/images/stories/laws/AML2006.pdf,","Sections 52 and 53 of the Economic and Organized Crime Control Act do not expressly protect whistleblowers. The sections, in fact, refer to would-be whistleblowers as witnesses, with the police and the court granted powers to compel them to stand in court as witnesses or release in..."]
["2014_ZW_36",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",36,0,"According to Section 18 (c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, the minister may make regulations that provide for \"the better protection from victimization or other prejudice of persons who give information, whether in terms of this Act or otherwise, concerning any corrupt practice or other dishonest or unlawful conduct.\" \n\nHowever, currently, there are no specific provisions in the corruption laws that protect public-sector whistle-blowers","No such law exists.\n\nPrevention of Corruption Act, Chapter 9:16\nhttp://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/95/PREVENTION_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_9_16.pdf","According to Section 18 (c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, the minister may make regulations that provide for \"the better protection from victimization or other prejudice of persons who give information, whether in terms of this Act or otherwise, concerning any corrupt practi..."]
["2014_BI_37",2014,"BI","Burundi",37,100,"La Loi N° 1/12 portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes et  le statut général des fonctionnaires  interdit  les conflits d'intérêts, le népotisme, le copinage et le favoritisme. Cela s'applique à toutes les branches du gouvernement, y compris la fonction publique. Ce statut promeut des mécanismes tels que des procédures de recrutement et de promotion compétitives.\n\nLe Titre IV, Chapitre 2, Section 2 de la loi interdit et punit la concussion, le trafic d'influence, le détournement des fonds publics, la gestion frauduleuse, l'enrichissement illicite, le favoritisme, la prise illégale d'intérêt, les abus de biens sociaux et le blanchiment.\n\nL' article 5 du statut général des fonctionnaires du Burundi porte sur les règles de conduite et obligations à respecter par les fonctionnaires du Burundi. Dans cet article, ce code stipule que le fonctionnaire doit s' abstenir de toute tentative de corruption, de comportement contraire à l' éthique et moral tel que le népotisme, le favoritisme, la discrimination et le trafic d' influence.\n\nLe statut général des fonctionnaires du Burundi porte sur les procédures de recrutement (chapitre 3) d'avancement (chapitre 4) et disciplinaires (chapitre 7) qui protègent le fonctionnaire contre l'arbitraire, les licenciements et la récusation.","Loi n° 1/12 portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes, articles 12 et 13. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/n%C2%B01_12_18_avril_2006.pdf\n\nLoi n°1 du 23 août 2006 portant statut général des fonctionnaires, article 5. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi_n1-28_du_23_aout_2006-2.pdf","La Loi N° 1/12 portant mesures de prévention et de répression de la corruption et des infractions connexes et  le statut général des fonctionnaires  interdit  les conflits d'intérêts, le népotisme, le copinage et le favoritisme. Cela s'applique à toutes les branches du gouvernement..."]
["2014_CV_37",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",37,100,"The laws and the statutes span all the leading figures of the state and local public administration.  \n\nFor example, the criminal code, in Article 362, covers \"(a) the officials of central and local public administration; (b) Agents of personalized services of the State and other public authorities; (c) Who, even provisionally or temporarily, for payment or free of charge, voluntary or mandatory, has been named to play or participate in the performance of an activity of the civil service or administrative tribunal, or in the same circumstances, play roles in public-benefit organizations or participate.\"\n\nAlso, (2). \"(a) The managers and owners of the supervisory board and employees of public enterprises and state-owned enterprises; (b) The judicial magistrates and prosecutors.\"\n\nIn the case of the basic Law of the Civil Service, Law No. 42/VII/2009, the Article 39 establishes ethical prohibitions to all civil servants \"(b) To obtain an undue advantage, consistent in obtaining or seeking benefits for themselves or others through the use of his position, authority, influence, or appearance of influence; (c) Carry out political proselytism, consistent in carrying out political activities through the use of his office or through the use of infrastructure, property or public funds for or against political parties, political organizations or candidates; (d) Making improper use of inside information, consistent participate in transactions and financial transactions, using inside information of the entity they serve or who might have access because of or in the exercise of their functions, as well as allow the improper use of such information to benefit any person.\"\n\nFinally , Article 3 of the Legislative Decree No. 8/97 of 8 May (the disciplinary status of the agents of the civil service) determines that public officials should \"(f) act with impartiality, fairness and strict political anti-partisanship, in order to create public confidence in the action of the Public Administration; ...m) \n\nConduct disciplinary proceedings under the law relating to offenses committed by his subordinates and the superior part that require intervention other authorities; ...p) Do not ask, do not take advantage of any kind of functions that play and act with independence and impartiality in relation to the interests and particular pressures.\"","1. Criminal Code of Cape Verde, Ministry of Justice, May 2004, Articles 362º and 365º, http://www.reformadoestado.gov.cv/index.php?Itemid=405\n\n2. Law No. 42/VII/2009, Law of the Civil Service, Official Bulletin, I Series, nº 30,  July 27, 2009, Article 39º.\n\n3. Disciplinary Status of the Agents of the Civil Service, Legislative Decree No. 8/97 of May 8, 1997; Article 3º.","The laws and the statutes span all the leading figures of the state and local public administration.  ..."]
["2014_DJ_37",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",37,100,"Les articles 199 à 207 du Code pénal traitent des manquements à la probité dans les atteintes à l'administration publique commises par les dépositaires de l'autorité publique. Le Code pénal n'établit pas de distinction entre les délits dans les organes exécutifs du gouvernement et dans la fonction publique. Il réprime les 6 infractions suivantes :\n- concussion\n- corruption passive\n- le trafic d'influence\n- la prise illégale d'intérêts\n- la destruction ou soustraction d'actes ou objets publics\n- le détournement de deniers publics","Code pénal, Articles 199 à 207, 1995. http://www.djibouti.mid.ru/doc/UK.htm\n\nCode pénal, Articles 199 à 207, 1995. http://www.presidence.dj/","Les articles 199 à 207 du Code pénal traitent des manquements à la probité dans les atteintes à l'administration publique commises par les dépositaires de l'autorité publique. Le Code pénal n'établit pas de distinction entre les délits dans les organes exécutifs du gouvernement et ..."]
["2014_GM_37",2014,"GM","The Gambia",37,100,"Section 222 (1) (4) (9) (10) (13) of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia frowns at nepotism and favouritism by public officers. In accordance with s. 222 (4) of the constitution, a public officer is required in exercising his or her duties to avoid nepotism and favouritism. Further on, a public officer \"shall not put himself or herself in a position where his or her personal interest conflicts with his or her duties or responsibilities\". s. 222 (10).\n\nThis is further buttressed in s. 222 (13) (a) of the constitution, which requires that a public officer \"shall not allow his or her political affiliation to interfere with the discharge of his or her duties\".\n \nThe constitutional provisions apply to all branches of government.","Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia (1997), Section 222 (1) (4) (9) (10) (13). http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf","Section 222 (1) (4) (9) (10) (13) of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia frowns at nepotism and favouritism by public officers. In accordance with s. 222 (4) of the constitution, a public officer is required in exercising his or her duties to avoid nepotism and favo..."]
["2014_LS_37",2014,"LS","Lesotho",37,100,"Section 28 (1) of the Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 prohibits conflicts of interest for all public officers as follows: \"A member or an employee of a public body commits the offence of corruption if he or an immediate member of his family has direct or indirect interest in any company or undertaking with which such body proposes to deal, or he has a personal interest in any decision which such body is to make, and he, knowingly, fails to disclose the nature of such interest, or votes or participates in the proceedings of such body reliant to such dealing or decision.\"\n\nThe Public Service Act 2005 and Public Service Regulations 2008 outlaws nepotism, cronyism and conflicts of interests in the public service. Section 8 of the Public Service Act establishes merit as the only basis for recruitment into and promotion within the public service. Public Service Regulations 2008 sets out the procedures for recruitment and notes that the process of employment “shall be fair, equitable and aligned to the Act and regulations and government policies.” \n\nSections 16-24 of the Public Service Act protect public servants against arbitrary dismissals and outline procedures for disciplinary action against government employees.","1. Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act 1999, Part IV, Section 28. http://www.commonlii.org/ls/legis/num_act/pocaeoa1999457.pdf\n\n2. Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act (Amendment) Act Number 8 of  2006. Section 14 (1). http://www.lesotholii.org/files/prevention_of_corruption_and_economic_offences_amendment_act_2006.pdf\n\n3. Public Service Act 1995; Section 8, 19-23 and 27. http://www.lesotholii.org/files/node/12229/public_service_act_of_2005_pdf_14765.pdf","Section 28 (1) of the Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act of 1999 prohibits conflicts of interest for all public officers as follows: \"A member or an employee of a public body commits the offence of corruption if he or an immediate member of his family has direct or ..."]
["2014_LR_37",2014,"LR","Liberia",37,100,"The act that established the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission covers all of these corrupt practices and applies to all branches of government. Acts of corruption include \"bribery, embezzlement, extortion, fraud, influence peddling, insider trading, misuse of entrusted public property and vested authority, and any economic and financial crimes, which are now provided for under the Penal Code of Liberia, or may, hereafter, be defined and enacted.\"\n\nChapter 11, Article 90 of the 1986 Constitution of Liberia stipulates that: \"a) No person, whether elected or appointed to any public office, shall engage in any other activity which shall be against public policy, or constitute conflict of interest; b) No person holding public office shall demand and receive any other perquisites, emoluments or benefits, directly or indirectly, on account of any duty required by Government.\"\n\nVarious parts of the National Code of Conduct for all public officials and employees of the government  also deal with competitive recruitment, promotion, discipline and dismissals.\n\nPart III (Principles of Good Conduct) stipulates that 3.4 Objectivity (Justice and Fairness): In carrying out public functions, including making appointments, promotions, awarding contracts or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, all Public Officials and Employees of Government shall make choices based solely on merit as defined by public policy and law.\n\n3.14 (Merit System): All Public Officials and Employees of Government shall hire and promote employees and officers based on the individual’s competence and worth, rather than on political considerations.\n\n9.7 (Nepotism): A Public Official may not appoint, employ, promote, advance, or advocate for appointment, employment, promotion, or advancement, in a civilian or military position in the agency or branch of Government in which he or she is serving or have jurisdiction or control, any individual who is a Relative, as defined in Section 1.3.21 of this Code. An individual who is a Relative of a Public Official may not be appointed, employed, promoted, or advanced in or to a military or civilian position in an agency or branch of Government if such appointment, employment, promotion, or advancement has been influenced or advocated by the Public Official. Any such appointment upon investigation shall be declared null and void. Upon being declared guilty in accordance with due process, the appointing authority shall be subject to dismissal, suspension or impeachment in accordance with due process.","Code of Conduct 2014 (The Act of Legislature prescribing a National Code of Conduct for all public officials and employees of the government of the Republic of Liberia). http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Act_Legislature_Prescribing_A_National_Code%20of_Conduct%20(Final_Version%202014).pdf\n\nThe Act that Establishes the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (2008) http://www.lacc.gov.lr/public/LACC_ACT.pdf\n\nConstitution of Liberia (1986). http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/liberia.pdf","The act that established the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission covers all of these corrupt practices and applies to all branches of government. Acts of corruption include \"bribery, embezzlement, extortion, fraud, influence peddling, insider trading, misuse of entrusted public prop..."]
["2014_ML_37",2014,"ML","Mali",37,100,"Le Code pénal du Mali dispose des règles formelles visant à prévenir notamment le népotisme et favoritisme au sein de l'administration publique (qui couvre toutes les branches de l'État).\n\nL'article 102 du Code pénal interdit explicitement le favoritisme en ces termes : «toute personne physique dépositaire de l'autorité publique, chargée d'une mission de service public, investie d'un mandat électif; exerçant des fonctions de représentant, administrateur ou agent de l'Etat ou d'une collectivité publique, d'un établissement public ou d'une société d’État, d'une société à participation financière publique majoritaire, d'une personne morale de droit privé agissant pour le compte de l'Etat ou d'une personne morale de droit public bénéficiant de son concours financier ou de sa garantie, ainsi que toute autre personne agissant pour le compte d'une des personnes susmentionnées, ainsi que leurs complices, qui aura procuré ou tenté de procurer à autrui un avantage injustifié par un acte contraire aux règles du Code des marchés publics, ayant pour objet de garantir la liberté d'accès et d'égalité des candidats dans les marchés publics, sera punie d'un emprisonnement de deux mois à dix huit mois et d'une amende de 5 000 000 à 100 000 000 de francs ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement».","Loi N 01-079 portant Code pénal, article 102, adoptée le 20 aout 2001, http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20code%20penal.pdf","Le Code pénal du Mali dispose des règles formelles visant à prévenir notamment le népotisme et favoritisme au sein de l'administration publique (qui couvre toutes les branches de l'État)...."]
["2014_NA_37",2014,"NA","Namibia",37,100,"Articles 18 (3) and 25 of the Public Service Act 13 of 1995, prohibit conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage and punish such misconduct of civil servants and provides regulations concerning conflicts of interest and gifts and hospitality for civil servants.","Public Service Act 13 of 1995, August 7 1995, Government Gazette,  http://www.saflii.org/na/legis/num_act/psa1995152.pdf\n\nAnti-Corruption Act No. 8 of 2003, Chapter 4, www.accnamibia.org/pnTemp/downloads_upload/anti_corruption_act.pdf","Articles 18 (3) and 25 of the Public Service Act 13 of 1995, prohibit conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage and punish such misconduct of civil servants and provides regulations concerning conflicts of interest and gifts and hospitality for civil servants."]
["2014_SO_37",2014,"SO","Somalia",37,0,"Article 118 of the provisional constitution asserts: “(1) Civil servants and public employees shall exercise their functions in accordance with the law and solely in the public interest; and (5) Permanent jobs with the government may be earned only by an open competition, except in the circumstances described by law.” \n\nNo other article in the provisional constitution and in the Somali Penal Code—which has been in use since 1962 - mention the explicit probation of conflict of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage. These laws also do not provide an explanatory guide for hiring public employees.","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia adopted on August 1, 2012, Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 118. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote: \nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","Article 118 of the provisional constitution asserts: “(1) Civil servants and public employees shall exercise their functions in accordance with the law and solely in the public interest; and (5) Permanent jobs with the government may be earned only by an open competition, except in..."]
["2014_SS_37",2014,"SS","South Sudan",37,100,"In law, formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government exist.\n\nOne such law is South Sudan’s Penal Code Act, 2008. Section 104 of the Penal Code prohibits civil servants from engaging in trade. \nSection 104 states: “Whoever, being a public servant engages in any trade or business contrary to the provisions of any law, order or regulation, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or with a fine or with both.”  The code also prohibits a civil servant from engaging in purchasing or bidding.\n\nA second law that prevents conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage, particularly in the judiciary, is the Judiciary Act, 2008. Article 28 of the Judiciary Act prohibits Justices and Judges from engaging in business that’s incompatible with the judicial office. \n\nAlso, the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009, aims to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.\n\nSection 14 of the Anti-Corruption Act specifies the requirements for eligibility and appointment as a senior staff of the commission. To be eligible, a person can't be employed in the civil service or any other branch of government, not hold an official office or be an employee of a political party or not hold an elected position at any level of government. Section 21 requires members of the commission to disclose interests in organizations or companies being investigated to prevent conflict of interest.\n\nFinally, the Civil Service Provisional Order, 2011, too was passed as a measure to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government. Section 12 of the order requires the Civil Service Commission to promote civil service principles and values when exercising its functions and duties.\n\nAnd Section 26 states: “The chairperson, Deputy Chairperson, Members of the Board and support staff shall not practice any private profession, transact commercial business, or receive remuneration or accept employment of any kind from any other source than the commission.”","Penal Code Act, 2008. Section 104\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf \n\nJudiciary Act, 2008. Section 28\nhttp://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file7/10.pdf\n\nAnti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009.  Section 14\nhttp://southsudanngoforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Anti-Corruption%20Commission%20Act%202009.pdf\n\nCivil Service Provisional Order, 2011. Sections 12 & 26\nhttp://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Independant-Commissions-and-Chambers/Civil-Service-Commision/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file0/Civil%20Service%20Commission%20Provional%20Order%202011.pdf","In law, formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government exist...."]
["2014_TN_37",2014,"TN","Tunisia",37,0,"There is no law prohibiting conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage. But as corruption is garnering the attention of the government, there will probably be a law in 2015. The Tunisian Ministry of Governance is working on such law, which should be presented to the parliament midyear.","No such law exists.\n\nArticle: L'économiste maghrébin, \"Lutte contre la corruption en tunisie: des progrès restent à faire,\" 4 Dec. 2013, Tunis. http://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2013/12/04/lutte-contre-la-corruption-en-tunisie-des-progres-restent-a-faire/","There is no law prohibiting conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage. But as corruption is garnering the attention of the government, there will probably be a law in 2015. The Tunisian Ministry of Governance is working on such law, which should be presented to the pa..."]
["2014_BJ_38",2014,"BJ","Benin",38,100,"Les fonctionnaires sont sanctionnés ou révoqués suivant  une procédure législative dictée par le statut général des agents de la fonction publique au Bénin. Les fonctionnaires ne sont pas révoqués lorsqu’une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir.\n\nSur la période d’étude, un juge a été radié de la fonction publique mais cette radiation a été effectuée dans le respect de la loi et des procédures notamment après une session du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. Sa radiation n’a fait l’objet d’aucune protestation du syndicat de sa corporation.\n\nLes fonctionnaires sont sanctionnés ou révoqués uniquement dans le respect de la procédure prévue par le statut général des agents permanents de l'Etat et assimilés ; les fonctionnaires ne sont donc pas révoqués lorsqu'une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir.","Etienne Badou, Cadre administratif, Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption, Porto Novo, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\nGouv.bj, 26 mars 2014, « Conseil des ministres du 26 mars 2014 : Des nominations au ministère de développement»., http://www.gouv.bj/content/conseil-des-ministres-du-26-mars-2014-des-nominations-au-ministere-de-developpement\n\nLa Presse du Jour, 11 avril 2014, «Nomination de Omar Arouna comme ambassadeur du Bénin près les Usa : Tout Parakou se mobilise derrière l’homme pour dire merci à Yayi».  http://www.lapressedujour.net/?p=32934\n\nLa Nouvelle Tribune, 02 avril 2014, « Communiqué du SYLTRA-BT sur la nomination de Djalil ASSOUMA à la tête de Bénin Télécom»., www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/annonce/18813-communique-du-syltra-bt-sur-la-nomination-de-djalil-assouma-a-la-tete-de-benin-telecom\n\n La Presse du Jour, 29 janvier 2014, «Conseil des ministres du 29 janvier 2014 : Nominations au ministère de l’économie et des finances et à l’agriculture». http://www.jolome.com/dir/article.php?i=99605&t=direct\n\nLa Nouvelle Tribune, 21 janvier 2014, «Justice béninoise : le Procureur Justin Gbènamèto radié».  http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/17706-justice-beninoise-le-procureur-justin-gbenameto-radie\n\nFraternité, 21 janvier 2014, «Affaire Gbènamèto : L’ex procureur de la République radié de la magistrature».  http://www.fraternitebj.info/politique/article/affaire-gbenameto-l-ex-procureur","Les fonctionnaires sont sanctionnés ou révoqués suivant  une procédure législative dictée par le statut général des agents de la fonction publique au Bénin. Les fonctionnaires ne sont pas révoqués lorsqu’une nouvelle administration prend le pouvoir...."]
["2014_CM_38",2014,"CM","Cameroon",38,25,"Au Cameroun, les mutations, les licenciements et les promotions des fonctionnaires obéissent à des procédures établies. Le licenciement des fonctionnaires n'est pas courant. Néanmoins une procédure existe en commençant par un conseil de discipline qui statue sur les cas des fonctionnaires indélicats. Mais les licenciement sont plus récurrents dans le corps des fonctionnaires de la police et dans le le corps des impôts, on observe de temps en temps quelques sanctions.\n\nCependant, il faut noter que la politique influence le travail des fonctionnaires, car certains se posent comme de véritables défenseurs du RDPC (le parti au pouvoir) soit pour accéder à des meilleurs postes (en guise de récompense) ou pour conserver leur poste. L'appartenance au parti au pouvoir garantit une certaine stabilité et des promotions.","ELAME Francis, cadre à la direction du contentieux administratif au ministère de la fonction publique camerounaise, 10 juillet 2014; \n\nZAMBO AMOUGOU Jean-Marie, président de la Confédération Syndicale desTtravailleurs du Cameroun (CSTC), 10 juillet 2014;\n\nSOULEY Onohiolo, journaliste au quotidien Le Messager, Desk de Yaoundé, 10 juillet 2014;","Au Cameroun, les mutations, les licenciements et les promotions des fonctionnaires obéissent à des procédures établies. Le licenciement des fonctionnaires n'est pas courant. Néanmoins une procédure existe en commençant par un conseil de discipline qui statue sur les cas des fonctio..."]
["2014_CG_38",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",38,50,"Within this period of study, no new administration came to power in DRC and the government made restrictions for recruiting new staff. During this period, no case was found where civil servants were illegally removed and transferred.\n\nHowever, during the former administration, civil servants were occasionally removed according to changes of ministers or head of department. This was evidenced by the fact that political interference remains a reality in the public administration. The public administration often takes the color of the top leaders who brings with them friends, relatives, etc. The media reported on April 24, 2014, that some 3,000 civil servant were denouncing their illegal dismissal due to the reform of the public administration since 2009.","1. (Face To Face Interview), Civil Servant And Legal Advisor Ministry Of Land Lyna Kayeye,  July 20, 2014. \n\n(Media Report), 3000 Fonctionnaires Denoncent Leurs Revocations 'Illegales' Depuis 2009, By Vck/Ro, April 24, 2014, http://www.lepotentielonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7178:3-000-fonctionnaires-denoncent-leurs-revocations-illegales-depuis-2009&catid=88:sociale&Itemid=514. \n\n2. (Medias Report), Rehabilitation Ou Maintien De La Revocation : Plus De 3000 Foctionnaires Toujours Dans L’attente Depuis 2009, By GTM/TH/Yes, APRIL 24, 2014, http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/99409.","Within this period of study, no new administration came to power in DRC and the government made restrictions for recruiting new staff. During this period, no case was found where civil servants were illegally removed and transferred...."]
["2014_EG_38",2014,"EG","Egypt",38,0,"Civil servants' work is compromised by political and corporate interference. Administrative and legal procedures are fast-tracked and outcomes influenced by connections, nepotism and bribery remain disturbingly frequent. During the reporting period, numerous civil servants were removed from office due to perceptions that they were loyal to ousted President Morsi.\n\nDuring the reporting period, public sector unions held demonstrations against the government of President Sisi. Sisi, in a bid to increase his administration's power following the coup in July 2013, has made a number of efforts to curb the power of civil servants and removing civil service union leaders from office or seeking their arrest.\n\nThe government created the new minimum wage law for civil servants, effective January 2014, in addition to a 50-percent increase in social security pension payments. Yet, in practice only  one-third of civil servants received a pay bump from 100 to 172 dollars a month. This move is seen as politically motivated to  increase patronage to the present administration.","Interview, Tom Dinham, Journalist, Cairo, 7-20-2014.\n\nSada, EGYPT’S ECONOMY AND THE FALL OF THE BEBLAWI GOVERNMENT Mohammed Samhouri March 12, 2014 www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=536.\n\nAl Ahram, Khaled Amin September 12, 2013 \"For a neutral civil service\" weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/4038/21/For-a-neutral-civil-service.aspx.\n\nThe Washington Post, Erin Cunningham April, 11, 2014 \"From Cairo to Suez, Egypt workers defy government with labor strikes\" www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/from-cairo-to-suez-egypt-workers-defy-government-with-labor-strikes/2014/04/11/674171d0-a713-494d-a76b-b33f5d4bc505_story.html.\n\nAhramonline, \"Egypt's cabinet increases social security pensions by 50%\", 18 January 2014, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/91871/Business/Economy/Egypts-cabinet-increases-social-security-pensions-.aspx.","Civil servants' work is compromised by political and corporate interference. Administrative and legal procedures are fast-tracked and outcomes influenced by connections, nepotism and bribery remain disturbingly frequent. During the reporting period, numerous civil servants were rem..."]
["2014_GH_38",2014,"GH","Ghana",38,75,"Ghana's civil service, even though not an efficient institution in terms of productivity, is a safe place to work when it comes to job security. Once one enters the civil service, his job is secure and as long as he discharges his duties as expected of him, he does not suffer any arbitrary punishment. \n\nThere is a code of conduct, which all civil servants must abide by and if any civil servant misconducts his or herself, an internal disciplinary committee investigates the issue before the appropriate sanction is applied. The affected civil servant is at liberty to appeal against the sanction. Transfers are not deemed to be punishment but rather to shore up other offices that require staff for efficient functioning.\n\nIn the last 12 months, some civil servants or public servants were removed because of financial malpractices and illegal recruitment. The due process as stated above was followed in disciplining as well as removing them (civil servants). A lot of transfers were also done in what the authorities said was necessary for the efficient functioning of various ministries, departments and agencies.\n\nGhana's public sector regulations and letters of appointment of every civil servant or public servant state or specify their conditions of service, which also include transfers after serving for a particular number of years at a station. This is what is implemented and it is the head of department and the human resource manager who write to inform staff to be transferred.\n\nNo civil servant or public servant duly employed is removed when a new government takes power. Those who are asked to proceed on leave are civil servants or public servants at the highest rank who have reached their retiring age and are asked to proceed on their annual or accumulated leave prior to retirement. However, the current government has been in power since 2009 and was re-elected in 2012. No civil servant was removed or dismissed when it assumed power in 2009.","1. Dr Callistus Mahama, Head of Local Government Service, Telephone interview, July 21, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mrs Charlotte Hanson, Public Relations Officer, National Labour Commission, Telephone interview, June 23, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Madam Felicia Kraja, Northern Regional Industrial Relations Officer of the Public Services Workers Union, Telephone interview, June 23, 2014, Tamale.\n\n4. Professor Stephen Adei, Former Rector, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n5. News story: Title: Suwaiba missing baby saga: Ministry issues sanctions, Authour: Ghana|Myjoyonline.com, Name of publication: www.myjoyonline.com, Date: June 12, 2014, Link: http://myjoyonline.com/news/2014/June-12th/suwaiba-missing-baby-saga-ministry-releases-final-sanctions.php","Ghana's civil service, even though not an efficient institution in terms of productivity, is a safe place to work when it comes to job security. Once one enters the civil service, his job is secure and as long as he discharges his duties as expected of him, he does not suffer any a..."]
["2014_LY_38",2014,"LY","Libya",38,0,"Due process in civil service regarding discipline, removal or transfers is so weak because of the absence of an oversight body.  In Tripoli, for example, the extremists control all public bodies and appoint their supporters to public service. \n\nA report published on the Erem News website stated that al-Qaida and some jihadist group members controlled some of the state's public departments, including all its decisions and policies, after the February 2011 revolution. The rampant corruption in Libya has systematically replaced meritocracy in appointments.","Interview with Nasir Alhawari, chairman of a human rights organisation, Oct. 25, 2014.\n\nInterview with Rabe'ah Ammar, former information officer in the Labor Ministry, Nov. 1, 2014.\n\nErem news website, Sofia Alhamimi, \"Alqeadah members control Libyan state bodies,\" Aug. 30, 2014.\nhttp://www.eremnews.com/?id=59313","Due process in civil service regarding discipline, removal or transfers is so weak because of the absence of an oversight body.  In Tripoli, for example, the extremists control all public bodies and appoint their supporters to public service. ..."]
["2014_MU_38",2014,"MU","Mauritius",38,50,"It is common practice to dismiss a few higher ranking civil servants if and when a new government or minister takes charge. Shakeel Mohamed, minister of labour, industrial relations and employment, said that this is not generally the case but that political interference may happen and that he was aware of such cases within his ministry.\n\nThese cases do not regularly apply to mid-level civil servants but there is the documented perception of civil servants to be discriminated against based on their political beliefs. Page 30 of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) report of 2014 says: “Political opinion is the most frequent ground of discrimination. However, very often, the complainants fail to prove their case on a balance of probabilities. It has been observed that in many cases, it is more a matter of a mere perception than of discrimination”.","1.        A member of the Equal Opportunities Commission, 02 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview  \n                           \n2.        Shakeel Mohamed, Minister of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment, 16 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n\n3.        Anonymous, senior journalist from the private radio, 22 Sept 2014, phone\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","It is common practice to dismiss a few higher ranking civil servants if and when a new government or minister takes charge. Shakeel Mohamed, minister of labour, industrial relations and employment, said that this is not generally the case but that political interference may happen ..."]
["2014_MZ_38",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",38,0,"Frelimo, the ruling party in Mozambique, has exerted great influence on the state and the public administration since national independence. In the past five years following the last presidential elections in 2009, this influence has further increased. In fact, being a member of Frelimo is crucial for maintaining government jobs, otherwise there is the real risk of being demoted or fired. \n\nCivil servants linked to the opposition parties, particularly in regions outside the capital with particular emphasis on the districts, quite often face persecution and are suspended and/or illegally dismissed. Often, the complaints presented to the courts on these issues do not proceed or have an unsatisfactory outcome because of the control that Frelimo exerts on the judiciary. Due process is not observed.","Interview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Eleusio Filipe dos Prazeres, professor, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 16 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nA Verdade, \"Frelimo statutes are outdated and defend the partisanship of the state\" (\"Estatutos da Frelimo estão ultrapassados e defendem a partidarização do Estado\"), 12 Dec. 2013.  \nhttp://www.verdade.co.mz/destaques/democracia/42407-estatutos-da-frelimo-estao-ultrapassados-e-defendem-a-partidarizacao-do-estado","Frelimo, the ruling party in Mozambique, has exerted great influence on the state and the public administration since national independence. In the past five years following the last presidential elections in 2009, this influence has further increased. In fact, being a member of Fr..."]
["2014_NG_38",2014,"NG","Nigeria",38,50,"While civil servants were removed/disciplined occasionally in the past without recourse to a peer panel/oversight body, there were just outlier cases documented in the past year, as exemplified by the Okonjo-Iweala case of October 2013.\n\nThe current government did not sack civil servants, junior or senior, when it took power in 2011. Senior civil servants who left office were only those whose tenures ended, and the president opted for replacements instead of renewing their terms.","Interview with Ubong Ben, chief researcher, Facts and Figures, an Abuja-based transparency outfit, 31 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Auwal Rafsanjani, Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre, Abuja, 31 July 2014.\n\nPremium Times, Nicholas Ibekwe, \"Nigerian government sacks civil servant for criticising Okonjo-Iweala,\" 9 Oct. 2013.\nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/146282-nigerian-government-sacks-civil-servant-criticising-okonjo-iweala.html#sthash.Tgd7WfmJ.dpuf","While civil servants were removed/disciplined occasionally in the past without recourse to a peer panel/oversight body, there were just outlier cases documented in the past year, as exemplified by the Okonjo-Iweala case of October 2013...."]
["2014_SL_38",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",38,50,"The civil service by principle is supposed to be an impartial and independent wing of the government of Sierra Leone overseen by the revised code, regulations and rules of the Sierra Leone Civil Service. \n\nThe secretary to the cabinet heads the civil service, as mandated by the Constitution of Sierra Leone. The Human Resource Management Office is responsible for hiring, promoting and/or firing of staff of the civil service below the grade of 5, while the Public Service Commission is responsible for grades 5 to 18.\n\nIn July 2014, Minister of Water Resources Momodu Maligie called on the secretary to the cabinet to terminate the services of the deputy director of water resources for what the minister said was undermining ministry projects.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 20 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Alusine Kamara, civil servant, Government of Sierra Leone, 18 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Claudius Beckly, senior reporter, Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corp., 22 July 2014.","The civil service by principle is supposed to be an impartial and independent wing of the government of Sierra Leone overseen by the revised code, regulations and rules of the Sierra Leone Civil Service. ..."]
["2014_SZ_38",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",38,50,"Civil servants enjoy strong representation through their union, the Swaziland National Association of Civil Servants (SNACS). The union champions its members who claim unfair dismissals and negotiates with government for salaries, benefits and other issues of importance to membership. Dismissals and disciplinary hearings for civil servants must be conducted according to standard procedures endorsed by SNACS.\n\nHowever, SNACS does not seem to get involved in matters of political interference, such as cases of nepotism and patronage. Civil servants are not permitted to engage in political activities and must resign from their jobs before they can run for public office. This is another form of political interference in workers’ activities, but is not challenged by SNACS.\n\nPerhaps the most telling example of political pressure on public service employees is a proposed loyalty oath. The law guiding how this would be enacted was under development during the year under review.","Interview: Anonymous, police officer, Shiselweni Region, 10 July  2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Anonymous, civil servant, Manzini, 22 June 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n“Loyalty oath for civil servants coming,” Welcome Dlamini, 28 December 2013. http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=57345","Civil servants enjoy strong representation through their union, the Swaziland National Association of Civil Servants (SNACS). The union champions its members who claim unfair dismissals and negotiates with government for salaries, benefits and other issues of importance to membersh..."]
["2014_ZM_38",2014,"ZM","Zambia",38,50,"Civil servants in sectors such as the judiciary normally work freely, without interference, but they are not completely autonomous, as the president appoints office bearers. While these appointees will work independently from most other offices, they may remain loyal to some others, such as the president himself, because he also has the power to dismiss them. \n\nNormally, disciplinary measures or the removal of civil servants requires following certain procedures such as a panel that investigates the subjects, explains why they want to discipline or remove them and gives them a chance to exonerate themselves. \n\nBut the president sometimes just dismisses higher-level civil servants without giving them a reason. Permanent secretaries are normally replaced when a new administration comes into power, and so are most diplomats. This happened, for example, during the last round of research. This year, however, there have been only occasional removals. \n\nThere has not been evidence in the year of study and the one before of civil servants at lower levels being removed. While senior-level civil servants are more likely to be removed or replaced, the lower-level civil servants are appointed or dismissed internally, not by the president. He doesn't concern himself with those in lower positions.","Interview with Mark Simuwwe, political analyst, University of Zambia (UNZA) Radio, Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Kasebamashila Kaseba, author, journalist and media consultant, Shipwa Infoline, Lusaka, Zambia, 22 July 2014. \n  \nInterview with an anonymous member of the Judiciary and Allied Workers Union of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, 11 July 2014.\n\nThe Post Newspaper, \"Hamududu has a point,\" 26 Oct. 2013.\nhttp://www.postzambia.com/post-print_article.php?articleId=39803\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. ","Civil servants in sectors such as the judiciary normally work freely, without interference, but they are not completely autonomous, as the president appoints office bearers. While these appointees will work independently from most other offices, they may remain loyal to some others..."]
["2014_BW_39",2014,"BW","Botswana",39,75,"The Directorate of Public Service Management of Botswana is the body that appoints civil servants on a purely merit-based system, while other appointments, especially senior appointments, are political. In most cases, heads of government departments are political appointments, but this is not always the case. \n\nPolitical appointments are not made by the directorate. Vacancies are advertised to the public. Shortlisted candidates are then called for an oral interview, and the successful candidates are offered the positions. \n\nThe Directorate of Public Service Management only has the right to discipline/remove/transfer the employees it hires. However, individuals appointed by the directorate are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and their performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks. Perfomance evaluations for all civil servants are done four times a year. They are the same throughout the ministries. Reviews are supposed to lead to promotions.","Interview with Kabo Motswagole, practising lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nInterview with Kealeboga Dihutso, print editor (Botswana Gazette) and former radio presenter/programme director (Duma FM), Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.     \n\nInterview with Madoda Nasha, private secretary to the minister of defense, justice and security, Fego Cafe, Gaborone, 2 Nov. 2014.","The Directorate of Public Service Management of Botswana is the body that appoints civil servants on a purely merit-based system, while other appointments, especially senior appointments, are political. In most cases, heads of government departments are political appointments, but ..."]
["2014_KM_39",2014,"KM","Comoros",39,25,"Il existe des nominations qui se font en dehors du critère de mérite.\n\nSelon Cheikh Allaoui, directeur général de la fonction publique, « aujourd’hui,  les nominations à la fonction publique suivent généralement  un système fondé sur le mérite car le recrutement se fait sur concours, et l’avancement dans la hiérarchie s’effectue selon une notation stricte. Il est attribué, chaque année, à tout fonctionnaire en activité ou en service détaché, une note chiffrée. L’agent a droit à un avancement chaque 2 ans, où il est inscrit au tableau d’avancement.  Le pouvoir de notation appartient au chef de service. Les éléments entrant en ligne de compte pour la détermination de cette note sont les suivants : discipline, culture générale et connaissance professionnelle, méthode et organisation de travail, efficacité et sens des responsabilités. La note est assortie d’une appréciation générale qui doit concorder avec la note chiffrée et exprimer la valeur professionnelle du fonctionnaire ». \n\nMais ces règles ne sont pas toujours suivies à la lettre. Selon un membre d'un ONG, «le pouvoir politique met souvent de côté le recrutement sur concours, pour privilégier le recrutement basé sur les réseaux clientélistes. Ces recrutements se font souvent sans diplôme, et parfois sans test de connaissance. Les promotions dépendent des relations familiales et politiques.»\n\nLe blog Comores droit note par ailleurs que « les gouvernements de l’Union et des îles autonomes continuent de violer la loi relative au statut général des fonctionnaires avec des recrutements qui ne respectent pas les textes. Les autorités publiques, qui ont tué cette administration par les recrutements fantaisistes, régionalistes et électoralistes, faisant fi des dispositions de la législation en vigueur, doivent avoir le courage de prendre des mesures courageuses pour faire respecter la loi portant statut général de la fonction publique afin de rendre efficace cette administration comorienne pour qu’elle soit rentable et au service de la population ». \n\nMme Moinafatima Charani, ancienne coordinatrice au projet d’appui à la bonne gouvernance économique indique qu'il arrive que les évaluations des performances soient fondées sur des critères personnels et discrétionnaires: la promotion des fonctionnaires qui n'ont pas d'appuis familiaux ou politiques se fait plus lentement que ceux qui bénéficient de tels appuis. D'autres sont carrément démis de leurs fonctions quand ils osent par exemple critiquer la mauvaise gouvernance.","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nALLAOUI Cheikh, directeur général de la fonction publique, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014. \n\nCHARANI Moinafatima, ancienne coordinatrice au projet d’Appui à la Bonne Gouvernance Économique (ABGE), 10 juillet 2014.\n\nComores droit, septembre 2013, « Enième séminaire portant sur la fonction publique ». http://comoresdroit.comores-droit.com/wp-content/dossier/comoresdroit/Le%20dossier%202013%20de%20Comoresdroit.pdf","Il existe des nominations qui se font en dehors du critère de mérite.\n\nSelon Cheikh Allaoui, directeur général de la fonction publique, « aujourd’hui,  les nominatio..."]
["2014_CI_39",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",39,50,"En Côte d’Ivoire, les fonctionnaires sont évalués selon des critères professionnels. C’est sur cette base qu’ils doivent d’ailleurs leur promotion. Mais les nominations ne tiennent pas toujours compte de la compétence. On assiste de plus en plus à des nominations politiques surtout pour des postes stratégiques. Les nominations tiennent parfois compte des affinités.\n \n En effet les fonctionnaires depuis trois ans précisement en Côte d'Ivoire on vu leur évaluation se reforcer avec des régistres sur lesquels l'on enregistre leurs présences et leur ponctualité au travail. Rappelons que la rigueur durant cette période précise a permis de démasquer des milliers de fonctionnaires fictifs qui émargeaient à la fonction publique sans vraiement exister. Cela dit les nominations restent toujours entourer par bien d'autres facteurs que le mérite ou la performance.","SANKARA Adama, directeur du fichier code au ministère des transports, 21 août 2014.\n \n DOUMBIA Mahamadou, professeur de lycée, histoire géographie, 21 août 2014.\n \n DOUMOUYA Adama, professeur de Collège, 19 août 2014.","En Côte d’Ivoire, les fonctionnaires sont évalués selon des critères professionnels. C’est sur cette base qu’ils doivent d’ailleurs leur promotion. Mais les nominations ne tiennent pas toujours compte de la compétence. On assiste de plus en plus à des nominations politiques surtout..."]
["2014_GA_39",2014,"GA","Gabon",39,25,"Au Gabon, les nominations au sein de la fonction publique ne sont pas faites sur la base du mérite, certaines sont basées sur des affinités politico-religieuses. \n\nPar contre il existe un mécanisme d'évaluation des fonctionnaires qui est suivi. D'ailleurs, pour les rendre performant, le gouvernement a institué une prime à la performance que les fonctionnaires touchent une fois qu'ils sont bien notés. Seulement certains chefs chargés de noter leurs subalternes ne le font pas avec objectivité, mais par affinités.\n\nToujours est-il que ces évaluations semblent plutôt donner droit plus à la prime qu'à un critère de nomination. Encore qu'à un certain niveau de l'État, les nominations relèvent du pouvoir discrétionnaire sans qu'il n'y aient des critères préétablis et lorsque ceux-ci existent, les exceptions viennent les annuler.\n\nLa Loi n°1/2005 du 4 février 2005 portant statut général de la fonction publique dispose de l'évaluation des performances en son Titre III, Chapitre sixième, Article 76 que:\n\"il est procédé périodiquement à l’évaluation des performances de l’agent public sur une fiche individuelle d’évaluation, conformément aux textes en vigueur. L’évaluation consiste en l’attribution à l’agent par les supérieurs hiérarchiques d’une note assortie d’une appréciation générale motivée. Elle est fondée obligatoirement sur le descriptif de l’emploi, le manuel de procédures, les critères de performances attendues de l’agent au cours de l’année de référence et les dispositions en matière de déontologie qui lui sont applicables.» \n\nArticle 77 : «L’évaluation permet aux autorités de gestion de conduire une politique d’amélioration des prestations des services publics par l’identification des agents aux meilleures prestations. \nElle a pour but: \n- de mesurer les performances de l’agent et de le responsabiliser par rapport à la mission de service public dont il fait partie; \n- d’établir le lien entre les objectifs du service et les performances de l’agent de manière à accroître sa satisfaction professionnelle.»","SIMARD Igor, conseiller à la présidence de la République du Gabon, entretien par téléphone, 30 decembre 2014.\n\nGabon Actu, 7 novembre 2014, «21 000 fonctionnaires percevront leur PIP ce vendredi dans le doute.» http://www.gabonactu.com/2014/11/21-000-fonctionnaires-percevront-leur-pip-ce-vendredi-dans-le-doute/;\n\nSite web de la Société gabonaise de l'évaluation, 5 juillet 2014. http://sogeval.blogspot.com/","Au Gabon, les nominations au sein de la fonction publique ne sont pas faites sur la base du mérite, certaines sont basées sur des affinités politico-religieuses. ..."]
["2014_GW_39",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",39,0,"Merit and competence are secondary when it comes to civil servants' appointments and promotions. Although in law there is a merit-based system and performance evaluation (which should occur regularly), this is rarely taken into consideration. This year in the Public Ministry, many employees were promoted who have fewer years of work experience and without any open contest. \n\nWhen the new administration assumed function, the Minister of Justice, rather than remove people, decided to open more positions in Interpol and in the Directorate General of prison services in order to put in place people of his own party.  \n\nPerformance evaluations and promotion on the basis of standard benchmarks were extremely rare. Appointments took place without public contest and it was a frequent practice to put a family member through internship and after a year or two get them into the system.","1. Interview with President of the Union of the Magistrates of the Public Ministry, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, 5 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with President of the Regulatory Authority of Public Procurement, Dengol Mendes, Ministry of Justice, 19 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Juridical Counsellor for Guinea-Bissau's Central Union, Júlio Mendonça, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Interview with Law Professor (and Magistrate), Juselino Pereira, Bissau Law Faculty, 3 July 2014, Bissau, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. Interview with anonymous source, consultant, 21 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Merit and competence are secondary when it comes to civil servants' appointments and promotions. Although in law there is a merit-based system and performance evaluation (which should occur regularly), this is rarely taken into consideration. This year in the Public Ministry, many ..."]
["2014_MG_39",2014,"MG","Madagascar",39,25,"La fonction publique malgache est minée par le copinage et la corruption, tant au niveau du recrutement, des nominations que des affectations. \n\nLes évaluations des performances sont basées sur des critères standards sur un formulaire standard ou Bulletin Individuel des Notes (BIN). Evidemment, parmi les critères, des jugements personnels sont demandés à l'évaluateur qui est normalement le responsable hiérarchique.\n \n Des contacts du Centre de Transparency International Madagascar se plaignent de divers cas de corruption lors de certains concours administratifs, de recrutements de fonctionnaires, notamment des instituteurs publics non fonctionnaires (dénoncée aussi par le syndicat de ces instituteurs). Toutefois, pour les concours administratifs, notamment aux hauts emplois de l’Etat (administrateurs civils, magistrats, officiers de l’armée et de la gendarmerie, commissaires de police, diplomates), les ministères concernés signent une convention de collaboration avec le Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO) pour instaurer un climat de confiance entre toutes les parties. Mais cela n’empêche pas les trafics de tous genres, d’où la déclaration présidentielle sur le niveau de la corruption dans le pays.","Transparency International-Initiative Madagascar (TI-IM), « Rapport d’activités du Centre d’Assistance Juridique et d’Action Citoyenne (CAJAC) », Antananarivo : TI-IM, 2014, www.transparency-madagasikara.mg\n \n RAKOTO Raharilanto Rado, chef de service d’appui à l’intégrité au ministère des finances et du budget, 05 juillet 2014.  TSIHIAVONANA Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 12 juillet 2014.  RAJOARIHERY W. Victor, président de l’Association nationale des enseignants publics non fonctionnaires, Antananarivo, 14 juillet 2014   ANDRIAMASY Léon, président de l’Association rassemblement des citoyens, Antananarivo, 25 juillet 2014  VAHATRA Ny Aina, Madagascar Matin, n° 1528, 26 juillet 2014, « Syndicat des Greffiers de Madagascar : une autre revendication contre les agissements des ministères », www.matin.mg.  Revue des communiqués de l’Observatoire de la Vie Publique : http://justmad.canalblog.com/archives/2012/01/01/19546895.html,   Site du Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité (CSI) : http://www.csi.gov.mg/presse/rapport-annuel-de-lannee-2012/","La fonction publique malgache est minée par le copinage et la corruption, tant au niveau du recrutement, des nominations que des affectations. ..."]
["2014_MZ_39",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",39,0,"The hiring of public employees for the most part does not follow the objective criteria of merit, skills and competencies. Firstly, strong involvement within the Frelimo Party is one of the important requirements, which is then supplemented with aspects best described as nepotism and corruption. \n\nThe selection panels work with specific guidelines issued by the ruling party and, generally, the most competent candidates are penalised in favor of more active and \"disciplined\" party members who have influence within the system. Civil servants selected have a clear conflict of interest not to disappoint the ruling party.","Interview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Centre for Public Integrity, Maputo, 11 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Eleusio Filipe dos Prazeres, professor, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 16 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nA Verdade, \"Frelimo statutes are outdated and defend the partisanship of the state\" (\"Estatutos da Frelimo estão ultrapassados e defendem a partidarização do Estado\"), 12 Dec. 2013.  \nhttp://www.verdade.co.mz/destaques/democracia/42407-estatutos-da-frelimo-estao-ultrapassados-e-defendem-a-partidarizacao-do-estado","The hiring of public employees for the most part does not follow the objective criteria of merit, skills and competencies. Firstly, strong involvement within the Frelimo Party is one of the important requirements, which is then supplemented with aspects best described as nepotism a..."]
["2014_ST_39",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",39,0,"Generally, civil servants to be appointed must undergo an evaluation process through a public tender, according to law. In practice, what happens is that the tenders are not trusted, and many more qualified professionais are not selected because there is favouritism on the part of those who participate in the system. Many cases get contested because candidates believe there was bias against them.\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. Frequently, civil servants are not appointed according to professional experience but due to party membership, nepotism, friendship and clientelism. \"Conflict of interest\" is a concept that has almost been unknown in São Tomé and Príncipe. Nepotism and patronage have been regular occurrences both in local society and in politics.","Interview with Herlander Medeiros, auditor, Court of Auditors, Nov. 25, 2014.\n\nOnline interview with Deodato Capela, president, Center for Public Integrity, Nov. 25, 2014.","Generally, civil servants to be appointed must undergo an evaluation process through a public tender, according to law. In practice, what happens is that the tenders are not trusted, and many more qualified professionais are not selected because there is favouritism on the part of ..."]
["2014_SL_39",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",39,25,"The Human Resource Management Office and the Public Service Commission are charged with the responsibilities for hiring, promoting and sacking of civil servants in the country. \n\nNot all appointments are free of conflicts of interest within the civil service and because of the many flaws in the appointments, there have been many reported cases of conflict of interest within the civil service. Few offices are evaluated through public performance tracking (PPT). Appointment and transfer into the civil service are made secretly from directives of senior political figures in the country. In February 2014, President Koroma suspended the head of the National Power Authority and in July 2014  reinstated him, a move that staff members protested because they believe he was incompetent to head the authority.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 20 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Alusine Kamara, civil servant, Government of Sierra Leone, 18 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Claudius Beckly, senior reporter, Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corp., 22 July 2014.","The Human Resource Management Office and the Public Service Commission are charged with the responsibilities for hiring, promoting and sacking of civil servants in the country. ..."]
["2014_ZA_39",2014,"ZA","South Africa",39,50,"While there have been various cases of civil servants not being appointed based on merits but on political affiliation, the bulk of the South Africa's public service employees are appointed according to the rules agreed upon. That said, there have been cases of conflict of interest, corruption, political favouritism, and questionable promotions. \n\nOver the past months since September 2013, questionable appointments have been making headlines. Most of them revolved around highly placed individuals. However, civil servants lower down the ranks have been making headlines too. \n\n> A skills audit by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in February 2014 found that executives and senior managers at the state broadcaster, the SABC, do not have the required strategic thinking skills. The report also that 47 percent of SABC employees only had a diploma or certificate as their highest qualification and that a number of them had papers from unaccredited institutions. The SABC blamed apartheid for the report's findings. \n\n> The Public prosecutor in her report “When Governance and Ethics Fail” (in February 2014) found SABC chief's appointment irregular and that the SABC's acting Chief Operations Officer Hlaudi Motsoeneng was paid too much and was not appointed on a merits based system.\n\n> In June 2013, despite the allegations, Motsoeneng was appointed as the SABC's chief operations officer. Motsoeneng didn't finish high school. The appointment has been subjected to a lot of criticism as he is said to be a Zuma ally. The Cabinet was told it could not  discuss Motsoeneng's appointment. In July, she started a new probe into the matter. \n\n> In July 2014, Die Burger reported how the SA Police Force counts 54 officers who were found guilty of murder,  and 37officers convicted of rape. Some 1,357 police officer have been found guilty of attempted murder, manslaughter, theft, corruption and other crimes. The officers in question are still on duty. These findings came about after a parliamentary question from Dianne Kohler Barnardthe, members of the Democratic Alliance (DA) and Shadow Minister of Police addressed to Minister of Police, Nathi Nhleko. \"The Minister does not have readily available the number of SAPS personnel who have been convicted of criminal offences in the last year. Furthermore, that he has asked for more time to make public these details “due to the long drawn-out process of concluding the criminal matters in court,\" she said in a press statement. \"A reply to another DA parliamentary question, received yesterday, revealed just how bad the situation is currently. Of the 1,448 police who have been convicted for crimes, 54 were for murder, 116 for attempted murder, and 37 for rape.\"\n\n> The issue of unqualified teachers seems to be an ongoing issue. The Department of Basic Education has revealed that the public education system in 2013 employed 10,725 unqualified or under-qualified teachers\n\n> In June 2014, the SA Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) revealed that public service managers are being encouraged to keep posts vacant rather than fill them with whites. \"In the name of transformation, managers in the public service have actually been incentivised to keep whites out for racial and ideological reasons. Better to leave a vacancy unfilled than to put a white person into it,\" SAIRR consultant John Kane-Berman said in a newsletter that was published in June 2014.\n\nThen there is the issue of cadre deployment, which has not been denied by the ANC. In July 2014  Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa stated that the ANC will not stop its “cadre deployment” policy, saying there was nothing wrong with the ruling party deploying its members to key positions. He added that capabilities do matter. “On the one hand we want them to be cadres and on the other we want them to be capable and to have capacity. We are saying these two are not mutually exclusive.”\n\nGeorge Devenish,  an emeritus professor at University of KwaZulu-Natal and one of the scholars who helped draft the interim constitution in 1993, says that cadre deployment is bad news for South Africa's civil service, and compares the phenomenon to practices of the old apartheid regime. \"It is conceded that in a limited number of very senior posts in the civil service, as occurs in other democracies, where a particular position may justify the appointment of a person whose views are aligned to the governing administration, it is justified. This occurs both in Washington and Westminster, when, for instance, a new administration takes over the reins of government. It is, however, very much the exception to the rule that an apolitical civil service as a whole serves the government of the day with commitment and competence,\" he writes in his essay (Cadre deployment is akin to apartheid) that was published in The Mercury in June 2014. \n\n\"This is the opposite of what occurs in South Africa, under the ANC administration, where cadre deployment is widespread, and resulted in large numbers of incompetent people being appointed to positions for which they have neither the experience nor qualifications. This has resulted in very serious problems, particularly in the sphere of local governing, where in relation to service delivery there have been widespread political protests, some of which have become violent.\"","SABC managers score low on strategic thinking, problem solving skills (City Press / 5 February 2014)\nhttp://www.citypress.co.za/news/sabc-managers-score-low-strategic-thinking-problem-solving-skills/\n\nJust how powerful is Hlaudi Motsoeneng? (TechCentral / Andisiwe Makinana  / 11 July 2014), http://www.techcentral.co.za/just-how-powerful-is-hlaudi-motsoeneng/49471/\n\nPublic Protector to begin new probe into Hlaudi Motsoeneng (City press / 11 July 2014), http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/public-protector-begin-new-probe-hlaudi-motsoeneng/\n\n“When Governance and Ethics Fail” (Public Protector report into the appointment of Hlaudi Motsoeneng, published in february 2014)\nhttp://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/2013-14/WHEN%20GOVERNANCE%20FAILS%20REPORT%20EXEC%20SUMMARY.pdf\n\nOver 10 000 Unqualified Teachers In Public Schools In 2013 (Mara Ispas / SA Breaking News / 20 march 2014)\nhttp://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2014/03/20/over-10-000-unqualified-teachers-in-public-schools-in-2013/\n\nSAIRR: Whites kept out of public service (News24 / 26 June 2014), http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SAIRR-Whites-kept-out-of-public-service-20140626\n\n‘ANC won’t scrap cadre deployment’  (IOL / Bheki Mbwanja / 17 July 2014), http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-won-t-scrap-cadre-deployment-1.1721447#.U9DPjoCSyi8\n\nCadre deployment is akin to apartheid (George Devenish / The Mercury / 27 June 2014), http://www.iol.co.za/mercury/cadre-deployment-is-akin-to-apartheid-1.1710932#.U9DQk4CSyi8","While there have been various cases of civil servants not being appointed based on merits but on political affiliation, the bulk of the South Africa's public service employees are appointed according to the rules agreed upon. That said, there have been cases of conflict of interest..."]
["2014_TG_39",2014,"TG","Togo",39,25,"Il existe un concours national de recrutement. Mais, la Commission Vérité Justice et Réconciliation insiste dans ses recommandations 23, 30 et 31 sur la question de l’accès aux emplois publics et privés. Il doit être fondé sur des critères uniques de formation et d’expérience et non pas d’appartenance régionale. La pratique inverse au Togo, ancienne et continue, est porteuse de conflits à long terme. \n \n Les conflits d'intérêt ont toujours cours au Togo. Des soupçons de fraudes pour le concours de police ont également été rapportés par des médias togolais.\n \n Dans certaines préfectures dirigées par les militaires, des préfets tenteraient d’influencer les autres fonctionnaires de la préfecture surtout de la ville de Kara à s’aligner sur la ligne politique du parti au pouvoir. \n \n La Loi du 20 janvier 2013 portant statut général de la fonction publique togolaise clarifie le recrutement du personnel. il y a la catégorie, le plan de carrière et l’instauration d’un nouveau système d’avancement basé sur le mérite. Pour l'évaluation, Le décret d’application du présent statut général précisera les modalités pratiques de la mise en œuvre de l’évaluation, décrit les documents techniques nécessaires à cet effet, et fixe les modalités de formation des évaluateurs.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n  Full-news, 18 mars 2014, «Togo/soupçons de fraudes au concours de recrutement de la police : il n’y a pas eu de « supers » candidats !».\n http://www.full-news.info/2014/03/18/togosoupcons-de-fraudes-au-concours-de-recrutement-de-la-police-il-ny-a-pas-eu-de-supers-candidats/.","Il existe un concours national de recrutement. Mais, la Commission Vérité Justice et Réconciliation insiste dans ses recommandations 23, 30 et 31 sur la question de l’accès aux emplois publics et privés. Il doit être fondé sur des critères uniques de formation et d’expérience et no..."]
["2014_AO_40",2014,"AO","Angola",40,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2014_BI_40",2014,"BI","Burundi",40,0,"Aucune loi empêche les fonctionnaires à intégrer le secteur privé et occuper un poste dans le secteur privé pendant une période de temps après avoir quitté le gouvernement","Loi N° 1/28 du 23 août 2006 portant statut général des fonctionnaires. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi_n1-28_du_23_aout_2006-2.pdf","Aucune loi empêche les fonctionnaires à intégrer le secteur privé et occuper un poste dans le secteur privé pendant une période de temps après avoir quitté le gouvernement"]
["2014_KM_40",2014,"KM","Comoros",40,100,"Des restrictions sont prévues pour une certaine catégorie de fonctionnaires, comme le stipule l' Article 4 de la loi sur la transparence qui modifie et complète l’article 156 et 156.1 du Code pénal.\n\nArticle 156: «Toute personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique ou chargée d’une mission de service public ou investie d’un mandat public électif qui a dans l’exercice de ses fonctions ou dans le délai de deux ans de la cessation de celles-ci ne peut prendre, recevoir ou conserver directement ou par personne interposée, un avantage ou un intérêt quelconque dans une entreprise ou dans une opération dont elle a ou avait, en tout ou partie, la charge d’assurer la surveillance, l’administration, la liquidation ou le paiement».\n\nL' Article 156.1  définit « la prise d’emploi prohibé». Il est ainsi interdit pour tout fonctionnaire public, tout agent ou préposé d’une administration publique chargé d’exercer la surveillance ou le contrôle direct d’une entreprise privée d' exercer dans cette entreprise un mandat social quelconque ou une activité rémunérée de quelque manière que ce soit, même s'il est  position de congé ou de disponibilité, ou  à la retraite,  ou après démission, destitution ou révocation et  ce pendant un délai de 5 ans à compter de la cessation de la fonction.»","Loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores. (2008). Article 4. http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=1548","Des restrictions sont prévues pour une certaine catégorie de fonctionnaires, comme le stipule l' Article 4 de la loi sur la transparence qui modifie et complète l’article 156 et 156.1 du Code pénal...."]
["2014_DJ_40",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",40,100,"La  Loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L portant statut général des fonctionnaires dispose dans son article 56 : « un décret définit les activités privées qu'en raison de leur nature un fonctionnaire qui a cessé définitivement d'exercer ses fonctions ou qui a été mis en disponibilité, ne peut exercer. Il fixe la durée de cette interdiction et les conditions dans lesquelles il peut y être dérogé.»\nCependant le décret prévu par la loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L n'a pas été promulgué. Les conditions précises permettant aux agents publics quittant la fonction publique d'assumer dans le privé des fonctions ne peuvent donc pas être décrites. \n\nPar contre, l'article 203 du Code pénal prévoit une peine applicable pendant 5 ans suite à la cessation de fonction pour un certain nombre d'opération (conseil, contrat..). Aussi, l'article 203 du Code pénal dispose :\n«Est puni de deux ans d'emprisonnement et de 500 000 F d'amende le fait, par une personne ayant été chargée, en tant que membre du gouvernement, fonctionnaire public ou agent ou préposé d'une administration publique, à raison même de sa fonction, soit d'assurer la surveillance ou le contrôle d'une entreprise privée, soit de conclure des contrats de toute nature avec une entreprise privée, soit d'exprimer son avis sur les opérations passées par une entreprise privée, de prendre ou de recevoir une participation par travail, conseil ou capitaux dans l'une de ces entreprises avant l'expiration d'un délai de cinq ans suivant la cessation de cette fonction.\nEst punie des mêmes peines toute participation par travail, conseil ou capitaux, dans une entreprise privée qui possède au moins 30 % de capital de fait avec l'une des entreprises mentionnées à l'alinéa qui précède. Au sens du présent article, est assimilée à une entreprise privée toute entreprise publique exerçant son activité dans un secteur concurrentiel et conformément aux règles du droit privé.\nCes dispositions sont applicables aux agents des établissements publics et des sociétés d'économie mixte dans lesquelles l'Etat détient directement ou indirectement plus de 50 % du capital.»","Loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L  du 26 juin 1983 portant statut général des fonctionnaires. http://www.presidence.dj/\n\nArticle 203 du Code pénal de 1995. http://www.djibouti.mid.ru/doc/UK.htm","La  Loi n°48/AN/83/1ère L portant statut général des fonctionnaires dispose dans son article 56 : « un décret définit les activités privées qu'en raison de leur nature un fonctionnaire qui a cessé définitivement d'exercer ses fonctions ou qui a été mis en disponibilité, ne peut exe..."]
["2014_GM_40",2014,"GM","The Gambia",40,0,"There is no law restricting civil servants from entering the private sector after leaving the government.","No such law exists.","There is no law restricting civil servants from entering the private sector after leaving the government."]
["2014_LR_40",2014,"LR","Liberia",40,0,"There are no restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government. There is no law that forbids former government employees (civil servants, appointed officials and elected officials) from pursuing private business opportunities.","No such law exists.","There are no restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government. There is no law that forbids former government employees (civil servants, appointed officials and elected officials) from pursuing private business opportunities."]
["2014_MR_40",2014,"MR","Mauritania",40,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Aucune loi n'existe en la matière","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière."]
["2014_NA_40",2014,"NA","Namibia",40,0,"There is no such law. Namibia does not have measures prohibiting civil servants from entering the private sector after leaving government. However, while still employed by government, civil servants are required to seek permission from the chairperson of the Public Service Commission to enter into private sector enterprise while still engaged in the civil service. This provision is largely ignored, as most government employees have a  side job.","No such law exists.","There is no such law. Namibia does not have measures prohibiting civil servants from entering the private sector after leaving government. However, while still employed by government, civil servants are required to seek permission from the chairperson of the Public Service Commissi..."]
["2014_SC_40",2014,"SC","Seychelles",40,0,"No such law exists.\n\nThere is no law forbidding civil servants to take a position in the private sector after leaving government, if the position involves a conflict of interest, influence of their former government colleagues, or a relationship between the former public service employment and the new private sector work.","1993 Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles: \nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=223803#LinkTarget_2400\nPenal Code: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\nPublic Service Orders (Second Edition), June 1996 (updated based \non circulars issued between 1996 and December 2003): \nhttp://www.mamd.gov.sc/PSO%20UPD%2003_04.pdf.\n\nCivil Code: http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/33.\n\nCode of Civil Procedures Act:\n http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/213.","No such law exists.\n\nThere is no law forbidding civil servants to take a position in the private sector after leavi..."]
["2014_ZA_40",2014,"ZA","South Africa",40,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists","No such law exists."]
["2014_TN_40",2014,"TN","Tunisia",40,0,"There is no law restricting civil servants from leaving a government position to enter the private sector. Neither the Labour Code nor the Criminal Code or Contracts Code has dispositions in that regard. There are many cases of former ministers who became CEOs of private companies (and vice versa). For example, the former minister of transports became CEO of the private company Peugeot in the auto industry. A reverse example is the prime minister, who was a manager at a private oil company.","No such law exists","There is no law restricting civil servants from leaving a government position to enter the private sector. Neither the Labour Code nor the Criminal Code or Contracts Code has dispositions in that regard. There are many cases of former ministers who became CEOs of private companies ..."]
["2014_UG_40",2014,"UG","Uganda",40,0,"There are no regulations restricting a public servant from entering the private sector after leaving the government. \n\nHowever, while Sections 16 and 17 of the Leadership Code Act, 2002, provide for post-employment of leaders, they do not explicitly forbid the former leader from taking a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position would present a conflict of interest, involve seeking to influence former government colleagues or establish a relationship between the former and the new office. The Leadership Code Act puts emphasis on the former leader not to offer advice in a negotiation/case where the former leader acted for government, as well as not using information unavailable to the public concerning government programs and policies.","The Leadership Code Act, 2002, Section 16(2)(3); 17(1)(2) \nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/static/files/publications/leadership-code-act.pdf","There are no regulations restricting a public servant from entering the private sector after leaving the government. ..."]
["2014_BJ_41",2014,"BJ","Benin",41,0,"Aucune loi spécifique n'a encore été votée sur l'accès à l'information au Bénin. Cependant, il existe des cadres juridiques qui abordent la question sans trop de précisions. \n\nD'abord la Constitution du Bénin prévoit en son article 8 que l’État assure à ses citoyens l’égal accès à l’information. Il est aussi à noter que la Constitution du Bénin, dans son préambule, intègre la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples qui consacre le droits d'accès à l'information (article 9 alinéa 1). \n\nLa loi organique sur la Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication (HAAC) complète la Constitution sur la question de la liberté de presse. Elle stipule que « toute personne a droit à l’information. Nul ne peut être empêché, ni interdit d’accès aux sources d’information, ni inquiété de quelque façon que ce soit  dans l’exercice régulier de sa mission de communicateur s’il a satisfait aux dispositions de la présente loi ». Cette loi ne confère le droit d'accès à l'information qu'à une catégorie professionnelle -les journalistes. \n\nLe décret sur les Archives Nationales dispose en son article 4 que les archives « sont au service de l'administration et des citoyens ». L’organisme public en charge des archives, à savoir la Direction des Archives Nationales s’occupe de « la mise des archives publiques à la disposition des utilisateurs ». \n\nLa loi sur les archives ne met à la disposition du public que les documents administratifs déclassifiés après un délais qui varie entre 100 ans et 50 ans en fonction du document (article 26 du décret n°90-384 portant sur les archives nationales.)","Loi n° 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Article 8. http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/0/134e66807991fc04c125768e004807c0/$FILE/Constitution_fr.pdf\n\nLoi organique n° 92-021 du 21 août 1992 relative à la Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication. (1992). Article 1er.http://www.haacbenin.org/rubrique-Fon.php3?id_rubrique=57\n\nLe décret N° 90-376 du 4 décembre 1990 portant organisation et fonctionnement du Journal Officiel du Bénin. (1990). Indisponible en ligne.\n\nLe décret N° 2007-532 du 02 novembre 2007 portant attributions, organisation et fonctionnement des Archives Nationales. (2007). Article 4, alinéa 2. Indisponible en ligne.","Aucune loi spécifique n'a encore été votée sur l'accès à l'information au Bénin. Cependant, il existe des cadres juridiques qui abordent la question sans trop de précisions. ..."]
["2014_TD_41",2014,"TD","Chad",41,0,"La Constitution tchadienne ne garantit pas le droit d'accès à l'information et l'article 11 de la Loi N° 29/PR/94 du 22 août 1994, relative au régime de presse au Tchad stipule : «le journaliste professionnel, tout comme les citoyens tchadiens ont librement accès à toutes les sources d’information et ont le droit d’enquêter librement sur tous les faits qui conditionnent la vie publique. » Cette loi garantit l'accès à l'information aussi bien pour les journalistes que pour les citoyens ordinaires au Tchad. \n\nCependant, la Loi N° 29/PR/94 du 22 Août 1994 relative au régime de presse au Tchad n'est pas spécifique sur le droit d'accès à l'information car elle ne founit pas la procédure à suivre pour les demandes d'informations publiques.","Loi N° 29/PR/94 du 22 Août 1994 relative au régime de presse au Tchad. (Elle est repertoriée dans la brochure du Haut Conseil de la Communication dénommée «Les lois sur la Communication au Tchad», page 11)","La Constitution tchadienne ne garantit pas le droit d'accès à l'information et l'article 11 de la Loi N° 29/PR/94 du 22 août 1994, relative au régime de presse au Tchad stipule : «le journaliste professionnel, tout comme les citoyens tchadiens ont librement accès à toutes les sourc..."]
["2014_CG_41",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",41,0,"Access to public information is recognized by law as fundamental human rights in the DRC. Article 24 of the constitution says that every person has the right to information.  State audiovisual and written media are public services to which access is equitably granted to everyone and all political and socials groups. This provision guarantees the citizens’ right to request and receive access to any public documents and information. But beyond the constitutional guarantee, there is no freedom to information law that sets the process for citizens to request and receive information. \n\nAdditionally, Article 193 of the same law state that public institutions are apolitical, neutral and impartial. No one can turn it against the common good, for his/her individual interests. This implies that citizens have the right to monitor public institutions and to request and receive access to any information and documents regarding the management of public institutions. \n\nThere is, however, a legal limitation of this right to public information, especially when it concerns national security and individual privacy. For instance, Article 149 Quarter of the Penal Code says that the public institutions, officers of the judicial police and members of the anticorruption and ethics comission must delay and/or reject any request of communication or documents about an investigated case of corruption and suspicions of corruption. They must keep secret all information or declarations received. They must be used only for judicial purposes. The same restrictions apply to national security information.","Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 24 & 193, www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf\n\n2. Loi 05/006 du 29 ars 2005 completant le decret du 30 janvier 1940 portant code penal congolais, articles 149 quarter, 2005, http://leganet.cd/Legislation/DroitPenal/divers/loi.05.29.05.2005.pdf","Access to public information is recognized by law as fundamental human rights in the DRC. Article 24 of the constitution says that every person has the right to information.  State audiovisual and written media are public services to which access is equitably granted to everyone an..."]
["2014_ER_41",2014,"ER","Eritrea",41,0,"Although Article 19 (3) of the constitution of 1997 guarantees every citizen the right of access to information, and Article 5 (1) (a) of Proclamation No. 90/1996 guarantees  journalists the right to obtain news and information from any official or unofficial source and disseminate it after verifying that it's true, Eritrea has not adopted an enabling access-to-information law that would establish the process for this right to be exercised. \n\nThe Press Proclamation No.90/1996 falls short of Article IV of the Declaration of Principles of Freedom of Expression in Africa  that elaborates on Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.","Article 19.3 of the Eritrean Constitution of 1997 \n\nArticle 5 (1) (a) of the Press Proclamation No. 90/1996\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n(1) AFIC's monitoring of state of ratification of African Union RTI treaties and laws \nhttp://www.africafoicentre.org/index.php/resources-afic/135-au-status-of-ati-treaties-law-consts-jan-2014 \n\n(2) AFIC's State of Right to Information in Africa Report, released on Sept. 28, 2014  \nhttp://www.africafoicentre.org/index.php/resources/reports-publications/139-state-of-right-to-information-in-africa-report-2014 \n\n(3) The Declaration of Principles of Freedom of Expression in Africa \nhttp://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/achpr/expressionfreedomdec.html \n\n(4) The  African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights\nhttp://www.achpr.org/files/instruments/achpr/banjul_charter.pdf ","Although Article 19 (3) of the constitution of 1997 guarantees every citizen the right of access to information, and Article 5 (1) (a) of Proclamation No. 90/1996 guarantees  journalists the right to obtain news and information from any official or unofficial source and disseminate..."]
["2014_GN_41",2014,"GN","Guinea",41,100,"La liberté d'accès à l'information est garantie par la Constitution guinéenne en son article 7 stipulant que « chacun est libre de croire, de penser et de professer sa foi religieuse, ses opinions politiques et philosophiques. Il est libre d'exprimer, de manifester et de diffuser ses idées et opinions par la parole, l'écrit et l'image. Il est libre de s'instruire et de s'informer aux sources accessibles à tous. \nLa liberté de presse et garantie et protégée. La création d'un organe de presse ou de média pour l'information politique, économique, sociale, culturelle, sportive, récréative ou scientifique est libre. Le droit d'accès à l'information publique est garanti au citoyen. La loi fixe les conditions d'exercice de ces droits, le regime et les conditions de création de la presse et des médias.» \n\nCette disposition constitutionnelle est complétée par une loi organique portant droit à l'accès à l'information qui stipule en son article1 alinéa 2 que « toute personne, quelle que soit sa nationalité ou sa profession, peut demander et obtenir de l'information n'importe où sans qu'il soit nécessaire de justifier pourquoi l'information est recherchée. L'organisme public ou assimilé a le devoir d'assister les demandeurs dans leur quête d'information.» \nLa procédure à suivre est détaillée dans l'article. Chaque fois qu’un citoyen le demande, l’organisme public est désormais tenu de communiquer « les textes législatifs et réglementaires, les dossiers, rapports, études, comptes-rendus, procès-verbaux, statistiques, directives, instructions, circulaires, manuel des procédures administratives, avis, décisions, offres de recrutement et appels d’offres. »\nPour ce faire, chaque organisme public doit nommer un fonctionnaire ou employé uniquement chargé de fournir les informations sollicitées, selon l’article 7 de la nouvelle loi.","Constitution de la République de Guinée (2010), article 7. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf \n\nLoi organique portant droit à l'accès à l'information L/2010/004/CNT/du 24 Novembre 2010. Article 1, alinéa 2,http://www.africafoicentre.org/index.php/foi-laws/99-guinee-ati-law-fr/file","La liberté d'accès à l'information est garantie par la Constitution guinéenne en son article 7 stipulant que « chacun est libre de croire, de penser et de professer sa foi religieuse, ses opinions politiques et philosophiques. Il est libre d'exprimer, de manifester et de diffuser s..."]
["2014_LY_41",2014,"LY","Libya",41,0,"A freedom of information law does not exist in Libya.","No such law exists. \n\nLibya Al Salam, Royda, \"Chairman of the Libyan Transparency Association: General budget worth 66.9 Libyan dinars will be exposed to theft and looting,\" Aug. 14, 2013. \nhttp://libyaalsalam.net/?p=7422","A freedom of information law does not exist in Libya."]
["2014_MA_41",2014,"MA","Morocco",41,0,"There is no law ensuring unrestricted access to information, although Article 27 (1) of the constitution gives citizens the right to access public information and documents.","Moroccan Constitution - vote in July 2011 - Article 27. Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/IMG/pdf/Constitution-maroc-2011.pdf","There is no law ensuring unrestricted access to information, although Article 27 (1) of the constitution gives citizens the right to access public information and documents."]
["2014_NA_41",2014,"NA","Namibia",41,0,"The constitution lacks an access to information clause in its bill of rights. There is currently no access to information law in the country, and the legal environment seems to be skewed in favour of promoting secrecy.\n\nThe  Protection of Information Act of 1982 is still awaiting repeal.","No such law exists.","The constitution lacks an access to information clause in its bill of rights. There is currently no access to information law in the country, and the legal environment seems to be skewed in favour of promoting secrecy...."]
["2014_SL_41",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",41,100,"In October 2013, the Parliament of Sierra Leone passed into law the Right to Access Information Act thereby breaking the seal of bureaucracy to information in the country. \n\nSection 1 of the Freedom of Information Act gives any Sierra Leonean the right to seek and access information held or under the control of public officers or authority. Section 15 of the same act exempts certain information related to national security and the defence of Sierra Leone.  \n\nSection 2 states that any person seeking information from a public authority shall have the authority \"confirm or deny whether it holds information of the description specified in the request.\" When the public authority has the information, it should be \"communicated\" to that person, according to the act.","Right to Access Information Act, 2013, Section (2) (15).\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2013-02.pdf","In October 2013, the Parliament of Sierra Leone passed into law the Right to Access Information Act thereby breaking the seal of bureaucracy to information in the country. ..."]
["2014_TZ_41",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",41,0,"No such law exists. But Tanzania is working on enacting a freedom of information law (FOIA). The constitution under Article 18 guarantees peoples' right to information (RTF) although the country has not enacted an enabling law to operationalise the (FOI) right.","No such law exists. ","No such law exists. But Tanzania is working on enacting a freedom of information law (FOIA). The constitution under Article 18 guarantees peoples' right to information (RTF) although the country has not enacted an enabling law to operationalise the (FOI) right."]
["2014_ZM_41",2014,"ZM","Zambia",41,0,"Even though the country has not yet enacted the Freedom of Information law, there is a provision on freedom of expression for people to access public information. Article 20 (1) states that a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, from receiving ideas and information. There are no specific laws on the issue, however.","Zambian Constitution, 1996, Protection of Freedom of Expression, Article 20 (1), (2).\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1","Even though the country has not yet enacted the Freedom of Information law, there is a provision on freedom of expression for people to access public information. Article 20 (1) states that a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, from receiving..."]
["2014_BW_42",2014,"BW","Botswana",42,0,"Media Institute for Southern Africa (MISA) Botswana’s 2014 survey and those conducted over the previous four years show government ministries and departments are still not freely providing public information in Botswana. Many citizens in Botswana find government departments inaccessible, and information continues to be disseminated only on a selective basis.\n\nGovernment does not have an office that processes information requests. The ministerial departments themselves do not keep accounts of citizen requests for information, thus most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them.","Interview with Godfrey Ganetsang, editor and senior reporter at Echo newspaper, 02/11/2014.\n\nMISA, Media Institute of Southern Africa, Botswana finds no government or public institution worthy of Golden Key Award for openness, 26 Sept. 2014. \nhttp://misa.org/misa-chapters/botswana/item/2911-misa-botswana-finds-no-government-or-public-institution-worthy-of-golden-key-award-for-openness\n\nInterview with Ntjidzi Smarts, communications officer – UNFPA, press and public affairs assistant- British High Commission, and business editor- Botswana Gazette.\n\nThe Botswana Gazette, Queen Mosarwe, \"Gov’t still failing to provide public info,\" 2 Oct. 2014. \nhttp://www.gazettebw.com/?p=9169","Media Institute for Southern Africa (MISA) Botswana’s 2014 survey and those conducted over the previous four years show government ministries and departments are still not freely providing public information in Botswana. Many citizens in Botswana find government departments inacces..."]
["2014_BF_42",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",42,25,"L'obtention des informations est difficile au Burkina. L'accès à la totalité des sites web du gouvernement est impossible au moment de cette recherche. Et les mises à jour manquent. \n\nSelon Mme OUDEROAGO, juriste chargée de mission au Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), malgré l'existence du Directeur de la Communication et des Relations Publiques (DCRP) et du Directeur de la Communication et de la Presse Ministérielle (DCPM), les sites web souffrent encore de la mise à jour, et malgré les circulaires des Premiers Ministres sur le partage de l'information publique, «les gens se méfient». Quant à G. Tarcicius MILLOGO, conseiller technique au ministère de la fonction publique,il précise que «le réflexe du secret est resté dans les têtes.» \n\nLes journalistes interrogés dans le cadre de cette recherche sont aussi d'avis que la rétention de l'information prévaut toujours au Burkina. Cela est confirmé dans l'analyse que font Flavien Bationo et Justin Yarga dans l'article de Basidou KINDA publié dans Evènement: «les deux intervenants n’excluent pas cet aspect de la rétention de l’information qui pourrait aussi justifier la passivité des hommes politiques burkinabè sur les réseaux sociaux. Les chosent se passeraient donc à l’image du pays. On n’a pas le culte de l’information à diffuser. C’est plutôt l’information à cacher.» \nOn ne peut obtenir certaines informations qu'en mettant la pression sur l'administration.","SANOU Hyacinthe, reporter et chef du desk papiers d'initiatives personnelles, L’Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\nAWADOGO Elza Sandrine, journaliste, secrétaire de rédaction, journal L’Économiste du Faso, Ouagadougou, 19 juin 2014.\n\nOUEDRAOGO Fatoumata, juriste chargée de mission, Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), Ouagadougou, 11 Juillet 2014.\n\nMILLOGO G. Tarcicius, conseiller technique, ministère de la fonction publique, du travail et de la sécurité sociale, Ouagadougou, 30 juin 2014.\n\nKINDA Basidou, L'Evenement, 3 décembre 2013P, « politiques et réseaux sociaux au Burkina, c’est une déception». http://www.evenement-bf.net/spip.php?article819","L'obtention des informations est difficile au Burkina. L'accès à la totalité des sites web du gouvernement est impossible au moment de cette recherche. Et les mises à jour manquent. ..."]
["2014_TD_42",2014,"TD","Chad",42,25,"L'accès à la source d'information pose énormément de problèmes aux journalistes et aux citoyens en général au Tchad. Les documents administratifs publics sont de moins en moins mis en ligne et les services des archives ont du mal à satisfaire les demandeurs d'informations sur les dossiers publics. \n\nDjamil AHMAT, journaliste au site Alwihdainfo.com, estime que: « l’accès à l’information publique est l’un des véritables casse-tête des citoyens au Tchad et en particulier pour les journalistes qui sont sensés être des intermédiaires. La majorité des documents publics ne sont pas en ligne et pour entreprendre des démarches pour accéder aux archives publiques, ça peut durer au moins une semaine de procédure. »\n\nQuelques fois, l'accès aux informations d'ordre publique est difficile, parce que les administrateurs sont méfiants vis-à-vis des citoyens ou des organisations de la société civile qui critiquent les pouvoirs publics. Mahamat DIGADIMBAYE, coordinateur des Associations de la société civile et de défense des Droits de l’Homme explique en ce terme : « au niveau de la société civile, nous avons vraiment des difficultés d’accès à l’information. Les institutions publiques sont méfiantes vis-à-vis des citoyens et les évitent les rendez-vous répétitifs. »\n\nIl faut relever aussi que le nombre insuffisant des archivistes dans les administrations (institutions) publique a aussi un impact important sur l'accès aux informatioons publiques des citoyens. Mahamat Massar HOUD, écrivain et archiviste à la Bibliothèque nationale du Tchad: «les documents administratifs ne sont pas, en grande partie en ligne, ce qui complique l'accès aux citoyens d'une part et d'autre part, c'est le manque des archivistes dans les institutions qui rend les choses difficile quant à la classification des dossiers à utilité publique.»","AHAMT Djamil Ahmat, journaliste site Alwihdainfo.com, 2 juillet 2014.\n\nDIGADIMBAYE Mahamat, coordinateur des Associations de la société civile et de défense des Droits de l’Homme, siège de l'association, 27 juin 2014.\n\nHOUD Mahamat Massar, écrivain et archiviste à la Bibliothèque nationale du Tchad, entretien  par téléphone, 26 août 2014.","L'accès à la source d'information pose énormément de problèmes aux journalistes et aux citoyens en général au Tchad. Les documents administratifs publics sont de moins en moins mis en ligne et les services des archives ont du mal à satisfaire les demandeurs d'informations sur les d..."]
["2014_ER_42",2014,"ER","Eritrea",42,0,"Access to information or documents from government offices is largely ineffective. In Eritrea, the posting of government information or documents online is still not developed. A few agencies, like the telecommunication authority and the Housing and Commercial Bank of Eritrea, have certain online information for clients relating to their activities. For those exceptional government offices with online information, it is either difficult to access due to poor Internet connection or the information is not updated.  It is unthinkable for a private citizen doing research to ask for information from a government office unless it is authorized by another government office. \n\nFor the limited types of information released, like the telecommunication authority and the housing bank, the cost of production is usually a photocopying fee.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Access to information or documents from government offices is largely ineffective. In Eritrea, the posting of government information or documents online is still not developed. A few agencies, like the telecommunication authority and the Housing and Commercial Bank of Eritrea, have..."]
["2014_GA_42",2014,"GA","Gabon",42,25,"L'accès aux informations au Gabon varie d'un citoyen à l'autre et d'une administration à une autre et en fonction aussi du type d'informations recherchées.\n\nEn général, selon Steve Djonli, journaliste indépendant, «l'administration gabonaise est ouverte, vous pouvez facilement rencontrer une autorité administrative ici car il y a moins de protocole ici. Il est possible d'obtenir un document malgrè la lenteur administrative comme partout ailleurs. Mais tout dépend si le document ne heurte pas les intérêts du Gabon et d'un pays ami. Et aussi pour un journaliste, cela peut être difficile.»\n\nC'est valabe aussi bien pour les administrations locales qu'au niveau national, déconcentrées ou décentralisées. Mais l'accès en ligne est difficile.","MVOUNDI Aimé Roger, enseignant de mathématique au lycée classique et moderne de Libreville, entretien par mail, 03 janvier 2014.\n\nADONG Angèle Frédérick, femme politique de la coalition de l'opposition gabonaise, membre du Front Populaire Gabonais (FPG), entretien par mail, 03 janvier 2014.\n\nDJONLI Steve, journaliste indépendant au Gabon, entretien par email, 03 janvier 2014.\n\nClient Earth, août 2014, «Droit des communautés locales et autochtones d’avoir accès à l’information (Gabon).» http://www.clientearth.org/ressources-externes/gabon/Droit-acces-information-Août-2014.pdf","L'accès aux informations au Gabon varie d'un citoyen à l'autre et d'une administration à une autre et en fonction aussi du type d'informations recherchées...."]
["2014_KE_42",2014,"KE","Kenya",42,50,"A few government agencies have made strides towards ensuring citizens have access to information. Some regularly upload data onto their websites, while some ministries have moved to have regular open days with the media to furnish them with updates about their operations. Various government agencies at least once a year hold engagements with the public to outline their operations. These sessions are called open days.\n\nDespite this, many state agencies do not provide updates or key information to the public. More importantly, requests for basic information such as statistics may take months or never come through at all.","1. Kevin Mwanza, a Kenyan freelance researcher who has attempted to get information from the Registrar of Companies in vain. Interviewed on June 28, 2014.\n\n2. Bitange Ndemo, former permanent secretary ministry of Information. Interviewed on June 25, 2014.\n\n3. Mark Okuttah ICT journalist, interviewed on June 27, 2014.\n\n4. Ezekiel Mutua, secretary Ministry of Information. Interviewed on June 27, 2014.\n\n5. National Council for Law Reforms website http://www.kenyalaw.org. Accessed on June 28, 2014.\n\n6. \"Enable journalists to access information\". An editorial by the Standard Newspaper published on May 6, 2014. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000111104.","A few government agencies have made strides towards ensuring citizens have access to information. Some regularly upload data onto their websites, while some ministries have moved to have regular open days with the media to furnish them with updates about their operations. Various g..."]
["2014_ML_42",2014,"ML","Mali",42,50,"Les citoyens maliens émettent régulièrement des demandes d'informations adressées aux services publics, mais de nombreux documents ne sont pas disponibles. \n\nLa loi N°98-012 du 19 janvier 1998 régissant les relations entre l’administration et les usagers du service public énonce que l'accès aux documents administratifs s'exerce par consultation gratuite sur place ou par délivrance de copies aux frais de la personne qui les sollicite à moins que la reproduction ne nuise à la conservation du document. La liste des documents qui peuvent être consultés en ligne est très limitée. Dans la pratique la plupart des douments administratifs ne sont pas en ligne et cela prend plus d'un mois d'un mois aux citoyens pour les obtenir.\n\nSelon Serge Lah, il faut entre deux et quatre semaines aux citoyens pour les obtenir. Et ce, après des allers-retours incessants. Et, plus frustrant, l'on est très souvent accueilli par des agents administratifs qui n'ont pas la volonté de fouiller dans les archives. Même les informations élémentaires sur le service en question ne sont pas disponibles. Les site web qui devraient servir à cela n'existent pas au niveau de la plupart des structures publiques.\n\nDans le cadre de cette recherche, deux demandes d’informations ont été introduites. La première portait sur l’Indicateur pourtant sur les cas d’ « Inconduite policière ». La Police ne disposant pas de cellule communication, il a fallu plus de 3 semaines, ponctuée par les vas et viens et appels téléphoniques multiples avant d'obtenir l'information.\n\nLa seconde demande d'information a été addressée au Bureau du vérificateur général (BVG). Là  il m’a fallu seulement trois jours pour avoir les informations. \n\nDonc la réponse aux demandes d’information dépend en partie de l’organisation de la structure concernée. Certaines disposent d’une cellule communication ou de site web contrairement à d’autres.","HAÏDARA Gaoussou, conseiller en communication, médiateur de la République, 02 juillet 2014.\n        \nLAHT Serge, journaliste, journal Le Débat, 02 juillet 2014.\n        \nDIALLO Harouna, responsable communication, Programme de Développement Institutionnel (PDI), 02 juillet 2014.\n\nAgence de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (AEDD), «Profil national pour évaluer les capacités nationales de mise en oeuvre du principe 10 de la déclaration de Rio,» République du Mali. Février 2011. https://www.unitar.org/egp/sites/unitar.org.egp/files/Mali_Profil%2520National_Final_23%2520Feb%25202011_0.pdf\n\nSite web du secrétariat général du gouvernement visité le 13 Octobre 2014 : http://www.sgg.gov.ml/?ok=1 ","Les citoyens maliens émettent régulièrement des demandes d'informations adressées aux services publics, mais de nombreux documents ne sont pas disponibles. ..."]
["2014_MZ_42",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",42,0,"In Mozambique, there is no structure or mechanism within the government that provides for receiving requests for information. The envisioned mechanism is still pending through the Bill of Access to Information (24/2014), which is anticipated to take effect in the latter half of 2015. \n\nWithout this tool, citizens continue being deprived of this constitutionally guaranteed right. There is reasonable expectation that the law will provide all citizens, without distinction, and journalists and their media outfits, as well as academic researchers, with a mechanism to gain access to information. Currently, access to information is not granted or practiced in the country.","Interview with Dionisio Nombora, senior researcher, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 14 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Eleusio Filipe dos Prazeres, professor, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 16 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Egidio Vaz Raposo, communications consultant, Independent Media Group, Maputo, 15 July 2014.  \n\nJornal Noticias, \"Civil Society debates Right to Information\" (\"Sociedade civil debate direito à informação\"), 16 Sept. 2013.\nhttp://www.jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/politica/2873-sociedade-civil-debate-direito-a-informacao\n\nIBIS, \"RIght to Information Act awiated with great expectations\" (\"Lei de Direito à Informação aguardada com expectativa\"), 1 April 2014.\nhttp://ibismozambique.org/articles/lei-de-direito-informacao-aguardada-com-expectativa/","In Mozambique, there is no structure or mechanism within the government that provides for receiving requests for information. The envisioned mechanism is still pending through the Bill of Access to Information (24/2014), which is anticipated to take effect in the latter half of 201..."]
["2014_ST_42",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",42,25,"In general, the search for public information is hampered by red tape and a lack of transparency and availability of public officials, with isolated exceptions.\n\nWhen a citizen seeks public information, it generally takes a month or more to get the information. Sometimes the individual does not receive the information, because there is a culture of hindering access to information in the national public sector. For example, sometimes journalists seek information on important subjects, such as oil documents to explain the processes to the public, but they do not have access to this information. However, there are exceptions to the rule in which staff provide information, as this is more common when you know someone in the sector.\n\nAn exception is the information office GRIP, whic only provides information on the oil sector. Between March 2011 and November 2014, GRIP published three information bulletins on its website http://www.grip.st. Oil-related legislation, a few agreements with oil companies and transfers from the national oil account are also available on this website.","Interview with Herlander Medeiros, auditor, Court of Auditors, Nov. 25, 2014.\n\nOnline interview with Deodato Capela, president, Center for Public Integrity, Nov. 25, 2014.\n\nGRIP website, accessed March 17, 2015. \nhttp://www.grip.st","In general, the search for public information is hampered by red tape and a lack of transparency and availability of public officials, with isolated exceptions...."]
["2014_SO_42",2014,"SO","Somalia",42,0,"During the civil war that began in 1991, all national archives and records were lost. Since then, the country has not yet returned to a state where the government is compiling data consistently or making it available upon request. Citizens cannot request information. The sparse records of the current federal government are mostly on paper and not available for the public to view.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAs noted, there is no specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be implemented. The newly passed media law also allows for a ban on the right of journalists to receive information. Therefore there is no effective mechanism for citizen requests for public information.","Anonymous source within an important and high-ranking government office\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 23, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nProf. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 23, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMember of Parliament who requested anonymity, Federal Republic of Somalia with exposed function regarding the administration and oversight of the political system\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 22, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nReviewer sources:\nSomali government urged to revise proposed media law, Reporters without Borders, June 25 June 2014 Accessed: http://en.rsf.org/somalia-somali-government-urged-to-revise-25-06-2014,46527.html\n\n2SOMALIA: Cabinet passes new Draft Media Bill after two weeks of discussion,   RBC RADIO, September 1st 2014,   http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-cabinet-passes-new-draft-media-bill-after-two-weeks-of-discussion/\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","During the civil war that began in 1991, all national archives and records were lost. Since then, the country has not yet returned to a state where the government is compiling data consistently or making it available upon request. Citizens cannot request information. The sparse rec..."]
["2014_TG_42",2014,"TG","Togo",42,0,"Il est particulièrement difficile pour un citoyen d'obtenir de l’information publique.\n \nCes documents sont très peu accessibles à moins de disposer de contacts dans l'administration. \n \nEn revanche, certaines informations publiques sont mises en ligne via les partenaires au développement comme la Banque mondiale.","DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \nTADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014.\n \nBADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \nAHOUELETÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.\n \nBanque mondiale, données Togo 2014. http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/togo.","Il est particulièrement difficile pour un citoyen d'obtenir de l’information publique.\n \nCes documents sont très peu accessibles à moins de disposer de contacts dans l'administration...."]
["2014_AO_43",2014,"AO","Angola",43,0,"A page entitled “Interventions and Debates” at the National Assembly website only shows speeches and political interventions. The page contains a total of 40 documents, dated from October 2012 to July 2014. \n\nThe archives of the National Registry contain full texts of legislative documents and are available on paper in the National Press headquarters in Luanda. In recent years, access to bills approved before 1980 has been restricted. Access to the paper archives of Diario da Republica outside the capital is difficult, including in provincial courts.\n\nMost diplomas are available online, but access to the complete database requires a paid subscription, at a prohibitive cost for the vast majority of citizens. Sources indicated that usually only law firms can afford the subscription cost. \n\nDebates at the National Assembly are not transcribed, or if they are, the transcripts are not public. The National Assembly Committees do not provide transcripts (if they in fact exist) or any formal information on draft bills. \n\nIn early July 2014, journalist Gonçalves Viera, of Radio Despertar, the UNITA-run radio broadcaster, was expelled from the National Assembly as he attempted to live stream a parliament debate. He was accused of disorderly conduct. \n\nCurrently, there are no live broadcasts from the National Assembly, a repeated request by the opposition parties. The president of the National Assembly, Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos “Nandó,” a member of the ruling MPLA (Movimento para a Libertacao de Angola) has invoked technical limitations as a justification for the current ban on live broadcasts, an argument rejected as disingenuous by the opposition parties.","Phone interview with international human rights organization representative, Lisbon, July 23, 2014 \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nRepublic of Angola – National Assembly website, Interventions and Debates section\nhttp://www.parlamento.ao/web/guest/actividade-parlamentar/intervencoes-e-debates?menuOption=actividade_parlamentar \n\nAngop, \"Angola participates in the 11th International Congress on legislation,\" (\"Angola participa no 11º Congresso Internacional sobre Legislação\"),  Sept. 23, 2014  http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2014/8/39/Angola-participa-Congresso-Internacional-sobre-Legislacao,fe5c010b-964a-451d-b65a-579bcac9ef50.html \n\nNational Registry (Diario da Republica) website\nhttp://www.imprensanacional.gov.ao/ \n\nVoice of America, Coque Mukuta, \"Angolan Parliament Does Not Clarify Reasons for Expelling Journalist,\" (\"Parlamento angolano não esclarece expulsão de jornalista\"), July 2, 2014\nhttp://www.voaportugues.com/content/assembleia-nacional-expulsao-jornalista/1949517.html \n\nDeutsche Welle, Nelson Sul D’Angola, \"Live Streaming of Debates in the National Assembly Delayed,\" (\"Tardam as transmissões em direto dos debates parlamentares em Angola\"), May 21, 2014\nhttp://www.dw.de/tardam-as-transmiss%C3%B5es-em-direto-dos-debates-parlamentares-em-angola/a-17650918 \n\nRede Angola, \"Debate on Media Without Live Streaming,\" (\"Debate sobre media sem transmissão em directo\"), June 26, 2014\nhttp://www.redeangola.info/debate-sobre-media-sem-transmissao-em-directo/  \n\nRafael Marques de Morais, (journalist and anti-corruption campaigner), email interview, July 18, 2014.\n\ndatabase of the National Press (http://www.imprensanacional.gov.ao/). ","A page entitled “Interventions and Debates” at the National Assembly website only shows speeches and political interventions. The page contains a total of 40 documents, dated from October 2012 to July 2014. ..."]
["2014_BJ_43",2014,"BJ","Benin",43,25,"Il existe un service d'archives publiques et un service d'information qui fournissent les textes de lois disponibles aux médias pour publication ainsi qu'au grand public immédiatement après les procédures législatives, le jour même de la demande au coût de la photocopie. Par contre, les documents législatifs (débats, votes, projets de loi, rapports etc.) ne sont pas accessibles en ligne. Toutefois, les débats sont relayés par la radio du parlement, Radio Hémicycle.","Théophile Gankpé, Chef de service Information et archives, Assemblée nationale, Porto Novo, Interview du 18 juin 2014.\n\nEmmanuel Machioudi, Chef division Séance et questions, Assemblée nationale, Porto Novo, Interview du 18 juin 2014. \n\nFraternité, 09 avril 2014, « Assemblée nationale/Ouverture solennelle de la 1ère session ordinaire : Les 47 points inscrits à l’ordre du jour». http://www.fraternitebj.info/politique/article/assemblee-nationale-ouverture-1421\n\n24h au Bénin, 18 février 2014, «Proposition de Loi transitoire et dérogatoire du PRD pour la Lépi et les élections municipales». http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article3385","Il existe un service d'archives publiques et un service d'information qui fournissent les textes de lois disponibles aux médias pour publication ainsi qu'au grand public immédiatement après les procédures législatives, le jour même de la demande au coût de la photocopie. Par contre..."]
["2014_KM_43",2014,"KM","Comoros",43,50,"Les documents législatifs ne sont pas mis en ligne, mais sont accessibles au public, et l’archive n’est  parfois pas complète. \n\nLes documents législatifs sont accessibles au public (sur papier mais pas en ligne) et cet accès est gratuit. Il suffit d’aller au service des archives de l’assemblée, demander le document et c’est le service même qui photocopie les documents  généralement sans aucune charge financière pour le demandeur. Le directeur de cabinet du président de l'Assemblée nationale note que le site web de l'assemblée ne fonctionne pas correctement. L'assemblée cherche maintenant les solutions pour y remédier. Un journal bi-mensuel est actuellement mis à la disposition du public pour que celui-ci puisse accéder à l'information. \n\nPar ailleurs, selon la mission d’évaluation PEFA 2013, la  qualité  de  l’information  budgétaire  fournie  à l’Assemblée  de  l’Union  s’est  dégradée.  Depuis  la  création  du  site  web  du  ministère  des finances,   le  public  peut  désormais  accéder  à  un  grand  nombre  d’informations  relatives notamment aux lois de finances et aux budgets votés. Mais la Mission PEFA, qui a rencontré des représentants de l’Union des Chambres de Commerce d’Industrie et d’Agriculture des Comores, de l’Organisation Patronale des Comores et de la Fédération des Organisations de la Société Civile, a établi qu’il n’y a pas un accès facile à l’information publique, ni aux documents budgétaires et financiers de l’État. Selon les interlocuteurs rencontrés, l’État entretient une opacité totale en matière de gestion des finances publiques, par conséquent le public ne dispose pas d’informations –même les plus élémentaires- sur le budget de l’État. \n\nTous ces acteurs ne sont pas au courant du site de  la Cellule des Réformes Économiques et Financières (CREF)  qui a été créé récemment, parce qu’il n’est pas ouvert au nom du ministère des finances qui n’a pas informé le public de l’existence de ce site sur lequel des données budgétaires peuvent être consultées.","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.4.\n\nMOHAMED Amirdine, directeur du cabinet du président de l’Assemblée nationale, Moroni, 10 juillet 2014. \n\nMission d’évaluation Public Expenditure Financial Accountability (PEFA) répétée 2013, analyse du système de gestion des finances publiques, juillet 2013, p.45.        https://www.google.fr/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Evaluation+PEFA+2013+Comores.","Les documents législatifs ne sont pas mis en ligne, mais sont accessibles au public, et l’archive n’est  parfois pas complète. ..."]
["2014_CD_43",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",43,25,"L'accès à l'information législative est une réalité au Congo. En effet, le secrétariat général du gouvernement est chargé de publier et diffuser les lois et tout acte de valeur législative ;\nvérifier, enregistrer, publier, notifier et diffuser les actes administratifs et conserver les originaux. \nDans ce sens, le secrétariat général du gouvernement assure la publication des textes législatifs en version papier et en version électronique sur www.sgg.cg. Le prix de l'abonnement à la version papier du Journal Officiel est de 25000 FCFA l'année ($50).  Les citoyens peuvent donc accéder aux informations législatives. Le Journal Officiel parait une fois par semaine (le jeudi), tous les textes juridiques sont publiées à savoir: traités internationaux, lois, décrets, arrêtés, circulaires, etc.\nMême si les documents sont accessibles auprès du Journal Officiel, ils ne concernent que les lois votées; on ne trouve pas les comptes rendus des débats parlementaires, ni les projets de lois en attente ou en discussion.","LEKEBE OMOUALI Daphtone Jospin, professeur de droit privé, université Marien Ngouabi, entretien au domicile de l'intéressé à Ouenzé (Brazzaville), 25 septembre 2014.\n\nNGOULOU NGOULOU Paul, cadre de la direction générale du trésor, entretien à son domicile, 25 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","L'accès à l'information législative est une réalité au Congo. En effet, le secrétariat général du gouvernement est chargé de publier et diffuser les lois et tout acte de valeur législative ;..."]
["2014_GQ_43",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",43,0,"Since the election of the new Parliament in 2013, no efforts have been made to create an archive and registration system for the legislative process, and as a result, citizens cannot access legislative information. \nDuring the period of review, the Parliament met twice and approved key legislation, including the annual budget, but none of the laws were made publicly available. The is no available transcript of the debates, and no information on the votes or full text of bills. Limited information on the Parliament’s activities is published on Equatorial Guineas Press and Information Office website, and some short videos were made online of Parliamentary sessions.\n\nWhile there is no online archive of laws/other legislative documents, citizens can request and do receive copies of some laws directly from the Ministry of Public Information via the public records office.  The typical processing time is two to three days, and with an associated fee higher than the price of copying. However, copies of laws are not easily accesible; sometimes, the public records office does not have a copies to distribute. Most citizens rely on requesting information from someone they know in the Ministry of Public Information.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 16, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: AsongaTV, \"News a la Carte: Complaints and Petitions Session at Parliament\" (\"Noticias a la Carta: Sesión de quejas y peticiones en el Parlamento\"), April 22, 2014.\nhttp://www.asongatv.com/noticiasalacarta/component/contushdvideoshare/player/dia-12-abril-2014/sesión-de-quejas-y-peticiones-en-el-parlamento423526169 \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nNews article: Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office, \"Gaudencio Mohaba meets with the board of directors of the Chamber of Deputies\" (\"Gaudencio Mohaba se reúne con el cuadro directivo de la Cámara de los Diputados\"), June 19, 2014.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5312 \n\nNews article: Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office, \"Meeting of the leaders of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies\" (\"Encuentro de los máximos representantes del Senado y Cámara de Diputados\"), July 4, 2014.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5019&lang=es","Since the election of the new Parliament in 2013, no efforts have been made to create an archive and registration system for the legislative process, and as a result, citizens cannot access legislative information. ..."]
["2014_GH_43",2014,"GH","Ghana",43,100,"The Ghanaian Parliament, despite its logistical challenges, has taken advantage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools to reach out to the citizenry in terms of what happens in the legislature on daily basis. The Parliament has a functioning website that is updated regularly with information on all proceedings in the house.\n\nThere is a Hansard, which is the official archive or record of all proceedings of the legislature such as daily debates, votes and roll call vote.\n\nThe Hansard is on the website of Parliament for all to access at anytime.  The Hansard is in two parts – the daily and the bound volume.  \n\nThe daily part contains the proceedings of each sitting of Parliament and the proceeding are available at the very day of the debates but not accessible to the public on that day. This is because corrections are done by the house on the following day. As soon as the corrections are done, the proceedings are made available on the website of the house or Parliament; that is within a day after the proceedings.\n \nThe bound volume (Hansard) consists of all the daily parts produced during each meeting of Parliament. \n\nBills are also published on the website but not always in full texts. However, full texts of bills and other documents including Hansards can be accessed by any citizen by requesting for such documents at the Parliamentary Library. No costs are charged for accessing such documents.\n\nMembers of the public are also allowed into the public gallery of Parliament to view and listen to proceedings. However, deliberations or meetings of most of the parliamentary committees are held in-camera. This is because of lack of structures or space and logistics to hold such meetings in public.","1. Mr David Agbee, Executive Director, Ghana Institute for Governance and Security, Telephone interview, July 22, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Dr Sagre Bambangi, Member of Parliament for Walewale Constituency, Vice Chairman of the Committee on Members Holding Offices of Profit and Member of the Committee on Food, Agriculture and Cocoa Affairs of Parliament of Ghana, Telephone interview, August 7, 2014, Walewale.\n\n3. Mr Kenneth Sackey, Parliamentary Correspondent, Ghana News Agency, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra\n\n4. Official website of Parliament of Ghana: www.parliament.gh","The Ghanaian Parliament, despite its logistical challenges, has taken advantage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools to reach out to the citizenry in terms of what happens in the legislature on daily basis. The Parliament has a functioning website that is updated..."]
["2014_LR_43",2014,"LR","Liberia",43,50,"Citizens have access to legislative records and other documentations relating to legislative proceedings, except for documents that have national security implications. Key points of legislative proceedings are recorded and kept in the archive of Legislative Information Service (LIS) at the National Legislature, and the library is opened to the public. There are no transcripts of legislative proceedings but every law enacted can be accessed in that library. \n\nThe LIS is functional and most records requested are available upon request.  It includes a library, research unit and the archive. The LIS can be accessed online as well as offline, but its online service is poor as it may take weeks before new materials are uploaded.\n \nThanks to a USAID-funded project by the National Democratic Institute (NDI), the legislature can now  boast of a very organized records system. That said, the new and improved system still cannot make records available within a day of legislative proceedings. People who often request records from the LIS do so through a formal request to the Chief Clerk's office or the concerned legislative committee support service. The legislative committee support service refers to a group organized to support a legislative committee appointed by plenary to work on a particular bill or legislation. Those who usually request these records are journalists or media agencies, so the cost of printing has  never been an issue.","Interview: Jonathan Blah, Intern, Capitol Building, Monrovia, 20/07/2014\n\nInterview: Varney Kanneh, Program Assistant, NDI - Liberia, Monrovia, 20/07/2014\n\nInterview: Richard Keah, Research Analyst, Office of Senator Doe, Monrovia, 20/07/2014\n\nNDI-Liberia E-Newsletter, Number 15 | August 2013. \"With Partial Support from NDI and USAID, the Liberian National Legislature makes itself Internet Ready.\" https://www.ndi.org/files/NDI-Liberia-Newsletter-No15.pdf","Citizens have access to legislative records and other documentations relating to legislative proceedings, except for documents that have national security implications. Key points of legislative proceedings are recorded and kept in the archive of Legislative Information Service (LI..."]
["2014_MR_43",2014,"MR","Mauritania",43,0,"L'accès aux textes législatifs en Mauritanie reste un parcours du combattant. Il existe une forte pratique de la rétention de l'information, sous-produit des régimes d'exception qui se sont succédés depuis le 10 juillet 1978. L'information citoyenne n'a pas encore été vulgarisée. \n\nL'accès aux processus et aux textes législatifs est encore rendue plus ardu par le fait que souvent le Parlement travaille uniquement en arabe. Tous les Mauritaniens ne parlent pas l'arabe (une partie de la population mauritanienne travaille en français). La traduction de ses textes prend un certain temps. Cet écueil constitue un sérieux obstacle au développent d'une culture de l'information citoyenne. \n\nLe site web de l'Assemblée nationale présente des informations mises à jour, mais le reste de la documentation date de plus de deux ans. Quelques rubriques sont en contruction et non disponibles.","1. AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 13 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. CHEIKH Baba, président de l'association Etre Transparent, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. MBAREK Hacen, président de l' Association Mauritanienne pour la Promotion du Droit, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","L'accès aux textes législatifs en Mauritanie reste un parcours du combattant. Il existe une forte pratique de la rétention de l'information, sous-produit des régimes d'exception qui se sont succédés depuis le 10 juillet 1978. L'information citoyenne n'a pas encore été vulgarisée. ..."]
["2014_RW_43",2014,"RW","Rwanda",43,75,"In practice, legislative processes in Rwanda are open to the public, and through the public library at parliament, the public can request and access all legislative documents. Once bills are enacted, they are sent for publication in the official Gazette, which can be found in the Office of the Prime Minister. However, some of the few parliamentary reporters interviewed as part of this research say it is difficult to get draft bills a week or two before they go to committees, for example, if you wanted to do an exclusive story. This information comes to them maybe two or three working days before they are tabled, which itself can be a problem. \n\nInternal regulation of both chambers provided that \"all Parliamentary activities are public.\" Citizens have access to the committee meetings and plenary sessions. All bills under debate in parliament are available online on the parliamentary website, and the laws published in official Gazette are available on the prime minister's website. Citizens also can access a hard copy of official Gazette. \n\nField visits of MPs also are organized to collect views of the population on some bills under debate in parliament, says Augustin Habimana, the director of communications at parliament. The parliament also holds annual open days during which the public comes in to see the work being done. \n\nKevin Thierry Gatete, a human rights lawyer and writer, said, \"I have access to draft bills, still in commissions, the weekly agenda of the parliament, contact details of chairs of commissions, etc. I have personally never found a problem getting a document from parliament. I also have access to the official Gazette in the prime minister's office, even though this is done on prior notice. The cost is affordable.\"\n\nAccording to Athan Tashobya, parliamentary reporter for The New Times, said, \"Accessing information from high-profile people goes back to a level of professionalism and the degree of journalism ethics. I have yet to find a problem accessing information or talking to my sources in the legislative House for as long as i have been a parliament reporter for The New Tmes.\"","Interview with Augustine Habimana, director of the communications department, the parliament of Rwanda, June 22, 2014. \n\nInterview with Kevin Thierry Gatete, Rwanda human rights lawyer, writer, June 21,2014. \n\nInterview with Athan Tashobya, parliamentary reporter, The New Times, June 22, 2014.","In practice, legislative processes in Rwanda are open to the public, and through the public library at parliament, the public can request and access all legislative documents. Once bills are enacted, they are sent for publication in the official Gazette, which can be found in the O..."]
["2014_SC_43",2014,"SC","Seychelles",43,50,"All information is published on the parliament website: transcripts of debates and votes, programs. But the full text of bills are not published. Citizen can also make a request at the parliament and would get answers within three days depending on the nature of the information. The archive is not easily accessible for the citizens, because there is no infrastructure provided for on-site consultation.   \n\nAccording to a report on access of information in the Seychelles, there is a live transmission twice a week of the debate in the National Assembly. Broadcasting parliamentary proceedings allows citizen to understand how laws are made.   \n\nThe website of the National Assembly published a document containing some of the activities of the Assembly in 2013, including sittings held, the list of bills passed and the list of acts, but not the contents. This document is available online and in paper from the Secretariat of the Assembly.","Hon. David Pierre, leader of the opposition, Chairperson of finance and public accounts committee, National Assembly building, Ile du Port, 02 Septembre 2014.\n\nReport on the State of Media and Communication (media on threshold) , submitted by Pauline Ferrari, Media Consultant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, February 2014, p.13 http://mfa.gov.sc/uploads/files/filepath_53.pdf.\n\nOffice of the Clerk, National  Assembly of Seychelles, December 2013, http://nationalassembly.sc/images/Parldocs/the_journal_2013.pdf.","All information is published on the parliament website: transcripts of debates and votes, programs. But the full text of bills are not published. Citizen can also make a request at the parliament and would get answers within three days depending on the nature of the information. Th..."]
["2014_SD_43",2014,"SD","Sudan",43,0,"In Sudan, citzens are not allowed to enter the parliament hall during the legislative process. Journalists are likewise prohibited to participate in or attend legislative processes unless they have registered their names and presented valid journalism identity cards to the parliament's receptionist.\n\nLegislative records, the transcripts of debates, votes, roll call votes, etc., are not accessible to the public online, even if requested. \n\nIn addition, there is no legislative archive, and citizens do not have access to any other source of documentation. However, the full text of laws can be found online, usually six or seven months after a law has passed.","[Interview] Faisal Mohamed Salih, journalist, journalism lecturer and director of Teeba Press Center, Sept. 29, 2014, Khartoum. \n\n[Interview] Ahmed Younis, journalist, correspondent and head of the Alsharq Alawsat newspaper in Sudan, Sept. 29, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Sami Abdelrahman, Journalist who covers parliament, Altayyar newspaper, Sept. 30, 2014, Khartoum. \n\nNational Assembly website, accessed October 2014. \nhttp://www.parliament.gov.sd/ar/index.php/site/","In Sudan, citzens are not allowed to enter the parliament hall during the legislative process. Journalists are likewise prohibited to participate in or attend legislative processes unless they have registered their names and presented valid journalism identity cards to the parliame..."]
["2014_UG_43",2014,"UG","Uganda",43,25,"A review of the parliament Web site revealed that legislative records like the hansards and bills are available and can be accessed by the public online. The Web site indicates that daily debates from Hansard (the official edited verbatim report of proceedings of the Parliament of Uganda) are published on the Web site not more than a month after the date of debate. There is an easily available legislative archive online, though it does not have all records, including those that are less than a month old.","Mercy Nalugo, The Monitor, 30 Aug. 2014 \n\n“Latest Hansards,” Parliament of the Republic of Uganda (September 2014)\n http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/documents-and-reports/daily-hansard \n\n“Parliamentary Committee Reports,” Parliament of the Republic of Uganda (November 2013)\nhttp://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/documents-and-reports/committee-reports\n \n “Business Transacted,” Parliament of the Republic of Uganda (December 2013)\n http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/parliamentary-business/business-transacted","A review of the parliament Web site revealed that legislative records like the hansards and bills are available and can be accessed by the public online. The Web site indicates that daily debates from Hansard (the official edited verbatim report of proceedings of the Parliament of ..."]
["2014_BJ_44",2014,"BJ","Benin",44,0,"Au Bénin la loi fait obligation aux hauts fonctionnaires de l'État de déclarer leur patrimoine, mais la loi n'exige pas la divulgation des avoirs de la famille immédiate et ne rend pas les divulgations publiques.\n\nSelon l'article 3 de la Loi n°2011-20 du 12 octobre 2011 portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin : « les hautes personnalités de l’État et les hauts fonctionnaires, les directeurs centraux de l’administration, les directeurs de projets, les directeurs des régies financières, les régisseurs, les comptables décentralisés et déconcentrés, de tout organisme public ou des membres des états-majors des armées, sociétés d’État, les directeurs de la douane, de police et de gendarmerie et des eaux et forêts, tout commandant ou commissaire de police, les directeurs des offices, les présidents de commissions administratives, les administrateurs d’un ouvrage public ou d’un bien appartenant au domaine de l’État, les Président de tribunaux, juges, procureurs et greffiers et plus généralement tout ordonnateurs de dépense de tout organisme public et de toute personnes morale de droit public, les administrateurs, directeurs, comptable et contrôleurs des entreprises publiques et sociétés de droit privé dont le capital est détenu par l’État, les ambassadeurs et les membres de l’Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption ont obligation de déclarer à la prise de le service, leur patrimoine. Ces dispositions s’étendent également aux personnalités élues à un mandat public et à tout agent public de l’État dont l’acte de nomination en fait obligation. Un décret pris en conseil des ministres déterminera la liste des hautes personnalités de l’État et des hauts fonctionnaires concernés par les présentes dispositions ».","Loi n°2011-20 du 12 octobre 2011 portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin. Article 3.  http://assemblee-nationale.bj/fr/dernieres-lois-votees/339-loi-corruption/file","Au Bénin la loi fait obligation aux hauts fonctionnaires de l'État de déclarer leur patrimoine, mais la loi n'exige pas la divulgation des avoirs de la famille immédiate et ne rend pas les divulgations publiques...."]
["2014_CF_44",2014,"CF","CAR",44,0,"En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe pas à l'heure  actuelle une loi contraignant les hautes personnalités à déclarer leurs patrimoines avant d'entrer en fonction et après leur départ. \n\nLa Constitution de 2005 (suspendue) avait prévu la déclaration des biens d'un certain nombre des personnes exerçant les activités publiques, notamment le Chef de l'État, le Premier Ministre, les Ministres, le Président de l'Assemblée nationale et les Députés et le Président de la Cour constitutionnelle. \n\nA la suite de cette constitution, le décret n°08.338 du 28 septembre 2008 portant déclaration de patrimoine des personnalités, des fonctionnaires, des dirigeants des entreprises et offices publics avait été pris, mais ce décret n'a pas mentionné la déclaration des biens par des parents des personnes publiques concernées. \nLe décret n'a pas non plus stipulé que la déclaration de patrimoine faite par des hautes personnalités soient publiques ou rendues publiques. Ce qui signifie que même si cette déclaration etait faite, elle ne peut être mise à la disposition du public.","Décret n° 08.338 portant déclaration du patrimoine des personnalités, des fonctionnaires et dirigeants des entreprises et offices publics du 28 septembre 2008. www.uncsd2012.org/.../584QUESTIONNAIRE_Rep_Centrafricaine;  http://webs.ono.com/juanfandos/jorca.htm.\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à la faculté de droit à l'université de Bangui, interview du 23 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nOTTO Blaise, juriste de formation, Conseiller national, avocat au barreau de la RCA, président du Comité chargé d'élaboré le nouveau projet de la Constitution, interview du  24 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nYABINDI Edmond, avocat au barreau de la RCA, interview du 24 juin 2014, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe pas à l'heure  actuelle une loi contraignant les hautes personnalités à déclarer leurs patrimoines avant d'entrer en fonction et après leur départ. ..."]
["2014_KM_44",2014,"KM","Comoros",44,0,"La loi astreint une certaine catégorie de personnes à déposer leur déclaration de patrimoine, mais cette déclaration n’est pas rendue publique. Le fait de déposer une déclaration de patrimoine est déjà un grand pas pour un pays comme les Comores (et d’autres pays en voie de développement) où le culte du secret constitue la règle alors que l’effort de transparence est généralement une exception.\n\nL’ article 2 de la loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores dispose qu'une catégorie de personne sont tenues, dans les trois  mois qui suivent leur nomination ou leur entrée en fonction, d’adresser ou de déposer au siège de la Commission de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption une déclaration certifiée exacte et sincère de leur situation patrimoniale, ainsi que celle de leurs conjoints et enfants mineurs. Cette déclaration doit être renouvelée annuellement. Ces dispositions s’appliquent aux :\n\n-         Président de l’Union des Comores ;\n-         membres du gouvernement de l’Union ;\n-         Députés ;\n-         Chefs des exécutifs des îles autonomes ;\n-         Ministres des îles autonomes ;\n-         Maires et les présidents des conseils régionaux ;\n-         Membres de la Cour constitutionnelle ;\n-         Membres de la Cour suprême ;\n-         Magistrats de l’ordre judiciaire ;\n-         Greffiers ;\n-         Directeurs des banques de l’Union ;\n-         Directeurs généraux, les adjoints, les directeurs régionaux et les agents comptables des sociétés et entreprises publiques à caractères industriel et commercial ;\n-         Trésorier payeur général et les préposés du trésorier, les percepteurs et les chefs services des douanes et des impôts ;\n-         Chefs et directeurs des services nommés par décret en Conseil des ministres de l’Union ou de l’île ;\n-         Inspecteurs de l’enseignement, les proviseurs et les directeurs des collèges et écoles primaires ;\n-         Ingénieurs et techniciens des travaux publics ;\n-         receveurs ;\n-         Directeurs administratifs et financiers ;\n-         Contrôleurs financiers ;\n-         Inspecteurs de l’enseignement ;\n-         Personnels militaires de l’armée et le personnel des services de sécurité en activité.","Loi N° 08-013/AU du 25 juillet 2008 relative à la transparence des activités publique, économique, financière et sociale de l’Union des Comores, Article-2. http://www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?id_article=1548\n\nComores Droit, 13 décembre 2013, « Déclaration du patrimoine aux Comores : l’échec ». http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/1434-declaration-du-patrimoine-aux-comores-l-echec","La loi astreint une certaine catégorie de personnes à déposer leur déclaration de patrimoine, mais cette déclaration n’est pas rendue publique. Le fait de déposer une déclaration de patrimoine est déjà un grand pas pour un pays comme les Comores (et d’autres pays en voie de dévelop..."]
["2014_ER_44",2014,"ER","Eritrea",44,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2014_ET_44",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",44,0,"Article 4 of the Disclosure and Registration of Assets Proclamation includes an obligation for government officials to register their assets. Specifically, it states \"any appointee, elected person or public servant shall have the obligation to disclose and register: \na) The assets under the ownership or possession of himself and his family; and\nb) Sources of his income and those of his family.\" \n\nThe law provides for disclosures to be transparent and open to the public, however assets of family members shall remain confidential. \n\n12. Accessibility of Registered Information\n1/ All information regarding the registration of assets of an appointee, elected person or a public servant shall be open to the public.\n2/ Any person who wishes to access information regarding the registration of assets may apply in writing to the Commission or to the concerned ethics liaison unit.\n3/ The Commission or the concerned ethics liaison unit shall accept and grant the information requested to the requesting person.\n4/ Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article the information regarding the registration of \nfamily assets shall be confidential unless disclosure is required in the interest of justice or for other purposes to be determined by the Commission as necessary.\n5/ The Commission shall provide the public with general information regarding the registration of assets under this Proclamation every two years by way of reports.","Disclosure and Registration of Assets Proclamation No. 668 /2010, b Article 4, subarticles 1 and 2, 2010. \nhttps://chilot.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/668-disclosure-and-registration-of-assets-proclamation.pdf","Article 4 of the Disclosure and Registration of Assets Proclamation includes an obligation for government officials to register their assets. Specifically, it states \"any appointee, elected person or public servant shall have the obligation to disclose and register: ..."]
["2014_GW_44",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",44,0,"In order to ensure more transparency in public management, to combat corruption and illicit mechanisms of enrichment,  Article 1º  of Law n7/99 establishes that senior officials from all three branches of government. Undr Article 2º,  officials are obliged to disclose records of their assets every 4 years. Under Article 4º, the disclosure of assets includes the totality of their belongings and vehicles and their income. However, Article 8º states that disclosures are confidential and may only be made available to the president, legislative commissions of inquiry, public ministry and judicial courts.","1.  Disclosure Law, Law 7/99, 7 September 1999.\n2.  Political positions, Law 14/97, 2 December 1997.","In order to ensure more transparency in public management, to combat corruption and illicit mechanisms of enrichment,  Article 1º  of Law n7/99 establishes that senior officials from all three branches of government. Undr Article 2º,  officials are obliged to disclose records of th..."]
["2014_MW_44",2014,"MW","Malawi",44,0,"Disclosure of assets by senior government officials is addressed in Section 88A as well as Section 213 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Section 88A is specifically for the president and cabinet while Section 213 refers to members of parliament and other public officers holding positions of such grades as may be specified by parliament.\n\nUnder both sections, officials are required to file a record of their assets with the Office of the Speaker of Parliament, which should in turn deposit the document with a public office specified by the Standing Orders of Parliament. There is no requirement that the declarations of assets should be made public. Furthermore, neither the act nor the standing orders of parliament referred to in the constitution exist.\n\nIn terms of the scope of the law, senior officials of the judiciary are not covered in these constitutional provisions. For those in positions required to declare assets, the law does not demand declaration of assets of immediate members of the family apart from spouses. The Corrupt Practices Act of 1996 does not add much to the constitutional provisions. \n\nThe Declaration of Assets Act was passed into law in early 2014 but is not yet being implemented. Currently, parliament is in the course of establishing the office and recruiting officers to start work.\n\nThe Declaration of Assets Act (2014) has been criticized for having loopholes - as it does not make compulsory declarations of assets by public officers including the president. It remains to be seen how effective the act will be.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (2010) Section 88A and Section 23. http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n2. Corrupt Practices Act, Section 25D,(1996) http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/7:04/corrupt_practices_act_pdf_90548.pdf","Disclosure of assets by senior government officials is addressed in Section 88A as well as Section 213 of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Section 88A is specifically for the president and cabinet while Section 213 refers to members of parliament and other public officer..."]
["2014_MA_44",2014,"MA","Morocco",44,0,"The head of Government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges and all officials appointed or elected to a public function are obliged by law to declare their assets. \n\nHowever, the King - the Head of State - is not subject to any law that concerns asset declaration.","1. Moroccan Constitution - voted in July 2011 - article 158. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=13535\n\n2. Dahir n° 1-74-331 - Asset Declaration of Members of the Government - Official Bulletin n°5679. http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Morocco_President%20Decree%20on%20Declaration%20by%20Government%20Members_2008_fr.pdf\n\n3. Dahir n° 1-14-139 du 16 chaoual 1435 (13 août 2014) portant loi organique de la loi n°066.13 relatif à la cour constitutionnelle - Asset Declaration of Members of the Constitutional Council- Official Bulletin n°5679. Arabic version only https://drive.google.com/a/globalintegrity.org/file/d/0B8w8e0YdwRcsR3lwOTZGRXhHTUE/edit\n\n4. Organic Law n° 31-97 completing organic law n° 31-97 - Asset Declaration of Members of the Constitutional Council - Official Bulletin n°5679 .\n\n5. Law n° 53-06 - November 2008 - Asset Declaration of Members of the judges- Official Bulletin n°5679.","The head of Government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges and all officials appointed or elected to a public function are obliged by law to declare their assets. ..."]
["2014_RW_44",2014,"RW","Rwanda",44,0,"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets.\n\nThe Office of the Ombudsman in Rwanda is the state body charged with fighting corruption, preventing it and ensuring law enforcement. Law No. 76/2013 determines the mission, powers, organization and functioning of the Office of the Ombudsman. The office confirmed that the senior officials declare their wealth, but their declarations are not made public. However, they say that under the new Access to Information Law that took effect in 2013, the declarations can be legally requested. However, a precedent has yet to be set because no one has requested them. This link has a list of senior officials who are supposed to declare their wealth: http://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/?Declaration-of-Assets-Unit.\n\nUnder Law No. 76/2013, a declaration of property is supposed to be submitted to the ombudsman no later than June 30 each year for those who are already in service and within a period not exceeding 15 days from the date they left office for those who are no longer in public service. \n \nNew public officials have one month from the date of taking office to declare their property. This point is emphasized by the Leadership Code of Conduct in Organic Law No. 61/2008. Chapter 4, Article 19 states: \"Every leader shall declare to the Office of Ombudsman his/her assets whether found in the country or abroad.\"","Office of the Ombudsman website.\nhttp://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/itegeko_rigenga_urwego_rw_umuvunyi1.pdf\n\nLeadership Code of Conduct.\nhttp://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/leadership_code_of_conduct.pdf","In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets...."]
["2014_SL_44",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",44,0,"Public officers in Sierra Leone are required to disclose their assets and liabilities to the Anti-Corruption Commission. \n\nSection 119 (1) of the Anti-Corruption Act of 2008 requires every public officer to deposit with the commission a sworn declaration of assets, income and liabilities within a period of three months after becoming a public officer and \"thereafter not later than 31st March in each succeeding year that he is a public officer, he shall deposit further declarations of his income, assets and liabilities. \n\nIn Subsection 13 of Section 119, officials of the commission are required to deal with all documents and information, and all other matters relating to a declaration, as secret and confidential. The law does not make the disclosures public; they are made only to the Anti-Corruption Commission.","Anti-Corruption Act, 2008, Part VIII - Integrity in Public Life, Section 119 (1).\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2008-12.pdf","Public officers in Sierra Leone are required to disclose their assets and liabilities to the Anti-Corruption Commission. ..."]
["2014_TZ_44",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",44,0,"The Public Leadership Code of Ethics, in sections 9-11, requires some form of asset disclosure. However, the law is incomplete as it provides exceptions on which assets to declare or not. Land, for example, is not listed among the assets to be declared. Also, the law does not categorically make the declaration public. \n\nArticle 132 (1) of the constitution requires \"persons holding certain public offices to make a formal declaration from time to time concerning their income, assets and liabilities.\"\n\nArticle 28 (1), of The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau Act, 2007 empowers the anti-corruption agency personnel to require, in writing, public officials to disclose full and true accounts of their properties, including those held by agents when in service, and how they were acquired.","1. Articles 9-11 of the Public Leadership Code (1995).\n\n2. Article 132 -(1) of the Constitution (1977).\n3. Article 28 (1), of The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau\nAct, 2007.","The Public Leadership Code of Ethics, in sections 9-11, requires some form of asset disclosure. However, the law is incomplete as it provides exceptions on which assets to declare or not. Land, for example, is not listed among the assets to be declared. Also, the law does not categ..."]
["2014_ZW_44",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",44,0,"Section 198 of the constitution states that an act of parliament that provides measures requiring public officers to make regular disclosure of their assets should be enacted. As of now, no such legislation has been enacted in line with the constitution.","Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20), Section 198, Act 1/2013. \nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646","Section 198 of the constitution states that an act of parliament that provides measures requiring public officers to make regular disclosure of their assets should be enacted. As of now, no such legislation has been enacted in line with the constitution."]
["2014_BI_45",2014,"BI","Burundi",45,0,"Selon la loi anti-corruption, certaines catégories de fonctionnaires (hautes autorités etc) doivent déclarer leurs biens à leur entrée en fonction et à la fin du mandat. Toutefois, ces déclarations ne sont pas faites systématiquement et la loi n'indique pas qu'elles soient publiques.\n\nQuelques uns parmi les hauts cadres le font, mais l'on ne sait pas s'ils font de vraies déclarations car les dépositaires sont tenus de garder le secret. La déclaration des biens n' est pas faite systématiquement par les autorités du pays.\n\nSur le site de l' Office Burundais des Recettes, on peut lire des exemples de hauts cadres qui ont fait des déclarations de leur patrimoine à l'entrée en fonction. C'est le cas du Dr. Domitien NDIHOKUBWAYO, en fonction depuis juillet 2014, qui devant le président de la Cours d’appel de Bujumbura, a déclaré le 14 août 2014 son patrimoine.\n\nLes hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches de l'État ne procèdent pas systématiquement à la déclaration de leurs patrimoines et les divulgations des actifs ne sont pas mises à la disposition du public.","NKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014.\n\nNDIKUMANA Faustin, président de l'ONG Parole et actions pour le changement des mentalités, lors de l' émission \"Inkuru y'imvaho\" de la radio isanganiro à 9h\n\nSite de l'Office burundais des recettes, août 2014, «Le nouveau commissaire général déclare son patrimoine». http://www.obr.bi/index.php/publications/actualites/385-le-nouveau-commissaire-general-declare-son-patrimoine","Selon la loi anti-corruption, certaines catégories de fonctionnaires (hautes autorités etc) doivent déclarer leurs biens à leur entrée en fonction et à la fin du mandat. Toutefois, ces déclarations ne sont pas faites systématiquement et la loi n'indique pas qu'elles soient publique..."]
["2014_TD_45",2014,"TD","Chad",45,0,"Les déclarations des patrimoines par le chef de l'État et les membres du gouvernement sont faites mais le plus souvent de façon écrite et adressée au Conseil constitutionnel. Ce qui fait soulever parfois des interrogations quant à leur caractère public. Pour le directeur de la législature du ministère de la justice Miarom MBÉGOTO, les lois sont là mais le respect est plus ou moins strict par les trois niveaux de l'État.\n\nSelon le juriste fondamentaliste Daram FINAMOU, les trois pouvoirs de l'État respectent bien la déclaration des patrimoines, les fonctionnaires de trois branches de l'Etat au Tchad respectent la tradition juridique de la déclaration des patrimoines, mais les informations qu'ils divulguent ne sont pas parfois à la hauteur de l'attente du public. D'ailleurs le public tchadien ne s'interesse pas à cette procédure et peu de personne cherche à consulter les déclarations de patrimoines puisqu'elles ne servent presque à rien. Pourtant, elles sont gratuites dans les archives publiques\n\nLes déclarations de patrimoine contiennent tellement peu d'informations nécessaires qu'elles sont ignorées par les citoyens.\n\nGloria RONEL, journaliste-reporter au site d'information tchadien Alwihdainfo.com estime que «certains corps de l'État comme l'exécutif, procède à la déclaration de leurs biens mais rares sont ceux qui le font en public. De toutes manières, les déclarations de patrimoine, ne contiennent pas des informations intéressantes dont le public aimerait prendre connaissance. L'accès aux déclarations de patrimoine n'est pas aussi compliqué mais on accorde moins d'importance.»","FINAMOU Daram, juriste fondamentaliste, enseignant à l’Université EMI-Koussi, entretien  à son domicile, 28 juin 2014.\n\nMBÉGOTO Miarom, Directeur de la législature du ministère de la justice, entretien par téléphone, 03 juillet 2014 \n\nRONEL Gloria, journaliste-reporter au site d'information Alwihdainfo.com, entretienà la Maison des médias du Tchad, 26 août 2014.","Les déclarations des patrimoines par le chef de l'État et les membres du gouvernement sont faites mais le plus souvent de façon écrite et adressée au Conseil constitutionnel. Ce qui fait soulever parfois des interrogations quant à leur caractère public. Pour le directeur de la légi..."]
["2014_EG_45",2014,"EG","Egypt",45,0,"President Sisi has made an effort to increase transparency in this category by revealing his assets and wealth. Much of this was linked to his 2014 Presidential campaign, however.\n\nDespite his personal efforts, the assets of judicial officials are not disclosed to the public without a court order. During the reporting period, Egypt's Parliament was suspended. It remains to be seen if the electoral commission will require asset disclosures for the incoming 2014 Parliament.","Yasmine M. Fakhry, Human Rights Educator University of Alexandria, August 7, 2014. \n\nEgyptian Streets June 24, 2014 \"President Sisi to give up half his salary and wealth ‘for Egypt’\" egyptianstreets.com/2014/06/24/president-sisi-to-give-up-half-his-salary-and-wealth-for-egypt/.\n\nThe National, \"El Sis takes pay cut to boost Egyot's economy\" June 24, 2014 www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/el-sisi-takes-pay-cut-to-boost-egyptx2019s-economy.","President Sisi has made an effort to increase transparency in this category by revealing his assets and wealth. Much of this was linked to his 2014 Presidential campaign, however...."]
["2014_ET_45",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",45,0,"Disclosure and registration of assets of civil servants and other appointed officials is done through a directorate created within the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission. \n\nAccording to the Asset Disclosure and Registration Directorate of the FEACC, about 75,000 registrations have been made, as of June 2014. Among these are full registration of the assets of all cabinet ministers, all appointees of the defence forces and more than 90 percent of the members of the House of Peoples’ Representatives. All heads of the three branches and their deputies have registered their assets. Some 83 percent of federal Judges and judges in municipal courts have declared and registered their assets.\n\nThe disclosures are not available to the public either online or through request to the commission. The commission only provides aggregated data on disclosure of assets. The system is under development, and the possibility of access to the information is not completely closed.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, 8 July, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.  \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, director of civil society organisation, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.  \n\nDisclosure and Registration of Assets Proclamation No. 668 /2010,b Article 4, subarticles 1 and 2, 2010. \nhttp://chilot.me/?s=Disclosure+of+assets&submit=Search","Disclosure and registration of assets of civil servants and other appointed officials is done through a directorate created within the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission. ..."]
["2014_KE_45",2014,"KE","Kenya",45,50,"The Public Officers Ethics Act requires public officers to file a statement of their wealth every two years.  \n\nIn practice, senior public officers declare their assets, but this is not always systematically enforced by the responsible commission (the law did not mandate a single commission, but left it to the responsible commission to receive the declaration of assets). For instance the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) was widely criticized for not doing a clean job when it cleared candidates to participate in the 2013 General Elections. Several individuals with suspicious records sailed through the IEBC process.\n\nMore stringent background checks during vetting of senior public officers has made it difficult to hide assets.\n \nThe impact or effectiveness of wealth declaration by public officers in Kenya has finally become visible thanks to the recent vetting of judges, magistrates and senior police chiefs as many of them could not explain their wealth - either cash transfers into and out of their bank accounts or properties not declared for purposes of vetting.\nAs such they were put to task to explain, and several of them failed to go past the vetting stage on grounds of financial improbity. The vetting of judges, magistrates and senior police officers brought fresh meaning that was hitherto ignored by many despite the requirements by law.\n\nAn April 2014 article by Samuel Kimeu, executive director of Transparency International Kenya also points that: \"While technically it is possible for the public to access wealth declarations, in practice it’s a near impossibility. There is no record of a successful request for the release of wealth declaration information in Kenya, completely defeating the purpose for which it was established.\"","1. Kennedy Masime, Executive Director of Centre for Governance and Development (CGD). Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n2. \"Asset Declaration: The neglected cornerstone in anti-corruption efforts\". An article by Samuel Kimeu, the executive director, Transparency International Kenya. It was published on April 9, 2014.\nhttp://www.tikenya.org/index.php/blog/267-asset-declaration-the-neglected-cornerstone-in-anti-corruption.\n\n3. \"Millionaire detective tasked over wealth\". An article by Joseph Muraya published by Capital News on January 10, 2014. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2014/01/millionaire-detective-tasked-over-wealth/.\n\n4. \"Five judges sent home, 23 cleared as Rao turns to magistrates\". An article by Pamela Chepkemei, published by the Nation Newspaper on December 22,2012. http://archive.today/QXPVk#selection-681.0-681.61.\n\n5. \"Three senior police officers sent home after vetting\". An article by Zaddock Angira. published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on January 3, 2014.\nhttp://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Three-senior-police-officers-sent-home-after-vetting/-/1950946/2133770/-/format/xhtml/-/1315f94z/-/index.html.\n\n6. \"12 senior police officers fail Kavuludi test\". An article By Joseph Muraya, published by Capital News on May 28, 2014.\nhttp://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2014/05/12-senior-police-officers-fail-kavuludi-test/.","The Public Officers Ethics Act requires public officers to file a statement of their wealth every two years.  ..."]
["2014_LS_45",2014,"LS","Lesotho",45,0,"Head of state and government, ministers, members of parliament, judges and others do not declare their assets. The disclosure of assets for senior officials remains inexistent in Lesotho. There has been no change during the period under review.\n\nKimetso Mathaba, the chairperson of Natural Resource Portfolio Committee of the National Assembly, and Tsikoane Peshoane of the Transformation Resource Centre both stated that senior officials of the three branches of government have not disclosed their assets during the period under review.\n\nAccording to the Lesotho Times newspaper, the Ministry of Public Works had planned to ensure that all senior civil servants declare their assets by April 1, 2014. However, the programme ended up being implemented among juniors officers, not at the higher echelons. The most notable point is that middle and junior government officials were forced to disclose their assets during this period. This move has left out a very important component of decision makers whose disclosure is even more critical towards promotion of transparency.","Kimetso Mathaba, Chairperson of the Natural Resources Portfolio Committee, National Assembly, 15th September 2014, Maseru. \n\nTsikoane Peshoane, Democracy Education and Parliamentary Affairs Officer, Transformation Resource Centre, 17th September 2014, Maseru. \n\nLesotho Times, Billy Ntaote, Top Civil Servants to Declare Assets, 27th February 2014, http://lestimes.com/top-civil-servants-to-declare-assets/ (accessed on the 2nd September 2014)","Head of state and government, ministers, members of parliament, judges and others do not declare their assets. The disclosure of assets for senior officials remains inexistent in Lesotho. There has been no change during the period under review...."]
["2014_MR_45",2014,"MR","Mauritania",45,0,"La loi n°2007-054 créant la Commission financière de la transparence de la vie publique impose la déclaration de patrimoine à un certain nombre de personnalités et à une certaine catégorie de hauts fonctionnaires du service public. Toutefois, il exclut de cette déclaration de patrimoine les proches parents. La loi n°2007-054  présente des lacunes car elle n'a pas étendu cette obligation de déclaration de patrimoine aux membres de la famille des hauts fonctionnaires et des hautes personnalités. Il n'existe aucun mécanisme permettant de constater le bien-fondé de ces déclarations, pas plus qu'il n'existe de dispositifs en cas de fausse déclaration. Les déclarations ne sont pas non plus publiques.","1. AIDARA Cheikhna, président de l'Association Transparence et Développement (ATED), 13 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. CHEIKH Baba, président de l'association Etre Transparent, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. MBAREK Hacen, président de l' Association Mauritanienne pour la Promotion du Droit, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","La loi n°2007-054 créant la Commission financière de la transparence de la vie publique impose la déclaration de patrimoine à un certain nombre de personnalités et à une certaine catégorie de hauts fonctionnaires du service public. Toutefois, il exclut de cette déclaration de patri..."]
["2014_MZ_45",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",45,0,"In practice, the declaration of assets in Mozambique is not enforced. Despite the legal obligation, public officeholders of the three branches of state power do not follow the letter of the law or the intent of the law. Moreover, the nondisclosure of asset declarations does not allow for accurately identifying who does what or finding out the types and sums of assets owned, as the data is not in the public domain. This situation results from the nonexistence of a legal tool that citizens can use to access such information.","Interview with Dionisio Nombora, senior researcher, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 14 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Egidio Vaz Raposo, communications consultant, Independent Media Group, Maputo, 15 July 2014.\n\nA Verdade, Alfredo Manjate, \"Corruption is still an obstacle to justice in Mozambique\" (\"Corrupção ainda é um obstáculo à justiça em Moçambique\"), 6 March 2014. http://www.verdade.co.mz/destaques/democracia/44564-corrupcao-ainda-e-um-obstaculo-a-justica-em-mocambique","In practice, the declaration of assets in Mozambique is not enforced. Despite the legal obligation, public officeholders of the three branches of state power do not follow the letter of the law or the intent of the law. Moreover, the nondisclosure of asset declarations does not all..."]
["2014_SN_45",2014,"SN","Senegal",45,25,"Comme la loi N°2014 -17 relative à la déclaration de patrimoine ne s'applique pas à l'ensemble des hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches de l'Etat, dans la pratique seules les personnes concernées font leur déclaration de patrimoine. \n\nEn d’autres termes, ce n’est pas tous les hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches de l'Etat qui procèdent tous à la déclaration de leurs patrimoines. Pour ceux qui le font, les informations ne sont pas disponibles au public encore moins en ligne, ou en version papier.\nSeuls les actifs du Président de la République sont connus. Comme le stipule la Constitution, le Président produit en effet une déclaration de patrimoine, qu’il adresse au Conseil constitutionnel et qui est rendue publique.","BODJI Mouhamadou, coordonnateur du forum civile, section sénégalaise Transparency International, 18 juillet 2014.\n\nDIÈYE Abdoulaye, professeur de droit constitutionnel de l'université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, 18 juillet 2014\n\nDOMINGO MANÉ, Bacary, Sud Quotidien, 22 mars 2014, «Vote de la loi sur la déclaration de patrimoine, les députés à 'l’abri'de la transparence»\nhttp://www.sudonline.sn/index.php/politique/item/les-deputes-a---l-abri--de-la-transparence_a_18078.html","Comme la loi N°2014 -17 relative à la déclaration de patrimoine ne s'applique pas à l'ensemble des hauts fonctionnaires des trois branches de l'Etat, dans la pratique seules les personnes concernées font leur déclaration de patrimoine. ..."]
["2014_SS_45",2014,"SS","South Sudan",45,0,"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government, including the head of state and government, ministers, members of parliament and judges, among others, is not effective, and assets declarations are kept confidential. \n\nSouth Sudan’s Transitional Constitution, 2011, and the Southern Sudan Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2009, require senior civil servants and politicians to confidentially declare wealth annually upon taking office. Officials are expected to disclose what they own in terms of real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, income from investments, and assets belonging to the immediate family. Senior government officials from the legislative, executive and judicial branches filed asset disclosures with the Anti-Corruption Commission for the first time in 2012. \n\nBut an official with the commission who spoke on condition of anonymity said most officials seem to have underdeclared their assets. In addition, some only listed the assets without attaching a monetary value to them.  But since the disclosures are often filled in forms, since the process started in 2012 there has been no statement regarding what will happen to those who have not declared or who undedeclare. It is also not clear if all those required to declare have done so. \n\nIn addition, it’s not clear what the Anti-Corruption Commission is supposed to do with the information senior civil servants and politicians provide in the asset/wealth declaration forms. What one can assume is that such information could be used to verify whether officials have provided accurate information and ensure that the wealth so declared wasn't acquired through fraudulent means. \n\nGiven that the disclosures are done in private, civil society activists believe the process is not effective. Citizens believe most officials often underdeclare their assets; in addition, there is no follow up to double-check the accuracy of the information provided.\n\nAccording to several accounts from civil society activists, most senior staff of the Anti-Corruption Commission are members of the ruling SPLM Party and could find it hard to expose their colleagues who fail to disclose their wealth. \n\nThe Sudd Institute, a local think tank, says in a January 2014 policy brief that despite laws that require politicians and civil servants to declare their wealth, “there has been no clear penalty for non-compliance. In addition, the information declared by the officials is not available to the public, which should make the system more transparent.\" \nAbraham Awolich, a policy analyst with the Sudd Institute, says that “although public officials are required to report their wealth, assets and liabilities every year, the process should include an annual performance of an independent audit of public officials’ accounts and assets to prevent chances of public officials getting away with public money during their stay in or exit from office.”","Interview with Edmond Yakani, executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO), Aug. 15, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nInterview with Abraham Awolich, policy analyst, The Sudd Institute, June 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nThe Sudd Institute, policy brief, Nhial Tiitmamer and Abraham Awolich, \"South Sudan’s Anti-Corruption Efforts and Poor Global Ranking,\"  Jan. 17, 2014.\nhttps://radiotamazuj.org/sites/default/files/Sudd%20Institute%20Policy%20Brief%20-%20Anti-Corruption.pdf","In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government, including the head of state and government, ministers, members of parliament and judges, among others, is not effective, and assets declarations are kept confidential. ..."]
["2014_TN_45",2014,"TN","Tunisia",45,0,"In 2012, and according to the law, all members of the cabinet declared their assets to the \"Cour des Comptes,\" the official agency in charge of auditing the government accounts. But only some members of the new cabinet effectively declared their assets. In any event, their declaration is kept confidential by the Cour des Comptes and is not made available to the public.","Interview with Mehdi Mabrouk, former minister of culture, 13 June 2014, Tunis. \n\nInterview with Bassem Karray, professor of public law, University of Sfax, 14 June 2014.\n\nArticle: Tuniscope, \"Bientot des détails sur la déclaration des biens des ministres de Jomaa,\" 10 March 2014, Tunis http://www.tuniscope.com/index.php/article/40987/actualites/politique/declarations-ministres-jomaa-533210#.U6m3W_l5NqU\n\nArticle: Business News, \"Le gouvernement Jomma déclare son patrimoine,\" 17 March 2014.\nhttp://www.businessnews.com.tn/tunisie-le-gouvernement-jomaa-declare-son-patrimoine,520,45011,3","In 2012, and according to the law, all members of the cabinet declared their assets to the \"Cour des Comptes,\" the official agency in charge of auditing the government accounts. But only some members of the new cabinet effectively declared their assets. In any event, their declarat..."]
["2014_AO_46",2014,"AO","Angola",46,0,"No such law exists. While assets of the public service should be disclosed to the attorney general, they are not made public. Furthermore, the law is not specific in asking civil servants to also disclose family assets.","No such law exists.","No such law exists. While assets of the public service should be disclosed to the attorney general, they are not made public. Furthermore, the law is not specific in asking civil servants to also disclose family assets."]
["2014_CM_46",2014,"CM","Cameroon",46,0,"La loi de 2006 relative à la déclaration des biens et avoirs enumère les catégories de fonctionnaires assujetis à la déclaration de patrimoine. Mais les fonctionnaires simples ne sont pas concernés. \n\nSon Article 2 stipule que:\n\n(1) Sont assujettis à la déclaration des biens et avoirs, conformément aux dispositions de la présente loi :\n-           le Président de la République ;\n-           le Premier ministre ;\n-           les membres du gouvernement et assimilés ;\n-           le président et les membres du bureau de l'Assemblée nationale ;\n-           le président et les membres du bureau du Sénat ;\n-           les députés, les sénateurs ;\n-           tout détenteur d'un mandat électif ;\n-           les secrétaires généraux de ministères et assimilés ;\n-           les directeurs des administrations centrales ;\n-           les directeurs généraux des entreprises publiques et parapubliques ;\n-           les magistrats ;\n-           les personnels des administrations chargées de l'assiette, du recouvrement, du maniement des recettes publiques et\n             du contrôle budgétaire ;\n-           tout gestionnaire de crédits et de biens publics.\n\n(2) Sont également assujettis à l'obligation de déclaration des biens et avoirs :\n-           le président du Conseil Economique et Social ;\n-           les ambassadeurs ;\n-           les recteurs d'universités d’Etat ;\n-           les délégués du gouvernement auprès de certaines municipalités ;\n-           les présidents des conseils d'administration des établissements publics et des entreprises du secteur publié et\n             parapublic ;\n-           les gouverneurs de province et les préfets ;\n-           les présidents des commissions des marchés publics ;\n-           les présidents des chambres consulaires ;\n-           les chefs de projets bénéficiant de financements extérieurs et/ou de subventions de l'Etat ;\n-           les responsables des liquidations administratives et judiciaires ;\n-           les responsables des établissements publics administratifs et des sociétés à capital public jusqu'au rang de directeur ;\n-           les responsables des administrations centrales ayant rang de directeur d'administration centrale\n\n(3) Est en outre assujetti à l'obligation de déclaration des biens et avoirs, au début et à la fin de son mandat ou de sa fonction, tout ordonnateur de deniers publics au sein d'une association ou de tout autre organisme privé, bénéficiaire de deniers publics, au titre de subventions ou de dons.","Loi n° 003/2006 du 25 avril 2006 relative à la déclaration des biens et avoirs. http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/loi-n-0032006-du-25-avril-2006-relative-a-la-declaration-des-biens-et-avoirs.html","La loi de 2006 relative à la déclaration des biens et avoirs enumère les catégories de fonctionnaires assujetis à la déclaration de patrimoine. Mais les fonctionnaires simples ne sont pas concernés. ..."]
["2014_TD_46",2014,"TD","Chad",46,0,"La loi exigeant la déclaration publique des patrimoines des fonctionnaires existe mais ne s’applique pas à l’ensemble des fonctionnaires tchadiens. \n\nSelon Miarom MBEGOTO, directeur de la législature au ministère de la justice, «sauf les hauts fonctionnaires de l’État dans le domaine de la justice, de finance, d’administration, de l’action sociale et les membres du gouvernement sont tenus de déclarer leurs biens par écrit et adressés à la Cour suprême. Cette dernière peut rendre les déclarations publiques.\"","Constitution de la République du Tchad, article 72 et 104. https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/f53b3f1871db6a6cc125707b004c77e8/$FILE/Constitution%20-%20Chad%20-%20FR.pdf\n\nMBÉGOTO Miarom, Directeur de la législature du ministère de la justice, entretien par téléphone, 07 juillet 2014 ","La loi exigeant la déclaration publique des patrimoines des fonctionnaires existe mais ne s’applique pas à l’ensemble des fonctionnaires tchadiens. ..."]
["2014_GQ_46",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",46,0,"Article 116 of the constitution, 2012, stipulates that all members of government, public and quasi-public officials, must submit a statement disclosing their assets before they take public office. Although the law is quite specific, it does not require asset disclosures to be made public. \n\nThere is also a more specific law from Feb. 5, 2004, mandating the disclosure of assets of public officials in all branches of government (Decree Law No. 1/2004, “On ethics and dignity in the exercise of civil service”).\n\nArticle 10 in Decree Law No. 1/2004 stipulates that the National Public Ethics Commission will keep copies of the documents, but they can only be published to verify a person’s assets: A list of affidavits from the individuals referred to in Article 5 shall be maintained by the National Public Ethics Commission and may only be published, in whole or in part, for purposes of verifying and confirming the person’s actual assets. \n\nChapter II (“System of affidavits and past records”), Articles 5–11, lays out the terms for the disclosure of assets by civil servants. Article 5 stipulates that public officials will present a detailed asset disclosure statement 30 days after taking office. \n\nThe asset disclosure provisions of Decree Law No. 1/2004 apply to all civil servants and public officials cited in Article 6, including members of the executive branch, judges, directors and advisors, provincial governors, mayors of municipalities, ambassadors, the attorney general, Parliament members, and active staff of the armed forces.\n\nAccording to Article 7 in Decree Law No. 1/2004, the detailed asset disclosure statement must include the civil servant’s assets, his or her spouse’s and their communal property as well as the assets and properties of their children, in Equatorial Guinea or abroad. \n\nAccording to Article 8 in Decree Law No. 1/2004, the detailed asset disclosure statement must be filed within the civil servant’s entity, and a copy must be forwarded to the National Public Ethics Commission within 30 days. According to Article 9, those who fail to submit asset disclosure statements will be barred from carrying out public service.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Article 116.   \nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Decree Law No. 1/2004, Chapter II, Articles 5-11, 2004 (“Sobre la ética y dignidad en el ejercicio de la Función Pública”). http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/f-obiang-prize-funding-investigation-request-annexes-20100610_0.pdf","Article 116 of the constitution, 2012, stipulates that all members of government, public and quasi-public officials, must submit a statement disclosing their assets before they take public office. Although the law is quite specific, it does not require asset disclosures to be made ..."]
["2014_GN_46",2014,"GN","Guinea",46,0,"A part les hauts fonctionnaires nommément cités par la Constitution de mai 2010, aucun fonctionnaire ordinaire ou agent de la fonction publique n'est soumis à la déclaration de son patrimoine en Guinée.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","A part les hauts fonctionnaires nommément cités par la Constitution de mai 2010, aucun fonctionnaire ordinaire ou agent de la fonction publique n'est soumis à la déclaration de son patrimoine en Guinée."]
["2014_LR_46",2014,"LR","Liberia",46,0,"The Executive Order #38 states in its article 10.1 that \"A public official and civil servant involved in making decisions affecting contracting, tendering or procurement, and issuing of licenses of various types shall sign performance or financial bonds and shall in addition declare her/his income, assets and liabilities prior to taking office and thereafter:\na. at the end of every two years;\nb. upon promotion or progression from one level to another;\nc. upon transfer to another public office; and, \nd. upon retirement or resignation.\" \n\nHowever, article 10.3 establishes that such declaration shall be treated as classified information and access shall only be granted to authorized personnel. \n\"10.3 Confidentiality of Declaration: The LACC shall treat each declaration as \nclassified information and as such only authorized personnel of the commission shall have access to the contents of the declaration. Nonetheless, authorized agencies other than the LACC may have access to specific contents of the declaration provided a formal request is made to the LACC which shall then determine the justification of the request prior to giving access to the requesting agency.\" \n\nThese provisions however do not apply to the regular civil servants who are either employed through the Civil Service Agency as a result of a testing and evaluation process, or are recommended by senior officials within government.  Civil servants are people who are not in any position of decisionmaking but are responsible for the technical, day-to-day activities to make government effective.","EXECUTIVE ORDER N° 38 ESTABLISHING AN ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF CONDUCT FOR MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT. http://www.lacc.gov.lr/public/pdfs/EXECUTIVE_ORDER.pdf","The Executive Order #38 states in its article 10.1 that \"A public official and civil servant involved in making decisions affecting contracting, tendering or procurement, and issuing of licenses of various types shall sign performance or financial bonds and shall in addition declar..."]
["2014_MR_46",2014,"MR","Mauritania",46,0,"Dans la foulée de la transition démocratique de 2005-2007, les nouvelles autorités issues des élections ont fait adopter la loi n°2007-054 rendant obligatoire la déclaration périodique du patrimoine à certains membres de la fonction publique. Le législateur mauritanien énumère une liste de hauts fonctionnaires soumis à cette obligation de déclaration de patrimoine. Cette énumération restrictive montre que la présente disposition ne concerne que la haute administration. Elle ne s'applique à tous les membres de la fonction publique, qui ne sont pas tenus de divulguer leurs actifs. En cas de promotion à une fonction supérieure, par exemple, il n'est pas possible d'apprécier la moralité d'un fonctionnaire non-soumis à cette obligation de déclaration de patrimoine. \nAucune disposition n'impose à un jeune fonctionnaire qui vient d'être recruté de faire une déclaration de patrimoine.","Loi 2007.054 du 18 septembre 2007 relative à transparence financière de la\nvie publique. (2007). Article premier.\nhttp://www.coursupreme.mr/NR/rdonlyres/41ED141C-F91A-4CA1-A613-B211B96C6A71/7752/loirelativealatfv1.pdf","Dans la foulée de la transition démocratique de 2005-2007, les nouvelles autorités issues des élections ont fait adopter la loi n°2007-054 rendant obligatoire la déclaration périodique du patrimoine à certains membres de la fonction publique. Le législateur mauritanien énumère une ..."]
["2014_MU_46",2014,"MU","Mauritius",46,0,"Certain public institutions such as the Mauritius Revenue Authority (which deals with all public revenue, including customs), the Financial Intelligence Unit (which deals with money laundering cases) and the Independent Commission Against Corruption, require that all their employees at all levels declare their assets and those of their immediate relatives. However, this measure does not extend to all civil servants, as there is no provision for declaration of assets in the constitution and the Public Service Commission regulations.","1. Name of the law: The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius\n• Year passed: 1968\n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Chapter VIII\n• Link to the law(s) if/when available:\nhttps://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=d3c54555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD#psc \n\n2. Name of the law(s): Mauritius Revenue Act\n• Year passed: 2004\n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 14\n• Link to the law(s) if/when available: \nhttp://www.mra.mu/download/MRAACT2013.pdf \n\n3. Name of the law(s): Financial Intelligence and Anti-Money-Laundering Act\n• Year passed: 2002\n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 31\n• Link to the law(s) if/when available:\nhttps://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Mauritius/MAU_FIAML2002.pdf \n\n4. Name of the law(s): The Declaration of Assets Act (ICAC)\n• Year passed: 1991\n• Article(s) dealing with the issue asked in the indicator: Section 3\n• Link to the law(s) if/when available:\nhttp://www.icac.mu/English/Documents/DECLARATION%20OF%20ASSETS%20ACT%201991.pdf","Certain public institutions such as the Mauritius Revenue Authority (which deals with all public revenue, including customs), the Financial Intelligence Unit (which deals with money laundering cases) and the Independent Commission Against Corruption, require that all their employee..."]
["2014_ST_46",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",46,0,"No such law exists.","No such law exists.","No such law exists."]
["2014_SC_46",2014,"SC","Seychelles",46,0,"No such law exists.\n\nOther than the Chapter V, code of conduct and discipline in the Public Service Orders (second edition), June 1996, that is basically in place to prevent conflict of interest, there is no law that expressly states that members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and that those disclosures are public.","Seychelles Penal Code, Cap 158, chapter 10: \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.\nPublic Service Orders (Second Edition), June 1996 (updated based \non circulars issued between 1996 and Dec 2003): \nhttp://www.mamd.gov.sc/PSO%20UPD%2003_04.pdf.\n\nGeneral offshore banking information:\n http://www.sterlingoffshore.com/about-offshore/offshorecompany/seychelles-ibc.html","No such law exists.\n\nOther than the Chapter V, code of conduct and discipline in the Public Service Orders (second ..."]
["2014_SZ_46",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",46,0,"On the one hand, Swaziland's constitution calls for government officials to disclose their assets to an Integrity Commission (in actuality the Commission on Human Rights and Public Administration in the absence of a fully functioning Integrity Commission). \nOn the other hand, the head of state is exempt from this law, and all disclosure records are not available to the public. The secrecy is called for in the constitution, which says that such information be kept hidden from public scrutiny.","No relevant law exists to review.","On the one hand, Swaziland's constitution calls for government officials to disclose their assets to an Integrity Commission (in actuality the Commission on Human Rights and Public Administration in the absence of a fully functioning Integrity Commission). ..."]
["2014_ZM_46",2014,"ZM","Zambia",46,0,"Ordinary civil servants (those who enter the civil service based on merit and are not in political positions) are not required to disclose their assets.","No such law exists. \n\nThere is, however, Part VII, Code of Ethics and Conduct of Public Officers (pertaining to public officers' requirement to disclose assets) -- (without date)\nhttp://www.ncczambia.org/media/schedule_partvii_xiv_xv_xvi_public_service.pdf","Ordinary civil servants (those who enter the civil service based on merit and are not in political positions) are not required to disclose their assets."]
["2014_BF_47",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",47,0,"La liste des personnes devant déclarer leurs biens est limitée. En dehors des hauts fonctionnaires, le reste de l'administration n'est pas obligé de déclarer leurs biens. \n\nM. MILLOGO, conseiller technique au ministère de la fonction publique soutient d'ailleurs que le ministère avait initié un texte de loi pour impliquer les autres fonctionnaires à la déclaration mais cela n'a pas abouti. En plus de ne pas le faire de façon ponctuelle, la déclaration doit être confidentielle. Il est difficile de savoir si la déclaration est faite pour les personnes concernées et si elle est bien faite.","ILBOUDO Marceline, directrice de la communication et des relationspPubliques, Conseil constitutionnel, Ouagadougou, 02 juillet 2014\n\nSANOU Aly, secrétaire général, Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP), Ouagadougou, 10 juillet 2014.\n\nMILLOGO G. Tarcicius, conseiller technique, ministère de la fonction publique, du travail et de la sécurité sociale, Ouagadougou, 30 juin 2014.","La liste des personnes devant déclarer leurs biens est limitée. En dehors des hauts fonctionnaires, le reste de l'administration n'est pas obligé de déclarer leurs biens. ..."]
["2014_CF_47",2014,"CF","CAR",47,0,"Puisque la loi n'a pas prévu la déclaration de patrimoine des fonctionnaires en République Centrafricaine, l'on ne saurait parler de l'effectivité d'une telle procédure.","KONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à la faculté de droit à l'université de Bangui, interview du 23 juin 2014, Bangui;\n\nOTTO Blaise, juriste de formation, Conseiller national, avocat au barreau de la RCA, président du Comité chargé d'élaboré le nouveau projet de la Constitution, interview du  24 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nYABINDI Edmond, avocat au barreau de la RCA, interview du 24 juin 2014, Bangui.\n\nMEMBOUROU Thierry, rédacteur en chef du journal Le Démocrate, interview du 24 juin 2014, Bangui.","Puisque la loi n'a pas prévu la déclaration de patrimoine des fonctionnaires en République Centrafricaine, l'on ne saurait parler de l'effectivité d'une telle procédure."]
["2014_CI_47",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",47,0,"En Côte d'ivoire les fonctionnaires ne sont pas tenus dans leur fonction de procéder à une déclaration de leurs biens. Aucune disposition ne les en oblige.","BERTÉ Zanga, coordonnateur de l’ONG Cercles des Amis Universels de l’Unesco, 17 août 2014. \n \n SANKARA Adama, directeur du fichier code au ministère des transports, 21 août 2014.\n \n GUEI Bombet Robert, président du parti ivoirien La Renaissance, 24 juillet 2014.","En Côte d'ivoire les fonctionnaires ne sont pas tenus dans leur fonction de procéder à une déclaration de leurs biens. Aucune disposition ne les en oblige."]
["2014_ER_47",2014,"ER","Eritrea",47,0,"No civil servant is obliged to disclose assets under their domain and the same is true for government officers. Civil servants are asked in an internal form in their respective offices to answer if they own immovable properties. However, the purpose is not for disclosure of assets; it is merely personal information that does not carry consequences. When civil servants are hired for public office, they fill out certain forms as a personal history, but again the aim isn't disclosure of their assets. No disclosure has been conducted, and nothing in that regard has ever been made public.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, June 4, 2014\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","No civil servant is obliged to disclose assets under their domain and the same is true for government officers. Civil servants are asked in an internal form in their respective offices to answer if they own immovable properties. However, the purpose is not for disclosure of assets;..."]
["2014_GW_47",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",47,0,"No law requires members of the civil service to file asset disclosure and it is not done in practice.","1. Interview with Journalist from Radio Bombolon, Zique Choaib, 7 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with journalist from Lusa and correspondent for RFI, Mussa Baldé, 7  July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with President of Union of the Public Ministry's Magistrates, Bacari Biai, Public Ministry, 5 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","No law requires members of the civil service to file asset disclosure and it is not done in practice."]
["2014_MG_47",2014,"MG","Madagascar",47,0,"Les déclarations de patrimoine ne sont pas rendues publiques. D’ailleurs, elles ne devront être utilisées que dans le cadre d’une enquête officielle. Elles restent donc confidentielles. \n\nL’article de La Gazette de la Grande Ile du 09 juillet 2014 fait état que seulement 66% de l’effectif devant la faire se sont exécutés. Un exemple est cité par l’article de ‘Acteurs Publics’ où à deux jours de la date limite de dépôt des déclarations, seuls 9 ministres sur 23 l’ont fait. Par ailleurs, les statistiques du Bureau Indépendant Anti Corruption (BIANCO), l’organisme désigné pour recevoir les déclarations de patrimoine, pour l’année 2013 font apparaître que seuls (à titre d’exempleà :\n - 06 ministres l’ont fait sur un effectif d’une trentaine de ministres ;\n - 00 Chefs de régions sur 22 ;\n - 72 fonctionnaires occupant des postes égal ou supérieur à un directeur de ministère pour la trentaine de ministères.\n \n Au niveau des interviews, il en ressort que la pratique n’est nullement adoptée au niveau des redevables de déclarations de patrimoine. La cause d’une telle réticence est incompréhensible dans la mesure où la déclaration est reçue, enregistrée et stockée. Depuis sa mise en place, aucune déclaration n’a été officiellement ouverte pour les besoins d’une quelconque enquête, telle que définie par la loi.","RAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n LEJAMBLE Brice, secrétaire exécutif, Comité pour la sauvegarde de l’intégrité, 11 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTONANDRASANA Fano, journaliste, Takoritsika, 15 juillet 2014\n \n R.O., Midi Madagasikara, n° 9387, 09 juillet 2014, page 15, « Déclaration de patrimoine : pas de compte à rendre ». http://midi-madagasikara.mg\n \n FANJANARIVO, La Gazette de la Grande Ile, n° 3414, 09 juillet 2014, page 8, « Déclaration de patrimoine : 5300 sur les 8000 concernés ne l’ont pas fait ». www.lagazette-dgi.com\n \n MEYER Jean Michel, Acteur Publics, 16 juillet 2014, « Fonctionnaires et élus malgaches boudent la déclaration de patrimoine ». http://www.acteurspublics.com/2014/07/17/fonctionnaires-et-elus-malgaches-boudent-la-declaration-de-patrimoine.","Les déclarations de patrimoine ne sont pas rendues publiques. D’ailleurs, elles ne devront être utilisées que dans le cadre d’une enquête officielle. Elles restent donc confidentielles. ..."]
["2014_ML_47",2014,"ML","Mali",47,0,"Au Mali, le processus de déclaration de patrimoine n'est pas effectif pour tous les fonctionnaires. Les fonctionnaires concernés ne procèdent pas systématiquement à la déclaration de leurs patrimoines. Les textes maliens exigent la déclaration seulement du Président de la République et des membres du gouvernement. Généralement, les ministres ne s'y plient pas. Le principe n'est observé que par certains hauts fonctionnaires de l’État. \n\nSelon David Dakouo, ancien conseiller à la section des comptes de la Cour suprême, les textes doivent être revus en vue d'une application effective du principe de déclaration des biens par l'ensemble des fonctionnaires. Une façon selon lui de lutter contre la corruption et l'enrichissement illicite.","DACKOUO David, ancien conseiller, section des comptes de la Cour suprême, 20 août 2014.\n        \nSYLLA Abdoulaye, représentant, direction de la fonction publique, 03 juillet 2014.\n        \nSANOGO Abdoulaye, planificateur, direction nationale de la statistique, 03 juillet 2014.","Au Mali, le processus de déclaration de patrimoine n'est pas effectif pour tous les fonctionnaires. Les fonctionnaires concernés ne procèdent pas systématiquement à la déclaration de leurs patrimoines. Les textes maliens exigent la déclaration seulement du Président de la Républiqu..."]
["2014_RW_47",2014,"RW","Rwanda",47,0,"According to the ombudsman's office, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective. Last year, 98 percent of civil servants declared their assets. According to officials in the office, the disclosures contain real estate, movable property, cash, salaries and income from investments, but they do not include assets belonging to the immediate family. They are required to declare only assets directly owned or acquired by the said officials.\n\nBy the end of June 2014 (declaration is by June 30 every year), at least 5,000 of the 8,000 civil servants, representing 62 per cent, had declared their assets by the  week prior to the deadline.\n\nAmong those who had already declared their wealth were high-ranking officials, including the president, Senate president, speaker of parliament, president of Supreme Court and the prime minister.\n\nHowever, the Office of the Ombudsman says the contents of the declarations are not available to the public because the law does not permit disclosure.","Interview with Jean de Arc Mwiseneza, head of the assets declaration unit, Office of the Ombudsman, June 24, 2014. \n\nInterview with Jean Pierre Nkurunziza, spokesman, Office of the Ombudsman, July 2, 2014. \n\nInterview with Apollinaire Mupiganyi, executive secretary, Transparency International Rwanda chapter, June 3, 2014.\n\nAllAfrica.com, Jean de la Croix Tabaro, \"Over 3,000 Civil Servants Fail to Declare Wealth At Eve of Deadline,\" June 29, 2014. http://allafrica.com/stories/201406300706.html?viewall=1","According to the ombudsman's office, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective. Last year, 98 percent of civil servants declared their assets. According to officials in the office, the disclosures contain real estate, movable property, cash, salarie..."]
["2014_ST_47",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",47,0,"The members of the civil service don't disclose their assets. There is no law requiring it. However, public officeholders do have a disclosure duty, although their assets information is not available to the public.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Direction of Finance, Jan. 29, 2015.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview with António Monte Cristo, resident, Audit Court, Jan. 30, 2015. \n\nInterview with Albertino Cotrim, chief, Radio and TV Administrative Department, Feb. 2, 2015.","The members of the civil service don't disclose their assets. There is no law requiring it. However, public officeholders do have a disclosure duty, although their assets information is not available to the public."]
["2014_SZ_47",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",47,0,"Citing privileged information, the Commission on Human Rights and Public Administration would not offer comment. A representative mentioned that all information received in forms on asset disclosures are confidential.\n\nThere is no way for the public to determine whether some, all or no civil servants have made disclosures. The subject seems a sensitive one for government.","Interview: Anonymous, civil servant, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Mbabane, 9 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Anonymous, civil servant, Ministry of Finance, Mbabane, 9 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nEmbassy of Taiwan in Swaziland, 29 November 2013. \"Prime Minister Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini has declared his assets.\" http://www.taiwanembassy.org/SZ/ct.asp?xItem=451198&ctNode=6644&mp=412\n\nSwazi Observer, 27 February 2014. \"Senators to declare their assets today.\" http://www.observer.org.sz/news/59233-iron-lady-demands-reports-from-senators.html","Citing privileged information, the Commission on Human Rights and Public Administration would not offer comment. A representative mentioned that all information received in forms on asset disclosures are confidential...."]
["2014_TZ_47",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",47,0,"The law requires only civil servants in high-level positions to disclose their assets, regular civil servants are not concerned with this requirement. \n\nSome 76 percent of Tanzania's 4,971 political leaders filled out assets forms as required by law, compared to 62 percent of the 8,148 public servants. \n\nThe public is allowed to go to the Tanzanian Ethics Secretariat Commission to view assets forms listing the properties of their leaders, but they are not permitted to record what they have seen or photocopy the document.","1. Zitto Kabwe, MP for Kigoma North & Chairman of Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee (PAC), interview November 23, 2014, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania.\n\n2. Tanzania to quiz public officials who dodge rules on asset disclosure, 14 Feb 2014; http://www.trust.org/item/20140214115035-r8dxi/\n\n2. Apparently everyone wants transparency in Tanzania’s gas contracts. Lets get them online, September 2014; http://mtega.com/2014/09/apparently-everyone-wants-transparency-in-tanzanias-gas-contracts-lets-get-them-online/\n\n3. Protect national interests in oil policy, urges advocacy group, September 7   2014; http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Protect-national-interests-in-oil-policy--urges-advocacy-group/-/1840392/2444214/-/nqre4tz/-/index.html\n\n4.Zitto Kabwe, MP, Dar es Salaam- August 6  2014 \nhttp://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Zitto-calls-for-new-approach-to-fighting-corruption/-/1840392/2410192/-/csv9cx/-/index.html\n\nAll websites last checked 12/04/2014.","The law requires only civil servants in high-level positions to disclose their assets, regular civil servants are not concerned with this requirement. ..."]
["2014_DZ_48",2014,"DZ","Algeria",48,0,"La loi relative aux partis politique exige des responsables des partis politiques de présenter aux délégués réunis en congrès ou en assemblée générale, en sus du rapport moral, un rapport financier validé par un commissaire aux comptes. Les partis politiques sont tenus, également, de présenter leurs comptes annuels à l’administration compétente, mais ils ne sont pas tenus de les publier.\n\nSelon l'Article 58, « le parti politique agréé peut bénéficier d'une aide financière de l'Etat, selon le nombre de sièges obtenus au Parlement, et le nombre de ses élus dans les assemblées.\n\nLe montant des aides éventuelles allouer par l'Etat aux partis politiques est inscrit au budget de l'Etat, mais ce ne est pas public.","Loi organique n° 12-04 du 12 janvier 2012 relative aux partis politiques, Art  52, 60, et 61. http://www.ambdz.tn/AConsulter/reformes_politiques/francais/12-04.pdf","La loi relative aux partis politique exige des responsables des partis politiques de présenter aux délégués réunis en congrès ou en assemblée générale, en sus du rapport moral, un rapport financier validé par un commissaire aux comptes. Les partis politiques sont tenus, également, ..."]
["2014_BI_48",2014,"BI","Burundi",48,0,"Selon la loi, les partis politiques qui recoivent le financement de l'état sont tenus de le déclarer au Ministère compétent, mais ils ne sont pas tenus de publier de tels financements. La loi ne fait pas non plus obligation au Ministère compétent de publier les déclarations faites par les partis politiques.\n\nArticle 45 : Un parti politique  qui bénéficie d’un financement de l’État ou de la coalition de partis politiques agréées et régulièrement constituée bénéficiaire de don ou legs doit en faire une déclaration au Ministère ayant l’Intérieur dans ses attributions dans un délai d’un mois suivant sa réception.","1. Loi n°1/16 du 10 septembre 2011 portant révision de la loi n° 1/006 Du 26 juin 2003 portant organisation et fonctionnement des partis politiques, article 45. http://www.assemblee.bi/IMG/pdf/loi%20n%C2%B01_16_du_10_septembre_2011.pdf","Selon la loi, les partis politiques qui recoivent le financement de l'état sont tenus de le déclarer au Ministère compétent, mais ils ne sont pas tenus de publier de tels financements. La loi ne fait pas non plus obligation au Ministère compétent de publier les déclarations faites ..."]
["2014_CG_48",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",48,0,"While Article 25 of the law on political parties states that registered political parties can benefit from state subventions and/or donations, Article 21 of the same law says all public and private donations must be declared.  Each political party must, first, declare to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, no more than 15 days after the day of its registration, the names, professions and addresses of those who are in charge of its management. Second, each political party must submit no later than March 31 of each year, the annual financial report and bank account of the preceding year.\n\nThe bank account must show that the political party does not benefit from other resources than those eventually provided by the state, the contributions of its members, donations and from its partisans, housing operations and benefits gained from manifestations publications. When a political party does not conform itself to the provisions of this article, the Minster of Internal Affairs shall appeal. In case of disobedience, the party shall be suspended until it conforms itself to the provisions of this article. Disclosure to the public is not mandatory. Only the Ministry of Internal Affairs has access to this information.","1. Loi N° 04/002 Du 15 mars 2004 Portant Organisation Et Fonctionnement Despartis Politiques, Articles 25 and 21, 2004, http://www.droitcongolais.info/files/1152_lois_du_15_mars_2004_partis_politiques.pdf","While Article 25 of the law on political parties states that registered political parties can benefit from state subventions and/or donations, Article 21 of the same law says all public and private donations must be declared.  Each political party must, first, declare to the Minist..."]
["2014_EG_48",2014,"EG","Egypt",48,0,"Law No. 40 of the year 1977 concerning the Political Parties System and its Amendments does not provide for political parties public donation funds to be made public. During the most recent presidential election, however, candidates were also required to submit their documents to the presidential election board. But these documents were not made available to the public. \n\nMore generally, political parties in Egypt are required by law to report their funds and the sources of those funds to the CAO. This rule was established in Egypt under the original political parties law of 1977 and under a similar decree issued by Egypt's 2011 military government. Some of the older political parties (Nasserists, Wafd)  receive a government grant. These amounts are announced to the committee each year.","2014 Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt\n\nArab Republic of Egypt.  Law 40, article 11.  (1977) .  [Political Party Law].\n \".​.​.​The party shall notify the Central Audit Agency for the donations it received, and of the data of the donors, at the end of the year.​\" \nA written notification of the establishment of the party shall be submitted to the Committee on Political Parties described under Article 8 of the law; a list of the names and signatures of 5000 of its founding members should be attached; the signatures should also be officially ratified. Also to be attached are all party-related documents, particularly the statutes and bylaws, the names of the founding members, the funds raised to establish said party, its sources, and the names of the representatives handling party establishment procedures.\"","Law No. 40 of the year 1977 concerning the Political Parties System and its Amendments does not provide for political parties public donation funds to be made public. During the most recent presidential election, however, candidates were also required to submit their documents to t..."]
["2014_GM_48",2014,"GM","The Gambia",48,100,"No such law exists. There is no law requiring political parties to disclose or publish  public donations.\n\nThere is no law on campaign financing or a law requiring political parties to disclose public donations. The Elections Act is silent on the matter and no other laws provides for the same. There is no law providing for public contributions.","No such law exists. ","No such law exists. There is no law requiring political parties to disclose or publish  public donations...."]
["2014_LS_48",2014,"LS","Lesotho",48,0,"There is no legal imperative for political parties to publicly disclose government funding. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), which allocates party and campaign funding according to a prescribed formula, knows how much of the public funding each political party has received. According to the National Assembly Electoral Act 2011, political parties are supposed to account for these monies to the IEC.","National Assembly Electoral Act 2011. Section 70 (2) (3) (4). Not available online.","There is no legal imperative for political parties to publicly disclose government funding. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), which allocates party and campaign funding according to a prescribed formula, knows how much of the public funding each political party has receiv..."]
["2014_ML_48",2014,"ML","Mali",48,100,"Aux termes de article 27 loi (Loi n°05-047 )les rapports financiers doivent etre soumis à la Section des Comptes de la cour Suprême et une fois la vérification faite, ce rapport est public.\n\nAu Mali, les partis politiques sont tenus de communiquer régulièrement les informations relatives aux dons publics. La charte des partis politiques, en son article 25, stipule que les partis politiques peuvent librement recevoir des aides de toute nature dans le cadre de la coopération avec d’autres partis politiques. Ils peuvent également bénéficier de dons et legs de toute personne bienfaisante, physique ou morale. «L’ensemble des acquisitions des partis politiques au titre de l’aide, des dons et legs, doivent faire l’objet d’une déclaration adressée au ministre chargé de l’administration territoriale, qui mentionne l’identité des donateurs, la nature et la valeur de ces dons, legs et libéralités ». Les déclarations reçues par le ministère ne sont pas publiées, elles sont gardées dans l'adiministration.","Loi n°05-047 portant Charte des partis politiques. Adoptée le 18 août 2005. Articles 27 et 30. http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/ChartePartis.pdf\n\nLoi n°06-044/ Portant Loi électorale. Adoptée le 4 septembre 2006. Article 1 et suivant. \n\nOrdonnance 91-075 Charte des partis politiques, article 25, adoptée 10 octobre 1991, http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/mali/shared/documents/fr/codestextes/1164088846.pdf","Aux termes de article 27 loi (Loi n°05-047 )les rapports financiers doivent etre soumis à la Section des Comptes de la cour Suprême et une fois la vérification faite, ce rapport est public...."]
["2014_NA_48",2014,"NA","Namibia",48,0,"Political parties represented in the National Assembly receive funds from the state on an annual basis, in proportion to the votes they garnered in the previous legislative election.  This public funding of parties is restricted to 0.2% of the state budget of the previous year. There are no legal obligations on parties to submit audited accounts for funds received and, though the speaker has mooted such legislation, none has been presented to parliament as yet.\n\nHowever, both the Anti-Corruption Commission and the Auditor-General have called for public disclosure to ensure accountability and transparency.  Both lack the ability to compel compliance.","No such law exists.","Political parties represented in the National Assembly receive funds from the state on an annual basis, in proportion to the votes they garnered in the previous legislative election.  This public funding of parties is restricted to 0.2% of the state budget of the previous year. The..."]
["2014_RW_48",2014,"RW","Rwanda",48,0,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government) and others. The conditions under which this is done are set out by Article 24 of Law No. 10/2013, governing political organizations and politicians. Article 24 \"A political organization may receive donations and bequests. When the donations and bequests received have the value of at least one million Rwandan francs (1,000,000) (approx. 1400 USD), the political organization shall inform in writing the authority in charge of registration of political organizations within a period not exceeding thirty (30) days from the date of reception, indicating the donor, the type and value of donations, with a copy to the Office of the Ombudsman. A political organization shall not be allowed to accept donations and bequests from foreigners, foreign business companies, industries and organisations involved in other activities or in which foreigners are shareholders. Public institutions or Government parastatals, non government organizations and religious based organizations may not make any donation to a political organization or to politicians.\"\n\nArticle 23 \"The property of a political organization shall come from State grants.\"\n\nAccording to article 28 of of Law No. 10/2013 \"...during elections in which political organizations campaign for their candidates, the Government shall provide in its budget grants to political organizations and independent candidates for the campaign activities. The amount of money that shall be entitled to political organizations and independant candidates shall be equal. This money shall be given to political organizations or independent candidates that have scored at least five per cent (5%) of the votes of all the electors.\"","Article 24 of Organic Law No. 10/2013, governing political organizations and politicians, published in the official Gazette Nov. 7, 2013. http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/fileadmin/documents/Minaloc_Documents/Law_N__10-2013-0L_RBA.pdf","In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government) and others. The conditions under which this is done are set out by Article 24 of Law No. 10/2013, governing political organizations and politicians. Article 24 \"A polit..."]
["2014_SS_48",2014,"SS","South Sudan",48,0,"South Sudanese laws do not require political parties to regularly disclose public donations. Whereas the Political Parties Act, 2012, requires the government to fund political parties, the law is vague on publication of public funds. \n\nSection 22 of the act stipulates the financial resources and expenditures of political parties. It states: “The financial resources of a political party shall consist of the following: \"(b) Contributions from members, non-governmental entities, corporations, companies and individuals provided that such contributions and  donations shall be be registered by the [political parties] council and be made public; (d) Support by the government as approved by in the budget.\"\n\nChapter IV of the Political Parties Act deals with the establishment of political parties. Section 16 specifies the obligations of political parties. Subsection (d) states that a political party’s funding shall be \"transparent to the public.”\n\nDespite these provisions, the law does not make it mandatory for political parties to disclose funds from government agencies and corporations. In addition, the law does not state the penalties to be imposed on political parties that do not declare their sources of public donations. Also, the law does not specify how regularly political parties should declare their private sources of funds.","Political Parties Act, 2012.\nhttp://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SS/south-sudan-political-parties-act-no.-33-of-2012","South Sudanese laws do not require political parties to regularly disclose public donations. Whereas the Political Parties Act, 2012, requires the government to fund political parties, the law is vague on publication of public funds. ..."]
["2014_SD_48",2014,"SD","Sudan",48,0,"The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, Paragraph 3 of Article 40 (Freedom of Assembly and Association) states: \"(3) No association shall function as a political party at national, Southern Sudan or state level unless it has:\n(a) its membership open to any Sudanese irrespective of religion, ethnic origin or place of birth;\n(b) a programme that does not contradict the provisions of this Constitution;\n(c) democratically elected leadership and institutions;\n(d) disclosed and transparent sources of funding.\n\nArticles 21 and 22 of the law of the political parties state that the government may fund political parties according to the state budget, and prohibits any funding from foreigner organizations or individuals, whatever the reasons.\n\nArticle 28 finally specifies that \"any citizen - on the basis of a reasoned request - submitted to the Council to keep the record of any political party and basic documents - may gain access [to such documents] after payment of the prescribed fee.\"\n\nWhile the law does not specify that political parties have to publish their financial statements, it does offer an avenue for citizen or journalist inquiries.","No such law exists in Sudan.\n\nInterim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, Article 40, item 3 (Freedom of Assembly and Association), 2005. \nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf\n\nPolitical Parties Act, 2007, Articles 21, 22 and 28.\nhttp://www.ashorooq.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3318:-2007&catid=100:2009-07-21-10-57-23&Itemid=1128","The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, 2005, Paragraph 3 of Article 40 (Freedom of Assembly and Association) states: \"(3) No association shall function as a political party at national, Southern Sudan or state level unless it has:..."]
["2014_UG_48",2014,"UG","Uganda",48,100,"The law requires that all political parties and organizations disclose public donations. Section 9 of the Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, provides for the declaration of assets and liabilities. Subsection 3 states that political parties must submit a declaration to the Electoral Commission in which the party states sources of funds and any other assets. Subsection 5 goes on to state that within 30 days of submission, the Electoral Commission shall publish in the Gazette that the declaration has been received and is available for inspection by the public at the Electoral Commission Offices, upon payment of a fee as prescribed by the act.","Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, Section 9(1)(2)(3); 12(1)(2)(4)(5); 14(4)\nhttp://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/Political_Parties_and_Organisations_Act2005_en.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 5, Article 71, Clause 1(e) \nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf","The law requires that all political parties and organizations disclose public donations. Section 9 of the Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, provides for the declaration of assets and liabilities. Subsection 3 states that political parties must submit a declaration to t..."]
["2014_AO_49",2014,"AO","Angola",49,0,"The political parties UNITA (Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola), FNLA (Frente Nacional de Libertacao de Angola), CASA-CE (Convergência Ampla de Salvação de Angola-Coligação Eleitoral) do not disclose their funding because the public funds assigned to them are disclosed in the state budget. They don’t find it relevant to implement additional mechanism to publicly disclose public funds received. The ruling MPLA Party information about funding is inaccessible.\n\nMoreover, the political parties UNITA, FNLA, and CASA-CE reported submitting annual reports on the spending of public funds to the National Assembly, as mandated by the Law on the Financing of Political Parties. Funds received in the first trimester of 2014, for instance, are only accounted for in the annual report, which must be submitted before the end of the first trimester in 2015. The reports of funding for UNITA, FNLA, and CASA-CE are available upon request, but are only available in print format. While political parties are said to meet the minimum level by submitting their statement of accounts, this information has neither been disclosed publicly by the political parties themselves nor the National Assembly.","Phone interview, Adalberto da Costa Jr., MP, UNITA – Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola,  Aug. 3, 2014\n\nPhone interview, Lucas Ngonda, president, FNLA – Frente Nacional de Libertacao de Angola,  Aug. 4, 2014\n\nPhone interview, Leonel Gomes, national executive secretary, CASA-CE  - Convergência Ampla de Salvação de Angola-Coligação Eleitoral, Aug. 3, 2014\n\nNorberto Garcia, information and propaganda secretary, MPLA- Movimento Popular para a Libertacao de Angola, did not respond to multiple attempts to obtain information ","The political parties UNITA (Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola), FNLA (Frente Nacional de Libertacao de Angola), CASA-CE (Convergência Ampla de Salvação de Angola-Coligação Eleitoral) do not disclose their funding because the public funds assigned to them are disc..."]
["2014_CV_49",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",49,0,"Political parties do not publish any public donation on paper nor do they list them on their respective party websites.  They do however submit report of public donation received to the Court of Accounts annually. The state donations (grants) for the operation of the parties are enrolled annually in the state budget and used for financing of elections. Neither the parties publish their accounts after elections, nor does the Court of Account publish the details of the accounts that are submitted by the political parties.","Interview with Graça Sanches, National Deputy, PAICV, 27 August 2014, Praia.\n\nInterview with Margarida Fontes, Journalist, Cape Verde Television, 26 August 2014, Praia.\n\nInterview with Abraão Vicente, National Deputy, MPD, 26 August 2014, Praia.\n\nAfrican Party for the Independence of Cape Verde http://www.paicv.cv/ (accessed on 26 August 2014)","Political parties do not publish any public donation on paper nor do they list them on their respective party websites.  They do however submit report of public donation received to the Court of Accounts annually. The state donations (grants) for the operation of the parties are en..."]
["2014_CG_49",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",49,0,"While the law states that registered political parties can receive public donations, the DRC government does not fund political parties unless they are part of the Presidential Majority (MP). Even a few political parties members of the  Presidential Majority rarely disclosed government funds received. There is no online list of political parties that disclose public donations and the research failed to find one offline.","1. (Face To Face Interview), Opposition Leaders And President Of The Political Party Union Pour La Nation Congolaise (Unc) Vital Kamerhe, July 17, 2014. \n\n2. (Face To Face Interview), National Coprdinator Of The New Citizenship Programme And Member Of The Presidential Majority, Frank Fikirini, July 4, 2014.\n\n2. (Face To Face Interview), Membre Of The Parti Pour Le Peuple, La Reconstruiction Et Le Developement Jean-Jacques Muteba, July 19, 2014.","While the law states that registered political parties can receive public donations, the DRC government does not fund political parties unless they are part of the Presidential Majority (MP). Even a few political parties members of the  Presidential Majority rarely disclosed govern..."]
["2014_GQ_49",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",49,0,"The elections of May 2013 were highly criticized by national and international civil society organizations. During the period of review, no electoral process was held in the country, but according to sources, the government continued to provide funding only to the ruling party. \n\nThe PDGE ruling party, which received significant funding from the government, routinely failed to disclose information on money received. No information was made available in the broadcast system, and the government did not publish information on the public news website. However, there is no legal requirement to publish such funding.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"The Observer: Funding of political parties in Equatorial Guinea\" (\"El Observador: Sobre la financiación de los partidos políticos en Guinea Ecuatorial\"), July 15, 2014.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/el-observador-sobre-la-financiacion-de-los-partidos-politicos-en-guinea-ecuatorial/ \n\nNews article: Radio Macuto, \"The begging opposition\" (\"La Oposicion Mendiga\"), March 26, 2014.\nhttp://radiomacuto.info/la-oposicion-mendiga/ \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement  \n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\n ","The elections of May 2013 were highly criticized by national and international civil society organizations. During the period of review, no electoral process was held in the country, but according to sources, the government continued to provide funding only to the ruling party. ..."]
["2014_GN_49",2014,"GN","Guinea",49,50,"En pratique, les partis politiques ne communiquent pas toujours les dons qu'ils reçoivent de la part de l'Etat. Cependant, les dons publics alloués aux partis politiques sont publiés par la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), informations relayés par les médias. C'est souvent lorsque les médias interrogent les leaders politiques que ceux-ci reconnaissent en public la réception de ces fonds alloués par le gouvernement. Selon les personnes interrogées, les dons étant publiés par la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), il n'est plus nécessaire que les partis les publient à nouveau. \nPar ailleurs, les seuls dons publics connus alloués aux partis politiques sont ceux qui sont donnés pendant les périodes électorales pour compenser une partie du «fonds électoral.»","KONO KOUROUMA Holomo, député à l'Assemblée nationale, 14h, 09 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nMe KOLY CAMARA Mohamed, chef de cabinet au ministère de la justice garde des sceaux, 16h, 09 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nKOUROUMA Dansa, président de la confédération nationale des organisations de la société civile, ancien membre du Conseil National de Transition (CNT), 09 juillet 2014, Conakry.","En pratique, les partis politiques ne communiquent pas toujours les dons qu'ils reçoivent de la part de l'Etat. Cependant, les dons publics alloués aux partis politiques sont publiés par la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI), informations relayés par les médias. C'..."]
["2014_LY_49",2014,"LY","Libya",49,0,"Political parties do not reveal their properties and financial sources. There are two main political parties in Libya: the  Justice and Development Party and the National Alliance Party. Neither reveals its private and public financial donations to the public. On the main website of the Justice and Development Party, there is only one report  from 2012, and it doesn't reveal the identity of either public or private contributors.","Interview with Musbah Alzarwali,, journalist, managing editor of Quyerna newspaper, Oct. 6, 2014.\n\nInterview with Salheen Al zawawi, journalist specialised in elections and M.A. student in media, The Libyan Academy, Benghazi, Oct. 2, 2014.\n\nOfficial website for the Justice and Development Party, Jan. 17, 2014. \n\nMiddle east online, \"The Justice and Development Party declares its financial situation in front of the media,\" \nhttp://www.middle-east-online.com/?id=182898\n ","Political parties do not reveal their properties and financial sources. There are two main political parties in Libya: the  Justice and Development Party and the National Alliance Party. Neither reveals its private and public financial donations to the public. On the main website o..."]
["2014_MA_49",2014,"MA","Morocco",49,0,"No one among the major political parties in Morocco discloses public donations on their websites.","Website of Istiqlal party - http://partidelistiqlal.org/ - last checked on 16/07/2014 \n\nhttp://ppsmaroc.com/ar/  - last checked on 16/07/2014 \n\nhttp://www.pam.ma/  - last checked on 16/07/2014 \n\nhttp://www.pjd.ma/  - last checked on 16/07/2014 \n\nhttp://www.alharaka.ma/fr/ - last checked on 16/07/2014 \n\nhttp://rni.ma/  - last checked on 16/07/2014 \n\nReda Oulamine -- Lawyer Oulamine Law Firm / co-founder of the Association of Rights and Justice - Freedom of speech activist - Casablanca - phone interview 16/07/2014","No one among the major political parties in Morocco discloses public donations on their websites."]
["2014_NG_49",2014,"NG","Nigeria",49,50,"Political parties no longer receive anything from the government. They used to, but that stopped in 2011 after an amendment to the Electoral Act. Previous law allowed the government to give grants to parties. All parties currently self-fund. As there is no public funding provided to political parties, so this indicator is not directly applicable. \n\nPolitical parties do not disclose their donations despite a law requiring them to do so through Nigeria’s Independent National Electoral Commission three months after each poll. Political parties are allowed to receive all donations, provided they are not from anonymous sources. The names and addresses of donors of more than 1 million naira are to be recorded by the party. \n\nThe question of publicizing parties’ accounts and donations became more controversial following the 2011 election, after a new federal law barred the government from providing grants to political parties. In response, the parties argued that because they now self-fund, the government or the public retains no right to scrutinize their records.\n\nThe latest accounts published by the electoral body are for 2011. That year, only two political parties out of 23 submitted audited accounts. The ruling People's Democratic Party defaulted. Yearly, the exercise is done haphazardly. In 2014, the main opposition All Progressives Congress (APC) said that while it does not publish details of donations, its books can be reviewed at its office - the only party to do so.","Phone interview with Lai Mohammed, national publicity secretary, All Progressives Congress, 24 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Festus Owete, general editor, Premium Times, Abuja, 22 July 2014.\n\nIndependent National Electoral Commission (INEC) website, review of the latest parties' audited reports, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-REPORTS-FOR-ALL-POLITICAL-PARTIES-ACCOUNT-FOR-THE-YEAR-2011.pdf","Political parties no longer receive anything from the government. They used to, but that stopped in 2011 after an amendment to the Electoral Act. Previous law allowed the government to give grants to parties. All parties currently self-fund. As there is no public funding provided t..."]
["2014_SL_49",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",49,50,"Political parties in the country are not funded by the government of Sierra Leone. They are required to maintain a statement of their accounts, showing the sources of their funds and the name of any person who has contributed to the funds, including membership dues paid, donations in cash or in kind and all the financial transactions of the political parties that are conducted through, by or with the head or national office of the party. \n\nThe Sierra Leone People's Party, the ruling All People's Congress and other political parties did not present their reports on public donations for the year under review. The Political Parties Registration Commission produces a series of public notices on the obligation of the parties each year. There are no reports online for the public to access.","Interview with Lucien Momoh, public relations officer, Political Parties Registration Commission,  July 2014.\n\nInterview with Unisa Bangura, senior Court reporter, Standard Times newspaper, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nPolitical Parties Act, 2002, Section 25 (1 )(a). http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2002-3.pdf","Political parties in the country are not funded by the government of Sierra Leone. They are required to maintain a statement of their accounts, showing the sources of their funds and the name of any person who has contributed to the funds, including membership dues paid, donations ..."]
["2014_SD_49",2014,"SD","Sudan",49,50,"This is not applicable, as parties do not receive any money or other such assistance from the state. Political parties do not disclose their donations, neither the ruling party nor the opposition.","[Interview], Khalid Ahmed, journalist, Alsudani newspaper, Sept. 30, 2014, Khartoum. \n\n[Phone interview], Mahir Abu El-goukh, journalist, Alsayha newspaper, Sept. 30, 2014, Khartoum.  \n\nAlsudani, \"Financing the National Congress Party form the State Public Money ... charge and defense,\" July 2, 2014. \nhttp://alsudani.net/news/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23424:2014-07-02-12-39-03&catid=75:2011-12-03-08-46-19&Itemid=218\n\nReviewer sources:\nsudanradio.info via Global Media Services, \"Government could fund political parties according to specific criteria,\" July 3, 2014. http://www.gmsudan.com/20140703/sudan-government-fund-political-parties-according-specific-criteria-2/ ","This is not applicable, as parties do not receive any money or other such assistance from the state. Political parties do not disclose their donations, neither the ruling party nor the opposition."]
["2014_ZM_49",2014,"ZM","Zambia",49,50,"Political parties do not receive public donations. \n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. This is not applicable, as political parties are not publicly funded in Zambia.","Visit to the Office of the Chief Justice, Supreme Court, Lusaka, Zambia, 11  July 2014. \n\nInterview with Godfrey Mutale, registry supervisor, Commercial List Registry, Lusaka High Court, Lusaka, Zambia, 10 July 2014. \n\nInterview with a member of the Judiciary and Allied Workers Union of Zambia who requested anonymity, July 2014.\n\nReviewer source:\nElectoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa, \"Zambia: Political Party Funding,\" accessed 20 Jan. 2015. \nhttp://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zambia-political-party-funding\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n ","Political parties do not receive public donations. \n\nReviewer comment:..."]
["2014_ZW_49",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",49,50,"Political parties in Zimbabwe do not receive public donations. Although Section 8 of the Political Parties Finance Act allows the relevant minister to prescribe regulations on the keeping by political parties of proper books of accounts, the audit of the accounts of political parties, and the form, content and publication of statements of accounts by political parties, the law does not force political parties to disclose public donations.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), 31 July 2014, Marondera. \nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nGovernment of Zimbabwe, Political Parties Finance Act, Chapter 2:11. \nhttps://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZW/Political%20Parties%20%28Finance%29%20Act%20Chapter%202%2011.pdf","Political parties in Zimbabwe do not receive public donations. Although Section 8 of the Political Parties Finance Act allows the relevant minister to prescribe regulations on the keeping by political parties of proper books of accounts, the audit of the accounts of political parti..."]
["2014_BI_50",2014,"BI","Burundi",50,0,"Au Burundi, les partis politiques sont tenus de déclarer les contributions privées meubles et immeubles qu'ils reçoivent au ministère compétent, mais ils ne sont pas tenus de publier le contenu de cette déclaration. La loi ne fait pas non plus obligation au ministère compétent de publier les déclarations faites par les partis politiques.\n\nArticle 41 : «Tout parti politique doit tenir une comptabilité régulière ainsi qu’un inventaire annuel des ses biens meubles et immeubles. Tout parti politique est tenu de présenter au mois de mars ses comptes annuels aux ministères ayant l’intérieur et les finances dans leurs attributions. Il doit être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation.»","1. Loi n°1/16 du 10 septembre 2011 portant révision de la loi n° 1/006 du 26 juin 2003 portant organisation et fonctionnement des partis politiques, article 41","Au Burundi, les partis politiques sont tenus de déclarer les contributions privées meubles et immeubles qu'ils reçoivent au ministère compétent, mais ils ne sont pas tenus de publier le contenu de cette déclaration. La loi ne fait pas non plus obligation au ministère compétent de p..."]
["2014_CF_50",2014,"CF","CAR",50,0,"Il n'existe pas en RCA  une loi qui oblige les partis politiques à communiquer les dons privés. Selon l'article 39 de l 'ordonnance n°05.007 du 2 Juin 2005 relative aux partis politiques et au statut de l’opposition en République Centrafricaine, « les ressources financières des partis politiques et groupements politiques proviennent de cotisation des membres du parti, des produits de vente des cartes des membres, les revenus liés à leurs activités, les dons, legs, libéralités et la subvention de l’État ».  Mais aucune disposition de cette ordonnance ne fait obligation aux partis politiques de publier ce qu'ils recoivent en dehors des subventions de l'état.","Ordonnance n°05.007 du 5 juin 2005 relative aux partis politiques et au statut de l'opposition en RCA\n\nKONGATOUA Augustin, ex conseiller près de la Cour constitutionnelle, maître de conférence à la faculté de droit à l'université de Bangui, interview du 23 juin 2014, Bangui;\n\nOTTO Blaise, juriste de formation, Conseiller national, avocat au barreau de la RCA, président du Comité chargé d'élaboré le nouveau projet de la Constitution, interview du  24 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nTABANGUE Sylvain, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de la RCA, interview du 24 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZENETH Fulgence, juriste de formation, Conseiller national, coordonnateur de l'Observatoire national des élections, 23 juin 2014, Bangui","Il n'existe pas en RCA  une loi qui oblige les partis politiques à communiquer les dons privés. Selon l'article 39 de l 'ordonnance n°05.007 du 2 Juin 2005 relative aux partis politiques et au statut de l’opposition en République Centrafricaine, « les ressources financières des par..."]
["2014_DJ_50",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",50,0,"Selon l'Article 11 de la loi organique relative aux partis politique de 1992 : «outre les formalités relatives au fonctionnement des associations de droit djiboutien, les partis politiques doivent déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice écoulé ainsi que l'inventaire de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Ce compte doit faire apparaître que le parti politique ne bénéficie d‘autres ressources que celles provenant des cotisations, dons et legs de ses adhérents et sympathisants nationaux et des bénéfices réalisés à l’occasion des manifestations. En outre, il est tenu de présenter ses comptes annuels au ministère des finances et d'être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation.»\n\nIl n'existe aucun texte relatif au don privé des partis politiques. A l'instar de ce qui se passe dans d'autres pays, en revanche, il existe une disposition générale de l'article 11 de la loi relative aux partis politiques qui dispose dans son alinéa 3 : «déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice écoulé ainsi que l'inventaire de ses biens meubles et immeubles. Ce compte doit faire apparaître que le parti politique ne bénéficie d'autres ressources que celles provenant des cotisations, dons et legs de ses adhérents et sympathisants nationaux et des bénéfices réalisés à l’occasion des manifestations. En outre, il est tenu de présenter ses comptes annuels au ministère des finances et d'être en mesure de justifier la provenance de ses ressources financières et leur utilisation. \n\nUn décret précise les pièces comptables que les partis politiques doivent fournir en application des dispositions du présent article.»\n\n Ce décret n'a pas été publié à ce jour.","Il n'existe aucune disposition spécifique.","Selon l'Article 11 de la loi organique relative aux partis politique de 1992 : «outre les formalités relatives au fonctionnement des associations de droit djiboutien, les partis politiques doivent déposer chaque année, au plus tard le 31 janvier, le compte financier de l'exercice é..."]
["2014_ET_50",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",50,0,"Articles 51/1, 54/2 and 3 of the Revised Parties Registration Proclamation No. 573/2008 provides that donors (individuals or companies) can give donations in line with  National Electoral Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) directives and instructs that every party should maintain accounting books that reveal its property and all its accounts, including the contributor’s name and the pledged amount. Periodically, the National Electoral Board will furnish parliament with detailed financial records of the parties. There is, however, no obligation for parties or the electoral board to publicly report on the donations received by parties.","The Revised Parties Registration Proclamation No. 573/2008\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/4ba7a24c2.html","Articles 51/1, 54/2 and 3 of the Revised Parties Registration Proclamation No. 573/2008 provides that donors (individuals or companies) can give donations in line with  National Electoral Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) directives and instructs that every party should maintain accounting ..."]
["2014_GW_50",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",50,100,"Article 24º, section 4, of Law No. 2191 on the framework of the political parties, requires political parties to declare all financial contributions  to the National Popular Assembly.  Article 25º, on accountability, states: \n 1. Political parties submit annual accounts report, to them disciplinary revenues and expenditure indicating the origin of the first and the application of the second, and the state's heritage.\n2. The accounts of the parties shall be published in the official gazette and can be submitted for consideration of accountants, by decision of the Supreme Court.","1.  Article 34º, of the Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1996\n\n2. Law N. 2191, Framework Law of the Political Parties, Article 25º, 9 May 1991.","Article 24º, section 4, of Law No. 2191 on the framework of the political parties, requires political parties to declare all financial contributions  to the National Popular Assembly.  Article 25º, on accountability, states: ..."]
["2014_MW_50",2014,"MW","Malawi",50,0,"There is no law requiring political parties to disclose donations they receive, whatever the source. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, Section 40 (2), gives only qualifying parties access to state funding. It reads: \"The state shall provide funds so as to ensure that during the life of any parliament, any political party which has secured more than one-tenth of the national vote in elections to the parliament has sufficient funds to continue to represent its constituency\". There is no further prescription on how these funds should be managed.\n\nThe Political Party (Registration and Regulation) Act, which supposedly should regulate political party financing issues, does not mention anything regarding this.\n\nIssues of party financing are partly addressed by the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Act of 1993. In Section 66, it states that \"Every political party may, for the purpose of financing its campaign, appeal for and receive voluntary contributions from any individual or any non-governmental organisation or other private organisation in or outside Malawi.\"\n\nHowever, it does not provide any further regulation, let alone require disclosure of the said donations. To date, political parties have not disclosed public donations. As such, they are not available to citizens in any shape or form.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (2010), Section 40 (2). http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\n2. Political Party (Registration and Regulation) Act\n\n3. Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Act (1993), Section 66. Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Act (1993), Section 66. http://www.mec.org.mw/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=EYRmv9D7DYk%3D&tabid=178","There is no law requiring political parties to disclose donations they receive, whatever the source. The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, Section 40 (2), gives only qualifying parties access to state funding. It reads: \"The state shall provide funds so as to ensure that duri..."]
["2014_MZ_50",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",50,100,"Mozambique's Political Parties Law in article 18 stipulates that all donations and bequests should be declared to the state organ responsible for the registration of political parties (Constitutional Court), indicating who has donated, the nature of the donation and the amount involved. The National Electoral Commission is then obliged to make public the donations received.","Political Parties Law (Law No. 7, 1991), Chapter IV, Article 18.\nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/politica/lei%20dos%20partidos%20politicos.pdf","Mozambique's Political Parties Law in article 18 stipulates that all donations and bequests should be declared to the state organ responsible for the registration of political parties (Constitutional Court), indicating who has donated, the nature of the donation and the amount invo..."]
["2014_NG_50",2014,"NG","Nigeria",50,100,"Section 93 of the Electoral Act says that all political parties must disclose contributions received from all sources. The reports are to be filed to the electoral commission, the INEC, which in turn is mandated to publish all audited accounts of all parties at year's end.\n\nSubsection 4 states: \"A political party sponsoring the election of a candidate shall, within 3 months after the announcement of the results of the election, file a report of the contributions made by individuals and entities to the commission.\" Section 89 (1) states: \"A political party shall submit to the commission a detailed annual statement of assets and liabilities and analysis of its sources of funds and other assets, together with a statement of its expenditure in such a form as the commission may from time to time require.\" Subsection (4) adds: \"The commission shall publish the report on such examinations and audit in three national newspapers.\"\n\nSection 92 (3) states: \"Election expenses of a political party shall be submitted to the commission in a separate audited return within 6 months after an election and such return shall be signed by the political party's auditors and counter-signed by the chairman of the party and be supported by a sworn affidavit by the signatories as to the correctness of its contents.\" And, Subsection (8) adds: \"The commission shall make available for public inspection during regular business hours at its headquarters and state offices the audit returns of the political parties required by subsection (3) of this section which shall include the names, addresses, occupation, and amount contributed by each contributor to a party.\"","Electoral Act, Section 93, Subsection 4\nhttp://resourcedat.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2010-Electoral-Act.pdf","Section 93 of the Electoral Act says that all political parties must disclose contributions received from all sources. The reports are to be filed to the electoral commission, the INEC, which in turn is mandated to publish all audited accounts of all parties at year's end...."]
["2014_ZA_50",2014,"ZA","South Africa",50,0,"There are no laws that require parties to disclose their private funding. This has been the topic of a heated debate for the past years, which flares up every time there is an election. \n\nTo some, this threatens South Africa's democracy. \"In a country like South Africa which is deeply unequal, what that means is that you have a marginalisation, and a drowning out of the voices of poor people,\" said Judith February, an analyst at the Institute for Security Studies a month and a half before the elections. \"... because there are certain wealthy individuals and companies, who are able to buy influence in an environment which is completely unregulated.\"\n\nShe called the situation \"a dangerous regulatory gap which opens the door to corruption and undercover donations which disable the transparency we are supposed to enjoy in our political system.\"\n\nIn an April 2014 opinion piece, February states that \"the lack of regulation of private funding to political parties also represents a major gap in South Africa’s anti-corruption framework. Political parties seem to agree that transparency is a good thing, but when it comes to disclosing private funding sources it remains a matter of ‘show me yours and I’ll show you mine.’ As much as the African National Congress (ANC) has been coy about its donations, the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) has also been reticent to disclose its sources of funding.\"\n\nThere are plans and promises have been made with regards to disclosing private funding, which date back to 1997 (three years after the first democratic elections). They haven't yet materialised.","Secret party funding fuels electorate’s suspicion (Bekezela Phakathi / Business Live / 18 March 2014), http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/politics/2014/03/18/secret-party-funding-fuels-electorates-suspicion\n\nPrivate political party funding 'a threat to democracy' (eNCA / 28 March 2014), http://www.enca.com/south-africa/private-political-party-funding-threat-democracy\n\nWhat's their secret? ISS calls for transparency in political party funding (ISS Website / 27 March 2014)\nhttp://www.issafrica.org/about-us/press-releases/whats-their-secret-iss-calls-for-transparency-in-political-party-funding\n\nMoney, politics: a toxic mix that needs to be diluted in South Africa (SABC / Judith February / 23 April 2014)\nhttp://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/eac96c0043bd7dd19939db239b19c088/Money-and-politics:-a-toxic-mix-that-needs-to-be-diluted-in-South-Africa-20142304","There are no laws that require parties to disclose their private funding. This has been the topic of a heated debate for the past years, which flares up every time there is an election. ..."]
["2014_TG_50",2014,"TG","Togo",50,0,"La loi ne prévoit pas la divulgation des dons privés.","Loi du 5 juin 2013 portant financement public des partis politiques et campagnes électorales (2013).","La loi ne prévoit pas la divulgation des dons privés."]
["2014_DZ_51",2014,"DZ","Algeria",51,0,"En Algérie, les formations politiques communiquent rarement les informations relatives aux dons privés et les communications ne sont pas accessibles au public. \nMême les adhérents et les militants ne connaissent pas exactement les moyens de financement de leurs partis.","Anonyme, militants du mouvement démocratique et social (MDS), Saida, 03 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nHADJADJ Djilali, Le Soir d’Algérie, 31 mars 2014, «Financement de la campagne électorale des candidats à la présidentielle : Un vide juridique voulu pour favoriser toutes les dérives». \nhttp://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2014/03/31/article.php?sid=154589&cid=11\n\nSoutenance de thèse de Belaid Abrika sur la corruption en Algérie, 15 décembre 2013. http://www.ummto.dz/IMG/pdf/BELAID_ABRIKA.pdf\n\nSEMMAR Abdou, Algerie Focus, 09 mars 2014, «750 milliards de centimes pour financer la campagne électorale d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika».\nhttp://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/03/750-milliards-de-centimes-pour-financer-la-campagne-electorale-dabdelaziz-bouteflika/\n\nCHELLALI Salsabil, ElWatan, 12 février 2014, «Comment financent-ils leur campagne?» http://www.elwatan2014.com/l-election-et-vous/item/741-comment-financent-ils-leur-campagne","En Algérie, les formations politiques communiquent rarement les informations relatives aux dons privés et les communications ne sont pas accessibles au public. \nMême les adhérents et les militants ne connaissent pas exactement les moyens de financement de..."]
["2014_BI_51",2014,"BI","Burundi",51,0,"Les  partis politiques communiquent rarement les informations relatives aux dons privés. Les personnes interviewées indiquent que ce type de communication n'est pas faite par les partis politiques. \n\nPour les représentants des partis politiques interrogés dans le cadre de la recherche, toute publication de dons privés serait dangereuse. La loi burundaise sur les partis politiques n’autorise pas le financement des partis politiques autre que la contribution des membres; donc un don privé reste secret.","GAKWAVU Juvénal, secrétaire exécutif du parti UPRONA (Union pour le Progrès National), bureau de l’UPRONA, 18 août 2014. \n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 10 août 2014.\n\nMWAGAZI Innocent, secrétaire permanent du parti MRC RURENZANGEMERO, 20 août 2014.","Les  partis politiques communiquent rarement les informations relatives aux dons privés. Les personnes interviewées indiquent que ce type de communication n'est pas faite par les partis politiques. ..."]
["2014_CM_51",2014,"CM","Cameroon",51,0,"Tous les partis politiques de l'opposition ou au pouvoir indiquent ne pas recevoir de dons privés. Un responsable declare que son parti «vit des cotisations des membres et en toute légalité»; un autre déclare que son parti reçoit de l'argent selon les lois en vigueur, et ne reçoit pas de dons occultes. Cette position est partagée par le Social Democratic Front, le principal parti de l'opposition.\n\nCependant, pour le chercheur Ahmadou Séhou, les partis politiques au Cameroun reçoivent des dons privés. Mais ils ne peuvent les déclarer à cause de la législation en la matière. Ainsi, aucune information sur les dons privés reçus n'est accessible. Puisque ces partis reçoivent ce qui est appelé des dons souterrains, ils ne sont pas autorisés à les divulguer.","WAFFO Jean Robert, ministre du shadow cabinet du Social Démocratic Front (SDF), 24 juin 2014;\n\nMATOMBA Serge Espoir, premier secrétaire du Peuple Uni pour la Rénovation Sociale (PURS), 28 juin 2014;\n\nFLAMBEAU NGAYAP Pierre, secrétaire général de l'Union Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (UNDP), 28 juin 2014.\n\nSÉHOU Amadou, politiste et chercheur, auteur d'un ouvrage sur l'opposition camerounaise, 28 juin 2014.","Tous les partis politiques de l'opposition ou au pouvoir indiquent ne pas recevoir de dons privés. Un responsable declare que son parti «vit des cotisations des membres et en toute légalité»; un autre déclare que son parti reçoit de l'argent selon les lois en vigueur, et ne reçoit ..."]
["2014_CI_51",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",51,0,"En Côte d'Ivoire, les partis politiques ne communiquent pas sur les informations relatives aux dons privés qu'ils reçoivent. La loi elle même ne les en autorise pas.","KOUADIO Eugène, secrétaire régional Indénié Djuablin de l'Union pour la démocratie en Côte d’Ivoire, 14 juillet 2014.  \n\nCOULIBALY Jean-Claude, journaliste politique au journal le Patriote, 06 août 2014. \n\nGUEI Bombet Robert, président du parti ivoirien La Renaissance, 24 juillet 2014.","En Côte d'Ivoire, les partis politiques ne communiquent pas sur les informations relatives aux dons privés qu'ils reçoivent. La loi elle même ne les en autorise pas."]
["2014_EG_51",2014,"EG","Egypt",51,0,"In practice political parties rarely disclose their private sources of funding. During the reporting period, Egypt's largest political party, Freedom and Justice, was suspended. During the presidential election, Sisi, who eventually won the election, did not form a political party while Sabahi, his rival who received over 3% of the vote, ran as the head of the Popular Current movement, which had no legal standing as a political party until mid-June 2014. Some funding is known. For example,  the Al Dustoor Party was unique in making its funding sources publicly available.","Interview, Ahmed Hafez, Executive Director, Shayfeenkum (Egypt's old election monitoring NGO), July 22, 2014.\n\nSunlight Foundation, \"Secret financing in Egyptian presidential elections\" Lisa Rosenberg May 22, 2014 sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2014/05/22/secret-financing-in-egyptian-presidential-elections/.\n\nBBC, Robert Springborg \"Abdul Fattah al-Sisi: New face of Egypt's old guard\" March 26, 2014 www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26188023.","In practice political parties rarely disclose their private sources of funding. During the reporting period, Egypt's largest political party, Freedom and Justice, was suspended. During the presidential election, Sisi, who eventually won the election, did not form a political party ..."]
["2014_GH_51",2014,"GH","Ghana",51,0,"Political parties in Ghana do not disclose private donations. The parties also do not publish such records online or offline. The Political Parties Act requires the parties to submit their audited accounts to the Electoral Commission six months after 31st December of the previous year. The Electoral Commission does not publish online or offline any of such audited accounts. Any member of the public who wants to have access to the audited accounts of the political parties is required to apply to the Electoral Commission stating why such documents should be made available to him or her. The Electoral Commission will then constitute a committee to decide whether or not to grant the request to make the audited accounts available to the applicant. If the applicant's request is to be granted, the applicant is made to pay a fee higher than photocopying fee before receiving the documents.\n\nGhana is a multi-party democratic state. There are about 23 registered political parties in the country with two dominating the political scene garnering 50.7 percent (National Democratic Congress) and 47.7 percent (New Patriotic Party) of the popular votes of the country's 2012 presidential elections. All the other political parties that contested the 2012 presidential elections secured less than 1 percent of the votes with the Progressive People's Party being the party securing the third-largest share of votes, 0.59 percent.\n\nOn June 21, 2014, and as part of this research, a formal application to the Electoral Commission was made requesting access to the audited accounts of the political parties. The Electoral Commission has not granted the request.","1. Mr Tanko Rashid-Computer, Northern Regional Treasurer of the National Democratic Congress, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Perry Okudzeto, Acting Director of Communications, New Patriotic Party, Telephone interview, July 24, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Kofi Asamoah-Siaw, General Secretary, Progressive People’s Party, Telephone interview, August 4, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Mrs Sylvia Anor, Public Relations Officer, Electoral Commission of Ghana, Telephone interview, July 15, 2014, Kumasi.\n\n5. Mr Francis Ameyibor, Political Correspondent and Assistant Editor, Ghana News Agency, Table interview at his office, July 29, 2014, Accra.\n\n6. Dr Emmanuel Akwetey, Executive Director, Institute for Democratic Governance, Speaking at a Media Sensitization Workshop on Multi-Party Governance and Constitutional Reforms in Ghana, IDEG Auditorium, July 30, 2014, East Legon, Accra.","Political parties in Ghana do not disclose private donations. The parties also do not publish such records online or offline. The Political Parties Act requires the parties to submit their audited accounts to the Electoral Commission six months after 31st December of the previous y..."]
["2014_LR_51",2014,"LR","Liberia",51,25,"Registered political parties rarely disclose private donations to the public. These parties are ineffective when it comes to reporting donations they receive from private sources. \n\nThe electoral management body which also oversees activities of political parties reported favorable improvements in reports filed by political parties. This came after the elections management body threatened to revoke the certificates of many of these parties for failure to report financial statements. Campaign finance reporting is required annually for all registered political parties. \n\nSeveral of the parties are presently awaiting a Supreme Court ruling on whether or not to deregister them for failure to adhere to campaign finance regulations. There are very few parties that meet deadlines regarding disclosures.\n\nWhen disclosures are made, they are unavailable online and the cost of paper versions is very high for many.","Interview: Nathan Garbie, Deputy Director, National Elections Commission, Monrovia, 22/07/2014\n\nInterview: Neto Liegh, Spokesman, Unity Party, Monrovia, 22/07/2014\n\nInterview: Christian Piah, CSO Activist, head of the Civil Society Coalition of Liberia, Monrovia, 22/07/2014\n\nFrontPage Africa, 22 May 2014. COURT REVOKES LICENSE OF 15 POLITICAL PARTIES IN LIBERIA. http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/news/1721-court-revokes-license-of-15-political-parties-in-liberia\n\nJOEMUE WORTEE, NEC Clarifies Parties' Status. http://focus.com.lr/public/story.php?record_id=4162&sub=14&mi=#sthash.K57KFncu.dpuf\n\nThe Liberian Observer, 08/25/2014. NEC Dragged To Supreme Court. http://www.liberianobserver.com/legal/nec-dragged-supreme-court","Registered political parties rarely disclose private donations to the public. These parties are ineffective when it comes to reporting donations they receive from private sources. ..."]
["2014_ML_51",2014,"ML","Mali",51,0,"Au Mali, malgré les dispositions réglementaires, les partis politiques ne communiquent pas régulièrement les informations relatives aux dons privés. Un mystère total entoure les dons, legs émanant de particuliers. De nombreux journalistes confient que les informations financières sont inaccessibles. «La transparence n'est pas réalité au sein des partis. Leurs fonds sont gérés dans l'opacité total», indique Oumar Diamoye, journaliste.","TOURÉ Oumar Ibrahim, président, parti UPR, 05 juillet 2014.\n        \nTRAORÉ Moussa, représentant, fondation Friedrich Ebert, 05 juillet 2014\n        \nBARRO Boulan, président jeunesse du parti CNID, 05 juillet 2014","Au Mali, malgré les dispositions réglementaires, les partis politiques ne communiquent pas régulièrement les informations relatives aux dons privés. Un mystère total entoure les dons, legs émanant de particuliers. De nombreux journalistes confient que les informations financières s..."]
["2014_NE_51",2014,"NE","Niger",51,0,"Au Niger, il n' y a aucun parti politique qui communique ouvertement et rend accessible aux citoyens et même aux militants les informations relatives aux dons privés qu'il reçoit. La question du financement des partis est jusque là assez tabou, on en parle peu dans l'opinion publique.\n \n En fait, les partis ne sentent pas dans l'obligation de rendre compte aux citoyens, puisque ce ne sont pas les militants ordinaires qui assurent le financement des partis politiques au Niger. «Ces militants ordinaires de base sont juste utiles pour voter ou pour vendre leur vote.»\n \n La plupart des partis cherchent rarement à lever des cotisations auprès de leurs militants de base. Les partis sont financés dans une large mesure par les grands opérateurs économiques, souvent de manière très discrète et très flou. \n En plus des opérateurs économiques nationaux, les fonds reçus de l'extérieur (auprès de partis politiques étrangers, d'organisations ou partenaires étrangers) constituent également une source importante dans le financement des partis politiques au Niger. Mais ces financements aussi, ne sont pas toujours déclarés à la Cour des comptes et aux militants des partis. \n \n En fait le jeu démocratique est animé par des partis politiques qui fondamentalement, ne sont pas en conformité avec les principes démocratiques (transparence, alternance, liberté d'expression) y compris dans leur organisation et gestion interne.","ABDOU Hambally Nana Haouaou, 3eme sécretaire générale du parti Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et le Progrés- RDP Jama'a (membre de la majorité au Pouvoir)\n députée nationale, membre de la Commission finances de l'Assemblée nationale du Niger, par téléphone, 04 août 2014.\n \n LAMIDO Moumouni Harouna, membre du bureau politique du parti Mouvement National Pour la Société de Développement (MNSD Nassara), député national, président de la Commission des affaires sociales et culturelles de l'Assemblée nationale du Niger, par téléphone, 04 août 2014.\n \n YERO Ibrahim, Le Canard Déchainé N°604, repris par le site tamtaminfo.com, 24 septembre 2013. http://www.tamtaminfo.com/financement-des-partis-au-niger-les-hommes-politiques-peuvent-ils-s-affranchir-de-l-emprise-des-operateurs-economiques/","Au Niger, il n' y a aucun parti politique qui communique ouvertement et rend accessible aux citoyens et même aux militants les informations relatives aux dons privés qu'il reçoit. La question du financement des partis est jusque là assez tabou, on en parle peu dans l'opinion publiq..."]
["2014_SC_51",2014,"SC","Seychelles",51,0,"Political parties do not report private donations because no law requires them to do so.  Recommendations for electoral reform seek to correct this deficiency by proposing regulations on the political parties financing. The funding of political parties is unclear, and no political party communicates the donations it  gets from private organizations or individuals. During the forum on electoral reform (2013), it was proposed to make it illegal for individuals to fund political parties. Individuals could make a donation to a democracy fund to be administered by Electoral Commission. It would then distribute the funds equally among the political parties. \n\nThe final recommendation of the forum on Electoral reform of 2013 reads as follows: “The enactment of political party Financing must include measures to deal with disclosure, monitoring and enforcement. The measures proposed in these recommendations include these three elements.”","Roger Mancienne, Senior Journalist,former Secretary General of Seychelles National Party, Managing Director, Xpress printing Ltd, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, Interview on 03 September 2014.\n\nReport and recommendations on electoral reform in Seychelles, p.64, 65, Electoral Commission, 2013.\nhttp://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=377272620\n\nPolitical Parties (Registration and Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 2014, http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/173","Political parties do not report private donations because no law requires them to do so.  Recommendations for electoral reform seek to correct this deficiency by proposing regulations on the political parties financing. The funding of political parties is unclear, and no political ..."]
["2014_SS_51",2014,"SS","South Sudan",51,0,"Political parties do not regularly disclose private donations. Although South Sudan’s Political Parties Act, 2012, requires political parties to disclose private donations, there is no evidence that any of the country’s 20 political parties are doing what is required by law. \n\nAccording to several accounts, none of the political parties, including the ruling Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), has been registered according to the provisions of the Political Parties Act. Therefore, one can argue that all South Sudanese political parties are operating illegally. As regards disclosure of private donations, none of the parties has done so.\n\nAccording to political commentators, only three parties - the ruling Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the Sudan People Liberation Movement-for Democratic Change (SPLM-DC) and the United Democratic Front (UDF) - can be described as real political parties, while the rest could be referred to as briefcase parties.\n\nLike other South Sudanese public institutions, most of the political parties do not even have websites. The SPLM, which has an online presence, does not have information on its sources of funds or details of private donations on its website. \n\nAccording to Peter Abdalrahman Sule, leader of the opposition party United Democratic Front (UDF), given the current conflict, no one is bothered about proper implementation of the Political Parties Act. He says once peace is restored, an effort should be made to ensure transparency and accountability for political parties, including the ruling SPLM.","Interview with Abdalrahman Sule, chairman, United Democratic Front (UDF) Party,  July 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Abraham Awolich, policy analyst, The Sudd Institute, June 29, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nSudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) website. \nhttp://www.splmtoday.com/. Accessed June 2014.","Political parties do not regularly disclose private donations. Although South Sudan’s Political Parties Act, 2012, requires political parties to disclose private donations, there is no evidence that any of the country’s 20 political parties are doing what is required by law. ..."]
["2014_UG_51",2014,"UG","Uganda",51,0,"Under the  Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, political parties are required to have audited books of accounts verifiable by the Electoral Commission, but most parties declare that they have no source of funding. In the study period, 10 political parties did not even bother submitting records despite numerous reminders and warnings; as a result they have been de-registered. Three of them tried to appeal, but have not made headway due to weaknesses in their cases. Officials at the commission point out that if it was to dutifully follow the legal provisions that require political parties to declare their sources of funding in the stipulated time, all parties would be de-registered. The ones that were de-registered had become adamant, and even some of their locations could not be traced. \n\nPolitical parties like the Democratic Party, Uganda Peoples Congress and Forum for Democratic Change sometimes publish their annual budgets, but usually they lack details. The National Resistance Movement (NRM) has no annual budget or a clear financial system to guide its expenditures. During its meetings, the party budget has never been discussed. But it is also common knowledge that most political parties rely on the Deepening Democracy Program, a consortium of donors, to finance their party activities, the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy’s interparty dialogue, the Westminster Foundation for Democracy and the UK’s Conservatives.","Jennifer Barya, head of Legal Department, Electoral Commission, 21 July 2014 \n\nOkello Lucima, spokesperson, Uganda Peoples Congress, 22 July 2014 \n\n“Court okays deregistration of 10 'inactive’ Political Parties,” Andate Okanya, 16 April 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654623-court-okays-deregistration-of-10-inactive-political-parties.html \n\n“Parties ban excites FDC, DP,” Edward Ssekika, 2 May 2014\nhttp://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31544:-parties-ban-excites-fdc-dp \n\n“Uganda: NRM struggles to pay staff but party MPs eat big,” Sadab Kitatta Kaaya, 18 Aug. 2014\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201308191186.html","Under the  Political Parties and Organisations Act, 2005, political parties are required to have audited books of accounts verifiable by the Electoral Commission, but most parties declare that they have no source of funding. In the study period, 10 political parties did not even bo..."]
["2014_BJ_52",2014,"BJ","Benin",52,100,"La plupart des journaux dévoilent les noms de leurs propriétaires qui sont généralement les directeurs de publication. Les noms sont publiés dans les mentions légales desdits journaux et sur leurs sites web pour certains. \n\nLes noms des propriétaires des organes de presse audiovisuelle sont publiés par une décision de la Haute autorité de l’audiovisuel et de la communication (HAAC), la dernière en date disponible sur leur site étant celle de 2008; cette liste est aussi publiée chaque annéepar l’Agenda de la presse et de la communication de la presse béninoise, un évènement tenu annuellement depuis 1996 par les professionnels des médias pour faire le point des avancées en matière de communication écrite et audiovisuelle dans le pays.","Michel Ahonon, Secrétaire général adjoint, Conseil national du patronat de la presse du Bénin, Cotonou, Interview du 24 juin 2014. \n\nHAAC, DECISION N°08-011/HAAC du 26 mars 2008 portant agrément de projets pour l’usage de fréquences et de canaux en vue de l’installation et de l’exploitation de radiodiffusions sonores et de télévisions privées. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:6xqGKBQdZTwJ:www.haacbenin.org/IMG/doc/DECISION_AGREMENT_PROJETS_FREQUENCES_CANAUX_EXPLOITATION_RADIOS_TV_PRIVEES.doc+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us\n\nLautrefraternite.com, consulté le 13 juin 2014, Équipe de L’Autre quotidien, , http://lautrefraternite.com/?page_id=43\n\nJournal Adjinako, consulté le 13 juin 2014, Équipes du journal Adjinakou, http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=3&jour=13&mois=06&an=2014\n\nCappfm.com, consulté le 13 juin 2014, «CAPP FM : Le mot du directeur». http://cappfm.com/mot-du-directeur/\n\nGolfemediaonline.com, consulté le 13 juin 2014, http://www.golfemediaonline.com/","La plupart des journaux dévoilent les noms de leurs propriétaires qui sont généralement les directeurs de publication. Les noms sont publiés dans les mentions légales desdits journaux et sur leurs sites web pour certains. ..."]
["2014_BF_52",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",52,75,"Au Burkina, c'est une obligation légale de rendre public l'identité des responsables de médias. Généralement pour tous les journaux de la presse écrite, cette information est publiée dans l'ours du journal et presque tous les journaux Burkinabe s'y conforment. Les Directeurs de Publication des journaux privés sont la plupart du temps les propriétaires. \n\nSelon Madame OUEDRAOGO, juriste chargée de mission au Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), «pour la presse écrite, les formalités obligent de donner le nom du directeur de publication et de l'inscrire dans l'ours. Pour la presse audiovisuelle, cette obligation est remplie auprès du Conseil Supérieur de la Communication.» En revanche, elle reconnaît que «le grand public ne sait pas forcement qui est patron de tel média, sauf pour la presse écrite. Mais ce sont des informations disponibles.» \n\nPour M. SANOU, reporter et chef du desk papiers d’initiatives personnelles à L’Observateur Paalga, les patrons de presse ne sont pas connus tout simplement parce que les gens «s'en moquent» et ne cherchent pas à le savoir. Autrement dit, l'information est disponible mais elle n'a pas d'intérêt pour le grand public.","OUEDRAOGO Fatoumata, juriste chargée de mission, Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), Ouagadougou, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nSANOU Hyacinthe, reporter et chef du desk papiers d’initiatives personnelles, L’Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\n SAWADOGO Elza Sandrine, journaliste, secrétaire de rédaction, journal L’Economiste du Faso, Ouagadougou, 19 juin 2014.","Au Burkina, c'est une obligation légale de rendre public l'identité des responsables de médias. Généralement pour tous les journaux de la presse écrite, cette information est publiée dans l'ours du journal et presque tous les journaux Burkinabe s'y conforment. Les Directeurs de Pub..."]
["2014_CG_52",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",52,25,"A review of websites of major media organizations and discussions with journalists and staff of the Ministry of Media and Communication reveal that very few media organizations including print, broadcast, and online disclose the names of their owners. The information is only delivered to the government. Representatives of media organizations said this happens because they are not required to do so.\n\nHowever, one of the leading media in DRC, the l'Avenir Press Group which includes a newspaper and a TV channel, discloses the name of its owner who is  Pius Mwabilu.","1. (Website Consultation Online Media), Media Congo, July 19, 2014, http://www.mediacongo.net/jobshow.asp?job=21132.\n \n2. (Website Consultation), Congo Web Television, July 19, 2014, http://www.afriqueredaction.com/pages/congo-webtv-4328415.html.\n \n3. (Face To Face Interview), Journalist And Communication Director At Congo Web Television Luc Mikomo,  July 12, 2014.\n\n4.  (Phone Interview), Journalist At Rtga World Television Clarisse Ekoko,  July 20, 2014.\n \n5. (Phone Interview), Journalist And Director Of Congolese Union Of Women Of Medias Annah Mayimuna,  July 21, 2014.","A review of websites of major media organizations and discussions with journalists and staff of the Ministry of Media and Communication reveal that very few media organizations including print, broadcast, and online disclose the names of their owners. The information is only delive..."]
["2014_CI_52",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",52,50,"En dehors des médias publics, Fraternité Matin, Radio-télévision Côte d'Ivoire (RTI), dans la pratique, les propriétaires des organes de presse sont tenus de rendre public les propriétaires et les membres de la rédaction. Cette pratique, généralement respectée en presse écrite et radio, ne l'est cependant pas au niveau des médias en ligne.\n \n La situation est plus complexe au niveau de la presse en ligne pour laquelle aucune législation n'existe pour l'heure. Toutefois il convient de signaler qu'en ce qui concerne les journaux papiers, à la création, le Conseil national de la presse exige que les associés, actionnaires, commanditaires ivoiriens d'une personne physique ou morale propriétaire d'une entreprise de presse doivent détenir au moins la majorité du capital social. Et que dans le cas de société par actions, les actions doivent être nominatives. Tout transfert doit être agréé par le conseil d'administration de la société.\n \n L'entreprise de presse est obligatoirement créée sous la forme d'une société ayant un capital social d'au moins 5.000.000 de francs.","KOUASSI Maurice Konan, secrétaire général du journal LG Info, 06 août 2014. \n \n COULIBALY Jean-Claude, journaliste politique au journal le Patriote, 06 août 2014. \n \n KONÉ Sériba, web journaliste au site lepointsur.com, 06 août 2014. \n  Régime juridique de la presse (LOI N° 2004- 643 DU 14 DECEMBRE 2004 PORTANT REGIME JURIDIQUE DE LA PRESSE): http://www.loidici.com/presse/presseentreprisepresse.php.","En dehors des médias publics, Fraternité Matin, Radio-télévision Côte d'Ivoire (RTI), dans la pratique, les propriétaires des organes de presse sont tenus de rendre public les propriétaires et les membres de la rédaction. Cette pratique, généralement respectée en presse écrite et r..."]
["2014_GH_52",2014,"GH","Ghana",52,75,"Since the liberalization of the airwaves, there has been a proliferation of media houses in the country.\n\nThe three largest media houses are the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, Graphic Communications Group Limited, and the Multimedia Group Limited. \n\nThe Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, state-owned media house, runs about 12 frequency modulation radio stations spread across the country including about five television channels and a shortwave radio. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation has also published information about who its owners are as well as its history.\n\nThe Graphic Communications Group Limited, a limited liability company, runs about six newspapers. Graphic Communications Group Limited has published information on its website indicating its owners and its history.\n\nThe Multimedia Group Limited, a private company, owns about five frequency modulation radio stations and about five digital television channels.\n\nMultimedia Group Limited has published information about its Board of Directors but it does not indicate who is/are the owner/s. However, broadcasters of the Multimedia Group Limited sometimes mention the name of the owner of the company or the media house on air.","1. Ms Abigail Larbie, Programme Officer in-charge of Media, Democracy and Development of the Media Foundation for West Africa, Telephone interview, July 24, 2014, Bolgatanga. \n\n2. Ms Kathleen Addy, Communications and Governance Consultant, Table interview at IDEG Auditorium, July 30, 2014, East Legon, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Affail Monney, Director of Radio, Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, and President of the Ghana Journalists' Association, Telephone interview, August 2, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Official website of Multimedia Group Limited: http://www.multimediaghana.com/board.html\n\n5. Official website of Graphic Communications Group Limited: http://graphic.com.gh/corporate/our-history.html\n\n6. Official website of Ghana Broadcasting Corporation: http://www.gbcghana.com/aboutus","Since the liberalization of the airwaves, there has been a proliferation of media houses in the country...."]
["2014_GN_52",2014,"GN","Guinea",52,0,"A part les médias de l'Etat, ceux relevant du domaine privé ne rendent pas public l'identité de leurs propriétaires.  L'identité des propriétaires des médias privés n’est connue que par le gouvernement, qui ne les révèle pas au grand public. Ce n'est que lorsqu'il y a une affaire, une infraction qui touche un média et l'oblige à se présenter devant les autorités judiciaires ou administratives, que l'on peut connaître les propriétaires. C'est le cas par exemple de la plainte portée par la propriétaire de Radio Chérie FM contre un journaliste de Espace FM. C'est grâce à ce procès que le public a pu connaître Chantal COLLE, propriétaire du média. C'est aussi le cas du conflit qui oppose des salariés licenciés au patron du groupe de presse L’Indépendant/Le Démocrate.","KOUROUMA Dansa, président de la confédération nationale des organisations de la société civile, ancien membre du Conseil National de Transition (CNT), 09 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nFIDÈLE MOMOU Guilana, journaliste de Guinéenews, 17h, 09 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nMediaGuinée.Net, 11 septembre 2014. « Ça sent (très) mauvais au groupe de presse L’Indépendant/Le Démocrate: son propriétaire dans le tourbillon des salaires impayés. » http://www.mediaguinee.net/fichiers/article.php?langue=fr&type=rub40&code=calb12731&PHPSESSID=868c884eacfd5d1d67a0fe5906b075a9\n\nGuinee7.com, 13 août 2014. « Médias : désormais un bras de fer engagé entre le ministre de la Communication et Espace. » http://www.guinee7.com/2014/08/13/medias-desormais-un-bras-de-fer-engage-entre-le-ministre-de-la-communication-et-espace/","A part les médias de l'Etat, ceux relevant du domaine privé ne rendent pas public l'identité de leurs propriétaires.  L'identité des propriétaires des médias privés n’est connue que par le gouvernement, qui ne les révèle pas au grand public. Ce n'est que lorsqu'il y a une affaire, ..."]
["2014_MG_52",2014,"MG","Madagascar",52,50,"Pour les journaux de la presse écrite, la loi en vigueur exige la publication en bas du journal des informations sur les propriétaires et les coordonnées du journal (article 11 de la Loi n° 90-031 du 21 décembre 1990 sur la communication (JO n° 2038 du 31.12.90 p. 2673 ; Errata : J.O. du 18.02.91, p. 240 ; Errata : J.O. n°2047 du 18.02.91, p. 240). Pour la presse écrite, le nom du propriétaire est à publier selon la loi. Ce n'est pas le cas pour la presse audiovisuelle. La publication en ligne (pour les médias qui ont site web) est possible. En allant au bureau demander le nom du propriétaire, ce ne serait pas facile pour un simple citoyen de l'obtenir. Pour les journalistes, la réponse est affirmative. \n \n Toutefois, de telles indications n’apparaissent pas dans les pages web des grands quotidiens malgaches. Il en est de même pour les chaînes de radio et de télévision, car aucune obligation de publication au public n’est faite dans la Loi n° 90-03.\n \n En effet, la législation rend obligatoire la publication des certaines données, notamment les noms et prénoms du directeur de publication et du rédacteur en chef. Pour certains journaux, ils publient aussi les noms et coordonnées des différents rédacteurs et chefs de rubriques. Les renseignements sur l’adresse et les moyens de contacter le journal sont aussi publiés. Il en est de même pour le propriétaire. Mais, pour ce dernier, ce n’est pas pour tous les journaux.","RAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTOZANANY Vahatra, journaliste, Madagascar Matin, 04 juillet 2014\n \n RALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n TSIHIAVONANA Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n ANDRIAMANAMBE Raoto, journaliste, Revue de l’Océan Indien, 15 juillet 2014.\n \n RAKOTONDRAMBOAHOVA Philippe Disaine, Antananarivo : Friedrich Ebert Stftung (FES) Madagascar, 2013, « La protection du journaliste ». http://www.fes-madagascar.org/pages/francais/publications.php?lang=FR.","Pour les journaux de la presse écrite, la loi en vigueur exige la publication en bas du journal des informations sur les propriétaires et les coordonnées du journal (article 11 de la Loi n° 90-031 du 21 décembre 1990 sur la communication (JO n° 2038 du 31.12.90 p. 2673 ; Errata : J..."]
["2014_MZ_52",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",52,100,"As holds true for the prior years of this study, in Mozambique, transparency on the ownership and management of media companies (television, radio and newspapers) is fully observed and adhered to. All media products and media companies display the shareholders. Often, these take the form of limited liability companies; all media products have an editorial statute that defines their orientation and objectives. \n\nOwnerships are without exception disclosed through the Boletim da Republica (Bulletin of the Republic) and in the first edition of a particular organ, there is a public presentation of the owners and the editorial statute. Most media outlet owners are presented in the form of media groups, e.g., Jornal O Pais (owner SOICO Group); Savana Newspaper (Mediacoop group); and Jornal Noticias (Sociedade de Noticias, SA). Some also display individual names, for example, A Verdade (Erik Charas).","Interview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 21 June 2014.  \n\nInterview with Jeremias Candido Mondlane, journalist, Radio Mocambique, Maputo, 22 June 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 10 July 2014.","As holds true for the prior years of this study, in Mozambique, transparency on the ownership and management of media companies (television, radio and newspapers) is fully observed and adhered to. All media products and media companies display the shareholders. Often, these take th..."]
["2014_NG_52",2014,"NG","Nigeria",52,75,"Major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and the information is readily available to any citizen online. Virtually all the newspapers in the country have the names of their proprietor, management and editorial staff listed in the newspapers.\n\nApart from this, it is a requirement under the Companies and Allied Matters Act, 1990, that information about the ownership of corporate organizations be made available to the Corporate Affairs Commission before such organizations are registed to operate in Nigeria. And the information filed with the commission is available to the public. However, digital journalism is a recent development in the country, and those involved are adjusting fast to the demands and requirements of the new digital mass communications technologies.   \n\nA review of Nigeria’s seven biggest media organizations - namely, Vanguard, Daily Trust, This Day, Channels Television, Guardian, Punch, The Nation - shows that four have the names of their owners on their websites, while the remaining do not. The first four listed above have the names on their sites.","Phone interview with Cheta Nwanze, former editor, Telegraph, 6 Aug.t 2014.\n\nInterview with Aaron Ossai, political editor, Nigerian Pilot, 4 Aug. 2014.\n\nReview of media websites:\nVanguard newspaper.\nhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/about/\n\nThis Day Live.\nhttp://www.thisdaylive.com/about\n\nChannels Television.\nhttp://www.channelstv.com/meet-the-team/executives/\n\nDaily Trust.\nhttp://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/about-us\n\nGuardian.\nhttp://www.ngrguardiannews.com/contact-us\n\nPunch.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/contact-us/\n\nThe Nation.\nhttp://thenationonlineng.net/new/about-us/","Major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and the information is readily available to any citizen online. Virtually all the newspapers in the country have the names of their proprietor, management and editorial staff listed in the newspapers...."]
["2014_SO_52",2014,"SO","Somalia",52,0,"Since the collapse of the central Somali government in 1991, public and private media have been in disarray. Prior to its collapse, all media were owned by the state, then communist Somalia. The only non-state media outlets were foreign-sponsored radio networks such as the BBC. In 2014 there has been a reversal of roles - TV channels, radios, websites, etc. are privately owned.\n\nDraft legislation that would have demanded the disclosure of major media ownership, among other things, was approved by the Council of Ministers in July 2013. But it has met harsh criticism from the Union of Somali Journalists, an affiliate to the International Federation of Journalists, the U.N., and other international watchdogs for containing alleged “repressive clauses.”\n\nThe draft was first passed in July 2013, and after facing a contentious challenge from concerned audiences—media houses, the UN, international journalism advocacy groups, etc.—the government decided to review it. The Council of Ministers again passed the draft on September 1, 2014, but it has not been applied because of its controversial clauses.\n\nIn the current state of Somali media, no media service provider discloses its owners to the general public.","Prof. Mohamed Omar Dalha\nMember of Parliament, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 23, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous, government official\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 23, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSomali journalists declare their massive opposition to the draft media law\nPress Release,\nNational Union of Somali Journalists,\nAugust 22, 2013\nhttp://www.nusoj.org/2013/08/22/somali-journalists-declare-their-massive-opposition-to-the-draft-media-law/\n\nNew Laws Passed in Somalia and Puntland will Destroy Press Freedom, says IFJ\nPress Release,\nInternational Federation of Journalists,\nJuly 27, 2014\nUN voices fears over Somalia media law\nAl Jazeera\nJuly 21, 2013\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/2013721144559477920.html\n\nAnalysis of Media Draft Law by Article19: 5 August 2013. \nhttp://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/37192/en/somalia:-draft-media-law\n\n\"Somalia: Media law imposes heavy fines on journalists for breaching \"code of ethics\"\", ifex.org reports citing NUSOJ (National Union of Somali Journalists).2 September 2014. https://www.ifex.org/somalia/2014/09/02/code_ethics/\n\n\"SOMALIA: Cabinet passes new Draft Media Bill after two weeks of discussion,\" http://www.raxanreeb.com/, September 9, 2014, http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-cabinet-passes-new-draft-media-bill-after-two-weeks-of-discussion/ ","Since the collapse of the central Somali government in 1991, public and private media have been in disarray. Prior to its collapse, all media were owned by the state, then communist Somalia. The only non-state media outlets were foreign-sponsored radio networks such as the BBC. In ..."]
["2014_TZ_52",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",52,25,"Major media organizations do not disclose the names of their owners. The information is available only to the government. They provide the names of the firms that publish the newspaper but not the names of people who own it. The Media Council of Tanzania lists media houses and their respective addresses but does not provide information on owners.\n\nWhat one will see is the name of CEO or director, not the owners or the percent share of their ownership. For the state-owned papers, it is printed on the last page of the publication stating that this newspaper is owned by, for example, Daily News Publications."," Joanitha Tingwa, freelancer, Morogoro, November 12, 2014.\n\nThe Citizens website, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/\n\nStarTV  website, http://startvtz.com/about-smgl/\n\nMedia Council of Tanzania,  Media Outlet, http://www.mct.or.tz/index.php/mct-profile/66-members-directory/136-media-outlets. \n\nWebsites access November 2014.","Major media organizations do not disclose the names of their owners. The information is available only to the government. They provide the names of the firms that publish the newspaper but not the names of people who own it. The Media Council of Tanzania lists media houses and thei..."]
["2014_ZW_52",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",52,50,"Media organisations are required to disclose the names of their owners by law. Well-established media houses like Zimpapers, Alpha Media Holdings and Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe disclose the names of their owners to the public, and this information is available in the newspaper.\n\nHowever, due to tight government restrictions on print and broadcast media over the past decade, and the economic and political exile of many journalists, there has been a significant growth of a Zimbabwe-focused online news industry. Most of these online news outlets do not disclose their owners.","Interview with Tafadzwa Tseisi, Information Department, Voluntary Media Council of Zimbabwe, 31 July 2014, Harare.  \n\nZimbabwe Newspapers Ltd. accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.herald.co.zw/about-zimpapers/ \n\nAlpha Media Holdings. accessed July 2014.\nhttps://www.newsday.co.zw/tag/alpha-media-holdings/","Media organisations are required to disclose the names of their owners by law. Well-established media houses like Zimpapers, Alpha Media Holdings and Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe disclose the names of their owners to the public, and this information is available in the newspap..."]
["2014_BF_53",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",53,50,"Il existe plusieurs documents officiels comme la Charte du journaliste burkinabè et le Code de l'information qui, selon Mme OUEDRAOGO du Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), est en train de devenir une loi sur la presse. Cette recherche a permis de remarquer le règlement intérieur affiché dans la salle de rédaction de l'Observateur Paalga, l'un des principaux médias du pays. \n\nCependant, les rédactions ont du mal à faire appliquer les règles et les professionnels de l'information au Burkina ne se conforment pas toujours aux règles de la profession. En dépit de l'existence de document officiel sur l'éthique et la déontologie, les manquements sont nombreux. \n\nLa Charte du journaliste burkinabè stipule en son article 9: «le journaliste digne de ce nom s’abstient de tout plagiat, de signer des articles qui ne sont pas les siens ou de se livrer à des manœuvres de tout genre pour prendre la place d’un confrère.» Cependant, dans un article sur le plagiat, l'Observatoire Burkinabè des Médias (OBM) dénonce «une pratique qui nous éloigne du professionnalisme tant recherché.» L'existence des textes n'a donc pas empêché le plagiat décrié par l'OBM. \n\nLa charte dit aussi que : «le journaliste est tenu de protéger ses sources d’information de toute divulgation à même de le compromettre d’une manière ou d’une autre. En revanche, il ne doit pas user de moyens illicites pour obtenir des informations. Dans le respect de la loi, le journaliste peut utiliser tous les moyens pour obtenir une information.»","OUEDRAOGO Fatoumata, juriste chargée de mission, Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), Ouagadougou, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nSANOU Hyacinthe, reporter et chef du desk papiers d’initiatives personnelles, L’Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\nAgence Ecofin, Ouaga.com, 15 juillet 2014, «Burkina Faso : l’Observatoire des médias sonne l’alerte contre la recrudescence du journalisme de plagiat». http://news.aouaga.com/h/30907.html","Il existe plusieurs documents officiels comme la Charte du journaliste burkinabè et le Code de l'information qui, selon Mme OUEDRAOGO du Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), est en train de devenir une loi sur la presse. Cette recherche a permis de remarquer le règlement in..."]
["2014_TD_53",2014,"TD","Chad",53,75,"Au Tchad certaines organisations des professionnels des médias et les institutions de l'État jouent un rôle de régulateurs quant au contenu diffusé ou publié dans la presse. \n\nBourkou BANDA, trésorier de l'Union des Journalistes du Tchad (UJT) affirme que « la profession journalistique est régie par la mise en oeuvre d'un Code de déontologie et de l'éthique du journalisme par les principales organisations des médias au Tchad qui sont: l'Union des Journalistes du Tchad (UJT), l'Observatoire de Déontologie des Médias au Tchad (ODMET), Association des Éditeurs de Presse au Tchad (AEPT).....Le tout est sanctionné par le contrôle des contenues médiatique et le arbitrage du Haut Conseil de la Communication (HCC).» \n\nChaque rédaction d'un média écrit ou audiovisuel dispose de charte de conduite comportementale et de la ligne éditoriale. Ce qui leur permet de prendre position vis à vis des faits politiques, sociaux ou économiques.\nDavid BOULGA, journaliste à la radio Dja FM estime qu'«indépendamment du Code national de déontologie, chaque rédaction dispose des principes rédactionnels dictés par une ligne éditoriale.»\n\nLe Haut Conseil de la Communication lève le doute. Son manuel paru en 2012, stipule dans son introduction que «le journaliste exerçant au Tchad auprès d'une rédaction d'un organe de presse privé ou public, est tenu de respecter la déontologie et l’ethique du journalisme dont le contenu est définie par les principales organisation des médias et le HCC.»\n\nCependant, toutes les dispositions dudit document ne sont pas toujours respectées par tous les médias et les manquements abondent.","BANDA Bourkou, trésorier de l'Union des Journalistes du Tchad (UJT), entretien à la Maison des médias du Tchad, 25 juin 2014 \n\nBOULGA David, journaliste à la radio Dja FM, entretien  au siège de la radio, 20 juin 2014.\n\nManuel de recueil des lois relatives à la communication de Haut Conseil de la Communication, paru en 2012.","Au Tchad certaines organisations des professionnels des médias et les institutions de l'État jouent un rôle de régulateurs quant au contenu diffusé ou publié dans la presse. ..."]
["2014_CG_53",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",53,50,"RTNC (Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise), DIGITAL CONGO and RTGA (Radio  Télévision Groupe Avenir) are recognized as the largest media organizations in DRC mainly because they cover the entire country. Each has a Code of Conduct for its journalists and adheres to strict professional practices in their reporting. This is also firmly required by the CESAC (Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel et de la Communication). The use of anonymous sources is forbidden, and  the strict respect of the principle of impartiality (objectivity) is viewed as the foundation of the journalists’ work.\n\nBut media organizations are struggling to meet the impartiality standards. They are often manipulated and used to achieve political ends. Some media organizations do not enforce the code of conducts and sometime lack professionalism.","1. (Face To Face Interview), Journalist And Executive Director Of The Congolese Union For Women Of Media (UCOFEM) Annah Maimuna,  July 28, 2014.\n \n2. (Face To Face Interview), Journalist Rtga Clarisse Ekoko, July 28, 2014.\n\n3. (Face To Face Interview) President Of The DRC Anticorruption League Ernest Pararo, July 15, 2014.","RTNC (Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise), DIGITAL CONGO and RTGA (Radio  Télévision Groupe Avenir) are recognized as the largest media organizations in DRC mainly because they cover the entire country. Each has a Code of Conduct for its journalists and adheres to strict profess..."]
["2014_GA_53",2014,"GA","Gabon",53,0,"Le journalisme au Gabon a aussi ses règles locales et a ratifié plusieurs autres notamment celles de Munich. Il y a un grand écart dans la pratique notamment des dérapages observés dans le traitement de l'information par certains journalistes et éditeurs. \n\nCes dérapages pour certains sont dûs au fait que certains textes sont désuets. C'est pourquoi, le Gabon a entrepris depuis l'année 2014 d'importantes réformes dans le domaine du journalisme en particulier et de la communication en général. \n\nLe ministre gabonais de la communication et par ailleurs porte-parole du gouvernement annonce des textes en chantiers après la 2ème édition des états généraux de la communication plus de 25 ans après la 1ere, il s'agit de:\n- Loi relative à l’exercice de la liberté de la communication en République gabonaise;\n- La migration vers le tout numérique,\n- La maîtrise des opportunités de l’économie et des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC).\n- La création d'un label Gabon Information Communication (GIC).\n\nTout ceci va devoir assainir le secteur de la presse au Gabon et permettre l'exercice plus responsable et plus professionnel de ce métier.","MOUSSAVOU Sylvain, journaliste correspondant de Koaci.com à Libreville, entretien par téléphone, 22 décembre 2014;\n\nONDIMBA Ali Bongo, Président de la République du Gabon, extrait de son discours prononcé le 18 décembre 2014 à l'occasion de la 2ème édition des états généraux de la communication.\n\nMEKAM'NE Denise, ministre de la communication, porte-parole du gouvernement, extrait du discours prononcé le 18 décembre 2014 à l'occasion de la 2ème édition des états généraux de la communication.\n\nCharte des droits et devoirs des journalistes du Gabon, 26 avril 1995 : http://www.agpgabon.ga/charte\n\nCode de déontologie de Gabon Review.com, année de publication non mentionnée : http://gabonreview.com/deontologie/ -","Le journalisme au Gabon a aussi ses règles locales et a ratifié plusieurs autres notamment celles de Munich. Il y a un grand écart dans la pratique notamment des dérapages observés dans le traitement de l'information par certains journalistes et éditeurs. ..."]
["2014_KE_53",2014,"KE","Kenya",53,75,"All the major media houses, Nation Media Group (NMG), the Standard Group (SG) and Royal Media Services (RMS), have formal documents on Code of Practice and Ethics for their practicing journalists and editorial staff.\n\nThe documents provide detailed guidelines on sensitive subjects such politics and conflict reporting, transparency and accountability, use of unnamed sources and coverage of minors and sexually molested persons, among others.\n\nThe Second Schedule of the Media Council Act 2013 contains the Code of Conduct for the Practice of Journalism in Kenya. The Code contains 25 clauses, one of which is on Accuracy and Fairness.\n \nIt holds that a person subject to this Act shall write a fair, accurate and an unbiased story on matters of public interest. It says that all sides of the story shall be reported, wherever possible.\n\nThe clause further provides that:\na) Comments shall be sought from anyone who is mentioned in an unfavourable context and evidence of such attempts to seek the comments shall be kept.\nb) Whenever it is recognised that an inaccurate, misleading or distorted story has been published or broadcast, it shall be corrected promptly.\n\nHowever there have been occasional lapses in adherence leading to unfair coverage of events and personalities. The Media Council of Kenya (MCK) has regularly received numerous complaints for redress whenever such lapses occurred while some aggrieved persons have taken to the courts for libel and defamation. The complaints page of the Media Council of Kenya's website shows that 25 complaints were files against media between September 2013 and September 2014.","1. Harun Mwangi CEO, Media Council of Kenya. Provided responses on July 16, 2014.\n\n2. Nation Media Group (NMG) Editorial Policy Guidelines & Objectives. http://www.nation.co.ke/meta/-/1194/1199444/-/84r521z/-/index.html\n\n3. Media Council of Kenya, Complaints page (consulted february 2015). http://www.mediacouncil.or.ke/en/mck/index.php/complaints2\n\n4. An appendix of complaints and resolutions on cases with the Media Council of Kenya(MCK). http://www.mediacouncil.or.ke/en/mck/index.php/resolved-complaints?showall=&limitstart=\n\n5. \"Uhuru reminds journalists of profession code of conduct\" . An article By James Mwambai published by the Standard Newspaper on Friday, May 2, 2014.\nRead more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000110815\n\n6. \"85pc of Kenyans unhappy with radio talk show hosts\". An article published by the Standard Group on May 22, 2014.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/story.php?articleID=2000121972&story_title=85pc-of-Kenyans-unhappy-with-radio-talk-show-hosts\n\n7. Media Observer, a publication of the Media Council Kenya. January- March 2014 Edition. http://issuu.com/mediacouncilkenya/docs/media_observer_january-march_2014\n\n8. \"An analytical explanation of the Code of Conduct and Practice of Journalism in Kenya\". A blog by Joe Kadhi, Lecturer at the United States International University. Published on February 21, 2014.\nhttp://mediaethicsinkenya.blogspot.com/2014_02_01_archive.html.","All the major media houses, Nation Media Group (NMG), the Standard Group (SG) and Royal Media Services (RMS), have formal documents on Code of Practice and Ethics for their practicing journalists and editorial staff...."]
["2014_LS_53",2014,"LS","Lesotho",53,50,"Electronic broadcasters must follow the Broadcasting Code of Practice provided in the Lesotho Telecommunications Authority Rules 2004, and the two biggest newspapers have formal documents that codify journalistic standards which reporters and editors should uphold. These documents specify among other things procedures for gathering and reporting information as well as protecting sources. However, journalists and editors do not always adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting. The period under review was marked by enormous confusion on the role of the media in Lesotho. The challenge became even more evident during the political unrest that ended with a failed coup on August 30, 2014. \n\nAccording to Tšiu Tšiu of the Lesotho Communication Authority (LCA), journalists and editors do not always adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting. He stated that radio stations are worse than any other media house. He singled out the major problem being that most of the people employed as journalists are not trained to carry their tasks. Meanwhile, private radio stations are said to be engaging entrepreneurs who use airtime to market their businesses. Tšiu stated that, high unemployment and lack of journalism training programmes in Lesotho are the major causes of this problem. Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association also indicated that the quality of reporting leaves much to be desired. \n\nThe fact that media houses use unqualified or untrained journalists makes it very challenging for them to adhere to strict professional practices. On the other hand LCA has broadcasting code for radio stations. The period under review was marked by advertisements over most radio stations stating their commitment to the broadcasting code.","Tšiu Tšiu, Chief Information Officer, Lesotho Communication Officer, Lesotho Communication Authority, 11th September 2014, Maseru.\n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nSunday Express, Limpho Sello, Rogue Radio Stations Under the Spotlight, 1st December 2014, http://sundayexpress.co.ls/rogue-radio-stations-under-the-spotlight/ (accessed on the 17th September 2014)","Electronic broadcasters must follow the Broadcasting Code of Practice provided in the Lesotho Telecommunications Authority Rules 2004, and the two biggest newspapers have formal documents that codify journalistic standards which reporters and editors should uphold. These documents ..."]
["2014_MW_53",2014,"MW","Malawi",53,75,"In practice, journalists and editors try to adhere to professionalism in reporting. The press has produced some hard-hitting and well-investigated pieces in a number of daily newspapers over the past few years. There is also a growing trend towards balanced news reports. The exception is reportage in the run-up to and during presidential elections. Some media houses showed a bias towards certain political parties, especially the state-owned radio and TV stations, the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) and TV Malawi.\n\nThe private media are increasingly adhering to professionalism in their reporting. Most media houses have a code of ethics, which they enforce. \n\nThere have been a number of disciplinary actions taken against media practitioners who have been found guilty of misconduct and being unprofessional. Nonetheless, as impartiality has always been a hot subject in newsrooms across the board,  there is growing professionalism even within the state-owned media generally.\n\nThe Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) has some provisions and monitoring mechanism in place to enforce codes of ethics in the media. In addition, the public has a duty to notify MACRA of any misconduct or unethical reporting by media practioners.","1. Waliko Makhala, Producer, TV Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Chris Chisoni, Secretary, Catholic Commission for Justice, 18 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe","In practice, journalists and editors try to adhere to professionalism in reporting. The press has produced some hard-hitting and well-investigated pieces in a number of daily newspapers over the past few years. There is also a growing trend towards balanced news reports. The except..."]
["2014_NA_53",2014,"NA","Namibia",53,100,"The country has a Code of Ethics that generally guides journalists. The code is also endorsed by the Namibian Editors' Forum and largely used in newsrooms, as well as used as a teaching tool by media education institutions.\n \nTo a large extent the Namibian media adhere to good professional journalists standards. Major media houses are guided by in-house editorial guidelines and this include the state media. The country has a vibrant Editors Forum where all editors meet monthly for review of the month's coverage.\n\nBut the country's Institute for Media says there has been a decrease in ethics because of a rise in \"tabloid\" journalism. The media have set up an independent media ombudsman who is mandated to hold violators of media ethics accountable. A number of individuals and government officials have used courts to challenge the media, and most have won.","Kazembire Zemburuka, Executive Producer, NBC, 23 July 2014\n\nNatasha Tibinyane, Director, Media Institute of Southern Africa – Namibia Chapter,  Table Interview,  18 July 2014\n\nAdvocate John Walters, Ombudsman of Namibia, Face to Face Interview 29 June 2014\n\nGraham Hopwood, Director: Institute of Public Policy and Research, Interview June 19 2014\n\nTangeni Amupadhi, Editor, The Namibian Newspaper, Table Interview 19 July 2014","The country has a Code of Ethics that generally guides journalists. The code is also endorsed by the Namibian Editors' Forum and largely used in newsrooms, as well as used as a teaching tool by media education institutions...."]
["2014_SL_53",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",53,25,"The Independent Media Commission of Sierra Leone is responsible for the registration and regulation of print and electronic media in Sierra Leone. \n\nThe commission has compiled a code of practice for journalists and media owners in Sierra Leone but the media houses often do not abide by this code of practice. The Media Code of Practice issued by the Independent Media Commission provides guidance to media houses for practicing professionally, however, adherence to the code  varies from media house to media house and practitioner to practitioner.\n\nMost media houses in Sierra Leone do not have an editorial policy or guidelines to follow, and they do not have editorial codes of conduct. Their instructions are verbal, not written down. Only a few of the media houses in Sierra Leone operate under strict editorial guidelines. For instance, the Awoko newspaper gives a brief editorial lecture to reporters daily, but does not have a code of practice for the institution. \n\nThere is no system to ensure that there is guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest and impartiality at media offices in the country. In November 2014, the Standard Times newspaper was ordered to pay a fine of thirty million Leones (about $5,000) by a Sierra Leone Court  for going against the rules of the Independent Media Commission in publishing libelous material about an individual.\n\nThe media commission regulates the media, but mostly journalists have been fined and prosecuted for libel and sedition under the Public Order Act. Recently popular radio journalist David Tam Bayoh was arrested and detained for 11 days on an order from the President under a public health emergency regulation.","Interview with Philip Neville, proprietor, Media One Center, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Moses Kargbo, secretary general, Sierra Leone Association of Journalists, Freetown, 29 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Theo Nichol, deputy information minister, Government of Sierra Leone, 22 June 2014.\n\nIndependent Media Commission, Media Code of Practice, Rules and Regulations Governing the Establishment and Operations of the print, electronic media and advertising in Sierra leone. \nhttp://www.imc-sl.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=3rHh-6iKXv0%3D&tabid=63","The Independent Media Commission of Sierra Leone is responsible for the registration and regulation of print and electronic media in Sierra Leone. ..."]
["2014_ZA_53",2014,"ZA","South Africa",53,100,"South African media and journalists are bound by the South African Press Code. This code which was created by the National Press Council and tightened in 2011 in response to an increasing number of complaints. \n\nDavid Capel, editor of Leadership magazine says: “I believe journalists in South Africa are, on the whole, highly ethical and adhere to strict codes of conduct.” \n\nQuite a few complaints have been lodged with the National Press Council between September 2013 and July 19, 2014. These complaints and ruling can be found online and accessible to the public. Complaints can be lodged via telephone, fax or email.  One of the complaints that made headlines was the one around the firing of Business Report senior journalist Donwald Pressly, for seeking political office with the Democratic Alliance.\n\nBesides the national press code, media companies often have their own code of conduct. \n\nThe media division of the Times Media Group, for instance, has a code which is \"closely aligned to the South African press code.\" \n\nThe South African Broadcasting Corporation's code of conduct (approved by ICASA, the regulator for the South African communications sector) says that the corporation is required to adhere to the rules set out by the Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa, which ensures that broadcasters adhere to certain minimum standards of programme content.\n \nThe commission in case of the corporation and other broadcasting companies deals with complaints, and can force the corporation to hand over any material for review when it comes to the investigation. This includes any on-screen and/or verbal consumer advice. If appropriate, a transcription of the text is required, and/or the final control sheet for the programme. These complaints can be heard in a tribunal. When found guilty, the corporation can be summoned to broadcast a correction, retraction, or apology, or to pay a fine up to R40.000 ($3425)","Interview David Capel, editor Leadership magazine / 8 October 2014 / phone.\n\nNational Press Council of South Africa, complains and rulings (organisation's website), http://www.presscouncil.org.za/Ruling?page=1\n\nJournalist Fired For Political Agenda (Sa Press  Agency / 1 April 2014), http://news.howzit.msn.com/top-news/journalist-fired-for-political-agenda\n\nNew South African press code released, http://www.peherald.com/news/article/3146.\n\nTimes Media Group, code of conduct, http://www.timesmedia.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Times-Media-Policy-Guide-November-2012.pdf.","South African media and journalists are bound by the South African Press Code. This code which was created by the National Press Council and tightened in 2011 in response to an increasing number of complaints. ..."]
["2014_TN_53",2014,"TN","Tunisia",53,25,"The Union of journalists (SNJT-Syndicat National des Journalistes Tunisiens) is trying to establish an ethics code for journalists in Tunisia. Most Tunisian media organisations have adhered to the Maghrebian code of ethics (March 2013), but since that time no further steps were taken.\n\nIn the period of study, journalists have on many occasions published news without any basis: They posted information before verifying it. TV interviews are sometimes conducted without ethical or professional rules. Strict professional practices are still missing in reporting.","Interview with Imen Kochbati, journalist for RTT (Radio Télévision Tunisienne), 25 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Nadia Ayadi, journalist for the magazine Femmes de Tunisie, 26 June 2014, Tunis.  \n\nArticle: Nawaat, Riadh Guerfelli, \"La crise du journalisme tunisien, éthique et déontologie,\" 15 April 2014, Tunis.\nhttp://nawaat.org/portail/2014/04/15/de-la-crise-du-journalisme-tunisien-ethique-deontologie-et-listes-noires/ \n\nArticle:Kapitalis, Moncef Dhambri, \" Ouertani et la tentation du buz facile,\" 19 March 2014, Tunis.\nhttp://www.kapitalis.com/medias/21286-tunisie-medias-naoufel-ouertani-et-la-tentation-du-buzz-facile.html","The Union of journalists (SNJT-Syndicat National des Journalistes Tunisiens) is trying to establish an ethics code for journalists in Tunisia. Most Tunisian media organisations have adhered to the Maghrebian code of ethics (March 2013), but since that time no further steps were tak..."]
["2014_AO_54",2014,"AO","Angola",54,0,"No such law exists. \n\nArticle 44 of the constitution guarantees freedom of the press and states that media practitioners are not to be subjected to censorship. However, this only covers the publishing of accurate information and makes no mention of malicious intent. \n\nWhile the Penal Code does punish including what is deemed \"crimes of honour\"  including defamation, it does however protect journalists provided that the facts reported upon are not about private or family life. \n\nArticle 199 (3): \n3. The offender is not punished when:\na) the imputation of the offensive fact is carried out to fulfill legitimate interests; \nb) prove the veracity of the attributable offensive facts;\nc) have had serious grounds for, acting in good faith, considering the accusations true.\n4. It is considered that the offender did not act in good faith, if he does not fulfill his duty to \ninform on the truth of the facts alleged that the circumstances require it.\n5. The provisions of paragraph 3 shall not apply where the imputation relates to facts concerning the private or family life.","Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 44\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498 \n\nPenal Code,1886, Articles 407-420 (honour crimes, defamation, libel and slander)\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=244267 \n\nPenal Code (English Translation by the Angloan Ministry of Interior available online). PRELIMINARY DRAFT OF THE PENAL CODE. http://www.sme.ao/attachments/article/249/ANTEPROJECTO%20DE%20C%C3%93DIGO%20PENAL.EN.pdf\n\nPress Law, Law No. 7/06 of May 15, 2006 \nhttp://www.mcs.gov.ao/VerLegislacao.aspx?id=92","No such law exists. \n\nArticle 44 of the constitution guarantees freedom of the press and states that media practitio..."]
["2014_CV_54",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",54,0,"The Constitution 2010 and Media Law No. 70/VII/2010 assures the freedom to report accurate news although not explicitly referring particularly to situations where these reports can damage the reputation of a public figure.\n\nArticle 48 gives guarantees freedom of expression and information, the right to express and disseminate their ideas through words, images or by any other means; to inform and be informed, seeking, receiving and disseminating information and ideas, in any form, without limitation, discrimination or hindrance. No censorship is allowed but the freedom has limits as to the right to honor and esteem of the people, the right to good name, image and intimacy of personal and family life.\n\nArticles 9-12 of the Media Law No. 70/VII/2010 on freedom of expression of thought  guarantee the same rights as those under Article 48 of the constitution but not without limits.  Article 13 on limits to freedom states: \"Freedom of information and expression has limits as the right of every citizen to honor and good name, image and intimacy of personal and family life, as well as the protection of children and youth may not be published or disseminated by the mass media news or information that violates these limits.\"\n\nAnd Article 14 on judicial restriction states: \"In cases expressly provided by law, and upon final court decision, can be prevented disclosure, publication or ordered the withdrawal of movement of media or information support or edited or published in the media and broadcast multimedia computer containing facts likely to be considered crimes or violating the limits of press freedom.\"","Constitution, Article 48º (Freedom of expression and information).\n\nMedia Law (Law No. 70/VII/2010: Amends Act No. 56/V/98 of 29 June 1998, which regulates the legal regime of Media), Article 9º on freedom of expression of thought; Article 10º on right to information, Article 11º freedom of communication; Article 12º on prohibition of censorship; Article 13º on limits to freedom; Article 14 on judicial restriction.","The Constitution 2010 and Media Law No. 70/VII/2010 assures the freedom to report accurate news although not explicitly referring particularly to situations where these reports can damage the reputation of a public figure...."]
["2014_CD_54",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",54,0,"En l'absence de loi traitant explicitement cet indicateur, les journalistes se réfèrent à leur code déontologique. Si après enquête, il est constaté que le (ou les) journaliste(s) ont publié des articles mensonges ou diffamatoires (car les faits ne sont pas exactes), ils peuvent être condamnés dans le cadre des textes relatifs à la diffamation.\n\nLa  loi n°08–2001 du 12 novembre 2001 sur la liberté de la Communication a dépénalisé les délits de presse. Il n’y a pas de peines d’emprisonnements pour les délits de presse au Congo. Cependant, cette loi prévoit des amendes pour dommages et intérêts. Il apparait donc que le cadre juridique ne prévoit pas de peines d'emprisonnement pour les journalistes et permet la libre expression de ses derniers.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: La dépénalisation n'a rien à voir le fait de rapporter des informations qui nuisent à la réputation d'une personnalité publique. En fait la dépénalisation ote simplement l'emprisonnement, le délit reste, avec une condamnation pécuniaire.","Loi n°08–2001 du 12 novembre 2001 sur la liberté de la communication","En l'absence de loi traitant explicitement cet indicateur, les journalistes se réfèrent à leur code déontologique. Si après enquête, il est constaté que le (ou les) journaliste(s) ont publié des articles mensonges ou diffamatoires (car les faits ne sont pas exactes), ils peuvent êt..."]
["2014_GQ_54",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",54,0,"Article 13 (b) of the constitution, 2012, guarantees freedom of speech, thought, ideas and opinions. Article 10 of the media law (Law No. 6/1997) recognizes the right of the media to request and publish information, but these rights are limited if the publication commits an act of defamation due to violations of personal honor, one’s reputation or family intimacy. As a result, media outlets cannot request information that might be deemed a potential infrangement on a person's honor, reputation or intimacy.\n\nJournalists cannot report information if it may damage reputation. Libel continues to be a crime under Article 240 of the Criminal Code. \n\nJournalists have been suspended in the past for reporting on issues that may affect government officials.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Article 13. \nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 6/1997, Capítulo I (“Disposiciones Generales”), Article 2 (“Principios Publicísticos”), Article 6 (“De la censura”), Capítulo X (“De las responsabilidades y de las sanciones”), Article 66, 2012 (“De Prensa, Imprenta y Medios Audiovisuales”).  http://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=9&Itemid=75","Article 13 (b) of the constitution, 2012, guarantees freedom of speech, thought, ideas and opinions. Article 10 of the media law (Law No. 6/1997) recognizes the right of the media to request and publish information, but these rights are limited if the publication commits an act of ..."]
["2014_GM_54",2014,"GM","The Gambia",54,0,"Section 25 of the constitution notes the freedom of the media. Section 207 on the freedom and responsibility of the media empowers the media to hold the government responsible and accountable to the people of The Gambia. However, Section 209 notes that these \"are subject to laws which are reasonably required in a democratic society in the interest of national security, public order, public morality and for the purpose of protecting the reputations, rights and freedoms of others\".\n\nSection 181 of the criminal code makes the publication of any defamatory matter criminal. \n\nHowever, where the publication is true and for public benefit, such publication is not unlawful (s.181(a)). If a journalist knew a story to be false and its publication was not for the benefit of the public, he or she would be convicted of criminal defamation. Thus it is not enough for the journalist to prove the information published was true. He or she also must prove that the published story was for public benefit. Thus there could be a conviction even if the story was true.\n\nThe Information and Communication (Amendment) Act 2013 allows the authorities to impose penalties of up to 15 years imprisonment and hefty fines for criticizing government officials online.","Section 181 of the Criminal Code, Cap 10:01,  Vol. 3, Laws of The Gambia, 2009 [but it does not include all the conditions described in the indicator]\n\n1997 Constitution of The Gambia, Sections 25, 207 and 209. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/constitutiongambia.pdf\n\nThe Information and Communication (Amendment) Act 2013. (not available online). ","Section 25 of the constitution notes the freedom of the media. Section 207 on the freedom and responsibility of the media empowers the media to hold the government responsible and accountable to the people of The Gambia. However, Section 209 notes that these \"are subject to laws wh..."]
["2014_LR_54",2014,"LR","Liberia",54,100,"According to the Penal Law of Liberia, \"a person has committed a first degree misdemeanor if he exposes to the public any writing, or makes any public broadcast, in which he has accused the incumbent President of the Republic of Liberia of conduct which constitutes the commission of a crime, provided, that at the time of such publication:\n(a) The conduct charged is untrue and the actor knows it to be untrue; and\n(b) The purpose of the actor is to thereby injure the President in his reputation.\" \nWhile this law specifically refers to the President, it is understood that it also sets the standard for other public figures. \n\nIt is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations. Press freedom to report the truth gives journalist the leverage to report any information on public officials even to the extent of invading privacy once the information is true. Information of public officials is for public consumption as the public deserves the right to know anything factual about those serving them and paid by their taxes. \n\nThe truth is defense against libel and so there is nothing illegal about anyone publishing damaging news about another person so long as information is true. In some cases even if the information is untrue, for the plaintiff to recover, he or she must prove malice on the part of the journalist. A journalist reporting on public officials can only be convicted if malice is proved as the basis for the story that caused damage to the person reported.\n\nArticle 15 of the 1986 Liberian Constitution guarantees the freedom of speech, and by extension the freedom of the press. There is no provision in this section that legally insulates the president from criticism by the press. Hence, the press has used this freedom to hold the president accountable. The pages of the various newspapers - FrontPageAfrica, The Inquirer, etc. - show stories critical of the president.","The Penal Law of Liberia, Section 11.11 b) and a). 1978. http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Liberia/Penal%20Code%20Liberia%201978.pdf \n\nLiberian Constitution, Article 15, 1984. http://www.liberlii.org/lr/legis/const/col1984235/","According to the Penal Law of Liberia, \"a person has committed a first degree misdemeanor if he exposes to the public any writing, or makes any public broadcast, in which he has accused the incumbent President of the Republic of Liberia of conduct which constitutes the commission o..."]
["2014_MR_54",2014,"MR","Mauritania",54,0,"Il n'existe pas de lois qui expressément dépénalisent la publication d'informations susceptibles de nuire aux personnes publiques. Toutefois, la récente loi sur la presse en cours de discussion a prévu la dépénalisation de certaines informations  envers des personnalités comme le Président de la République, le Premier Ministre et des personnalités de premier plan. Toutefois, dans sa mouture actuelle, le législateur n'a pas encore expressément autorisé la publication des informations de nature à nuire à des personnalités.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière pour le moment","Il n'existe pas de lois qui expressément dépénalisent la publication d'informations susceptibles de nuire aux personnes publiques. Toutefois, la récente loi sur la presse en cours de discussion a prévu la dépénalisation de certaines informations  envers des personnalités comme le P..."]
["2014_MA_54",2014,"MA","Morocco",54,0,"It is possible to publish accurate and verified information even if it damages the image of a public figure except the King and the royal family. \n\nHowever, the Moroccan press code punishes with imprisonment of three years to five years anyone who publishes information that harms the image of the royal family or its members.","Presse code - voted in Oct 2002 - Article 41. http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Code_Presse_MAROC.2002.pdf","It is possible to publish accurate and verified information even if it damages the image of a public figure except the King and the royal family. ..."]
["2014_NE_54",2014,"NE","Niger",54,0,"Au Niger, la Constitution de la 7éme République du 25 novembre 2010 garantit la liberté d'expression et la liberté de presse comme étant des Droits Humains fondamentaux et inaliénables.\n L'article 158 de la Constitution, stipule que :« la communication audiovisuelle, écrite, électronique ainsi que l'impression et la diffusion sont libres, sous réserve du respect de l'ordre public, de la liberté et de la dignité des citoyens. Les médias d'État sont des services publics dont l'accès est garanti, de manière équitable et effective à tous dans les conditions définies par la loi.»\n \n L'Ordonnance N° 2010-035 du 04 juin 2010 portant régime de la liberté de presse, offre des garanties optimales qui protègent les journalistes contre les abus et les persécutions pouvant provenir des personnalités publiques dans l'optique d'entraver le travail des médias.\n \n Le Niger est le premier pays africain qui a signé la déclaration de la montagne de la table, qui abolit les peines contre les journalistes pour diffimations et injures. Selon la loi N° 2010-035 du 04 juin 2010 portant régime de la liberté de presse, la diffamation est passible d'amende et non de sanction pénale. \n Article 50 : «La diffamation, commise par tout moyen de communication envers les cours et tribunaux, les forces années, les forces de sécurité intérieure, les corps constitués et les administrations publiques, sera punie d'une amende cinq cent mille (500.000) à deux millions\n cinq cent mille (2.500.000) francs CFA.»\n \n Article 51 : «Sera punie des mêmes peines qu'à l'article précédent, la diffamation commise par tout moyen de communication, en raison der leurs fonctions ou de leur qualité, envers je Chef de l'Etat, un Chef d'Etat étranger, le représentant d'un Etat étranger ou d'une organisation internationale ou plusieurs membres du gouvernement, un ou plusieurs membres de l'Assemblée nationale, un fonctionnaire public, un dépositaire ou agent de l'autorité publique, un citoyen chargé d'un service ou d'un mandat public, temporaire ou permanent, un juré ou un témoin en raison de sa déposition.\n La diffamation concernant la vie privée contre les personnes visées à l'alinéa précédent sera punie conformément aux dispositions de l'article 53 de la présente ordonnance.»\n Article 52 : «La diffamation, commise envers les particuliers par tout moyen de communication sera punie d'une amende de cent mille (100.000) à cinq cent mille (500 000)\n francs CFA.»","Ordonnance n°2010-035 du 04 juin 2010 portant régime de la liberté de la presse : http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/90280/103974/F694278322/NER-90280.pdf","Au Niger, la Constitution de la 7éme République du 25 novembre 2010 garantit la liberté d'expression et la liberté de presse comme étant des Droits Humains fondamentaux et inaliénables.\n L'article 158 de la Constitution, stipule que :« la communication audiovisuelle, écrite, élec..."]
["2014_SL_54",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",54,100,"Sections 29 and 30 of the Public Order Act, 1965, made it legal to report accurate information on public figures, and journalists can only be convicted if they publish inaccurate material with a malicious intent.\nAccording to Article 30 (e): No person shall be criminally liable for the publication of a defamatory matter in the following cases — \"(e) where the defamatory matter consists of fair comment upon the public conduct of any person in public affairs, or upon the public conduct of any person employed in the public service in the discharge of his public duties, or upon the character of any such persons so as it appears by such conduct.\"\n\nArticle 30 states, in part, that no person shall be criminally liable for the publication of a defamatory matter in the following cases — \"where the defamatory matter consists of an extract from, or an abstract of, a petition to, or a Gazette or document published by or under the authority of, the Governor-General or a Minister and the publication is made without express malice to the person defamed; or where the defamatory matter constitutes, in whole or in part a fair report, for the information of the public, of any proceeding of any Court, whether preliminary or final; or of any public proceeding of any body constituted or authorised to hold such proceeding, by any Act or Order or of any public meeting so far as the public is concerned in the matter published if, in every case the publication is made without express malice to the person defamed; or\nwhere the publication is for the information of the public at the request of any Minister or public officer, or where the defamatory matter is any notice or report issued by a department of Government or public officer, for the information of the public, and where in every such case the publication is made without express malice to the person defamed.\"\n\nThe article goes to say that the person shouldn't be held criminally liable \"where the defamatory matter consists of fair comment on any published book or other literary production, or any composition or work of art, or performance publicly exhibited, or any subject; or of the character of the author of such book, production, composition, work of art, or the person exhibiting such performance, so far as their characters may appear there from respectively; or where the publication is in good faith for the purpose of seeking remedy or redress for any private or public wrong or grievance from a person who has or is reasonably believed by the person publishing to have, the right to remedy or redress such wrong or grievance.\"","The Public Order Act, 1965, Sections 29 and 30.\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/1965-46s.pdf","Sections 29 and 30 of the Public Order Act, 1965, made it legal to report accurate information on public figures, and journalists can only be convicted if they publish inaccurate material with a malicious intent...."]
["2014_SD_54",2014,"SD","Sudan",54,0,"While there is a law that outlines defamation, there is no law specifically protecting journalists who publish information in good faith and after due dilligence. \n\nArticle 39 of the Sudan Constitution states: \"Every citizen shall have an unrestricted right to the freedom of expression, reception and dissemination of information, publication and access to the press without prejudice to order, safety or public morals as determined by law.\n(2) The State shall guarantee the freedom of the press and other media and shall be regulated by law in a democratic society.\n(3) All media shall abide by professional ethics, shall refrain from inciting religious, ethnic, racial or cultural hatred and shall not agitate for violence or war.\"\n\nArticle 28 (Journalists' Duties) of the Press and Publication Law states that journalists should not publish any secret information. The list also includes a new duty for journalists to refrain from causing irritation and from exaggerating when presenting the news of crimes or civil offenses and a prohibition on commenting on investigations or trials before a final decision is reached.\n\nArticle 159 of the Sudanese Criminal Act, 1991, states that \"(1) It shall be deemed to commit the offense of 'Defamation,' whoever publishes or narrates or otherwise communicates to another, by any means, facts imputed to a specific person or evaluation of his conduct, intending thereby to injure his reputation.\"","No such law exists in Sudan,\n\nInterim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, Article 39, 2005. \nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf.\n\nPress and Publication Law, 2009.\nhttp://www.ncpp.sd/laws/2009.pdf\n\nSudanese Criminal Act, 1991.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=241802","While there is a law that outlines defamation, there is no law specifically protecting journalists who publish information in good faith and after due dilligence. ..."]
["2014_UG_54",2014,"UG","Uganda",54,100,"Though not explicitly stated in the law, the law implies that it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations. Journalists can be convicted if malice is proved as the basis for publishing the false information. \n\nSection 50 of the penal code states that “Any person who publishes any false statement, rumour or report, which is likely to cause fear and alarm to the public or to disturb the public peace commits a misdemeanor.” However, it goes on to add that “It shall be a defense if the accused proves that prior to publication, he or she took such measures to verify the accuracy of such statement, rumour or report as to lead him or her reasonably to believe that it was true.\" \n\nFurther all journalists are subject to the professional code of ethics provided in the fourth schedule to the Press and Journalist Act. And under the professional code of ethics it is stated that no journalist shall disseminate information or an allegation without establishing its correctness or truth. Besides, a journalist shall take the necessary steps to correct any damaging report he or she has made on any individual or organization.","Penal Code, 1950, Section 50 (1) (2)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/290/PENAL%20CODE%20ACT.pdf\n\nPress and Journalist Act, 1995, Section 3(b); 40(1)\nhttp://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/105","Though not explicitly stated in the law, the law implies that it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations. Journalists can be convicted if malice is proved as the basis for publishing the false information. ..."]
["2014_BW_55",2014,"BW","Botswana",55,0,"Self-censorship is actively promoted. In November 2013, the president announced that he would be supporting a motion that MPs who want to take the media to court for defamation will have their legal fees covered by the taxpayer.\n\nIn 2014, a private media editor, Outsa Mokone of the Sunday Standard, was arrested and charged with sedition for a story his newspaper published about the president of Botswana. The writer of the story, Edgar Tsimane, has since been granted asylum in South Africa.\n\nThe Botswana government often has been accused of abusing state-media owned resources by continually covering only positive stories about ruling party officials, while there is a media blackout on opposition parties.","Interview with Kealeboga Dihutso, print editor (Botswana Gazette) and former radio presenter/programme director (Duma FM), Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.     \n\nAllAfrica.com, \"Botswana: MISA Botswana Condemns Arrest and Detention of Sunday Standard Editor,\" 11 Sept. 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201409111406.html\n\nMmegi, \"Mokone out free on sedition charges,\" 10 Sept. 2014.\nhttp://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=45880\n\nEcho newspaper, \"UDC mourns Motswaledi state media ‘blackout,’\" 8 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.echoonline.co.bw/index/index.php/local-news/item/1920-udc-mourns-motswaledi-state-media-blackout\n\nSunday Standard, by KABELO SEITSHIRO, \"Government to use public funds to silence criticism,\" 1 December 2013.  http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=18581&GroupID=1","Self-censorship is actively promoted. In November 2013, the president announced that he would be supporting a motion that MPs who want to take the media to court for defamation will have their legal fees covered by the taxpayer...."]
["2014_CF_55",2014,"CF","CAR",55,0,"En République Centrafricaine, le gouvernement n'empêche pas la publication des informations. \nPar contre, le gouvernement provoque parfois l'autocensure des médias. Celle-ci se traduit parfois par des menaces et assassinats : selon au article de l'Agence France Presse, quatre journalistes dont une femme ont été tués cette année par des hommes non identifiés, le 29 avril 2013. Par conséquent, les journalistes centrafricains ont par solidarité décrété une journée «  sans journaux » et ont organisé une marche pacifique pour protester contre cet assassinat crapuleux. Centrafrique Presse rapporte également la mort d’une journaliste de la radio Be Oko de Bambari au cours de la période d'étude.  \n\nL'autocensure prend aussi la forme de discrimination en ce qui concerne les marchés de publicité octroyés par le gouvernement. Lors d’un débat à la radio Ndeke luka, les  journalistes ont vivement dénoncé l’attitude du Ministre de la communication et de la réconciliation du gouvernement sortant du fait que ce dernier était absent lors de la célébration de la Journée internationale des médias (mois du mai). En outre, ils ont profité de cette tribune pour soulever la question de non-versement de leur subvention annuelle qui s’élève à 25 000 000 FCFA ($50,000), ainsi que la problématique de l’attribution des marchés publics aux journalistes proches du pouvoir.","DEBATO Service, président de l'Observatoire national des médias en Centrafrique, intrerview du 24 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nVOEMAKOA Gervais, juriste de formation, magistrat en fonction, ex chef de service au Haut conseil de la communication, interview du 25 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nSERVICE Paul, ex directeur général de la télévision centrafricaine, ex chargé de communication au projet cadre intégré renforcé et Journal à la radio nationale, interview du 5 juillet 2014, Bangui.\n\nMBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de la presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nAgence France Presse, 24 juin 2014, « Mort d'une journaliste centrafricaine blessée par des rebelles Séléka en 2013» .  http://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite-economique/mort-d-une-journaliste-centrafricaine-blessee-par-des-rebelles-seleka-en-2013_1553953.html\n\nCentrafrique Presse,  7 mai 2014, « Centrafrique: journée sans médias après l'assassinat de 2 journalistes.» http://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/201405/07/01-4764471-centrafrique-journee-sans-medias-apres-lassassinat-de-2-journalistes.php","En République Centrafricaine, le gouvernement n'empêche pas la publication des informations. \nPar contre, le gouvernement provoque parfois l'autocensure des médias. Celle-ci se traduit parfois par des menaces et assassinats : selon au article de l'Agence France Presse, quatre journ..."]
["2014_CD_55",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",55,25,"Les médias congolais ne font généralement pas l'objet de censure dans leur publication des informations. \n\nCependant certains faits récents, particulièrement l'affaire Elie Smith, du nom de ce journaliste camerounais résidant au Congo qui a été expulsé du Congo, semblent démontrer que lorsque les pouvoirs publics estiment que des enjeux de sécurité nationale sont engagés ils incitent fortement les médias à traiter certaines informations avec beaucoup d'attention.  \n\nSelon le communiqué de presse de la police suite à l'expulsion du journaliste camerounais Elie Smith en septembre 2014, «il est notamment reproché à l'intéressé d'avoir été en intelligence avec les puissances étrangères œuvrant contre les intérêts de la République du Congo.»","Anonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication, entretien à son domicile, 21 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAllAfrica.com, 26 septembre 2014, «Congo-Brazzaville: Le journaliste Elie Smith expulsé du territoire congolais informations.»  http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201409261821.html","Les médias congolais ne font généralement pas l'objet de censure dans leur publication des informations. ..."]
["2014_ET_55",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",55,0,"The practice and policy of censorship was abolished in Ethiopia in 1991. Freedom of expression is a constitutional right, and therefore censorship is not practiced by any governmental entity. \n\nHowever, the regulation of content that can be published has been expanded extremely so that it amounts to censorship. The August 2009 promulgation of the Anti-Terrorism Law has resulted in the arrest, prosecution and imprisonment of numerous journalists. The law has created a catch-all kind of wording that can be interpreted to include any sort of content related to politically sensitive topics. \n\nIn addition, the biggest newspaper printing press in the country, which is owned by the government, has reserved the right to refuse to print newspapers based on their content. The refusal to print newspapers has created pressure on the publishers to self-censor their content based on what is deemed acceptable by the printer.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, international media correspondent based in Addis Ababa, 8 June 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 8 June 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nPen International, Committee to Protect Journalists and Freedom Now, Joint contribution on Ethiopia to the 19th session of the Working Group of the Universal Periodic Review, September 2013.\nhttp://www.pen.org/sites/default/files/Ethiopia_UPR_PEN_CPJ_FN_Final.pdf","The practice and policy of censorship was abolished in Ethiopia in 1991. Freedom of expression is a constitutional right, and therefore censorship is not practiced by any governmental entity. ..."]
["2014_GW_55",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",55,25,"There was no government restraint (pre-publication censorship), but during the period of study there were forms of promoting media self-censorship. \n\nMedia self-censorship was promoted by the armed forces. Commentator for Radio Bombolom, Justino Sá, was harrassed for over 48 hours in the military court for having criticized promotions in the armed forces. In the media article published by DW, Braima Darame, \"Commentator for Bissau's Radio Bombolom questioned by the military, Sá's lawyer is cited saying that his client was subject to psychological torture. According to Zique Choai of Radio Bombolom, this episode posed threats for the future of journalism in Guinea-Bissau. The following days, Radio Bombolom suspended its broadcasting in solidarity with Sá. This was the only way of expressing discontent.\n\nThe National Council for Social Communication denounced that two national radios, Radio Jovem and Radio Nacional, had \"individuals in their premises/head quarters...with the intent of conditioning their sound emissions\" (Lusa, LFO/ MLL, \"Guinean radios suffer from pressures for having aired the military leader's speech\", 3 October 2013).  \n\nIn spite of these harrassaments and threats by the military, the media in Guinea-Bissau have been active and have denounced various cases of corruption and human rights violations.","1. Interview with journalist from Lusa and RFI correspodent, Mussa Baldé, 7 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with journalist from Radio Bombolon, Zique Choaib, 2 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Media article published by DW, Braima Darame, \"Comentator for Bissau's Radio Bombolom questioned by the military\", 13 September 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, http://www.dw.de/comentador-da-r%C3%A1dio-bombolom-de-bissau-interrogado-por-militares/a-17087542.\n\n4. Media article published by Lusa, LFO/ MLL, \"Guinean radios suffer from pressures for having aired the military leader's speech\", 3 October 2013, http://noticias.sapo.pt/internacional/artigo/radios-guineenses-pressionadas-por-emitirem-discurso-em-que-lider-militar-atacou-governo_16740299.html.","There was no government restraint (pre-publication censorship), but during the period of study there were forms of promoting media self-censorship. ..."]
["2014_MG_55",2014,"MG","Madagascar",55,25,"Depuis l’avènement de la IVème République (année 2014), le ministère de l’information a multiplié les avertissements à la presse, d’où l’article de La Gazette de la Grande Ile, intitulé « pour le retour de la censure ». Ainsi, la situation a changé, notamment par le biais d’avertissements directs à la presse proférés par le Président de la République et le Premier ministre suite à des articles taxés de «diffamatoire». La situation s’est vraiment envenimée entre le gouvernement et le presse suite à l’emprisonnement de deux journalistes pour avoir diffusé une « lettre de lecteur » taxé de diffamatoire par trois ministres du gouvernement. L’apogée de la discorde est la publication, après un vote favorable à l’Assemblée nationale et l’approbation de la Haute Cour Constitutionnelle d’une loi sur la cybercriminalité. Il s’agit plus précisément de l’article 20 qui prévoit une lourde peine (de 2 à 5 ans d’emprisonnement) pour les auteurs d’infractions (diffamations et injures aux institutions et aux fonctionnaires de l’Etat). La publication de cette loi a entraîné une vive réaction de la part de la presse, mais aussi de simples citoyens dans la mesure où la loi touche tout citoyen utilisant les facilités de l’internet. \n \n Pour l’article paru dans Les Annales droit de l’Université d’Antananarivo, « les médias sont censés être libres et neutres ». Or, après la publication de la Loi n° 2014-006 sur la cybercriminalité, les réactions des médias laissent supposer le retour à la censure indirecte :\n La presse risque, sous peu, d’être étroitement surveillée…. Un certain nombre de médias est sous haute surveillance actuellement. Le régime actuel ne souhaiterait donc plus tolérer de tels actes (injures et diffamations) mais envoyer tout le monde au cachot, les journalistes comme les simples citoyens. La loi sur la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, adoptée par l’Assemblée nationale le 19 juin dernier, provoque un grand tollé à Madagascar. Journalistes, blogueurs, internautes.Les journalistes sont désormais interdits d'assister aux séances plénières organisées dans ledit palais (de l’Assemblée nationale), surtout quand la réunion concerne les avantages des députés.","RANDRIANTAVY Lovamalala, « Droit des médias : Eléments de réflexion pour une mise en œuvre effective de la liberté d’information et de communication à Madagascar », Annales Droit, nouvelles série, 2, Université d’Antananarivo, Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Politiques, 2013, http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=annales+droit+2013%2C+nouvelles+s%C3%A9rie+2&x=13&y=10&debut_articles=30#pagination_articles\n \n RAKOTONDRAMBOAHOVA Philippe Disaine, Antananarivo : Friedrich Ebert Stftung (FES) Madagascar, 2013, « La protection du journaliste ». http://www.fes-madagascar.org/pages/francais/publications.php?lang=FR.\n \n RAKOTOMALALA Miarasoa, adjoint de programme, Friederich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, 04 juillet 2014.\n \n TSIHIAVONANA Franck, journaliste, Radio Antsiva, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n RALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 12 juillet 2014.\n \n DAVIS R., Midi Madagasikara, 05 juin 2014, « Retour de la censure à Tsimbazaza - Les journalistes indésirables ». http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201406061245.html\n \n P.J., La Gazette de la Grande Ile, n° 3412, 07 juillet 2014, page 3, «Pour le retour de la censure ». www.lagazette-dgi.com\n \n NANTENAINA J., La Nation, 18 juillet 2014, « Liberté en danger ». http://www.lanation.mg/article.php?id=12676\n \n LAZA M., Madagascar Matin, 30 juillet 2014, « Lutte contre la cybercriminalité : tous au cachot ». http://www.matin.mg/?p=5609\n \n RAFIDIARISOA Lova, L’Express de Madagascar, 30 juillet 2014, « Loi contre la cybercriminalité – Menace sur la liberté d’expression ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/loi-contre-la-cybercriminalite-menace-sur-la-liberte-dexpression-14955\n \n PATRICIUS Jao, Les Nouvelles, 31 juillet 2014, « Loi contre la cybercriminalité : l’article 20 indispose le gouvernement ». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/politiques/46436-loi-contre-la-cybercriminalite--larticle-20-indispose-le-gouvernement.","Depuis l’avènement de la IVème République (année 2014), le ministère de l’information a multiplié les avertissements à la presse, d’où l’article de La Gazette de la Grande Ile, intitulé « pour le retour de la censure ». Ainsi, la situation a changé, notamment par le biais d’avertis..."]
["2014_MA_55",2014,"MA","Morocco",55,0,"Several reports of pre-publication censoring were documented in the past five years. A report by RSF2014 \"'Reporters Sans Frontières\" ranks Morocco on matters of freedom of press 136th among the 180 countries where the study took place.\n\nThe use of advertisement budgets (from state-owned companies) to limit freedom of the press is a frequent practice in Morocco. Furthermore, the case of journalist Ali Anouzla (October 2013) who was convicted of supporting terrorism had his website closed and he was put in prison. The accusation was based on the publication of a weblink leading to a Youtube video that shows an extremist calling for jihad in Morocco. The same weblink was available on different websites, portals and on youtube. It was however used against Ali Anouzla only knowing that he is a fierce opponent of the current political system.","Brahim Sedrati - General Manager - Devocean (Aufait - free online newspaper) - Casablanca - phone interview 16/07/2014.\n\nFahd Yata - General Manager and shareholder of La Nouvelle Tribune - Casablanca - phone interview 16/07/2014.\n\nHassan M. Alaoui - General Manager and Shareholder of - Economie et Entreprise.\n\nMediapart - Article on Ali Ennouzla in Morocco - published online on Oct 22nd, 2013 last checked 17/07/214.","Several reports of pre-publication censoring were documented in the past five years. A report by RSF2014 \"'Reporters Sans Frontières\" ranks Morocco on matters of freedom of press 136th among the 180 countries where the study took place...."]
["2014_RW_55",2014,"RW","Rwanda",55,25,"Government censorship of the media in Rwanda is a complicated subject, as explained by Fred Muvunyi, chairman of Rwanda Media Commission, the body charged with overseeing self-regulation of the media since 2013. \n\n\"There is a lot of censorship from the government though most of it goes undocumented,\" Muvunyi said. \"You cannot touch it or feel it. It is difficult to measure, but some researches done in the past show that the government controls what is published or broadcast by the media.\" He adds that it's accomplished through \"pulling strings in advertising revenues. When your only source of revenue is government, you have to publish or broadcast what it wants or they will withhold.\"\n\nRobert Mugabe, a practicing journalist, agrees there is a lot of censorship from the government side, where media houses dependent on government are forced to publish noncritical content to appease the government. \"In most cases it's not direct or not from government institutions, but some officials will do it as individuals to disguise government involvement,\" he said. \"Those that have not adhered to government demands have been cut off from the revenue supplies.\" Mugabe claims that he has also been labeled \"anti-government.\"\n\nGeoffrey Mutagoma, chief editor of Nation Media Group in Rwanda, says that the media houses he heads have not been directly affected by government censorship, but that is not to say that there is no systematic censorship affecting other media houses. \"This being a regional media house, it is difficult for individuals linked to the state to try and control what is published or broadcast, but it could be happening elsewhere,\" he said.\n\nCollin Haba, managing editor of The New Times, a government-leaning daily, says that the government does not censor what is published in the paper, although the paper publishes only stories favoring the government.\n\nAs Fred Muvunyi puts it, the state of censorship in Rwanda is such that media houses are forced to censor themselves even without government intervention, like there are some unwritten rules on what to write and what not.\n\nOn April 28, 2014, Reporters Without Borders said that a wave of intimidation from government organs was pushing media houses into self-censorship, in what it described as a deteriorating environment. \"In the past few weeks, a journalist has been arrested, at least two others have fled abroad, and a news website has been hacked. While apparently not linked, these events have helped to fuel a climate of fear and self-censorship among media personnel,\" the Paris-based media watchdog said.\n\nHowever, Gerald Mbanda, head of media affairs at the Rwanda Government Board, the government entity under which the media fall, said censorship cannot be put on government because the media and journalists in Rwanda censor themselves, for reasons known to them. \"There is no one who has been arrested or even stopped from publishing anything in recent years,\" he said.\n\nFreedom House also contends that online journalists based in Rwanda are joining their print and broadcast colleagues in exercising self-censorship, particularly on topics that can be construed as disruptive to national unity and reconciliation. \"According to some journalists, self-censorship is viewed as a legitimate practice, given the country’s sensitive social and political environment,\" the report stated.","Interview with Fred Muvunyi, chairman, Rwanda Media Commission (RMC), July 8, 2014. \n\nInterview with Robert Mugabe, editor, www.greatlakesvoice.com, July 11, 2014. \n\nInterview with Gerald Mbanda, director of media affairs and communications, Rwanda Governance Board (RGB), June 20, 2014. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, head of media house, June 7, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, head of media house, June 7, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nFreedom House, report, Freedom on the Net 2014. \nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2013/rwanda#.U8ziq_mSxLg\n\nFreedom House, report, Freedom in the World 2014.\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/rwanda-0#.U8zn3fmSxLg\n\nReporters Without Borders, \"Wave of Intimidation of Kigali Media,\" April 28, 2014.\nhttp://en.rsf.org/rwanda-wave-of-intimidation-of-kigali-28-04-2014,46184.html\n\nGreat Lakes Voice, \"Rwanda: Media Commission condemns censorship, mishandling of journalists,\" March 10, 2014.\nhttp://greatlakesvoice.com/rwanda-media-commission-condemns-censorship-mishandling-of-journalists/","Government censorship of the media in Rwanda is a complicated subject, as explained by Fred Muvunyi, chairman of Rwanda Media Commission, the body charged with overseeing self-regulation of the media since 2013. ..."]
["2014_SC_55",2014,"SC","Seychelles",55,50,"There is no official censorship in the Seychelles. The government never prevents the publication of information. But the law against defamation is often used to put pressure on independent newspapers. Some journalists practice self-censorship for fear of reprisals. For example, government members have obtained land in an irregular manner. These kind of cases are frequent, but nobody dares speak openly about it.\n\nThe constitution provides for freedom of speech, but also restricts this right by protecting the reputation, rights, and privacy of citizens as well as the \"interest of defense, public safety, public order, public morality, or public health\". It grants the minister of information the power to prohibit the broadcast of any material deemed contradictory to \"national interest\". \n\nSince the Court of Appeals in 2007 overturned a libel conviction against the opposition weekly Regar, a conviction which had forced it to close temporarily, the filing of libel charges, as well as libel convictions, has diminished. Nevertheless, civil libel suits can still be used against journalists. \n\nIn October 2012, the editor of opposition newspaper Le Nouveau Seychelles Weekly, Ralph Volcere, was found guilty of contempt of court under Section 114 (1) of the penal code for an article challenging the neutrality of a sitting judge. Volcere was required to publish an apology or pay a fine of 10,000 rupees ($730).\n\nThe law allows the minister of information technology to prohibit the broadcast of any material believed to be against the \"national interest\" or \"objectionable\". The law also requires telecommunications companies to submit subscriber information to the government. The law was not enforced during the the period of study, but journalists practiced self-censorship.","Roger Mancienne, Senior Journalist, Managing Director, Xpress printing Ltd, Arpent Vert, Mont Fleuri, Interview on 03 September 2014).\n\nFreedom House, Freedom of the Press 2013 - Seychelles, 5 September 2013, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5229987e8.html.\n\nUnited States Department of State, 2013 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Seychelles, 27 February 2014, http://www.refworld.org/docid/53284a7519.html","There is no official censorship in the Seychelles. The government never prevents the publication of information. But the law against defamation is often used to put pressure on independent newspapers. Some journalists practice self-censorship for fear of reprisals. For example, gov..."]
["2014_SO_55",2014,"SO","Somalia",55,25,"Although there are exceptions, the government’s ability to exert control over media is weak. For instance, there are websites that publish information the government does not want to see revealed. But because many of those websites are based outside the country, the editors have full freedom to publish what they see fit. This freedom extends into Puntland and Somaliland. Radio stations, for example, regularly and critically report about the government without restrictions.\n\nThis situation should not distract from the government trying to curtail media freedom nonetheless. A case in point is the constant battle between the government and Radio Shabelle, a popular station in Mogadishu known for its critical coverage in which journalists address topics such corruption, clan-dividing politics employed by some government officials and other issues that the government does not want discussed. The radio has been subject to constant closures due to raids from the government in Mogadishu in the past year.\n\nThere were arrests of journalists, crackdowns on Radion Shabelle (Mogadishu), and even journalists murdered. During the study period, Somaliland authorities were reported to have arrested two journalists, Ahmed Adan Robleh, editor of Baligubadle Online Media, and Mohamed Aabi, director of Universal TV in Hargeisa. Robleh was charged with spreading false information about Somaliland President Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud Silanyo’s health. \n\nThese events have led journalists to self-censor, but the public still consumes much uncensored information largely because of the lack of the government's ability to more directly constrain the media. Despite attempts by the government to crack down on media freedom, the extent to which media freedom is curtailed is assessed as \"occasional,\" simply because there are still many ways to air and publish government-critical content, as frequently observed during the period of study. \n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nDisagree and recommend a lower score of 0. It is not uncommone for legal charges, often without cause, to be used to silence any critical voices in the media. Frequent arrests discourage publication.  If journalists are reporting only certain content out of concern for personal safety, that is direct and enforced pre-publication censorship. Despite the efforts of a steadfast private press - government practice, regardless of outcome, would warrant a score of zero. If journalists are reporting only certain content out of concern for personal safety, that is direct and enforced pre-publication censorship.","Farhiya Mohamed Khayre,\nChairperson of Somali Women Journalists,\nMogadishu, Somalia,\nAugust 25, 2014,\nInterview by telephone\n\nAnonymous, government official\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nAugust 23, 2014\nInterview by telephone\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nSomali radio closure: Shabelle manager 'in hiding'\nBBC,\nAugust 20, 2014,\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28869615\n\nSomali Government Raids Popular Radio Station\nVOA News,\nOctober 26, 2013,\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/somali-government-raids-popular-radio-station/1777676.html\n\nReviewer source:\nConcerns rise over freedom of press in Somalia after crackdown on journalists, Shukri Mohamed, Sabahi, September 4, 2014 http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2014/09/04/feature-01 ","Although there are exceptions, the government’s ability to exert control over media is weak. For instance, there are websites that publish information the government does not want to see revealed. But because many of those websites are based outside the country, the editors have fu..."]
["2014_TG_55",2014,"TG","Togo",55,25,"Il y a des violations de la liberté de la presse, notamment des menaces de partis politiques à l'encontre d'organes de presse. Les violences contre les journaslites sont un des moyens de pousser à l'autocensure. \n \n Par exemple, dans cet article de corpsdiplomatictogo.com du 15 février 2014, on peut lire «Agbenonwossi et Adzafo (journalistes) ont été conduits dans un lieu inconnu et ont ensuite été envoyés pour rencontrer quelques officiers de police qui les ont accusés de violation de l’honneur du gouvernement ».","DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014.\n \n BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n Afreepress, 07 mai 2014, «Journée internationale de la presse».\n http://www.afreepress.info/index.php/2012-07-13-22-36-48/societe/3922-la-journee-internationale-de-la-presse-celebree-ce-mardi-par-lujit.\n \n Corpsdiplomatictogo.com, 15 février 2014, «La sécurité des journalistes togolais préoccupe Media Foundation».\n http://www.corpsdiplomatictogo.com/la-securite-des-journalistes-togolais-preoccupe-media-foundation/.","Il y a des violations de la liberté de la presse, notamment des menaces de partis politiques à l'encontre d'organes de presse. Les violences contre les journaslites sont un des moyens de pousser à l'autocensure. ..."]
["2014_DZ_56",2014,"DZ","Algeria",56,0,"Le gouvernement algérien  provoque directement comme indirectement l'autocensure des citoyens en ligne (dans les médias sociaux et blogs) à travers les intimidations, les arrestations et les menaces de poursuites judiciaires. Au mois de septembre 2013, un blogueur de la wilaya de Tlemcen a été arrêté et inculpé pour avoir partagé des photos et des caricatures du Président de la République sur Facebook.\nDans son rapport de 2013, intitulé « Gouvernance et droits de l’homme », la ligue algérienne des droits de l’homme a indiqué que « La nouvelle loi relative à l’information, contient des dispositions pourrait amener les personnes diffusant de l’information à être censurées ou à pratiquer une forme d’autocensure restreignant ainsi de manière considérable la liberté d’expression ».\n\nL’Algérie est située à 121e place dans le classement mondial de la liberté de la presse 2014, publié par l'organisation internationale Reporters sans Frontières (RSF). Dans le rapport précédent (2013), elle était classée 125e.","Boubakeur Khalfallah,  Journaliste-correspondant, chargé de l’organique au sein du bureau de wilaya de Saida, Syndicat national des journalistes algériens, 03/09/2014, Saida\n\nPétition contre l’incarcération arbitraire du blogueur Abdelghani ALOUI, Samir/12/10/2013, http://lequotidienalgerie.org/2013/10/12/petition-contre-lincarceration-arbitraire-du-blogueur-abdelghani-aloui/\n\nInculpation du blogueur Abdelghani Aloui : vague d’indignation sur les réseaux sociaux, Bsikri Mehdi, Algeria Watch, publié dans « El Watan », 12 octobre 2013\nhttp://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/mrv/mrvrepr/inculpation_aloui.htm\n\nSalon du livre de Paris :Les ouvrages de Ferhat Abbas censurés au stand “Algérie”, Rubrique « Radar », Liberté, 31/03/2014, http://www.liberte-algerie.com/radar/les-ouvrages-de-ferhat-abbas-censures-au-stand-algerie-salon-du-livre-de-paris-218551\n\nClassement mondial  de la liberté de la presse 2014- RSF, http://rsf.org/index2014/fr-index2014.php","Le gouvernement algérien  provoque directement comme indirectement l'autocensure des citoyens en ligne (dans les médias sociaux et blogs) à travers les intimidations, les arrestations et les menaces de poursuites judiciaires. Au mois de septembre 2013, un blogueur de la wilaya de T..."]
["2014_BF_56",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",56,75,"Il n'y a ni censure ni autocensure des contenus en ligne au Burkina Faso. \n\nSelon Hyacinthe SANOU, reporter à L’Observateur Paalga,  « il y a même une sorte de laisser-aller qui fait qu'il y a certains dérapages. Mais au Burkina tout le monde peut se créer un blog, un réseau social et y mettre tout ce qu'il veut et même de plus en plus, insulter qui il veut.» Le Conseil Supérieur de Communication (CSC) essaye de réguler tout cela mais son action, comme l'a expliqué la chargée de mission, se fait à posteriori: «Quand il y a par exemple diffamation le CSC intervient. Mais il encourage de plus en plus la modération à priori des forums des médias en ligne, ce n'est pas de l'auto-censure mais l'autorégulation.» \n\nOn peut lire dans l'article de l'agence de presse Labor qui a couvert la rencontre d’échanges le jeudi 5 décembre 2013, du CSC avec les responsables de médias en ligne: «De nos jours, le développement exponentiel des forums de médias en ligne a accru une forme d’expression libre et généralement anonyme de citoyens qui réagissent aux articles, images et autres contenus des médias. Si certains commentaires sont pertinents et apparaissent comme des compléments d’informations, des droits de réponses, des pistes à élucider etc, d’autres par contre frisent des tracts, la diffamation et des atteintes graves à la vie privée d’individus. Il se pose un besoin d’une législation adaptée à ces nouveaux médias qui bouleversent les habitudes en matière d’information. Mais en attendant un cadre juridique normatif, le CSC a voulu des échanges francs et instructifs avec les responsables des médias en ligne pour une auto régulation saine, qui permette aux internautes de poster des commentaires responsables sans insultes et autres propos contraires à la déontologie journalistique.» \n\nMais étant donné que la modération à priori est demandée pour certains médias en ligne, cela  s'apparente à une forme de censure qui ne dit pas son nom.","OUEDRAOGO Fatoumata, juriste chargée de mission, Conseil Supérieur de la Communication (CSC), Ouagadougou, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nSANOU Hyacinthe, reporter et chef du desk papiers d’initiatives personnelles, L’Observateur Paalga, Ouagadougou, 18 juin 2014.\n\nKY Jean, Agence de presse Labor, 13 janvier 2014, «Régulation des forums des médias en ligne du Burkina: vers une charte contre les injures et pour une liberté d’expression responsable des internautes». http://www.laborpresse.net/forums-des-medias-en-lignele-csc-initie-une-rencontre-de-concertation-avec-les-promoteurs/#sthash.yx1ttDjd.dpuf","Il n'y a ni censure ni autocensure des contenus en ligne au Burkina Faso. \n\nSelon Hyacinthe SANOU, reporter à L’Observateur Paalga,  « il y a même une sorte de laisser-al..."]
["2014_KM_56",2014,"KM","Comoros",56,100,"Les réseaux sociaux sur le net sont très libres, le gouvernement ne les censure pas.\n\nÀ cause de cette grande liberté, le blog Mlimadji a fait l’objet de critiques sévères, jusqu’aux menaces de mort son équipe et ses modérateurs parce qu’il a dit haut ce que les autres disent tout bas. \n\nCependant, ce cas n'a nullement conduit à l'auto-censure affectant  la libre expression sur les réseaux internet. Exemple de cette liberté sur internet:  en octobre 2014, un homme a été blessé par le garde du corps du vice-président Mamadou, qui a fait feu sur la victime. L'article d'Al-watwan (journal gouvernemental) qui relatait les faits n'a pas pu paraître car le rédacteur en chef a fait une auto-censure. Le blog Ikinalawe a alors publié intégralement l'article ( Al-Watwan intimidé par Mamadou s'autocensure!)\n\nSelon une source, une société de consommateurs de TIC (l'association comorienne des TIC) veille d'ailleurs à ce que l'utilisation de l'internet soit libre. Cette association sert de plateforme d'échanges de vues entre le simple citoyen, les sociétés de TIC et les pouvoirs publics.\n\nContrairement à l'année passée, il n'y a pas eu de blocages des réseaux sociaux pendant l'année d'études. La raison invoquée par les interviewés (notamment un haut cadre des Télécommunications Comores) est que d'une part le gouvernement est devenu plus tolérant, et que d'autre part les Comores veulent attirer des investisseurs privés dans le secteur des télécommunications (des firmes françaises et malagasy veulent avoir une part de marché dans la téléphonie et dans le secteur de l'internet aux Comores).","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n \nMOHAMED Abdillah, Comores droit, 27 décembre 2013, « Ah ! Si les comoriens prêtaient une oreille attentive aux réseaux sociaux… » http://www.comores-actualites.com/actualites-comores/ah-si-les-comoriens-pretaient-une-oreille-attentive-aux-reseaux-sociaux/\n\nDéputé Saïd Mdahoma « Lettre ouverte aux responsables des blogs Ridja - Mlimadji. http://www.habarizacomores.com/2013/06/depute-said-mdahoma-lettre-ouverte-aux.html\n\nAl-Watwan intimidé par Mamadou s'autocensure!. http://ikinalawerevolution.centerblog.net/107-al-watwan-intimide-par-mamadou-autocensure","Les réseaux sociaux sur le net sont très libres, le gouvernement ne les censure pas.\n\nÀ cause de cette grande liberté, le blog Mlimadji a fait l’objet de critiques sévères, jusqu’a..."]
["2014_CI_56",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",56,100,"Il est à noter que les médias en ligne et les réseaux sociaux en Côte d’Ivoire ne font pas l'objet de censure par le gouvernement. Certains membres du gouvernement et des parlementaires sont même très actifs sur ces réseaux sociaux et participent à des débats contradictoires.\n\nAu nombre de ces personnalités on peut citer, le ministre de l'intérieur, Hamed Bakayoko, le ministre de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique, Gnamien Konan, le ministre des transports, Gaoussou Touré et même le président de l'assemblée nationale, Guillaume Soro. \n \nLe gouvernement n'a jamais censuré les médias en ligne ni les réseaux sociaux. Le transfèrement de Charles Blé Goude, ex-leader des jeunes patriote à la Cour pénale internationale a été effectif à la suite de publications des photos dégradantes de sa détention en prison en Côte d’Ivoire. Un scandale qui a sérieusement embarrassé le gouvernement. Mais en dépit de cela aucune mesure gouvernementale n'a été prise contre les réseaux sociaux.","SÉPÉ Honoré, journaliste à l'Agence Panafricaine de Presse (APAnews), Abidjan, 27 juillet 2014.\n \n SERIBA Koné, journaliste au site web www.lepointsur.com, président de l'organisation des journalistes d'investigation de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 27 juillet 2014.\n \n KOMARA Brahima, journaliste à l'Agence Ivoirienne de Presse (AIP), Abidjan, 27 juillet 2014.","Il est à noter que les médias en ligne et les réseaux sociaux en Côte d’Ivoire ne font pas l'objet de censure par le gouvernement. Certains membres du gouvernement et des parlementaires sont même très actifs sur ces réseaux sociaux et participent à des débats contradictoires...."]
["2014_GA_56",2014,"GA","Gabon",56,100,"Au Gabon, il n'existe pas de censure ou de prévention des censures pour les journaux en ligne. Les contenus des médias en ligne et les commentaires des citoyens en réaction à l'actualité nationale  n'ont jamais faits l'objet de censure ni du ministère de la communication ni d'autres services de l'État, et personne n'a jamais été menacé à la suite des contenus affichés en ligne.","EYÉNÉ Marcel Saint-Clair, journaliste freelancer gabonais, entretien par internet, 09 janvier 2015.\n\nEBOA Guy Marcel, bloggeur, entretien par email, 09 janvier 2015.\n\nNDEMGUI Honoré, informaticien, prestataire indépendant, 09 janvier 2015.","Au Gabon, il n'existe pas de censure ou de prévention des censures pour les journaux en ligne. Les contenus des médias en ligne et les commentaires des citoyens en réaction à l'actualité nationale  n'ont jamais faits l'objet de censure ni du ministère de la communication ni d'autre..."]
["2014_LS_56",2014,"LS","Lesotho",56,100,"There is no prior government restraint of citizen-created content online and the government does not promote self-censorship of citizens online. \n\nAccording to Tšiu Tšiu of the Lesotho Communications Authority, there were no restrictions on blogs and social media. Some companies bar employees from expressing certain views or restrict access. But there is no government policy to impose censorship in Lesotho. Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association also confirmed that Basotho are enjoying the freedom of expression when it comes to online content. \n\nLesotho has over the years allowed freedom of expression on the Internet and there has been no change of policy or regulation during the year under review. It is therefore possible for anyone to express their views and differ with anyone without having to perform some self-censorship.","Tšiu Tšiu, Chief Information Officer, Lesotho Communication Officer, Lesotho Communication Authority, 11th September 2014, Maseru.\n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.","There is no prior government restraint of citizen-created content online and the government does not promote self-censorship of citizens online. ..."]
["2014_ML_56",2014,"ML","Mali",56,100,"Il n'existe, au Mali, aucune censure gouvernementale préalable à la publication pour la mise en ligne (blogs, sites web, médias sociaux...) de contenus par les citoyens. \n\nLe ministre de l’économie numérique, Mahamadou Camara, indique que «le gouvernement n'empêche jamais la publication d'informations en ligne par les citoyens» même si le domaine sera bientôt régit par des textes de lois. Dans ce domaine, le Mali n'a pas encore été inquiété par des arrestations, menaces de poursuites, ou interrogatoires.","DIALLO Moussa, conseiller, Conseil Supérieur de la communication (CSC), 08 juillet 2014.\n\t\nCOULIBALY Etienne, conseiller technique, ministère de la communication, 08 juillet 2014.\n\t\nSISSOKO Séga, vice président, maison de la presse, 07 juillet 2014.\n\nCAMARA Mahamadou, ministre de l’économie numérique, de l'information et de la communication, 08 juillet 2014.","Il n'existe, au Mali, aucune censure gouvernementale préalable à la publication pour la mise en ligne (blogs, sites web, médias sociaux...) de contenus par les citoyens. ..."]
["2014_MU_56",2014,"MU","Mauritius",56,50,"There is no evidence that the government has prevented any publication of information online by citizens other than that which is linked to defamatory issues or paedophilia during the period of study. There is neither encouragement nor threats by the government to cause any type of self-censorship. Recently, political parties have been very active online to campaign for the general elections on the Internet. No censoring was observed. \n\nTrilock Dwarka, chairman of the Independent Broadcasting Authority, said that there is no prior restraint or censorship, and that the public is free to criticise the government. Christina Chan-Meetoo, senior lecturer in media and communication at the University of Mauritius, agreed with that assessment, saying that there is no pre-publication censoring or any promotion of self-censorship.\n\nHowever, the case of artist Nitin Chinien provides somewhat of a counterpoint. During the period of study he was arrested on several grounds for posting YouTube videos denouncing alleged wrongdoing at the Mauritius Society of Authors (MASA). He was given a warning on posting a first video and later arrested for subsequent posts. Following the broadcast of his videos, the MASA filed complaints to the police against him, and he was arrested. The case was eventually discharged in court and he was arrested after he asked the Prime minister to check his back wherever he goes as he may be behind him. Eventually, the Director of Public Prosecutions decided to drop that case against the artist. There is debate over the significance of this case and whether it would promote self-censorship among other posters on social media. \n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree, as the case of Nitin Chinien is sufficient to justify a lower scoring.","1. Christina Chan-Meetoo, Senior Lecturer in Media & Communication, University of Mauritius, mail and phone, 28 August 2014\n2. Trilock Dwarka, Chairman, Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), face-to-face interview, 03 September 2014\n3. Nawaz Dookhee, Barrister-at-law, mail and phone, 02 September 2014\n4. The Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2003\nhttps://www.icta.mu/documents/laws/cyber.pdf\n5. Posts on YouTube and Facebook: striped charges against the singer Nitin Chinien. Le Mauricien Online. August 2014. Accessed 28 Dec 2014. Available: http://www.lemauricien.com/article/posts-sur-youtube-et-facebook-charges-rayees-contre-chanteur-nitin-chinien\n6. The artist Nitin Chinien stopped. L'express online. November 2014. Accessed 28 Dec 2014. Available: http://www.lexpress.mu/article/lartiste-nitin-chinien-arrete","There is no evidence that the government has prevented any publication of information online by citizens other than that which is linked to defamatory issues or paedophilia during the period of study. There is neither encouragement nor threats by the government to cause any type of..."]
["2014_SN_56",2014,"SN","Senegal",56,100,"Le gouvernement n'empêche jamais la publication d'informations en ligne par les citoyens encore moins ne provoque leur l'autocensure comme  à travers les arrestations, les menaces de poursuites, les interrogatoires.\nDurant les douze mois qui correspondent à l’étude, les citoyens ont particulièrement pris conscience de leur capacité à utiliser la toile sans contrainte, sans risque de sanction ou de représailles, pour partager de l’information. Cette prise de conscience a permis l’apparition d’un journalisme citoyen au Sénégal depuis l'année dernière qui continue à s'accentuer cette année.","SENGHOR Fatou Jagne, directrice, Article 19, Sénégal/Afrique de l’Ouest, 21 juillet 2014\n\nFAYE Ibrahima Lissa, journaliste blogueur membre de l'association des blogueurs sénégalais, 27 juillet 2014\n\nKANTÉ Abdoulaye, chargé de projet, médias sociaux et citoyens, l'Institut Panos Afrique de l'Ouest (IPAO), 21 juillet 2014","Le gouvernement n'empêche jamais la publication d'informations en ligne par les citoyens encore moins ne provoque leur l'autocensure comme  à travers les arrestations, les menaces de poursuites, les interrogatoires...."]
["2014_SS_56",2014,"SS","South Sudan",56,0,"Nowadays, there is prior government restraint (prepublication censoring) of citizen-created content online, and the government is trying to promote self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.). \n\nAlthough the government appears unable to control citizen journalists and social media, comments from government officials, including current Information Minister Michael Makuei Lueth show that there is an attempt to encourage bloggers and citizen journalists to self-censor. \n\nA local journalist and blogger admits that, due to political pressure and censorship that followed the outbreak of violence in the country seven months ago, many bloggers and journalists are hesitant to comment on certain issues on social media for fear of being monitored. Another journalist admitted in an interview that many of his colleagues who normally actively participate in debates on social media have resorted to self-censorship. \n\nAccording to an editor who spoke on condition of anonymity, there is a range of subjects that the government and its security operatives consider off-limits; these are topics that they do not want journalists and bloggers to discuss. The most sensitive topics include a suggestion that President Salva Kiir step down to allow the formation of an interim government of national unity. Another sensitive topic is the current debate on whether or not South Sudan should adopt a federal system of government. \n\nMost recently, editors of local media houses have said that security personnel have issued verbal orders telling them not to cover the ongoing debate on federalism.\nIn addition, in March 2014, Makuei told journalists not to interview rebels fighting the government. He said the government will punish any journalist who publishes or broadcasts within South Sudan an interview with the rebels.","Interview with Ahmed Saleh, freelance journalist, July 9, 2014,  Juba, South Sudan.  \n\nInterview with Mugume Davis Rwakaringi, VOA stringer,  July 8, 2014,  Juba, South Sudan.  \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, newspaper editor, July 6, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.  \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInter Press Service, Sadik Wani, \"South Sudan Dictates Media Coverage of Conflict,\" April 18, 2014. \nhttp://www.ipsnews.net/2014/04/south-sudan-dictates-media-coverage-conflict/  \n\nVoice of America, John Tanza and Karin Zeitvogel, \"S. Sudan Official Says Broadcasting Interviews with Rebels 'an Offense,'\" March 11, 2014.\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/south-sudan-official--broadcasting-interviews-rebels-offense-law-unrest/1869037.html         \n\nCPJ East Africa Representative, Tom Rhodes, \"Reporting on South Sudan crisis difficult, dangerous\" Dec. 23, 2013. \nhttp://cpj.org/blog/2013/12/reporting-on-south-sudan-crisis-difficult-dangerou.php  \n\nThe Niles, Zeinab Mohamed Salih, \"Conflict and Censorship Hamper South Sudanese Journalists,\" Feb. 7, 2014.\nhttp://www.theniles.org/articles/?id=2258 – accessed July 10, 2014\n \nReporters Without Borders, report, \"Media Freedom on Hold in South Sudan Because of Civil War,\"  July 11, 2014.\nhttp://en.rsf.org/south-sudan-media-freedom-on-hold-in-south-11-07-2014,46620.html","Nowadays, there is prior government restraint (prepublication censoring) of citizen-created content online, and the government is trying to promote self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.). ..."]
["2014_TG_56",2014,"TG","Togo",56,100,"A ce jour, la presse en ligne n’est pas réglementée et aucune restriction n’existe en la matière. Il en est de même pour les réseaux sociaux, les blogs qui connaissent un développement exponentiel. \n\nIl n'y a aucun cas signalé de censure en ce qui concerne les médias en ligne.","TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014.\n \n BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n AHOUELÉTÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.","A ce jour, la presse en ligne n’est pas réglementée et aucune restriction n’existe en la matière. Il en est de même pour les réseaux sociaux, les blogs qui connaissent un développement exponentiel. ..."]
["2014_TN_56",2014,"TN","Tunisia",56,75,"In a new democratic context, the Tunisian government no longer restrains citizen-created content online. Bloggers writing about bad governance, for example, are not threatened. Today, there are hundreds of blogs through which Tunisian citizens post text, photos, video that are critical of the government, parliament members, the head of the state, etc. No actions were reported against these citizens.\n\nBut on 12 Nov. 2013, the government created the Agence Technique des Télécommunications (ATT), without consulting the civil society. The goal of the agency is to investigate cyber criminality, but some organisations (such as Reporters Sans Frontières) suspect that this could be a way to better control bloggers. At this point, it is too early to make a judgment about this agency.\n\nFollowing the terrorist attacks in July 2014, which left at least 15 military dead, the government ordered the immediate closure of unauthorized mosques and social media pages associated with the Islamist organizations. While some in Tunisia feared this opens the door to self-censorship and may lead journalists and Tunisian citizens to avoid expressing legitimate criticisms of the authorities, such actions are not taken against \"normal citizens\" and part of the anti-terrorism effort and preventing hate speech.","Interview with Sami Chabbeh, ICT engineer and young blogger, 27 June 2014.\n\nCitizen-created, anti-government online material.\nhttp://www.debatunisie.com/  \n\nReporters Sans Frontières, report, \"Les ennemis d'Internet,\" 2014.\nhttp://12mars.rsf.org/2014-fr/wp-content/uploads/FR_RAPPORT_INTERNET_BD.pdf\n\nArticle: Le Monde, \"Tunisie : fermeture des mosquées et divers médias liés à l'islamisme radical,\" 20 July 2014.  http://www.lemonde.fr/tunisie/article/2014/07/20/tunisie-des-mosquees-et-divers-medias-vont-etre-fermes_4460185_1466522.html#t2PdVzDk6KK9EIs5.99\n\nArticle: Huffington Post Maghreb, \"Tunisie - Fermeture de médias: Mensonges et abus de pouvoir du gouvernement Jomâa?\" 22 July 2014.  http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/07/22/tunisie-gouvernement-fermeture-medias_n_5605307.html","In a new democratic context, the Tunisian government no longer restrains citizen-created content online. Bloggers writing about bad governance, for example, are not threatened. Today, there are hundreds of blogs through which Tunisian citizens post text, photos, video that are crit..."]
["2014_BJ_57",2014,"BJ","Benin",57,100,"Les internautes béninois sont en mesure d’accéder à n’importe quel site dans le monde sans restriction aucune. Il n’y a aucune preuve de filtrage des mots clés, des résultats de recherche, de sites Internet, de contenus politiquement sensibles orchestré par des entreprises sur instruction du gouvernement. \nLes rapports 2014, de l’Unesco sur les tendances mondiales en matière de libertés d’expression, de l’association française Reporters Sans Frontières et de la World association of newspapers and news publishers n’ont pas classé le Bénin parmi les pays qui bloquent ou fait bloquer les contenus de site web. Il n’existe aucune preuve factuelle d’un tel acte dans les médias.","Sam Charly Lao, Journaliste, Radio Tokpa, Cotonou, Interview du 24 juin 2014.\n\nReporters Sans Frontières, 12 mars 2014, «Ennemies of the Internet 2014».  http://12mars.rsf.org/wp-content/uploads/EN_RAPPORT_INTERNET_BD.pdf\n\nUNESCO, 2014, «World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development». http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002270/227025e.pdf\n\nWorld Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA), Juin 2014. « Soft Censorship, Hard Impact : A Global Review». https://www.ifex.org/international/2014/06/11/international_soft_censorship_wanifra.pdf","Les internautes béninois sont en mesure d’accéder à n’importe quel site dans le monde sans restriction aucune. Il n’y a aucune preuve de filtrage des mots clés, des résultats de recherche, de sites Internet, de contenus politiquement sensibles orchestré par des entreprises sur inst..."]
["2014_CF_57",2014,"CF","CAR",57,100,"En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe à l'heure actuelle aucune preuve démontrant que les sites, les résultats de recherche, les mots clés,  les contenus des informations  politiquement sensibles sont infiltrés, bloqués ou supprimés d'après les personnes interrogées.\n\nElles affirment en outre que les internautes du pays sont en mesure d'accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde sans aucune restriction. Les sites pornographiques infantiles ou de piratage de propriétés intellectuelles n'ont pas été supprimées.\n\nIl convient d'ajouter que le gouvernement de la RCA ne dispose pas encore des mécanismes techniques lui permettant d'agir ainsi.","MBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de la presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZOSSE Judes, directeur du journal L'Hirondelle, interview du 3 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nVOEMAKOA Gervais, juriste de formation, magistrat en fonction, ex chef de service au Haut conseil de la communication, interview du 25 juin 2014, Bangui","En République Centrafricaine, il n'existe à l'heure actuelle aucune preuve démontrant que les sites, les résultats de recherche, les mots clés,  les contenus des informations  politiquement sensibles sont infiltrés, bloqués ou supprimés d'après les personnes interrogées...."]
["2014_CD_57",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",57,100,"Dans la pratique, le gouvernement ne bloque pas le contenu en ligne. Tous les sites internet, même ceux qui se caractérisent par une attitude critique à l'endroit du pouvoir sont accessibles en toute liberté. De même les mots clés qui seraient de nature à accéder à des informations jugées subversives par le pouvoir ne sont pas bloqués. \nUne recherche sur le rapport de transparence de Google permet de découvrir que la République du Congo ne fait pas partie des pays qui ont soumis des requêtes de blocages de sites à Google.","Anonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication, entretien à son domicile, 21 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nGoogle Transparency Report, 03/2015 http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/removals/government/countries/?hl=en","Dans la pratique, le gouvernement ne bloque pas le contenu en ligne. Tous les sites internet, même ceux qui se caractérisent par une attitude critique à l'endroit du pouvoir sont accessibles en toute liberté. De même les mots clés qui seraient de nature à accéder à des informations..."]
["2014_ER_57",2014,"ER","Eritrea",57,0,"Internet users could choose from among five service providers, some of which are government owned. In general, it is not safe to use the Internet for politically sensitive activities in the country. The government actively blocks online content. \n\nIn its 2013 report, Human Rights Watch noted, “Two of four internet service providers prohibit access to sites unapproved by the government and persons using internet cafes are subject to surveillance.\"\n\nMany Internet cafes on their notice board warn users from viewing pornographic websites or other \"unnecessary\" web pages. Due to poor penetration, users cannot properly employ widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube or Facebook/Twitter. Many citizens do use the Internet to message. The government tries to control the use of Internet via the use of informants because it does not have full technological capacity to prohibit sites.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 22, 2014\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 25, 2014\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nGovernment studies/report, United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, February 2014, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013 Eritrea, Page 7\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper","Internet users could choose from among five service providers, some of which are government owned. In general, it is not safe to use the Internet for politically sensitive activities in the country. The government actively blocks online content. ..."]
["2014_GH_57",2014,"GH","Ghana",57,100,"Ghana is a vibrant democratic country where political activism is high. All sorts of issues are discussed on media platforms including the Internet using sometimes unprintable or uncomplimentary words. However, politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or contents are not filtered, blocked or taken down. Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. Internet service providers say most of the websites in the country are hosted outside of Ghana and any attempt to block a website will present issues of jurisdiction and legal requirements. \n\nThe following information is what is contained on transparency websites about Ghana:\n\na) http://www.google.com/transparency report/removals/government/: What I saw at this website was, \"404. That’s an error. The requested URL /transparency%20report/removals/government/ was not found on this server. That’s all we know.\" \n\nb) www.herdict.org: At this website, it is stated that: \n    Ghana has 18 inaccessible reports on 16 sites\n    Ghana has 21 accessible reports on 16 sites\n    Ghana is ranked 99 in number of reports.\nThese statistics are for all time. However, recent statistics published as of July 16, 2014 gave the following details:\n    Ghana has 0 inaccessible reports on 0 sites\n    Ghana has 0 accessible reports on 0 sites\n\nc) http://opennet.net: At this website, Ghana was not among the countries. However,  an article on Sub-Saharan African had this to say about Ghana: \"Communications acts in both Ghana and Nigeria also threaten Internet users’ privacy. Ghana’s Telecommunications Act 2005 gives the president the power to order ISPs to monitor online communications and hand over user data to the authorities.\"\n\nd) http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-net#.U44rq5SwKkc: On this website, Ghana was not featured among the countries for the Freedom House's \"Freedom on the Net 2013 Reports\".","1. Mr Charles Amega-Selorm, Ghana Internet Service Providers Association Secretariat, Telephone interview, July 24, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Ms Kathleen Addy, Communications Specialist, Afrobarometer Project, Center for Democratic Development - Ghana, Table interview at IDEG Auditorium, July 30, 2014, East Legon, Accra.\n\n3. Ms Abigail Larbie, Programme Officer in-charge of Media, Democracy and Development of the Media Foundation for West Africa, Telephone interview, July 24, 2014, Bolgatanga.\n\n4. Mr Joseph Tetteh, Director of Information Technology Unit of the Ministry of Communications, Telephone interview, July 23, 2014, Accra.","Ghana is a vibrant democratic country where political activism is high. All sorts of issues are discussed on media platforms including the Internet using sometimes unprintable or uncomplimentary words. However, politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or contents ar..."]
["2014_LR_57",2014,"LR","Liberia",57,100,"The government does not block, filter or interfere with online contents. The media are very free and government gives citizens the right to their opinion as long as they bear responsibilities for the outcomes. There is no report of government tampering with websites of any nature. The government encourages the civil exchange of views as a way of promoting freedom of expression.\n\nWeb users have access to any website in the world without restriction, so much so that there is no check to prohibit child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites.","Interview: Thomas Kaydor, Blogger, Monrovia, 24/07/2014\n\nInterview: Frank Senwola, Station Manager, Radio Veritas, Monrovia, 24/07/2014\n\nInterview: Lamii Kpargoi, Director, Liberia Media Center, 24/07/2014","The government does not block, filter or interfere with online contents. The media are very free and government gives citizens the right to their opinion as long as they bear responsibilities for the outcomes. There is no report of government tampering with websites of any nature. ..."]
["2014_MU_57",2014,"MU","Mauritius",57,100,"Christina Chan-Meetoo, senior lecturer in Media & Communication at the University of Mauritius, stated that since 2011, there has been an official policy of blocking content which is related to paedophilia but that during the past year, she was not aware of any online content being blocked.\n\nShe mentioned that in 2007, Facebook was blocked for a day due to a fake profile of the prime minister, and that in 2010, the Information and Communications Technology Authority (ICTA) asked Facebook to remove fake pages for a political-religious organisation.\n\nThese two blocks were made outside the period of study; no new case of the government interefering with online content has been reported during the period. There is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down. Web users are able to access any website in the world without restriction.\n\nTrilock Dwarka, chairman of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), explained that the government does not have a policy or strategy to block but it has happened in the past that Facebook has been approached to remove defamatory content or that the government has blocked a site temporarily.\n\nFurthermore, Mauritian authorities and the Internet Watch Foundation of the UK signed a memorandum of understanding in October 2013 to cooperate on the fight against paedophilia on the Internet.\n\nNawaz Dookhee, Barrister-at-law concurred in his assessment that the government does not require organisations to block online content. But he added that information and communications technology (ICT) firms have their own filters to block illegal and unlawful contents.","1. Christina Chan-Meetoo, Senior Lecturer in Media & Communication, University of  Mauritius, mail and phone, 28 August 2014\n\n2. Trilock Dwarka, Chairman, Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), face-to-face interview, 03 Sept 2014\n\n3. Nawaz Dookhee, Barrister-at-law, mail and phone, 02 Sept 2014\n\n4. Le Mauricien Newspaper, the redaction, 25 October 2013, title: ICTA/CSA : Un accord pour renforcer la lutte contre la pédopornographie\nLink: http://www.lemauricien.com/article/ictacsa-accord-renforcer-la-lutte-contre-la-pedopornographie","Christina Chan-Meetoo, senior lecturer in Media & Communication at the University of Mauritius, stated that since 2011, there has been an official policy of blocking content which is related to paedophilia but that during the past year, she was not aware of any online content being..."]
["2014_NG_57",2014,"NG","Nigeria",57,100,"There is no evidence that the government blocks or requires information and communications technology firms to block online content. Web users in Nigeria are able to visit any website of their interest.\n\nThe social networking websites Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and various international blog-hosting services are freely available and among the most popular websites in the country, according to website rating company Alexa.\n\nOfficials, however, have indicated in the past year that they might censor the Internet, particularly social media, which have served as platform for heavy criticism of the government. The call, made by head of the privatisation office in September 2013, followed a similar call by the president of the Senate in 2012.\n\nIn 2013, the Nigerian Senate introduced a bill that sought to tackle \"electronic crimes,\" but which was seen as a veiled attempt at censoring the Internet. A section of the bill, which prescribed punishment for \"incitement\" or spreading of \"falsehood\" via the Internet, was later deleted following widespread outrage.","Interview with Ogala Emmanuel, digital strategist, Premium Times, 27 June 2014.\n\nPremium Times, Ogala Emmanuel, \"Nigeria reveals plans to censor social media,\" 26 Sept. 2013.\nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/145457-nigeria-reveals-plans-censor-social-media.html\n\nPunch, Jayne Usen, \"Outrage greets plans to censor social media critics,\" 5 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/i-punch/outrage-greets-plans-to-censor-social-media-critics/\n\nAll Africa, Henry Ifeanyi, \"Senate Backs Down On Electronic Fraud Bill,\" 11 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201312111200.html","There is no evidence that the government blocks or requires information and communications technology firms to block online content. Web users in Nigeria are able to visit any website of their interest...."]
["2014_SN_57",2014,"SN","Senegal",57,100,"Le gouvernement ne bloque pas et ne demande pas aux entreprises de TIC de bloquer le contenu en ligne. \n\nIl n'existe aucune preuve permettant d’affirmer que les sites, les mots clés, les résultats de recherche ou les contenus politiquement sensibles sont filtrés, bloqués ou supprimés. Les internautes sénégalais sont libres à accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde, sans aucune restriction.","MBAYE Yaxam, responsable de la communication au niveau de la Présidence de la République 18 juillet 2014\n\nNIANE Basile, journaliste blogueur, 19 juillet 2014. \n\nCISSOKHO Isaac, membre de l’Agence de Régulation des Télécommunications et des Postes (ARTP), 23 juillet 2014","Le gouvernement ne bloque pas et ne demande pas aux entreprises de TIC de bloquer le contenu en ligne. ..."]
["2014_SZ_57",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",57,100,"During the year under review, the Internet firm Google does not list Swaziland in its transparency report/removals among countries that have requested the blocking of any Web sites. OpenNet has no data on Swaziland attempting to deny Internet access to Web sites. \n\nIn its most recent survey of Swaziland, Freedom House, which overall catagorises the country as “not free,” noted that the government does not restrict Internet-based media, but theorized this might be due to the small percentage of Swazis who have Internet access. Sources interviewed for this research say there is considerable desire on the part of the country’s authorities to “rein in” Internet commentary unfavorable to government, but as yet the government hasn’t the capacity either technologically or financially to do so.","Interview: Anonymous, computer specialist and business owner, Manzini, 11 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview: Thomas Ginindza, freelance journalist, Nelspruit, 1 July 2014.\n\nhttp://www.google.com/transparencyreport/removals/copyright/\n\n“Freedom of the Press: Swaziland,” Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/swaziland#.U8qw2JSSxo4","During the year under review, the Internet firm Google does not list Swaziland in its transparency report/removals among countries that have requested the blocking of any Web sites. OpenNet has no data on Swaziland attempting to deny Internet access to Web sites. ..."]
["2014_ZM_57",2014,"ZM","Zambia",57,50,"The websites referenced, such as herdict.org or Google transparency reporting, do not provide any evidence of the government attempting to or requesting to block or even bringing down any politically sensitive website or online content. Between July 2013 and July 2014, there have been no inaccessibility reports or blocking attempts. Most websites are easily accessible, although there are a few, such as the Zambian Watchdog, in which some articles don't come up, though it is not clear whether that is the result of government interference or administrative issues.\n\nSome IT professionals and journalists observe that there was a time in the past year when the government allegedly threatened to withdraw the licence of one of the mobile service providers for failing to block user access to the Zambian Watchdog website. This, citizens say, is the reason why the government introduced the SIM registration exercise, in order to regulate and censor online content and block access to sensitive content by  mobile users. About 3 million unregistered SIM cards were said to have been blocked last year. It’s about controlling online media, say journalists who were interviewed.","Interview with Kasebamashila Kaseba, author, journalist and media consultant, Shipwa Infoline, Lusaka, Zambia, 22 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Machova Musanshi, Zambian journalist/editor, Tourism News, Lusaka, Zambia, 11  June 2014.\n\nInterview with Joe Mwale, IT specialist/software programmer, Curriculum Development Centre, Lusaka, Zambia, 9 June 2014. \n\nGoogle Transparency Report (No request from Zambia), accessed July 2014.\nhttps://www.google.com/transparencyreport/removals/government/countries/?hl=en\n\nHerdict, Accessed July 2014. (No inaccessible report in the past year, July 2013-July 2014 ).  www.herdict.org\n\nhttp://opennet.net (No report for Zambia), accessed July 2014\n \nFreedom House, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-net#.U44rq5SwKkc","The websites referenced, such as herdict.org or Google transparency reporting, do not provide any evidence of the government attempting to or requesting to block or even bringing down any politically sensitive website or online content. Between July 2013 and July 2014, there have b..."]
["2014_ZW_57",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",57,100,"There are no cases where the government has blocked politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content. Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction.\n\nIn November 2013, an online newspaper, ZimEye, published a story that a high-powered, 15-member ZANU PF delegation flew to China for a special exchange program with that country’s Communist Party on ways and means of controlling access to the Internet. The visit to China was, according to the article, conducted as ZANU PF was preparing to ban and block all access to social networking website Facebook and other social networking platforms deemed capable of so-called subversive moves. However, these allegations were denied by senior government officials. To date, no website has been blocked.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Ministry of Information Communication Technology, 23 July 2014, Harare. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.  \n\nZimEye, business reporter, \"Zimbabwe Gvt Set To Block Facebook, Twitter – Report,\" 27 Nov. 2013. \nhttp://www.zimeye.org/zimbabwe-gvt-set-to-block-facebook-report/ ","There are no cases where the government has blocked politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content. Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction...."]
["2014_BW_58",2014,"BW","Botswana",58,100,"All ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and they are updated at least once a month. All ministerial websites can be found under the Botswana Government Portal.  Examples include:\n1.        Administration of Justice (AOJ)\n2.         Attorney General's Chambers (AGC)\n3.         Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) \n4.        Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) \n5.        Ministry Of Defence Justice and Security(MDJS) \n6.        Ministry of Education and Skills Development\n7.         Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism (MEWT)\n8.         Ministry of Finance and Development Planning(MFDP) \n9.        Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (MoFAIC)\n10.         Ministry of Health (MOH) Ministry of Infrastructure ,Science and Technology (MIST \nAll of these individual websites can be found on the Government portal:  http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/","Interview with Modiri Mogende, business journalist, radio presenter and business commentator, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nMinistry of Local Government website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Local-Government-MLG1/About-MLG/Mandate/\n\nCentral Statistics Office website.\nhttp://www.cso.gov.bw/index.php/sector-statistics/labour\n\nMinistry of Agriculture website.\nhttp://www.moa.gov.bw/\n\nWebsites accessed October 2014. ","All ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and they are updated at least once a month. All ministerial websites can be found under the Botswana Government Portal.  Examples include:..."]
["2014_CF_58",2014,"CF","CAR",58,25,"En République Centrafricaine, un grand nombre des ministères et certains organismes indépendants  ne disposent pas de sites web.\nCependant,  ceux qui en disposent ne les alimentent pas de façon régulière (une fois/mois) surtout les sites appartenant au gouvernement, d'après les personnes interrogées. \n\nQuelques Ministères visités dans le cadre de la recherche: \nMinistère du commerce, de l’industrie et des petites et moyennes entreprises (www.minco-rca.org);\nMinistère des Finances et du budget (www.minfb-rca.org) ; \nMinistère du plan et de la coopération Internationale chargé de pôle de développement (www/minplan-rca.org);\nMinistère du développement du monde rural (www.mcdr.org; \nMinistère de la justice et du garde sceaux et chargé de réformes judiciaires;\nMinistère de l’environnement, Ministère des eaux et Forêts, châsses et pêche (www.comifac.org),  \nMinistère de l’education nationale (www.education.gouv.fr);\nPrimature de la RCA (www.primature-rca.org), \nMinistère de la sécurité publique\n\nQuelques organismes indépendants visités dans le cadre de la recherche: \nAutorité national des élections (www.anecentrafrique.com) ; \nComité national de lutte contre le SIDA ; \nLa Cour des comptes;\nAutorité de régulation des marchés publics; \nHaut conseil de la communication; \nFonds d’entretien routier; \nUnité de cession des Médicaments;\n\nIl convient de signaler que la RCA connait ce qu’on appelle une instabilité des noms des institutions suite au multiple remaniement gouvernemental. Cette situation explique dans une certaine mesure l’absence des sites reflétant les nouvelles institutions.","MBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre du groupe de la presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nZOSSE Judes, directeur du journal L'Hirondelle, interview du 3 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nVOEMAKOA Gervais, juriste de formation, magistrat en fonction, ex chef de service au Haut conseil de la communication, interview du 25 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nBOTIS Arsene, informaticien au Ministère du commerce et de l'industrie, de l'artisanat et des PME, interview du 5 juillet 2014, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, un grand nombre des ministères et certains organismes indépendants  ne disposent pas de sites web.\nCependant,  ceux qui en disposent ne les alimentent pas de façon régulière (une fois/mois) sur..."]
["2014_GQ_58",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",58,0,"Equatorial Guinea has very low Internet penetration and limited Internet infrastructure. During the period of review, the main source of government information continued to be the Official Equatorial Guinea Press site, which is updated regularly. The site does not have any links or specialized sections for government departments or agencies. \n\nLess than 10 percent of government agencies have websites. Some of the few agencies with websites include the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Equatorial Guinea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation and the Ministry of Mining, Industry and Energy.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 16, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, civil servant, Equatorial Guinea,  July 10, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nEquatorial Guinea official website. Accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/buscador.php?cat=21\n\nEquatorial Guinea’s aerospace authority website. Accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www.caage.org/ \n\nEquatorial Guinea’s Official website, Horizonte 2020. Accessed July 2014. \nhttp://angehorizonte2020.com/presentation.php?PHPSESSID=g63sajm7tdrmd0patcn9hlchj1 \n\nEquatorial Guinea Telecommunications Regulatory Body website. Accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www.ortel-ge.org/es/   \n\nEquatorial Guinea Ministry of Mines, Industry and Energy website. Accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www.equatorialoil.com/index.html\n\nEquatorial Guinea Ministry of Foreign Relations website. Accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www.mae-ge.org/","Equatorial Guinea has very low Internet penetration and limited Internet infrastructure. During the period of review, the main source of government information continued to be the Official Equatorial Guinea Press site, which is updated regularly. The site does not have any links or..."]
["2014_ET_58",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",58,50,"The government has a portal,  although outdated, where information on ministries and government bodies, including autonomous agencies, can be found. In addition, the Government Communication Affairs Office has a database of links to about 66 government organisations, including ministries, agencies and a few public enterprises. \n\nAlmost all government ministries have websites. These websites are not always up to date, except for news and events items in most cases.","Government portal, http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/home  \n\nGovernment Communication Affairs Office \nhttp://www.gcao.gov.et/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=10&Itemid=165&lang=en\n\nWebsites of the different ministries and agencies: \nMinistry of Foreign Affairs, www.mof.gov.et/home \nMinistry of Education, www.moe.gov.et/English/Pages/index.aspx \nMinistry of Health, www.moh.gov.et/home \nMinistry of Trade, www.mot.gov.et/home \nMinistry of Agriculture, www.moa.gov.et/ \nMinistry of Defense, www.fdredefenceforce.gov.et/ \nMinistry of Justice, www.moj.gov.et\nMinistry of Federal Affairs, www.mofa.gov.et/home \nMinistry of Transport, www.motac.gov.et/ \nMinistry of Water and Energy, www.mowr.gov.et/ \nMinistry of Mines, www.mom.gov.et/ \nMinistry of Labor and Social Affairs, www.molsa.gov.et/Amharic/Pages/Index.aspx \nMinistry of Youth, Sport and Culture, www.mysc.gov.et/ \nMinistry of Urban Development Housing and construction, www.mwud.gov.et/web/guest \nMinistry of Communication and Information Technology, www.mcit.gov.et/ \nEthiopian Mapping Agency, www.ema.gov.et/ \nNational Bank of Ethiopia, www.nbe.gov.et/\nEthiopian Revenues and Customs Authority, www.erca.gov.et/index.jsp?id=home \nNational Archives and Library Agency, www.nala.gov.et/ \nCentral Statistical Agency, www.csa.gov.et/  \nDisaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency, www.dppc.gov.et/ \nEthiopian Investment Agency http://www.eia.gov.et/english/.\n\nAll websites visited June 2014. ","The government has a portal,  although outdated, where information on ministries and government bodies, including autonomous agencies, can be found. In addition, the Government Communication Affairs Office has a database of links to about 66 government organisations, including mini..."]
["2014_KE_58",2014,"KE","Kenya",58,75,"All government ministries and regulatory agencies in Kenya now have official websites in line with a government policy to bolster efficiency and integrity through online platforms. Most government functions are now being shifted to a digital platform and state agencies are required to have functional websites where the public can readily get information in various interest areas. \n\nMost public institutions update their websites at least once a month. In fact  most of the website are currently offline (at time of research) as they are being revamped and updated by the ICT Authority.\n\nUnlike before, websites are now updated regularly at least once a month with basic information of issues of public interest.","Website review in June 2014:\n\n1. Ministry of National Treasury-  http://www.treasury.go.ke/\n\n2. Ministry of Energy and Petroleum-- http://www.energy.go.ke/\n\n3. Ministry of Agriculture--http://www.kilimo.go.ke/\n\n4. Ministry of Health-- http://www.health.go.ke/\n\n5. Central Bank of Kenya-- http://centralbank.go.ke/\n\n6. Competition Authority of Kenya ---http://www.cak.go.ke/\n\n7. Communications Authority of Kenya-- http://www.ca.go.ke/\n\n8.Kenya Sugar Board--- http://www.kenyasugar.co.ke/\n\n9. Tea Board of Kenya--http://www.teaboard.or.ke/\n\n10. Coffee Board of Kenya--http://www.coffeeboardkenya.co.ke/\n\n11. Retirement Benefits Authority--http://www.rba.go.ke/\n\n12. Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority (SASRA)--http://www.sasra.go.ke/\n\n13. Capital Markets Authority --http://www.cma.or.ke/\n\n14. Ministry of Education--http://www.education.go.ke/Home.aspx?department=1\n\n15. Ministry of Defence--http://www.mod.go.ke/\n\n16. Ministry of Information Communications and Technology-- http://www.information.go.ke/\n\n17. Ministry of Transport-- http://www.transport.go.ke/\n\n18. Ministry of Devolution and Planning --http://www.devolutionplanning.go.ke/\n\n19. Ministry of Foreign Affair & International Trade-- http://www.mfa.go.ke/\n\n20. Ministry of Industrialization--http://www.industrialization.go.ke/\n\n21. Ministry of Lands and Housing --http://www.ardhi.go.ke/default/index.php\n\n22. Ministry of East Africa Affairs, Commerce  and Tourism--http://www.meac.go.ke/\n\n23. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources -http://www.environment.go.ke/\n\n24. Ministry of Mining--http://www.mining.go.ke/\n\n25. National Environment Management Authority--http://www.nema.go.ke/\n\n26. Mark Okuttah, ICT writer Nation Media Group. Interviewed on June 30, 2014.\n\n27. Ezekiel Mutua, secretary Ministry of Information. Interviewed on June 30, 2014.","All government ministries and regulatory agencies in Kenya now have official websites in line with a government policy to bolster efficiency and integrity through online platforms. Most government functions are now being shifted to a digital platform and state agencies are required..."]
["2014_MW_58",2014,"MW","Malawi",58,50,"Not all government ministries and autonomous agencies have websites. Of the 18 ministries, 10 have websites. Many are in the process of having a presence on the Internet. The Malawi government's official site showcases information and documents of the state as well as links to various ministries and autonomous agencies at www.malawi.gov.mw‬. \n\nPreviously, websites could be updated once a month or not at all, simply because there were no procedures and dedicated personnel to ensure that they were updated in respective agencies or government ministries. However, most agencies and government ministries now understand the importance of updating them on a regular basis.","1. Antony Kasunda, Chairperson, Media Institute of Malawi (MISA-Malawi), 18 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Dr Charles Mwansambo, Chief of Health Services, Ministry of Health, 8 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe","Not all government ministries and autonomous agencies have websites. Of the 18 ministries, 10 have websites. Many are in the process of having a presence on the Internet. The Malawi government's official site showcases information and documents of the state as well as links to vari..."]
["2014_MA_58",2014,"MA","Morocco",58,50,"Most Moroccan ministries and agencies have websites listed on the official website of Morocco http://www.maroc.ma/fr/content/la-liste-du-gouvernement. This does not include a small number of institutions (e.g. the Ministry of Interior, the  Ministry of Defense and affiliated agencies).","Fahd Yata – Director of Publication – Lnt.ma – phone Interview – July 22nd, 2014.\n\nHassan M. Alaoui – CEO – Success Publications Group- Casablanca –Phone interview -July 22nd, 2014.\n\nOfficial online directory of the Moroccan government - http://www.maroc.ma/fr/content/la-liste-du-gouvernement (last checked August 6th, 2014).","Most Moroccan ministries and agencies have websites listed on the official website of Morocco http://www.maroc.ma/fr/content/la-liste-du-gouvernement. This does not include a small number of institutions (e.g. the Ministry of Interior, the  Ministry of Defense and affiliated agenci..."]
["2014_ST_58",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",58,25,"Some, but not all, of the ministries and independent bodies have operational websites. Some websites, such as the Ministry of Finance, Central Bank of Sao Tome and Principe or National Statistical Institute, are regularly updated. For others, such as the government, parliament, the Supreme Court or the oil agency, updating is poor. Among the causes were a breach of contract with those who should be doing the upgrade and their failure to accomplish the work.\n\n\nReviewer's comments:\n\nAgree. Some ministries supposed to provide public services, such as education and health, do not have websites. Less than half of the ministries and government agencies have regularly updated websites. The presidency and the government have not updated their websites for many months. The site of the National Assembly provides more information, but is not regularly updated either. See the empty sites of the government and presidency at http://www.gov.st/ and http://www.presidencia.st/.","Interview with Inocêncio Costa, president of Institute of Innovation and Knowledge, Feb. 20, 2015.\n\nWebsites:\nMinistry of Finance, accessed Feb. 12, 2015.\nwww.min-financas.st\n\nCentral Bank of Sao Tome and Principe, accessed Feb. 12, 2015.\nwww.bcstp.st\n\nNational Statistical Institute, accessed Feb. 12, 2015. \nwww.ine.st\n\nSao Tome and Principe government, accessed Feb. 12, 2015. \nwww.gov.st\n\nOil National Agency, accessed Feb. 12, 2015. \nwww.anp-stp.gov.st\n\nSao Tome and Principe Supreme Court, accessed Feb. 12, 2015. \nwww.stj.st\n\nSao Tome and Principe National Assembly, accessed Feb. 12, 2015. \nwww.parlamento.st","Some, but not all, of the ministries and independent bodies have operational websites. Some websites, such as the Ministry of Finance, Central Bank of Sao Tome and Principe or National Statistical Institute, are regularly updated. For others, such as the government, parliament, the..."]
["2014_ZA_58",2014,"ZA","South Africa",58,75,"Most of the departments and government institutions have functional websites that are updated at least once a month. All national departments have websites, which are to be found on a the list of the government page. Most of the  websites are updated regularly, either in the press/media or speeches section.\n\nVarious government services and responsible agencies can also be found on: www.services.gov.za. and http://www.gov.za/links/govt_bodies.htm. \n\nMost of them are updated a minimum of once per month (and more so than last year). Some of them are not, including:\n> The Accounting Standards Board (last time updated, December 2013)\n> Chief Surveyor General (last time updated, 2009)\n> The National Film Board website was offline (research conducted July 1, 2014)","List of South Africa's National Government Departments (National government website), http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/dept.htm.\n\nSouth African Government Services (government website dedicated to its social services), http://www.services.gov.za/services/content/Home.\n\nWebsites checked October 2014. ","Most of the departments and government institutions have functional websites that are updated at least once a month. All national departments have websites, which are to be found on a the list of the government page. Most of the  websites are updated regularly, either in the press/..."]
["2014_TZ_58",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",58,50,"All ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites but the main problem is that most of them are not updated. A review of the prime minister's website shows that it has been seriously updated in 2013. All these are new additions to the webpage (written Copyrights ©2013, The United Republic of Tanzania, Prime Minister's office All Rights Reserved). Technology is new in Tanzania and so many government officials do not have enough IT skills and have not put more emphasis on information technology.\n\nMost outdated websites include, the nation's minerals audit agency, the agriculture and food security ministry, etc.,. A review shows that some of the websites were active .e.g. Ministry of Water, Office of the Prime Minister , Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Ministry of Labour and Employment, etc.","1.http://www.pmo.go.tz/\n\n2. Dogo Ray, Merekani, Manager, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania, November 2014. \n\n3. An official at the Prime Minister's office, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania, November 3, 2014.\n\n4. Ministry of Energy and Mines Tanzania Minerals Audit http://www.tmaa.go.tz/news/category/news;\n\n5. Government Portal Ministry of Agriculture,http://www.egov.go.tz/home/pages/13\n\n6. Ministry of Water http://www.maji.go.tz/;\n\n7. Ministry of Education and Vocational Training http://www.moe.go.tz/\n\n8. Ministry of Labour and Employment http://www.kazi.go.tz/ \n\nWebsites accessed November 2014. ","All ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites but the main problem is that most of them are not updated. A review of the prime minister's website shows that it has been seriously updated in 2013. All these are new additions to the webpage (written ..."]
["2014_DZ_59",2014,"DZ","Algeria",59,25,"Les organismes  de réglementation des services publics en Algérie ne disposent pas de sites web. Les directions locales de la réglementation et des affaires générales sont placées sous la tutelle du ministère de l’intérieur et des collectivités locales. Celui-ci dispose d’un site web qui met en avant dès la page d’accueil des articles d’actualités et le discours du ministre d’Etat, ministre de l’intérieur et des collectivités locales. Parmi les entrées principales, outre une présentation du ministère, une rubrique est consacrée aux textes législatifs et réglementaires et une autre aux services publics et procédures. Le site permet aux utilisateurs de déposer des plaintes en lignes.\n\nLa fonction de ministre délégué auprès du Premier ministre chargé de la réforme du service public créée en 2013 et celle de médiateur de la république ont été supprimées.","OUALI Djafar, membre fondateur de la Ligue Algérienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’homme (LADDH), président de bureau de wilaya de la LADDH, Saida, 31 août 2014\n\nSite web du ministère de l’intérieur et des collectivités locales, rubrique services publics et procédures : http://www.interieur.gov.dz/Dynamics/default.aspx?s=2\n\nMaghrebnaute, 13 mai 2014, «Algérie : le citoyen a le droit à un service public \"de qualité\"». http://www.maghrebnaute.com/algerie/article/algerie-le-citoyen-a-le-droit-a-un-service-public-de-qualite_2947.html\n\nAPS, Maghrebemergent, 15 mars 2014, «Algérie : La réussite de la reforme du service public dépend de l’implication « pleine et entière de l’administration ». \nhttp://www.maghrebemergent.com/component/k2/item/35723-algerie-la-reussite-de-la-reforme-du-service-public-depend-de-l-implication-pleine-et-entiere-de-l-administration-ministre.html\n\nBEN Malika, 07 mai 2014, «Le département ne figure pas dans le nouveau gouvernement : Service public : une suppression et des interrogations». \nhttp://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/service-public-une-suppression-et-des-interrogations-le-departement-ne-figure-pas-dans-le-nouveau-gouvernement-220884\nttp://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/service-public-une-suppression-et-des-interrogations-205257/print/1","Les organismes  de réglementation des services publics en Algérie ne disposent pas de sites web. Les directions locales de la réglementation et des affaires générales sont placées sous la tutelle du ministère de l’intérieur et des collectivités locales. Celui-ci dispose d’un site w..."]
["2014_BI_59",2014,"BI","Burundi",59,25,"Les organismes de régulation des services publics et le médiateur national  disposent de sites web. Les sites web de l'ombudsman du Burundi, de l'Office Burundais des Recettes et de la banque centrale du Burundi ont été visités dans le cadre de cette recherche. \n\nToutefois ces sites Web contiennent peu d'informations sur les droits des usagers et sur la manière de les faire valoir mais aussi les informations sont difficiles à saisir pour les utilisateurs ayant une éducation limitée, étant donné que peu de personnes au Burundi ont accès à l' internet et l' analphabétisme est elevé partout dans le pays. Ces sites ne permettent pas le dépot des plaintes en ligne; c'est par exemple le cas du site du gouvernement du Burundi qui n'offre aucune possibilité de dépôt de plaintes en ligne.","Bureau de l'ombudsman du Burundi: http://www.ombudsman.bi/\n\nBanque de la République du Burundi: www.brb.bi\n\nOffice Burundi des Recettes: www.obr.bi\n\nSites consultés en août 2014. ","Les organismes de régulation des services publics et le médiateur national  disposent de sites web. Les sites web de l'ombudsman du Burundi, de l'Office Burundais des Recettes et de la banque centrale du Burundi ont été visités dans le cadre de cette recherche. ..."]
["2014_CV_59",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",59,50,"Service regulatory agencies have websites but not the ombudsman. The websites have information about the rights and duties of users but do not allow them to register complaints online. They also lack instructions on how to exercise their rights in a way that is easy to grasp for people with limited education.","Interview with Graça Sanches, National Deputy, PAICV, 27 August 2014, Praia\n\nInterview with Margarida Fontes, Journalist, Cape Verde Television, 26 August 2014, Praia\n\nInterview with Abraão Vicente, National Deputy, MPD, 26 August 2014, Praia\n\nWebsites reviewed in August 2014:\n\nAgência Nacional de Comunicação: http://www.anac.cv/\n\nComissão Nacional para os Direitos Humanos e a Cidadania: http://www.cndhc.org/\n\nTribunal de Conta: http://www.tribunalcontas.cv/\n\nThe Economic Regulation Agency (ARE), www.are.cv.\n\nARAP - Autoridade Reguladora das Aquisições Públicas, www.arap.cv.\n\nThe National Communications Agency, www.anac.cv.\n \nThe Civil Aviation Agency (AAC), www.aac.cv. ","Service regulatory agencies have websites but not the ombudsman. The websites have information about the rights and duties of users but do not allow them to register complaints online. They also lack instructions on how to exercise their rights in a way that is easy to grasp for pe..."]
["2014_KM_59",2014,"KM","Comoros",59,50,"Seulement quelques organismes de réglementation des  services publics disposent de sites web. Il s’agit principalement des services destinés à attirer les investisseurs nationaux et étrangers, qui publient les informations minimales sur le droit des usagers de ces services, ainsi que les procédures à suivre. \nLe ministère des finances essaie aussi de faire de son web site un outil pour rendre accessible les informations budgétaires. \nLe site web de la CREF (cellule technique de suivi des réformes économiques et financières) a été créé dans ce sens. Mais ce site n’est pas toujours accessible. \nLes sites web qui existent ne sont pas très fonctionnels. Les informations sur les droits des usagers ou sur la manière de les faire valoir sont absents, sauf pour les sites web destinés à attirer les investisseurs étrangers. Il n'existe pas non plus des sites-web qui permettent aux utilisateurs ou aux  administrés de porter plainte. \n\nSites de services de régulation\n-création d’entreprises, informations fiscales, procédures, site accessible :  http://comoros.eregulations.org/ \n-  Cellule technique de suivi des Réformes Economiques et Financières  , non accessible : http://cref-comores.org/\n-  Autorité Nationale de Régulation des TIC , inaccessible : http://www.anrtic.km/ ,\n- Investir aux Comores, Agence Nationale pour la Promotion de l’Investissement (ANPI), accessible :http://www.invest-comoros.com/","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nTOIMIMOU Ibrahim, membre de l’Association comorienne des TIC , Moroni, 08 juillet 2014. \n\nSites consultés en juillet 2014.\n\n-création d’entreprises, informations fiscales, procédures, site accessible :  http://comoros.eregulations.org/ \n-  Cellule technique de suivi des Réformes Economiques et Financières  , non accessible : http://cref-comores.org/\n-  Autorité Nationale de Régulation des TIC , inaccessible : http://www.anrtic.km/ ,\n- Investir aux Comores, Agence Nationale pour la Promotion de l’Investissement (ANPI), accessible :http://www.invest-comoros.com/","Seulement quelques organismes de réglementation des  services publics disposent de sites web. Il s’agit principalement des services destinés à attirer les investisseurs nationaux et étrangers, qui publient les informations minimales sur le droit des usagers de ces services, ainsi q..."]
["2014_EG_59",2014,"EG","Egypt",59,0,"Egypt has an Ombudsman Office within the National Council for Human Rights; it doesn't have a website, but just a Facebook page; the  Egyptian Money Laundering Combating Unit and several similar regulatory agencies have functioning websites. \n\nBut during the reporting period, many government websites were taken offline as a result of the change in government and not accessible to the public. They therefore could not be used as entry point to file complaints or learn about rights.","Interview with Associate, Commercial International Bank Egypt, who requested anonymity,  July 22, 2014, Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nThe National Council for Human Rights website,  http://www.nchregypt.org/index.php/en/  Accessed July 22, 2014\n\nEgyptian Money Laundering Combating Unit website, http://mlcu.org.eg/index_english.htm, Accessed Lujy 22, 2014","Egypt has an Ombudsman Office within the National Council for Human Rights; it doesn't have a website, but just a Facebook page; the  Egyptian Money Laundering Combating Unit and several similar regulatory agencies have functioning websites. ..."]
["2014_GM_59",2014,"GM","The Gambia",59,50,"Regulatory bodies such as the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority and Gambia Competition Commission and the Gambia Public Procurement Authority have websites. These websites are updated frequently, at least once a month. \n\nThe Public Utilities Regulatory Authority has a consumer complaints hotline and a page for consumers to register complaints. \nThe Competition Commission has information on ongoing as well as completed investigations. It also has general information for the public. \nThe Procurement Authority has a general \"contact us\" form that lacks specifics. User rights are mentioned on these websites, but are not comprehensive.\n\nThe Office of the Ombudsman does not have a website, however.","1. Public Utilities Regulatory Authority, http://www.pura.gm/index.php, accessed July 2014\n\n2. Gambia Public Procurement Authority, http://www.gppa.gm/, accessed July 2014\n\n3. The Gambia Competition Commission has a website, http://www.gcc.gm/, accessed July 2014\n\n4. The Office of the Ombudsman does not have a website","Regulatory bodies such as the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority and Gambia Competition Commission and the Gambia Public Procurement Authority have websites. These websites are updated frequently, at least once a month. ..."]
["2014_LS_59",2014,"LS","Lesotho",59,50,"The Lesotho Communications Authority (LCA) and the Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority (LEWA) are the only public services regulatory agencies that have websites. \n\nThe Lesotho Communications Authority regulates telecommunications, Internet, broadcasting and postal services. The Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority oversees the provision of electricity and urban water and sewerage services. Both agencies allow consumers to file complaints using appropriate complaints forConsumers can report poor services in billing information and faults among other things. They can also file complaints about the conduct or services of regulatory agencies themselves. A document describing procedures for lodging a complaint is available on the LCA website in both Sesotho and English. It describes consumers' and service provider’s obligations, types of complaints and steps to be followed in lodging complaints.\n\nThe LEWA website explains the rights of the consumers and the obligations of the service providers. However, these are not downloadable, in addition to the fact that they are not available in Sesotho, which is the first language for majority of the population. Unlike the LCA website, the LEWA website provides downloadable complaints forms in Sesotho and English.\n\nThe office of the ombudsman does not have a website.","1. Khiba Masiu. Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology. Director of ICT. Interviewed 4 July 2014\n\n2. Lesotho Communications Authority, How to lodge a complaint (accessed February 22, 2015). http://www.lca.org.ls/index.php/lodging-a-complaint\n\n3. Lesotho Electricity Authority, Customer Rights & Obligations. (accessed February 22, 2015) http://www.lewa.org.ls/complaints/default.php","The Lesotho Communications Authority (LCA) and the Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority (LEWA) are the only public services regulatory agencies that have websites. ..."]
["2014_MR_59",2014,"MR","Mauritania",59,0,"Dans le cadre de la stratégie de modernisation de l'administration publique, la Mauritanie s'est engagée dans l'e-administration. Cette démarche constitue une innovation majeure. Pourtant, les différents travaux sur la modernisation de l'administration publique ont souligné la faiblesse de l'e-administration et son manque d'effectivité dans les missions du service public.\n\nSi la majorité des organismes de réglementation dispose d'un service web, il y a lieu de noter leur faible effectivité dans la communication avec les usagers. Ces sites web donnent des indicateurs importantes, mais ils sont peu utilisés par les usagers. Dans un pays disposant encore d'une faible couverture internet et d'un nombre limité d'usagers du net, les sites web ne constituent pas de véritables vecteurs de communication. \n\nLa Médiature ne dispose pas d'un site web. \n\nLes sites suivants on été parcourus dans le cadre de cette recherche:\n \nSite de l'Agence Mauritanienne d'Information (AMI) : www.ami.mr, \nSite internet de la Commission nationale des concours: http://www.concours.gov.mr/Index.aspx, \nSite internet de l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP): www.armp.mr, \nSite internet de l'Agence Nationale de Registre des Populations et des Titres Sécurisés (ANRPTS) : www.anrpts.mr","1.OULD BNEIJARA Sid Ahmed, ancien Médiateur de la République, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. OULD BAH OULD HAMED Mohamed, ex sécrétaire général du Ministère de la fonction publique, de la modernisation de l'administration et du travail, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 13 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Dans le cadre de la stratégie de modernisation de l'administration publique, la Mauritanie s'est engagée dans l'e-administration. Cette démarche constitue une innovation majeure. Pourtant, les différents travaux sur la modernisation de l'administration publique ont souligné la faib..."]
["2014_NG_59",2014,"NG","Nigeria",59,50,"Public service regulatory agencies have websites. But many of them are not updated within a month, and they lack functional and user-friendly commands and descriptions for the public/consumer to complain or obtain relevant information beyond general contact information.\n\nThe national ombudsman, the Public Complaints Commission, had a barely functional website in 2013/2014. That link is completely down now.","Websites of Public services regulatory agencies and the Ombudsman's office, accessed July 2014:\n\nNational Ombudsman (Public Complaints Commission): http://www.publiccomplaints-ng.org/\nNational Communications Commission: http://www.ncc.gov.ng/\nCentral Bank of Nigeria:  http://cenbank.org/\nSecurities and Exchange Commission:  http://www.sec.gov.ng/\nNational Broadcasting Commission:  http://www.nbc.gov.ng/\nNational Electricity Regulatory Commission: http://www.nercng.org/\nFederal Airport Authority of Nigeria:  http://www.faannigeria.org/","Public service regulatory agencies have websites. But many of them are not updated within a month, and they lack functional and user-friendly commands and descriptions for the public/consumer to complain or obtain relevant information beyond general contact information...."]
["2014_SN_59",2014,"SN","Senegal",59,50,"Seuls quelques organismes de réglementation des services publics et le Médiateur de la République disposent de sites web. Les organismes de régulation comprennent l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics du Sénégal (ARMP), la Commission de Régulation du secteur de l'Électricité du Sénégal (CRSE), l'Agence de Régulation des Télécommunications et des Postes (ARTP), le Conseil National de Régulation de l'Audiovisuel (CNRA). \n\nLes quelques organes qui disposent de tels sites web affichent des informations au sujet des droits de l’usager comme les droits et obligations du consommateur, les obligations du concessionnaire ou sur la manière de faire valoir une réclamation. Ces informations, cependant, ne sont pas suffisamment explicites pour que les les utilisateurs n’ayant qu’une éducation limitée puisse les saisir. Les mises à jour ne sont pas suffisamment fréquentes. Cette année, comme l’année dernière  les quelques plaintes reçues ont été déposées par écrit parce que ces sites ne prévoient pas d’espace où le citoyen pourrait directement porter plainte en ligne.","CISSOKHO Isaac, membre de l’Agence de Régulation des Télécommunications et des Postes (ARTP), 23 juillet 2014\n\nMBAYE Yaxam, responsable de la communication à la de la Présidence de la République, 18 juillet 2014.\n\nAutorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics du Sénégal (ARMP) site web: www.armp.sn\n\nCommission du secteur de régulation de l'électricité (CRSE), site web: http://www.crse.sn\n\nAgence de Régulation des Télécommunications et Postes (ARTP), site web: http://www.artpsenegal.net/index.php\n\nMédiateur de la République, site web : http://www.gouv.sn/-Le-Mediateur-de-la-Republique-.html\n\nSites ont été consultés en juillet 2014.","Seuls quelques organismes de réglementation des services publics et le Médiateur de la République disposent de sites web. Les organismes de régulation comprennent l'Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics du Sénégal (ARMP), la Commission de Régulation du secteur de l'Électricité..."]
["2014_SD_59",2014,"SD","Sudan",59,50,"In Sudan, the public services regulatory agencies and the ombudsman have websites, including for example the Civil Aviation Authority and the National Telecommunications Agency. The websites lack basic information about user rights or how to exercise them, and they and are not always updated.","[Interview] Hind Ramadan, journalist, Aljareeda newspaper, Oct. 1, 2014. Khartoum. \n\nOmbudsman website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.ombudsman.gov.sd/\n\nCivil Aviation Authority website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.scaa.gov.sd/ar/\n\nNational Telecommunication Corp. website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.ntc.gov.sd/index.php/ar/\n\n ","In Sudan, the public services regulatory agencies and the ombudsman have websites, including for example the Civil Aviation Authority and the National Telecommunications Agency. The websites lack basic information about user rights or how to exercise them, and they and are not alwa..."]
["2014_UG_59",2014,"UG","Uganda",59,50,"There is a government policy directing all government ministries, departments, agencies (MDAs) and enterprises to have Web sites. The standard for guiding all government MDAs is awaiting dissemination sometime soon so that the concerned entities can start following the recommended guidelines. Currently, most public service regulatory agencies' Web sites contain little information and take over a month to update. Most websites have outdated information and do not have information about users’ rights and how to exercise them. And while most sites have a contact page, all of them are nonresponsive. Besides, all Web sites don't allow users to file complaints online.\n\nThe Inspectorate of Government which deals not only with corruption but also with abuse of authority within the public service has a complaint form on its website and this website provides information on users' rights. \n\nThe following are some of the URLs for government’s regulatory bodies:\nCivil Aviation Authority [http://www.caa.co.ug/]; \nUganda Communications Commission [www.ucc.co.ug/]; \nPublic Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Authority [www.ppda.go.ug/]; \nNational Environment Management Authority [nema-ug.org/]; \nUganda Revenue Authority [https://www.ura.go.ug/]; \nNational Forest Authority [www.nfa.org.ug/]; \nUganda National Roads Authority [https://www.unra.go.ug/]; \nUganda National Bureau of Standards [www.unbs.go.ug/]; \nUganda Investment Authority [http://www.ugandainvest.go.ug/]; \nNational Planning Authority [npa.ug/]; \nDairy Development Authority [www.dda.or.ug/]; \nElectricity Regulatory Authority [www.era.or.ug/]; \nNational Drug Authority [www.nda.or.ug/]; \nUganda Export Promotion Board [www.ugandaexportsonline.com/]; \nCotton Development Organization [www.cdouga.org/]; \nUganda Prisons Service [www.prisons.go.ug]; \nInspectorate of Government [http://www.igg.go.ug/]; \nDirectorate of Public Prosecutions [http://www.dpp.go.ug/]; \nUganda Police Force [http://www.upf.go.ug/]; \nOffice of the Auditor General [www.oag.go.ug]; \nThe Parliament of Uganda [http://www.parliament.go.ug/].","Emmanuel Mugabi, systems analyst, Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, 14 July 2014\n\nGovernment Parastatal Web Links \nhttp://www.ict.go.ug/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=46:parastatals.\n\nInspectorate of Government\nhttp://www.igg.go.ug/\n\nGovernment of Uganda, Uganda National Web Portal\nhttp://www.gov.ug/\n\nhttp://www.majestysdirectory.com/section/government/supervisory-regulatory-bodies/\nhttp://www.majestysdirectory.com/section/government/supervisory-regulatory-bodies/page/2/\nhttp://www.majestysdirectory.com/section/government/supervisory-regulatory-bodies/page/3/\nhttp://www.majestysdirectory.com/section/government/supervisory-regulatory-bodies/page/4/\nhttp://www.majestysdirectory.com/section/government/supervisory-regulatory-bodies/page/5/\n\nWebsites accessed July 2014.","There is a government policy directing all government ministries, departments, agencies (MDAs) and enterprises to have Web sites. The standard for guiding all government MDAs is awaiting dissemination sometime soon so that the concerned entities can start following the recommended ..."]
["2014_BJ_60",2014,"BJ","Benin",60,100,"L'âge de la responsibilité pénale est de 13 ans. \n\nVoici ce que dit le Code de procédure pénale en son article 655 : « La juridiction pour enfants prononcera contre un mineur de moins de treize ans, suivant le cas, des mesures de protection, d’assistance, de surveillance ou d’éducation qui sembleront appropriées ».\n\n« Tout mineur de quinze à dix-huit ans, lorsque les circonstances paraissent l’exiger, peut faire l’objet de détention provisoire lorsqu’il commet une infraction criminelle. »\n\n« Lorsque les circonstances l’exigent, elle prononce à l’égard d’un mineur de plus de quinze ans une condamnation pénale. »","Loi n° 2012-15 portant code de procédure pénale en République du Bénin. (2012). Article 655. http://www.cipb.bj/images/cipb_pdf/Justice/cpp_loi_n_2012_15_du_18_mars_2013__portant_code_de_procedure_penale.pdf","L'âge de la responsibilité pénale est de 13 ans. \n\nVoici ce que dit le Code de procédure pénale en son article 655 : « La juridiction pour enfant..."]
["2014_CV_60",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",60,100,"Article 17 of the Criminal Code (on the non-imputability on grounds of age), states that people are only capable of criminal responsibility after reaching 16 years.\n\nAlthough the Criminal Code sets the age of criminal responsibility at 16 years, in law there are \"Socio-Educational Supervisory actions\" for children between ages 12 and 15. Government Legislative Decree No. 2 of 2006 regulates this guardianship, applicable to minors, when, between the ages of 12 and 16 they are involved in a crime.\n\nThe law also regulates the organization and operation of Socio-Educational Centers. It states that this guardianship only applies to a minor that is an agent of a fact qualified by law as a crime and punishable by safeguard measure by law before the time of their commission. However, the implementation of socio-educational tutelary measures may extend to age of 21.","Criminal Code of Cape Verde, Article 17, May 2004, Ministry of Justice, Cape Verde.\nhttp://www.reformadoestado.gov.cv/index.php?Itemid=513\n\nSocial and educational tutelary measures to minors, Government Legislative Decree No. 2/2006 27 November, Articles 1º, 3º, 4º, 5º. Official Bulletin, I Series - No 34 Sup. The Republic Of Cape Verde, 27 November 2006.\nhttp://www.reformadoestado.gov.cv/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=158&limit=7&limitstart=0&order=name&dir=DESC&Itemid=407","Article 17 of the Criminal Code (on the non-imputability on grounds of age), states that people are only capable of criminal responsibility after reaching 16 years...."]
["2014_CG_60",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",60,100,"The age limit for criminal responsibility is 14 years. Article 95 of the same law states that a child of less than 14 years of age benefits, in penal affairs, from presumption of irresponsibility. This means that 14 years is the limit age for criminal responsibility.","Loi N° 09/001 Du 10 Janvier 2009 Portant\nProtection De L’enfant, Articles 94 & 95, 2009, http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2009/JOS.25.05.2009.pdf","The age limit for criminal responsibility is 14 years. Article 95 of the same law states that a child of less than 14 years of age benefits, in penal affairs, from presumption of irresponsibility. This means that 14 years is the limit age for criminal responsibility."]
["2014_EG_60",2014,"EG","Egypt",60,100,"The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Egypt is 12.\n\nThe law promulgating the 2008 Child Law and its amendments state: \"Criminal responsibility shall not apply to the child who has not reached the age of twelve (12)  years at the time of committing the crime. Yet, if the child is at or above seven (7) years and below twelve (12) calendar years, and has committed a felony or a misdemeanor, only the Child Court being the competent court, may rule in accordance with any of the measures set forth in Article 101 Items 1, 2, 7, and 8 of this Law.  Appeals against rulings placing a child under institutional care are permissible in accordance with Items 7 and 8 before the Appellate Court concerned with child cases, and in accordance with Article 132 of this Law.\"\n\nAccording to the same law, Article 97, \"A child under seven years of age shall be considered liable to 'perversion' if he is found to fulfill any of the cases defined in the previous article, or if he commits an act constituting an offence or delinquency. In case he or she is perverted, article 98 stipulates, the Juvenile Prosecution shall serve a warning in writing to his guardian to control the child's conduct and behavior in future.\"","LAW NO. 12 OF 1996 PROMULGATING THE CHILD LAW AMENDED BY LAW NO. 126 OF 2008. http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/Egypt/egypt_children_2008_en.pdf\n\nInterview Sally Mohsen, Project Officer, Save the Children International (Egypt), July 14, 2014 \n\nNelly Ali, 2-12-2014,  \"“Break a Girl’s Rib and She’ll Grow 24”: Egypt and Children’s Rights\" The Tahrir Institute of Middle East Policy timep.org/commentary/break-a-girls-rib-and-shell-grow-24-egypt-and-childrens-rights\n\nAl Jazeera 2-15-2014  \" Children's rights ignored in Egypt crackdown\nMinors are being held alongside adults in jail, where allegations of beatings and torture are common\"\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/children-rights-ignored-egypt-crackdown-2014215152226400760.html\n\nThe 2014 Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt \nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf\n\nPatrick Kingsley \"Egyptian boy arrested after teacher finds stationery with pro-Morsi symbol\"  December 10, 2013 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/egypt-schoolboy-arrested-stationery-morsi-symbol-rabaa\n\nAndalou Agency 04 December 2013, \"Egyptian student detained for carrying Rabaa bag pin\"\nhttp://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/259226--egyptian-student-detained-for-carrying-rabaa-bag-pin\n\nAmnesty International December 3, 2013 \"Egypt must release 21 women and girls jailed for Alexandria protest\"\nhttp://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/egypt-must-release-21-women-and-girls-jailed-alexandria-protest\n\n\nHRW, March 27, 2012 Egypt: Children on Trial Stop Sending Juveniles Before Military Courts\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2012/03/27/egypt-children-trial.\n\nJustice for Children, Briefin No. 4: The minimum age of criminal responsibility, at page 6. Accessible via http://www.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/justice-for-children-briefing-4-v6-web_0.pdf.","The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Egypt is 12.\n\nThe law promulgating the 2008 Child Law and its amendments state: \"Criminal responsibility sha..."]
["2014_ER_60",2014,"ER","Eritrea",60,100,"The Draft Penal Code has lowered the criminal majority from 15 to 12 years and criminal responsibility from 12 to 9 years (the draft code was promulgated in 2007). Article 52 states, \"The provisions of this Code shall not apply to infants not having attained the age of nine years. Such infants are not deemed to be responsible for their acts under the law. Where an offence is committed by an infant, appropriate steps may be taken by the family, school or guardianship authority.\"","Title III - Conditions of Liability to Punishment in Respect of Offences\nChapter I. Criminal Responsibility\nSection II. (Infants and Juvenile Delinquents) of Article 52 (Infancy: Exoneration from Criminal Provisions) of the Draft Penal Code \n\nReviewers' Source:\nThe African Child Policy Forum\nhttp://www.acerwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/English-ACERWC-Eritrea-Harmonisation-of-Laws-on-Children.pdf","The Draft Penal Code has lowered the criminal majority from 15 to 12 years and criminal responsibility from 12 to 9 years (the draft code was promulgated in 2007). Article 52 states, \"The provisions of this Code shall not apply to infants not having attained the age of nine years. ..."]
["2014_GN_60",2014,"GN","Guinea",60,100,"L'article 339 du Code de  l'enfant fixe la responsabilité  pénale à 10 ans et dispose que  \"Les faits commis par un Enfant de 10 ans ne sont pas susceptibles de qualification et de poursuites pénales.\" \n\nL'article 64 du code pénal de 1988 fixe également l'âge de la responsabilité pénale à 10 ans. \nArticle 64 : - Les faits commis par un mineur de 10 ans ne sont pas susceptibles de  qualification et de poursuites pénales.  Le mineur de 13 ans bénéficie de droit, en cas de culpabilité, de l’excuse absolutoire de  minorité. \nLes mineurs de 10 à 13 ans ne peuvent faire l’objet que de mesures de protection,  d’assistance, de surveillance et d’éducation prévues par la Loi.  L’excuse atténuante ou absolutoire de minorité bénéficie aux mineurs de 16 à 18 ans  dans les conditions prévues par le Code de procédure pénale. \nEn matière de crime et délit, l’excuse atténuante de minorité produit les effets prévus  par l’article 48 du présent Code.","Code de l'enfant guinéen (2008), Article 339. http://www.hcch.net/upload/ce_gn.pdf\n\nCode Pénal de la République de Guinée, article 64. http://www.hcch.net/upload/cp_gn.pdf","L'article 339 du Code de  l'enfant fixe la responsabilité  pénale à 10 ans et dispose que  \"Les faits commis par un Enfant de 10 ans ne sont pas susceptibles de qualification et de poursuites pénales.\" ..."]
["2014_MG_60",2014,"MG","Madagascar",60,100,"L'âge de la responsabilité pénale est 13 ans en vertu de l'article 6 de l'Ordonnance sur la protection de l'enfant (1962). \nArticle 6. Si le mineur est âgé de moins de treize ans, il ne pourra faire l'objet que d'une admonestation du tribunal de simple police ;","Ordonnance 62-038 de 1962-09-19 sur la protection de l’enfance, article 6 ;  La majorité pénale demeure fixée à dix-huit ans : l'âge du mineur s'apprécie au moment où il a commis l'infraction., http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afe/madagascar/Madag_Ord62038_Fr.pdf","L'âge de la responsabilité pénale est 13 ans en vertu de l'article 6 de l'Ordonnance sur la protection de l'enfant (1962). \nArticle 6. Si le mineur est âgé de moins de treize ans, il ne pourra faire l'objet que d'une a..."]
["2014_MU_60",2014,"MU","Mauritius",60,0,"Article 15 of the Juvenile Offenders Act stipulates the following:\n\"A juvenile under the age of 14 shall not be ordered to be imprisoned or sentenced to penal servitude for any offence, or be committed to prison in default of payment of a fine, damages or costs.\"\n\nThis would translate to a de facto minimum age of 14 for criminal responsibility. At present, a child under 14 can be technically found responsible for a crime but will not be imprisoned or sentenced. A minimum age of criminal responsibility presumes that a child below a specific age is deemed incapable of committing a crime. This is not presumed in the Mauritian context.\n\nAs found in the criminal code:\n44 - Minor under 14 acting without discernment:\nWhere an accused person is under the age of 14 and it is determined that he acted without discernment, he shall be acquitted, but shall, according to the circumstances of his case, be handed over to his relations or placed in a reformatory to be brought up and detained during such number of years as the sentence may determine, which period shall in no case exceed the period at which the accused will have reached the age of 18. \n\n45 - Minor under 14 acting with discernment:\nWhere it is decided an accused person under the age of 14 acted with discernment, he shall be condemned to imprisonment in a reformatory for such time as shall be determined by the judgment.","1. Annual Report September 2011-2012. Ombudsperson for Children. September 2012. Available at http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/oco/report2012/report2012.pdf  \n\n2. Juvenile Offenders (Amended) Act\nYear passed: 1998.\nArticle: Section 15. Restrictions on punishment of juveniles\nLink available at: \nhttp://socialsecurity.govmu.org/English/Documents/Act/Juvenile%20Offenders%20Act/juvenileoffendersact.pdf\n\n3. Criminal Code Cap 195 – 29 December 1838, Amended 25/01; 30/01; 5/02; 12/03; 22/03; 30/03; 34/05; 24/06. ","Article 15 of the Juvenile Offenders Act stipulates the following:\n\"A juvenile under the age of 14 shall not be ordered to be imprisoned or sentenced to penal servitude for any offence, or be committed to prison in default of payment of a fine, damages or..."]
["2014_RW_60",2014,"RW","Rwanda",60,100,"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability. Organic Law No. 1/2012, instituting the penal code, states in Article 100: “A child who is under the age of fourteen (14) years shall not be criminally liable.”\n\nThis is underscored in Law No. 30/2013, related to the code of criminal procedure, in which it is stated that a minor below 14 years shall not be subject to prosecution.","Organic Law No. 1/2012, instituting the penal code, Title IV, Chapter 1, Article 100. http://www.police.gov.rw/uploads/tx_download/Official_Gazette_no_Special_of_14.06.2012-4.pdf\n\nLaw No. 30/2013, related to the code of criminal procedure, Article 198. http://www.refworld.org/docid/46c306492.html","In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability. Organic Law No. 1/2012, instituting the penal code, states in Article 100: “A child who is under the age of fourteen (14) years shall not be criminally liable.”..."]
["2014_SC_60",2014,"SC","Seychelles",60,100,"Chapter IV, section 15 of the Seychelles Penal Code states: \"A person under the age of seven years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission. A person under the age of 12 years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, unless it is proved that at the time of doing the act or making the omission he had capacity to know that he ought not to do the act or make the omission.\" A male person under the age of 12 years is presumed to be incapable of having carnal knowledge.","Seychelles Penal Code, Chapter IV, section 15, General Rules as to \nCriminal Responsibility\nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158","Chapter IV, section 15 of the Seychelles Penal Code states: \"A person under the age of seven years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission. A person under the age of 12 years is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, unless it is proved that at the time of..."]
["2014_SZ_60",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",60,100,"Swaziland's age of criminal responsibility is 12 years old, according to Section 79 of the Child Welfare and Protection Act 2012, which became law in June 2013.","Child Welfare and Protection Act 2012, Section 79, 2013. http://www.osall.org.za/docs/2011/03/Swaziland-Childrens-Protection-and-Welfare-Act-6-of-2012-Part-1.pdf","Swaziland's age of criminal responsibility is 12 years old, according to Section 79 of the Child Welfare and Protection Act 2012, which became law in June 2013."]
["2014_ZW_60",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",60,100,"The Criminal Law Act states that a child below the age of 7 years shall be deemed to lack criminal capacity and shall not be tried for or convicted of any crime that he or she is alleged to have committed before attaining that age. \n\nAccording to the act, \"a child who is of or over the age of seven years but below the age of 14 years at the time of the conduct constituting any crime which he or she is alleged to have committed shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved beyond a reasonable doubt:\n(a) to lack the capacity to form the intention necessary to commit the crime; or\n(b) where negligence is an element of the crime concerned, to lack the capacity to behave in the way that a reasonable adult would have behaved in the circumstances.\"\n\nSection 8 of Part 1 states that \"no person who is of or over the age of 14 years shall be presumed to lack the capacity to form the necessary intention to commit any crime or, where negligence is an element of the crime concerned, to behave in the way that a reasonable person would have behaved in the circumstances of the crime.\"","Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (Chapter 9:23) 2004, Chapter II Elements of Criminal  Liability, Part I Criminal Capacity. http://tsime.uz.ac.zw/claroline/backends/download.php/Y3JpbWluYWxfbGF3X2NvZGlmaWNhdGlvbl9hbmRfX3JlZm9ybV9hY3QuUERG?cidReq=LB004","The Criminal Law Act states that a child below the age of 7 years shall be deemed to lack criminal capacity and shall not be tried for or convicted of any crime that he or she is alleged to have committed before attaining that age. ..."]
["2014_BF_61",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",61,100,"La loi prévoit des dispositifs particuliers pour les enfants dans des situations criminelles. Il est par exemple créé des tribunaux pour enfants à travers la Loi N° -010/93/ADP portant organisation judiciaire au Burkina Faso depuis son article 63 jusqu'à l'article 72.\n\nEn outre le Code de procédure pénale décrit les circonstances dans lesquelles les enfants sont jugés, emprisonnés. \nA titre illustratif, l'article 57 du code fait mention des mesures éducatives qui tendent à l'éducation, la rééducation, à une tutelle ou à une assistance en faveur du condamné et qui sont applicables au mineur de moins de 18 ans reconnu coupable de crimes ou de délits. \n\nLes articles 63 à 69 font mention de la responsabilité pénale, donc des personnes susceptibles d'êtres responsables ou non de crimes. Il est donc prévu des centres de réinsertion sociale, la mise sous-tutelle des mineurs généralement dans leur propre famille etc.","Loi N° -010/93/ADP portant organisation judiciaire au Burkina Faso, 1993, Articles 57, 63 à 72. http://www.justice.gov.bf/files/Documents%20en%20ligne/Textes%20juridiques/Codes%20et%20Lois/Loi_10-93_ADP_du_17_mai_1993_portant_organisation_judiciaire.pdf\nCODE PENAL, Articles 57, 63-69, 1996. http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/Penal-Code.pdf","La loi prévoit des dispositifs particuliers pour les enfants dans des situations criminelles. Il est par exemple créé des tribunaux pour enfants à travers la Loi N° -010/93/ADP portant organisation judiciaire au Burkina Faso depuis son article 63 jusqu'à l'article 72...."]
["2014_CF_61",2014,"CF","CAR",61,100,"En République Centrafricaine, les dispositions adaptées aux enfants telles que appliquées par les tribunaux concernent le déffèrement des prévenus mineurs devant un juge des enfants, les dispositions relatives aux peines qui peuvent leur être imposées (peine inférieure à la normale et peine de rééducation). \n\nL'article 9 du code pénal stipule que : « lorsqu’un mineur de moins de 18 ans aura commis une infraction, il sera déféré au Juge des enfants qui informera avec tous les pouvoirs du juge d’instruction et pourra ensuite : - soit condamner le mineur aux peines portées par le présent code, - soit le condamner à une peine inférieure dont le minimum sera celui de peines de simple police ; - soit ne prononcer aucune condamnation et prendre toutes mesures qu’il jugera utiles pour assurer l’amendement du mineur et sa rééducation. Toutefois, le mineur âgé de moins de 14 ans ne pourra faire l’objet que de mesures de rééducation dans les conditions fixées par une loi particulière.»","Loi, n°10.001 portant Code pénal centrafricain, article 9, 2010.  www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/88116/100661/.../CAF-88116.pdt","En République Centrafricaine, les dispositions adaptées aux enfants telles que appliquées par les tribunaux concernent le déffèrement des prévenus mineurs devant un juge des enfants, les dispositions relatives aux peines qui peuvent leur être imposées (peine inférieure à la normale..."]
["2014_DJ_61",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",61,100,"La Loi n°79/AN/10/6ème L modifiant la Loi n°52/AN/94/3ème L portant création d’une Cour d’Appel et d’un tribunal de première Instance stipule en son article 6 que «le juge des enfants est compétent pour connaître les contraventions et délits commis par les mineurs âgés de moins de 18 ans. Il est également compétent pour ordonner toute mesure utile lorsque le mineur de moins de 18 ans est en danger. Il est juge d'instruction en matière criminelle.»\n\nEn son article 7, elle stipule que «les audiences des juridictions pour mineurs se déroulent à huis clos. Sont admis les témoins, les proches parents, les tuteurs, les représentants des associations oeuvrant pour le bien être de l'enfant et les défenseurs. Le juge des mineurs apprécie l'admission en audience de toute autre personne dont la présence s'avère nécessaire.»\n\nSelon l'article 498 du Code de procédure pénale, «le juge d'instruction ne peut placer un inculpé mineur sous mandat de dépôt que par décision spéciale et motivée et pour une durée qui ne doit pas excéder six mois. Si le mineur paraît devoir être maintenu en détention au-delà de six mois, le juge d'instruction ou le procureur de la République adresse une requête à la chambre d'accusation, qui décide si la détention doit être prolongée et prescrit toutes mesures utiles. Les mineurs de 13 ans ne peuvent faire l'objet que de mesures de garde.»\n\nLa loi prévoit également la protection des mineurs dans les tribunaux par la garantie de la confidentialité des informations les concernant. Selon l'article 609, «sur le bulletin n° 2 délivré aux autorités et administrations autres que les autorités judiciaires ne figurent pas : \n- les décisions concernant les mesures de protection, d'éducation ou de correction prises à l'égard de mineurs délinquants».","Loi n°79/AN/10/6ème L du 22 avril 2010 modifiant la Loi n°52/AN/94/3ème L portant création d’une Cour d’appel et d’un tribunal de première instance, article 6 et 7. http://www.presidence.dj/\n\nCode de procédure pénale 1995, articles 498 et 609. http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/djibouti/djibouti_cripro_1995_fr.pdf","La Loi n°79/AN/10/6ème L modifiant la Loi n°52/AN/94/3ème L portant création d’une Cour d’Appel et d’un tribunal de première Instance stipule en son article 6 que «le juge des enfants est compétent pour connaître les contraventions et délits commis par les mineurs âgés de moins de ..."]
["2014_GA_61",2014,"GA","Gabon",61,100,"Des procédures adaptées aux enfant auteurs d'infraction existent, devant les tribunaux et dans les prisons. Le chapitre XIII du Code pénal gabonais à travers les  articles 56, 57, 58, 59 et 60 en est l'illustration.\n\nCHAPITRE 13: De la minorité pénale. \n\nArticle 56 : «Lorsqu'un mineur de treize ans se sera rendu coupable de faits qualifiés crime ou délit, il sera déféré au président du tribunal qui pourra prononcer par ordonnance soit la remise de l'enfant a ses parents, a son tuteur, a la personne qui en avait la garde ou a une personne digne de confiance, soit son placement dans une institution ou un établissement public ou privé d'éducation ou de formation professionnelle, ou dans un établissement médical. Ces mesures pourront être rapportées ou modifiées dans les mêmes formes.»\n\nArticle 57 : «Lorsqu'un mineur âgé de treize à dix-huit ans aura commis un crime ou un délit, il sera, dans tous les cas, déféré au juge d'instruction qui s'informera également sur les conditions d'existence et d'éducation de l'enfant. S'il ne le place sous mandat de d'arrêt, le magistrat instructeur pourra, par ordonnance spéciale, confier le mineur à toute personne ou institution de son choix, qui en conservera la garde jusqu'à la décision du tribunal.»\n\nArticle 58 : «Les mineurs âgés de plus de treize ans et de moins de dix-huit ans sont jugés par le tribunal correctionnel ou par la cour criminelle, en audience non publique, à moins que le mineur ne soit inculpé dans la même cause avec un ou plusieurs co-inculpés majeurs. Dans tous les cas, le jugement ou l'arrêt est rendu en audience publique.»\n\nArticle 59 : « La juridiction saisie d'un crime ou d'un délit commis par un mineur âgé de plus de treize ans et de moins de dix-huit ans devra dire s'il a agit ou non avec discernement. Dans le premier cas, le tribunal pourra soit condamner le mineur aux peines prévues par la loi, soit condamner a une peine inférieure dont le minimum sera celui des peines de simple police.\nDans le second cas, il ne sera pas prononce de condamnation, mais le tribunal prendra toutes mesures propres à assurer l'amendement du mineur et sa rééducation.»\n\nArticle 60 : « Les mineurs de dix-huit ans, prévenus ou condamnes, seront toujours places dans un quartier spécial des établissements pénitentiaires.\nLa peine de mort ne sera jamais prononcée contre un mineur de dix-huit ans.»","Code pénal gabonais: Chapitre 13, articles 56, 57, 58, 59 et 60. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=266824","Des procédures adaptées aux enfant auteurs d'infraction existent, devant les tribunaux et dans les prisons. Le chapitre XIII du Code pénal gabonais à travers les  articles 56, 57, 58, 59 et 60 en est l'illustration...."]
["2014_GW_61",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",61,100,"The Statute and regulation on the jurisdictional assistance (Estatuto de Assistência Jurisdicional Aos Menores do Ultramar - EAJM) for minors establishes court procedures and arrest conditions that take in consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses. Child rights protections date from colonial times and have not been revised. However, they do not contradict international conventions.\n\nSection I, Article 3 of the EAJM ( Law-Decree N. 417/71) creates juvenile courts. Each court has a judge, a trustee of minors, a secretary and social assistant service.  Article 14º a) stipulates that the social assistance service should conduct the necessary social inquiries of the minor in order to define what processes the court ought to apply in criminal prevention processes and b) monitor and guide minors in probation. \n\nChapter III, Section I, Articles 15º - 33 º- establishes measures of criminal prevention. \u001dWith the objective of socially recovering minors, of monitoring them and executing measures of criminal prevention, Article 127º creates criminal prevention establishments, such as medical and psychological institutions, educational and re-education institutions and housing centers.\n\nLastly, the Penal Code, Article 12º, 1993 (on young delinquents) states that offenders under age 20 have applicable penalties mitigated.","1. Penal Code October 13, 1993, (Title II Of Crime. Chapter I, The officers of Crime, Article 12).\n\n2. Law-Decree N. 417/71, (Overseas) Statutes for Jurisdictional Assistance of Minors,  1971.\n\n3. Law Decree N 484/71, Regulation  for Jurisdictional Assistance of Minors,  1971.","The Statute and regulation on the jurisdictional assistance (Estatuto de Assistência Jurisdicional Aos Menores do Ultramar - EAJM) for minors establishes court procedures and arrest conditions that take in consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or..."]
["2014_KE_61",2014,"KE","Kenya",61,100,"The Children Act 2001 spells out the terms and procedures of handling court proceedings involving children. \n\nArticle 73 of the Act says there shall be courts to be known as Children’s Courts constituted in accordance with the provisions of this section for the purpose of:\n(a) conducting civil proceedings on matters set out under Parts III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XIII of the Act;\n(b) hearing any charge against a child, other than a charge of murder or a charge in which the child is charged together with a person or persons of or above the age of eighteen years; \n(c) hearing a charge against any person accused of an offence under this Act;\n(d) exercising any other jurisdiction conferred by this or any other written law; \nProvided that -   \n(i) reference to subordinate courts of any class, in the First Schedule to the Criminal Procedure Code, shall include a Children’s Court; \n(ii) the Chief Justice may, by notice in the Gazette, appoint a magistrate to preside over cases involving children in respect of any area of the country;  \n(iii) where in the course of any proceedings in a Children’s Court it appears to the court that the person charged, or to whom the proceedings relate, is over eighteen years of age, or where in the course of any proceedings in any court other than a Children’s Court it appears to the court that the person charged or to whom the proceedings relate, is under eighteen years of age, nothing in this section shall prevent the court, if it thinks fit, from proceeding with the hearing and determination of the case; \n(vi) where any conviction or sentence made or passed by a court other than a Children’s Court is appealed against or is brought before the High Court for confirmation or revision and it appears that the person convicted was at the time of the commission of the offence under eighteen years of age, the High Court shall have power to substitute for the conviction a finding of guilty in accordance with section 196 and substitute for the sentence an order under section 125(2) of this Act. \n\nArticle 74 says a Children’s Court shall sit in a different building or room, or at different times, from those in which sittings of courts other than Children’s Courts are held, and no person shall be present at any sitting of a Children’s Court except –\n(a) members and officers of the court; \n(b) parties to the case before the court, their advocates and witnesses and other persons directly concerned in the case;\n(c) parents or guardians of any child brought before the court;\n(d) bona fide registered representatives of newspapers or news agencies; (e) such other persons as the court may specially authorise to be present. \n\nArticle 75 says where in any proceedings in relation to an offence against or by a child, or any conduct contrary to decency or morality, a person who, in the opinion of the court, is under eighteen years of age is called as a witness, the court may direct that all or any persons, not being members or officers of the court, or parties to the case or their advocates, shall be excluded from the court. \n\nArticle 76 says: \n(1) Subject to section 4 where a court is considering whether or not to make one or more orders under this Act with respect to a child it shall not make the order or any other orders unless it considers that doing so would be more beneficial to the welfare of the child than making no order at all. \n(2) In any proceedings in which an issue on the upbringing of a child arises, the court shall have regard to the general principle that any delay in determining the question is likely to be prejudicial to the welfare of the child.  \nSitting\n3) Where the court is considering whether or not to make an order with regard to a child, it shall have particular regard to the following matters -  \n (a) the ascertainable feelings and wishes of the child concerned with reference to the child’s age and understanding;\n (b) the child’s physical, emotional and educational needs and in particular, where the child has a disability, the ability of any person or institution to provide any special care or medical attention that may be required for the child;  \n(c) the likely effect on the child of any change in circumstances; \n(d) the child’s age, sex, religious persuasion and cultural background; \n(e) any harm the child may have suffered, or is at risk of suffering;  \n(f) the ability of the parent, or any other person in relation to whom the court considers the question to be relevant, to provide for and care for the child; \n(g) the customs and practices of the community to which the child belongs; \n(h) the child’s exposure to, or use of drugs or other psychotropic substances and, in particular, whether the child is addicted to the same, and the ability of any person or institution to provide any special care or medical attention that may be required for the child;  (i) the range of powers available to the court under this Act.  \n(4) The court may, if it considers it imperative for the proper determination of any matter in issue before it, of its own motion or upon application, call any expert witness it shall deem appropriate to provide assistance to the court, and the expenses of any such witness shall be determined by the court and shall be defrayed out of moneys provided by Parliament.  \n(5) In any proceedings concerning a child, whether instituted under this Act or under any written law, a child’s name, identity, home or last place of residence, school shall not, nor shall the particulars of the child’s parents or relatives, any photograph or any depiction or caricature of the child, be published or revealed, whether in any publication or report (including any law report) or otherwise. \n(6) Any person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (5) commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or to both.\n\nArticle 191 specifies ways in which a child offender may be punished. One of such ways includes being placed in a probation hostel. The Act furthermore states that no child shall be subject to corporal punishment.","1. The Children Act 2001. Article 73-76 and 191. . https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/a24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142/95bcf642e7784b63c1257b4a004f95e8/$FILE/Children%27s%20Act.pdf\n\n2. \"Uniqueness of children’s court and how magistrates decide cases\" An article by Lillian Aluanga-Delvaux published by the Standard Newspaper on April 20,2013.\nRead more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000081894","The Children Act 2001 spells out the terms and procedures of handling court proceedings involving children. ..."]
["2014_MW_61",2014,"MW","Malawi",61,100,"Court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses. The procedures for children in courts are provided for under the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act, which provides for guidelines on arrest; age determination; preliminary inquiries; diversion; legal representation; establishment of a separate court system for children; detention places pending trial in safety homes; and detention after trial in reformatory centres.\n\nSection 89: In addition to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code or of any other written law, relating to the arrest of a child, a police officer or any person arresting the child or the person who appears to be a child shall - \na) have due regard to the observance of the principle of the best interests of the child as well as the general welfare of the child; and \nb) make the arrest in accordance with the guidelines set out under this division.\n\nSection 127 of the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act orders the state to provide a child with legal representation financed by government. This ensures that the child has legal representation even when she or he cannot afford it.\n\nThe same act, in Section 132, establishes Child Justice Courts to ensure that children are tried within a child-friendly system, not the regular courts of law.","Child Care and Protection Justice Act of 2010: Section 88, 89 (2), 127, 132, http://www.malawilii.org/mw/legislation/act/2010/22","Court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses. The procedures for children in courts are provided for under the Child Care, Protection and Justice Act, which provides for guide..."]
["2014_NE_61",2014,"NE","Niger",61,100,"La loi reconnaît que la justice applicable aux adultes n’est pas adaptée aux mineurs. Selon le ministère de la justice: «une justice pour les mineurs a été créée en tenant compte de leur tranche d’âge, afin de les protéger et de préserver les intérêts de la société. \n\nAu Niger, c’est l’ordonnance n° 99-11 du 14 Mai 1999, portant création, composition, organisation et attributions des juridictions des mineurs, qui pose le principe de la nécessité de la protection du mineur, qu’il soit victime de maltraitance ou en conflit avec la loi.»  Article 46 : «Le mineur et son conseil, le père, la mère, le tuteur, le subrogé tuteur et la partie civile peuvent former opposition à tout jugement rendu par défaut à leur égard. L'opposition est faite par déclaration au greffe de la juridiction pour mineurs qui a rendu le jugement dans les conditions, forme et délais prévus par le code de procédure pénale.» Article 47 : « \n\nToute mesure de protection prononcée par le juge des mineurs ou par le tribunal des mineurs est susceptible d'opposition. Opposition peut être faite, non seulement avant notification à la partie défaillante, mais celle-ci pourra former opposition à compter de la notification, laquelle interviendra dans un délai de huit jours au moins si la partie demeure dans la ville où siège la juridiction. Ce délai est porté à quinze jours, Si elle demeure dans la circonscription administrative où siège le tribunal ; à trente jours si elle demeure dans une circonscription administrative limitrophe et à quarante-cinq jours si elle demeure en tout autre lieu du territoire de la République. Si la partie convoquée demeure hors du territoire, le délai est porté à soixante jours si elle demeure en Afrique ou en France, et à quatre-vingt-dix jours si elle demeure en tout autre pays du monde.» Toujours d’après le ministère de la justice: «en application du principe de loi, les juridictions pour les mineurs privilégient les mesures de protection, d’assistance, de surveillance et d’éducation par rapport à la sanction pénale. \n\nCe principe est absolu pour les enfants de moins de 13 ans, qui ne peuvent faire l’objet d’une condamnation quels que soient les faits à eux reprochés. Il permet une application indulgente à ces jeunes délinquants des lois pénales dans un but de redressement.» C’est ainsi qu’il a été introduit dans la législation Nigérienne, la peine de travail d’intérêt général (TIG) en substitution de l’emprisonnement des jeunes délinquants. Le jeune déclaré coupable d’un délit peut désormais être condamné à effectuer un travail non rémunéré au profit d’une collectivité publique ou d’une association (par exemple des travaux de jardinage) pendant un certain nombre d’heures.","Source 1: Loi organique n° 2004-50 du 22 juillet 2004 fixant l’organisation et la compétence des juridictions en République du Niger. TITRE II : ORGANISATION DES JURIDICTIONS DE L’ORDRE JUDICIAIRE. Chapitre VI : Les juridictions du premier degré. Section II : Les juridictions spécialisées. Sous-section V : Les tribunaux des mineurs. Art. 59 et Art. 61.\nhttp://www.hubrural.org/IMG/pdf/11-loi-2004-050.pdf\n\nSource 2 : Ordonnance N°99-11 du 14 mai 1999 portant création, composition, organisation et attributions des juridictions des mineurs. http://www.childsrights.org/html/site_en/law_download.php?id=18\n\nSource 3: Niger: Code pénal [Niger],  15 July 1961, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/47fb8e642.html [accessed March 2014].","La loi reconnaît que la justice applicable aux adultes n’est pas adaptée aux mineurs. Selon le ministère de la justice: «une justice pour les mineurs a été créée en tenant compte de leur tranche d’âge, afin de les protéger et de préserver les intérêts de la société. ..."]
["2014_ST_61",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",61,100,"There is a law to regulate the jurisdiction over children. Article 9 of the criminal code states that those over 16 and under 21 are applied standards under special legislation. \n\nArticle 1 of Decree Law No. 417/71 defines the scope and jurisdiction for cases involving children. Among other provisions, It says children should be given protective measures and assistance in the education. The law provides for child-focused procedures, including a Children's Court. \n\nThe law may be outdated in some respects. However, it establishes Children's Court, which has  jurisdiction over civil procedures and criminal prevention processes involving children. Criminal prevention is applied for children younger than 16 and includes measures to prevent them from being subjected to the same procedures for adult criminals. This includes different prison sentences (Article 21).","Regime of Assistance to Minors in the Outer Sea Territories - Decree Law No. 417/71, Chapter 1, Article 1; Chapter 2, Section 1, Article 3; Chapter 4, Section 1, Article 15. https://www.dropbox.com/s/8nqbqzmavalkpr2/child%20estatutes%20law%20decree%20law%20417.71.pdf?dl=0\n\nPenal Code, Law No. 6/2012, Book 1, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 9. \nhttp://www.rjcplp.org/sections/informacao/anexos/legislacao-sao-tome-e2539/codigos-e-estatutos-sao2859/codigo-penal-sao-tome-e/preview_html?file=file&file_html=file_html","There is a law to regulate the jurisdiction over children. Article 9 of the criminal code states that those over 16 and under 21 are applied standards under special legislation. ..."]
["2014_SS_61",2014,"SS","South Sudan",61,100,"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail. One of the laws that provides for child-friendly procedures in court is the Child Act, 2008. Section 137 of the act deals with protection of child witnesses and victims. It states: “Child witnesses and victims shall be afforded protection where necessary, including protection from intimidation.\"\n\nSection 138, Subsection (1) states that no child under age 12 shall be criminally prosecuted \"as it shall be conclusively presumed that he or she is incapable of committing an offence.\"\n\nSection 138, Subsection (3) states that \"no prosecution for a criminal offence may be instituted against a child between the ages of twelve and fourteen unless a Judge is satisfied that the child possesses the capacity to appreciate the difference between right and wrong and has the ability to act in accordance with that appreciation.\"\nSection 138, Subsection (4) states: “An inquiry to establish whether a child appreciates the difference between right and wrong and is able to act in accordance with that appreciation, must be conducted by a Judge.\n\nSection 150 of the Child Act stipulates what should be done when a child is under detention in police custody before appearance at an assessment (court). Subsection (1) states that detention of a child in police custody, \"whether in a police cell, police vehicle, lock-up or any other place shall be used as a measure of last resort and for a period not exceeding twenty four hours.” Subsection (2) makes provision for a separate cell for those under 18. Furthermore, Subsection (4) states that while in detention in police custody, a child shall \"be held in conditions and treated in a manner that takes account of his or her age; be held separately from adults and boys must be held separately from girls; be held, as far as possible, in conditions which will minimize the risk of harm to that child, including the risk of harm from other children. The detainees also have a right to adequate food, medical treatment, access to \"reasonable\" visits by parents or guardians, social workers, etc. They also should have access to reading materials and exercise.\n\nSubsection (5) states: “No child shall be held in detention in police custody for a period exceeding 48 hours prior to appearing before a Public Attorney or Judge.”\nSubsection (8) states: “Where a child in police custody makes a complaint regarding injury sustained by that child during arrest or whilst in detention, the police officer to whom such complaint is made, must report the complaint to the station commander who must, within a reasonable time cause the child to be taken to the medical officer for examination and treatment and attach the report of the medical officer to the police case diary relating to the child concerned.”\nSubsection (10) states: “A police officer of a gender different from that of the detained child shall not have any physical contact with such a child while in detention except in the presence of a police officer of the same gender as that of the child.\n\nThe second law that ensures child friendly procedures in courts and jails is the Penal Code Act, 2008. Chapter II of the act, which is about the application of law, conviction and compensation, has a section that deals with juveniles.\n\nSection 9 of the Penal Code, for instance, states that the court shall not pass a sentence of imprisonment on any person who in the opinion of the court is under 16 years old or the death penalty on any person under 18.\n\nSection 11 of this act says that someone between 12 and 18 should be sentenced to reformatory school or other establishment for the purpose for a term which shall not be \"less than two or more than five years.”  Section 30 stipulates that children under 12 are not criminally liable.","The Child Act, 2008. \nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49ed840c2.pdf\n \nPenal Code Act, 2008. \nhttp://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf","In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail. One of the laws that provides for child-friendly procedures in court is the Child Act, 2008. Section 137 of the act deals with protection of child witnesses and victims. It states: “Child witnesses and victims shall be aff..."]
["2014_TG_61",2014,"TG","Togo",61,100,"D'après le Code de procédure pénale, les enfants sont soumis à un dispositif particulier:\n \n Dans le Code de l'enfant, toutes les procédures sont mentionnées dans le sous titre III (enfants auteurs d'infraction) et sous titre IV (enfants victimes). Exemples de procédures spécifiques : Tout enfant suspecté d'infraction à la loi pénale a le droit de bénéficier d'un traitement qui préserve sa dignité, sa santé physique et mentale et qui aide à sa réinsertion sociale. Les enfants de quatorze ans sont pénalement irresponsables. Pour les besoins des mesures de protection judiciaire, l'enfant de quatorze ans peut être auditionné. Toutefois, cette audition ne peut excéder quatre heures d'affilée. Elle doit être entrecoupée d'au moins trois pauses de quinze minutes. Aucune mesure de garde à vue ne peut être prise concernant un enfant de quatorze ans. Dans les lieux de détention ou d'emprisonnement, les enfants auteurs d'infraction doivent être séparés des adultes et détenus dans des établissements distincts ou dans une partie distincte d'un établissement qui abrite également les adultes. Cas où l'enfant est victime: Le juge tient compte des nécessités liées à la préservation du tissu familial, des droits de l'enfant à une famille et aux aliments, pour faire jouer en faveur des deux parents: a. le sursis; b. le pardon judiciaire; c. les circonstances atténuantes; d. les mesures de sûreté. Il est à noter qu'un atelier de révision et de validation du Code pénal et de procédure pénale a été tenu le 10 avril 2012.","Loi n° 83-1 du 2 mars 1983 instituant le Code de procédure pénale. Articles 455 à 484. Chapitre I - Principes Généraux Art. 455 à 456 Chapitre II - Le juge des mineurs Art. 457 Chapitre III- Procédure d’instruction Art.458 à 464 Chapitre IV- L’audience du juge des mineurs Art. 465 à 469 Chapitre V- Le tribunal pour mineurs Art. 470 à 472 Chapitre VI- L’audience du Tribunal pour mineurs Art.473 à 475 Chapitre VII- Des instances modificatives Art.476 à 477 Chapitre VIII- Des voies de recours Art. 478 à 481 Chapitre IX- Dispositions diverses Art. 482 à 484 Loi n° 2007-017 du 6 juillet 2007 portant code de l'enfant (2007). Articles 300 à 441.","D'après le Code de procédure pénale, les enfants sont soumis à un dispositif particulier:\n \n Dans le Code de l'enfant, toutes les procédures sont mentionnées dans le sous titre III (enfa..."]
["2014_DZ_62",2014,"DZ","Algeria",62,25,"En Algérie, le système pénal a clairement défini des procédures judiciaires et quelques conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins des mineurs, mais ces procédures sont peu mises en œuvre que ce soit le cas de mineurs accusés, victimes ou témoins. \n\nDes efforts sont toutefois en train d'être accomplis. Dans ce sens, un projet de loi relatif à la protection de l'enfant a été éxaminé et approuvé, le 26 août 2014, par le Conseil des ministres. Ce texte vient renforcer la protection de l'enfant, dont l'intérêt supérieur est placé au centre de toute decision judiciaire ou sociale le concernant, selon un communiqué rendu public par la présidence. Le projet de loi précise notamment la notion d'enfant en danger et énonce son droit à une protection judiciaire. Il prévoit, également, la création d'un organe national pour la protection et la promotion de l'enfant. \n\nParmi les mesures appliquées, les mineurs accusés ont droit à un traitement adapté à leur âge et à une prise en charge totale (nourriture, vêtements, soins médicaux) ainsi qu'une formation scolaire ou professionnelle.","BENKHADA Omar, ex magistrat, avocat à la cour de Saida, Saida, 01 septembre 2014. \n\nBENSAFI Mohamed, Djazairess, publié dans le Quotidien d’Oran, 19 février 2014, «AIN-TEMOUCHENT: Ces enfants en «danger moral». http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5194406\n\nMAMMERI Ryad, ElWatan, 29 mai 2014, «Arar Abderrahmane, président du réseau Nada pour la défense et la protection des enfants en Algérie : « Réactualiser l’arsenal juridique pour réduire les enlèvements d’enfants». http://www.elwatan.com/hebdo/magazine/reactualiser-l-arsenal-juridique-pour-reduire-les-enlevements-d-enfants-29-05-2014-259093_265.php\n\nSAIDOUN Abila, Liberté, 1 juin 2014, «Enfance : une célébration et… beaucoup de laxisme». http://ftp.univ-chlef.dz/Journaux/2014/Juin/01.06.2014/LIBERTE%20du%2001.06.2014.pdf","En Algérie, le système pénal a clairement défini des procédures judiciaires et quelques conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins des mineurs, mais ces procédures sont peu mises en œuvre que ce soit le cas de mineurs accusés, victimes ou témoins. ..."]
["2014_CM_62",2014,"CM","Cameroon",62,25,"En dépit des textes qui régissent l'administration de la justice des mineures, des carences existent et les procédures ne sont que rarement appliquées. \n\nUne personne interrogée dans le cadre de cette recherche et qui a mené une étude sur la question estime que même si on note que l’attention accordée aux affaires concernant les mineurs par les professionnels des différents corps de métiers est de plus en plus grande, l’évaluation de l’impact de toutes les actions entreprises reste difficile. On peut également relever un certain nombre de carences qui mettent en mauvaise posture l’engagement de l’Etat camerounais en matière de justice des mineurs :\n- l’absence de juridiction pour mineurs ;\n- l’absence de formation de juges pour mineurs ;\n- l'application effective du décret 92/52 du 27 mars 1992 portant régime pénitentiaire au Cameroun ;\n- la durée trop longue de la détention préventive des mineurs ;\n- l’absence de promotion des méthodes alternatives à l’emprisonnement, notamment le travail d’intérêt général. \n\nUne ancienne avocate de mineurs note que ces enfants n'ont pas droit aux avocats depuis la disparition des commissions d'office. Au Cameroun, les avocats exercent essentiellement à des fins commerciales, les causes sociales ne les intéressent pas. C'est pourquoi, certains mineurs déferrés sans être passés devant le juge ne connaissent pas de procédure rapide devant les tribunaux. On peut noter leur nombre croissant dans les prisons, une situation que reconnait un fonctionnaire en service à la délégation régionale de l'administration pénitentiaire pour le littoral.\n\nDans les grandes métropoles, la police administrative: le préfet ordonne des arrestations qui aboutissent souvent à l'interpellation des enfants de la rue. Parmi eux, beaucoup se retrouvent en prison sans être passés par la procédure normale. Une fois en prison, n'ayant personne, ils sont abandonnés à eux-mêmes.","MAKANTHÉ Estelle, régional de l'ONG horizons Femmes, ancienne avocate de mineurs, 1er juillet 2014;\n\nEBANG FELIX Eboa, en service à la délégation régionale de l'administration pénitentiaire pour le littoral, 1er juillet 2014;\n\nCAROLE TOCHE Kom, chef de programme de protection des mineurs (ACTII), 1er juillet 2014;\n\nBALOMA Josué (2013), La Justice juvénile au Cameroun.  http://www.dei-belgique.be/fr/documentation/item/download/278_3b24a5deb0ac939f93b412c7e1c3c5ee","En dépit des textes qui régissent l'administration de la justice des mineures, des carences existent et les procédures ne sont que rarement appliquées. ..."]
["2014_CF_62",2014,"CF","CAR",62,0,"La situation actuelle de la Centrafrique en proie à une guerre civile couplée avec la faiblesse de l'institution judiciaire ne permet pas une prise en compte de la situation des enfants dans le cadre des procédures judiciaires. En raison de cette situation, la justice pénale ne parvient pas à assurer l'effectivité des droits de l'enfant.\n\nLes personnes interrogées soulignent que bien que le Code pénal ait défini quelques procédures judiciaires et conditions d'arrestation des enfants, il n'a pas défini les conditions de traitements des enfants dans les prisons. En outre, les procédures judiciaires telles que définies dans l'article 9 du code pénal ne sont pas respectées et n'ont pas pris en compte les accusés ni les témoins.","YABINDI Edmond, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de Centrafrique, interview du 4 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nTABANGUE Sylvain, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de Centrafrique, interview du ß7 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nMIABE Freddy, enseignant vacataire à l'université de Bangui, coordonnateur des ressources humaines à l'ONG SOS Village Enfant, interview du 7 juillet 2014, Bangui.","La situation actuelle de la Centrafrique en proie à une guerre civile couplée avec la faiblesse de l'institution judiciaire ne permet pas une prise en compte de la situation des enfants dans le cadre des procédures judiciaires. En raison de cette situation, la justice pénale ne par..."]
["2014_EG_62",2014,"EG","Egypt",62,0,"In practice, Egyptian courts often act in violation of the 2014 Egyptian Constitution whose  Article 80 commits the state to treat children carefully in legal cases. In practice minors are only occasionally held in separate facilities from those of adults. Though under the 2008 Children's Law, children should be tried in separate courts.\n\nDuring the reporting period, the unrest caused by the July 3rd, 2013 coup, which resulted in a return to military rule, led to an unusual wave of prosecutions against children in legal courts and military courts. In one case, Khalid Bakara, a 15-year-old from the coastal province of Kafr El-Sheikh, was held in an adult military prison while being prosecuted for possession of a ruler that has a symbol that shows violence and offence towards the armed forces.\n\nYet even in civilian courts Egyptian minors were charged with a variety of political crimes, often for little more than displaying the four-fingered salute often shown to note the August 14th 2013 Rabaa massacre.\n\nRegardless of legal allowances for children under the 2014 Constitution and other laws, the most disturbing trend is the continued trial of minors under Egypt's military courts. As the constitution makes clear, they are above Egypt's traditional prosecution system and therefore do not need to make accommodations for child defendants. \n\n\nReviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree:  Egyptian Children's Rights Coalition has filed a complaint against the public prosecutor for the unlawful detention of a 13 year old boy called Mahmoud Adel Muhammed. According to this group, Mahmoud's detention violates Article 119 of the Egyptian Children's Act which states that children below 15 years are not to be detained. As a result, he has also prevented him from going for his chemotherapy treatments as he is a cancer patient. Mahmoud's case is one out of several other children in Egypt who are unlawfully arrested and locked up with adults, in contravention of the law.","Interview Sally Mohsen, Project Officer, Save the Children International (Egypt), July 14, 2014. \n\nNelly Ali, 2-12-2014,  \"“Break a Girl’s Rib and She’ll Grow 24”: Egypt and Children’s Rights\" The Tahrir Institute of Middle East Policy timep.org/commentary/break-a-girls-rib-and-shell-grow-24-egypt-and-childrens-rights.\n\nAl Jazeera 2-15-2014  \" Children's rights ignored in Egypt crackdown\nMinors are being held alongside adults in jail, where allegations of beatings and torture are common\"\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/children-rights-ignored-egypt-crackdown-2014215152226400760.html.\n\nThe 2014 Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt \nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf.\n\nPatrick Kingsley \"Egyptian boy arrested after teacher finds stationery with pro-Morsi symbol\"  December 10, 2013 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/egypt-schoolboy-arrested-stationery-morsi-symbol-rabaa.\n\nAndalou Agency 04 December 2013, \"Egyptian student detained for carrying Rabaa bag pin\"\nhttp://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/259226--egyptian-student-detained-for-carrying-rabaa-bag-pin.\n\nAmnesty International December 3, 2013 \"Egypt must release 21 women and girls jailed for Alexandria protest\"\nhttp://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/egypt-must-release-21-women-and-girls-jailed-alexandria-protest.\n\nHRW, March 27, 2012 Egypt: Children on Trial Stop Sending Juveniles Before Military Courts\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2012/03/27/egypt-children-trial.\n\nRights Groups Condemn Detention of Egypt's Children: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/politics/2013/02/egypt-child-prison.html#  SEE ALSO a BBC Report posted on March 28, 2014: Egypt Crisis - Young Detainees Allege Torture http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26790381.\n\nBBC Report posted on March 28, 2014: Egypt Crisis - Young Detainees Allege Torture http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26790381.","In practice, Egyptian courts often act in violation of the 2014 Egyptian Constitution whose  Article 80 commits the state to treat children carefully in legal cases. In practice minors are only occasionally held in separate facilities from those of adults. Though under the 2008 Chi..."]
["2014_GH_62",2014,"GH","Ghana",62,50,"Ghana's juvenile justice system safeguards the interest of children when they are in conflict with the law or have to face the law as defendants, victims and or witnesses. The juvenile justice system prescribes clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children. The system ensures privacy for children when they fall foul of the law. That is, the identities of children are not disclosed in any criminal matter and investigations of the matter are also done to protect the identity of the child.\n\nArrests are made in a manner that ensures the dignity and well-being of the child and there are specially designated courts (family tribunals) that handle cases involving children. If children are to be tried alongside adults, the process is managed such that the identity of the child is protected and the child is referred to a family tribunal for sentencing.\n\nHowever, the children are referred to family tribunal for sentencing after the trial. At family tribunals, only people connected directly with the case and court officials directly handling the case are permitted to sit through the hearings. The hearings are also conducted in an informal manner that does not make the child feel intimidated.","1. Justice Noble Nkrumah, Tamale High Court Judge, Table interview in his office, June 20, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Mrs Gifty Akosua Abaka, Country Director, Christian Children Fund of Canada, Table interview at the Tamale Sports Stadium, June 17 2014, Tamale.\n\n3. Madam Helena Obeng Asamoah, Director, Department of Children, Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, Telephone interview, July 24, 2014, Koforidua.","Ghana's juvenile justice system safeguards the interest of children when they are in conflict with the law or have to face the law as defendants, victims and or witnesses. The juvenile justice system prescribes clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that tak..."]
["2014_LR_62",2014,"LR","Liberia",62,25,"Child-friendly procedures and conditions are not exaclty implemented as laid down in law. The system lacks clearly defined court procedures and arrest conditions that consider the needs of children. People within the judiciary blame the lack of child-friendly procedures within the justice system on the lack of government funding.","Interview: Mr. Karsor Zubah, Traffic Court Judge, Bentol, Montserado, 05/08/2014\n\nInterview: Fallah Matthews, ELBC Judiciary Correspondence, Monrovia, 05/08/2014\n\nInterview: Atty. Jallah Zumoh, Public Defender, Temple of Justice, Monrovia, 05/08/2014","Child-friendly procedures and conditions are not exaclty implemented as laid down in law. The system lacks clearly defined court procedures and arrest conditions that consider the needs of children. People within the judiciary blame the lack of child-friendly procedures within the ..."]
["2014_LY_62",2014,"LY","Libya",62,0,"The criminal system lacks special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children. In this period of time after the revolution, all judicial processes have stopped. In addition, Libya doesn't have a criminal system or special court procedures for children.","Interview with Jum'ah E'ateqa, deputy of the National Public Conference and a human rights expert, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nInterview with Nasir Alhawari, head of a human rights organisation, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nInterview with Salah Aldean Almejbari, human rights activist and expert on the National Council for Civil Liberties and Human Rights, Oct. 17, 2014. ","The criminal system lacks special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children. In this period of time after the revolution, all judicial processes have stopped. In addition, Libya doesn't have a criminal system or special court procedures for..."]
["2014_MR_62",2014,"MR","Mauritania",62,25,"Conformément à  la Convention des Nations Unies sur les droits de l'enfant, la Mauritanie a mis en place des mécanismes garantissant la protection pénale de l'enfant brigade spéciale des enfants en conflit avec la loi. Ce dispositif permet d'aménager un mécanisme pénal propre aux enfants. Elle permet notamment à l'enfant de bénéficier d'un procès à huis clos. \n\nIl y a lieu de souligner que l'adoption de cette disposition a mis sur le devant de la scène le cas de nombreux mineurs victimes d'esclavage. Cependant, les juges ont tendance à substituer aux solutions juridictionnelles, des solutions alternatives qui se prêtent plus à la société mauritanienne, telle que la négociation et le règlement à l'amiable.","1.MINT MOCTAR Aminetou, présidente de l'Association mauritanienne des Femmes Chefs de Famille (AFCF), 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. RAMDAN Haimoud, conseiller juridique du Ministre de la justice, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 14 juillet, 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Conformément à  la Convention des Nations Unies sur les droits de l'enfant, la Mauritanie a mis en place des mécanismes garantissant la protection pénale de l'enfant brigade spéciale des enfants en conflit avec la loi. Ce dispositif permet d'aménager un mécanisme pénal propre aux e..."]
["2014_NE_62",2014,"NE","Niger",62,75,"Dans tous les tribunaux du Niger, il y a des juges pour mineurs qui prennent en charge les cas des enfants-mineurs, que ce soit sur les affaires pénales ou sur les affaires civiles. Il en est de mêm, lorsqu'il s'agit de l'arrestation d'un mineur. \n S'agissant de la mise en détention des mineurs, elle est en principe considérée par la plupart des juges comme un ultime recours, lorsqu'il n'y a pas de possibilité de placer l'enfant sous la surveillance d'une organisation caritative ou sociale. Toutefois, certaines sources indiquent également qu'il y a des cas où les conditions spécifiques applicables aux mineurs sont négligées par les juges, surtout dans les tribunaux de départements. Mais les dispositions spécifiques concernant les mineurs s'appliquent quelle que soit la situation, que le mineur soit victime, témoin ou accusé.","MAAZOU Adamou, ancien secrétaire générale du ministère de la justice, par téléphone, 04 août 2014\n \n SAADOU Aladoua, magistrat et ancien secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Niger, par téléphone, 04 août 2014\n \n LABO Maiga Zeinabou Labo, magistrate, directrice de la promotion des Droits de l'Homme au ministère de la justice, par téléphone, 04 août 2014","Dans tous les tribunaux du Niger, il y a des juges pour mineurs qui prennent en charge les cas des enfants-mineurs, que ce soit sur les affaires pénales ou sur les affaires civiles. Il en est de mêm, lorsqu'il s'agit de l'arrestation d'un mineur. ..."]
["2014_ZA_62",2014,"ZA","South Africa",62,50,"While the South African criminal justice system has clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed.\n\nThere have been various cases of children being failed by courts between September 2013 and the end of July 2014. The latest one revolved around an 11-year-old rape victim who, while in the witness box when on trial at the magistrates court for her rape, was told that that if she did not tell the truth the Magistrate would punish her. \"This shows the learned regional magistrate lacked the necessary sensitivity for the child’s complaint … He was brash, abrasive and overbearing… to say the court was going to punish the child, was intimidating,” North Gauteng High Court Judge Tatu Makgoka said about the ordeal.\n\nAccording to government statistics, Legal Aid SA in the 2012/13 financial year (last annual report available) assisted nearly 26,105 children. \n\nDuring the 2014  International Conference on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems, which was held in Johannesburg in June 2014, experts said that South Africa is failing its children. Thomas Geraghty, a professor at Chicago's Northwestern University Law School, was quoted saying that children taken into police custody and being denied access to their parents or guardians happened a lot in South Africa and elsewhere in the world. Wits University professor Philippa Kruger was quoted as saying South Africa had great documents and laws but they are meaningless for children. \"The administration of justice really fails our children,\" she said. \n\nChapter 7 of  \"South Africa’s progress in realising children’s rights: A law review,\" a 2014 report on children and the law published by Children’s Institute at the University of Cape Town and Save the Children South Africa, says that the age for criminal capacity is two years below the minimum age of 12 years recommended by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CROC). The main concerns is \"only 23% of police officers have been trained in how to deal with children and that the police are generally not using other methods available, other than arrest, to attain a child. They add that diversion (the channeling of children away from the formal court system into re-integrative programmes) is not happening as often as it should: \"Only approximately 20% of all children entering the system are diverted.\"\n\nIn Chapter 8, the researchers say that \"children involved in long criminal trials are usually not receiving ongoing therapeutic support to enable them to endure the process and produce credible evidence in court\" and that there are usually very \"long waiting times and other logistical barriers deter caregivers and children from following through with long-term therapeutic support.\" \n\nA 2012 - 2013 report by the Judicial Inspectorate of Correctional Services reveals that about 398 children were in prison, 148 of whom were on pretrial detention. In addition, the report asserts that there are cases where juveniles were held with adults and some pretrial detainees were held with convicted prisoners.","Children are 'under the hammer of SA justice' (Times Live / Leonie Wagner / 27 June 2014), http://m.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/?articleId=12084758\n\nLegal Aid SA, 2012/2013 Annual Report (published in October 2013), http://www.legal-aid.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Legal-Aid-SA-Annual-Report-2013.pdf\n\n2014 report on children and the law published by Children’s Institute at the University of Cape Town and Save the Children South Africa \"South Africa’s progress in realising children’s rights: A law review\" http://www.centreforchildlaw.co.za/images/files/publications/Realising_childrens_rights_law_review_2014.pdf\n\nJudge outraged at rape victim’s treatment (Pretoria news / Zelda venter / 15 July 2014)\nhttp://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/judge-outraged-at-rape-victim-s-treatment-1.1719803#.U9UpR4CSyi9\n\nCountry Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013, United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Accessible via http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220371.pdf, at page 6.","While the South African criminal justice system has clearly defined special court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed...."]
["2014_SD_62",2014,"SD","Sudan",62,50,"In Sudan, the criminal justice system has defined a variety of child-friendly court procedures and arrest conditions. \n\nHowever, these procedures and conditions are not always implemented; in some cases, children are tried in public courts (normal courts). For example, during protests in Sudan in September 2013, some children were tried before the general courts despite existing conditions. Also, special courts protect victims but not witnesses.","[Interview], Nahid Jabrallah, director of Sima center for women and child protection, Sept. 20, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nAlintibaha, interview with the head of family and children protection [governmental body, Dec. 1, 2013.\nhttp://alintibaha.net/portal/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%88-%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7/42952-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9.html","In Sudan, the criminal justice system has defined a variety of child-friendly court procedures and arrest conditions. ..."]
["2014_UG_62",2014,"UG","Uganda",62,25,"The recommended procedures and conditions are rarely implemented as prescribed in law. \n\nThere is a Family and Children Court and if the case involving a child appearing before this court is not completed within three months after a child’s plea has been taken, the case is dismissed, and the child is not liable to any further proceedings for the same offence. \n\nHowever, many children (defendants, victims or witnesses) lack adequate support services while interfacing with the justice system. Local council courts that are supposed to handle cases involving children have failed to operate, forcing child offenders to stand trial in other courts. \n\nMany children still face state prosecution without adequate legal assistance in the courtroom. Often children, regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses, stand alone, intimidated and scared in the witness box and are expected to testify. There is no child-friendly medium between the lawyer and the child, a situation that quite often frightens the child. Such children usually become anxious, forget facts, and, as a result, their testimonies become less reliable and less valuable in the prosecution.   \n\nNaguru Children’s Remand Home is overcrowded and faced with food shortages and poor health conditions. Children are illegally transferred to adult prisons. The Child and Family Unit at the various police stations do not have special cells for children and usually hand them over to a relative who will bring them whenever they are wanted at the police. But the situation is more complicated when a child deemed to be beyond parental control is brought by their own parents/relatives. Such children rarely get appropriate help and end up in adult prisons.\n\nJuveniles in prison often are cut off from families, stigmatized and rejected by society. Kampiringisa National Rehabilitation Centre, the only detention centre for children in Uganda mandated to detain children in conflict with the law from the ages of 12 to 18 years, has over the years taken on an extra responsibility of looking after homeless children, including those younger than 12 and toddlers picked from the streets. The toddlers are catered for by the older children in detention.","Nasasira Leah; legal officer, research; Uganda Law Society, Kampala, 16 July 2014\n\n“Waning hope for west Nile Juvenile remand home,” Felix Warom Okello and Clement Aluma, 2 July 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Waning-hope-for-west-nile-Juvenile-remand-home/-/688342/2368858/-/item/1/-/35ihwgz/-/index.html\n\n“Juvenile justice: Facilities still lacking,” Interview by Anthony Wesaka, 2 July 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Juvenile-justice--Facilities-still-lacking/-/688342/2368850/-/kptcx5z/-/index.html \n\n\n“Uganda: Homeless children face violence, exploitation,\" Human Rights Watch, 17 July 2014\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/16/uganda-homeless-children-face-violence-exploitation","The recommended procedures and conditions are rarely implemented as prescribed in law. \n\nThere is a Family and Children Court and if the case involving a child appearing before this c..."]
["2014_BW_63",2014,"BW","Botswana",63,100,"Section 107 (2) of the Employment Act of 1982 provides that: A child who has attained the age of 14 and is not attending school may be employed on light work not harmful to his health and development: (a) by a member of the family of such child; or (b) if such work is of a character approved by the commissioner, but so that, where the employment is other than of a domestic character in connection with which suitable accommodation is provided, the child shall be readily able to return each night to the house of his parent or guardian or such other people as may be approved by his parent or guardian: Provided that no child shall be required or permitted to work more than six hours a day or 30 hours a week. \n\n107 (3) provides a child who has attained the age of 14 and is still attending school may, whilst on vacation from school, be employed on light work not harmful to his health and development of a character approved by the commissioner for not more than five hours a day between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m.","Employment Act 1982, as amended, Part XI, Chapter 47:01, Section 107. \nhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/842/64792/E82BWA01.htm","Section 107 (2) of the Employment Act of 1982 provides that: A child who has attained the age of 14 and is not attending school may be employed on light work not harmful to his health and development: (a) by a member of the family of such child; or (b) if such work is of a characte..."]
["2014_CV_63",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",63,100,"Article 261 of the Legislative Decree No. 5/2007 states that no minor may work until they complete the age of compulsory schooling and, in any event, before age 15. The law does not differentiate formal from the informal sector.\n\nHowever, hiring for  activities such as, theater, ballet, music and other activities of a spiritual nature, since the occupation of the minor is duly accompanied by parents or his legal representative, and does not undermine their health, education school education or affects their physical, mental or moral development does not constitute a breach of the provisions.","Legislative Decree No. 5/2007: Cape Verdean Labor Code, Chapter II, Article 261 (Supplement to the \"Official Gazette\" of the Republic of Cape Verde, Series I, No. 37, Oct. 16, 2007).","Article 261 of the Legislative Decree No. 5/2007 states that no minor may work until they complete the age of compulsory schooling and, in any event, before age 15. The law does not differentiate formal from the informal sector...."]
["2014_CI_63",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",63,100,"L'article 23.8. de la loi portant code du travail stipule que \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans une entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de 14 ans, sauf dérogation édictée par voie réglementaire.","Loi n° 95/15 du 12 janvier 1995 portant Code du travail. Article 23.8. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Cote_Ivoire/RCI%20-%20Code%20travail.pdf","L'article 23.8. de la loi portant code du travail stipule que \"Les enfants ne peuvent être employés dans une entreprise, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de 14 ans, sauf dérogation édictée par voie réglementaire."]
["2014_GQ_63",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",63,100,"The minimum age for admission to employment in Equatorial Guinea is 14. \n\nLaw No. 2/1990 (“Sobre Ordenamiento General de Trabajo”), Article 11, Sections 1-6, stipulates that employment for those younger than 14 is forbidden. However, those who have turned 13 can carry out certain types of light work (\"trabajos ligeros\"). In addition, children who have turned 12 can be employed in arts and crafts or agricultural activities (the informal sector). \n\nFor work that is by nature dangerous to health, security or the moral sensibilities of children, Article 11 (4) stipulates a minimum age of 16. However, the authorities may raise the minimum age to 18 if they deem it necessary to protect the child.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Law No. 2/1990, Title I (“Disposiciones Generales”), Article 11, Sections 1-6, 1990 (\"Sobre Ordenamiento General de Trabajo”).  \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=6&Itemid=72","The minimum age for admission to employment in Equatorial Guinea is 14. \n\nLaw No. 2/1990 (“Sobre Ordenamiento General de Trabajo”), Article 11, Sections 1-6, stipulates..."]
["2014_GN_63",2014,"GN","Guinea",63,100,"L'âge minium pour l'adminssion à l'emploi en Guinée est fixé par le Code du travail à 16 ans en ses articles 5, 145 et 417.  \n\nArticle 5 : Le contrat de travail ne peut être conclu qu’avec un individu ayant atteint l’âge minimum de seize ans. Les mineurs ayant au moins seize ans ne peuvent être engagés qu’avec l’accord de l’autorité dont ils relèvent.\n\nArticle 415 : Il est interdit d’employer les jeunes travailleurs de moins de 18 ans aux travaux suivants :\n1. Graissage, nettoyage, visite ou réparation des machines ou mécanismes en marche ;\n2. Travaux nécessitant la présence ou le passage dans un local où se trouvent des machines actionnées à la main ou par moteur animal ou mécanique, des moteurs, transmissions et mécanismes dont les parties dangereuses ne sont point couvertes d’organes protecteurs appropriés ;\n3. Conduite ou manoeuvre d’appareils de levage ou de manutention ;\n4. Manipulation et emploi de matières explosives, irritantes, corrosives ou vénéneuses ;\n5. Travail des abattoirs, équarrissages, boyauderies, tanneries, etc.… ;\n6. Extraction de minerais stériles, matériaux et déblais dans les mines et carrières, ainsi que dans les travaux de terrassement ;\n7. Travaux de soutiens, chauffeurs, conducteurs de moteurs, véhicules et engins mécaniques ;\n8. Tous travaux exécutés pendant les heures de nuit ;\n9. Tous travaux qui, même s’ils ne tombent pas sous le coup des lois pénales sont de nature à blesser leur moralité.\n\nArticle 416 : Il est interdit d’employer les jeunes travailleurs de moins de 16 ans aux travaux suivants :\n1. Travail moteur au moyen de pédales, roues, manivelles, leviers, manoeuvres de lits et tables à secousses mus à la main ou au pied ;\n2. Usage et alimentation des scies circulaires ou à rubans, ou à lances multiples, travail sur cisailles ou tranchantes mécaniques et aux meules ;\n3. Travaux de bâtiment, à l’exclusion de finition ne nécessitant pas l’emploi d’échafaudage.\nArticle 417 : Les jeunes travailleurs de moins de 18 ans ne peuvent porter, traîner ou pousser, tant à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur des établissements, des charges d’un poids supérieur aux poids suivants :\n1- Port des fardeaux :\nGarçons de 14 et 15 ans.……………….………………………………. 10 kg\nGarçons de 16 et 17 ans ……………….…………………………….… 15 kg\nFilles de 16 et 17 ans …………………….… …………………………..10 kg\n2- Transport sur brouette (véhicule compris)\nGarçons de 14 et 15 ans ……………………..……………………….… 20 kg\nGarçons de 16 et 17 ans …………………………..………………….… 25 kg\nFilles de 16 et 17 ans …………………………………………………... 15 kg\n3- Transport sur véhicules à 2, 3 et 4 roues (véhicule compris)\nGarçons de 14 et 15 ans …………………………………...…………… 40 kg\nGarçons de 16 et 17 ans …………………………………………...…… 50 kg\nFille de 16 et 17 ans …………………………………………..……...….35 kg","Code du travail, Chapitre V, articles 415 416 et 417. (1988) http://www.tagumjoel.com/document/c_t/c_guinee.pdf","L'âge minium pour l'adminssion à l'emploi en Guinée est fixé par le Code du travail à 16 ans en ses articles 5, 145 et 417.  ..."]
["2014_MG_63",2014,"MG","Madagascar",63,100,"Le Code du travail, dans son article 100, fixe l’âge minimum légal d’accès à l’emploi à quinze ans.\n Selon l'Article 100 : « L’âge minimum légal d’accès à l’emploi est de quinze (15) ans sur toute l’étendue du territoire de Madagascar. Cet âge minimum ne doit pas être inférieur à l’âge auquel cesse la scolarité obligatoire.»\n \n Mais le Décret n° 2007-563, dans son article 3, prévoit une éventualité, pour les enfants âgés entre 14 et 15 ans, de travailler à condition d’obtenir l’autorisation délivrée par l’inspecteur du travail.\n Ces règles sont bien appliquées par les employeurs dans le secteur formel. Dans le secteur informel, par contre, ces règles sont bafouées. Les employeurs profitent de la naïveté et de la simplicité d’état d’esprit des enfants pour les exploiter et les patrons restent impunis.","Loi n° 2003-044 portant Code du travail du 28 juillet 2004 (J.O n° 2956 du 21 février 2005) , http://www.edbm.gov.mg/fr/content/download/734/3678/version/1/file/codedutravail_loi_n_2003_044_du_28_juillet_2004.doc.  Décret n° 2007-563 du 3 juillet 2007 relatif au travail des enfants (J.O. n° 3 163 du 28/01/08, p. 182), http://www.justice.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/textes/1TEXTES%20NATIONAUX/DROIT%20PRIVE/Textes%20sur%20le%20travail/Decret%202007-563.pdf.  Ordonnance 62-038 du 19 septembre 1962 sur la protection de l’enfance, http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afe/madagascar/Madag_Ord62038_Fr.pdf","Le Code du travail, dans son article 100, fixe l’âge minimum légal d’accès à l’emploi à quinze ans.\n Selon l'Article 100 : « L’âge minimum légal d’accès à l’emploi est de quinze (15) ans sur tou..."]
["2014_MA_63",2014,"MA","Morocco",63,100,"Article 143 - Labour law - (2003) sets the minimum age to work in Morocco at 15 years old.","Article 143 - Labour law - (2003)  http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Maroc/Maroc%20-%20Code%20travail.pdf.","Article 143 - Labour law - (2003) sets the minimum age to work in Morocco at 15 years old."]
["2014_NA_63",2014,"NA","Namibia",63,100,"The minimum age for employment in Namibia is 14 years. \n\nUnder Chapter III Article 15 of the constitution, minimum age of employment is sixteen (16) years for hazardous work or work that would interfere with education or harmful to health, physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development of children. No children under the age of fourteen (14) years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine, save under conditions and circumstances regulated by Act of Parliament. Any arrangement or scheme employed on any farm or other undertaking, the object or effect of which is to compel the minor children of an employee to work for or in the interest of the employer of such employee, shall for the purposes of Article 9 of the constitution be deemed to constitute an arrangement or scheme to compel the performance of forced labour. The constitution Chapter 3 Article 9 (2) says that no person shall be forced to perform forced labour.\n\nChapter 2 of the Labour Act 2007 (Act 11 of 2007), prohibits employers from hiring children of at least aged 14, but under the age of 16 years: (a) in any circumstances contemplated in Article 15(2) of the Namibian Constitution, (b) in any circumstances in respect of which the Minister, in terms of subsection (5)(a) has prohibited the employment of such children, (c) in respect of any work between the hours of 20h00 and 07h00. Except to the extent that the Minister by regulation in terms of subsection (5)(b) permits, employers must not employ children, on any premises where: (i) work is done underground or in a mine, (ii) construction or demolition takes place, (iii) goods are manufactured, (iv) electricity is generated, transformed or distributed, (v) machinery is installed or dismantled, or (vi) any work-related activities take place that may place the child’s health, safety, physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development at risk.\n \nIn respect of a child who is at least aged 16 but under the age of 18 years, Namibia’s labour laws stipulate that a person may not employ that child in any of the circumstances set out above as well unless the minister has permitted such employment. The law also criminalizes any work, performed by an employee’s child who is under the age of 18 years, if the work is performed in terms of an arrangement or scheme in any undertaking between the employer and the employee, the law deems this to be child labour.","1. The Constitution of Namibia Chapter 3 article 9 (2) & article 15(3) http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/\n\n2.  Labour Act 2007 (Act 11 of 2007) Chapter 2 http://www.parliament.gov.na/acts_documents/81_3971_gov_notice_act_11.pdf","The minimum age for employment in Namibia is 14 years. \n\nUnder Chapter III Article 15 of the constitution, minimum age of employment is sixteen (16) ye..."]
["2014_RW_63",2014,"RW","Rwanda",63,100,"Article 4 of Law No. 13/2009, on regulating labor in Rwanda, states: “It is prohibited to employ a child in any company, even as apprentice, before the age of sixteen (16).”","Law No. 13/2009, on regulating labor in Rwanda, Article 4.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=8858&iid=2465&rid=30701714","Article 4 of Law No. 13/2009, on regulating labor in Rwanda, states: “It is prohibited to employ a child in any company, even as apprentice, before the age of sixteen (16).”"]
["2014_SO_63",2014,"SO","Somalia",63,100,"Article 29 (Children) of the provisional constitution states: “No child may perform work or provide services that are not suitable for the child’s age or create a risk to the child’s health or development in any way.” The same article defines a child as “a person under 18 years of age.”\n\nAccording to Chapter III (Work of Women, Children and Young Persons) of the Somali Labor Code (Law No. 65: Labour Code. Dated 18 October 1972), children are defined as “persons of either sex who have not attained the age of 15 years,” and young persons as “those who have attained the age of 15 years but have not attained the age of 18 years.”\n\nIn this same chapter, the law prohibits employing children by stipulating: “It should be unlawful to employ children under the age of 15 years.” The law, however, makes exceptions for voluntary internships overseen by the state, family chores, and also prescribes certain ages for certain jobs. It mandates that a medical opinion shall be obtained where the age of the child is uncertain.","The Provisional Constitution of The Federal Republic of Somalia adopted on August 1, 2012, Mogadishu, Somalia. Article 29. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nSomali Labor Code (Law No. 65: Labour Code. Dated 18 October 1972). Chapter III, Sections 90-95. https://www.dropbox.com/s/cl08vijerwm5kd4/Somalia%20Labor%20Code%20of%201970.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote: \nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","Article 29 (Children) of the provisional constitution states: “No child may perform work or provide services that are not suitable for the child’s age or create a risk to the child’s health or development in any way.” The same article defines a child as “a person under 18 years of ..."]
["2014_TZ_63",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",63,100,"Part II, sub-part A -5 of the Employment and Labour Relations Act of 2004 prohibits child labour and states that no person should employ a person 14 years of age or younger, and that people under the age of 18  should not be employed in mines, factories, ships (as crew,) or within the informal sector. \n\nIn 5.2 the act states that children under 14 years of age should only be employed\nto conduct light work that benefits them. Furthermore, in Section 5 (5) the act states that children under the age of 18 may work in industries considered hazardous, as mentioned in 5 (3) if it is part of their training.  it should be noted that Zanzibar, as a semi-autonomous part of the counrty, has separate labour laws.","1. Employment and Labour Relations Act, 2004, part II. 5. (1-8). http://www.egov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/The_Employment_and_Labour_Relations_Act,_6-2004_sw.pdf\n\n2. The Laws of the Child Act, 2009 a. (12), part VII a. (77-86),\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---\nilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_151287.pdf","Part II, sub-part A -5 of the Employment and Labour Relations Act of 2004 prohibits child labour and states that no person should employ a person 14 years of age or younger, and that people under the age of 18  should not be employed in mines, factories, ships (as crew,) or within ..."]
["2014_ZW_63",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",63,100,"Part 4 (Section 11) of the Labour Act (Chapter 28:01) regulates employment of children. \nAccording to the act, \"... no employer shall employ any person in any occupation —\n(a) as an apprentice who is under the age of 13 years;\n(b) otherwise than as an apprentice who is under the age of 15 years.\"  \n\nThe act further state that \"a person under the age of 15 years but not younger than 13 years may —\n(a) perform work other than work referred to in subsection (4) at a school or technical or vocational institution that is carried out as an integral part of a course of training or technical or vocational education for which the school or institution is primarily responsible\"; and that \"no employer shall cause any person under the age of 18 years to perform any work which is likely to jeopardise that person’s health, safety or morals ...\" \n\nPart 3, Section 10A of the Children's Act (Chapter 5:06) also provides restrictions on the employment of young people. The act provides that \"no —\n(a) parent or guardian of a child or young person of school-going age shall knowingly cause or permit the child or young person to absent himself from school in order to engage in employment for gain or reward; and \n(b) person shall employ for gain or reward a child or young person of school-going age at a time when the child or young person might reasonably be expected to attend school.\"","Children's Act, Chapter 5:06, Part III, Prevention of Neglect, Ill-treatment and Exploitation of Children and Young Persons, Section 10A Restriction on employment of children and young persons, 2002.\nhttp://cyber.law.harvard.edu/population/zimbabwe/child.protect.htm\n\nLabour Act, Chapter 28:01, Part IV, General Conditions of Employment, Section 11 Employment of young persons, 2002. \nhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2285/labour","Part 4 (Section 11) of the Labour Act (Chapter 28:01) regulates employment of children. \nAccording to the act, \"... no employer shall employ any person in any occupation —\n(a) as an apprentice who is under the age of 13 years;..."]
["2014_BF_64",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",64,0,"De façon globale, l'âge minimum d'accès à l'emploi est respecté au Burkina, mais ce respect se limite au secteur formel. Le travail des enfants en dessous de l'age minimum est courant dans le secteur informel. \nLe travail des enfants est monnaie courante dans le secteur informel au Burkina Faso, spécifiquement dans les mines.\n\nSelon Me KABORE, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMABa, de grands efforts sont faits au niveau formel mais le secteur informel est difficilement maîtrisable. \n\nLe directeur général du travail fait le même constat et affirme que «les différentes missions de contrôle des inspecteurs du travail n'ont pas mis en exergue des dysfonctionnements au niveau du secteur formel car en ratifiant la convention 138 de l'OIT, le Burkina a le devoir d'avoir un regard particulier sur l'âge d’admission à l'emploi qui est de 16 ans. Mais dans le secteur informel on vit au quotidien des cas de maltraitance ou de trafic d'enfants pour les Mines ou l'Agriculture entre autres. Comme actions, nous avons un protocole d'accord avec la Côte d'Ivoire pour cela.» \n\nL'exemple patent des mines d'or est à souligner. En effet, selon un article de l'AFP sur le travail des enfants, il y a plusieurs mineurs qui travaillent dans les mines: «Certains n’ont pas 13 ans, mais ils s’enfoncent crânement dans les boyaux de fortune: au Burkina Faso, la fièvre de l’or n’épargne pas les enfants, qui risquent leur vie pour s’assurer un avenir, dans cet État sahélien pauvre.» \n\nEn termes de sanctions, les personnes interrogées assurent que pour les cas enregistrés, des sanctions ont été appliquées conformément au Code pénal burkinabè. Tout cela signifie qu'il est parfois possible de trouver des enfants employés en dessous de l'âge minimum au Burkina Faso.\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: Le travail des enfants est répandu au Bénin. Il s'agit d'un problème systémique qui a des racines sociologiques et économiques. Sur le plan sociologique et culturel, les enfants doivent apprendre le métier de leurs parents, surtout dans les zones rurales. Sur le plan économique, l'orpaillage formel et informel font que les enfants désertent les écoles primaires et secondaires à la recherche de l'or dont les retombées économiques sont plus immédiates.","SAWADOGO Célestin, directeur général du Ttavail, ministère de la fonction publique, du travail et de la sécurité sociale, Ouagadougou, 28 juin 2014. \n\nKABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB), Ouagadougou, 24 juin 2014.\n\nMILLOGO G. Tarcicius, conseiller technique, ministère de la fonction publique, du travail et de la sécurité sociale, Ouagadougou, 30 juin 2014.\n\n AFP, vendredi 21 mars 2014, «Les enfants mineurs, victimes crédules de la ruée vers l’or au Burkina Faso». http://news.aouaga.com/h/23153.html.\n\n\nSource des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nN'DIAYE Fatime Christiane, 2013, «'Genre et travail des enfants dans les mines et carrieres au Burkina Faso, au Mali et au Togo- Synthese des etudes de cas.» http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_232032.pdf ","De façon globale, l'âge minimum d'accès à l'emploi est respecté au Burkina, mais ce respect se limite au secteur formel. Le travail des enfants en dessous de l'age minimum est courant dans le secteur informel. ..."]
["2014_CD_64",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",64,0,"Dans la pratique l'inspection du travail a beaucoup de mal à faire appliquer la législation en matière de travail. En effet, on constate que le développement du secteur informel a contribué à accroître le travail non déclaré des enfants. Par conséquent et en l'absence de statistiques fiables, il apparaît difficile de veiller au respect de cette interdiction du travail des enfants.","MBOSSA Bertrand- cadre au sein de la caisse nationale de sécurité sociale du Congo, entretien au téléphone, 06 novembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication, entretien à son domicile, 21 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Dans la pratique l'inspection du travail a beaucoup de mal à faire appliquer la législation en matière de travail. En effet, on constate que le développement du secteur informel a contribué à accroître le travail non déclaré des enfants. Par conséquent et en l'absence de statistiqu..."]
["2014_DJ_64",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",64,0,"L’âge minimum légal pour travailler est respecté dans le secteur formel. Cependant, les travailleurs qui n'ont pas atteint l'age minimum se retrouvent dans le secteur informel, dans le commerce familial par exemple, ou bien parmi les enfants de rue (étrangers pour la plupart).\n\nDans la pratique, on remarque aussi des pratiques courantes dans les entreprises familiales (restaurants, boutiques de vêtements) où les enfants tiennent par exemple les boutiques en tant que vendeur ou vendeuse.","HASSAN Ali, directeur au sein du ministère du travail, 21 juillet 2014.\n\nKENEDID Mohamed, journaliste du journal La Nation, 21 juillet  2014.\n\nILTIREH Zahra, employée de la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, 21 juillet 2014.","L’âge minimum légal pour travailler est respecté dans le secteur formel. Cependant, les travailleurs qui n'ont pas atteint l'age minimum se retrouvent dans le secteur informel, dans le commerce familial par exemple, ou bien parmi les enfants de rue (étrangers pour la plupart)...."]
["2014_GM_64",2014,"GM","The Gambia",64,0,"Even though the Children’s Act sets the minimum age for light work at 16 years and at 12 years for apprenticeship in the informal sector, the government \"took no action to prevent or combat child labor during the year. Employee labor cards, which include a person’s age, were registered with the labor commissioner, who was authorized to enforce child labor laws. Nevertheless, enforcement inspections rarely took place.\"\n\nMany children are also seen all over the country selling water and other goods on the streets. A survey conducted in July 2014 revealed that 61% of children were selling in the streets.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. In addition to the already stipulated dire situation, the commercial sexual exploitation of children is also a serious problem in The Gambia. For instance, Children are exploited in brothels and motels in tourist areas.","1. Interview with Alieu Bah, Editor, Standard Newspaper, 7th July 2014, Bakau\n\n2. Interview with Mr. Sainey MK Marena, Editor, Standard Newspaper, 8th July 2014, Bakau\n\n3. World Day Against Child Labour: A reminder to put an end to child labour, The Standard, Web Editor, 12 June 2014, available at http://standard.gm/site/essays/3915-World-Day-Against-Child-Labour-reminder-put-end-child-labour.html, last accessed 71 June 2014\n\n4. CAID Validates Child Labour Survey 2013, The Daily Observer, by Aji Fatou Faal, 5 December 2013, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051350.html, last accessed 17 June 2014\n\nReviewer source:\n2013 The Gambia: Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - United States Department of Labour.  Accessible via http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/gambia.htm#ENREF_12","Even though the Children’s Act sets the minimum age for light work at 16 years and at 12 years for apprenticeship in the informal sector, the government \"took no action to prevent or combat child labor during the year. Employee labor cards, which include a person’s age, were regist..."]
["2014_KE_64",2014,"KE","Kenya",64,25,"Although there have been attempts to bar children from working, the level of child labour in Kenya remains high. One of the commendable steps taken by Kenya in 2013 was the employment of 95 labour inspectors and 500 child protection officers by the Ministry of Labour, Social Security and Services.\n\nDespite the fact that primary education is free in Kenya, fees ranging from about $100 to $1,000 lock millions of poor children out of secondary school. In Kenya, there are around one million child labourers, aged between 5 and 17, according data by the Labour ministry. Nine out of ten live in rural areas.\nPoverty is the main driver why children are being sent to work. Most boys work on farms and girls do household chores while their mothers are out at work. Child labour is illegal in Kenya but the law is not enforced.","1. Francis Wangara, secretary-general, Kenya Sugar Plantation Workers Union. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n2. \"Kenya: Child Labour, Marriage and Trafficking Keep Millions of Kenyans Out of School\" An article by Katy Migiro, published by Reuters Alet on June 16, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201406171256.html\n\n3. U.S. Embassy- Nairobi. reporting, February 11, 2014. http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/kenya.htm#ENREF_5\n\n4.\"Kambi decries rise in child labour\", an article by Elizabeth Were published in the Star Newspaper on February 6, 2014.\nhttp://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-154011/kambi-decries-rise-child-labour.\n\n5. \"Taking child labour problem on in Turkana County in Kenya\" A newsletter by the International Labour Organisation(ILO) published on May 13, 2014.\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/newsitem/wcms_243111.pdf.","Although there have been attempts to bar children from working, the level of child labour in Kenya remains high. One of the commendable steps taken by Kenya in 2013 was the employment of 95 labour inspectors and 500 child protection officers by the Ministry of Labour, Social Securi..."]
["2014_MW_64",2014,"MW","Malawi",64,25,"The minimum age of employment is not always adhered to. Many children continue to work on tea and tobacco estates. They work alongside their poor, smallholder tenant farmer parents on these estates. Malawi is one of the world’s largest tobacco producers. Although tobacco plantation owners and cigarette manufacturers say they are against child labour, the practice continues unabated. Tobacco companies and the government have funded a number of projects in an attempt to curb child labour and educate poor, illiterate farmers about the dangers of using child labour in Malawi’s tobacco fields.\n\nThis includes the National Plan of Action on Child Labour (NPACL).  In addition, many young workers serve as house servants where there is no monitoring to verify their ages. The government rarely applies sanctions when it finds cases of formal or informal employment of children.\n\n\nReviewer comment: \n\nAgree. Despite the efforts made by the Government of Malawi to eliminate the worse forms of child labor, children in Malawi continue to engage in child labor in fishing and agriculture, particularly in tobacco sector.","1. Al Jazeera, Malawi’s Children of Tobacco, 16 January, 2014\nhttp://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2014/01/malawi-children-tobacco-2014114957377398.html\n\n2. Nyasa Times, Dr Bruce Munthali, 23 July, 2014, ‘Improving Conditions in Malawi Agricultural Sector: Tackling Child Labour and Related Issues’\n\n3. Juliana Chidumu, Public Relations Officer, Tobacco Control Commission, 8 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n5. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\nReviewer source:\n\"Malawi: 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor\", US Department of Labor\", accessed on January 27, 2014, http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/malawi.htm","The minimum age of employment is not always adhered to. Many children continue to work on tea and tobacco estates. They work alongside their poor, smallholder tenant farmer parents on these estates. Malawi is one of the world’s largest tobacco producers. Although tobacco plantation..."]
["2014_NA_64",2014,"NA","Namibia",64,0,"Child labour is rife in Namibia. However, it appears some sections of government are in denial about it. The government has penalties for those who employ children below the minimum wage. The penalties are a fine of N$20 000 (US$2 000) or a prison term of not more than four years. But the government is not effective in applying these sanctions. In the majority of cases, such offenses are not reported since parents or guardians are promoters of such child victims due to poverty. Poverty in Namibia is the major driver of child labour and in most cases the general populace does not know that it is against the law.\n\nIn general companies do comply with the Labour Act in terms of the minimum age of employment in Namibia. But, in sectors such as agriculture and domestic work, children of farm workers are easily engaged in work at an early age, which constitute child labour. In villages for example, underaged girls and boys are recruited as nannies and cattle headers. However, evidence of the latter cannot be independently verified due to kin relations. Some of these children are under the age of 14.  According to the 2012 Labour Force Survey, 71 children were recorded to have been working as domestic workers. Accordingly, trade unions cannot represent these individuals as they are not defined as workers according to the constitution. \n\nThe 2005 Namibia National Child Activities Survey (NCAS) confirms that 408,638 (71.9%) children were found to be working in Namibia. In terms of age, 41,404 were 15 years, while 40,191 were 13 years of age.  \n\nChapter 3, Article 14(2) of the constitution, defines a child as a persons under the age of sixteen (16) years; whereas Chapter 3 of the Labour Act No 11 of 2007, refers to a child as someone who is under the age of 14. As such there is a need for synergy and harmony between the Labour Act and the constitution to insure proper regulations, implementations and enforcement.","1. Newspaper report in the Windhoek Observer of 31/10/2013, http://observer24.com.na/national/2485-geingob-condemns-slavery-index.\n\n2. Newspaper report on allAfrica.com published on 03/06/2014 by Angola Press http://allafrica.com/stories/201406041424.html\n\n3. Email interview with Kafuka Patrick| Education Coordinator at the Labour Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI) on 27/06/2014.\n\n4. Interview Marianne Nghidengwa, journalist, Confidente newspaper,20/06/2014, Confidente offices, Windhoek West.\n\n5. Newspaper report in the Namibian Sun of 19/02/2014 (The author of the story is not revealed) http://sun.com.na/crime/child-labour-and-trafficking-discovered-in-namibia.62840.","Child labour is rife in Namibia. However, it appears some sections of government are in denial about it. The government has penalties for those who employ children below the minimum wage. The penalties are a fine of N$20 000 (US$2 000) or a prison term of not more than four years. ..."]
["2014_SN_64",2014,"SN","Senegal",64,25,"Le Code du travail du Sénégal stipule l'interdiction d'emploi des enfants dans des entreprises, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de quinze ans, sauf dérogation édictée par arrêté du ministre chargé du travail.\n\nMais dans la pratique on constate que ceci n'est pas respecté, en particulier, dans les régions minières et aurifères, ou dans des entreprises familiales ou individuelles de l'informel.  \n\nLe gouvernement a annoncé un plan stratégique et une mobilisation d'une enveloppe de 12,3 milliards FCfa afin de combattre les travail des enfants par la mise en place, d'ici 2016 de comités intersectoriels dans 6 régions du pays (Saint-Louis, Thiès, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, et Dakar), en plus de celui et Kédougou.","SAGNE Aly, journaliste, président de« Lumière synergie pour le développement, Kédougou», 16 juillet 2014.\n\nBADIANE Djibril, président, Organisation nationale des Droits de l'Homme, 20 juillet 2014.\n\nMBOW Anta, présidente, association Empire des enfants, 24 juillet 2014.\n\nNDIAYE Fatou, Sud Quotidien, 13 juin 2014, « Travail des enfants : Kédougou, un cas préoccupant ». http://www.sudonline.sn/kedougou-un-cas-preoccupant_a_19379.html\n\nLe travail des enfants: Senegal Black Rainbow. 23 décembre 2013. http://yveslebelge.skynetblogs.be/archive/2013/12/23/le-travail-des-enfants-8022265.html\n\nLe Soleil, 21 mars 2014. Pires formes de travail des enfants: Le Sénégal veut redynamiser les comités régionaux de lutte. http://www.lesoleil.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37581:pires-formes-de-travail-des-enfants-le-senegal-veut-redynamiser-les-comites-regionaux-de-lutte&catid=59:house-design&Itemid=108","Le Code du travail du Sénégal stipule l'interdiction d'emploi des enfants dans des entreprises, même comme apprentis, avant l’âge de quinze ans, sauf dérogation édictée par arrêté du ministre chargé du travail...."]
["2014_SO_64",2014,"SO","Somalia",64,0,"No particular labor rules are strictly adhered to. For instance, the majority of the country’s population still lives in the rural areas, and there, children as young as 12 work in the same conditions as adults—they walk several kilometers and draw water out of wells, participate in relocating families and their herds of goats, sheep, and camels in search of grazing lands, and so on.\n\nIn urban areas, the situation is not much different except that more children are going to school. Young boys go out every day to shine shoes in exchange for money. Other children work in the private sector, and some even work in public offices.\n\nHowever, many of the jobs are not difficult and cause little or no harm to children's physical or mental health. This reflects the Somali culture which presumes getting children to work as early as possible to be prepared for life. \n\nNormally, a 15-year-old boy is expected to do many of the tasks done by men. Similarly, a 15-year-old girl is expected to take on most of what a woman can do. This is a direct reflection of Somali culture and values.","Abdullahi Sheikh Ismael\nMember of Parliament and former Foreign Minister, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Abdullahi\nMember of the Dept. of Civil Workers’ Rights Protection,\nMinistry of Labor and Social Affairs,\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Ibrahim Jim’ale,\nLecturer at Mudug University and Social Activist,\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview","No particular labor rules are strictly adhered to. For instance, the majority of the country’s population still lives in the rural areas, and there, children as young as 12 work in the same conditions as adults—they walk several kilometers and draw water out of wells, participate i..."]
["2014_SS_64",2014,"SS","South Sudan",64,0,"In practice, the minimum age of employment is not adhered to in South Sudan. This is due, in part, to the fact that South Sudan’s government has yet to fully enforce its child labor laws, including the Child Act. \n\nIn some parts of the country, children are involved in breaking rocks, making bricks, working as shoe shiners and as touts on public transport vehicles in the capital,  Juba.  The most visible form of child labor is domestic work, which is done mostly by girls, some of whom get physically or sexually abused. And in urban areas like Juba, Wau, Yei and Yambio, there are reports of girls as young as 10-12 being subjected to commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes by their guardians. Some of the girls are trafficked into South Sudan from neighbouring countries. \n\nThe South Sudan government says it does not condone child labor. However, visible evidence is to the contrary. Recently, according to the United Nations, the warring parties in South Sudan’s conflict have recruited more than 9,000 child soldiers to fight on both sides of the conflict. The South Sudanese military admits it has \"only about 300 child soldiers\" and insists it's the rebels who have recruited child soldiers.\n\nA report released on Sept. 30, 2013, by the U.S. Department of Labor, titled “2012 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour - South Sudan,” says children in South Sudan are engaged in some of the worst forms of child labor, doing dangerous activities in agriculture, including using dangerous tools, carrying heavy loads and applying harmful pesticides, as well as herding cattle for long hours over long distances without sufficient food or shelter.","Interview with Philip Aguer Parnyang, spokesman Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA, June 15, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nU.S. Department of Labor, \"2012 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - South Sudan,\" Sept. 30, 2013. http://www.refworld.org/docid/5268e5da87a.html[accessed 29 July 2014]   \n\nBritish Broadcasting Corp. (BBC), \"South Sudan sides 'recruit 9,000 children to fight,'\" April 30, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27220244 \n\nAllAfrica, Simon Peter Owaka, \"South Sudan: 'Government Does Not Allow Employment of Children,' Says Labour Undersecretary,\" Oct. 23, 2013.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201310231393.html \n\nAljazeera, Klaas van Dijken, \"The child soldiers of South Sudan,\" July 19, 2014. \nhttp://m.aljazeera.com/story/201471511338631460","In practice, the minimum age of employment is not adhered to in South Sudan. This is due, in part, to the fact that South Sudan’s government has yet to fully enforce its child labor laws, including the Child Act. ..."]
["2014_TN_64",2014,"TN","Tunisia",64,0,"The formal sector is well controlled, so instances of child employment are generally nonexistent. \n\nHowever, children under 10 years of age or even younger are employed in the informal sector (street vendors, mechanics, agriculture, car washers). Street beggars can even be 6-7 years old, although the practice is rare and seasonal (more visible in summer).\n\nThe government is considering a strategy to fight this issue. Until now, governmental action centered on threatening children and raising the awareness of the parents, but it did not appear to yield results. UNICEF Tunisia has committed to taking action along the Tunisian government.\n\nIn rural areas in Tunisia, it is common to see children under 16 working in farming without the legal authorities intervening; this practice is entrenched in the culture.\n\nAccording to a document published by the U.S. Department of Labor, \"In 2013, Tunisia made a significant advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Tunisia approved a new Constitution, which includes new legal protections for children, and began implementation of a National Plan of Action to Combat Child Labor. The Government increased the number of labor inspectors from 380 to 490, trained them on child labor-related issues, and identified 53 violations of child labor law. The Government also established Child Protection Delegates in each governorate; continued to provide households vulnerable to child labor with cash transfers, access to health care, and school supplies; and initiated a national school feeding program to reduce drop-outs and improve access to public primary schools. \nHowever, children in Tunisia continue to engage in child labor in street work and are engaged in the worst forms of child labor in forced domestic service.\"","Interview with Adel Bousnina, professor of economy, University of Tunis, Tunisia, 27 June 2014.\n\nArticle: Huffington Post Maghreb, \"Tunisie: Un plan d'action national contre le travail des enfants en Tunisie,\" 6 May 2014, Tunis. http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/05/06/tunisie-travail-enfants-_n_5273322.html\n\nArticle: Leaders, \"Travail des enfants en Tunisie, attention danger,\" 13 May 2014, Tunis.\nhttp://www.leaders.com.tn/article/travail-des-enfants-en-tunisie-attention-danger?id=14059\n\nUNICEF website; includes data on child labour in Tunisia, accessed on 26 June 2014. \nhttp://www.unicef.org.tn/actualites/plan-daction-national-de-lutte-contre-le-travail-des-enfants-en-tunisie-composantes-et-objectifs/ \n\nU.S. Department of Labor. \"Tunisia: 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Significant Advancement.\" \nhttp://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/tunisia.htm","The formal sector is well controlled, so instances of child employment are generally nonexistent. ..."]
["2014_BJ_65",2014,"BJ","Benin",65,50,"Les organisateurs syndicaux jouissent des droits généralement acceptés ou conventionnels et ne sont pas souvent sujets à intimidation. Toutefois, en décembre 2013, un groupe de syndicalistes y compris les secrétaires généraux de confédérations syndicales a été dispersé alors qu’il tentait d’effectuer une marche pacifique de protestation contre la corruption dans l’administration publique.","Michel Ahonon, Secrétaire général adjoint, Conseil national du patronat de la presse du Bénin, Cotonou, Interview du 24 juin 2014.\n\nMichel Adjaka, Président, Union Nationale des Magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nPaul Essè Iko, Secrétaire général, Confédération syndicale des travailleurs du Bénin, Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nLa Nouvelle Tribune, 27 décembre 2013, « Bénin : une marche pacifique des travailleurs violemment réprimée (les derniers détails) ». http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/actualite/une/17450-benin-une-marche-pacifique-des-travailleurs-violemment-reprimee-les-derniers-details\n\nLe Matinal, 08 janvier 2014, « Syndicalisme au Bénin: Guerre entre les Centrales syndicales».  http://www.sonangnon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6115:syndicalisme-au-beninguerre-entre-les-centrales-syndicales&catid=1:actualite\n\nSolidarité ouvrière, 23 mars 2014, « Grande marche mardi des syndicats à Cotonou». http://communismeouvrier.wordpress.com/2014/03/23/grande-marche-mardi-des-syndicats-a-cotonou/\n\nA.cotonou.com, 30 décembre 2013. « Marche de protestation des organisations syndicales contre la violation des libertés publiques» http://news.acotonou.com/photos/album.asp?id=2139\n\nSoneb.com, 15 décembre 2013, « 2ème AG du Syndicat indépendant des travailleurs de la SONEB : Le DG appelle les travailleurs à un syndicalisme de développement».  http://www.soneb.com/soneb2/99-archives/2013-11-25/2013-11-25-rencontre-dg-syndicat.php\n\nL’Évènement précis, 02 mai 2014, «Journée de réflexion de la Confédération syndicale des travailleurs du Bénin (Cstb):Le 1er Mai, sous le signe de la victoire des travailleurs». http://levenementprecis.com/?p=11403\n\nBénin : Grève générale pour les droits syndicaux, Secours rouge, 07/01/14, http://www.secoursrouge.org/Benin-Greve-generale-pour-les","Les organisateurs syndicaux jouissent des droits généralement acceptés ou conventionnels et ne sont pas souvent sujets à intimidation. Toutefois, en décembre 2013, un groupe de syndicalistes y compris les secrétaires généraux de confédérations syndicales a été dispersé alors qu’il ..."]
["2014_CM_65",2014,"CM","Cameroon",65,50,"Au Cameroun, les travailleurs se réunissent indépendamment de leur appartenance politique, religieuse ou ethnique. Ce sont leurs intérêts en milieu professionnel qui compte. Ils ne sont ni menacés, ni confinés à une appartenance politique, religieuse ou tribale préalable.\n\nDans plusieurs organisations syndicales, l'on voit se réunir musulmans et chrétiens, personnes issues des différents partis politiques; l'accès aux mouvements syndicaux n'est limité qu'à la recherche de l'amélioration des intérêts des travailleurs.\n\nCependant à l'accasion de la célébration de la 128ème Journée Internationale du Travail en 2014, la Centrale Syndicale du Secteur Public (CSP) avait relevé dans un mémorandum addressé au gouvernement, \"la violation de la liberté syndicale et le non respect des conventions collectives en vigueur par les multinationales et autres investisseurs étrangers en activités dans les différents secteurs de l’économie camerounais en complicité avec les représentants des pouvoirs publics ;l a volonté manifeste et affiché du gouvernement à affaiblir le mouvement syndical à travers le refus de promulguer la loi sur les syndicats prévue depuis 24 ans dans l’article 5 de la loi N°53/90 du 19 décembre 1990 sur la liberté d’association[...]\". \nCeci signifie que les droits des travailleurs ne sont pas compris et/ou respectés par certains opérateurs économiques.","AMOUGOU Zambo, président de la Centrale Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun (CSTC), 09 juillet 2014;\n\nHYOMENI Guy, président du Réseau des organisations des Droits de l'Homme du Cameroun, 09 juillet 2014;\n\nABESSOLO Zoé, inspecteur du travail au ministère du travail et de la sécurité sociale, 09 juillet 2014;\n\nYaoundeinfos.com, 28 Avril 2014. Cameroun: des organisations syndicales interpellent à nouveau le gouvernement. http://www.yaoundeinfos.com/2014/04/cameroun-des-organisations-syndicales-interpellent-a-nouveau-le-gouvernement.html","Au Cameroun, les travailleurs se réunissent indépendamment de leur appartenance politique, religieuse ou ethnique. Ce sont leurs intérêts en milieu professionnel qui compte. Ils ne sont ni menacés, ni confinés à une appartenance politique, religieuse ou tribale préalable...."]
["2014_CD_65",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",65,25,"Dans la pratique la liberté syndicale est une réalité au Congo. Les autorités publiques privilégient la concertation, le dialogue sociale afin de préserver la paix sociale. Les travailleurs peuvent librement se constituer en syndicats.\nAu cours des 12 derniers mois, dans le cadre de la promotion du dialogue social, la multiplication et surtout l'institutionnalisation des espaces de dialogue entre les partenaires sociaux et l'État a permis de désamorcer les crises et à ainsi contribuer à éviter des manifestations pouvant troubler l'ordre public; le droit de grève des travailleurs a été respecté.\n\nIl faut toutefois souligner que lors de la grève des enseignants en début de l'année 2014, les entraves à la liberté syndicale ont été relevées et dénoncées par des organisations de défense des droits de l'homme. Dans une déclaration rendue publique, l'ASADHO s'était dite préoccupée par les entraves à la liberté syndicale au Congo-Brazzaville.","Anonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication, entretien à son domicile, 21 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nFédération Internationale des Droits de l'Homme, 10 février 2014. République du Congo : tortures, persécutions politiques et attaques contre les libertés syndicales. https://www.fidh.org/La-Federation-internationale-des-ligues-des-droits-de-l-homme/afrique/congo/14595-republique-du-congo-tortures-persecutions-politiques-et-attaques-contre\n\nAllAfrica.com, 2 décembre 2014. \"Congo-Brazzaville: Droits et libertés - Le ministre de la Fonction publique et la police exhortés au respect de la liberté syndicale.\"\n\nAllAfrica.com, 2 décembre 2014. \"Congo-Brazzaville: Droits et libertés - Le ministre de la Fonction publique et la police exhortés au respect de la liberté syndicale.\" http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201412031102.html","Dans la pratique la liberté syndicale est une réalité au Congo. Les autorités publiques privilégient la concertation, le dialogue sociale afin de préserver la paix sociale. Les travailleurs peuvent librement se constituer en syndicats...."]
["2014_EG_65",2014,"EG","Egypt",65,25,"Since 1957 Egypt has had an official state-sponsored labor movement that dominated organized labour activities prior to the successful strike of the Ghazel Al Mahalla textile workers in December 2006. Since that time the independent labour movement in Egypt has managed to maintain its momentum despite the changes in government during the reporting period. The independent union movement remains one of the most vibrant and least hindered aspects of Egyptian civil society. During the reporting period Egypt saw on average three strikes per day.\n\nTrade unions' members' rights are still misunderstood in Egypt. During the reporting period, despite a pledge from independent unions and official ones to support the July 3rd coup and the governments of Adly Mansour and Sisi during Egypt's period of confronting terrorism, independent union organizers notably those linked to the postal service faced some arrests and intimidation. \n\nIn March 2014, \"five Postal Authority workers and board members of the Independent Union in Alexandria were arrested at their homes at 1am\" for calling for the strike of 50,000 postal workers.","Associate, Commercial International Bank Egypt, 7/8/14. Global Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nAl Safir, \"Egyptian trade unions and the state\" May 2014 accessed at www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/05/egypt-trade-unions-state.html#\n\nFinancial Times, Heba Saleh \"Egypt: World Bank sees widening of ‘shadow’ economy\"\nJul 29, 2014  http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/07/29/egypt-world-bank-sees-widening-of-shadow-economy/\n\nKristian Takvam Kindt, 17 July 2014\nhttp://www.peacebuilding.no/Regions/Middle-East-and-North-Africa/Egypt/Publications/Trapped-outside-politics-Egyptian-independent-unions-democratising-dilemma.\n\nMarxist.com, Friday, 04 April 2014. \"Egypt: Massive strike wave poses dilemma for Al-Sisi.\" http://www.marxist.com/massive-strike-wave-poses-dilemma-for-sisi.htm","Since 1957 Egypt has had an official state-sponsored labor movement that dominated organized labour activities prior to the successful strike of the Ghazel Al Mahalla textile workers in December 2006. Since that time the independent labour movement in Egypt has managed to maintain ..."]
["2014_GH_65",2014,"GH","Ghana",65,50,"In Ghana, workers' rights are respected at all times apart from officers and personnel in security services such as the police, the armed forces and the national fire service. Members of security agencies are forbidden from forming trade unions as well as engaging in strike actions because they belong to the essential services group.\n\nAll other workers are not restricted from forming trade unions or organizing into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives. Bargaining certificates are also issued to registered labour unions to negotiate conditions of service with their employers.\n\nTrades union organizers also have widely understood rights and are free from intimidation or violence. The rights and responsibilities of workers and duties and responsibilities of employers are contained in the Labour Act. The Labour Act also specifies the processes of arbitration to resolve any grievance or disagreement that may emerge between workers and employers. The rights of workers are therefore respected and in times of deadlock over issues, workers go on strikes sometimes lasting more than a month. But their salaries are paid them during the action.\n\nHowever, some companies failed to respect workers rights in the private sector.","1. Mrs Charlotte Hanson, Public Relations Officer, National Labour Commission, Telephone interview, July 24, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Anthony Awotwi, Principal Lbour Officer and Head of Employment Information Branch of the Labour Department of the Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations, Table interview at his Office, June 27, Accra.\n\n3. Mrs Felicia Kraja, Northern Regional Industrial Relations Officer of the Public Services Workers Union, Telephone interview, June 23, Tamale.\n\n4. Graphic Online, 16 January 2014, Moses Dotsey Aklorbortu & Andrew Tetteh. \n\"Tension brews on FPSO Kwame Nkrumah as 4 Ghanaian workers fired. http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/15871-tension-brews-on-fpso-kwame-nkrumah-as-4-ghanaian-workers-fired.html#sthash.UlJ6frfW.dpuf","In Ghana, workers' rights are respected at all times apart from officers and personnel in security services such as the police, the armed forces and the national fire service. Members of security agencies are forbidden from forming trade unions as well as engaging in strike actions..."]
["2014_LY_65",2014,"LY","Libya",65,25,"There are occasional obstacles to organising into trade unions, given the current situation and the civil war in Libya. Labour movements were banned during Ghadafi's era, but after the revolution of 2011, professional organizations started forming trade unions, for example, the Teachers Association and the oil workers union. But overall, their performance is very weak because of the situation of conflict in Libya. \n\nIntimidations against civil society overall is frequent in Libya where many armed groups fight for power. According to a report of the United Nations Mission in Libya quoted in december 2014 by Marsad (Observatory for the security sector), \"activists, human rights defenders and journalists face ongoing threats and danger, reported UNSMIL. The National Council for Civil Liberties and Human Rights (NCCLHR) has stopped its work due to intimidation.\"","Interview with Jum'ah E'ateqa, deputy of the National Public Conference and a human rights expert, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nInterview with Nasir Alhawari, head of a human rights organisation, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nInterview with Salah Aldean Almejbari, human rights activist and expert on the National Council for Human Rights, Oct. 17, 2014. \n\nMarsad, December 27, 2014. UNSMIL reports details human rights abuses across Libya. http://www.marsad.ly/en/unsmil-reports-details-human-rights-abuses-across-libya/\n\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\nAl Jazeera America, \"Mass strike paralyzes Libyan city of Benghazi,\" April 6, 2014.\nhttp://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/6/libya-strike-oil.html","There are occasional obstacles to organising into trade unions, given the current situation and the civil war in Libya. Labour movements were banned during Ghadafi's era, but after the revolution of 2011, professional organizations started forming trade unions, for example, the Tea..."]
["2014_MU_65",2014,"MU","Mauritius",65,50,"Workers can and do organise themselves regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives. But even if trade union organizers have widely understood rights, they may not always be free from intimidation. \n\nMinister of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Shakeel Mohamed said that there is no restriction for workers and that the major obstacle for some was a lack of knowledge of their rights. He added that he had recently intervened in favour of the workers of a para-statal body, the SICOM, where management was refusing to recognise a trade union. He also spoke about the move by some police officers to create a union. That case is being heard by the Supreme Court. \n\nDuring the study period, the refusal of the management of a state-owned enterprise to recognise a trade union was overturned by the authorities. However there have been reports in the press about the fear of foreign factory workers to organise themselves. Reports would suggest that they fear to lose their job and be returned to their countries like China or Bangladesh.","1.        Jack Bizlall, trade unionist, Federation of Progressive Union, 26 Aug 2014, mail\n\n2.        Shakeel Mohamed, Minister of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment, 16 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n\n3.        Hector Tuyau, Chief Inspector, Mauritius Police Force, 18 Sept 2014, mail and phone\n\n4.        Le Mauricien Newspaper, the redaction, 13 September 2014: Setting up of a Trade Union for the Police: Reserved Judgement from the Court – \n\n5.        Link:  http://www.lemauricien.com/article/police-creation-eventuelle-d-syndicat-jugement-reserve-deputy-master-sur-les-particulars-l-e","Workers can and do organise themselves regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives. But even if trade union organizers have widely understood rights, they may not always be free from intimidation. ..."]
["2014_NE_65",2014,"NE","Niger",65,50,"Au Niger, il n' y a pas d'entrave significative à la liberté des travailleurs à s'organiser en syndicat. Ni même de contraintes particulières pour limiter l'action des syndicats. Néanmoins, les syndicats existants ou nouvellement créés subissent souvent des pressions ou des actions de charme provenant des pouvoirs politiques (majorité comme opposition), avec comme objectif de les contrôler ou de les gagner à leur cause. Ainsi, certains leaders syndicaux ou certains syndicats sont devenus des organisations qui supportent ouvertement ou discrètement tel ou tel camp politique.\nQuelques fois, la société civile accuse le pouvoir d'encourager la création de petits syndicats (souvent un même secteur, comme celui de l'éducation, où il y a actuellement prés d'une soixantaine de syndicats) dans l'optique de diviser les acteurs et fragiliser les luttes et revendications syndicales. Mais il n'y a pas d'intimidation ou de violence connues à l'égard des leaders syndicaux. Souvent les hommes politiques essaient de les «acheter» ou de les influencer. La liberté syndicale est un droit consacré par la Constitution du Niger et par les conventions internationales que le Niger a ratifié.","KELESSI Ibrahim Mariama, chef division administrative et juridique à la direction des ONGs et associations de développement au ministère du développement communautaire, 8 octobre 2014.\n \n MAIGA Amadou, secrétaire général de l'Union des Syndicat des Travailleurs du Niger-USTN, 8 octobre 2014.\n \n NIgerdiaspora.net, 03 mars 2014, «L’avenir de la lutte syndicale au Niger : Des réelles menaces planent !» http://nigerdiaspora.net/les-infos-du-pays/item/66570-l-avenir-de-la-lutte-syndicale-au-niger-des-reelles-menaces-planent\n \n Tamaminfo.com, 2 mars 2013, «Liberté syndicale : Bras de fer entre travailleurs du pétrole et chinois». http://www.tamtaminfo.com/liberte-syndicale-bras-de-fer-entre-travailleurs-du-petrole-et-chinois/","Au Niger, il n' y a pas d'entrave significative à la liberté des travailleurs à s'organiser en syndicat. Ni même de contraintes particulières pour limiter l'action des syndicats. Néanmoins, les syndicats existants ou nouvellement créés subissent souvent des pressions ou des actions..."]
["2014_SL_65",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",65,25,"With the exception of the Sierra Leone police and the armed forces, workers or groups in the country are generally not restricted in organising or forming trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives in the country, but there are major obstacles to union organising and those who organise union activities face intimidation.\n\nIn order to take any action, trade unions are required to give police 21 days' notice so they can get clearance. \n\nAlso, during the period of review, there were instances in which trade union rights were violated. In July 2014, staff members of the National Power Authority organised strike action against the government and the President of Sierra Leone for bringing back to the authority a manager who had been suspended earlier for alleged gross impropriety. Those who organised the strike action at the National Power Authority faced intimidation at their offices.","Interview with Solomon Yarjoh, worker, National Power Authority, July 2014.\n\nInterview with Mohamed Lamin, rights activist, Network Movement for Peace and Development.\n\nInterview with Moses Kargbo, secretary general, Sierra Leone Association of Journalists, Freetown, 29 June 2014.\n\nHuman Rights Watch, February 2014. \"WHOSE DEVELOPMENT? Human Rights Abuses in Sierra Leone’s Mining Boom. \" http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sierraleone0214_ForUpload_0.pdf","With the exception of the Sierra Leone police and the armed forces, workers or groups in the country are generally not restricted in organising or forming trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives in the country, but there are major obstacles to union or..."]
["2014_SS_65",2014,"SS","South Sudan",65,50,"South Sudan workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions. The country’s umbrella workers’ union - South Sudan’s Workers Trade Union Federation (SSWTF) - was established in 2010 to look into the welfare of workers throughout the country.\n\nIn the past, there were cases of some government officials showing hostility toward workers trade unions. Such officials include the governor of South Sudan’s Warrap state, who suspended the state’s workers’ trade union because the body tried to oppose her decision to deduct a day’s wage from all state employees in order to raise funds for a sports tournament.\n\nHowever, in the past year, there has not been evidence of a deliberate government practice to restrict trade union activities in the country.\n\nObservers argue that the government has not taken measures to restrict workers from organizing through trade unions because such unions are not strong in the country. In practice, therefore, given that trade unions are not a strong pressure group, the government does not view them as a threat. Also, only 12 percent of South Sudanese are currently engaged in formal employment, according to the World Bank. Thus, if all formal employees joined trade unions, the number would still be small.\n\nOne reason trade unions are not popular and have not attracted huge membership is due, in part, to South Sudan’s low literacy rates caused partly by the long civil war. In practice, workers trade unions are a new phenomenon known only to a few people. Most workers do not understand the role of trade unions and the objectives of trade union organizers.","Interview with Wani Bini Stephen, secretary general, State Workers Trade Union, Central Equatoria state, July 20, 2014.\n\nSudan Tribune, \"S. Sudan Health Workers Threaten Strike Action Over Allowances,\" Sept. 1, 2014. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52251 \n\nMywage.org/South Sudan website. \nhttp://www.mywage.org/southsudan/home/labor-law/legal-advice/sswtuf","South Sudan workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions. The country’s umbrella workers’ union - South Sudan’s Workers Trade Union Federation (SSWTF) - was established in 2010 to look into the welfare of workers throughout the country...."]
["2014_UG_65",2014,"UG","Uganda",65,50,"According to the Labour Unions Act of 2006, all workers are free to organize into labour unions. However, according to the second schedule of the Trade Unions Act, certain categories of people cannot join trade unions; they include permanent secretaries; heads of department, divisions or sections; school headmasters and deputy headmasters; principals or directors of institutions of higher learning; heads of departments of institutions of higher learning, or any other public officer who is on the salary scale U2 and above. Others include officers of the Bank of Uganda holding the following positions: governor, deputy governor, secretary, general manager, heads of department, assistant or deputy heads of department, and personnel officers. Also included are personnel officers, labour officers, industrial relations officers, chiefs, judges, magistrates and registrars of the courts of judicature. \n\nTrade union organizers have widely understood rights, though they are subject to intimidation from employers. In a media report of April 2014, government blamed the lack of effective trade union actions on employers who restrict their employees. Uganda has close to 40 trade unions, but few could replicate the effectiveness of the theaters trade union.","“Workers have a right to unionise,” Samuel Sanya, 22 April 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654760-workers-have-a-right-to-unionise.html \n\n\"Low union numbers affecting minimum wage push in Uganda,” Raymond Baguma, 30 May 2014\n\n“Museveni meets MPs over teachers’ strike,” Sadab Kitatta Kaaya, Andrew Mulinda and Joseph Kimbowa, 15 Sept. 2013\nhttp://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27516:museveni-meets-mps-over-teachers-strike&catid=34:news&Itemid=114","According to the Labour Unions Act of 2006, all workers are free to organize into labour unions. However, according to the second schedule of the Trade Unions Act, certain categories of people cannot join trade unions; they include permanent secretaries; heads of department, divisi..."]
["2014_ZM_65",2014,"ZM","Zambia",65,50,"Workers in Zambia are free to organise into trade unions. There are a number of trade unions in Zambia that are quite active and able to express themselves freely, even if it means taking on the government over some decisions relating to labour and/or other sectors, as was the case when the Zambia Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) took government to task over the firing of nurses who had gone on strike demanding better conditions of service. After a number of weeks of negotiations, the nurses were reinstated.\n\nMembers of trade unions come from different backgrounds, with different political ideologies, religions and objectives.\n\nIn most cases, trade unionists have had to undergo induction in order to familiarize themselves with labour issues and operations that affect them. They speak out against government or private organizations freely.","Interview with a member of the Judiciary and Allied Workers Union of Zambia who requested anonymity, Lusaka, Zambia, 11 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nLusakatimes.com, \"Reinstate the nurses or brace yourselves for a major crisis, ZCTU warns Government,\" 4 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/12/04/reinstate-nurses-brace-major-crisis-zctu-warns-government/\n\nLusakatimes.com, \"Mineworkers Union of Zambia wants KCM mining license revoked,\" 5 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/11/05/mineworkers-union-zambia-wants-kcm-mining-license-revoked/\n\nU.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Country Reports on Human Rights for 2013, Human Rights and Labour, 2013, Freedom of Association, 2014. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220386.pdf\n\nIOL, by Matthew Hill, October 17 2013. \"Shoprite ‘fires 3 000 strikers in Zambia’. http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/shoprite-fires-3-000-strikers-in-zambia-1.1593099#.VQg48NNdU2s","Workers in Zambia are free to organise into trade unions. There are a number of trade unions in Zambia that are quite active and able to express themselves freely, even if it means taking on the government over some decisions relating to labour and/or other sectors, as was the case..."]
["2014_BW_66",2014,"BW","Botswana",66,25,"During the period of study most corporations in Botswana observed labour laws and recognized and observed human rights. Most corporations usually observe labour and human rights such as salaries, welfare and working hours. \n\nHowever the most noteworthy case during the period of study was workers dragging giant cellular network provider Orange to the labour department. On 27 Aug. 2014, about 74 retrenched workers took Orange Botswana to Labour Court for failing to give them severance pay. \n\nIndustriALL on March 1, 2014, reported the results of a training seminar held in April 2014 by IndustriALL, the Botswana Diamond Workers Union and the Botswana Power Corp. Workers Union that revealed the lack of respect for labour laws (subjecting workers to low wages and dangerous working conditions), by the diamond-polishing industry in Botswana. At the end of the training seminar, participants resolved to strengthen representation in the sector through recruitment and to organise workers to better address their problems and fight for fairer wages.","Interview with Ntjidzi Smarts, communications officer – UNFPA, press and public affairs assistant - British High Commission, and business editor- Botswana Gazette, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nInterview with Kabo Motswagole, practising lawyer, chair of the Botswana Press Council Complaints Committee and member of the Law Society of Botswana Human Rights Committee, Airport Junction, Gaborone, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nThe Voice, Chedza Simon, \"Orange Botswana retrenches staff in mass,\" 29 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.thevoicebw.com/2014/08/29/orange-botswana-retrenches-staff-mass/\n\n\nReviwers' Source:\n\nIndustriALL Global Union, \"Not so sparkly conditions in Botswana diamond polishing,\" 1 March 2014.\nhttp://www.industriall-union.org/not-so-sparkly-conditions-in-botswana-diamond-polishing","During the period of study most corporations in Botswana observed labour laws and recognized and observed human rights. Most corporations usually observe labour and human rights such as salaries, welfare and working hours. ..."]
["2014_KM_66",2014,"KM","Comoros",66,50,"Certaines entreprises ne respectent pas le Code du travail, d’autres ne respectent pas les Droits de l’Homme. \n\nLes infractions se situent surtout au niveau de l'embauche, les conditions de travail, la prolongation des droits du travailleur. \n\nSelon le BIT, les principales infractions à la législation du travail fréquemment rencontrées au sein des entreprises comoriennes sont : le non-enregistrement des salariés auprès de la Caisse de prévoyance sociale, et l’inexistence de contrats de travail, à de rares exception près (ce sont seulement les grandes entreprises qui enregistrent leurs salariés ; pour le reste, il s’agit plutôt de « contrats de fait ». L’inspection du travail est paralysée par les pressions politiques qui rendent impossible l’exécution de sa mission. En outre, elle ne dispose d’aucun moyen pour mener ses actions avec l’efficacité souhaitée. Face à la défaillance de ce service, le Code du travail ne permettrait pas aux travailleurs de recourir directement au tribunal du travail pour la résolution des différends individuels ou collectifs de travail. L’Acte de l’OHADA devrait être la solution à cette lacune, mais ce document n’est toujours pas disponible. \n\nSelon une centrale syndicale française, il existe des atteintes aux Droits de l’Homme aux Comores car « les syndicalistes de la Confédération des Travailleurs des Comores (CTC) sont discriminés quotidiennement, menacés, licenciés en raison de leur engagement syndical ». \n\nEnfin, des entreprises publiques ne respectent pas le Code du travail. Des salariés de la Mamwe (compagnie nationale d’électricité) ont été poursuivis en justice par le directeur gnéral de cette entreprise publique. Le tribunal  de  première  instance  de  Moroni  a  relaxé   le  9  février  2013  la  plupart  des prévenus,  mais le directeur général de la Ma-Mawe maintient ses mesures disciplinaires à l’encontre de ces relaxés. En outre, il garde toujours les salaires du mois de janvier  de  ces  salariés.  C’est  une  sorte  de  pied  de  nez  à  la  justice  comorienne  et  à  la législation du travail. Le nouveau Code du travail dispose dans son article 68 les motifs de la suspension d’un contrat de travail dont la mise en pied  pour motif disciplinaire. Selon l’article 41 de ce  même  Code du travail, la mise à pied, lorsqu’elle est prononcée comme sanction justifiée, entraîne la privation du salaire. Toutefois cette mise à pied elle ne peut intervenir que dans les conditions suivantes : \n-  Avant de notifier la mise à pied au travailleur qui en fait l’objet, l’employeur doit d’abord entendre celui-ci qui peut se faire assister d’un représentant du personnel ou à défaut d’une personne choisie par lui parmi les salariés de l’entreprise ;\n-  Elle  doit  être  notifiée  au  travailleur  par  écrit  avec  indication  des  motifs  pour lesquels elle a été infligée ;\n-  Elle  ne  doit  pas  dépasser  une  durée  maximum  de  huit  jours  déterminée  au moment même où elle est prononcée.\nLa non observation  de  ces  conditions   selon  cet  article,  peut  entraîner,  à  la  charge  de l’employeur, le paiement du salaire non perçu par le travail leur à cause de la mise à pied. Deux  des  conditions  fixées  par  l’article  41  n’ont  pas  été  respectées  par  le  Directeur Général de la Ma-Mwe. Les salariés suspendus n’ont pas été entendus par leur employeur avant la notification de la mise à pied et la suspension qui date du 30 janvier 2013 a déjà dépassé les 8 jours.\n\nIl faut noter les résultats des études de l’Université de Sherbrooke qui établit que le degré de liberté quant au travail a chuté aux Comores. \n\nQuant aux syndicalistes interrogés, ils affirment qu’il existe des manquements à la loi, mais pas de façon systématique. Dans les entreprises comoriennes, on assiste parfois à des non paiements d’assurance maladie, recrutement sans contrat, salaires fixés arbitrairement, etc… L’entreprise publique de l’électricité Mamwe recrute par exemple des cadres pour un contrat à durée déterminée de 6 mois, et 3 ans après le cadre n’est pas encore recruté alors qu’il devrait déjà l’être.","RAKOTOVAO Harinia, chargé de programme responsable des Comores, Bureau de l'Organisation Internationale du Travail (OIT) à Antananarivo, 28 juin 2014.\n\nTABIBOU Ibouroi Ali, conseiller à la  Confédération des Travailleurs Comoriens (CTC),  Moroni, 11 juillet 2014. \n\nCommuniqué de la Confédération Générale des Travailleurs de France (CGT), 6 décembre 2013, « Violation des droits syndicaux et humains en Afrique ». http://www.cgt.fr/Violation-des-droits-syndicaux-et.html\n\n Business and human rights resource centre, Bulletin régional, «Entreprises et droits de l’homme en Afrique francophone», p.12, mars 2014. http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/bulletin-info-afr-francophone-entreprises-dh-mars-2014.pdf\n\nDossier 2013 de Comores Droit, p.16, « Le DG de la Ma-Mwe se moque du code du travail », décembre 2013. \n\nUniversité de Sherbrooke, « Perspectives monde », degré de liberté quant au travail, Les Comores, 9 juin 2014. http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMTendanceStatPays?codeTheme=9&codeStat=HFI.CORRUPTION&codePays=COM&codeTheme2=9&codeStat2=HFI.LABOR&codePays2=COM","Certaines entreprises ne respectent pas le Code du travail, d’autres ne respectent pas les Droits de l’Homme. ..."]
["2014_CI_66",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",66,25,"La législation du travail est parfois bafouée, notamment dans les secteurs employants de la main d'oeuvre étrangère, comme le travail domestique ou les activités agricoles.\n \n La méconnaissance des droits du travail par des employés en Côte d'Ivoire dans certains secteurs d'activité favorise le non respect de la législation par des entreprises. Il y a aussi la faiblesse du pouvoir régalien qui favorise cette situation de non respect des règles. Dans son livre «L'Indemnisation judiciaire du salarié licencié en 60 question et réponses», paru en 2013 aux Nouvelles Éditions Continentale,s le magistrat Gnago Daouly, invite les travailleurs à s'instruire de leurs droits pour des rapports moins conflictuels entre eux et l'employeur.\n \n En pratique, les entreprises font des efforts de respecter la législation sur le travail et respectent les Droits de l’Homme. Mais au regard des nombreux cas de plainte et de procès devant le tribunal du travail, il y a encore beaucoup qui ne respectent pas la loi. Cela nécessite que le contrôle soit renforcé au niveau de l’inspection du travail. Dans les zones industrielles où beaucoup de travailleurs sont employés, nombre d’entre eux sont maintenus comme des journaliers durant des années plutôt que de leur accorder un contrat en bonne et due forme.","APPO Koffi Marie Chantale, magistrate, membre de l'association des femmes juristes de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 18 août 2014.  \n\nSÉPÉ Honoré, journaliste à l'Agence Panafricaine de Presse (APAnews), Abidjan, 27 juillet 2014. \n\nGLODÉ Francelin, secrétaire général du Syndicat national de la presse privée en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 06 août 2014.","La législation du travail est parfois bafouée, notamment dans les secteurs employants de la main d'oeuvre étrangère, comme le travail domestique ou les activités agricoles.\n ..."]
["2014_ET_66",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",66,25,"The government has been the biggest employer in Ethiopia in most sectors and, therefore, its respect for the human rights of workers was prevalent. The respect extends to  limits on work hours, safety conditions, leaves and health benefit packages available to most workers. Violations of rights, such as child labour abuse, have been minimal, at least in the formal employment sector. \n\nHowever, with the growth of the private sector, issues regarding labour rights have become apparent in the country. For instance, the floriculture sector was among the new organizations accused of having safety issues. \n\nAs the manufacturing sector grows, the demand for cheap labour has created a less-favorable situation for workers. For example, newly formed giant-scale shoe and textile processing zones have employed a large number of people, but the labour conditions there are considered below minimum standards. Conditions for a safe working environment, for example, are not strictly regulated. Wages and benefits are always a source of complaints and labour disputes. In addition, there are poor employment relationships, and workers are terminated arbitrarily. In the private sector, working hours and leaves recognised by law may not be respected, and employees put up with the violations due to lack of employment options and knowledge of their rights. Companies are accused of blocking the creation of labor unions.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, researcher at an international research organisation based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 28 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, capacity building and information team of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \n\nWall Street Journal blog, Tom Gara, \"Why ‘Made in Ethiopia’ Could Be The ‘Next Made in China,’\" 15 May 2014.\nhttp://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2014/05/15/why-made-in-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-made-in-china/\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The government has been the biggest employer in Ethiopia in most sectors and, therefore, its respect for the human rights of workers was prevalent. The respect extends to  limits on work hours, safety conditions, leaves and health benefit packages available to most workers. Violati..."]
["2014_GW_66",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",66,25,"It is difficult to state to what extent corporations observe labour laws and respect human rights because the Workplace Inspection in practice does not properly control their activities. No data, reports, statistics on work related rights violations in the Ministry of Labour were available upon request made on 23 July 2014. \n\nDespite the absence of information, representatives of human rights civil society organisations stated that non-observation of labor laws are recurrent. During this last year a security company forced its employees to work 12 hours straight when the hours of work per day stipulated by law is 8 hours, did not give them holidays, pay them on time and fired them with no reason.\n\nOne example this year is a case where an employee saw her work rights completely violated when she found out that her employer was allegedly committing insurance fraud. She denounced this practice and asked for proof that part of her salary was going towards social insurance. The employer suspended her from her activities.","1. Interview with Vice-President of Guinean Human Rights League, Augusto Mário, Lawyer/Human rights expert, 9 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with President of the Guinean Human Rights Network, Fodé Mané, Academic/Lawyer,/Human Rights activist, 10 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Juridical Counsellor of the National Union of Guinea-Bissau's Workers (CNTG), Júlio Mendonça, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Interview with Director of the Workplace Inspection (Inspecção Geral do Trabalho), Augusto Sanca, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. Interview with President of the National Commission of Women's Workers, Olivia Almeida, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n6. Interview with focal point for the programme Women's Economic Empowerment and Improvement of their Working Conditions, Maria Fátima Vieira, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","It is difficult to state to what extent corporations observe labour laws and respect human rights because the Workplace Inspection in practice does not properly control their activities. No data, reports, statistics on work related rights violations in the Ministry of Labour were a..."]
["2014_MG_66",2014,"MG","Madagascar",66,50,"Les entreprises dans le secteur privé sont de deux sortes : les grandes et moyennes en termes de nombre de travailleurs et de chiffres d’affaires, et les petites. D’une manière générale, les grandes et moyennes entreprises respectent la législation du travail et les Droits de l’Homme. Toutefois, la législation du travail n’est pas du tout maîtrisé par les travailleurs, notamment ceux se trouvant au bas de l’échelle sociale constituant la majorité des employés. Ce manque de connaissances et d'information sur la loi fait parfois naître des incompréhensions, des abus d'influences et des demandes absurdes. \n \n Le plus important des abus est la non-conformité à la législation sur la protection sociale des travailleurs. Par exemple, la Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale (CNaPS), la seule entité qui protège les travailleurs des accidents de travail, et qui verse en conséquence les indemnités y afférentes, n’a comme affiliés que 10% de l’ensemble des travailleurs du secteur privé. Ainsi, les 90% restants ne bénéficient d’aucune indemnisation en cas d’accidents de travail et de retraite.\n Les entreprises qui sont en règle vis-à-vis de la législation eu égard au respect du Code du travail sont facilement identifiables.","RAKOTOZAFY, magistrat de la Cour d’appel en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014\n \n RALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, journaliste et président fondateur du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 02 août 2014\n \n RAKOTOZAFY Jean Paul Emile, président du Syndicat Chrétien des Enseignants de Madagascar, Antananarivo, 18 juillet 2014\n \n RASOANAIVO Anjara, Midi Madagasikara, 12 mars 2014, « Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale : 10% des travailleurs y sont affiliés ». http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2014/03/12/cnaps-10-des-\n \n NORO, Les Nouvelles, 17 septembre 2013, « Protection sociale : le droit des travailleurs bafoués ». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/societe/25312-protection-sociale-le-droit-des-travailleurs-bafoue#.U9ODy7FKw24.","Les entreprises dans le secteur privé sont de deux sortes : les grandes et moyennes en termes de nombre de travailleurs et de chiffres d’affaires, et les petites. D’une manière générale, les grandes et moyennes entreprises respectent la législation du travail et les Droits de l’Hom..."]
["2014_MZ_66",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",66,25,"Violations of human rights by companies persisted in the country during the period under review. The number of cases that entered the Labour Arbitration Center at the Ministry of Labour, from January to May 2014, stood at 68. The cases reveal serious breaches of labour rights. Many of the cases have to do with the nonpayment of wages, unfair dismissal, excessive workload beyond the eight hours established by law, verbal and physical abuse, among other complaints. Most of the violations took place in construction companies, private security companies, supermarkets and agricultural firms.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. Several companies are still violating labour law in Mozambique. The companies do not recognise or uphold human rights; they are often Chinese companies or  other foreign firms such as some Portuguese. Violations include labourers working without contracts; some are beaten up, insulted or expelled from their duties without  an explanation.","Interview with Anibal Lucas, head of administrative department, Ministry of Labour, Maputo, 15 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 21 June 2014.  \n\nO Pais, \"LDH says that companies violate human rights in the country\" (\"LDH diz que empresas violam direitos humanos no país\"), 17 Sept. 2013.  http://www.opais.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/27159-ldh-diz-que-empresas-violam-direitos-humanos-no-pais.html \n\nRadio France International, Orfeu Lisboa, \"Economic growth in Mozambique to hide human rights abuses\" (\"Crescimento económico em Moçambique esconde atropelos aos direitos humanos\"), 16 Sept. 2013. \nhttp://www.portugues.rfi.fr/africa/20130916-crescimento-economico-em-mocambique-esconde-atropelos-aos-direitos-humanos\n\nFolha de Maputo, \"Workers Movitel denounce violation of labor rights\" (\"Trabalhadores da Movitel denunciam violação de direitos laborais\"), 3 Sept. 2013.  http://www.folhademaputo.co.mz/001.aspx?dqa=0:0:5449:2:0:0:-1:0:0&chnl=37\n\nReviewer's source:\nOnline Noticias, \"ZAMBÉZIA: There are still violations of labor law in Zambezia,\" 2 May 2014. \nhttp://www.jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/provincia-em-foco/15009-zambezia-persistem-violacoes-a-lei-laboral-na-zambezia\n\nMozambique: Labour Inspectorate Warns of Violations of Workers' Rights, http://allafrica.com/stories/201402260214.html","Violations of human rights by companies persisted in the country during the period under review. The number of cases that entered the Labour Arbitration Center at the Ministry of Labour, from January to May 2014, stood at 68. The cases reveal serious breaches of labour rights. Many..."]
["2014_NE_66",2014,"NE","Niger",66,0,"Du fait de la prédominance des entreprises du secteur informel dans l'économie, le respect de la législation du travail est difficilement garanti. Ce qui fait que même dans les domaines où les entreprises se sont plus ou moins formalisées, l'application des prescriptions du Code du travail n'est pas toujours effective. Les entreprises ne respectent pas souvent et convenablement les règles en matière de recrutement, de conditions de travail, voire même de paiement de leurs charges sociales et fiscales. Elles font encore moins, lorsqu'ils s'agit de respecter et d'assumer leurs responsabilité sociétale et environnementale. Pour la plupart des observateurs et analystes, au Niger, les entreprises qui respectent rigoureusement les Droits Humains et la législation du travail sont d'une rare exception. Le secteur agricole occupe près des 3/4 de la population active. Par ailleurs qu'il s'agisse des questions de sécurité au travail, d'égalité des chances et de traitement dans l'emploi ou pire des formes de travail à abolir, les résultats du Niger restent faibles malgré les progrès effectués. Selon le rapport du BIT, le travail des enfants et le travail forcé restent des réelles préoccupations au Niger.","LADI Sani Dan, inspecteur principal de travail, 8 octobre 2014 \n \n MAIGA Amadou, secrétaire général de l'Union des Syndicat des Travailleurs du Niger-USTN, 8 octobre 2014.\n \n IDRISSA Ali, coordinateur du Réseau des Organisations pour la Transparence et l'Analyse Budgétaire-ROTAB, 8 octobre 2014.\n \n Journal Le Sahel, 1 septembre 2014, «Point de Presse du Conseil National de Régulation des Télécommunications et de la Poste : Quatre opérateurs de téléphonie mobile écopent d’une sanction d’amende». http://news.aniamey.com/h/20720.html.\n  \nBureau International du Travail (BIT), 2013, «Profil pays du travail décent pour le Niger» http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/documents/publication/wcms_205054.pdf","Du fait de la prédominance des entreprises du secteur informel dans l'économie, le respect de la législation du travail est difficilement garanti. Ce qui fait que même dans les domaines où les entreprises se sont plus ou moins formalisées, l'application des prescriptions du Code du..."]
["2014_SO_66",2014,"SO","Somalia",66,0,"Private companies generally do not follow the labor code, which contains provisions including hours that may be worked, types of contracts, extra pay for night work, one day off per week, etc. Instead, major companies in Somalia - mostly owned by Somalis - follow Islamic Sharia rules and common practice for compensating workers. Since the role of the government for ensuring workers’ rights in the private sector is absent, reliable reports on possible violations are unavailable. \n\nReports by groups such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Human Rights Watch or Amnesty International emphasize human rights violations committed by government administrations or militias like Al Shabaab and do not focus on labor law infraction. \n\nIn Somali culture and despite the law establishing children to be persons under the age of 18, a 15-year-old youth is considered an adult. Thus it is not surprising to see a 16- or 17-year-old adolescent who is married and sometimes has children. In the workplace, even though there is no government agency overseeing or requiring companies to follow employment rules, companies' compensation policies are set and governed by the markets they trade in and they compensate fairly well.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. In Somalia, there is little to no enforcement of labour laws, and employers rarely recognize or observe labour laws or human rights, including those listed in the 2012 Constitution restricting child labour.","Abdullahi Sheikh Ismael\nMember of Parliament and former Foreign Minister, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Abdullahi\nMember of the Dept. of Civil Workers’ Rights Protection,\nMinistry of Labor and Social Affairs,\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Ibrahim Jim’ale,\nLecturer at Mudug University and Social Activist,\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview","Private companies generally do not follow the labor code, which contains provisions including hours that may be worked, types of contracts, extra pay for night work, one day off per week, etc. Instead, major companies in Somalia - mostly owned by Somalis - follow Islamic Sharia rul..."]
["2014_TG_66",2014,"TG","Togo",66,25,"Certaines entreprises ne respectent pas en pratique la législation du travail et les Droits de l’Homme dans leur fonctionnement et la gestion du personnel. \n \n Le rapport SAAD de septembre 2013 met par exemple en exergue les entraves à la liberté syndicale, notamment la syndicalisation des travailleurs/euses des sites miniers de Bandjéli (MM Mining) et de Pagala (POMAR). \n \n Le rapport du Peuple Solidaires de juillet 2014 déclare que pas moins de 160 des 192 travailleurs de l’usine de fabrication de sacs en plastiques Paper Bags, implantée dans la zone franche togolaise à Tabligbo, ont été licenciés avoir osé revendiquer de meilleures conditions de travail.\n\nBien qu'en mai 2014 la Confédération Syndicale Internationale (CSI) ait classé le Togo parmi les pays dans lesquels il fait bon travail, les violations de la loi relative à l'emploi et des droits des travailleurs sont toujours nombreuses, particulièrement au sein des sociétés de la zone franche. Selon un rapport publié par une association locale, le Collectif pour la Vérité des Urnes (CVU), \"Les accidents de travail ne sont pas pris en charge ni indemnisés et ils se comptent par milliers et la plupart  sont aujourd’hui des handicapés. En état d’incapacité et d’invalidité dument constaté par un médecin, les gens sont purement et simplement licenciés.\" En juillet 2014 des syndicats étaient montés au créneau pour dénoncer les traitements réservés aux employés au sein de la compagnie WACEM.","BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n HOUMEY EKLU-KOEVANOU Epiphanie, coordonnatrice Groupe de Réflexion et d'Action Femme Démocratie et Développement (GF2D), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n Icilome, 12 septembre 2013, «Violation des droits de l’homme au Nord-Togo : Une Ong togolaise épingle l’Etat togolais dans son rapport publié ce jeudi à Lomé».\n http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=762236.\n \n Peuples solidaires, 5 juillet 2014, «Togo – Zone de non-droit pour les travailleurs». http://www.peuples-solidaires.org/togo-zone-de-non-droit-pour-les-travailleurs/.\n\nCVU, 13 Aout 2013. Rapport sur les conditions de travail et de vie des employés de WACEM (West African Cement) à Tabligbo au Togo». http://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2013/08/19/rapport-sur-les-conditions-de-travail-et-de-vie-des-employes-de-wacem-west-african-cement-a-tabligbo-au-togo/9501\n\nElites d'Afrique, 13 juillet 2014. «Togo/ zone franche : la CSTT et la SADD dénoncent les conditions des travailleurs». http://elafrik.com/togo-zone-franche-la-cstt-et-la-sadd-denoncent-les-conditions-des-travailleurs/","Certaines entreprises ne respectent pas en pratique la législation du travail et les Droits de l’Homme dans leur fonctionnement et la gestion du personnel. \n ..."]
["2014_ZW_66",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",66,25,"Some corporations fail to observe labor laws. There have been cases of employee abuse, especially by Chinese corporations mining diamonds in the Marange area. The Chinese in particular have become notorious for their violations of the labour laws, which in some instances involve long working hours, poor salaries and lack of protective clothing, as well as physical abuse of employees. \n\nAlthough the law stipulates that no worker should leave the company before the completion of retrenchment package negotiations, the continued decline of the economy, characterised by a severe liquidity crunch, has spawned massive retrenchments, and some employers were violating labour laws as they completed retrenchment package negotiations with the affected workers.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Anjin Diamond Mine, 14 July 2014, Mutare. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nThe Christian Science Monitor, Mxolisi Ncube, \"Did Robert Mugabe fake a flood in Zimbabwe this February?\" May 22, 2014.\nhttp://www.csmonitor.com/World/2014/0522/Did-Robert-Mugabe-fake-a-flood-in-Zimbabwe-this-February-video\n\nThe Zimbabwean, \"Analysts, citizens slam Look East policy,\" 27 Nov. 2013. \nhttp://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe/69564/analysts-citizens-slam-look-east.html \n\nThe Zimbabwe Independent, Kudzai Kuwaza, \"100 workers retrenched weekly,\" 27 June 2014.  \nhttp://www.theindependent.co.zw/2014/06/27/100-workers-retrenched-weekly/ ","Some corporations fail to observe labor laws. There have been cases of employee abuse, especially by Chinese corporations mining diamonds in the Marange area. The Chinese in particular have become notorious for their violations of the labour laws, which in some instances involve lo..."]
["2014_BF_67",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",67,50,"Au cours de la période couverte par cette revue, aucune restriction à la liberté d'association n'a été enregistrée au Burkina Faso. De septembre 2013 jusqu'à juillet 2014, aucune entrave au fonctionnement des associations n'a été enregistrée. Des cas d'auditions de journalistes ont été enregistrées mais il s'agit là bien d'affaires en lien avec des publications, chose qui n'a pas de lien avec la liberté d'association. \n\n«C'est garantie, sinon je ne serait pas là à vous parler» nous a confié Me KABORE. La liberté d'association est la chose la mieux partagée au Burkina. \n\nSelon SAWADOGO Célestin, Directeur général du travail, ministère de la fonction publique, du travail et de la sécurité sociale, il n' y a aucune entrave. Selon lui c'est plutôt la législation qui est remise en cause, sinon dans les faits, les gens sont parfaitement libres de circuler, de se regrouper, et de s'associer dans la légalité. La preuve en est que les associations se comptent à plusieurs milliers au Burkina aujourd'hui comme on peut le lire dans l'étude publiée dans SOGETA. \n\nToutefois, les manifestations organisées par les organisations de la société civile tels que le Balai Citoyen ont été interdites par les autorités locales et reprimées lorsque ces manisfestations sont maintenues. Début septembre 2014 une manifestation dans une localité de Djibo au nor du pays a été violemment dispersée.","SAWADOGO Célestin, directeur général du travail, ministère de la fonction publique, du travail et de la sécurité sociale, Ouagadougou, 28 juin 2014.\n\nKABORE S. Antoine, procureur du Faso à Koudougou, secrétaire général du Syndicat Autonome des Magistrats du Burkina (SAMAB), Ouagadougou, 24 juin 2014.\n\nKABORE Joseph Armand, secrétaire permanent, Labo Citoyennetés, Ouagadougou, 27 juin 2014.\n\nSOGETA, 4 avril 2014, «tendance des associations dans les médias au 1er semestre 2013». http://www.oeildesjeunes.org/Dynamique_Associative/revue_de_presse/Entrees/2014/4/4_Tendance_des_associations_dans_les_media_au_1er_semestre_2013.html\n\nKoaci.com, 28 juin 2014. «Burkina Faso : Des manifestants hostiles au maire de Bobo Dioulasso dispersés à coup de gaz lacrymogènes». http://koaci.com/burkina-faso-manifestants-hostiles-maire-bobo-dioulasso-disperses-coup-lacrymogenes-92810.html\n\nVivanews, Idrissa Dicko - Sep 13, 2014. «BURKINA FASO : Une manifestation violemment réprimée. http://www.vivanews.info/burkina-faso-une-manifestation-violemment-reprimee/","Au cours de la période couverte par cette revue, aucune restriction à la liberté d'association n'a été enregistrée au Burkina Faso. De septembre 2013 jusqu'à juillet 2014, aucune entrave au fonctionnement des associations n'a été enregistrée. Des cas d'auditions de journalistes ont..."]
["2014_BI_67",2014,"BI","Burundi",67,25,"Les citoyens sont capables de s'associer librement mais des membres des organisations sont parfois empêchés de manifester librement sous prétexte qu'il peut y avoir perturbation de l' ordre public. Par conséquent les citoyens sont parfois confrontés à des obstacles les empêchant de s'associer librement avec leurs pairs en public et ils sont parfois interdits de manifester dans les lieux publics ou de prendre part à des organisations civiques et politiques. \n\nEn octobre 2013, 477 organisations et confédérations de la société du Burundi, membres de la campagne contre la vie chère, ont adressé une correspondance au maire de la ville lui signifiant de la tenue d' une conférence publique en date du 15 octobre 2013 dans l'un des hôtels de la ville de Bujumbura (hôtel water front). En réponse à cette lettre, le maire de la ville a adressé une correspondance aux responsables des hôtels de Bujumbura pour leur rappeler que toute réunion se tenant dans un hôtel de Bujumbura doit avoir l'autorisation du maire de la ville. Par cette lettre, le maire venait d'interdire la conférence prévue par ces organisations.  \n\nDans le même contexte, Emmanuel NKURUNZIZA, chargé des programmes au sein de l’OLUCOME indique que «les citoyens sont capables de s’associer mais la tendance du gouvernement est de restreindre leur liberté. Par exemple dernièrement les membres de la société civile ont été empêchés de faire des manifestations pour demander que justice soit faite pour Pierre Claver MBONIMPA, un défenseur des Droits de l’Homme incarcéré suite aux déclarations faites sur un probable entrainement militaire des jeunes burundais sur le sol congolais.\n\nDes personnes interrogées soulignent que parfois les autorités menacent les organisateurs de manifestations publiques.  Ils sont parfois tués ou malmenés à moins qu'ils adhèrent aux objectifs du gouvernement.\n\nAfin de protester contre les entraves faites aux manifestations publiques, un militant des Droits de l'Homme, Gabriel Rufyiri, a décidé de faire une manifestation individuelle suivi d' une grève de faim de deux jours dans le cadre d'une protestation contre la corruption dans le pays. \n\nDans l'optique des prochaines élections présidentielles de 2015, la repression des manifestations publique s'est accentuée au Burundi. Selon un rapport d'Amnesty International, le gouvernement, le gouvernement procède aux interdictions de manifestations des organisations opposées à une modification de la constitution qui permettrait à l'actuel chef de l'État de rempiler pour un 3è mandat.","NKURUNZIZA Emmanuel, chargé des programmes au sein de l’Observatoire de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques (OLUCOME), bureau de l’ OLUCOME, 14 août 2014.\n\nGAKWAVU Juvénal, secrétaire exécutif du parti UPRONA (Union pour le Progrès National), bureau de l’UPRONA, 18 août 2014. \n\nMUGISHA Rosine, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014. \n\nNITUNZE Yolande, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014. \n\nKADENDE Salvator, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014.\n\nLettre écrite par 477 organisations de la société civile du Burundi au maire de la ville de Bujumbura, 11 octobre 2013. (Indisponible en ligne).\n\nLettre écrite par le maire de la ville Bujumbura aux responsables des hôtels, N°513.17/2005/CAB/2013,  11 octobre 2013.\n\nNININAHAZWE Pacifique, présidente et représentant légal du FOCODE, Réaction écrite, 08 décembre 2014. \nGahuza.com, 17 juillet 2014. «Burundi: Un militant anticorruption interdit de manifester.» http://www.gahuza.com/home/104-a-la-une/3801-burundi-un-militant-anticorruption-interdit-de-manifester.html#\n\nAFRIK.com, FRÉDÉRIC SCHNEIDER, 29 Juillet 2014. «Amnesty accuse les autorités du Burundi de réprimer les libertés en vue de la Présidentielle.» http://www.afrik.com/amnesty-accuse-les-autorites-du-burundi-de-reprimer-les-libertes-en-vue-de-la-presidentielle","Les citoyens sont capables de s'associer librement mais des membres des organisations sont parfois empêchés de manifester librement sous prétexte qu'il peut y avoir perturbation de l' ordre public. Par conséquent les citoyens sont parfois confrontés à des obstacles les empêchant de..."]
["2014_KM_67",2014,"KM","Comoros",67,50,"Les citoyens sont parfois confrontés à des obstacles les empêchant d’organiser des réunions publiques. La création d’association est libre, et les citoyens peuvent manifester même dans la rue. Le régime des associations est libre aux Comores, on peut s’associer librement entre Comoriens, et participer à toutes les activités de son choix. La liberté d’association est pleinement consacrée dans la loi et dans la pratique aux Comores.\n\nMais l’octroi des autorisations est quelquefois sélectif. Les meetings publics sont cependant interdits en dehors des périodes électorales. Les meetings politiques peuvent se tenir uniquement dans des lieux clos. Et une demande est requise car les Comores sont encore dans une période de fragilité sociale. \nAinsi, le gouvernement n’a pas autorisé la tenue d’un meeting organisé par l’ancien Président de l’Union des Comores, Ahmed Abdallah Sambi. Le motif évoqué pour l’interdiction est la réglementation des manifestations publiques en dehors des manifestations électorales. \n\nIl faut noter que l’Université de Sherbrook évalue la chute de la démocratie et des libertés civiles (la liberté d'expression et la liberté de réunion incluses) de 19% en 3 ans aux Comores.","YOUSSOUF Said Abderemane, greffier à la Cour d’appel de Moroni, 06 juillet 2014. \n\nMADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 07 juillet 2014.\n\nALLAOUI Ahmed Mohamed,  président de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme,  ministère de la justice, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014. \n\nComores droit, « L'antithèse de la liberté d'expression est la censure », 18 août 2013. http://wongo.skyrock.com/3180707917-COMORES-Censure-stalinienne-contre-SAMBI.html,  \n\nUniversité de Sherbrooke, « Perspectives monde », degré de liberté quant au travail, Les Comores, 9 juin 2014. http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMTendanceStatPays?codeTheme=9&codeStat=HFI.CORRUPTION&codePays=COM&codeTheme2=9&codeStat2=HFI.LABOR&codePays2=COM","Les citoyens sont parfois confrontés à des obstacles les empêchant d’organiser des réunions publiques. La création d’association est libre, et les citoyens peuvent manifester même dans la rue. Le régime des associations est libre aux Comores, on peut s’associer librement entre Como..."]
["2014_ET_67",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",67,0,"The constitution guarantees freedom of association. However, the practices on the ground are not on a par with the level of guarantee that is provided in the constitution. Different limitations on the nature of civil society engagements were introduced through the new Charities and Societies Proclamation (draft law) that has made it difficult for nongovernmental organizations to engage in many areas of intervention. For example, funding requirements are attached to the kind of areas civil societies can participate in; civil society organisations have to get 90 percent of their funding from domestic sources.      \n\nThe government has introduced a permit system for the right to protest, which is not included in the law. While the law requires just informing the government on planned protests, practice shows that permission has to be obtained before a protest is organised, and in most cases, permission is denied.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, researcher at an international research organisation based in Addis Ababa, 29 july 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 28 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, capacity building and information team of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The constitution guarantees freedom of association. However, the practices on the ground are not on a par with the level of guarantee that is provided in the constitution. Different limitations on the nature of civil society engagements were introduced through the new Charities and..."]
["2014_GM_67",2014,"GM","The Gambia",67,0,"The law guarantees the right to associate freely, but persons who need to assemble in a public place or conduct any street parade or any other open air activity are required to obtain permits from the police. The police have in many instances denied requests for even peaceful assembly.\n\nMany political parties have had their request to conduct rallies denied on the basis of security concerns. In May 2014, the leader of the opposition National Reconciliation Party was denied a permit to tour one of the regions in the country. Sources also said that a youth organization was recently denied a permit to embark on a solidarity march in support of the abducted Chibok girls of Nigeria by the Boko Haram in the #BringBackOurGirls Campaign.\n\nCitizens therefore can rarely associate freely with their peers in public. They are also rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.","1. Email Correspondence with Interview with civil society expert who requested anonymity, Thursday 19 June 2014\n\n2. NRP again denied permit to tour URR, The Point, Thursday, May 29, 2014, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/nrp-again-denied-permit-to-tour-urr, last accessed 19/06/2014\n\n3 Interview with Mr Garba Cham, Secretary General, Gambia Workers' Union, Kanifing Magistrates' Court, Kanifing, 19/08/2014\n\n4. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013, U.S. State Department , The Gambia, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220328.pdf\n\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The law guarantees the right to associate freely, but persons who need to assemble in a public place or conduct any street parade or any other open air activity are required to obtain permits from the police. The police have in many instances denied requests for even peaceful assem..."]
["2014_LS_67",2014,"LS","Lesotho",67,50,"Citizens are generally able to associate freely, but instances of hindrance to that right exist. \n\nOver the period of study, the government has not changed any regulations that govern freedom of association. Also interviewed sources indicated that the government does not restrict citizens from associating freely, and in most instances, citizens were able to associate freely there have been no restrictions on citizens’ willingness to associate.    \n\nHowever, there have been instances where workers have been prevented from associating freely and expressing dissent. According to the Lesotho Times newspaper, unarmed health professionals were barred from protesting at Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital. Armed police officers eventually forcefully removed the workers from the hospital premises. In the process, shots were fired and scores of workers were injured.","Seabata Motsamai, Executive Director, Lesotho Council of NGOs, 22nd September 2014, Maseru. \n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nMoeketsi Palime, Chief Industrial Property Counsel, Office of the Registrar General, 17th September 2014, Maseru. \n\nLesotho Times, Limpho Sello, Strike Paralyses Tšepong Operations, 1st May 2014, http://lestimes.com/?p=16308, (accessed on the 17th September 2014).","Citizens are generally able to associate freely, but instances of hindrance to that right exist. ..."]
["2014_MR_67",2014,"MR","Mauritania",67,25,"La liberté d’association est devenue un acquis en Mauritanie. Cependant, la liberté de s’associer, tout en étant garantie par la loi fondamentale, appartient au régime d’autorisation et non au régime déclaratif. Cela veut dire notamment qu'une demande de manifestation sur la place publique demeure soumise à une autorisation au préalable et non à une simple déclaration. Cette situation constitue un frein à la liberté d'association. Le régime d'autorisation est hérité des régimes d'exception qui se sont succédés en Mauritanie.\n\nLa répression est fréquente contre certains mouvements qui luttent contre des problèmes considérés comme sensibles par les autorités du pays, tel l'esclavage. En octobre 2013, des membres du mouvement Initiative pour une Résurgence Abolitionniste (IRA) furent arrêtés  pour avoir organisé une manifestation pacifique à Boutilimit ( une ville à 50 km de Nouakchott). Ils protestaient contre la passivité des autorités à la suite d'une dénonciation d'un cas d'esclavage. La manifestation de l'IRA fut brutalement reprimée par les forces de l'ordre et quelques membres de cette organisation furent arretés et inculpés pour « rassemblement non autorisé » et « appartanance à une organisation non reconnue.» \n\nLa repression policière dont les membres de l'IRA font fréquemment l'objet témoigne des limites de la liberté d'association. Elle met en évidence deux faits majeurs. La première est que la liberté d'association est à géométrie variable en fonction  du motif de la manifestation (les autorités ont laissé se tenir une manifestation dénonçant l'intervention israélienne à Gaza), la seconde est que la liberté d'association reste encore trop limitée, trop instrumentalisée.","1.OULD ABEID OULD DAH Biram, président de l'Initiative pour une Résurgence Abolitionniste (IRA), 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. MINT ELY Aminetou, présidente de l'Association des Femmes Chefs de Famille (AFCF), 24 juin 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 16 juillet 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n4. CRIDEM, 7 octobre 2013. Initiative pour la Résurgence du mouvement Abolitionniste (IRA) : Communiqué de presse. http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=648329\n\n5. 30 septembre 2013. \"Mauritanie: Agression et arrestation de cinq militants de IRA-Mauritanie.\" http://diasporaenligne.net/mauritanie-agression-et-arrestation-de-cinq-militants-de-ira-mauritanie/","La liberté d’association est devenue un acquis en Mauritanie. Cependant, la liberté de s’associer, tout en étant garantie par la loi fondamentale, appartient au régime d’autorisation et non au régime déclaratif. Cela veut dire notamment qu'une demande de manifestation sur la place ..."]
["2014_NA_67",2014,"NA","Namibia",67,75,"The current government respects freedom of association, and media reports suggest that freedom of association is respected and people are free to report to the police and media when they feel their right have been infringed upon. Namibian citizens are allowed to express dissent in public with no hindrance although in some cases they will be a police presence.\n\nAlthough the head of the Namibian police said the police recognize and respect the constitution that guarantees freedom of association, there have been a number of incidents covered by the media, where people's freedom of association was denied.  The office of the Labour Commissioner headed by Bro-Mathew Shinguandja initially denied the Namibia National Labour Organisation the right to be registered as a trade union in line with the country's laws. The refusal had denied members of this trade union the right to associate freely. However, the union was eventually registered in 2014.\n\nIn August 2014, a female demonstrator was shot dead by the police in front of the headquarters of the ruling party during a protest of the \"Struggle Kids\" against unemployment. Struggle Kids refer to those who lost their parents during the war for independence that culminated with Namibia's independence in 1989.","1. Phil ya Nangolo, Executive Director, Namrights, telephone interview 20/06/2014\n\n2. Lieutenant General Sebastian Ndeitunga, head Namibian Police, telephone interview 20/06/2014\n\n3.Media report published 14/11/2013 in the Namibian Sun under the headline Shinguadja probed for banning new unions, the story does not say who wrote it. http://sun.com.na/labour/shinguadja-probed-for-banning-new-unions.59481\n\n4.Media report published 16/01/2014 in the New Era newspaper written by Magreth Nunuhe under the headline Taxi Association Challenges Nghimtina http://www.newera.com.na/2014/01/16/taxi-association-challenges-nghimtina/\n\n5.Media report published in the New Era newspaper of 14/05/2014 under the headline RDP condemns political violence by Magreth Nunuhe http://www.newera.com.na/2014/05/14/rdp-condemns-political-violence/\n\n6.Media report published in the New Era newspaper of 28/08/2014 under the headline Woman Shot Dead During Namibian Protest\nhttp://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00032302.html","The current government respects freedom of association, and media reports suggest that freedom of association is respected and people are free to report to the police and media when they feel their right have been infringed upon. Namibian citizens are allowed to express dissent in ..."]
["2014_SN_67",2014,"SN","Senegal",67,75,"Le Sénégal compte beaucoup d'asociations. Cet état de chose a été facilité par la convention n°98 de l’OIT ratifiée par l’État du Sénégal. Alors que le Code du travail assujettissait la création des syndicats à une autorisation du ministère de l’intérieur, cette convention ne prévoit que l’information de l’autorité administrative. \n\nLes marches pacifiques, les sit-in dans les lieux publics ou toute autre manifestation publique des citoyens sont fréquentes. Ces pratiques ont été souvent utilisées ces dernières années mais surtout pendant la période septembre 2013 à septembre 2014, amenant parfois l’autorité publique à prendre un arrêté pour changer le lieu ou l’itinéraire de la rencontre de manière à garantir leur sécurité. D'après les chiffres fournis par l'autorité, révélé par la presse cette année, «à la date du 21 mars 2014, la préfecture a reçu 108 déclarations de réunions. Ces déclarations qui ont concerné quasiment toutes les sphères de la vie sociale, notamment les associations politiques, religieuses, sportives, syndicales et culturelles. Et sur ces 108 demandes, 101 ont connu une suite favorable contre 03 interdictions et 04 désistements.» Malgré de telles performances, l'on constate toujours des vociférations des forces politiques et les dénonciations des organisations des Droits de l’Homme laissant penser que l’autorisation des manifestations publiques au Sénégal est une exception.\n\nCependant, la répression des manifestations a été constatée au cours de la période couverte par cette recherche, surtout à l'université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar. En Août 2014, un étudiant a été tué par balles par la police en marge d'une manifestation.","DIOUF Migniane, membre du Conseil des Organisations Non Gouvernementales d'Appui au Développement (CONGAD), coordonnateur, Forum social sénégalais, 30 juin 2014.\n\nNDIAYE Sidya, secrétaire général, Fédération Générale des Travailleurs du Sénégal (FGTS), 1 juillet 2014.\n\nSeneweb, 27 avril 2014, « Tambacounda : un collectif marche pour l’amélioration des prestations de l’hôpital régional »\nhttp://www.seneweb.com/news/Sante/tambacounda-un-collectif-marche-pour-l-rsquo-amelioration-des-prestations-de-l-rsquo-hopital-regional_n_124497.html\n\nGFM, 29 août 2014, «Les autorisations sur la plus haute… marche du podium.» http://www.gfm.sn/les-autorisations-sur-la-plus-haute-marche-du-podium/\n\nSecours Rouge, 16 août 2014. \"Sénégal : La police tue un manifestant étudiant.\" http://www.secoursrouge.org/Afrique,91?debut_articles=20#pagination_articles\n\nConnection ivoirienne, 16 août 2014. « Sénégal manifestation au campus de Dakar: un étudiant tué». http://www.connectionivoirienne.net/102212/senegal-manifestation-au-campus-dakar-etudiant-tue","Le Sénégal compte beaucoup d'asociations. Cet état de chose a été facilité par la convention n°98 de l’OIT ratifiée par l’État du Sénégal. Alors que le Code du travail assujettissait la création des syndicats à une autorisation du ministère de l’intérieur, cette convention ne prévo..."]
["2014_ZA_67",2014,"ZA","South Africa",67,50,"Generally speaking people have the right to protest and express their dissent and generally speaking, they can use that right. Occasionally, protests are halted by the authorities such as the police. It has to be noted that when violence occurs during protests, this is often in response to violence used by protesters against each other. There have however been a few instances of protesters being arrested without reason including a group of over 100 health care workers. \n\nFor Vanessa Burger, Right2Know Coordinator Kwa-Zulu Natal and the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, “to a degree people are allowed to associate freely. However harassment and surveillance has been recorded over the past year when associations exist with individuals or organisations perceived to be critical of the ruling party.” \n\nMoira De Roche, director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa adds that lack of connectivity hampers people in for instance organising themselves or obtaining the information they need to organise themselves: “I think some people are double-disadvantaged by lack of access. However, the real issue is that they do not have the skills they need to find the information even when they get access to technology. The real challenge is to educate people on how technology will change their lives. I was asked by a media representative a few months ago to comment on a planned portal the Education Department wants to build for learners, teachers, and parents. I emphasized that apart from access it is vital that there is a good reason for people to visit the site, and go back often.” \n\nSouth Africans are allowed to associate freely, and they are free to express their dissent in public settings, and participate in civic and political organisations. Proof lies in the high number of protests (either aimed at government or something else). A report by the Social Change Research Unit of the University of Johannesburg, which was published in February 2014, states that some 287 community protests took place in 2013. This is less than in 2012 but more than 2008 (162). This indicates that government is not preventing protests deliberately. \n\nFreedom advocacy organisation Freedom House, in its 2013 Global Freedom report, says that while South Africans are free to associate and assemble peacefully, the police must be notified of demonstrations and protests. \"Protestors ... are rarely prohibited from gathering.\" \n\nThe organisation notes that in recent years, however, \"a growing number of community protests over public-service delivery have turned violent and been forcibly dispersed by police. In September 2012, the government deployed security forces and banned all demonstrations in the Marikana and Rustenberg areas to contain a spate of violent marches and wildcat strikes following the previous month’s fatal confrontation between strikers and police at a Marikana mine operated by the London-based firm Lonmin. In the process, some nonviolent protests were forcibly broken up by police. Police also conducted a number of raids in nearby informal settlements to confiscate weapons from strikers and their supporters.\"\n\nService delivery protests are have ended violently, sometimes with fatalities. Between 2004 and 2014, the Social Change Research Unit report shows 43 protesters were reportedly killed by police. This does not include the 37 miners killed during the strike at Marikana in 2012 but does include seven people that have been killed this year alone.\n \nIn October 2013, police shot at a demonstration by Abahlali baseMjondolo, a civil rights movement in the Kwa-ZuluNatal province. This left 17-year-old Nqobile Nzuza dead. Another marcher was shot too, but survived. In a statement, the organisation said: “The police were about five metres from the protesters. There was no provocation to the police. When the police drew their guns people turned to run. One police officer shot Ngobile as she was running away.  That police officer was the Cato Manor station commissioner. He is known in the community. He came without his police uniform and was seen drawing his gun and shooting at Nqobile. This was witnessed at close range and the witnesses have no doubt that this was the man who shot Nqobile. They also have no doubt that without any provocation the police just started shooting at comrades. Everyone turned and ran. No one tried to resist. No one was armed. This is when Nqobile and Luleka were shot, from behind, while running away from the police. Their wounds clearly show that they were shot from behind.\"\n\nIn July 2014, the SA police arrested over 100 community health workers and activists during a peaceful night vigil outside the office of the provincial health minister of the Freestate. The group comprised mainly elderly women health care workers, who were taken to the police station after which they were relieved of their duties as community healthcare workers without any notice. Attempts to engage decision makers have been fruitless. In addition, a leader of the Treatment Action Campaign (a large HIV/AIDS/Health lobby group) has been assaulted by a police officer. They were held 36 hours. \n\nThe sit-in was organised to demand more attention for the plight of healthcare workers and for the healthcare system in the Freestate in general.","Interview with Moira de Roche, director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa / 6 October 2014 / email\n\nInterview with Vanessa Burger (Right2Know Coordinator Kwa-Zulu Natal and the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal) / email / 5 October 2014\n\nResearch shows sharp increase in service delivery protests (Mail & Guardian / Laura Grant / 12 February 2014)\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2014-02-12-research-shows-sharp-increase-in-service-delivery-protests\n\nAbahlali baseMjondolo: The fight goes on, Greg Nickolson, Daily Maverick, October 8 2013, \nhttp://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-10-07-abahlali-basemjondolo-the-fight-goes-on/#.UnoBbZQpbFE.\n\nMarikana Continues: Statement on the murder of Nqobile Nzuza (press statement Abahlali baseMjondolo / 13 October 2014), http://abahlali.org/node/12292/\n\nCape ‘has most violent protests’, Bronwynne Jooste, Cape Argus, October 11 2013,, http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/cape-has-most-violent-protests-1.1401071.\n\nPolice arrest over 100 community health workers and activists staging peaceful night vigil outside Free State Health MECs office (Press release Treatment Action Campaign / 9 July 2014)\nhttp://www.tac.org.za/news/tac-embark-civil-disobedience-free-state\n\nSouth Africa: SJC Activists Arrested During Protest Outside Mayor's Office (GroundUp / TARIRO WASHINYIRA/ 11 September 2013)\n\nFreedom House / 2013 Annual Freedom Report, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/south-africa#.U9Yag4CSyi9","Generally speaking people have the right to protest and express their dissent and generally speaking, they can use that right. Occasionally, protests are halted by the authorities such as the police. It has to be noted that when violence occurs during protests, this is often in res..."]
["2014_TN_67",2014,"TN","Tunisia",67,75,"In Tunisia, citizens have the right to organize and take to the streets to protest, express their emotions (joy, anger, ...) or to publicly lay claim. However, the person who is responsible for the protest is required to inform the ministry of interior. That person should especially provide the following information: the purpose of the event, date and time of start and end, and the route (from the rallying point to the dismissal).\n\nThe Interior Ministry must supervise the event by sending in the police to prevent spills and prevent an attack demonstrators.\n\nThe demonstrations are governed by Law No. 69-4 of 24 January 1969 regulating public meetings, processions, parades, demonstrations and gatherings.\n\nSpecifically, the demonstrations were more or less tolerated under Ben Ali, then fully authorized since the Jasmine Revolution of 2011.","Interview with Mourad Ghachem, vice president of the association AVEC (Association Vigilance et Egalité des Chances), 22 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nNews article, 20 january 2014. By Mohamed Meddeb, « Exigences de maintien de l'ordre et conditions de manifester sur la voie publique », in  « Leaders ». http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/13113-exigences-de-maintien-de-l-ordre-et-conditions-de-manifester-sur-la-voie-publique)\n\nLoi n° 69-4 du 24 Janvier 1969 réglementant les réunions publiques, cortèges, défilés, manifestations et attroupements. http://www.legislation-securite.tn/fr/node/27985\n\nBusiness News, 30 july 2013. « Tunisie – Manifestations dans plusieurs villes tunisiennes et répression policière musclée. http://www.businessnews.com.tn/details_article.php?temp=1&t=520&a=39787","In Tunisia, citizens have the right to organize and take to the streets to protest, express their emotions (joy, anger, ...) or to publicly lay claim. However, the person who is responsible for the protest is required to inform the ministry of interior. That person should especiall..."]
["2014_BJ_68",2014,"BJ","Benin",68,75,"Les ONG s’organisent librement sans obstacles majeurs à la création d’une nouvelle et elles ne sont pas tenues de remplir plus de documents que les autres personnes morales au Bénin.\n\nToutefois, une augmentation des frais à payer au trésor de 7 500 Fcfa à 50 000 Fcfa a été décidée avec rétroaction. Plusieurs dizaines d’associations non encore déclarées sont pénalisées par cette mesure.","Emilien Amoussou, directeur des recours, Médiateur de la République, Porto Novo, Interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nEtienne Badou, Cadre administratif, Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, Porto Novo, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\nPamela Capo Chichi, Présidente, ONG Valeur Albinos, Cotonou, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\nMichel Adjaka, Président, Union nationale des magistrats du Bénin (UNAMAB), Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nPaul Essè Iko, Secrétaire général, Confédération syndicale des travailleurs du Bénin, Cotonou, Interview du 26 juin 2014.\n\nArrêté interministériel n°083/MISPC/MEF/DC/SG/DRFM/DGAI/SA du 02 ma i 2012 portant fixation des frais d'étude des dossiers de déclaration ou d'enregistrement des associations, des Organisations Non Gouvernementales et autres structures de type associatif. Non disponible en ligne\n\nPrefecture de Cotonou, Arrêté ministériel portant fixation des frais d'étude des dossiers de déclaration ou d'enregistrement des associations, organisations non-gouvernementales et autres structures de type associatif. http://benin.eregulations.org/media/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20Pr%C3%A9fectoral.pdf","Les ONG s’organisent librement sans obstacles majeurs à la création d’une nouvelle et elles ne sont pas tenues de remplir plus de documents que les autres personnes morales au Bénin...."]
["2014_BW_68",2014,"BW","Botswana",68,100,"The government does not create obstacles for existing nonprofit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones. \n\nIn March 2013, representatives of LEGABIBO, an NGO for the right of Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals of Botswana, filed a case with the High Court of Botswana, because they had been denied the right to register their organisation by the director of civil and national registration and the minister of labour and home affairs. In November 2014, it was reported that the group won the case and can now be registered. NGOs that deal with prostitution issues also have been denied the right to organise freely. This is because prostitution, abortion and homosexuality are illegal in Botswana.","Interview with Sharon Tshipa, founder of Botswana Society for Human Development and author, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of the Botswana parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n     \nInterview with Ntjidzi Smarts, communications officer – UNFPA, press and public affairs assistant - British High Commission, and business editor- Botswana Gazette, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nHuman Rights Watch, Monica Tabengwa, \"Dispatches: Judgment Day Looms for Botswana LGBT Group,\"  13 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/13/dispatches-judgment-day-looms-botswana-lgbt-group                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n\nMmegi, \"Close to 2,000 churches registered,\" 14 July 2014. \nhttp://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=44875","The government does not create obstacles for existing nonprofit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones. ..."]
["2014_CD_68",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",68,75,"Le cadre juridique issu de la loi de 1901 sur les associations est globalement respecté. \n\nDans la pratique la liberté d'association est garantie et respectée vis-à-vis des ONG, et de toute autre forme de structure à but non lucratif. Pour obtenir leur récepissé délivrée par l'administration du territoire, elles doivent naturellement fournir les statuts et le règlement interieur ainsi que la liste des membres ayant pris part à l'assemblée générale constitutive. La seule difficulté est liée à la lenteur administrative pour obtenir la délivrance du document administratif car une enquête préalable doit être faite sur la moralité de la personne qui crée l'association.\n\nCependant, au cours de la période d'étude, dans le cadre des débats publics sur la révision de la constitution au Congo, une pression accrue est effectuée par les autorités sur les ONG à caractère politique et leur création suscite une certaine méfiance au sein du gouvernement.","Anonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication, entretien à son domicile, 21 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nRadio Okapi. \"Bas-Congo: inquiétudes de la société civile sur les expulsions du Congo Brazzaville\". Juillet 9, 2014. http://radiookapi.net/regions/bas-congo/2014/07/09/bas-congo-inquietudes-de-la-societe-civile-sur-les-expulsions-du-congo-brazzaville/","Le cadre juridique issu de la loi de 1901 sur les associations est globalement respecté. \n\nDans la pratique la liberté d'association est garantie et respectée vis-à-vis des ONG, et de t..."]
["2014_CG_68",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",68,50,"There are no major obstacles to setting up an NGO. Potential NGOs are expected to submit standard documents and pay the same fee. Once this has been done, the NGOs will be created. \n\nBeyond the standard fee, NGOs are requested by individuals within the approving offices to pay bribes to facilitate the process. Once one has paid the standard money, one can still have an NGO created without problem. But the process probably is not as swift as for the one that paid bribe.\n\nHowever, NGOs operting on human rights issues sometimes face the resistance from state institutions.","1. (Face To Face Interview), Ministry Of Justice And Chief Director Of Services Of Cult And Associations Chief Georges Mfulu Mabi Makanda, July 23, 2014.\n\n2. (Face To Face Interview), President Of The Congolese League For The Defense Of Human Rights-Asadho Jean Claude Katende,  July 15, 2014.\n\n3. (Face To Face Interview) Journalist Specialized In The Judiciary And Working At Journal Judiciaire Nathalie Kapela, July 15, 2014.","There are no major obstacles to setting up an NGO. Potential NGOs are expected to submit standard documents and pay the same fee. Once this has been done, the NGOs will be created. ..."]
["2014_ER_68",2014,"ER","Eritrea",68,0,"The law dealing with the administration of NGOs and the requirements needed for their establishment was suspended when the government ordered the dissolution of all local NGOs and closed down all foreign NGOs in late 2011, via a nonpublicized directive. Since 2012, no NGO has operated in the country.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 8, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 9, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nGovernment studies/report, United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, February 2014, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013 Eritrea, Page 9\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper","The law dealing with the administration of NGOs and the requirements needed for their establishment was suspended when the government ordered the dissolution of all local NGOs and closed down all foreign NGOs in late 2011, via a nonpublicized directive. Since 2012, no NGO has opera..."]
["2014_GN_68",2014,"GN","Guinea",68,50,"En Guinée, les organisations de la société civile sont parfois confrontées à des obstacles majeures pour l'obtention des agréments. Les ONG qui adressent une demande au Ministère de l'Administration du Territoire et de la Décentralisation (MATD) sont ensuite orientées aux ministères qui repondent à leur objectif. La procédure d'obtention d'agréments pour les ONG est très longue.\n\nSelon les personnes interrogées, il y a un an, l'obtention des agréments pour les organisations de  la société civile était très facile puisqu'elles n'avaient qu' à s'adresser aux services du Ministère de l'Administration du Territoire et de la Décentralisation (MATD). \n\nMais le gouvernement vient d’alourdir la procédure: maintenant, il faut que les dossiers soient étudiés par le ministère qui gère directement les objectifs poursuivis par les ONG avant d'aller au MATD. Si une ONG a pour objectif de contribuer à l'amélioration de la santé publique, son dossier de demande d'agrément doit passer par le ministère de la santé avant d'arriver au MATD. Les dossiers peuvent quelques fois passer plus de six ou sept mois dans les circuits administratifs. Les frais de dossiers sont passés aussi de 150 000 gnf ($22) à 300 000 gnf ($44) et 1500000gnf pour les ONG internationales.\n\nIl faut noter que cette procédure n’est pas informatisée, donc elle n'est pas disponible en ligne. D’ailleurs actuellement l’obtention des agréments est suspendue sur décision verbale de l’ancien Ministre du Ministère de l’Administration du Territoire, et jusque là, son remplaçant n’a pas levé cette suspension pour des raisons inconnues du public.","TOUÉ Mohamed,  syndicaliste, CONAG/DCF, 10h, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nFASSOU Elisée Kolié, coordinateur de Y-DAY-Guinée, membre de la Coalition Nationale des ONG de la Société Civile, 12h, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nDIALLO Taran, représentant de Transparency Internationale en Guinée, 12h, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.","En Guinée, les organisations de la société civile sont parfois confrontées à des obstacles majeures pour l'obtention des agréments. Les ONG qui adressent une demande au Ministère de l'Administration du Territoire et de la Décentralisation (MATD) sont ensuite orientées aux ministère..."]
["2014_LY_68",2014,"LY","Libya",68,0,"The current situation prevents the establishment of NGOs. Due to the civil war, NGOs are shut down and do their work from outside Libya. \n\nBefore the war, some services and other social welfare communities were allowed to work while human rights organisations and civil societies with partial or political interests weren't operating. After the revolution, people had the deep desire to work in activities that had been forbidden during Ghadafi's era, and the government gave them the facilities. \nThe Ministry of Culture's webpage states the main guidelines and form to establish a local NGO, but Libyan now NGOs have weak support and activities.","Interview with Jum'ah E'ateqa, deputy of the National Public Conference and a human rights expert, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nInterview with Nasir Alhawari, head of a human rights organisation, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nMinistry of Culture website, NGOs guidelines corner, accessed Oct. 22, 2014.\nhttp://culture.ly/","The current situation prevents the establishment of NGOs. Due to the civil war, NGOs are shut down and do their work from outside Libya. ..."]
["2014_MU_68",2014,"MU","Mauritius",68,100,"The government does not create any obstacle for creating new NGOs. Likewise, there are no major obstacles when running an NGO. \n\nFor instance Transparency Mauritius has been active in the fight against corruption for a decade, and even when it has criticised government actions, there has not been any retaliation. \n\nLindley Couronne, director of the NGO Dis Moi Maurice, which promotes human rights, said the state allows NGOs to do their work and to have freedom of expression and movement. There is no excessive paperwork needed to keep an NGO running or to set up a new NGO.","1.        Geerish Bucktowonsing, Chairman, Mauritius Council of Social Service (MACOSS), 05 Sept 2014, mail\n\n2.        Rouben Mooroongapillay. Barrister at law, 19 Sept 2014, mail and phone\n\n3.        Lindley Couronne, Director, Dis-Moi Maurice NGO, 01 Sept 2014, mail\n\n4.        Satish Boolell, Member of the National Assembly, 19 Sept 2014, mail","The government does not create any obstacle for creating new NGOs. Likewise, there are no major obstacles when running an NGO. ..."]
["2014_ST_68",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",68,100,"There is no obstacle to the creation of new NGOs. It is a constitutional right. The only requirements are identification of the members of NGO and the minutes of the constituent assembly signed by all members present.","Email interview with André Aragão, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Feb. 4, 2015.\n\nEmail interview with Silvestre Leite, judge, Supreme Court, Feb. 9, 2015. \n\nEmail interview with Olivio Diogo, sociologist, member of Good Governance and Transparency Network of FONG-STP (Federation of Non Governmental Organization in Sao Tome and Principe), Feb. 9, 2015.  \n\nEmail interview with Eduardo Elba, secretary general, FONG-STP (Federation of Non Governmental Organization in Sao Tome and Principe), Feb. 10, 2015. ","There is no obstacle to the creation of new NGOs. It is a constitutional right. The only requirements are identification of the members of NGO and the minutes of the constituent assembly signed by all members present."]
["2014_SL_68",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",68,50,"Nongovernmental organisations generally carry out their functions in Sierra Leone without obstacles or prejudice. The NGOs have the liberty to organise themselves without being disturbed by the government. They participated in critiquing and making recommendations to the government of Sierra Leone over the years. In April 2014, a group of NGOs, including Christian Aid, Action Aid, etc., launched a report on tax breaks for investors that criticised the government for reaching an agreement among companies while doing less to help the country’s poorest people and draining resources needed for critical public services.\n\nThe Ministry of Finance and Economic Development is responsible for registering NGOs in Sierra Leone. Over the year, there has been no difficulty in registering NGOs; the normal procedure requires opening accounts, listing the name of the NGO and its operational area, etc. \n\nHowever, NGOs are still confronted by a number of barriers, including criteria to have at least five staff members, office space, a sign board, etc. They also must sign an agreement with the government that potentially subjects them to field verification visits and in-person interviews. In addition, reregistration is required every two years.","Interview with Ansumana Soko, director, Youth Partnership for Peace and Development, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Emerson Kamara, director, Peace Links Sierra Leone, Freetown, 30 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nChristianAid publication, April 2014. Losing out, Sierra Leone's massive revenue losses from tax incentives. http://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/Sierra-Leone-Report-tax-incentives-080414.pdf","Nongovernmental organisations generally carry out their functions in Sierra Leone without obstacles or prejudice. The NGOs have the liberty to organise themselves without being disturbed by the government. They participated in critiquing and making recommendations to the government..."]
["2014_SZ_68",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",68,100,"The Coordinating Assembly of Non-Governmental Organisations (CANGO), an umbrella body for 60 Swazi NGOs, agrees with other sources that NGOs could be established in 2014 following standard procedures, such as employing the services of an attorney and registering with the Ministry of Home Affairs. The procedure was straightforward, like setting up a for-profit company. \n\nThere were no known incidents of the government refusing to register an NGO for any reason.","Interview: Vusi Malambe, director, Africa Legacy Foundation, Manzini, 19 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Rudolph Maziya, director, AMICALL Swaziland, Manzini, 30 June 2014.\n\nInterview: Eddie Mkhathwa, programme officer, Co-ordinating Assembly of NGOs (CANGO), Mbabane 28 July 2014.\n\n\"Swaziland: Democracy and Political Participation,\" Lomcebo Dlamini, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), March 2013.","The Coordinating Assembly of Non-Governmental Organisations (CANGO), an umbrella body for 60 Swazi NGOs, agrees with other sources that NGOs could be established in 2014 following standard procedures, such as employing the services of an attorney and registering with the Ministry o..."]
["2014_ZM_68",2014,"ZM","Zambia",68,0,"The introduction of the NGO Act has been seen by NGOs and citizens as one way by government to control NGOs and lead them to operate in fear of being deregistered if they are too vocal or try to hold government to account. \n\nWhile the act was passed in 2009, it took effect in July 2013 only, since then creating barriers that have considerably raised the stakes for NGOs. During the period of study, the government started talking about deregistring those NGOs that do not adhere to the stipulations in the act. \n\nUnder the act, all NGOs will have to be approved by the NGO board before being registered, and most fear that this might be a plan for government to single out some NGOs by keeping the ones they like and deregistering those they do not want; the latter NGOs scrutinise government and take it to task when there are apparent irregularities in its operation.\n\nThe process is also long-winded, as NGOs now need to obtain reference letters from line ministries, clearance from police and pay a fee of not less than K500.00 (about 100 USD), which many think is too high.\n\nThe process is as follows:\n•        Collect a form and deposit slip from the NGO Registration Board;\n•        Make payment;\n•        Submit proof of payment to the NGO board;\n•        Collect three forms from the NGO board;\n•        Get recommendation letter from respective line ministry;\n•        Verification exercise and issuance of letter by Ministry of Community Development;\n•        Police clearance;\n•        Submit all documents to NGO Registration Board for consideration. Its deliberations will determine whether or not to register an organisation, depending on the documents submitted.","Interview with Frank Katebe, resource mobilisation and fundraising officer, Non-Governmental Organizations Coordinating Council (NGOCC), Lusaka, Zambia, 21 July 2014.                                                                                          \n\nThe Zambian Voice, \"Registering Under The NGO Act 2009 in Zambia,\" 17 April 2014.\nhttp://thezambiavoice.org/2014/04/17/registering-under-the-ngo-act-2009-in-zambia/\n\nThe Non-Governmental Organisations Act, No. 16 of 2009.\nhttp://www.zambialii.org/files/zm/legislation/act/2009/16/noa2009343.pdf\n\nThe Zambian Voice, \"NGOs/CSOs cease to exist come July 15,\" 8 July 2013.\nhttp://thezambiavoice.org/2013/07/08/ngos-and-csos-cease-to-exist-come-july-15/","The introduction of the NGO Act has been seen by NGOs and citizens as one way by government to control NGOs and lead them to operate in fear of being deregistered if they are too vocal or try to hold government to account. ..."]
["2014_BW_69",2014,"BW","Botswana",69,100,"No NGO employee was killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year. Botswana has about 219 registered NGOs.The NGOs vary from cooperatives or membership associations to fair trade, donor or aid agencies to social enterprises. All of the above were free from state action during the period of study.","Interview with Sharon Tshipa, founder of Botswana Society for Human Development and author, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of the Botswana parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n     \nInterview with Ntjidzi Smarts, communications officer – UNFPA, press and public affairs assistant - British High Commission, and business editor- Botswana Gazette, 30 Oct. 2014.","No NGO employee was killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year. Botswana has about 219 registered NGOs.The NGOs vary from cooperatives or membership associations to fair trade, donor or aid agencies to social enterprises. All of the above wer..."]
["2014_TD_69",2014,"TD","Chad",69,75,"En général, la situation s'améliore nettement par rapport aux années précédentes où l'insécurité était chronique au Tchad. L'interpellation des acteurs des ONG est courante tout comme les intimidations, mais les emprisonnements sont rares. \n\nLe Lieutenant Khazali AZOLO, officier de police résume : « la situtation sécuritaire des ONG est même priorisée au Tchad vu leurs expositions aux risques des ménaces.» \nNadji KAMATCHO, juge de paix au 5è arrondissement de la capitale justifie cet état de choses: «aucun employé d'une Organisation Non gouvernementale n'a été emprisonné ou blessé physiquement  en 2013 à ce que je sache. \n\nToutefois, des ONG islamiques font l'objet d'une attention particulière des autorités tchadiennes. David BOULGA journaliste à la radio DJA FM explique: «En 2013, il n'y a pas eu des situations qui ont vu l'interpellation des membres des ONG par la justice dans le cadre de leurs travaux, à part la mise en garde des ONG islamiques sur le contenu radical des prêches auprès de leurs fidèles par le gouvernement.»","KAMATCHO Nadji, juge de paix au 5è arrondissement de la capitale, 03 juillet 2014.\n\nBOULGA David, journaliste à la radio DJA FM, entretien par téléphone, 03 juin 2014.\n\nAZOLO Khazali Azolo, officier de police, entretien par téléphone, 10 octobre 2014\n\nTchadPages, 25 novembre 2014. «Tentative d’intimidation de la Société civile au Tchad: la coalition 'Trop c’est trop' est la nouvelle cible du régime.» http://tchadpages.com/tentative-dintimidation-de-la-societe-civile-au-tchad-la-coalition-trop-cest-trop-est-la-nouvelle-cible-du-regime/","En général, la situation s'améliore nettement par rapport aux années précédentes où l'insécurité était chronique au Tchad. L'interpellation des acteurs des ONG est courante tout comme les intimidations, mais les emprisonnements sont rares. ..."]
["2014_CD_69",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",69,100,"Durant l'année écoulée, les ONG n'ont pas été victimes d'actes constitutifs de violations des droits fondamentaux, la pression pèse plus sur les partis politiques.\nToutefois depuis un certain temps à la suite des tensions liées à la question de l'expiration prochaine du mandat du Président de la République, on observe un regain de tension entre la majorité présidentielle et les membres de l'opposition. La liberté de manifestation est très encadrée, ce qui conduit parfois à certains dérapages.","KOUBEMBA Jean-Jacques, ADIAC-Congo, 8 novembre 2014, «Affaire Clément Mierassa : 'la responsabilité des incidents revient aux auteurs de la réunion', selon Bienvenu Okiemy.» http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/affaire-clement-mierassa-la-responsabilite-des-incidents-revient-aux-auteurs-de-la-reunion\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nAnonyme, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication, entretien à son domicile, 21 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Durant l'année écoulée, les ONG n'ont pas été victimes d'actes constitutifs de violations des droits fondamentaux, la pression pèse plus sur les partis politiques.\nToutefois depuis un certain temps à la suite des tensions liées à la question de l'expiration ..."]
["2014_ET_69",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",69,75,"There are no reports of physical harm or threat of such harm to employees of NGOs. However, activists working on culturally sensitive areas, such as LGBT rights, may face intimidation and threats; these threats may be from the general public rather than state action.  \n\nLocal NGOs working on advocacy issues such as free speech and media and criticising the government may also face harassment, but no employee was killed, imprisoned or physically harmed during the period of study.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, director of a civil society organisation based in Addis Ababa, 8 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, international media correspondent based in Addis Ababa, 8 July, 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n \nInterview with source who requested anonymity, legal researcher in an international NGO, 23 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","There are no reports of physical harm or threat of such harm to employees of NGOs. However, activists working on culturally sensitive areas, such as LGBT rights, may face intimidation and threats; these threats may be from the general public rather than state action.  ..."]
["2014_GA_69",2014,"GA","Gabon",69,50,"Au cours de l' année écoulée, aucun membre ou employé d'ONG n'a été emprisonné. Certains sont très engagés dans la fronde en cours contre le pouvoir. Lors de la marche des 20 et 21 décembre 2014, l'on avait annoncé des interpellations des membres d'ONG sans que leurs noms ne puissent être donnés. Il ya aussi eu des cas de décès au cours de ces manifestations, mais il n'est pas avéré qu'ils sont des membres d'ONG ou de simples manifestants. Parmi les responsables d'ONGs qui ont été menacés au cours de l'année pour leurs activités, il y a le responsable de l’ONG Convergence, Hervé Ndong.\n\nDes informations obtenues auprès des membres d'ONG indiquent que les ONG spécialisées dans la corruption et autres sujets liés à la gouvernance font souvent l'objet d'intimidations, de menaces et parfois d'interpellations par les forces de sécurité.","ABENG Georges, membre du Réseau des organisations libres de la société civile pour la bonne gouvernance au Gabon (ROLBG), interrogé par téléphone le 24 décembre 2014\n\nDZONTEU Desiré, journaliste indépendant au Gabon, interviewé par Facebook, 23 décembre 2014\n\nNJOMGÉ Elvis, acteur social du Gabon, membre du Réseau des Organisations Libres de la société civile pour la Bonne Gouvernance au Gabon (ROLBG), 27 janvier 2015.\n\nLe Monde, 20.12.2014. Gabon : trois morts dans une manifestation réclamant le départ du président\nhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/12/20/gabon-des-manifestants-reclament-le-depart-du-president_4544324_3212.html#i9X4EGxTXR8sCahz.99\n\nGabon Tribune, 31 août 2014. Qui en veut au président de l’ONG Convergence ? http://gabontribune.com/?Qui-en-veut-au-president-de-l-ONG","Au cours de l' année écoulée, aucun membre ou employé d'ONG n'a été emprisonné. Certains sont très engagés dans la fronde en cours contre le pouvoir. Lors de la marche des 20 et 21 décembre 2014, l'on avait annoncé des interpellations des membres d'ONG sans que leurs noms ne puisse..."]
["2014_KE_69",2014,"KE","Kenya",69,0,"Two deaths of NGO activist(s) were recorded in the review period and although these deaths were captured as related to their activism, police maintain that probes are ongoing and may not link them to human rights activism. The public perception is however they were killed because of their roles in human right activism.\n\nOn February 13, 2014, several arrests and injuries were reported when several activists were arrested by the police after police officers accosted them during a demonstration called by civil societies or NGOs in the Kenyan capital Nairobi. Several people were injured, arrested and interrogated during violent break up of demonstrations called by civil societies or NGOs. The officers lobbed teargas canisters at the demonstrators causing a stampede that left some with injuries while about five of them were arrested and later released. Pawa 254 was  the main NGOs involved in the demonstrations led by Boniface Mwangi. Most of activists involvement came from Pawa 254.\n\nIFEX report of October 7, 2013 states \"On September 20, 2013, the police reported that a gang calling itself Nyaribo Support Group threatened to burn down the home of Maina Kiai, the former chairman of the state funded Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR). The threats came in response to erroneous reports on blogs that Kiai had traveled to The Hague to testify against Kenyatta. Kiai is now the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association.\"\n\nOn September 17, 2013 unidentified gunmen killed Peter Wanyonyi Wanyama, a prominent human rights lawyer in the western town of Bungoma. On August 7, 2013 security officers killed Hassan Guyo, a human rights activist in Moyale, in Kenya’s North Eastern region.\nAlthough HRW captures the deaths as related to their activism, police maintain that probes are ongoing and may not link them to human rights activism. The public perception is however they were killed because of their roles in human right activism.","1. Kennedy Masime, Executive Director, Center for Governance and Development(CGD). Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n2. \"Kenya govt accuses US as tear gas breaks up rally\". An article published by The Daily Mail on February 13, 2014. \nhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2558420/Kenya-govt-accuses-US-tear-gas-breaks-rally.html.\n\n3. Kenyan Activists backing ICC under attack - Human Rights Watch (October 4, 2013) http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Kenyan-activists-backing-ICC-under-attack-HRW-20131004\n\n4. \"Kenyan activists face threats, attacks for \"supporting\" ICC case against president\". A statement by the Human Rights Watch(HRW) released on October 7,2013.\nhttps://www.ifex.org/kenya/2013/10/07/kenya_rights_defenders/\n\n5. \"Kenya Police Break Up Protest, Accuse US of Funding Activists\". A news item by Gabe Joselow, published by the Voice Of America(VOA) on February 13, 2014.\nhttp://www.voanews.com/content/kenya-police-break-up-protest-accuse-us-of-funding-activists/1850799.html","Two deaths of NGO activist(s) were recorded in the review period and although these deaths were captured as related to their activism, police maintain that probes are ongoing and may not link them to human rights activism. The public perception is however they were killed because o..."]
["2014_ML_69",2014,"ML","Mali",69,0,"En début 2014, plusieurs employés d'ONG ont fait l'objet d'arrestation au nord du Mali. \n\nDes agents (environ 3) du Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés (HCR) ont été menacés sur le terrain humanitaire, alors qu'ils tentaient d'apporter soutien et assistance aux populations du nord en proie à l'insécurité alimentaire et sanitaire. De plus, en raison de la crise sécuritaire au Mali, plusieurs ONG se sont repliées. C'est le cas de Oxfam qui a fermé son bureau à Gao.","DOLO Rose, assistante humanitaire, Oxfam Novib Mali, 09 juillet 2014.\n\nSIDIBÉ Emanuelle, magasinière, HCR, 09 juillet 2014.\n\nKEÏTA Justine Claire, animatrice, ONG Intersos, 09 juillet 2014.\n\nABamako.com, 4 decembre 2014, «Les ONG de plus en plus attaquées dans le Nord du Mali» (ONU). http://news.abamako.com/h/59515.html","En début 2014, plusieurs employés d'ONG ont fait l'objet d'arrestation au nord du Mali. \n\nDes agents (environ 3) du Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés (HCR) ont été ..."]
["2014_MZ_69",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",69,100,"During the period under review (September 2013 to September 2014), no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in Mozambique.","Interview with Baltazar Fael, research director, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 21 June 2014.  \n\nInterview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director of the Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 10 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Dionisio Nombora, senior researcher, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 12 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Teresa Cruz e Silva, professor and senior researcher, WLSA (Women and Law in Southern Africa), Eduardo Mondlane University and WLSA, Maputo, 14 July 2014.  ","During the period under review (September 2013 to September 2014), no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in Mozambique."]
["2014_ST_69",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",69,100,"In Sao Tome and Principe, no members of NGOs were killed or persecuted because of their activities during the period of study.","Email interview with André Aragão, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Feb. 4, 2015.\n\nEmail interview with Olivio Diogo, sociologist, member of Good Governance and Transparency Network of FONG-STP (Federation of Non Governmental Organization in Sao Tome and Principe), Feb. 9, 2015.  \n\nEmail interview with Eduardo Elba, secretary general, FONG-STP (Federation of Non Governmental Organization in Sao Tome and Principe), Feb. 10, 2015. \n\nInterview with Dr. Edgar Neves, coordinator, NGO Valle Flor Institute, Feb. 9, 2015.","In Sao Tome and Principe, no members of NGOs were killed or persecuted because of their activities during the period of study."]
["2014_SO_69",2014,"SO","Somalia",69,0,"NGOs, national and international, have full freedom to operate in the areas controlled by the government of Somalia or the semi-autonomous regions of Somaliland and Puntland. However, areas controlled by the Islamist militant group, Al Shabaab, have been marked a red zone where national and international aid workers have been barred or warned not to work by the militant group.\n\nIn April 2014 two workers from the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) were killed in Galkaio airport administered by Puntland. The killings were carried out by a man wearing a police uniform at the airport. One of the victims was a British citizen and the other was French. UK Foreign Secretary William Hague said: \"I condemn these brutal murders in the strongest terms.\" Nicholas Kay, special representative of the U.N. Secretary-General for Somalia added: \"Our U.N. colleagues were working in support of the Somali people's aspiration for a peaceful and stable future. There can be no justification for such a callous attack. I call on the authorities to conduct a full investigation immediately and bring the perpetrators to justice without delay.\"\n\nAnother NGO worker was killed during the period of the study. Nafisa Osman Salad, a young woman who had recently graduated from one of Mogadishu’s universities, was working at Digfer Hospital managed by a Turkish organization when she was murdered. Al Shabaab was accused of carrying out the killing.","Abdullahi Sheikh Ismael\nMember of Parliament and former Foreign Minister, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Abdullahi\nMember of the Dept. of Civil Workers’ Rights Protection,\nMinistry of Labor and Social Affairs,\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Ibrahim Jim’ale,\nLecturer at Mudug University and Social Activist,\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nBriton one of two UN workers shot dead in Somalia\nBBC\nApril 7, 2014\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26922889\n\nPuntland President names a High Level Fact-Finding Committee on the Killing of two UN Staff\nPress Release (Puntland Government)\nHorseed Media\nApril 7, 2014\nhttp://horseedmedia.net/2014/04/07/puntland-president-names-a-high-level-fact-finding-committee-on-the-killing-of-two-un-staff/\n\nUptick in Mogadishu violence a wakeup call for citizens, security forces\nFuad Ahmed\nSabahi Online\nMay 1, 2014\nhttp://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2014/05/01/feature-01\n\nReviewer sources:\n1) Somali aid worker killed in Ga’alkayo (2014) Availabe at: http://www.mareeg.com/somali-aid-worker-killed-in-gaalkayo/\n\n2) Somali humanitarian worker Nafisa Osman Salad murdered in Mogadishu (2014). Available at: http://www.sihanet.org/content/somali-humanitarian-worker-nafisa-osman-salad-murdered-mogadishu-somalia-security-vacuum","NGOs, national and international, have full freedom to operate in the areas controlled by the government of Somalia or the semi-autonomous regions of Somaliland and Puntland. However, areas controlled by the Islamist militant group, Al Shabaab, have been marked a red zone where nat..."]
["2014_TG_69",2014,"TG","Togo",69,100,"Aucun employé d'ONG n'a été tué, emprisonné, interrogé, blessé physiquement au cours de l'année écoulée mais il existe souvent des menaces à l'égard de certaines ONG.","TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014.\n \nBADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \nDEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \nAHOUELÉTÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.","Aucun employé d'ONG n'a été tué, emprisonné, interrogé, blessé physiquement au cours de l'année écoulée mais il existe souvent des menaces à l'égard de certaines ONG."]
["2014_DZ_70",2014,"DZ","Algeria",70,0,"En Algerie, aucune Organisation Non Gouvernementale (ONG) n'a été fermée ou menacée au cours de l’année dernière, mais le gouvernement limite la coopération des ONG locales avec des partenaires étrangers et restreint sévèrement l’accès à son territoire aux organisations internationales et régionales de défense des Droits de l’Homme. \n\nAu mois de février 2014, cinq organisations (Amnesty International, le Réseau euro-méditerranéen des Droits de l’Homme (REMDH), Human Rights Watch, l’Observatoire pour la protection des défenseurs des Droits de l’Homme et l’Organisation mondiale contre la torture) ont rendu publique une déclaration dans laquelle, elles demandent à l’Algérie, qui est membre du Conseil des Droits de l’Homme, de se «conformer aux valeurs du Conseil des Droits de l’Homme des Nations Unies et permettre aux experts de l’ONU et aux Organisations Non Gouvernementales (ONG) de défense des Droits Humains de se rendre dans ce pays».","OUALI Djafar, membre fondateur de la Ligue Algérienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’homme (LADDH), président de bureau de wilaya de la LADDH, Saida, 31 août 2014\n\nCommission nationale consultative de protection et de promotion des Droits de l’Homme, «Rapport annuel 2013, Etat des droits de l’homme en Algérie». \n\nHuman Rights Watch, janvier 2014, «Rapport sur les Droits de l’Homme». \n\nAtlas info, 13 février 2014, «Cinq ONG internationales appellent Alger à leur ouvrir ses portes». http://www.atlasinfo.fr/Cinq-ONG-internationales-appellent-Alger-a-leur-ouvrir-ses-portes_a49624.html","En Algerie, aucune Organisation Non Gouvernementale (ONG) n'a été fermée ou menacée au cours de l’année dernière, mais le gouvernement limite la coopération des ONG locales avec des partenaires étrangers et restreint sévèrement l’accès à son territoire aux organisations internation..."]
["2014_CM_70",2014,"CM","Cameroon",70,100,"Dans la pratique, aucune ONG n'a été fermée ou harcelée par des charges administratives injustifiées. Selon un cadre de la police interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, aucune  enquête ou sanction n'a été ouverte l'année dernière contre des ONG au Cameroun. Seul problème, des cambriolages perpétrés au Réseau des Défenseurs des Droits Humains en Afrique Centrale (REDHAC) et Un Monde Avenir, mais dans ces deux cas seuls les documents ont été volés et il n'est pas avéré que cela constitue une tentative de harcèlement.","NGOGANG Thierry, directeur de l'information à STV,  07 juillet 2014;\n\nKILIMUSHI Isaac, chef de terrain de l'ONG Interntional Medical Corps (IMC), 07 juillet 2014;\n\nMOMO Huguette, cadre au ministère des finances, 07 juillet 2014,\n\nNDOCKI Victor, secrétaire général de la police camerounaise, 07 juillet 2014;","Dans la pratique, aucune ONG n'a été fermée ou harcelée par des charges administratives injustifiées. Selon un cadre de la police interrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, aucune  enquête ou sanction n'a été ouverte l'année dernière contre des ONG au Cameroun. Seul problème, des ..."]
["2014_KM_70",2014,"KM","Comoros",70,75,"Aucun article de presse, ni des études ou rapports publiés n’ont fait mention de cas d’ONG  fermées ou harcelées par des charges administratives injustifiées, des enquêtes ou des sanctions au cours de l'année dernière en guise de représailles pour son travail. Ceci a été confirmé par toutes les personnes intérrogées aux Comores.  \n\nCependant le harcèlement existe parfois. Par exemple, l’association Ngoshawo, mouvement de la jeunesse comorienne, est très active dans les activités de développement et les activités culturelles, mais qui adopte quelque fois des positions très critiques vis-à-vis des réalités locales et nationales. Ce tempérament lui vaut de ne pas bénéficier de subventions ou de projets de la part de l’Etat. Le ministère de la culture ne lui a pas accordé des financements sur ses activités à l’île de Mohéli car N’go sahawo a pris une part active dans la manifestation publique du 6 juin 2013 contre la vie chère et la hausse du prix de l’eau et de l’électricité. Mais en règle générale, aucune ONG n' a été fermée par le gouvernement à cause de son travail.","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nMADI Houssamou Mohamed, secrétaire général, ministère de la justice et de la fonction publique, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nSAENDOU Djazilla, délégué aux Droits de l’Homme, ministère de la justice en charge des Droits de l’Homme, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nALLAOUI Ahmed Mohamed,  président de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme,  ministère de la justice, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014. \n\nAMIR Ahmed Ali, journaliste à Al Watwan, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014.","Aucun article de presse, ni des études ou rapports publiés n’ont fait mention de cas d’ONG  fermées ou harcelées par des charges administratives injustifiées, des enquêtes ou des sanctions au cours de l'année dernière en guise de représailles pour son travail. Ceci a été confirmé p..."]
["2014_GQ_70",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",70,50,"During the period of review, no legally registered NGOs were shut down or faced explicit harassment as a result their work. Additional procedures were established in early 2013 to register or renew CSOs, and these were more onerous for certain CSOs - especially the requirement to have prior approval of the interior minister. However, this process for reregistering that required additional fees was suspended in September 2014, after a meeting with the director of civil society (who was appointed in late 2013). Throughout the period, all registered NGOs were able to conduct activities, despite the reregistration requirement.\n\nAs additional information, NGO funding is only distributed among a limited number of organizations close to the government's inner circle, so it is not widely distributed and just a minor number of organizations expect the funding. The decision to grant funding is arbitrary and depends on the director of civil society and the interior minister, with the approval of respective ministries. \n\nThere is no publicity as to which organizations receive funding and how it was allocated. For example, an organization received funding to conduct one activity of the five it had requested, but there was no official response as to why it did not receive the total funding. Organizations that are more critical of the government have never received funding and, in fact, its members face harassment.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 16, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: La Gaceta de Guinea Ecuatorial, \"CANIGE: a dream with the name of a boy\" (\"CANIGE: un sueño con nombre de niño\"), June 18, 2014.\nhttp://www.lagacetadeguinea.com/190/03.htm \n\nNews article: Candidatura Independiente, \"Constancia Mangue, the Dictator and First Lady of Equatorial Guinea, Through the Press and Information Office of the Government of her husband responds saying she does not have political aspirations. Irony of very bad taste or a dangerous political cynicism?\" (\"Constancia Mangue, la Dictadora y Primera Dama de Guinea Ecuatorial, a Través de la Oficina de Información y Prensa del Gobierno de su Esposo, nos Responde Diciendo que no Tiene Aspiraciones Politicas Algunas. ¿Una Ironía De Muy Mal Gusto O  Un Cinismo Politico Peligroso?\"), Sept. 4, 2013.\nhttp://www.candidaturaindependiente-guineaecuatorial.com/acceso/index.php?ind=news&op=news_show_single&ide=1571 \n\nPublication: Human Rights Watch, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, 2014.\nhttp://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea \n \nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication:  Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/equatorial-guinea-0   \n\n ","During the period of review, no legally registered NGOs were shut down or faced explicit harassment as a result their work. Additional procedures were established in early 2013 to register or renew CSOs, and these were more onerous for certain CSOs - especially the requirement to h..."]
["2014_GA_70",2014,"GA","Gabon",70,50,"Les ONG qui oeuvrent dans le domaine de la lutte contre la corruption ou qui orientent  leurs actions dans d'autres domaines de la gouvernance sont victimes d'intimidation ou parfois des charges administratives injustifiées. Selon toujours le dernier rapport de l'USAID (2013), le Gabon entrave les activités de developpement de la société civile et se classe au 19eme rang sur 23 en Afrique. L’étude examine la société civile de chaque pays étudié sur huit aspects. Ce classement étant le résultats des rapports entre ces ONG et le gouvernement du Gabon.","ABENG Georges, membre du Réseau des organisations libres de la société civile pour la bonne gouvernance au Gabon (ROLBG), interrogé par téléphone le 24 décembre 2014\n\nDZONTEU Desiré, journaliste indépendant au Gabon, interviewé par Facebook, 23 décembre 2014\n\nGabon Review, 2013, «Le Gabon très mal noté sur le développement de sa société civile» (le rapport de 2014 devant être publié en 2015). http://gabonreview.com/blog/le-gabon-tres-mal-note-sur-le-developpement-de-sa-societe-civile/\";","Les ONG qui oeuvrent dans le domaine de la lutte contre la corruption ou qui orientent  leurs actions dans d'autres domaines de la gouvernance sont victimes d'intimidation ou parfois des charges administratives injustifiées. Selon toujours le dernier rapport de l'USAID (2013), le G..."]
["2014_LS_70",2014,"LS","Lesotho",70,100,"No NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwanted administrative burdens, investigation or sanctions in the past year as retribution of their work. The period under review was not marked by any change of how NGOs operate as compared to the previous years. \n\nAccording to Moeketsi Palime of the Office of the Registrar General, there were no unwanted administrative burdens on the work of NGOs during the year under review. This is the view that was supported by Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association. He indicated that there were no NGOs shut down due to unwanted burdens. \n\nOn the other hand, the Lesotho Times newspaper reported that the press secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister alleged that Lesotho civil society activists were deported from Zimbabwe during the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Summit when these activists went to lobby for a regional position not to be given to Lesotho Prime Minister due to the country's situation. In response to the allegation, the Lesotho Council of Nongovernmental Organisations (LCN) argued that the statement was inappropriate and intended to intimidate NGOs from doing their work. \n\nGenerally, NGOs in Lesotho were not harassed by the government. In that way, NGOs are free to operate according to their registered constitutions as per the provisions of the societies act. The incident where the press secretary of the Prime Minister made unfounded allegations was an isolated case.","Moeketsi Palime, Chief Industrial Property Counsel, Office of the Registrar General, 17th September 2014, Maseru. \n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nLesotho Times, Billy Ntaote, We will not be intimidated: Motsamai, 21st August 2014, http://lestimes.com/will-intimidated-motsamai/ (accessed on the 12th September 2014)","No NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwanted administrative burdens, investigation or sanctions in the past year as retribution of their work. The period under review was not marked by any change of how NGOs operate as compared to the previous years. ..."]
["2014_LR_70",2014,"LR","Liberia",70,100,"There were no reports of any harassment of NGOs or closure of offices of any group for any reason by the government. No NGOs reported retributions of any kind over the last year. NGOs operated freely and had unhindered movements until the recent outbreak of Ebola virus. With this outbreak, NGOs were either mobbed by residents of their work areas or felt threatened in the communities where they operate. \n\nSome of the international NGOs suspended operations in certain areas and retreated to their respective head offices in Monrovia, the capital. With the declaration of the state of emergency, many of the international NGOs have begun skilling down, and some are closing down offices.","Interview: John Juah, Chairman, Civil Society Council of Liberia, Monrovia, 11/08/2014\n\nInterview: Barzee Zinah, Deputy Director, IFES-Liberia, Monrovia, 12/08/2014\n\nInterview: Grace Brimah, Member, Women NGO Secretariat, Paynesville, 12/08/2014","There were no reports of any harassment of NGOs or closure of offices of any group for any reason by the government. No NGOs reported retributions of any kind over the last year. NGOs operated freely and had unhindered movements until the recent outbreak of Ebola virus. With this o..."]
["2014_MU_70",2014,"MU","Mauritius",70,100,"NGOs operate freely in Mauritius, and their work is not impinged upon by the government. No NGO was shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions during the study period. \n\nHowever, in some cases, NGOs were sanctioned for malpractices, illegal expenses and/or abuse of power. Satish Boolell, former chairman of Mauritius Council of Social Service (MACOSS), said no NGOs have been shut down. On the contrary, there has been a proliferation of NGOs reflecting the lack of barriers to establishing one.","1. Lindley Couronne, Director, Dis-Moi Maurice NGO, 01 September 2014, mail\n\n2. Jean Claude Bibi, barrister at law, 11 Sept 2014, mail\n\n3. Anonymous, senior journalist from the radio, 22 Sept 2014, phone. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n4. Satish Boolell, former Chairman of Mauritius Council of Social Service (MACOSS), 19 Sept 2014, mail","NGOs operate freely in Mauritius, and their work is not impinged upon by the government. No NGO was shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions during the study period. ..."]
["2014_NA_70",2014,"NA","Namibia",70,100,"In the previous year no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions as retribution for their work. No reports surfaced of any NGOs having been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.","1.Phil ya Nangolo, Executive Director Namrights, telephone interview 20/06/2014\n\n2. Lieutenant Sebastian Ndeitunga, Head of the Namibian Police, telephone interview 20/06/2014\n\n3. Journalist for the Namibian Sun, Faith Sankwasa, telephone interview 19/06/2014","In the previous year no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions as retribution for their work. No reports surfaced of any NGOs having been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations..."]
["2014_SC_70",2014,"SC","Seychelles",70,100,"No NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for its work. Once registered, NGOs are free to work in their respective fields, and generally the government is willing to collaborate with them. The groups are allowed to participate on boards and agencies for national development. \n\nThe NGOs are grouped in a broad platform called LUNGOS. LUNGOS is the only NGO umbrella organisation for civil society and plays the role of bringing together as a \"backbone\" NGOs and other civil society organisations. They are better protected in their activities and easily obtain the cooperation of the government. However, although not during the study period, NGOs involved in political activities have been pressured in the past to work with the government, and registering such NGOs has often faced difficulties.","Ms Monica Servina, Chairman of Women Organization, Gender Commissioner at LUNGOS, Bel Air, Mahé Seychelles, 02 September 2014\n\nMs Juliette H Sicobo-Azaïs, Secretary General, Seychelles Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Ebrahim Building, Victoria, 02 September 2014\n\nMr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS (Liaison unit of the NGO in Seychelles), Premier Building, Victoria,  03 September 2014\n\n“Lungos takes stock of its successes and challenges”, Seychelles Nation, 07 August 2014, http://www.nation.sc/article.html?id=242598\n\nFreedom House, Freedom in the World 2014 - Seychelles, 26 June 2014, http://www.refworld.org/docid/53b2b8ac3e0.html","No NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for its work. Once registered, NGOs are free to work in their respective fields, and generally the government is willing to collaborate with th..."]
["2014_SD_70",2014,"SD","Sudan",70,0,"Between September 20 13 and September 2014, the Sudanese government shut down three NGOs: the Salmah Center for Women Resources & Studies, the Shorooq Cultural Center and the Regional Inistitute for Civil Society Development.","[Phone interview] Gafar Khidir, director of Shorooq Cultural Center in Al-Gadaref (East Sudan), Sept. 27, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Al-Baraq Al-Nazeer Al-Waraq, director of Sudan Human Rights Monitor, Sept. 27, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nAl-Arabi Al-Jadeed, \"Closure of Women's Center in Sudan,\" June 2014.\nhttp://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/2a1cc198-93f0-417f-b70e-e9b7dc272749 \n\nAltareeq.info, \"Sudan suspended the activity of civil society organization,\" September 2014. \nhttp://www.altareeq.info/ar/sudan-suspends-activity-of-civil-society-organization/#.VCbxffmSy_R","Between September 20 13 and September 2014, the Sudanese government shut down three NGOs: the Salmah Center for Women Resources & Studies, the Shorooq Cultural Center and the Regional Inistitute for Civil Society Development."]
["2014_UG_70",2014,"UG","Uganda",70,0,"Government continues to claim that a number of NGOs are not transparent and that they are dishonest and lack integrity. It adds that these NGOs are using Uganda’s poverty situation to enrich themselves. Government argues that instead of promoting socioeconomic development in the country as they state in their mandates, they are bent on undermining the government by promoting homosexuality among schoolchildren; inciting different sectors of the population, such as the teachers, to engage in strikes, and engaging in political activism. \n\nAs a means of closely monitoring the work of NGOs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has drafted the Non-Governmental Organisations Registration (Amendment) Bill 2013 to bar NGOs from engaging in political work. It also expands government powers to check the NGOs’ “subversive methods of work and activities which undermine accountability and transparency in the sector.” The bill also seeks to extend the operations of the NGO board from the national level to the sub-county level.\n\nOtherwise, the last year saw government continue to threaten \"noisy\" NGOs that engage the goverment on sensitive issues such as gay rights, corruption, term limits and land rights with closure. The year has also seen increases in burgled NGOs like Hurinet, Uganda Land Alliance and Anti-Corruption Coalition Uganda (ACCU), among others. The NGOs are claiming that burglars took vital data on corruption cases and devices for storing information.","Nasasira Leah, legal officer, research; Uganda Law Society, Kampala, 16 July 2014 \n\n“Aronda drafts bill barring NGOs from politics,” ACCU, 28 April 2014\nhttp://accu.or.ug/aronda-drafts-bill-barring-ngos-from-politics/ \n\n“Civil society jitters over ‘oppressive’ NGO Bill,” Barbara Among, 3 May 2014\nhttp://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Jitters-as-Uganda-moves-to-tighten-grip-on--errant--NGOs-/-/2558/2302542/-/csnbph/-/index.html \n\n“Police accuse NGO workers of breaking into own offices,” Stephen Otage and Stephen Wandera, 5 May 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Police-accuse-NGO-workers-of-breaking-into-own-offices/-/688334/2304734/-/14tornq/-/index.html \n\n“NGOs lack integrity, say MPs,” Umaru Kashaka, 24 April 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654836-ngos-lack-integrity-say-mps.html\n\n\"Compensation remains messy, ‘noisy’ NGOs risk closure,” Flavia Nalubega, 17 Oct. 2013\nhttp://www.oilinuganda.org/features/infrastructure/compensation-remains-messy-noisy-ngos-risk-closure.html \n\n\"Burglars steal sensitive data from anti-corruption NGO,” Ivan Okuda, 13 Oct. 2013\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Burglars-steal-sensitive-data-from-anti-corruption-NGO/-/688334/2029452/-/bar8gc/-/index.html \n\n\"“Who could be breaking into NGOs offices?” Eriasa Mukiibi Sserunjogi, 25 May 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/Who-could-be-breaking-into-NGOs-offices-/-/689844/2325472/-/gy40vsz/-/index.html \n\n“Letter to the media; re:incorrect allegations of RLP closure by government,” Refugee Law Project, 6 June 2014\nhttp://refugeelawproject.org/our-work/gender-and-sexuality/9-general/357-letter-to-the-media-re-incorrect-allegations-of-rlp-closure-by-government.html ","Government continues to claim that a number of NGOs are not transparent and that they are dishonest and lack integrity. It adds that these NGOs are using Uganda’s poverty situation to enrich themselves. Government argues that instead of promoting socioeconomic development in the co..."]
["2014_BJ_71",2014,"BJ","Benin",71,100,"L'article 2 de la Charte culturelle en République du Bénin stipule clairement que la politique culturelle est fondée sur le respect des différences et des spécificités culturelles nationales, ce qui interdit toute discrimination du fait de l'appartenance à une minorité nationale tandis que l'article 21 indique que l'État assure une égale promotion des langues. L'article 7 stipule que « toutes les cultures ont un droit à un respect égal». La loi confère également un droit à maintenir et à développer les éléments essentiels de leur identité.","Loi N° 90-32 du 11 décembre 1990 portant Constitution de la République du Bénin. (1990). Article 11. https://yenianayasa.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/Benin-FR%2810.12.1990%29.pdf\n\nLOI N° 91-006 du 25 février 1991 portant CHARTE CULTURELLE EN RÉPUBLIQUE DU BÉNIN. (1990). Article 2, 7 et 21. http://www.artsinafrica.com/uploads/2011/08/Benin_-_Charte_culturelle.pdf","L'article 2 de la Charte culturelle en République du Bénin stipule clairement que la politique culturelle est fondée sur le respect des différences et des spécificités culturelles nationales, ce qui interdit toute discrimination du fait de l'appartenance à une minorité nationale ta..."]
["2014_CV_71",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",71,0,"No such law exists. The constitution does not address the issue of ethnic minorities because Cape Verde has no national minorities.","Constitutional (1992), Title II (Rights, Freedoms and Guarantees): Chapter I (the rights, freedoms and individual guarantees). http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5bd0.html","No such law exists. The constitution does not address the issue of ethnic minorities because Cape Verde has no national minorities."]
["2014_KM_71",2014,"KM","Comoros",71,0,"La Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, en son préambule, point 6, proclame l’égalité de tous en droits et en devoirs sans distinction de sexe, d’origine, de race, de religion ou de croyance ;\nEn parlant explicitement de « race », ce principe constitutionnel consacre entièrement la protection des minorités ethniques contre la discrimination.","Loi référendaire portant révision de la Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009. (2009). Préambule, point 6. , site web de la Présidence de l'Union des Comores, www.beit-salam.km/article.php3?","La Constitution de l’Union des Comores du 23 décembre 2001 modifiée par référendum du 17 mai 2009, en son préambule, point 6, proclame l’égalité de tous en droits et en devoirs sans distinction de sexe, d’origine, de race, de religion ou de croyance ;..."]
["2014_ER_71",2014,"ER","Eritrea",71,0,"No specific law exists to protect ethnic minorities, although Chapter III, Article 14 of the constitution generally provides for equality under the law for all people, no discrimination on account of race, ethnic origin, language, color, gender, religion, disability, age, political view, social or economic status, or any other pertinent factor. \n\nIt also provides for the National Assembly to enact laws that can assist in eliminating inequalities existing in the Eritrean society, but no such law was ever enacted.","No such law exists.","No specific law exists to protect ethnic minorities, although Chapter III, Article 14 of the constitution generally provides for equality under the law for all people, no discrimination on account of race, ethnic origin, language, color, gender, religion, disability, age, political..."]
["2014_GW_71",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",71,0,"Although no law guarantees specific protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, the constitution provides that all citizens are equal and have the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual and cultural, religious belief or philosophical belief.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Article 24º, 1996. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7611","Although no law guarantees specific protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, the constitution provides that all citizens are equal and have the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual and cultural, religious..."]
["2014_LY_71",2014,"LY","Libya",71,0,"No law exists. The clearly defined legal term “ethic minorities” is not used by Libyan legislators; they substitute in its place an undefined term called “cultural components.” Ethnic minority groups in Libya, such as the Tuareg, Tabu and Amazigh, were neglected during Qaddafi's era, because they were considered non-Arabs who posed a threat to the unity of Libya. Legislators do not consider Arabs the cultural component in Libya; although the majority, they were viewed as just one component. \n\nWith the expiration of the constitutional declaration, there is no legislation in place protecting the rights of ethnic minorities, but sources interviewd  for this research say the proposed constitution includes more additional rights for the minorities in Libya.  \n\nAll minority groups have received a seat in the 60-member-strong future Constitutional Assembly. Their six seats out of 60 total is close to their proportional representation in the total population. The struggle of the Amazigh minority involves the right to have their veto recognized, so that they can attempt to block anything that would potentially curtail their rights or not ensure their protection in the future constitution.","No law exists to protect minorities in a comprehensive manner.","No law exists. The clearly defined legal term “ethic minorities” is not used by Libyan legislators; they substitute in its place an undefined term called “cultural components.” Ethnic minority groups in Libya, such as the Tuareg, Tabu and Amazigh, were neglected during Qaddafi's er..."]
["2014_MU_71",2014,"MU","Mauritius",71,100,"Section 16(3) of the constitution defines \"discriminatory\" as:\n“affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, caste, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages that are not accorded to persons of another such description.”\n\nThe Equal Opportunities Act (EOA) 2008 defines \"status\" as:\n “age, caste, colour, creed, ethnic origin, impairment, marital status, place of origin, political opinion, race, sex or sexual orientation”\n\nThe EOA is solely conceived to provide a legal framework against discrimination, including process and rights. Under the Equal Opportunities Act 2008, an Equal Opportunities Commission was established to work towards the elimination of discrimination with regards to people of different status. The commission is mandated to investigate discrimination charges and provide guidelines to public and private bodies on how to avoid discrimination as defined by the EOA 2008. An Equal Opportunity Tribunal was established in 2013 to hear and determine complaints from the commission. \n\nThe inclusion of \"place of origin\" in the definition of \"status\" in the EOA 2008 serves to prevent discrimination against elements of a particular group's identity (religion, language and traditions).\n\nMauritius' population is entirely made up of descendants of immigrants who came from different geographical areas. To this day, Mauritians from a particular place still identify themselves with that area and observe the culture of that place of origin. For example, Mauritians of South Asian Tamil origin still practice Tamil traditions and speak the Tamil language.\n \nAll government primary schools provide facilities for children to learn an optional \nlanguage. The choice of languages is based on the identities represented including Mandarin, Tamil, Hindi, Urdu, and Mauritian Creole.","1.        The Constitution of Mauritius \nYear passed: 1968\nArticle: Section 16, Protection from discrimination. \nhttp://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=03654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD  \n\n2.        Equal Opportunities Act \nYear passed: 2008\nArticle: Part 1 (2): Interpretation of 'status'.  Proclaimed 2012.\nhttp://eoc.gov.mu/English/Documents/equal%20opportunities%20act%202008.pdf \n\n3.        Equal Opportunities Commission. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126781.pdf\n\n4.        UN Resolution 47/135.  Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National  or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities\nLink: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r135.htm","Section 16(3) of the constitution defines \"discriminatory\" as:\n“affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, caste, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex..."]
["2014_MA_71",2014,"MA","Morocco",71,0,"The preamble of the Moroccan Constitiution sets a general background of fighting against discrimination of all kinds including that which is based on regional origin [ethnicity]. The criminal code also prohibits such discrimination in Article 431 & 432. However, there is no specific right to maintain and develop the essential elements of identity (religion, language, and traditions) nor any specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented.","Articles 431 (1-2-3) and Article 432 - Morocco penal code -Official Bulletin 2640, June 5th, 1963.\n\nMoroccan constitution - preamble - (2011).","The preamble of the Moroccan Constitiution sets a general background of fighting against discrimination of all kinds including that which is based on regional origin [ethnicity]. The criminal code also prohibits such discrimination in Article 431 & 432. However, there is no specifi..."]
["2014_SN_71",2014,"SN","Senegal",71,0,"Il n'existe pas de loi spécifique sur la protection des droits des minorités ethniques. La Constitution comporte cependant quelques dispositions qui protègent les droits des minorités ethniques. Dans son préambule, le texte constitutionnel affirme en effet « le rejet et l’élimination, sous toutes leurs formes de l’injustice, des inégalités et des discriminations ». L’article 8 du même texte stipule que « la République du Sénégal garantit à tous les citoyens les libertés individuelles fondamentales, les droits économiques et sociaux ainsi que les droits collectifs. Ces libertés et droits sont notamment : les libertés civiles et politiques, liberté d’opinion, liberté d’expression, liberté de la presse, liberté d’association, liberté de réunion, liberté de déplacement, liberté de manifestation, les libertés culturelles, les libertés religieuses ». L'absence d'une législation spécifique découle du fait qu'il n' y a pas de précédent ethnique au Sénégal. Autrement dit, le Sénégal ne connaît pas un problème ethnique.","Constitution du 22 janvier 2001. Préambule et article 8. www.gouv.sn/IMG/pdf/Constitution.pdf‎","Il n'existe pas de loi spécifique sur la protection des droits des minorités ethniques. La Constitution comporte cependant quelques dispositions qui protègent les droits des minorités ethniques. Dans son préambule, le texte constitutionnel affirme en effet « le rejet et l’éliminati..."]
["2014_SL_71",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",71,0,"Sierra Leone has more than 10 ethnic groups. There is no religious tension in the country. In each part of the country, there are mixed beliefs, and Christians and Muslims associate together and construct places of worship near each other without conflict. \n\nSection 6 (2) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991, forbids all forms of discrimination and requires the state to promote national integration and unity and discourage discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion, status and ethnic or linguistic association or ties. However, there is no specific law protecting a sect or ethnic minority in that all are regarded as one.","Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991, Section 6 (1).\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf","Sierra Leone has more than 10 ethnic groups. There is no religious tension in the country. In each part of the country, there are mixed beliefs, and Christians and Muslims associate together and construct places of worship near each other without conflict. ..."]
["2014_TZ_71",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",71,0,"Despite a general constitutional principle, no such law exists.\n\nAccording to Article 13 of the Constitution\n\"(1) All persons are equal before the law and are entitled, without any\ndiscrimination, to protection and equality before the law. \n[...]\n(5) For the purposes of this Article the expression “discriminate” means to satisfy the needs, rights or other requirements of different persons on the basis of their nationality, tribe, place of origin, political opinion, colour, religion, sex or station in life such that certain categories of people are regarded as weak or 15 inferior and are subjected to restrictions [...]\"","1. The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania 1977. http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf\n\n2. Minority Rights Group International Website :\nhttp://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4789.\n\n3. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs Website 2013 update\nhttp://www.iwgia.org/images/stories/sections/regions/africa/documents/2\n013/Tanzania.pdf.","Despite a general constitutional principle, no such law exists.\n\nAccording to Article 13 of the Constitution..."]
["2014_ZW_71",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",71,0,"Section 56 of the constitution provides for everybody’s right not to be treated in an unfairly discriminatory manner on grounds such as their nationality, race, colour, tribe, place of birth, ethnic or social origin, language, class, religious belief, political affiliation, opinion, custom, culture, sex, gender, marital status, age or pregnancy. Section 6 (1) officially recognises minority languages, including Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Shangani, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa. \n\nThere is, however, no specific law regarding the rights of ethnic minorities.","1. Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013), Chapter 1 - Founding Provisions and Chapter 4 - Declaration of  Rights. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646","Section 56 of the constitution provides for everybody’s right not to be treated in an unfairly discriminatory manner on grounds such as their nationality, race, colour, tribe, place of birth, ethnic or social origin, language, class, religious belief, political affiliation, opinion..."]
["2014_BI_72",2014,"BI","Burundi",72,0,"Au Burundi il y a trois ethnies reconnues (Hutu,Tutsi et Twa) bien qu'il y ait des personnes qui se déclarent d'autres ethnies dont les Ganwa. La question de discrimination a fait couler beaucoup d'encre ces dernières années et elle a été débattue lors des rencontres de recherche de la paix surtout à ARUSHA en 2004.\n\nIl n'existe aucun bureau ou unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé(e) en discrimination des minorités ethniques auprès duquel (ou de laquelle) les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide, mais les citoyens qui se sentent discriminés peuvent obtenir de l'aide en saisissant la justice ou au ministère de la solidarité. \n\nSelon les personnes interrogées, aucune initiative n’est prise par le gouvernement pour protéger les minorités et il n'y a pas de protection pour les Batwa qui sont une minorité de fait.","KAZOVIYO Gertrude, professeur  à l’université du Burundi et dans différents établissements privés, secrétaire général de la Ligue burundaise des Droits de l’Homme Iteka, entretien par email, 4 août 2014.\n\nGAKWAVU Juvénal, secrétaire exécutif du parti UPRONA (Union pour le Progrès National), bureau de l’UPRONA, 18 août 2014. \n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.","Au Burundi il y a trois ethnies reconnues (Hutu,Tutsi et Twa) bien qu'il y ait des personnes qui se déclarent d'autres ethnies dont les Ganwa. La question de discrimination a fait couler beaucoup d'encre ces dernières années et elle a été débattue lors des rencontres de recherche d..."]
["2014_TD_72",2014,"TD","Chad",72,50,"L'État tchadien ne dispose pas d'un organe spécialisé en discrimination des minorités éthniques et les cas allant dans ce sens sont rares vue la multiplicité des éthnies dans le pays. \n\nFinamou DARAM, journaliste fondamentaliste, enseignant-chercheur à l'université EMI-Koussi de N'djamena souligne l'absence de bureau spécialisé en discrimination des minorités ethniques, à part les tribunaux et les commissariats de police judiciaire. Les cas liés à ces genres de discrimination ne sont pas fréquents voire sont quasiment inexistants.\n\nFace à l'absence de plaintes de discrimination fondée sur l'apartenance ethnique, la société civile ne s'entend sur ce sujet et le gouvernement n'a pas jugé nécessaire d'instituer un bureau spécialisé.\n\nAbbakar Youssouf ZAID, président pour l’Action Humanitaire, les Droits de l’Homme ; la paix et le développement estime que : « le besoin se fait  peut être pas sentir et le gouvernement ne s'en préoccupe pas. Aussi faut-il une loi qui définie clairement le terme de 'minorité ethnique' afin de créer un dispositif spécifique pour répondre aux besoins de la justice et des citoyens qui seraient dans une telle situation.»\n\nPour le journaliste du journal Notre Temps Madjissembaye NGARDINON, le cas de la discrimination de la minorité ethnique n'existe pas, à ce qu'il sache, parce qu'il n'a jamais rencontré un tel cas. \n\nLa direction chargée des affaires religieuses et traditionnelles sous tutelle du Ministère de l’intérieur et de la sécurité publique existe toujours mais traite rarement des plaintes sur la discrimination ethnique. Selon le chef de service chargé des services traditionnels, Ngargoto Emmanuel, la direction n’a reçu que quatre cas en 2014. La direction ne traite pas directement les plaintes mais les renvoie devant les chefs traditionnels, coutumiers ou au Médiateur de la république et suit l’affaire en tant qu’observateur. La direction garde les chiffres des cas traités dans les archives, selon Ngargoto.","DARAM Finamou, juriste fondamentaliste, enseignant-chercheur à l'université EMI-Koussi de N'djamena, 18 juin 2014.\n\nZAID Abbakar Youssouf, président pour l’Action Humanitaire, les Droits de l’Homme la Paix et le Développement, 25 juin 2014.\n\nNGARDINON Madjissembaye, journaliste Notre Temps, entretien à la Maison des médias du Tchad, 20 juin 2014.","L'État tchadien ne dispose pas d'un organe spécialisé en discrimination des minorités éthniques et les cas allant dans ce sens sont rares vue la multiplicité des éthnies dans le pays. ..."]
["2014_DJ_72",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",72,0,"La République de Djibouti est habitée par trois communautés : les Afars, les Somalis et les Arabes. Celles-ci sont représentées à l’Assemblée nationale et dans les sphères du pouvoir. Il existe à Djibouti une règle tacite de répartition des postes dans l’exécutif et à l’Assemblée nationale entre les différentes tribus ou ethnies. Depuis 1945, une certaine « tribalisation » de la politique héritée de la colonisation existe. Ce système semble pourtant être accepté, implicitement, par tout le monde. \n\nDans la pratique, des efforts sont faits depuis toujours pour que toutes les composantes de la population nationale soient représentées dans les organes du gouvernement et surtout dans le pouvoir législatif.\n\nMais toutes les ethnies ou les tribus ne sont pas forcément représentées au sein du gouvernement et du pouvoir législatif. Selon les personnes interrogées, les questions liées aux minorités ne font pas l'objet de débat sociétale à Djibouti; les postes à responsabilités sont souvent occupés par des personnes issues de grandes ethnies. Cette situation n'a pas été formalisée par des textes mais souvent par des pratiques.","IBRAHIM Nadira, enseignante chercheuse en droit public et notamment en droit constitutionnel, 26 juillet 2014.\n\nDAOUD Ali, juriste à l'Assemblée nationale, 26 juillet 2014. \n\nHOUSSEIN Zahra, membre société civile, 26 juillet 2014.","La République de Djibouti est habitée par trois communautés : les Afars, les Somalis et les Arabes. Celles-ci sont représentées à l’Assemblée nationale et dans les sphères du pouvoir. Il existe à Djibouti une règle tacite de répartition des postes dans l’exécutif et à l’Assemblée n..."]
["2014_ET_72",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",72,25,"Legal action based on discrimination is not a common phenomenon in Ethiopia. Relevant policies and practices address the issue from a positive (equality) perspective, and all nations, nationalities and peoples are treated equally in matters of the state. This is reflected elsewhere as well. For example, in the Amhara Regional State there is an Oromia special zone created for the minority Oromo population. In addition, the Ministry of Federal Affairs deals with issues of protection for some minority ethnic groups as well as conflicts arising in such circumstances. Discrimination that becomes violent or ethnic slander and other abusive acts can be reported to the police, who can investigate the cases.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, public prosecutor, Ministry of Justice, 23 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, lecturer of constitutional law, Mekelle University, 21 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Ministry of Federal Affairs, 21 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Legal action based on discrimination is not a common phenomenon in Ethiopia. Relevant policies and practices address the issue from a positive (equality) perspective, and all nations, nationalities and peoples are treated equally in matters of the state. This is reflected elsewhere..."]
["2014_KE_72",2014,"KE","Kenya",72,0,"Despite a guarantee for protection by the Constitution, minorities and indigenous peoples in Kenya face still substantial challenges, including lack of physical and financial access to healthcare and education as well as discrimination.\n \nThe ethnic minorities in Kenya have been targets of long-standing discrimination, exclusion and sometimes violence. Poverty within ethnic minorities has been viewed as both a cause and manifestation of the diminished rights, opportunities and social advancement available to them. In addition, they are poorly represented in political structures and decision-making bodies and consequently they have little control over decisions that affect them. They have been neglected and discriminated against in all aspects of their lives. They are often denied equal access to quality education and healthcare. Their members have limited job opportunities because of their low literacy levels. When their rights are violated, recourse to institutions of justice is often a major challenge.\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree: There are still incidences of marginalization of ethnic minorities in Kenya. In a report released in April 2014, the National Gender and Equality Commission revealed the findings of its educational forum aimed at minority groups in the country. It was discovered that \"the most common and influential factors promoting perpetual exclusion and inequalities included poverty, loss of identity, negative perceptions and stereotypes, historical and contemporary political exclusion and erosion of cultural values and traditions, underrepresentation in all sectors and spheres of life, government policies including subsidy interventions and past affirmative actions, and limited educational opportunities.\"\n\nSource: Flares of Marginalization among selected minority communities of Kenya - National Gender and Equality Commission (April 2014). Accessible via http://www.ngeckenya.org/Downloads/flares-of-marginalization-in-Kenya.pdf\n\nAgree: While no official mechanism exists to protect minorities, there have been good practices intended to reduce marginalizations of communities considered as minorities. For instance a recent recruitment of 15 people of the Nubian tribe has attracted attention on the marginalization experienced by that tribe. The Nubian tribe is one of the minority tribes in the country which are assumed to have migrated from South Sudan. Most of them live in Kibera slum of Nairobi. They are estimated to be about 100,000 people. They are marginalised on many fronts as they are considered stateless at times. \n\nSources: \nNPSC to release police recruitment report Thursday. http://www.smartkenya.co.uk/npsc-to-release-police-recruitment-report-thursday/ ..... Publised on Monday, Aug 4th, 2014\nKenyan Nubians: standing up to statelessness, Adam Hussein Adam. http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR32/19-20.pdf","1. Kennedy Masime, Executive Director Centre for Governance and Development(CGD). Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n2. Michael Otieno, a programme cordinator, National Taxpayers Association(NTA). Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n3. \"State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2013 - Kenya\". A brief by the Minority Rights Group(MRG)  Published on September  24, 2013.\nhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/526fb7423.html [accessed 8 July 2014] \n\n4. \"Struggle over land, jobs ‘threat to unity’\". An article by Samuel Siring published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on Sunday June 16, 2014.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/Struggle-over-land--jobs--threat-to-unity-/-/1056/2349744/-/rjvbxs/-/","Despite a guarantee for protection by the Constitution, minorities and indigenous peoples in Kenya face still substantial challenges, including lack of physical and financial access to healthcare and education as well as discrimination...."]
["2014_MW_72",2014,"MW","Malawi",72,50,"Malawi is not plagued by ethnic conflict or discrimination against its ethnic minorities as its many diverse ethnic groups including refugees reside peacefully with each other. As such, the government has not reached the point where it would need to establish an office or unit responsible for dealing with ethnic conflicts or discrimination. Government efforts to ensure that cases of threats to or violation of physical integrity are dealt with include the establishment of the Victim Support Unit under the Malawi Police Service. The service is available to everyone living in Malawi.\n\nAll citizens including ethnic minorities are entitled to lodge a complaint before the Victim Support Unit for quick redress. Where any matter is believed to be beyond the jurisdiction of the unit, the police are required to commit such cases to courts.\n\nThe length of time it takes to investigate alleged discrimination and abuse depends on the severity and seriousness of the case. For serious violations of human rights, the Malawi Human Rights Commission, a quasi-judicial institution created by the constitution, can receive such complaints, process and investigate them as well as take appropriate actions against perpetrators.\n\nThe government keeps track of numbers of cases reported and those investigated. Through the Human Rights Commission, it is required to report such cases at international forums such as the United Nations.","1. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Emma Kaliya, Executive Director, Gender Network, 6 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","Malawi is not plagued by ethnic conflict or discrimination against its ethnic minorities as its many diverse ethnic groups including refugees reside peacefully with each other. As such, the government has not reached the point where it would need to establish an office or unit resp..."]
["2014_MR_72",2014,"MR","Mauritania",72,0,"La Mauritanie ne dispose pas d'un mécanisme de protection des minorités ethniques contre les discriminations. La nation mauritanienne s'est construite sur la base d'une approche multiethnique. La Constitution du 20 juillet 1991, rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n° 2006-014 du 12 juillet 2006 tout en consacrant la reconnaissance de plusieurs langues nationales, méconnaît cependant l'existence des ethnies.  La Mauritanie a trois ethnies négro-africaines et un assemblage arabophone organisé en tribus. Il prévaut un certain contraste en Mauritanie, autant la loi fondamentale consacre les langues dites nationales, autant elle ignore l'existence de minorités ethniques. Ce décalage constitue également un des facteurs des fréquents heurts communautaires. Il renseigne également sur la complexité à construire un Etat dépassant les traditionnels clivages tribalo-ethniques.","1. OULD ABEID OULD DAH Biram, président de l'Initiative pour une Résurgence Abolitionniste (IRA), 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. SARR Mamadou, président du Forum National des Droits de l'Homme (FONADH), 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott\n\n3. Source anonyme, 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Mauritanie ne dispose pas d'un mécanisme de protection des minorités ethniques contre les discriminations. La nation mauritanienne s'est construite sur la base d'une approche multiethnique. La Constitution du 20 juillet 1991, rétablie et modifiée par la Loi constitutionnelle n° ..."]
["2014_ST_72",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",72,25,"There is no specialised structure to deal with discrimination against ethnic minorities. It isn't a social problem in São Tomé. The two largest communities in the wake of colonial history are Cape Verdeans and Angolans. They are organized into associations. More recently, people have come from several African countries, particularly Nigeria. The opportunities and difficulties are the same for the entire population. Sao Tome and Principe is a poor country.\n\nAccording to Article 17 of the constitution, foreigners and stateless people residing or located in Sao Tome and Principe have the same rights and are subject to the same obligations as citizens of Sao Tome, except with regard to political rights, exercise of public functions and other rights and duties expressly reserved by law to nationals.\n\nThere is no problem with racial minorities. For example, during agricultural land reform, people of Cape Verdean heritage enjoyed the same rights as the native STP citizens. There is a politician who is Muslim and a prominent Muslim party, etc. Society is highly mixed, and there are no ethnic tensions.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nThis question does not apply to STP for the simple reason that there are no groups that are classified as \"ethnic minorities.\" The Angolares, descendants of runaway slaves in the 16th century, and the former contract workers from Cape Verde and Angola are considered distinct social-cultural groups, but not \"ethnic minorities.\"","Email interview with André Aragão, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Feb. 4, 2015.\n\nEmail interview with Silvestre Leite, judge, Supreme Court, Feb. 9, 2015.\n\nInterview with Frederico dos Anjos, former secretary general, Council of Ministers, Feb. 5, 2015. \n\nSao Tome TV, \"Empowerment the New Direction of the Association of Nigerian on São Tome and Principe,\" May 12, 2014.\nhttp://www.vejavideo.net/v/lNFgHW9kB_E ","There is no specialised structure to deal with discrimination against ethnic minorities. It isn't a social problem in São Tomé. The two largest communities in the wake of colonial history are Cape Verdeans and Angolans. They are organized into associations. More recently, people ha..."]
["2014_SN_72",2014,"SN","Senegal",72,50,"Il n'existe aucun bureau spécifiquement dédié a la protection des minorités ethniques. \n\nLe Comité Sénégalais des Droits de l’Homme et le Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l’Homme et à la Promotion de la Paix existent et peuvent recevoir cet type de cas, mais ne s'occupent pas spécifiquement des cas de minorités ethniques.","DIOP Alphonse, administrateur d'Assemblée, membre de l'Association des Cadres Sérères (ASCASER), un petit groupe ethnique, 27 juillet 2014.\n\nKHADRE GAYE Abdoul, membre de la collectivité Lébou , président, Association nationale Entente des Mouvements, Associations de développement » (EMAD), 27 juillet 2014.\n\nDIAKHATÉ Djiby, sociologue, directeur de la recherche, École doctorale de l'Institut Africain de Management (IAM) de Dakar, 23 juillet 2014.","Il n'existe aucun bureau spécifiquement dédié a la protection des minorités ethniques. \n\nLe Comité Sénégalais des Droits de l’Homme et le Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l’Homme et à ..."]
["2014_TZ_72",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",72,0,"There is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minority discrimination where citizens can go to for help. Ethnic issues have never a been problem in Tanzania.\n\nCitizens have the right to turn to the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance  to seek help, but it depends on the issue; there are no complaints on this.","1www.humanrights.or.tz/reports\n2.The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania 1977\n3. Minority Rights Group International Website :\nhttp://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4789\n4.Rightness Abdiel, Pastor, Christ Church, dar es Salaam-Tanzania, November 2, 2014","There is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minority discrimination where citizens can go to for help. Ethnic issues have never a been problem in Tanzania...."]
["2014_TG_72",2014,"TG","Togo",72,50,"Il n’existe pas d’organisme gouvernemental ni de procédure particulière prévue pour la protection des minorités ethniques ou la discrimination.","YAO TOÏ Marcel, coordonnateur Coalition Nationale Togolaise pour l'Education Pour Tous (CNTES), 21 juillet 2014.\n \n TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014.\n \n BADJALIWA Abalo, assistant juridique au Collectif des Association Contre l’Impunité au Togo (CACIT), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n DEKPOH Pierre-Claver Akolly Amégnikpo, administrateur de projets, défenseur des Droits de l'Homme, ancien président de l’Association Chrétienne pour l'Abolition de la Torture au Togo (ACAT-Togo), 8 juillet 2014.\n \n AHOUELÉTÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.\n \n PAO Gadiel, directeur de publication, Santé-Education, 02 août 2014.","Il n’existe pas d’organisme gouvernemental ni de procédure particulière prévue pour la protection des minorités ethniques ou la discrimination."]
["2014_AO_73",2014,"AO","Angola",73,100,"There is both a fundamental constitutional principle as well as a specific law to protect religious beliefs and religious practice. \n\nArticle 41 (1) of the constitution (Freedom of Conscience, Religion and Worship), states: \" (1) Freedom of conscience, religion and belief worship is inviolable\"; (2) \"no one can be deprived of their rights, persecuted or immune from liability because of religious belief or philosophical or political conviction\"; (3) \"It is guaranteed the right to conscientious objection in law.\"\n\nLaw on the Exercise of Freedom of Conscience, Religion and Cult and Law No. 2/04, regulates against discrimination based on religion.","Constitution of Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 41\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498\n\nLaw on the Exercise of Freedom of Conscience, Law No. 2/04 of May 25, 2004 ","There is both a fundamental constitutional principle as well as a specific law to protect religious beliefs and religious practice. ..."]
["2014_CM_73",2014,"CM","Cameroon",73,100,"Le paragraphe 13 de la loi fondamentale du Cameroun, dispose que «nul ne peut être inquiété en raison de ses origines, de ses opinions ou croyances en matières religieuse, philosophique ou politique sous réserve du respect de l'ordre public et des bonnes mœurs.» \nCe qui indique clairement que chaque citoyen est protéger dans le choix de ses convictions religieuses.\n\nLe Chaptire VI sur DES ATTEINTES AUX CULTES du code pénal contient des dispositions relatives aux protection du culte. \n\"Article 269 — Liberté de conscience. Est puni d'un emprisonnement de un mois à un an et d'une amende de 5.000 à 50.000 francs celui qui, par voie de fait ou menaces, contraint ou empêche de pratiquer un culte n'impliquant pas la commission d'une infraction.\nArticle 270 — Offense à un ministre du culte. Est puni d'un emprisonnement de un mois à trois ans celui qui frappe ou injurie publiquement le ministre d'un culte à l'occasion de l'exercice de son ministère.\nArticle 271 — Obstacle à l'exercice d'un ministère. Est puni de la peine prévu à l'article précédent celui qui empêche avec violences ou menaces l'exercice de son ministère par le ministre du culte.\nArticle 272 — Obstacle aux cultes. Est puni d'un emprisonnement de quinze jours à un an et d'une amende de 5.000 à 100.000 francs ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement celui qui, par des troubles ou désordres, empêche, retarde ou interrompt l'exercice d'un culte dans les lieux où il se célèbre habituellement.\"","Constitution du Cameroun de 1996 en son préambule http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Cameroon/Legislation/La%20Constitution%20de%20la%20Republique%20du%20Cameroun.pdf\n\nCODE PENAL n° 67/LF/1 12 Juin 1967; http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Cameroon/CM_Code_Penal_Cameroun.pdf","Le paragraphe 13 de la loi fondamentale du Cameroun, dispose que «nul ne peut être inquiété en raison de ses origines, de ses opinions ou croyances en matières religieuse, philosophique ou politique sous réserve du respect de l'ordre public et des bonnes mœurs.» ..."]
["2014_CI_73",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",73,0,"L’article 9 de la Constitution précise : « La liberté de pensée et d'expression, notamment la liberté de conscience, d'opinion religieuse ou philosophique sont garanties à tous, sous la réserve du respect de la loi, des droits d'autrui, de la sécurité nationale et de l'ordre public ». \n\nL’article 12 de la Constitution dispose encore que : « Aucun Ivoirien ne peut être contraint à l'exil. Toute personne persécutée en raison de ses convictions politiques, religieuses, philosophiques, ou de son appartenance ethnique peut bénéficier du droit d'asile sur le territoire de la République de Côte d'Ivoire, sous la conduite du se conformer aux lois de la République ».\n\nEn dehors de la Constitution, il n'existe pas de loi spécifique sur la question. Toutefois, il faut préciser qu'il existe une direction des cultes rattachées au ministère de la sécurité et de l’intérieur qui veille au bon fonctionnement des lieux de cultes en de la définition et du suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale des cultes et des religions. il n'existe aucune loi précise en la matière.","Constitution du 1er août 2000, articles 9 & 10. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6479","L’article 9 de la Constitution précise : « La liberté de pensée et d'expression, notamment la liberté de conscience, d'opinion religieuse ou philosophique sont garanties à tous, sous la réserve du respect de la loi, des droits d'autrui, de la sécurité nationale et de l'ordre public..."]
["2014_GQ_73",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",73,0,"The constitution, 2012, recognizes freedom of religion and the right of citizens to practice according to their beliefs [Article 13 (f)], as well as the right for religious groups to manage schools [Article 24 (3)].\n\nThe constitution does not explicitly mention the freedom to change religions and there is no specific law on the religious rights. \n\nIn May 2010, the government passed Law No. 3/2010 (“Reguladora del Derecho de Extranjería en Guinea Ecuatorial”). Though it was meant to regulate foreigners living and working in the country, it explicitly stated in Chapter IV (“De las medidas antidiscriminatorias”) that any act of bigotry based on religious practices constitutes a violation of human rights.","Republic of Equatorial Guinea Constitution, 2012, Articles 13 (f) and 24 (3). \nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2012/LEYFUNDAMENTALREFORMADA.pdf\n\nRepublic of Equatorial Guinea Organic Law No. 3/2010, Title I, Chapter IV (“De las medidas antidiscriminatorias”), Articles 18–19, 2010 (“Reguladora del Derecho de Extranjería en Guinea Ecuatorial”). \nhttp://cesge.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=9&Itemid=75","The constitution, 2012, recognizes freedom of religion and the right of citizens to practice according to their beliefs [Article 13 (f)], as well as the right for religious groups to manage schools [Article 24 (3)]...."]
["2014_GH_73",2014,"GH","Ghana",73,0,"No such specific law exists. However, the following generic law exists:\n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Five, Article 17(1-3) provides that:\n\"17(1) All persons shall be equal before the law.\n      (2) A person shall not be discriminated against on grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, creed or social or economic status.\n      (3) For the purposes of this article, 'discriminate' means to give different treatment to different persons attributable only or mainly to their  respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, gender, occupation, religion or creed, whereby persons of one description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another description which are not granted of persons of another description are not made subject or are granted privileges or advantages which are not granted to persons of another description.\"\n\nThere is no specific law that  guarantees citizens the right to freedom of religion including freedom to change their religion and the right to manifest their religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance, in public or private, individually or as a group. There is also no specific law that protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.","1. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Five, Article 17(1-3).\nLink: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst5.html","No such specific law exists. However, the following generic law exists:\n\nThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Chapter Five, Article 17(1-3) provides that:..."]
["2014_LR_73",2014,"LR","Liberia",73,100,"The 1986 Constitution guarantees the right to worship freely. The general principle in Article 14 of the constitution protects anyone exercising their religious duty within the laws and in observance of the rights of others.\n \n\"All persons shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion and no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment thereof except as may be required by law to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. All persons who, in the practice of their religion, conduct themselves peaceably, not obstructing others and conforming to the standards set out herein, shall be entitled to the protection of the law. No religious denomination or sect shall have any exclusive privilege or preference over any other, but all shall be treated alike; and no religious tests shall be required for any civil or military office or for the exercise of any civil right. Consistent with the principle of separation of religion and state, the Republic shall establish no state religion.\"\n\nSection 13.1 (Offense against civil right) of the Penal Code Revised also guarantees protection against discrimination based on one's religious belief.\n\nThere are two main religions in Liberia (christianism and islam) and  several other smaller groups. But no religious group has more rights than the other. There is no state religion and the country is secular.","1986 Constitution, Article 14. http://www.tlcafrica.com/constitution-1986.htm\n\nSection 13.1 of the Penal Code Revised. https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Liberia-PenalLaw%20A.pdf","The 1986 Constitution guarantees the right to worship freely. The general principle in Article 14 of the constitution protects anyone exercising their religious duty within the laws and in observance of the rights of others...."]
["2014_MR_73",2014,"MR","Mauritania",73,0,"La Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 fait de l'islam la religion d'Etat. Pays musulman, la place de l'islam est manifeste dans la société mauritanienne. La référence à l'islam est également  exprimée à travers le préambule de la loi fondamentale qui fait de la charia l'unique source du droit.\n\nPréambule: \n\nConfiant dans la toute puissance d'ALLAH, le peuple mauritanien proclame sa volonté de garantir l'intégrité de son Territoire, son indépendance et son unité nationale et d'assumer sa libre évolution politique, économique et sociale.\nFort de ses valeurs spirituelles et du rayonnement de sa civilisation, il proclame en outre, solennellement, son attachement à l'Islam et aux principes de la démocratie tels qu'ils ont été définis par la déclaration Universelle des droits de l'homme du 10 décembre 1948 et par la charte Africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples du 28 Juin 1981 ainsi que dans les autres conventions internationales aux quelles la Mauritanie a souscrit.\n\nConsidérant que la liberté, l'égalité et la dignité de l'homme ne peuvent être assurées que dans une société qui consacre la primauté du droit, soucieux de créer les conditions durables d'une évolution sociale harmonieuse, respectueuse des préceptes de l'islam, seule source de droit \".","Constitution mauritanienne (1991). http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mr1991.htm","La Constitution du 20 juillet 1991 fait de l'islam la religion d'Etat. Pays musulman, la place de l'islam est manifeste dans la société mauritanienne. La référence à l'islam est également  exprimée à travers le préambule de la loi fondamentale qui fait de la charia l'unique source ..."]
["2014_NE_73",2014,"NE","Niger",73,0,"Il n'y a pas de loi spécifique qui traite des questions liées aux minorités éthniques et réligieuses, sauf les principes généraux de la Constitution. \n\nLa Constitution de la République du Niger consacre l'égalité de tous les citoyens et interdit les discriminations quelle que soit leur forme. \nArticle 8 - «La République du Niger est un Etat de droit. Elle assure à tous l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction de sexe, d'origine sociale, raciale, ethnique ou religieuse. Elle respecte et protège toutes les croyances. Aucune religion, aucune croyance ne peut s'arroger le pouvoir politique ni s'immiscer dans les affaires de l'Etat. Toute propagande particulariste de caractère régionaliste, raciale ou ethnique, toute manifestation de discrimination raciale, sociale, sexiste, ethnique, politique ou religieuse sont punies par la loi.» \n\nCependant, il n'y a pas de texte de loi spécifique qui protège les minorités.\n\nAussi, la question des minorités (surtout ethniques et religieuses) est tabou et sensible au Niger, elle est gérée avec beaucoup de doigté car depuis toujours, l'Etat a plutôt mis l'accent sur le brassage entre les ethnies et les régions. L'objectif étant d’éviter des tensions ou des conflits sociaux basés sur les différences ethniques et culturelles.  \n\nLe Code pénal du Niger réprime toute atteinte à la liberté de conscience et du culte, mais n'offre pas de mesure de protection particulières.\n \nCode pénal du Niger: Art. 102 : «Tout acte de discrimination raciale ou ethnique, de même que toute propagande régionaliste, toute manifestation contraire à la liberté de conscience et à la liberté de culte, susceptible de dresser les uns contre les autres, les citoyens, sera punie de un à cinq ans d’emprisonnement et de l’interdiction de séjour. Lorsque l’acte de discrimination raciale ou ethnique, la propagande régionaliste ou la manifestation contraire à la liberté de conscience ou de culte aura eu pour but ou pour effet l’un des crimes ou délits attentatoires à la sécurité de l’Etat ou à l’intégrité du territoire de la République, son auteur ou son instigateur sera poursuivi comme coauteur ou comme complice suivant le cas.»","Constitution du 25 novembre de la République du Niger. http://www.presidence.ne/images/stories/doc_pdf/constitution.pdf\n\nCode penal, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/0/3e747f82e6028e32c1257084002f7245/$FILE/Niger%20-%20Criminal%20Code%202008%20fr.pdf","Il n'y a pas de loi spécifique qui traite des questions liées aux minorités éthniques et réligieuses, sauf les principes généraux de la Constitution. ..."]
["2014_ST_73",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",73,100,"The Constitution of Sao Tome and Principe provides that citizens have freedom of religion and cannot be discriminated against based on their beliefs. \n\nArticle 27 says that \"freedom of conscience, religion and worship is inviolable.\" And Article 27 (2) states: \"Nobody can be pursued, be limited on his rights or exempt of his civil obligations and duties based on his beliefs or religious practices.\"\n\nPenal Code: \n\nArticle 212 - 1. Whoever a) Found or constitute an organization or develop activities that incites discrimination, hatred or violence, racial or religious, or to encourage, or\nb) Participate in the organisation or the activities referred to in the preceding paragraph or assist them, including the financing thereof; shall be punished with imprisonment for 1-8 years.\n2. Whoever, in a public meeting, in writing intended for dissemination by any means or media:\na) provoke acts of violence against a person or group of persons because of their race, colour, ethnic or national origin, or religion, or\nb) defame or injure person or group of persons because of their race, colour, ethnic or national origin or religion, including the denial of war crimes or crimes against peace and humanity;\nwith intent to incite racial or religious or encouraging, is punished with imprisonment for 1-5 years. (penal code).","Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Law No. 1/2003, Part 2, Title 2, Article 27, Paragraph 2. http://www.parlamento.st/Legisl/leg%20Constit/Frames_legisl_constit.htm\n\na) Law number 6/2012 Penal Code.\nb) Paragraphs (1-2) of Article 212.\nc) 2012.","The Constitution of Sao Tome and Principe provides that citizens have freedom of religion and cannot be discriminated against based on their beliefs. ..."]
["2014_SD_73",2014,"SD","Sudan",73,0,"No such law exists, but Article 38 of the Sudanese Constitution states that citizens shall not be discriminated against based on their religion. However, no specific law establishing freedom of religion and attendance or practice protections exists.\n\nMoreover, Article 126 of the Sudanese Criminal Act reflects on the freedom of religion in that it states: Anyone (every Muslim) \"shall be deemed to commit the offence of apostasy, who propagates the renunciation of the creed of Islam or publicity declares his renouncement thereof, by an express statement or a conclusive act.\" Therefore, there is no freedom to change religion.\n\nBeyond the above, the Constitution provides further wording on religious rights. Its Article 6 provides: \n\"Religious Rights: The State shall respect the religious rights to: \n(a) worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to establish and maintain places for these purposes,\n(b) establish and maintain appropriate charitable or humanitarian institutions,\n(c) acquire and possess movable and immovable property and make, acquire and use the necessary articles and materials related to the rites or customs of a religion or belief, \n(d) write, issue and disseminate religious publications,\n(e) teach religion or belief in places suitable for these purposes,\n(f) solicit and receive voluntary financial and other contributions from individuals, private and public institutions,\n(g) train, appoint, elect or designate by succession appropriate religious leaders called for by the requirements and standards of any religion or belief,\n(h) observe days of rest, celebrate holidays and ceremonies in accordance with the precepts of religious beliefs,\n(i) communicate with individuals and communities in matters of religion and belief at national and international levels.\"\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. There is a death penalty for change of religion according to Article 126 in Sudanese Criminal Law, 1991.","Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan, Article 136, 2005. \nhttp://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf\n\nSudanese Criminal Act, 1991, Article 126.\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=241802","No such law exists, but Article 38 of the Sudanese Constitution states that citizens shall not be discriminated against based on their religion. However, no specific law establishing freedom of religion and attendance or practice protections exists...."]
["2014_SZ_73",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",73,100,"The constitution is clear on this in the wording of Chapter III, \"Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms,\" \n\n23. (1) A person has a right to freedom of thought, conscience or religion. \n(2) Except with the free consent of that person, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of the freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section freedom of conscience includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change religion or belief, and freedom of worship either alone or in community with others. \n(3) A religious community is entitled to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any place of education which that community wholly maintains, and that community may not be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided at any place of education which that community wholly maintains or in the course of any education which that community otherwise provides. (4) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision: (a) that is reasonably required in the interest of defense, public safety, public order, public morality or public health; or (b) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons, including the right to observe and practice any religion or belief without the unsolicited intervention of members of any other religion or belief.\"","Swaziland Constitution (2005), Section 23, www.eisa.org.za/WEP/swa5.htm","The constitution is clear on this in the wording of Chapter III, \"Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms,\" ..."]
["2014_ZM_73",2014,"ZM","Zambia",73,100,"Under Article 19 (1) of the constitution, “Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purpose of this Article the said freedom includes freedom of thought and religion, freedom to change his religion of belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.”\n\nThe freedom of expression article also adds more protection to that freedom by stating that people have the freedom to impart and communicate ideas without interference.","Constitution of Zambia, 1996, Protection of Freedom of Conscience, Article 19, Page 20.\nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/1","Under Article 19 (1) of the constitution, “Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purpose of this Article the said freedom includes freedom of thought and religion, freedom to change his religion of bel..."]
["2014_BJ_74",2014,"BJ","Benin",74,25,"Il n’existe aucun bureau ou entité spécifique au sein du gouvernement ou d’un organisme parapublic pour recevoir les plaintes des victimes de discriminations. La police, la cour constitutionnnelle, les cours et tribunaux se trouvent être les seuls recours. Le ministère chargé des relations avec les institutions gère l'aide de l'État aux religions, ce ministère apporte un appui financier et institutionnel aux institutions religieuses de façon équitable. Un Cadre de concertation des confessions religieuses a été créé, il regroupe les religions en quatre catégories dont la communauté musulmane, les chefferies traditionnelles, les religions endogènes et les religions judéo-chrétiennes. Cette initiative vise à promouvoir le dialogue interreligieux. Le Cadre coordonne l’aide de l’État aux religions qui s’élève chaque année à 100 millions de Fcfa pour chaque catégorie.","Emilien Amoussou, directeur des recours, Médiateur de la République, Porto Novo, Interview du 17 juin 2014.\n\nPamela Capo Chichi, Présidente, ONG Valeur Albinos, Cotonou, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\nEtienne Badou, Cadre administratif, Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption, Porto Novo, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\nCour Constitutionnelle, 08 mai 2014, « DECISION DCC 14 – 079 DU 08 MAI 2014». http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-benin.org/doss_decisions/DCC%2014-079%20.pdf\n\nL’Évènement précis, 21 mars 2014, « Paix et développement par le dialogue inter-religieux: Le Bénin prêt à porter l’initiative dans toute l’Afrique». http://levenementprecis.com/?p=25138\n\nXinhua News, 05 mars 2014, « Le président béninois estime que le dialogue interreligieux constitue un enjeu majeur». http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2014-03/05/content_31672611.htm\n\nAfrique Jet, 04 mars 2014, « Renouer le dialogue inter-religieux au Bénin». http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-ouest/2934-renouer-le-dialogue-inter-religieux-au-benin.html\n\nLe Matinal, 09 décembre 2013, «Rencontre Mcri et têtes couronnées: La fête du 10 janvier s’annonce sur fond de division».  http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article12907","Il n’existe aucun bureau ou entité spécifique au sein du gouvernement ou d’un organisme parapublic pour recevoir les plaintes des victimes de discriminations. La police, la cour constitutionnnelle, les cours et tribunaux se trouvent être les seuls recours. Le ministère chargé des r..."]
["2014_CF_74",2014,"CF","CAR",74,0,"Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle un bureau ou unité spéciale du gouvernement chargé de traiter les problèmes de la discrimination religieuse. Il n'existe pas un organisme spécialisé pour traiter ces cas en RCA. En raison de l'absence de ce type d'institution, il n'est pas judicieux de parler du nombre de traces des cas enregistrés.\n\nPar ailleurs, les personnes interrogées soulignent que les religieux ont le même droit que les autres citoyens normaux de la République. Par conséquent, ils peuvent saisir n'importe quelle juridiction compétente lorsqu'ils sont victimes de quelconque discrimination interdite par les lois de la République ou des conventions internationales. Toutefois, ils signalent que toutes les affaires religieuses sont gérées dans une certaine mesure par le Ministère de l'intérieur, surtout le cas de conflits inter-religieux et de certaines pratiques non autorisées.","Colonel de la gendarmerie nationale, chargé mission au secrétariat du gouvernement , membre de la communauté des Eglise apostolique de Centrafrique, interview du 26 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nTABANGUE Sylvain, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de Centrafrique, interview du 25 juin 2014, Bangui.\n\nYABINDI Edmond, juriste de formation, avocat au barreau de Centrafrique, interview du 25 juin 2014, Bangui","Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle un bureau ou unité spéciale du gouvernement chargé de traiter les problèmes de la discrimination religieuse. Il n'existe pas un organisme spécialisé pour traiter ces cas en RCA. En raison de l'absence de ce type d'institution, il n'est pas judicie..."]
["2014_CI_74",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",74,25,"La protection des minorités religieuses est assurée de manière générale par laCconstitution et, même s'il n'y a pas de bureau ou d'unité destiné précisément à la lutte contre la discrimination religieuse, le gouvernement soutient ouvertement la liberté de culte par différents organismes et financements. \n \n Il n'existe donc pas un bureau ou une unité spécialisée en charge de traiter de la discrimination religieuse. Toutefois, la promotion des religions est assurée par la direction des cultes, un démembrement du ministère de l'intérieur et de la sécurité en Côte d'Ivoire. Le gouvernement protège les citoyens contre la discrimination fondée sur les croyances religieuses. Il n'existe pas cependant d'organe en charge de traiter des questions de discrimination.","ZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014. \n\nBI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014.  \n\nAPPO Koffi Marie Chantale, magistrate, membre de l'association des femmes juristes de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 18 août 2014.","La protection des minorités religieuses est assurée de manière générale par laCconstitution et, même s'il n'y a pas de bureau ou d'unité destiné précisément à la lutte contre la discrimination religieuse, le gouvernement soutient ouvertement la liberté de culte par différents organ..."]
["2014_ER_74",2014,"ER","Eritrea",74,0,"In Eritrea, there are only four sanctioned religious institutions: the Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church and the Sunni version of Islam. Other religious groups, like the Pentecostals and other Protestants, are not registered and are not allowed to practice their religion. There are also reports that many Muslims are subject to detention for attempting to question the existing belief and power of the Muslim religious establishments.  It is estimated that between 2,000 and 3,000 persons remain imprisoned based on their religious beliefs.\n\nReligious Affairs, an office in the presidency, enforces government rules on religious institutions. It does not listen to discrimination cases involving religious establishments or religious rights. Citizens do not have a right to address any religious discrimination against them by the police or security forces. No government body keeps records of violations of religious rights. The police and security officers routinely and regularly arrest religious adherents who are under the nonsanctioned groups. It is strictly prohibited to establish any religious institution apart from what is permitted by the government. Members of the Pentecostal churches were detained at the beginning of 2014 when found praying together inside a private house and remained in jail throughout the year.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 9, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 10, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 10, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nU.S. State Department Report 2013, Eritrea International religious Freedomg report\nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper\n\nPractice report, Amnesty International, \"Eritrea 20 Years of Independence, But Still No Freedom,\" Pages 21-24  (Rerport attached)\nhttp://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR64/001/2013/en/64b58cdf-a431-499c-9830-f4d66542c8da/afr640012013en.pdf\n\n\nReviewers' Source: \n\nUnited States International Commission on Religious Freedom Annual Report of 2014, Page 56  http://issuu.com/travisuscirf/docs/uscirf_2014_annual_report_pdf?e=13115649/8918045#search  ","In Eritrea, there are only four sanctioned religious institutions: the Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church and the Sunni version of Islam. Other religious groups, like the Pentecostals and other Protestants, are not registered and are not allowed to practice t..."]
["2014_GW_74",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",74,50,"The government, through the Ministry of Justice, created the National Commission for Human Rights. This agency is where citizens can report and go for help when any type of human rights violation occurs. There is, however, no government unit specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help.\n\nThere are some organizations and associations of religious character but not specifically created to deal with religious discrimination.  Although there may exist some religious discrimination, it is not a major problem in Guinea-Bissau. Muslims live side by side with Animists and Catholics. As an example of the peaceful cohabitation between religions is that fact that the Catholic radio Sol Mansi airs programmes for Muslims. On occassion, religion may be politicized. For example, this year, the largest political party, the PAIGC, went through internal quarrels and some divisions based on religion surfaced. Yet it does not appear to take on significant proportions.  \n\nThere are no reports or statistics relating to the number of cases reported on this topic on the websites of the National Commission for Human Rights. No office keeps track of the number of cases investigated.","1. Interview with Vice-President of Guinea-Bissau's Human Rights League, Mário Augusto, 9 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with President of the Guinean Human Rights Network, Fodé Mané, Academic/Lawyer,/Human Rights activist, 10 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Prosecutor and President of the Union of the Public Ministry's Magistrates, Bacari Biai, 22 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The government, through the Ministry of Justice, created the National Commission for Human Rights. This agency is where citizens can report and go for help when any type of human rights violation occurs. There is, however, no government unit specialized in religious discrimination ..."]
["2014_MG_74",2014,"MG","Madagascar",74,50,"Il n'existe pas de bureau spécial gouvernemental pour les discriminations religieuses. En général, le gouvernement a respecté la liberté de religion dans la pratique. Il n’y a eu aucun changement dans le statut du respect de la liberté de religion par le gouvernement depuis la Première République jusqu’à la IVème (début année 2014). D’ailleurs, le gouvernement malgache observe les fêtes religieuses ci-après en tant que jours fériés nationaux: Pâques, Ascension, Pentecôte, Assomption, Fête des Toussaints et Noël. Enfin, les radios et télévisions d’Etat accordent des tranches d’émissions aux principales confessions religieuses (chrétienne et musulmane). Ainsi, le citoyen est libre de choisir une confession religieuse ou non.\n \n Cependant, un article de Midi Madagasikara fait état d’un cas de discrimination basée sur la religion lors d’un examen scolaire. Mais, il s’agit d’un établissement scolaire confessionnel, et la discrimination est plutôt basée sur le programme scolaire où l’enseignement et le culte religieux sont obligatoires. Dans la pratique, les parents eux-mêmes prennent la décision de ne pas envoyer leurs enfants dans un autre établissement scolaire de confession différente.","RAKOTONDRAVONY Lova Rabary, octobre 2013, «Eglise et Etat dans le Nouveau Contexte de la Démocratisation : le Cas de Madagascar.» Antananarivo : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) Madagascar. http://www.fes-madagascar.org/media/publications/Publications_2013/Eglise_et_Etat_dans_le_nouveau_contexte_de_la_democratisation.pdf\n \n RAKOTOZAFY, magistrat de la Cour d’appel en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014\n \n RAKOTOZAFY Jean Paul Emile, président du Syndicat Chrétien des Enseignants de Madagascar, Antananarivo, 18 juillet 2014\n \n HANITRA R., Midi Madagasikara, 15 janvier 2014, « Etablissements d’enseignement privés : La religion comme critère de refus à l’inscription à des concours d’entrée ». http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2014/01/15/etablissements-denseignement-prives-la-religion-comme-critere-de-refus-linscription-des-concours-dentree/","Il n'existe pas de bureau spécial gouvernemental pour les discriminations religieuses. En général, le gouvernement a respecté la liberté de religion dans la pratique. Il n’y a eu aucun changement dans le statut du respect de la liberté de religion par le gouvernement depuis la Prem..."]
["2014_MZ_74",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",74,50,"During the period under review, there were no reports or evidence that suggested religious discrimination. All churches from different religions are registered at the Directorate of Religious Affairs at the Ministry of Justice, which deals with the registration, but with the registration only. All churches enjoy the same freedom, rights and have the same obligations. There were no cases of discrimination recorded within the period under review. \n\nThere is no directorate or office that is in charge of providing remedies for discrimination. Any issue of discrimination has to be taken to court rather than to a specific agency.","Interview with Dionisio Nombora, senior researcher, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 12 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Ana Loforte, retired professor and research director, WLSA (Women and Law in Southern Africa), Maputo, 14 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Domingos do Rosario, professor, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 14 July 2014. \n\nJornal Noticias, Jose Marrime, \"Well there is religious freedom in the country\" (\"Bem haja liberdade religiosa no país\"), 28 Feb. 2014.  http://jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/analise/11717-bem-haja-liberdade-religiosa-no-pais-concl","During the period under review, there were no reports or evidence that suggested religious discrimination. All churches from different religions are registered at the Directorate of Religious Affairs at the Ministry of Justice, which deals with the registration, but with the regist..."]
["2014_RW_74",2014,"RW","Rwanda",74,0,"Freedom of worship generally exists, but cult worship is illegal and a criminal offense. The Rwanda Governance Board (RGB) handles all religious-based complaints, as it is the government body charged with overseeing religious-based organizations. In recent months, it has intervened to promote peace among bickering religious sects, particularly in the Muslim Association of Rwanda (AMUR) and the Association of Pentecostal Churches in Rwanda (ADEPR), as different sects compete for recognition. It also handles registration of faith-based organizations. \n\nHowever, a journalist who spoke on condition of anonymity, says there have been reports that the government body itself has been involved in the religious wrangling, recognizing some factions among the bickering groups and not others, particularly those considered not supportive of government policies. \n\nThe 2013 U.S. State Department International Religious Freedom Report released in March 2014 also accuses RGB of using its powers to restrict religious freedom.","Interview with Sheikh Ibrahim Kayitare, leader, Muslim community, Kigali, Aug. 10, 2014.\n\nInterview with Allain Mukurinda, prosecutor, Kigali, Aug. 10, 2014.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, journalist, Kigali, Nov. 14, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nThe East African, \"Presidential ‘holy message’ bearers charged,\" July 18  2014. \nhttp://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Presidential--holy-message--bearers-charged/-/1433218/2389358/-/12w4n4o/-/index.html\n\nU.S. Department of State, Rwanda 2013 International Religious Freedom Report. \nhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/222297.pdf ","Freedom of worship generally exists, but cult worship is illegal and a criminal offense. The Rwanda Governance Board (RGB) handles all religious-based complaints, as it is the government body charged with overseeing religious-based organizations. In recent months, it has intervened..."]
["2014_SO_74",2014,"SO","Somalia",74,0,"There is no office specialized in religious discrimination. The provisional constitution bars discriminating against citizens based on their religious beliefs by stipulating: “The State must not discriminate against any person on the basis of age, race, colour, tribe, ethnicity, culture, dialect, gender, birth, disability, religion, political opinion, occupation, or wealth.” It also guarantees citizens the right to exercise their chosen beliefs by adding “Every person is free to practice his or her religion.”\n\nIn government centers, religious beliefs do not play large roles in hiring for public service positions. However, outside government circles, religion is complicated. The jihadist group Al Shabaab and its former ally, the Union of the Islamic Courts, have punished  Muslim Somalis for not practicing their version of Islam. Somalis in general are quite intolerant of religions other than Islam. This can be attributed to the fact that Somalia is considered to be a 100% Muslim nation.","Abdullahi Sheikh Ismael\nMember of Parliament and former Foreign Minister, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Abdullahi\nMember of the Dept. of Civil Workers’ Rights Protection,\nMinistry of Labor and Social Affairs,\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview\n\nMohamed Ibrahim Jim’ale,\nLecturer at Mudug University and Social Activist,\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 7, 2014\nIn-person interview","There is no office specialized in religious discrimination. The provisional constitution bars discriminating against citizens based on their religious beliefs by stipulating: “The State must not discriminate against any person on the basis of age, race, colour, tribe, ethnicity, cu..."]
["2014_SZ_74",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",74,0,"There is no department in government that tracks or deals with cases or reports of religious discrimination. A new human rights commission was created in 2013, but it's early to evaluate it. In addition, the government does not provide statistics about these. No law or government action was taken against religious discrimination in 2014.\n\nPeople who experience religious discrimination in the workplace may sue in Industrial Court. There is no classification of \"hate crime,\" so any religious persecution complaints filed with police would have to be of a physical nature - assault, vandalism and other forms of tangible violence - and would be treated as regular crimes but not hate crimes.","Interview: Jabulani Dlamini, pastor, Matsapha Church of Christ, Matsapha, 14 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Caroline Tsabedze, church board member, Church of Christ, Manzini, 14 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Anonymous, Muslim, small business owner, Manzini, 22 July 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\n“National Profiles: Swaziland,” The Association of Religious Data Archives, 2014, http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_214_1.asp","There is no department in government that tracks or deals with cases or reports of religious discrimination. A new human rights commission was created in 2013, but it's early to evaluate it. In addition, the government does not provide statistics about these. No law or government a..."]
["2014_ZW_74",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",74,0,"There is no office or unit within any government agency specialising in religious discrimination where citizens can go for help. However, religious discrimination cases reportedly are being encountered. \n\nFor example, Edison Tsvakayi, the secretary general of the Union for the Development of Apostolic Churches in Zimbabwe (Udaciza), told The Zimbabwe Mail that as part of the 2014-2016 education master plan, the religious sects would now construct educational institutions. This statement was against a background of various discrimination problems that children from the sect encounter, especially in high school and tertiary institutions.","Interview with Fungayi Zawi, churches and peace programme officer, CAFOD, August 2014, Harare.  \n\nInterview with Mlandu Ncube, community mobiliser, Bulawayo Progressive Residence Association, 3 Aug. 2014, Bulawayo.  \n\nThe Zimbabwe Mail, Mary Taruvinga, \"Apostolic sect to build own schools,\" 30 Jan. 2014. \nhttp://www.thezimmail.co.zw/2014/01/30/apostolic-sect-to-build-own-schools/ ","There is no office or unit within any government agency specialising in religious discrimination where citizens can go for help. However, religious discrimination cases reportedly are being encountered. ..."]
["2014_DZ_75",2014,"DZ","Algeria",75,0,"En Algérie, la loi interdit l’homosexualité. \n\nDans le Code pénal se trouve deux articles, 333 et 338, qui criminalisent l’homosexualité. L’article 333 dispose que « toute personne qui a commis un outrage public à la pudeur est punie d’un emprisonnement de deux mois à deux ans et d’une amende de 500  à 2000 DA ($5 à $20). Lorsque l’outrage public à la pudeur a consisté en un acte contre nature avec un individu du même sexe, la peine est un emprisonnement de six mois à trois ans et d’une amende de 1000 à 10000 DA ($10 à $100) ». \n\nL’article 338 stipule que « tout coupable d’un acte d’homosexualité est puni d’un emprisonnement  de deux mois à deux ans et d’une amende de 500 à 2000 DA ($5 à $20). Si l’un des auteurs est mineur de moins de dix-huit ans, la peine à l’égard du majeur peut être élevée jusqu’à trois ans d’emprisonnement et 10.000 DA d’amende ($100) ».","Ordonnance n°66-156 du 08 juin 1966 portant Code pénal, art 333, 338,. http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FPenal.pdf","En Algérie, la loi interdit l’homosexualité. \n\nDans le Code pénal se trouve deux articles, 333 et 338, qui criminalisent l’homosexualité. L’a..."]
["2014_CM_75",2014,"CM","Cameroon",75,0,"Le Code pénal dispose en son article 347 bis relatif à l'homosexualité : « est punie d’un emprisonnement de six mois à cinq ans et d’une amende de 20 000 à 200 000 francs (CFA) toute personne qui a des rapports sexuels avec une personne de son sexe. » Entrent dans le même registre les personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles et transgenres (LGBT).\n\nSelon l'Ordonnance N° 81/002 du 29 Juin 1951 portant organisation de l’état civil et diverses dispositions \nrelatives à l’état des personnes physiques:  \n\nARTICLE 52 (3°). — Aucun mariage ne peut être célébré \n_ si les futurs époux sont de même sexe","Journal Officiel de la République du Cameroun Code pénal, n° 67/LF/1, 12 juin 1967. Art 347. http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Cameroon/CM_Code_Penal_Cameroun.pdf\n\nORDONNANCE N° 81/002 du 29 JUIN 1951 Portant organisation de l’état civil et diverses dispositions \nrelatives à l’état des personnes physiques, art 52, alinea 3. http://www.jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Cameroun/ORDONNANCE%20N%C2%B0%2081-002%20%20du%2029%20J%20CAMEROUN.pdf ","Le Code pénal dispose en son article 347 bis relatif à l'homosexualité : « est punie d’un emprisonnement de six mois à cinq ans et d’une amende de 20 000 à 200 000 francs (CFA) toute personne qui a des rapports sexuels avec une personne de son sexe. » Entrent dans le même registre ..."]
["2014_TD_75",2014,"TD","Chad",75,0,"Il n’existe aucune loi régissant les protections sur la base de l’orientation sexuelle, la liberté de choisir son orientation sexuelle, de faire valoir son orientation sexuelle en publique ou en privé, individuellement ou en groupe. Par contre le droit de manifester est garantie par la Constitution de la République du Tchad. \n\nLe gouvernement a introduit un Projet de Loi sur le code de la famille en septembre 2014 criminalisant l'homosexualité. Mais cette loi n'a pas été adoptée finalement. Selon le député DJidda Mahamat, cette loi a fait l’objet de débats houleux à l’Assemblée Nationale en Septembre 2014, mais les parlementaires ne sont pas arrivés à la conclusion parce qu’il est difficile de combiner les positions des religieux, des coutumiers et les traditionnalistes. Le projet est retiré pour amendement par le gouvernement.\n\nD'ailleurs, selon l'Article 272 du Code Pénal: \"Sera puni des peines portées à l'article précédent, sans préjudice des peines plus graves prévues par les articles 273 à 278, quiconque aura commis un acte impudique ou contre nature avec un individu de son sexe mineur de vingt et un ans.\"","Code pénal de la République du Tchad (1967) http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Chad/TD_Code_Penal.pdf\n\nDJidda Mahamat, député à l'assemblée nationale, interviewé le 25 mars 2015.","Il n’existe aucune loi régissant les protections sur la base de l’orientation sexuelle, la liberté de choisir son orientation sexuelle, de faire valoir son orientation sexuelle en publique ou en privé, individuellement ou en groupe. Par contre le droit de manifester est garantie pa..."]
["2014_EG_75",2014,"EG","Egypt",75,0,"No such law exists. No specific law addressing the rights of gays exists.\n\nLaw 10 of 1961, in Articles 1 and 9, stipulates that any person engaging in or inciting debauchery or prostitution will be subject to criminal charges. \n\nThe semi-governmental National Human Rights Council of Egypt website does not even include a mention of LGBT rights. No guarantee of gay rights is made in the 2014 Constitution nor was it discussed in the constitution's formation. Egypt has no specific law against sodomy but does maintain a law against  \"offences against public morals and sensitivities\", which carries a maximum penalty of five years in prison.","aw 10/1961 on the Combating of Prostitution. articles 1 and 9.  (1961) . http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/egypt0304/9.htm\n\n2014 Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt\nhttp://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf.\n\nNational Human Rights Council of Egypt Website\nhttp://www.nchregypt.org/index.php/en/.\n\nThe Guardian, \"Egypt's gay community fears government crackdown\", by Patrick Kingsley,  April 17, 2014, \nhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/egypt-gay-community-fears-government-crackdown.","No such law exists. No specific law addressing the rights of gays exists.\n\nLaw 10 of 1961, in Articles 1 and 9, stipulates that any person engaging in or inciting debauc..."]
["2014_GM_75",2014,"GM","The Gambia",75,0,"No such law exists. \n\nSection 33 of the constitution bars discrimination on the following grounds: race, colour, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin. Sexual orientation is not listed as ground for discrimination and no other law exists to regulate the rights of LGBT persons.\n\nFurthermore, Section 141 of the criminal code makes same-sex activity between males or females punishable with 14 years imprisonment. Section 147 of the same code makes \"indecent practices\" between males or females punishable with five years imprisonment.","Section 141 and 147(3) of the Criminal Code,  Cap 10:01, Volume 3,  Revised Laws of The Gambia 2009.","No such law exists. \n\nSection 33 of the constitution bars discrimination on the following grounds: race, colour, gen..."]
["2014_LS_75",2014,"LS","Lesotho",75,0,"No law explicitly criminalises homosexuality. \n\nHowever, male sex sodomy is a common law offence that is punishable with up to 10 years' prison sentence. Additionally, Section 187 (5) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act 1981 includes sodomy among the offences for which arrests can be made without warrant. All of these limit the freedom with which homosexual men can exercise their sexual orientation. Apart from that, Lesotho's laws do not accommodate same-sex marriage.","1. Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act 1981. Section 187 (5). Unavailable online.\n\n2. Marriage Act 1974. http://www.lesotholii.org/files/marriage_act_1974.pdf","No law explicitly criminalises homosexuality. \n\nHowever, male sex sodomy is a common law offence that is punishable with up to 10 years' priso..."]
["2014_ML_75",2014,"ML","Mali",75,0,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière."]
["2014_NA_75",2014,"NA","Namibia",75,0,"The constitution does not expressly mention anything about \npeople's sexual orientation. However, the country uses the Roman Dutch Law of 1927 that outlaws sodomy.\n\nThe Combating of Immoral Practices Act 21 1980 makes it a crime to have unlawful carnal intercourse between persons who are not married or who are not partners in a customary union in terms of the traditional laws and customs applied by a particular population.","There is no law on sexual orientation in the Constitution of Namibia however there is the\n1.The Combating of Immoral Practices Act 21 1980.\n\n2. Roman Dutch law of 1927 on sodomy","The constitution does not expressly mention anything about \npeople's sexual orientation. However, the country uses the Roman Dutch Law of 1927 that outlaws sodomy...."]
["2014_RW_75",2014,"RW","Rwanda",75,0,"No such laws exists.\n\nEven thought Article 11 of the constitution prohibits any other form of discrimination and makes it punishable by law, there is no specific law prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation.","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, Article 11.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7796&iid=1434&rid=30694692","No such laws exists.\n\nEven thought Article 11 of the constitution prohibits any other form of discrimination and mak..."]
["2014_SS_75",2014,"SS","South Sudan",75,0,"In law, citizens can be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation. South Sudan’s Penal Code Act, 2008, forbids homosexuality. \n\nChapter XVIII of South Sudan’s Penal Code spells out what in South Sudan are referred to sexual offenses and offenses against morality. \n\nArticle 248, Subsection (1) of the code state: “Whoever, has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any person and whoever allows any person to have such intercourse with him or her commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and may also be liable to a fine.\"","Penal Code Act, 2008.\nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf","In law, citizens can be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation. South Sudan’s Penal Code Act, 2008, forbids homosexuality. ..."]
["2014_TN_75",2014,"TN","Tunisia",75,0,"Tunisian law is somehow inspired by the sharia (Islamic law). In the sharia, any \"irregular\" sexual behavior (i.e., homosexuality, extramarital sex) is punishable by death. \nFor that reason, although Tunisian law has distanced itself somewhat from sharia, there is not a law protecting citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation or giving freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, in public or private.\n\nArticle 230 of the Tunisian Penal Code considers sodomy to be a crime and states the following: \"Sodomy is punished by three years in prison.\"","Tunisian Penal Code, June 2005, Tunis. \nhttp://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Code_penal_12_07_2010_fr.pdf\n\nInternational Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association; gives an overview of the legal status of sexual behaviors worldwide, including Tunisia, accessed on 30 June 2014. \nwww.ilga.org","Tunisian law is somehow inspired by the sharia (Islamic law). In the sharia, any \"irregular\" sexual behavior (i.e., homosexuality, extramarital sex) is punishable by death. \nFor that reason, although Tunisian law has distanced itself somewhat from sharia, there is not..."]
["2014_AO_76",2014,"AO","Angola",76,0,"There is no office or unit within any government agency mandated to handle cases of sexual orientation discrimination. \n\nHomosexuality is officially illegal in Angola and is punishable by law. However, there is no record of this law being applied. Despite a general norm against LGBT people, there is no evidence of systemic or institutional discrimination or cases of violent harassment. \n\nThe appointment of transsexual kuduro star Titica as one of UNAIDS National Goodwill Ambassadors has further raised the discussion on LGBT rights in the public sphere. Titica makes regular TV and radio appearances, and she performed for President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos at the annual Diva’s Concert in 2012, which can be taken as a measure of acceptance of her LGBT status.","In-person interview, academic, Lisbon, July 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them \n\nUNAIDS, \"UNAIDS appoints Angolan music icons, C4 Pedro and Titica as National Goodwill Ambassadors,\" Oct. 8, 2014  http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2013/october/20131008angolagwa/  \n\nGay Star News, \"Angola’s trans musician Titica made a goodwill ambassador by UNAIDS,\" Oct. 10, 2013\nhttp://www.gaystarnews.com/article/angola%E2%80%99s-trans-musician-titica-made-goodwill-ambassador-unaids101013","There is no office or unit within any government agency mandated to handle cases of sexual orientation discrimination. ..."]
["2014_CM_76",2014,"CM","Cameroon",76,0,"Au Cameroun, il n'existe aucun organisme pouvant centraliser les craintes et les plaintes des citoyens à cause de leur orientation sexuelle, car une orientation sexuelle autre qu'hétérosexuelle est interdite et punie par le Code de procédure pénale et considérée comme un délit.\n\nSelon une personne homosexuelle interrogée dans le cadre de cette recherche, la situation des LGBT est tellement délicate au Cameroun qu'ils suscitent souvent la haine. Une militante des droits des femmes affirme que les personnes homosexuelles sont « obligées de les vivre dans la pure discrétion parce que si on apprend, moi comme eux, nous serons la cible des homophobes.» Seule maître Alice Kom, qui estime qu'ils ont aussi des droits à faire respecter, a jusqu'ici eu le courage de les défendre devant les tribunaux, risquant souvent sa vie pour eux.","KOM Carole, Point Focal HIV/AIDS PREVENTION PROGRAMME (HARP) à l'Association Horizons Femmes, entretien réalisé au téléphone, 27 juin 2014; \n\nMANANGA France, ONG LGBT Alternative Cameroon,  27 juin 2014;\n\nLe Quotidien Le Jour, 24 juillet 2013. « Minorités sexuelles : Condamnés pour homosexualité.» http://www.camer.be/index1.php?art=27829&rub=11:1\n\nLettre ouverte à Me Alice Nkom, avocate déclarée des homosexuelles et leurs lobbies au Cameroun, 13 juillet 2013. http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,47543,@,lettre-ouverte-a-me-alice-nkom-avocate-declaree-des-homosexuels-et-leurs-lobbies.html\n\nThe Globe and Mail, 19 mars 2014, «Lawyer Alice Nkom: A fighter for Cameroon’s gay and voiceless.» http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/lawyer-alice-nkom-a-fighter-for-cameroons-gay-and-voiceless/article17583565/","Au Cameroun, il n'existe aucun organisme pouvant centraliser les craintes et les plaintes des citoyens à cause de leur orientation sexuelle, car une orientation sexuelle autre qu'hétérosexuelle est interdite et punie par le Code de procédure pénale et considérée comme un délit...."]
["2014_CV_76",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",76,25,"There were no cases of discrimination to the point of government intervention during the period of study. Through the Cape Verdean Institute for Gender Equality and Gender Equity, in partnership with the Spanish NGO Fundación Triángulo the Canary Islands, the government has promoted the creation of the Cape Verdean Association of Gay, and for the second consecutive year promotes the week for equality for LGBT people of Cape Verde. But there is no government office where people discriminated based on their sexual orientation can go for redress or help.\n\nOn the other hand, the National Plan to Combat Gender Based Violence in 2014 includes concrete actions against homophobia and transphobia. However, in practice it remains to be seen how this will work, especially in a context in which the alleged victims are not even aware of discrimination in everyday life.","Electronic Journal, August 2014, \"II edição da parada gay em São Vicente conquista mais activistas\", http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php/dist/script/spip.php?article101046&ak=1.\n\nUN Women Report, Alexandra György e Dionara Anjos, 2014, II Plano nacional de combate à violência baseada no género.\n\nAnnual Report, U.S. Department of Defense, 2013, Human rights reports 2013.\n\nInterview with Alfredo Pazminõ, President, Fundación Triángulo das ilhas Canàrias, 06/08/2014, Gran Canarias, via Skype.\n\nInterview with Maritza Rosabal, ONU Mulheres Cabo Verde, 05/08/2014, Praia.","There were no cases of discrimination to the point of government intervention during the period of study. Through the Cape Verdean Institute for Gender Equality and Gender Equity, in partnership with the Spanish NGO Fundación Triángulo the Canary Islands, the government has promote..."]
["2014_DJ_76",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",76,0,"La problématique liée à l'orientation sexuelle est tabou à Djibouti. Le pays est musulman à 99%. L'islam est religion d'Etat. Bien que ce soit un sujet non evoqué en public, les citoyens LGBT existent mais en petit nombre et ne sont pas organisés en association. \n\nSelon un sondage mené par l'International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), à la question «votre orientation sexuelle a-t-elle eu des conséquences sur votre métier en/au DJIBOUTI ? Avez-vous eu l’impression d’être limité-e dans votre carrière en raison de votre orientation sexuelle», la a majorité des personnes ont répondu positivement.\n\nLes personnes interrogées insistent sur l’évolution des mentalités qui reste un veritable obstacle.","HAMADOU Hamadé, membre de la société civile, 26 juillet 2014\n\nNOUR Souleiman, sociologue, enseignant chercheur à l'université de Djibouti, 26 juillet 2014\n\nAnonyme, professeur d'anglais au lycée français de Djibouti, 26 juillet 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nKAMIL Ali, imam dans un mosquée de la capitale, 26 juillet 2014. \n\nInternational Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. http://ilga.org/ilga/fr/countries/DJIBOUTI/Your%20Summary","La problématique liée à l'orientation sexuelle est tabou à Djibouti. Le pays est musulman à 99%. L'islam est religion d'Etat. Bien que ce soit un sujet non evoqué en public, les citoyens LGBT existent mais en petit nombre et ne sont pas organisés en association. ..."]
["2014_GQ_76",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",76,0,"The Constitution of Equatorial Guinea provides an overall provision against discrimination; homosexuality continues to be a taboo in the country, however, and is not mentioned. \n\nDuring the period under review, there were few incidents involving discrimination. Incidents included, however, the detention without charges of various alleged gay men. Reportedly, there was no evidence of abuse during the detention. According to the sources consulted, those involved in incidents did not report abuse or unjust detention to avoid further stigma. Furthermore, a woman who had been in a relationship with another woman was killed by a military official. The officer was not prosecuted, and no investigation was opened.\n\nSocial stigmatization and traditional discrimination among the population remains a problem. The government did not take any actions to prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation. The country lacks an agency responsible for the protection of sexual orientation discrimination and there is no mechanism in place to submit complaints. In addition, the government does not keep track of complaints.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 21, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Ragap Espana, \"Luis Melgar: 'Homosexuality is a taboo subject, but is not particularly persecuted'\" (\"Luis Melgar: 'La homosexualidad es un tema del que no se habla, pero no está especialmente perseguida'\"), Jan. 25, 2014.\nhttp://www.ragap.es/actualidad/espana/luis-melgar-la-homosexualidad-es-un-tema-del-que-no-se-habla-pero-no-esta-especialmente-perseguida/719209 \n\nNews article: Espacios Europeos, \"Equatorial Guinea police arrested a homosexual and the government shows him on television like a trophy\" (\"La policía de Guinea Ecuatorial detiene a un homosexual y el gobierno lo exhibe en la televisión como si fuera un trofeo\"), April 14, 2014.\nhttp://espacioseuropeos.com/54707/la-policia-de-guinea-ecuatorial-detiene-a-un-homosexual-y-el-gobierno-lo-exhibe-en-la-television-como-si-fuera-un-trofeo/ \n\nNews article: Diario Rombe, \"Police in Equatorial Guinea arrested 4 young adults accused of homosexuality\" (\"La Policía de Guinea Ecuatorial detiene a 4 jóvenes acusados de ser homosexuales\"), July 9, 2014.\nhttp://www.diariorombe.es/la-policia-de-guinea-ecuatorial-detiene-4-jovenes-acusados-de-ser-homosexuales/\n\n ","The Constitution of Equatorial Guinea provides an overall provision against discrimination; homosexuality continues to be a taboo in the country, however, and is not mentioned. ..."]
["2014_GN_76",2014,"GN","Guinea",76,0,"La République de Guinée est un pays profondément religieux. Il n' y a pas eu d'évolution récente en matière des droits des LGBT. Il n'existe par conséquent, aucune unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisée en discrimination fondée sur l'orientation sexuelle auprès de laquelle les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'assistance.\n\nLa population même est hostile aux personnes LGBT. Une personne LGBT est montrée du doigt et fait face à des commentaires de dédain.  La loi ne reconnaît pas l'homosexualité en Guinée, il n' y a pas non plus la possibilité pour les LGBT de s'organiser en association ou autre groupement.","TOURÉ Abdoulaye, directeur national de la promotion des Droits de l'Homme et des libertéss publiques au ministère des Droits de l'Homme, 12h, 11 juillet 2014\n\nLOUA Matthieu, prêtre, directeur de l'Organisation Catholique pour la Promotion Humaine  (OCPH), 12h, 12 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nFASSOU Elisée Kolié, coordinateur de Y-DAY-Guinée, membre de la Coalition Nationale des ONG de la Société Civile, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nDIALLO Taran, représentant de Transparency Internationale en Guinée, 12h, 02 juillet 2014","La République de Guinée est un pays profondément religieux. Il n' y a pas eu d'évolution récente en matière des droits des LGBT. Il n'existe par conséquent, aucune unité au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisée en discrimination fondée sur l'orientation sexuelle auprès de ..."]
["2014_LY_76",2014,"LY","Libya",76,0,"There is no office or unit within any government agency specialised in sexual-orientation discrimination where citizens can go for help. The Arab and conservative Muslim communities don't accept this kind of behavior, and the government doesn't find a need to concern itself with such controversial and unacceptable cases. \n\nAccording to Nasir Alhawari, head of a victims of human rights organisation, his group receives an estimated 3,000 complaints from individuals concerning discrimination based on their sexual orientation. But with so many same-sex restrictions and taboos in Libya, his organization has been unable to work with these individuals on protection or help from the government.","Interview with Jum'ah E'ateqa, deputy of the National Public Conference and a human rights expert, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nInterview with Nasir Alhawari, head of a human rights organisation, Oct. 17, 2014.\n\nInterview with Salah Aldean Almejbari, human rights activist and expert on the National Council for Human Rights, Oct. 17, 2014.","There is no office or unit within any government agency specialised in sexual-orientation discrimination where citizens can go for help. The Arab and conservative Muslim communities don't accept this kind of behavior, and the government doesn't find a need to concern itself with su..."]
["2014_MR_76",2014,"MR","Mauritania",76,0,"Le Code pénal réprime très sévèrement l'homosexualité; ainsi, l'ordonnance n°83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 portant institution d’un Code pénal prévoit en son article 308 des sanctions sévères en cas de rapports entre individus de même sexe. Cette disposition traduit la place qu'occupe la religion musulmane dans la société mauritanienne. Les pratiques homosexuelles, souvent cachées, sont assimilées à des « déviations de nature psychologique.» Cette législation confirme également l'exclusion dont les homosexuels sont victimes.","1. MBAREK Hacen, président de l'Association Mauritanienne pour la Promotion du Droit, 17 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. Source anonyme, 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Le Code pénal réprime très sévèrement l'homosexualité; ainsi, l'ordonnance n°83-162 du 09 juillet 1983 portant institution d’un Code pénal prévoit en son article 308 des sanctions sévères en cas de rapports entre individus de même sexe. Cette disposition traduit la place qu'occupe ..."]
["2014_NG_76",2014,"NG","Nigeria",76,0,"Nigeria has criminalised same-sex relationships in any form. Under the new anti-gay law, signed by President Goodluck Jonathan in January 2014, lesbians, gays and transsexuals face up to 14 years in jail if caught, investigated and convicted. \n\nSince the signing of the law, there has been increased harassment of suspects, mainly in northern states. Countrywide, the law is hugely popular.\n\nHaving criminalised homosexuality, the government has not indicated any interest in curbing the harassment of suspected gays, lesbians or transexuals, much less establish an office to respond to such harassment cases. Those who fail to abide by the anti-gay law are investigated by the police.","Interview with Frank Mba, police spokesman, Abuja, 24 July 2014.\n\nBusinessday, \"U.S. kicks as Jonathan signs anti-gay bill into law,\" 14 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://businessdayonline.com/2014/01/u-s-kicks-as-jonathan-signs-anti-gay-bill-into-law/#.U8wT2vldWCQ\n\nPremium Times, Ini Ekott, \"Anti-gay law: Jonathan draws praises from Nigerians, knocks from abroad,\" 13 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/153298-anti-gay-law-jonathan-draws-praises-nigerians-knocks-abroad.html\n\nChannels Television, \"Seven Gay Men Arrested In Nigeria,\" 24 Jan. 2014. \nhttp://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/24/seven-gay-men-arrested-in-nigeria/","Nigeria has criminalised same-sex relationships in any form. Under the new anti-gay law, signed by President Goodluck Jonathan in January 2014, lesbians, gays and transsexuals face up to 14 years in jail if caught, investigated and convicted. ..."]
["2014_SL_76",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",76,0,"Sierra Leone is a country with lots of religious tradition and influence. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people are not normally encouraged to practice their own sexual orientation in public. The Constitution of Sierra Leone in Section 27 defines discrimination but never mentions sexual orientation.\n\nThere is no govenmental office or unit to protect people from sexual orientation discrimination because the practice remains so private in Sierra Leone. The law is also silent on individuals who may wish to practice homosexuality, and it is uncommon to identify anyone practicing homosexual behavior.","Interview with Mojueh Kaikai, minister, Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, Freetown, 1 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nConstitution of Sierra Leone, 1991, Section 27 (1).\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf","Sierra Leone is a country with lots of religious tradition and influence. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people are not normally encouraged to practice their own sexual orientation in public. The Constitution of Sierra Leone in Section 27 defines discrimination but never me..."]
["2014_SD_76",2014,"SD","Sudan",76,0,"In Sudan, there is no office or unit within any government agency specializing in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go for help. LGBT activities are criminalized in Sudan.","[Interview] Al-Baraq Al-Nazeer Al-Waraq, director of Sudan Human Rights Monitor, Sept. 27, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yaguob Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nThe Guardian \"More than 2.7 billion people live in countries where being gay is a crime,\" May 16, 2014. \nhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/16/countries-where-being-gay-is-a-crime","In Sudan, there is no office or unit within any government agency specializing in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go for help. LGBT activities are criminalized in Sudan."]
["2014_ZM_76",2014,"ZM","Zambia",76,0,"Homosexuality is illegal in Zambia, and anybody found to be gay is arrested and prosecuted.\n\nIn the past months, there have been court cases where suspected gay people and couples have been tried. The government also expresses anger when international organisations, including members of the diplomatic community, support those being prosecuted for homosexuality.\n\nBrian Sakala, an entrepreneur and Pentecostal Christian who adheres to Christian principals and the Zambian culture, which does not favour homosexuality, observes that there is no office specialised in discrimination in general. As such, there is no office or unit specialised in sexual orientation/LGBT issues in the country, either.","Interview with Brian Sakala, Lusaka small-business entrepreneur, Lusaka, Zambia, 18 July 2014.\n\nZambian Watchdog, \"Zambia Government Upset With USA, Germany Envoys For Supporting Detained Gay Couple,\" 25 June 2014.  \nhttp://www.zambianwatchdog.com/zambia-govt-upset-with-usa-germany-envoys-for-supporting-detained-gay-couple/\n\nLusaka Voice, \"Kapiri Gay Couple Ruling Set For February 25, 2014,\" 25 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://lusakavoice.com/2014/01/25/kapiri-gay-couple-ruling-set-for-february-25-2014/\n\n ","Homosexuality is illegal in Zambia, and anybody found to be gay is arrested and prosecuted.\n\nIn the past months, there have been court cases where suspected gay people and couples have be..."]
["2014_BW_77",2014,"BW","Botswana",77,50,"Any person, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or gender, is entitled to fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. These rights are subject to whatever limitations are stated by law. The rights may also be limited in matters of public interest and the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.\nAll citizens of Botswana are entitled to receive an allocation of tribal land from the district land boards. The 1993 amendment to the Tribal Land Act permits any citizen, regardless of tribal affiliation, to apply for any land, and extends the right to women.\n\nExplanation: Enables women, whether married in or out of community of property, to execute deeds and other documents without their husband’s assistance. A husband cannot deal with immovable property registered in his name, which is not excluded from the community of property without his wife’s consent, and conversely, a woman cannot deal with property that belongs to the community without her husband's consent. \n\nExplanation: Parliament passed a bill abolishing the structure of marital power under common law, as amended, and provides for equality between men and women in marriage in the community of property. It specifically excludes customary and religious marriages.\n\nThe Gender Gap Index document of 24 Oc. 2013, states that women in Botswana are still disadvantaged in terms of traditional land ownership. Customary law still conflicts with civil law.","Botswana Constitution, 1966, Section 3. http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/\n    \nDeeds Registry (Amendment) Act, 1996.  http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/02955_deedsregistaa11.pdf\n\nMarital Power Act, December 2004.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nGender Gap Index 2013.\nhttp://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR13/Botswana.pdf\n\nSida, \"Free land in an organized manner that saves lives,\" 23 May 2014.\nhttp://www.sida.se/English/where-we-work/terminated-development-cooperation/Botswana/a-sample-of-results/Free-land-in-an-organized/ ","Any person, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or gender, is entitled to fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. These rights are subject to whatever limitations are stated by law. The rights may also be limited in matters of public int..."]
["2014_BI_77",2014,"BI","Burundi",77,50,"La Constitution du Burundi reconnait l'égalité en matière de propriété foncière de façon générale en son article  36: «toute personne a droit à la propriété. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d’utilité publique, dans les cas et de la manière établis par la loi et moyennant une juste et préalable indemnité ou en exécution d’une décision judiciaire coulée en force de chose jugée.»\n\nLe Code foncier de 1986 a été révisé en 2011, cependant la loi est silencieuse quant au droit des femmes à la terre, ce qui laisse libre champs aux pratiques coutumières qui donnent priorité aux hommes en matière de propriété foncière.","Loi N°1/ 010 du 18 mars 2005 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République du Burundi, article 37. http://icoaf.org/docs/Burundi/Loi_N_1-010_du_18.03.05.pdf\n\nLoi N°1/ 13 portant révision du Code foncier. http://www.asareca.org/PAAP/Policy%20Instruments/Burundi%20Land%20Act%20Revised%202011.pdf","La Constitution du Burundi reconnait l'égalité en matière de propriété foncière de façon générale en son article  36: «toute personne a droit à la propriété. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d’utilité publique, dans les cas et de la manière établis par la loi e..."]
["2014_CI_77",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",77,50,"En droit, les femmes jouissent des mêmes que les hommes en matière de proprieté foncière telle que le prévoit la loi 98-750 du 23 décembre 1998 relative au domaine foncier rural. Cette loi a été modifiée par la loi 2004-412 du 14 août 2004 en ces termes: « le foncier rural est constitué par l'ensemble des terres mises en valeur ou non et quelque soit la nature de la mise en valeur. Il constitue un patrimoine national auquel toute personne physique ou morale peut accéder. Toutefois, seuls l'Etat, les collectivités publiques et les personnes physiques ivoiriennes sont admis à en être propriétaire.»\n \n A l’analyse de cette loi, on se rend compte que la seule distinction faite par le législateur en matière du foncier rural se situe uniquement en matière de nationalité. Le genre n'a aucune influence et de ce fait la femme en Côte d'Ivoire jouit des mêmes droits que les hommes en matière de propriété foncière.\n \n Mais compte tenu de la loi coutumière comme indiqué dans cet article, leurs droits sont différents. « Les femmes ivoiriennes accèdent rarement à la propriété, en particulier en zones rurales, non pas en raison de mesures législatives discriminatoires mais de pesanteurs socioculturelles, s’agissant chez les femmes de leur méconnaissance des droits et des lois ou du poids des coutumes, qui constituent pour elles un véritable frein » selon International Federation for Human Rights.","Loi N° 98-750du 23 décembre 1998 relative au domaine foncier rural. (1998). Article 1. Repérée à: http://www.gouv.ci/doc/loi%201998%20foncier%20rural.PDF.\n \n International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), (n.d.),« L'Afrique pour les Droits des Femmes: Ratifier et Respecter. Cahier d'exigences». http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/cahierd_exigences_FR.pdf.","En droit, les femmes jouissent des mêmes que les hommes en matière de proprieté foncière telle que le prévoit la loi 98-750 du 23 décembre 1998 relative au domaine foncier rural. Cette loi a été modifiée par la loi 2004-412 du 14 août 2004 en ces termes: « le foncier rural est cons..."]
["2014_DJ_77",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",77,100,"L'article 1 de la Constitution stipule que «l'État de Djibouti est une République démocratique, souveraine, une et indivisible. Il assure à tous l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction de langue, d'origine, de race, de sexe ou de religion. Il respecte toutes les croyances.»\n\nL'article 12 de la Constitution dispose que «le droit de propriété est garanti par la présente Constitution. Il ne peut y être porté atteinte que dans le cas de nécessité publique légalement constatée, sous réserve d'une juste et préalable indemnité.»\n\nLoi n°178/AN/91 /2ème L fixant les modalités d'application des loi relatives au régime  foncier du 10 octobre 1991. Elle contient un seul article qui dispose «Article 1er : Le Champ d'application des lois relatives au régime foncier, domaine public de l'État n°171/AN/91, domaine privé de l'État n°173/AN/91, propriété foncière n°177/AN/91, expropriation n°172/AN/91, est limité au périmètre urbain de l'agglomération de la ville de Djibouti.»","Constitution du 15 septembre 1992. http://www.presidence.dj/constitution.htm\n\nLoi n° 177/AN/91/2ème L portant organisation de la propriété foncière du 10 octobre 1981. http://www.presidence.dj/","L'article 1 de la Constitution stipule que «l'État de Djibouti est une République démocratique, souveraine, une et indivisible. Il assure à tous l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction de langue, d'origine, de race, de sexe ou de religion. Il respecte toutes les croyances.»..."]
["2014_GN_77",2014,"GN","Guinea",77,100,"Le Code foncier et domanial n’établit pas de distinction entre les femmes et les hommes dans les principes généraux de propriété.\nDans les milieux ruraux, les femmes font quelquefois l'objet de discrimination en la matière. On dit souvent que la femme est partante, donc, susceptible de partager les biens de son mari. Elle n'a donc pas droit à la propriété foncière à égalité avec l’homme. Cela s'arrête seulement à la famille et au niveau traditionnel. Mais si la femme porte l'affaire devant les tribunaux, on lui restitue ses droits. \n\nArticle 1: L'État, ainsi que les autres personnes physiques et morales privées, peuvent être titulaires du droit de propriété sur le sol et les immeubles qu'il porte, et l'exercer selon les règles du Code civil et celles du présent code.\n\nArticle 2: Le droit de propriété confère à son titulaire la jouissance et la libre disposition des biens qui en sont l'objet, de la manière la plus absolue. Il s'exerce dans le respect des limitations imposées par l'intérêt général ou celles prévues par les dispositions légales.","Articles 1 et 2 du Code foncier et domanial. (1992) http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Guinee/Guinee%20-%20Code%20foncier.pdf","Le Code foncier et domanial n’établit pas de distinction entre les femmes et les hommes dans les principes généraux de propriété.\nDans les milieux ruraux, les femmes font quelquefois l'objet de discrimination en la matière. ..."]
["2014_GW_77",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",77,50,"Article 24º of the Constitution of Guinea Bissau, states that all citizens are equal, enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural background, religious belief or philosophical belief. In Article 25º, men and women are equal in all political, economic, social and cultural spheres.\n\nIn Article 4º of the Land Law of Guinea Bissau regarding the use of the land, it recognises every citizen's right to the private use of the land, without exception of gender, social origin or provenance within the territory.\n\nCurrently a proposal to revise the law of the land was submitted to Guinea-Bissau's National Popular Assembly. \n\nThe reality, in a number of rural communities is that customary law is applied. Frequently, this challenges equal land ownership rights and women are discriminated against. Women are generally given land of bad quality for their private use. Moreover, frequently the land given to women can be taken away from them at any time.","1. Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Articles 24º and 25º, 1996.\n\n2. Law of the Land, article 4º, 23 April 1998.\n\n3. Interview with Focal Point for Women's Economic Empowerment and Improvement of Working Conditions, Fátima Vieira, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4.Interview with the President of the National Commission of Women Workers, Olívia Almeida, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. Interview with Representative of the Women Political Platform, Paula Silva de Melo, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n6. Social Institutions and Gender Index: http://genderindex.org/country/guinea-bissau#_ftn26","Article 24º of the Constitution of Guinea Bissau, states that all citizens are equal, enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, without distinction of race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural background, religious belief or philosophical belief. In Article 25º, m..."]
["2014_MW_77",2014,"MW","Malawi",77,50,"Most statutes do not specify property ownership rights based on sex. However, since 1994, the constitution has recognised the rights of women including the right to acquire and maintain rights in property, independently or in association with others, regardless of their marital status. \n\nSection 24 - (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi states:\n(1) Women have the right to full and equal protection by the law, and have the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their gender or marital status which includes the right - \n(a) to be accorded the same rights as men in civil law, including equal capacity - \n(i) to enter into contracts;\n(ii) to acquire and maintain rights in property, independently or in association with others, regardless of their marital status;\n\nHowever, customary law prohibits women to own land. The majority of Malawians - about 80 percent - live in rural areas where various customary laws are largely in effect. For example, women who live in patrilineal communities in the north of Malawi can only access customary land through their husbands and brothers-in-law.","Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (2010), Section 24.- (1), http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf","Most statutes do not specify property ownership rights based on sex. However, since 1994, the constitution has recognised the rights of women including the right to acquire and maintain rights in property, independently or in association with others, regardless of their marital sta..."]
["2014_NA_77",2014,"NA","Namibia",77,50,"Although the constitution stipulates that women have access to equal land ownership rights as men, Namibia also uses Customary Law, which in some tribes is used to discriminate against women's right to land ownership. For instance, in the Kavango, Owambo and Lozi societies where culturally women are not allowed to own land.\n\nChapter 3 (10) of the constitution stipulates that there shall be no discrimination because all persons shall be equal before the law and no persons may be discriminated against on the grounds of sex, social or economic status.\n\nThe Married Persons Equality Act 1 of 1996 stipulates that women have equal ownership rights with men. However, this law only centers on married women of civil marriages and leaves out those in customary marriages.\n\nUnder Chapter 3 (16) of the constitution all persons shall have the right in any part of Namibia to acquire, own and dispose of all forms of immovable and movable property individually or in association with others and to bequeath their property to their heirs or legatees: provided that parliament may by legislation prohibit or regulate as it deems expedient the right to acquire property by persons who are not Namibian citizens.\n\nArticle 66 (1) of the constitution recognises customary law. Under customary law there is the Communal Land Reform Act, which grants women equal rights when they apply for communal land and protects the surviving spouse of the deceased holder of customary land right by giving the surviving spouses, who are women in most cases, the right to apply to the chief or traditional authority to relocate such right in their name. According to Section 4 (1) (d) of this act, communal land boards, which are responsible for the ratification of land rights, are obliged to include at least four women so as to give women an active role in the decision making process regarding land allocation in communal areas. Article 95 implores the government’s responsibility to enforce policies which ensure equal opportunities for women, so that they are fully enabled to participate in all spheres of Namibian society. It also implements the principle of non-discrimination in remuneration of men and women.","1.Constitution of Namibia Chapter 3 (10) http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/chap3.htm\n2.Married Persons Equality Act 1 of 1996 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/womenrights/namibia.women.96.pdf\n3. Constitution of Namibia Chapter 3 (16)\n4.The Communal Land Reform Act 5 of 2002, section 4(d)","Although the constitution stipulates that women have access to equal land ownership rights as men, Namibia also uses Customary Law, which in some tribes is used to discriminate against women's right to land ownership. For instance, in the Kavango, Owambo and Lozi societies where cu..."]
["2014_RW_77",2014,"RW","Rwanda",77,100,"In Rwanda, women have equal land ownership rights to men. Since 1999, there is a progressive statutory regime that recognizes and protects women’s right to own and inherit land in Rwanda.\n\nThe first and most important law was No. 22/99 on matrimonial regimes, liberalities and successions, or the \"Inheritance Law.\" In particular, Article 50 provides that all children recognized by civil law, male and female, would inherit property without any discrimination.\n\nThis was followed by the Rwanda Constitution, 2003, which recognized the equal rights of women and men, in particular Articles 26, 27 and 28, which provide for equal property rights. \n\nIn addition to this is the organic law repealing Organic Law No. 8/2005, on determining the use and management of land in Rwanda. Article 4 states that all forms of discrimination, such as that based on sex or origin, in relation to access to land and the enjoyment of real rights is prohibited.","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, Page 119.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7796&iid=1434&rid=30694692\n\nOrganic Law repealing Organic Law No. 8/2005, determining the use and management of land in Rwanda, Article 4. http://www.rwandaland.org/images/pdf/Laws/Organic/OfficialGazetteSpecial6062013.pdf\n\nLaw No. 22/99, on matrimonial regimes, liberalities and successions, Article 50. http://www.migeprof.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/MATRIMONIAL_REGIMES_LIBERALITIES_AND_SUCCESSIONS-2.pdf","In Rwanda, women have equal land ownership rights to men. Since 1999, there is a progressive statutory regime that recognizes and protects women’s right to own and inherit land in Rwanda...."]
["2014_ZA_77",2014,"ZA","South Africa",77,100,"The law grants women and men the same land ownership rights. Reference to gender equality is made in chapter 1 and 2 of the South African constitution, which was adopted on February 4, 1997.\n \nChapter 1 emphasises that South Africa is a non-sexist state. Section 9 of chapter 2 (the bill of rights) repeats this, adding that “everyone is equal before the law” and that “equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms.”\n \nSection 9 furthermore states how that neither the state nor the public may discriminate on the basis of for instance gender. Section 25 specifically tackles the right to land access: “The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures within its available resources, to foster conditions which enable citizens to gain access to land on an equitable basis.”\n\nAt least two existing laws protect gender equality, including women's rights to access/ownership of land. \n\nSection 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act (passed in 1998) states that “a wife in a customary marriage has, on the basis of equality with her husband, and subject to the matrimonial property system governing the marriage, full status and capacity, including the capacity to acquire assets and to dispose of them; to enter into contracts and to litigate in addition to any rights and powers that she might have”. This is important: in the old South Africa, black women were not allowed to own land or assets.  \n\nSection 8 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (passed in 2000) stipulates that “no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including … the system of preventing women from inheriting family property … any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men … any policy or conduct that unfairly limits access of women to land rights, finance, and other resources.”\n\nA new gender equality law is in the pipeline. The Women Empowerment and Gender Equality Bill was passed in the National Assembly in March 2014. On the moment this research was conducted (June 2014), the Bill was with President Zuma to be signed into law (or not). When signed into law, the document - which has a strong focus on the private sector - may further strengthen  women's (land) ownership rights. Chapter 3 section 10.3 states that \"public bodies and designated private bodies must, within their ambit of responsibilities and available resources, develop and implement plans and measures, to ... increase access to ﬁnancing, procurement, land rights, skills development, especially entrepreneurial skills and capacity building of women\"\n\nThe Traditional Courts Bill which was making headlines, has died or lapsed. This means it won't be passed which is good news for women and women rights. This bill, first tabled in 2008, would aim to 'provide more South Africans improved access to justice' by recognising traditional authorities and laws, and giving traditional leaders in remote areas the unilateral power to create and enforce customary law. If signed into law, the bill would have allowed for traditional, unelected leaders to hear civil cases including disputes surrounding contract breach, damage to property, ownership of property disputes, divorce, theft and crimen injuria.\n \nIn effect, the bill would have made a traditional leader both judge and jury as well as implementer based on traditional law. This could have had negative consequences for women. In many traditional courts, women are inferior to man in the sense that they are not allowed to represent themselves or even speak during proceedings. Constitutional rights with regards to gender equality will be undermined by traditional rules with regards to for instance women's right to inheritance, employment, ownership of property and land.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996\n\nRecognition of Customary Marriages Act (Act 120 of 1998), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70656\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (Act 4 of 2000),  www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000\n\nWho killed the Traditional Courts Bill? (Nomboniso Gasa / The Sunday Independent  / 2 March 2014) http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/who-killed-the-traditional-courts-bill-1.1654811#.U61V2I2SwUc\n\nTraditional Courts Bill (text), http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/bills/2012-b01tradcourts.pdf","The law grants women and men the same land ownership rights. Reference to gender equality is made in chapter 1 and 2 of the South African constitution, which was adopted on February 4, 1997...."]
["2014_TG_77",2014,"TG","Togo",77,50,"Aucune loi n’interdit l’accès des femmes à la terre. L’Ordonnance n° 12 du 6 février 1974 portant réforme agro-foncière n’a cependant pas eu un impact positif sur l’accès général des Togolais à la terre. Pour des raisons liées aux pratiques coutumières, cet impact négatif s’est avéré particulièrement criant pour les femmes.\n \n La Constitution actuellement en vigueur au Togo a été adoptée par référendum constitutionnel le 27 septembre 1992 et promulguée par le Président de la République le 14 octobre 1992. Le droit de propriété (art. 27) y est reconnu, et aux termes de l’article 11 de ladite constitution, «la femme a les mêmes droits que l’homme devant la loi ».\n \n Ce texte consacre donc le droit des femmes d’acquérir des biens immobiliers et d’en disposer à volonté. Ledit texte pose le principe de l’égalité devant la loi ; ce qui suppose que les femmes devraient avoir accès à l’héritage et à tous les autres modes d’acquisition de la terre en tant que citoyennes.\n \n Il est à noter que le ministère de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat organise, du 22 au 24 janvier à Lomé, les États généraux du foncier au Togo. Ils ont pour mission d’examiner les résultats des consultations régionales en vue d’élaborer un avant-projet du Code foncier au Togo.\n \n Il convient de noter que le régime foncier togolais se caractérise par la coexistence de deux systèmes, l’un dit coutumier et l’autre moderne.\n \n Au sujet de l’héritage du patrimoine foncier par exemple, la loi togolaise n’exclut pas, à priori, la femme de la succession des biens de sa famille ou de son mari défunt. Seulement, les dispositions de la loi applicables à la succession ne sont valables qu’en cas de renonciation aux coutumes, lesquelles ne sont que rarement favorables à la femme.\n \n Le score est donc mitigé car certaines femmes sont encore soumises à la loi coutumière.","Ordonnance n° 12 du 6 février 1974 portant réforme agro-foncière et domaniale L'ordonnance de 1974 n'est pas disponible en format numérique. Toutefois, l'ordonnance modifiant l'article 11 de l'ordonnance n°12 du 6-2-74 relative à la réforme foncière et domaniale est accessible via le lien: http://legitogo.gouv.tg/annee_txt/1977/Pages%20from%20jo_1977-019-5.pdf Constitution de la IVeRépublique du 27 septembre 1992. (1992). Articles 11 et 27. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=LEGAL&publisher=&type=LEGISLATION&coi=TGO&rid=456d621e2&docid=48ef43c72&skip=0.\n\n Constitution de la IVeRépublique du 27 septembre 1992. (1992). Articles 11 et 27.","Aucune loi n’interdit l’accès des femmes à la terre. L’Ordonnance n° 12 du 6 février 1974 portant réforme agro-foncière n’a cependant pas eu un impact positif sur l’accès général des Togolais à la terre. Pour des raisons liées aux pratiques coutumières, cet impact négatif s’est avé..."]
["2014_DZ_78",2014,"DZ","Algeria",78,100,"L'égalité des droits à la propriété non foncière en faveur des femmes est garantie. Le Code civil en son article 40 accorde à la femme le droit de jouir et d’exercer ses droits civils. Elle peut procéder à l’achat et à la vente de biens non fonciers qu’elle a acquis ou à acquérir ou hériter. Les accès à la propriété sont divers et tirent leurs sources soit du Code civil, soit du Code de la famille et règlements.","Ordonnance n°° 75--58 du 26 septembre 1975 portant Code civil,, modifiée et complétée,  Article 34, 674, 1975. http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FCivil.pdf\n\nCode de la famille (2005), Loi n°°84--11 du 09 juin 1984 portant Code de la famille, modifiée et complétée, Article 37. http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/images/stories/dossier/Codes/code_famille.pdf\nConstitution algérienne, Article 29, 52, 1996. http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm","L'égalité des droits à la propriété non foncière en faveur des femmes est garantie. Le Code civil en son article 40 accorde à la femme le droit de jouir et d’exercer ses droits civils. Elle peut procéder à l’achat et à la vente de biens non fonciers qu’elle a acquis ou à acquérir o..."]
["2014_BI_78",2014,"BI","Burundi",78,50,"La réponse est mitigée car certaines femmes jouissent de l'égalité des droits en matière de propriété non foncière (véhicules, actifs financiers, etc.) et d'autres pas. Au Burundi, il y a coexistence de cadres juridiques différents, l'un fondé sur le Code civil et l'autre sur le droit coutumier. Ces deux cadres juridiques varient selon les zones géographiques: l'un s'applique beaucoup plus dans les villes, l'autre s'applique dans les campagnes.","Loi N°1/ 010 du 18 mars 2005 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République du Burundi. http://icoaf.org/docs/Burundi/Loi_N_1-010_du_18.03.05.pdf","La réponse est mitigée car certaines femmes jouissent de l'égalité des droits en matière de propriété non foncière (véhicules, actifs financiers, etc.) et d'autres pas. Au Burundi, il y a coexistence de cadres juridiques différents, l'un fondé sur le Code civil et l'autre sur le dr..."]
["2014_KM_78",2014,"KM","Comoros",78,100,"Les femmes disposent des droits à la propriété non foncière. La Loi n° 05-008 du 3 juin 2005 relative au Code de la famille énonce que « conformément à la coutume », chacune des filles a droit au moment de son mariage aux logements construits par ses propres parents (Article 82), sur lesquels logiquement le mari n'a aucun droit (Article 83). Les biens meubles qui garnissent la maison « coutumière » sont attachés à celle-ci « quant bien même ils auraient été  achetés par le mari pour équiper la maison de sa femme » (Article 83).\n\nLe US Department of State note : « La loi prévoit l’égalité des personnes, et en général, les droits concernant l’héritage et la propriété ne font aucune discrimination contre mais favorise plutôt les femmes. Le ministère de la santé, de la solidarité, et de la promotion du genre est responsable de la promotion des droits de la femme. Les cultures locales à Grande Comore et Mohéli sont traditionnellement matrilinéales, et toute propriété héritable est sous possession légale des femmes. Cette pratique culturelle cause parfois ce que l’on peut considérer comme une discrimination contre les hommes dans l’héritage des résidences et des terrains».","Loi n° 05-008 du 3 juin 2005 relative au code de la famille, Article 82 et 83. http://www.droitafrique.com/images/textes/Comores/Comores%20-%20Code%202005%20de%20la%20famille.pdf\n\n US State Department, «Comoros 2013 human rights repot», mai 2014. http://www.antananarivo.usembassy.gov/news-events/reports-on-comoros/rapport-sur-la-situation-des-droits-dde-lhomme-aux-comoresen-2013.html","Les femmes disposent des droits à la propriété non foncière. La Loi n° 05-008 du 3 juin 2005 relative au Code de la famille énonce que « conformément à la coutume », chacune des filles a droit au moment de son mariage aux logements construits par ses propres parents (Article 82), s..."]
["2014_CI_78",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",78,100,"En droit, les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits que les hommes en matière de propriété non foncière en Côte d’Ivoire. En effet la Constitution ivoirienne du 1er août 2000 lui reconnaît ce droit en son article 15 qui prévoit que: «le droit de propriété est garantie à tous». Cette disposition ne fait aucune distinction entre les individus vivant sur le sol ivoirien. De plus l'article 546 du Code civil ivoirien prévoit: «la propriété d'une chose soit mobilière soit immobilière, donne droit sur tout ce qu'elle produit et sur ce qui s'y unit accessoirement. Ce droit s'appelle droit d'accession.» De ce qui précède on retient de ces lois que le législateur ivoirien permet donc l'accès à la propriété à tous les Ivoiriens sans distinction de sexe. La femme étant prise en compte quant aux matières de succession, de la donation et des obligations, elle a alors les mêmes droits que l'homme.","Loi N° 2000-513 du 1er aout 2000 portant Constitution de la Côte d’Ivoire. (2000).","En droit, les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits que les hommes en matière de propriété non foncière en Côte d’Ivoire. En effet la Constitution ivoirienne du 1er août 2000 lui reconnaît ce droit en son article 15 qui prévoit que: «le droit de propriété est garantie à tous». Cette di..."]
["2014_GM_78",2014,"GM","The Gambia",78,100,"Section 11 of the Women's Act provides that: ''Every woman has, whether by means of inheritance or otherwise, has the right to acquire and own movable and unmovable property, and to administer, manage and dispose of, the property freely without restrictions''.\n\nSection 41 of the act provides that: ''A woman has the right to acquire her own property and to administer and manage it freely.''\n\nCustomary law does not inhibit the right of women to own non-land property.","Section 11 and 41 of the Women's Act 2010. http://ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/90619/115464/F-1335047347/GMB90619.pdf","Section 11 of the Women's Act provides that: ''Every woman has, whether by means of inheritance or otherwise, has the right to acquire and own movable and unmovable property, and to administer, manage and dispose of, the property freely without restrictions''...."]
["2014_LS_78",2014,"LS","Lesotho",78,100,"The purpose of the Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act 2006 was to abolish the minority status of married women. It repealed the enormous marital powers that husbands had over the person and property of their wives according to customary laws. Under the Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act 2006, married women are legally distinct from their husbands; i.e. they can sue and be sued, enter into legally binding contracts without their husband's consent, secure credit, acquire and register any property in their names and perform any other act which was restricted by any law as a result of their minority status.","Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act 9 of 2006, Part II, Section 3, Part III Sections 5, 6 and 7. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126747.pdf","The purpose of the Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act 2006 was to abolish the minority status of married women. It repealed the enormous marital powers that husbands had over the person and property of their wives according to customary laws. Under the Legal Capacity of Married ..."]
["2014_LR_78",2014,"LR","Liberia",78,100,"The constitution provides for freedom to acquire and own properties by all citizens. There are no exceptions to who owns property and there are no limitations to the amount or kind of property one can own. Women own property as they may be able to acquire, and no laws take that right away.\n\nArticle 11 of the constitution guarantees that:\na) All persons are born equally free and independent and have certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which are the right of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of pursuing and maintaining the security of the person and of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, subject to such qualifications as provided for in this Constitution.\n\nArticle 22a\na) Every person shall have the right to own property alone as well as in association with others; provided that only Liberian citizens shall have the right to own real property within the Republic.\n\nCustomary laws do exist but national laws take precedence. There is no particular law outside of the constitution that talks about property right based on sex or gender. Women own properties once they can afford it. Women can either buy or inherit properties from family or spouses. It is worth noting, however, that some customary practices denied women inheritance right but where such cultural practice is challenged in courts or records, such right is maintained. No culture or custom in Liberia forbids or restricts women property ownership.","Article 11 and 22a, Constitution of Liberia 1986, http://www.liberianlegal.com/constitution1986.htm#_Article_23","The constitution provides for freedom to acquire and own properties by all citizens. There are no exceptions to who owns property and there are no limitations to the amount or kind of property one can own. Women own property as they may be able to acquire, and no laws take that rig..."]
["2014_ML_78",2014,"ML","Mali",78,50,"Les femmes jouissent de l'égalité des droits en matière de propriété non foncière. La loi d'orientation agricole, dans son article 89 est très explicite: «un accès équitable aux ressources foncières agricoles est assuré aux différentes catégories d’exploitants agricoles et promoteurs d’exploitations agricoles. A cet égard, des groupes vulnérables, comme les femmes, les jeunes et tout groupe de population déclaré vulnérable par l’Etat, bénéficient de mesures de discrimination positive dans l’attribution des parcelles au niveau des zones aménagées sur fonds publics.»\n\nLes lois coutumières ou religieuses existent bien au Mali. Elles ne font cependant pas l’objet d’application générale en raison du principe de la Laïcité. Dans les localités, hameaux où les lois coutumières ou religieuses sont appliquées, elles sont discriminatoires envers les femmes en matière de propriété non foncière.","Loi N° 06-045 DU 05 SEPT 2006, portant loi d’orientation agricole, article 89, http://nyeleni.org/IMG/pdf/loa_Mali.pdf","Les femmes jouissent de l'égalité des droits en matière de propriété non foncière. La loi d'orientation agricole, dans son article 89 est très explicite: «un accès équitable aux ressources foncières agricoles est assuré aux différentes catégories d’exploitants agricoles et promoteu..."]
["2014_NE_78",2014,"NE","Niger",78,50,"Le droit d’accès à la propriété (foncière ou non) est reconnu à tous les citoyens par la Constitution de la République. \n Article 28 : «Toute personne a droit à la propriété. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d'utilité publique, sous réserve d'une juste et préalable indemnisation.»\n \n Mais il y a des coutumes qui peuvent être contraires à la Constitution de la République. Dans beaucoup de régions du Niger, notamment en milieu rural, ce sont les règles coutumières qui sont utilisées comme source de droit pour régler et élaborer des décisions de justice, dans beaucoup de domaine de la vie. Dans ce contexte, une femme peut voir ses droits d’accès à la propriété limiter par exemple, par l'opposition de son mari, qui du point de vue de la coutume peut disposer de plein pouvoir pour ce faire, ( exemple : un mari peut empêcher à sa femme d'exercer une activité économique, donc du coup, il l'empêche d'avoir les moyens d’accès à une propriété).","Constitution du 25 novembre 2010 de la République du Niger :\n Article 8 : «La République du Niger est un Etat de droit.\n Elle assure à tous l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction de sexe, d'origine sociale, raciale, ethnique ou religieuse.\n Elle respecte et protège toutes les croyances. Aucune religion, aucune croyance ne peut s'arroger le pouvoir politique ni s'immiscer dans les affaires de l'Etat.\n Toute propagande particulariste de caractère régionaliste, raciale ou ethnique, toute manifestation de discrimination raciale, sociale, sexiste, ethnique, politique ou religieuse sont punies par la loi.»\n \n Droit coutumier au Niger- Code Civil du Niger, 2005. http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/Niger/niger_civilcode_2005_fr.pdf","Le droit d’accès à la propriété (foncière ou non) est reconnu à tous les citoyens par la Constitution de la République. \n Article 28 : «Toute personne a droit à la propriété. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété q..."]
["2014_SO_78",2014,"SO","Somalia",78,50,"Article 11 (Equality) of the provisional constitution stipulates: “All citizens, regardless of sex, religion, social or economic status, political opinion, clan, disability, occupation, birth or dialect shall have equal rights and duties before the law.”\n\nIn addition, the constitution provides extra protection to women workers by stating: “All workers, particularly women, have a special right of protection from sexual abuse, segregation and discrimination in the work place. Every labor law and practice shall comply with gender equality in the work place.\" (Article 24. Labour Relations)\n\nIn national employment programs, women’s employment including positions in the armed and security forces are well noted: “Women must be included, in an effective way, in all national institutions, in particular all elected and appointed positions across the three branches of government and in national independent commissions.\" (Article 3.5) And: “Every Somali citizen is entitled to be considered for positions in the national armed forces at all levels, without discrimination, and the rights of women shall be protected in this respect.\" (Article 127.2)\n\nSharia and Customary Laws (Somali: Xeer) have influence on family matters and general culture including gender. These laws make it clear that it is the responsibility of the man to provide for the family while the woman is responsible for managing household activities. This limits the woman’s chances of taking advantage of the outside world. None of these laws, however, bars women from ownership. The only notable statute that places men over women is the inheritance law, in which women generally inherit less than men.","The Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia adopted on August 1, 2012, Mogadishu, Somalia. Articles 11, 24, 3 and 127. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nNote: \nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","Article 11 (Equality) of the provisional constitution stipulates: “All citizens, regardless of sex, religion, social or economic status, political opinion, clan, disability, occupation, birth or dialect shall have equal rights and duties before the law.”..."]
["2014_SS_78",2014,"SS","South Sudan",78,50,"In South Sudanese law, women have equal nonland property rights to men. \n\nThe Transitional Constitution, 2011, gives women equal nonland property rights with men. Article 16 , which falls under the bill of rights, guarantees various rights of women. Article 16, Subsection (5) states: “Women shall have the right to own property and share in the estates of their deceased husbands together with any surviving legal heir of the deceased.\" \n\nHowever, under South Sudan’s judicial system, customary law, which consists of numerous unwritten tribal laws, is applied side by side with statutory law. This means while some women in South Sudan have equal nonland rights to men, others, especially in communities that use customary law, do not have equal nonland property rights to men. In communities that use mostly customary law, even a widow cannot own her late husband’s estate. This is because under customary law a relative of the deceased must inherit both the widow and estate of the deceased.","The Transitional Constitution of South Sudan, 2011.\nhttp://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Sudan/South%20Sudan_Transitional_constitution_2011.pdf   \n\nSouth Sudan Penal Code Act, 2008.\nhttp://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf","In South Sudanese law, women have equal nonland property rights to men. \n\nThe Transitional Constitution, 2011, gives women equal nonland property rights with men. Artic..."]
["2014_UG_78",2014,"UG","Uganda",78,100,"Article 26 of the Constitution of Uganda guarantees the right of every person to own property either individually or in association with others, and this implicitly authenticates a woman’s equal right to own property. And Article 33(5) endorses this law and states that “… women shall have the right to affirmative action for the purpose of redressing the imbalances created by history, tradition or custom.”\n\nThe Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act, 1961, as well as the Marriage and Divorce of Mohammedans Act, 1906, are not very clear on this matter. Besides, Section 124 (1) of the Marriage and Divorce Bill, 2009, provides that spouses shall have equal access to matrimonial property; and Section 124 (2) provides that equal access includes the right to the use, to benefit from and to enter the property, and where there is an agreement between spouses, the disposal of the property.","The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 4, Article 26(1), 33(5)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf \n\n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\n(1)  UNDP document from April 2014 \nhttp://www.ug.undp.org/content/uganda/en/home/ourwork/democraticgovernance/successstories/securing-equal-access-to-land-and-property-rights-for-women-and-/ \n\n(2) International Center for Research on Women, 26 March 2014\nhttp://www.icrw.org/media/blog/not-grabs-protecting-women%E2%80%99s-land-and-property-rights-uganda","Article 26 of the Constitution of Uganda guarantees the right of every person to own property either individually or in association with others, and this implicitly authenticates a woman’s equal right to own property. And Article 33(5) endorses this law and states that “… women sha..."]
["2014_BJ_79",2014,"BJ","Benin",79,100,"Selon l'article 619 de la Loi N° 2002-07 portant Code des personnes et de la famille : « Les enfants ou leurs descendants succèdent à leurs père et mère ou autres ascendants sans distinction de sexe ni d’âge encore qu’ils soient issus de différents mariages, sous réserve des dispositions prévues au présent code relativement aux enfants incestueux. Ils succèdent par égales portions et par tête, quand ils sont tous au premier degré et appelés de leur chef, ils succèdent par souche, lorsqu’ils viennent tous ou en partie par représentation ».\n\nAucune loi coutumière ou religieuse discriminatoire envers les femmes en matière de succession est en vigeuer au Bénin.","Loi N° 2002-07 portant Code des personnes et de la famille. (2004). Article 619. http://www.consulat-benin.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Code-des-personnes-et-de-la-Famille.pdf","Selon l'article 619 de la Loi N° 2002-07 portant Code des personnes et de la famille : « Les enfants ou leurs descendants succèdent à leurs père et mère ou autres ascendants sans distinction de sexe ni d’âge encore qu’ils soient issus de différents mariages, sous réserve des dispos..."]
["2014_CF_79",2014,"CF","CAR",79,50,"En République Centrafricaine, les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits successoraux que les hommes conformément à la loi n°013.001 portant la Charte constitutionnelle, notamment la disposition 5 (deuxième paragraphe) qui stipule que « la loi garantit à l'homme et à la femme des droits égaux dans tous les domaines. Il n’y a en République Centrafricaine ni sujet, ni privilège de lieu, de personne ou de famille. » \nCette loi est renforcée par l'article 764 du Code la famille qui souligne que « parmi les parents  du défunt, sont désignés héritiers légaux: les descendants, les père et mères, le ou les conjoints et les frères et soeurs. »\n\nPar contre, en matière de succession, les dispositions des lois coutumières veulent que les fils soient les premiers héritiers de leurs parents. Les filles ont la possibilité d’hériter à condition qu’il n’y ait pas d’héritiers masculins. Elles héritent aussi certains biens laissés par leurs  mères.\nCe qui signifie que certaines femmes de certaines communautés comme les musulmans, les pygmées (minorité) et certaines ethnies conservateurs de la tradition comme Sara, Zakara ne jouissent pas totalement des dispositions du code de la famille mentionnées ci-dessus en raison de l’influence des droits coutumiers. Cette situation est remarquable  en grande partie en provinces.","Loi n°13.001 portant charte constitutionnelle de transition, article 5, deuxième paragraphe, 2013 www.pmcar.org/docs/chartedetransition.pdf\n\nLoi 97.013 portant  code de la famille de la République Centrafricaine, article 764, 1997.","En République Centrafricaine, les femmes jouissent des mêmes droits successoraux que les hommes conformément à la loi n°013.001 portant la Charte constitutionnelle, notamment la disposition 5 (deuxième paragraphe) qui stipule que « la loi garantit à l'homme et à la femme des droits..."]
["2014_CG_79",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",79,100,"Article 756 of the Family Code that concerns inheritance does not discriminate against women. Article 758 of the same law defines a woman as someone who can enjoy inheritance, by birth (family) and in and out of marriage. As inheritance is a human right, women have the equal right to inheritance according to Article 1 of the Ccnstitution.","1. Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Articles 1,  www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf\nhttp://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/DRC/drc_family_1987_fr.pdf \n\n2. Loi N° 87.010 Du 1er aout 1987 Portant Code De La Famille, Articles 556 & 558, 1987, \nhttp://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/DRC/drc_family_1987_fr.pdf.\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nProfil du pays en matière d’égalité de genre, 2014, http://www.swedenabroad.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_22002/cf_347/Profil_du_pays_en_mati-re_d-galit-_de_genre.PDF","Article 756 of the Family Code that concerns inheritance does not discriminate against women. Article 758 of the same law defines a woman as someone who can enjoy inheritance, by birth (family) and in and out of marriage. As inheritance is a human right, women have the equal right ..."]
["2014_ER_79",2014,"ER","Eritrea",79,50,"Articles 837 and 851 of the Transitional Civil Code (1991) ensure that females have equal rights as males when it comes to inheritance. However, customary land laws are still in place in certain areas of the country. Under the Land Reform Proclamation (1994), women do not have equal rights of inheritance to men. Succession rights give men precedence over women. Sharia law continues to govern Muslim families in cases of marriage and inheritance. Under sharia, women do not have equal inheritance rights to men.","Article 23 of the constitution of 1997\n\nArticles 837 and  851 of the Transitional Civil Code (1991)","Articles 837 and 851 of the Transitional Civil Code (1991) ensure that females have equal rights as males when it comes to inheritance. However, customary land laws are still in place in certain areas of the country. Under the Land Reform Proclamation (1994), women do not have equa..."]
["2014_GH_79",2014,"GH","Ghana",79,50,"The Intestate Succession Law, 1985 (PNDCL 111), Sections 5(1)(a) and 6(a) provide that: \n\n\"(5)(1) Where the intestate is survived by a spouse and child the residue of the estate shall devolve in the following manner: \n (a) three-sixteenth to the surviving spouse; \n (6) Where the intestate is survived by a spouse and not a child the residue of the estate shall devolve in the following manner: \n (a) one-half to the surviving spouse; \n(b) one-fourth to the surviving parent; \n(c) one-fourth in accordance with customary law: Provided that where there is no surviving parent one-half of the residue of the estate shall devolve in accordance with customary law.\"\n\nThe Intestate Succession Law, 1985 (PNDCL 111), Sections 5(1)(a) and 6(a) guarantee equal inheritance rights to men and women.","1. The Intestate Succession Law, 1985 (PNDCL 111), Sections 5(1)(a) and 6(a). Link: http://thelandeconomist2007.synthasite.com/library/intestate-succession-law-1985-pndcl-111-","The Intestate Succession Law, 1985 (PNDCL 111), Sections 5(1)(a) and 6(a) provide that: \n\n\"(5)(1) Where the intestate is survived by a spouse and child the residue of the estate shall ..."]
["2014_LY_79",2014,"LY","Libya",79,0,"Article 920 of the Civil Code states, \"Every legal disposition made by a person during illness immediately preceding his death, with the object to make a gift, is deemed to be a testamentary disposition and must be governed by the rules applicable to wills, no matters what description has been given to such an act.  \n\n\"Wills are governed by the rules of Islamic law and by the laws of will.\"\n\nAccording to the Sahri'a Law, women inherit a half-legacy compared to the men.The Libyan Civil Code does not mention any difference between women and men regarding the right to inheritance, although it refers to Islamic law, which states that women inherit a half-portion of legacy compared to men, as women are not due to cover the family's expenses. However, in Arab countries, including Libya, there are unequal inheritance rights between men and women in both law and practice. \n\nAccording to Article 879 of the Civil Code, 1970, \"The establishment of the heirs, of their hereditary shares and of the devolution of the property of the state on them is governed by Islamic law and laws of inheritance and estates.\"","Civil Code, 1970, Chapter 1.\nhttp://www.aladel.gov.ly/main/modules/sections/item.php?itemid=171\n\nCivil Code, 1970, Chapter 1, Section II \"Acquisition of Ownership\" - Acquisition by inheritance and winding up of an estate: Article 879.\n\nCivil Code, 1970, Chapter 1, Section II \"Acquisition of Ownership\" - Rules applicable to estates that have not been wound up, Acquisition \nby will: Article 919.","Article 920 of the Civil Code states, \"Every legal disposition made by a person during illness immediately preceding his death, with the object to make a gift, is deemed to be a testamentary disposition and must be governed by the rules applicable to wills, no matters what descript..."]
["2014_MU_79",2014,"MU","Mauritius",79,100,"The civil code (article 745) provides that children, irrespective of sex or primogeniture, inherit in equal proportions. \n\nAs seen in this article, the law makes no discrimination regarding inheritance of male or female offspring.  For the right of inheritance of persons other than offspring of the deceased, the civil code uses the word “epoux” thereby referring to either spouse. \n\nFurthermore, Section 16(1) of the constitution provides that “no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.”  Therefore, the archaic French used in the civil code will be taken to include both genders at all times, unless otherwise specified.\n\nThere is no customary law followed in Mauritius that restricts the rights of women in this regard.","1. The constitution, Article 16. 1968. Available at http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/AssemblySite/menuitem.ee3d58b2c32c60451251701065c521ca/?content_id=03654555fc808010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126778.pdf \n\n2. Law: The Civil Code, Article 745   \nAvailable at:\nhttp://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/A-Z%20Acts/C/Page%204/CODECIVILMAURICIEN1.pdf\n\n3. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Combined in the third, fourth and fifth periodic reports of states parties - Mauritius. Submitted by the Government of Mauritius, January 2005. http://gender.gov.mu/English/Documents/cedaw_c_mar_6_7.pdf","The civil code (article 745) provides that children, irrespective of sex or primogeniture, inherit in equal proportions. ..."]
["2014_MZ_79",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",79,50,"The constitution guarantees equal civil and political rights for men and women, and Article 67 states that men and women shall be equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural affairs.\n\nThe Family Law of 2004 (Act No. 10/2004) also provides for equal inheritance rights for men and women, even in instances of customary marriage.\n\nHowever, in the patrilineal systems of southern Mozambique and the matrilineal systems of the north, property is largely controlled by the men in the family (the wife’s family in the north, the husband’s in the south). Upon a husband’s death, the larger family may assert its claims over the household’s property, which is interpreted as the husband’s property and is typically taken back from the widow. This expropriation of the widow may be total, inclusive of land, home, livestock and personal property. In some situations, the woman may keep the house, the children and a garden.\n\nIn practice, the likelihood of expropriation is determined by how valuable and productive the land and assets are.\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nThe World Bank document \"Expanding and sustainably protecting women's land rights: Lessons learned from Mozambique\" provides good insight here: \n\n\"The inheritance law dates back from colonial times and has been the subject of various reform efforts, unsuccessful to date. Although gender neutral on its face, it places spouses fourth in line to succeed to the property of the deceased (after descendants, ascendants and siblings, in that order), unless a testamentary will specifies otherwise.\n \n\"In effect, given that they are so far down the line of succession (and since wills are relatively uncommon outside the sophisticated urban elite), spouses rarely inherit the property of a deceased partner. (Of course, if the property is part of the pool of common marital property - such as a home or improvements on land acquired after marriage in a relationship where the regime of comunhão de adquiridos applies - then the spouse already 'owns' a 50% interest in the property, apart from any applicable inheritance. \n\n\"This is a classic instance of a law that, while superficially gender neutral, tends to be gender discriminatory in practice within the national context. This happens because men still disproportionately control land and thus, broadly speaking, husbands control more land than wives. Therefore, female spouses are the more frequent losers than male spouses if spouses rarely succeed to the property.\"","Constitution of the republic, 2004, Chapter V, Article 83, Article 67. \nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf \nhttp://www.acismoz.com//lib/services/translations/TransConstitution2004eng.pdf  \n\nThe Family Law of 2004 (Act No. 10/2004).\nhttps://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/adminCivil/lei%20da%20familia.pdf\n\nCARE, Lauren Hendricks, CARE USA, and Patrick Meagher, IRIS, \"Women’s Property Rights and Inheritance in Mozambique: Report of Research and Fieldwork.\" http://edu.care.org/documents/Property%20rights%20in%20mozambique.pdf\n\nReviewer's source:\n\nThe World Bank, Ian M. Rose, Integrating Land Governance into the Post-2015 Agenda, \"Expanding and sustainably protecting women's land rights: Lessons learned from Mozambique\" 24-27 March 2014. https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CC0QFjAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conftool.com%2Flandandpoverty2014%2Findex.php%2FRose-268_paper.pdf%3Fpage%3DdownloadPaper%26filename%3DRose-268_paper.pdf%26form_id%3D268%26form_version%3Dfinal&ei=ADsoVJ_tC-7e7AbbtoHQBA&usg=AFQjCNGLcduNmJZYXTbWXKQcRQoMAGDKzg&sig2=0Sao_XSwfjXS-NgtskSMqg&bvm=bv.76247554,d.ZGU    ","The constitution guarantees equal civil and political rights for men and women, and Article 67 states that men and women shall be equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural affairs...."]
["2014_NG_79",2014,"NG","Nigeria",79,50,"The Nigerian Constitution gives women and men equal rights of inheritance.\n\nBut, under customary laws of some of ethnic nationalities, men are given the right of inheritance ahead of women. Cases arising from such laws have been upheld by the higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal and even the Supreme Court. \n\nA major ruling by Nigeria's Supreme Court in April voided the customary practice that debars women/female children from inheriting their fathers' estates and properties.","Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, Section 15 (2). \nhttp://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_1\n\nThis Day Live, Tobi Soniyi, \"Supreme Court Upholds Right of Female Child to Inherit Properties in Igboland,\" 15 April 2014.\nhttp://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/supreme-court-upholds-right-of-female-child-to-inherit-properties-in-igboland/176214/","The Nigerian Constitution gives women and men equal rights of inheritance.\n\nBut, under customary laws of some of ethnic nationalities, men are given the right of inherita..."]
["2014_SO_79",2014,"SO","Somalia",79,50,"According to the provisional constitution, Article 26: \"Every person has the right to own, use, enjoy, sell, and transfer property.\" Under Article 11, individuals may not be discriminated against due to their gender.\n\nBeyond the transfer of property provisions in the Civil Code Law of 1973, The Family Code of 1975 provides details on inheritance. According to Emory Law School in their analysis of Somalia's legal system, \"Article 158 states that \"In conformity with the principles of the 1st and 2nd Charter of the Revolution females and males shall have equal rights of inheritance\"; heirs are identified as: spouses, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, full siblings, paternal and maternal aunts and uncles; widow or widower entitled to half of estate if there are no children or grandchildren, or one fourth if there are; sons and daughters to receive equal shares, and same applies to grandchildren; shares of other heirs also specified in Code, as are grounds for inclusion or exclusion of heirs and reduction of shares.\"\n\nHowever, the inheritance process is hugely influenced by, and is solely based on, the Islamic Inheritance Laws. According to the Islamic Inheritance Laws, women generally inherit less in relation with men.","The Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia adopted on August 1, 2012, Mogadishu, Somalia. Articles 26. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ohc6vngqamjvh6b/The_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia_Provisional_Constitution_2012.pdf?dl=0\n\nEmory Law School\nLegal System/History Country Directory: Somalia\nAccessed September 19, 2014\nhttp://aannaim.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/Somalia.htm \n\nNote: \nFor Somalia, all laws refer to the Federal Republic of Somalia of which Mogadishu is the Capital. For the purposes of transparency and complete information, there is information on Somaliland and Puntland reflected in these sources. The scoring is, however, solely based on the laws of The Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia approved and adopted on August 1, 2012 in Mogadishu by the members of the National Constituent Assembly representing all Somali clans and submitted to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament on September 7, 2012 in Mogadishu, Somalia.","According to the provisional constitution, Article 26: \"Every person has the right to own, use, enjoy, sell, and transfer property.\" Under Article 11, individuals may not be discriminated against due to their gender...."]
["2014_SZ_79",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",79,0,"There is no law guaranteeing equal inheritance rights for women. No law was passed in Swaziland during the year under review that enabled the sections of the constitution that deal with inheritance by women (Chapter III, Section 34 - Property Rights of Spouses) to be put into practice. In subsection (1), it states: \"A surviving spouse is entitled to a reasonable provision out of the estate of the other spouse whether the other spouse died having made a valid will or not and whether the spouses were married by civil or customary rights.\" \n\nHowever, the year under review is the eighth year since the commencement of the constitution, and such a law has not been drafted. In July 2014, the minister of justice announced a “policy” to address women’s inheritance rights, but it was denounced both by MPs in parliament and women’s rights advocates as not being an actual law.","The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Chapter III, section 28 and 34, 2005.\n\nMarriage Act No. 47 of 1964, Section 24, 1964.\n\n\"Women's rights and marital power in Swaziland,\" Sarah Copland, The Sydney Globalist, 24 Aug.t 2013.\n\n\"SADC gender protocol barometer baseline study: Swaziland,\" Doo Apane, Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance, 2009","There is no law guaranteeing equal inheritance rights for women. No law was passed in Swaziland during the year under review that enabled the sections of the constitution that deal with inheritance by women (Chapter III, Section 34 - Property Rights of Spouses) to be put into pract..."]
["2014_ZM_79",2014,"ZM","Zambia",79,50,"The Intestate Succession Act of 1989 recognises women’s rights to inheritance, whether married under statutory or customary laws. According to the law, widows have the right to inherit 20 percent of their husband's or wife's property - the law applies regardless of gender. \n\nFurther, under some inheritance customary laws, women and children are not allowed to inherit anything.","1989 Intestate Succession Act of Zambia. Article 5a. \nhttp://www.zamlii.org/zm/legislation/consolidated-act/59","The Intestate Succession Act of 1989 recognises women’s rights to inheritance, whether married under statutory or customary laws. According to the law, widows have the right to inherit 20 percent of their husband's or wife's property - the law applies regardless of gender. ..."]
["2014_BF_80",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",80,50,"La loi au Burkina ne favorise personne (homme comme femme) en matière de divorce. Chacun des époux peut librement décider de divorcer et en donner les raisons, ou les deux époux décident mutuellement de le faire et dans ce cas, ils n'ont pas besoin de justifier. C'est ce que dit l'article 354 du Code des Personnes et de la Famille (CPF): «le divorce peut résulter du consentement mutuel des époux constaté par le tribunal civil ou d'une décision judiciaire prononçant la dissolution du mariage à la demande de l'un des époux.»\n Le code précise en son article 357 que «les époux ont toute liberté pour régler les conditions et conséquences de leur rupture toutes les fois qu'elles ne sont pas contraires à l'ordre public ou aux bonnes mœurs.» En somme, les femmes ont les mêmes droits que les hommes en matière de divorce et la loi le dit clairement.\n\nCependant il existe des lois coutumières en vertu desquelles les hommes et les femmes n'ont pas les mêmes droits en matière de divorce.","Code des personnes et de la famille au Burkina Faso, Article 354 et 357, 16 novembre 1989 http://www.justice.gov.bf/files/Documents%20en%20ligne/Textes%20juridiques/Codes%20et%20Lois/Le_code_des_personnes_et_de_la_famille.pdf3","La loi au Burkina ne favorise personne (homme comme femme) en matière de divorce. Chacun des époux peut librement décider de divorcer et en donner les raisons, ou les deux époux décident mutuellement de le faire et dans ce cas, ils n'ont pas besoin de justifier. C'est ce que dit l'..."]
["2014_TD_80",2014,"TD","Chad",80,50,"L’article 229 du Code civil stipule que : «le divorce peut être prononcé en cas de :\n- Soit de consentement mutuel\n- Soit de l’acceptation du principe de la rupture du mariage\n- Soit d’altération définitive du lieu conjugal\n- Soit de faute»\nCe qui revient au principe selon lequel, le code prend en compte le droit coutmier et le choix du principe de la rupture qui peut se faire aussi bien devant la justice que devant les coutumiers.\n\nEn matière de divorce aussi, à défaut du code de la famille, le code civil n’est pas aussi explicite et prend acte des juridictions coutumières et religieuses. Il n’ya pas des lois coutumières et religieuses mentionnées dans le code civil mais ceux qui suivent le droit coutumier se basent soit sur les livres sacrés comme le coran et la bible pour trouver des compromis, soit sur les traditions et les coutumes pour trancher des problèmes liés à la famille comme le cas des divorces.\n\nSelon le Pasteur Missionnaire Lake Stéphan, la bible n’admet pas le divorce et le mariage est un pacte à vie devant Dieu. Ce qui signifie que les femmes n’ont pas droits de déposer une requête de divorce. \nDu coté des peuples du sud, le coutume interdit formellement aux femmes de donner leurs opinions quant aux problèmes familiaux, y compris les divorces. Tout est traité entre les hommes et s’impose d’office à elles.","Code civil de la République du Tchad (1958).\n\nDJÉRANÉ Honoré, journaliste spécialisé en droits positives, chroniqueur judiciaire au journal Le Citoyen, entretien par téléphone, 5 juillet 2014.","L’article 229 du Code civil stipule que : «le divorce peut être prononcé en cas de :\n- Soit de consentement mutuel\n- Soit de l’acceptation du principe de la rupture du mariage..."]
["2014_CG_80",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",80,100,"Article 555 of the Family Code says that a spouse who desires to divorce shall apply, through a written application stating the motives of divorce to the court where the other spouse is resident  or where the couple were married. This article does not discriminate against women, providing equal divorce rights to men and women."," 2. Loi N° 87.010 Du 1er aout 1987 Portant Code De La Famille,Articles 555, 1987, \nhttp://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/DRC/drc_family_1987_fr.pdf","Article 555 of the Family Code says that a spouse who desires to divorce shall apply, through a written application stating the motives of divorce to the court where the other spouse is resident  or where the couple were married. This article does not discriminate against women, pr..."]
["2014_GA_80",2014,"GA","Gabon",80,50,"Aucune loi au Gabon ne donne la priorité de l'homme sur la femme ou vice-versa en ce qui concerne le divorce. Selon l'article 266, paragraphe 1 (Des causes du divorce) : « Le divorce peut être prononcé à la demande de l’un des époux.» Ce qui signifie qu'aucun d'eux ne possède un avantage légal sur l'autre.\n\nWomen need to provide evidence at court of their husband's infidelity if they decide to file for divorce. Men do not need to provide this type of evidence, making it de facto discriminatory.","Code civil gabonais (1972) article 266. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=209873","Aucune loi au Gabon ne donne la priorité de l'homme sur la femme ou vice-versa en ce qui concerne le divorce. Selon l'article 266, paragraphe 1 (Des causes du divorce) : « Le divorce peut être prononcé à la demande de l’un des époux.» Ce qui signifie qu'aucun d'eux ne possède un av..."]
["2014_KE_80",2014,"KE","Kenya",80,0,"The Matrimonial Causes Act provides equal rights to the husband or wife in divorce petitions.\nArticle 8(1) of the Act expressly says a petition for divorce may be presented to the court either by the husband or the wife on the ground that the respondent –\n(a)  Has since the celebration of the marriage committed adultery; or\n(b)  Has deserted the petitioner without cause for a period of at least three years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition; or \n(c)  Has since the celebration of the marriage treated the petitioner with cruelty; or\n(d)  Is incurably of unsound mind and has been continuously under care        and treatment        for a period of at least        five years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition, and by the wife on the ground that her husband has, since the celebration of the marriage, been guilty of rape, sodomy or bestiality.\n  \nArticle 8(2) of the Act says for the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, a person of unsound mind shall be deemed to be under care and treatment while he is detained, whether in Kenya or elsewhere, in an institution duly recognized by the Government as an institution for the care and treatment of insane persons, lunatics or mental defectives, or is detained as a criminal lunatic under any law for the time being in force in Kenya; and a certificate        under the hand        of the Minister that any        place is a duly recognized institution for the purpose of this section shall be receivable in all courts as conclusive evidence of that fact.\n\nHowever, according to a legal analysis by Landesa - Center for Women Land Rights, \"Women are particularly vulnerable in cases of divorce, as the legal framework governing property rights upon dissolution of a marriage has historically been vague and contained gaps that made it difficult, if not impossible, for most women to assert their property rights following a divorce. The Matrimonial Property Act provides some clarity on issues of spousal property rights, in particular by providing a definition of the term “contribution” that includes domestic work and child care, but it remains to be seen how courts will interpret and apply the Act.\"","1.The Matrimonial Causes Act. This law became operational in 1962 and revised in 2008. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zUeMGxi-JiYJ:kenyalaw.org/family/statutes/download.php%3Ffile%3DTHE%2520MATRIMONIAL%2520CAUSES%2520Ordince.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us\n\n2. \"Divorce in Kenya: What the law says\" An article by John Chigiti, published by the Star Newspaper on April 4,2012.\nhttp://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-23756/divorce-kenya-what-law-says.\n\n3. Jane Onyango, an advocate of the High Court of Kenya. Interviewed on this specific indicator on July 24, 2014.\n\n4.Women's Land and Property Rights in Kenya, Landesa - Center for Women Land Rights, Oct 2014. http://www.landesa.org/wp-content/uploads/LandWise-Guide-Womens-land-and-property-rights-in-Kenya.pdf","The Matrimonial Causes Act provides equal rights to the husband or wife in divorce petitions.\nArticle 8(1) of the Act expressly says a petition for divorce may be presented to the court either by the husband or the wife on the ground that the respondent –..."]
["2014_MW_80",2014,"MW","Malawi",80,50,"Although the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi and the Marriage and Divorce Act recognise equality of rights to institute divorce, in reality there are various marriage regimes at play which offer different rights to the parties on entry, during and exit from marriage. Both statutory (licensed) and customary (traditional) marriages are recognised under Malawi’s Marriage Act.\n\nThe Marriage and Divorce Act is the most elaborate statute on procedures for marriage and divorce. Customary regimes, which remain popular in rural societies, confer rights on both parties, but with restrictions that often negate the constitutional rights of women. As  a result, women often shy away from instituting divorce proceedings, mostly due to social pressure.","Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (2010). http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/constitution_of_malawi_pdf_25073.pdf\n\nMalawi Divorce Act of 1905 Chapter 22 Grounds for divorce http://www.malawilii.org/files/mw/legislation/consolidated-act/25:04/divorce_act_pdf_16254.pdf","Although the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi and the Marriage and Divorce Act recognise equality of rights to institute divorce, in reality there are various marriage regimes at play which offer different rights to the parties on entry, during and exit from marriage. Both st..."]
["2014_MZ_80",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",80,100,"Articles 35 and 36 of the constitution stipulate that all citizens are equal before the law and enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, independently of colour, race, sex, origin, place of birth, religion, profession or political option. \n\nThe constitution also indicates that man and woman are equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life. Article 195 of the Family Law states that a divorce petition can be requested to court by either spouse independently of being a man or woman.\n\nThere is no specific community/ethnic group that enforce such customary law (to the neglect of the Constitution) influencing the woman's right to divorce. The ministry of justice has been active advocating for the abolition of any practices that violates the rights / discriminates the rights of women.","Constitution of the republic, 2004, Title III, Chapter I, Articles 35 and 36. \nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\nhttp://www.acismoz.com//lib/services/translations/TransConstitution2004eng.pdf  \n\nFamily Law No. 10, 2004, Chapter XII, Section I, Article 195.  \nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/adminCivil/lei%20da%20familia.pdf","Articles 35 and 36 of the constitution stipulate that all citizens are equal before the law and enjoy the same rights and are subject to the same duties, independently of colour, race, sex, origin, place of birth, religion, profession or political option. ..."]
["2014_ST_80",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",80,100,"Article 53 of the Family Law, No 2/77, states: \"Any spouse, indistinctly, may sue for divorce.” Women are not discriminated against based on family law.\n\nCustoms have no force compared to the written law in the territory of Sao Tome and Principe. There are no customary laws in force anywhere in the country that make it more difficult for women than men to initiate divorce. \n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. Marriage and divorce seldom take place in STP. The customary union (união de facto) is by far the most frequent form of conjugal relationship. Both men and women can end such a relationship whenever they so choose.","Family Law, Law No. 2/77 Chapter 3, Section 4, Article 53, Paragraph 6.\nhttp://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/saotome/saotome_family_1997_pr.pdf","Article 53 of the Family Law, No 2/77, states: \"Any spouse, indistinctly, may sue for divorce.” Women are not discriminated against based on family law...."]
["2014_SL_80",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",80,50,"Section 13 (1) of the Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act, 2009, states that where a marriage has been registered, it can be dissolved officially in accordance with customary law by either party, or both parties, within six months of dissolution. This means that women, too, can file for divorce. \n\nHowever, in many areas of the country, customary law still infringes upon the rights of women, including the right to petition for divorce. For example, in some Islamic areas where early marriages are tolerated, women are not allowed to divorce their husbands unless permission is granted by her parents. It is also seen as taboo in most customary settings in Sierra Leone for a woman to publicly announce divorce to her husband.\n\nSection 13 (1) of the Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act, 2009, states specifically: \"Where a marriage registered under this Act has been dissolved in accordance with the applicable customary law, either party to the marriage or both parties shall, within six months of the dissolution, notify the local council that the marriage has been dissolved.\"","Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act, 2007, Part IV – Registration of Customary Divorce, Section 13 (1).\nhttp://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2009-01.pdf","Section 13 (1) of the Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act, 2009, states that where a marriage has been registered, it can be dissolved officially in accordance with customary law by either party, or both parties, within six months of dissolution. This means that wome..."]
["2014_ZA_80",2014,"ZA","South Africa",80,50,"The South African constitution grants women and men the same rights, including the right to divorce. \n\nReference to gender equality in general is made in chapters 1 and 2 of the constitution. Chapter 1 emphasises that South Africa is a non-sexist state while Section 9 of Chapter 2 (the bill of rights) adds that “everyone is equal before the law” and that “equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms.” Section 9 furthermore notes how that neither the state nor the public may discriminate on the basis of for instance gender. \n\nSection 10 of the Divorce Courts Amendment Bill (1997) adds that “divorce courts shall have jurisdiction ... relating to the nullity of a marriage and relating to a divorce between persons ... .\" This includes all person respective of gender as this bill emphasises the constitutional right to gender equality.  \n\nSection 2 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (passed in 2000) mentions that this particular piece of legislation was drawn up to give effect to \"the equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by every person; the promotion of equality; the values of non-racialism and non-sexism contained in section 1 of the constitution; the prevention of unfair discrimination and protection of human dignity as contemplated in sections 9 and 10 of the constitution\". Section 6 states that \"neither the state nor any person may unfairly discriminate against any person\", while section 8 notes that no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including ...  any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men\".\n\nA new gender equality law is in the pipeline. The Women Empowerment and Gender Equality Bill was passed in the National Assembly in March 2014. When signed into law, the document - which has a strong focus on the private sector - may further strengthen  women's rights on a variety of issues. \n\nThe Traditional Courts Bill which was making headlines, has died or lapsed. This means it won't be passed which is good news for women and women rights. This bill, first tabled in 2008, would aim to 'provide more South Africans improved access to justice' by recognising traditional authorities and laws, and giving traditional leaders in remote areas the unilateral power to create and enforce customary law. If signed into law, the bill would have had allowed for traditional, unelected leaders to hear civil cases including disputes surrounding contract breach, damage to property, ownership of property disputes, divorce, theft and crimen injuria. \n\nIn effect, the bill would have made a traditional leader both judge and jury as well as implementer based on traditional law. This could have had negative consequences for women. In many traditional courts, women are inferior to man in the sense that they are not allowed to represent themselves or even speak during proceedings. Constitutional rights with regards to gender equality will be undermined by traditional rules with regards to for instance women's right to inheritance, employment, ownership of property and land.","Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996),  http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996\n\nDivorce Courts Amendment Bill (1997), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=71699\n\nPromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 (Act No. 4 of 2000), http://www.acts.co.za/promotion-of-equality-and-prevention-of-unfair-discrimination-act-2000","The South African constitution grants women and men the same rights, including the right to divorce. ..."]
["2014_TN_80",2014,"TN","Tunisia",80,100,"Men and women have equal right regarding divorce procedures. In particular, women can ask unilaterally for divorce and keep the same rights as men who seek divorce. If a man asks for a divorce without the woman's consent, she gets alimony from him. \n\nArticle 31 of the Code du Statut Personnel states that the court declares a divorce in three cases: mutual agreement expressed by both spouses; at the demand of one spouse, due to prejudice; or, at the demand of the husband or of the wife.","Code du statut personnel, 13 Aug. 1956, Tunis, Articles 29 to 53. \nhttp://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Statut_personel_Fr.pdf","Men and women have equal right regarding divorce procedures. In particular, women can ask unilaterally for divorce and keep the same rights as men who seek divorce. If a man asks for a divorce without the woman's consent, she gets alimony from him. ..."]
["2014_AO_81",2014,"AO","Angola",81,100,"Articles 108 and 109 of the Family Code specify that children's custody can be agreed on by the parents or defined by the court. The principles should be (1) minors' best interests and (2) the guarantee of children's education and personal development. There is no provision of men having precedence over women.","Constitution of Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 37\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179498\n\nFamily Code, Law No 1/88, Feb. 20, 1988, Articles 3, 108, 109, 130, 131, 133, 136, 139 and 143","Articles 108 and 109 of the Family Code specify that children's custody can be agreed on by the parents or defined by the court. The principles should be (1) minors' best interests and (2) the guarantee of children's education and personal development. There is no provision of men ..."]
["2014_BI_81",2014,"BI","Burundi",81,100,"En matière de garde d'enfant, la loi n'accorde pas plus de privilèges aux hommes par rapport aux femmes et vice versa. \n\nArticle 184: «Le tribunal ordonne dans leur plus grand intérêt que tous ou certains des enfants communs mineurs soient confiés à la garde soit du père, soit de la mère ou d’une tierce personne.\nCette décision peut être prise à la demande de l’un des époux, d’un membre de la famille, du ministère public, ou même d’office. Elle peut être modifiée à même demande à tout moment, dans l’intérêt des enfants.»\n\nArticle 185: «Quelle que soit la personne à qui les enfants sont confiés, les père et mère conservent le droit de surveiller l’entretien et l’éducation de leurs enfants et doivent y contribuer à la proportion de leurs facultés. Un droit de visite est accordé à l’époux à qui la garde des enfants n’a pas été confiée.»\n\nArticle 285: «L’autorité parentale est exercée par le père et la mère de l’enfant. En cas de dissentiments l’un et l’autre disposent d’un recours devant le conseil de famille de l’enfant.»\n\nArticle 289: «Le droit de garde emporte pour les père et mère l’obligation d’entretenir et d’éduquer l’enfant conformément à leur état et leurs moyens.»\n\nArticle 290: «L’enfant doit respect et obéissance à ses père et mère. Il ne peut quitter le domicile familial qu’avec leur assentiment.»\n\nEn matière de requête de de garde des enfants, il n'y a pas de lois coutumières ou religieuses discriminatoires.","Code civil, livre premier, 28 avril 1993. décret loi n° 1/024 — Réforme du code des personnes et de la famille, articles 184 ,185 ,285, 289 et 290. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Burundi/Burundi-Code-civil.pdf","En matière de garde d'enfant, la loi n'accorde pas plus de privilèges aux hommes par rapport aux femmes et vice versa. ..."]
["2014_CD_81",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",81,50,"En droit congolais la garde des enfants, en vertu des dispositions de l'article 194 du Code de la famille, est conditionnée par l'intérêt de l'enfant. L'homme n'est pas avantagé par rapport à la femme sur ce point.\nArticle 194. - «Situation des enfants issus du mariage, la garde et l'autorité parentale sur les enfants issus du mariage seront dévolues par le Juge en fonction de l'intérêt des enfants et ce, quel que soit leur âge.»\n\nToutefois, le droit coutumier subsiste en République du Congo et souvent il est  discriminatoire à l’égard des femmes.","Loi N°073/84 du 17 octobre 1984 portant Code de la famille. http://www.droitcongolais.com/depot/Juridique/Legislation/1984/TextesNonClasse17101984/LOI%20N%C2%B0073-84%20DU%2017-10-1984%20PORTANT%20CODE%20DE%20LA%20FAMILLE.pdf\n\nLoi n° 4-2010 du 14 juin 2010 portant protection de l'enfant en République du Congo. http://www.droitcongolais.com/depot/Juridique/Legislation/2010/TextesNonClasse14062010/Loi%204-2010%20portant%20protection%20de%20l'enfant%20au%20Congo.pdf","En droit congolais la garde des enfants, en vertu des dispositions de l'article 194 du Code de la famille, est conditionnée par l'intérêt de l'enfant. L'homme n'est pas avantagé par rapport à la femme sur ce point...."]
["2014_DJ_81",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",81,100,"Article 64 du Code de la famille: en cas de dissolution du mariage par décès, la garde est confiée au survivant des père et mère.\n\nSi le mariage est dissous du vivant des époux, la garde est confiée, soit à l’un d’eux, soit à une tierce personne. Le juge en décide en prenant en considération de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant.\nC'est l’intérêt de l’enfant qui guide le juge pour décider de l’attribution de la garde de l’enfant consécutivement au divorce de ses parents (art. 64, al. 2), pour désigner la personne investie du droit de garde (art. 68, al. 2) et pour organiser ses modalités d’exercice (art. 70 et 72).\n\nAfin de lui permettre de cerner au mieux cet intérêt dans telle ou telle affaire, le Code de la famille ajoute que l’enfant « a le droit d’exprimer librement ses opinions qui doivent être prises en considération conformément à son âge et à son degré de maturité ».","Loi n° 152/AN/02/4ème L du 31 janvier 2002 portant Code de la famille. Articles 63 et suivants. http://www.presidence.dj/","Article 64 du Code de la famille: en cas de dissolution du mariage par décès, la garde est confiée au survivant des père et mère...."]
["2014_GM_81",2014,"GM","The Gambia",81,50,"The Women's Act at s. 40 provides that \"a man and woman shall jointly contribute to safeguarding the interests of the family, protecting and educating them\".\n\nSection 43 (1) of the act also provides that \"in case of separation, divorce or annulment of marriage, women and men shall have reciprocal rights and responsibilities towards their children and at all times, the interests of the children shall be given paramount importance\".\n\nMen and women have equal rights over their children even if they are not married. This is because Section 145 of the Children's Act provides:\n\n\"(1) Where the father and mother of a child were not married to each other at the time of his or her birth -\n(a)        the children’s court may -\n(i)        on the application of the father, order that he shall have parental responsibility for the child; or\n(ii)        on the application of the mother, order that she shall have parental responsibility for the child; or\n(b)        the father and mother may by agreement have joint parental responsibility for the child.\"\n\nThis means women have the same rights as men when it comes to applying for parental responsibility. \n\nHowever, in accordance with Islamic law, female children over the age of 7 and males over age 9 are automatically placed in their father's custody, demonstrative of the restrictions to which women are subjected despite established legal codes.","Section 40 and section 43 (2) of the Women's Act 2010.  http://ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/90619/115464/F-1335047347/GMB90619.pdf\n\nSection 145 of the Children's Act 2005 http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/Gambia/gambia_children_2005_en.pdf.","The Women's Act at s. 40 provides that \"a man and woman shall jointly contribute to safeguarding the interests of the family, protecting and educating them\"...."]
["2014_LR_81",2014,"LR","Liberia",81,0,"Custody of a child or children is determined firstly by conditions of the male and female relatives. From birth to 7 years, the law grants the mother exclusive right to keep the child once she has a habitable environment for the child. After 7 years of age, the father may take custody if it is determined by the court that he has the time, habitable living environment and necessary support for the child. The law does give men precedence over women in child custody with the condition that the man have the means to care for the child after the age of 7.\n\nWomen enjoy precedence over men during the first seven years of a child's life provided that they have a habitable environment for the child and the means to sustain the child.","Liberian Codes Revised (1973), Vol. III, Title 9 Domestic Relations Law, Chapter 5.16. http://www.worldlii.org/lr/legis/codes/drlt9lcolr508/drlt9lcolr508.html","Custody of a child or children is determined firstly by conditions of the male and female relatives. From birth to 7 years, the law grants the mother exclusive right to keep the child once she has a habitable environment for the child. After 7 years of age, the father may take cust..."]
["2014_MR_81",2014,"MR","Mauritania",81,100,"L'article 123 du statut du Code personnel dispose qu'en cas de dissolution des liens de mariage, la garde de l'enfant (connu en droit musulman vous le vocable de « hadhna ») revient à la mère. En cas d'absence de la mère, le législateur confie la garde de l'enfant successivement à:\n\n1. à la grand-mère paternelle de sa mère;\n2. à sa tante maternelle germaine;\n3. à sa tante maternelle utérine;\n4. à sa tante maternelle consanguine;\n5. à la tante maternelle de sa mère;\n6. à la tante paternelle de sa mère;\n7. à sa grand-mère paternelle;\n8. à son père;\n9. à sa tente paternelle;\n10. à sa sœur;\n11. à sa nièce par la sœur ou par le frère suivant son aptitude;\n12. à son tuteur testamentaire;\n13. à son frère;\n14. à son grand père paternel;\n15. à son neveu par le frère;\n16. à son oncle paternel;\n17. au fils de ce dernier.\n\nLe père ne vient qu'en huitième position dans la garde de l'enfant. Cette disposition est une reprise du droit musulman qui accorde la priorité de la garde de l'enfant aux personnes susmentionnées.","1. Loi n° 2001-052 du 19 juillet 2001 portant Code du statut personnel. (2001). Article 123.\n http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afw/mauritania/mauritania_per_status_fr.pdf","L'article 123 du statut du Code personnel dispose qu'en cas de dissolution des liens de mariage, la garde de l'enfant (connu en droit musulman vous le vocable de « hadhna ») revient à la mère. En cas d'absence de la mère, le législateur confie la garde de l'enfant successivement à:..."]
["2014_MA_81",2014,"MA","Morocco",81,100,"The first choice for custody is the mother according to Article 171 of the Moroccan family code. The priority is then given to the father followed by the mother's mother.\n\nCustody is subject to different conditions and requirements (mental health, financial capacity). These conditions are gender-neutral.","Article 171, Family code - 02/2004. http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/civil/Code%20de%20la%20famille%20Maroc%20Texte.htm","The first choice for custody is the mother according to Article 171 of the Moroccan family code. The priority is then given to the father followed by the mother's mother...."]
["2014_SC_81",2014,"SC","Seychelles",81,100,"The Seychellois family unit is female-dominated. Institutional marriage is not widely practiced, and unwed mothers are the societal norm. The father and mother are joint guardians of the child and have equal responsibilities for bringing up their children. Article 203 of the civil code refers to joint obligation when married: “The spouses jointly, by mere fact of the marriage, undertake the obligation to maintain and bring up their children.” \n\nSeychellois law requires fathers to provide financial support to their children. Art 371 of the civil code states that minor children owe respect to both parents: “A child during his minority owes honour and respect to his father and mother.\"","Civil Code of Seychelles Act (1989), Cap: 33. \nhttp://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/33.\n\nGeneral information on the family structure in Seychelles: \nhttp://www.seychelles.org/seychelles-religion-culture#axzz2kv92P6Le.","The Seychellois family unit is female-dominated. Institutional marriage is not widely practiced, and unwed mothers are the societal norm. The father and mother are joint guardians of the child and have equal responsibilities for bringing up their children. Article 203 of the civil ..."]
["2014_SD_81",2014,"SD","Sudan",81,0,"Custody of children is mixed under the Muslim Personal Matters Act, 1991. Article 115 of the act stipulates that a mother will be responsible for the custody of a boy until he is 7 years old and the custody of a girl until she is 9 years old. The father takes over custody after the mother stops taking care of the children. The Muslims Personal Matters Act is derived from sharia law, which upholds the same principles.","Republic of the Sudan, Muslim Personal Matters Act, 1991, Article 115.\nhttp://www.moj.gov.sd/content/lawsv4/6/27.htm","Custody of children is mixed under the Muslim Personal Matters Act, 1991. Article 115 of the act stipulates that a mother will be responsible for the custody of a boy until he is 7 years old and the custody of a girl until she is 9 years old. The father takes over custody after the..."]
["2014_TN_81",2014,"TN","Tunisia",81,100,"In the event of divorce, Tunisian law does not give precedence to men over women in gaining custody of the children. Both parents go to court and expose their situation to the judge. The judge decides to whom to give custody of the children, based on the facts.\n\nArticle 32 of the Code du statut personnel states the following: \"The judge must decide about all measures related to residency of the spouses, alimentary pension, custody of children, and visiting rights.\"\n\nFor example, if children are young, preference is generally given to women for custody, because babies may need breastfeeding and the systematic presence of a mother. If children are older, for example teenagers, preference may be given to the father, if the mother does not work and the judge thinks she does not have enough resources to raise the teens adequately.","Code du statut personnel, 13 Aug. 1956, Tunis, Articles 32 and 54 to 67. \nhttp://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Statut_personel_Fr.pdf","In the event of divorce, Tunisian law does not give precedence to men over women in gaining custody of the children. Both parents go to court and expose their situation to the judge. The judge decides to whom to give custody of the children, based on the facts...."]
["2014_UG_81",2014,"UG","Uganda",81,50,"The existing laws have no specific reference to who gets custody of the children. But the custody of children is guided by the welfare principle of the Children’s Act, which states that whenever the state, court, local authority or any person determines any question with respect to the upbringing of a child, the child’s welfare shall be of paramount consideration. This implies that the welfare of the child will always be the deciding factor on who takes custody of children.\n\n\nReviewers' Comments: (Agree score = 50). Under Sharia Law in Uganda, in families that practice Islam, fathers have custody rights for any above-breast-feeding-age children.","The Children Act, 1997, Sections 73, 85\nhttp://www.mglsd.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Laws/children%20act%20Chapter_59.pdf\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Chapter 4, Article 34(1)\nhttp://www.opm.go.ug/assets/media/resources/6/Constitution.pdf \n\n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\"Child custody in classical Islamic law and laws of contemporary Muslim world (an analysis),\" International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, March 2014  http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_5_March_2014/29.pdf ","The existing laws have no specific reference to who gets custody of the children. But the custody of children is guided by the welfare principle of the Children’s Act, which states that whenever the state, court, local authority or any person determines any question with respect to..."]
["2014_BW_82",2014,"BW","Botswana",82,50,"Article 14 (1) of the constitution guarantees freedom of movement without any distinction between men and women. No such law exists restricting the right of women to travel. \n\nHowever, customary law requires married women to seek permission from their husband to travel. If the husband objects,  usually the woman is forced to cancel her trip to avoid confrontation with the husband.","Constitution of Botswana (1966), Article 14 (1).\n\nhttp://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/","Article 14 (1) of the constitution guarantees freedom of movement without any distinction between men and women. No such law exists restricting the right of women to travel. ..."]
["2014_TD_82",2014,"TD","Chad",82,50,"Puisque au Tchad le Code civil tient compte des droits coutumiers et religieux dans le domaine familial, les femmes dans certains milieux sont sujettes à des lois restreingnent leur liberté de mouvement. \nSelon Miarom BEGOTO, directeur général de la législature au ministère de la justice et des droits de l’Homme : « vu que notre juridiction tient compte des droits coutumiers et religieux du pays, je dirais que ça dépendra de quelle famille ou de quelle religion appartient la femme. En général, aucune loi garantit le droit des femmes de voyager de façon indépendante et aucune autre ne l’interdit aussi dans le Code civil tchadien.»\n\nPar exemple pour les femmes musulmanes, le voyage dans certains pays comme l'Arabie Saoudite (pour le pélerinage à la Mecque) requiert une attestation de prise en charge délivrée par le le notaire et signée par le mari est recquis pour avoir un visa.\n\nLes lois coutumières interdisent ou du moins restreignent le droit des femmes à voyager librement","Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière.\n\nBEGOTO Miarom, directeur général de la législature au ministère de la justice et des Droits de l’Homme, 17 juin 2014.","Puisque au Tchad le Code civil tient compte des droits coutumiers et religieux dans le domaine familial, les femmes dans certains milieux sont sujettes à des lois restreingnent leur liberté de mouvement. ..."]
["2014_CG_82",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",82,100,"There are no discriminatory laws regarding the free movement of women in Congo DRC. \n\nArticle 454 of the Family Code states that a married woman shall follow her husband and live with him. In this case, married women shall get approval from their husbands for any travel (as men shall get them from spouses). This does not mean discrimination against women but one of the legal marriage requirements.\n\nArticle 1 of the constitution confers the same rights to all human, and therefore to citizens regardless of gender. There is no legal provision that discriminates against women on the right to independent travel.","1. Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2006 (the revised version of  2011), Article 1,  www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Constitution.2011.pdf\nhttp://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/DRC/drc_family_1987_fr.pdf \n\n2. Loi N° 87.010 Du 1er aout 1987 Portant Code De La Famille, Article 454, 1987, \nhttp://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/DRC/drc_family_1987_fr.pdf","There are no discriminatory laws regarding the free movement of women in Congo DRC. \n\nArticle 454 of the Family Code states that a married woman shall follow her husband and live w..."]
["2014_ET_82",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",82,100,"Article 32 of the constitution addresses freedom of movement: Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well as the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishes. Any Ethiopian has the right to return to his or her country.","The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia (1995), Article 32, Freedom of Movement.\nhttp://abyssinialaw.com/uploads/1.pdf","Article 32 of the constitution addresses freedom of movement: Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well as the freedom to leave the country at any time he ..."]
["2014_GN_82",2014,"GN","Guinea",82,100,"Aucune restriction particulière n'est apportée à la femme dans la jouissance de ses droits liés à la mobilité.\n\nArticle 8 de la Constitution: « Tous les êtres humains sont égaux devant la loi. Les hommes et les femmes ont les mêmes droits, nul ne doit être privilégié ou désavantagé en raison de son sexe, de sa naissance, de sa race, de son ethnie, de sa langue, de ses croyances et de ses opinions politiques, philosophiques ou réligieuses. »\n\nArticle 10 de la Constitution: «Tous les citoyens ont le droit de manifestation et de cortège. Le droit de pétition est reconnu à tout groupe de citoyens. Tous les citoyens ont le droit de former des associations et des sociétés pour exercer collectivement leurs droits et leurs activités politiques, économiques, sociales ou culturelles. Tous les citoyens ont le droit de s'établir et de circuler sur le territoire de la République, d'y entrer et d'en sortir librement. »\n\nArticle 325 du Code civil : « La femme mariée a la pleine capacité de droit. Elle conserve l'administration, la jouissance et la libre disposition de ses biens personnels et des biens qu'elle acquiert par l'exercice d'une activité professionnelle séparée. Elle peut faire ouvrir un compte courant en son nom et y déposer ou en retirer librement les fonds.»\n\nIl n’y a pas de lois coutumières ou religieuses discriminant les femmes en matière de droit de voyager.","Article 10 de la Constitution (2010) : http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127006.pdf\n\nL'article 325 du Code civil du 16 février 1983 : http://www.hcch.net/upload/cc_gn.pdf","Aucune restriction particulière n'est apportée à la femme dans la jouissance de ses droits liés à la mobilité...."]
["2014_LY_82",2014,"LY","Libya",82,50,"According to the Personal Status law, women and men are free to travel within or outside the country. Women do not need any kind of permission to travel outside the country. This law has been strengthened by the CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). \n\nHowever, Islamic or customary law prescribes that women should always travel in the company of male relatives. Those who choose to travel alone or with other women are generally members of the elite and are still expected to secure the permission of their families in order to do so. Traveling inside Libya also presents difficulties for Libyan women if they wish to stay in hotels, as rooms are generally not rented to unaccompanied women due to cultural tradition.","Personal Status Law, 1984, Chapter 6.\n\nUnited Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, 1989, Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.\nhttp://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm\n\nUnited Nations Treaty Collection, \"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,\" December 1979.\nhttps://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en","According to the Personal Status law, women and men are free to travel within or outside the country. Women do not need any kind of permission to travel outside the country. This law has been strengthened by the CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination ag..."]
["2014_MA_82",2014,"MA","Morocco",82,100,"The Moroccan Constitution guarantees to all citizens the unconditional right to free circulation, settlement and the right to leave the country and come back. (Article 24 Moroccan Constitution). \n\nThese rights were not the same in the previous constitution. All restrictions of women's right to independent travel were removed by the new constition (2011).","Article 24 - Moroccan constitution - 2011","The Moroccan Constitution guarantees to all citizens the unconditional right to free circulation, settlement and the right to leave the country and come back. (Article 24 Moroccan Constitution). ..."]
["2014_RW_82",2014,"RW","Rwanda",82,100,"In Rwanda, there is no law imposing restrictions on women's free and independent travel. Apart from this, the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda states in Article 23 that every Rwandan has the right to move and to circulate freely and to settle anywhere in Rwanda, and that every Rwandan has the right to leave and return to the country.\n\nBy every Rwandan, the provision refers to male and female, because discrimination is prohibited by the same constitution in Article 11 and is said to be punishable by law.","Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, Articles 11, 23, Page 119.\nhttp://lip.alfa-xp.com/lip/AmategekoDB.aspx?Mode=r&pid=7796&iid=1434&rid=30694692","In Rwanda, there is no law imposing restrictions on women's free and independent travel. Apart from this, the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda states in Article 23 that every Rwandan has the right to move and to circulate freely and to settle anywhere in Rwanda, and that ever..."]
["2014_SC_82",2014,"SC","Seychelles",82,100,"Article 25 of the constitution refers to freedom of movement:\n(1) Every person lawfully present in Seychelles has a right of freedom of movement and for the purpose of this article this right includes the right to move freely within Seychelles, the right to reside in any part of Seychelles, the right to leave Seychelles and the right not to be expelled from Seychelles.\n(2) Every person who is a citizen of Seychelles has a right to enter Seychelles and, subject to\nclause (3)(d), not to be expelled from Seychelles.\n(3) The right under clause (1) may be subject to such restrictions as are prescribed by a law\nnecessary in a democratic society -(a) in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health;\n(b) for protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons;\n(c) for the prevention of a crime or compliance with an order of a court;\n(d) for extradition of persons from Seychelles; or\n(e) for lawful removal of persons who are not citizens of Seychelles from Seychelles.\n \nThere is no other law or articles in the penal code that restricts women's free and independent movement or travel.","Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles, 1993: \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127610.pdf.\n\nPenal Code (2012): http://www.seylii.org/sc/legislation/consolidated-act/158.","Article 25 of the constitution refers to freedom of movement:\n(1) Every person lawfully present in Seychelles has a right of freedom of movement and for the purpose of this article this right includes the right to move freely within Seychelles, the r..."]
["2014_TZ_82",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",82,50,"Article 17 (1) of the constitution says every citizen has the right to freedom of movement in the country and the right to live in any part of it, to leave and enter the country, and the right not to be forced to leave or be expelled from it. However, women’s freedom of movement may be restricted on a day-to-day basis based on customary practices.\n\nSome 48.9% of married women aged 15-49 questioned for the 2010 demographic health service said that their husbands made the final decision as to whether or not they could travel to visit family.","1. Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977, act 17 (Right to\nFreedom of Movement Act No.15 of 1984)\nhttp://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf.\n2. Right to Freedom of Movement Act No.15 of 1984.\n3. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) [Tanzania] and ICF Macro. 2011.\nTanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Dar es Salaam,\nTanzania: NBS and ICF Macro., table 14.4.1.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n1) http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf\n2) http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/5-1971.pdf","Article 17 (1) of the constitution says every citizen has the right to freedom of movement in the country and the right to live in any part of it, to leave and enter the country, and the right not to be forced to leave or be expelled from it. However, women’s freedom of movement ma..."]
["2014_ZW_82",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",82,100,"Section 66 of the constitution provides for the rights for every Zimbabwean to enter into and leave the country, to hold a passport or other travel documents and to move freely within the country. There are no laws requiring women to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion or drive with a companion.","Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013), Part 2 - Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms, Section 66 - Freedom of movement and residence. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=312646","Section 66 of the constitution provides for the rights for every Zimbabwean to enter into and leave the country, to hold a passport or other travel documents and to move freely within the country. There are no laws requiring women to obtain permission to travel, travel with a compa..."]
["2014_DZ_83",2014,"DZ","Algeria",83,100,"Le droit au travail pour tous est garanti par l’article 55 de la Constitution et de nombreux articles de la loi 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 et de l’Ordonnance n°06-03 du 15 juillet 2006 portant statut général de la fonction publique assurent en théorie la non-discrimination. Le système de sécurité sociale accorde, également, à la femme l’assurance maladie et l’assurance pour les accidents de travail, ainsi que des mesures de protection relatives à la maternité et à la retraite.","Loi n° 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 relative aux relations de travail complétée et modifiée, Articles 6, 17, 55, 84.1990.\nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_191113.pdf\n\nDécret présidentiel n° 96438, art 54, 55, 1996. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_191113.pdf\n\nConstitution, Articles 29, 31, 55, 1996. http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm\n\nOrdonnance n°06-03 du 15 juillet 2006 portant statut général de la fonction publique, Article 27. 2006. http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Dgfp.htm\n\nOrganisation International du Travail. \"Algérie: La fierté des femmes qui travaillent\". 16 janvier 2014. http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_233867/lang--fr/index.htm\n\nBlog de Algérie Infos. par Saoudi Abdelaziz. \"Hammache El Kaina: le travail féminin émancipe la société algérienne\". 13 février 2014. http://www.algerieinfos-saoudi.com/article-hammache-el-kaina-le-travail-feminin-emancipe-la-societe-algerienne-122535457.html","Le droit au travail pour tous est garanti par l’article 55 de la Constitution et de nombreux articles de la loi 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 et de l’Ordonnance n°06-03 du 15 juillet 2006 portant statut général de la fonction publique assurent en théorie la non-discrimination. Le système ..."]
["2014_BF_83",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",83,100,"L'Article 4 du Code du Travail interdit toute discrimination y compris celle fondée sur le sexe: \n\"Toute discrimination en matière d’emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, on entend : \n1) toute distinction, exclusion ou préférence fondée notamment sur la race, la couleur, le sexe, la religion, l’opinion politique, le handicap, l’état de grossesse, l’ascendance nationale ou l’origine sociale, qui a pour effet de détruire, d’altérer l’égalité de chance ou de traitement en matière d’emploi ou de profession ; \n2) toute autre distinction, exclusion ou préférence ayant pour effet de détruire, d’altérer l’égalité de chance ou de traitement en matière d’emploi ou de profession. \n\nL'article Article 182 du Code du Travail garantit aux hommes et aux femmes un accès égal aux opportunités et avantages: \"A conditions égales de travail, de qualification professionnelle et de rendement, le salaire est égal pour tous les travailleurs quels que soient leur origine, leur sexe, leur âge et leur statut. [...] La détermination des salaires et la fixation des taux de rémunération doivent respecter le principe d’égalité de rémunération entre la main-d’œuvre masculine et la main-d’œuvre féminine pour un travail de valeur égale.  \n\nEnfin l'article Article 144 protège les femmes enceintes contre les licenciements abusifs : \"Toute femme enceinte dont l’état a été dûment constaté, a le droit de suspendre son travail sur prescription médicale sans que cette interruption de service ne soit considérée comme une cause de rupture de contrat.\" Selon l'Article 147, \"L’employeur ne peut prononcer le licenciement de la femme en congé de maternité. Il ne peut en outre, même avec son accord, l’employer dans les six semaines qui suivent son accouchement.\" \n\nCependant, il faut noter qu' en vertu des dispositions du règlement de discipline générale des forces armées nationales du Burkina, notamment l’article 86: \n«1) Le personnel militaire du sexe féminin qui contracte une grossesse pendant une formation est :\n- renvoyé du centre de formation ou de l’école ;\n- radié des FAN s’il provient d’un recrutement par concours direct.\n2) Les militaires du rang du sexe féminin qui contractent une grossesse avant le délai de six  ans sont d’office radiés des contrôles des FAN.\nPour les sous-officiers féminins, dont le recrutement procède d’un concours direct d’élèves sous-officiers, le délai est de trois ans.»\n\nCoutumièrement les discriminations subsistent car la femme doit rester à la maison pour s’occuper des enfants. Même dans certains milieux instruits, c’est le même cas : l’homme préfère être le seul pourvoyeur de ressources et la femme se contente de s’occuper des enfants. L’idée la plus répandue est que la femme qui travaille sera trop indépendante et donc pas soumise. Ces mentalités restent encore répandues même si de plus en plus les changements s’opèrent.","Constitution du Burkina Faso, loi N°033-2012/AN du 11 juin 2012, Art.19. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Burkina_Faso_2012.pdf\n\nLoi n° 13/98/AN du 28 avril 1998, portant régime juridique applicable aux emplois et aux agents de la Fonction Publique, Art. 9. http://www.matd.gov.bf/INFOROUTES/conception%20pages%20web%20kinde/Receuil%20des%20lois%20et%20textes.htm\n\nLoi N° 028 -2008/AN portant Code du travail, Art. 4, mai 2008. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126287.pdf\n\nPolitique nationale genre, Axe stratégique 2, Page 33\n\nDécret n°2008-700/PRES/PM/DEF du 14 novembre 2008 portant règlement de discipline générale dans les forces armées nationales. JO N°07 du 12 février 2009 article 86. http://icoaf.org/docs/Burkina_Faso/Decret_no_2008-700PRESPMDEF_14.11.08.pdf","L'Article 4 du Code du Travail interdit toute discrimination y compris celle fondée sur le sexe: \n\"Toute discrimination en matière d’emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, ..."]
["2014_TD_83",2014,"TD","Chad",83,0,"L'article 205 du Code du travail dispose que : « le travail de nuit des femmes est interdit dans les industries. Cette interdiction ne s’applique pas : \na) aux femmes occupant des fonctions d’encadrement ; \nb) aux femmes occupées dans les services n’impliquant pas le travail manuel ; \nc) aux femmes travaillant dans les établissements occupés par les membres d’une même famille. »\n\nEgalement, les dispositions coutumières reconnues par le Code civil s'appliquent dans certains milieux et les femmes n'ont pas les mêmes chances d'accès aux emplois que les hommes. \n\nLes dispositions qui protège l'égalité dans le Code du Travail sont les suivants:\n\nL'article 32 de la Constitution de la République du Tchad stipule que« l'État reconnait à tous les citoyens le droit au travail. Il garantit au citoyens la juste retribution de ses services ou de la production. Nul ne peut être lésé dans son travail en raison de ses origines, de ses opinions, de ses croyances, de son sexe ou de sa situation matrimoniale.»\n\nSelon l'Article 6 de la Loi n° 38/PR/96 du 11 décembre 1996 portant Code du travail, «sous réserve des dispositions expresses du présent code, ou de tout autre texte de nature législative ou réglementaire protégeant les femmes et les enfants ainsi que des dispositions relatives à la condition des étrangers, aucun employeur ne peut prendre en considération le sexe, l'âge ou la nationalité des travailleurs pour arrêter ses décisions en ce qui concerne notamment l'embauchage, la conduite et la répartition du travail, la formation professionnelle, l'avancement, la promotion, la rémunération, l'octroi d'avantages sociaux, la discipline ou la rupture du contrat de travail.»\n\nSelon Article 112 de la loi N° 38/PR/96 du 11 décembre 1996 portant Code du travail: «en dehors du cas de faute lourde non liée à la grossesse et du cas d'impossibilité dans lequel il se trouve de maintenir le contrat, aucun employeur ne peut licencier une femme en état de grossesse apparente ou médicalement constatée. En toute hypothèse, aucun employeur ne peut licencier une femme pendant les périodes de suspension prévues aux articles 108 et 109, que la femme use ou non de son droit à suspension.»","Constitution de la République du Tchad, Article 32. http://www.presidencetchad.org/Constitution_Tchad.pdf\n\nLoi n° 38/PR/96 du 11 décembre 1996 portant Code du travail au Tchad, articles 6 et 112. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/47297/65070/F96TCD01.htm\n\nSEID Brahim Ben, président de la confédération libre des travailleurs du Tchad, 22 juin 2014.","L'article 205 du Code du travail dispose que : « le travail de nuit des femmes est interdit dans les industries. Cette interdiction ne s’applique pas : \na) aux femmes occupant des fonctions d’encadrement ; ..."]
["2014_ER_83",2014,"ER","Eritrea",83,100,"Article 14 of the constitution prohibits gender discrimination. Article 23 of Labor Proclamation No.118/2001 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex with regards to the opportunity or treatment in employment and remuneration. In addition, the labour law introduced a mechanism for resolving issues of discrimination against women.\n\nThe government of Eritrea has also ratified international conventions, such as the International Labour Convention (ILO) No. 100, on equal remuneration and Convention No.111, which prohibits discrimination in employment and occupation on the grounds of sex.\n\nUnder Art. 66, women are guaranteed a sixty day maternity leave. \n\nThere are practices or beliefs that prevent women from taking certain agricultural or professional activities that are deemed unacceptable to be carried out by women, but there are no such systematically enforced customary or religious laws against women.","Article 14 of the Constitution of 1997  \n\nArticles 23 (4) and 65 - 67 of the Eritrean Labor Proclamation No.118/2001. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/493/TheLabour/ProclamationEritrea/118/2001.pdf","Article 14 of the constitution prohibits gender discrimination. Article 23 of Labor Proclamation No.118/2001 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex with regards to the opportunity or treatment in employment and remuneration. In addition, the labour law introduced a mechanism ..."]
["2014_GA_83",2014,"GA","Gabon",83,50,"Le Code du travail gabonais accorde le même statut aux hommes et aux femmes sur le marché de l'emploi, interdit toute discrimination fondée sur le sexe et prohibe toute sanction contre des femmes du fait d'une grossesse.  Mais, chez les musulmans, dans les communautés chez les pygmées et certains autres peuples conservateurs, les femmes n'ont pas le même accès à l'emploi.\n\nSelon l'article 1er du Code du travail, «est considéré comme travailleur, au sens du présent code, quels que soient son sexe et sa nationalité, toute personne qui s'est engagée à mettre son activité professionnelle, moyennant rémunération, sous la direction et l'autorité d'une autre personne physique ou morale, publique ou privée, appelée employeur.»\n\nLa discrimination fondée sur le sexe est interdite par le Code du Ttavail. Selon l'article 8, «tous les travailleurs sont égaux devant la loi et bénéficient de la même protection et des mêmes garanties. Toute discrimination en matière d'emploi et de conditions de travail fondée, notamment, sur la race, la couleur, le sexe, la religion, l'opinion politique, l'ascendance nationale ou l'origine sociale est interdite.»\n\nEn vertu des articles 170 et 171 du Code du travail, les femmes ne peuvent faire l'objet de licenciement illégal ou de sanctions du fait de la grossesse.\n\nArticle 170: «La femme a les mêmes droits et les mêmes obligations en matière de législation du travail, sous réserve des dispositions particulières prévues par la présente loi. Aucun employeur ne peut licencier ou prendre toute autre mesure de représailles contre une salariée au motif de sa grossesse ou de son accouchement. Tout licenciement d'une femme enceinte, dont l'état a été constaté médicalement ou dont la grossesse est apparente, ou tout licenciement intervenu dans les quinze mois suivant la date de l'accouchement, est subordonné à l'autorisation préalable de l'inspecteur du travail.»\n\nArticle 171: \"La femme enceinte a le droit, à l'occasion de sa grossesse, de suspendre son contrat de travail pendant quatorze semaines consécutives, dont six semaines avant et huit semaines après la date présumée de l'accouchement [...]\"\n\nArticle 173.  Pendant son congé de maternité, la femme a droit aux soins médicaux gratuits et à la totalité du salaire qu'elle percevait au moment de la suspension du travail, prestations qui sont à la charge de la Caisse nationale de sécurité sociale. Elle conserve le droit aux prestations en nature.","Loi no 3/94 du 21 novembre 1994 portant Code du travail. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/39615/64948/F94GAB01.htm","Le Code du travail gabonais accorde le même statut aux hommes et aux femmes sur le marché de l'emploi, interdit toute discrimination fondée sur le sexe et prohibe toute sanction contre des femmes du fait d'une grossesse.  Mais, chez les musulmans, dans les communautés chez les pygm..."]
["2014_LS_83",2014,"LS","Lesotho",83,100,"According to Section 30 of the constitution, men and women must have equal opportunity to “be promoted in their employment to an appropriate higher level, subject to no considerations other than those of seniority and competence.”\n\nPursuant to this constitutional provision, Section 5 of the Labour Code Order 1992 maintains that “Men and women shall receive equal remuneration for work of equal value.” \n\nSection 136 (1) of the Labour Code stipulates that “any dismissal of any employee that takes effect during her statutory maternity leave shall automatically be an unfair dismissal.”\n\nSubsection 2 provides as follows: “Where a female employee … remains absent from work for a longer period as a result of an illness which a medical officer or a registered nurse or midwife has certified in writing to arise in his or her opinion out of the employee's pregnancy or confinement and to render her unfit to return to work, no employer shall, during the period of her absence … give notice to dismiss her or terminate her contract of employment.\"","1. The Constitution of Lesotho. Chapter I. section 30. (1993, last amended in 2001). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126743.pdf\n\n2. Labour Code Order 1992. Part IX. Sections 133, 134, 135 and 136. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/31536/64865/E92LSO01.htm\n\n3. Labour Code Wages (Amendment) Notice 2012. http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_23.pdf","According to Section 30 of the constitution, men and women must have equal opportunity to “be promoted in their employment to an appropriate higher level, subject to no considerations other than those of seniority and competence.”..."]
["2014_ML_83",2014,"ML","Mali",83,50,"La Constitution du 25 février 1992 dispose en son article 2 que «tous les Maliens naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits et en devoirs. Toute discrimination fondée sur l'origine sociale, la couleur, la langue, la race, le sexe, la religion et l'opinion politique est prohibée.»\nAinsi, les femmes ont un accès égal aux opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail. La loi interdit toute discrimination fondée sur le sexe. \n\nLe Code du travail garantit le droit des congés de maternité pour les femmes. C'est pourquoi, elle ne peuvent pas être licenciées ou rétrogradées en raison de la grossesse. Selon l'article.D. 189-12 du Code du travail : «les femmes ne peuvent être employées pendant une période de huit semaines au total avant et après leur accouchement.»\n\nLe principe de la laïcité est consacré par la Constitution malienne du 25 février 1992. Selon ce document, il n’y a aucune forme de discrimination basée sur le sexe en matière d’accès à l’emploi. Par courtoisie conjugale, les femmes demande l’accord de leurs maris pour certains travaux qui se dérouleraient à des heures indues. Par exemple, les services de garde dans les hôpitaux, les sociétés de gardiennage, le service militaire. Mais cela ne repose sur aucun précepte religieux.","Constitution du Mali, article 2, adoptée le 25 février 1992, http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Mali-2.pdf\n\nCode du Travail, article D. 189-12, adopté le 13 juin 1996\n\nLoi N°99-0041 portant Code de prévoyance sociale en République du Mali, article 5, adoptée le 12 août 1999, http://mali.eregulations.org/media/code%20de%20prevoyance%20sociale.pdf","La Constitution du 25 février 1992 dispose en son article 2 que «tous les Maliens naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits et en devoirs. Toute discrimination fondée sur l'origine sociale, la couleur, la langue, la race, le sexe, la religion et l'opinion politique est prohib..."]
["2014_MZ_83",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",83,100,"The constitution guarantees equal civil and political rights for men and women, and Article 67 states that men and women shall be equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural affairs. Article 111 (3) also states that everyone should receive equal pay for equal work.\n\nArticle 54 of the Labour Law states that all employees are guaranteed equal rights in the workplace, regardless of their ethnic origin, language, race, sex, marital status, age within the limits set by law, social condition, religious or political ideas or affiliations to a trade union.\n\nArticles 10 and 11 of the Labour Law indicate clearly the rights of pregnant women and protect them from being fired, demoted. They can also be not exposed to work that is harmful to their health or to their reproductive function.\n\nThere is no specific community/ethnic group that enforce such customary law (to the neglect of the Constitution) influencing a woman's right to equal access to employment. The ministry of justice has been active advocating for the abolition of any practices that violates the rights / discriminates the rights of women.","Constitution of the republic, 2004, Articles 67 and 111 (3). \nhttp://www.mozambique.mz/pdf/constituicao.pdf\nhttp://www.acismoz.com//lib/services/translations/TransConstitution2004eng.pdf \n\nLabour Law No. 23, 2007, Chapter II, Section VII, Subsection I, Article 54.  \nhttp://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/legisSectores/trabalho/Lei_do_Trabalho.pdf","The constitution guarantees equal civil and political rights for men and women, and Article 67 states that men and women shall be equal before the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural affairs. Article 111 (3) also states that everyone should receive equal ..."]
["2014_SN_83",2014,"SN","Senegal",83,100,"La Constitution en son article 25 et le Code du travail en son article L.1 accordent aux femmes un droit d’accès égal aux opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail.  \n\nL'article 25 de la Constitution stipule que : « Chacun a le droit de travailler et le droit de prétendre à un emploi. Nul ne peut être lésé dans son travail en raison de ses origines, de son sexe, de ses opinions, de ses choix politiques ou de ses croyances. Le travailleur peut adhérer à un syndicat et défendre ses droits par l'action syndicale. Toute discrimination entre l'homme et la femme devant l'emploi, le salaire et l'impôt est interdite. » \n\nLe Code du travail, en son article L.1, va dans le même sens : « Le droit au travail est reconnu à chaque citoyen comme un droit sacré. L'État met tout en œuvre pour l'aider à trouver un emploi et à le conserver lorsqu'il l'a obtenu. L'État assure l'égalité de chance et de traitement des citoyens en ce qui concerne l'accès à la formation professionnelle et à l'emploi, sans distinction d'origine, de race, de sexe et de religion. »  Ce qui donne aux femmes un droit d’accès égal aux opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail.\nL'article L.86 alinea 7° stipule que le code renforce les modalités d’application du principe : « à travail égal, salaire égal » pour les femmes et les jeunes. Le Chapitre 3 du Code du travail (Art L142 - L146) fixe les conditions de travail des femmes et des enfants, y compris le congé de maternité.\n\nIl n’ y a pas de lois coutumières ou religieuses en vigueur qui sont discriminatoires envers les femmes en matière d'accès à l'emploi.","Constitution de la République du Sénégal du 22 janvier 2001. Article 25.\n\nLoi n°97-17 du 1er décembre 1997 portant Code du travail. Article 1, 86, 142 et suivants. http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Senegal/Senegal%20-%20Code%20du%20travail.pdf","La Constitution en son article 25 et le Code du travail en son article L.1 accordent aux femmes un droit d’accès égal aux opportunités d'emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail.  ..."]
["2014_SS_83",2014,"SS","South Sudan",83,0,"In South Sudanese law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace. \n\nThe first law that guarantees women’s rights in the workplace is the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan. It states that women shall have the right to \"equal pay for equal work and other related benefits with men,” and they shall have the right to \"participate equally with men in public life.” Article 16 (4) states: “All levels of government shall: (a) promote women participation in public life and their representation in the legislative and executive organs by at least twenty-five per cent as an affirmative action to redress imbalances created by history, customs, and traditions.”\n\nThe second law that gives women equal access to employment opportunities and benefits the workplace is South Sudan’s Labour Act, 2012. In part, the act stipulates that women may not be employed at certain times of day, presumably to protect them: “No women shall be employed to work between 10:00 pm and 6:00 am with the exception of employing women in administrative, professional, technical or other acts of social and health works.” \n\nOther sections of the Labour Act set out the conditions for employment of women, including exclusion of women from certain types and types of jobs.\nSection 21 states: “No women shall be employed in dangerous works or works that require a lot of physical efforts with health-damaging effects like carrying heavy loads and works performed under the ground or water as well as those that expose workers to toxic substances or cold or heat that exceeds reasonable limits, for women's tolerance.”\n\nHowever, under South Sudan’s judicial system, customary law, which consists of numerous unwritten tribal laws, is applied side by side with statutory law. In accessing employment opportunities under customary law, men are regarded above women.","The Transitional Constitution of South Sudan, 2011. \nhttp://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Sudan/South%20Sudan_Transitional_constitution_2011.pdf\n\nLabour Act, 2012.\nhttp://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/South%20Sudan/LabourBill2012.pdf","In South Sudanese law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace. ..."]
["2014_TG_83",2014,"TG","Togo",83,50,"L'article 3 du Code du travail indique que toute discrimination directe ou indirecte en matière d'emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, on entend notamment toute distinction, exclusion ou préférence fondée sur le sexe.\n \n L'article 60 stipule que le licenciement pour cause de maternité est abusif.\n\nCependant, sous la loi coutumière les femmes sont discriminées en matière d'accès à l'emploi.","Loi n° 2006-010 du 13 décembre 2006 portant Code du travail. (2006). Articles 3 et 60.","L'article 3 du Code du travail indique que toute discrimination directe ou indirecte en matière d'emploi et de profession est interdite. Par discrimination, on entend notamment toute distinction, exclusion ou préférence fondée sur le sexe...."]
["2014_AO_84",2014,"AO","Angola",84,0,"Equality between men and women is a fundamental right under the constitution (Article 23, 1-2). The General Labour Law (GLL) enshrines equal rights and treatment for men and women (Articles 3 and 268 of the GLL) and also establishes the principle of equal pay for equal work without gender discrimination as well as protecting women during the period of maternity (Article 272 of the GLL). \n\nWomen, however, do not receive the same pay and benefits as men for the same work. In Angola, there is still a large paternalistic and sexist culture in which men in many places of labour are paid more and have more benefits. Although it is legally prohibited in law, the practice is very different. The largest number of unemployed in Angola are women, and it is not easy for a woman to be promoted. The general labour law assigns three months and some subsidies for pregnancy, but the problem lies in the implementation of these policies, and most employers, including the government itself, don't abide by the law.  \n\nIn practice, the participation rate of women in the labour market is lower than that of men. According to data released in the CEIC 2013 report, the private sector is the main creator of jobs in the country. With regard to the public sector, public administration accounts for 3.2 percent of the jobs created in 2013, with 136,948 (36 percent) occupied by women and 243,388 (64 percent) occupied by men.  \n\nMaria Lassalete, director of the Angolan NGO Action for Rural Development and Environment (ADRA), in the opening of the 1st Conference for Women Leadership, said that discrimination is a major cause of inequality between men and women and needs to be eliminated through legal provisions and specific measures. The levels of participation of women in the economic and political sectors is still low compared with those of men, although women in large numbers have gainful employment. Many times working in the informal economy provides less stability, however, and women often are employed precisely in the informal sector. \n\nAccording to the Jornal de Angola, the policies and promotion of women in development programs have made significant progress, and conditions for women have improved greatly. Angola is among the few countries in the world that have made significant progress on policies for gender equality, focusing on maternity leave, the rights of pregnant workers, equal treatment, etc. In areas such as entrepreneurship, business, sports and the arts, women achieved excellent levels of performance. Although there is still discrimination based on gender, the number of women in positions of management and leadership is significantly higher than in previous years and is increasing as a result of the investment in education and vocational training.","Email interview, Elias Isaac, Angola programme manager, OSISA, Luanda, Sept. 15, 2014 \n\nJornal de Angola, \"The condition of the woman,\" Aug. 12, 2014\nhttp://m.ja.sapo.ao/inicio/opiniao/editorial/a_condicao_da_mulher \n\nAngop, \"Women advised to give priority to academic training in gender balance,\"  June 27, 2014  http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/sociedade/2014/5/26/Mulheres-aconselhadas-privilegiar-formacao-academica-para-equilibrio-genero,ebae0596-f101-405d-828d-6f8bce7b1243.html\n\nANGOP, \"Discrimination identified as the main cause of inequality between men and women,\" (\"Discriminação apontada como principal causa da desigualdade entre homens e mulheres\"), Sept. 12, 2013\nhttp://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/sociedade/2013/8/37/Discriminacao-apontada-como-principal-causa-desigualdade-entre-homens-mulheres,02b1d2c3-13ea-48d7-bb2e-e35c3cbfa920.html \n\nDigital Portugal, \"Angola, Guinea Bissau and Brazil are the worst Lusophone countries on human rights, according to Washington,\" (\"Angola, Guiné Bissau e Brasil são os piores países lusófonos em direitos humanos, segundo Washington\"), Feb. 28, 2014\nhttp://www.portugaldigital.com.br/sociedade/ver/20083961-angola-guine-bissau-e-brasil-sao-os-piores-paises-lusofonos-em-direitos-humanos-segundo-governo-dos-eua \n\nAngola Economic Report, Center for the Study and Scientific Research of the Catholic University of Angola, 2013 \n\nConstitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010, Article 23  \n\nGeneral Labour Law, Law No. 2/00 February 2000, Articles 3, 368 and 272 \n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nUNCTAD, Quem se beneficia com a liberalisaca do commercio em Angola: uma perspectiva de genero, 2013, accessed Oct. 15, 2014 \nhttp://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/ditc2013d3_pr.pdf \n\nRedeAngola, \"A desigualdade de oportunidades continua a afectar as mulheres,\" May 10, 2014, accessed Oct. 15, 2014 \nhttp://www.redeangola.info/a-desigualdade-de-oportunidades-continua-a-afectar-as-mulheres/","Equality between men and women is a fundamental right under the constitution (Article 23, 1-2). The General Labour Law (GLL) enshrines equal rights and treatment for men and women (Articles 3 and 268 of the GLL) and also establishes the principle of equal pay for equal work without..."]
["2014_CM_84",2014,"CM","Cameroon",84,50,"L'accès des femmes au marché du travail et aux avantages qui y sont lié varie d'une structure à une autre. \nDans le secteur public, les femmes interviewées ne se plaignent pas. Selon elles, elles ont accès aux mêmes chances de recrutement et de promotion que les hommes.\n\nMais dans le secteur privé, la situation est différente. Certaines femmes qui ont postulé pour des emplois dans le privé, ont témoigné avoir été victimes de harcèlement sexuel sans possibilité de se plaindre. D'autres aussi dans le même secteur ont subi le harcèlement sexuel pour avoir droit à une promotion, certaines pendant une grossesse ont été remplacées systématiquement pour des raisons de productivité selon l'employeur. C'est dire que seul le secteur privé semble ne pas observer les Droits de l'Homme et conditionne toujours la femme à cause de son sexe.\n\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord (score=50): Selon un rapport du World Economic Forum, les dispositions du Code civil discriminent contre les femmes de deux façons. Premièrement, elles accordent un droit de veto à l'époux d'une femme au sujet de ses décisions en matière d'emploi, efficace discrimination contre les femmes et leur droit de travailler dans l'article 15 de la Charte africaine. Deuxièmement, cette disposition a un effet discriminatoire de facto sur les femmes, car les employeurs peuvent être réticents à embaucher des femmes et, dans certains cas, peuvent même exiger l'autorisation écrite de l'époux d'une femme avant l'embauche. En conséquence, les femmes peuvent avoir moins de capacité à faire valoir leurs compétences sur le marché de l'emploi compte tenu de l'autorité de leurs maris, en particulier dans la région du Nord à majorité musulmane, où sévissent les idées selon lesquelles les hommes sont supérieurs aux femmes. En outre, certains hommes sont réticents à employer des femmes bien formées, comme des avocats et des journalistes. Les femmes peuvent refuser certains emplois si elles sentent que cela peut mettre leur harmonie matrimoniale en danger. Enfin, le droit de veto d'un mari dans l'intérêt de leurs enfants est exacerbé par la rareté et l'insuffisance des installations pour les enfants, tels que les crèches, garderies et jardins d'enfants. L'effet discriminatoire du Code civil contre les femmes dans l'emploi est révélé par les statistiques de l'emploi communiquées par le gouvernement du Cameroun dans son 3ème rapport périodique:\n61,3% des hommes sont employés contre 44,5% des femmes. Lorsque les données de l'emploi sont désagrégées par sexe dans le secteur formel, la disparité entre les sexes devient encore plus évidente:\n11,9% des hommes travaillent dans le secteur formel, contre seulement 4,1% des femmes; le pourcentage des femmes en tant que salariés, ou travailleurs permanents dans le secteur formel est faible, et seulement 8,2% des femmes travaillant à quelque titre se trouvent dans cette catégorie.","GAIBAY Soflane, fonctionnaire au ministère de la communication, 30 juin 2014. \n\nKAZÉ Béatrice, rédacteur en chef de Kalak Fm, radio privée, 30 juin 2014;\n\nKUATÉ Jean, directeur général de global plus, entreprise privée, 29 juin 2014;\n\n\nSource des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nWorld Economic Forum Country Profile 2013, Cameroon. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR13/Cameroon.pdf","L'accès des femmes au marché du travail et aux avantages qui y sont lié varie d'une structure à une autre. \nDans le secteur public, les femmes interviewées ne se plaignent pas. Selon elles, elles ont ac..."]
["2014_CF_84",2014,"CF","CAR",84,50,"D'après les personnes interrogées, en République Centrafricaine les femmes et les hommes généralement ont un traitement égal en termes de salaire en ce qui concerne le même travail fourni conformément à la loi régissant le fonctionnement de la fonction publique et celle des finances publiques et du budget. A titre d'illustration, une femme nommée chef de service au sein d'une administration publique bénéficie d'une prime de fonction de 50 000 FCFA au même titre qu'un homme.\n\nElles ajoutent que les femmes centrafricaines compétentes ont les mêmes chances d'embauche ou de la promotion. Par exemple, dans le cadre d'appel au recrutement, on encourage le plus souvent les candidatures de sexe féminin. Mais, force est de constater que cette volonté se heurte par certaines pratiques nuisibles à l’épanouissement professionnel des femmes en RCA. Celles-ci se traduisent par l’harcèlement sexuel. Les femmes qui refusent de céder se voient rejeter leurs dossiers de candidatures. Ce qui explique dans une certaine mesure la disparité entre les hommes et les femmes dans le cadre de recrutement tant dans le secteur privé que public, d’après toujours les informateurs. \n\nEnfin, les femmes centrafricaines fonctionnaires qui tombent enceintes ne sont pas licenciées ni rétrogradées. Celles-ci bénéficient de congé de maternité et d'autres avantages après l'accouchement, des affectations d'allocations familiales après un certain nombre de démarches entreprises auprès du Ministère de la fonction publique et celui des finances et du budget.","DEKOYO Jeannine, juriste de formation, directrice des études économiques et ssociales à la direction générale de la commission nationale des investissements au Ministère du commerce, de l'industrie, des PME et de l'artisanat, interview du 20 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nTANGA Valerie, Conseillère nationale (Député), enseignante en anthropologie à l'université de Bangui, interview du 18 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nDANAÏ Claudia, chef de service chargé de relations extérieures à la direction générale de la commission nationale des investissements au ministère de commerce, de l'industrie, des PME et de l'artisanat, interview du 20 juin 2014, Bangui","D'après les personnes interrogées, en République Centrafricaine les femmes et les hommes généralement ont un traitement égal en termes de salaire en ce qui concerne le même travail fourni conformément à la loi régissant le fonctionnement de la fonction publique et celle des finance..."]
["2014_CD_84",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",84,25,"Des disparités existent entre les hommes et les femmes dans leur accès au marché du travail au Congo. Selon une étude dont les résultats ont été présentés en juin 2014, «les jeunes congolais, en particulier les femmes, ont peu de possibilités d’emplois. Le manque de diversification de l’économie nationale et un secteur privé peu développé sont des obstacles importants à la création d’emplois. Les femmes entrent dans le marché du travail à un plus jeune âge que les hommes, mais elles sont beaucoup moins susceptibles de travailler après 22 ans.»\n\nUn effort certain a été réalisé dans le domaine de l'accès des femmes à des postes de responsabilités. On constate que des progrès restent à faire dans le domaine de la haute administration. \nAu cours de l'année 2014 des femmes ont été promues à des postes de responsabilité. Plusieurs administrations sont dirigées par des femmes c'est le cas notamment de la Banque postale, la direction générale de l'enseignement secondaire, la direction générale du livre, la compagnie aérienne Equateur airlines, etc. \n\nMalgré les progrès soulignés, il y a des difficultés sociétales auxquelles les femmes font face sur le marché de l'emploi, particulièrment dans le secteur informel.","N'SINGOULOU Cynthia, assistant manager au cabinet Price Waterhouse Cooper Pointe Noire, entretien par téléphone, 6 novembre 2014\n\nCARDORELLE Pauline, juriste spécialiste de l'aide au développement, entretien par téléphone, 03 novembre 2014.\n\nN’KOUKA-KOUDISSA Aybienevie, La Semaine Africaine, 11 mars 2014, p.3, «104ème journée internationale de la femme, 'L’égalité pour les femmes, c’est le progrès pour toutes et tous'».\n\nLa Semaine Africaine, 1er juillet 2014, «Congo- Banque mondiale : Augmenter l’instruction des filles, pour combattre les inégalités de genre.» http://lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/9280-congo-banque-mondiale-augmenter-l-instruction-des-filles-pour-combattre-les-inegalites-de-genre","Des disparités existent entre les hommes et les femmes dans leur accès au marché du travail au Congo. Selon une étude dont les résultats ont été présentés en juin 2014, «les jeunes congolais, en particulier les femmes, ont peu de possibilités d’emplois. Le manque de diversification..."]
["2014_GQ_84",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",84,25,"During the period of review, the government of Equatorial Guinea continued its efforts to address equality for women, despite the rooted stereotypes and practices of ethnic traditions. Due to the large education gap and widespread illiteracy, men continue to have greater access to employment opportunities than do women.\n\nIn May 2014, a civil society organization with support from government agencies and international organizations hosted a workshop on women’s rights and discrimination. By the end of the period of review, the government had not provided any data or information on women’s employment.  According to the sources consulted for this study, payment and benefits are officially the same vis-a-vis jobs with same, but in practice, some officials responsible for the payroll deduct payment amounts from female  employees and keep the money for themselves. Women who complain about payroll mismanagement are often ignored. \n\nThe government does not effectively enforce the labor law, and in some instances, men are preferred over women and women’s legal guarantees continue to be ignored. Men continue to hold most of the high-level positions in government.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 21, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, lawyer-member, Equatorial Guinea, Aug. 22, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication:  Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/equatorial-guinea-0   \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf\n \n\n ","During the period of review, the government of Equatorial Guinea continued its efforts to address equality for women, despite the rooted stereotypes and practices of ethnic traditions. Due to the large education gap and widespread illiteracy, men continue to have greater access to ..."]
["2014_GH_84",2014,"GH","Ghana",84,50,"Ghana's labour law guarantees equal employment opportunities and benefits for all employees. However, there are instances where institutions, state and private, tend to discriminate against women at the workplace or those seeking jobs. Some employers, depending on the nature of the job, prefer men to women workers and vice-versa. \n\nDiscrimination against women in terms of being hired is high and in some cases, employers demand sexual favours from the women in exchange for jobs.\n\nHowever, once a woman is employed, she enjoys the same conditions of service as her male counterparts. Women are not fired or demoted because of pregnancy, but they suffer other form of discrimination as a result of pregnancy. There are reports of more women being denied maternity leave, especially in the government or public sector. The National Labour Commission (NLC) has said many women have reported to it that they have been denied maternity leave. The NLC said it had intervened and resolved some of those cases in favour of the women, but many are pending. The NLC could not produce statistics because it does not keep track of such issues.\n\nThere are serious levels of exploitation against women especially in the banking, media, insurance and other women dominated sectors. Most often women fall victims to sexual exploitation when looking for jobs. There is also the challenge of knowing someone in the organization before one can be sure of acquiring a job. There have been several reports in the media to support these claims. The Minister of Gender, Children and Social Protection Mrs.  Nana Oye Lithur on Oct. 23, 2014 at the 59 Session of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) spoke on Ghana's preparedness to use Affirmative Action to rectify errors of the past, particularly as they relate to discrimination against Women.","1. Mr Robert Amoafo, Executive Director, Human Rights Advocacy Center, Telephone interview, July 23, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mrs Charlotte Hanson, Public Relations Officer, National Labour Commission, Telephone interview, July 24, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Madam Zenabu Sakibu, Coordinator, Southern Sector Youth and Women's Empowerment Network, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Ghana News Agency, 23rd october 2014. Ghana re-affirms commitment to elimunate discrimination against women. http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/ghana-re-affirms-commitment-to-eliminate-discrimination-against-women--81306        \n\n5. Ghana Broadcast Corporation, Oct 24, 2014, CEDAW commends Ghanahttp://www.gbcghana.com/1.1878195","Ghana's labour law guarantees equal employment opportunities and benefits for all employees. However, there are instances where institutions, state and private, tend to discriminate against women at the workplace or those seeking jobs. Some employers, depending on the nature of the..."]
["2014_LR_84",2014,"LR","Liberia",84,50,"Women and men are generally equal in the workplaces in Liberia. Women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, and they often have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted based on reward/systems within the agency they are working. They are not discriminated against because on natural conditions like pregnancy, childbirth, etc. They are entitled to maternity leaves and will receive regular salary as required.  \n\nSome women leaders interviewed indicated that there has never been any incidence or report of unequal treatment based on gender. Many believe that women receive preferential treatment for jobs since they are not many in the workforce. However, the percentage of women holding top key positions remain low. This has prompted the Liberia National Police women to organize themselves to identify and demand equal opportunities, such as trainings, that would allow them to advance in their careers. \n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments:\n\nDisagree (score=25): Women face challenges to access employment and benefits in Liberia. An article authored by the World Bank in April 14, 2014 outlines these challenges, which include early maternity, illiteracy, etc. \"The situation of young women is particularly challenging. Gender-based violence is pervasive in Liberia, nearly 40% of girls age 15 to 19 are not in school and cannot read or write, and many girls become mothers when they are still young themselves. Economically, young women are active, but they face many obstacles when it comes to finding and keeping jobs or starting businesses.\" This provides evidence that women do not have equal opportunities in the hiring process.","Interview: Bayer Denis, Program Officer, UN Women, Monrovia, 12/08/2014\n\nInterview: Ola Barco, Comptroller, Civil Service Agency of Liberia, Monrovia, 12/08/2014\n\nInterview: Hon. Nato Liegh, Minister of Labor, Monrovia, 12/08/2014\n\nAllAfrica. \"Liberia: National Police Women Group Demands Equal Opportunity\", March 7, 2015. http://allafrica.com/stories/201503092853.html\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Source:\n\nThe World bank, April 14, 2014. Can Skills Training Programs Increase Employment for Young Women? The Case of Liberia. http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2014/04/14/can-skills-training-programs-increase-employment-for-young-women-liberia","Women and men are generally equal in the workplaces in Liberia. Women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, and they often have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted based on reward/systems within the agency they are working. They are not discrimi..."]
["2014_MU_84",2014,"MU","Mauritius",84,25,"In practice, if a female employee knows that for the same job, a man would be paid a higher salary, she could sue the company or report the matter to the Ministry of Labour or to the Equal Opportunity Commission.\n\nWhile there are rules against discrimination, there is definitely some deviance. Minister of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Shakeel Mohamed said women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace, and that the situation was continuing to improve. He noted that there are more female executives now compared to a few years ago. \n\nAnushka Virahsawmy, chairperson of the NGO Gender Links, said that as per the constitution, men and women have equal rights. Women are protected by the law and have equal access to employment and benefits at work. Moreover, the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) ensures that men and women are not discriminated against. In cases involving discrimination, steps are taken to protect and give the women their rights.\n\nBrian Glover, the EOC's chairperson, added that the role of the institution is also to protect women’s rights. He pointed out that the EOC further protects women in virtue of their marital status, being single mothers or pregnancy situations, etc. \n\nPaula Atchia of the NGO Women in Politics stated that women, when qualified, have  increasing access to employment opportunities, especially in certain fields. However, there is still a gap in salaries and benefits, especially in the private sector.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. Basing on some of the available data, the unemployment rate, economic activity of women and also the existing gender pay gap. \" In 2012, the unemployment rate among females was 12.0 percent while among males is 5.1 per cent. As for wages, the average man earns US$1.70 per hour and the average woman US$1.20 implying a pay gap of 36 percent Gokulsing and Tandrayen-Ragoobur 2014).  According to this article there exist also a sex segregation of the labor market. \n\nWhile the statistical report of the Ministry of Gender Equality, Child Development and Social Welfare (Republic of Mauritius 2013) shows that \"women are less economically active compared to men. In 2011, 43.8% of women aged 16 years and above were active against 75.5% among men of the same age.\" Also in the same report it may be found that \"the average monthly income in 2011 was lower for women than for men, Rs 11,000 against Rs 16,400.\"","1.\tAnushka Virahsawmy, Chairman, Gender Links, 15 Sept 2014, phone\n2.\tShakeel Mohamed, Minister of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment, 16 sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n3.\tBrian Glover, Chairperson, Equal Opportunities Commission, 02 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n4.\tPaula Atchia, NGO Women in Politics, 22 Sept 2014, mail\n\nReviewer sources:\nGokulsing, Deepa and Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur, 2014, Gender, education and labour market: evidence from Mauritius, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 34 Iss 9/10 pp. 609 - 633 Permanent link to this document:\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2013-0001, accessed on the 19 December 2014\n\nRepublic of Mauritius, February 2013, Statistics in Mauritius - A gender approach, http://gender.govmu.org/English/Documents/Statistics%20in%20Mauritius%20-%20A%20Gender%20Approach%2024.07.13.pdf, accessed on the 19 December 2014 ","In practice, if a female employee knows that for the same job, a man would be paid a higher salary, she could sue the company or report the matter to the Ministry of Labour or to the Equal Opportunity Commission...."]
["2014_RW_84",2014,"RW","Rwanda",84,25,"Rwandan women do not have equal access to jobs as men do. \n\nArticle 12 of Law No. 13/2009 prohibits discrimination based on factors including race, sex, marital status and country of origin. The gender equality law requires that women fill at least 30 percent of decision-making positions in government bodies. This law is respected in Rwanda, according to officials. \n\nMP Connie Bwiza says that this is an area where the government has been able to score highly. The law extends further to the private sector. A report released by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) earlier this year showed that the employment rate of women in Rwanda was higher than that of men in 2013. \nIn some recruiting practices, women are prefered. \n \nHowever, an assessment by the African Development Bank (May 2014) reveals that \"women account for more than half of Rwanda’s workers, but men are more likely to have wage employment. In fact, a large percentage of women work without pay. Men are more likely than women to work in the formal and the informal sector where earnings are relatively high. Among youth, males and females have nearly similar farm wage earnings, but males fare better in every other wage category. Women’s concentration in unpaid family work suggests that cultural factors (norms about domestic responsibilities) play an important role in labor market decisions. Consequently, even if more wage employment becomes available, women’s access to such jobs may not be equal to men’s.\"\n\nThe report \"Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce\" foudn that: \"Together, the Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia studies highlight the gender-related distinctions and restrictions associated with discrimination in employment systems. Indeed, they suggest a constellation of co-occurring biases or discriminatory actions requiring concerted HRH policy attention and management response. It is worth mentioning that the evidence from these three African countries is presented only because the countries had HRH projects supported by some research funding. This suggests that there is a vein of evidence ready to be mined in other countries and regions.\"","Interview with Eugenie Kabageni, deputy chief of gender monitoring, Gender Monitoring Office, July 25, 2014.\n\nInterview with Connie Bwiza, member of parliament, July 28, 2014. \n\nThe New Times, Ivan Ngoboka, \"Address gender imbalance collectively, women activists say,\" Jan. 31, 2014.\nhttp://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15619&a=74173\n\nAfrican Development Bank, \"Analysis of Gender and Youth Employment in Rwanda,\" May 2014. \nLink: http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Rwanda_-_Analysis_of_Gender_and_Youth_Employment.pdf\n\nNational Institute of Statistics, Rwanda (NISR), Labour Statistics Framework of Rwanda report, June 2014.  \nhttp://statistics.gov.rw/publications/labour-statistics-framework-rwanda-2014\n\nInspire Magazine Rwanda, David Kezio Musoke, \"Are women shying away from boardrooms?' April 25, 2014.\nhttp://www.inspirerwanda.com/are-rwandan-women-shying-away-boardrooms\n\nInter Press Service (IPS), \"On 20th Anniversary of Genocide, Rwanda’s Women Lead,\" April 7, 2014.\nhttp://www.ipsnews.net/2014/04/20th-anniversary-genocide-rwandas-women-stand-strong/\n\nEmployment rates, women and men in Rwanda. \nhttp://statistics.gov.rw/publications/article/employment-rate-higher-women-men-rwanda\n\nAfrican Development Bank, ESTA & RWFO, Analysis of Gender and Youth Employment in Rwanda, May 2014. \nhttp://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Rwanda_-_Analysis_of_Gender_and_Youth_Employment.pdf\n\n\"Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce,\" Constance Newman, Nov 2013.  http://www.capacityplus.org/addressing-gender-inequality-in-ugandas-health-workforce","Rwandan women do not have equal access to jobs as men do. \n\nArticle 12 of Law No. 13/2009 prohibits discrimination based on factors including race, sex, m..."]
["2014_SC_84",2014,"SC","Seychelles",84,50,"Generally, equal pay and benefits prevail between men and women. There is also an equal opportunity to be hired and promoted. Pregnant women cannot be fired because employment law does not allow it. However, in some companies, women may lose their jobs when they are pregnant.\n\nWhile inequality does not exist, there are jobs that are more appealing to women, especially in the education and social fields, as well as in health. In the judiciary, there are fewer women. Also in the government and the central bank, there are fewer women. So those who receive welfare are mostly women. This is not due to structural barriers, it goes with cultural bias: girls are more likely to embark on “female” careers  such as teaching, and boys into careers designated \"male\" as being a pilot, for example.\n\nBreaking this cultural polarization will take time. And there is no affirmative action to ensure that women break such polarization. \n\nStatistics show a relative equality to be hired between men and women. There are no surveys on gender earnings. A gender analysis of the workforce  in both the government and parastatal sectors shows that while in the former 66.7% are females, in the latter (parastatal) the majority, 61.0%, are males.\n\nA survey conducted by SADC - South African Development Community - indicates that there are employment categories dominated by women: goods and services, health and social activities, education and manufacturing.\n\nNegative stereotyping for types of occupation are gradually being broken down, e.g. nursing is seeing more men employed in the sector; there are also more and more women being employed in the construction sector. Measures are being taken to ensure that occupational segregation and all forms of employment discrimination have been  eliminated. Workplace policies in the country are very gender responsive. The law also makes it possible for a charge of discrimination to be brought to the Employment Tribunal. According to the records of the employment office there has only been one such case registered so far and the Tribunal found this charge not to be valid.\n\nHowever, the report states that there is still a difference between men and women in the labor sector. The Committee is especially concerned about “the wage gap between women and men; the absence of legal provisions on equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value; occupational segregation of women and men, especially vertical segregation in the higher occupational category of senior officials and managers; and the concentration of women in traditionally female-dominated occupations”; (sources: United Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 29 October 2013, CEDAW/C/SYC/CO/1-5, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination, against Women ,   Concluding observations on the combined initial to fifth periodic reports of Seychelles, point 30, p.8).\n\nDuring the review of the Seychelles’ report  on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (UN), United Nations experts commended the Seychelles for its efforts to promote gender equality and equality between men and women. It is considered one of the leading countries in Africa in terms of gender equality and advancement of women. According to the Index of Community Development (SADC) on gender and development, Seychelles has already achieved 82% of the targets set by the SADC Protocol on the issues. \n\nIn addition, the report finds that “no temporary special measures are in place or are planned to be applied by the Seychelles Government as part of a necessary strategy to accelerate the achievement of substantive equality between women and men in areas in which women remain underrepresented or disadvantaged, including in the area of employment, where the better performance of women and girls in mathematics and scientific professions is not translated into employment of women.","Ms Monica Servina, Chairman of Women Organization, Gender Commissioner at LUNGOS, Bel Air, Mahé Seychelles, 02 September 2014.\n\nEmployment and earnings, National Bureau of Statistics,  2014, http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Employment-Earnings-2014-Q2-Bulletin.pdf.\n\nSADC Gender Protocol  Barometer Baseline Study, Seychelles, July 2009,  file:///C:/Program%20Files/Google/Chrome/Application/38.0.2125.111/10138_seychellesbarometerreport_nw_0909.pdf.\n \n“The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considers report of Seychelles” October 10, 2013, High Commissariat for Human Rights, United Nations, periodic report of Seychelles (CEDAW/C/SYC/1-5), M. http://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13848&LangID=F)).\n\nUnited Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 29 October 2013, CEDAW/C/SYC/CO/1-5, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination, against Women ,   Concluding observations on the combined initial to fifth periodic reports of Seychelles, point 30, p.8\n\nUnited Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 29 October 2013, CEDAW/C/SYC/CO/1-5, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination, against Women ,  Concluding observations on the combined initial to fifth periodic reports of Seychelles, point 18, p.4\n\nUnited Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 29 October 2013, CEDAW/C/SYC/CO/1-5, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination, against Women ,   Concluding observations on the combined initial to fifth periodic reports of Seychelles, point 20, p.4","Generally, equal pay and benefits prevail between men and women. There is also an equal opportunity to be hired and promoted. Pregnant women cannot be fired because employment law does not allow it. However, in some companies, women may lose their jobs when they are pregnant...."]
["2014_SZ_84",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",84,50,"Statistics show that 28 percent of trade union members are women, though women comprise the majority of the workforce in the textile industry, which is the largest component of Swaziland’s manufacturing sector. The Industrial Court did not have to consider any cases of gender discrimination during the year under review, and the Ministry of Labour does not compile a list of discrimination cases. The reality that women require their husband’s permission to engage in employment outside the household if the marriage is a common traditional one is one factor limiting women’s access to employment. \n\nThere were no reported cases of women fired for pregnancy during the period under review. The annual review on gender equality in the workforce in Swaziland conducted by the regional trade and political body the Southern African Development Community (SADC) gave Swaziland a 56 percent score. \n\nNeither government, the Federation of Swaziland Employers/Swaziland Chamber of Commerce, trade unions nor any NGO has conducted a survey of male-versus-female wages for identical jobs, so no data exists. Some anecdotal evidence exists of wage discrimination based on sex in the private sector, but this is not uniform, and government wages are based on civil servants' classifications rather than other factors such as gender.","Interview: Nosimino Vilakati, teacher, Manzini, 22 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Thandi Simelane, factory worker, Matsapha, 20 July 2014.\n\n“Swaziland Labour Market Profile 2013,” Ulandsekretariate (Germany), 2013. http://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/sites/default/files/uploads/public/PDF/LMP/swaziland_2013_final_web.pdf \n\n\"Contribution of women employment on household livelihoods in Swaziland,\" Saico Sibusiso Singwane and Mthembeni Gama, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012. http://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol14No1-Spring2012A/PDF/Contribution%20of%20Women%20Employment%20on%20Household.Saico%20Sibusiso%20Singwane.pdf","Statistics show that 28 percent of trade union members are women, though women comprise the majority of the workforce in the textile industry, which is the largest component of Swaziland’s manufacturing sector. The Industrial Court did not have to consider any cases of gender discr..."]
["2014_ZM_84",2014,"ZM","Zambia",84,25,"Women in Zambia can generally have equal employment opportunities. Corporations usually observe women’s rights to go on maternity leave, when they reach advanced stages in pregnancy and in the first few months of having given birth. That is true of judiciary workers, according to a union member there. He adds that, in addition to maternity leave, women have a right to claim one day off each month, which is called \"Mother’s Day,\" and they are also entitled to about 28 days of leave per year.\n\nBut even though there is apparent equality for general employment positions, decision–making positions that require being voted on or appointed still favour men. Males hold most top government posts.\n\nThere is a stated commitment to achieving high gender representation for government officials, such as Gender Minister Inonge Wina, but those are just declarations. The head of state makes the appointments, while voters choose representatives to parliament.","Interview with a member of the Judiciary and Allied Workers Union of Zambia who requested anonymity, Lusaka, Zambia, 11 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with Anayawa Silio, advocacy and communications officer for the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) who preferred to be quoted just as a media professional who works in the area of advocacy for a women's organisation, Lusaka, Zambia, 2 Aug. 2014.\n\nPost Zambia, Masuzyo Chakwe, \"Inonge Underscores Women’s Participation In Decision Making,\" 5 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=40205","Women in Zambia can generally have equal employment opportunities. Corporations usually observe women’s rights to go on maternity leave, when they reach advanced stages in pregnancy and in the first few months of having given birth. That is true of judiciary workers, according to a..."]
["2014_BW_85",2014,"BW","Botswana",85,25,"Only three members, or 10.3 percent, of 29 cabinet members are women. One is a minister, while the other two are assistant ministers.","Interview with Keabonye Ntsabane, Gender Links coordinator, Gender Links office, 2 Nov. 2014.\n\nSunday Standard, Ale-esi Makgekgenene, \"An unfavourable electoral system,\" 6 Nov. 2014.\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=21411\n\nThe Botswana Gazette, Kago Komane, \"Botswana falls short in SADC gender equality realisation,\"  17 April 2014.\nhttp://www.gazettebw.com/?p=7681","Only three members, or 10.3 percent, of 29 cabinet members are women. One is a minister, while the other two are assistant ministers."]
["2014_CF_85",2014,"CF","CAR",85,75,"En République Centrafricaine, le gouvernement formé par le Premier Ministre Mahamat Kamoun comprend 27 ministres et 2 ministres d'état (29 au total), parmis lesquels 8 sont des femmes. Les femmes représentent un pourcentage de 28%. Le pouvoir exécutif de transition actuelle est dirigé par une femme, Catherine Samba-Panza, élue par le Conseil National de Transition le 20 janvier 2014.","République Centrafricaine, composition du  gouvernement. http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Gouvernement-pays_77_Centrafrique\n\nDEKOYO Jeannine, juriste de formation, directrice des études économiques et ssociales à la direction générale de la commission nationale des investissements au Ministère du commerce, de l'industrie, des PME et de l'artisanat, interview du 20 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nTANGA Valerie, Conseillère nationale (Député), enseignante en anthropologie à l'université de Bangui, interview du 18 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKOYANGBO DAMON Marie-Madeleine, enseignante à l'École Normale Supérieure de l'université de Bangui, interview du 18 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMEBOUROU Thierry, rédacteur en chef du journal le Démocrate, interview du 19 juin 2014, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, le gouvernement formé par le Premier Ministre Mahamat Kamoun comprend 27 ministres et 2 ministres d'état (29 au total), parmis lesquels 8 sont des femmes. Les femmes représentent un pourcentage de 28%. Le pouvoir exécutif de transition actuelle est dir..."]
["2014_CI_85",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",85,50,"A l'évidence, les nominations des membres du gouvernement en Côte d'Ivoire ne tiennent pas compte du sexe. Il existe encore une grande disproportion entre le genre dans les hautes fonctions. Le gouvernement ivoirien ne compte seulement que 5 femmes contre 23 hommes (17.9%).","APPO Koffi Marie Chantale, magistrate, membre de l'association des femmes juristes de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 18 août 2014.\n \n BI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014. \n \n ZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014.","A l'évidence, les nominations des membres du gouvernement en Côte d'Ivoire ne tiennent pas compte du sexe. Il existe encore une grande disproportion entre le genre dans les hautes fonctions. Le gouvernement ivoirien ne compte seulement que 5 femmes contre 23 hommes (17.9%)."]
["2014_GQ_85",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",85,25,"The government continues to be mainly male dominated and proportionally fewer women hold high-level positions. During the period of review, according to official data, 10 of 86 cabinet members, or 11.6 percent, were women.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 21, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Geo Confidencial, \"New times for democratization, empowerment, and know-how of Guinean women\" (\"Nuevos tiempos para la democratización, el empoderamiento y el saber hacer de las mujeres guineanas\"), June 27, 2014.\nhttp://geconfidencial.blogspot.com/2014/06/nuevos-tiempos-para-la-democratizacion.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fconfidencialguinea+%28El+Confidencial+de+Guinea+Ecuatorial%29&utm_content=FeedBurner\n\nPublication: Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office, Government of Equatorial Guinea (Gobierno Guinea Ecuatorial).\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=126 \n\nPublication: Equatorial Guinea, Responses to the Questionnaire of the Working Group, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, 2012.\nhttp://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WG/PublicPoliticalLife/GuineaEquatorial.docx\n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDFG1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication:  Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/equatorial-guinea-0   \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf","The government continues to be mainly male dominated and proportionally fewer women hold high-level positions. During the period of review, according to official data, 10 of 86 cabinet members, or 11.6 percent, were women."]
["2014_ET_85",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",85,50,"The Ethiopian cabinet has 25 members, of whom four members, or 16 percent, are women. Aster Mamo, a woman, has held the post of deputy prime minister since 8 April 2014. She was already a member of the cabinet as chief government whip in the House of Peoples’ Representatives before being appointed as deputy prime minister and minister of civil service. Her successor as chief government whip is also a woman.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs, 8 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, researcher in a civil society organisation based in Addis Ababa, 8 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nThe Reporter, \"Aster Mamo becomes Deputy PM, Civil Service Minister,\" 8 April 2014.\nhttp://www.thereporterethiopia.com/index.php/news-headlines/item/1838-aster-mamo-becomes-deputy-pm-civil-service-minister ","The Ethiopian cabinet has 25 members, of whom four members, or 16 percent, are women. Aster Mamo, a woman, has held the post of deputy prime minister since 8 April 2014. She was already a member of the cabinet as chief government whip in the House of Peoples’ Representatives before..."]
["2014_GW_85",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",85,75,"The new government has substantially increased the number of women into the national cabinet. In fact, not only have women increased in number but also in importance given that some of the most important ministeries now have women leading them. It is a 31-member cabinet and five women have been appointed as ministers (defense, justice, health, women family and social cohesion, education) and one secretary of state (budget and fiscal affairs). Thus the percentage of women appointed to the present national cabinet is 19.4%.\n\nThe transitional government was composed of 19 ministerial positions and 15 secretaries of state, which results in a 34-member cabinet. Only one woman was appointed as minister (Gabriela Fernandes, Minister for Women, Family and Social Solidarity) and three women were appointed as secretaries of state (Higina Sanca, Tomasia Manjuba and Helena Barbosa). Therefore, the percentage of women appointed to the national cabinet is 12% (more precisely 11.7%). \n\nGender was totally neglected in the composition of the 2013 transitional government. Representatives of organizations working to promote women's equality stressed that they have been working hard, together with international partners (such as UN Women), to raise awareness on this issue. During the electoral campaign women's organizations and platforms lobbied political parties. They mentioned that some political parties only put women in the electoral circles that they knew wouldn't win.","1.Interview with the President of the National Commission of Women Workers, Olívia Almeida, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Representative of the Women Political Platform, Paula Silva de Melo, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Focal Point for the Programme Women's Economic Empowerment and Improvement of Working Conditions, Maria Fátima Vieira, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Review of information regarding total members of cabinet and the number of them who are women.","The new government has substantially increased the number of women into the national cabinet. In fact, not only have women increased in number but also in importance given that some of the most important ministeries now have women leading them. It is a 31-member cabinet and five wo..."]
["2014_MW_85",2014,"MW","Malawi",85,50,"In practice, there is no policy on gender representation in the Malawi cabinet. Currently, only three out of 20 cabinet members in the new administration of Peter Mutharika are women. Women constitute only 15 percent of the new cabinet, which is significantly lower than in the previous cabinet. The new women cabinet members are Patricia Kaliati (Minister of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare), Grace Chiuma (Minister of Youth, Sports and Culture) and Jean Kalilani (Minister of Health).","1. Malawi Voice, 24 June 2014, \"Gender Activist Cries Foul Over Women in 20 Member Cabinet\", http://www.malawivoice.com/2014/06/24/gender-activist-cry-foul-number-women-20-member-cabinet\n\n2. Emma Kaliya, Executive Director, Gender Network, 6 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Robert Phiri, Executive Director, Public Affairs Committee (PAC)-Malawi, 20 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n5. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","In practice, there is no policy on gender representation in the Malawi cabinet. Currently, only three out of 20 cabinet members in the new administration of Peter Mutharika are women. Women constitute only 15 percent of the new cabinet, which is significantly lower than in the prev..."]
["2014_MA_85",2014,"MA","Morocco",85,50,"Among the 39 Moroccan ministers of the government coalition, there are six women (15.3%), decreasing from around 18% in the previous government (Abbas El Fassi). Also, female ministers are currently in charge of the ministries with the lowest annual budgets.\n\nAbdelilah Benkirane, current PM and leader of the government coalition, is from an Islamist party, PJD. The views of PJD and Benkirane are generally considered to be anti-feminist. PJD chose to nominate female ministers in family-oriented subjects (such as Bassima Hakkaoui - minister for family and solidarity ) or in matters of less importance (never in defense, finance, industry, education, health). A feminist movement \"Spring for Dignity\" emerged to question the unequitable gender approach of the current government. The coalition includes more than 15 NGOs and thousands of men and women.","Official Morocco's website listing the current ministries, http://www.maroc.ma/fr/content/la-liste-du-gouvernement - last checked on August 6th, 2014.\n\nSaloua Karkri Belakziz, Member of the parliament, founder of AFEM (Association of female entrepreneurs in Morocco) phone interview 04 August, 2014.\n\nIlham Oudghiri - President - IPDF - Initiative for the protection of women rights - Fes - Phone interview 30/07/2014.","Among the 39 Moroccan ministers of the government coalition, there are six women (15.3%), decreasing from around 18% in the previous government (Abbas El Fassi). Also, female ministers are currently in charge of the ministries with the lowest annual budgets...."]
["2014_ST_85",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",85,75,"Out of 10 cabinet ministers at the time of the research - July 2013 to July 2014 - three were women, representing 30 percent of the total.","Interview with Ernestina Maria Pontes Menezes Neves, executive director, National Institute for the Promotion of Equality and Gender Equity (INPG), Nov. 6, 2014.\n\nInterview with Helia Marilza Baieça Fernandes, journalist, TVS (public television), Nov. 6, 2014.\n\nINPG, National Report on implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action of Beijing in the context of the 20th anniversary of the 4th World Conference on Women and Adoption of D. and P. Action of Beijing in 2015, May 2014.\n ","Out of 10 cabinet ministers at the time of the research - July 2013 to July 2014 - three were women, representing 30 percent of the total."]
["2014_SL_85",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",85,25,"The current Sierra Leone cabinet has two women among the 27 ministers. The women, who head the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, constitute 7.4 percent of the minister positions. Three women serve as deputy ministers: the deputy agriculture minister, the deputy fisheries minister and the deputy trade minister. In total, five of 47 cabinet ministers or deputy ministers are women, or 10.6 percent.\n\nThe Government of Sierra Leone makes lots of spoken commitments about prioritising gender issues in the country, but it fails to include many women as cabinet ministers.","Interview with Mojueh Kaikai, minister, Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, Freetown, 1 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Fatmata Bakarr Sesay, information, education and communications officer, Environment Protection Agency of Sierra Leone, Freetown, 2 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Abubakarr Kargbo, gender reporter, Standard Times newspaper, Freetown, 30 June 2014.","The current Sierra Leone cabinet has two women among the 27 ministers. The women, who head the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, constitute 7.4 percent of the minister positions. Three women serve as deputy ministers: the ..."]
["2014_TZ_85",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",85,50,"Tanzania has 29 ministers and 21 deputies ministers. Of these, eight are women. The representation of women is 16%.","1. Parliament of Tanzania http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/home/pages/6\n\n2. Mr. Kelvin Matandiko, Journalist, Mwananchi newspaper, 30 October, 2014, Dar es Salaam\n\n3. Katiba: Women for equal rights, The Citizens, September13, 2014, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/-Katiba--Women-for-equal-rights/-/1840392/2452226/-/wocy97z/-/index.html","Tanzania has 29 ministers and 21 deputies ministers. Of these, eight are women. The representation of women is 16%."]
["2014_DZ_86",2014,"DZ","Algeria",86,75,"Le Conseil constitutionnel comprend 9 juges dont 2 femmes (22%). \n\nLe Conseil d'État comprend 36 juges dont 6 femmes y compris la présidente.","Benkhada Omar, ex Magistrat, Avocat à la Cour de Saida, le 01/09/2014, Saida\n\nOuali Djafar, Membre du conseil national de la Ligue Algérienne pour la défense des droits de l’homme (LADDH),  président d’un bureau de wilaya de la LADDH, 31/08/2014, Saida\n\nAvocates et magistrates face aux inégalités d'accès aux postes de responsabilité, Alegria Watch (El Watan), Salima Tlemçani, 08/03/2014, http://www.algeria-watch.de/fr/article/femmes/inegalites_acces_postes.htm\n\nDiscours du ministre de la justice à l’occasion de la célébration de la journée internationale de la femme, 8/03/2014, http://www.mjustice.dz/html/fichiers_discours/dest[153].pdf","Le Conseil constitutionnel comprend 9 juges dont 2 femmes (22%). \n\nLe Conseil d'État comprend 36 juges dont 6 femmes y compris la présidente."]
["2014_BI_86",2014,"BI","Burundi",86,100,"Les femmes représentent 40.7% (11 sur 27). des magistrats dans les hautes sphères du pouvoir judiciaire. \n\nLa Cour constitutionnelle est composée de 7 membres dont 2 femmes (28.5%). \n\nLa Cour suprême est composée de 20 membres dont 9 femmes, soit 45%.","NIMPAGARITSE Sylvestre, ancien magistrat de la Cour suprême et actuellement juge à la Cours constitutionnelle, entretien fait par téléphone, 20 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.\n\nSIMBIZI Alexandre, avocat près la Cour d’appel de Bujumbura, Bujumbura Burundi, 17 août 2014.","Les femmes représentent 40.7% (11 sur 27). des magistrats dans les hautes sphères du pouvoir judiciaire. ..."]
["2014_TD_86",2014,"TD","Chad",86,50,"À la Cour suprême, le nombre total des magistrats est de 12 dont 2 femmes soit 16%. \nÀ la Cour des comptes, il y a 15 magistrats dont 1 femme soit 6%. \nEnfin le Conseil constitutionnel, il y a 6 magistrats dont 1 femme soit 16%. \n\nAu total seulement 4 des 33 membres des plus hautes branches du pouvoir judiciaire sont des femmes soit 13%. \n\nAbdoulaye CHOUA, parlementaire, souligne que : « par rapport aux années précédentes, nous pouvons se vanter de dire que les femmes sont significativement représentées dans les hautes branches du pouvoir judiciaire. Elles sont actuellement plus d’une dizaine dans les fonctions de décision. Ce qui est à notre point de vue, appréciable. »\n\nMadjissembaye NGARDINON, journaliste à la rédaction du journal Notre Temps, déclare qu'il «faut dire qu'occuper une fonction dans les hautes branches du pouvoir judiciaire relève de la compétence et de l’expérience. Le système de quota féminin ne s’applique pas dans le milieu judiciaire et celles qui sont là, je suppose qu’elles le méritent vraiment. De nos jours, on constate un progrès dans la représentation féminine dans le milieu judiciaire. Oui mais j’ignore le pourcentage. »\n\nPour Hassan DIOP, greffier à la Chambre des comptes à la Cour suprême, « j’ai pas le pourcentage mais je sais qu’il y a une amélioration ces deux dernières années. »","CHOUA Abdoulaye, parlementaire, entretien par téléphone 29 juillet 2014.\n\nNGARDINON Madjissembaye, journaliste à la rédaction du journal Notre Temps, entretien du 29 juillet 2014.\n\nDIOP Hassan, greffier à la Chambre des comptes à la Cour suprême, entretien à la Cour suprême, 17 juillet 2014.","À la Cour suprême, le nombre total des magistrats est de 12 dont 2 femmes soit 16%. \nÀ la Cour des comptes, il y a 15 magistrats dont 1 femme soit 6%. \nEnfin le Conseil constitutionnel, il y a 6 magistrats dont 1 femme soit 16%. ..."]
["2014_EG_86",2014,"EG","Egypt",86,0,"Tahani el-Gebali is the only women out of the 21 supreme court judges in Egypt. Female judges remain a contentious issue in Egypt, where female judges first received approval to sit in lower courts in 2010. Tahani el-Gebali, the only female judge to sit on Egypt's Supreme Ccourt, was removed from office via the 2014 Constitution and when she sued her position was restored. She is current Vice President of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt. She was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2003 by then-President Hosni Mubarak.","Daily News Egypt, \"Not enough women in cabinet: NCW\"  June 18, 2014 www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/06/18/enough-women-cabinet-ncw/.\n\n Interview Miriam Kriollos, Human Rights Watch, August 8, 2014.\n\nNew York Times, \"Egypt's Trouble With Women\" December 8, 2013 www.nytimes.com/2013/12/09/opinion/09iht-edalaswany09.html?_r=0","Tahani el-Gebali is the only women out of the 21 supreme court judges in Egypt. Female judges remain a contentious issue in Egypt, where female judges first received approval to sit in lower courts in 2010. Tahani el-Gebali, the only female judge to sit on Egypt's Supreme Ccourt, w..."]
["2014_GM_86",2014,"GM","The Gambia",86,75,"There are 23 judges of the highest branch of The Gambian judiciary:\nEight judges of the Supreme Court (the highest court and these judges include the chief justice)\nThree judges of the Court of Appeal;\nSix  judges of the High Court;\nSix judges of the Cadi Appeals Panel. \n \nOut of the said 23 judges, five are women: one judge of the Supreme Court including the Chief Justice, one judge of the Court of Appeal and three judges of the High Court. This represents 22% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary.","1. Interview with Mr. Lamin Sanyang, Journalist, Foroyaa Newspaper, 10th July 2014, Serrekunda\n\n2. Interview with a source who requested anonymity in the Judiciary, 10th July 2014, Banjul\n\n3. Website of the Judiciary of the Gambia: http://www.gov.gm/judiciary/, accessed August 2014\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","There are 23 judges of the highest branch of The Gambian judiciary:\nEight judges of the Supreme Court (the highest court and these judges include the chief justice)..."]
["2014_KE_86",2014,"KE","Kenya",86,75,"The highest Court in Kenya is the Supreme Court. It was established under Article 163 of the Constitution and is composed of the Chief Justice, who is the president of the Court, the Deputy Chief Justice, who is the deputy to the Chief Justice and the vice-president of the court and five other judges.\n\nOf the seven members of the Supreme Court, only two are women: Kaplana Rawal (Deputy Chief Justice and Vice President of the Supreme Court)  and Njoki Ndung'u (Judge of the Supreme Court).\n\nThis means that women serving in Kenya's highest court make up 28.57% of the total membership.","1. Kennedy Masime, Executive Director, Centre for Governance and Development (CGD). Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n2. Galgalo Fayo, court reporter, Nation Media Group. Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n3. List of Judges on the Supreme Court of Kenya website. http://www.judiciary.go.ke/portal/judges-of-the-judiciary.html","The highest Court in Kenya is the Supreme Court. It was established under Article 163 of the Constitution and is composed of the Chief Justice, who is the president of the Court, the Deputy Chief Justice, who is the deputy to the Chief Justice and the vice-president of the court an..."]
["2014_LS_86",2014,"LS","Lesotho",86,100,"Four of the 12 High Court judges are women. High Court judges are also ex-officio members of the Court of Appeal, which is the highest court in the land. The High Court can also sit as a constitutional court when dealing with constitutional matters. Women judges also sit in this court.","1. Anonymous. Judge of the High Court of Lesotho. Maseru. Interviewed, 29 June 2014. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","Four of the 12 High Court judges are women. High Court judges are also ex-officio members of the Court of Appeal, which is the highest court in the land. The High Court can also sit as a constitutional court when dealing with constitutional matters. Women judges also sit in this co..."]
["2014_ML_86",2014,"ML","Mali",86,25,"Au Mali, les femmes sont très peu représentées dans l'appareil judiciaire par rapport aux hommes. Au niveau de la Cour constitutionnelle, elle ne sont que 2 sur 9 conseillers. La Cour suprême compte 30 juges, selon Daniel Tessougué, procureur général, dont seulement 3 femmes, et une nouvelle loi devrait revoir à la hausse le nombre de juges et de conseillers. Cela equivaut à 5 femmes parmis les 39 membres des deux hautes juridictions (13%). Pour Sina Damba, ancienne ministre de la promotion de femmes, il faut nécessairement établir la parité en accordant des facilités aux femmes pour occuper de hautes fonctions au niveau de la justice.","DAMBA Sina, ancienne ministre, ministère de la promotion de la femme, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nMOUSSA Bocar, conseiller technique, ministère de la fonction publique, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nSIRÉ Fatoumata, présidente, Association pour la Promotion et Défense des Droits des Femmes (APDF), 11 juillet 2014.","Au Mali, les femmes sont très peu représentées dans l'appareil judiciaire par rapport aux hommes. Au niveau de la Cour constitutionnelle, elle ne sont que 2 sur 9 conseillers. La Cour suprême compte 30 juges, selon Daniel Tessougué, procureur général, dont seulement 3 femmes, et un..."]
["2014_NG_86",2014,"NG","Nigeria",86,75,"There are four female Supreme Court judges out of 15 total, representing 26.7 percent. The proportion is one of the highest in the history of the Supreme Court, which has been dominated by men. The court is currently presided over by a woman, the first female chief justice of Nigeria.\n\nLikewise, the president of the Court of Appeal - the second highest court - for the first time is a woman.\n\nThe four female Supreme Court Judges are: Chief Justice Aloma Mukhtar, Mary Odili, Clara Ogunbiyi and Kudirat Olatokunbo.","Supreme Court website, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://supremecourt.gov.ng/Profile/Justices\n\nNigerian Chronicle, \"Behold the First Ladies of the Judiciary in Nigeria,\" 4 June 2014.\nhttp://nigchronicle.com/index.php/column/legal-angle/behold-the-first-ladies-of-the-judiciary-in-nigeria","There are four female Supreme Court judges out of 15 total, representing 26.7 percent. The proportion is one of the highest in the history of the Supreme Court, which has been dominated by men. The court is currently presided over by a woman, the first female chief justice of Niger..."]
["2014_SN_86",2014,"SN","Senegal",86,25,"Le nombre de femmes est très limité dans les plus hautes branches du pouvoir judiciaire, c'est à dire à la Cour suprême, le Conseil constitutionnel et la Cour des comptes. \n\nSur un total de 29 membres  à la Cour suprême, on ne compte que 3 femmes, soit un pourcentage de 10,34 % au moment de l'étude. \n\nLe Conseil constitutionnel est composé de 5 sages, dont aucune femme.\nLa Cour des comptes comprend 29 membres dont aucune femme. \n\nAu total les plus hautes branches du judiciaire sénégal comptent juste 3 femmes pour 63 membres, soit 4%.","DIONE Virginie, chargée de la documentation, Cour suprême du Sénégal, 7 juillet 2014\n\nDIOP Hèlene, greffier en chef, Conseil constitutionnel, 7 juillet 2014.\n\nKINÉ DIOP Fatou, présidente de l'Organisation Nationale pour la Parité (ONEP) et présidente du Conseil Sénégalais des Femmes (COSEF), 16 juillet 2014.","Le nombre de femmes est très limité dans les plus hautes branches du pouvoir judiciaire, c'est à dire à la Cour suprême, le Conseil constitutionnel et la Cour des comptes. ..."]
["2014_SD_86",2014,"SD","Sudan",86,25,"In Sudan, women make up under 10 percent of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary. The Supreme Court has 93 judges, and nine, or 9.7 percent, are women. There are 93 judges because the Supreme Court in Sudan has several branches in the many regions of the country. \n\nIn the Constitutional Court, there is only one woman, or 14.3 percent, among the seven members.","[Interview] Ahmed Mahmoud, lawyer, Sept. 27, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nabil Adeeb Abdallah, Ph.D., lawyer, Sept. 27, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Phone interview] Shawgi Yagoub, lawyer, Dec. 4, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nAl-Shorooq.net, \"Bashir reconfigured the Constitutional Court,\" Jan. 12, 2013.  \nhttp://www.ashorooq.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28422\n\nAl-Mighar Al-Siyasi, \"Re-formation of the Constitutional Court,\"  Jan. 14, 2013. \nhttp://almeghar.com/permalink/8414.html","In Sudan, women make up under 10 percent of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary. The Supreme Court has 93 judges, and nine, or 9.7 percent, are women. There are 93 judges because the Supreme Court in Sudan has several branches in the many regions of the country. ..."]
["2014_TN_86",2014,"TN","Tunisia",86,100,"The presence of women in the judiciary system is a tradition in Tunisia and is reinforced by the fact that a large number of women are attracted to law programs in the university. Among 29 chamber chairs in the Cassation Court (presidents of chambres de Cour de Cassation), 11 are women, representing 37.9 percent. The Cassation Court is the highest jurisdiction in the country.\n\nThere is one woman at the Supreme Audit Court (Cour des Comptes) out of  12 judges, and there is one woman out of the six judges of the Constitutional Court (Instance provisoire de Contrôle de Constitutionnalité des Projets de Lois). In total, 13 of 47 judges, or 26.7 percent, are women in the three courts that constitute the highest levels  of the Tunisian judiciary.","Interview with Khadija Madani, independent lawyer, 12 June 2014, Tunis.\n\nInterview with Ahmed Solaani, judge in the court of Sfax, 14 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Bassem Karray, professor of public law, University of Sfax, 14 June 2014.","The presence of women in the judiciary system is a tradition in Tunisia and is reinforced by the fact that a large number of women are attracted to law programs in the university. Among 29 chamber chairs in the Cassation Court (presidents of chambres de Cour de Cassation), 11 are w..."]
["2014_AO_87",2014,"AO","Angola",87,100,"Of the 220 members of the National Assembly, 97, or 44 percent, are women.","Phone interview, Adalberto da Costa Jr., MP, UNITA – Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola, Aug. 3, 2014 \n\nNational Assembly\nhttp://www.parlamento.ao/web/guest/deputados-e-grupos-parlamentares/deputados/lista#http://www.parlamento.ao/glue/AN_Navigation.jsp? \n\nRedeAngola, \"UN debates discrimination against women,\" March 10, 2014 \nhttp://www.redeangola.info/discriminacao-against-woman-in-debate-in-onu/","Of the 220 members of the National Assembly, 97, or 44 percent, are women."]
["2014_CV_87",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",87,75,"Although Cape Verde have many women ministers, their representation in parliament has progressed very slowly. Currently the proportion of women in parliament is 19.5 percent -  15 women among 77 members.","Relatório Cabo Verde Beijing+20. ICIEG, 2014, Sobre a implementação da declaração e plataforma de ação de Beijing\n\nInterview with Maritza Rosabal, ONU Mulheres Cabo Verde, 05/08/2014, Praia\n\nInterview with Zelinda Cohen, President, National Commission for Human Rights and Citizenship, 06/08/2014, Praia.","Although Cape Verde have many women ministers, their representation in parliament has progressed very slowly. Currently the proportion of women in parliament is 19.5 percent -  15 women among 77 members."]
["2014_TD_87",2014,"TD","Chad",87,50,"Le nombre total des députés à l'Assemblée nationale du Tchad est 188 dont 28 femmes soit 14%. \n\nAbdoulaye CHOUA, parlementaire, estime que : « là aussi, par rapports aux années précédentes, on peut dire que les femmes sont significativement représentées dans le parlement. Elles sont de nos jours, 27 sur 282 député à l’Assemblée nationale. Ce qui est aussi pas mal du tout. »\n\nMadjissembaye Ngardinon, journaliste à la rédaction du journal Notre Temps : « j’ignore toujours le pourcentage, mais elles sont moins de 10% à l’Assemblée nationale. Normalement, les femmes doivent se battre, d’abord au sein de leur parti et ensuite dans les campagnes électorales pour se faire élire. C’est une bataille politique, personne ne le fera à leur place».\n\nDIOP Hassan, greffier à la Chambre des comptes à la Cour suprême indique : « j’ai pas le pourcentage mais je sais aussi qu’il y a une amélioration en tout cas. »","CHOUA Abdoulaye, parlementaire, entretien par téléphone 29 juillet 2014.\n\nNGARDINON Madjissembaye, journaliste à la rédaction du journal Notre Temps, entretien du 29 juillet 2014.\n\nDIOP Hassan, greffier à la Chambre des comptes à la Cour suprême, entretien à la Cour suprême, 17 juillet 2014.","Le nombre total des députés à l'Assemblée nationale du Tchad est 188 dont 28 femmes soit 14%. ..."]
["2014_GQ_87",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",87,50,"Both chambers combined had a female representation of 17.2 per cent. The latest official data point out that women constitute 13.34 percent of the Senate (10 out of 75) and 20.2 percent of the Chamber of Deputies (20 out of  99). In the Constitution the Chamber of Deputies is composed of 100 deputies, but the public official list is missing one deputy.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 21, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nChamber of Deputies List, 2013. http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2013/DIPUTADOS..pdf\n\nComplete list of Senators and Representatives, Diario Rombe, July 23, 2013. http://www.diariorombe.es/relacion-completa-de-senadores-y-diputados/\n\nPublication: Inter-Parliamentary Union, Equatorial Guinea Chamber of Deputies, Jan. 31, 2014.\nhttp://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2101.htm \n\nPublication: Inter-Parliamentary Union, Equatorial Guinea Senate, Jan. 31, 2014.\nhttp://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2394_A.htm \n\nPublication: Equatorial Guinea, Responses to the Questionnaire of the Working Group, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, 2012.\nhttp://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WG/PublicPoliticalLife/GuineaEquatorial.docx\n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDFG1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication: Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\nhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/equatorial-guinea-0   \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf\n\nPublication: Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office, Government of Equatorial Guinea (Gobierno Guinea Ecuatorial).\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=126 ","Both chambers combined had a female representation of 17.2 per cent. The latest official data point out that women constitute 13.34 percent of the Senate (10 out of 75) and 20.2 percent of the Chamber of Deputies (20 out of  99). In the Constitution the Chamber of Deputies is compo..."]
["2014_GN_87",2014,"GN","Guinea",87,50,"Sur 114 députés, il y a 25 femmes, ce qui fait un pourcentage avoisinant 22 % de l'effectif total. Au Parlement guinéen, des précautions ont été prises pour la parité femmes-hommes. Il était question que les partis politiques déposent des listes qui alternent hommes et femmes de manière paritaire.  En inscrivant les candidats, si on écrit le nom d'un homme comme tête de liste, la deuxième personne devrait être une femme et ainsi de suite jusqu'à ce qu'on ait une liste de soixante dix-sept noms. Mais cette procédure n'avait pas été très bien suivie par les partis politiques. Ce qui fait qu' il n' y a  pas eu beaucoup de femmes élues députées à l'Assemblée nationale.","SONA KADOUNO Michèle, sociologue, professeure à l'université de Sonfonia, Conakry, 9h, 08 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nSAGNO Marie, membre du bureau politique de l'Union pour le Progrès de la Guinée (UPG), 15h, 06 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nBAH Aissatou, AfricaGuinee, 25 Avril 2014. « Assemblée nationale: les femmes parlementaires déclinent leur feuille de route.» http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2014//27/assemblee-nationale-les-femmes-parlementaires-declinent-leur-feuille-de-route (Bah Aissatou)","Sur 114 députés, il y a 25 femmes, ce qui fait un pourcentage avoisinant 22 % de l'effectif total. Au Parlement guinéen, des précautions ont été prises pour la parité femmes-hommes. Il était question que les partis politiques déposent des listes qui alternent hommes et femmes de ma..."]
["2014_LY_87",2014,"LY","Libya",87,50,"Out of the 188 parliament members, 28, or 14.9 percent, are women.","Phone interview with Somaya Alshowaybe, journalist, Ajdabia news journal, Oct. 8, 2014.\n\nPhone Interview with Asrana Ahmad, lawyer specialising in women affairs, Oct. 9, 2014. \n\nHigh National Elections Commission, final results of the parliamentary elections, July 16, 2014.\nhttp://hnec.ly/?page_id=6248","Out of the 188 parliament members, 28, or 14.9 percent, are women."]
["2014_MG_87",2014,"MG","Madagascar",87,75,"En effet, le comptage à partir de la liste des députés de l’Assemblé nationale sur le site web montre que les femmes ne représentent que 20.4 % de l’effectif total des membres (30 sur 147). Cela malgré les actions du Conseil National des Femmes de Madagascar qui a préparé une Charte de l’égalité des citoyens et citoyennes malgaches, lequel visait un accroissement du nombre de femmes députés. D’ailleurs, la présidente de ce conseil a même affirmé sa déception après la promulgation des résultats des élections présidentielles et législatives d’octobre-novembre 2013. Selon elle, les femmes électrices n’élisent pas des femmes.","Site de l’Assemblée nationale : http://www.assemblee-nationale.mg/?page_id=6549\n \n Site du Conseil National des Femmes de Madagascar : Decembre 18, 2013, http://cnfmadagascar.wordpress.com/2013/12/18/les-elections-du-20-decembre-un-tournant-qui-pourrait-etre-decisif-pour-legalite-de-genre-a-madagascar/\n \n RAKOTONANAHARY Hery Andry et al., « Participation et Perceptions Politiques du Citoyen », Antananarivo : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, Liberty 32, septembre 2013, http://www.fes-madagascar.org/pages/francais/elections-2013.php?lang=DE\n \n RALAMBOMAHAY Toavina, directeur de la rédaction de la Revue MCI (Madagascar Conseil International) et président du Parti Humaniste Ecologique, 02 août 2014\n \n RAVAOZANANY Noro, présidente du Conseil national des femmes de Madagascar, 09 août 2014\n \n WAEYENBERGE Chanel Van, L’Express de Madagascar, 13 mars 2014, « Bilan mitigé de l’engagement politique des femmes ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/magazine/bilan-mitige-de-lengagement-politique-des-femmes-6750","En effet, le comptage à partir de la liste des députés de l’Assemblé nationale sur le site web montre que les femmes ne représentent que 20.4 % de l’effectif total des membres (30 sur 147). Cela malgré les actions du Conseil National des Femmes de Madagascar qui a préparé une Chart..."]
["2014_MU_87",2014,"MU","Mauritius",87,75,"The National Assembly has 69 members, of which 13, or 18.8%, are women. Anushka Virahsawmy, chairperson of the NGO Gender Links, stated that while women are well represented, the percentage of men is higher. According to her, women are encouraged by the government to participate, but there is still room for improvement.\n\nPaula Atchia of the NGO Women in Politics said there was a lot of lip-service being paid to the idea, especially during an election. But no serious action is yet in view for the coming general election. With a coalition, there will be far fewer seats for women available to either side.","1.\tAnushka Virahsawmy, Chairman, Gender Links, 15 Sept 2014, phone\n2.\tPaula Atchia, NGO Women in Politics, 22 Sept 2014, mail\n3.\tMaya Hanoomanjee, former Minister of Health and Quality of Life, 18 Sept 2014, phone \n4.\tWomen in Politics, 28 May 2014, Réforme électorale: Le « Gender Neutral Quota » – minimum d’une femme et d’un homme sur 3 candidats par circonscription \nLink: http://winmauritius.net/objectives/women-in-politics-wip/reforme-electorale-le-gender-neutral-quota-minimum-dune-femme-et-dun-homme-sur-3-candidats-par-circonscription/\n5. News on Sunday, the redaction, 19 Sept 2014, Kavita Jeetun : “Why not give high profile ministerial posts to women?” - See more at: http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/59908-kavita-jeetun-why-not-give-high-profile-ministerial-posts-to-women.html#sthash.5T5wtaQh.dpuf","The National Assembly has 69 members, of which 13, or 18.8%, are women. Anushka Virahsawmy, chairperson of the NGO Gender Links, stated that while women are well represented, the percentage of men is higher. According to her, women are encouraged by the government to participate, b..."]
["2014_NG_87",2014,"NG","Nigeria",87,25,"There are 29 women in the National Assembly (federal legislature) out of 469 members, representing 6.2 percent.\n\nThe National Assembly comprises the Senate, which has 109 members, eight of whom are women, and the House of Representatives, which has 21 female members out of  360.","National Assembly website, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.nassnig.org/","There are 29 women in the National Assembly (federal legislature) out of 469 members, representing 6.2 percent...."]
["2014_SS_87",2014,"SS","South Sudan",87,75,"Women are fairly adequately represented in the South Sudan National Legislative Assembly. Out of 332 legislators, 88, or 26.5 percent, are women.","Interview with Paleki Mathew Ubur, executive director, South Sudan Women Empowerment Network,  June 30, 2014, Juba South Sudan.\n\nSouth Sudan National Legislative Assembly, Parliamentary Union, General Information about the Parliamentary Chamber. http://www.ipu.org/english/parline/reports/2390.htm  \n\nWomen in National Parliaments: Situation as of 1st November 2013. \nhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm","Women are fairly adequately represented in the South Sudan National Legislative Assembly. Out of 332 legislators, 88, or 26.5 percent, are women."]
["2014_SZ_87",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",87,50,"The total female representation in the legislature is 14 of the 95 members, for a combined 14.7%. \n\nA new parliament elected in 2013 began its first session in February 2014. The number of women MPs represented declined by 80 percent from the 2008-2013 parliament. Only one female MP was elected to fill one of parliament's 55 elected seats (1.82 percent). King Mswati used his power to appoint 10 additional MPs to look after royal interests, and of these three were women. Thus, four women MPs sit in the 65-member House, a 6.1 percent presence compared with 22 percent in the previous House.\n\nAccording to the Swaziland Constitution, if less than 30 percent of MPs following royal appointments are female, then four additional women - one from each of the country’s four regions - are elected by the House of Assembly from a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 20 candidates presented by the Elections and Boundaries Commission. This was not done during the year under review. The EBC was silent on the subject, MPs did not debate the issue, and there was silence from the throne when King Mswati opened parliament in February 2014 – a parliament that was unconstitutionally constituted. Swaziland has the lowest percentage of women MPs in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), falling behind Botswana’s 8 percent representation.\n\nThe Swazi Senate is not an elected body. 10 of its 30 members are appointed by the King and 20 by MPs. Unwilling to address the constitutional issue of the lack of female MPs, there may have been an attempt to “make it up in the Senate” by having 12 women appointed as Senators, or 40% of total.","Interview: Zanele Gamedze, principal editor, The Hansard, Parliament, Lobamba, 30 June 2014.\n\n“Govt must account for non adherence to constitution,” Sandile Nkambule, Swazi Observer, 15 March 2014. http://www.observer.org.sz/news/59786-govt-should-account-for-none-adherence-of-constitution.html \n\n“Swaziland has the lowest number of women in Parliament,” Katherine Robinson and Bongiwe Zwane, Gender Links, 15 Nov. 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201311151195.html\n\nWomen in National Parliaments (last updated, Feb 2015). http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm","The total female representation in the legislature is 14 of the 95 members, for a combined 14.7%. ..."]
["2014_ZM_87",2014,"ZM","Zambia",87,25,"According to the report by Genderlinks, on the SADC Gender Protocol Barometer, “Zambia is among the bottom three in the region when ranked according to the proportion of women’s representation in parliament at 12.7%. There are 20 female members out of 158 MPs.\" \n\nThe women's movement and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) note with regret that there are a lot of gender gaps in top government positions. As of the most recent 2011 elections, Zambia had failed to meet the 50/50 mark.","Interview with Anayawa Silio, advocacy and communications officer for the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) who preferred to be quoted just as a media professional who works in the area of advocacy for a women's organisation, Lusaka, Zambia, 2 Aug. 2014.\n\nGenderlinks, Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance, SADC Gender Protocol Barometer, Zambia Barometer 2013: Chapter 2 Governance. http://www.genderlinks.org.za/article/zambia-barometer-2013-chapter-2-governance-2013-11-25\n\nWomen’s Information for Development Network (WIDNET), ZARD Memorandum Submitted To The Parliamentary Committee on Legal Affairs, Governance, Human Rights and Gender Matters on Women in Decision Making Positions in Zambia and the Governance of Non-Governmental Organisations, 12 July 2014. http://www.widnet.org.zm/news.php?id=64\n\nThe Zambian Parliament, \"Gender parity in parliament possible within 20 years, new trends show,\" 4 March 2014.\nhttp://www.parliament.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2326&Itemid=1\n\nThink Africa Press, Alisha Patel, \"It’s a Rich Man’s World: Where are the Women in Zambia’s Legislature?\" 12 July 2014.\nhttp://thinkafricapress.com/zambia/rich-man-world-explaining-low-level-female-representation-legislature","According to the report by Genderlinks, on the SADC Gender Protocol Barometer, “Zambia is among the bottom three in the region when ranked according to the proportion of women’s representation in parliament at 12.7%. There are 20 female members out of 158 MPs.\" ..."]
["2014_BF_88",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",88,50,"Au Burkina, il n'y a pas une politique spécifique en la matière, mais le gouvernement met en place des programmes visant à augmenter l'accès des filles et des femmes à l'internet et à les former  à l'utilisation d'internet. \nLe ministère du développement de l’économie numérique et des postes prend en compte le genre dans l'accès à internet. Selon le secrétaire général de ce ministère, la semaine nationale d'internet permet de former des jeunes parmi lesquels la moitié constitue des femmes. Il a précisé que l'édition de 2009 a été d’ailleurs consacrée au genre et à l'occasion des formations gratuites ont été données à 5500 femmes en collaboration avec les cyber-cafés, les centres communautaires et les postes. La problématique est prise en compte dans les politiques globales comme la SCADD et les projets du ministère tels que le Backbone selon le secrétaire général. Le Backbone va permettre selon lui, de réduire les disparités entre \" «hommes et femmes, villes et campagnes, nantis et moins nantis.»  \nSelon un article en ligne, le Backbone est \"l’un des projets importants du ministère burkinabè de l’économie numérique en 2014. Il permettra de truffer le territoire burkinabè de 5 400 km de fibre optique et d’offrir aux Burkinabè une meilleure connectivité Internet.\"\n\nEn revanche, il existe des structures privées qui se penchent sur la question et qui ont l'appui du gouvernement. Il y a par exemple la Fondation femme TIC et développement qui a lancé le 20 juillet dernier l'initiative «base de données sur l’expertise féminine au Burkina Faso» qui selon la promotrice interrogée par LeFaso.net, vise «à susciter des vocations au sein des jeunes filles en référence aux parcours exemplaires d’aînées modèles» au-delà de la valorisation de l’expertise féminine.","OUALBEOGO Lamoussa, ingenieur des télécommunications, secrétaire géneral, mkinitère du développement de l’économie numérique et des postes, Ouagadougou, 18 juillet 2014.\n\nPARÉ Fulbert, Lefaso.net, 20 juillet 2014, «TIC et développement au Burkina : L’expertise féminine en un clic !». http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article60150\n\nDIALLO Moussa, Faso-tic.net, 18 octobre 2013, «Semaine nationale de l’Internet 2013 : 'TIC et emploi des jeunes' au menu». http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article56366\n\nDocument de présentation du Backbone. \"Le Backbone National en Fibre Optique.\" http://alpha.burkinafasoindia.org/documents/Backbone%20FINAL%20French.pdf\n\nBurkina24.com, Abdou ZOURE, 23 janvier 2014. \"BIENTÔT 5 400 KM DE FIBRE OPTIQUE SOUS LE SOL BURKINABÈ.\" http://burkina24.com/2014/01/23/bientot-5-400-km-de-fibre-optique-sous-le-sol-burkinabe/","Au Burkina, il n'y a pas une politique spécifique en la matière, mais le gouvernement met en place des programmes visant à augmenter l'accès des filles et des femmes à l'internet et à les former  à l'utilisation d'internet. ..."]
["2014_CF_88",2014,"CF","CAR",88,0,"La RCA ne dispose pas d'un programme spécifique en ce qui concerne l'accès des femmes à l'Internet. En revanche, d'après les personnes interrogées, il existe un programme global  d'accès à l'Internet visant toute la population. Celui-ci est élaboré et piloté par le Ministère des postes, télécommunications et des nouvelles technologies de la communication. Force est de constater que ce programme n'est pas encore totalement effectif en raison de l'instabilité  et la tension de trésorerie qui caractérisent le pays. \n\nLes personnes interrogées ajoutent que pour l'instant, il n'existe pas un programme spécifique en ce qui concerne l'accès des femmes à l'Internet, le gouvernement ayant d'autres priorités.","DEKOYO Jeannine, juriste de formation, directrice des études économiques et ssociales à la direction générale de la commission nationale des investissements au Ministère du commerce, de l'industrie, des PME et de l'artisanat, interview du 20 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nTANGA Valerie, Conseillère nationale (Député), enseignante en anthropologie à l'université de Bangui, interview du 18 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nKOYANGBO DAMON Marie-Madeleine, enseignante à l'École Normale Supérieure de l'université de Bangui, interview du 18 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMEBOUROU Thierry, rédacteur en chef du journal le Démocrate, interview du 19 juin 2014, Bangui.","La RCA ne dispose pas d'un programme spécifique en ce qui concerne l'accès des femmes à l'Internet. En revanche, d'après les personnes interrogées, il existe un programme global  d'accès à l'Internet visant toute la population. Celui-ci est élaboré et piloté par le Ministère des po..."]
["2014_DJ_88",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",88,50,"L'opérateur national Djibouti-Télécoms a mis en place il y a trois ans une tarification spécifique pour les étudiants des deux sexes. Le gouvernement, conscient du rôle central du secteur, a défini une série de mesures qui visent pour l’essentiel à généraliser l’accès aux TIC et à améliorer leur qualité, par une réduction substantielle et continue des tarifs et le renforcement de l’autonomie et des capacités humaines et opérationnelles de l’opérateur, Djibouti-Télécoms. \n\nEn dépit de la localisation stratégique du pays et des équipements de pointe, le secteur n’a pas donné de résultats satisfaisants puisque les tarifs dissuasifs appliqués limitent leur diffusion. Les initiatives du gouvernement pour insuffler une dynamique au secteur n’ont pas suffi et l’opérateur actuel est confronté à des problèmes de gestion et de politique de développement. \n\nComme l'affirme le responsable, le gouvernement prendra des mesures pour multiplier et améliorer les services de télécommunications, notamment sur le plan de l’accès, de la performance et de la couverture dans les zones rurales en particulier. Il cherchera également à généraliser l’accès à des Nouvelles Technologiques de l’Information et de la Communication.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nLe gouvernement a pris plusieurs mesures pour réduire la fracture numérique entre les sexes. Le projet «Incubateur sur la Nouvelle Technologie de l’Information et de la Communication (NTIC)» lancé en février 2009 a pour objectifs de former des jeunes filles en situation d'échec scolaire à l'utilisation d'un ordinateur et la navigation sur internet et de permettre par la suite leur insertion professionnelle. D'autres mesures du gouvernement ont visé l'augmentation de l'accès des femmes au NTIC à travers leurs réseaux d'associations par l'installation des postes d'ordinateurs avec connexion internet aux sièges des ONG féminines. Bien que l'analphabétisme touche encore beaucoup de femmes, des efforts subtantiels ont été accomplis dans la réduction de la fracture numérique par le ministère de la promotion de la femme et le secrétariat d'Etat à la solidarité nationale en collaboration avec les bailleurs de fonds.","FOUAD Souleiman, cadre au sein du ministère de la communication, 31 juillet 2014\n\nGOULED Kafia, journaliste à l'agence djiboutienne de l'information, 31 juillet 2014\n\nMOHAMED Farhan, ingénieur à Djibouti-Telecom, 31 juillet 2014","L'opérateur national Djibouti-Télécoms a mis en place il y a trois ans une tarification spécifique pour les étudiants des deux sexes. Le gouvernement, conscient du rôle central du secteur, a défini une série de mesures qui visent pour l’essentiel à généraliser l’accès aux TIC et à ..."]
["2014_ER_88",2014,"ER","Eritrea",88,0,"The government has no existing technology program targeting females. In general, ICT development is low for the entire country. ICT courses are given in the College of Science and Technology in Eritrea, but no special consideration is given women to remedy a gender imbalance.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 23, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 28, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMarket Research, Unknown, \"Eritrea - Telecoms, Mobile and Internet\" (a brief description), June 5, 2014  \nhttp://www.marketresearchreports.com/paul-budde-communication-pty-ltd/eritrea-telecoms-mobile-and-internet#sthash.w4bSP2hJ.dpuf","The government has no existing technology program targeting females. In general, ICT development is low for the entire country. ICT courses are given in the College of Science and Technology in Eritrea, but no special consideration is given women to remedy a gender imbalance."]
["2014_GW_88",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",88,0,"In 2012, the government validated a Gender Equity and Equality National Policy (PNIEG). Its aim was to work towards making men's and women's rights, equality and opportunities a reality. However the 2012 military coup interrupted the process of its adoption by the Council of Ministers. Everything has been on stand-by since then. Some intiatives have taken place in order to increase girls' and women's access to the Internet but these have not been sponsored or supported by the government.\n\nThe Gender Equity and Equality National Policy does touch on Information Technology access, but is not very concrete. There have been some efforts in this direction, but the 2012 political crisis has disrupted any relative progress. Some sporadic initiatives to increase access to the Internet have been taken by the government in the past, but nothing specifically oriented towards girls' or women's access. Above all, lack of financial means and weak infrastructures and major electricity problems are significant obstacles to any actions towards improving access to the Internet.","1. Interview with the President of the National Commission of Women Workers, Olívia Almeida, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Representative of the Women Political Platform, Paula Silva de Melo, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Focal Point for the Programme Women's Economic Empowerment and Improvement of Working Conditions, Maria Fátima Vieira, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Interview with Coordinator of the Gender Project in the Institute of Women and Children (IMC), Nivaldo Gomes, Ministry of Women, Family and Social Cohesion, 14 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n5. The latest report by the National Regulatory Authority of Guinea-Bissau's Information Technology and Telecommunications, 2012 (although this source will not be considered as valid since it was not published during the period under study, I have referenced it here because this was the most recent information I was able to obtain regarding access to the web), Relatório de Actividades, ARN de Tecnologias de Informação e Telecomunicações.","In 2012, the government validated a Gender Equity and Equality National Policy (PNIEG). Its aim was to work towards making men's and women's rights, equality and opportunities a reality. However the 2012 military coup interrupted the process of its adoption by the Council of Minist..."]
["2014_MW_88",2014,"MW","Malawi",88,50,"The government is putting into effect a number of initiatives in a bid to close the gender digital divide. These include the annual Girls in ICT Day, when Malawi joins the rest of the world in commemorating the day where girls and women are sensitised on the need to take careers in ICTs and not shy away from its services; inclusion of ICT lessons in schools including all-girl schools; installation of computers and the Internet in several all-girl schools; and establishment of a Universal Access Fund to help close the gender digital divide. In addition, the government has facilitated the establishment of telecentres, which are managed by women. \n\nNonetheless, Internet penetration remains low. A major hurdle to effectively close the gender digital divide includes poverty and illiteracy, especially in many rural villages where there is no electricity. Also, many rural poor women cannot afford computers and cost of using Internet centres.","1. allAfrica, Arnold Namanja, 5 May 2014, Malawi: Macra Says ICT Catalyst of Gender Equality, http://allafrica.com/stories/201405060267.html\n\n2. Henry Silika, Director, ICT Development, Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority, 13 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Dorothy Kampheta, Businesswoman, 12 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Kondwani Munthali, Journalist and Blogger, 15 August 2014, Lilongwe","The government is putting into effect a number of initiatives in a bid to close the gender digital divide. These include the annual Girls in ICT Day, when Malawi joins the rest of the world in commemorating the day where girls and women are sensitised on the need to take careers in..."]
["2014_MZ_88",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",88,0,"There is no specific programme designed to promote women's access o ICT and/or for tech careers. The policy mentions only that it \"encourages women to access ICTs,\" but does not indicate how and under what specific circumstances. It is not possible to break down the available aggregate data into the percentage of women and men with access to the Internet; the data shows only global figures. \n\nHowever, as of July 2014, there were no specific policies or programmes aimed at addressing the gender digital divide, albeit the policy mentioning these considerations is in rudimentary form. The strategy is called the National Policy on Internet Connectivity (Informatics Policy) and the Strategy for Implementation of the Informatics Policy. Both documents date to their origination in 2002 and are valid until 2015.","Interview with Teresa Cruz e Silva, professor and senior researcher, WLSA (Women and Law in Southern Africa), Eduardo Mondlane University and WLSA, Maputo, 14 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Egidio Vaz Raposo, communications consultant, Independent Media Group, Maputo, 23 July 2015.  \n\nInterview with Nelton Gemo, ICT specialist and consultant, Center of Informatics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 23 July 2014.  \n\nComissao para Politica de Informatica, Estrategia de Implementacao da Politica de Informatica: Rumo a Sociedade Global de Informacao, 2002. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ky5nrfiwkpp6yus/estg_PI-Mocambique2002.pdf?dl=0\n\nComissao para Politica de Informatica, Politica de Informatica, 2002. \nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/b4vy158bxqkp15w/politica_de_informatica%20ii-3.pdf?dl=0","There is no specific programme designed to promote women's access o ICT and/or for tech careers. The policy mentions only that it \"encourages women to access ICTs,\" but does not indicate how and under what specific circumstances. It is not possible to break down the available aggre..."]
["2014_NE_88",2014,"NE","Niger",88,0,"Au Niger, il n' y a pas de programme gouvernemental visant à promouvoir ou renforcer l’accès à internet des femmes et des filles, dans une optique de réduction de la fracture numérique entre les sexes. \n \n La préoccupation des autorités nigériennes est plus portée sur la mise en place des infrastructures adéquates pour l'équipement des citoyens à la téléphonie et aux technologies informatiques (ordinateurs pour la fonction publique, les universités....). \n \n De manière générale le taux de pénétration de l'internet est encore très faible au Niger. Seuls quelques citoyens de la classe moyenne, essentiellement vivants en milieu urbain, ont accès à l'internet. L’accès à la connexion haut débit est encore plus difficile, du fait de l'insuffisance des infrastructures pour l'offre de l'Internet.","BEIDI Soumana Hamma Beidi, Haut commissaire à l'informatique et aux TIC de la République du Niger, avec rang de ministre, 14 septembre 2014. \n\nNIANDOU Amina Niandou, Coordinatrice du Bureau de l'institut Panos au Niger et Ancienne Secrétaire Générale de l'Association des Professionnelles Africaines de la Communication (APAC), 14 septembre 2014. \n\nDéclaration de politique générale du gouvernement, et programme de mise en oeuvre du PLAN NICI du Niger\n\nErodufaso. \"Présentation et analyse de la situation du secteur tic au Niger\". 15 novembre 2014. http://www.echosdufaso.com/presentation-et-analyse-de-la-situation-du-secteur-tic-au-niger/","Au Niger, il n' y a pas de programme gouvernemental visant à promouvoir ou renforcer l’accès à internet des femmes et des filles, dans une optique de réduction de la fracture numérique entre les sexes. ..."]
["2014_ST_88",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",88,0,"No government measure to close the gender digital gap exists. Men attend more digital centers than do women, but there is no legal impediment for women to also attend. No specific program to increase women's access to the Internet exists. \n\nThe difference in web access numbers between men and women may be related to cultural issues. Men have more available time because women take care of the housework, even when engaged in work or educational activities.","Interview with Soukheyna Bragança Neto, project manager for digital inclusion, Institute for Innovation and Knowledge (INIC), Nov. 6, 2014.\n\nInterview with Tamyres Morgado, payroll, CFAO Motors, Nov. 4, 2014.\n\nINPG, National Report on implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action of Beijing in the context of the 20th anniversary of the 4th World Conference on Women and Adoption of D. and P. Action of Beijing in 2015, May 2014.","No government measure to close the gender digital gap exists. Men attend more digital centers than do women, but there is no legal impediment for women to also attend. No specific program to increase women's access to the Internet exists. ..."]
["2014_ZA_88",2014,"ZA","South Africa",88,25,"Whilst the SA Connect (the national broadband strategy), which was implemented late 2013, is expected to connect more schools and therefore give more girls (and boys) exposure to the internet and ICT, South Africa to date continues to struggle with a digital gender divide - particularly in the work space. \n\nFor Moira de Roche,  director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa, “things have not changed since last year. There is no push to have girls schools offering computer programming or CAT. The percentage of women in the ICT industry is just under 20%, and a lot of those employed are in administrative or sales positions in ICT companies. I believe that until there is a genuine push for this by government especially Education, supported by industry, the situation will not change.”\n-\nMore and more women in South Africa have access to the internet. There are various reports that try to shed a light on South Africa's internet usage demographics. One of them is the 2013 South African Internet Demographics Report by research company Effective Measure (November 2013), which shows that 48.84 percent of internet users are female and the rest is male. The 2014 March edition of the survey shows a similar scenario. Effective Measure is the official traffic measurement partner of the Digital Media and Marketing Association (DMMA), and provides accurate reports on local website traffic and Internet audience demographics.\n\nWhile women and men have equal access to the internet, there is a digital divide on the work floor. In 'Is South Africa ready for digital education?', tech news portal BusTech states that the low penetration of ICT in schools is related to the fact that few teachers in South Africa have basic computer skills (132,884 out of 413,067 teachers). \n\nThis was based on the 2011 census (last one that was conducted). The Via Afrika Snapshot of eLearning in South African schools, which was published in June 2014, states that lack of skills and poor infrastructure are partially to blame. Electricity is for instance an issue. In the Eastern Cape only 80% of schools have electricity, the report says, and 73% of schools in KwaZulu natal, and 85% in Freestate. The only provinces where 100% of schools have electricity are the Western Cape and Gauteng. In addition, the report shows that six of the nine provinces in South Africa do not feel ready for ICT schooling. \n\nWhile more women have moved up the ranks when it comes to IT work space, their numbers are low compared to their male counterparts. There are generally speaking few ICT women at the top and few female ICT professionals. The Institute of Information Technology Professionals (IITPSA) is of the opinion that women hold 56% of global professional ICT jobs. In South Africa this is considerably lower (20%), whilst women comprise 55% of the total workforce.","Interview Moira de Roche,  director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa / 6 October 2014 / email\n\nGirls encouraged to choose ICT, ITWeb, September 3 2013, http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67067\n\nSouth Africa’s ICT industry – lacking women at the helm (IT News / 2 April 2014), http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2014/04/south-africas-ict-industry-lacking-women-at-the-helm/\n\nTechnogirls South Africa (Unicef website) , http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/education_6101.html\n\nSpeech Yunus Carrim (Minister of Communications) at the 2nd Annual Women in ICT Awards  of 18 November 2013\nhttp://www.doc.gov.za/mediaroom/minister-s-speeches-mr-yunus-carrim/329-government-responses-to-challenges-faced-by-women-in-ict.html\n\nIs South Africa ready for digital education? (Business tech / 15 June 2014), http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/60511/is-south-africa-ready-for-digital-education/\n\nVia Afrika Snapshot of eLearning in South African schools (Via Afrika, a leading educational publisher in South Africa / June 2014), http://www.viaafrika.com/assets/Via-Afrika-Snapshot-of-eLearning-in-South-Africa.pdf\n\nInternet users in SA: who are these people? (My Broadband / Rudolph Muller / 19 January 2014)\nhttp://mybroadband.co.za/news/internet/93743-internet-users-in-sa-who-are-these-people.html\n\nSouth Africa Online: gender, race and income (Effective Measure / March 2014)\nhttp://www.effectivemeasure.com/south-africa-online-gender-race-income","Whilst the SA Connect (the national broadband strategy), which was implemented late 2013, is expected to connect more schools and therefore give more girls (and boys) exposure to the internet and ICT, South Africa to date continues to struggle with a digital gender divide - particu..."]
["2014_TG_88",2014,"TG","Togo",88,25,"Il n’y a pas de programme spécifique pour promouvoir l’utilisation de l’Internet pour les femmes. \n A noter toutefois la mise en place des Centres Informatiques de la Femme (CIF) dans les chefs lieux des cinq régions et la commune de Lomé dans le but de permettre aux femmes de maîtriser l’outil informatique. Les Centres des Femmes (CIF) ont permis à des centaines de femmes de se familiariser à l’outil informatique et de faire des recherches sur internet pour mieux s’informer.","TADEGNON Noel Kokou, journaliste indépendant, correspondant la Deutsche Welle (la Voie de l’Allemagne), 9 juillet 2014..\n \n ADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \n Anonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \n Republicoftogo.com, 31 juillet 2014, «L'atout femme». \n http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Education/L-atout-femme.","Il n’y a pas de programme spécifique pour promouvoir l’utilisation de l’Internet pour les femmes. \n A noter toutefois la mise en place des Centres Informatiques de la Femme (CIF) dans les chefs..."]
["2014_DZ_89",2014,"DZ","Algeria",89,50,"Les institutions spécialisées dans l'application de la protection des brevets, des droits d'auteur, des marques déposées et des autres droits de propriété intellectuelle ont mis ces dernières années une stratégie en vue de lutter contre toute forme d’atteinte à la propriété intellectuelle. \n\nA titre d’exemple, l’Office national des droits d’auteur et droits voisins (ONDA) a signé avec trois institutions (la direction générale de la sûreté nationale, la gendarmerie nationale et les douanes algériennes) des protocoles de coopération ainsi qu’un mémorandum d'entente avec Microsoft Algérie. Il a également procédé durant le mois d’avril 2014 à la destruction de près de 1,8 millions de CD piratés. La même institution avait détruit, en 2012, un million de support saisis lors des fréquents contrôles du marché de l’édition dans toute l’Algérie. Toutefois, si ces chiffres peuvent impressionner, l’efficacité dans la lutte contre le piratage, elle, ne semble pas vraiment etre au rendez-vous. L’année dernière, la télévision nationale algérienne a diffusé le match\nBurkina Faso-Algerie  de façon « illégale » après avoir été empêchée par Al-Jazeera, la détentrice exclusive des droits de diffusion des rencontres du dernier tour africain qualificatif au mondial.\n\nPar ailleurs, 190 de demandes de brevets d’invention ont été déposées durant le premier trimestre 2014 au niveau de l’institut algérien de propriété industrielle, chargé de protéger les marques, les appellations d’origine, les brevets d’invention et les recherches d’antériorité.\n\n\nCommentaire des Pairs Évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: L'algérie dispose d'institutions en charge des questions liées à la protection de la propriété intellectuelle. Tel est le rôle de l'Office nationale des droits d'auteurs et droits voisins (ONDA).\nToutefois,  les dispositions pertinentes de l'Ordonnance 03-05 du 19 juillet 2003 relative aux droits d'auteur et droits voisins qui constitue le cadre légal de l'intervention de ONDA ne lui donne pas expressement pouvoir de pousuivre devant les juridictions les contrevenants.","Anonyme, Distributeur et revendeur de CD et DVD piratés, Entreprise privée de réparation et maintenance de matériel informatique, 06/09/2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nLe dispositif de lutte contre la contrefaçon renforcé, Horizon, 22/04/2014, http://www.horizons-dz.com/?Le-dispositif-de-lutte-contre-la\n\nDes professionnels déplorent un vide juridique pour une lutte \"efficace\" contre la contrefaçon, APS, 24/03/2014\nhttp://www.aps.dz/economie/3428-des-professionnels-d%C3%A9plorent-un-vide-juridique-pour-une-lutte-efficace-contre-la-contrefa%C3%A7on/3428-des-professionnels-d%C3%A9plorent-un-vide-juridique-pour-une-lutte-efficace-contre-la-contrefa%C3%A7on\n\nSus au piratage ! ONDA. Plus d’un million de CD et DVD seront détruits, K.Smail, Djazairess, Publié dans El Watan ; 03/ 04/ 2014, http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/451753\n\nMicrosoft et l’ONDA s’allient : la fin du piratage en Algérie ?,  Amiès M. Viny Culture, 19/02/2014, http://www.vinyculture.com/vers-la-fin-du-piratage-tolere-en-algerie/\n\nMicrosoft Algerie s’allie à l’ONDA pour contrer le piratage et la contrefaçon, Aymen Zitouni, 21/02/2014\nhttp://www.maghrebemergent.com/component/k2/item/35095-microsoft-algerie-s-allie-a-l-onda-pour-contrer-le-piratage-et-la-contrefacon.html\n\nL’ENTV a-t-elle eu raison de pirater le match Burkina-Faso-Algérie ?, Abdou Semmar, Algerie Focus, 13/10/2013, http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/10/lentv-a-t-elle-eu-raison-de-pirater-le-match-burkina-faso-algerie/\n\nONDA : Destruction de plus de 1 700 000 CD piratés, Radio algerienne, Youtube, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B2Sp2krmwY\n\nAlgérie : Lutte contre le Piratage ONDA, Ministere de la culture, Youtube, 03/04/2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhrhmmLx5Qk\n\nDemande de brevets d’invention :La chimie en tête des secteurs d’activités, Le Midi libre, 09/06/2014, http://www.lemidi-dz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&id_article=evenement%40art2%402014-06-09","Les institutions spécialisées dans l'application de la protection des brevets, des droits d'auteur, des marques déposées et des autres droits de propriété intellectuelle ont mis ces dernières années une stratégie en vue de lutter contre toute forme d’atteinte à la propriété intelle..."]
["2014_BI_89",2014,"BI","Burundi",89,0,"Un établissement public à caractère administratif dénommé Office Burundais du Droit d’Auteur (OBDA)  a été créé par le décret N°100/ 237 du 7 septembre 2011. Cet établissment existe pour la protection des brevets, des droits d'auteur, des marques déposées et des autres droits de propriété intellectuelle. Cette unité est opérationnelle et le comité de gestion est en train de faire une large campagne de sensibilisation des musiciens et autres propriétaires à faire enregistrer leurs oeuvres à l'OBDA. Cependant, on n'a pas encore de statistiques concernant l'application des lois par l'OBDA. Il mène rarement les enquêtes et/ou traduit rarement les contrevenants en justice.","NITUNZE Yolande, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014. \n\nKADENDE Salvator, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.","Un établissement public à caractère administratif dénommé Office Burundais du Droit d’Auteur (OBDA)  a été créé par le décret N°100/ 237 du 7 septembre 2011. Cet établissment existe pour la protection des brevets, des droits d'auteur, des marques déposées et des autres droits de pr..."]
["2014_CG_89",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",89,25,"There is an office specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, Société Congolaise des Droits d’Auteurs et des Droits Voisins (SOCODA). It was created in 2011. However, there are no statistics indicating how effective its work is. The office is reported to be ineffective and does not have a significant annual budget. While it generally investigates and brings some offenders to court, the office lacks capacity to enforce laws, and evidence suggests that it often fails to do so despite the existence of evidence.","1. Face To Face Interview), President Of The Congolese League For The Defense Of Human Rights-Asadho Jean Claude Katende, July 15, 2014.\n\n2. (Face To Face Interview) Assistant To The Minister Of Social And Humanitarian Affairs Nina –M-Kibibi, July 13, 2014.\n\n3. (Face To Face Interview) Musician Member Of Socoda Papa Wemba, July 29, 2014.","There is an office specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, Société Congolaise des Droits d’Auteurs et des Droits Voisins (SOCODA). It was created in 2011. However, there are no statistics indicating how effe..."]
["2014_EG_89",2014,"EG","Egypt",89,0,"The Egyptian Patent Office (EGYPO), or mosanafat, as it is known has primary responsibility for protecting and observing all the trademarks. In practice the office takes a reactive not proactive approach to enforcement, only complaints to the office are investigated. The EGYPO statistics are out of date, and the state has not looked at the issue since the Mubarak era. \n\nThe only annual report available on the website of the Egyptian intellectual property office, which dates back to 2001 (over 10 years) does not give any information of violators prosecuted.","Interview Hossam Maher, Doctor,  July 22, 2014\n\nKarim Mohammed, Lawyer in Cairo, July 24, 2013\n\nDaily News Egypt, \"Administrative reform, social safety net to help economy reach 3.2% growth: Planning minister\" Doaa Farid July 12, 2014 www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/07/12/administrative-reform-social-safety-net-help-economy-reach-3-2-growth-planning-minister/\n\nDaily News Daily News Egypt, Doaa Faird, Feb 4, 2014 \"Financial aid to poor families will strengthen the social safety net: Finance Minister\" www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/02/04/financial-aid-poor-families-will-strengthen-social-safety-net-finance-minister/\n\n\nIntellectual Property Watch,  Ahmed Abdel-Latif \"Inside Views: New Constitutions Of Egypt, Tunisia Provide For IP Rights Protection For First Time\"  10 March 2014 www.ip-watch.org/2014/03/10/new-constitutions-of-egypt-tunisia-provide-for-ip-rights-protection-for-first-time/\n\nMada Masr Amira Elmasry, May 23, 2014 \"Egypt will not patent new hepatitis C drug\" www.madamasr.com/content/egypt-will-not-patent-new-hepatitis-c-drug","The Egyptian Patent Office (EGYPO), or mosanafat, as it is known has primary responsibility for protecting and observing all the trademarks. In practice the office takes a reactive not proactive approach to enforcement, only complaints to the office are investigated. The EGYPO stat..."]
["2014_GH_89",2014,"GH","Ghana",89,75,"The Ghana Copyright Office is mandated to enforce the country's copyright law. It enforces the law in partnership with right holders to an original work and the police. \n\nThe Ghana Copyright Office sometimes does its own investigations to detect violations or unauthorized use of works that have been registered under the copyright law. But in most cases the onus lies with right holders to detect violations or unauthorized use of their works.\n\nWhen suspected violators of the law are arrested, the Ghana Copyright Office in partnership with the police conducts investigations and prosecutes them. However, most right holders prefer out-of-court settlements to receive compensations from the violators because the court processes are expensive and take a long a time to complete.\n \nThe Ghana Copyright Office keeps statistics on cases convicted, settled amicably and investigated, but it has been unable to produce such statistics. \n\nThe Registrar General's Department is mandated to register as well as enforce patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights. There is an office called Trademarks, which is part of the organizational structure of the Registrar General's Department, specialised in registering and enforcing patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights. The Trademarks office executes its duties in partnership with right holders.\n\nHowever, Ghana's copyright law and other intellectual property rights laws are scattered in various documents with a number of different institutions enforcing the laws. This has brought about inefficiency. The government, has therefore, begun a process to harmonise the laws as well as create an intellectual property office to enforce the laws.\n\nMeanwhile, many Ghanaian textile designs are being pirated to produce cheap and fake textiles and the government only seizes such pirated textiles and burns them.","1. Mr Samuel Awuku, Documentation, Research and Information Technology Officer, Ghana Copyright Office, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Reverend Kissi Khan Agyarkuah, Projects Director, Musicians Union of Ghana, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. News story: Title: Taskforce on pirated textile completes nationwide sensitization, Author: GNA, Name of publication: www.citifmonline.com, Date: May 18, 2014, Link: http://www.citifmonline.com/2014/05/18/taskforce-on-pirated-textile-completes-nationwide-sensitization/","The Ghana Copyright Office is mandated to enforce the country's copyright law. It enforces the law in partnership with right holders to an original work and the police. ..."]
["2014_LS_89",2014,"LS","Lesotho",89,25,"The Industrial Property Order 1989 (amended in 1997) and the Copyright Act 1989 protect patents, industrial designs, trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property rights. The Copyright Order 1989 provides copyright protection for authors of original literary, artistic and scientific works. The protection is for the author’s lifetime and 50 years after his/her death. \n\nThe Registrar of Copyright, the Law Office in the Ministry of Justice, Human Rights and Constitutional Affairs, the police, the Ministry of Tourism and recently the Ministry of Social Development are jointly responsible for enforcing all patent laws and regulations. \n\nAlthough copyright laws are generally weakly enforced in Lesotho, there has been a steady rise in the number of litigations related to intellectual property in recent years. These are mostly related to the illegal reproduction of music and possession of devices for that purpose. Such cases are heard in magistrates’ courts.\n\nSome of the cases involving intellectual property are decided on the basis of other commercial laws, such as the Companies Act 2011. For example, the high court recently found guilty three senior employees of a leading newspaper for using their employer’s resources to establish a rival company under their names. Using the company’s classified information they established their own venture and attempted to destroy their employer so as to increase their chances of success. This contravened the common law and the Companies Act of 2011.","1. Mampoi Taoana. Registrar of Copyrights. Maseru. 30 June 2014.\n\n2. Tekane Maqakachane. Lecturer, Maseru. 30 June 2014.\n\n3. UNDP. \"Promoting Trade and Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities to enhance access to medicines in Lesotho\". 13 August 2014. http://www.ls.undp.org/content/lesotho/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/08/13/promoting-trade-and-intellectual-property-rights-trips-flexibilities-to-enhance-access-to-medicines-in-lesotho.html","The Industrial Property Order 1989 (amended in 1997) and the Copyright Act 1989 protect patents, industrial designs, trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property rights. The Copyright Order 1989 provides copyright protection for authors of original literary, artistic and scient..."]
["2014_ML_89",2014,"ML","Mali",89,50,"Le gouvernement malien n'applique pas activement la protection des brevets, des droits d'auteur, des marques déposées et des autres droits de propriété intellectuelle.\n\nIl existe pourtant une structure gouvernementale dénommée Agence Malienne de Normalisation (AMANORM) créée en 2012. Mais, en 2014, son activité s'est limitée à de simples exercices de sensibilisation menés conjointement avec les musiciens et le département de la culture. Selon Hawa Semega, «cette structure mène rarement les enquêtes et/ou traduit rarement les contrevenants en justice. À ce jour, elle ne tient pas des statistiques indiquant le degré d'efficacité de son travail.»  Selon Tiegoum Boubèye Maïga, «l'on constate malheureusement beaucoup de cas d'arrangements à l'amiable...» \n\nLe Bureau malien des Droits d'Auteurs (BUMDA) continue quant à lui d'exister; il a été créé pour protéger les artistes. Il constitue une voie de recours en cas de piratage ou de viole de la propriété artistique. Selon un article dans la presse, le BUMDA a saisi, en 2014, plus de 10 000 supports et 3 ordinateurs. De plus, \"Onze personnes viennent d’être condamnées chacune par le tribunal de la Commune VI à six mois d’emprisonnement avec sursis et une amende de 50 000 FCFA chacune. (...) Quatorze promoteurs d’hôtels et de bars-restaurants ont été entendus par la Brigade d’Investigation Judiciaire (BIJ) pour avoir refusé de payer la redevance du droit d’auteur.\"\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord (score=25): L'AMANORM a pour mission d'assurer les normes de qualité (certification, accréditation) des produits industriels, et non de l'application des brevets, droits d'auteurs ou autres droits de propriété industrielle ou artisanale. C'est plutôt le Centre Malien de Promotion de la Propriété Industrielle (CEMAPI) qui s'en occupe.","COULIBALY Kandia, conseiller en communication, Comité Malien de la Propriété intellectuelle (CEMAPI), 14 juillet 2014\n        \nBATHILY Hamala, agent technique, Association malienne de la propriété intellectuelle, 14 juillet 2014\n        \nMAÏGA Tiegoum Boubèye, directeur de cabinet, ministère du commerce, 14 juillet 2014.\n\nKEITA Youssouf, Le Républicain (in Mali Actu.com), 2 décembre 2014, «Mali: Création et innovation industrielle au Mali : Le Cemapi se dote d’un plan d’actions triennal.» http://maliactu.net/mali-creation-et-innovation-industrielle-au-mali-le-cemapi-se-dote-dun-plan-dactions-triennal/#sthash.rcW7x7lI.dpuf\n\nMaliActu. \"Mali: La Tolérance zéro du BUMDA aux pirates en marche : Plus de 10 000 CD saisis, 11 condamnations et 14 promoteurs d’hôtel, de bar-restaurant entendus par la BIJ\", 18 septembre 2014. http://maliactu.net/mali-la-tolerance-zero-du-bumda-aux-pirates-en-marche-plus-de-10-000-cd-saisis-11-condamnations-et-14-promoteurs-dhotel-de-bar-restaurant-entendus-par-la-bij/#sthash.yuq50ilw.dpuf\n\nSource des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nSite de la mission de l'AMANORM. http://www.iso.org/iso/fr/about/iso_members/iso_member_body.htm?member_id=1915","Le gouvernement malien n'applique pas activement la protection des brevets, des droits d'auteur, des marques déposées et des autres droits de propriété intellectuelle...."]
["2014_NE_89",2014,"NE","Niger",89,25,"Il existe au Niger un organe gouvernemental chargé de la protection de la propriété intellectuelle, c'est une direction logée au niveau du ministère des mines et du développement industriel. En plus de cette direction, il y a le Bureau Nigérien des Droits d'Auteurs (BNDA), dont le rôle principal est de protéger les droits des acteurs culturels nigériens.\n \n Toutefois, malgré l'existence de ces entités, il n'y a pas au Niger une forte culture de protection des marques, innovations et droits d'auteurs. Aussi, il n'existent pas de statistiques fiables ni concernant le dépôt de marques ni concernant les plaintes pour utilisation illégale d'une marque. C'est seulement en ce qui concerne les acteurs culturels qu'il y a un certain effort pour suivre l'évolution des productions culturelles et de la protection des droits des artistes.","GIGO Sani, président de l'Association Inventeurs du Niger (AIN Eurêka), 13 septembre 2014.\n \n ADAMOU Yacouba, membre du Bureau Nigérien des Droits d'Auteurs (BNDA), 13 septembre 2014.\n \n Nigeractu.com, 26 décembre 2013, «Fin du salon National de la créativité, de l'invention et de l'innovation : Mme Saley Mariama reçoit le grand prix du Président de la République pour son invention ''Garin Waké'' ou couscous de haricot».\n http://actuniger.com/societe/7655-fin-du-salon-national-de-la-creativite-de-l-invention-et-de-l-innovation-mme-saley-mariama-recoit-le-grand-prix-du-president-de-la-republique-pour-son-invention-garin-wake-ou-couscous-de-haricot.html","Il existe au Niger un organe gouvernemental chargé de la protection de la propriété intellectuelle, c'est une direction logée au niveau du ministère des mines et du développement industriel. En plus de cette direction, il y a le Bureau Nigérien des Droits d'Auteurs (BNDA), dont le ..."]
["2014_SC_89",2014,"SC","Seychelles",89,0,"There is an office specialized for patents, copyrights, and trademark and other intellectual property but it rarely investigates or brings offenders to court. This role is vested in the Office of the Registrar General, which administers all patent, design and trademark registrations. It is the official intellectual property office for the Seychelles.\n\nThere are many cases of fraudulent copies, and many cases of violations of intellectual property rights (e.g. for cable TV). However, there are very few complaints. That may be because there are no defined procedures, and there is no specialized courts. Also, users are not very familiar with the regulations of intellectual property rights. \n\nRegarding the arts, rights are registered with the National Arts Council. Small entrepreneurs register their products sometimes at the council. But when they are facing a copying or an infringement of rights, they do not have control over it. An outreach effort should be made among small entrepreneurs and the general public on this matter.\n \nTypically a trademark application takes nine to 12 months to be processed and registered.  A trademark registration is for seven years and may be renewed at the expiration of each period for 14 years thereafter.  A separate registration is required for each individual class.  \n\nThe Copyright Act, the Trade Marks Decree and the Patents Act contain provisions which lay down the procedures and measures dealing with infringement of intellectual property rights. The Seychelles is a member state of WIPO (March 2000), and  the country became a contracting party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in November 2002. Seychelles is also a member of the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO). \n\nIn case of violation of intellectual property rights, citizens are often reluctant to go to court because of the high cost of filing complaints. Complaints before the court are mostly filed by large foreign companies against Seychellois offenders. e.g. “Financial Intelligence Unit” Vs. “Cyber Space Ltd”. Cyber Space, in the  Seychelles, was accused of profiting by “facilitating the illegal downloading of material subject to international copyright and other legal restrictions thereby defrauding the owners of the intellectual property in the material and others who had expended money in its production and distribution.\"","Marco Francis, Chairman, Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Ebrahim Building, Victoria,   Secrétaire general, 02 September 2014\n\nEvaline Jobert, Business Promotion and Development Officer, Small Enterprise Promotion Agency (SENPA), Camion Building, Victoria, 03 September 2014\n\nMr Bryan Julie, Lawyer, Good governance commissioner, LUNGOS, Premier Building, Victoria, 03 September 2014\n\nFinancial Intelligence Unit” vs “Cyber Space Ltd”, Case No: SCA 27(a) of 2012, Media Neutral Citation: [2013] SCCA 2 , Judgment Date: 05/03/2013, http://www.seylii.org/sc/judgment/court-appeal/2013/2","There is an office specialized for patents, copyrights, and trademark and other intellectual property but it rarely investigates or brings offenders to court. This role is vested in the Office of the Registrar General, which administers all patent, design and trademark registration..."]
["2014_ZA_89",2014,"ZA","South Africa",89,75,"The body responsible for intellectual property policy and legislation, and the enforcement / protection of copyright and patents is the Department of trade and industry. It was replaced by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission in 2011, an independent juristic entity mandated by the Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008).\n\nThe commission has several functions, among which are the registration companies and intellectual property rights (trademarks, patents, designs and copyright) as well as the maintenance. It also looks after the promotion of education and awareness of intellectual property law; the promotion and enforcement of compliance with relevant legislation; monitoring compliance with and contraventions of financial reporting standards; report, research and advise the minister of the department of trade and industry on matters of national policy relating to intellectual property law. \n\nStatistics around offenders etc. are not readily available. The commission - which has other tasks too including the registering of businesses - issues annual reports (the last one on the website was the 2012-2013 annual reports) as well as annual performance plans (2013/2014 and 2015/2016) and strategic plans in which it monitors its effectiveness. It investigates and when necessary brings offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative. In July 2014, investigations by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission, the Hawks, SARS, and the Specialised Commercial Crime Unit-Pretoria resulted in the conviction of a syndicate that had been hijacking the identities of big corporations. It was the first conviction for company hijacking by the  Companies and Intellectual Property Commission.\n\nDawie Roodt, chief economist and director of financial management company the Efficient Group, confirmed that \"South Africa very much so protects patents, copyright and intellectual property rights.” He confirms that \"copyright law is very much enforced in South Africa, and that complaints are investigated and prosecuted.”","Interview /  Dawie Roodt, chief economist and director of financial management company the Efficient Group / email / 6 October 2014.\n\nCompanies and Intellectual Property Commission (website), www.cipc.co.za. accessed October 2014.\n\nSmit & van Wyk Patent, Trademark, Franchise  and Copyright lawyers (website), http://www.svw.co.za/copyright.html\n\nAnnual performance plan 2013/2014 / Companies and Intellectual Property Commission, http://www.cipc.co.za/Publications_files/CIPC_APP_2013_2014.pdf\n\nCoca-Cola Africa company hijacker convicted - NPA (Politicsweb / Nathi Mncube /7 July 2014)\nhttp://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=645724&sn=Detail&pid=71616","The body responsible for intellectual property policy and legislation, and the enforcement / protection of copyright and patents is the Department of trade and industry. It was replaced by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission in 2011, an independent juristic entity ma..."]
["2014_SD_89",2014,"SD","Sudan",89,50,"In Sudan, there are six offices and units within the government specialized in addressing and enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights.\n\nThe main unit is the Registrar General of Intellectual Property, within the Ministry of Justice. Likewise, within the Ministry of Culture and Information there's a department called National Council of Literary and Artistic Works. Moreover, there is a Special Court as well as special prosecution for infringements on intellectual property rights. Also, there's a special police unit on intellectual property, beside the customs authorities.\n\nThe mechanisms to take care of intellectual property claims investigated 20 cases in 2013, and brought offenders to the courts. They keep statistics indicative of how effective their work is. The latest report available from the registrar general of intellctual property included detailed statistics. \n\nHowever, the cases are not all speedily conducted and can take a long time. ","[Interview] Nabil Adib Abdalla, Ph.D, lawyer, expert in law and law reform, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Shawgi Yagoub Adam, lawyer, Sept. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nMinistry of Justice, Registrar general of intellectual property's report of year 2013 and its plan for year 2014.\"\nhttp://www.ipsudan.gov.sd/Reports/Rep_13.pdf\n\nSudan and WIPO, accessed October 2014\nhttp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=SD\n\n ","In Sudan, there are six offices and units within the government specialized in addressing and enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights...."]
["2014_UG_89",2014,"UG","Uganda",89,25,"The Uganda Registration Services Bureau (URSB) under the Ministry of Justice is the government agency tasked with registering and enforcing the copyright law and other Intellectual property rights. Under the URBS is a specialized unit called the Intellectual Property Directorate (IPD) that undertakes the actual enforcement of the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights. The IPD has established relations with the Uganda Police Force, Uganda Communications Commission, Customs, Uganda Revenue Authority, and Uganda National Bureau of Standards to assist in the enforcement of the intellectual and property rights laws. Also working closely with the directorate is the Uganda Performing Right Society (UPRS) for music rights; Uganda Reproduction Rights Organisation (URRO) for literary, scientific and artistic rights, as well as Uganda Federation of Movie Industry (UFMI) for audiovisual rights. However, the URSB has for various reasons always pointed out that enforcing the existing laws is still a big challenge.\n\nRegarding the unit’s capacity to investigate and where necessary bring offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative, the URSB does not have the mandate to investigate or prosecute infringements of intellectual property rights. But in a few special cases where a particular issue requiring arbitration by URSB is brought to its attention (e.g., issues of trademark infringements), they do some investigation to establish who owns the trademark or any intellectual property. Charles Batambuze, an expert on copyrights, added that URSB investigations are limited to determining who owns the intellectual property, and its role does not extend to bringing offenders to court. He added that in case the parties to the complaint are not happy with the registrar’s rulings, they can proceed to court. \n\nFor cases beyond identifying the owner of an intellectual property, it is up to the warring parties to take the case to court. URSB is not authorized to act on behalf of any intellectual property owners. Batambuze added that lately reforms to the intellectual property law are being undertaken, and the government is supporting many private  initiatives to enforce intellectual property. For instance, it is collaborating with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in training judicial officers and law enforcement agencies. A visit to the IPD did not produce immediate results on statistics of cases it has handled, but it added that in reality many cases never reach the enforcement authorities as parties prefer to settle cases on their own.","Charles Batambuze, executive secretary, National Book Trust of Uganda,4 July 2014 \n\n“Justice Kavuma wants review on intellectual property law,” Jeff Andrew Lule, 10 April 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654437-justice-kavuma-wants-review-on-intellectual-property-law.html \n\n“Coca-Cola settles trade mark infringement case with Riham,” David Tumusiime, 13 Nov. 2013\nhttp://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=58043 (last accessed 01/18/2015)","The Uganda Registration Services Bureau (URSB) under the Ministry of Justice is the government agency tasked with registering and enforcing the copyright law and other Intellectual property rights. Under the URBS is a specialized unit called the Intellectual Property Directorate (I..."]
["2014_BW_90",2014,"BW","Botswana",90,100,"The Ministry of Finance engages businesses in several forums, including a biannual meeting and the high-level consultative council. There is also engagement on fiscal budget planning through several meetings. The Ministry of Finance has sessions where it invites input from the private sector. The invitations are publicly advertised.","Interview with Modiri Mogende, business journalist, radio presenter and business commentator, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nDaily News, \"2014 Budget Speech,\" 3 Feb. 2014.\nhttp://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=8513\n\nMmegi, \"Budget Pitso spirals into decentralisation uproar,\" 1 Nov. 2013.\nhttp://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=2924","The Ministry of Finance engages businesses in several forums, including a biannual meeting and the high-level consultative council. There is also engagement on fiscal budget planning through several meetings. The Ministry of Finance has sessions where it invites input from the priv..."]
["2014_CV_90",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",90,50,"The government's invitation to discuss the proposals for indirect taxes to the formal private sector (usually represented by the chambers of commerce) occurs sporadically and only when the decision may affect the private sector represented directly by the chambers. And from the private sector there is no fixed or regular drive mechanism. The more or less active role of the private sector represented by the chambers depends on the circumstances and leaders. For example, with new leadership, the Sotavento chamber has distinguished itself by its more active, incisive and critical action with the government, namely the 'difficulties' in 'tense' relationship of the private sector with the general directions of Taxation and Customs.\n \nNeither the government nor the chambers of commerce bring the informal sector to this debate.","Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services of Sotavento Website,  10-03-2014, «Training in CCISS: Changes to VAT (Value Added Tax) 2014»: http://www.dgci.gov.cv/index.php/noticasa/276-direccao-das-contribuicoes-e-impostos-promove-workshop-sobre-as-alteracoes-ao-regulamento-do-iva.\n\nDirection of Contributions and Taxes Website, 21-03-2014, «Direction of Contributions and Taxes organizes workshop on amendments to the Regulation of VAT», http://www.cciss.cv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=113:formacao-alteracoes-ao-iva-imposto-de-valor-acrescentado-2014&catid=79:missao-empresarial-a-turquia-encontro-de-negocios-destinado-as-mulheres-empreendedoras-africanas&Itemid=510.\n\nInterview with João de Pina Cardoso, Economist, Visiting Professor of Economics at the Institute of Law and Social Sciences, 28-08-2014, Praia.\n\n(http://noticias.sapo.pt/internacional/artigo/novo-lider-de-camara-de-comercio-critica-politicas-economicas-do-governo-de-cabo-verde_16621437.html). \n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\ntc.cv/index.php?paginas=21&id_cod=8761","The government's invitation to discuss the proposals for indirect taxes to the formal private sector (usually represented by the chambers of commerce) occurs sporadically and only when the decision may affect the private sector represented directly by the chambers. And from the pri..."]
["2014_CG_90",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",90,50,"There has been much improvement since 2013 from the government in consulting efforts with private sector representatives when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms. The mining sector is a strong case. The government has organized three tripartite meetings - government, civil society and private companies - on November 2013, March 2014 and April 2014 to discuss the revision of the Mining Code. The Mining Code sets taxes and regulation measures for the mining sector.\n\nIt was reported that the government invites some but not all private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and that the mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input are sporadic or occasionally out of service.","1. (Face To Face Interview), Deputy Director Congolese Office Of Control (Occ) Mbayo Muhiya,  July 12, 2014.\n\n2. (Face To Face Interview), Executive Director Impact Entreprise Patrick Mavinga, Tel: +243970051993, July 29, 2014.\n\n3. Face To Face Interview) Prisident Of The Drc Anticorruption League Ernest Pararo, Phone: +243816049837, July 15, 2014.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n FEC website http://www.fec.cd/federation.php","There has been much improvement since 2013 from the government in consulting efforts with private sector representatives when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms. The mining sector is a strong case. The government has organized three tripartite meetings..."]
["2014_GQ_90",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",90,0,"Equatorial Guinea continues to hold very limited consultations with stakeholders. In addition to not inviting the private sector to provide input for tax laws and revenue mechanisms, the government increased the number and amounts of fees requested from foreign companies to conduct business. \n\nCompanies are continuously requested to pay fees that are not stipulated in any law and that have not been previously required. The sources interviewed explained that these new developments are the result of ministries being required to finance themselves, which in turns obliges them to find other sources of funding for their activities.  The taxation system continues to lack transparency and was not enforced equally among taxpayers. There are no mechanisms in place to provide any feedback on tax and revenue regulations. Foreign investors continue to lack legal certainty and protection as a result of the lack of judicial independence and widespread corruption.","(Interview):  Anonymous, Business Manager, July 10, 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\n\n(Interview):  Anonymous, civil servant, July 10, 2014, Equatorial Guinea.\n\nPublication: Instituto de Fomento Region de Murcia, Country Report: Equatorial Guinea, May 2014 (Informe de Pais: Guinea Ecuatorial, Mayo 2014).\nhttp://www.institutofomentomurcia.es/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=d204c5df-b7fa-4306-83b7-7abc08f76fe2&groupId=10131 \n\nPublication: Deloitte, Equatorial Guinea highlights, 2014. Accessed July 2014. \nhttp://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-equatorialguineahighlights-2014.pdf \n\nPublication: The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report Equatorial Guinea, June 26, 2014.\nhttp://country.eiu.com/FileHandler.ashx?issue_id=1761739760&mode=pdf \n\nPublication: World Bank, Doing Business 2015: Equatorial Guinea.\nhttp://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Profiles/Country/GNQ.pdf\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\"\n\n ","Equatorial Guinea continues to hold very limited consultations with stakeholders. In addition to not inviting the private sector to provide input for tax laws and revenue mechanisms, the government increased the number and amounts of fees requested from foreign companies to conduct..."]
["2014_GN_90",2014,"GN","Guinea",90,0,"Le gouvernement ne consulte presque jamais les représentants du secteur privé pour apporter leurs propositions lors de la révision ou de l'élaboration des mécanismes fiscaux et autres mécanismes de recettes publiques. Le département des finances, le département du budget et certaines directions comme la douane et les impôts constituent les principaux initiateurs des textes qui réglementent la fiscalité. Même l'organisme consultatif étatique qu'est le Conseil Économique et Social (CES), qui aurait pu être consulté en la matière, ne l'est pas souvent. Ainsi, le secteur privé tout comme l'ensemble des populations ne font que constater les augmentations des impôts et taxes sans qu'aucun débat ne soit instauré en amont.\n\nCe qui amène souvent le Parlement à rejeter les projets de loi suite aux revendications des opérateurs économiques. C'est le cas du nouveau projet du Code des investissements et le projet de loi régissant les commissionnaires agrées en douane. Ces projets de loi ont été élaborés sans prendre en compte les préoccupations des parties prenantes sur lesquelles la loi doit s'appliquer directement, que sont les opérateurs économiques et les commissionnaires agréés en douanes.\nIl n' y a donc aucun mécanisme en place qui permet au secteur privé d'apporter sa contribution. Souvent, le secteur privé se retrouve devant le fait accompli et subit les décisions unilatérales du gouvernement.","Me HABA Francis Charles kpagha, avocat à la cour, spécialiste des questions de propriété intellectuelle, membre agrée du bureau de l'Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Industrielle (OAPI), 10h, 18 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nTHÉA Aubin, auteur compositeur, chanteur, 11h, 19 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nDIALLO Mohamed, opérateur économique, membre du conseil d'administration de la société guinnenne de développement GUIDE S.A, 16h, 19 juillet 2014, Conakry.","Le gouvernement ne consulte presque jamais les représentants du secteur privé pour apporter leurs propositions lors de la révision ou de l'élaboration des mécanismes fiscaux et autres mécanismes de recettes publiques. Le département des finances, le département du budget et certain..."]
["2014_MG_90",2014,"MG","Madagascar",90,0,"Cette pratique n’existe pas à Madagascar. En analysant le descriptif des missions et attributions de la Direction générale du budget (responsable de l’élaboration du budget de l’Etat), on ne voit aucune mention d’une consultation quelconque du secteur privé dans le processus d’élaboration du budget de l’Etat. Si l’on se réfère à l’article de L’Express de Madagascar en date du 20 juillet 2014, « le ministère des finances et du budget a gardé un secret total sur le contenu de la Loi des finances rectificative 2014 (loi qui fixe le budget de l’Etat) ». Et le journal de préciser que « tout le monde sera donc une nouvelle fois mis devant le fait accompli lorsque les députés auront adopté ce texte ». Et le projet a été adopté par les députés à l’unanimité après un temps record d’études d’un document de près d’une centaine de pages.","RAKOTOZAFY, magistrat de la Cour d’appel en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014  \n\nRAKOTOMALALA Mahefa, L’Express de Madagascar, 20 juillet 2014, « Le budget rectifié gardé en secret ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/economie/le-budget-rectifie-garde-en-secret-14929  \n\nLOVA Emmanuel, L’Express de Madagascar, 06 août 2014, « La loi des finances rectificative adoptée les yeux bandés ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/la-loi-de-finances-rectificative-adoptee-les-yeux-bandes-15293  \n\nLa Nation, 06 août 2014,  « Chers contribuables, vos revenus vont trinquer », http://www.lanation.mg/archive.php?id=13086  Site du ministère des finances et du budget : http://www.mefb.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=38.","Cette pratique n’existe pas à Madagascar. En analysant le descriptif des missions et attributions de la Direction générale du budget (responsable de l’élaboration du budget de l’Etat), on ne voit aucune mention d’une consultation quelconque du secteur privé dans le processus d’élab..."]
["2014_MA_90",2014,"MA","Morocco",90,50,"The Moroccan government invites the private sector for talks on tax issues without taking into consideration their demands. The recent increase (in days of economic crisis) of minimum income from 220 USD to 300 USD was a major unilateral decision from the government's side that managed to separate further the public and the private sectors. \n\nThe belief among the private sector is that discussions with the government need to focus on winning back some basic trust. Unilateral decisions from the government will not be easily accepted. \n\nThe ongoing free trade agreement talks between Morocco and the EU in Brussels and Rabat did not involve private-sector input. A few meetings prior to the negotiations were held in Rabat and the private sector representatives noticed how far the government's position is from their economic interest. If/when the free trade agreement takes effect, Moroccan companies will be less competitive than the European ones. \n\nIn the absence of a mechanism that support local corporations in updating their certificates, authorisations, regulations, processes and norms, the lack of private sector involvement in the negotiation will certainly result in a social and economic shock in Morocco.","Saad Hamoumi - Vice President at the Moroccan Union of employers - Casablanca - phone interview August 2nd, 2014.\n\nAmine Mounir Alaoui - president at the federation of ICT in morocco - Casablanca - phone interview August 2nd, 2014.\n\nHassan Harti - Expert in Public Procurement at the General Confederation of Moroccan Companies (CGEM) - phone interview 17/08/2014.","The Moroccan government invites the private sector for talks on tax issues without taking into consideration their demands. The recent increase (in days of economic crisis) of minimum income from 220 USD to 300 USD was a major unilateral decision from the government's side that man..."]
["2014_NG_90",2014,"NG","Nigeria",90,75,"The government consults annually with the representatives of the private sector and the civil society before deciding on the budget, tax and monetary waivers. The trade and investment ministry, finance ministry and lawmakers meet yearly with big employers, like Aliko Dangote, and many other business representatives. Invitations are not public; they go to a select group of individuals and organisations.\n\nWhen reviewing tax laws, the Senate and House of Representatives also conduct hearings during which business leaders contribute. The meetings are often in person and are aimed at decisions that could reduce business costs and protect jobs. \n\nOver the past year, for instance, the tax office, the Federal Inland Revenue, opted for negotiations with billionaire Jimoh Ibrahim after it became clear a clampdown on his businesses over tax indebtedness could affect thousands of jobs.","Phone interview with Eric Ojo, business correspondent, African Examiner, 30 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Bassey Udo, business editor, Premium Times, Abuja, 30 July 2014.\n\nLeadership, Weneso Orogun, \"FG, States, Private Sector Meet on Job Creation,\" 23 April 2014.\nhttp://leadership.ng/business/367643/fg-states-private-sector-meet-job-creation","The government consults annually with the representatives of the private sector and the civil society before deciding on the budget, tax and monetary waivers. The trade and investment ministry, finance ministry and lawmakers meet yearly with big employers, like Aliko Dangote, and m..."]
["2014_SO_90",2014,"SO","Somalia",90,0,"The government rarely solicits business people to cooperate with the execution of the new tax revenue systems that were introduced in 2013. While the government decides to what degree the new policy is implemented, there is little to no consultations with the private sector factoring into the decision.","Abdihakin Saed Qalombi\nSecretary of the Minister of Commerce and Industries\nPuntland Government of Somalia\nGarowe, Somalia\nSeptember 22, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMohamed Abdullahi Qodax\nBusiness owner\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 22, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMohamed Nur Siyad\nLecturer\nFaculty of Public Administration\nMogadishu University\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 18, 2014\nInterview by telephone","The government rarely solicits business people to cooperate with the execution of the new tax revenue systems that were introduced in 2013. While the government decides to what degree the new policy is implemented, there is little to no consultations with the private sector factori..."]
["2014_TZ_90",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",90,50,"The government receives private sector input through the task force on tax reform, before the tabling of the budget. The task force, hosted by the Ministry of Finance, invites opinions of various stakeholders of the economic sector including  some from private sector. However, while officials call sometimes for these meetings in order to discuss the tax proposal, they do not take the input of the private sector into consideration. \n\nMost of the measures implemented are not those proposed by the private sector or member of the public. That makes it not useful to discuss with the government budget matters or its programs.\n\nMost of the decisions are made by government leaders, and sometimes they cause confusion. Recently, for example, traders closed shop over TRA electronic devices [Electronic Fiscal Devices approved by the the Tanzania Revenue Authority], they didn't include or educate them accordingly. The government just forced businessmen to use those machines.","1. Traders close shop over TRA electronic devices, The Citizens, September 02, 2014, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Traders-close-shop-over-TRA-electronic-devices/-/1840392/2438124/-/wbfry3z/-/index.html.\n\n2. The Africa Tax Dialogue meeting took place in Arusha from 15-17 July 2014 and was organized jointly between the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA), Africa Tax Institute (ATI) Academy of Public Finance (APF) and International Tax and Investment Centre (ITIC), Confederation of Tanzania Industries,  http://www.cti.co.tz/highlights/view/the-africa-tax-dialogue.\n\n3. Development Partner Group in Tanzania, Public Expenditure Review, http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/aid-effectiveness/public-expenditure-review.html.\n\n4. Kamilius Simba, Mhangwe Enterprise, Morogoro-Tanzania, October 2, 2014.\n\n5. Much govt expenditures hurts budget cautions Lipumba, IPPMedia.com, March 4, 2014, http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=67506 .\n\n6. RESPECT PEOPLE'S VIEWS, SAYS PROF LIPUMBA, PESTTIMES, April 10, 2014, https://www.pesatimes.com/news/governance/respect-people-s-views--says-prof-lipumba/.\n\n7. Ministry of Finance, \"Task Force on Tax Reform\". http://www.mof.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&id=47:task-force-on-tax-reform&Itemid=62","The government receives private sector input through the task force on tax reform, before the tabling of the budget. The task force, hosted by the Ministry of Finance, invites opinions of various stakeholders of the economic sector including  some from private sector. However, whil..."]
["2014_ZM_90",2014,"ZM","Zambia",90,75,"The Zambian government does invite citizens in general (private sector included) to make submissions to the budget, through attendance at public events. Tax and other public finance do form part of the budget. Other ways in which submissions are made are through private-sector and government events that are by invitation only. The National Assembly website has a portal where one can submit input when a particular committee is sitting, and that includes committees that oversee issues pertaining to the budget and public expenditures.\n\nOn a related note, as a part of the budgeting cycle, in early 2013 a 2013 Citizen's Budget was released to the public. However, the 2014 Citizen's Budget has not yet been published.","Interview with Lloyd Mugala, marketer, Tourism News, Lusaka, Zambia, 11 June 2014.\n\nThe Zambian Parliament, Submissions.\nhttp://www.parliament.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_facileforms&Itemid=92\n\nThe Post Online, Fridah Nkonde, \"NGOCC Commends Govt For Formulating Citizens Budget,\" 21 Sept. 2013.\nhttp://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=38289\n\nQuestionaire/request for information sent to the Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Public Relations Manager Chileshe Kandeta, Lusaka, 4  July 2014, (But there has been no response from him).\n\nAdditional sources:\nEconomics Association of Zambia, \"Zambia 2013 Citizen’s Budget,\" 3 April 2013. \nhttp://eaz.org.zm/zambia-2013-citizens-budget/\nhttp://intuit-design.com.au/eaz.org.zm/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Zambia-2013-Citizens-budget.pdf\n\nMinistry of Finance website. Citizen budget downloads. Last accessed February 18, 2015. \nhttp://www.mofnp.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/viewcategory/16-citizen-budgets","The Zambian government does invite citizens in general (private sector included) to make submissions to the budget, through attendance at public events. Tax and other public finance do form part of the budget. Other ways in which submissions are made are through private-sector and ..."]
["2014_ZW_90",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",90,50,"The government invites some, not all, private-sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms. Augustine Tawanda, secretary general of the Zimbabwe Cross Border Traders Association (ZCBTA), indicated that players in the informal economy are rarely consulted on important tax and public revenue mechanisms. According to Tawanda, although the informal sector is a key contributor to the national economy, it is sidelined from national policy reform processes. \n\nIn July, the government was taken to court after it increased tollgate fees without consultation. Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights (ZLHR) filed an urgent chamber application in the High Court against the increase in tollgate fees, arguing that it was not done in consultation with citizens (including the private sector), therefore, contravening Section 68 of the Zimbabwe Constitution.","Interview with Rongai Chizema, former programme Adviser - Economic Affairs, the Southern African Parliamentary Support Trust (SAPST), 30 July 2014, Harare. \n\nInterview with Augustine Tawanda, secretary general, the Zimbabwe Cross Border Traders Association (ZCBTA), 15 July 2014, Harare.  \n\nThe Zimbabwe Mail, Regis Chingawo, \"Tollgate fees challenged in court,' 10  July 2014.\nhttp://www.thezimmail.co.zw/2014/07/10/tollgate-fees-challenged-in-court/ ","The government invites some, not all, private-sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms. Augustine Tawanda, secretary general of the Zimbabwe Cross Border Traders Association (ZCBTA), indicated that players in the in..."]
["2014_BF_91",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",91,0,"L'Institut National des Statistiques et de la Démographie (INSD) se charge de compiler les statistiques sur tous les domaines au niveau national et de façon périodique. \n\nSur le chômage des jeunes, les statistiques sont bien présentes et facilement téléchargeables sur le site, mais elles ne sont pas actuelles. Celles disponibles datent de 2007. Cela est dû selon M. NAKELSE de l'INSD à la «dépendance de l'INSD des départements sectoriels. Il faut qu'ils nous fournissent les données pour que nous les mettions à la disposition du public.» De son côté, le ministère de le jeunesse précise que c'est l'Observatoire National de l'Emploi et de la Formation (ONEF) qui est chargé de rendre disponible les données chaque trimestre mais elle est limitée par des faibles capacités financières. Il n'y a pas donc pas de mise à jour des données sur le chômage.","SAWADOGO Yssouf, conseiller de jeunesse, ministère de la jeunesse, de la formation professionnelle et de l’emploi, Ouagadougou, 04 juillet 2014.\n\nNAKELSE Pascal, statisticien, Institut National des Statistiques et de la Démographie (INSD), Ouagadougou, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nSite web de l'INSD, visité le 17 juillet 2014, , «Situation de l'emploi des individus de 15 ans et plus par région en 2003, 2005 et 2007 (en %)». http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/Tableaux/T0702.htm","L'Institut National des Statistiques et de la Démographie (INSD) se charge de compiler les statistiques sur tous les domaines au niveau national et de façon périodique. ..."]
["2014_CD_91",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",91,0,"Il n'existe pas de statistiques spécifiques, relatives au chômage des jeunes. De telles statistiques n'existent pas sur le site du Centre National des Statistiques et des Études Économiques du Congo (CNSEE). Certaines données (caractéristiques des chômeurs selon les données BIT) sont reprises en flash info sur le site du CNSEE et certains chiffres datant de 2012 émanent de l'Office National de l'Emploi et la Main d'œuvre (ONEMO) ainsi que quelques évaluations récentes observables  dans le rapport de la Banque Africaine de Développement.\n\nCependant le ministère de la jeunesse et de l'éducation civique a entrepris l'élaboration d'un rapport sur l'état de la jeunesse. Ce rapport, qui n'est pas disponible sur internet, tente de présenter l'état de la jeunesse congolaise dans les domaines social, économique, culturel et politique.","MAPITHY MA MAPITHY Alban, directeur des affaires juridiques à l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics, entretien à son bureau, 21 septembre 2014.\n\nNGOULOU NGOULOU Paul, cadre de la direction générale du trésor, entretien à son domicile, 25 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer","Il n'existe pas de statistiques spécifiques, relatives au chômage des jeunes. De telles statistiques n'existent pas sur le site du Centre National des Statistiques et des Études Économiques du Congo (CNSEE). Certaines données (caractéristiques des chômeurs selon les données BIT) so..."]
["2014_DJ_91",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",91,0,"A Djibouti, les statistiques relèvent en principe de la Direction de la Statistique et des Études Démographiques (DISED). Mais il existe aussi d'autres institutions publiques telles que l'Agence Nationale de l'Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle (ANEFIP) ainsi que le ministère du travail. L'ANEFIP fait des statistiques comme le confirme son site internet sur l'emploi mais ces dernières ne sont pas à jours et datent de 2011. Il n'existe donc pas des statistiques spécifiques au chômage des jeunes.\n\nCependant, la politique nationale de l'emploi avance quelques chiffres en matière de chômage des jeunes : environ le tiers (32,6%) des jeunes ne sont ni dans un système d’éducation ou de formation ni occupés dans un emploi, dont 27,7% des jeunes de 16 à 24 ans et 37,4% des jeunes de 25 à 34 ans. \nPlus de 80% des jeunes demandeurs d’emplois ont un niveau d’employabilité assez  faible. En effet, seulement 5 à 7% des jeunes chômeurs djiboutiens sont formés et 8,4% d’entre eux ont un niveau supérieur. Le reste (85% au moins) des jeunes demandeurs d’emplois possède, au mieux une formation générale de niveau secondaire.","MOHAMED Sahal, enseignant chercheur en statistique à l'université de Djibouti, 3 août 2014.\n\nDJAMA Fathi, employé à la direction de la statistique de Djibouti,3 août 2014\n\nAHMED Hassan, employé au ministère du travail, 3 août 2014\n\nSite de l'Agence Nationale de l'Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle (ANEFIP): http://www.anefip.dj/","A Djibouti, les statistiques relèvent en principe de la Direction de la Statistique et des Études Démographiques (DISED). Mais il existe aussi d'autres institutions publiques telles que l'Agence Nationale de l'Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle (ANEFIP) ainsi que le ministèr..."]
["2014_GA_91",2014,"GA","Gabon",91,0,"Les statistiques actualisées manquent cruellement au Gabon. Pourtant, il existe réellement une Direction Générale des Statistiques (DGS) au Gabon rattachée au ministère de l'économie. Seulement, celle-ci a des objectifs spécifiques sur lesquels elle travaille et les statistiques sur le chômage n'occupent véritablement pas une place de choix. Sur le site de la DGS, le taux de chômage des 15-24 ans est de 29%, selon des chiffres datant de 2005.\n\nPour la plupart des Gabonais, même lorsque cette institution publie des chiffres, ceux-ci sont toujours remis en cause parce que l'influence du politique est telle que les chiffres doivent recevoir l'approbation du pouvoir central avant d’être publiés. Les gens se refèrent beaucoup plus aux chiffres de l'Organisation Internationale du Travail (OIT), du Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) pour avoir les chiffres exacts.","MPAGA Georges, président du Réseau des Organisations Libres de la société civile pour la Bonne Gouvernance au Gabon (ROLBG), entretien  par téléphone, 23 decembre 2014;\n\nDirection Générale des Statistiques du Gabon, consulté le 23 décembre 2014 : http://www.stat-gabon.org/\n\nTrading economic, site de statistiques sur le chômage au Gabon, consulté le 23 décembre 2014 : http://fr.tradingeconomics.com/gabon/unemployment-rate","Les statistiques actualisées manquent cruellement au Gabon. Pourtant, il existe réellement une Direction Générale des Statistiques (DGS) au Gabon rattachée au ministère de l'économie. Seulement, celle-ci a des objectifs spécifiques sur lesquels elle travaille et les statistiques su..."]
["2014_KE_91",2014,"KE","Kenya",91,0,"The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) says it has not yet produced and published specific data on youth and unemployment but plans to do so in the upcoming Key Performance Indicators (KPI).\n\nThe Kenya Population Census 2009 report however makes a few mentions on unemployment among the youth. But the information in overly general and cannot be used as a reference point.","1. James Gatungu, Director Productive Statistics, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). Interviewed on July 4, 2014.\n\n2. Kenya Population Census Report 2009-Vol 2. Available for direct downlaod\n\n3. \"Kenya’s Youth Employment Challenge\". A discussion paper published by UNDP, January 2013. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/Inclusive%20development/Kenya_YEC_web(jan13).pdf","The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) says it has not yet produced and published specific data on youth and unemployment but plans to do so in the upcoming Key Performance Indicators (KPI)...."]
["2014_MW_91",2014,"MW","Malawi",91,100,"The National Statistics Office (NSO) of Malawi collects information on youth unemployment from various studies. This includes the Annual Economic Surveys, the census and the Integrated Household Survey from which youth unemployment can be calculated. In 2012 a targeted poll called the School to Work Transition survey was conducted in collaboration with the International Labour Organization which will produce all the labour statistics for youth in Malawi. This was the first of the series, and there are plans to have a panel survey. A full-scale Labour Force Survey was also conducted in 2012 that will produce labour statisics on unemployment for the entire population, including youth. Both of these surveys have yet to be published. \n\nThe Welfare Monitoring Survey, which is published annually, can be obtained  free of charge on the NSO website and contains youth unemployment data as well.","1. National Statistics Office of Malawi website http://www.nsomalawi.mw, accessed Augsut 2014\n\n2. Tiope Mleme, Statistician, National Statistics Office of Malawi, 5 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Frank Malamula, Teacher, Mnduje Community Day Secondary School, 4 July 2014, Dowa\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","The National Statistics Office (NSO) of Malawi collects information on youth unemployment from various studies. This includes the Annual Economic Surveys, the census and the Integrated Household Survey from which youth unemployment can be calculated. In 2012 a targeted poll called ..."]
["2014_NA_91",2014,"NA","Namibia",91,100,"The Namibia Statistics Agency came into effect in 2011 through an Act of Parliament and its purpose is to constitute the central statistical authority for the state. It collects, produces, analyses and disseminates official statistics, facilitates the capture, management, maintenance, integration, distribution and use of spatial data and develops and coordinates the National Statistics System and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). \n\nSince 2012 it has been publishing statistics on youth unemployment on a yearly basis and in March 2014 it released the statistics. The Namibia Labour Force Survey 2013 presented on March 26, 2014, shows that the unemployment rate has increased by 2.2 percent while 41 percent of the youth remain unemployed. The survey shows that in 2012 there were 172,222 unemployed youth, which increased by 10,340 to 294,202 unemployed youth in 2013. The agency releases statistics on youth unemployment annually and the statistics are readily available online and paper copy at the Namibia Statistics Agency.","1.Newspaper report in the Windhoek Observer of 27/03/2014 by Kaula Nhongo under the headline Unemployment rate increases http://observer24.com.na/8-latest-news/3174-unemployment-rate-increases\n\n2. Telephone interview with Nelson Muremi Ashipala the Communications Specialist of the Namibia Statistics Agency on 17/07/2014\n\n3. Face to face interview with business journalist, Hilary Mare from the Confidente newspaper at the publication's offices in Windhoek on 14/08/2014.\n\n4. Website of the Namibia Statistics Agency, http://www.nsa.org.na/#; \nhttp://www.nsa.org.na/index.php","The Namibia Statistics Agency came into effect in 2011 through an Act of Parliament and its purpose is to constitute the central statistical authority for the state. It collects, produces, analyses and disseminates official statistics, facilitates the capture, management, maintenan..."]
["2014_NG_91",2014,"NG","Nigeria",91,25,"The national government has not collected or published complete unemployment data since 2010, when the unemployment rate, provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, stood at 23.9 percent.\n\nThe bureau published the National Baseline Youth Survey report in 2013, which placed youth unemployment for 2012 at 54 percent. However, this baseline youth survey is not a regular exercise. Indeed, the 2012 study was done at the request of the Ministry of Youth Development.\n\nThe baseline youth study could be obtained by interested parties either with a memory device, email, or in paper form. Data published by the bureau are not always immediately available online.","Interview with Leo Sani, statistics information officer, National Bureau of Statistics, Abuja, 15 July 2014.\n \nNational Bureau of Statistics website, accessed in August 2014. \nhttp://nigerianstat.gov.ng/\n\nNational Bureau of Statistics data portal, accessed in August 2014. http://nigeria.prognoz.com/","The national government has not collected or published complete unemployment data since 2010, when the unemployment rate, provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, stood at 23.9 percent...."]
["2014_ZA_91",2014,"ZA","South Africa",91,100,"Statistics South Africa (STATS SA) publishes labour statistics on a quarterly basis as well as in between. These reports include information around youth unemployment. \n\nSTATS SA publishes quarterly labour reports, which includes information around youth unemployment. The unemployment rate among youth aged 15 to 34 , the youth age group, increased from 32.7% to 36.1% between 2008 and 2014 (June 2014).  In 2014, STATS SA also published an overview report titled 'National and provincial labour market: Youth'\n\nYouth unemployment is a massive problem in South Africa and it has been so for the past decade or so. A World Economic Forum (WEF) survey showed how South Africa has the 3rd highest youth unemployment in the world. \n \nThe reports of STATS SA are available free of charge online and are therefore easily accessible for people with an internet connection. \n\nNote regarding \"Accessibility\" >>> The fact that reports are available online doesn't mean they are accessible for everyone. Less than half of households (40.9%) have at least one member who has access to   the internet at home or elsewhere (Source: 2013 General Household Survey). It is not that 40.9% of these households have daily access, or that the access is adequate to download documents. According to Stats SA less than 10% of South African households had access to the Internet at home. Particularly people living in rural areas tend not to have access to the web. This is important to take into account when talking about accessibility as well as high telephonic costs; the fact that not everyone in South Africa is connected to the electricity network (11% of households don't have access to electricity) and illiteracy rates (According to the Department of Basic Education 6% of the adult population over 20 years of age was and 12% of the  of the adult population was functionally illiterate). In other words: accessible doesn't mean the information is usable or available.","Youth unemployment soars: Stats SA (SABC / June 2014), http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/64e44a004442321b82c88651e2c8725a/Youth-unemployment-soars:-Stats-SA-20140506\n\nSA youth unemployment 3rd highest in world (Fin24 / 20 January 2014), http://www.fin24.com/Economy/SA-youth-unemployment-3rd-highest-in-world-2014012","Statistics South Africa (STATS SA) publishes labour statistics on a quarterly basis as well as in between. These reports include information around youth unemployment. ..."]
["2014_TN_91",2014,"TN","Tunisia",91,75,"Each quarter, the INS (Institut National de Statistiques /National Institute of Statistics) publishes data on unemployment, according to sex, age, etc., on its website.\nIt publishes statistics on youth unemployment and unemployment among youth who graduated from universities, but it does not provide general statistics on youth unemployment (with and without a university degree). These data are available for free on the website of INS.\n\nThe publishing delay is three months, which means that data for the first quarter of 2014, for example, were published in June 2014.","Interview with Sameh Abassi, chief analyst at the Institut National de Statistiques, 10 July 2014.\n\nWebsite of the Institut National des Statistiques, accessed on 3 July 2014.  \nwww.INS.NAT.TN \n\nInstitut National des Statistiques, accessed 3 July 2014, http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php","Each quarter, the INS (Institut National de Statistiques /National Institute of Statistics) publishes data on unemployment, according to sex, age, etc., on its website.\nIt publishes statistics on youth unemployment and unemployment among youth who graduated from ..."]
["2014_DZ_92",2014,"DZ","Algeria",92,0,"En Algérie, il n’existe pas de statistiques fiables sur la pauvreté.\n\nEn 2011 l’Office National des Statistiques (ONS) a réalisé une enquête nationale sur les comportements de consommation des ménages algériens, mais les résultats de cette enquête n'ont été publiés qu'au cours de l’année 2013.","Ouali Djafar, Membre du conseil national de la Ligue Algérienne pour la défense des droits de l’homme (LADDH), président d’un bureau de wilaya de la LADDH, 31/08/2014, Saida\n\nBouaza Maamar, Secrétaire Général, Association nationale de solidarité et de la lutte contre les problèmes sociaux, 01/09/2014\n\nIndices de pauvreté en Algérie :  La guerre des chiffres, Kahina Hammoudi, Midi libre, 28/04/2014, http://www.lemidi-dz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&id_article=evenement%40art5%402014-04-28\n\nSelon une enquête, seulement 20% des algériens sont « aisés », abdou Semmar, Algérie Focus, 9/11/2013, http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/11/selon-une-enquete-seulement-20-des-algeriens-sont-aises/\n\nSite Web de l'office national des statistiques, http://www.ons.dz/-Masse-Salariale-.html","En Algérie, il n’existe pas de statistiques fiables sur la pauvreté.\n\nEn 2011 l’Office National des Statistiques (ONS) a réalisé une enquête nationale sur les compo..."]
["2014_BI_92",2014,"BI","Burundi",92,25,"Les statistiques sur la pauvreté ne sont pas collectées à proprement parler, par contre certaines statistiques qui ont un lien avec le niveau de la pauvreté ou de la richesse d' un pays sont collectées par l'institut national des statistiques du Burundi. Ces statistiques sont collectées sur une base annuelle, et certaines données sont disponibles gratuitement en ligne. Les données les plus récentes datent 15 aout 2014 et sont contenues dans un «bulletin de conjoncture.»\n\nToutefois l'actualisation de certaines données comporte beaucoup de défis et il y a d'autres données sur la pauvreté qui ne sont pas produites à cause du manque de moyens.","NININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.\n\nInstitut de statistiques et d'études économiques du Burundi, «Bulletin de conjoncture du 15 août 2014». http://www.isteebu.bi/images/bulletins/btc%2015%20aot%20_2014.pd","Les statistiques sur la pauvreté ne sont pas collectées à proprement parler, par contre certaines statistiques qui ont un lien avec le niveau de la pauvreté ou de la richesse d' un pays sont collectées par l'institut national des statistiques du Burundi. Ces statistiques sont colle..."]
["2014_CM_92",2014,"CM","Cameroon",92,0,"Comme dans tous les autres secteurs de la vie nationale, le gouvernement publie très peu et à une fréquence irrégulière les statistiques sur la pauvreté au Cameroun. Le plus souvent, on cite comme référence des statistiques issues des organismes internationaux à l'instar de la Banque mondiale.\n\nDes sources non camerounaises sont aussi citées ou des travaux d'universitaires. De l'avis des personnes interrogées, cette situation ne peut pas permettre au gouvernement de prendre des solutions adéquates pour résoudre certains problèmes liés à la pauvreté.","FORBIN Angie, journaliste économique, anciennement au bureau Yaoundé de Canal2 International, Freelancer, 11 juillet 2014;\n\nAYIÉ Lucas, économètre-économiste et enseignant à l'université de Douala, 20 juillet 2014; \n\nSite web de l'Institut National de la Statistique (INS) consulté le 11 juillet 2014. www.statistics-cameroon.org ;\n\nZOÉ Joseph Samuel, 21 février 2014, quotidien l'Actu, «Lutte contre la pauvreté: 15 000 F CFA/mois pour des ménages démunis». Version papier.","Comme dans tous les autres secteurs de la vie nationale, le gouvernement publie très peu et à une fréquence irrégulière les statistiques sur la pauvreté au Cameroun. Le plus souvent, on cite comme référence des statistiques issues des organismes internationaux à l'instar de la Banq..."]
["2014_CD_92",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",92,0,"Aucune statistique récente sur la pauvreté n'a été trouvée sur le site du Centre National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques du Congo (CNSEE). Le plan national et le document stratégique ne sont pas des annuaires statistiques et leur élaboration ne constituent pas des exercices aux fins spécifiques de collecte de données.\nDans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie de la réduction de la pauvreté, le gouvernement a élaboré un document stratégique pour la réduction de la pauvreté et un plan national de développement 2012-2016. Ces documents constituent des indicateurs fiables en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté.\n\nCependant il n'y a pas de données plus récentes depuis cette dernière collecte.","MAPITHY MA MAPITHY Alban, directeur des affaires juridiques à l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics, entretien à son bureau, 21 septembre 2014.\n\nNGOULOU NGOULOU Paul, cadre de la direction générale du trésor, entretien à son domicile, 25 septembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nDocument stratégique pour la réduction de la pauvreté 2008-2012\n\nPlan national de développement 2012-2016. http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/country_docs/Congo/ndp_congo.pdf","Aucune statistique récente sur la pauvreté n'a été trouvée sur le site du Centre National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques du Congo (CNSEE). Le plan national et le document stratégique ne sont pas des annuaires statistiques et leur élaboration ne constituent pas des exer..."]
["2014_GA_92",2014,"GA","Gabon",92,0,"Selon le site web de la Direction Générale des Statistiques du Gabon, ses missions se fondent  sur deux piliers à savoir la publication des données conjoncturelles et des données structurelles. Lorsqu'on parcourt le site, rien n'est fait sur la pauvrété et le site n'est pas fonctionnel à 100%. Lorsqu'on lance la recherche sur les derniers chiffres sur la pauvreté, ceux-ci remontent à 2005\n\nLes données statistiques sur la pauvrété au Gabon sont obtenu auprès d'organisations internationales telle que le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD), la Banque mondiale et d'autres structures sous-régionales.\n\nSelon des témoignages, c'est pour des raisons politiques que la structure en charge des statistiques au Gabon ne publie pas de données sur la pauvrété. Les chiffres, de leurs avis, mettraient à mal le régime et il pourrait paraitre incongru que ce soit une structure étatique qui le fasse. Néanmoins, le gouvernement gabonais ne recuse jamais ces données et cherche tant bien que mal à s'améliorer.","BOUKA Michel, activiste indépendant et ancien membre de la Commission en charge des élections au Gabon, entretien par Facebook, 06 janvier 2015;\n\nSite web de la Direction Générale des Statitisques du Gabon, visité le 06 janvier 2015 : http://www.stat-gabon.org/;\n\nInfos241, octobre 2014, «Lutte contre la pauvreté au Gabon : les astigmatismes réguliers des Gouvernants depuis plus de 47 ans». http://info241.com/lutte-contre-la-pauvrete-au-gabon-les-astigmatismes-reguliers,453;\n\nSite web de la Banque mondiale, consulté le 06 janvier 2015 : http://search.worldbank.org/all?qterm=Gabon-+Pauvr%C3%A9t%C3%A9&title=&filetype=\n\nSite web du PNUD, visité le 06 janvier 2015 sous le titre «A propos du Gabon» :http://www.ga.undp.org/content/gabon/fr/home/countryinfo/","Selon le site web de la Direction Générale des Statistiques du Gabon, ses missions se fondent  sur deux piliers à savoir la publication des données conjoncturelles et des données structurelles. Lorsqu'on parcourt le site, rien n'est fait sur la pauvrété et le site n'est pas fonctio..."]
["2014_GH_92",2014,"GH","Ghana",92,0,"The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) collects statistics on almost all sectors of the country. Statistics on poverty are not current. The last time the GSS collected statistics on poverty was in 2006 when it undertook the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 5). The survey showed that about 28 percent of Ghanaians were below the poverty line.\n\nIn 2013 the GSS conducted the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 6). It is processing the data to calculate the number of people below the poverty line.\n\nThe GSS fails to conduct surveys regularly or annually on most sectors because of poor funding and inadequate personnel.","1. Mr Edward Asuo Afram, Economic Statistics Department, Ghana Statistical Service, Telephone interview, June 26, Accra.\n\n2. Madam Zenabu Sakibu, Coordinator, Southern Sector Youth and Women's Empowerment Network, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Sampson Nii Trebi, Acting Director of the Department of Social Welfare of the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, Table interview at his Office, June 27, Accra.\n\nGhana - Living Standards Survey V 2005-2006 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset, created on the World Bank IBRD-IDA website October 30, 2012, http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1064/study-description","The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) collects statistics on almost all sectors of the country. Statistics on poverty are not current. The last time the GSS collected statistics on poverty was in 2006 when it undertook the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 5). The survey showed tha..."]
["2014_LR_92",2014,"LR","Liberia",92,0,"The government through the Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) published a census report in 2009 that included findings on household income. That report revealed alarming poverty levels in Liberia. Another study LISGIS hoped would show reduction in poverty levels among households came under serious criticism because the public thought it seriously misrepresented reality.\n\nThe statistics reported a positive picture even though the general public was still largely poor. That report was eventually rubbished by the resident as it did not represent reality in society.  \n\nLISGIS has not published any statistics in more than two years. Officials blame the lack of progress on the president's unwillingness to back projects that impoverished citizens would not appreciate.\n\nThe Executive Mansion wants to commit more money to income-generating activities rather than gathering information that citizens may not have interest in reading.","Interview: Simeon Paye, Research Officer, LISGIS, Monrovia, 15/08/2014\n\nInterview: Augustine Blamah, Asst. Minister for Budget at Finance, Monrovia, 15/08/2014\n\nInterview: Nyah Twayen, Deputy Director, National Social Security, Monrovia, 15/08/2014","The government through the Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) published a census report in 2009 that included findings on household income. That report revealed alarming poverty levels in Liberia. Another study LISGIS hoped would show reduction in..."]
["2014_MU_92",2014,"MU","Mauritius",92,0,"Statistics Mauritius publishes a report on poverty every five years. The last one was published in 2007. The most recent report has not yet been published. It is based on the Household Survey. The 2007 report is available online.\n\nShalini Sinha, Corporate & Administration Department of the National Empowerment Foundation, said that Statistics Mauritius publishes statistics based on poverty in general and the measures provide results on headcount ratio, income gap ratio and poverty gap ratio. There have been two earlier reports on poverty in general, one in 2001/2 and one in 2006/7.","1.\tCentral Statistics Office (CSO)  http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/Tableau%20de%20Bord/Pages/default.aspx  \n2.\tIbrahim Kooduruth, Sociologist and Senior Lecturer at the University of Mauritius, 18 Sept 2014, mail\n3.\tShalini Sinha, Corporate & Administration Department, National Empowerment Foundation, 11 Sept 2014, mail","Statistics Mauritius publishes a report on poverty every five years. The last one was published in 2007. The most recent report has not yet been published. It is based on the Household Survey. The 2007 report is available online...."]
["2014_NE_92",2014,"NE","Niger",92,0,"Tout comme les chiffres sur le chômage, ceux sur la pauvreté ne sont pas non plus régulièrement (chaque année) produits et publiés par le gouvernement du Niger. L'Institut National de la Statistique mène une enquête sur le chômage, l'emploi et la pauvrété de l'enquête de 2007/2008. Toutefois, la régularité de la production de cette enquête n'est pas connue de tous.","DJERMAKOYE Idé, coordinateur de la plateforme des organisations pour la promotion de la protection Sociale-ProtecSo au Niger, 14 septembre 2014.\n \n KOURGUENI Idrissa Alichina, directeur de l'Institut National de la Statistique (INS), 14 septembre 2014.\n \n Site web de l'Institut National de la Statistique: http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/download.php?lng=fr. (accédé14 septembre 2014)\n \n Analyse des données de l’Enquête Nationale Budget/Consommation de 2007/2008 (ENBC_2007/2008) emploi et pauvreté avril 2010, http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/omd/Emploi_pauvrete.pdf. (accédé14 septembre 2014)\n \n Site internet de l'Institut National de la Statistique - Niger\n http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/ (accédé14 septembre 2014)","Tout comme les chiffres sur le chômage, ceux sur la pauvreté ne sont pas non plus régulièrement (chaque année) produits et publiés par le gouvernement du Niger. L'Institut National de la Statistique mène une enquête sur le chômage, l'emploi et la pauvrété de l'enquête de 2007/2008...."]
["2014_SC_92",2014,"SC","Seychelles",92,0,"Statics on poverty are collected but are not public. The only statistics on poverty in the Seychelles is found on the World Bank website. The statistics are not updated though. As of 2006 the number of Seychellois living below the poverty line is 13.4%. National poverty rate is the percentage of the population living below the poverty line. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.  \n\nThe government could not collect and publish statistics annually. The data were published more than two years later. The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) collects poverty-related data in the Household Budget Survey, the most recent for which data was collected in 2013.  NBS was expect to begin analysis in September 2014. The report was due out at the end of 2014.","Helena de Letourdis, Principal Statistician, National Bureau of Statistics, Caravelle House Manglier, Victoria. Interview on 02 September 2014\n\nNational Bureau of Statistics,  (http://www.nsb.gov.sc/downloads).\n\nWorld Bank, “Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line”, undated, accessed on 22 September 2014,  http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC/countries/SC?display=graph","Statics on poverty are collected but are not public. The only statistics on poverty in the Seychelles is found on the World Bank website. The statistics are not updated though. As of 2006 the number of Seychellois living below the poverty line is 13.4%. National poverty rate is the..."]
["2014_SS_92",2014,"SS","South Sudan",92,25,"The South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics sometimes collects and publishes statistics on poverty, but this is not done on an annual basis. So far since its inception, the National Bureau of Statistics has collected and released data on poverty only three times - in 2008, 2011 and 2012.\n\nIsaiah Chol Aruai, chairman of the National Bureau of the Statistics, says the agency lacks the capacity and funds to collect statistics and provide more regular (annual) reports on poverty.","Interview with Isaiah Chol Aruai, chairman, National Bureau of Statistics, June 25, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nNational Bureau of Statistics website. \nhttp://ssnbs.org/key-indicators-for-southern-su/","The South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics sometimes collects and publishes statistics on poverty, but this is not done on an annual basis. So far since its inception, the National Bureau of Statistics has collected and released data on poverty only three times - in 2008, 2011 a..."]
["2014_UG_92",2014,"UG","Uganda",92,25,"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), the government’s official statistics provider, publishes statistics on poverty in the “Statistical Abstract” annually. But, records archivist Carolyn Namagembe pointed out that data is usually collected every three years through Household Socioeconomic Surveys. The statistics can be obtained at the UBOS resource center in less than a day at the cost of photocopying or can be downloaded from the UBOS Web site free of charge.\n\nInformation about poverty is also captured as part of the Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS) every three years as well as the Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS) publishes estimate every year since 2009-10.","Namagembe Carolyn, records archivist, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Kampala,28  July 2014 \n\n“Statistical Abstract 2013,\" Uganda Bureau of Statistics, August 2013, p. 27-29\nhttp://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/abstracts/Statistical%20Abstract%202013.pdf \n\n\n“Constant budget cuts for UBOS irk MPs,” Umaru Kashaka, 12 May 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655444-constant-budget-cuts-for-ubos-irk-mps.html \n\n\n“Poverty”; Uganda Bureau of Statistics\nhttp://www.ubos.org/publications/poverty/ \n\n\nReviewers Sources:\n\n(1) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLSMS/Resources/3358986-1233781970982/5800988-1265043582346/UNPS_report_2009_10.pdf\n(2) http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/UNPS/wave2/UNPS%20Report%20wave2.pdf\n(3) http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/UNPS/wave3/UNPS%20Report%20wave3.pdf\n(4) http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/UNHS_12_13/2012_13%20UNHS%20Final%20Report.pdf","Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), the government’s official statistics provider, publishes statistics on poverty in the “Statistical Abstract” annually. But, records archivist Carolyn Namagembe pointed out that data is usually collected every three years through Household Socioec..."]
["2014_BW_93",2014,"BW","Botswana",93,100,"The Central Statistics Office (CSO ) and the Ministry of Transport and Communications both have statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.). The CSO collects general statistics once a year and publishes infrastructure statistics annually, with the information available online. It covers roads, air transfers and railway travel.","Interview with Modiri Mogende, business journalist, radio presenter and business commentator, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nMinistry of Transport and Communications website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Transport-and-Communications/\n\nCentral Statistics Office website. \nhttp://www.cso.gov.bw/\n\nBotswana Transport & Infrastructure Statistics 2013. \nhttp://www.cso.gov.bw/images/Trans2013.pdf\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nStatistics Botswana, Botswana Transport & Infrastructure Statistics, Quarter 3, 2013 Stats Brief No. 2013/23, February 2014.\nhttp://www.cso.gov.bw/templates/cso/file/File/Q3%202013%20Transport%20&%20Infrastructure%20Statistics%20Stats%20Brief.pdf\n\nStatistics Botswana, Electricity Generation and Distribution, Stats Brief Quarter 2, 2014. \nhttp://www.cso.gov.bw/images/elec_q2.pdf","The Central Statistics Office (CSO ) and the Ministry of Transport and Communications both have statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.). The CSO collects general statistics once a year and publishes infrastruc..."]
["2014_BF_93",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",93,50,"Les informations sur les infrastructures en général et le réseau routier en particulier sont disponibles et assez actuelles sur le site web de l'Institut National des Statistiques et de la Démographie (INSD). \nEn effet, selon M. Natielsé, «l'Institut publie chaque année un annuaire statistique avec les informations disponibles des différents secteurs. L'édition 2013 publie des données de 2012 et celle de 2014 publiera les données de 2013». Effectivement l'annuaire est disponible sur le site web de l'INSD et on peut y voir le nombre de kilomètres de routes de toutes sortes. Mais ces informations s'arrêtent pour l'instant en 2012 et on sait par exemple qu'il y a au total 15 303,9 km de routes (bitumé, en terre, pistes etc.) au Burkina. Malgré l'existence sur une base annuelle des statistiques, elles peuvent ne pas êtres publiées la même année.","ZONGO Dominique, agent, direction générale des routes, Ouagadougou, 17 juillet 2014. \n\nNAKELSE Pascal, statisticien, Institut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INSD), 17 juillet 2014.\n\nAnnuaire statistique 2012, Institut national de la statistique et de la démographie (INSD), édition 2013, Pages 253-256, http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/pub_periodiques/annuaires_stat/Annuaires_stat_nationaux_BF/Annuaire_stat_2012.pdf","Les informations sur les infrastructures en général et le réseau routier en particulier sont disponibles et assez actuelles sur le site web de l'Institut National des Statistiques et de la Démographie (INSD). ..."]
["2014_CG_93",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",93,25,"Not significant official statistics on infrastructure was found for the period of this study, except 760 schools constructed by the government on local funding. Although statistics on infrastructure are collected each year, they are not published and accessible to the public. No relevant data was found on the website of the National Statistics Institute.","1. (News Report), RD Congo / Education : Le Premier ministre inaugure les nouvelles infrastructures de six écoles de Kinshasa, by ACP via Aucongo, April 22, 2014, http://aucongo.net/index.php/voir-toutes-les-actualites/item/1135-rd-congo-education-le-premier-ministre-inaugure-les-nouvelles-infrastructures-de-six-ecoles-de-kinshasa\n \n2. (Face To Face Interview), Infrastructure Advisor To The Minister Of Education, Jacques Bany, July 26, 2014.\n \n3. (Face To Face Interview), Research Officer At The National Institute Of Statistics Perpetue Mboma,  July 26, 2014.","Not significant official statistics on infrastructure was found for the period of this study, except 760 schools constructed by the government on local funding. Although statistics on infrastructure are collected each year, they are not published and accessible to the public. No re..."]
["2014_CI_93",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",93,0,"En Côte d’Ivoire, les données relatives aux routes, aux canalisations de l’eau, aux aéroports, au réseau électrique et aux télécommunications sont disponibles à partir de plusieurs structures étatiques ou semi-étatiques comme l'Agence des télécommunications de Côte d'Ivoire. Mais ces rapports ne sont pas toujours disponibles pour le public. En Côte d’Ivoire, il n’y a pas une structure unique qui gère à la fois tous ces secteurs. Toutefois les questions de l’eau, de l’aéroport, du réseau électrique et des télécommunications sont respectivement gérées par la Société de distribution de l’eau de Côte d’Ivoire, l’Office national de l’aviation civile, la Compagnie ivoirienne de l’électricité et l’Agence des télécommunications de Côte d’Ivoire. \n\nLes données les plus récentes de l'information sur les infrastructures sur le site de l'INS est 2006 accessibles au (http://cotedivoire.africadata.org) dans lequel il est possible d’obtenir une série d’informations portant sur les infrastructures: infrastructures de distribution d’énergie électrique/nombre de centrales isolées (1998-2006), infrastructures de distribution d’énergie électrique/nombre de foyers (1996-2006), infrastructures de distribution d’énergie électrique/nombre de postes HTA-BTA (1997-2006).","ADINGRA Erick, journaliste économique au journal Le Patriote, Abidjan, 06 août 2014. \n \n GUIEHOA Mariatou, 1er secrétaire général adjointe de l’Union Générale des Travailleurs de Côte d’Ivoire (UGTCI), 29 août 2014. \n  \n OUATTARA Bourahiman, directeur général de l'entreprise Ivoire technologies nouvelles,10 août 2014.","En Côte d’Ivoire, les données relatives aux routes, aux canalisations de l’eau, aux aéroports, au réseau électrique et aux télécommunications sont disponibles à partir de plusieurs structures étatiques ou semi-étatiques comme l'Agence des télécommunications de Côte d'Ivoire. Mais c..."]
["2014_ET_93",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",93,50,"The Ethiopian Roads Authority and regional offices of a similar nature have the data. Other bodies such as the Ministry of Urban Development, Housing & Construction and the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy conduct surveys for their purposes, which are available from these organisations. \n\nThe Central Statistical Agency compiles data and reports on infrastructure and communication facilities in the country that it receives from the appropriate bodies. The latest available data are from 2012, and therefore data for this study period were not available. The yearly reports up to 2012 are made available online as well as at the offices of the CSA at the cost of photocopying.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, researcher in a civil society organisation based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Central Statistical Agency, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Ethiopian Roads Authority, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nCSA data in Amharic. 2011/2012 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS data\nhttp://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20Transport%20and%20communication.pdf ","The Ethiopian Roads Authority and regional offices of a similar nature have the data. Other bodies such as the Ministry of Urban Development, Housing & Construction and the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy conduct surveys for their purposes, which are available from these o..."]
["2014_GW_93",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",93,0,"The National Institute of Statistics does not collect and publish statistics on infrastructure.","1. Interview with Suande Camará, Director of the Statistics Service, National Institute of Statistics, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Oliveira Nhanhque, Director of Roads and Bridge Maintenance, Ministry of Public Works, Construction and Infrastructures, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Carlos António Biaia, Director of New Construction Works, Ministry of Public Works, Construction and Infrastructures, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The National Institute of Statistics does not collect and publish statistics on infrastructure."]
["2014_MG_93",2014,"MG","Madagascar",93,0,"l’Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT) ne publie pas des données sur les infrastructures. Il faut alors voir les sites des ministères en charge des infrastructures respectives (ministère des travaux publics, ministère des transports, ministère de l’énergie, ministère des postes et télécommunications et des nouvelles technologies).","Site de l’Institut National de la Statistique: http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=28. consulté en août 2014.\n\nANDRIAMASY Léon, président de l’association Rassemblement des Citoyens, 03 août 2014.\n\nRAVELO Arsène, Ingénieur Statisticien-Démographe, Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), 04 août 2014.","l’Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT) ne publie pas des données sur les infrastructures. Il faut alors voir les sites des ministères en charge des infrastructures respectives (ministère des travaux publics, ministère des transports, ministère de l’énergie, ministère des po..."]
["2014_MA_93",2014,"MA","Morocco",93,100,"Detailed reports and charts are available at no cost on the HCP website regarding different macro-indicators. \n\nHowever each department is responsible for producing its own reports (equipment and transport, national office of airports, national office of electricity and water supply, Ministry of Energy and Mines, highways Morocco)","Official Website of the National Office of Statistics ( Haut Commissariat au Plan) - www. hcp.ma - last checked August 8th, 2014.\n\nReport on Moroccan Infrastructure evolution 2000- 2004 - HCP Downloads\n\nSaad Hamoumi, vice president of the Moroccan union of employers - Casablanca - phone interview August 2nd, 2014.","Detailed reports and charts are available at no cost on the HCP website regarding different macro-indicators. ..."]
["2014_SN_93",2014,"SN","Senegal",93,0,"L'Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie recueille des statistiques sur les infrastructures telles que les données sur les voies ferrées, aéroports, canalisations d'eau, réseau électrique, tours de télécommunications, etc. \n\nToutefois, ces données sont rarement rendues accessibles au public. Les seules données actuellement disponibles en ligne sont de l'année 2009 et ces données se concentre sur l'accès aux routes, points d'eau et aux écoles, ne couvrant donc pas tous les aspects concernant les infrastructures. Auncune autre statistique concernant les infrastructures ne figure dans le site de l'Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie ou n'est pas transmise au public.","NDAIYE Alioune Kane, président du réseau des Journalistes en Économie du Sénégal (Cojes), 26 juillet 2014.\n\nGUÈYE El Hadji Malick, directeur, chargé de la diffusion et des relations avec les usagers, Agence Nationale des Statistiques et de la Démographique, 19 juillet 2014\n\nSAMB Ndeye Marieme, directrice exécutive, Forum civil, 19 juillet 2014.\n\nSite de l'Agence nationale des statistiques et de la démographique, consulté en juin 2014. http://www.ansd.sn/index.php?option=com_rapports&view=rapports&Itemid=411 (","L'Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie recueille des statistiques sur les infrastructures telles que les données sur les voies ferrées, aéroports, canalisations d'eau, réseau électrique, tours de télécommunications, etc. ..."]
["2014_SO_93",2014,"SO","Somalia",93,0,"There is no Office of National Statistics or equivalent agency that publishes reports on infrastructure of any kind including roads, bridges, airports, railroads, and telecommunications.","Abdihakin Saed Qalombi\nSecretary of the Minister of Commerce and Industries\nPuntland Government of Somalia\nGarowe, Somalia\nSeptember 22, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMohamed Abdullahi Qodax\nBusiness owner\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 22, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMohamed Nur Siyad\nLecturer\nFaculty of Public Administration\nMogadishu University\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 18, 2014\nInterview by telephone","There is no Office of National Statistics or equivalent agency that publishes reports on infrastructure of any kind including roads, bridges, airports, railroads, and telecommunications."]
["2014_TZ_93",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",93,50,"The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) has collected and published statistics on infrastructure annually. A review of its website reveals that most of the reports of 2012-2013 (Tanzania - Basic Statistics and Information in Construction Industry Sector 2013, Third Round) were posted in November 2014.  Reports are online and can be obtained for free. Most of the accidents happen in the rural areas, where communication is hard. This makes it difficult to compile and  record accidents caused by bad roads.","1.  Mekioli Salim, National Bureau of Statistics, Arusha-Tanzania, September 4, 2014.\n\n2. Kamilius Simba, Mhangwe Enterprise, Morogoro-Tanzania, October 2, 2014.\n\n3. National Bureau of Statistics Website, http://www.nbs.go.tz/","The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) has collected and published statistics on infrastructure annually. A review of its website reveals that most of the reports of 2012-2013 (Tanzania - Basic Statistics and Information in Construction Industry Sector 2013, Third Round) were post..."]
["2014_ZW_93",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",93,0,"The Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (Zimstat) is supposed to collect Statistics on transport, infrastructure, ICT and science and technology in Zimbabwe. However, due to economic challenges that the country has been facing, the agency has not been able to do so. The only document that has been uploaded under the \"Transport, Infrastructure, ICT and Science and Technology Statistics in Zimbabwe\" section of the Zimstat website is a report on air traffic that was last updated in 2012.\n\nThe government does not publish data on infrastructure. Any data it might have is not made public. Zimstat only published a report on airport traffic. The government has not been able to conduct infrastructure surveys because of lack of financial resources. Statistics on the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development website only show a few infrastructure development projects.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, statistician, Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZimStat), 31 July 2014, Harare. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nZimstat, Table 16.2 Airport Traffic, Excluding Transit Passengers, 2014. \nhttp://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Transport/Traffic.pdf ","The Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (Zimstat) is supposed to collect Statistics on transport, infrastructure, ICT and science and technology in Zimbabwe. However, due to economic challenges that the country has been facing, the agency has not been able to do so. The only docume..."]
["2014_BF_94",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",94,100,"Le Burkina Faso a adopté en 2004, une cyberstratégie nationale qui est un vaste programme visant à réduire la fracture numérique à tous les niveaux. Le bilan en janvier 2014 montre que la fracture numérique est toujours grande et cette stratégie va se poursuivre au sein de ministère avec notamment de grands projet tels que le Backbone et PRICAO-BF, l'ouverture de la 3G mobile qui permettront de régler la question du haut débit puis la cyberstratégie e-éducation qui permettra de doter les établissements d'enseignement en connexion internet en commençant par l'université. \n\nLes représentants du minitère du développement de l’économie numérique et des postes interrogés dans le cadre de cette recherche indiquent que: «Dans sa politique de vulgarisation des TIC, le gouvernement du Burkina Faso a entrepris de mettre l’accent sur les infrastructures. A cet effet, le Réseau Informatique de l’Administration (RESINA) a été mis en place pour connecter l’ensemble des bâtiments administratifs en fibre (environ 40 kilomètres dans la ville de Ouagadougou). Et grâce à la technologie wimax,  six sites régionaux sont interconnectés au RESINA et les différents bâtiments de l’administration y sont connectés. Le Backbone (fibre optique) retenu comme une infrastructure de soutien nécessaire à l’atteinte des objectifs de l’axe stratégique de la SCADD concernant le 'développement des piliers de la croissance accélérée' aura 188 points de présence dont 45 chefs-lieux de province, 9 points frontaliers, 80 points de présence dans les communes rurales, 54 points de présence de déserte en milieu urbain. Cette infrastructure va permettre d’apporter la fibre partout dans le pays et les différents lieux publics pourront s’y connecter. Il est aussi prévu le développement des centres communautaires dans la politique de réduction de la fracture numérique.»\n\nLe Burkina dispose donc d'un plan pluriannuel d'accès à internet et toutes les actions sont entreprises pour améliorer l'accès au haut débit à tous les Burkinabè.","OUALBEOGO Lamoussa, ingenieur des télécommunications, secrétaire géneral, minitère du développement de l’économie numérique et des postes, Ouagadougou, 18 juillet 2014.\n\nYAMEOGO Moumouni, directeur de la communication et de la presse ministérielle, ministère du développement de l’économie numérique et des postes,  Ouagadougou, 23 juillet 2014. \n\nZOURE Abdou, Burkina 24, 23 janvier 2014, «Bientôt 5 400 km de fibre optique sous le sol burkinabè». http://burkina24.com/2014/01/23/bientot-5-400-km-de-fibre-optique-sous-le-sol-burkinabè/\n\nBurkinapmepmi.com, 18 avril 2014, «Internet pour désenclaver les zones rurales : cas du Burkina Faso». http://burkinapmepmi.com/spip.php?article20913\n\nBALIMA Jacques Théodore, LeFaso.net, 14 mai 2014, «Economie numérique : le Conseil d’orientation stratégique recadre le tir». http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article59182\n\nDIALLO Moussa, Lefaso.net, 22 décembre 2013, «Economie numérique : Plus de 1000 entreprises déclarées dans le domaine des TIC au Burkina, Interview réalisée par Moussa Diallo avec le Ministre en charge de l'Economie numérique».","Le Burkina Faso a adopté en 2004, une cyberstratégie nationale qui est un vaste programme visant à réduire la fracture numérique à tous les niveaux. Le bilan en janvier 2014 montre que la fracture numérique est toujours grande et cette stratégie va se poursuivre au sein de ministèr..."]
["2014_KM_94",2014,"KM","Comoros",94,50,"Le gouvernement dispose d’un plan pluri-annuel (2015-2019) visant à améliorer les infrastructures pour le haut débit et la connectivité mobile. Dans le plan d’action prioritaire  2015-2019, le programme P-II.3 préconise le développement des infrastructures de technologies de l’information et de la communication dont le résultat stratégique est de faire des TIC un puissant levier de développement. Le développement des infrastructures et des services des TIC sera obtenu par la facilitation de l’accès aux TIC, la libéralisation du marché, l’augmentation de la bande passante, la stimulation de la demande des TIC, le renforcement de la fonction de régulation des TIC, et l’accomplissement de la transition numérique. \n\nCes principes restent pour le moment au stade de la théorie car sur le terrain, la perception des acteurs est toute autre. \n\nSelon un membre d’une association consommateur de TIC, « le gouvernement n’a pas une politique propre en matière d’accroissement de  l’accès à internet. Il appuie plutôt les initiatives privées ou celles des organismes internationaux.  Parmi celles-ci, le projet 'connecter une école' de l’Union Internationale des Télécommunications (IUT) qui a commencé cette année 2014. Par ailleurs, l’université des Comores  a commencé depuis quelques années à créer des points d’accès dans certaines facultés et dans certaines écoles. Ces points permettent à  des étudiants d’accéder à internet ».\nPar ailleurs, l’Agence gouvernementale Nationale de Régulation des TIC (ANRTIC) en collaboration avec des bailleurs de fonds met en œuvre certains programmes mais ce n’est pas régulier. Par exemple, équiper certaines écoles en équipements informatiques. \nEnfin, il existe aussi des initiatives sporadiques comme la détaxation des équipements informatiques au profit des écoles. \n\nConcernant l’amélioration des infrastructures, deux projets sont à citer : le projet EASSY et le Renforcement des Infrastructures  pour le haut débit (RCIP4) financé par la Banque mondiale. Quant à la connectivité des mobiles, la couverture est quasi-totale aux Comores, alors que pour la couverture internet, il existe des zones non atteintes. \nS’ajoute à cela le projet « FLY » initié par la Banque mondiale, et un projet chinois de liaison backbone entre les  3 iles des Comores.","TOIMIMOU Ibrahim, association comorienne des TIC, Moroni, 08 juillet 2014.\n \nATHOUMAN Said Ali Said, secrétaire général de l’Union des chambres de commerce et d’industrie et d’agriculture des Comores, Moroni, 10 juillet 2014.  \n \nABDOURAMANE Cheikh Ahmed, coordinateur des liaisons nationales et internationales, Comores telecom, Moroni 10 juillet 2014.  \n \nStratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable,  Plan d’action prioritaire 2015-2019, Union des Comores, version provisoire du 31 mai 2014.","Le gouvernement dispose d’un plan pluri-annuel (2015-2019) visant à améliorer les infrastructures pour le haut débit et la connectivité mobile. Dans le plan d’action prioritaire  2015-2019, le programme P-II.3 préconise le développement des infrastructures de technologies de l’info..."]
["2014_CG_94",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",94,25,"The government has recently succeeded in connecting the DRC to optic fiber. But no multiyear plan or policy has been created to increase citizens' access to the Web. To date, 1.7% of the population has access to Internet, thanks to the private sector. Rural areas are the most deprived when it comes to Web connections.","1. (Face To Face Interview) Research Officer At The National Institute Of Statistics Perpetue Mboma,  July 26, 2014. \n2.  (Face To Face Interview), Executive Director Impact Entreprise Patrick Mavinga,, July 29, 2014. \n3. Face To Face Interview), Infrastructure Advisor To The Minister Of Education, Jacques Bany,  July 26, 2014.","The government has recently succeeded in connecting the DRC to optic fiber. But no multiyear plan or policy has been created to increase citizens' access to the Web. To date, 1.7% of the population has access to Internet, thanks to the private sector. Rural areas are the most depri..."]
["2014_GA_94",2014,"GA","Gabon",94,100,"Il existe dans le cadre du plan Gabon émergent, un vaste plan qui voudrait faire du Gabon, l'une des plaques tournantes de l'économie numérique en Afrique centrale. Ce plan va de l'arrimage à la 4G à la pose de la fibre optique à travers le pays. \nLes sociétés de téléphonie mobile permettent une croissance du taux de pénétration et permettent un accès de plus en plus élevé à internet au Gabon, en favorisant l'accès même sur téléphones mobiles et autres supports électroniques. En matière d'accès à internet, le Gabon fait partie des pays qui sont en tête en Afrique centrale.","GNOPPE Alain, cadre informaticien au ministère gabonais de la communication, entretien par téléphone, réalisé le 06 janvier 2014.\n\nGabon Review, 27 août 2014, «La bonne tenue du numérique gabonais.» http://gabonreview.com/blog/bonne-tenue-du-numerique-gabonais/;\n\nLes cahiers de l'ARCEP, publié sur le site web de l'Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et de Poste :  http://www.arcep.fr/index.php?id=11624;\n\nSite du ministère de l’économie numérique et de la Poste, visité le 06 janvier 2015c http://www.economie-numerique.gouv.ga/;\n\nBanque mondiale, 12 janvier 2014, «Le Gabon mise sur l’Internet à haut debit.» http://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/news/feature/2014/01/12/le-gabon-mise-sur-l-internet-a-haut-debit","Il existe dans le cadre du plan Gabon émergent, un vaste plan qui voudrait faire du Gabon, l'une des plaques tournantes de l'économie numérique en Afrique centrale. Ce plan va de l'arrimage à la 4G à la pose de la fibre optique à travers le pays. ..."]
["2014_GM_94",2014,"GM","The Gambia",94,100,"The government has taken significant steps to enhance and rejuvenate the Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) sector by formulating forward-looking policies, addressing the legal and regulatory framework in order to keep up with the pace of developments in the global communication landscape. The policies and regulations include the National Information and Communication Infrastructure (NICI) policy, the Information and Communication Act, and the enhanced licensing framework, and regulations.\n\nThe policies include attempts to enhance access in public places such as schools, as well as enhancing the communication infrastructure. The country’s regulatory body, which is the Public Utility Regulation Authority (PURA), has also developed many regulations and guidelines to create a level playing field in the ICT sector.\n\nKey among them is the Quality of Service guidelines that seek to ensure service excellence in line with the theme of this summit. The government also initiated successful projects such as ACE (Africa Coast to Europe submarine cable), which has increased the bandwidth in the country four-fold, thereby allowing for faster more reliable Internet service.","1. Email correspondence with Mr. Poncelet O. Ileleji, MBCS, Coordinator The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre & Digital Studio,  MDI Road,  Kanifing South, on 19 June 2014\n\n2. ‘Gambia took giant steps to rejuvenate ICT sector’, The Daily Observer, Wednesday, March 26, 2014, available at http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambia-took-giant-steps-to-rejuvenate-ict-sector, last accessed 23/06/2014\n\n3. Gambia in search for improved internet connectivity, March 7, 2014 http://en.starafrica.com/news/gambia-in-search-for-improved-internet-connectivity.html\n\n4. Gambia: Internet Bandwidth Increases Four-Fold in Gambia The Point, BY OSMAN KARGBO, 7 MARCH 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201403070948.html \n\n5. Current Status of ICT in The Gambia – Focus on Business, Presented by:\nMuhammed Jah, Managing Director, QuantumNET Co. Ltd. http://www.ungambia.gm/undp/ict/ictforum/Current_Status_of_ICT_in_The_Gambia.ppt","The government has taken significant steps to enhance and rejuvenate the Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) sector by formulating forward-looking policies, addressing the legal and regulatory framework in order to keep up with the pace of developments in the global com..."]
["2014_LS_94",2014,"LS","Lesotho",94,100,"In practice, there are policies and strategies aimed at increasing citizens’ access to the Web.  The government continues to use universal access rules of 2009 to manage the Universal Access Fund. The fund was established in order to increase access to communication services in Lesotho. \n\nA good number of people access Internet services through mobile services. In an attempt to address this issue the government developed the National Broadband Policy during the period under review. The policy augments the interventions of the Lesotho Communications Policy of 2008. \n\nAccording to Tšiu Tšiu of the Lesotho Communications Authority (LCA), the government of Lesotho has procured equipment during the period under review with which the plan is to connect 44 sites nationwide. Those sites include schools and hospitals which will be connected to broadband connection. He went further to indicate that the government continues to use the universal access fund which was established to increase teledensity in the country. Nkareng Lesotho of the Consumers Protection Association said that there is a strategy and policy to increase citizens access to the Web. \n\nThe government is committed to the increasing access to Internet to citizens. The period under review has not been different in that more initiatives were taken in order to increase access to the Web.","Tšiu Tšiu, Chief Information Officer, Lesotho Communication Officer, Lesotho Communication Authority, 11th September 2014, Maseru.\n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n \nLesotho Communications Policy 2008. http://www.gov.ls/documents/Final_Communications_Policy_Document.pdf\n\nNational Broadband Policy 2014. http://www.gov.ls/documents/Policy/Draft%20Lesotho%20NBP%20r20140529%20(1).pdf","In practice, there are policies and strategies aimed at increasing citizens’ access to the Web.  The government continues to use universal access rules of 2009 to manage the Universal Access Fund. The fund was established in order to increase access to communication services in Les..."]
["2014_MR_94",2014,"MR","Mauritania",94,50,"La Mauritanie a mis en place une stratégie nationale des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (NTIC) appelée Stratégie nationale des Nouvelles Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication (NTIC). Sa durée n'a pas été spécifiée par les pouvoirs publics. Toutefois, il convient de souligner que les objectifs de cette stratégie croisent ceux des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) pour l'année 2015. Elle a également adopté une déclaration sectorielle des postes et télécommunications. \n\nCe sont deux leviers institutionnels importants qui fondent l'extension de la connexion à internet et la qualité d'accès au net. \n\nCes dernières années, la Mauritanie a connu un essor de l'interconnectivité grâce à la réduction progressive du coût d'accès à internet. Les différents opérateurs proposent des coûts d'accès intéressants à très haut débit dont notamment la 3G. Cet avantage est à relativiser dans la mesure où il ne touche que les milieux urbains. A contrario, le milieu rural demeure en marge de ces transformations majeures. Le raccordement de la Mauritanie à la fibre optique permet  d'entrevoir l'arrivée du très haut débit dans le milieu rural. Il constituerait un précieux vecteur à la démocratisation du net.","1. MINT MOHAMED SALECK Fatimetou , professeur de mathématiques et d'informatique, université de Nouakchott, 14 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. DIOULOU Kamara, consultant international en informatique, 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Cheikh BOUH TGHANA Saad dit Cheikh AIDARA, rédacteur en chef de L'Authentique, 12 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","La Mauritanie a mis en place une stratégie nationale des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (NTIC) appelée Stratégie nationale des Nouvelles Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication (NTIC). Sa durée n'a pas été spécifiée par les pouvoirs public..."]
["2014_NA_94",2014,"NA","Namibia",94,75,"Government is trying to ensure that a majority of its citizens get access to the Web be it at schools and universities. Through partnerships with the private sector the government is ensuring more of its citizens access to the Internet, although a lot more still needs to be done to ensure that every citizen despite where they are can access the Internet.\n\nMTC's, a company where government holds a majority shares has taken it upon itself as part of the company's social responsibility to ensure that as many people as possible in Namibia access the Web by providing subsidized Internet connection  to students and journalists among others. The company is increasing the number of areas where there is network coverage, including the most remote areas. Although there is no clear-cut government policy on citizens' access to the Web, over the past few years government has introduced the Internet at schools, government offices while community libraries also now offer free Internet access.","1. A newspaper report that appeared in the Villager newspaper on 07/09/2014 by Lot Ndamanomhata under the headline Digital divide in Namibia and its consequences http://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/6108/Digital-divide-in-Namibia-and-its-consequences/\n\n2. A newspaper report in the Namibian Sun newspaper under the headline Rural Schools get broadband internet on 11/12/2013, the story's author is not said on the article http://www.namibiansun.com/education/rural-schools-get-broadband-internet.60367\n\n3. A newspaper report in the Namibian Sun newspaper under the headline Unam students get wireless internet by Selma Ikela on 06/07/2014 http://sun.com.na/education/unam-students-get-wireless-internet.67934\n\n4. Face to face interview with freelance Journalist, Penda Hashoongo on 10/08/2014 in Windhoek at the Warehouse Theatre\n\n5. Face to face interview with mobile telecommunications MTC Namibia, Media Practitioner, John Ekongo at Confidente newspaper offices in Windhoek on 15/08/2014.","Government is trying to ensure that a majority of its citizens get access to the Web be it at schools and universities. Through partnerships with the private sector the government is ensuring more of its citizens access to the Internet, although a lot more still needs to be done to..."]
["2014_SN_94",2014,"SN","Senegal",94,75,"En 2011, le gouvernement du Sénégal a adopté le Code des télécommunications afin de réglémenter le secteur des NTIC en lien avec les lois et conventions régionales. A l'heure actuelle, plusieurs  opérateurs téléphoniques sont présents dans le pays, ce qui contribue à une augmentation d’accès à Internet. \n\nCette année, dans le cadre d’une nouvelle approche donnée à l'éducation nationale définie aujourd’hui par le Programme d’Amélioration de la Qualité, de l’Equité et de la Transparence (PAQUET), un programme sectoriel qui couvre la période 2013-2025, le gouvernement et un des opérateurs en l’occurrence la Sonatel ont paraphé un accord-cadre permettant à l’école publique sénégalaise d’avoir accès gratuitement à l’internet et aux outils informatiques. L’opérateur de téléphonie, Sonatel, va mettre à la disposition de l’école publique sénégalaise des outils informatiques et d’Internet. \nAu-delà de cette opportunité, le Sénégal a amélioré les infrastructures pour le haut débit et la connectivité mobile. Aujourd’hui tous les opérateurs de téléphonie mobile ont des offres de forfaits 3G+. Ces derniers permettent à chaque Sénégalais d’accéder à internet avec un outil comme le téléphone mobile.","DIOP Jean Meissa, membre du Conseil National de Régulation de l'Audiovisuel (CNRA) qui préside le comité de pilotage de la transition de la technologie analogique vers celle numérique, 27 juillet 2014. \n\nDRAMÉ Alioune, membre de la direction de communication, ministère de la communication et des télécommunications, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nFADJR Wal, 27 février 2014, « Amélioration de la qualité des enseignement : l’école publique branchée aux TIC »\nhttp://www.osiris.sn/Amelioration-de-la-qualite-des.html\n\nSite Osiris, 23 décembre 2013, « Accès à internet au Sénégal : Quel opérateur choisir ?». http://www.osiris.sn/Acces-a-internet-au-Senegal-Quel.html","En 2011, le gouvernement du Sénégal a adopté le Code des télécommunications afin de réglémenter le secteur des NTIC en lien avec les lois et conventions régionales. A l'heure actuelle, plusieurs  opérateurs téléphoniques sont présents dans le pays, ce qui contribue à une augmentati..."]
["2014_ZA_94",2014,"ZA","South Africa",94,75,"In December 2013, the SA government adopted “SA Connect”, the country’s broadband policy and strategy. In that month, the Department of Communications (DoC) has apparently connected 788 schools to fast internet through cyber-labs while launching the iKamva National e-Skills Institute and the National Broadband Advisory Council (NBAC). \n\nMoira de  Roche, director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa, says that the National Broadband Strategy is in existence, but that it is not as efficient as it should be. “I think there is more talk than action on the broadband strategy. As I said before,  I don’t think this [improving access to the web] is high enough on the agenda for national government.  I think government would say there is a focus on schools, but until the price of interne connectivity is reduced the strategy is  not ideal.” “There are pockets of excellence. The Western Cape government has a broad band project where they are rolling out Wi-Fi to less advantages areas. This is in process right now, so it is too early to comment on its success. This is a public-private partnership. There are other smaller scale initiatives around the country, but I don’t have sufficient information to comment on their success.”\n\nSA Connect, in short, has the objective to create a better information infrastructure  and to improve people's connectivity to the internet. President Jacob Zuma, in his 2014 State of The nation said that “the government will endeavour to modernise, expand and increase affordability of information and communications infrastructure. Included in this will be broadband internet .... we will expand, modernise and increase the affordability of information and communications infrastructure and electronic communication services, including broadband and digital broadcasting.\"\nCabinet adopted \"South Africa Connect\", our Broadband Policy and Strategy, in December last year to take this mission forward. We will continue with various other infrastructure projects that will change the living conditions of our people and boost economic growth.\n\nSection 1.4 of the national broadband policy state that its aim is to ensure universal access to the broadband service through the provision of access points. Further sections (5.1.1.3 and 3.1.3.1) focus on the improvement of infrastructure and improved service availability in terms of reduced cost.","Interview Moira de  Roche,  director of the Institute of Information Technology Professionals of South Africa / 6 October 2014 / email\n\nSA CONNECT\" – IMPLEMENTING THE BROADBAND POLICY AND STRATEGY (Department of Trade and Industry media statement / 4 December 2013)\nhttp://www.doc.gov.za/mediaroom/media-statements/312-%E2%80%9Csa-connect%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-implementing-the-broadband-policy-and-strategy.html\n\nState of the Nation address 2014 (Times Live / 17 June 2014), http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2014/06/17/full-text-of-president-jacob-zuma-s-state-of-the-nation-speech-2014-sona2014\n\nNational Broadband Policy in terms of section 3 of the Electronic Communication Act (Act 36 of 2005), http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=127922.","In December 2013, the SA government adopted “SA Connect”, the country’s broadband policy and strategy. In that month, the Department of Communications (DoC) has apparently connected 788 schools to fast internet through cyber-labs while launching the iKamva National e-Skills Institu..."]
["2014_TN_94",2014,"TN","Tunisia",94,25,"There is not a clear, long-term plan referencing ICTs, although the government is working on a project to introduce 4G technology, which was expected in 2014. Due to technical delays, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies has admitted that 4G will not be ready before 2015, which means a delay of at least one year.\n\nThe ICT ministry is proposing the use of Internet keys (3G), in order to improve Internet access for schools in rural areas.","Interview with Farhat Boughizène, ICT consultant, Tunis, 31 Oct. 2014. \n\nArticle: Babnet Tunisie, \"Tunisie: La technologie 4G pourrait être introduite sur le marché tunisien dans deux ans,\" 11 Dec. 2013. http://www.babnet.net/cadredetail-76222.asp\n\nNawat Network. \"Inciting Local and Foreign Investment in Tunisia’s ICT Sector\". June 17, 2014. http://nawaat.org/portail/2014/06/17/inciting-local-and-foreign-investment-in-tunisias-ict-sector/","There is not a clear, long-term plan referencing ICTs, although the government is working on a project to introduce 4G technology, which was expected in 2014. Due to technical delays, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies has admitted that 4G will not be ready ..."]
["2014_AO_95",2014,"AO","Angola",95,100,"According to estimates by the International Telecommunication Union, Internet access in Angola was 14.78 percent of the population in 2011, 16.94 percent in 2012, and 19.1 percent in 2013. The percentage increase in Internet users in Angola was therefore 12.75 percen from 2011 to 2013. \n\nThe source of statistics provided on the website of the Angolan regulatory agency (Instituto Angolano das Comunicações – INACOM), “from national and international sources,” is not clear.","Phone interview with media representative, Aug. 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them \n\nInternational Telecommunication Union (2014), Percentage of individuals using the Internet.  Retrieved from: \nhttp://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx \n\nInternational Telecommunication Union, Time Series by Country, \"Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet, 2000-2013\" \nhttp://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx","According to estimates by the International Telecommunication Union, Internet access in Angola was 14.78 percent of the population in 2011, 16.94 percent in 2012, and 19.1 percent in 2013. The percentage increase in Internet users in Angola was therefore 12.75 percen from 2011 to 2..."]
["2014_CV_95",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",95,50,"Internet access in Cape Verde changed from 34.74% in 2012 to 37.50% in 2013, a change of 7.9% based on ITU numbers.\n\nIn 2013 the penetration rate of mobile service reached 97%, an increase of 7% compared to last year. In relation to Internet traffic, the mobile broadband had the largest growth, increasing 7.8% in the past year in relation to access via ADSL service that grew 7%. The delivery of 20,000 smartphones to public administration employees will further boost these percentages.","Electronic Journal, Notícias do Norte, 14 April 2014, \"Telefonia móvel em Cabo Verde com taxa de penetração de 97% em 2013\",http://noticiasdonorte.publ.cv/22109/telefonia-movel-em-cabo-verde-com-taxa-de-penetracao-de-97-em-2013/.\n\nElectronic and print journal, A Nação, 28 June 2014, \"Cabo Verde \"itec\": 20 mil smartphones para a administração pública nacional\", http://www.anacao.cv/online/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5050:cabo-verde-itec-20-mil-smartphones-para-a-administracao-publica-nacional&catid=82:economia&Itemid=503.\n\nPaulo Umaru, Coordinator, IPericentro - Ministério da Cultura, October 2013, Praia.","Internet access in Cape Verde changed from 34.74% in 2012 to 37.50% in 2013, a change of 7.9% based on ITU numbers...."]
["2014_CD_95",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",95,50,"Selon les chiffres de l'ITU, entre 2012 et 2013, l'utilisation de l'internet au Congo est passé de 6.11% to 6.60% de la population, soit une augmentation de 8%.\n\nLe début d'execution du projet de couverture nationale a permis de déceler une nette amélioration dans l'accès au haut débit. Des efforts doivent néanmoins être entrepris afin de faire baisser les prix qui sont encore élevés pour le consommateur moyen.\n\nMalgré les travaux de connection à la fibre optique (cable sous marin) qui auraient pour objectifs d'améliorer la qualité du débit, le taux d'acces à internet a augmenté surtout sur téléphone mobile. En octobre 2014, la Banque Africaine de Developement entend soutenir le Congo et la Banque mondiale dans le cadre de son projet de connexion à la fibre optique.","MAPITHY MA MAPITHY Alban, directeur des affaires juridiques à l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics, entretien à son bureau, 21 septembre 2014.\n\nAKOUALA Akoula, coordonateur du projet de couverture nationale, administrateur général de Congo Telecom, entretien à son domicile, 09 novembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nLOUTOUMBA Nancy France, ADIAC-Congo, 28 octobre 2014, «Fibre optique : la Bad apporte son appui financier et technique». http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/fibre-optique-la-bad-apporte-son-appui-financier-et-technique-22475","Selon les chiffres de l'ITU, entre 2012 et 2013, l'utilisation de l'internet au Congo est passé de 6.11% to 6.60% de la population, soit une augmentation de 8%...."]
["2014_ER_95",2014,"ER","Eritrea",95,100,"According to International Telecommunication Union,  Internet access in Eritrea changed from 0.80% in 2012 to 0.90% in 2013, a change of 12.5%. ","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 9, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 10, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInternet service in Eritrea, ERITEL, end of 2011\nhttp://www.eritel.com.er/internet.html\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\nUnited Nations’ International Telecommunication Union (ITU)\nhttp://www.itu.int/net4/itu-d/icteye/ ","According to International Telecommunication Union,  Internet access in Eritrea changed from 0.80% in 2012 to 0.90% in 2013, a change of 12.5%. "]
["2014_GM_95",2014,"GM","The Gambia",95,100,"According to the International Telecommunication Union, Internet access in the Gambia increased from 12.45% to 14% from 2012 to 2013, by more than 12.4%. \n\nSources confirm this increase in access to the Web during the year. This is attributed to the Mobile Telco's operator in the country now providing Web access via GSM 3G services. Smart phones are commonplace and are used to access the Internet. Sources also said the Internet bandwidth has increased four-fold in the last two years. Bearing in mind the level of poverty in the country, the Internet is still unaffordable to many Gambians however.","1. Gambia: Internet Bandwidth Increases Four-Fold in Gambia, The Point, BY OSMAN KARGBO, 7 MARCH 2014, available at  http://allafrica.com/stories/201403070948.html, last accessed 20/06/2014\n\n2. Email correspondence with Mr. Poncelet O. Ileleji, MBCS, Coordinator The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre & Digital Studio,  MDI Road,  Kanifing South, on 19 June 2014\n\n3. ICT in The Gambia, Access Gambia, available at http://extensia-events.com/ict-in-the-gambia/, accessed July 2014\n\n4. Gambia in search for improved internet connectivity, March 7, 2014, http://en.starafrica.com/news/gambia-in-search-for-improved-internet-connectivity.html\n\n5. International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed November 13, 2014","According to the International Telecommunication Union, Internet access in the Gambia increased from 12.45% to 14% from 2012 to 2013, by more than 12.4%. ..."]
["2014_LR_95",2014,"LR","Liberia",95,100,"According to the figures released by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the percentage of individuals using the Internet increased from 3.79% of the population in 2012 to 4.60% of the population in 2013. This represents a 21% increase compared to the previous year. \n\nThere are no government-generated data on citizens' Web access, but there are indications that there is incremental progress on citizens' access to the Web. There is clearly an increase in the number of institutions that have access to the Internet as compared to last year. Internet cafes around the country are also experiencing increase in customers who show up to check and or send emails. \n\nThere are more Internet cafes around the country than there were last year. In conversations with people from a couple of provincial towns, people reported the presence of more cafes than could be imagine about a year or two ago. A cafe owner in central Liberia disclosed that many people, particularly young people, are creating email addresses on the daily basis.","Interview: Zotaiwon Titus, Deputy Minister for Telecoms, Monrovia, 16/08/2014\n\nInterview: Simeon Paye, Research Officer, LISGIS, Monrovia, 15/08/2014\n\nInterview: Ngomah Freeman, Proprietress, Central Internet Cafe, Monrovia, 16/08/2014","According to the figures released by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the percentage of individuals using the Internet increased from 3.79% of the population in 2012 to 4.60% of the population in 2013. This represents a 21% increase compared to the previous year. ..."]
["2014_LY_95",2014,"LY","Libya",95,50,"Internet access in Libya changed from 14.00 % in 2011 to 16.50% in 2013, a change of 17.9% based on the ITU over a period of two years.\n\nIn 2014, the coverage for the Wimax service expanded in 10 Libyan cities and 15 villages, but no data show the user population in the past year.\n\nThe official website for the Ministry of Communications and Informatics is under construction, and there are no data to determine if there was increase since the last statistics were published. Libyan Internet users in 2012 covered 19 percent of the population.","Interview with Jaballah Buneajah, an employee in the telecommunications and post ministry, Oct. 6, 2014.\n\nMinistry of Communications and Informatics, The statistics and numbers, 2011-2014.\nhttp://cim.gov.ly/page78.html\n\nWorld Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report, 2013–2014.\nhttp://www.intecap.edu.gt/oml/images/publicos/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf\n\nInternational Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed March 5, 2014","Internet access in Libya changed from 14.00 % in 2011 to 16.50% in 2013, a change of 17.9% based on the ITU over a period of two years...."]
["2014_MU_95",2014,"MU","Mauritius",95,100,"The ITU data of Internet penetration per inhabitant rose from 35.42% to 39.00% in 2013, an increase of 10.1%. \n\nTrilock Dwarka, chairman of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), said the concept of making the whole of the island a free wifi zone accessible to the general public and also the policy of providing tablets to students has contributed to the increase in Internet penetration. The government launched the \"Wifi Mauritius\" in 2014, to guarantee free access to the Internet in public areas as explained by Minister of Information and Communication Technology Tassarajen Pillay Chedumbrum in a speech delivered on August 25, 2014.","1.        Trilock Dwarka, Chairman, Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), 03 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n2.        Speech of Minister of Information and Communication Technology, Tassarajen Pillay Chedumbrum made on 25 August 2014.\n3.        Jayen Chellum, General Secretary, Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), 10 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n4.        Link to Ministry of Information and Communication Technology  http://mict.gov.mu/English/Pages/default.aspx, accessed November 21, 2014. \n5. International Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed November 21, 2014","The ITU data of Internet penetration per inhabitant rose from 35.42% to 39.00% in 2013, an increase of 10.1%. ..."]
["2014_ST_95",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",95,50,"According to the General Authority of Regulation, citizens' access to the Internet increased by more than 10 percent. In 2007, citizens had data speed of 50 bits/per second. As of 2014, they had around 250 bits/per second. According to ITU data, in 2012, some 20.16 percent of the population was using the Internet; in 2013, the figure had increased to 21.57 percent, for a gain of 7 percent. \n\nLast year, a second Angolan telecommunications company began operating in the country. Unitel STP joined the Companhia Santomense de Telecomunicações (CST), which held a monopoly for more than 20 years. The Sao Tome state is a minority shareholder in CST with a 49 percent stake, while Portugal Telecom owns 51 percent.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. The increasing access to Internet services has largely been restricted to the capital city. A large majority of the impoverished population does not have a computer. Also, many areas do not have electricity. According to the 2012 census, only 57.9 percent of households were supplied with electricity.The African coast-to-Europe fiber-optic submarine cable inaugurated in 2012 has increased considerably the web's potential in STP.","Interview with Deolindo Boa Esperança, STP expert, General Authority of Regulation, Feb. 5, 2015. \n\nTéla Nón, Abel Veiga, \"Pinto and Gabriel opened UNITEL-STP,\" May 26, 2014. \nhttp://www.telanon.info/economia/2014/05/26/16533/aloalopinto-e-gabriel-inauguraram-unitel-stp/ \n\nCompanhia Santomense de Telecomunicações (CST) website, last accessed March 19, 2015.\nwww.cstome.net\n\nUnitel STP website, last accessed March 19, 2015.\nwww.unitel.st\n\nITU, Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet, 2000-2013. \nhttp://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx\n\nReviewer's sources:\n\nNational Statistics Institute, website, last accessed Feb. 17, 2015. \nwww.ine.st\n\nBrill, Africa Yearbook Volume 10, chapter on Sao Tome and Principe, 2013.\nhttp://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/africa-yearbook-volume-10","According to the General Authority of Regulation, citizens' access to the Internet increased by more than 10 percent. In 2007, citizens had data speed of 50 bits/per second. As of 2014, they had around 250 bits/per second. According to ITU data, in 2012, some 20.16 percent of the p..."]
["2014_SL_95",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",95,100,"According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) data, the percentage of individuals using the Internet in Sierra Leone went from 1.30 percent of the population in 2012 to 1.70 percent in 2013, an increase of 30.8 percent from the previous year.\n\nAccess to mobile Internet service is steadily increasing in Sierra Leone. Three of the five mobile service providers in the country have integrated their services with Internet capability. Mobile phone users who want to access the Internet via their phones can buy mobile cards to use their Internet connections on the go. They can browse the Internet, check email and chat on Facebook with friends as well as use new platforms such as WhatApps. When the World Bank's Africa Coast to Europe fibre-optic cable network is complete, the Internet is expected to be cheap for mobile phone and broadband users. \n\nAccording to Internet World Statistics, Internet penetration in the country for both broadband and mobile connections increased to 1.49 percent in 2014, from 1.4 percent in 2013.","Interview with Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, legal practitioner, Sander Chambers, Freetown, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Moses Kargbo, secretary general, Sierra Leone Association of Journalists, Freetown, 29 June 2014.\n\nInterview Theo Nichol, deputy information minister, Government of Sierra Leone, June 2014.\n\nInternational Telecommunication Union, Percentage of individuals using the Internet http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, accessed June 2014.","According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) data, the percentage of individuals using the Internet in Sierra Leone went from 1.30 percent of the population in 2012 to 1.70 percent in 2013, an increase of 30.8 percent from the previous year...."]
["2014_SZ_95",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",95,100,"Internet penetration in Swaziland in 2014 was either 20.8 percent or 24.7 percent, depending on the source, and year-on-year growth from 2013 in Internet users was 18.7 percent. Some 38,548 new Internet users were recorded during the year under review, for a total 301,211 users.","Interview: Sandile Nxumalo, ICT consultant, self-employed, Manzini, 22 July 2014. \n\n\"Swaziland: “Internet users (per 100 people),\" World Bank, via The Global Economy. http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Swaziland/Internet_users/ \n\n“Internet users by country (2014),” Internet Stats. http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/\n\n“Global Internet Report 2014” http://www.internetsociety.org/map/global-internet-report/?gclid=Cj0KEQjw3cKeBRDG-KKqqIj4qJgBEiQAOamX_fgyq9itzwkJqrxIMzCd0yRv0qLvdQs8oLOIFfl8FZ0aAor88P8HAQ","Internet penetration in Swaziland in 2014 was either 20.8 percent or 24.7 percent, depending on the source, and year-on-year growth from 2013 in Internet users was 18.7 percent. Some 38,548 new Internet users were recorded during the year under review, for a total 301,211 users."]
["2014_ZM_95",2014,"ZM","Zambia",95,50,"According to information available from the Zambia Information and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA), the number of citizens accessing the web increased from 2013 to 2014 by an amount under 10 percent. \n\nThe number of mobile Internet users has risen from 2,517,132 in 2013 to 2,559,500 in 2014, while fixed Internet subscriptions have gone up from 17,527 in 2013 to 18,741 in 2014.\n\nSome ICT analysts and journalists observe that even though there are programmes on the ground by government and other stakeholders, and despite the push to establish additional infrastructure around the country, including in rural areas, the Internet remains very expensive to access.","Interview with Machova Musanshi, Zambian journalist/editor, Lusaka, Zambia, 11  June 2014.\n\nInterview with Gilbert Nondo, Lusaka businessman, Lusaka, Zambia, 12  June 2014. \n\nZambia Information and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA) website, accessed June 2014.\nwww.zicta.zm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&itemid=100\n\nZambia Information and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA), ICT Statistics, accessed  June 2014. http://www.zicta.zm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=56\n\nInternet World Stats, Usage and Population Statistics, Africa 2014 Population and Internet Users Statistics for Q2, 25 Aug. 2014.\nhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm      ","According to information available from the Zambia Information and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA), the number of citizens accessing the web increased from 2013 to 2014 by an amount under 10 percent. ..."]
["2014_BW_96",2014,"BW","Botswana",96,100,"A road/bridge network connects most towns and cities. The Ministry of Transport and Communications is the entity mandated to ensure that roads are permanently safe and functional.\n\nInformation from the Botswana transport administration for 2013 reveals that “roads in Botswana are managed and maintained under two authorities, Local Authorities and the Central Government.\" \n\nAccording to the statistics, the total road network in Botswana measured 30,905 km in 2013, of which 18,507 km (59.9 percent) was maintained by the central government and 12,398 km (40.1 percent) by local authorities. The central government road network increased by 2.6 percent in 2013 - from 18,042 km of roads in 2012. In 2013, the road network maintained by the central government was composed of 6,925.3 km (37.4 percent) of bitumen, 7,559.9km (40.9 percent) of gravel and 4,021.8 km (21.7 percent) of earth/track.\n\nThe information is available immediately online. No accidents occurred over the past year caused by road or bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).","Interview with Joseph Kuruneki, lecturer, Limkokwing University of Technology, 30 Oct. 2014. \n\nInterview with Modiri Mogende, business journalist, radio presenter and business commentator, 30 Oct. 2014.\n\nMinistry of Transport and Communications website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Transport-and-Communications/\n\nBotswana Transport & Infrastructure Statistics 2013. \nhttp://www.cso.gov.bw/images/Trans2013.pdf","A road/bridge network connects most towns and cities. The Ministry of Transport and Communications is the entity mandated to ensure that roads are permanently safe and functional...."]
["2014_CF_96",2014,"CF","CAR",96,25,"Il existe un organisme étatique chargé de l'entretien des routes. Il s'agit de fonds routier. Mais, force est de constater que plusieurs villages du pays sont encore enclavés. Autrement dit, ils n'ont pas des voies routières accessibles. En outre, les personnes interrogées ajoutent  que beaucoup des ponts reliant les axes importants dans la capitale sont usés et d'autres sont accidentés.  Enfin, ils notent qu'en raison de l'impraticabilité de certaines routes aussi bien en provinces qu'en ville (capitale), on enregistre de nombreux cas d' accidents. \n\nDe façon globale, le réseau routier compte environ 9 300 km de routes classées (mais pas praticables en toute saison et 700 km de voies bitumées, soit un taux de revêtement de 7%). L'axe reliant Bangui à Douala (Cameroun), sur lequel transite l'essentiel des importations et exportations de la RCA, n'est bitumé que sur 392 km, pour une distance totale de 1 500 km. L'insécurité routière, les tracasseries administratives et le banditisme demeurent les trois préoccupations majeures.","KPONGOLO Alain, cadre au Ministère des transports, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nKOLOUNGOU Moïse, shargé des études au Ministère des transports, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nENDJIMADET Hervé, directeur au Ministère des transports, interview du 9 juillet  2014, Bangui","Il existe un organisme étatique chargé de l'entretien des routes. Il s'agit de fonds routier. Mais, force est de constater que plusieurs villages du pays sont encore enclavés. Autrement dit, ils n'ont pas des voies routières accessibles. En outre, les personnes interrogées ajoutent..."]
["2014_CD_96",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",96,50,"L'entretien des routes est régulièrement assuré par certaines entreprises de construction par le biais des procédures d'appel d'offres. Le ministère de l'aménagement du territoire et de la délégation générale des grands travaux assure la maîtrise d'ouvrage dans le domaine de la construction des routes.\n\nDans le cadre du désenclavement de l'intérieur du pays, plusieurs routes ont été construites notamment la route Obouya-Boundji-Okoyo dont le lancement a eu lieu le 26 février 2008, achevée depuis juin 2011 et qui est longue de près de 117 km. Ou la route Owando-Makoua-Mambili, maillon du grand chantier de la route Pointe-Noire-Brazzaville-Ouesso, longue de 126 kilomètres. La route Oyo-Tchikapika est en cours de construction. Plus de 50 pour cent des villages disposent de routes.\n\nLe Congo s'est lancé dans un vaste chantier pour se doter d'un réseau routier important. Cependant  plusieurs accidents sont dénombrés sur les routes. Certains articles de journaux font état d'une augmentation des cas d'accidents de la circulation au Congo, même si les causes de ceux-ci ne sont pas toujours précisées.","MAPITHY MA MAPITHY Alban, directeur des affaires juridiques à l'autorité de régulation des marchés publics, entretien à son bureau, 21 septembre 2014.\n\nAKOUALA, coordonateur du projet de couverture nationale, administrateur général de Congo Telecom, entretien à son domicile, 09 novembre 2014.\n\nAnonyme, journaliste à la Télévision nationale congolaise, entretien  à son domicile, 22 septembre 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer\n\nCongosite, 18 novembre 2014, «Brazzaville a enregistré plus de 2000 accidents de circulation entre janvier et septembre 2014.» http://www.congo-site.com/Brazzaville-a-enregistre-plus-de-2000-accidents-de-circulation-entre-janvier-et-septembre-2014_a18166.html; http://mediaf.org/?p=5657","L'entretien des routes est régulièrement assuré par certaines entreprises de construction par le biais des procédures d'appel d'offres. Le ministère de l'aménagement du territoire et de la délégation générale des grands travaux assure la maîtrise d'ouvrage dans le domaine de la con..."]
["2014_ET_96",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",96,25,"Ethiopia has seen an exponential increase in the number of roads and the network of infrastructure in the past few years. Most woredas (the lowest administrative units) are connected to the zonal administrations through roads. All zones are also connected with the regional state capitals, and regions are connected with the capital of the country through tarmac roads. Cities and towns are more or less connected either through all-weather gravel or asphalt roads. Regional as well as national road construction agencies undertake the construction and maintenance of these roads.\n\nIn a 2012 study, which is the latest available data, 2,521 fatal accidents occurred on the roads of the country. The condition of the roads is one of the most important causes of such a high number of accidents. Delay in the construction of roads, poor quality of the roads and construction defects all contribute to the dangers of the roads. Some 56,100 kilometers of roads were maintained in the year 2012 by regional and federal bodies mandated for the task.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of Ethiopian Roads Authority, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, information office of Ministry of Urban Development and Construction, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","Ethiopia has seen an exponential increase in the number of roads and the network of infrastructure in the past few years. Most woredas (the lowest administrative units) are connected to the zonal administrations through roads. All zones are also connected with the regional state ca..."]
["2014_KE_96",2014,"KE","Kenya",96,75,"The roads around the main urban centres are regularly maintained in line with the government policy to cut the cost of doing business through efficient infrastructure. The roads are maintained by the Kenya National Highways Authority and the Kenya Urban Roads Authority as agencies of the Transport Ministry. Road accidents are frequent, but they are  due to human errors.","1. Kennedy Mudulia, General Manager In-Charge of Road Maintenance at the Kenya National Highways Authority (Kenha). Interviewed on July 4, 2014.\n\n2. Dickson Mbugua, national chairman Matatu Welfare Association (MWA), interviewed on July 4, 2014.\n\n3. \"Kenya: Roads Get Lions Share of Infrastructure Budget\". An article by Lola Okulo, published by the Star Newspaper on June 14, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201406160810.html.","The roads around the main urban centres are regularly maintained in line with the government policy to cut the cost of doing business through efficient infrastructure. The roads are maintained by the Kenya National Highways Authority and the Kenya Urban Roads Authority as agencies ..."]
["2014_MG_96",2014,"MG","Madagascar",96,50,"C'est le ministère des travaux publics qui est en charge de la maintenance des routes. Il existe des routes, des ponts et des réseaux routiers qui relient toutes les villes ( du chef lieu de région au chef lieu de districts) et les villages (presque la plupart des chefs lieux des communes rurales). Ce réseau routier fait un itinéraire total de 32 000 km, dont environ 13% sont bitumés. Par rapport à la superficie du pays, la densité est très faible, et surtout, son état est généralement mauvais. Il y a aussi l’insuffisance du budget du ministère des travaux publics, en charge de l’entretien routier. Toutefois, le ministre des travaux publics a annoncé comme objectif dans le cadre de l’entretien des infrastructures routières un « zéro nid de poule » sur les routes nationales, et le désenclavement des zones rurales à fortes potentialités agricoles et touristiques.\n Les acidents de la route sont nombreux, mais ils sont surtout occasionns non pas à cause de l'état de la route, mais plutôt des véhicules ou à cause du chauffeur (long trajet de nuit).\n \n La densité de routes revêtues à Madagascar est de 9,7 km par millier de km2 (comparé à 31km en moyenne en Afrique Subsaharienne) ; 44 % des routes nationales sont jugées en mauvais état.","Site du ministère des transports et de la météorologie : http://www.transport.gov.mg/mission/\n \n Secrétariat exécutif du programme sectoriel du transport, « Plan national de transport (2004-2020) », Antananarivo : Vice-Primature chargée des Programmes Economiques. Antananarivo : 2004, disponible sur le site de l’ONG Lalana (ONG de développement spécialisée sur les routes et le transport http://www.lalana.org/rout_transp.htm et http://www.lalana.org/files/pages3/3_route_situation.htm\n \n Site du Fonds d’Entretien Routier (FER) : http://www.fer-madagascar.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=10&Itemid=71  RAVELO Arsène, Ingénieur Statisticien-Démographe, Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), 04 août 2014.  RAZAFINDRAMIADANA Lantoniaina, L’Express de Madagascar, 18 juin 2014, « Entretien routier ; le budget actuel à multiplier par dix ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/economie/entretien-routier-le-budget-actuel-a-multiplier-par-dix-12601  Déclaration du ministre des travaux publics sur la chaîne de télévision privée MaTV : « Ministère des travaux publics : Roland Ratsiraka annonce un budget de 30 milliards d’Ariary pour l’entretien routier », Journal télévisé du 16 mai 2014, http://matv.mg/?p=45207  La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 21 juillet 2014, « Par rapport à la superficie du pays, la densité des routes est faible », http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41388:par-rapport-a-la-superficie-du-pays-la-densite-des-routes-est-tres-faible&catid=45:newsflash&Itemid=58","C'est le ministère des travaux publics qui est en charge de la maintenance des routes. Il existe des routes, des ponts et des réseaux routiers qui relient toutes les villes ( du chef lieu de région au chef lieu de districts) et les villages (presque la plupart des chefs lieux des c..."]
["2014_MA_96",2014,"MA","Morocco",96,25,"Among the indicators that give an idea about changing road conditions, there is the surface indicator (UIS). This indicator counts four levels: A, B, C, D. A section of road in state A means that it is in good condition. This is the case of a new road for example. A section in the state D means that it is in very poor condition. The state C means that the section is in poor condition, while the state B is acceptable. To give an overview on the state of the road network, the Ministry of Equipment and Transport uses as the indicator the percentage of roads in the state A + B (fair to good).  The last study (2012) revealed a percentage of 53.5%, decreasing from around 60% in 2006.\n\nSeveral fatal accidents reportedly have been caused by the poor state of road/bridge  infrastucture, especially in the mountains of Atlas.\n\nMorocco took a loan (around 200 million USD) from the European Investment Bank in March 2014 to refurbish important road networks.\n\nThe plan PNRR2 (National Plan for Road Network 2) was financed in 2005 after the first plan managed to connect more than 53% of the Moroccan cities via road. The estimate for 2013 of connected cities is around 75%.","PNRR2 budget - European investmnet bank - http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/morocco/projects/list_of_projects/172250_fr.htm (last checked August 8th, 2014).\n\nOfficial website of the Ministry of Equipment and Transport  - Current analyses of road network - http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/routier/Infrastructures-Routieres/Reseau-Routier-du-Royaume/Pages/Importance-du-reseau.aspx (last checked August 8th, 2014).\n\nKarim Ghalleb - Member of the Parliament (Istiqlal party) and former minister of equipment and transport - Rabat - phone interview 17/08/2014.","Among the indicators that give an idea about changing road conditions, there is the surface indicator (UIS). This indicator counts four levels: A, B, C, D. A section of road in state A means that it is in good condition. This is the case of a new road for example. A section in the ..."]
["2014_MZ_96",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",96,50,"Mozambique's main cities and towns are connected by paved roads. Nevertheless, the main handicap is their maintenance. The majority of paved roads, with the exception of national road No. 1 and a few others, lack maintenance. This situation has been responsible for road accidents and damage to vehicles. On the other hand, the ANE - Administracao Nacional de Estradas (National Road Administration), which is responsible for maintenance of national roads (other roads within municipalities are not maintained by ANE), lacks funds. For that reason, in March 2014, the agency launched a plan to grant concessions to the private sector for certain national roads. \n\nIt is important to note that according to the Government Economic and Social Plan of 2014 (PES), by the end of 2014, spending on measures to improve access to roads in Mozambique will absorb approximately USD 464 million (nearly 14.7 billion Meticais). Basically, this amount is for the rehabilitation, construction and asphalting of the national road network and regional roads.\n\nWhile some accidents may be attributable to the lack of maintenance, the majority of accidents on Mozambique's roads are linked to alcohol abuse, speeding and the mechanical problems of vehicles, according to traffic police. Most privately owned vehicles are used and have serious maintenance problems.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nDisagree and recommend a lower score of 25. Mozambique may be considered one of the least-connected countries in Southern Africa in terms of transportation infrastructure. According to the European Union, \"the classified road network of around 30,000 km, of which less than 20% is paved (5,649 km), is in good and fair condition for about 67 % of the total length, but actually provides access to 32% of the population.\" This 32 percent of the population obviously doesn't correspond to one-third of the cities, but reinforces the idea that the country is poorly connected. Additionally, a large number of road deaths each year are due to accidents.","Macau Hub, \"National Road Administration of Mozambique intends to reduce maintenance and repair costs\" (\"Administração Nacional de Estradas de Moçambique pretende reduzir custos com reparação e manutenção\"), 5 May 2014.  \nhttp://www.macauhub.com.mo/pt/2014/05/05/administracao-nacional-de-estradas-de-mocambique-pretende-reduzir-custos-com-reparacao-e-manutencao/\n\nJornal Noticias, \"Projected -  concession to private roads\" (\"Projecta-se concessão de estradas a privados\"), 22 Jan. 2014. \nhttp://www.jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/sociedade/10457-projecta-se-concessao-de-estradas-a-privados\n\nA Verdade. \"Mozambique is the 14th country with less internal connections in the world\" (\"Moçambique é o 14° país com menos ligações internas no mundo\"), 13 May 2014.  \nhttp://www.verdade.co.mz/economia/46140-mocambique-e-o-14d-pais-com-menos-ligacoes-internas-no-mundo\n\nReviewer's source:\nDelegation of the European Union to the Republic of Mozambique, \"Transport infrastructures and regional economic integration, Mozambique.\"  http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/mozambique/eu_mozambique/tech_financial_cooperation/transport_infra/index_en.htm","Mozambique's main cities and towns are connected by paved roads. Nevertheless, the main handicap is their maintenance. The majority of paved roads, with the exception of national road No. 1 and a few others, lack maintenance. This situation has been responsible for road accidents a..."]
["2014_SC_96",2014,"SC","Seychelles",96,50,"Most towns and cities are connected by road and bridge. The Seychelles Land Transport Agency (SLTA) is the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional. It admits to having insufficient budget, with maintenance work carried out according to available resources.\n \nNo serious accidents were recorded  where road or bridge malfunction was the cause. The number of accidents was published in the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) report of January 2014, with no mention of the percentage of persons injured due to poor road conditions. Available recoerds of road traffic accidents on this websites is 2008 to 2012 published by the NBS, January 10, 2014.\n\nThe Road Maintenance Project Unit is responsible for the maintenance of road infrastructure to a high level of quality. This involves keeping and repairing roads and infrastructure such as drains and pavement so as to control damage and to ensure public safety. Emergency work is also carried out during and after working hours. Users are not always satisfied and complain about  lack of maintenance : “Roads close for days, gutters overflow, infectious disease becomes prolific. Instead of dealing with the problems in a real way, they send out ministers to promise more help, say a study that now is taking 30 years is being done, before anything can be done”. \n\nAs reported in \"Seychelles Roads Slip, Slide Flood, Contaminate From Lack of Maintenance\" published on Seychelles Reality, on January 24, 2014, road networks are not permanently safe and maintained. The article says: “This horrid road called Consolation Road, Praslin is the most dangerous road in the Seychelles and quite possibly in the entire Indian Ocean. It is narrow like a drive way, and each time a car is oncoming, the other driver must come to a full stop to allow safe passage. Granite Boulders edge out and buttress on to the road where vehicles pass. The tarmac is old, soft and edges where you place your tire chip and you lose support and fall over to the other side of a cliff and embankment. The turns are steep and near 45 degrees in some cases, a heavy vehicle can easily tip as it turns. The Police in a unique gesture were sent to guide traffic. But the people guiding traffic do not even have a drivers license. How can someone who does not know how to drive, guide traffic? Only in PL Seychelles can that happen.”","TIM Marie, Commissioner Road transport, International Conference Centre, Victoria, 04 September 2014\n\nStephanny Rosette, Public Relations Officer, Seychelles Land Transport Agency, Huteau Lane, Victoria, 05 September 2014\n\nSeychelles Reality, 24 January 2014, “Seychelles Roads Slip, Slide Flood, Contaminate From Lack of Maintenance”, http://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2014_01_01_archive.html\n\nSeychelles in Figures 2013”, National Bureau of Statistics, 10 January 2014, http://www.nbs.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Seychelles-In-Figures-2012_2013-Edition.pdf","Most towns and cities are connected by road and bridge. The Seychelles Land Transport Agency (SLTA) is the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional. It admits to having insufficient budget, with maintenance work carried out according to available res..."]
["2014_SO_96",2014,"SO","Somalia",96,0,"There has been no national agency dedicated to national road and bridge networks building and maintenance in Somalia since 1991. A truck starting its journey from Bossaso on the east coast, takes six days to reach Mogadishu, less than 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) away. The roads are considered to be in disasterous shape and an impediment to the national economy.","Abdihakin Saed Qalombi\nSecretary of the Minister of Commerce and Industries\nPuntland Government of Somalia\nGarowe, Somalia\nSeptember 22, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMohamed Abdullahi Qodax\nBusiness owner\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 22, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMohamed Nur Siyad\nLecturer\nFaculty of Public Administration\nMogadishu University\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 18, 2014\nInterview by telephone","There has been no national agency dedicated to national road and bridge networks building and maintenance in Somalia since 1991. A truck starting its journey from Bossaso on the east coast, takes six days to reach Mogadishu, less than 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) away. The roads ar..."]
["2014_TG_96",2014,"TG","Togo",96,25,"La majorité des centres urbains du pays sont reliés par un système routier. La qualité des voies ne cesse de s'améliorer, de nombreux travaux sont actuellement en cours dans tout le pays. La Société Autonome du Financement de l'Entretien Routier (SAFER) est chargée de l'entretien des routes. Pour 2014, le budget nécessaire pour l'entretien des routes est estimé à 40,8 milliards de FCFA. Les recettes issues des péages atteignent à peine 12 milliards. L'état de la route reste l'une des causes majeures d'accidents. Toutefois, les investissements en la matière sont de plus en plus importants : Le secteur routier, quant à lui, prévoit d'investir 2 000 milliards de FCFA en cinq ans, grâce à l'appui des partenaires au développement. L'état des routes est mentionné comme l'un des premiers facteurs (4 829 accidents recensés en 2013 en totalité). L'état des routes s'améliore sensiblement mais les morts liés aux accidents restent nombreux. Il n'existe pas d'information précise de la part du gouvernement mais la majorité des centres urbains sont reliés par un système routier, mais avec des qualités de voies très disparates. Badou, l'une des villes les plus difficiles d'accès est en cours de réfection.","ADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \n Anonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \n YAO TOÏ Marcel, coordonnateur Coalition Nationale Togolaise pour l'Education Pour Tous (CNTES), 21 juillet 2014.\n \n PAO Gadiel, directeur de publication, Santé-Education, 02 août 2014\n \n La voix de la Russie, 15 avril 2014, «Togo : 47 morts dans un accident de la route». \n http://french.ruvr.ru/news/2014_04_15/Togo-47-morts-dans-un-accident-de-la-route-7691/.\n \n Republicfotogo, 20 décembre 2013, «Entretien routier : comment boucher le trou ?».\n http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Politique/Entretien-routier-comment-boucher-le-trou.\n \n Jeune Afrique, 22 juillet 2014, «Togo : les routes de la fortune».\n http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/22615-togo-les-routes-de-la-fortune.html.\n \n  Savoir-news, 16 février 2014, «Accidents de la route au Togo». http://www.savoirnews.net/Accidents-de-la-route-au-Togo-3 //.\n \n Avant mais toujours d'actualité: \"Les populations de Wawa exigent la réfection de leurs routes avant la tenue des élections et menacent de mener des actions d’envergure\", Alternative, 7/06/2013, http://lalternative-togo.com/les-populations-de-wawa-exigent-la-refection-de-leurs-routes-avant-la-tenue-des-elections-et-menacent-de-mener-des-actions-denvergure/ // Travaux. \n \n \"Infrastructures routières : L’axe routier Témédja-Badou et la bretelle Kougnohou bientôt réhabilités\", Le Temps, 12/02/2014, http://letempstg.com/infrastructures-routieres-laxe-routier-temedja-badou-la-bretelle-kougnohou-bientot-rehabilites-1916/).","La majorité des centres urbains du pays sont reliés par un système routier. La qualité des voies ne cesse de s'améliorer, de nombreux travaux sont actuellement en cours dans tout le pays. La Société Autonome du Financement de l'Entretien Routier (SAFER) est chargée de l'entretien d..."]
["2014_DZ_97",2014,"DZ","Algeria",97,50,"L'Établissement National de la Navigation Aérienne (ENNA) est l'autorité de supervision de la sécurité aérienne en Algérie. Créée par le décret exécutif N° 91-149 du 18 mai 1991 portant réaménagement des statuts de l'Entreprise Nationale d'Exploitation et de Sécurité Aéronautiques (E.N.E.S.A.), l'ENNA a pour mission (parmi tant d'autres) d'assurer le service public de la sécurité de la navigation aérienne pour le compte et au nom de l'État; de mettre en œuvre la politique nationale dans ce domaine, en coordination avec les autorités concernées et les institutions intéressées. \n\nL'ENNA est soumise aux protocoles de contrôle de l'IATA. Le dernier audit a eu lieu du 31 Mai au 9 juin 2011; cependant le site de l'IATA indique que l'Algérie n'a pas encore soumis de rapport de validation des recommandations de cet audit. \n\nLe quotidien national d’information « La Tribune » rapporte que Le PDG de la compagnie nationale d’Air Algérie a déclaré que sa compagnie est « supervisée et auditée de façon permanente aussi bien par des institutions internationales comme l’IATA que par la Direction de l’Aviation Civile Algérienne (DACA) relevant du ministère des Transports ». Il a démontré que le transport aérien en Algérie est « fortement réglementé, contrôlé, et audité ».\n\nCependant, la sécurité aérienne en Algérie a fait l'objet de l'actualité récente notamment du fait de l'accident de la compagnie Air Algérie. La compagnie Air Algérie est rétrogradée dans le groupe C « sous surveillance » suite à une enquête du site internet spécialisé (www.securevl.fr) sur le crash qu’a connu Air Algérie durant l’été 2014, occasionnant la mort de 118 personnes dont 54 Français. « Le vol AH 5017 Ouagadougou-Alger s'est écrasé au Mali le 24 juillet. Ce vol n'était pas opéré en direct par Air Algérie mais par un partenaire, la compagnie espagnole charter Swiftair, dont un steward décédé avait dénoncé une semaine avant l'accident, l'état de fatigue de l'équipage. Air Algérie étant responsable du choix de ses affrètements, la compagnie est rétrogradée dans le groupe C \"sous surveillance\", note le site Liberte Algérie.com","Aviation et pilotage en Algérie :La problématique de la sécurité des vols en question, BENZERROUG MOHA REDOUANE, Liberté, 8/03/2014\nhttp://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/la-problematique-de-la-securite-des-vols-en-question-aviation-et-pilotage-en-algerie-217769\n\nAir Algérie: le PDG dénonce une campagne médiatique, APS, 20/08/2014, http://www.aps.dz/economie/10245-air-alg%C3%A9rie-le-pdg-d%C3%A9nonce-une-campagne-m%C3%A9diatique\n\nLe SPLA alerte : Communiqué : Syndicat des pilotes de ligne algériens, Djazairess (publié dans le quotidien El Watan), 14/08/2014, http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/467996\n\nSite Internet de l’Etablissement National de la navigation aérienne, http://www.enna.dz/index.php\n\nService d’information aeronautique (Algerie), http://www.sia-enna.dz/\n\nOrganisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (ICAO). Information sur l'Audit de Sécurité. http://www.icao.int/safety/Pages/USOAP-Results.aspx\n\nMohamed Salah Boultif dénonce une campagne médiatique dirigée contre Air Algerie, Hasna Yacou, La Tribune, 21/08/2014, http://www.latribune-dz.com/news/article.php?id_article=7984\n\nMOHAMED SALAH BOULTIF, P-DG D'AIR ALGÉRIE, À L'EXPRESSION :\"L'audit va préparer Air Algérie pour son envol\", Salim Aggar, L’Expression, 04/09/2014\nhttp://www.lexpressiondz.com/actualite/201473-l-audit-va-preparer-air-algerie-pour-son-envol.html\n\nSite Internet Secure, Baromètre, http://www.securvol.fr/barometre.php","L'Établissement National de la Navigation Aérienne (ENNA) est l'autorité de supervision de la sécurité aérienne en Algérie. Créée par le décret exécutif N° 91-149 du 18 mai 1991 portant réaménagement des statuts de l'Entreprise Nationale d'Exploitation et de Sécurité Aéronautiques ..."]
["2014_CM_97",2014,"CM","Cameroon",97,100,"L'Autorité Aéronautique du Cameroun (AAC), autorité de surveillance du transport aérien, a sur son site web un ensemble de systèmes de surveillance sous forme de tableaux. Selon les personnes interviewées pour cette recherche, il s'agit d'un système régulièrement mis à jour et répondant aux standards internationaux en la matière. \n\nLe Cameroun est aussi membre de l'Agence pour le Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar(ASECNA) une organisation de plus de quinze États membres. \n\nToutes les compagnies se conforment aux recommandations de l'OACI, aussi bien l'AAC que l'ASECNA. Le Cameroun s'est aussi conformé aux récentes recommandations.\n\nSelon Joel Wadem cadre à l’Autorité Aéronautique du Cameroun, les compagnies aériennes du Cameroun sont soumises au programme de vérification de la sécurité des procédures d'exploitation de l'IATA (IOSA), sinon, on n’aurait pas de grandes compagnies au Cameroun comme Air France, South Africa Airway et bien d’autres compagnies à la réputation établie.","WADEM Joel, chargé de la communication à l'Autorité Aéronautique du Cameroun, 14 juillet 2014;\n\nNYUNAI Nyunai, expert en aéronautique civil, 14 juillet 2014. \n\nSite web de l'Autorité Aéronautique du Cameroun, consulté le 14 juillet 2014; http://www.dasis.ccaa.aero/index.php","L'Autorité Aéronautique du Cameroun (AAC), autorité de surveillance du transport aérien, a sur son site web un ensemble de systèmes de surveillance sous forme de tableaux. Selon les personnes interviewées pour cette recherche, il s'agit d'un système régulièrement mis à jour et répo..."]
["2014_KM_97",2014,"KM","Comoros",97,50,"Les Comores se conforment rigoureusement aux méthodes de surveillance continue de l’Organisation de l’Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI), et suivent à la lettre les recommandations de cet organisme.  Les Comores n’ont pas leurs propres compagnies aériennes, mais sont desservies par des compagnies aériennes étrangères, ainsi que par quelques lignes privées travaillant entre les trois iles et vers Réunion via Mayotte. Ces compagnies privées se conforment toutes aux normes de vérification de la sécurité des procédures d’exploitation de l’IATA. \n\nL’aéroport de Moroni, principale porte d’entrée au pays, présente une sécurité maximale, avec l’adoption des normes IATA. Des scanners modernes ont été installés aussi bien pour les soutes à bagage que pour les passagers. à la différence des années 90, la circulation dans le périmètre de l’aéroport a été sévèrement réglementée.  En plus des services de sécurité existants (douanes de l’aéroport, la Police de l’Air et des Frontières (PAF), la Brigade de la Gendarmerie Territoriale et Aérienne (BGTA), la sécurité aéroportuaire) une société de gardiennage renforce la sécurité. \n\nConcernant le respect des normes OACI, Mohamed Ali Amir, journaliste à Al Watwan affirme que  « l’Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie de l’Union des Comores (ANACM) est chargée de l’élaboration, de l’amendement et de la publication de la réglementation technique de l’aviation civile conformément aux normes et pratiques recommandées de l’Organisation de l’Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI). A ce titre elle a  l’obligation et le pouvoir d’œuvrer pour la sécurité en vol des aéronefs en édictant des principes et règlements visant à la mise en application de toutes les normes contenues dans les annexes à la Convention de Chicago du 07 décembre 1944 relative à l’aviation civile internationale ».  \nLe Code de l’aviation civile du 16 janvier 2008, modifiant  la loi  N°94-041/AF relative au Code de l’aviation civile de l’Union des Comores note en son Article  en matière de « servitudes aéronautiques » (suppression d’obstacles et  pourvoi de balisage) que « les servitudes (…) doivent assurer à la navigation aérienne, conformément à la Convention de Chicago du 07 décembre 1944 relative à l’aviation civile internationale et son annexe 14, des conditions de sécurité au moins équivalentes à celles qui résultent des standards et des recommandations de l’OACI ».\n\nEn réalité, le rapport sur le programme universel de supervision de la sécurité de l’OACI publié en juin 2013 est plus mitigé. Selon ce rapport, « en 2008, l’Union des Comores a fait l’objet d’un audit du Programme universel de supervision de la sécurité de l’OACI (USOAP). L’audit a identifié un certain nombre de carences et formulé des recommandations pour y remédier, lesquelles ont servi de base à un Plan d’actions correctrices (CAP) que l’Union des Comores a soumis à l’OACI par la suite ». L’OACI a noté que lors de sa mission en Union des Comores du 15 au 19 novembre 2011, « que l’Etat avait entrepris d’importants travaux et que des progrès significatifs étaient en cours en vue de la mise en œuvre du Plan d’actions correctrices. Cependant, ces efforts devraient être maintenus pour répondre de manière satisfaisante à la plupart des constatations, et améliorer le niveau de mise en œuvre des éléments cruciaux d’un système efficace de supervision de la sécurité ». Le rapport poursuit en ces termes : « Le premier plan de l’OACI pour les Comores dont les phases court, moyen et long  termes étaient prévues de se dérouler respectivement du 15 décembre 2011 au 31 mai 2012, du 1er juin 2012 au 31 décembre 2012 et du 1er janvier 2013 et au-delà, a connu des lenteurs dans sa mise en œuvre. Voilà pourquoi il a été réactualisé ». \n\nLes Comores se trouvent donc actuellement dans la liste de la Commission de suivi et d’examen des résultats d’audit de l’OACI. Le rapport USOAP énonce que : « Dans le court terme, l’objectif est de remédier aux déficiences en matière de sécurité  et aboutir á une sortie rapide de la liste de la Commission de suivi et d’examen des résultats d’audit de l’OACI. Elle est prévue de se dérouler du 10 mai au 31 aout 2013 suite aux missions qui se sont déroulées en 2012 et 2013.  La période à moyen terme devrait commencer le 1er septembre 2013 pour une durée de 07 mois. Durant cette période, la mise en œuvre du CAP devrait se poursuivre pour combler les lacunes restantes.  A long terme, l'OACI et l'Etat continueront à surveiller la situation sur une base  continue afin de promouvoir la sécurité aérienne et s'assurer que l'Etat conserve sa  capacité à se conformer aux exigences de supervision de la sécurité ».","GANKE Djilan, commandant d’aérodrome à la représentation de l’ASECNA aux Comores, Hahaya, 08 juillet 2014.\n\nAMIR Mohamed Ali, journaliste à Al Watwan, Moroni, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nPlan d’actions Correctrices,  Plan d’Action révisé des Comores,«Programme universel de supervision de la sécurité de l’OACI» (USOAP), juin 2013, http://www.icao.int/safety/scan/PlansOfAction/Revised%20ICAO%20Plan%20of%20Action%20Comoros%20June%202013.pdf","Les Comores se conforment rigoureusement aux méthodes de surveillance continue de l’Organisation de l’Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI), et suivent à la lettre les recommandations de cet organisme.  Les Comores n’ont pas leurs propres compagnies aériennes, mais sont desservies ..."]
["2014_EG_97",2014,"EG","Egypt",97,100,"Egypt's  aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) and continues to comply with all report and inspection request and Egypt's  IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA).\n\nPilots with airlines operating in Egypt have completed  ICAO (International Civil Aviation Authority) training and follow appropriate regulations and guidelines. Egypt also maintains a functioning TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system). Cairo in particular remains a major regional air hub for the Middle East and Africa.","Interview, Chris Salzmann, Egypt Air Pilot, 7-22-2014\n\nReview Civil  Aviation Authority Website, http://www.civilaviation.gov.eg/ accessed July 22, 2014\n\nFederal Aviation Administration Country Information June 13, 2014 \nhttp://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ifim/country_info/PDF/eg.pdf","Egypt's  aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) and continues to comply with all report and inspection request and Egypt's  IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA)...."]
["2014_GA_97",2014,"GA","Gabon",97,50,"Les aéroports du Gabon sont placés sous l'autorité de l'Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile du Gabon (ANAC), et suivent aussi bien les textes régionaux qu'internationaux. La direction de la sûreté et de la facilitation de l'ANAC est l’entité chargée d’assurer la surveillance en matière de sûreté aérienne. L'ANAC s'est conformée aux dernières recommandations d'audit qui datent de 2 ans et demi. \nLe Gabon a été audité sous le programme USOAP-CSA de l’OACI (approche systémique globale) du 2 au 10 mai 2007. Puis il a adopté un plan d'action en juin 2011. \n\nLes domaines d’attention principaux en termes de sûreté de l’aviation civile sont :\n•    le contrôle des passagers, des bagages de cabine et des bagages de soute\n•    la sûreté des aéroports comprenant entre autres le contrôle d’accès et l’inspection/filtrage des passagers, du personnel, des véhicules et la surveillance des zones proches des aéroports\n•    la protection des aéronefs\n•    la qualité du personnel de sûreté\n•    la réalisation des vérifications d’antécédents pour le personnel aéroportuaire\n•    le contrôle du fret\n•    la sûreté des installations de navigation\n•    la qualité des équipements de sûreté\n\nAucune compagnie aérienne du pays figure sur la liste de l'IOSA (https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/audit/iosa/Pages/registry.aspx?Query=all).","TOUBOU Pascal Roger, cadre de l'ASECNA, entretien par téléphone, 14 janvier 2014\n\nSite web de l'Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile au Gabon, 14 janvier 2015 : http://www.anacgabon.org/fr/index.php/aeroports-et-aerodromes/adl\n\nSite web de l'aéroport de Libreville, visité le 14 janvier 2015 : http://www.adlgabon.com/","Les aéroports du Gabon sont placés sous l'autorité de l'Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile du Gabon (ANAC), et suivent aussi bien les textes régionaux qu'internationaux. La direction de la sûreté et de la facilitation de l'ANAC est l’entité chargée d’assurer la surveillance en m..."]
["2014_LS_97",2014,"LS","Lesotho",97,0,"Lesotho is subject to ICAO, but ICAO's recommendations were not fully implemented during the year under review. \n\nKetso Moeketsi of the Civil Aviation Authority stated that there is a monitoring system for air transport in Lesotho, and where there are limitations in Lesotho, the government requests assistance to the Cooperative Development of Operational Safety and Continuing Airworthiness Programme (COSCAP) within the Southern African Development Community (SADC).\n\nThe government was able to request assistance through COSCAP in November 2013. One of the major challenges of the safety of air transport is that Moshoeshoe I International Airport, the country’s only international airport is in a sorry state.\n \nAccording to Public Eye newspaper, an extensive audit conducted by the company at the Moshoeshoe I airport last year revealed that air traffic controllers operating at the airfield were not licensed. This is said to have resulted in these air traffic controllers shunning their duties and forcing pilots to land their aircrafts at Moshoeshoe I at their own risk.\n\nThe major limitation of the government is that of lack of financial resources. However, the fact that COSCAP acted as a fallback position ensured that the country enjoyed a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport in the past 12 months. \n\nThere is no national airline in Lesotho.","Nkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nKetso Moeketsi, Director, Civil Aviation Authority, 18th September 2014, Maseru.  \n\nPublic Eye, Lekhetho Ntsukunyane, Airport in shocking state, 16th May 2014,  http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=5919 (accessed on the 26th August 2014)","Lesotho is subject to ICAO, but ICAO's recommendations were not fully implemented during the year under review. ..."]
["2014_MR_97",2014,"MR","Mauritania",97,50,"La Mauritanie en tant que membre de l’Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI) est soumis à la réglementation relative à la sécurité et à la maintenance aérienne de l'organisation. La Mauritanie a adopté l'ensemble des cahiers des charges en matière de sécurité aérienne défini par l’Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI). \n\nAutrefois frappée d'interdiction dans l'espace aérien international, la compagnie nationale Mauritania Airlines assure des liaisons hebdomadaires avec la France. La Mauritanie a mis en place de nouveaux dispositifs réglementaires  destinés à se mettre en conformité avec les mécanismes de sécurité aérienne. A cet égard, l'adoption du décret modifiant certaines dispositions du décret n° 2010/110 du 23 mai 010 portant adoption et mise en application du programme national de sureté de l'aviation civile, a contribué à améliorer la sécurité aérienne. Les pouvoirs publics se sont notamment dotés de nouveaux matériels de détection et de nouveaux portiques de sécurité. Ces installations se doublent d'une vigilance accrue aussi bien au départ qu'à l'atterrissage à l'aéroport international de Nouakchott. Les normes de sécurité qui prévalent à l'aéroport se doublent également de la mise en place d'instruments biométriques destinés à vérifier les identités des passagers. En dépit de ces installations, le système de transport demeure affaiblit par l'absence d'expertise et de formation continue aux défis de la sécurité aérienne.","1. L'Authentique, 8 juillet 2014, « Sécurité aérienne : La Mauritanie vient en tête du continen ». http://www.lauthentic.info/spip.php?article8135, .\n\n2. Cridem.org, 09 octobre 2014, « La Mauritanie superstar de l'Afrique dans le domaine de la sécurité aérienne». http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=648440, .\n\n3. Source anonyme, 22 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Mauritanie en tant que membre de l’Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI) est soumis à la réglementation relative à la sécurité et à la maintenance aérienne de l'organisation. La Mauritanie a adopté l'ensemble des cahiers des charges en matière de sécurité aérie..."]
["2014_MU_97",2014,"MU","Mauritius",97,100,"A former manager of Air Mauritius said the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) provides appropriate oversight of the safety and security-related activities of all operators. Mauritius has scored well during International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) audits (USAOP and USAP) as well as those from the UK CAA. The new charge scheme introduced in 2010 has allowed the DCA to mobilize additional resources to further enhance its regulatory function.\n\nRajbushan Dhanush Servansingh, acting deputy director of the DCA, said the DCA is the regulatory authority for civil aviation in Mauritius. As such, it regulates the activities of airports, airlines and air navigation services provision. This includes exercising oversight over all the activities of the above-mentioned aviation organizations to ensure the safety and security of air transport in Mauritius. Mr Servansingh referred the researcher to the website of the DCA, where the safety issues are displayed. Mauritius complies with all audits and has good notes from both the ICAO's CMS and the IATA's IOSA.","1.        A Manager,  Department of Civil Aviation, Air Mauritius, 23 Sept 2014, mail \n2.        R.D.Servansingh, Acting Deputy Director, Department of Civil Aviation, 03 Sept 2014, mail\n3.        Civil Aviation Security Regulation, September 2014\nhttp://civil-aviation.gov.mu/English/aviationsecurity/Pages/default.aspx","A former manager of Air Mauritius said the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) provides appropriate oversight of the safety and security-related activities of all operators. Mauritius has scored well during International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) audits (USAOP and USAP) as ..."]
["2014_SN_97",2014,"SN","Senegal",97,50,"Le Sénégal est membre de l'ASECNA (Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne en Afrique et à Madagscar) et dispose d'un organisme national, l'agence de l'aviation civile et météorologie. \n\nActuellement l'agence de l'aviation civile et météorologie se prépare à l'audit de l'OACI comme l’a rappelé le ministre du tourisme et des transports aériens, Oumar Guèye, au cours d’un symposium Afrique-Océan Indien (AFI) sur la sécurité de l’aviation civile à Dakar en mai derniers, annonçant que le Sénégal est prêt a recevoir un audit de sécurité. \n\nCette année la presse a révélé que le transporteur aérien Air senegal International connaît de graves difficultés financières depuis plus d'un an, accumule les déficits et les trous de trésorerie occasionnant la démission du directeur général de la compagnie sénégalaise en janvier 2014. Actuellement les autorités sénégalaises se précipitent désormais au chevet de la compagnie nationale.","BA Sadibou, Agence nationale de l'aviation civile et de la météorologie, 24 juillet 2014. \n\nFALL Abiboula, journaliste, membre de la cellule de communication de l’aéroport international Sedar Senghor de Dakar, 23 juillet 2014\n \nNDIAYE Karamba, Le Populaire, 28 mai 2014, «Performance aéronautique : Le Sénégal se dit prêt à recevoir un audit de sécurité de l'OACI».\nhttp://www.seneplus.com/article/le-senegal-se-dit-pret-recevoir-un-audit-de-securite-de-l%E2%80%99oaci\n\nJeune Afrique, avec Bloomberg, 03 février 2014. «Transport aérien -Sénégal Airlines : l'État se rapproche de South African Airways».\nhttp://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/21291-senegal-airlines-letat-se-rapporche-de-south-african-airways.html","Le Sénégal est membre de l'ASECNA (Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne en Afrique et à Madagscar) et dispose d'un organisme national, l'agence de l'aviation civile et météorologie. ..."]
["2014_SC_97",2014,"SC","Seychelles",97,100,"Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority (SCAA), under the powers vested in it by the relevant  Articles of the Air Navigation Order (ANO), has developed its own set of regulations based on Annex 14, Volume I and related guidance material in the ICAO manuals. The SCAA is subject to the ICAO continuous monitoring approach. The latest ICAO audit was completed on August 13, 2014, but the draft report from ICAO remains unavailable. Air Seychelles is subject to IATA operational safety audit.\n\nConcerning the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP), and following the validation of corrective actions or mitigating measures implemented, Mali, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan and Zambia have successfully resolved the SSCs (Significant Safety Concerns) identified.\n\nAir Seychelles has officially received its IOSA certificate (IATA Operational Safety Audit) for complying with international standards set by IATA. IOSA is a set of standards that all airlines that are members are obliged to comply in full by the end of 2008 if they want to remain members of IATA (International Air Transport Association. IOSA certification of IATA is recognized worldwide for its safety assessment and was designed to assess the operational management and control of safety standards within the airline system. This very thorough and demanding audit is only conducted  by seven authorized bodies. IATA undertake audits to improve global safety standards and to assure passengers who choose to travel with airlines members of the IATA that the company adheres to strict safety standards.\n\nAir Seychelles was required to pass the IATA Operational Safety Audit in August 2012 to renew its IOSA registration. The scope of the audit was Domestic Operations and the Shorts 360-300 was the only aircraft in the fleet to be audited. Seychelles passed the Audit with Zero findings nor observations. Air Seychelles was recertified as an IOSA airline.","Aerodrome Certification procedures and Checklists, TPO AGA 01, First Edition July 2008, Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority\n\nGerard Sicobo, Deputy General Manager Safety Regulation Safety Regulation Division, Seychelles International Airport, Mahé, 05 September 2014\n\n2013 Safety Report, ICAO, 2013,  http://www.icao.int/safety/Documents/ICAO_2013-Safety-Report_FINAL.pdf\n\nAir Seychelles website, undated, accessed on 24 September 2014, http://www.airseychelles.com/fr/a_notre_propos/recompenses_certifications.php?aid=1","Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority (SCAA), under the powers vested in it by the relevant  Articles of the Air Navigation Order (ANO), has developed its own set of regulations based on Annex 14, Volume I and related guidance material in the ICAO manuals. The SCAA is subject to the ..."]
["2014_TG_97",2014,"TG","Togo",97,100,"Au Togo, l’audit de supervision de la sécurité a été effectué du 19 au 26 février 2007 conformément aux procédures d’audit normalisées de l’Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI), et à un protocole d’accord entre le Togo et l’OACI. Les résultats de l’audit ont été, d'après l'Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ANAC), satisfaisants avec un taux de satisfaction de 65 % et un taux de non-conformité de 35 %.\n \n Un coordonnateur (National Continuous Monitoring Coordinator) a été nommé. Suite à l’audit de certification effectué du 24 septembre au 08 octobre 2012 et aux activités de suivi, des actions correctrices ont été menées conjointement par les inspecteurs de l’ANC et du projet COSCAP-UEMOA, permettant ainsi à l'aéroport de Lomé d'avoir la certification aérodrome. La certification date du 24 mai 2014. \n \n La compagnie aérienne ASKY, bien que son siège soit au Togo, est une entreprise panafricaine et non togolaise. L'ouverture prochaine d'un nouveau terminal devrait sensiblement améliorer la qualité des services.","ADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \nAnonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \nSite Internet de l'Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ANAC)\n http://www.anac-togo.tg.\n \n NAPafriquemonde, 24 mai 2014, «L’Aéroport de Lomé certifié».\n http://www.napafriquemonde.com/l-aeroport-de-lome-certifie.html.\n \n Appels téléphoniques sans succès au directeur Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ANAC), Gnama Dokisime LATTA, août 2014.\n \n \n  Republicoftogo.com, 24 septembre 2012, «L’OACI passe l’aéroport de Lomé à la loupe». http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Economie/L-OACI-passe-l-aeroport-de-Lome-a-la-loupe","Au Togo, l’audit de supervision de la sécurité a été effectué du 19 au 26 février 2007 conformément aux procédures d’audit normalisées de l’Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI), et à un protocole d’accord entre le Togo et l’OACI. Les résultats de l’audit ont été,..."]
["2014_TN_97",2014,"TN","Tunisia",97,100,"Tunisia is a member of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation). OACA (Office de l'Aviation Civile et des Aéroports) is the public aviation safety authority in Tunisia. As such, it is subject to ICAO's monitoring and must apply the rules and recommendations made by ICAO's auditors in all Tunisian airports. As of the 2014 safety report, Tunisia is among the countries that have effective implementation above global average of the USOAP state performance. \n\nThe Tunisian airline company (Tunisair) and the private Tunisian company Syphax airlines are members of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and are automatically subject to its operational safety audits.\n\nAs a result of such systematic monitoring, the safety of the Tunisian airlines companies (Tunisair-public, Syphax-private) have proved to be at a high level, with no incidents or fatalities reported during the period of study.","Interview with Ben Hamida, chef de groupe, Tunisair, 9 July 2014.\n\nICAO report: PBN presentation, status in Tunisia, 2014. http://www.icao.int/MID/Documents/2014/PBN%20Workshop-Tunis/PBN%20TUNISIE%20Presentation.pdf \n\nICAO safety report 2014. http://www.icao.int/safety/Documents/ICAO_2014%20Safety%20Report_final_02042014_web.pdf","Tunisia is a member of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation). OACA (Office de l'Aviation Civile et des Aéroports) is the public aviation safety authority in Tunisia. As such, it is subject to ICAO's monitoring and must apply the rules and recommendations made by ICAO's a..."]
["2014_BJ_98",2014,"BJ","Benin",98,25,"Au Bénin, le gouvernement invite rarement publiquement les populations des milieux ruraux à participer à l’élaboration des politiques publiques ou celles de leurs communes.\nToutefois, l’élaboration des politiques est un processus qui permet parfois aux représentants des corporations en question de donner leurs points de vue, par exemple lors des ateliers de validation desdites politiques.\nL'autre moyen par lequel les populations rurales peuvent faire entendre leurs voix est le Parlement. À travers les questions orales et la session budgétaire, les parlementaires s'assurent que les intérêts des groupes ruraux sont pris en compte.\n\nLe rapport de l'atelier national de validation des avant-projets des textes d’application de la loi n° 2013-01 du 14 août 2013 portant Code Foncier et Domanial en République du Bénin à sa page 3 donne plus de précision sur la réprésentation des organisations de la société civile en l'occurence celles paysannes dans les ateliers de validation des lois et politiques nationales. \nMieux, des organisations de la Société Civile dont Social Watch, l'ONG ALCRER et Plan Bénin mènent des actions dans le sens du renforcement de la participation citoyenne à l'élaboration des politiques publiques, avec un accent particulier sur les populations rurales. Ainsi, avec l'appui de l'Ambassade des Pays-Bas, Social Watch et l'ONG ALCRER ont mis en oeuvre un programme dénommé «Participation citoyenne aux politiques publiques locales au Bénin»  couvrant 49 communes sur les 77 que compte le pays. Un autre projet pilote intitulé «Action pilote pour l’amélioration de la gouvernance locale et la participation citoyenne dans le développement local» est conduit par Social Watch et Plan Bénin dans les communes de Klouékanmé, de Zagnanado et de Boukoumbé.","Pierre Claver Okodjou, Secrétaire général exécutif, Conseil National de l’Education, Cotonou, interview du 18 juinr 2014.\n\nThéophile Gankpé, Chef de service Information et archives, Assemblée nationale, Porto Novo, Interview du 18 juin 2014.\n\nEmmanuel Machioudi, Chef division Séance et questions, Assemblée nationale, Porto Novo, Interview du 18 juin 2014. \n\nJournal Adjinakou, 13 novembre 2013, «Validation du document actualisé de la politique de micro-finance au Bénin». http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=4&cat=6&id2=20300&jour=13&mois=11&an=2013\n\nGouv.bj, 22 juin 2014, «Pour améliorer la situation de l’enfant au Bénin : La Politique nationale de protection de l’enfance validé».  http://www.gouv.bj/actualites/gouvernement/pour-ameliorer-la-situation-de-lenfant-au-benin-la-politique-nationale-de-protection-de-lenfance-validee\n\nAfrik 4 R, 29 avril 2014, «Lancement de l'atelier de validation de l'évaluation nationale en GRD et du plan d’action au Bénin». http://afrik4r-fr.org/profiles/blogs/lancement-de-l-atelier-de-validation-de-l-valuation-nationale-en\n\nSocial Watch Benin, 11 septembre 2014, «Atelier de formation des formateurs sur le plaidoyer participatif». http://socialwatch-benin.org/index.php/atelier-de-formation-des-formateurs-sur-le-plaidoyer-participatif-de-plan-benin/","Au Bénin, le gouvernement invite rarement publiquement les populations des milieux ruraux à participer à l’élaboration des politiques publiques ou celles de leurs communes.\nToutefois, l’élaboration des politiques est un processus qui permet parfois aux représentants ..."]
["2014_CV_98",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",98,50,"The interests of rural populations are sometimes taken into account in the formulation of policies on social welfare. Only the elites are heard and policies for rural populations are imposed top-down, usually guided by public aid programs for development. Policies for rural populations are implemented sometimes using inputs from the populations. In most cases due to the fragile organizations and representation, the mechanisms are sporadic and are not totally in place.","Electronic Journal, Inforpress, 7 July 2014, \"População da Lagoa reivindica melhoria das condições de vida\", http://noticias.sapo.cv/info/artigo/1389454.html \n\nPhD Thesis, Maria de Lourdes Silva Gonçalves, 2013, Estados Pós-Coloniais na África e a institucionalização de políticas ambientais: derivas e importação de políticas em Cabo Verde, http://www.ufrgs.br/pgdr/dissertacoes_teses/arquivos/doutorado/PGDR_D_68_MARIA_GON%C3%87ALVES.pdf\n\nInterview with Maria de Lourdes Silva Gonçalves, University teacher, Cabo Verde University, 21 August 2014, Assomada\n\nInterview with Samori Cassamá, Activist, Eco-Raggae, 21 August 2014, Assomada","The interests of rural populations are sometimes taken into account in the formulation of policies on social welfare. Only the elites are heard and policies for rural populations are imposed top-down, usually guided by public aid programs for development. Policies for rural populat..."]
["2014_DJ_98",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",98,25,"Les intérêts des populations rurales ne sont pas forcément représentées dans la formulation des politiques gouvernementales de bien-être / protection social(e) mais l'Etat s’intéresse de plus en plus au milieu rural suite à la sécheresse à laquelle la corne de l'Afrique fait face. Selon un communiqué de ministère djiboutien de l'Eau, le projet PAEPARC cible une population rurale d'environ 80.000 personnes dont près de la moitié en milieu rural ainsi que 32.400 têtes de bétail. Le projet prévoit la création de 450 latrines familiales et 15 autres pour usage collectif destinées à des institutions publiques. Afin de donner un meilleur impact à ce projet, il est prévu aussi la création de 28 comités de gestion qui vont bénéficier de formation, ajoute la source.\n\nL’élevage occupe une bonne place dans l’activité de la population rurale de Djibouti. Le secteur constitue un important facteur de développement pour l’économie nationale vue la demande croissante en viandes et lait du pays. Les éleveurs nationaux pratiquent un élevage extensif sur près de deux millions d’hectares du Nord au Sud du pays et au delà des frontières.","KHAIREH Siad, cadre au ministère de l'agriculture, 6 août 2014\n\nMOUSTAPHA Ismael, employé au sein de la direction de l'eau du ministère de l'agriculture, 6 août 2014\n\nMOUHOUMED Said, habitant du village de bankoualé (Nord du pays), 6 août 2014\n\nAfriqueinfos, 17 décembre 2013, «Djibouti lance un projet sur l'approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural.» http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2013/12/17/djibouti-lance-projet-lapprovisionnement-milieu-rural-240259.asp\n\nChambre de commerce de Djibouti. «DJIBOUTI plus 38 000 têtes de bétails acheminées chaque jour vers la Mecque.» http://www.ccd.dj/news/djibouti-plus-38-000-tetes-de-betails-acheminees-chaque-jour-vers-la-mecque-61.html","Les intérêts des populations rurales ne sont pas forcément représentées dans la formulation des politiques gouvernementales de bien-être / protection social(e) mais l'Etat s’intéresse de plus en plus au milieu rural suite à la sécheresse à laquelle la corne de l'Afrique fait face. ..."]
["2014_ER_98",2014,"ER","Eritrea",98,50,"As the news indicated, local governments called citizens for meetings (usually in rural and semi-rural areas) during the study period to develop community-based policy formulations to sustain  nonfixed safety nets for families of war victims, disabled people and the disadvantaged part of the society. However, the mechanism is not sustainable; village administrators want to introduce certain safety nets or social welfare activities, but the distribution of funds is irregular. \n\nStill, there are functioning mechanisms through the local authorities, usually in town hall meetings, but they are sporadic and, at times, limited to selected citizens.","Ministry of Information, \"Supports to disabled nationals should entail strategies seeking improvement of production capacity, say Forto-Sawa inhabitants,\" Dec. 9,  2013 \nhttp://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/15568-supports-to-disabled-nationals-should-entail-strategies-seeking-improvement-of-production-capacity-say-forto-sawa-inhabitants \n\nMinistry of Information, \"Inhabitants of Mai-Shigeli Administrative area extend labor support to families of martyrs,\"  July 17, 2014 \nhttp://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/17513-inhabitants-of-mai-shigeli-administrative-area-extend-labor-support-to-families-of-martyrs-\n\nMinistry of Information, \"Inhabitants of Hagaz sub-zone express readiness to sustain support to families of fallen heroes,\"  July 17, 2014  \nhttp://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/17512-inhabitants-of-hagaz-sub-zone-express-readiness-to-sustain-support-to-families-of-fallen-heroes \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 5, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 5, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","As the news indicated, local governments called citizens for meetings (usually in rural and semi-rural areas) during the study period to develop community-based policy formulations to sustain  nonfixed safety nets for families of war victims, disabled people and the disadvantaged p..."]
["2014_GN_98",2014,"GN","Guinea",98,0,"La Guinée a opté pour une politique de décentralisation. L'article 136 de la Constitution de 2010 dans son alinéa 2 dispose que « les collectivités locales s'administrent librement par des conseils élus, sous le contrôle d'un délégué de l'Etat qui a la charge des intérêts nationaux et du respect des lois. » Le gouvernement guinéen fait des effort pour améliorer les conditions de vie des communautés villageoises, mais en ce qui concerne la consultation publique de ces communautés en vue de contribuer aux politiques de développement, il n' y a presque pas d'action.\n\nLes départements élaborent des politiques de développement sans consulter les communautés villageoises. Les intérêts des populations locales ne sont pas pris en compte dans la formulation des politiques gouvernementales de bien-être/protection. Il y a par exemple le Programme d'Appui aux Communautés Villageoises (PACV) qui contribue activement au développement et au bien-être des paysans, mais ces paysans doivent seulement accepter et recevoir ce qui leur est proposé. Ils ne contribuent pas, ou presque pas à son élaboration. Il arrive que ces programmes ne correspondent pas exactement aux besoins actuels de ces communautés.\nC'est aussi l'exemple dans la communauté de Saoro dans la préfecture de Yomou en Guinée forestière où les intérêts de la communauté ont été sacrifiés au profit d'une société d'Etat qui poursuit des objectifs à but lucratif. Cette société a spolié les populations locales de leurs terres pour y ériger des plantations à des fins industrielles et commerciales.","SONA KOUNDOUNO Michèle, professeur d' université, directrice du centre femme et paix 13h, 11 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n \nFASSOU Elisée Kolié, coordinateur de Y-DAY-Guinée, membre de la Coalition Nationale des ONG de la Société Civile, membre de la société civile, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nDIALLO Taran, représentant de Transparency Internationale en Guinée, 12h, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n \nKOUROUMA Athanas, chef du village de Kpay, sous-prefecture de Samoe, prefecture de N'zérékoré, 12h, 12 juillet 2014, Conakry.","La Guinée a opté pour une politique de décentralisation. L'article 136 de la Constitution de 2010 dans son alinéa 2 dispose que « les collectivités locales s'administrent librement par des conseils élus, sous le contrôle d'un délégué de l'Etat qui a la charge des intérêts nationaux..."]
["2014_LY_98",2014,"LY","Libya",98,0,"The goverment's interest in rural areas is weak, and the government rarely invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their communities. There are no mechanisms for the rural population to contribute in social welfare and other policies. In an article on Aljazeerah.net, the government is being criticised for neglecting the eastern areas of the country and for not providing the population with social or welfare programs in 2013-2014.","Interview with Fawzi Ommar, member of the Libyan Transparency Association and an economics expert, Oct. 30, 2014.\n\nAljazeerah net, Hisham Alsholi, \"Libya in years 2013 and early 2014,\" Feb. 4, 2014. http://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/opinions/2014/2/4/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-2013-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B9-2014\n\nInterview with Hasan Almohtaseb, an employee in the Libyan Audit Bureau, Nov. 1, 2014.","The goverment's interest in rural areas is weak, and the government rarely invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their communities. There are no mechanisms for the rural population to contribute in social welfare and other policies. In an..."]
["2014_MU_98",2014,"MU","Mauritius",98,100,"In rural areas, citizens generally provide input through the village council, which reports issues and input to the district council. Govadarajah Ramanjooloo, the supervising officer of the Moka District Council, said the main purposes of local authorities are the delivery of services and amenities to the population.  \n\nIts core activities are the provision of waste collection service, street lighting, construction and maintenance of roads, drains and public spaces, provision and maintenance  of bus shelters and traffic centres, organization  of sports, welfare  and civic /cultural activities, issue of building  and land use permits, and the issuance of trade fee licences for business activities.\n\nLindley Couronne, director of the NGO Dis Moi Maurice, said the interests of rural populations are safeguarded in all ways by the government. Raj Gowreea, an advisor at the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity & Reform Institutions, noted that Mauritius, being a small island state, has policies regarding social welfare and safety net policies that are uniform in all regions.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\nAgree and I wish to add that In Mauritius, the local government is divided into urban and rural authorities In rural areas, there prevails a two-tier system with seven district councils and 130 village councils. Village councils hold monthly meetings to deal with common problems. These are open to the public, which ensures public participation in decision-making in rural communities (Commonwealth Local Government Forum, 2013).","1.\tRaj Gowreea, Advisor, Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity & Reform institutions, 09 Sept 2014, mail\n2.\tGovadarajah Ramanjooloo, Supervising Officer, Moka District Council, 08 sept 2014, mail\n3.\tLindley Couronne, Director, Dis-Moi Maurice NGO, 01 Sept 2014, mail\n\nReviewer source:\nCommonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF), 2013: “The local government system in Mauritius.” Téléchargeable à l'adresse http://www.clgf.org.uk/userfiles/1/file/Mauritius_Local_Government_Profile_2013_CLGF.pdf","In rural areas, citizens generally provide input through the village council, which reports issues and input to the district council. Govadarajah Ramanjooloo, the supervising officer of the Moka District Council, said the main purposes of local authorities are the delivery of servi..."]
["2014_NG_98",2014,"NG","Nigeria",98,25,"The rural population does not regularly provide input to government officials. The government does occasionally invite rural residents to provide input for policy formulation for their communities. Such consultations often are held when there is a plan to execute new projects such as the building of roads, a market, schools, provision of electricity, etc., in those communities. \n\nIn such cases, representatives of the affected communities may be invited for meetings, or they may be visited by government officials for briefings about the proposed project.\n\nHowever, this is not done as a matter of policy.  First, the level of government-citizen consultation is low, regardless of whether the population involved is rural or urban. Secondly, while there is a partially dedicated office for rural communities, namely, the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development, the rural population is generally not regarded as different from the urban population. This much showed during the recently concluded 2014 National Conference, which had 492 delegates drawn from all segments of the Nigerian society, but not one representing the rural population.","Interview with Joe Ibong, president, Inim Uyo Association, based in Akwa Ibom, 28 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Tom Victor, chairman of Omoku City Council of Chiefs and Traditional Rulers, Rivers State, 27 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Shagari Sumbo, secretary general Original Inhabitants Development Association of Abuja, 10 Sept. 2014.","The rural population does not regularly provide input to government officials. The government does occasionally invite rural residents to provide input for policy formulation for their communities. Such consultations often are held when there is a plan to execute new projects such ..."]
["2014_SN_98",2014,"SN","Senegal",98,25,"Les populations rurales ou les agriculteurs ou pêcheurs peuvent être consultés dans le cadre d'un programme ou dans le cadre d'une consultation publique bien que cela ne répond à aucune fréquence.\n\nCependant, il faut ajouter que la participation des citoyens en milieu rural à contribuer à l'élaboration des politiques de la ville / communauté est indirecte, cela se fait  par l’intermédiaire des députés à l'assemblée nationale. \nCette année, particulièrement depuis la nomination d’un nouveau Premier Ministre, au mois de juillet 2014, les élus du peuple ont procedé de cette manière pour l'élaboration de la politique générale du gouvernement.\n\nToutefois, vu le mode d'élection des députés, la représentation des intérets des populations est indirecte.","DEMBA DIOP Ernest , enseignant, conseiller municipal à la commune de Ndiaganiao, 23, juillet 2014.\n\nYOUM Oumar, ministre de la décentralisation et des collectivités locales, 25 juillet 2014.\n\nNDIAYE  Sira, député à l'Alliance Pour la République (APR) à l'Assemblée nationale, 24 juillet 2014.","Les populations rurales ou les agriculteurs ou pêcheurs peuvent être consultés dans le cadre d'un programme ou dans le cadre d'une consultation publique bien que cela ne répond à aucune fréquence...."]
["2014_SZ_98",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",98,0,"Swaziland does have local government structure divided into rural and urban councils, where local residents can participate through the ward, but the structures of participation are not active and not used for such purposes. Moreover, the rural councils have no authority to hire staff and no revenue or budget-setting powers. Citizens are largely considered subjects, and not participatory citizens. \n\nWhile rural populations do have meetings weekly at their chief's kraals, where local matters are discussed, there is no evidence that input from the community is considered by government in terms of policy formulation. Nor are there meetings between communities and their elected MPs to discuss government policies. \n\nIn July 2014, there was a dire situation when bovine medicines needed to protect cattle at dip tanks, and which are provided by government, ran out. The government responded by shrugging off the shortage, which is an illustration of the gap between the needs of the rural population and its ability to influence government programs and responses to their needs. There are no social welfare or safety net policies in place specific to rural populations.","Interview: Sipho Mahlalela, rural businessman  (seeds and farming implements), Manzini region, 21 June 2014.\n\nInterview: Nkhululeko Dlamini, farmer in rural Manzini Region, 19 June 2014.\n\n“Govt Runs Out of Dipping Chemicals,” Kwanele Dhladhla, Times of Swaziland 11 July 2014. http://www.times.co.sz/business/98042-govt-runs-out-of-dipping-chemicals.html\n\n\"Local Government System in Swaziland\", accessed on 11.10.2014 from http://www.localfinland.fi/en/search/pages//results.aspx?k=Swaziland","Swaziland does have local government structure divided into rural and urban councils, where local residents can participate through the ward, but the structures of participation are not active and not used for such purposes. Moreover, the rural councils have no authority to hire st..."]
["2014_TZ_98",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",98,50,"The government sometimes involves rural population in formulating development policies. During the period of study, the government has engaged local population in what is known as the Opportunities and Obstacles for Development. This approach addresses problems facing communities. Under this approach, authority and village population meet quarterly during the budget cycle to deliberate on local development priorities. Proceedings from such meetings are used to inform village, ward, and council level annual budgets. There have been notable successes as well as challenges to the use and utility of such approaches. \n\nHowever, in some other situations where local population are not consulted for critical decisions concerning their community, local population go on strike. For example, the people of the Mtwara region went on strike when the government discovered gas and invited investors. But residents were not included in the process. Instead of the government talking with the people, it decided to use soldiers to protect the investors. It is normal in the Mtwara area to see tanks patrolling in the city just to scare the public from organizing strikes.","1. Daniel Onyati, Businessman, JAB Organization, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania, October 7, 2014.\n\n2. Policy Forum Breakfast Debate on Working with Government to Enhance Accountability: The Business case for ethical conduct, September 30, 2014, http://www.policyforum-tz.org/policy-forum-breakfast-debate-working-government-enhance-accountabilitythe-business-case-ethical\n\n3. Securing Land Rights and Tenure Security amid Increasing Pressure from Large Scale Agricultural Investment in Tanzania, October 2014, http://www.tnrf.org/en#sthash.efBdEaNQ.dpuf www.tnrf.org/ CURRENT POLICY MAKING PROCESSES IN TANZANIA.\n\n\nReviewers' Source:\n2013 Evaluation report, United Rep. of Tanzania: Assessment of Planning, Budgeting, Monitoring and Reporting (PBMR) process and tools in LGAs) http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/index_73030.html","The government sometimes involves rural population in formulating development policies. During the period of study, the government has engaged local population in what is known as the Opportunities and Obstacles for Development. This approach addresses problems facing communities. ..."]
["2014_ZW_98",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",98,25,"At times, the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their communities, but these invitations are ad hoc. Communities are usually invited through local leaders (chiefs, headman or councilors), and they contribute their input at meetings. \n\nThe Information and Media Panel of Inquiry (IMPI), for example, started a nationwide tour to assess the state of the information and the media industry in the country. The outreach programmes involve public meetings, interviews and general discussions with media and information stakeholders as well as members of the public, on various issues concerning the media. A key output from the outreach will be a report that will inform development of a policy to promote and elevate the standards of media practice in Zimbabwe.","Interview with Jack Jackson, Monitoring & Evaluation specialist, Welthungerhilfe, 14 July 2014, Harare.  \n\nInterview with Tafara Chiremba, projects officer, Poverty Reduction Forum Trust, 14 July 2014, Harare.  \n\nInterview with A. Tawanda, secretary-general, Zimbabwe Cross Border Traders Association (ZCBTA), 15 July 2014, Harare.\n\nNewsDay, \"Media panel on nationwide tour,\" April 15, 2014.  \nhttps://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/04/15/media-panel-nationwide-tour/ ","At times, the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their communities, but these invitations are ad hoc. Communities are usually invited through local leaders (chiefs, headman or councilors), and they contribute their ..."]
["2014_BW_99",2014,"BW","Botswana",99,100,"Rural populations are free to organise into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action. There are no government obstacles preventing rural populations from setting up social or collective groups. However, populations in rural areas have limited knowledge of such opportunities available to them.","Interview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of the Botswana parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nSunday Standard, John Regonamanye, \"Opposition MP’s say BDP has failed the rural population,\" 22 July 2014.\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=20580&GroupID=1\n\nMinistry of Local Government website. \nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Local-Government-MLG1/About-MLG/Mandate/","Rural populations are free to organise into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action. There are no government obstacles preventing rural populations from setting up social or collective groups. However, populations in rural areas have limited knowledge of..."]
["2014_TD_99",2014,"TD","Chad",99,75,"Les citoyens tchadiens en général, quelque soit la situation géographique dans le pays, sont libres de s’organiser en association ou en syndicat pour des causes qu’ils estiment favorable à leurs existences et qui ont un intérêt public. \n\nAbba Daoud NANDJÉDÉ, président de l’Alliance des Associationss des Droits Humains au Tchad explique que «dans les milieux ruraux, les procédures d’obtention d’une autorisation de fonctionnement d’une association auprès des autorités publiques est moins compliquée que dans les milieux urbains compte tenu de la décentralisation des administrations publiques.»\n\nPour sa part, Mahamat DIGADIMBAYE, coordinateur des associations de la société civile et de défense des Droits de l’Homme estime que «les autorités publiques en charge de l’administration du territoire sont tenues de délivrer des autorisations de fonctionnement aux toutes personnes de nationalité tchadienne, de bonne moralité et que les objectifs de la création de l’association sont d’ordre d’intérêt public. C’est garanti par les lois fondamentales de la Constitution de la République du Tchad.» \n\nIl faut aussi rappeler que l'obstacle majeur pour la mise en place d'une association dans le milieu rural est la distance à parcourir pour l'obtention de l'autorisation de fonctionnement sans compter les multiples rendez-vous pour les enquêtes de la moralité auprès de la police. Mahamat SALEH, maire de la commune du 5e arrondissement de N'Djamena résume : « l'obstacle majeure dans les milieux ruraux reste les distances à parcourir pour l'obtention des autorisations de fonctionnement pour les associations.»","DIGADIMBAYE Mahamat, coordinateur des associations de la société civile et de défense des Droits de l’Homme, entretien par téléphone, 14 juillet 2014\n\nNANDJÉDÉ Abba Daoud, président de l’Alliance des Associations des Droits Humains au Tchad, entretien à la Maison des médias du Tchad, 12 juillet 2014 . \n\nSALEH Mahamat, maire de la commune du 5e arrondissement de N'Djamena, 10 octobre 2014 ","Les citoyens tchadiens en général, quelque soit la situation géographique dans le pays, sont libres de s’organiser en association ou en syndicat pour des causes qu’ils estiment favorable à leurs existences et qui ont un intérêt public. ..."]
["2014_DJ_99",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",99,75,"L'Etat a promulgué le 7 juillet 2013 la Loi n°16/AN/13/7ème L fixant le statut général des coopératives en République de Djibouti. Son article premier dispose: «une coopérative est une personne morale regroupant de personnes physiques qui ont des besoins économiques, sociaux ou culturels communs et qui, en vue de le satisfaire, s'associent pour exploiter une activité conformément aux règles d'action des coopératives.» Il y a une volonté de l'Etat d'encourager l'organisation en milieu rural des groupes autonomes afin notamment d'exploiter les potentiels économiques.\n\nEn principe, aucun obstacle n'empêche les populations rurales à s'organiser en groupes autonomes, en associations ou en d'autres formes d'action collective. Cependant, les populations privilégient l'option association afin de bénéficier de l'aide de l'Etat surtout en période de sécheresse et de catastrophes naturelles.\nPar ailleurs la loi de décembre 2007 portant organisation de l'administration du ministère de l'agriculture, de l'élevage et de la mer, chargé des ressources hydrauliques a créé une subdivision relatif au milieu rural.\nLa subdivision service de développement rural et sécurité alimentaire de chaque sous-direction régionale, pour les régions n'ayant pas une façade maritime, est composée de deux sections :\n- une section agriculture traitant toutes les questions relatives de l'agriculture ;\n- une section élevage traitant toutes les questions relatives à l'élevage.","KHAIREH Siad, cadre au ministère de l'agriculture, 6 août 2014\n\nMOUSTAPHA Ismael, employé au sein de la direction de l'eau du ministère de l'agriculture, 6 août 2014\n\nMOUHOUMED Said, habitant du village de bankoualé (Nord du pays), 6 août 2014","L'Etat a promulgué le 7 juillet 2013 la Loi n°16/AN/13/7ème L fixant le statut général des coopératives en République de Djibouti. Son article premier dispose: «une coopérative est une personne morale regroupant de personnes physiques qui ont des besoins économiques, sociaux ou cul..."]
["2014_ET_99",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",99,25,"As a policy direction, the government has been encouraging the formation of cooperative societies. These cooperatives work collectively to reach a common goal. They bargain collectively for their produce and receive and sell consumer products. These societies are seen by the government as viable community organizational tools. Another community formation for social security and welfare that is encouraged are the \"edirs,\" which are community organizations that help in times of death, etc. \n\nHowever, freedom of association is not fully respected when it comes to the formation of political associations. In general, the government has a visible hand in economic and social organisations, but the freedom of association and organisation is highly limited. The government usually pushes people to organise when the formations are created by and under the control of the government. Intimidation by local administrators, by means of denied or delayed public services, may be employed to discourage rural people from organising freely.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Federal Cooperative Agency, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, officer at civil society organisation working on transparency, 30 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","As a policy direction, the government has been encouraging the formation of cooperative societies. These cooperatives work collectively to reach a common goal. They bargain collectively for their produce and receive and sell consumer products. These societies are seen by the govern..."]
["2014_KE_99",2014,"KE","Kenya",99,100,"There is no hindrance to free association among Kenyans living in rural areas. Like the rest of the country, those living in rural areas are at liberty to associate among themselves in line with the spirit of Article 36 of  the Kenyan Constitution.\n\nArticle 36 of the Constitution says: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of association, which includes the right to form, join or participate in the activities of an association of any kind. (2) A person shall not be compelled to join an association of any kind. (3) Any legislation that requires registration of an association of any kind shall provide that— (a) registration may not be withheld or withdrawn unreasonably; and (b) there shall be a right to have a fair hearing before a registration is cancelled.","1. Kennedy Masime, executive director Centre for Governance and Development(CGD). Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n2. Michael Otieno, programme coordination, National Taxpayers Association(NTA). Interviewed on July 8, 2014.\n\n3. John Olum, assistant chief Kojwang sub-location,Seme Constituency, Kisumu District.  Interviewed on July 10, 2014.\n\n4. The Constitution of Kenya 2010. The law was promulgated in August 2010. https://www.kenyaembassy.com/pdfs/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya.pdf","There is no hindrance to free association among Kenyans living in rural areas. Like the rest of the country, those living in rural areas are at liberty to associate among themselves in line with the spirit of Article 36 of  the Kenyan Constitution...."]
["2014_MW_99",2014,"MW","Malawi",99,100,"Like other citizens, rural populations are generally free to organize into independent groups and associations and other forms of collective action. Civil society organizations have played a critical role in ensuring that the fundamental right of freedom of association is freely exercised. The National Smallholder Farmers Association is among the organizations created by rural populations to fight for their rights. There are no known incidents of rural populations being prevented from organising themselves into autonomous groups or associations during the research period.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nI agree with the researcher's score and comments and would like to add that the Constitution of Malawi guarantees freedom of association and assembly. CBOs, which are the most popular autonomous organizations in Malawi's rural areas are registered through the Ministry of Gender, Women and Child Development through Social welfare department. The registration process is simple and does not take much time. Stakeholders in rural areas can thus freely organize though the constitution requires at least 48 hours of notification to the police for an assembly in advance. The law also prohibits the operations of any unregistered group or organization. In 2014, the government announced that it will review the NGO Act to make NGOs more accountable and trasparent, but NGOs have interpreted this to mean more control and surveillance by intelligence agencies of the government.","1. Joseph Mononga, Chief Executive Officer, Malawi Rural Development Fund, 14 August, 2014, Lilongwe,\n\n2. Tamani Nkhono-Mvula, National Director, Civil Society Agricultural Network (CICANET), 13 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, Lilongwe, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n \n4. Emma Kaliya, Executive Director, Gender Network, Lilongwe, 6 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n5. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\nReviewer's source:\n NGO Law Monitor-Malawi, accessed on 15/11/2014 at www.icnl.org/research/monitor/malawi.html","Like other citizens, rural populations are generally free to organize into independent groups and associations and other forms of collective action. Civil society organizations have played a critical role in ensuring that the fundamental right of freedom of association is freely ex..."]
["2014_NA_99",2014,"NA","Namibia",99,100,"The rural populations have freedom to organise themselves into any association they want as is enshrined in the constitution. There have been no reports of anyone in rural communities  being hindered by anyone or law to organise into groups for whatever purpose. In the period of study, Namibia is one of the  African countries with free civil liberties  and political rights.  Although those who live in rural areas are free to form organisations or meet as they wish,  a majority of the rural populace do not have the capacity to organise themselves due to lack of financial resources.","1.Telephone interview with Member of Parliament and Former Prime-Minister of Namibia, Nahas Angula on 17/07/2014\n2.Telephone interview with Member of Parliament and leader of the All People's Party, Ignatius Shixwameni on 18/07/2014\n3.Face to face interview with Confidente newspaper, journalist, Marianne Nghidengwa, on 14/08/2014\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n(1) Registration of CBOs and NGOs in Namibia, found at http://www.lac.org.na/projects/grap/Pdf/non-profit.pdf, accessed on 27/11/2014. \n\n(2) Freedom House Report 2013 found at https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/namibia#.VHkMsPldWSo, accessed on 27/11/2014.","The rural populations have freedom to organise themselves into any association they want as is enshrined in the constitution. There have been no reports of anyone in rural communities  being hindered by anyone or law to organise into groups for whatever purpose. In the period of st..."]
["2014_ST_99",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",99,100,"There are no obstacles to rural populations organising freely, such as in associations, cooperatives, etc.","Interview with Cosme Cabeça, president, National Farmers Federation, Feb. 3, 2015. \n\nEmail interview with Carminda Viegas, director, Participatory Smallholder Agriculture and Artisanal Fisheries Development Programme (PAPAFPA), Feb. 9, 2015.\n\nEmail interview with André Aragão, president, Bar Association of Sao Tome and Principe, Feb. 4, 2015.  \n\nInterview with Eduardo Elba, secretary general, Federation of Nongovernmental Organizations in Sao Tome and Principe (FONG-STP), Feb. 10, 2015. \n\nTéla Nón, Abel Veiga, \"Organic cocoa Sao Tome conquer another investor,\" May 21, 2014. \nhttp://www.telanon.info/economia/2014/05/21/16504/cacau-biologico-de-sao-tome-conquista-mais-um-investidor/","There are no obstacles to rural populations organising freely, such as in associations, cooperatives, etc."]
["2014_ZA_99",2014,"ZA","South Africa",99,100,"Daygan Eagar, Programme Manager: Rural-Proofing of the Rural Health Advocacy Project says that rural populations can organise themselves without political interference but that they face obstacles. These are among other things inadequate infrastructure, poor connectivity to the internet, lack of resources as a result of poverty and not having access to legislative documents. This is related to inefficient and ineffective rural development strategies. This is due to the fact that rural development is not a real priority. \"Government talks about rural needs, but if you look at the policy that is drawn up, it doesn't make much of a difference,\" he says. \"Getting access to resources is very difficult and is probably the biggest obstacle. The same counts for setting up an NGOs in rural areas. It is difficult.\"\n\nStatistics confirm the levels of under-development in South Africa's rural areas, including high levels of poverty, lack of social services such as healthcare, education and basic (information) infrastructure:\n\n* Poverty: A 2014 report by Statistics South Africa (STATSSA), the last report on poverty that has been published by the statistics bureau, shows that more than two-thirds (68,8%) of rural dwellers live in poverty, as compared to less than a third (30,9%) of residents in urban areas. \n* Education: A report by the National Education Evaluation and Development Unit, published in October 2013, shows that 13% of South African grade five learners (10-11 year olds) from rural schools are illiterate.\n* Access to Information: The 2013 General Household Survey, which was presented in July 2014, shows that the internet penetration in rural provinces such as Eastern Cape, Limpopo and Mpumalanga is much lower than for instance the Western Cape and Gauteng. In for instance Limpopo and Northwest respectively  3% and 4.5% have internet at home compared to the Western Cape (21.1%) and Gauteng (15.7%). On average, only 9.2% of households in urban areas have internet at home. \n* Water infrastructure: Under-development of rural South Africa is reflected in the fact that 1.4 million South African households (5 million people), of whom the bulk lives in rural areas, do not have and never had sanitation. In addition, 3.5 million people do not have access to safe drinking water (statistics by the SA Human Rights Commission). \n* Other infrastructure: South Africa's rural road network however, is in shambles (see infrastructure indicator)\n\nDespite this, South Africa counts various rural community organisations. Some of them can be found on the website of Sangoco, an umbrella organisation of South African NGOs.","Daygan Eagar, Programme Manager: Rural-Proofing of the Rural Health Advocacy Project (Interview / phone / 1 July 2014 / phone)\n\nShocking rural school literacy levels, Lindiwe Mlandu, Eye Witness News, October 22 2013, http://ewn.co.za/2013/10/22/13-of-rural-Grade-5s-illiterate.\n\nThe latest statistics on South African Internet penetration (WebAfrica / Sarah Duff / 7 July 2014)\nhttp://blog.webafrica.co.za/general/latest-statistics-south-african-internet-penetration/","Daygan Eagar, Programme Manager: Rural-Proofing of the Rural Health Advocacy Project says that rural populations can organise themselves without political interference but that they face obstacles. These are among other things inadequate infrastructure, poor connectivity to the int..."]
["2014_TZ_99",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",99,50,"Generally the freedom of association and assembly - including forming or joining associations or organizating for purposes of preseving or furthering benefits and other interests in practice - are not usually fully achieved especially in rural areas. The process of registering NGOs is fast. To facilitate registration, local associations can register at the local and distrct branches. According to article 22 of the NGO Act No. 24/2002 as amended by Act No.11/2005, the Registrar shall, for the purpose of facilitating registration at the regional and district levels, appoint for each region or each district, a public officer from amongst public officers within the region or district, Appointment of public officers. A public officer appointed under subsection (1) shall on behalf of the Registrar: (a) register Non Governmental Organizations within the region or district for which he is appointed; and (b) issue certificates of registration or, as the case may be, certificates of compliance.\n\nOccasionally there are obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action. For someone to register it he/she must have at least five members.  The country also do not allow operation of unregistered organizations and civil society organizations are not exempted from taxation though some may qualify for examption under certain conditions. Moreover any assembly or meeting requires police approval or permit, which sometimes limits freedom of asembly for such organizations.","1. Jackie Msina, Administrative and program officer, TZAID, dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July 8, 2014.\n2. Tanzania, National NGO Coordination Website, http://www.tnnc.go.tz/\n3. Non Governmental Organisations Regulations 2004\n\n\nAct No 11 of 2005 An Act to Amend Certain Written Laws, http://tnnc.go.tz/onlinedocuments/Misc%20Amendments%20to%20NGOA%2011-2005.pdf\n\nTHE NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ACT, 2002\nARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS, http://tnnc.go.tz/onlinedocuments/NGO%20Act%202002.pdf","Generally the freedom of association and assembly - including forming or joining associations or organizating for purposes of preseving or furthering benefits and other interests in practice - are not usually fully achieved especially in rural areas. The process of registering NGOs..."]
["2014_DZ_100",2014,"DZ","Algeria",100,25,"En Algérie, il n’existe aucun département dédié à la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire. Selon un cadre exerçant dans le secteur de l’agriculture, c’est le ministère de l’agriculture et du développement rural qui développe toute action à même d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire du pays. \nDurant ces dernières années, le gouvernement a mis en œuvre un ambitieux programme de renouveau agricole et rural afin d’améliorer la sécurité alimentaire du pays mais il demeure loin de satisfaire les besoins alimentaires du pays.","Anonyme, Ingénieur en agronomie, Saida, 27/07/2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAPS, 28 avril 2014, «L'Algérie a une stratégie \"cohérente\" pour assurer sa sécurité alimentaire». http://www.aps.dz/algerie/5147\n\nREMOUCHE K., Liberté, 12 février 2014, «Sécurité alimentaire : l’Algérie en situation précaire». \nhttp://www.liberte-algerie.com/dossiers-economiques/securite-alimentaire-l-algerie-en-situation-precaire-dependance-accrue-des-importations-et-insuffisance-de-la-prod\n\nMinistere de l’agriculture, novembre 2010, «Présentation de la politique de renouveau agricole et rural en Algérie 2010-2014». \nhttp://www.minagri.dz/pdf/Presentat%20rar.pdf\n\n APS, 22 mars 2014, «La sécurité alimentaire, but fondamental de l’organisation nationale pour le développement de l’agriculture».\nhttp://www.aps.dz/economie/3303-la-s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9-alimentaire,-but-fondamental-de-l%E2%80%99organisation-nationale-pour-le-d%C3%A9veloppement-de-l%E2%80%99agriculture\n\nM.L, La Nouvelle République, 16 juillet 2014, «La sécurité alimentaire, une priorité pour l’Algérie». http://www.lnr-dz.com/index.php?page=details&id=28424\n\nMinistère de l'agriculture et du d´veloppement rural, 06 février 2014, «La sécurité alimentaire durable en méditerranée». http://www.minagri.dz/doc/dossier_de_presse_2014-02-06_fr.pdf","En Algérie, il n’existe aucun département dédié à la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire. Selon un cadre exerçant dans le secteur de l’agriculture, c’est le ministère de l’agriculture et du développement rural qui développe toute action à même d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire du p..."]
["2014_AO_100",2014,"AO","Angola",100,75,"Articles 6, 3, e and 14, 1 of the Organic Statute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development provided the Food Security Office (GSA) under the organizational structure of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.\n\nOn Aug. 5, 2014, the Angolan government signed in Luanda a working instrument of the African Union that aims, among other objectives, to develop family farms in an area that accounts for about 80 percent of national agricultural production. The document, called Detailed Program for the Development of Agriculture in Africa (CAADP), is an instrument of the New Partnership for Africa's Developm (NEPAD), an organ of the African Union. The CAADP aims to restructure African agriculture in order to encourage or facilitate the countries to achieve an annual growth of up to 6 percent.\n\nFrom 2010 on, a program called the Integrated Programme of Rural Development and Fight Against Poverty has been in effect. It is a central instrument of policy support for rural communities, supported by other subprograms, such as the Special Agricultural Credit Line, the Program for Promotion of  Rural Trade, and the Program for Extension and Rural Development. This program was approved by the Angolan government as a way to address concerns about rural poverty, as evidenced by the results of Inquiry into the Welfare of the Population (Inquérito sobre o Bem-Estar da População, IBEP). \n\nAccording to the governance programme presented by the political party that will lead the country until 2017, these programs will continue to be implemented until 2017. Also included are financial support for agriculture and aid to rural women. The Rural Extension, the New Village Project, the Agro-Industrial Complex of Capanda, the Program for Promotion of Rural Trade and Angola Invests are some other programs that have been implemented.","Email interview, Elias Isaac, Angola programme manager, OSISA, Luanda, Sept. 15, 2014\n\nADRA, Angola, Food and Nutritional Security in Optical Access and Consumption: A Case Study in 12 Municipalities of Angola, October 2012\nhttp://www.cplp.org/Files/Filer/cplp/canais/Segurança%20Alimentar%20Nutricional/Relatorio-de-Segurana-Alimentar-final-18-Fev-W.pdf \n\nFAO,  John N. Pinto, Right to Food and Nutrition Security in CPLP Countries - Diagnostic Base, 2013 \nhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3348p/i3348p.pdf \n\nNoticias ao Minuto, \"Angola signs pact for development of agriculture,\" (\"Angola assina pacto para o desenvolvimento da agricultura\"), Aug. 5, 2014\nhttp://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/259226/angola-assina-pacto-para-o-desenvolvimento-da-agricultura,  \n\nNational Development Plan 2013-2017 91, available at Ministry of Finance website, accessed Aug. 25, 2014 \nhttp://www.minfin.gv.ao/fsys/PND.pdf\n\nExecutive develops strategies to support rural women, available at government website, accessed Aug. 7, 2014  \nhttp://www.governo.gov.ao/VerNoticia.aspx?id=23594 ","Articles 6, 3, e and 14, 1 of the Organic Statute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development provided the Food Security Office (GSA) under the organizational structure of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development...."]
["2014_CV_100",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",100,50,"The Ministry of Rural Development is dedicated to ensuring food security. The country has 12% of families at risk of hunger and 7.6% at risk of running out of food. Children in rural areas are the most affected by malnutrition. The Food Bank Against Hunger, which was started in 2013, has supported rural people through training and financial loans.\n\nHowever, there are some reservations about the promotion of agri-business as a measure of agricultural development and welfare of populations. In the last year, there was no implementation of any other programs other than the food bank or a large programme of dam construction, distribution of seeds and modern irrigation. Such programs had been implemented in previous years.","Electronic Journal, PC, 16 October 2013, \"Cabo Verde promove alimentação adequada e segura para a população - ministra\", https://www.inforpress.publ.cv/sociedade-mlt/87809-cabo-verde-promove-alimentacao-adequada-e-segura-para-a-populacao-ministra\n\nInterview with Maria de Lourdes Silva Gonçalves, University teacher, Cabo Verde University, 21 August 2014, Assomada\n\nInterview with Samori Cassamá, Activist, Eco-Raggae, 21 August 2014, Assomada.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n\"PANTS \"swallows\" the ANSA and approves new statutes\"; June 5, 2013; http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article88654, Interview Djamila Reis, President of ARFA.","The Ministry of Rural Development is dedicated to ensuring food security. The country has 12% of families at risk of hunger and 7.6% at risk of running out of food. Children in rural areas are the most affected by malnutrition. The Food Bank Against Hunger, which was started in 201..."]
["2014_KM_100",2014,"KM","Comoros",100,0,"il n’existe aucun département chargé de la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire de la population.  Ce sont les projets de développement initiés par les organismes internationaux et autres ONG qui agissent en lieu et place du gouvernement, ou au mieux en collaboration avec le gouvernement. On peut citer le projet d’Appui aux Initiatives Communautaires de Base (AIEB), les banques communautaires, le Programme de Développement Local aux Comores (PDLC), le Projet de Promotion de la Sécurité Alimentaire (PESAM). \n\nDepuis 2013 les Comores disposent d’une politique nationale de nutrition et d’alimentation dont la mise en œuvre sera assurée par un plan multisectoriel (2015-2019).  \nCe programme 2015-2019 vise à fournir un soutien financier et technique à l’agriculture durable, et aux petits agriculteurs. Il s’agit d’un projet de développement de l’agriculture afin qu’elle contribue à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, crée des emplois, distribue des revenus aux agriculteurs, procure des recettes d’exportation à l’Etat et préserve les milieux naturels et cultivés garants de sa durabilité et du développement des autres secteurs (tourisme, ressources en eau) ;\n\nUn autre projet pour 2015 consiste aussi en la construction du nouveau centre de formation et de perfectionnement agricole de Mohéli, qui va créer en amont, les conditions d’accroissement de la production agricole en milieu rural en assurant la formation des femmes et des jeunes et leur accompagnement par des micro-crédits. La mise en place, en aval, d’une nouvelle société d’agriculture (Anjouan) va créer les conditions favorables à la commercialisation et l’écoulement des produits agricoles et procurer des revenus aux producteurs ruraux. \n\nEn résumé, le gouvernement escompte pour 2015-2019 une croissance de la production agricole de l’ordre de 6% par an et des revenus des ruraux ; ce qui va contribuer à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle du pays, réduire les importations de céréales et accroître les recettes d’exportation. En effet, le déficit commercial devrait passer de 33,6% du PIB en 2015 à 26,1% en 2019, soit une réduction de 7,7 points.","HAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nUNICEF, «Projet de descriptif de programme de pays, Comores, conseil d’administration de l’UNICEF», 3-6 juin 2014, , p.3. http://origin-www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/2014-PL5-Comoros_CPD-3Apr14-FR.pdf\n\nStratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable, « Plan d’action prioritaire 2015-2019», Union des Comores, version provisoire du 31 mai 2014, p.8","il n’existe aucun département chargé de la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire de la population.  Ce sont les projets de développement initiés par les organismes internationaux et autres ONG qui agissent en lieu et place du gouvernement, ou au mieux en collaboration avec le gouvern..."]
["2014_GQ_100",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",100,50,"The Ministry of Social Affairs and Women continues to implement the Promotion of Self-Employment for Rural Women (PRAMUR) project that supports women in farming. Despite all government efforts, no data is available on food security in the country. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is responsible for the implementation of the food security programs, but it also has other mandates. There is no other agency specifically dedicated to ensure food security.\n\nDuring the period of review, the government increased its efforts to improve food security. The government provided $30 million for a multidonor trust fund, called the Africa Solidarity Trust Fund, managed by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization to boost food security across Africa. The project will include support to enhance urban food security by increasing locally produced food. According to the sources interviewed for this study, it is expected that the project will support small farmers and sustainable agriculture in Equatorial Guinea.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society, Equatorial Guinea, July 16, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews article: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, \"Four new Africa Solidarity Trust Fund projects will benefit 24 countries,\" June 25, 2014.\nhttp://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/237145/icode/  \n\nNews article: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, \"West Africa has the potential to strengthen its agriculture sector\" (\"África occidental tiene potencial para fortalecer su sector agrícola\"), Dec. 18, 2013.\nhttp://www.fao.org/news/story/es/item/202086/icode/ \n\nNews article: United Nations, \"UN resolved to help Equatorial Guinea build better future, Ban says in Malabo,\" June 25, 2014.\nhttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48135#.U7yN1FaPods \n\nPublication: Equatorial Guinea, Intervention Esprenza Gertrudies Davies Eiso, 8th Session Commission of the Status of Women, March 13, 2014.\nhttp://papersmart.unmeetings.org/media2/2357220/equatorial-guinea-e-.pdf","The Ministry of Social Affairs and Women continues to implement the Promotion of Self-Employment for Rural Women (PRAMUR) project that supports women in farming. Despite all government efforts, no data is available on food security in the country. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fo..."]
["2014_GH_100",2014,"GH","Ghana",100,50,"The National Food Buffer Stock Company (NAFCO), set up by the Ministry of Food & Agriculture, undertakes activities to ensure food security in the country. Its scope includes stabilizing prices of foodstuffs, guaranteeing ready market for farmers and managing post-harvest losses. It achieves these objectives through buying and storing surplus farm produce during bumper harvest and releasing the foodstuffs when there is shortage in the markets or country.\n\nHowever, NAFCO does not have adequate warehouses across the country coupled with funding difficulties which affect its operations, thereby rendering it unable to buy foodstuffs of most farmers. NAFCO does not have a website.\n\nMeanwhile, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture has been implementing a number of policies including the Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP) and the Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) to ensure food security. Interventions of the Ministry also include (website)\n\"-The introduction of block farms program which has made it possible for mechanisation and extension services to be spread out to cover a large acreage and a large number of farmers.\n-Increased subsidization of fertilizers and improved seeds.\n- The injection of more tractors and other farm machinery and equipment at subsidized prices for increased mechanisation\"","1. Mr Mohammed Adam Nashiru, National President, Peasant Farmers Association of Ghana, Telephone interview, July 23, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Dr Sagre Bambangi, Member of Parliament for Walewale Constituency, Vice Chairman of the Committee on Members Holding Offices of Profit and Member of the Committee on Food, Agriculture and Cocoa Affairs of Parliament of Ghana, Telephone interview, August 7, 2014, Walewale.\n\n3. News story: Title: Peasant farmers demand resourcing, Author: GNA, Name of publication: www.ghananewsagency.org, Date: December 20, 2013, Link: http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/peasant-farmers-demand-resourcing-68804\n\n4. Ministry of Food & Agriculture Website: http://mofa.gov.gh/site/?page_id=705","The National Food Buffer Stock Company (NAFCO), set up by the Ministry of Food & Agriculture, undertakes activities to ensure food security in the country. Its scope includes stabilizing prices of foodstuffs, guaranteeing ready market for farmers and managing post-harvest losses. I..."]
["2014_LR_100",2014,"LR","Liberia",100,75,"The Ministry of Agriculture was established and mandated to ensure the production of food. The ministry's sole mandate is to promote food production in the country. To further this goal, the ministry has several intervention methods at its disposal, all aimed at increasing food through agricultural activities. There are several interventions that the ministry is presently involved with in all 15 counties of Liberia. Some of these interventions include providing funding for agricultural community-based organizations in various counties. \n \nIn the last year, the ministry implemented programs to provide financial and technical support towards the following: a) sustainable agriculture b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming. Many farmers and agro-base groups, however, have criticized the Ministry of Agriculture for low funding for agriculture programs in the country. International organizations working in the country have also pointed out that the ministry's strategy is ineffective and often undermined by corruption and ineptitude.","Interview: Laveto Flomoh, Program Director, USAID-funded Agri Program, Monrovia, 18/08/2014\n\nInterview: Lehnkpekeh Yeaney, Country Coordinator, Ministry of Agriculture, Ganta City, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Rev. James Bimba, Director, Community of Hope Agri Project, Paynesville City, 19/08/2014","The Ministry of Agriculture was established and mandated to ensure the production of food. The ministry's sole mandate is to promote food production in the country. To further this goal, the ministry has several intervention methods at its disposal, all aimed at increasing food thr..."]
["2014_MR_100",2014,"MR","Mauritania",100,50,"Le Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire (CSA) a été mis en place à la fin des années 80 afin de répondre aux besoins alimentaires du pays à la suite la sécheresse qui a affecté la Mauritanie. Sa création répondait au souci de gérer la crise alimentaire voire l'insécurité alimentaire qui prévalait en Mauritanie. Grâce à l'aide internationale, le CSA à ses débuts a distribué des vivres aux personnes nécessiteuses. Il accompagnait son action par l'achat du riz, du mil auprès des paysans mauritaniens. Ce mécanisme était essentiel à la lutte contre la pauvreté et au maintien du pouvoir d'achat des paysans. Avec la baisse de la production agricole, les paysans ne sont plus en mesure de vendre leurs produits au prix fixé par le CSA. A contrario, ce prix constitue une perte de revenu. La baisse de la production agricole a mis en évidence le risque d'une insécurité alimentaire. Cette menace ne touche pas que la Mauritanie, elle affecte l'ensemble des pays de la zone sahelo-sahélienne.  Bien que son action fut appréciée, le CSA rencontre des difficultés à prévenir une insécurité alimentaire de plus en plus grandissante. En effet, la Mauritanie est toujours exposée à la famine, et l'existence de plusieurs poches de pauvreté ne facilite pas l'action du CSA.\n\nLe CSA a mis en place durant l'année ecoulée le programme «Vivres contre travail». Il s'agit d'assister durant la période hivernale, des populations touchées par la pauvreté, et vivant dans un état extrême de dénuement. Ainsi, suite aux inondations survenues dans la partie méridionale de la Mauritanie notamment dans la localité de Mbout, le CSA a procédé à la distribution des vivres, des produits alimentaires. Ce programme «Vivres contre travail» a pour ambition de veiller à la santé et à la sécurité alimentaire des populations affectées par les pluies. Ce programme cependant est limité par son extrême modestie et sa limite dans la durée.\n\nAu cours de l’année écoulée, le Commissariat à la Sécurité alimentaire (CSA) a apporté des soutiens  financiers aux petits agriculteurs. Ainsi, il a acheté près de 610  tonnes de productions de haricots, et a procédé à l’achat de la production de blé à hauteur de 120  tonnes. Ces productions d’haricots et de blé sont vendues dans les boutiques EMEL à des prix réduits. Ce sont des boutiques financées par l’Etat dont l’ambition est d’aider les ménages à faire face au cout de la vie et de lutter contre l’insécurité alimentaire.","1. GANDÉGA Silly, consultant international en agriculture, ancien Ministre du développement Rural, 22 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. OULD MKHEITIR Yahya, ancien directeur de l'agriculture, 20 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. OULD TALB Hassan, président du Groupement National des Associations Pastorales (GNAP), 19 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","Le Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire (CSA) a été mis en place à la fin des années 80 afin de répondre aux besoins alimentaires du pays à la suite la sécheresse qui a affecté la Mauritanie. Sa création répondait au souci de gérer la crise alimentaire voire l'insécurité alimenta..."]
["2014_NE_100",2014,"NE","Niger",100,100,"Le Niger en tant que pays sahélien, régulièrement secoué par des sécheresses et crises alimentaires a mis en place depuis plusieurs années un ensemble d'institutions et de mécanismes, visant à assurer la sécurité alimentaire des citoyens. Depuis l'arrivée du régime actuel en 2011, le Niger s'est doté d'une nouvelle politique trés volontariste en matière de sécurité alimentaire et une institution chargée de la mise en oeuvre de cette politique est mise en place. C'est le Haut commissariat à l'Initiative 3N «Les Nigériens Nourrissent les Nigériens.»\n Aussi, l'Office National des Produits Vivriers du Niger (OPVN) est l'entité de l'Etat chargée de l’approvisionnent des denrées alimentaires et la gestions des stocks nationaux de sécurité. L'OPVN dispose de magasins de stockage de vivres dans tous les départements du Niger. L'objectif de ces stocks de proximité, c'est de pouvoir répondre efficacement aux situations de crises, notamment en prévenant les manques de nourritures pour les populations rurales, lors des sécheresses. \n Cet office joue donc un rôle important en matière de gestion de crises alimentaires et travaille de manière coordonnée avec d'autres acteurs comme la Cellule Crise Alimentaire (CCA) et l'Initiative 3N.\nSelon le rapport « NIGER Mise à jour sur la sécurité alimentaire » de Fews Net,  « L’accès alimentaire des ménages est assuré par les achats opérés avec les revenus de la main d’œuvre agricole et les assistances du gouvernement. Avec ces ressources alimentaires, la majorité des ménages y compris\nles pauvres, arrive à couvrir les besoins alimentaires en excluant toutes autres dépenses non alimentaires en août jusqu’en septembre. »","KELESSI Ibrahim Mariama, directrice adjointe à la direction des ONG et association \n de développement au ministére du plan et développement communautaire, 8 Octobre 2014.\n \n Haut commissariat à l'initiative 3N : http://www.initiative3n.ne/ (accédé 8 octobre 2014)\n \n Site du gouvernement, 4 décembre 2013, « Signature de convention entre le Royaume d'Espagne et la République du Niger : L'Espagne formalise son adhésion à l'Accord Cadre du Dispositif National de Prévention et Gestion de Catastrophes et Crises Alimentaires».\n http://www.gouv.ne/index.php/le-niger/45-actualites-des-ministeres/187-signature-de-convention-entre-le-royaume-d-espagne-et-la-republique-du-niger-l-espagne-formalise-son-adhesion-a-l-accord-cadre-du-dispositif-national-de-prevention-et-gestion-de-catastrophes-et-crises-alimentaires\n\nNIGER Mise à jour sur la sécurité alimentaire, Fews Net, Août 2014. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSOU_2014_08_Niger.pdf","Le Niger en tant que pays sahélien, régulièrement secoué par des sécheresses et crises alimentaires a mis en place depuis plusieurs années un ensemble d'institutions et de mécanismes, visant à assurer la sécurité alimentaire des citoyens. Depuis l'arrivée du régime actuel en 2011, ..."]
["2014_ST_100",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",100,50,"There is a National Programme for Food Security and Nutrition. The Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Extension is tasked with implementing it, but has not done so. The national programme is scheduled to run through July 2015. It is targeted at anyone involved in farming – not women in particular. While the project has staff, they have not been supporting the program. There are no other projects. \n\nProgrammes and projects to support financially and technically sustainable agriculture and small farmers have been implemented in the past year. For example, the Decentralized Project for Food Security (PDSA); Participatory Smallholder Agriculture and Artisanal Fisheries Development Programme (PAPAFPA); Project to Support the Fisheries (PROFOPESCA); the Project for Rehabilitation of Infrastructure to Support Food Security (PRIASA), among others.\n\nThe main beneficiaries of the National Programme for Food and Nutrition Security are:\n1. Vulnerable households lacking economic activities or sources of income and depending on collective social services or community solidarity;\n2. Small farmers, particularly women (family heads and benefiting from agricultural land) and community-based or associative operators whose livelihoods are essentially within the agricultural and rural activities;\n3. Students of preschool and elementary, parents' associations and the body of teachers associated with nutritional program in preschool and primary education;\n4. Small- and medium-sized agricultural and agribusiness;\n5. Producer organisations and their umbrella organizations;\n6. Public institutions (agricultural and rural services);\n7. NGO partners\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree, with an additional comment. The various food security programs and projects are designed and financed by foreign donors.","Interview with Celso Garrido, director, Decentralized Project for Food Security (PDSA), Feb. 7, 2015. \n\nEmail interview with Carminda Viegas, director, Participatory Smallholder Agriculture and Artisanal Fisheries Development Programme (PAPAFPA), Feb. 9, 2015. \n\nNational Programme for Food Security and Nutrition, February 2012. \nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/jabpiteeauy3feu/PNSAN%20RDSTP.doc?dl=0\n\nReviewer's sources:\n\nTéla Nón, \"Japan supports fishing Porto Alegre,\" Dec. 12, 2014. \nhttp://www.telanon.info/sociedade/2014/12/12/18196/japao-apoia-pescadores-de-porto-alegre/    \n\nThe Decentralized Project for Food Security (Projeto Descentralizado de Segurança Alimentar), run by the Portuguese NGO Instituto de Marquês de Valle Flôr (IMVF).   http://www.imvf.org/index.php?noticia=1346","There is a National Programme for Food Security and Nutrition. The Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Extension is tasked with implementing it, but has not done so. The national programme is scheduled to run through July 2015. It is targeted at anyone involved in farming – not wo..."]
["2014_SD_100",2014,"SD","Sudan",100,0,"In Sudan, there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population. There is a department in the Ministry of Agriculture called Food Security Technical Secretariat. However, this department provides information on food security only, but it does not carry out any programs. \n\nThis year, the Strategic Food Reserves were separated from the Ministry of Agriculture and became a private corporation. This corporation does not provide food to the population as a government service. This corporation buys grains from farms after harvest in some agricultural states such as Gedaref and White Nile and then sells the food grain to other states. \n\nOther than that, the Sudanese government does not provide any services to ensure food safety.","[Office visit/information request] Ministry of Agriculture, Oct. 26, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] with source who requested anonymity, government official, Food Security Technical Secretariat, Ministry of Agriculture, Oct. 26, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nAl-Tareeq.Info, \"Organization: More than 5 Million People Face Famine in Sudan,\" Aug. 17, 2014.\nhttp://www.altareeq.info/ar/organization-more-than-5-million-people-face-famine-in-sudan/#.VE0X7fmUe_Q\n\nMinistry of Agriculture, General Administration of Planning & Agriculture Economics, Annual Report on Food Security.\nhttp://elneel.sudanagri.net/files/0074/74688/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%202012.pdf","In Sudan, there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population. There is a department in the Ministry of Agriculture called Food Security Technical Secretariat. However, this department provides information on food security only, but it does n..."]
["2014_UG_100",2014,"UG","Uganda",100,50,"The Crop Production Department has the overall objective to support sustainable market-oriented crop production for improved food security.The challenge has been limited finances to implement permanent programs that would ensure food security. However, with the financial and technical support from various development partners, the ministry has been able to implement a few programs, but mainly on a pilot basis. Some of these projects include the Promotion of Rice Development (PRIDE) Project that aims to increase rice production in Uganda. More than 8,000 farmers were trained and given 1kg seed each under the project. Another project is the Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services (ATAAS), which aims to enhance agricultural production and productivity. Another project is the Market and Agriculture Trade Improvement Project, which aims to ensure food and nutrition as well as training small farmers in post-harvest management.","Bambona Alex, principal agriculture officer and head of nutrition and home economics, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, 28 July 2014\n\n“Naads successor should deliver tangible gains,” Daily Monitor, 11  June 2014 \n\n“Coffee farmers win continental award,” David Ssempijja, New Vision, 3 Dec. 2013\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/650111-coffee-farmers-win-continental-award.html\n\n“Crop Production Department” Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries\nhttp://www.agriculture.go.ug/index.php?page=Directorates&ccid=350&sph=82 ","The Crop Production Department has the overall objective to support sustainable market-oriented crop production for improved food security.The challenge has been limited finances to implement permanent programs that would ensure food security. However, with the financial and techni..."]
["2014_BJ_101",2014,"BJ","Benin",101,50,"Plusieurs ministères s’occupent de la situation socio-économique des jeunes au Bénin. Il y a d’abord le Ministère de la jeunesse qui s’occupe de la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale de la jeunesse, ensuite le Ministère chargé de l’insertion socioprofessionnelle des jeunes, et enfin, le Ministère de la micro-finance et de l’emploi des jeunes. À travers ces  programmes, le gouvernement aide chaque année les jeunes à avoir un meilleur accès à l’éducation ou à l’emploi.\nToutefois, seule une partie des jeunes ont accès à ces programmes.","Michael Tchokpodo, Journaliste, Djakpata, Cotonou, Interview du 25 juin 2014. \n\nGouv.bj, 23 mars 2014, « Emploi des jeunes : L’ANPE lance ses nouveaux programmes». http://www.gouv.bj/content/emploi-des-jeunes-l-anpe-lance-ses-nouveaux-programmes\n\nFraternité, 01 mars 2014, «Lancement des programmes de l’ANPE, édition 2014 : Les stratégies offensives de l’Anpe dévoilées aux jeunes». http://www.fraternitebj.info/societe/article/lancement-des-programmes-de-l-anpe\n\nJournal Adjinakou, 26 mars 2014, «Promotion de l’emploi : L’ANPE lance son programme d’activités pour 2014 ce jour». http://www.beninsite.net/spip.php?article14217","Plusieurs ministères s’occupent de la situation socio-économique des jeunes au Bénin. Il y a d’abord le Ministère de la jeunesse qui s’occupe de la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale de la jeunesse, ensuite le Ministère chargé de l’insertion socioprofessionnelle des jeunes, et..."]
["2014_CV_101",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",101,50,"There is a department, the General Direction of Youth, and various programs of socio-economic integration of youth, but the efforts are ineffective. Many young people have received professional training but cannot find jobs because public and private institutions choose to hire them only as trainees, and at the end of the period, they are replaced by other trainees. There is a lack of coordination of policies for this segment of the population.\n\nThe department's programs include the National Youth Center, whose aim is to promote comprehensive development and integration of adolescents and young, especially concerning reproductive health and socio-economic integration; and Tele-centers, whose aims are to extend the action of the National Youth Center and democratize access by young people in rural and peri-urban areas.\n\nThe programs have become ineffective because they tend to discriminate against young people who do not have the same partisan ideology as the government.","Interview with Graça Sanches, National Deputy, PAICV, 27 August 2014, Praia\n\nInterview with Amílcar Sousa Monteiro, Secretary-General, Chamber of commerce, 28 August 2014, Praia\n\nInterview with Abraão Vicente, National Deputy, MPD, 26 August 2014, Praia.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\n(1) Interview Dunia Pereira, Representative,\n\n(2) http://www.governo.cv/","There is a department, the General Direction of Youth, and various programs of socio-economic integration of youth, but the efforts are ineffective. Many young people have received professional training but cannot find jobs because public and private institutions choose to hire the..."]
["2014_CF_101",2014,"CF","CAR",101,50,"En République Centrafricaine, il existe des départements chargés de l'intégration socio-économique des jeunes. Il s'agit du Ministère de la jeunesse, des sports, des arts et de la culture et le Ministère de l'éducation et de la recherche scientifique. \n\nEn dépit de la crise politico-militaire qui a secoué le pays, un programme a été mis en œuvre afin d'assurer l'éducation des jeunes. Il s'agit du programme de lutte contre l'année blanche qui permet l'organisation des examens et concours et de formation professionnelle; cependant l'accès au logement et à l'emploi n'y figurent pas. \n\nLes personnes interrogées ajoutent qu'en raison de l'insécurité qui règne, certaines provinces n'ont pas bénéficié de ce programme. Ce qui signifie qu'une partie de la population n'a pas eu accès à l'éducation.","MBAYA Albert, directeur du journal l'Agora, membre de groupe de la presse Horizon, interview du 30 juin 2014, Bangui\n\nMIABE Freddy, enseignant vacataire à l'Ecole Normale Supérieure de l'université de Bangui; coordonnateur des ressources humaines de l'ONG, SOS Village Enfan, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nBOKOULA Philipe, cadre au Ministère de la jeunesse, des sports, des arts et de la culture, interview du 10 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nMBAMBA Nicolas, cadre au Ministère de la jeunesse, des sports, des arts et de la culture, interview du 10 juillet 2014, Bangui.","En République Centrafricaine, il existe des départements chargés de l'intégration socio-économique des jeunes. Il s'agit du Ministère de la jeunesse, des sports, des arts et de la culture et le Ministère de l'éducation et de la recherche scientifique. ..."]
["2014_EG_101",2014,"EG","Egypt",101,50,"Egypt has been trying to tackle youth unemployment issues through the Youth Employment National Action Plan (NAP) of 2010–15 outlining Egypt’s strategy towards improving youth employment. During the reporting period, however, there was far more access to these programs among urban populations than rural ones. The strategy has yet to effectively reduce youth poverty.\n\nThere is a ministry of youth issues, and it has a broad mandate to cover culture and sporting events as well. Indeed, the primary youth initiative of this study period has been a mandate to form a plan to combat atheism. Other ministries such as the Ministry of Manpower and Immigration also tackle these issues. Youth unemployment during the reporting period reached roughly 25%.\n\nEgypt also has plans to address its education and housing needs. During the reporting period a number of low-cost housing projects were announced. One of the goals of the current administration during the reporting period was to create more formal housing, and toward that end a number of new projects were announced. A new tax on people with multiple apartments was also announced.","Hossam Maher, Doctor and Youth Activist, July 22, 2014\n\nCentral Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). 2013. “Bulletin of \nLabour Force (October–December) 2013”. Available at:\nhttp://capmas.gov.eg/Pepo/labour.pdf \n\nAl Ahram \"Preparing to unleash a national plan to face atheism\" http://gate.ahram.org.eg/UI/Front/Inner.aspx?NewsContentID=506013\n\nBrookings, Akira Murata \" Designing Youth Employment Policies in Egypt\" January 2014 www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/01/31-youth-employment-egypt-murata\n\nCarnegie Endowment, Mostafa Hashem, March 6, 2014 \" The Dangers of Alienating Egypt's Youth \" carnegieendowment.org/sada/2014/03/06/dangers-of-alienating-egypt-s-youth/h2l6\n\nNew York Times, \"In Egypt, a Chasm Grows Between Young and Old\"  DAVID D. KIRKPATRICK and MAYY EL SHEIKHFEB. 16, 2014 www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/world/middleeast/a-chasm-grows-between-young-and-old-in-egypt.html?_r=0\n\nMinistry of Youth and Sport website, http://www.youth.gov.eg/ accessed July 22, 2014","Egypt has been trying to tackle youth unemployment issues through the Youth Employment National Action Plan (NAP) of 2010–15 outlining Egypt’s strategy towards improving youth employment. During the reporting period, however, there was far more access to these programs among urban ..."]
["2014_ER_101",2014,"ER","Eritrea",101,25,"There is a policy of youth integration in the work force by providing them with the necessary educational and technical skills, based on the 1994 Eritrean General Macro-policy. However, there is no specific government department that deals with the youth's socioeconomic integration, except the Ministry of Education's youth program. The government provides vocational training in the Sawa military and vocational training center every year for students who could not pass the entrance examination into colleges. \n\nIn 2013-2014, around 3,000 youths were taking vocational courses in the center. President Isaias Afwerki also remarked in a seminar held in Sawa on July 19, 2014, that similar programs will continue for another round. There is no housing program for the youth. The technical training is not extended to all youth, only 25 percent of the members of the National Service who could not pass the high school graduation examination.\n\nIn general, Eritreans between the ages of 18 and 50 are subject to the indefinite National Service program, which does not have a particular program to integrate the youth into the economy of the country. The National Union of Eritrean Youth and Students has no special campaign for the integration of youths, but it's a means to control any political activity. The union does provide ad hoc training for active members and political cadres. Youth in Eritrea are fleeing the country in large numbers, as evident by observing refugee camps in both Ethiopia and Sudan that accommodate Eritrean youth who flee the National Service imposed by the government. Further, due to lack of proper youth economic integration, many are forced to migrate to Europe.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 8, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 11, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 12, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMinistry of Information, \"Endeavors that have been exerted towards equipping the youth with knowledge and skill knowhow would gain momentum: President,\" July, 19, 2014\nhttp://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/17547-endeavors-that-have-been-exerted-towards-equipping-the-youth-with-knowledge-and-skill-knowhow-would-gain-momentum-president-\n\nICJ Country report, International Crisis Group, \"Eritrea: Ending the Exodus?\" Page 5 (Paragraph 2), Aug. 8, 2014   \nhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/b100-eritrea-ending-the-exodus.aspx","There is a policy of youth integration in the work force by providing them with the necessary educational and technical skills, based on the 1994 Eritrean General Macro-policy. However, there is no specific government department that deals with the youth's socioeconomic integration..."]
["2014_GW_101",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",101,0,"The youth population in Guinea-Bissau (under 25 years old) is around 60% and over half of them are unemployed. Promoting youth employment was therefore considered a priority when formulating the poverty reduction strategy, DENARP/PRSP II (2011–2015). As stated in the PRSP paper, in order to promote an inclusive and sustainable economic development the priorities will be the following \"... to promote employment, especially amongst the youth, through an employment and professional training political framework and a multiannual action plan\". However, there is no governmental office specifically mandated to deal with the socio-economic integration of youth. Moreover, the sources interviewed had no knowledge of any programme having been implemented in order to ensure youth housing. Nowhere in DENARP II is this mentioned.\n\nBefore the military coup in 2012, UNDP in Guinea-Bissau financed a professional training programme for young people. Following a merit-based selection, 500 youths received a credit to start up their own small business projects. Since 2012 this programme was interrupted. Little to nothing has been done in relation to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.\n\nHaving observed the harsh reality the youth population faces in Guinea-Bissau, the World Bank has agreed to finance projects in the agriculture sector and provide some 200 participants with intensive training in business planning and development of micro, small and medium enterprises.","1. Interview with Tumane Luntan Baldé, Representative of the Youth Assocation for the promotion of peace and transborder cooperation, 22 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with David Peda, Administrative Director, Youth Institute, 25 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Eginaldo Vera Cruz, Chief of the Social Cohesion office, Ministry of Women, Family and Social Solidarity, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n4. Press release by The World Bank, \"World Bank Helps Guinea-Bissau Expand Agriculture Sector, Create Job Opportunities for Youth\", 22 May 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The youth population in Guinea-Bissau (under 25 years old) is around 60% and over half of them are unemployed. Promoting youth employment was therefore considered a priority when formulating the poverty reduction strategy, DENARP/PRSP II (2011–2015). As stated in the PRSP paper, in..."]
["2014_MG_101",2014,"MG","Madagascar",101,50,"Une politique/stratégie visant à accroître l’intégration économique des jeunes n’existe pas. Pour Hery Andry Rakotonanahary, l’explication pourrait être tirée de la dynamique sociale de la société malgache. En effet, celle-ci porte encore profondément les traces de la gérontocratie datant de l’époque clanique du XVème siècle. Aussi, l’ouvrage spécifie même que « le poids des personnes âgées est encore prépondérant dans la prise de décisions et le contrôle des ressources, au détriment des jeunes jugés immatures et inexpérimentés » (page 52). \n \n Les articles de quotidiens cités font mention de la réalisation d’un atelier national où des jeunes ont pu émettre des propositions pour une future politique nationale de la jeunesse. Quant à la Politique générale de l’Etat pour 2014, elle ne fait que mentionner l’objectif consistant « à donner aux jeunes un niveau de compétences en harmonie avec la modernisation de l’économie et des besoins du développement ».","Primature, « Énoncé du Programme de Mise en Œuvre de la Politique Générale de l’Etat (PGE) », mai 2014, http://www.primature.gov.mg/?page_id=2168  \n\nRAKOTONANAHARY Hery Andry et al., « Participation et Perceptions Politiques du Citoyen », Antananarivo : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Madagascar, Liberty 32, septembre 2013, http://www.fes-madagascar.org/pages/francais/elections-2013.php?lang=DE  \n\nRASOANAIVO Anjara, Midi Madagasikara, 27 mai 2014, « Ministère de l’économie et de la planification, ministère de la jeunesse et des sports, Fonds des Nations Unies pour les Activités en matière de Population (FNUAP) : Symposium des jeunes pour faire entendre leurs voix », http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2014/07/01/mepmjsunfpa-symposium-jeunes-faire-entendre-leurs-voix/  \n\nRAHARISOA Michella, L’Express de Madagascar, 01 juillet 2014, « Jeunesse : la politique nationale des jeunes reste théorique ». http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/jeunesse-la-politique-nationale-des-jeunes-reste-theorique-13257","Une politique/stratégie visant à accroître l’intégration économique des jeunes n’existe pas. Pour Hery Andry Rakotonanahary, l’explication pourrait être tirée de la dynamique sociale de la société malgache. En effet, celle-ci porte encore profondément les traces de la gérontocratie..."]
["2014_MU_101",2014,"MU","Mauritius",101,75,"Annick Rivet, journalist at Le Defi Media Group, said that the Youth Employment Programme (YEP) has been implemented to achieve this objective. She also mentioned that the HSC Professional will be introduced in January 2015. She mentioned that the HSC Professional would be equivalent to an academic HSC but, in addition, would provide advantages in terms of employment prospects for school leavers as students following that course would benefit from work placements during their studies. \n\nThe Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, in collaboration with the Joint Economic Council, set up the YEP. An additional 275M (approximately 8.25M USD) was provided in the 2014 budget for the programme, which provides assistance to Mauritian youth aged 16-30 to find employment. \n\nThe objectives of YEP are:\n- To enable unemployed youth to obtain training/placement for an initial period of one year, with the possibility of permanent employment thereafter on condition of satisfactory performance;\n- To ensure that appropriate training is provided to youth to promote the development of necessary skills in the labour force;\n- To assist employers in obtaining appropriate skilled manpower.\n\nVinayagum Putchay, director of youth affairs at the Ministry of Youth and Sports, said that the policy of youth integration in the socio-economic policy of government is not being implemented properly and professionally. There is a lack of transparency and professionalism in the approach. The YEP has started but it needs to be sustained. The National Empowerment Foundation also should clearly define the ways and mean which they are using for job placement of those looking for jobs in deprived families.\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nDisagree and recommend a 100. \n\nThe YEP is relatively new and requires further improvement. However, despite its weaknesses, the current implementation of this programme warrants a higher score. The YEP is open to all of Mauritian youth aged 16-30. The scheme encourages private companies to hire trainees at a subsidised cost. Uptake by the private sector since its inception in 2013 has been positive and has warranted an additional allocation in the 2014 National Budget. \n\nIn addition, other measures were taken. 7 million were alloted for the upgrading of Youth Training Centres in the 2014 budget. The Mauritius Institute of Training and  Development has also set up apprenticeship training which provides trainees with on the job training in addition to in class theoretical knowledge. The program attends predominantly to the needs of young people who have difficulties with the formal education system or who have dropped out.","1.\tPutchay Vinayagum, Director of Youth Affairs, Ministry of Youth and Sports, 28 Aug 2014, mail\n2.\tAnnick Rivet, Journalist, Defi Media Group, 29 Aug 2014, mail\n3.\tAnjali Devi Armoorgum, Chairman, Réseau D'Aide aux Adolescents (RADO), 01 Sept 2014, mail and phone\n\nReviewer sources:\n1. Youth Employment Programme. Accessed 20 Dec 2014. Available: http://www.yep.mu\n2. Youth Employment Programme. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. January 2014. Accessed 19 Dec 2014. Available at: http://www.yep.mu/download/YEP_Report.pdf\n3. Budget of the Gov. of Mauritius - Fiscal Year 2014. Accessed 20 Dec 2014. Available: http://www.investmauritius.com/media/62792/budgetspeech2014.pdf\n4. Mauritius Institute of Training and Development - Prospective Employers (Guildelines). Accessed 20 Dec 2014. Avaialble: http://www.mitd.mu/downloads/employer.pdf","Annick Rivet, journalist at Le Defi Media Group, said that the Youth Employment Programme (YEP) has been implemented to achieve this objective. She also mentioned that the HSC Professional will be introduced in January 2015. She mentioned that the HSC Professional would be equivale..."]
["2014_RW_101",2014,"RW","Rwanda",101,75,"In practice, the government of Rwanda, through the National Youth Council, the Ministry of Trade and Industry as well as the Ministry of Youth & ICT, tries to roll out policies and strategies to increase the socioeconomic integration of youth.\n\nAccording to Alphonse Nkuranga, executive secretary of the youth council, the government has doubled the amount of money it pumps into economic and income-generating projects for youth - from Rwf118m ($169,784) in financial year 2013/14 to Rwf300m ($431,654) in financial year 2014/15. \"This is a tremendous increase, which for us is a step in a positive direction,\" Nkuranga said. \"Youth have already started submitting their projects. Over 50 projects will receive funding compared to 20 last year.\"\n\nApart from that, the youth are also an integral part of the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy II, a five-year plan to move the country to middle-income status. \"Given Rwanda’s ambition to become a middle-income country by 2020, a variety of specialized competitive skills are required. In addition, young people need to have decent jobs when they graduate.\" \n\nRwanda is planning, through the second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS II) to provide economic opportunities to young people through skills development programs and investment in ICT, the government announced in a statement.\n\nThe first EDPRS program focused on providing Rwanda’s children with universal access to school. In five years, 98 percent of primary children had access to school, free of charge. Special emphasis has been placed on making sure girls have equal opportunity to study, especially in science and technology. EDPRS II focuses on increasing high school enrollment, as well increasing the quality of education through curriculum reform and the integration of technology.\n\nThere have also been initiatives such as Hanga Umurimo, under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, which encourages young people to come up with innovative ideas, and in return, they are funded by government. There is also a full Ministry of Youth and ICT. \n\nHowever, some initiatives started to support youth have lost steam along the way. For example, a youth savings and banking cooperative scheme, COOJAD, has since failed to expand and live up to its expectations, according to Frank Habineza, an opposition politician.","Phone interview with Alphonse Nkuranga, executive secretary, Rwanda National Youth Council, Aug. 7, 2014. \n\nInterview with Frank Habineza, opposition politician, Kigali, Aug. 9, 2014.\n\nMinistry of Public Service and Labour report, Five Year Program for Priority Skills Development to Deliver EDPRS II (2013-2018).\nhttp://www.nyc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/template_new/documents/Five_year_program_for_priority_skills_development_to_deliver_EDPRS_II.pdf\n\nGovernment of Rwanda website, \"EDPRS II - Giving young people the skills they need to propel Rwanda to middle income status,\" Sept. 11, 2013.\nhttp://www.gov.rw/EDPRS-II-Giving-young-people-the-skills-they-need-to-propel-Rwanda-to-middle-income-status\n\nNational Youth Council website, \"Kigali: Youth organizations eulogized for their contribution in Development,\" Nov. 27, 2013. \nhttp://www.nyc.gov.rw/details/article/767/","In practice, the government of Rwanda, through the National Youth Council, the Ministry of Trade and Industry as well as the Ministry of Youth & ICT, tries to roll out policies and strategies to increase the socioeconomic integration of youth...."]
["2014_SO_101",2014,"SO","Somalia",101,0,"There are no national plans or strategies to increase the socioeconomic integration of youths. Somali youths, along with other Somali people, have suffered greatly amid conflicts: clan rivalry, piracy, extremism, poverty, and natural disasters. Governments have not yet sufficiently addressed their predicament.\n\nYouths have become vulnerable and exposed to all types of destructive circumstances: clan battles, piracy, religious fanaticism, migration, disaster, and above all, lack of proper education.","Isse Mohamed Ahmed\nMinister of Education, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 28, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAbdullahi Wabow Hussein\nDirector of Sports Department\nMinistry of Sports and Youth\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nAden Hashi Yabarow\nHead of Benadir Sports Association\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nMapping Mediterranean migration\nBBC\n15 September 2014\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24521614\n\nHigh seas tragedies leave more than 300 dead on the Mediterranean in past week\nUNHCR News Stories\n26 August 2014\nhttp://www.unhcr.org/53fc58969.html","There are no national plans or strategies to increase the socioeconomic integration of youths. Somali youths, along with other Somali people, have suffered greatly amid conflicts: clan rivalry, piracy, extremism, poverty, and natural disasters. Governments have not yet sufficiently..."]
["2014_SZ_101",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",101,0,"Swaziland’s “National Youth Policy” was drafted in 2009 concurrent with the creation of a Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture. The policy’s recommendations were not subsequently implemented, including during the year under review. Challenges facing Swazi youth include unemployment in excess of 50 percent, an HIV infection rate of over 40 percent and a lack of higher education opportunities. While these issues are addressed in theory in the nation’s youth policy, in practice the lack of policy-implementing programs has left the needs of Swaziland’s youth unmet.","Interview: Vusi Malambe, youth counselor and soccer coach, Manzini, 15 July 2014. \n\nInterview: Rudolph Maziya, director, AMICALL Swaziland, Manzini, 30 June 2014.\n\n\"Swaziland National Youth Policy, revised 2009,\" Ministry of Sports, Culture and Youth Affairs. http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Swaziland_2009_National_Youth_Policy.pdf\n\n“Opportunities and constraints to youth entrepreneurship,” United Nations Swaziland, 2013. http://www.sz.undp.org/content/swaziland/en/home/presscenter/speeches/2013/01/18/opportunities-and-constraints-to-youth-entrepreneurship-in-swaziland/\n\n“Swaziland Report on Current and Emerging Youth Policies,” Mduduzi Dlamini, Food Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network, 13 March 2013. http://www.youthpolicy.org/library/documents/swaziland-report-on-current-and-emerging-youth-policies-and-initiatives-with-special-link-to-agriculture/","Swaziland’s “National Youth Policy” was drafted in 2009 concurrent with the creation of a Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture. The policy’s recommendations were not subsequently implemented, including during the year under review. Challenges facing Swazi youth include unemploymen..."]
["2014_ZW_101",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",101,50,"The government has enacted a national youth policy to \"empower the youth by creating an enabling environment and marshaling the resources necessary for undertaking programmes and projects to fully develop the youths' mental, moral, social, economic, political, cultural, spiritual and physical potential in order to improve their quality of life.\" In line with the policy, the Kurera/Ukondla Youth Fund was set up in an effort to improve levels of employment and act as a stimulus to economic growth in the country. The fund targets youths between the ages of 18 and 35 years who can participate in the economic mainstream through running a business project while at the same time creating employment for other fellow young people. However, the fund has not benefited every deserving youth.\n\nThe government has revealed that it is in the process of rolling out a programme meant to increase the enrollment of youths in vocational training centres in line with the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZimAsset), but as of August 2014, nothing tangible has been done.","Interview with Tafara Chiremba, projects officer, Poverty Reduction Forum Trust, 14 July 2014, Harare. \n\nNewsDay, Byron Mutingwende, \"Youth empowerment guarantees economic prosperity,\" April 29, 2014.  \nhttps://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/04/29/youth-empowerment-guarantees-economic-prosperity/ \n\nAssocation for the Development of Education in Africa. ZIMBABWE COUNTRY REPORT FOR\nTHE 2014 MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE\nON YOUTH EMPLOYMENT. July 2014. http://www.adeanet.org/min_conf_youth_skills_employment/sites/default/files/u24/Zimbabwe%20Country%20Report_0.pdf\n\nGovernment of Zimbabwe, National Youth Policy, Ministry of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment. 2000\nhttp://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Youth/Zimbabwe/Zimbabwe_National_Youth_Policy.pdf","The government has enacted a national youth policy to \"empower the youth by creating an enabling environment and marshaling the resources necessary for undertaking programmes and projects to fully develop the youths' mental, moral, social, economic, political, cultural, spiritual a..."]
["2014_BF_102",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",102,50,"Il y a pas un département ministériel qui s'occupe exclusivement des personnes âgées au Burkina. Des structures étatiques ont été créées mais elles s'occupent des retraités ou des travailleurs déflatés et leurs programmes ne prennent pas en compte toutes les populations concernées. Elle ne prennent pas en compte l'ensemble personnes âgées: c'est le cas du Fonds National d'Appui pour les travailleurs Déflatés et Retraités (FONA- DR) ou de la Caisse Autonome de Retraite des Fonctionnaires (CARFO). Des mesures sociales ont été prises par le gouvernement pour venir en aide à ces personnes en 2013 et les fonds ont été alloués au FONA-DR qui sera chargé de les gérer.","SAWADOGO Célestin, directeur général du travail, ministère de la fonction publique, du travail et de la sécurité sociale, Ouagadougou, 28 juin 2014.\n\nAfriquinfos, 25 mars 2014, «Le Burkina Faso débloque 110 milliards FCFA pour soulager les populations». http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/25/burkina-faso-debloque-milliards-fcfa-pour-soulager-populations-248292.asp\n\nNAON Bougnan, Sidwaya, 12 novembre 2013, «Sécurité sociale: Un fonds pour les personnes du troisième âge». http://news.aouaga.com/h/17148.html","Il y a pas un département ministériel qui s'occupe exclusivement des personnes âgées au Burkina. Des structures étatiques ont été créées mais elles s'occupent des retraités ou des travailleurs déflatés et leurs programmes ne prennent pas en compte toutes les populations concernées...."]
["2014_CM_102",2014,"CM","Cameroon",102,50,"C'est le ministère des affaires sociales qui est chargé de la mise sur pied de la politique du gouvernement en matière d'encadrement des personnes âgées. \n\nPlusieurs projets ont été conçus mais, tardent à prendre corps. Les personnes âgées ayant travaillé antérieurement sont sécurisées grâce à la Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale (CNPS) pour ceux qui relèvent du Code du travail, et du trésor public pour ceux qui ont été fonctionnaires.\n\nLes personnes âges n'ayant jamais connu l'un de ces deux statuts, sont laissées à elles-mêmes.","BIKOI Serge Aimé, sociologue, 12 juillet 2014;\n\nMINDZIÉ MBARGA Auguste, président de l'Association des personnes âgées du Cameroun, 12 juillet 2014; \n\nSite web du ministère des affaires sociale, consulté le 12 juillet 2014. http://www.minas.cm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155&Itemid=181&lang=fr;","C'est le ministère des affaires sociales qui est chargé de la mise sur pied de la politique du gouvernement en matière d'encadrement des personnes âgées. ..."]
["2014_DJ_102",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",102,50,"Même s'il n'existe pas de filets sociaux spécifiques aux personnes âgées, le pays met en place une stratégie nationale en la matière et qui concerne les personnes vulnérables. \nPar ailleurs, il existe une direction qui veille à l'application concrète de cette politique: la direction de la solidarité nationale.\n\nLa direction de la solidarité est chargée :\n\n- de l'élaboration de la stratégie nationale des filets sociaux ;\n- de la protection et de promotion des groupes défavorisés de façon générale des handicapés, des personnes âgées en particulier ;\n- de l'élaboration de la politique nationale de la solidarité ;\n- de la mise en œuvre de programmes de filets sociaux sur tout le territoire national ;\n- de l'organisation et le suivi des actions de la société civile opérant des programmes de pauvreté dans le pays.\n\nLes filets sociaux visent à soutenir directement le pouvoir d’achat, les activités potentiellement génératrices de revenus pour ces populations et leurs accès aux services sociaux de base afin de promouvoir l’investissement dans le capital humain. \n\nCette stratégie nationale s’articule autour de trois grands axes prioritaires principaux qui sont le développement d’aides conditionnées sous forme monétaire, la mise en œuvre d’un système d’aides ciblées et le recours accru à des techniques Haute Intensité de Main d'Oeuvre (HIMO) dans le secteur de la construction et de l’entretien des infrastructures publiques. \n\nDans cette perspective, trois catégories de populations ont été ciblées en matière de filets sociaux de sécurité, notamment les femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et leurs enfants en bas âge, les populations qui ne sont pas aptes à travailler (handicapés, personnes âgées sans retraites, etc…) et les populations aptes à travailler, mais peu ou pas qualifiées.\n\nL'instauration de la caisse nationale de sécurité sociale d'un système d'assurance maladie universelle en 2014 permet une couverture médicale élargie à tous les Djiboutiens.","GARAD Ali, cadre au sein du sécretariat d'Etat à la solidarité nationale, 7 août 2014\n\nMOHAMED Mohamoud, responsable au sein de la direction de la solidarité, 7 août 2014\n\nFARDOUSSA Idleh, cadre et chargée du suivi des filets sociaux au sein de l'agence djiboutienne de développement social, 7 aout 2014. \n\nLa Nation, 10 avril 2014, «Filets sociaux de solidarité, les mots pour le dire.» http://www.lanationdj.com/filets-sociaux-solidarite-les-mots-dire/\n\nStratégie nationale des filets sociaux 2013-2017. http://www.adds.dj/djibouti-filets-sociaux-projet-dessaf-mai-2014-2775.html\n\nLoi n°24/AN/14/7ème L du 5 février 2014 portant mise en place d'un système d'assurance maladie universelle. http://www.presidence.dj/","Même s'il n'existe pas de filets sociaux spécifiques aux personnes âgées, le pays met en place une stratégie nationale en la matière et qui concerne les personnes vulnérables. \nPar ailleurs, il existe une direction qui veille à l'application concrète de cette politique: ..."]
["2014_EG_102",2014,"EG","Egypt",102,50,"Egypt does have a cash transfer program organized by the Ministry of Social Solidarity to help the elderly. But this program struggles from the fact it tends to only assist those with decades of formal employment, a increasingly marginal category in Egypt's labour markets.  While Egypt spent 6.7% of its budget on fuel subsidies, it spent only 0.2% of its budget on social safety nets. The elderly make up over 7% of the population but few have access to health insurance and in practice social safety.\n\nIncreasingly, high living conditions are not matched by the little increase registered in pension. The government of President Sisi has symbolically raised pensions rates a few pounds following the most recent change in government. There is no specific mandate however to provide food and housing to the elderly other than existing food subsidies and rent controls which affect the population at large. The cash transfer program also is not applied to Egyptians who lack official documents, such as large numbers of the rural population and Bedouin communities.","Interview Hossam Maher, Doctor,  July 22, 2014.\n\nDaily News Egypt, \"Administrative reform, social safety net to help economy reach 3.2% growth: Planning minister\" Doaa Farid July 12, 2014 www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/07/12/administrative-reform-social-safety-net-help-economy-reach-3-2-growth-planning-minister/\n\nDaily News Daily News Egypt, Doaa Faird, Feb 4, 2014 \"Financial aid to poor families will strengthen the social safety net: Finance Minister\" www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/02/04/financial-aid-poor-families-will-strengthen-social-safety-net-finance-minister/.","Egypt does have a cash transfer program organized by the Ministry of Social Solidarity to help the elderly. But this program struggles from the fact it tends to only assist those with decades of formal employment, a increasingly marginal category in Egypt's labour markets.  While E..."]
["2014_GW_102",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",102,25,"The elderly population in Guinea-Bissau is about 6.5% (DENARP II, 2011: 104).  There is a Social Security Institute (which is an autonomous agency) mandated to combat social inequalities and promote social cohesion (the institute's website: http://www.inpsgb.com/). In relation to the elderly population, the institute provided 832 with pensions in 2014 (information gathered upon visiting the institute on 23 July 2014, Bissau). \n\nThis service only benefits those elderly who, in a general manner, were employed in the formal sector and/or were able to allocate money towards this benefit. In the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs of the elderly. Sporadically, the Ministry of Social Solidarity has given food and some medication to those elderly most vulnerable. But lack of financial means did not permit to help in a systematic manner.","1. Interview with Mamadu Iaia Djaló, Director-General, Social Security Institute, 23 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Nogonah Té, Chief of Unit for elderly people, Ministry of Women, Family and Social Solidarity, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Eginaldo Vera Cruz, Chief of Unit for Social Cohesion, Ministry of Women, Family and Social Solidarity, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The elderly population in Guinea-Bissau is about 6.5% (DENARP II, 2011: 104).  There is a Social Security Institute (which is an autonomous agency) mandated to combat social inequalities and promote social cohesion (the institute's website: http://www.inpsgb.com/). In relation to t..."]
["2014_KE_102",2014,"KE","Kenya",102,50,"The government runs a National Safety Net Programme coordinated by the National Treasury. The main development objective of the National Safety Net Programme is to support government to establish an effective national safety net Programme for 298,990 households or 3.3 million of the country’s poor by 2017 through improving their welfare and resilience to cope with poverty.  \n\nThe National Safety Net Programme has merged five programmes, namely Cash Transfer for Orphans & Vulnerable Children, the Hunger Safety Net Programme, the Older Persons Cash Transfer, the Urban Food Subsidy Cash Transfer and the Persons with Severe Disability Cash Transfer.  The Programme is targeted to provide payment of KES 2,000 (21,71 USD) to beneficiaries every 2 months.  Payments are made through identified service providers and will cover all the 47 counties.  \n\nThe government in 2013 stretched its national social safety net to cover more than 230,000 households - our orphans and vulnerable children, our elderly, and Kenyans who live with severe disabilities. More than 100,000 families in the arid parts of the nation also received cash transfers last year.\n \nKenya has this year set aside more than 7 billion shillings for our vulnerable children and 4.9 billion shillings for our elders, to cover 450,000 households. \n\nOn July 22, 2014, the Kenya government disbursed 1 billion Kenya shillings to the elderly across the country, with the those in the capital, Nairobi getting the highest share of the cash meant for the poor. The city county, with 4,690 beneficiaries, received Sh46.9 million. Isiolo has the least, with only 308 people who will receive Sh3.08 million.\n\nAccording to the disbursement schedule, 99,966 elderly people above the age of 65 years were set to collect Sh10,000 each from their nearest Post Office beginning July 24, 2014, as the payments have been backdated to cover February to June 2014.The monthly allocation for the beneficiaries is Sh2,000 (21,71 USD).\n\nHowever there is widespread concern that the safety net programme may not have reached all the target groups partly due to poor coordination and vetting structures at the grassroots. This is said to have led to some deserving groups being left out of the scheme.","1. \"Treasury CS puts a smile on poor with Sh15.8bn allocation\". An article by Geoffrey Irungu, published by the Business Daily Newspaper on June 12, 2014.\nhttp://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Poor--elderly-get-Sh15-8-billion-in-budget-allocation/-/539546/2346060/-/bvue85z/-/index.html.\n\n2. \"Sh1bn disbursed to the elderly in transfer plan\". An article by Lillian Onyango, published by the Daily Nation Newspaper on July 23, 2014.\nhttp://mobile.nation.co.ke/counties/Sh1bn-disbursed-to-the-elderly-in-transfer-plan/-/1950480/2393948/-/format/xhtml/-/7f11b6/-/index.html.\n\n3. \"Kenya sees more cash handouts ending hunger for 3 million\" An article by Katy Migiro, published by Reuters News Agency on July 24, 2014. http://www.trust.org/item/20130724135202-t47ib/\n\n4. President Uhuru Kenyatta's speech during the June 1, 2014 Madaraka Day Celebration. http://www.president.go.ke/madaraka-day-speech-by-president-uhuru-kenyatta-june-01-2014/\n\n5. Speech by Henry Rotich, National Treasury Cabinet Secretary during signing of World Bank deal on safety nets programme September 9, 2013.\n\n6. \"How money meant for the aged poor is ending up into wrong pockets\". An article by Jeckonia Otieno. Published by the Standard Newspaper on August 24, 2013.\nhttp://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000091710\n\n7. \"Exploring Cash Transfer as an Instrument for Food Security in Kenya\". A paper by Gerrishon K. Ikiara, Institute of Diplomacy & International Studies, University of Nairobi, submitted for Publication in the African Women Studies Centre Journal  May 23, 2013.","The government runs a National Safety Net Programme coordinated by the National Treasury. The main development objective of the National Safety Net Programme is to support government to establish an effective national safety net Programme for 298,990 households or 3.3 million of th..."]
["2014_ML_102",2014,"ML","Mali",102,25,"Le Mali dispose d'un département chargé d'assurer la protection sociale. Il permet de venir en aide aux personnes âgées.L'Agence Nationale d'Assistance Médicale (ANAM) et la Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie (CANAM) sont des structures chargées d'assurer la protection sociale des personnes âgées. Par ailleurs, la CANAM est le bras technique de la mise en œuvre de l'assurance maladie. \n\nL'année dernière le département de la protection sociale a mis en œuvre des programmes sporadiques permettant d'assurer les soins de santé, le logement et d'autres besoins essentiels. Cependant, selon Ibrahima Sangho, conseiller en communication, ministère de l’action humanitaire, «seule une partie de cette population a accès à ces programmes.»","TOGO Luc, directeur général, Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie (CANAM), 15 juillet 2014.\n \nMAÏGA Zouré Fadimata, directrice générale, Agence nationale d’assistance médicale, 15 juillet 2014.\n\t\nSANGHO Ibrahima, conseiller en communication, ministère de l’action humanitaire, 16 juillet 2014.","Le Mali dispose d'un département chargé d'assurer la protection sociale. Il permet de venir en aide aux personnes âgées.L'Agence Nationale d'Assistance Médicale (ANAM) et la Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie (CANAM) sont des structures chargées d'assurer la protection sociale de..."]
["2014_NE_102",2014,"NE","Niger",102,50,"Au Niger, il existe depuis quelques années un vaste programme de filets sociaux, géré et coordonnées par la cellule filets sociaux, rattachée au cabinet du Premier ministre. Ce programme est financé par la Banque mondiale sur une durée de six ans, période 2011-2017. Son budget est 70 millions de dollar. Le programme cible environ 150.000 personnes pauvres et très pauvres, dont une partie est constituée de personnes âgées (plus de 60 ans).\n \n En dehors de ce programme, plusieurs ONG internationales supportent également des actions de filets sociaux, mis en oeuvre par les ONG et les associations locales.\n \n Toutefois, tous ces programmes n'arrivent pas à permettre jusque là un accès optimal aux soins de santé, au logement et aux autres besoins essentiels pour tous.\n Au Niger, l'extrême pauvreté touche prés de 30% de la population. Ce qui fait que les besoins en matière de services essentiels (santé, logement décent, eau potable, alimentation saine et suffisante...) sont énormes et constitue un défi difficile à relever.","DJERMAKOYE Idé, coordinateur de la plateforme des organisations pour la promotion de la protection Sociale-ProtecSo au Niger, 8 octobre 2014. \n \n MAIDOKA Mory, coordinateur de la cellule filets sociaux , rattachée au cabinet du Premier ministre, 18 août 2014\n \n Bureau Niger de la Banque mondiale, 05 novembre 2013 «À travers les filets sociaux, le Niger investit dans la petite enfance».\n http://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/news/feature/2013/11/05/niger-invests-in-early-childhood-through-social-safety-nets\n \n Voices of Youth, 2014, «Transferts monétaires et programme de sensibilisation: une combinaison prometteuse au Niger contre la manutrition».\n http://www.voicesofyouth.org/fr/posts/transferts-monetaires-et-programme-de-sensibilisation--une-combinaison-prometteuse-au-niger-contre-la-manutrition (accédé 8 octobre 2014)","Au Niger, il existe depuis quelques années un vaste programme de filets sociaux, géré et coordonnées par la cellule filets sociaux, rattachée au cabinet du Premier ministre. Ce programme est financé par la Banque mondiale sur une durée de six ans, période 2011-2017. Son budget est ..."]
["2014_ST_102",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",102,50,"The Department of Social Protection of the former Ministry of Health and Social Affairs and the National Institute of Social Security are responsible for the social protection of citizens.\n\nAccording to law, where the elderly are retired and have participated in Social Security receive a pension. The small amount is insufficient. The actual system that supports the elderly is ad hoc and involves many actors, including the Red Cross, churches and charities. For instance, housing and health care needs are provided mostly through charity, not through government programs.\n\nOn the other hand, under the social welfare system, which is not mandatory, state-funded protection is given to needy people in the event of permanent illness or a health problem.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. The number of people who receive old-age pensions from the Instituto Nacional de Segurança Social is very small, since it includes only people who worked in the country's small formal sector. The elderly are among those most affected by poverty. Frequently, poor families are unable or refuse to care for the oldest generation. Consequently, many elderly depend on the support of the Red Cross, the Catholic charity Santa Casa de Misericórdia and similar local organizations.","Email interview with Juvenal Espírito Santo, expert, National Institute of Social Security, Feb. 12, 2015.\n\nInterview with Costa Carlos, secretary general, General Union of Workers, Feb. 9, 2015. \n\nNational Institute of Social Security website, last accessed Feb. 18, 2015. \nhttp://seg-social-stp.net/\n\nSocial Security Administration, Old Age, Disabilities and Survivors Country Brief on São Tomé and Principe, 2013. \nhttp://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2012-2013/africa/sao-tome-and-principe.pdf\n\nReviewer's source:\n\nStitcher, RDP-África, Óscar Medeiros, Report on the situation of the elderly.\nhttp://www.stitcher.com/podcast/rdp-africa/reportagem-rdpfrica/e/20150202-no-espao-reportagem-desta-semana-vamos-ao-lar-de-37132876","The Department of Social Protection of the former Ministry of Health and Social Affairs and the National Institute of Social Security are responsible for the social protection of citizens...."]
["2014_SS_102",2014,"SS","South Sudan",102,0,"There is no government social safety net to assist the elderly in South Sudan. There is no government department mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly. There are no specific programs being implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs of the elderly.\n\nWhereas nearly 2 million peole have been uprooted form their homes due to the ongoing conflict, elderly people are bearing the brunt of the conflict. Among the challenges elderly people face are lack of access to health services. In addition, there is a general lack of information about where to access services, and whatever is available is being displayed on posters that many older people cannot read because they are illiterate. \n\nAccording to several accounts, elderly people living in Internally Displaced People’s (IDP) camps say they face protection challenges, especially in a conflict that has taken on ethnic undertones. Some of the elders with tribal scarification marks on their bodies in particular feel unsafe as they can easily be identified and targeted. \n\nA small number of South Sudan’s elderly population, especially those in urban centers, are being provided services by NGOs such as HelpAge International, Age International and South Sudan Older People’s Association. However, the NGOs can only do so much under difficult circumstances in a country where the government can hardly provide even basic services.","Interview with Edmond Yakani, executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organization, Sept. 2, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nHelpAge International, Ibrahim Njuguna, \"Older People Affected by South Sudan Conflict Go Unheard,\" May 29, 2014.\nhttp://www.helpage.org/blogs/ibrahim-njuguna-22565/older-people-affected-by-south-sudan-conflict-go-unheard-708/\n\nAge International website.\nhttps://www.ageinternational.org.uk/what-we-do/emergencies/South-Sudan-Crisis-explained-/","There is no government social safety net to assist the elderly in South Sudan. There is no government department mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly. There are no specific programs being implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs of the elde..."]
["2014_TN_102",2014,"TN","Tunisia",102,50,"In Tunisia, two public agencies are in charge of ensuring the medical safety of workers and their families, and at the same time they oversee a retirement scheme for the elderly (older than 60) when they retire. \n\nOne of these agencies is for workers in the private sector (Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale-CNSS) and the second is for workers in the public sector (Caisse Nationale de Retraite et de Prévoyance Sociale-CNRPS).\n\nNowadays, both agencies are facing a severe lack of funds because of the imbalance between the older retired (their number is growing due to the aging of the Tunisian population and increasing life expectancy) and the number of workers (due to unemployment and fewer young people because of reduced fertility rates).","Interview with Fatma Belhajjrad, CNSS, Tunis, 8 July 2014.\n\nCaisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale website; CNSS covers private-sector workers, accessed on 7 July 2014.\nwww.CNSS.NAT.TN   \n\nCaisse Nationale de Retraite et de Prévoyance Sociale website; covers public-sector employees, accessed 7 July 2014.\nwww.CNRPS.NAT.TN","In Tunisia, two public agencies are in charge of ensuring the medical safety of workers and their families, and at the same time they oversee a retirement scheme for the elderly (older than 60) when they retire. ..."]
["2014_AO_103",2014,"AO","Angola",103,25,"There is a Ministry of Assistance and Social Reinsertion (MINARS) responsible for directing and coordinating the implementation of social policy for the most vulnerable groups of the population, ensuring their rights and promoting their development through measures that relate to implementing basic social reintegration policies and social assistance. Among its duties, MINARS has the responsibility of proposing specific policies and strategies within the framework of assistance and social reintegration of disadvantaged and unprotected populations. \n\nThe Social Security System in Angola consists of a set of contributory schemes with one of its objectives being to provide income for those who are unemployed (rather than the ill per se). The Law on Social Protection is applicable to the resident population that has no means of livelihood, but the schemes does not cover housing and health care.","Duties of the National Social Security Institute (INSS), available at INSS website, accessed Aug. 22, 2014\nhttp://inss.gv.ao/Paginas/paginainicial.aspx \n\nOrganic Statute of MINARS, accessed on Aug. 22, 2014\nhttp://www.saflii.org/ao/legis/num_act/eodmdaers580.pdf \n\nPhone interview with media representative, Aug. 4, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources, and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them \n\n Law on Social Protection, Law 7/04, of Oct. 15, 2004","There is a Ministry of Assistance and Social Reinsertion (MINARS) responsible for directing and coordinating the implementation of social policy for the most vulnerable groups of the population, ensuring their rights and promoting their development through measures that relate to i..."]
["2014_CM_103",2014,"CM","Cameroon",103,25,"Au Cameroun, il n'existe pas un département ou organisme spécifiquement chargé d'aider ceux qui ne peuvent pas travailler en raison d'une maladie ou de leur état de santé permanent ou temporaire.\n\nIl existe seulement des programmes sporadiques allant dans ce sens avec l'aide d'organismes internationaux.\n\nCertains qui ont cotisé et qui ne peuvent plus travailler en raison d’une maladie et de leur état de santé permanent ou temporaire peuvent bénéficier des prestations de la CNPS. Mais la nuance qu’il faut apporter c’est qu’il faut avoir cotisé au moins 15 ans indépendamment qu’on ait eu le statut de fonctionnaire, de contractuel d’administration ou un statut relevant du Code du travail.","NGO Boda, ancienne cadre à la direction générale de la Caisse nationale de prévoyance sociale, 14 juillet 2014; \n\nMensuel La Voix du Paysan, 23 octobre 2013, «Soulédé, bénéficiaire d’un projet de la Banque Mondiale». http://www.lavoixdupaysan.org/lejournal/societe.php?subaction=showfull&id=1380890420&archive=&start_from=&ucat=8&;\n\nSite web de la Présidence de la République sous le titre «financement filets sociaux au Cameroun» consulté le 14 juillet 2014. http://www.presidenceducameroun.com/news/?lang=fr&mode=newsdetails&id=3289;","Au Cameroun, il n'existe pas un département ou organisme spécifiquement chargé d'aider ceux qui ne peuvent pas travailler en raison d'une maladie ou de leur état de santé permanent ou temporaire...."]
["2014_CD_103",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",103,50,"Le gouvernement de la République du Congo a adopté le 27 juin 2014 une loi sur la couverture maladie universelle. Cette loi permettra de renforcer la protection sociale des citoyens et permettre de couvrir les besoins sanitaires de la population.\n\nAdopté en juin 2014, le Régime d'Assurance Maladie Universelle (RAMU) assurera dès sa mise en place, aux assurés sociaux et à leurs ayants droit, l'accès aux services de santé dans les secteurs public et privé à l'exception des risques liés aux accidents du travail et aux maladies professionnelles.\n\nSera assujetti au RAMU l'ensemble de la population résidant au Congo. L'affiliation puis l'immatriculation à l'organisme de gestion du régime prendront effet 90 jours après la date d'inscription.\nL'ouverture du droit aux prestations sera subordonnée au paiement préalable des cotisations ou des frais d'adhésion.\nCe régime fondé sur la solidarité assurera aux affiliés et à leurs ayants droit, une prise en charge des soins de santé curatifs et préventifs inhérents à : la maladie, l'accident, la maternité, la rééducation ou réadaptation physique fonctionnelle.\nLes listes des spécialités et des actes médicaux et paramédicaux, des médicaments, de l'appareillage et des frais de transport sanitaire qui seront pris en charge et, le cas échéant, leurs tarifs de référence, seront fixées par arrêté conjoint des ministres chargés de la sécurité sociale et de la santé. Le même arrêté fixera également la liste des prestations qui nécessiteront un accord préalable de l'organisme de gestion du régime. \nLes prestations garanties au titre du RAMU ne pourront être prises en charge que si elles sont délivrées sur le territoire national.\nL'assuré aura le libre choix du praticien, de l'établissement de santé, du pharmacien, etc, à condition que ces derniers soient sous convention avec l'organisme en charge de la gestion du RAMU.\nLe RAMU ne couvrira pas les évacuations sanitaires.\nLes ayants droit d'un assuré décédé bénéficieront pendant une période de 6 mois des prestations dudit régime dont relevait le de cujus au moment du décès.\nL'assuré aura la possibilité de souscrire une assurance complémentaire en vue de couvrir les frais de prestations non pris en charge par le régime.\n\nCe système ne couvre pas les pauvres ou les employés dans l'économie informelle qui se trouvent dans l'impossibilité d'avoir accès aux services médicaux du moment où ils ne sont pas assurés.","N'SINGOULOU Cynthia, assistant manager au cabinet Price Water Pointe Noire, entretien par téléphone, 6 novembre 2014.\n\nOVAGA Jean Daniel, médecin, entretien par téléphone, 08 novembre 2014.\n\nLEKEBE OMOUALI Jospin Daphton, professeur de droit privé à l'université Marien Ngouabi, entretien à la faculté de droit, 21 septembre 2014.\n\nLoi n° 37-2014 instituant le régime d’assurance maladie universelle, 27 juin 2014. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/96602/114185/F1054230101/COG-96602.pdf\n\nCentre des Liaisons Européennes et Internationales de Sécurité Sociale (CLESS). Le régime congolais de sécurité sociale. http://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_congo.html","Le gouvernement de la République du Congo a adopté le 27 juin 2014 une loi sur la couverture maladie universelle. Cette loi permettra de renforcer la protection sociale des citoyens et permettre de couvrir les besoins sanitaires de la population...."]
["2014_DJ_103",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",103,25,"Il existe une direction qui veille à l'application concrète de la politique des filets sociaux. Plusieurs actions ont été ménées depuis 2012 à Djibouti afin de venir en aide aux personnes incapables de travailler en raison d'une maladie. Le secrétariat d'Etat à la solidarité à travers l'Agence djiboutienne de développement social apporte de l'aide à ces personnes vulnérables.\n\nSelon les chiffres obtenus auprès de cette agence, elle a aidé des personnes cibles de la manière suivante au cours de la période d'étude:\nDistribution d'habits à 3500 orphelins et malades\n- Parrainage de 300 orphelins\n- Distribution de vivres pour 1800 familles. \n\nPar ailleurs, les personnes vivant avec le VIH et les tuberculose ont été considerés prioritaires dans le cadre des filets sociaux.\n\nToutefois les personnes incapables de travailler en raison d’une maladie ou d’un problème de santé n’ont pas pu aussi bénéficier de l’aide de la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale.","GARAD Ali, cadre au sein du sécretariat d'Etat à la solidarité nationale, 7 août 2014\n\nMOHAMED Mohamoud, responsable au sein de la direction de la solidarité, 7 août 2014\n\nFARDOUSSA Idleh, cadre et chargée du suivi des filets sociaux au sein de l'agence djiboutienne de développement social, 7 aout 2014. \n\nLa Nation, 10 avril 2014, «Filets sociaux de solidarité, les mots pour le dire.» http://www.lanationdj.com/filets-sociaux-solidarite-les-mots-dire/\n\nStratégie nationale des filets sociaux 2013-2017. http://www.adds.dj/djibouti-filets-sociaux-projet-dessaf-mai-2014-2775.html\n\nAgence djiboutienne du développement social. http://www.adds.dj/c/projets/en-cours","Il existe une direction qui veille à l'application concrète de la politique des filets sociaux. Plusieurs actions ont été ménées depuis 2012 à Djibouti afin de venir en aide aux personnes incapables de travailler en raison d'une maladie. Le secrétariat d'Etat à la solidarité à trav..."]
["2014_GH_103",2014,"GH","Ghana",103,50,"The Department of Social Welfare, which is under the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, is responsible for implementing the government's social protection initiatives. The Department of Social Welfare is also responsible for registering nongovernmental organizations. \n\nWithin the last year (September 2013 to September 2014), the Department of Social Welfare implemented an initiative known as the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme, which involved direct transfer of cash grants to some persons living with disability (PWDs) in some communities. The grant was 48 Ghana Cedis (13.11 USD) for one person, 60 Ghana Cedis (16.39 USD) for two people, 72 Ghana Cedis (19.67 USD) for three people and 90 Ghana Cedis (24.59 USD) for four or more people. There are no specific statistics on the actual number of PWDs who benefited from this programme as this programme also targeted the very poor in society and orphans. The total number of beneficiaries of the LEAP programme was 74, 000 with a target to reach 150,000 by the end of 2014. \n\nThe Department of Social Welfare also implemented free health insurance for some PWDs in the country. A total of 3,000 PWDs and elderly people benefited from the free health insurance programme and the Department hopes to reach 10,000 beneficiaries by the end of  2014.\n\nThere is also the National Disability Council to safeguard the interest of PWDs but it did not implement any tangible safety programme for its public within the last year. The District Assemblies in the country are also tasked to disburse two per cent of their Common Fund to the PWDs in their jurisdiction but some of the district assemblies failed to comply with this directive.\n\nHowever, not all members of the PWDs population benefited from these programmes. The government, and for that matter the Department of Social Welfare, does not implement programmes to ensure housing and other basic needs for PWDs.\n\nThe Department of Social Welfare does not have a website.","1. Mr Yaw Ofori-Debra, President of Ghana Federation of the Disabled, Telephone interview, July 21, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Sampson Nii Trebi, Acting Director of the Department of Social Welfare of the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, Table interview at his office, June 27, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Madam Zenabu Sakibu, Coordinator, Southern Sector Youth and Women's Empowerment Network, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.","The Department of Social Welfare, which is under the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, is responsible for implementing the government's social protection initiatives. The Department of Social Welfare is also responsible for registering nongovernmental organization..."]
["2014_LR_103",2014,"LR","Liberia",103,25,"The Ministry of Health & Social Welfare (MOH&SW) was established to address the needs of all people with disabilities. Very little is done under the social welfare components of this ministry so far. MOH&SW is almost entirely engaged with health issues. There are many people with disabilities with no support from government.  There is also a National Commission on Disabilities (NCD) set up to articulate the interests of people with disabilities. This commission is poorly funded and has done nothing to address the plights of people with disabilities. \n\nThe MOH&SW has very little to show in ensuring a social safety net for people who are not working due to disabilities or other conditions that do not permit work. There are several disability organizations across the country but most of these groups rely on international organizations for support.","Interview: Jappah Tokpah, Office Manager, Liberia National Red Cross, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Beyan Kota, President, National Association of the Blind, Paynesville City, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Daintowon Pay-bayee, Secretary, Youth with Disabilities, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nHeritage, 8 July 2013. Liberia: National Commission On Disabilities Outlines Achievements, Challenges. http://allafrica.com/stories/201307091176.html","The Ministry of Health & Social Welfare (MOH&SW) was established to address the needs of all people with disabilities. Very little is done under the social welfare components of this ministry so far. MOH&SW is almost entirely engaged with health issues. There are many people with d..."]
["2014_LY_103",2014,"LY","Libya",103,50,"The Ministry of Social Affairs has a department that serves the elderly, retirees and the disabled. Some of its priorities are to provide salaries to those who can't work permanently, although not to those temporarily disabled. The government pays around 450 Libyan dinar (326.37 USD) a month to the permanently disabled. While the permanently disabled take the salaries from government, they don't have housing or other benefits. People unable to work due to illness are required to apply and are evaluated by the medical committee; if accepted, they receive salaries.","Phone interview with Abdulla Burzeebah, journalist and coach in the Libyan Youth for Culture and Dialogue Club, Oct. 23, 2014.\n\nInterview with Salem Almahashash, social specialist in disabled and elderly welfare, Oct. 23, 2014. \n\nAlarabi Aljadeed, Hisham Alshalwi, \"Lybian Army of the unemployed,\" July 14, 2014.\nhttp://www.alaraby.co.uk/economy/bd8b2ad3-d3ff-4869-b856-1643983b5233\n\n ","The Ministry of Social Affairs has a department that serves the elderly, retirees and the disabled. Some of its priorities are to provide salaries to those who can't work permanently, although not to those temporarily disabled. The government pays around 450 Libyan dinar (326.37 US..."]
["2014_MR_103",2014,"MR","Mauritania",103,50,"La Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie et la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale existent et viennent en aide à une partie des personnes incapables de travailler en raison d’une maladie ou d’un problème de santé.\n\nIl convient de souligner que le système de protection sociale demeure précaire. Les filets de sécurité sont destinés aux fonctionnaires et aux retraités. Ceux qui sont incapables de travailler ou de vivre avec une maladie temporaire bénéficient souvent de l'assistance des ONG internationales comme Médecins Sans Frontières. Dans une société mauritanienne fortement enracinée dans ses traditions, vivre avec une maladie revient à faire l'objet d'une certaine marginalisation voire une exclusion qui ne dit pas son nom. À l'occasion de la journée mondiale de lutte contre le SIDA célébrée en décembre 2013, le Ministre de la santé a annoncé la gratuité des soins pour les personnes infectées par cette pandémie. Cette évolution est importante dans une société mauritanienne très conservatrice.","1. Docteur SOUMARÉ Outouma, directeur général de l’hôpital neuro psychiatrique, 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. SOUMARÉ Assia, chef de service à la Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie (CNAM),16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","La Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie et la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale existent et viennent en aide à une partie des personnes incapables de travailler en raison d’une maladie ou d’un problème de santé...."]
["2014_NG_103",2014,"NG","Nigeria",103,25,"Nigeria has no policy or department mandated to ensure a social safety net for the disabled. In March 2014, the Senate passed a bill prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities. The bill came after similar legislation was passed by lawmakers, but was not signed by the president. \n\nHowever, this new bill is far from becoming law, as the lower house of parliament, the House of Representatives, has yet to consent. The president has reportedly pledged to sign the bill into law this time when both houses agree.\n\nEven so, the new bill has no provision for a social security scheme or welfare plan for the disabled. The legislation deals strictly with issues of discrimination and guidelines for ensuring the disabled have access to buildings and public utilities. It also provides for a 5 percent employment quota for organisations with at least 50 employees.","Interview with Abubakar Shehu, secretary, Disabled People Association, Abuja, 7 Aug. 2014.\n\nPunch, \"Senate passes bill protecting physically challenged persons,\" 27 March 2014.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/senate-passes-bill-to-protect-disabled-persons-from-discrimination/\n\nPremium Times, Andrew Ajijah, \"Association laments government neglect of physically challenged persons,\" 3 Dec. 2013.\nhttp://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/150808-association-laments-government-neglect-physically-challenged-persons.html\n\nPunch, \"Physically challenged persons commend Senate on PWD bill,\" 28 March 2014.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/pwd-bill-physically-challenged-persons-loud-senate/","Nigeria has no policy or department mandated to ensure a social safety net for the disabled. In March 2014, the Senate passed a bill prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities. The bill came after similar legislation was passed by lawmakers, but was not signed by t..."]
["2014_ZA_103",2014,"ZA","South Africa",103,50,"South Africa has an unemployment fund which caters for those who are retrenched or have lost their job due to an illness. Every (former) worker of the formal economy can use this fund. However, South Africa has not implemented programmes to cater for the safety and needs of the unemployed who are ill.\n\nEmployees can make use of the use of the national Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF). This fund falls under de department of labour, and assists people who have lost their jobs as a result of an illness. Pregnant women too can use this fund to pay for maternity leave. The fund is funded by employees, who are are contributing 1% of their pay to the fund, as well as employers. \n\nPeople who can apply (apart from the target group above): workers who have been retrenched, had their contract terminated because insolvency of their employer and who have not been able to find a new job after 14 days. One has to apply for support from the fund within six months of becoming unemployed to claim benefits for up to 34 weeks (238 days). Regulations: You need to provide identification, six pay slips, a formal statement by your former employer, proof that you registered as a job seeker with the department of labour, and state that you are capable and willing to work.\n\nIf a worker for some reason or not can't apply for UIF, than he or she can try to apply for a disability grants. This for instance counts for TB and HIV patients. Siya Qwaka, who survived extreme resistant tuberculosis after 2 years of treatment (during which he had to stop working) said he received a disability grant of R1350 (108.86 USD) per month during the time he was sick and wasn't able to work. Qwaka fell under the care of Doctors without Borders between early 2012 and 2014.","Interview: Siya Qwaka, survivor of extreme resistant tuberculosis after 2 years of treatment (20 June 2014).\n\nMyWage.co.za (a South African online labour market research tool dealing with wages, labour law and other labour market related content) \nhttp://www.mywage.co.za/main/decent-work/social-security/unemployment\n\nThe South African Labour Guide - UIF (Extensive information website about employment issues), http://www.labourguide.co.za/general/unemployment-insurance-fund-uif-838.","South Africa has an unemployment fund which caters for those who are retrenched or have lost their job due to an illness. Every (former) worker of the formal economy can use this fund. However, South Africa has not implemented programmes to cater for the safety and needs of the une..."]
["2014_SD_103",2014,"SD","Sudan",103,25,"In Sudan, there is a government institution called the National Social Insurance Fund. This institution works to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, including work injuries and health disabilities. However, these services are offered only for employees who have contributed into the National Social Insurance Fund during an earlier stage of their work. \n\nMost government employees receive assistance from this service. However, the rest of the population gets no assistance from it. \n\nThere is no government institution that offers assistance to the unemployed if they have not contributed through prior work. Additionally, the National Social Insurance Fund's work in housing is only as an investment, rather than as a governmental service for the public.","[Interview] Mohamed Ali Khogali, director of Sudanese Organization for Economic & Social Rights, Sept. 28, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nNational Social Insurance Fund website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.nsif.gov.sd/about.htm \n\nAlyoum Altali, Arafa Wida'a, \"Civil servants access social insurance money with great difficulty,\" Aug. 11, 2014.\nhttp://www.alyoumaltali.com/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A9/22731-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B8%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6..-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3.html","In Sudan, there is a government institution called the National Social Insurance Fund. This institution works to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, including work injuries and health disabilities. However, these services are off..."]
["2014_ZM_103",2014,"ZM","Zambia",103,25,"Apart from a few programmes meant for the disabled, there are no other publicised social safety nets that are supposed to assist those who are unemployed due to illness or health conditions. No programmes have been created or implemented in the past year to that effect.\n\nEven the few programmes for the disabled do not cover a wide number, as government still does not have adequate resources to cover the whole disabled population.\n\nLast year,  Joseph Katema of the Ministry of Community Development, Mother and Child Health launched the Social Cash Transfer Scheme, which empowered some disabled people with start-up capital to establish small businesses and take up other economic ventures. This is said to have benefited people living with disabilities in Luwingu District in the Northern Province, but was still not enough to address all the disabled people’s issues.\n\nIn the 2014 budget, the government has allocated K9 million kwacha funding to the Zambia Agency for Persons with Disabilities. That's an increase from K5 million last year, but is still not enough to go around the country.","Interview with Brian Sakala, Lusaka small-business entrepreneur, Lusaka, Zambia, 18 July 2014. \n\nDaily Nation, \"Growing unemployment levels worry OYV,\" 26 June 2014.\nhttp://zambiadailynation.com/2014/06/26/growing-unemployment-levels-worry-oyv/\n\nLusaka Voice, \"International community Urged To Support Govt On Disability Issues,\" 8 Dec. 2014.\nhttp://lusakavoice.com/2013/12/08/international-community-urged-to-support-govt-on-disability-issues/","Apart from a few programmes meant for the disabled, there are no other publicised social safety nets that are supposed to assist those who are unemployed due to illness or health conditions. No programmes have been created or implemented in the past year to that effect...."]
["2014_BW_104",2014,"BW","Botswana",104,50,"There is a social services department under the Ministry of Local Government that caters to all social safety nets, including unemployment. However, the government has ensured that each ministry has a programme/policy that caters to the unemployed. The ministry does not provide statistics as to how many unemployed people benefit from its programmes. However, unemployment statistics can be found at the Central Statistics Office. Government also has an unemployed programme called Ipelegeng, under which workers are paid a standard sum of 400 pula (39.54 USD) for manual work.","Interview with Dr. Margaret Nasha, first female speaker of the Botswana parliament, Block 8, Gaborone, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nMinistry of Local Government website. \nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Local-Government-MLG1/About-MLG/Mandate/\n\nCentral Statistics Office website.\nhttp://www.cso.gov.bw/index.php/sector-statistics/labour","There is a social services department under the Ministry of Local Government that caters to all social safety nets, including unemployment. However, the government has ensured that each ministry has a programme/policy that caters to the unemployed. The ministry does not provide sta..."]
["2014_TD_104",2014,"TD","Chad",104,0,"Il n'existe pas un département spécialisé qui assure la protection sociale des personnes en chômage et aucun programme n'est mis en oeuvre par le gouvernement en ce sens. \n\nPour Abba Daoud NANDJÉDÉ, président de l’alliance des Associations des Défenseurs des Droits Humains et de l’Environnement au Tchad, Il n’y a pas un département ou un bureau chargé d’assurer la protection sociale des personnes en chômage au Tchad. Le gouvernement n’a même pas un programme dans ce sens, sauf les retraités de la fonction publique qui sont suivi par la Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale (CNPS) et les chômeurs sont laissés à leurs sorts. Les logements sociaux ne sont que des projets en attente.\n\nDans le rapport de l’Association Tchadienne pour le Bien-Être Familial (ASTBEF), du 1 janvier 30 juin 2014, l’ATBEF souligne dans sa page 21 que l’une des causes majeures de la pauvreté des ménages tchadiens est le manque de programme de suivi des personnes en chômage et le nombre croissant des demandeurs d’emploi...\n\nLes promesses politiques ne s'accompagnent pas de programmes appropriés. Sylvestre DJAMAL, magistrat, souligne que : «les chômeurs sont les plus malheureux du pays. Perdre son emploi au Tchad est comme un suicide social...Le gouvernement ne suit pas les personnes en chômage et n'a aucun programme en ce sens.»","NANDJÉDÉ Abba Daoud, président de l’alliance des Associationss des Défenseurs des Droits Humains et de l’Environnement au Tchad, entretien du 5 juillet 2014 par téléphone\n\nDJAMAL Sylvestre, magistrat, entretien par téléphone, 10 octobre 2014 .\n\nWAINATI François, diplômé sans emploi, entretien  à son domicile, 06 juillet 2014\n\nRapport de l’Association Tchadienne pour le bien-être familial (ASTBEF), du 1 janvier 30 juin 2014, page 21.","Il n'existe pas un département spécialisé qui assure la protection sociale des personnes en chômage et aucun programme n'est mis en oeuvre par le gouvernement en ce sens. ..."]
["2014_CI_104",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",104,50,"Il n'existe pas un département chargé de la protection sociale des personnes au chômage de manière spécifique, main il y a un ministère des affaires sociales qui coordonne la politque du gouvernement en matière sociale. Il existe un filet de sécurité sociale permettant d’indemniser les travailleurs en cas de chômage, mais il faut être forcement inscrit au niveau de l’agence d’étude et de promotion de l’emploi. Il faut donc être salarié d'une entreprise formelle.","GUIEHOA Mariatou, 1er secrétaire général adjointe de l’Union Générale des Travailleurs de Côte d’Ivoire (UGTCI), 29 août 2014.\n \n BI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014. \n \n ZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014.","Il n'existe pas un département chargé de la protection sociale des personnes au chômage de manière spécifique, main il y a un ministère des affaires sociales qui coordonne la politque du gouvernement en matière sociale. Il existe un filet de sécurité sociale permettant d’indemniser..."]
["2014_ET_104",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",104,0,"The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs coordinates efforts of the government to create a safety net system for the country. However, there are no programs that are run by the government that provide unemployment benefits. The ministry is also in the process of adopting a new safety net policy that is at the second draft stage; it has been submitted to the Council of Ministers for consideration. The new policy includes several areas of a safety net program but excludes unemployment issues. The plan of the government is to start with basic safety net schemes for the elderly, people with disabilities and other vulnerable groups, and perhaps expand the program to include unemployment benefits. \n\nThe current safety net program solely focuses on rural areas and food security concerns. That program is run by the Ministry of Agriculture and has been important in rural development policy. Although this effort may be useful for the unemployed in rural areas, it does not give direct benefit to the unemployed. This program involves a production component through which people are paid for working on community projects.","Interview with Damtew Alemu, capacity building and information team leader of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.   \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, volunteer at an NGO working in social welfare based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs coordinates efforts of the government to create a safety net system for the country. However, there are no programs that are run by the government that provide unemployment benefits. The ministry is also in the process of adopting a new saf..."]
["2014_GN_104",2014,"GN","Guinea",104,25,"En Guinée, il n'y a pas de fonds spécial d'indemnisation en cas de chômage. L'Etat essaie de répondre aux besoins de manière discontinue. Par exemple, l'Etat vient de débourser 37 milliards de francs Guinéens ($5.3 million) pour les travailleurs de la société mixte de téléphone mobile SOTELGUI qui s'est déclarée en faillite l'an dernier. Ces travailleurs sont donc au chômage technique avant qu'on ne trouve un repreneur.","TOURÉ Abdoulaye, directeur national de la promotion des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés publiques au ministère des Droits de l'Homme, 12h, 11 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n \nTOUÉ Mohamed,  syndicaliste, CONAG/DCF, 10h, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nFASSOU Elisée Kolié, coordinateur de Y-DAY-Guinée, membre de la Coalition Nationale des ONG de la Société Civile, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nDIALLO Taran, représentant de Transparency Internationale en Guinée, 12h, 02 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nGuineelive, 11 juillet 2014, « SOTELGUI : après des propos injurieux, 37 milliards pour indemniser les travailleurs ». http://www.guineelive.com/index.php/component/content/article/8-actualite/1433-sotelgui-apres-des-propos-injurieux-37-milliards-pour-indemniser-les-travailleurs ","En Guinée, il n'y a pas de fonds spécial d'indemnisation en cas de chômage. L'Etat essaie de répondre aux besoins de manière discontinue. Par exemple, l'Etat vient de débourser 37 milliards de francs Guinéens ($5.3 million) pour les travailleurs de la société mixte de téléphone mob..."]
["2014_MG_104",2014,"MG","Madagascar",104,0,"Dans la pratique, aucun filet de sécurité sociale n’a été mis en place par le gouvernement permettant d'indemniser les travailleurs en cas de chômage. La législation en vigueur prévoit que seuls les travailleurs salariés peuvent bénéficier d’une protection sociale, même si des employeurs arrivent encore à passer outre la loi (cf. article des Nouvelles). Pour les deux personnes interviewées, elles affirment que Madagascar ne dispose pas depuis l’indépendance en 1960 d’une politique de protection sociale.","Primature, « Enoncé du Programme de Mise en Œuvre de la Politique Générale de l’Etat (PGE) », mai 2014, http://www.primature.gov.mg/?page_id=2168\n \n RAKOTOZAFY, magistrat de la Cour d’appel en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014  RAKOTOZAFY Jean Paul Emile, président du Syndicat Chrétien des Enseignants de Madagascar, Antananarivo, 18 juillet 2014  NORO Niaina, Les Nouvelles, 17 septembre 2013, «Protection sociale : le droit des travailleurs bafoués ». http://www.newsmada.com/index.php/societe/25312-protection-sociale-le-droit-des-travailleurs-bafoue#.U9ODy7FKw24  R.Arnaud, Midi Madagasikara, 22 janvier 2014, « Emploi : un Malgache sur deux est au chômage ». http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2014/01/22/emploi-malagasy-sur-deux-au-chomage/","Dans la pratique, aucun filet de sécurité sociale n’a été mis en place par le gouvernement permettant d'indemniser les travailleurs en cas de chômage. La législation en vigueur prévoit que seuls les travailleurs salariés peuvent bénéficier d’une protection sociale, même si des empl..."]
["2014_MA_104",2014,"MA","Morocco",104,50,"In March 2014, the Ministry of Employment and the parliament approved a bill for a social safety net to compensate for unemployment. Run by ANAPEC (the agency for employment) under the supervision of the Ministry of Employment, this mechanism compensates up to 6 months salary of citizens who lost their jobs with the condition that they had a minimum of 780 days of full-time employment in the past 3 years including 260 full-time paid activity in the year preceding their job loss.\n\nThe compensation has a maximum 300 USD and 70% of the last salary. It also covers the national security monthly fee and the retirement fee for the employee. Parliament approved a special budget of around 70 million USD for the first year.\n\nThe agency running the program also has other priorities. As the program is very recent, the capacity to evaluate its real efficiency is lacking.","Official Morocco Website - Annoucement of the launch of the social net to compensate unemployment http://www.maroc.ma/fr/actualites/les-indemnites-pour-perte-demploi-commenceront-etre-versees-en-mars-2014 (last checked August 5th, 2014).\n\nSaad Hamoumi - Vice president union of employers - Casablanca - phone interview August 2nd, 2014.\n\nKhadija Rougani, Lawyer, member of AMDH Association Marocaine des Droits Humains and member of the movement a Spring of Dignity (women rights movement) – Casablanca - Phone interview – August 4th, 2014.","In March 2014, the Ministry of Employment and the parliament approved a bill for a social safety net to compensate for unemployment. Run by ANAPEC (the agency for employment) under the supervision of the Ministry of Employment, this mechanism compensates up to 6 months salary of ci..."]
["2014_NA_104",2014,"NA","Namibia",104,0,"There is no social safety net for the unemployed in Namibia. There is only a safety net for those who were previously employed and now retired or had to stop working due to injury or disability. The government is currently working on a national pension fund and medical fund but it is still in its infant stage and hardly being discussed. The government is yet to introduce unemployment benefits.","1.Telephone interview with the Deputy Minister of Labour and Social Welfare, Alpheus Muheua, on 17/07/2014\n2.Telephone interview with the Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, I-Ben Nashandi on 17/07/2014\n3.Telephone Interview with trade unionist, Evilastus Kaaronda on 16/08/2014\n4.Face to face interview with business journalist, Hilary Mare from the Confidente newspaper on 15/08/2014","There is no social safety net for the unemployed in Namibia. There is only a safety net for those who were previously employed and now retired or had to stop working due to injury or disability. The government is currently working on a national pension fund and medical fund but it ..."]
["2014_RW_104",2014,"RW","Rwanda",104,25,"In practice, there is no compensation for unemployment. There are no social benefits for the unemployed, but there is a government program that is donor-funded in which the unemployed who are categorized as poor, vulnerable or needy do paid manual work for government programs.\n\nThe safety net program, called Ubudehe, allows people in certain groups who are categorized as needy to do government work, such as making terraces, working on feeder roads and other projects, for which they are paid. They also get paid medical insurance (Mutuelle de Sante), and their children are sponsored by government at the university level.\n\nIn essence, officials say this is equivalent to paying social benefits to the unemployed. However, eligibility is dependent on being categorized as needy or vulnerable under Ubudehe. There is no compensation for those who are unemployed but categorized as well off.\n\nThe Rwanda National Social Security Board says that it currently does not have any programs to cover the unemployed.","Interview with Ladislas Ngendahimana, communications director, Ministry of Local Government, Aug. 16, 2014.\n\nInterview with Moses Kazoora, public relations director, Rwanda Social Security Board (RSSB), Aug. 12, 2014.\n\nRwanda Civil Society Platform final report, \"Ubudehe categorization and its impact on Citizen’s living conditions in Rwanda.\" \nhttp://www.rcsprwanda.org/IMG/pdf/UBUDEHE%20CATEGORIZATION%20FINAL%20OK.pdf","In practice, there is no compensation for unemployment. There are no social benefits for the unemployed, but there is a government program that is donor-funded in which the unemployed who are categorized as poor, vulnerable or needy do paid manual work for government programs...."]
["2014_ZA_104",2014,"ZA","South Africa",104,50,"There is a department mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it has other priorities. It has implemented a few programs to accommodate unemployed but these as well as the grants cater only for those who have worked before and not the millions who have never worked before. \n\nSouth Africa has an employment fund, but this only caters for people who have lost their jobs and not for those who have never worked before and can't find work. The bulk of the latter category depends on other social grants for their livelihoods.\n\nWorkers who become unemployed can make use of the national unemployment insurance fund. Falling under the department of labour, the fund assists people who have lost their job, or stopped receiving their salary as a result of pregnancy or illness. The fund also assists family members who are left behind after the main breadwinner passes away. In South Africa, all employees are contributors to the fund by deducting 1% of a worker's salary to this fund. People who have been retrenched, had their contract terminated because insolvency of employer and who has not been able to find a new job after 14 days, can fall back on the fund. \n\nOne has to apply within six months of becoming unemployed to claim benefits for up to 34 weeks (238 days). Regulations: You need to provide identification, six pay slips, a formal statement by your former employer, proof that you registered as a job seeker with the department of labour, and state that you are capable and willing to work.\n\nThere are no specific grants for people who have never worked and can't fund unemployment. Many who can't apply for support from the unemployment fund, survive off the grants of vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children and the disabled,\n\nAn article by researcher Fred Meintjies states that many people in South Africa depend on grants for their survival.\"In Evaton, 36% of households surveyed rely on social grants as their main source of income. Only 47% of households depend primarily on wages and 10% rely on income from business activities. Most households (72% of those surveyed) survive on less than R1000 (USD 80.69) per month and another 24.8% of households had an income of between R1000 and R3500 (282.43 USD). Only 4.1% of households had a monthly income exceeding R3500.\" \n\nAnother story, published in The Herald, states that social grants are crucial for the survival of those who are unemployed and have never found work. \"For more than 22 percent of the households in South Africa, social grants are the main source of income,\" writes Vee Ramsaayi. \"Unemployed and chronically ill people are currently excluded from the social grants system, even when they suffer extreme poverty. For their survival they must rely on children and pensioners who receive a grant, as they have no other form of income support.\"\n \nThe government has developed initiatives between September 2013 and September 2014 to tackle (mainly youth) unemployment:\n* October 2013 marked the commencement of the parliamentary public consultations process on the Employment Tax Incentive Bill. This legislation seeks to encourage employers to hire South Africans aged 19-29 with no work experience. According to the government it will complement existing state programmes including the expanded public works programme, community work programme, skills development under the auspices of the further education and training colleges, the sector education and training authorities, and the national skills fund.\"\n\n* In June 2014 South Africa announced that it would \"massively expand its post-school education and training intake over the next five years\" in an attempt \"to raise skills levels and cut unemployment among young people.\"\n\n* In June 2014, the Gauteng premier stated he would tackle unemployment  by securing more than 300 000 jobs in the next five years.","Living on Less than R1000 a Month: How Poor South Africans Survive (Fred Meintjies / The South African Civil Society Information Service / 23 September 2014)\nhttp://sacsis.org.za/site/article/1792\n\nGrants are vital for survival (Vee Ramsaayi / The Herald / 3 April 2014), http://southcoastherald.co.za/33432/grants-are-vital-for-survival/\n\nSouth Africa to tackle youth skills deficit (SouthAfrica.com / 17 June 2014) http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/development/youth-170614.htm#ixzz36AEVSLh1\n\nGauteng premier to tackle unemployment (Badwin Ndaba / The Star / 27 June 2014), http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/gauteng-premier-to-tackle-unemployment-1.1710973","There is a department mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it has other priorities. It has implemented a few programs to accommodate unemployed but these as well as the grants cater only for those who have worked before and not the millions who have never ..."]
["2014_TZ_104",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",104,0,"There is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed. In the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure healthcare, housing and other basic needs. There is no government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.","1. The Citizen. \"Magu, where elderly women are labelled witches\", June 8, 2014. http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/sound-living/Magu--where-elderly-women-are-labelled-witches/-/1843780/2341110/-/hj87a6z/-/index.html\n2. New 24 Tanzania. \"Government must pull their socks up to protect the elderly\", October 21, 2014. http://tanzania.news24.com/National-News/Government-must-pull-their-socks-up-to-protect-the-elderly-20141021-2\n3. International Organization for Migration Tanzania. http://tanzania.iom.int/author/mrizki/page/2/\n4. Interview with Elderly, Kibibi Mahinya, Songea, Tanzania, November 6, 2014\n5. National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania. http://www.nbs.go.tz/","There is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed. In the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure healthcare, housing and other basic needs. There is no government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."]
["2014_ZW_104",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",104,0,"The Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare has the responsibility to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed. This responsibility was confirmed in a press statement by  Lancaster Museka, labour and social services permanent secretary. He said that social protection was a priority area and that the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare was committed to ensuring a social safety net to compensate for unemployment. \n\nDespite expressing this commitment, in the past year, the government did not implement any program to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs for the unemployed.","Interview with Tafara Chiremba, projects officer, Poverty Reduction Forum Trust, 14 July 2014, Harare. \n\nThe Herald, Peter Matambanadzo, \"Govt geared to tackle unemployment, create jobs, \" 4 Sept. 2013.  \nhttp://www.herald.co.zw/govt-geared-to-tackle-unemployment-create-jobs/ \n\nMinistry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare. \nhttp://www.zim.gov.zw/index.php/ministries/ministry-of-public-service","The Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare has the responsibility to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed. This responsibility was confirmed in a press statement by  Lancaster Museka, labour and social services permanent secretary. He said that social protec..."]
["2014_BI_105",2014,"BI","Burundi",105,0,"La plupart des registres des budgets et des dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques ne sont pas disponibles au public. L'exclusion à l'information n'est pas facilement détectable sur le terrain. Toutes les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche s'accordent à dire que bien qu'il y ait droit, le public n'a pas accès à ce type d'information.","NITUNZE Yolande, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014. \n\nKADENDE Salvator, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.","La plupart des registres des budgets et des dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques ne sont pas disponibles au public. L'exclusion à l'information n'est pas facilement détectable sur le terrain. Toutes les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche s'accordent à dire que bie..."]
["2014_KM_105",2014,"KM","Comoros",105,0,"Les registres du budget et des dépenses des hôpitaux et des cliniques ne sont pas disponibles au grand public. Éventuellement, ils sont accessibles sur demande. Mais il faut noter que la transparence est assurée après l’adoption de la loi de finances car ce document est vulgarisé dans chaque ministère. Selon une source, le ministère de la santé  dispose d’un site web mais ne fonctionne pas très bien, et n’est pas bien alimenté.\nLes Comoriens n’ont pas encore acquis la culture de la transparence et les responsables hospitaliers, encore moins les populations qui vivent éloignés des centres et hôpitaux régionaux ne se préoccupent pas d’accéder a ces genres d’information budgetaire.","DJAZA Ahmed Mohamed, secrétaire général de la vice-présidence chargée du ministère de la santé, de la solidarité, de la cohésion sociale et de la promotion du genre, Moroni, 09 juillet 2014.\n\nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.","Les registres du budget et des dépenses des hôpitaux et des cliniques ne sont pas disponibles au grand public. Éventuellement, ils sont accessibles sur demande. Mais il faut noter que la transparence est assurée après l’adoption de la loi de finances car ce document est vulgarisé d..."]
["2014_CI_105",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",105,25,"En Côte d'Ivoire les budgets et les dépenses des hôpitaux et des cliniques ne sont pas à la portée des citoyens. Il y a une confidentialité qui entoure ces données économiques.\n \n Que les citoyens aient accès aux informations relatives aux budgets et dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques est l’idéal. Seuls les membres des comités de gestion des hôpitaux détiennent ces informations.\n \n Les informations relatives au budget et dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques existent bien. Mais ce ne sont pas des informations accessibles pour le public.  En Côte d'Ivoire les budgets et les dépenses des hôpitaux et des cliniques sont disponibles en faisant la demande auprès de l'Assemblée nationale ou du ministère du budget. Il est cependant difficile d'avoir accès en moins de deux semaines, et n'est pas complet. Les citoyens ont difficilement accès au budget d'une clinique ou d'un hôpital précis.","ZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014.\n \n BI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014. \n \n GUIEHOA Mariatou, 1er secrétaire général adjointe de l’Union Générale des Travailleurs de Côte d’Ivoire (UGTCI), 29 août 2014.\n \n Ministère de la Santé: www.sante.gouv.ci","En Côte d'Ivoire les budgets et les dépenses des hôpitaux et des cliniques ne sont pas à la portée des citoyens. Il y a une confidentialité qui entoure ces données économiques.\n ..."]
["2014_GM_105",2014,"GM","The Gambia",105,0,"It is hard to impossible to access data such as hospital and clinic budgets as well as expenditure records. The records are theoretically available from the planning unit of the Ministry of Health and would be two years old. However, ordinary Gambians or journalists are not privy to such records of expenditure and budget information as such information in the end is not made public.\n\nAccessing hospitals directly does likewise not lead to any success. Obtaining information from any hospital in the country is treated with suspicion by the hospitals contacted.","1.. Interview with Dr. Alieu Gaye, Medical Doctor and Proprietor of Pakala Clinic, 60 OAU Boulevard, Banjul on Saturday 21 June 2014\n\n2. Interviewee requested anonymity, Native of Tujereng, Kombo South District, West Coast Region, 2nd July 2014, Kanifing\n\n3. Interviewee requested anonymity, Native of Gunjur, Kombo South District, West Coast Region,2nd July 2014, Kanifing\n\nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. ","It is hard to impossible to access data such as hospital and clinic budgets as well as expenditure records. The records are theoretically available from the planning unit of the Ministry of Health and would be two years old. However, ordinary Gambians or journalists are not privy t..."]
["2014_LS_105",2014,"LS","Lesotho",105,0,"Citizens do not have access to hospitals' and clinics’ budget and expenditure information. The year under review was marked by a concerted effort by the Consumers Protection Association (CPA) and Oxfam International about the burden of Public Private Partnership (PPP) to the health sector in Lesotho. The government entered into an agreement with a consortium called Tšepong to build and run the largest referral hospital for 18 years. The agreement and all information relating to the running of the largest referral hospital in Lesotho were set to be confidential. The only information that was available about the operations of Queen ‘Mamahato Memorial Hospital was that contained in the budget speech of the year 2014/15. \n\nAccording to Mamatule Makhotla of the Lesotho Council of NGOs, their efforts to get hold of the agreement and expenditure reports were turned down by the Ministry of Health. However, she indicated that the work of Consumers Protection Association (CPA) and Oxfam International has helped to disclose a lot of information about the operations of the largest referral hospital in Lesotho. An anonymous source from the Ministry of Health attested to the fact that the information related to the operations of Tšepong are not for public consumption. It was also reported that Tšepong has not been submitting audited financial reports to the government. Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association stated that citizens have been misinformed about the PPP agreement as the government had stated that the facility would be cost-neutral prior to the publication of the report. \n\nDuring the year under review, there has been an increased scrutiny on the operations of Tšepong regarding information about procurement of services. Shareholders are on a collusion cause of an alleged misuse of funds at Tšepong. Netcare, which is the largest shareholder of Tšepong was accused by Excel Health Services (Pty) Ltd, Afrinnai Health (Pty) Ltd and D10 Investments (Pty) Ltd for having misused funds. This conflict has exposed government of Lesotho’s failure to manage the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) contracts it had with Tšepong.","Nkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nMamathula Makhotla, Health and Social Development Coordinator, Lesotho Council of NGOs, 28th August, Maseru\n\nAnonymous, Economic Planner, Ministry of Health, 9th September 2014, Maseru. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nPublic Eye Newspaper, Bereng Paki, 6th June 2014, Netcare accused of mismanaging funds, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=6095\n\nPublic Eye Newspaper, Lekhetho Ntsukunyane, 25th July 2014, Tšepong warfare intensifies, http://publiceye.co.ls/?p=6497\n\nAnna Marriot, A Dangerous Diversion Lesotho Health PPP, Oxfam International, http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bn-dangerous-diversion-lesotho-health-ppp-070414-en.pdf","Citizens do not have access to hospitals' and clinics’ budget and expenditure information. The year under review was marked by a concerted effort by the Consumers Protection Association (CPA) and Oxfam International about the burden of Public Private Partnership (PPP) to the health..."]
["2014_ML_105",2014,"ML","Mali",105,0,"Les citoyens maliens n'ont pas accès aux informations relatives aux budgets et aux dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques. Selon Markatié Daou, la plupart des registres des budgets et des dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques ne sont pas disponibles pour le public. Pour les obtenir, il faut passer par des voies détournées, facilitées par les relations personnelles. Les bilans comptables au sein des hôpitaux maliens sont très souvent biaisés. Ce qui explique l'ostracisme et le manque de transparence notoire dans leur gestion.","DIALLO Alhassane, assistant administratif, agence nationale de gestion des hôpitaux, 19 juillet 2014.\n\nDAOU Markatié, conseiller en communication, ministère de la santé, 19 juillet 2014.\n\nFOFANA Modibo, journaliste, journal Le Challenger, 19 juillet 2014.","Les citoyens maliens n'ont pas accès aux informations relatives aux budgets et aux dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques. Selon Markatié Daou, la plupart des registres des budgets et des dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques ne sont pas disponibles pour le public. Pour les obtenir, il fa..."]
["2014_NA_105",2014,"NA","Namibia",105,0,"The Ministry of Health and Social Services does not publish budgets of hospitals and clinics online. However, access may be sought by request, which may be granted after more than a month, or never. Citizens can also use the their elected officials in parliament to get budget information of hospital or health institutions for them.","1.Telephone interview with the Public Relations Officer in the Ministry of Health and Social Services, Esther Paulus on 18/07/2014\n2.Telephone interview with the Namibian Sun newspaper journalist, Faith Sankwasa on 16/07/2014\n3.Telephone interview with Member of Parliament Paulus Kapia on 16/08/2014","The Ministry of Health and Social Services does not publish budgets of hospitals and clinics online. However, access may be sought by request, which may be granted after more than a month, or never. Citizens can also use the their elected officials in parliament to get budget infor..."]
["2014_SN_105",2014,"SN","Senegal",105,25,"Les informations budgétaires et de dépenses des hôpitaux ou des cliniques restent inaccessibles aux populations. Au niveau inférieur les postes de santé sont gérés par les comités de santé composés de représentants du quartier mais les recettes sont méconnnues du citoyen. Le rapport annuel de l'Inspection Générale d'État (IGE) parle plutôt de mauvaise gestion des hôpitaux ou clinique que de budget, mais le rapport a été présenté au Président de la République et il reste encore inconnu du public. La seule information dont disposent les citoyens vient des articles de presse qui ont relaté les grandes lignes dudit rapport.","DIOP Cheikh Tako, directeur, Hôpital de Fann de Dakar, 23 juillet 2014.\n\nDIOP Arona, secrétaire général, Syndicat Autonome des Travailleurs de la Santé (SAT-SANTÉ), 23 juillet 2014.\n\nDIOUF Mbagnick, président, Réseau des journalistes en santé, 24 juillet 2014. \n\nRépublique du Sénégal, Présidence de la République, Inspection générale d’État, 2013, «Rapport public sur l’état de la gouvernance et de la reddition des comptes. Dakar, Sénégal, ISSN 2337-1722.» http://www.ige.sn/images/stories/pdf1/rapport%20compressé.pdf Titre 2, chapitre 2: Établissements publics de santé (EPS), p. 49-59\n\nAbasse, Le Quotidien, 26 juillet 2014, «Rapport de L’IGE – Securiport, Maison Sn à New York, Fesman, décrets d’avance, etc. : Niches de pillage»\nhttp://xalimasn.com/rapport-de-lige-securiport-maison-sn-a-new-york-fesman-decrets-davance-etc-niches-de-pillage/","Les informations budgétaires et de dépenses des hôpitaux ou des cliniques restent inaccessibles aux populations. Au niveau inférieur les postes de santé sont gérés par les comités de santé composés de représentants du quartier mais les recettes sont méconnnues du citoyen. Le rappor..."]
["2014_SO_105",2014,"SO","Somalia",105,0,"The federal government controls Mogadishu and a few other regions across the country. Health-related information is, however, not available. Public health service in areas such as the semi-autonomous regions of Puntland and Somaliland, are run by international NGOs or U.N. organizations like UNICEF and WHO.\n\nGetting access to financial expenditure information of these hospitals run by these organizations comes with conditions beyond the capacity of the average person, such as his/her being part of an authorized government agency carrying out audits. There is no readily available granular budget information on health accessible by citizens. \n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nI agree with the score,  but wish to add a comment. Somalia is a country that has been without an effective centralized government for 23 years; most of the health infrastructure has been destroyed; highly scarce human resources for health with a ratio per population six times lower than the minimum that was set by WHO.","Isse Mohamed Ahmed\nMinister of Education, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 28, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaredo Mohamed Abdallah\nMember of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaid Nuriye Abshir\nHead of Public Awareness, Ministry of Health\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nReviewer source:\nHealth Finance and Governance Project 2013. Health Systems Report: Somalia. Bethesda, MD: Health Finance and Governance Project, Abt Associates Inc. Health Systems Database","The federal government controls Mogadishu and a few other regions across the country. Health-related information is, however, not available. Public health service in areas such as the semi-autonomous regions of Puntland and Somaliland, are run by international NGOs or U.N. organiza..."]
["2014_SS_105",2014,"SS","South Sudan",105,0,"In South Sudan, citizens have no access to hospitals' and clinics' budget and expenditure information. Generally, it is difficult if not impossible to access information from government departments. The only information citizens may know about is the overall budget allocated to health by the national health ministry. In addition, government-owned hospitals or clinics do not have any websites that citizens can access for the information. \n\nThe director of Juba's military hospital, Peter Ajak Bullen, says they do not display or publish the hospital’s budget.\n\nWani Lolik Lado, who heads the Juba Teaching Hospital - the country’s only referral hospital, says they, too, do not publish the hospital’s budget. \n\nAccording to a journalist source, he has tried without success several times to obtain hospital budgets.","Interview with Wani Lolik Lado, director general, Juba Teaching Hospital, Aug. 10, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Denis Ejulu Elamu, reporter, The Corporate newspaper, Aug. 10, 2014, Juba, South Sudan. \n\nInterview with Edmond Yakani, executive director, Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO), Aug. 15, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.","In South Sudan, citizens have no access to hospitals' and clinics' budget and expenditure information. Generally, it is difficult if not impossible to access information from government departments. The only information citizens may know about is the overall budget allocated to hea..."]
["2014_UG_105",2014,"UG","Uganda",105,50,"The Uganda Budget Information Web site maintained by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development continues to be the one-stop center for public hospitals and health centers’ budgets and expenditures. However, in the past year, it has been poorly maintained and was not frequently updated, although ministry officials had promised to update it on a quarterly basis. In some instances, pages failed to upload completely, rendering the site useless for months.\n\nSome of the hospital budgets and expenditures can be found at the Uganda Budget Information Web site. Hospitals are also supposed to pin them on their notice boards, but they do not do it.","Peninnah Mbabazi, program assistant, Governance and Rights Program, Uganda Debt Network, Kampala, 25 Sept. 2014 \n\nNational Budget Framework Paper, Health Sector (2014) \nhttp://www.budget.go.ug/budget/sites/default/files/Sector%20Budget%20Docs/Sector%20NBFP%202014%20-15_Health.pdf \n\nUganda Budget Information/. Accessed September 2014. \nhttp://budget.go.ug/ ","The Uganda Budget Information Web site maintained by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development continues to be the one-stop center for public hospitals and health centers’ budgets and expenditures. However, in the past year, it has been poorly maintained and was no..."]
["2014_BJ_106",2014,"BJ","Benin",106,50,"Les pancartes devant ou à l'intérieur des structures sanitaires, comme par exemple le Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire (CNHU), Mother and child Hospital of Lagoon (HOMEL) etc.,  affichent les informations générales au public. Ces informations (les services disponibles, l'emplacement, les coordonnées, les instructions sur les modes d'accès aux différents services, et parfois les coûts ) sont parfois accessibles en ligne ou dans les journaux pour un petit nombre de formations sanitaires mais n’incluent pas souvent les prix des prestations.  Elles sont également disponibles sur demande.\nL'Autorité Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption travaille (en 2014) avec les services publiques à la publication des manuels de procédures ainsi qu'à leur application stricte.","Etienne Badou, Cadre administratif, Autorité nationale de lutte contre la corruption, Porto Novo, Interview du 10 juin 2014.\n\nGouv.bj, consulté le 23 juin 2014, «Les centres hospitaliers»  http://www.gouv.bj/contacts/les-centres-hospitaliers\n\nHôpital de l'Ordre de Malte à Djougou, consulté le 23 juin 2014, http://www.ordredemaltefrance.org/fr/sante-handicap-autisme-dependance/a-linternational/cartes-des-etablissements/hopital-saint-jean-de-malte-a-djougou-benin.html","Les pancartes devant ou à l'intérieur des structures sanitaires, comme par exemple le Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire (CNHU), Mother and child Hospital of Lagoon (HOMEL) etc.,  affichent les informations générales au public. Ces informations (les services disponibles, l'e..."]
["2014_CM_106",2014,"CM","Cameroon",106,50,"Les hôpitaux publics n'ont pas de présence sur le net. Même les hôpitaux de référence ne sont pas sur la toile, il s'agit notamment des hôpitaux généraux de Yaoundé et Douala, du centre hospitalier universitaire de Yaoundé ainsi que les hôpitaux de proximité que sont Laquintinie à Douala et l’hôpital central à Yaoundé.\n\nCet aspect des choses rend donc difficile la localisations de ces hôpitaux qui ne sont reconnaissables que par des plaques signalétiques situées à l'entrée de ces hôpitaux. Cependant, pour trouver certains de ces hôpitaux sur le net, il faut entrer le nom de l’hôpital recherché ainsi que la ville pour espérer avoir des informations plus ou moins affinées.\n\nLes informations sur les services de santé (telles que l’emplacement, les offres de service, les prix et les modes d’accès aux différents services) sont également accessible par d’autres voies tels que sur les pages jaunes d’Afrique et les annuaires téléphoniques édités par la société CAMTEL. Seulement que là, seuls les contacts (téléphone, fax et dans une moindre mesure les emails) sont accessibles, mais pas l’emplacement ou les tarifs encore moins les offres de santé.","FOGUITON Fogué, executive director de l'ONG Positive Génération qui a pour axe d'activité la santé, 12 juillet 2014. \n\nZAMBOU Lucie, projet manager de l'ONG SunAids, 12 juillet 2014;\n\nMARTIN Laetisia, communication officer de Medecin Sans Frontière (MSF), 12 juillet 2014;\n\nLOUIS Pone, journaliste au magazine Notre Santé, 12 juillet 2014","Les hôpitaux publics n'ont pas de présence sur le net. Même les hôpitaux de référence ne sont pas sur la toile, il s'agit notamment des hôpitaux généraux de Yaoundé et Douala, du centre hospitalier universitaire de Yaoundé ainsi que les hôpitaux de proximité que sont Laquintinie à ..."]
["2014_CG_106",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",106,25,"There is no public database for public hospital and clinic services, locations, and contact information. It is hard for citizens to get the information, especially when they are not used to the place. Very few public hospitals and clinics have websites. However, private institutions are doing their best to post their information online where the public can easily access it. Even so, only a few people have access to this information, as 1.7% of the population has access to Internet. The referral hospital in Kinshasa, has a web sites with a contact phone number, and name and addresses of different medical centers in Kinshasa.","1. (Phone Interview), Health Specialist And Chief In Hiv Capacity Building Program Ministry Of Health Didier Lukeme, August 1, 2014. \n\n2. (Face To Face Interview) President Of The Drc Anticorruption League Ernest Pararo,  July 15, 2014. \n\n3. (Face To Face Interview), Finance Auditor Cepetede Felix Kabuya, August 2, 2014.","There is no public database for public hospital and clinic services, locations, and contact information. It is hard for citizens to get the information, especially when they are not used to the place. Very few public hospitals and clinics have websites. However, private institution..."]
["2014_ER_106",2014,"ER","Eritrea",106,25,"The Ministry of Health regularly makes information public through the newspaper regarding the main referral hospitals, the services available and the locations in the country. \n\nThere is also web-based information listing hospitals, contact information, health care centers and pharmacies, but it is only available in Asmara, the capital city, and has not been updated for many years.  The telecommunication service also provides hospitals telephone lines.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, July 13, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, July 13, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMinistry of Health, \"Local Health Care Providers and Facilities,\" March 29, 2012\nhttp://photos.state.gov/libraries/eritrea/30767/ghezaif/Health%20Care%20Providers%20-%20revised%20Mar%202012.pdf","The Ministry of Health regularly makes information public through the newspaper regarding the main referral hospitals, the services available and the locations in the country. ..."]
["2014_GM_106",2014,"GM","The Gambia",106,50,"General information on most of the hospitals and clinics in The Gambia can be found at http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/private-health-clinics.html and http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/general-hospitals.html.  Out of 15 hospitals listed on these two websites, only four have websites: the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital (http://www.rvth.org), Africmed Clinic (http://www.africmed-gm.com), Bijilo Medical Center (http://www.bijilomedical.org) and Medical Research Council (http://www.mrc.gm).  \n\nThe websites contain information on the services offered by these hospitals and clinics. All the hospitals and clinics named in the first two websites also contain phone numbers and email addresses for the hospitals and clinics. Their physical addresses are also listed but there is no information on service access or pricing in any of these hospitals or clinics, including those run by government.\n\nThere is therefore general information, not only on most public hospitals and clinics in the country but also on most private hospitals and clinics. This includes hospitals and clinics in the rural areas. There is also accessible information, available online in some cases, on services these hospitals and clinics offer. The location and contact information for all the hospitals and clinics in the country are also easily accessible but there is no information whatsoever on pricing for the services offered by these hospitals and clinics.","1. Interview with Dr. Alieu Gaye, Medical Doctor and Proprietor of Pakala Clinic, 60 OAU Boulevard, Banjul on Saturday 21 June 2014\n\n2.General Hospitals in Gambia, accessgambia.com, available at http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/general-hospitals.html, accessed August 2014\n\n3. Medical Services Information, Embassy of the United States, Banjul, The Gambia, American Citizen Services, http://banjul.usembassy.gov/mobile//medical_information.html, accessed August 2014","General information on most of the hospitals and clinics in The Gambia can be found at http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/private-health-clinics.html and http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/general-hospitals.html.  Out of 15 hospitals listed on these two websites, only four have websi..."]
["2014_GH_106",2014,"GH","Ghana",106,50,"Most hospitals with the exception of the three teaching hospitals do not have websites. The teaching hospitals publish on their websites information about the services they render in terms of each department and its specialties, their locations, contacts, and instructions about how to access the services. However, there is no information about pricing. Prices are determined after diagnosis and treatment. The teaching hospitals also have information desks where clients can go to seek information. They can also be reached through telephone.    \n\nMost of the rest of the hospitals do not have websites. However, they have information desks which educate clients about the services they render and instructions about how to access the services but do not publish prices. They can also be reached through the telephone for any assistance.\n\nList of government hospitals and their websites:\n1. Tamale Teaching Hospital: http://www.tamaleteachinghospital.org/\n2. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital: http://www.kathhsp.org/\n3. Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital: http://kbth.gov.gh/\n4. Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital: no website\n5. Ho Municipal Hospital: no website\n6. Tamale West Hospital: no website\n7. LEKMA Hospital: www.lekmahospital.org\n8. Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital: no website\n9. Kwahu Government Hospital: no website\n10. Achimota Hospital: no website","1. Mr Anthony Goodman, Public Relations Officer, Ministry of Health, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Sidua Hor, National Coordinator, Universal Access to Healthcare Campaign, Telephone interview, August 4, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Madam Rebecca Ackwonu, Public Relations Officer of the Ghana Health Service, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Mohammed Misbao, Public Relations Officer, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Tamale.","Most hospitals with the exception of the three teaching hospitals do not have websites. The teaching hospitals publish on their websites information about the services they render in terms of each department and its specialties, their locations, contacts, and instructions about how..."]
["2014_GN_106",2014,"GN","Guinea",106,75,"La République de Guinée n'a pas un service informatique très développé, mais depuis l'année dernière, des efforts ont été faits. Les services de médecine sont disponibles en ligne. Par exemple, en cas d’épidémie, comme c'est le cas depuis le début de cette année avec la fièvre hémorragique Ebola, les services sont accessibles et des numéros de téléphones sont disponibles pour appeler les services compétents pour des nécessités d'évacuation.  \nPar rapport à l'emplacement et les coordonnées, tous les hôpitaux et centres de santé sont connus des citoyens. \nDans le cadre des informations sur le mode d'accès et les prix à payer, les services des grands centres affichent les prix dans les locaux, mais pour les zones rurales, c'est souvent difficile de connaître ces informations. Quelques fois, les médecins fixent les prix sans se référer à la recommandation des autorités compétentes. Loin de refléter les recommandations des autorités compétentes, l'information concernant les prix des services est laissée à la discretion des responsables d'établissements hospitaliers dans certains milieux.\n\n\nPas d'accord (score=100). Toutes ces informations sont disponibles y compris les prix des services. Les populations ont une parfaite connaissance des hôpitaux, des cliniques médicales et autres centres de santé du pays. Dans les hôpitaux publics, les prix des services offerts sont souvent publiés sur des panneaux géants même si dans la réalité des agents de santé perçoivent souvent des honoraires au-delà des prix affichés.","ZOWO NY ANGA HONOMOU Marc, médecin gynécologue à l'hôpital Jean Paul II de Taouy ah, 10h, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nHABA Matthieu, inspection générale des finances, 11h, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nLAMAH Léopold, médecin orthopédiste au service de la traumatologie de Donka, 10h30, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nNY ANKOYE Lamine, directeur général adjoint, service nutrition, centre hospitalier universitaire de Donka, 10h30, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.","La République de Guinée n'a pas un service informatique très développé, mais depuis l'année dernière, des efforts ont été faits. Les services de médecine sont disponibles en ligne. Par exemple, en cas d’épidémie, comme c'est le cas depuis le début de cette année avec la fièvre hémo..."]
["2014_GW_106",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",106,25,"No public hospital or clinic has a website. The main hospital in the capital city, Bissau, does not even have a phone number or telephone. One must call the cell phones of nurses or doctors for any information. None of the public hospitals or health clinics have any type of relevant information on the services available in their own institution. There is no central system in the country that provides access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information. Moreover, in the public hospital's pharmacy, prices of medicine are not public, which gives rise to black markets.","1. Interview with Victor Madrigal, Representant, NGO - AIDA, Ayuda, Intercambio y Desarrollo (working with health and education), 24 July 2014, Bissau. Guinea-Bissau\n\n2. Interview with Sidu Vieira, Doctor, Health Expert, 29 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n3. News article published by Notícias ao Minuto, Lusa, \"It is almost a luxury to have health in Guinea-Bissau\", 3 march 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/182881/ter-saude-na-guine-bissau-e-quase-um-luxo.\n\n4. Visit to 2 public hospitals (Hospital Simão Mendes and Hospital a caminho Quinhamel)  and 1 public health clinic (posto de saúde, bairro militar), 24 July 2014 and 29 July 2014 respectively, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau","No public hospital or clinic has a website. The main hospital in the capital city, Bissau, does not even have a phone number or telephone. One must call the cell phones of nurses or doctors for any information. None of the public hospitals or health clinics have any type of relevan..."]
["2014_KE_106",2014,"KE","Kenya",106,75,"The key Referral & Teaching hospitals in Kenya have websites that detail their locations, contacts information and services offered. Besides, the Division of Health Information System of the Ministry of Health has a portal -eHealth-Kenya that contains a comprehensive list of hospitals and clinics across the country as well as the services offered. However, pricing for these services is not indicated. The portal was developed as a collaboration of the government  and the USAID.","1. Bill Okaka,  officer, APHIA -2 NGO programme. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n2. Wanja Muraya, health writer, Standard Group. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n3. Kenyatta National Hospital website. http://knh.or.ke/. \n\n4. Moi Teaching and Referal Hospital Eldoret website. http://www.mtrh.or.ke/index.php/feedback.\n\n5. Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital website http://jaramogiteachingandreferralhospital.com/.\n\n6. The eHealth-Kenya  facilities portal. http://www.ehealth.or.ke/facilities/default.aspx.","The key Referral & Teaching hospitals in Kenya have websites that detail their locations, contacts information and services offered. Besides, the Division of Health Information System of the Ministry of Health has a portal -eHealth-Kenya that contains a comprehensive list of hospit..."]
["2014_LS_106",2014,"LS","Lesotho",106,25,"Citizens have access to information about locations of hospitals and clinics, because there are health facilities in almost every corner of the country due to the support of the U.S. government through the Millennium Challenge Account that ended during the year under review. Contact details of hospitals and clinics are found in telephone directories which are distributed for free by telecommunication companies. However, the contact information are not easily accessible especially in rural areas.\n\nAccording to ‘Mamathule Makhotla of Lesotho Council of NGOs, citizens have access to information about clinics. An anonymous source from the Ministry of Health indicated that the newly refurbished clinics have increased the visibility of the health centres throughout the country. This was confirmed by Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association when he said that the populace has benefited from the improvement on the accessibility of health centres.  \n\nThe fact that the government is implementing, the access to universal healthcare has eased the need for people to be concerned of the services provided by health centres. The period under review has also marked an end of the Compact One of the Millennium Challenge Account, where the U.S. government has financed construction and rehabilitation of health centres throughout the country.","Nkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\n‘Mamathula Makhotla, Health and Social Development Coordinator, Lesotho Council of NGOs, 28th August, Maseru.\n\nAnonymous, Economic Planner, Ministry of Health, 9th September 2014, Maseru. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.","Citizens have access to information about locations of hospitals and clinics, because there are health facilities in almost every corner of the country due to the support of the U.S. government through the Millennium Challenge Account that ended during the year under review. Contac..."]
["2014_LR_106",2014,"LR","Liberia",106,25,"Citizens do have access to information about services and hospitals. This information is obtained when citizens visit the clinics or hospitals. Very few of the hospitals have websites so there is no directions online to direct citizens to advertised services. Almost every clinic and hospital has a bulletin at the entrance or in the hallways with lists of services and information on cost of registrations and medications.","Interview: Hon. Benedict Harris, Asst. Minister at Health Ministry, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Abraham Attoh, Admin Assistant, JFK Medical Center, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Dr. Garfee Williams, Health Project Coordinator, Africare Liberia; Monrovia, 24/10/2014.","Citizens do have access to information about services and hospitals. This information is obtained when citizens visit the clinics or hospitals. Very few of the hospitals have websites so there is no directions online to direct citizens to advertised services. Almost every clinic an..."]
["2014_LY_106",2014,"LY","Libya",106,25,"Most hospitals and clinics do not own individual websites. On the website of the Ministry of Health, the only information published are the names and phone numbers of public hospitals. However, private clinics are widespread and popular. They offer good information about their services.","Interview with Ammar Muhamed, information officer in the Ministry of Health, Oct. 23, 2014.\n\nInterview with Abdulla Burzeebah, journalist and coach in the Libyan Youth for Culture and Dialogue Club, Oct. 23, 2014.\n\nOfficial website of the Ministry of Health, online services section, accessed Oct. 23, 2014. \nhttp://www.health.gov.ly/electronic-services/telephone-directory-hospitals.html","Most hospitals and clinics do not own individual websites. On the website of the Ministry of Health, the only information published are the names and phone numbers of public hospitals. However, private clinics are widespread and popular. They offer good information about their serv..."]
["2014_MG_106",2014,"MG","Madagascar",106,50,"Les différentes formations sanitaires gérées par l’Etat sont disponibles sur le site du ministère de la santé publique, dans les médias (journaux, radios télé) et dans les quotidiens (Midi Madagasikara, Gazetiko, L'express de Madagascar, Les Nouvelles, etc.). Pour chaque formation, des renseignements sont fournis, comme le statut et la fonctionnalité. Il y a même une carte de leurs localisations. Quant à l’accès des citoyens, il est plutôt limité. En effet, il faut d’abord une connexion internet, ce qui n’est pas à la portée de tout le monde surtout dans les régions et dans les zones rurales. C’est pour cela que l’article de la Gazette de la Grande Ile spécifie que l’accès à la plus petite formation sanitaire publique qu’est le centre de santé de base (équivalent d’une dispensaire public) est plus que limité. Il s’agit de l’accès physique en termes de distance à parcourir. \n \n Les gens arrivent à connaître les informations à travers les voisins (en zones rurales) et à travers les annonces surtout à la radio nationale.","Site du Ministère de la Santé Publique : http://www.sante.gov.mg/fs/.\n \n RAKOTOZAFY, magistrat de la Cour d’appel en retraite, Antananarivo, 04 juillet 2014\n \n RAKOTOZAFY Jean Paul Emile, président du Syndicat Chrétien des Enseignants de Madagascar, Antananarivo, 18 juillet 2014 La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 24 juillet 2014, « Accès aux centres de santé : encore plus limité actuellement », http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41464:acces-aux-centres-de-sante-encore-plus-limite-actuellement&catid=42:societe&Itemid=57.","Les différentes formations sanitaires gérées par l’Etat sont disponibles sur le site du ministère de la santé publique, dans les médias (journaux, radios télé) et dans les quotidiens (Midi Madagasikara, Gazetiko, L'express de Madagascar, Les Nouvelles, etc.). Pour chaque formation,..."]
["2014_MW_106",2014,"MW","Malawi",106,50,"Information about hospital and clinic services and contact details is generally available to citizens but not in an organized manner via the Internet. Malawians usually get such information through newspapers, radio, adverts and word of mouth, especially in rural areas. Stakeholders in the private and public sectors are increasingly working towards providing information about their services in an organised manner including through the Internet. Some of the hospitals and clinics have all information mentioned available. However, not all hospitals have such information. Usually it is only contact information, location and services.","1. Dr Charles Mwansambo, Chief of Health Services, Ministry of Health, 8 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Arnold Munthali, New Media Editor, Blantyre Newspapers Ltd, 4 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Martha Kwataine, Executive Director, Malawi Health Equity Network, 24 August, 2014, Lilongwe","Information about hospital and clinic services and contact details is generally available to citizens but not in an organized manner via the Internet. Malawians usually get such information through newspapers, radio, adverts and word of mouth, especially in rural areas. Stakeholder..."]
["2014_ML_106",2014,"ML","Mali",106,50,"Les citoyens ont souvent accès à des informations sur les services des centres de santé. Les services disponibles, l'emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et des cliniques d’États sont souvent accessibles dans des dépliants des entreprises privées et publiques, mais les prix ne le sont pas. Les mêmes informations sont accessibles dans les agendas. Hormis cela, l'information est véhiculée de bouche à oreilles. \n\nAllaye Touré estime qu'il y a nécessité de diffuser les informations sur les centres de santé.","TRAORÉ Adama, chargé de communication, hôpital Gabriel Touré, 21 juillet 2014.\n\nDEMBÉLÉ Jean Paul, immunologue et membre du syndicat des médecins du Mali, hôpital Gabriel Touré, 21 juillet 2014.\n\nTOURÉ Allaye, président, Conseil National de la Société Civile (CNSC), 21 juillet 2014.","Les citoyens ont souvent accès à des informations sur les services des centres de santé. Les services disponibles, l'emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et des cliniques d’États sont souvent accessibles dans des dépliants des entreprises privées et publiques, mais les prix ..."]
["2014_MR_106",2014,"MR","Mauritania",106,25,"Étant donné que Nouakchott est une petite ville, les citoyens dans leur majorité connaissent  l'emplacement des hôpitaux et des cliniques. Les informations sont aussi bien disponibles dans les journaux privés que sur place. Cependant, en dépit d'une facilité à obtenir des informations sur les emplacements des principaux centres de soins et à s'y rendre, les citoyens ne sont pas informés sur la nature des soins prodigués et les médecins disponibles. Cette absence d'informations précises constitue un handicap notable. Il n'existe pas en Mauritanie un système permettant d'appeler des médecins à domicile. Ce coût est prohibitif et le citoyen mauritanien ne dispose pas de moyens conséquents pour de telles prestations.\n\nEn dehors de Nouakchott, à l'intérieur du pays, peu d'informations sont mises à la disposition des citoyens pour connaître les services, l'emplacement et les coordonnées des hopitaux. Cette lacune est compensée par le fait que les infrastructures sont connues par tous les citoyens à l'intérieur du pays. L'absence d'un système d'information se situe également au niveau des prestations. Les établissements à l'intérieur du pays sont dépourvus d'un système d'information sur la nature et le montant des prestations. Si à Nouakchott, il est possible de connaître les coordonnées des structures hospitalières, à l'intérieur du pays, cette problèmatique se pose. Les journaux ne communiquent guère aux citoyens de l'intérieur du pays les coordonnées des établissements hospitaliers.","1. Docteur SOUMARÉ Outouma, directeur général de l’hôpital neuro psychiatrique, 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. Dr SALL Zakaria, pneumologue à l'hôpital national, 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. BEN TALEB Halima, présidente de l'Association Pour l'Education et la Santé de la Femme et de l'Enfant (AESFE), 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","Étant donné que Nouakchott est une petite ville, les citoyens dans leur majorité connaissent  l'emplacement des hôpitaux et des cliniques. Les informations sont aussi bien disponibles dans les journaux privés que sur place. Cependant, en dépit d'une facilité à obtenir des informati..."]
["2014_MU_106",2014,"MU","Mauritius",106,100,"Hospital services and contact information are published everywhere, on posters and the information can be accessed by the public on the government directory as well. Clinics work on a commercial basis and they have their own website and that information is made public.\n\nGhislaine Perovic, administrator of private Clinique des Lorettes, said that the information available through the telephone and websites includes location, contact details and generic services. However, the information is not always updated, especially concerning the services offered.\n\nDr Satish Boolell, a member of the National Assembly, said that the public has access to clinic information on most issues including basic fees, but not on collateral expenses.","1.        Maya Hanoomanjee, former minister of Health and Quality of life, 18 Sept 2014, phone\n2.        Dr Satish Boolell, member of the National Assembly, 19 Sept 2014, mail\n3.        Ghislaine Perovic, Administrator at Clinique de Lorette, 01 Sept 2014, mail and phone","Hospital services and contact information are published everywhere, on posters and the information can be accessed by the public on the government directory as well. Clinics work on a commercial basis and they have their own website and that information is made public...."]
["2014_MA_106",2014,"MA","Morocco",106,50,"Instructions on how to access hospitals services are very broad and general. Not all  information regarding hospital services is available on the health map of the Ministry of Health. This is an opendata project run jointly by the Ministry of Health and the Directorate of Digital Economy. There is complementary information on the opendata website of the government.\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree. \n\nPricing information in important hospitals and other information are not available and information on government website are not standardized. The coordination between different services offered between the Ministry of Health, ANAM, CNOPS and CNSS are not collected and presented in an accessible way for citizens. The Website of the most important hospital of the country does not show the pricing of the services and doesn't have an Arabic version. It's the case for the Ministry of Health too, it lacks an Arabic version, which means that the majority of the population can not access this information.","Health map - Ministry of Health project (jointly with opendata project of the Ministry of Digital Economy) http://cartesanitaire.sante.gov.ma/offresoins/National.aspx (last checked August 5th 2014).\n\nAmine Mounir Alaoui - President of the Moroccan ICT federation - casablanca - phone interview August 2nd, 2014.\n\nAbdlatif Harraq - Director of the Strategy at the Directorate of Digital Economy- phone interview August 2nd, 2014.\n\nopendata website of the government http://www.data.gov.ma/data/fr/group/sante\n\nhealth map of the Ministry of Health http://cartesanitaire.sante.gov.ma/offresoins/National.aspx.","Instructions on how to access hospitals services are very broad and general. Not all  information regarding hospital services is available on the health map of the Ministry of Health. This is an opendata project run jointly by the Ministry of Health and the Directorate of Digital E..."]
["2014_MZ_106",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",106,25,"In Mozambique, the location of the main hospitals is available, including their addresses and contact information (postal addresses and telephone numbers). As for the district hospitals, such information is not available for the majority of them, nor is information available for services rendered. The only hospitals and clinics that advertise their services are private clinics.","Interview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 24 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Dionisio Nombora, researcher, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 23 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Jorge Matine, medical doctor and researcher, Pathfinder International, Maputo, 23 July 2014.  ","In Mozambique, the location of the main hospitals is available, including their addresses and contact information (postal addresses and telephone numbers). As for the district hospitals, such information is not available for the majority of them, nor is information available for se..."]
["2014_NA_106",2014,"NA","Namibia",106,25,"A majority of public health institutions do not have any information online because they are found in remote areas where there is no access to the Internet, and most inhabitants do not rely on the Internet for information. Directions or at least addresses and telephone numbers of the health institutions are found in the hard-copy telephone directory.\n\nAlthough most government health institutions have not made use of the Internet to disseminate information, by words of mouth all citizens know about their health institutions including directions and fees.","1.Telephone interview with Ministry of Health and Social Services, Public Relations Officer, Esther Paulus on 18/07/2014\n2. Telephone interview with journalist Faith Sankwasa from the Namibian Sun newspaper on 16/07/2014\n3.Telephone interview with Member of Parliament, Paulus Kapia on 16/08/2014","A majority of public health institutions do not have any information online because they are found in remote areas where there is no access to the Internet, and most inhabitants do not rely on the Internet for information. Directions or at least addresses and telephone numbers of t..."]
["2014_NE_106",2014,"NE","Niger",106,25,"La plupart des informations ne sont pas disponibles en permanence en ligne, sur papier ou par téléphone pour la plupart des hôpitaux et cliniques d'État au Niger. Seuls les informations concernant l'emplacement et les coordonnées sont disponibles sur des sites web d'information et seulement pour certains hôpitaux et cliniques de l'Etat. Les citoyens vivants en milieu urbain peuvent généralement facilement avoir accès à l'information concernant l'emplacement de l'hôpital de leur ville. Ils peuvent aussi avoir accès à certains services des hôpitaux. Mais les prix des prestations et le mode d’accès des différents services, ne sont pas des informations facilement disponibles. Même pour les citoyens vivant à milieu urbain, l’accès aux informations relatives aux hôpitaux et centre de soins se fait généralement de bouche à oreille (par personne interposée). Les gens demandent à leurs proches, leurs entourage, et s'il y a un agent de santé ou un médecin dans le voisinage; il sera la première source d'information.\n Les hôpitaux et centres de soins n'ont généralement pas de standard téléphonique fonctionnel avec un numéro connu que chaque citoyen peut appeler pour s'informer.\n \n En milieu rural, la situation est radicalement différente. Souvent l'hôpital le plus proche d'un village est à plus de 100 km. Ces dernières années, de cases de santé ont été mis en place un peu partout dans le pays, mais cela ne résout pas le problème d’accès à l'information des citoyens.","DJERMAKOYE Idé, coordinateur de la plateforme des organisations pour la promotion de la protection Sociale-ProtecSo au Niger, 16 et 18 août 2014. \n \n KADI Traoré, ancienne secrétaire général du ministère de la santé, actuellement présidente du Réseau des communicateurs en santé, 16 août 2014. \n \n Site web du Système National d'Information Sanitaire (SNIS):\n http://www.snis.cermes.net/","La plupart des informations ne sont pas disponibles en permanence en ligne, sur papier ou par téléphone pour la plupart des hôpitaux et cliniques d'État au Niger. Seuls les informations concernant l'emplacement et les coordonnées sont disponibles sur des sites web d'information et ..."]
["2014_NG_106",2014,"NG","Nigeria",106,75,"Most government hospitals in the country have online information on services available, locations and contacts. All 10 of the government hospital websites reviewed had information on services available, locations and contacts. None had pricing information. Only one (Benin) had information on how to access services.\n\nThe missing information was not available on paper, but could be accessed at the respective hospitals on direct inquiry, either by phone or in person.","Interview with Tobore Ovuorie, health journalist, Abuja, 21 July 2014. \n\n10 government hospital websites, accessed July 2014.\n\nUniversity of Uyo Teaching Hopsital.\nhttp://uuthuyo.com/\n\nLagos University Teaching Hopsital.\nhttp://luthnigeria.org/\n\nUniversity of Benin Teaching Hospital.\nhttp://www.ubth.org/\n\nGeneral Hospital, Kubwa, Abuja.\nhttp://kubwageneralhospital.com/\n\nUniversity of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.\nhttp://upthng.org/\n\nUniversity College Hospital, Ibadan.\nhttp://uch-ibadan.org.ng/x/\n\nFederal Medical Centre, Keffi.\nhttp://www.fmckeffi.net/\n\nJos University Hospital.\nhttp://juthnigeria.org/\n\nUsman Dan Fodiyo University, Sokoto.\nhttp://www.uduth.org.ng/\n\nUniversity of Abuja Teaching Hospital.\nhttp://www.uath.gov.ng/","Most government hospitals in the country have online information on services available, locations and contacts. All 10 of the government hospital websites reviewed had information on services available, locations and contacts. None had pricing information. Only one (Benin) had info..."]
["2014_RW_106",2014,"RW","Rwanda",106,50,"In practice, only leading referral and district hospitals located in and outside Kigali have websites that indicate their locations and services offered. Even for those that don't have websites, it is easy to find their location, especially through the Ministry of Health website, which has details of all referral, provincial and district hospitals. It also has names and locations of all health centers and health posts around the country. \n\nThe Ministry of Health website also has an interactive map that shows the location of all public hospitals. Also, the website has a downloadable Excel spread sheet with all health facilities across the country. The website also lists all clinical services offered. In addition, information on the location and services offered by several public hospitals can be found on related websites, such as Partners in Health.\n\nIt is also possible to obtain information on most public hospitals and clinics from directories, social networks and magazines such as The Eye handbook, which is distributed for free in all public places, hotels, libraries, etc. This information can be obtained in most cases at the front desks of the referral hospitals or clinics, considering that people pay based on the insurance plans they have, or they pay the full amount. Information is readily available.","Interview with Nathan Mugume, director general, Rwanda Health Communication Center (RHCC) in the Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Kigali, Aug. 7, 2014. \n\nInterview with Dr. Theobard Hategekimana, director general, University Central Teaching Hospital (CHUK), Aug. 7, 2014.\n\nMinistry of Health website, accessed Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.moh.gov.rw/index.php?id=4, http://www.moh.gov.rw/index.php?id=27 \n\nWebsites:\n\nKing Faisal Hospital website, biggest referral hospital in Rwanda, accessed Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://kfh.rw/clinical-service/  \n\nUniversity Teaching Hospital of Kigali website, accessed Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.chk.org.rw/  \n\nRwanda Military Hospital website, accessed Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://rwandamilitaryhospital.rw/clinical-services \n\nUniversity Teaching Hospital of Butare, (CHUB) website, accessed Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.chub.rw/  \n\nButaro Hospital, Partners in Health website, accessed Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.pih.org/pages/butaro-hospital ","In practice, only leading referral and district hospitals located in and outside Kigali have websites that indicate their locations and services offered. Even for those that don't have websites, it is easy to find their location, especially through the Ministry of Health website, w..."]
["2014_ST_106",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",106,25,"Information on health care services, locations, contact number, etc., is not available at all times. There is no special contact number to obtain it. For example, in the main hospital, emergency service is the only one that can be easily identified. Though there is a toll-free number to get hospital or clinic numbers (as well as in the white pages), the only way to get detailed information on pricing and services is to meet in person with someone at the hospital. \n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. There is only a single hospital located in São Tomé city and one small clinic in Príncipe. Their phone numbers are available in the local phone directories. STP is a very small country, where people usually know where the next health post and the country's only hospital are located. The numbers are available online on the Yellow Pages website at http://www.paginasamarelas.st/ (only a tiny minority of people in STP have access to the Internet)","Interview with Edgar Neves, general coordinator, Health Program for All, Feb. 10, 2015. \n\nEmail interview with Ectylsa Bastos, journalist, Feb. 11, 2015. \n\nInterview with José Maria Coelho, citizen, Feb. 9, 2015. ","Information on health care services, locations, contact number, etc., is not available at all times. There is no special contact number to obtain it. For example, in the main hospital, emergency service is the only one that can be easily identified. Though there is a toll-free numb..."]
["2014_SN_106",2014,"SN","Senegal",106,75,"Au Sénégal, les informations relatives aux services disponibles, l'emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et des cliniques sont accessibles aux citoyens. Cependant les prix ne sont pas disponibles.\n\nLe site internet du ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale affiche toutes les informations concernant les cliniques et les hôpitaux. Ce site fournit une liste et les informations détaillées sur les services offerts par les toutes les structures sanitaires du Sénégal, leur emplacement, les coordonnées et les instructions sur les modes d'accès aux différents services. Les prix des services ne sont pas précisés. \n\nEn sus, les pages jaunes du Sénégal fournissent les coordonnées de quelques hôpitaux, ainsi que leur emplacement et leur site internet dont la visite permet d'en savoir un peu plus sur les services offerts et les prix.","SOW Mamadou, cellule de communication, ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale, 19 juillet 2014\n\nDIOP Cheikh Tacko, directeur, hôpital Fann de Dakar,  25 juillet 2014\n\nMinistère de la santé et de l'action sociale du Sénégal, site Internet, http://www.sante.gouv.sn\n\nPages Jaunes d'Afrique, Cliniques et Hopitaux du Sénégal. http://www.lespagesjaunesafrique.com/societes/senegal/cliniques-hopitaux/","Au Sénégal, les informations relatives aux services disponibles, l'emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et des cliniques sont accessibles aux citoyens. Cependant les prix ne sont pas disponibles...."]
["2014_SC_106",2014,"SC","Seychelles",106,100,"In Seychelles, the healthcare system includes hospitals and health centers. Seychelles Hospital has two annexes and specialized hospitals. Sixteen health centers are disseminated  in 27 health districts (district health does not match the administrative district). Department policy is to encourage people to go to health centers that are closer to where they live.\n\nAn intense campaign (billboards, radio, television) is conducted periodically to let the public know the services available at these centers, as well as basic information they might need: location, contact information, how to access the service etc. Citizens can call or read the signs around the centers. But online information is not yet available. The new website of the Ministry of Health contains information including \"health services\" detailing the location of all health centers, the catchement population, services hours, services offered.\n\nGiven the nation’s significant health infrastructure and options to “shop around,” the use of health services is high. The Seychelles has a large number of health facilities and hospital beds per person. Over the years, a robust network of health facilities focused on primary care and achieving universal coverage of services has emerged. Findings from a patient exit survey suggest that users perceive that the services are of high quality and access to services is high. The vast majority of patients, 86%, take less than 30 minutes to get to their health facility of choice, mostly via public transportation or walking. Of these 86 percent, 45 percent took less than 15 minutes to get to the health facility. Most come for consultations and pharmacy services. Concerning access to, and availability of health workers, nearly 67 percent of patients waited 30 minutes or less to be seen by a health worker, usually a doctor. Almost one-third see a health worker in less than 10 minutes.","Mrs Peggy Vidot, Principal Secretary, Ministry of Health, 04 September 2005,  Mont Fleury.\n\nMinistry of Health, http://www.health.gov.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=106, accessed on September 14, 2014.\n\nReport No. 85290-SC, Seychelles Programmatic Public Expenditure Review Policy Notes -Health Education & Investment Management, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 1, Africa Region, World Bank, March 2014. P.46, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/07/22/000442464_20140722094922/Rendered/PDF/852900ESW0P13205286B00PUBLIC00SCpdf.pdf.\n\n\nReviewers' Source: \n\nSeychelles health care grows as private health providers join in race to offer more choices to the islanders - See more at: July 30, 2014\nhttp://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/1049/Seychelles+health+care+grows+as+private+health+providers+join+in+race+to+offer+more+choices+to+the+islanders.","In Seychelles, the healthcare system includes hospitals and health centers. Seychelles Hospital has two annexes and specialized hospitals. Sixteen health centers are disseminated  in 27 health districts (district health does not match the administrative district). Department policy..."]
["2014_SL_106",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",106,0,"Access to information about hospitals and clinics is not common in Sierra Leone, and access to quality health care services in general is difficult and expensive. \n\nThe government launched a free health care programme for pregnant women, lactating mothers and children under age 5. Information about the free health care service is available, but contact information for the free care sites is not available to the public. Information on free health services at hospitals and clinics is not available online, but typically is spread by health organisations via the media.","Interview with Abass Kamara, public information officer, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, 10 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Charles Mambu, coordinator, Health for all Coalition, Freetown, Freetown, 15 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Kellie Marrah, head of project administration and finance, World Agroforestry Centre, Freetown, 29 July 2014.","Access to information about hospitals and clinics is not common in Sierra Leone, and access to quality health care services in general is difficult and expensive. ..."]
["2014_SO_106",2014,"SO","Somalia",106,0,"Information about services offered by hospitals run by international NGOs or with support of U.N. organizations is only available at the help desk. Virtually no hospital has a websites or contact information available to the public for help since there are no public telephone directories in the country. On a patient's arrival, however, information on services offered, instructions on how to access it, and pricing are available.","Isse Mohamed Ahmed\nMinister of Education, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 28, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaredo Mohamed Abdallah\nMember of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaid Nuriye Abshir\nHead of Public Awareness, Ministry of Health\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone","Information about services offered by hospitals run by international NGOs or with support of U.N. organizations is only available at the help desk. Virtually no hospital has a websites or contact information available to the public for help since there are no public telephone direc..."]
["2014_ZA_106",2014,"ZA","South Africa",106,75,"Most hospitals have websites, but they do not provide all relevant information, particularly with regards to pricing. Civil society says it is difficult for people to get hold of these pieces of information because it very difficult to get hold of someone to assist them. Daygan Eagar, Programme Manager: Rural-Proofing of the Rural Health Advocacy Project: \"It is difficult to get hold of information around services available and pricing, and location, for the average person. Most people wouldn't even know where to start and whom to ask for to get hold of this information. It is often difficult to get to speak to the right person. Once you get hold of the right person, you would probably be able to find out about services and pricing.\" Eagar adds that most people don't know about their and other people's rights, for instance when it comes to exemptions to fees. \n\nOnline information doesn't mean the information is available to the masses. Many South Africans do not have access to the internet.\n\nThe website of the national department of Health has a listing of public hospitals and clinics, which provides  telephone numbers, fax numbers, where the facility is based (address) and the name/type of hospital. Only in a few cases is the email address provided. \n\nThe researched hospitals and clinics are Bedford in Nkonkobe (Eastern Cape), Nelson Mandela Academic (Eastern Cape), Mantsopa in Ladybrand (Free State), Universitas (Freestate), Catherine Booth (KwaZulu Natal), King Edward Vll (KwaZulu Natal), Malamulele (Limpopo),  Thabamoopo (Limpopo), Lydenburg (Mpumalanga), Mapulaneng (Mpumalanga), Colesburg  (Northern Cape), Ventersdorp (North West), Rustenburg (North West), Red Cross Children (Western Cape), Mowbray Maternity (Western Cape). \n\n* Bedford: Website is outdated (last updated in 2008). Mentions services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.ecdoh.gov.za/hospitals/40/Bedford_Hospital/services/678\n\n* Nelson Mandela Academic: Website is outdated (last updated in 2008). Mentions services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.ecdoh.gov.za/hospitals/71/Nelson_Mandela_Academic_Hospital\n\n* Mantsopa: Website includes information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.fshealth.gov.za/portal/page/portal/fshp/HEALTH_SITES/sfs_health_complex/our_hospitals/chiefjs_moroka\n\n* Universitas: Doesn't have a government website, but the information (services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services) can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1125\n\n* Catherine Booth: Website provides information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/catherineboothhospital.htm\n\n* King Edward Vll: Website provides information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/kingedwardhospital.htm\n\n* Malamulele: Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here. http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1229. For services, one has to call the number listed. At the time of research, the Limpopo health department's listing of hospitals  (http://www.dhsd.limpopo.gov.za/index.php?page=district_hospitals_contacts) was offline\n\n* Thabamoopo: Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1208. For services, one has to call the number listed. At the time of research, the Limpopo health department's listing of hospitals  (http://www.dhsd.limpopo.gov.za/index.php?page=district_hospitals_contacts) was offline\n\n* Lydenberg: Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1252. For services, one has to call the number listed. \n\n* Mapulaneng: Doesn't have its own, nor a government website. Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1253. For services, one has to call the number listed.  \n\n* Colesburg: Doesn't have its own, nor a government website. Location, name and type of hospital as well as contact details can be found here: http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net/details.php?id=1129. For services, one has to call the number listed.  \n\n* Ventersdorp: Doesn't have its own website, but a government website which provides information such as services available, location, contact information, instructions about how to access the services. Doesn't mention pricing. http://dohsoc.nwpg.gov.za/NWDoH/districts-ventersdorpHSP.html\n\n* Rustenburg: No website. Only website (with location, contact details, etc) available is http://www.medpages.co.za/sf/index.php?page=organisation&orgcode=125348. For services, on has to contact the number listed. \n\n* Red Cross Children: Has its own website with contact details, location, address, services offered. No pricing given. http://www.westerncape.gov.za/your_gov/149/services\n\n* Mowbray Maternity: Has its own website: http://mowbraymaternity.co.za. Information provided: contact details, location, type of hospital, services rendered, as well as pricing.","Interview Daygan Eagar, Programme Manager: Rural-Proofing of the Rural Health Advocacy Project (July 1 2014 / phone)\n\nList of public hospitals and clinics in South Africa (Department of Health), http://www.doh.gov.za/show.php?id=2890\n\nEastern Cape hospital listing, http://www.ecdoh.gov.za/hospitals.asp?type=General&mid=103\n\nFree State hospital listing, http://www.fshealth.gov.za/portal/page/portal/fshp/HEALTH_SITES/sfs_health_complex/our_hospitals/\n\nProvincial departmemt of health, Kwa-Zulu Natal, http://www.kznhealth.gov.za\n\nProvincial department of health, Limpopo, http://www.dhsd.limpopo.gov.za\n\nListing website of hospitals in South Africa, http://doctors-hospitals-medical-cape-town-south-africa.blaauwberg.net\n\n11% of SA households still without electricity (Engineering News /  Leandi Kolver / 14 November 2013)\nhttp://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/11-of-sa-households-still-without-electricity-2013-11-14\n\n2013 General Household Survey (Statssa / published in 2013), http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0318/P03182013.pdf\n\nEducation for All (EFA) / 2013 Country Progress Report: South Africa (Department of Basic Education), http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TZ4Cx%2BcnCzk%3D&tabid=36","Most hospitals have websites, but they do not provide all relevant information, particularly with regards to pricing. Civil society says it is difficult for people to get hold of these pieces of information because it very difficult to get hold of someone to assist them. Daygan Eag..."]
["2014_SS_106",2014,"SS","South Sudan",106,0,"In South Sudan, citizens have no access to information about hospitals' and clinics' services, location, and contact information. \n\nGenerally, South Sudan’s public health sector is underdeveloped. Health officials say the priority is to address the general lack of medicines, shortage of health workers and insufficient infrastructure. The need to provide services and contact information is seen as a less-important issue that can be addressed later. The little contact, location and services information that citizens can access pertains to private hospitals and clinics, some of which have websites and often advertise their services in urban centers. However, given South Sudan’s high rate of illiteracy, estimated at 70 percent, few people can understand the information on adverts.\n\nAccording to international NGO, HelpAge International, older people affected by the ongoing conflict in South Sudan say access to health services is a challenge particularly facing them. “There was not much information about where to access services, and whatever was available was displayed on posters that many older people could not read because they were illiterate,” a staff member of HelpAge International who visited South Sudan wrote on the agency’s blog.\n\nThe country’s main hospitals, dispensaries, Public Health Care centers (PHCCs) neither have access to the Internet nor websites that citizens can access for services and contact information. In addition, most of the hospitals have no telephone numbers that patients can call to inquire about services.\n\nAccording to several accounts from around the capital, Juba, citizens simply go to a hospital or clinic because they have heard about services from friends or relatives.","HelpAge International, Ibrahim Njuguna, \"Older People Affected by South Sudan Conflict Go Unheard,\" May 29, 2014.  \nhttp://www.helpage.org/blogs/ibrahim-njuguna-22565/older-people-affected-by-south-sudan-conflict-go-unheard-708/ \n\nWebsites accessed October 2014:\n\nJuba Medical Complex website.\nhttp://jubamedicalcomplex.org/ \n\nGenerations Medical Centre website.\nhttp://generationsouthsudan.com/","In South Sudan, citizens have no access to information about hospitals' and clinics' services, location, and contact information. ..."]
["2014_SD_106",2014,"SD","Sudan",106,0,"In Sudan, citizens fail to get information about hospitals' and clinics' services, because none of the government hospitals and clinics has a website, and the information is not available by other means.","[Interview] Mohammed Abdelrazig, doctor, Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum. \n\n[Phone interview] Nada Ramadan, journalist, Al-jareeda newspaper, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nasraldeen Altayeb, journalist, Al-Ayam newspaper, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nSearch of all hospital websites in Sudan, conducted October 2014. ","In Sudan, citizens fail to get information about hospitals' and clinics' services, because none of the government hospitals and clinics has a website, and the information is not available by other means."]
["2014_SZ_106",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",106,50,"The information about hospitals and clinics is readily available by phone. However, this requires phone connectivity or the expense of a cell phone call. Not all the information such as pricing, services available and how to access those services can be had with a phone call. This leaves patients little choice but to inquire in person at a health facility. As a result, most Swazis simply show up at clinics and hospitals when the need arises, hoping that the facility is open, and obtain information at the premises. This can require an onerous and expensive journey for distant and impoverished members of rural communities. \n\nBecause relatively few Swazis have Internet connectivity and those who do have such access tend not to use the Internet as their primary source of information, it is perhaps of no consequence that the Web site of the Ministry of Health carries no information about government hospitals or clinics, and no hospital or clinic (public or private) has a Web site. This information is not published by government or anyone in newspapers or other publications. There are no handbills or pamphlets with this information.\n\nGovernment's efforts to decentralize health care administration from the cities to rural areas, which continued during the year under review, may improve access to information about clinics and hospitals.","Ministry of Health Web site. www.gov.sz. \n\nInterview: Phumzile Masisela, financial director and accountant, Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, 28 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Rudolph Maziya, director, Alliance of Mayor's Initiative for Coordinated Action on AIDS at the Local Level (AMICAALL) Swaziland, Manzini, 30 June 2014.\n\n\"'They are human beings, they are Swazi': stigmas and the positive health, dignity and prevention needs of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Swaziland,” Baril, Stefan, Kennedy, Caitlin, Kerrigan, Deanna, Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2 Dec. 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3852123/\n\n\"Treating HIV and TB in Swaziland: 'We didn't know what to expect,'\" Medicins sans Frontiers, 30 June 2014. http://www.msf.org/article/treating-hiv-and-tb-swaziland-%E2%80%9Cwe-didn%E2%80%99t-know-what-expect%E2%80%9D\n\n“Making a Difference: Decentralisation of HIV/TB Care in Shiselweni Region Swaziland,” Medicins sans Frontiers, December 2013.  http://www.msf.org/sites/msf.org/files/making_a_difference-dec-2013.pdf","The information about hospitals and clinics is readily available by phone. However, this requires phone connectivity or the expense of a cell phone call. Not all the information such as pricing, services available and how to access those services can be had with a phone call. This ..."]
["2014_TZ_106",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",106,25,"Citizens have no access to information about hospitals' and clinics' services, location, and contact information. There is no any newspaper or government newspaper or anywhere they have put contacts of the hospitals and how to reach them. \n\nHowever, major hospital in Tanzania are found online on the ehealth registry of the Ministry of Health. Information provided include: Health facility name, Health facility type, Ownership status, operational status, region and district were the health facility is located, but there is no contact information like phone, no address, no pricing, no information about services available, and no instructions how to access the services.","1. Medical supplies dry over huge debt, The Citizen, October 27, 2014, http://mobile.thecitizen.co.tz/news/No-medical-supplies-as-MSD-wants-Sh90bn/-/2304482/2500616/-/format/xhtml/-/12e5buy/-/index.html.\n\n2. Doctor, Morogoro Regional Hospital, Morogoro region-Tanzania, November 3, 2014\n\n3. Tanzania health Summit 2014 Key to attaining Health Goals, DailyNews, August 16, 2014, http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/columnists/columnists/34928-tanzania-health-summit-2014-key-to-attaining-health-goals.\n\n4. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Online Health Facility Registry website, http://ehealth.go.tz/mfl/.","Citizens have no access to information about hospitals' and clinics' services, location, and contact information. There is no any newspaper or government newspaper or anywhere they have put contacts of the hospitals and how to reach them. ..."]
["2014_TG_106",2014,"TG","Togo",106,25,"Les informations ne sont disponibles que par le biais de sites privés (annuaires comme Go Africa online et les Pages jaunes). Les informations contenues sur ces sites sont incomplètes ou ne concernent qu'un nombre limité d'hôpitaux. Quelques informations sont disponibles (adresse et contacts simplement la plupart du temps) et les principaux hôpitaux sont indiqués.","PAO Gadiel, directeur de publication, Santé-Education, 02 août 2014\n \n ADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \n Anonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \n AHOUELÉTÉ Jean Paul Agboh, président du Conseil national des patrons de presse, directeur de publication de Focus Info, 31 juillet 2014.\n \n Annuaires en lignes:\n Go Africa online: http://www.goafricaonline.com/togo/hopitaux\n Pages jaunes: http://www.lespagesjaunesafrique.com/societes/togo/cliniques-hopitaux/.","Les informations ne sont disponibles que par le biais de sites privés (annuaires comme Go Africa online et les Pages jaunes). Les informations contenues sur ces sites sont incomplètes ou ne concernent qu'un nombre limité d'hôpitaux. Quelques informations sont disponibles (adresse e..."]
["2014_TN_106",2014,"TN","Tunisia",106,75,"Citizens can find all the information they need on the website of public hospitals and private clinics. They can find the hospital they need on the central website of the Ministry of Health (www.santetunisie.rns.tn) and can get the contact details (telephone, adress, etc.).\n\nCitizens can also dial a toll-free, popular number (1200, the number \"les informations\"), 24/7, in order to get the telephone number of the hospital they are looking for. But many times, this service is not updated, and the operator gives out old numbers that no longer connect with the desired hospital.\n\nCitizens can find through the website of the Ministry of Health or on the websites of the hospitals and clinics, a list of services available at the country's facilities. They can also obtain through the website or by telephone the price for each kind of medical intervention.","Interview with Dr. Maryem Abassi, public physician and chief of maternal service, Hospital Nicolle, Tunis, 3 July 2014. \n\nWebsites visited July 2014:\n\nHospital Habib Thameur website, Tunis, accessed on 12 July 2014.\n\nMinistry of Health website, offers detailed data on hospitals and medical services in Tunisia, accessed on 13 July 2014.\nhttp://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/fr/","Citizens can find all the information they need on the website of public hospitals and private clinics. They can find the hospital they need on the central website of the Ministry of Health (www.santetunisie.rns.tn) and can get the contact details (telephone, adress, etc.)...."]
["2014_UG_106",2014,"UG","Uganda",106,25,"There is still no quality information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information available to citizens. Out of the three national referral hospitals, only Butabika Hospital has a Web site and the only information available on it were services offered and a telephone number. None of the regional referral hospitals, district hospitals and general hospitals had Web sites. The Ministry of Health has a list of hospitals but without all the details. At the Ministry of Health site, there's a portal for hospitals. A review of the portal showed that very few hospitals were listed, and there was no information on where they are located or what services they provide.\n\nInformation about locations of hospitals and clinics can also be accessed on tourist sites like About Uganda. But even there, the available information is limited to the name of the health facility, physical address and telephone contact. Besides, on these tourist sites, not all health facilities are listed. Also, some information is provided by Web sites maintained by journalists, writers and communication professionals, like WeInformers.net, which collects and posts news and information to keep the citizens informed.","Peninnah Mbabazi, program assistant, Governance and Rights Program, Uganda Debt Network, Kampala, 25 Sept. 2014\n\nAbout Uganda .com, “Uganda Hospitals”\nhttp://www.aboutuganda.com/uganda/health/hospitals \n\nYellow, “Hospitals in Kampala, Uganda”\nhttp://www.yellow.ug/category/Hospitals/city:kampala \n\nWe Informers, “Uganda hospitals, health centers and telephone contacts”\nhttp://www.weinformers.net/2012/08/01/uganda-hospitals-health-centers-and-telephone-contacts/\n\nMengo Hospital Kampala Uganda\nhttp://www.ugabox.com/mengo-hospital.html \n\nList of hospitals in Uganda\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Uganda \n\nButabika National Referral Mental Hospital\nhttp://www.butabikahospital.com/\n\nMinistry of Health\nNational Referral\nhttp://health.go.ug/mohweb/?page_id=815 \nRegional Referral\nhttp://health.go.ug/mohweb/?page_id=821 \nGeneral Hospital\nhttp://health.go.ug/mohweb/?page_id=824 ","There is still no quality information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information available to citizens. Out of the three national referral hospitals, only Butabika Hospital has a Web site and the only information available on it were services offered a..."]
["2014_ZM_106",2014,"ZM","Zambia",106,50,"Citizens have limited access to information about hospitals' and clinics' services and location, including instructions about how to access the services, pricing and sometimes contact information. In most cases, no information is available on pricing and services. In some cases, hospitals do not provide the information. \n\nGenerally, though, such information is made available on different health institution websites, including the line ministry, the Ministry of Health.\n\nThe information is available and can be obtained by citizens, on request, on paper by contacting any public health institution by phone or in person and also by accessing the Ministry of Health website. Some health experts observe that people just go to their nearest clinic, and if that clinic can't deal with the issue, then they go to the next level of clinic.","Visit to the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Lusaka, Zambia, 9 June 2014. \n\nInterview with Simon Berry, founder and CEO of ColaLife, Lusaka, Zambia, 4  July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Longa Chibesakunda, biotechnologist, Institute for Medical Diagnostics - Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, 11  June 2014. \n\nMinistry of Health website, Health facilities In Zambia (2012). Accessed Feb 2015. \nhttp://www.moh.gov.zm/docs/facilities.pdf","Citizens have limited access to information about hospitals' and clinics' services and location, including instructions about how to access the services, pricing and sometimes contact information. In most cases, no information is available on pricing and services. In some cases, ho..."]
["2014_ZW_106",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",106,50,"Information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information is permanently available on the hospitals' websites (for those with websites) and can be provided through phoning the Ministry of Health and Child Care. The public can also get information about services available - however, this information may not be adequate as evidenced by some patients visiting hospitals expecting services such as \"operations,\" only to be referred to other clinics or hospitals.\n\nThe Ministry of Health and Child Care keeps a database of all health institutions (available on the website), but only information on location is offered; it does not provide contact details or instructions about how to access the services and pricing, when and if it applies. Over the past year, the ministry website was updated to include information on health facilities, and most hospitals are increasingly putting contact details on their websites.\n\nIn most cases, the public can get pricing information over the phone, but the prices are subject to change depending on the doctor's diagnostics. Instructions about how to access the hospital services is normally available by phoning the health institutions.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Mother of Peace Maternity Hospital, 17 July 2014, Harare. \nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 17 July 2014, Manicaland. Zimbabwe. \nThe names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMinistry of Health and Child Care. Health Information and Surveillance Unit, all health care facilities. http://nhis.mohcc.gov.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=66 ","Information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information is permanently available on the hospitals' websites (for those with websites) and can be provided through phoning the Ministry of Health and Child Care. The public can also get information about se..."]
["2014_DZ_107",2014,"DZ","Algeria",107,75,"Au cours des 12 derniers mois, des caravanes médicales pluridisciplinaires (constituées de spécialistes de plusieurs domaines médicaux) ont été lancées à travers l'ensemble des localités rurales et enclavées du pays en vue de sensibiliser les citoyens sur les risques des maladies courantes et d’améliorer  les conditions de santé des populations rurales et démunies.  Cette action médicale rentre dans le cadre d'un programme mis en œuvre par le ministère de l'Intérieur et des Collectivités locales en collaboration avec la direction générale de la protection civile. \n\nD’autres opérations similaires ont été lancé, durant la même période, comme la  campagne de sensibilisation à la santé publique, initiée par le ministère de la santé en partenariat avec General Electrique. Outre les consultations et les analyses, les patients ont bénéficié  d’une orientation vers les services médicaux appropriés. Par ailleurs, l’équipe médicale, a mis à la disposition des citoyens toutes les informations utiles en matière de prévention contre les maladies. Il faut noter que la plupart des campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation sur les risques des maladies courantes sont occasionnelles. ","Kadi AEK, President de la carvane medicale \"Solidarité\", 05/09/2014, Saida\n\nhttp://www.setif-dz.org/t20113-une-caravane-medicale-de-la-protection-civile-a-travers-la-wilaya                                                                             \n\nCampagne de sensibilisation à Alger sur le diabète et le ramadhan (ADS), APS, 30/06/2014, http://www.aps.dz/sante-sciences-tech/8512-campagne-de-sensibilisation-%C3%A0-alger-sur-le-diab%C3%A8te-et-le-ramadhan-ads\n\nLutte contre le Sida/Mondial-2014 : \" campagne de sensibilisation au profit des supporteurs algériens\" (Tahmi), APS, 19/05/2014, http://www.letempsdz.com/content/view/121966/177/\n\nGhardaïa : Campagne de lutte contre la Leishmaniose, K. Nazim, El Wtan, 30/04/2014\nhttp://www.elwatan.com/regions/ouest/actu-sud/ghardaia-campagne-de-lutte-contre-la-leishmaniose-30-04-2014-255381_257.php?viewType=Print&viewClass=Print\n\nBordj Bou Arréridj: Campagne de sensibilisation contre les MTH, Reporters, 23/06/2014, http://www.reporters.dz/bordj-bou-arreridj-campagne-de-sensibilisation-contre-les-mth/10187","Au cours des 12 derniers mois, des caravanes médicales pluridisciplinaires (constituées de spécialistes de plusieurs domaines médicaux) ont été lancées à travers l'ensemble des localités rurales et enclavées du pays en vue de sensibiliser les citoyens sur les risques des maladies c..."]
["2014_AO_107",2014,"AO","Angola",107,75,"Generally, there are health campaigns to educate the public about diseases such as HIV, cholera, malaria, rabies, chikungunia, dengue, tuberculosis, polio, breast cancer and sickle cell anemia, etc., including forms of transmission and prevention methods. The information is available through health units, illustrative pamphlets, television and radio programs and newspapers. Also, prevention-awareness campaigns are carried out by the Ministry of Health, public hospitals and clinics and by other private or public entities. \n\nIn general, citizens can find the information easily. There is abundant information on common diseases, prevention and treatment. The information also is presented so that it can be easily understood by people with less education. Outbreaks trigger awareness campaigns on risk, prevention and symptoms. These campaigns do not necessarily cover the entire country with the same intensity. \n\nConcrete examples include a recent prevention effort on dengue, malaria and chikungunya in which the vice president of the City Administrative Commission of Luanda advised on prevention methods to avoid the spread. The emergence of dengue in 2013, with sporadic cases, has called for preventive measures to control the spread of the disease in Luanda. In the first quarter of 2014, 708 suspected cases were notified, with 561 confirmed through lab tests; 10 deaths occurred. Cases of chikungunya emerged in February 2014. So far there have been 80 reported cases, with no fatalities. \n\nThe Department of  Health of Urban District of Samba in Luanda held awareness campaigns on primary health care as a way to prevent cholera. Campaigns have also been taken to primary schools, where children have learnt all forms of cholera prevention, by means of hand washing with soap and water before meals and after using the bathroom. For malaria, there has been information made available on the necessity to use insecticide treated nets. Condoms were distributed from January to February of 2014, as part of an awareness campaigns against HIV-AIDS, promoted by the health authorities of the municipality of Banga, Kwanza Norte province.\n\nChevron, a private entity, invests many resources to help reduce the major causes of illness and death, especially among women and children. For example, the programs funded campaigns to highlight the health promotion focused on prevention or treatment of diseases such as malaria, HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis, polio, breast cancer and sickle cell anemia. \n\nThere is also a Journal of Health of Angola, edited by the Medical Association of Angola, a monthly publication to promote health, healthy lifestyles and disease prevention. This is a vehicle oftentimes used by physicians, pharmacists, nurses, technicians and other health professionals. \n\nThe health Minister, José Van-Dunem in his speech at the plenary session of the 67th World Health Assembly in Geneva in 2014, reported that Angola has updated its National Plan for the Prevention of Tuberculosis Control, aimed at expanding coverage of key interventions, as well as detection and more vigorous case management of coinfection with HIV and emerging cases of multiple resistance. Regarding HIV/AIDS, counseling, testing, treatment and supportive care, and continue to be expanded. About one million people were tested in 2013, half of whom were pregnant women. Between 2012 and 2013 the coverage of vertical transmission prevention from mother to child rose from 21% to 39% and with malaria about one million treated nets were distributed over the last 12 years.","Phone and email interview, Joaquim Martinho Henrique, paramedic and head of human resources of Clínica Castelo, Lda, Luanda, Sept. 2 and 8, 2014  \n\n Jornal de Angola, \"Luanda launches campaign against tropical diseases,\" (\"Luanda lança campanha contra doenças tropicais\"), Aug. 1, 2014 \nhttp://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/sociedade/saude_e_educacao/luanda_lanca_campanha_contra_doencas_tropicais\n\nInformation available at Chevron Angola website, accessed Aug. 25, 2014\nhttp://www.chevroninangola.com/Community/Health/\n\nRede Angola, \"Cholera prevention campaign,\"  May 23, 2014\nhttp://www.redeangola.info/campanha-the-prevention-of-colera/ \n\nJournal of Health of the Order of Physicians of Angola, March 2014\nhttp://www.ordemdosmedicosdeangola.org/ArquivoMedicos/jornaldasaude/JSA48_Março%202014.pdf  \n\nANGOP, \"Switzerland / Minister José Van-Dúnem highlights gains in health,\" (\"Suíça/Ministro José Van-Dúnem destaca ganhos na saúde\"), May 20, 2014 http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/saude/2014/4/21/Suica-Ministro-Jose-Van-Dunem-destaca-ganhos-saude,0c7c4948-60fe-496d-bece-85a9782b37a7.html ","Generally, there are health campaigns to educate the public about diseases such as HIV, cholera, malaria, rabies, chikungunia, dengue, tuberculosis, polio, breast cancer and sickle cell anemia, etc., including forms of transmission and prevention methods. The information is availab..."]
["2014_BJ_107",2014,"BJ","Benin",107,100,"Au Bénin, les citoyens reçoivent des informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement. Les informations sont également présentées en langues nationales et sont donc accessibles à tous. \nDes campagnes sur les risques de santé publique tels que la méningite, le choléra ou sur la poliomyélite ont donné lieu à de vastes campagnes de sensibilisation pendant la période de recherche.","Michael Tchokpodo, Journaliste, Djakpata, Cotonou, Interview du 25 juin 2014. \n\nLe Monde, 24 février 2014, «Enfin un vaccin qui supporte la chaleur».  http://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2014/02/24/enfin-un-vaccin-qui-supporte-la-chaleur_4372460_1650684.html\n\nBeninsante.bj, 26 avril 2014, «7ème Journée mondiale de lutte contre le paludisme». http://www.beninsante.bj/spip.php?article321\n\nBeninsante.bj, 6 mai 2014, «Journée mondiale de l’hygiène des mains à Covè : Les agents de santé invités au lavage correct des mains pour sauver des vies».  http://www.beninsante.bj/spip.php?article324\n\nFraternité, 26 février 2014, «Campagne de vaccination de masse contre la méningite : Les habitants des zones à risque immunisés».  http://fraternitebj.info/societe/article/campagne-de-vaccination-de-masse","Au Bénin, les citoyens reçoivent des informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement. Les informations sont également présentées en langues nationales et sont donc accessibles à tous. ..."]
["2014_BW_107",2014,"BW","Botswana",107,100,"The Department of Public Health under the Ministry of Health has an epidemiology department that carries out trigger awareness campaigns as well as nationwide health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention.\n\nInformation about epidemics is usually spread to the public through traditional media platforms such as radio, television and newspapers. During the Ebola outbreak  period, there were pamphlets and posters at the borders, clinics, malls, schools and other public platforms. During this period, representatives of the Ministry of Health were actively involved in using the media platforms to get their messages across. To make it easy for everyone to understand, they use both English and Setswana interchangeably.","Interview with Dr. Kagiso Nawe, MD, general practitioner, Princess Marina Hospital, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nMinistry of Health, Department of Public Health website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH1/MOA-Departments11111/\n\nDaily News, \"Botswana on high alert for Ebola outbreak,\" 3 April 2014.\nhttp://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=10377","The Department of Public Health under the Ministry of Health has an epidemiology department that carries out trigger awareness campaigns as well as nationwide health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention...."]
["2014_BF_107",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",107,50,"Sur le site web du ministère de la santé, il existe une rubrique «Orientations/Conseils» qui donne des indications sur les manifestations des maladies courantes et leur prévention. Cependant, les informations sur le site sont toutes en français et en ligne, donc pas accessibles à la majorité des populations. \n\nSelon les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche, il existe des informations dans les langues nationales dans les médias. Pour les maladies épidemiques ou réputées graves, le gouvernement met en oeuvre des campagnes de sensibilistion et/ou de vaccination pour essayer de contenir le mal. C'est ce qu'on peut lire dans les articles de presse dont celui de Evariste OUEDRAOGO de l'Observateur Paalga où il détaille des mesures contre la méningite: «les autorités ont adopté en Conseil des ministres le 18 septembre 2013, un plan de préparation et de riposte d’un coût total de 2 441 499 535 f CFA. Il vise le renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique, l’amélioration des capacités des laboratoires, la prise en charge correcte et gratuite des cas, les vaccinations réactives en cas d’épidémie, la communication et la coordination.» \n\nLa société civile en revanche se plaint de ce que les mesures ne sont pas suffisantes. M. SANOU du Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP) trouve qu'en cette période de pluie « le gouvernement devrait faire une campagne de sensibilisation sur le paludisme en incluant toutes les méthodes de préventions et non en se concentrant sur la vente des moustiquaires qui est plus commerciale.» Il pense également que le ministère de la santé n'a pas suffisamment communiqué sur les risques de la fièvre ébola qui sévit dans les pays voisins au Burkina Faso. \n\nEn somme, les campagnes de sensibilisation sont organisées pour les cas de maladies épidemiques mais ne sont pas suffisantes. Les informations sur les maladies et leur prévention sont disponibles  mais difficilement compréhensibles par tous.","OUEDRAOGO Raïssa, chargée de communication, direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle, ministère de la santé, Ouagadougou, 22 juillet 2014.\n\nSANOU Aly, secrétaire général, Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et du Peuple (MDBHP), Ouagadougou, 10 juillet 2014.\n\nOUÉDRAOGO Evariste, L'Observateur Paalga, 5 mars 2014, «Méningite et rougeole au Burkina : Il n’y a pas péril en la demeure». http://news.aouaga.com/h/22570.html\n\nOUEDRAOGO Raïssa ,direction de la communication et de la presse ministérielle, mai 2014, «Journées mondiales de la santé et de lutte contre le paludisme, sous la réflexion des  maladies à transmission vectorielle dont le paludisme».\nhttp://www.sante.gov.bf/index.php/quotidien/actualites/256-journees-mondiales-sante-et-lutte-contre-le-paludisme","Sur le site web du ministère de la santé, il existe une rubrique «Orientations/Conseils» qui donne des indications sur les manifestations des maladies courantes et leur prévention. Cependant, les informations sur le site sont toutes en français et en ligne, donc pas accessibles à l..."]
["2014_BI_107",2014,"BI","Burundi",107,100,"Chaque fois qu'une épidémie se déclare, des messages communautaires d'alerte sont publiés par le Ministère en charge la santé publique et des campagnes de sensibilisation sont organisées ici et là. Les informations parviennent aux citoyens par voie médiatique. Il y a aussi l'organisation des ateliers de formation à l' endroit des âgents communautaires ( ABAREMESHAKIYAGO). \n\nLe message parvient aussi au public par voie des affichages et affiches publicitaires. Lors des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies, les informations sont données en des termes compréhensibles pour les citoyens ayant une éducation limitée. Elles sont présentées à travers des chansons composées en langue nationale et qui sont passées par les médias communautaires, sous forme de jeux en langue nationale, affiches et pancartes .\n\nPar exemple dans un article du journal Renouveau, on rapporte que la semaine du 23 au 26 juin 2014 a été dédiée à la campagne de mobilisation \"semaine de mobilisation mère-enfant\". Cela pour donner la possibilité à la population surtout aux groupes plus vulnérables d' avoir un accès plus facile d'information  sur la santé et aux soins et aux risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies .\n\nLes personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche indiquent qu'en ce moment même, il y a des campagnes de sensibilisation sur la lutte contre le Cholera et l'Ebola et que ces campagnes existent surtout en cas d' épidémie.","NITUNZE Yolande, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014. \n\nKADENDE Salvator, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.\n\nJournal  Le Renouveau quotidien burundais d’information du 25 juillet 2014, page 5. Site indisponible.","Chaque fois qu'une épidémie se déclare, des messages communautaires d'alerte sont publiés par le Ministère en charge la santé publique et des campagnes de sensibilisation sont organisées ici et là. Les informations parviennent aux citoyens par voie médiatique. Il y a aussi l'organi..."]
["2014_CM_107",2014,"CM","Cameroon",107,100,"Des programmes nationaux de lutte contre les maladies courantes existent comme le programme de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA, paludisme et le programme national de vaccination. Tous ces programmes ont un volet Information, Éducation et Communication (IEC). Il existe aussi depuis 2012 un site web sur l'accés au ARV et au problème lié au dépistage de VIH/SIDA  financé par la Banque mondiale. Les ONG nationales et internationales comme Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria (CCAM) et Malaria No More (MNM) mènent la campagne K.O. PALU sur toute l'étendue du territoire nationale.\nIl existe environ 11 maladies courantes, faisant régulièrement  l'objet de campagne de vaccination et de sensibilisation. Le responsable de la communication du ministère affirme que son service met souvent à disposition de la population cible lors des campagnes,  des visuels, plaquettes et dépliants en vue de porter l'information de proximité.\n\nIl n'existe pas une liste exhaustive des maladies courantes sur le site web du ministère de la santé. Quelques noms y figurent mais sans contenu pouvant guider l'usager. Interrrogé dans le cadre de cette recherche, le délégué régional de la santé pour le littoral affirme que toutes les maladies courantes (Sida, cécité, tuberculose, lèpre etc.) font l'objet de campagnes aussi bien à la télé qu'à la radio ou dans les journaux.\n\nLes informations sont présentées de telle sorte que les personnes aux éducations limitées aient accès. Elles sont présentées en message très courts, parfois en slogan ou en ce qui est convenu d’aller français (pour les francophones) et anglais (les anglophones) faciles accompagnés des images illustratives. Dans les zones reculées c’est parfois en langue locale pour permettre une compréhension du plus grand nombre","MAMOUM Richard, chef de la division de la communication au ministère de la santé, 28 juin 2014, entretien réalisé par téléphone;\n\nBEYAS MARTIN Yamba, délégué régional de la santé pour le littoral, 28 juin 2014;\n\nNGO KAM Judith Cécile, mars 2014, «Cameroun:un onzième vaccin dans le programme élargi de vaccination», http://agenceaic.net/Cameroun-un-onzieme-vaccin-dans-le,95.html,\n\nSite web du ministère de la santé publique du Cameroun, consulté le 28 juin 2014 http://www.minsante.cm/site/minsante.php?lang=fr\n\nNARCISSE Philippe, consultant en santé et développement et responsable de RESIPAT (Synergie de capitalisation des actions de la Société Civile et de suivi des politiques publiques de la Santé et de la Protection Sociale au Cameroun), 04 octobre 2014.","Des programmes nationaux de lutte contre les maladies courantes existent comme le programme de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA, paludisme et le programme national de vaccination. Tous ces programmes ont un volet Information, Éducation et Communication (IEC). Il existe aussi depuis 2012 un..."]
["2014_CV_107",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",107,100,"Citizens can easily find information for the prevention and treatment of diseases and public health hazards. This information is disclosed in the media several times a day and there are radio and television programs exclusively for this purpose. Currently with the problem of the Ebola virus in the Western coast of Africa, there are  various disclosures about the danger of this disease. There is currently an information campaign in all media about the dangers of the disease, its characteristics and how to fight it and prevent it.","Electronic and print journal, A Nação, 8 April 2014, \"ONU disponibiliza materiais para combater Ébola de doença chegar a Cabo Verde\", http://www.anacao.cv/online/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4558:onu-disponibiliza-materiais-para-combater-ebola-se-doenca-chegar-a-cabo-verde&catid=87:destaque&Itemid=475\n\nElectronic journal, Notícias, 1 August 2014, \"Governo prepara informação pública de intervenção ao Ébola\", http://noticias.sapo.mz/info/artigo/1400823.html\n\nInterview with Graça Sanches, National Deputy, PAICV, 27 August 2014, Praia\n\nInterview with Maria José Macedo, Journalist, Cape Verde Radio, 28 August 2014, Praia\n\nInterview with Abraão Vicente, National Deputy, MPD, 26 August 2014, Praia.","Citizens can easily find information for the prevention and treatment of diseases and public health hazards. This information is disclosed in the media several times a day and there are radio and television programs exclusively for this purpose. Currently with the problem of the Eb..."]
["2014_CF_107",2014,"CF","CAR",107,75,"Les populations peuvent trouver des informations sur les maladies courantes. A titre d'illustration, le gouvernement a mis en place un mécanisme de l’Information, l'Éducation et la Communication (IEC) sur les maladies sexuellement transmissibles et principalement le VIH/SIDA ainsi que le paludisme. \n\nLes personnes interrogées affirment que les informations sont compréhensibles pour les populations n'ayant pas un niveau d'instruction assez élevé. Le plus souvent, le service du Ministère de la santé dispose d'une tranche d'information et de sensibilisation à la radio nationale en langue nationale. \n\nEnfin, le gouvernement organise des campagnes de vaccination et de distribution des moustiquaires imprégnés dans le but de réduire le risque de contamination en ce qui concerne les épidémies.\nCependant, on a constaté qu’en dépit de ces efforts de sensibilisation, l’accès aux soins de santé pose un sérieux problème en RCA, surtout dans les provinces en raison de manque des infrastructures sanitaires et de personnel soignant. Cette situation s’est aggravée avec les crises récentes que le pays a connues.","KOYAZENGBE Daquin Thomas, directeur général au Ministère de la santé publique, des affaires sociales et des actions humanitaires, interview du 10 juillet 2014, Bangui.\n\nGASSA Anselme, directeur de formation et de perfectionnement au Ministère de la santé publique des affaires sociales et des actions humanitaires, interview du 10 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nGREKOULET Germaine, cadre au Ministère de la santé publique des affaires sociales et des actions humanitaires, interview du 10 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nKOBONDIT DOUATHE Paule Agnès, docteur à l'Emergency (ONG), interview du 10 juillet 2014, Bangui.","Les populations peuvent trouver des informations sur les maladies courantes. A titre d'illustration, le gouvernement a mis en place un mécanisme de l’Information, l'Éducation et la Communication (IEC) sur les maladies sexuellement transmissibles et principalement le VIH/SIDA ainsi ..."]
["2014_TD_107",2014,"TD","Chad",107,50,"Le gouvernement tchadien et ses partenaires comme l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'Enfance (UNICEF), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) ont fait un effort considérable dans la sensibilisation des citoyens sur des maladies endémiques les plus fréquentes comme le paludisme. \n\nPour le Dr Haroun ACHÉ, responsable du centre nationale de prise en charge des femmes fistuleuse, le ministère de la santé publique, en partenariat avec certains organismes, mènent des campagnes de sensibilisation et de vaccination sur certaines maladies endémiques comme la poliomyélite, le rougeole, le choléra, le Sida… les informations sur les maladies courantes comme le paludisme et leurs préventions sont disponibles mais dans les prospectus distribués aux citoyens.\n\nAristophane GARGOUNE, directeur de la communication de l'hôpital mère et enfant de N'Djamena, dit qu'« étant donné que la plupart de la population tchadienne n’est pas instruite, l’information n’est pas facilement accessible en langue vernaculaire. Les campagnes et les mesures de traitement ne sont pas facilement accessibles aux citoyens ayant une éducation réduite.»\n\nMalgré les efforts de la sensibilisation sur la prévention des maladies endémiques, les informations ne sont pas accessibles à tout le monde et en des termes qui conviennent. \nAllamine BINEY, journaliste, rédacteur en chef à la radio DJA FM estime que : «le ministère n'a pas assez fait pour rendre les informations relatives aux maladies endémiques accessibles et compréhensibles à la population non instruites du pays.»","ACHÉ Haroun, responsable du centre de traitement des fistules au Tchad, entretien au centre, 3 juillet 2014.\n\nBINEY Allamine, journaliste, rédacteur en chef à la radio DJA FM, entretien au siège de la radio, 6 juillet 2014 .\n\nGARGOUNE Aristophane, directeur de la communication de l'hôpital mère et enfant de N'Djamena, entretien par email, 4 juillet 2014 .","Le gouvernement tchadien et ses partenaires comme l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'Enfance (UNICEF), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) ont fait un effort considérable dans la sensibilisation des citoyens sur des maladies endémiques les plus ..."]
["2014_KM_107",2014,"KM","Comoros",107,50,"Les séances de sensibilisation sont effectuées, mais ces séances n’atteignent pas toujours toutes les couches de la population, surtout les plus pauvres.\n\nLa Direction de la promotion de santé effectue en permanence une sensibilisation et de prévention sur les maladies transmissibles et non transmissibles, à la radio et télévision, dans les déplacements dans les villages, les écoles et les prisons. Mais on ne peut pas dire que ces campagnes atteignent à 100% leurs cibles. \n\nLe Programme National  de  Lutte  contre  le Paludisme (PNLP) a  mené  une grande campagne de sensibilisation à travers tout le pays. La prévention renforcée par la distribution  à  grande  échelle  des  moustiquaires  imprégnées  d’insecticides  dans presque tous les ménages. Les Comores ont ainsi réussi à inverser la tendance de la prévalence et a dépassé l’objectif de 16,4% de prévalence fixé pour 2015. En 2012, le taux de prévalence était de 9,7%. \nMais la sensibilisation reste insuffisante, du moins dans certains domaines, comme le note le US Department of State : « une absence générale d’informations et de services sur la santé reproductive des adolescents a engendré des grossesses non désirées ainsi qu’une augmentation des taux de morbidité et de mortalité parmi les adolescentes. Ces incidents ont été généralement cachés pour des raisons sociales et culturelles. Aucune barrière légale n’empêche les femmes de recevoir un traitement pour des infections sexuellement transmissibles, mais plusieurs femmes ont hésité à se faire traiter pour des raisons sociales et culturelles».  \nDans les zones rurales, les associations paysannes jouent un rôle fondamental dans la sensibilisation. Le ministère organise des sensibilisations mais ce sont les associations qui prennent le relais pour assurer les formations en méthode de prévention  du paludisme ou des maladies sexuellement transmissibles. \n\nDans son plan d’action prioritaire 2015-2019, le gouvernement mettra l’accent sur le renforcement du système de prévention, d’alerte et de promotion de la santé, le renforcement des activités promotionnelles et préventives sur la nutrition, la vaccination et la santé de la reproduction et, enfin sur le renforcement de la  gestion sectorielle. \n\nSelon le rapport OMD 2013, le gouvernement s’est préoccupé d’améliorer la mobilisation sanitaire avec implication de la communauté (agents communautaires) et d’introduire la lutte contre le paludisme, l'anémie et la malnutrition dans le programme. Le gouvernement a aussi procédé au renforcement de la sensibilisation par les associations  diverses  qui  luttent  contre  le SIDA dans le pays telles que: les ONG, les associations villageoises et féminines, les associations des jeunes a permis à la majorité de la population de prendre conscience et d’accroitre leur vigilance en matière de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA.","AZA Ahmed Mohamed, secrétaire général de la vice-présidence chargée du ministère de la santé, de la solidarité, de la cohésion sociale et de la promotion du genre, Moroni, 09 juillet 2014.\n\nStratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable, «Plan d’action prioritaire 2015-2019», Union des Comores, version provisoire du 31 mai 2014, p.10\n\nObjectifs du Millénaire,« Rapport national 2013, ONU Comores», p.113, http://www.km.undp.org/content/dam/comoros/docs/omd/UNDP-km--omd-report-2013.pdf. \n\nUS State Department, «Comoros 2013 Human rights report», mai 2014. http://www.antananarivo.usembassy.gov/news-events/reports-on-comoros/rapport-sur-la-situation-des-droits-dde-lhomme-aux-comoresen-2013.html","Les séances de sensibilisation sont effectuées, mais ces séances n’atteignent pas toujours toutes les couches de la population, surtout les plus pauvres...."]
["2014_CD_107",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",107,50,"Le ministère de la santé et de la population mène régulièrement des campagnes de sensibilisation et de lutte contre les maladies. La plus récente concerne celle qui est menée afin de se prémunir de la fièvre hémorragique causée par le virus Ebola. La campagne se fait par l'intermédiaire de la télé, de la radio et des associations oeuvrant dans le domaine ainsi que par affichage public; la campagne s'est faite dans les trois langues parlées lingala, kituba et français. \n\nBien qu'il y ait des campagnes de sensibilisation du public sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, ces campagnes d'information du public se font principalement par le biais des médias. Les médias (radio, télévision et presse écrite) constituent de ce fait un canal fondamental pour la mise en œuvre de stratégies d’information, éducation et communication en faveur, entre autres, des maladies courantes, de la santé de la reproduction, de la planification familiale et de la lutte contre le VIH/Sida. Seulement, le problème est la faible exposition de la population aux médias. La dernière enquête démographique et de santé du Congo (2011-2012) révèle que globalement, très peu de femmes (9 %) et d’hommes de 15-49 ans (4 %) sont exposés, habituellement, aux trois médias (radio, télévision et journal).\nPar ailleurs, il n’est pas démontré que ces informations sont disséminées dans des formats simples et un langage clair qui les rendent accessibles et compréhensibles pour les populations ciblées.","N'SINGOULOU Cynthia, assistant manager au cabinet Price Water Pointe Noire, entretien par téléphone, 6 novembre 2014.\n\nOVAGA Jean Daniel, médecin, entretien par téléphone, 08 novembre 2014.\n\nIKOUROU-YOKA Pauline, médecin au centre hospitalier universitaire de Brazzaville, entretien à son domicile, 04 novembre 2014\n\nOKEMBA Grevy Joël, La Semaine africaine, 4 novembre 2014, p. 5, «Lutte contre le virus Ebola : Des mesures de prévention et de protection de la population».","Le ministère de la santé et de la population mène régulièrement des campagnes de sensibilisation et de lutte contre les maladies. La plus récente concerne celle qui est menée afin de se prémunir de la fièvre hémorragique causée par le virus Ebola. La campagne se fait par l'interméd..."]
["2014_CG_107",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",107,50,"There are campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them to public health hazards such as epidemics. However, not all citizens, especially rural people with no connection to the Internet and with poor communication infrastructure, can easily find within information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention. During campaigns, the information is generally well presented but sometime in a way that makes it difficult to understand for citizens with less education. Public health hazards such as epidemics trigger awareness campaigns.","1. (Phone Interview), Health Specialist And Chief In HIV Capacity Building Program Ministry Of Health Didier Lukeme,  August 1, 2014. \n\n2. (Face To Face Interview), Medical Doctor And Health Program Manager Association Des Amis Du Pere Tony Phanie Yabidi, August 5, 2014.\n\n\n 3. (Phone Interview), Health Specialist And Chief In HIV Capacity Building Program Ministry Of Health Didier Lukeme, August 1, 2014.","There are campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them to public health hazards such as epidemics. However, not all citizens, especially rural people with no connection to the Internet and with poor communication infrastructure, can easily fin..."]
["2014_CI_107",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",107,100,"Les populations ivoiriennes sont habituées aux campagnes de sensibilisation sur les différentes maladies de santé publique. Des campagnes physiques aux messages dans les mass médias, les campagnes ont toujours cours en Côte d'Ivoire.\n \n Il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention. Des spots télé radio sont diffusés sur le paludisme, le sida, la polio et en ce moment la fièvre Ebola. Des campagnes de proximité sont également réalisées pour éduquer les populations.\n \n L’Etat fait beaucoup d’effort dans le cadre des campagnes de sensibilisation. Chaque année des campagnes sont organisées contre la poliomyélite, contre les maladies métaboliques, le paludisme. Depuis quatre mois, la campagne de prévention contre le virus Ebola est en cours. Il y a aussi des campagnes de sensibilisation pour la scolarisation de la petite fille.","BI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014.  \n\nZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014. \n\nOUATTARA Clément, président du conseil d’administration du Centre de formation sanitaire de Wassakara Abidjan, 17 août 2014.","Les populations ivoiriennes sont habituées aux campagnes de sensibilisation sur les différentes maladies de santé publique. Des campagnes physiques aux messages dans les mass médias, les campagnes ont toujours cours en Côte d'Ivoire...."]
["2014_DJ_107",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",107,50,"A Djibouti, il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. Ces campagnes se déroulent souvent pendant la période fraîche qui se situe entre décembre et mars. \nLe ministère de la santé, comme l'affirment les personnes interrogées, entreprend une campagne de sensibilisation audiovisuelle pour combattre par exemple le paludisme qui fait chaque année plusieurs victimes.\nLes campagnes de sensibilisation se sont améliorées et accentuées récemment. Dans le cadre de ces campagnes, des moustiquaires et des médicaments sont mis gratuitement à la disposition de la population contre le paludisme par exemple. \n\nBien qu’il existe des campagnes de sensibilisation des populations sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, il n’est pas avéré que ces campagnes permettent aux populations de disposer d’information en abondance sur ces maladies et sur leur prévention et traitement. Par ailleurs, ces informations ne sont que rarement disséminées dans des formats simples et un langage clair qui les rendent accessibles et compréhensibles pour les populations ciblées. Les informations sur les maladies courantes ne sont pas toujours disponibles et parfois les campagnes de sensibilisations sur ces maladies sont difficilement compréhensibles ou accessibles pour tous les citoyens, notamment ceux démunis, sans télévision et/ou analphabètes.","FARHAN Aden, cadre à l'hopital Peltier de Djibouti, 6 août 2014.\n\nARREH Faiza, infirmière à l'hopital Peltier, 6 août 2014.\n\nNIMA Moumine, medecin generaliste, hôpital de Balbala, 6 août 2014.\n\nCri.cn, 27 avril 2013,« Djibouti lance une campagne nationale de lutte contre le paludisme»\nhttp://french.cri.cn/621/2013/04/27/561s322816.htm","A Djibouti, il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. Ces campagnes se déroulent souvent pendant la période fraîche qui se situe entre..."]
["2014_EG_107",2014,"EG","Egypt",107,50,"While the Egyptian Ministry of Health is hampered by funding issues and limited resources, the ministry and similar government bodies led public awareness efforts, and public campaigns remain an important part of effective national healthcare strategy.\n\nDuring the reporting period, the Ministry of Health launched major campaigns against obesity and for a polio vaccine. These campaigns also involved input and involvement from the minister as well. Other important campaigns either ongoing or launched during the period include female breast cancer campaign, bilharzia, and Hepatitis C. The Ministry of Health maintains a limited capacity to respond to new health challenges with campaigns.","Interview with Government Official who requested anonymity, July 25, 2014\n\nImpact, November 19, 2013 \"The Daily Impact: Egypt Launches Polio Vaccine Campaign\" \nhttp://blog.psiimpact.com/2013/11/daily-impact-egypt-launches-polio-vaccine-campaign/\n\nlShorfa, Waleed Abu Al Khair,  2014-04-24 \"Egypt public health campaign targets obesity\"\nhttp://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/2014/04/24/feature-02","While the Egyptian Ministry of Health is hampered by funding issues and limited resources, the ministry and similar government bodies led public awareness efforts, and public campaigns remain an important part of effective national healthcare strategy...."]
["2014_GQ_107",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",107,50,"During the period of review, Equatorial Guinea reported new polio cases, after 15 years of being free from the disease. After the outbreak, health authorities were surprised by the low vaccination rate, which is one of the worst in the world, despite having conducted vaccination campaigns in previous years. As a result, the polio cases and the emergency declaration from the World Health Organization have led the government to collaborate with WHO, UNICEF, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others to conduct an immunization campaign against polio in the country. The government also conducted a national campaign against drunken driving. \n\nFor both campaigns, the government relied on the two major broadcast media in the country; radio and TV. The information provided was easy to understand, including for those with minimum education. \n\nWhile some of the major health hazards, such as HIV, have not triggered large awareness campaigns, information on common illness such as tuberculosis and child malnutrition, as well as information on contraception, was easily accessible.\n\n\nReviewer's comment:\nAs of July 16, 2014, Equatorial Guinea had reported five cases of polio. Three national campaigns have been conducted targeting children 15 years and younger. This was made possible by the health ministry and partners like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), WHO and UNICEF.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society-doctor, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nNews Article: Asonga TV, \"Awareness raising campaign against drunk driving\" (\"Campaña de sensibilización sobre el alcohol al volante\"), April 8, 2014.\nhttp://www.asongatv.com/noticiasalacarta/component/contushdvideoshare/player/campañas-de-sensibilización/campaña-de-sensibilización-sobre-el-alcohol-al-volante \n\nEquatorial Guinea official government website, \"The presidential couple at the launch of the National Vaccination Campaign against polio,\" April 26, 2014.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5098 \n\nNews article: ABC, \"Only 24 of every 100 children in Equatorial Guinea are vaccinated\" (\"Sólo 24 de cada 100 niños están vacunados en Guinea Ecuatorial\"), Feb. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=1586341 \n\nNews article: Utah Public Radio, \"Polio Hits Equatorial Guinea, Threatens Central Africa,\" April 17, 2014.\nhttp://upr.org/post/polio-hits-equatorial-guinea-threatens-central-africa \n\nPolio Eradication Global Initiative, the week July 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/Poliothisweek.aspx \n\nNews article: World Health Organization, \"WHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus,\" May 5, 2014.\nhttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/ \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf\n\nReviewer's sources:\nWHO, Update on poliio in Equatorial Guinea, July 17, 2014. \nhttp://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_07_17_polio/en/  \n\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Polio in Equatorial Guinea, July 25, 2014. \nhttp://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/polio-equatorial-guinea","During the period of review, Equatorial Guinea reported new polio cases, after 15 years of being free from the disease. After the outbreak, health authorities were surprised by the low vaccination rate, which is one of the worst in the world, despite having conducted vaccination ca..."]
["2014_ER_107",2014,"ER","Eritrea",107,100,"In Eritrea, health campaigns through media outlets that include TV, radio, newspapers and other flyers are one of the most active ways that health authorities get information to the public. Extensive campaigns were done to publicise HIV infection, malaria and maternity safety. For example, the Ministry of Health is currently sensitizing the public about the recent Ebola epidemic. In the Tigrigna newspaper (Haddas Eritrea), the Ministry of Health is currently carrying out an awareness campaign against malaria because  malaria is common among the population. The same campaign is conducted via the radio, where ordinary people can listen as an easy way to understand the campaign.\n\nThe Ministry of Health has regular programs on radio, TV and in the local newspapers on health campaigns that help citizens find, within easy reach, abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment. On TV, doctors regularly give information in a way that is easy for citizens with less education to grasp.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMinistry of Information,  \"Health Ministry Releases Timely Information as regards Ebola,\" Aug. 13, 2014\nhttp://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/17661-health-ministry-releases-timely-information-as-regards-ebola- \n\nMinistry of Information, Haddas Eritrea Newspaper, \"Message from Ministry of Health regarding Malaria,\" Aug. 8, 2014 (attached)","In Eritrea, health campaigns through media outlets that include TV, radio, newspapers and other flyers are one of the most active ways that health authorities get information to the public. Extensive campaigns were done to publicise HIV infection, malaria and maternity safety. For ..."]
["2014_ET_107",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",107,100,"Information on common illnesses and campaigns regarding health issues are regularly undertaken by the Ministry of Health. Diseases such as malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS are top priority for the government. Awareness campaigns on these diseases are usually on posters or disseminated to the public on a regular basis through radio and television programs. In addition, different activities are undertaken to deal with issues such as maternal and infant mortality. \n\nThe Ministry of Health website also includes a health risks alert system that is used to give information to the public on current health issues. An example of this is the recent Ebola outbreak in other countries; the Ministry of Health disseminated information releases and awareness via different media outlets. The government also uses the extensive network of community health workers, especially in rural areas, who engage with the public on a regular basis. \n\nOne of the commendable activities of the government is providing health care information through mass media and local health workers. These campaigns and educational efforts are appropriate for audiences with less education. The awareness campaigns take different forms for different segments of the community.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, health care professional working in an international NGO based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nWebsite of the Ministry of Health, accessed July 2014:\nhttp://www.moh.gov.et/disease-alerts","Information on common illnesses and campaigns regarding health issues are regularly undertaken by the Ministry of Health. Diseases such as malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS are top priority for the government. Awareness campaigns on these diseases are usually on posters or disseminated to t..."]
["2014_GA_107",2014,"GA","Gabon",107,75,"Au Gabon, des campagnes sont menées sur la base des maladies prioritaires comme la polyo nécessitant chaque année ou à intervalle régulier des campagnes de vaccination. Les campagnes font souvent l'objet de support image remis aux personnes cibles. Ces supports permettent une large compréhension de la maladie, des précautions à prendre.\n\nLes informations sur les maladies courantes et les alertes sont presque pas accessibles sur le net. Le site du ministère de la santé et de la prévoyance sociale est vide et certaines rubriques encore en cours de construction. Les informations sur le Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV) reste introuvable, lui-même ne possède pas de site web.\n\nBien que le site web du ministère de la santé et de la prévoyance sociale soit vide en termes d’information et sensibilisation sur les maladies, il y a toutefois des campagnes de sensibilisation du public sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention. Ces campagnes d'information du public se font principalement par le biais des médias. Les médias (radio, télévision et presse écrite) constituent de ce fait un canal fondamental pour la mise en œuvre de stratégies d’Information, éducation et communication contre des maladies courantes, en faveur de la santé de la reproduction, de la planification familiale et de la lutte contre le VIH/Sida. L’exposition de la population aux medias est assez élevée. Selon les résultats de la dernière enquête démographique et de santé du Gabon (2012) 89 % des femmes et 91 % des hommes de 15-49 ans regardent, au moins une fois par semaine, la télévision ; près de deux femmes sur cinq (39 %) et 60 % des hommes écoutent la radio et 38 % des femmes et 47 % des hommes lisent un journal. Globalement, 19 % des femmes et 32 % des hommes sont exposés aux trois média, au moins, une fois par semaine.\nEn conséquence, tenant compte des critères de notation, un score de 25 apparaît beaucoup plus approprié.","BOUGOU Richard, responsable à l'ONG Agis Pour Ton Autonomie (APTA), entretien par téléphone, 10 janvier 2015;\n\nGabonEco, 18 décembre 2014, «Santé: Lancement de la 3e phase de la campagne de vaccination contre la poliomyélite». http://www.gaboneco.com/nouvelles_africaines_34277.html,\n\nSite web du ministère gabonais de la santé publique et de la prévoyance sociale, visité le 10 janvier 2015 : http://www.sante.gouv.ga/\n\nPharmacie en ligne, consulté le 10 janvier 2015 : http://www.pharmagabon.com/Appli/Extranet/Extranet07LV.nsf/annuaire_pharmacies.xsp","Au Gabon, des campagnes sont menées sur la base des maladies prioritaires comme la polyo nécessitant chaque année ou à intervalle régulier des campagnes de vaccination. Les campagnes font souvent l'objet de support image remis aux personnes cibles. Ces supports permettent une large..."]
["2014_GM_107",2014,"GM","The Gambia",107,75,"There is information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment but most of the information is not available online. There are, however, other means used by government to spread information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, the most important being health campaigns.\n\nThere are many health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention organized by the Directorate of Health Education, and these reach citizens across the country.\n\nAlerting citizens to public health hazards such as epidemics are not only frequently carried out by the government but also by non-governmental institutions, including the private sector.\n\nSuch information is also easy to grasp by all in that it is presented in all the local languages. Epidemics also trigger awareness in that information about such epidemics is given in all the local languages. The availability of information through different institutions, the Internet, and hospitals helps all people have access to such campaigns. Sources said that the information used during campaigns is appropriate, timely and relevant and the language used is simple and understood by citizens with less education.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nDisagree (suggested score = 50). Indeed, there are health campaigns to raise public awareness on common diseases and their prevention. However, the following sources suggest that  significant gaps and challenges still exist in health promotion interventions in Gambia with regard to various aspects such as stewardship, delivery of interventions, community participation and empowerment, evidence generation and sustainable financing.","1. Gambia: Health and Nutrition Gambia to Embark On Nationwide Meningitis Campaign, Foroyaa Newspaper, BY YAYA BAJO, 22 NOVEMBER 2013, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/201311250734.html, last accessed on 23/06/2014\n\n2.  Interview with Dr. Alieu Gaye, Medical Doctor and Proprietor of Pakala Clinic, 60 OAU Boulevard, Banjul on Saturday 21 June 2014\n\n3. Gambia launches first mass media campaign against tobacco, World Health Organization, Banjul, 21 February 2014, available at http://www.afro.who.int/en/gambia/press-materials/item/6308-gambia-launches-first-mass-media-campaign-against-tobacco.html\n\n4. Gambia: MOHSW to Begin Nationwide Polio Campaign, the Daily Observer, by Momodou Faal, October 8 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201310081326.html.\n\nReviewer sources:\n1. Dixey, R., & Njai, M. (2013). “The call to action: Health promotion in The Gambia – closing the implementation gap?” Global Health Promotion, 20: 5–12. doi:10.1177/1757975913486682. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23797935\n2. WHO/AFRO (2013). Health Promotion: Strategy for the African Region. Brazzaville :WHO Regional Office for Africa. http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7972&Itemid=2593\n3. Johanne Sundby (2014). “A rollercoaster of policy shifts: Global trends and reproductive health policy in The Gambia,” Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 9:8, 894-909, DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2014.940991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25203251","There is information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment but most of the information is not available online. There are, however, other means used by government to spread information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, the most important being health camp..."]
["2014_GH_107",2014,"GH","Ghana",107,75,"Health promotion is an expensive area which requires many resources to undertake. Despite the challenges of limited resources, the Ministry of Health (MoE), and the Ghana Health Service (GHS), which is under (MoE), have been carrying out health promotion campaigns. The GHS has a health promotion unit and disease control and surveillance unit that engage in public education on illnesses and epidemics.\n\nThere is little information about health promotion campaigns on the websites of MoE and GHS, but other means are adopted to get the messages across to the entire population. This includes media campaigns or announcements on radios, television stations and newspapers where messages about common illnesses and epidemics, treatment and prevention are presented in all local languages and English to reach all citizens.\n\nOther means used to reach the citizens include community announcements, announcements at religious gatherings such as churches and mosques, and trained volunteers moving to communities and homes to educate the people. Brochures are also printed and posted at vantage points but messages on the brochures are sometimes difficult to understand by people with limited education. Telephones numbers are also provided for people to call to get information in terms of prevention and treatment of illnesses and epidemics.\n\nWithin the past 12 months, September 2013 to September 2014, there had been public campaigns on Cerebro-spinal Meningitis in the northern part of the country, hepatitis B, cholera and Ebola virus.","1. Madam Rebecca Ackwonu, Public Relations Officer of the Ghana Health Service, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n2. Mr Anthony Goodman, Public Relations Officer, Ministry of Health, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Sidua Hor, National Coordinator, Universal Access to Healthcare Campaign, Telephone interview, August 4, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Official website of the Ministry of Health: www.moh-ghana.org\n\n5. Official website of the Ghana Health Service: www.ghanahealthservice.org","Health promotion is an expensive area which requires many resources to undertake. Despite the challenges of limited resources, the Ministry of Health (MoE), and the Ghana Health Service (GHS), which is under (MoE), have been carrying out health promotion campaigns. The GHS has a he..."]
["2014_GN_107",2014,"GN","Guinea",107,100,"Sur le plan de santé publique, le gouvernement fait des efforts pour sensibiliser les citoyens en leur fournissant des informations sur les maladies courantes comme le paludisme. Il y a aussi des campagnes de sensibilisation et de vaccination au moins deux fois par an, des campagnes liées à la sensibilisation contre les maladies et épidémies. Cela se fait par toutes les voies de communication (radio, télévision, presse écrite et en ligne). Il y a aussi des campagnes porte à porte, des affiches et l'organisation de conférences.\nAu niveau des centres de santé et hôpitaux ainsi que dans les grands centres de regroupement et des carrefours, il y a toujours des affiches et des panneaux qui expliquent les méthodes de transmission, de prévention et de traitement des maladies courantes. Cela permet surtout à ceux qui n'ont pas fait de longues études de pouvoir comprendre les méthodes de transmissions et de prévention de ces maladies.\nPar ailleurs, pour la prévention et le traitement des épidémies, il y a des programmes spécifiques de  sensibilisation et d'éducation citoyenne. La dernière en date est la campagne de sensibilisation pour la lutte contre la fièvre hémorragique Ebola. Une commission est mise en place pour coordonner toutes les activités de lutte contre Ebola en Guinée.","ZOWO NY ANGA HONOMOU Marc, médecin gynécologue à l'hôpital Jean Paul II de Taouy ah, 10h, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nHABA Matthieu, inspection générale des finances, 11h, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nLAMAH Léopold, médecin orthopédiste au service de la traumatologie de Donka, 10h30, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nNY ANKOYE Lamine, directeur général adjoint, service nutrition, centre hospitalier universitaire de Donka, 10h30, 14 juillet 2014, Conakry.","Sur le plan de santé publique, le gouvernement fait des efforts pour sensibiliser les citoyens en leur fournissant des informations sur les maladies courantes comme le paludisme. Il y a aussi des campagnes de sensibilisation et de vaccination au moins deux fois par an, des campagne..."]
["2014_GW_107",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",107,50,"In Guinea-Bissau, during this year, there have been a couple of health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses, treatment and preventions and also on epidemics. However, these campaigns have only been possible with the financial aid of international partners. The Ministry of Health on its own does not have capacity to promote health campaigns. The news article used as a source provides an example of a campaign done during this year with the support of an international partner: UNICEF supported the ministry of health with a campaign against poliomielite. \n\nThese campaigns are not available online (which if they were they wouldn't be effective given that only around 2 to 6% of the population would have access to that information). Most of the campaigns are done through the radio and on other occasions through posters. In general the information is presented in ways that citizens with less education can grasp (posters have images and pictures and the radio broadcasts the information in Creole and sometimes may do plays and sketches).\n\nPresently the Ebola outbreak in West Africa has triggered awareness campaigns in Guinea-Bissau, both through radio and posters. Also, on a yearly basis, with the support of Global Fund and UNDP, the government promotes awareness campaigns against malaria and this year distributed 1 million anti-malaria bed nets.\n\nHealth campaigns are not done on a routine basis and the Ministry of Health does not have a clear strategy. Furthermore, campaigns are not effective because they are not well prepared or systematic. For example, only before the rainy season do campaigns on cholera take place rather than being promoted continuously.","1. Interview with Victor Madrigal, Representant, NGO - AIDA, Ayuda, Intercambio y Desarrollo (NGO working with health and education), 24 July 2014, Bissau. Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Sidu Vieira, Doctor, Health Expert, 29 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Media report published by MSN Health and Well-being, written and reported by Lusa news agency, \"Vaccination campaing against poliomielite in Guinea-Bissau, with UNICEF support\", 4 November 2013, http://saude.pt.msn.com/saudeemedicina/noticias/item/2896-campanha-de-vacinacao-contra-poliomielite-na-guine-bissau-com-apoio-da-unicef.\n\n4. Visit to 2 public hospitals (Hospital Simão Mendes and Hospital a caminho Quinhamel)  and 1 public health clinic (posto de saúde, bairro militar), 24 July 2014 and 29 July 2014 respectively, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","In Guinea-Bissau, during this year, there have been a couple of health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses, treatment and preventions and also on epidemics. However, these campaigns have only been possible with the financial aid of international partners. The Ministry..."]
["2014_KE_107",2014,"KE","Kenya",107,50,"The Health Ministry runs lengthy public campaigns on prevention and cure of diseases. The most common campaigns involve polio and malaria as well as HIV/AIDS prevention and management. Campaigns are mainly in English and Swahili but more and more are adopting local languages.\n\nMost of these messages are packaged as radio commercials or delivered at public talks at forums such as barazas. Educational flyers and posters are also often used to educate the public.","1. Bill Okaka, officer APHIA-2 Programme. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n2. Wanja Muraya, health writer Standard Group. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n3.No polio certificate, no school admission\". An article by a Daily Nation Newspaper Correspondent published on January 17, 2014.\nhttp://www.nation.co.ke/news/No-polio-certificate-no-school-admission/-/1056/2150184/-/8uqvm5z/-/index.html\n\n4. \"The Mtoto Kwa Mtoto or Child- to-child initiative\". May 26, 2014. (A campaign by UNICEF and partners in Kenya that mobilizes school children in the effort to identify and vaccinate these children against the polio). http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/2014/05/kenya-polio-campaign/\n\n5. \"Kenya intensifies efforts to fight polio\". An article By Pieter Desloovere published on the UNICEF website on Feb 26, 2014. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/kenya_72732.html","The Health Ministry runs lengthy public campaigns on prevention and cure of diseases. The most common campaigns involve polio and malaria as well as HIV/AIDS prevention and management. Campaigns are mainly in English and Swahili but more and more are adopting local languages...."]
["2014_LS_107",2014,"LS","Lesotho",107,25,"There are limited health education programmes on common illnesses and prevention and alerting people of public health hazards such as epidemics. Lesotho is immune from most tropical diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and others. However, during the year under review, Lesotho became the second country in the world with the highest HIV and AIDS prevalence rate from the third place in the previous year. \n\nAccording to Mamathule Makhotla of the Lesotho Council of NGOs, people go to health facilities very late for them to be able to be treated because of lack of health education campaigns. The fact that the government has not resuscitated the National AIDS Commission (NAC) makes it even more challenging to conduct such campaigns. Makhotla indicated that NAC provided useful data and coordination of AIDS programmes in Lesotho. On the other hand Nkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association has highlighted that the Ministry of Health has abandoned consumer education during the period under review. He continued to show that the Ministry of Health has used reduction of infection as the means to promote male circumcision. This has made men to believe that circumcision implies that they do not need to use other means of protection. An anonymous source from the Ministry of Health has indicated that the ministry has not been very active in raising awareness on public health hazards compared to previous years. \n\nThe government has not kept momentum of the past years where health campaigns were very popular and reached a better part of the population. The fight against HIV and AIDS and other pandemics requires the government to increase national outreach.","Nkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\n‘Mamathule Makhotla, Health and Social Development Coordinator, Lesotho Council of NGOs, 28th August, Maseru\n\nAnonymous, Economic Planner, Ministry of Health, 9th September 2014, Maseru. The names of anonymous sources are known to Global Integrity and Global Integrity has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nLesotho Times, Tsitsi Matope, Lesotho fights a losing AIDS fight, 21st August 2014, http://lestimes.com/lesotho-losing-aids-fight/","There are limited health education programmes on common illnesses and prevention and alerting people of public health hazards such as epidemics. Lesotho is immune from most tropical diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and others. However, during the year under review, Lesotho be..."]
["2014_LR_107",2014,"LR","Liberia",107,100,"There are public health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and preventive measures. These campaigns alert citizens of public health hazards such as epidemics. Citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment means. \n\nPublic health information is presented in simple ways that are easy to grasp for all citizens, including those with less education. Public health information is presented in simple Liberian English on poster sheets. The Ministry of Health has increased and advanced its public health campaign and has also contracted several NGOs with the required expertise to educate the public on issues of health. Even people who are illiterate are being targeted with health campaign messages through pictures and jingles.  For example  during the outbreat of the Ebola virus, authorities at the United Methodist Hospital in Ganta City, Nimba County launched a public awareness campaign to prevent residents from contacting the Ebola virus.  Heailth workers visited schools, churches, business centers and worke places education people of ways and means to prevent themselves form contacting the visus and to report to health centers. It was a health campaign cordinated by the Minister of Health and Medical Director at the G. W. Harley Hospital in Sanniquellie. Other efforts include the mayor of Ganta City, Dohr Cooper,  providing free airtime for medical personnel to appear on Radio Talk Shows and educate the people of Nimba County on how to prevent themselves from contacting the Ebola virus. Efforts were made and sensitization campaign were carried out nationawide by  authorities of UMC Liberia in Monrovia, the Director of the Connectional Ministries through its hospitals and with the collaboration of the Liberian government to ensure that the Ebola virus does not overtake any sector of the country.","Interview: Luke Bawo, M&E Coordinator, Ministry of Health, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Teta Zeenah, Public Health Consultant, Irish Aid, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Serena Teah, Outreach Officer, Plan International, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nUMC Liberia Hospital Launches Awareness Campaign on Ebola, March 27, 2014, http://www.westafricanwriters.org/2014/03/27/umc-liberia-hospital-launches-awareness-campaign-on-ebola/","There are public health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and preventive measures. These campaigns alert citizens of public health hazards such as epidemics. Citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment me..."]
["2014_LY_107",2014,"LY","Libya",107,0,"Citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention because the Ministry of Health has been without a budget since 2013. Also, with the current chaos in the country, medical staff are unable to perform their jobs. Humanitarian news and analysis mentioned in an article that the health sector in Libya is on life support because of the shortage of medical supplies and lack of financial support. \n\nA press release from the Ministry of Health, published on its official webpage, stated that the health sector will face real disaster if the financial crisis isn't resolved. In 2012-2013, the ministry created a campaign for breast cancer, but it ended in late 2013 due to a lack of funds.","Interview with Ammar Muhamed, information officer in the Ministry of Health, Oct. 23, 2014.\n\nIRIN, Humanitarian news and analysis, \"Libyan health care on life support\" Sept. 2, 2014. \nhttp://www.irinnews.org/report/100563/Libyan-health-care-on-life-support\n\nOfficial Facebook page for the health ministry, press release about the ministry's emergency situation, Oct. 2, 2014.\nhttps://www.facebook.com/Ministry.of.Health.Ly","Citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention because the Ministry of Health has been without a budget since 2013. Also, with the current chaos in the country, medical staff are unable to perform their jobs. Humanitarian news and analysis men..."]
["2014_MG_107",2014,"MG","Madagascar",107,50,"Il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. Elles entrent dans le cadre d’une politique nationale, la plupart du temps exécutées avec le financement des bailleurs de fonds étrangers. La visite du site du ministère de la santé publique permet d’identifier deux programmes nationaux (paludisme et santé mentale) et sur la page d’accueil des articles sur la fièvre Ebola.\n \n Les deux personnes interviewées et résidant dans les régions confirment que de telles campagnes existent et sont réalisées d’une manière effective.\n  \nCertes, il ya des campagnes de sensibilisation du public sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention. Cependant, ces campagnes d'information du public ne sont apparemment pas suffisamment répandues. Par exemple, l’Enquête sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme (EIPM) de 2013 indique que seulement 15 % des femmes de 15-49 ans ont reçu un message concernant le «traitement préventif intermittent» pour prévenir le paludisme chez les femmes enceintes et 9 % d’autres messages sur la prévention du paludisme chez la femme enceinte. Par ailleurs, il n’est pas démontré que ces informations sont disséminées dans des formats simples et un langage clair qui les rendent accessibles et compréhensibles pour les populations ciblées.","Site du ministère de la santé publique : http://www.sante.gov.mg/index.php/evenements et http://www.sante.gov.mg/ (consultée sur le 08 juillet 2014)\n \n RANDRIANANTOANINA Lucien, vice-président régional de la Coalition Paysanne de Madagascar de la Région Sofia, Port Bergé, 08 juillet 2014\n \n RAZARASOA Noeline, présidente régionale de la Coalition Paysanne de Madagascar de la Région Sofia, Mampikony, 08 juillet 2014\n \n MadaplusInfo, 26 novembre 2013, « Lutte contre le paludisme : une vaste campagne de sensibilisation lancée à Madagascar ». http://www.madaplus.info/Lutte-contre-le-paludisme-une-vaste-campagne-de-sensibilisation-lancee-a-Madagascar_a8163.html. Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), Programme National de lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Août 2013 , http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR38/PR38.pdf Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM) et ICF International. 2013. Enquête sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme (EIPM) 2013. Calverton, MD, USA : INSTAT, PNLP, IPM et ICF International, Decembre 13, 2013, .http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1909","Il existe des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies. Elles entrent dans le cadre d’une politique nationale, la plupart du temps exécutées avec le..."]
["2014_MW_107",2014,"MW","Malawi",107,50,"There is a range of public health campaigns aimed at educating citizens about common illnesses such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. The campaigns are usually produced through the Ministry of Health in association with partners such as UNICEF when citizens need to be alerted to a health issue. Efforts are underway to intensify public health campaigns. The Child Health Campaign was among those that were implemented during the research period. The campaigns transmit information to less educated citizens through radio programmes but not all information is within easy reach of all citizens. \n\nIt is likely that public information campaigns are not sufficiently widespread. For instance, the latest (2012) Malawi Malaria Indicator Survey indicates that only one-quarter of Malawian women report having seen or heard messages about malaria in the last six months preceding the survey.  A study also mentions that among the factors contributing to poor information sharing in the health sector there is the “overuse of technical jargon”: Available information is often technical, complicated, difficult to understand and, therefore, difficult to share. In addition, most materials are available in English only. Community health workers, in particular, mentioned language as an important barrier.","1. Nyasa Times, Harry Chibwe, 9 June, 2014, ‘Malawi Kick-Starts Child Health Days’\n\n2. Dr Charles Mwansambo, Chief of Health Services, Ministry of Health, 8 July, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Antony Kasunda, Chairperson, Media Institute of Malawi (MISA-Malawi), 18 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Martha Kwataine, Executive Director, Malawi Health Equity Network, 24 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\nReviewer sources:\nNational Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) [Malawi] and ICF International. 2012. Malawi Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) 2012. Lilongwe, Malawi, and Calverton, Maryland, USA: NMCP and ICF International. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/MIS13/MIS13.pdf","There is a range of public health campaigns aimed at educating citizens about common illnesses such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. The campaigns are usually produced through the Ministry of Health in association with partners such as UNICEF when citizens need to be alerted to a ..."]
["2014_ML_107",2014,"ML","Mali",107,100,"Des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies sont souvent initiées au Mali.\n\nPar le biais des médias (radio, télévision), notamment les radios communautaires, les citoyens peuvent facilement trouver des informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement. \n\nSelon Amadou Cissé, «les informations sont présentées en langues locales, donc en des termes facilement compréhensibles pour les citoyens ayant une éducation limitée. Ainsi, les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies donnent tous les ans lieu à des campagnes de sensibilisation.»\n\nÀ l'heure actuelle, l'Etat malien a entrepris des campagnes d'information et de sensibilisation sur la fièvre hémoragique Ebola et aussi des campagnes sont également menées sur le choléra et bien d'autres épidemies.","BAYO Sina, ancien directeur général, hôpital Gabriel Touré, 21 juillet 2014\n\t\nCISSÉ Amadou, ancien chargé de mission, ministère de la santé, 21 juillet 2014.\n\t\nTOUNKARA Maurice, médecin, cabinet médical Tounkara, 21 juillet 2014.","Des campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention, et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies sont souvent initiées au Mali...."]
["2014_MR_107",2014,"MR","Mauritania",107,50,"Il existe des campagnes de sensibilisation destinées à encourager la vaccination des enfants en bas âge notamment la rougeole, le tétanos, la diphtérie, la coqueluche. Ces campagnes sont destinées à faire reculer la mortalité pré-natale. Au milieu de l'année 2014 jusqu'à aujourd'hui, la Mauritanie, compte tenu de sa proximité avec le Sénégal et le Mali, a mené des campagnes de sensibilisation sur Ebola. Dans les médias, on encourage les citoyens à se laver les mains. Un numéro vert fut mis en place en cas de survenance de la maladie Ebola. Durant la saison des pluies, il existe un taux de paludisme assez élevé, les autorités font également de la sensibilisation notamment sur l'utilisation des moustiquaires imprégnées ou la prise de nivaquinine. \n\nDans une société fortement conservatrice et musulmane, il est délicat de faire des campagnes de sensibilisation et de prévention sur les grandes pandémies (notamment le VIH). Un certain tabou a été brisé, cette question est évoquée dans les médias,  d'une manière encore timide. Il existe quelques panneaux sur des campagnes de vaccination relatives à la protection infantile et maternelle. Par contre, les grandes campagnes relatives au VIH demeurent inexistantes. Dans les journaux, dans les hôpitaux, il existe des affiches avec le numéro de téléphone invitant les citoyens à se faire dépister. Cette campagne a un faible impact dans la mesure où tous les citoyens ne vont pas à l'hôpital et ne lisent pas les journaux.","1. Dr RACINE KANE Amadou, gynécologue-obstétricien, ancien cadre de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), 22 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n2. Source anonyme, 26 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\n3. Source anonyme, 24 juillet 2014, Nouakchott. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.","Il existe des campagnes de sensibilisation destinées à encourager la vaccination des enfants en bas âge notamment la rougeole, le tétanos, la diphtérie, la coqueluche. Ces campagnes sont destinées à faire reculer la mortalité pré-natale. Au milieu de l'année 2014 jusqu'à aujourd'hu..."]
["2014_MU_107",2014,"MU","Mauritius",107,100,"Details about common illnesses, health hazards or epidemics are available on the website of the Ministry of Health and on posters in local dispensaries (Community Health Centres). Generally the authorities would also generate campaigns in the media including national television. Dr Satish Boolell, a member of the National Assembly, stated that there is access to information about health hazards, though there is a fairly slow reaction time to information dissemination. \n\nJayen Chellum, general secretary of the Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), said that communication to the general public is largely done through media campaigns, mostly on the national television. He mentioned the sensitisation done about the Ebola virus and the Dengue.\n\nThe campaigns are well presented to the public through health campaigns. They are easy to understand and most of the time, the campaigns are broadcasted on the national TV during peak times, radio, newspapers and through posters around the island. The campaigns are done through animated clips, images and most of the time the campaigns are in creole language. Recently, due to the cyclonic weather, the public were made aware mostly everyday through TV about precautions and treatments to be taken against Gastroenteritis, Chikungunya and Conjunctivitis.","1. Jayen Chellum, General Secretary, Consumer Association of Mauritius (ACIM), 10 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n2. Maya Hanoomanjee, former minister of Health and Quality of life, 18 Sept 2014, phone\n3. Dr Satish Boolell, member of the National Assembly, 19 Sept 2014, mail","Details about common illnesses, health hazards or epidemics are available on the website of the Ministry of Health and on posters in local dispensaries (Community Health Centres). Generally the authorities would also generate campaigns in the media including national television. Dr..."]
["2014_MA_107",2014,"MA","Morocco",107,50,"The website of the Ministry of Health is very informative about epidemic risks,  common illnesses and prevention. However, it is not available in Arabic, which excludes a large share of Morocco's population. \n\nThe Ministry of Health also runs programs on national radios and televisions to help prevent illness and raise awarness of the importance of prevention, hygiene and medical advice.","Dr Abdlhak Tourabi - Professor and Specialist in Cardiology - Accredited at the Ministry of Health - Casablanca-  Phone interview August 6th, 2014.\n\nMinistry of Health Official Website - http://srvweb.sante.gov.ma/Pages/Accueil.aspx (last checked August 5th, 2014).\n\nKhadija Rougani, Lawyer, member of AMDH Association Marocaine des Droits Humains and member of the movement Spring of Dignity (women rights movement) – Casablanca - Phone interview – August 4th, 2014.\n\nFlyer of the Ministry of Health sensitizing about Ebola Virus, available at: http://srvweb.sante.gov.ma/Documents/EBOLA/d%C3%A9pliant_virus_ebola_PP2.pd.","The website of the Ministry of Health is very informative about epidemic risks,  common illnesses and prevention. However, it is not available in Arabic, which excludes a large share of Morocco's population. ..."]
["2014_MZ_107",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",107,75,"In Mozambique, the Ministry of Health organises annual health campaigns to educate citizens about the main infections and contagious diseases, with a focus on prevention. During the period under review, there were national campaigns on the prevention of malnutrition, cholera, pneumonia and poliomyelitis. The ministry advertises these campaigns well in advance through media, local authorities (traditional leaders), community leaders, schools, markets and via megaphones in the streets and neighborhoods in various languages. \n\nThe campaigns are quite expensive, and the government relies, in part, on the backing of multilateral and bilateral partners that support the health sector in Mozambique.","Interview with Marcelo Mosse, senior journalist and former director, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 24 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Dionisio Nombora, researcher, Center for Public Integrity, Maputo, 23 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Jorge Matine, medical doctor and researcher, Pathfinder International, Maputo, 23 July 2014.  ","In Mozambique, the Ministry of Health organises annual health campaigns to educate citizens about the main infections and contagious diseases, with a focus on prevention. During the period under review, there were national campaigns on the prevention of malnutrition, cholera, pneum..."]
["2014_NA_107",2014,"NA","Namibia",107,100,"Namibia's Ministry of Health conducts media campaigns to inform citizens about common illnesses, prevention and treatment of common diseases and in the event of a disease outbreak. During an outbreak, the government uses all means of communication inclulding radio, television and newspapers in different languages to warn and educate the public. \n\nAccording to the Ministry of Health and Social Services, information is packaged in all vernacular languages and disseminated through the radio, television, newspaper, pamphlets and fliers, which is easily understood by local villagers.","1. Ministry of Health and Social Services Public Relations Officer, Esther Paulus, telephone interview on 18/07/2014\n2.Media campaigns clippings i have attached below.\n3.Telephone interview with Namibian Sun journalist, Faith Sankwasa on 17/07/2014.\n\nReviwers' Source:\n\nNamibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013, Main Findings. THE DHS PROGRAM ICF International Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A. June 2014.","Namibia's Ministry of Health conducts media campaigns to inform citizens about common illnesses, prevention and treatment of common diseases and in the event of a disease outbreak. During an outbreak, the government uses all means of communication inclulding radio, television and n..."]
["2014_NE_107",2014,"NE","Niger",107,50,"Au Niger les maladies telles que le paludisme et le sida, font l'objet de campagnes de sensibilisation et de prévention régulières depuis quelques années, de la part du gouvernement et des organisations de la société civile active dans le domaine de la santé. Mais l'utilisation des pancartes et dessins concernent seulement le milieu urbain. Dans les villages nigériens vous ne verrez jamais de pancartes ou dessins de sensibilisation. Les citoyens en milieu rural sont plus sensibilisés par la radio. La sensibilisation est généralement à sens unique, car les citoyens n'ont pas la posibilité de poser des questions.\n \n Lorsqu'il y a une épidémie, comme le choléra ou actuellement l'ébola, le gouvernement et les ONG se mobilisent également pour sensibiliser les populations et apporter des solutions. Seulement, dans la pratique de la sensibilisation, les canaux de transmission de l'information ne sont pas toujours très diversifiés. C'est très souvent le gouvernement et les ONG qui communiquent, les citoyens sont maintenus dans une position réceptive.\n \n Le gouvernement ne crée pas de mécanismes pouvant permettre aux citoyens de demander eux mêmes les types d'informations dont ils ont besoin et les préoccupations particulières qu'ils ont sur les maladies qui font l'objet de campagnes de sensibilisation et de prévention. En effet, au Niger plus le citoyen est éloigné des centres urbains ou plus il est dans une situation de pauvreté, moins il a accès à l'information sanitaire et aux soins de santé de manière générale.","DJERMAKOYE Idé, coordinateur de la plateforme des organisations pour la promotion de la protection Sociale-ProtecSo au Niger, 16 et 18 août 2014. \n \n KADI Traoré, ancienne secrétaire général du ministère de la santé, actuellement présidente du Réseau des communicateurs en santé, 16 août 2014. \n \n Le Sahel, «Lancement de la campagne de distribution gratuite de moustiquaires imprégnées à Kollo : 1.565.888 moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide pour la population de la région de Tillabéri»\n http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/component/k2/item/6353-lancement-de-la-campagne-de-distribution-gratuite-de-moustiquaires-impr%C3%A9gn%C3%A9es-%C3%A0-kollo--1565888-moustiquaires-impr%C3%A9gn%C3%A9es-dinsecticide-pour-la-population-de-la-r%C3%A9gion-de-tillab%C3%A9ri (accédé 16 août 201)\n \n Le Sahel, 2013, «Campagne de communication sur les questions de société : Le ministre de la Santé Publique lance la campagne « Aventures de Foula » \n http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/2011-07-25-15-57-34/item/2954-campagne-de-communication-sur-les-questions-de-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9--le-ministre-de-la-sant%C3%A9-publique-lance-la-campagne--aventures-de-foula--2013, (accédé 16 août 201)\n \n Africatime, 14 aoiut 2014, «Fièvre Ebola: le Niger indemne de l’épidémie».\n http://fr.africatime.com/niger/articles/fievre-ebola-le-niger-indemne-de-lepidemie#sthash.kSU0PTkl.dpuf","Au Niger les maladies telles que le paludisme et le sida, font l'objet de campagnes de sensibilisation et de prévention régulières depuis quelques années, de la part du gouvernement et des organisations de la société civile active dans le domaine de la santé. Mais l'utilisation des..."]
["2014_NG_107",2014,"NG","Nigeria",107,50,"Public health hazards usually trigger awareness campaigns. The Ministry of Health - or its units dealing with specific diseases - occasionally launches awareness campaigns in response to epidemics or common sicknesses such as malaria.\n\nThe campaigns have remained essentially radio- and television-based. In the past year, there were radio and television campaigns against malaria, cholera, bird flu, Ebola  and HIV. Such information, however, is not available online.","Interview with Tobore Ovuorie, health reporter, Premium Times, 21 July 2014.\n\nNews24Nigeria, Henry Ifeanyi, \"Local telco joins fight against malaria,\" 24 April 2014.\nhttp://m.news24.com/nigeria/National/News/Local-telco-joins-fight-against-malaria-20140424\n\nNews24Nigeria, \"Lagos awareness campaign to stop cholera,\" 25 Oct. 2013.\nhttp://m.news24.com/nigeria/National/News/Lagos-awareness-campaign-to-stop-cholera-20131025\n\nDaily Independent, Chesa Chesa, \"Ebola: Nigeria in danger, says FG,\" April 2014.\nhttp://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/04/ebola-nigeria-danger-says-fg/\n\nMinistry of Health website, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.health.gov.ng/","Public health hazards usually trigger awareness campaigns. The Ministry of Health - or its units dealing with specific diseases - occasionally launches awareness campaigns in response to epidemics or common sicknesses such as malaria...."]
["2014_RW_107",2014,"RW","Rwanda",107,100,"The Rwandan government put in place a full-fledged department under the Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), known as the Rwanda Health Communication Center, which is charged with the task of creating awareness on diseases such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis, malaria, fistula, hepatitis and recently Ebola, among other diseases.\n\nAccording to Nathan Mugume, director general, Rwanda Health Communication Center, which is a unit of the Ministry of Health, conducts health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention. It also alerts them to public health hazards such as epidemics throughout the year and when the need to do so arises.\n\n\"As of now, the most current campaign we are carrying out is concerning the outbreak of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa,\" Mugume said. \"Rwanda is one of the countries on the alert. We are sensitizing citizens on their travels, the precautions they should take and measures of prevention. We have put notices everywhere, we are putting announcements on TV and radio as well as newspapers and educating citizens on the dangers of the disease.\"  \n\nApart from that, the ministry, through the center, is running round-the-clock awareness campaigns on communicable and non-communicable diseases in general through the media, billboards, fliers and posters plastered in hospitals and public places.\n\nDr. Aflodis Kagaba, executive director of the Health Development Initiative Rwanda, a health advocacy group, agrees that there is sufficient communication and information dissemination on common illnesses and diseases, as well as alerting the public on epidemic outbreaks.\n\n\"What we need to know is how responsive people are to such information, but we think enough is done to reach out to the people and create awareness,\" Kagaba said.\n\nThe Ministry of Health also has other initiatives at the community level to mobilize citizens on matters such as sanitation, hygiene, nutrition and prevention. Recently, the government has carried out aggressive campaigns against fistula, cervical cancer and hepatitis.","Interview with Nathan Mugume, director general, Rwanda Health Communication Center (RHCC) in the Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Kigali, Aug. 7, 2014. \n\nPhone interview with Dr. Aflodis Kagaba, executive director, Health Development Initiative (HDI), Aug. 6, 2014. \n\nThe New Times, \"Rwanda: Government dispels rumours of Ebola spread,\" Aug. 7, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201408080363.html\n\nRwanda Biomedical Centre website, \"Ebola Preparedness. Question & Answer. The current Ebola outbreak is centered on three countries in West Africa: Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone.\"\nhttp://www.rbc.gov.rw/spip.php?article768","The Rwandan government put in place a full-fledged department under the Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), known as the Rwanda Health Communication Center, which is charged with the task of creating awareness on diseases such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis, malaria, fistula, hepati..."]
["2014_ST_107",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",107,75,"The National Center for Health Education is responsible for coordinating health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses, prevention and treatment. The NCHE uses volunteers, different media vehicles and national languages to transmit the messages. But certain cultural habits reduce their effectiveness. \n\nAnnual attention is concentrated in cholera, influenza and parasitosis. The prevention campaign against the Ebola epidemic was also intensive.\n\nSome citizens believe that the campaigns could be better, because the messages do not reach the entire population. For instance, those with no access to TV or radio do not receive the messages. Also, significantly, posters are only in the capital rather than the hinterland. \n\n\nReviewer's comment:\n\nAgree. Local health agencies, with the support of foreign donors such as the Global Fund, have run various health campaigns on AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, Ebola, etc.","Interview with Bartolomeu Fernandes, coordinator, The National Center for Health Education, Feb. 9, 2015. \n\nInterview with Edgar Neves, general coordinator, Health Program for All, Feb. 10, 2015. \n\nInterview with José Maria Coelho, citizen, Feb. 9, 2015. \n\nTéla Nón, Abel Veiga, \"Ebola growing in Nigeria and fear increases in STP,\" Aug. 11, 2014. \nhttp://www.telanon.info/sociedade/2014/08/11/17115/ebola-cresce-na-nigeria-e-medo-aumenta-em-sao-tome-e-principe/ \n\nCampaign by Juvenal Rodrigues, outdoors photos, \"Wash Hands\" and \"Pneumonia vaccination,\" Feb. 11, 2015. https://www.dropbox.com/s/no32614nvbpke0n/Washing%20Hands.JPG?dl=0\nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/z6pb0o17xawf2jy/Pneumonia%20Vaccine.JPG?dl=0\n\nReviewer's source:\n\nGlobal Fund website, health information and grants for Sao Tome and Principe. \nhttp://portfolio.theglobalfund.org/en/Country/Index/STP","The National Center for Health Education is responsible for coordinating health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses, prevention and treatment. The NCHE uses volunteers, different media vehicles and national languages to transmit the messages. But certain cultural habi..."]
["2014_SN_107",2014,"SN","Senegal",107,100,"Les citoyens peuvent trouver facilement d'abondantes informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement, grâce à des campagnes de santé. \n\nLe ministère de la santé organise des sensibilisations dans le cadre des programmes tels celui de la lutte contre le paludisme ou contre la tuberculose, le programme santé mental, etc. Le site du Ministère fournit aussi des informations sur ces maladies. \n\nLes informations véhiculées au cours des campagnes sont assez compréhensibles pour les citoyens ayant une éducation limitée car elles sont traduites en langues nationales. \n\nLes risques de santé publique tels que les épidémies donnent lieu à des campagnes de sensibilisation. Cette année par exemple, beaucoup de campagnes de sensibilisation sont en train d’être menées pour prévenir le virus Ebola qui sévit dans la sous-région.","SOW Mamadou, cellule de communication, ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale, 20 juillet 2014\n \nNIANG Mamadou, chargé de la communication, programme tuberculose, 24 juillet 2014\n\nRépublique du Sénégal, ministère de la Santé et de l'Action sociale du Sénégal, site Internet: http://www.sante.gouv.sn\n\nRépublique du Sénégal, ministère de la santé et de l’action sociale, Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme. http://www.pnlp.sn/\n\nFAYE Maïmouna, Le Témoin, avril 2014, « Alors que la fièvre hémorragique fait rage en Guinée: Le Sénégal décrète l’alerte « Gaïndé » contre le virus Ebola ». http://www.dakaractu.com/Alors-que-la-fievre-hemorragique-fait-rage-en-Guinee-Le-Senegal-decrete-l-alerte-Gainde-contre-le-virus-Ebola_a63443.html","Les citoyens peuvent trouver facilement d'abondantes informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement, grâce à des campagnes de santé. ..."]
["2014_SC_107",2014,"SC","Seychelles",107,100,"The new website of the Ministry of Health contains a significant amount of information including \"health programs\" detailing:  Family Health: a) Expanded programme on immunisation, b) Child Health, c) School Health, d) Youth Health , e) Reproductive Health, f) Men's Health, g) Seychelles Child Development Study, and h) Early Childhood intervention Centre.\n\nDisease prevention and control programmes include: a) Non communicable diseases (NCDs) - UPCCD, Nutrition, Mental Health, Cancer Prevention and Other NCDs\nb) Communicable diseases - HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, Public Health Services, and other communicable diseases.  \n\nThe Health Promotion Unit advises and supports all units within the Ministry of Health to develop Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials as per priority health issues. By doing so, the unit contribute to the expansion of health related IEC materials nationally. Citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment. The information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education. According to the public health commissioner, “There are programs published from the central department and those at all health centers : immunization, communicable disease such as tuberculosis. The current campaign is done in the media, and by home visits. Also included are campaigns on nontransmissible  diseases such as obesity, nutrition policy, and reproductive health in schools. \n\nThe messages are understood by the entire population because 95% of Seychellois are literate, and campaigns are also in Creole language. The radio, which is listened to by the majority of the population, is the preferred tool  of communication. The state is supported in its mission by NGOs and churches”. (source: Dr jude Gedeon, Public Health Commissioner, Seychelles Hospital, Mont Fleuri, interview du 04 september 2014). \n\nAn expert from the World Health Organization wrote in a report that Seychelles has a good program of health campaign. \"Other government ministries have health promotion components which complement the efforts of the Ministry of Health. Ministry of Education provides health education in schools and the Ministry of Community Development, Youth, Sports and Culture provide health education among the young people and other specific population groups\".\n\nThe health expert also says that the report benefited largely from the Seychelles' \"efficient data collection and management systems\" which has been the bane in much of Africa, stifling better policy interventions.","Dr Jude Gedeon, Public Health Commissioner, Seychelles Hospital, Mont Fleuri, interview on 04 September 2014.\n\nMinistry of Health, http://www.health.gov.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=106, accessed on September 14, 2014.\n\n“WHO report on Seychelles gives thumbs-up on free health care”, Seychelles News Agency,  May 6, 2014, http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/399/WHO+report+on+Seychelles+gives+thumbs-up+on+free+health+care#sthash.tr7wVGJ4.dpuf)","The new website of the Ministry of Health contains a significant amount of information including \"health programs\" detailing:  Family Health: a) Expanded programme on immunisation, b) Child Health, c) School Health, d) Youth Health , e) Reproductive Health, f) Men's Health, g) Seyc..."]
["2014_SL_107",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",107,50,"The Ministry of Health and Sanitation, whose mandate is to promote health and sanitation issues over the year, had continuing programmes for children and their mothers. Information about those programmes and some illnesses is occasionally available at the ministry and sometimes in the form of jingles in the local languages on radio stations across the country. In March 2014, officials faced an Ebola outbreak in the eastern part of the country. Since the outbreak, there have been many public health and awareness campaigns on Ebola prevention in the country, and for the year under review, only Ebola campaigns were produced.\n\nHowever, in terms of coverage of health campaigns, the government conveys its messages in just five languages, leaving the 11 others out. This restricts access to the messages, particularly in remote areas.","Interview with Abass Kamara, public information officer, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, 10 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Charles Mambu, coordinator, Health for all Coalition, Freetown, Freetown, 15 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Kellie Marrah, head of project administration and finance, World Agroforestry Centre, Freetown, 29 July 2014.","The Ministry of Health and Sanitation, whose mandate is to promote health and sanitation issues over the year, had continuing programmes for children and their mothers. Information about those programmes and some illnesses is occasionally available at the ministry and sometimes in ..."]
["2014_SO_107",2014,"SO","Somalia",107,25,"The Ministry of Health of the federal government of Somalia, in conjunction with the World Health Organization and international partners, run health campaigns warning citizens about epidemic diseases like malaria and cholera. Also, the ministry and its partners run vaccine programs against diseases like polio, pertussis, and measles for young children each year. To cover all regions with the exception of those under Al-Shabaab’s control, these international organization partner with other administrations like Somaliland and Puntland as well.\n\nThese campaigns are periodically conducted through radio or sometimes television advertisements. But once the campaigns end, such information is unavailable to the public.","Isse Mohamed Ahmed\nMinister of Education, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 28, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaredo Mohamed Abdallah\nMember of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaid Nuriye Abshir\nHead of Public Awareness, Ministry of Health\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone","The Ministry of Health of the federal government of Somalia, in conjunction with the World Health Organization and international partners, run health campaigns warning citizens about epidemic diseases like malaria and cholera. Also, the ministry and its partners run vaccine program..."]
["2014_ZA_107",2014,"ZA","South Africa",107,50,"There are health campaigns, and information is accessible online and at the clinics (in the form of pamphlets). The information is easy to grasp. The problem is that this information often doesn't reach the people it needs to reach. Communication / campaigns is not sustained. Health care workers programme, which should take campaigns to the people, is underfunded. As a result, the incidence rates of such diseases are still too high.\n\nThere are many health campaigns, and information around those (and the illnesses/conditions) is accessible online and at the clinics (in the form of pamphlets). The information is easy to grasp. However, one of the complaints is that communication with regards to HIV and TB, two of the most important health concerns in SA, is not targeted at individual target groups and that communication is not being sustained all through the year. As a result, the incidence rates of these diseases are still too high.\n\nThe website of the department of health has an elaborate database of most common diseases, including diabetes, HIV, TB, dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc. The website (http://www.doh.gov.za/diseases_list.php) lists symptoms, prevention and treatment options. The information is easy to understand and well presented. \n\nNew health campaigns launched between September 2013-September 2014:\n \n> In March 2014, Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi launched the HPV vaccine campaign, targeting girls aged between nine and 12 years old.\n> In February 2014, the government announced to make the contraceptive implant Implanon free for women at state hospitals. \n\nDaygan Eagar, Programme Manager: Rural-Proofing of the Rural Health Advocacy Projec, doubts the effectiveness of campaigns: \"Messaging hasn't always done in a way that it makes information accessible to people who need it. The problem with how that people at risk are not being reached. When is made available at clinics, this doesn't mean it reaches the right people, and that they have access to that info. You need a strong community health worker programme for that. This is meant to take campaigns and preventative care and primary care to where people live. The programme is underfunded and therefore doesn't function the way it should.\"\n\nSiyabulela Qwaka, survivor of extreme drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB), says that not \"a lot of people know about TB and therefore ask him about the disease and ask questions where to go for treatment. People don't know.\"\n\nSouth Africa has one of the largest TB campaigns in the world because the country is affected by the disease.\n\nApart from celebrating a variety of international days/weeks/months against a variety of conditions, the agenda of the South African department of health comprises various national  days/weeks/months associated with various conditions:\n\n* April 29  - May 17 National Polio (1st Round) and Measles Immunisation Campaign\n* June - National Blood Donor Month \n* June 17-23: National Epilepsy Week \n* June 17-28 : National Polio (2nd Round) Immunisation Campaign \n* June 21: National Epilepsy Day \n* June 24-28 : National Youth Health Indaba\n* June 24-28 : SANCA Drug Awareness Week\n* July: Mental Illness Awareness Month\n* August 15-October 15 : Bone Marrow Donation and Leukaemia Awareness Months\n* August: organ Door Month\n* August 6-12: Polio Awareness Week \n* August 5-9:  Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease Week \n* August 26-31:  African Traditional Medicine Week \n* August 31 : African Traditional Medicine Day\n* September 14: National Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Day (ADHD) \n* October: Breast Cancer Awareness Month \n* October 1 : National Inherited Disorders Day \n* October 9-15: National Nutrition Week\n* October 12: National Bandana Day (cancer in Children)\n* October 15: National Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Day \n* October 15-19 : National Obesity Week \n* October 20: National Down Syndrome Day \n* October 23: National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Day \n* October 28-November 3 : Stroke Week \n* October 30: Commemoration of African Food and Nutrition Security Day \n* November: Sunsmart Skin Cancer Awareness Month \n* November 2: National Children’s Day \n* November 4-10: National Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Week \n* November 4-8: SADC Malaria Week \n* November 8 :  SADC Malaria Day\n* December: Sunsmart Skin Cancer Awareness Month \n* December 1:  World AIDS Day","Interview Daygan Eagar, Programme Manager: Rural-Proofing of the Rural Health Advocacy Project (July 1 2014)\n\nInterview: Siya Qwaka, survivor of extreme resistant tuberculosis after 2 years of treatment (20 June 2014)\n\nDepartment of Health - Disease listing, http://www.doh.gov.za/diseases_list.php\n\nDepartment of Health - Health Awareness Days in 2013, http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/webcontent/2012/2013_calendar.pdf\n\nSA targets cervical cancer with HPV vaccine campaign (SANews.co.za / 14 march 2014)\nhttp://www.southafrica.info/services/health/hpv-vaccine-130314.htm#.U61hmo2SwUc#ixzz35qEjJzVn\n\nNew contraceptive implant free to women in SA, says Motsoaledi (Business Ive / 20 February 2014)\nhttp://www.bdlive.co.za/national/health/2014/02/20/new-contraceptive-implant-free-to-women-in-sa-says-motsoaledi","There are health campaigns, and information is accessible online and at the clinics (in the form of pamphlets). The information is easy to grasp. The problem is that this information often doesn't reach the people it needs to reach. Communication / campaigns is not sustained. Healt..."]
["2014_SS_107",2014,"SS","South Sudan",107,50,"There are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.\n\nThe most recent is the ongoing campaign to stop the spread of cholera. Health officials first announced the outbreak of cholera in South Sudan’s capital, Juba, in mid-May 2014. Government and NGO health workers immediately swung into action. Teams were sent out to educate people on the ways in which the disease is spread and prevented. Residents were educated on the importance of washing hands after visiting a toilet or before eating food as one of the ways to prevent the spread of the disease.\n\nFollowing the outbreak of violence in South Sudan last December, thousands of people uprooted from their homes found themselves in crowded displaced people’s camps, some of them run by the United Nations. In a bid to prevent mass outbreak of diseases in the camps, NGOs undertook a campaign to educate people on proper hygiene practices. \n\nAnd a regular health campaign educates people on the benefits of vaccinating children against the six childhood killer diseases: polio, tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria, tuberculosis and measles. Late last year, Vice President James Wani Igga announced the launch of a countrywide polio vaccination program and encouraged parents to ensure that their children are vaccinated.\n\nBesides vaccination campaigns to prevent children from catching childhood killer diseases, health campaigners have also been educating people on how to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDs. In addition, there have been campaigns to encourage people to sleep under a mosquito net or to clean their environments in order to prevent the spread of malaria.","Interview with Doune Porter, head of strategic communications, UNICEF South Sudan, May 26, 2014, Juba, South Sudan.\n\nACTED News, \"Rapid response to cholera outbreak in displacement sites in Juba, South Sudan,\" May 25, 2014. \nhttp://www.acted.org/en/rapid-response-cholera-outbreak-displacement-sites-juba-south-sudan  \n\nVoice of America, \"South Sudan Cholera Vaccination Campaign,\" March 20, 2014. \nhttp://www.voanews.com/media/photogallery/south-sudan-cholera-vaccination-campaign-unmiss-idp/1875489.html  \n\nallAfrica, Government of South Sudan, news release, \"South Sudan: Vice President Launches Country-Wide Polio Vaccination Campaign,\" Oct. 25, 2014. \nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201310251593.html   \n\nVoice of America, Mugume Davis Rwakaringi, \"Small Gesture, Big Effect: S. Sudan Promotes Handwashing,\" Oct. 24, 2013.\n\nUNHCR News, \"In South Sudan, simple messages deliver dramatic results in tackling epidemic among refugees,\" Oct. 28, 2013. \nhttp://www.unhcr.org/526e40999.html","There are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics...."]
["2014_SD_107",2014,"SD","Sudan",107,0,"The Ministry of Health in Sudan has a department called Health Promotion Directorate that works on awareness campaigns for diseases such as polio. However, citizens can rarely find information about other common illnesses, treatment and prevention, and public health hazards such as epidemics rarely trigger awareness campaigns. There was one campaign that started after the end of the period of study on Ebola, but no other campaigns were begun.","[Phone interview] Nada Ramadan, journalist, Al-jareeda newspaper, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Nasraldeen Altayeb, journalist, Al-Ayam newspaper, Oct. 21, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nHealth Promotion Directorate website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.hlp.fmoh.gov.sd/news.php","The Ministry of Health in Sudan has a department called Health Promotion Directorate that works on awareness campaigns for diseases such as polio. However, citizens can rarely find information about other common illnesses, treatment and prevention, and public health hazards such as..."]
["2014_SZ_107",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",107,50,"Health awareness campaigns were done via public/private partnerships during the year under review. NGOs and UN agencies whose mandate in Swaziland is to disseminate information and mobilize communities via health campaigns are able to fulfill these duties. \n\nAllowing health NGOs and UN agencies to disseminate information and conduct community health meetings frees the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare from assuming the financial cost and logistics work. At the same time, this leads to a lack of coordination. Also, with proliferating NGOs, some of which launch health awareness campaigns with the approval of but not participation of the health ministry, as well as NGOs like Swaziland Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS (SWANEPHA) conducting awareness campaigns for its own members, there is no way to ascertain the number of campaigns carried out during the year under review. Nor can their effectiveness be gauged. So, there were health campaigns during the year under review, but their reach and effectiveness are not known. TB rates and HIV prevalence remain high despite years of such campaigns. \n\nThe Ministry of Health launched a national health campaign in June aimed at Swazi men, which included rallies throughout the country. That same month, June 2014, the health ministry launched a TB eradication campaign in the southern provincial capital Nhlangano.","Interview: Eddie Mkhathwa, programme officer, Co-ordinating Assembly of NGOs (CANGO), Mbabane 28 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Emma Mafara, communications associate, CHAI/Max Art, Mbabane, 11 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Margaret Thwala, country director, SAfAIDS Swaziland, Manzini, 8 July 2014\n\nInterview: Vusi Malambe, UN documentary filmmaker, Gold Lion Films, Manzini, 11 July 2014.\n\n“Ministry of Health in Swaziland launches the International Men’s Health Week,” Cango Swaziland, 9 June 2014. http://cangoswaziland.wordpress.com/2014/06/09/the-ministry-of-health-in-swaziland-launches-the-international-mens-health-week/\n\n“HIV, TB – Bedfellows that must be separated,” Starsky Mkhonta, Swazi Observer, 25 June 2014. http://www.observer.org.sz/news/63271-hiv-tb-bedfellows-that-must-be-separated.html\n\nMinistry of Health Web site - www.gov.sz. \n\nNational Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA) Web site - www.nercha.org.sz.","Health awareness campaigns were done via public/private partnerships during the year under review. NGOs and UN agencies whose mandate in Swaziland is to disseminate information and mobilize communities via health campaigns are able to fulfill these duties. ..."]
["2014_TZ_107",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",107,50,"Public health hazards such as epidemics always trigger awareness campaigns. Most of the health campaigns are for particular diseases like malaria and AIDS. Currently there is a campaign to educate people about Ebola but it is not carried out nationwide. Health campaigns are mostly in areas like the airports where passengers health is monitored, but not inside the country's hospitals.\n\nMost of the health campaigns for particular diseases are carried out through the mail, flyers, radio and TV by community health workers. But as most Tanzanians - more than 55% -  live in villages where road are not passable, especially in the rainy seasons, it makes it hard for any health campaign to work there.\n\nAlso, with less than 20% of the population having access to electricty, it is difficult for radio and TV programs to reach most people.","Wesbites accessed Nov 2014:\n1. National Malaria Control Programme in the Tanzanian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW),  http://www.natnets.org/\n2.\"NHIF launches campaign to join community health fund,\" Nov 2014. http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/37989-nhif-launches-campaign-to-join-community-health-fund\n3.http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/38260-awareness-campaign-seeks-to-cut-down-maternal-mortality.\n\nDoctor, Morogoro Regional Hospital, Morogoro region-Tanzania, November 3, 2014","Public health hazards such as epidemics always trigger awareness campaigns. Most of the health campaigns are for particular diseases like malaria and AIDS. Currently there is a campaign to educate people about Ebola but it is not carried out nationwide. Health campaigns are mostly ..."]
["2014_TG_107",2014,"TG","Togo",107,50,"Des campagnes de prévention sont menées à travers tout le pays (affichages, TV, radios) et souvent en langues locales. Mais ce sont des actions menées ponctuellement par des entités souvent non étatiques et sans réelle stratégie ou coordination.\n \n En dehors des centres de soin et des pharmacies, il n'est pas facile pour les citoyens d'avoir accès aux informations sur les maladies courantes, leur prévention et leur traitement, ou celles-ci sont incomplètes. \n \n En ce qui concerne les épidémies comme Ebola actuellement, le gouvernement a mis en place un comité national de riposte, créé un numéro vert et des centres d'isolement avec, en perspective, une phase de sensibilisation de proximité qui démarrera sous peu.","YAO TOÏ Marcel, coordonnateur Coalition Nationale Togolaise pour l'Education Pour Tous (CNTES), 21 juillet 2014.\n \nADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \nAnonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \nPa-lunion, 24 décembre 2013, «Plan Togo va en guerre contre le Palu ».\n http://www.pa-lunion.com/PLAN-TOGO-VA-EN-GUERRE-CONTRE-LE.html.\n \nFrench.china.org.cn, 05 août 2014, «Le Togo lance des activités de sensibilisation contre Ebola». \n http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2014-08/05/content_33143644.htm.","Des campagnes de prévention sont menées à travers tout le pays (affichages, TV, radios) et souvent en langues locales. Mais ce sont des actions menées ponctuellement par des entités souvent non étatiques et sans réelle stratégie ou coordination...."]
["2014_TN_107",2014,"TN","Tunisia",107,100,"The Ministry of Health uses various channels to inform citizens on the ways to avoid common illnesses, such as influenza, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, etc. The media used are TV, radio, SMS, newspapers, the Internet. \n\nThrough these media, the ministry reminds the public of the dangers associated with some behaviors (smoking, exposure to the sun, overuse of air conditionning). These campaigns are seasonal, for example, during the summer, awareness messages are more specifically about how to use sunscreen lotion, sunglasses, etc. During the winter, messages are more targeted to the consequences of cold weather exposure (influenza, etc.).\n\nDuring the school year, medical teams visit schools to alert pupils about dental hygiene, vaccinations, etc. In a second step, pupils will relay this information to their parents. During the past 12 months, the Ministry of Health has organised four large awareness campaigns: on rabia (rage), malaria, flu and cholera to counter or prevent epidemics. As for epidemics, during the period of study, some regions in Tunisia faced rabia, cholera or malaria. In such cases, specific communications were made directly to the affected populations. \n\nIt is common in cases of epidemic risks that circular from the Ministry of Health are generalized to the public through various departments. These in turn are responsible to educate employees on precautions to be taken into account. In addition, in the Portal of the Ministry of Health, we observe the existence of forum through which health information can be disseminated.\n\nHealth campaigns aim to reach the highest proportion of the population, and in particular the more vulnerable, such as the 33% of the Tunisian population living in the rural areas. For that reason, the language used is the dialectal Arabic, which is understood by everyone.  Health campaign use simple images in order to be understood easily. For example, for antirabbia campaign, images of dogs are used. Very simple scenarios are put in place in advertisement, for example, a demonstration about a boy who is in good health because he takes his vaccinates and a boy who is not in good health beacuse he does not takes his vacciinates are used as campaign strategy.","Interview with Dr. Ben Osmen, physician, Clinic Manar, Tunis, 12 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Dr. Kawthar Charbaji, chief physician in charge of communication at the the Centre d'aide médicale d'urgence, Tunis, 12 July 2014.\n\nMinistry of Health website; in particular, the section \"informations utiles,\" accessed on 12 July 2014.\nhttp://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/fr/ \n ","The Ministry of Health uses various channels to inform citizens on the ways to avoid common illnesses, such as influenza, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, etc. The media used are TV, radio, SMS, newspapers, the Internet. ..."]
["2014_UG_107",2014,"UG","Uganda",107,50,"Regarding citizens’ access to information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, both government and civil society mainly use the radio because more than 96 percent of the population listen to a radio daily, and more than 200 radio stations across the country broadcast in various dialects. The challenge with the radio is that such information is only accessed at particular times as per radio programming, and not all medical terms can be easily translated into the various languages. For those who can read and can afford the cost of newspapers, it is the next important medium for transferring health information, and most dailies have a weekly medical section. \n\nAnother forum that is steadily growing is the use of Web-powered tools. The government has embraced a number of e-health and m-health projects, especially those that aim to reach the poor and marginalised groups. Various health centers and clinics in the country are using simple SMS-based systems to help patients remember to take their medications, go for medical checkups and keep in touch with the nursing and medical staff.\n\nThe most successful innovation is mTRAC, which was launched by the Ministry of Health with support from UNICEF, World Health Organization, UKAID and a a variety of local partners. mTRAC uses SMS to track health services in 5,000 health facilities countrywide, and health facility workers use the system to raise alerts on disease outbreaks to the ministry. The mTrac initiative was granted full recognition by the African Development Bank and listed among the top 10 e-health projects of 2013. The project was recognized for real-time monitoring of diseases and improving health service delivery. For instance, when Ebola and Marburg broke out in the districts of Kibale and Kabale, respectively, information was disseminated by the health teams in real time and the epidemics were contained. The MoH national response team quickly prepared a series of SMS messages alerting health workers to the outbreak, symptoms, isolation procedures, the location of the nearest isolation facilities and the hotline to the national response team for reporting suspected cases. \n\nThe challenge facing most of these e-health and m-health projects is that few people are reached due to limited access to mobile phones and other relevant infrastructure as well as insufficient electricity. Besides, these are mainly pilot projects implemented by NGOs and usually have short implementation periods. \n\nEven telecom companies have facilities where their subscribers can ask for health tips, but this platform is not consistent, not available on all days and data is usually incomplete. An SMS usually costs between Ugx150 and Ugx200. For instance, MTN Uganda has a sexual and reproductive health information service called 6001; users send their text messages to the same number. Through this platform mobile phone users can text and receive pre-prepared advice from a database of responses about HIV/AIDS, other STIs, maternal and neonatal health, body changes and sexuality, and family planning. Messages consist of factual information presented in simple language either in English or Luganda. Users can also send in the name of a particular health issue and their location to receive contact and service information for the nearest health facilities.\n\nWhenever there is a health scare (not necessarily a disease outbreak) government and civil society embark on awareness campaigns to make sure everybody is on alert for the pending outbreak. For instance, since the recent outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, the government has used various communication channels to warn citizens of the situation and give tips on how to prevent contracting it, its symptoms and what to do when one suspects an infection. \n\nSome awareness campaigns target specific groups. For instance, if government is concerned about teenage pregnancies, then it tailors information channels and messages to the target group. In such a case it will target schools and youth groups, and hold health camps, so that the appropriate information is passed on to ensure effectiveness. While the activities continue, the Health Ministry emphasizes that all girls should be encouraged to stay in school long enough to acquire education and skills.","Peninnah Mbabazi, program assistant, Governance and Rights Program, Uganda Debt Network, Kampala, 25 Sept. 2014 \n\n“Health Ministry targets 2m children in house-to-house Polio immunization Campaign,” Ronald Musoke, 18 Sept. 2013\nhttp://www.independent.co.ug/news/news/8230-health-ministry-targets-2m-children-in-house-to-house-polio-immunization-campaign\n\nEbola: Gov’t warns Ugandans on West Africa travels,” Taddeo Bwambale, 3 July 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/article/fullstory.aspx?story_id=657181&catid=1&mid=53&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter\n\n“Barriers to mHealth adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Maureen Agena, 6  Jan. 2014 \nhttp://www.maureenagena.com/2014/01/barriers-to-mhealth-adoption-in-sub.html (last accessed 02/18/2015)\n\n“How the Mobile network is being used to breach new frontiers in Uganda’s health sector,” James Zere, 3 Dec. 2013 \nhttp://www.cehurd.org/2013/12/how-the-mobile-network-is-being-used-to-breach-new-frontiers-in-ugandas-health-sector/\n\n “Community health workers and mHealth: Health systems strengthening approaches in Uganda” Experiences from Malaria Consortium; Busiku Samuel Ronald; 2014 \nhttp://ict4dconference.crs.org/assets/day2/Track3/01%20-%20Community%20Health%20Workers%20and%20mHealth%20Health%20Systems%20Strengthening%20Approaches%20from%20Uganda.pdf\n\n“Uganda: Health Ministry Initiative Wins Africa E-Health Award,\" Racheal Ninsiima,  13 Aug. 2013 \nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201308140734.html \n\nmTrac – Changing the face of health service delivery in Uganda using SMS\nhttp://web.monitor.co.ug/brochures/mTrac15102012.pdf\n\n“Ebola Outbreak In West Africa – Uganda Takes Action,” Ministry Of Health,  31 July 2014\nhttp://health.go.ug/docs/PS_Ebola_July_2014.pdf","Regarding citizens’ access to information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, both government and civil society mainly use the radio because more than 96 percent of the population listen to a radio daily, and more than 200 radio stations across the country broadcast i..."]
["2014_ZM_107",2014,"ZM","Zambia",107,100,"There are various health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses such as malaria and tuberculosis. These campaigns provide information on preventative measures against the diseases and how they can be treated. The most recent illness has been Ebola. Even if there is no incidence of Ebola at the time of this research, there are already campaigns on it, with information being disseminated via text messages, TV, radio and other platforms. This year, information dissemination has been a lot better than it was last year. \n\nThe information is readily available at the hospitals, in fliers, brochures and newsletters, on TV and radio, and online via various health institutions’ websites.\n\nThe information is translated into different languages and distributed in print and electronically through local-language radio channels, so that readers and listeners are able to understand easily. Some media health programmes even provide for listeners or viewers to call in for clarifications.\n\nFurthermore, there are networks of volunteer community health workers (CHWs) across the country who run outreach health promotion campaigns. They generally funnel people into the public health system at the primary level. Simon Berry, a British expert who has worked for some years in the health sector in Zambia as a founder and CEO of health organisation ColaLife, says his experience in the country is that citizens don't actively seek health information, but that “it is broadcast to them. It is not very participatory.”","Interview with Simon Berry, founder and CEO of ColaLife, Lusaka, Zambia, 4  July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Longa Chibesakunda, biotechnologist, Institute for Medical Diagnostics - Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, 11  June 2014. \n\nLusaka Voice, \"Govt Puts Stringent Water, Sanitation Measures To Improve Health,\" 25 July 2014.\nhttp://lusakavoice.com/2014/07/25/govt-puts-stringent-water-sanitation-measures-to-improve-health","There are various health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses such as malaria and tuberculosis. These campaigns provide information on preventative measures against the diseases and how they can be treated. The most recent illness has been Ebola. Even if there is no in..."]
["2014_ZW_107",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",107,50,"Campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention are usually conducted by NGOs and the government through radio, TV and other electronic media. The information is packaged in English, Shona and Ndebele (the main languages that are understood by the greater population of Zimbabwe). In some cases, workshops are organised to educate citizens, and normally when an epidemic occurs stakeholders rapidly respond with campaigns.\n\nThe Health Information and Surveillance Unit in the Ministry of Health and Child Care provides information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention on its website, but the information is incomplete and doesn't reach those who cannot access the Internet. \n\nThe National AIDS Council has been organising community events to commemorate World AIDS Day annually on 1 Dec. It is a day specifically set aside to raise awareness and call for action in the national response to HIV and AIDS. Citizens attend these commemorations.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Mother of Peace Maternity Hospital, 17 July 2014, Harare. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nMinistry of Health and Child Care, Rapid Disease Notification System (RDNS), RDNS highlights. \nhttp://nhis.mohcc.gov.zw/ \n\nNational AIDS Council, World AIDS Campaign. \nhttp://www.nac.org.zw/about/world-aids-campaign ","Campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention are usually conducted by NGOs and the government through radio, TV and other electronic media. The information is packaged in English, Shona and Ndebele (the main languages that are understood by the greater populatio..."]
["2014_DZ_108",2014,"DZ","Algeria",108,100,"En Algérie, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour les trois cycles l'enseignement primaire, moyens et secondaire.\nLes premières années d'études sont qualifiées d'enseignment fondamental qui dure 6 ans et est sanctionné par un examen d'entrée en 6e (collége ou enseignment moyen).\nL'éducation en cycle moyen est sanctionné par un examen d'entrée au Lycée dont les études seront couronnées par le baccalaurèat d'entrée à l'université.","Tabiti Abderahmane, Membre du conseil national de l’Union nationale des personnels de l’éducation et de la formation, directeur d’un établissement scolaire,  02/09/2014, Saida\n\nEXAMENS DU BAC ET DE LA SIXIÈME : Ce ne sera plus comme avant, Salima Benalia, algerie360 (L’Expression), 07/11/2013 http://www.algerie360.com/autres/redirect/?Urlredirect=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/actualite/184036-ce-ne-sera-plus-comme-avant.html\n\nSite du Ministère de l’Éducation, accedé Sept 2014 : http://www.education.gov.dz/\n\nActualités : Réforme du système éducatif : Benghebrit veut aller vite, les syndicats sceptiques, N.I,  Le Soir d’Algérie, 21/07/2014, http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2014/07/21/print-2-166188.php\n\nLes assises nationales de l'éducation, une occasion pour l'évaluation pédagogique et éducative, APS, 1/06/2014\nhttp://www.aps.dz/algerie/6856-les-assises-nationales-de-l-%C3%A9ducation,-une-occasion-pour-l-%C3%A9valuation-p%C3%A9dagogique-et-%C3%A9ducative","En Algérie, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour les trois cycles l'enseignement primaire, moyens et secondaire.\nLes premières années d'études sont qualifiées d'enseignment fondamental qui dure 6 ans et est ..."]
["2014_AO_108",2014,"AO","Angola",108,100,"There is a system of standardized school curricula and standardized qualification tests. This system applies to both primary and secondary schools. The educational system is divided into three basic levels: 1) Preschool education; 2) General education, divided into primary and secondary; and 3) higher education. \n\nUnder education reform, which aimed to implement a new education system in Angola, new teaching materials were developed including the evaluation of learning systems. Currently, learning assessment, for example, is a systematic and continuous process whose essence is founded in information gathering by teachers related to the knowledge, skills, abilities, behaviors and attitudes that students must necessarily acquire and develop, as appropriate, depending on the school curriculum. The evaluation system includes: diagnosis and initial evaluation; formative assessment, also known as or continuous and systematic; and summative evaluation. \n\nIn view of the government, there is an internal efficiency to the education system. Compared to the old system of education, the implementation of the new system increased the rate of promotion (approval) in all levels of education, reduced the rate of grade repetition and dropout rates, and improved the effectiveness of the education system.  Many schoolchildren still remain out of school, either by late entry or by premature abandonment. \n\nCritics indicate that the process has failed and that the consequences are dire. The reform was implemented quickly, without the opinions of experts in the field. When the old system was abolished by the Ministry of Education, there was astonishment and sorrow from many who initially warned of the disadvantages of the new process.\n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comment:\n\nDisaree: Basic education in Angola has four years in primary school, which starts at ages 4-7. Primary schooling is free and compulsory; unfortunately, the enrollment rates continue to decline.\n\nSuggested Score: 50.","Information available on the Ministry of Education website, accessed Aug. 25, 2014\nhttp://www.med.gov.ao/VerPublicacao.aspx?id=705  \n\nAngolan Circle of Intellectuals, \"Education in Angola: Education Reform reform that needs to be reformed urgently,\" (\"Educação em Angola: Reforma Educativa uma reforma que precisa de ser reformada urgentemente\"),  June 11, 2014 \nhttp://www.circuloangolano.com/?p=27624 \n\nPhone interview, Adalberto da Costa Jr., MP, UNITA – Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola, Aug. 3, 2014","There is a system of standardized school curricula and standardized qualification tests. This system applies to both primary and secondary schools. The educational system is divided into three basic levels: 1) Preschool education; 2) General education, divided into primary and seco..."]
["2014_BJ_108",2014,"BJ","Benin",108,100,"Le système éducatif béninois a un programme d'enseignement standard y compris un système de qualification standard qui s'applique aussi bien aux enseignements maternel, primaire et secondaire. \nChaque année, le gouvernement annonce un calendrier scolaire standard appliqué aussi bien dans les établissements privés que ceux publics. Les cours sont également sanctionnés par des diplômes standards dont les dates sont fixés par le gouvernement.","Pierre Claver Okodjou, Secrétaire général exécutif, Conseil national de l’Education, Cotonou, interview du 18 juin 2014. \n\nLa Nouvelle Tribune, 19 mai 2014, «Le calendrier scolaire enfin réaménagé». http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/societe/vie-societale/19528-benin-le-calendrier-scolaire-enfin-reamenage\n\nJournal Adjinakou, 18 septembre 2013, «Éducation: Texte intégral du calendrier scolaire 2013-2014». http://www.journal-adjinakou-benin.info/?id=4&cat=6&id2=19419&jour=18&mois=09&an=2013\n\nL'Évènement précis, 09 avril 2014, «Voici le nouveau calendrier scolaire réamenéagé après la grève des enseignants». http://levenementprecis.com/?p=2387","Le système éducatif béninois a un programme d'enseignement standard y compris un système de qualification standard qui s'applique aussi bien aux enseignements maternel, primaire et secondaire. ..."]
["2014_BW_108",2014,"BW","Botswana",108,100,"There exists a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education system through the Botswana Examinations Council for public institutions. Botswana’s educational system is run by the Ministry of Education which overlooks educational requirements for citizens from primary to university levels. The schools syllabus is usually the same across the different primary and secondary schools across the country.\n\nEducation in Botswana is free, but it is not compulsory. Primary education is seven years, junior secondary school is three years, and senior secondary school is two years. At the end of the third year of junior secondary school, students sit for junior secondary school examination. At the end of senior secondary school, students sit for the senior secondary examination. Educational curricula incorporate prevocational preparation in the junior and senior secondary schools.","Interview with Joseph Kuruneki, lecturer, Limkokwing University of Technology, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with Modiri Mogende, business journalist, radio presenter and business commentator, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nBotswana Examinations Council website.\nhttp://www.bec.co.bw/\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nStateUniversity.com, \"Botswana - Educational System - Overview.\" \nhttp://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/186/Botswana-EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW.html#ixzz3O2sACwCg                                                                                                                        \n\nMaps of World, Botswana Education.\nwww.mapsofworld.com/botswana/education  \n                                \nForeign Credits Inc., Classbase Education database.\nwww.classbase.com/countries/botswana/education-system    \n                                                    \nwww.sacmeq.org/sacmeq-members/botswana                                                       \n         ","There exists a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education system through the Botswana Examinations Council for public institutions. Botswana’s educational system is run by the Ministry of Education which overlooks educational requirements for citizens fro..."]
["2014_BF_108",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",108,100,"Au Burkina Faso, tous les établissements privés et publics du primaire et du secondaire ont le même programme d'enseignement et les mêmes diplômes selon les personnes interrogées. \n\nSelon le directeur général de l'enseignement de base, «toutes les écoles privées ou publiques subissent le même examen final organisé par l'État et donc disposent d'un titre de capacité commun. Pour ce qui concerne les programmes d'enseignement, au niveau du public, la question ne se pose même pas. Au privé, chaque établissement a un cahier de charge et les clauses obligent le respect du programme officiel. On permet qu'il y ait des ajouts à ce programme officiel comme la couture ou la religion pour les établissements religieux mais tous les élèves suivent le même programme.»  \n\nPour M. FORO qui se prononce sur l'enseignement secondaire, c'est la même pratique: « Il y a un programme officiel pour le secondaire et c'est la direction générale des inspections qui le valide. Cette direction veille également à ce que ce programme soit suivi par les enseignants. Les diplômes sont également nationaux et ce sont le BEPC, le BEP, le CAP et le BAC. Là où il y a une différence c'est au niveau de l'enseignement supérieur où les établissements privés proposent d'autres diplômes comme le DUT, mais là aussi il faut qu'ils soient homologués par le CAMES pour que l'État les reconnaissent. Ce qui fait que l'État a lui-même crée un diplôme, le Brevet de Technicien Supérieur qui permet aux étudiants des établissements privés d'obtenir un diplôme d'État.» \n\nCes propos de M. FORO sont confirmés par l'article de Sidwaya qui a couvert la validation de diplômes de plusieurs établissements privés supérieurs. Le secondaire et le primaire ont donc les mêmes programmes et les mêmes diplômes au Burkina.","KORBEOGO Sibiri, directeur général de l’éducation de base, ministère de l’éducation nationale, Ouagadougou, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nFORO Robert, conseiller technique, ministère des enseignements secondaire et supérieur, Ouagadougou, 15 juillet 2014.\n\nSIDIBE Aïssata Laure, Sidwaya, 01 avril 2014, «CAMES : Les diplômes de 7 établissements privés reconnus». http://bayiri.com/education/cames-les-diplomes-de-7-etablissements-prives-reconnus.html","Au Burkina Faso, tous les établissements privés et publics du primaire et du secondaire ont le même programme d'enseignement et les mêmes diplômes selon les personnes interrogées. ..."]
["2014_BI_108",2014,"BI","Burundi",108,100,"Le Burundi dispose d'un système de programme d'enseignement standard et d'un système de qualification standard qui s'appliquent à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. L'éducation primaire dure 6 ans et est sanctionné par un certificat; l'éducation secondaire dure 4 ans et est sanctionné par le brevet des collèges.\n\nLe ministère de l'éducation compte organiser les États Généraux de l' Éducation vers la fin de l'année 2014 afin d'actualiser les programmes en répondant aux défis du moment.","KAZOVIYO Gertrude, professeur  à l’université du Burundi et dans différents établissements privés, secrétaire général de la Ligue burundaise des Droits de l’Homme Iteka, entretien par email, 4 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.\n\nCommission nationale indépendante des Droits de l'Homme, 2014, «les réformes du système éducatif burundai et le droit à l'éducation. Rapport définitif.» http://www.cnidh.bi/sites/default/files/LES%20REFORMES%20DU%20SYSTEME%20EDUCATIF%20BURUNDAIS%20ET%20LE%20DROIT%20A%20L%27EDUCATION.pdf","Le Burundi dispose d'un système de programme d'enseignement standard et d'un système de qualification standard qui s'appliquent à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. L'éducation primaire dure 6 ans et est sanctionné par un certificat; l'éducation secondaire dure 4 ans et est san..."]
["2014_CM_108",2014,"CM","Cameroon",108,100,"Le Cameroun dispose de deux systèmes d’éducation - anglophone et francophone. Le Bureau de BACC se charge des examens du système francophone et le GCE Board est responsable de l’organisation des examens du système anglophone. \nCependant, il faut préciser que les deux systèmes à contrario ne suivent pas le même programme d’enseignement. Les leçons ne sont pas les mêmes dans les deux systèmes à quelques exceptions près, de plus, les élèves ne mettent pas le même nombre d’années au primaire et au secondaire pour les deux systèmes. \nComme leur nom l’indique l’un est un système éducatif calqué sur le système anglo-saxon tandis que l’autre sur le système français. Le système anglophone au secondaire présente moins de matière à apprendre que le système francophone dans la même catégorie.\nDe plus en plus, le système bilingue tant à se multiplier dans la partie francophone du pays et beaucoup de parents préfèrent de plus en plus envoyer leurs enfants soit dans le système bilingue ou dans le système anglophone parce qu’il présente beaucoup d’avantages.","MBITTI Narcisse, censeur au lycée de Mogodé,  12 juillet 2014;\n\nEBOLÉ Dora, directrice de l'école publique de Goulfey, 12 juillet 2014;\n\nEBOA Frank, cadre au ministère des enseignements secondaires, 12 juillet 2014;\n\nSite web du ministère des enseignements sécondaires du Cameroun, consulté le 13 juillet 2014  http://www.minesec.cm/;","Le Cameroun dispose de deux systèmes d’éducation - anglophone et francophone. Le Bureau de BACC se charge des examens du système francophone et le GCE Board est responsable de l’organisation des examens du système anglophone. ..."]
["2014_CV_108",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",108,75,"There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education at the national level, but oversight of the system has shortcomings regarding the educational inspection, which allows some teachers to stray from national curriculum and teach the students other disciplinary content. \n\nCape Verde has an overly standardized and closed curriculum. This can hinder the full development of students and is a barrier to the creativity of teachers. For example, poor supervision of the quality of teachers in primary and secondary education leads to a significant number of students leaving secondary school with poor basic skills (mathematics and Portuguese language) to enter higher education.\n\nAccording to statements from the minister of education, \"the passage of the learning objective for learning skills will require an interdisciplinary effort allowing a more integrated solution from the point of view of appreciation and knowledge.\" \n\nPrimary education curriculum in Cape Verde has a 6-6 formal structure, thus schooling starts at the age of six years to 12 years in which they attend grades 1 -6 in primary school. Secondary school starts at grade 7. Secondary school is divided into two cycles of three years of lower secondary and 2 years of higher secondary school.\n\nThere is a national qualification system for primary and secondary school.  For secondary school for example, according to article 40 of Decree-Law No. 42/03/20 of October 2003 states the Evaluation System of Secondary Education and the National General Support. \"1. The national general proof is the last summative test of the 3rd cycle, which is 11 and 12  years of schooling), covering the objectives of the cycle and applies to specific compulsory subjects. 2. The national general proof is prepared by the relevant central services of the government department responsible for education on a proposal of schools, and takes place at the end of 2nd year of the 3rd cycle .","Expresso das Ilhas online, 05-09-2013, «Ministry of Education and Sports needs 112 teachers for the new academic year - minister»: http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/sociedade/item/39607-ministerio-da-educacao-e-desporto-precisa-de-112-professores-para-o-novo-ano-lectivo-ministra.\n\nList of adopted textbooks - school year 2013-2014, General Directorate of primary and secondary education, 08-08-2013, Ministry of Education and Sports: http://www.minedu.gov.cv/index.php/documentos/finish/10-lista-de-manuais/237-lista-manuais-adoptados-ano-lectivo-2013-2014/0.\n\nBartolomeu Varela, Ph.D Professor and Former General Director of Education and former general inspector of education, University of Cape Verde, 02-09-2014, Praia.\n\nMinistry of Education and Sport needs 112 teachers for the new school year - Minister; September 5, 2013; http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/sociedade/item/39607-ministerio-da-educacao-e-desporto-precisa-de-112-professores-para-o-novo-ano-lectivo-ministra.\n\nDecree-Law No. 42/03/20 of October 2003 , https://www.academia.edu/10085004/Regime_de_avalia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_alunos_do_ensino_secund%C3%A1rio_em_Cabo_Verde","There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education at the national level, but oversight of the system has shortcomings regarding the educational inspection, which allows some teachers to stray from national curri..."]
["2014_CF_108",2014,"CF","CAR",108,50,"La RCA dispose d'un programme d'enseignement standard qualifié qui s'applique effectivement à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire (public et privé). Cette politique nationale d'enseignement est élaborée par le Ministère de l'Éducation et appliquée dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire. Cependant, ce programme n'est pas respecté par certains établissements privés. Tel est le cas des écoles catholiques associées en RCA qui ont organisé les examens de la fin d’année selon leur propre calendrier et programme.","ENDJIMONDJI Noël, chef de service  de l'enseignement du fondamental au Ministère de l'éducation et de l'enseignement supérieur, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nKPANGBA Bruno, enseignement vacataire au département de l'Histoire à l'université de Bangui, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui;\n\nKOYANGBO DAMON Marie-Madeilene, enseignante à l'École Normale Supérieure de l'université de Bangui, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nNZILO Alain, Corbeau News, 28 juillet 2014. « Début du baccalauréat des écoles catholiques en RCA.» http://www.corbeaunews.ca/debut-du-baccalaureat-ecoles-catholiques-en-rca/ ","La RCA dispose d'un programme d'enseignement standard qualifié qui s'applique effectivement à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire (public et privé). Cette politique nationale d'enseignement est élaborée par le Ministère de l'Éducation et appliquée dans l’enseignement primaire et ..."]
["2014_TD_108",2014,"TD","Chad",108,100,"Le Tchad dispose d'un système de programme d'enseignement standard applicable aux enseignements primaires et secondaires. \n\nMadji RAMADANE, pédagogue, directeur de collège de Waréo-Dari et membre du conseil national de curricula du Tchad explique que «depuis les indépendances, le Tchad est doté d'un système d'enseignement standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Les programmes sont réactualisés chaque année, les horaires consacrées à l'enseignement de chaque matière sont revues annuellement et s'applique sur l'ensemble du territoire national. Les programmes sont standards que ça soit dans les établissements publics que privés.» \n\nEn termes de systèmes de qualification, les tests, les concours et examens sont identiques sur l'ensemble du territoire national. Les épreuves et les sessions de qualification sont supervisées par l'Office Nationale des Examens et Concours (ONECS), seul organe habilité à cadrer et organiser des épreuves pour l'évaluation des élèves que ça soit du secteur privé ou public","RAMADANE Madji, pédagogue, directeur de collège de Waréo-Dari et membre du conseil national de curicula du Tchad.\n\nCHÉRIF Hynda Ahmat, directrice des relations internationales au ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la formation professionnelle, 10 octobre 2014\n\nPrimature de la République du Tchad, Service de la Communication, 11 Juin 2014. \"Education : les examens et concours de fin d’année au menu des échanges à la Primature.\" http://www.gouvernementdutchad.org/fr/78-icetheme/icetabs/654-education-les-examens-et-concours-de-fin-d-annee-au-menu-des-echanges-a-la-primature\n\nTchadInfos.com, 22 Mai 2014. \"Tchad : les dates des examens et concours de fin d’année sont connues.\" http://tchadinfos.com/societes/education/tchad-dates-examens-concours-de-fin-danne-connues/","Le Tchad dispose d'un système de programme d'enseignement standard applicable aux enseignements primaires et secondaires. ..."]
["2014_KM_108",2014,"KM","Comoros",108,100,"Il existe à la fois un système d’éducation standard et un système de qualification standard. Mais des disparités subsistent au niveau des écoles privées. De plus, la mise en œuvre est freinée par un problème de moyens.\n\nUn système d’éducation standard est partagé entre les 3 îles. Selon un directeur général au ministère de l’éducation, les réalités dans les îles sont cernées ensemble lors d’une conférence nationale, ce qui a permis  en 1994 d’élaborer la première loi relative à l’éducation. Cette loi n’a subi de modifications qu’en 2012 avec les assises nationales sur l’éducation. Un rapport a été établi, le RESEN ou le rapport d’Etat sur le système éducatif, qui constitue aujourd’hui  la note sur la politique générale du système éducatif en concertation avec les 3 îles. \n\nLe système éducatif comorien est organisé structurellement de la façon suivante:\n- L’enseignement préélémentaire niveaux 1 et 2 qui cible les enfants de 4 à 5 ans.\n- Le cycle primaire, dont l’âge de fréquentation est la classe d’âges 6-11 ans, dure six années  sanctionnées  par  l’obtention  du diplôme  de  Fin  d’Etudes  Elémentaires (DFEE).\n-  Le  collège  a  une  durée  de  4  années,  et concerne théoriquement la population des 12-15 ans. L’accès au collège est contingenté par l’admission préalable à l’examen d’entrée en sixième. Il s’achève au terme des quatre années par le BEPC.\n- Le lycée dure trois années, de la classe de 2nde à celle de terminale, et comprend trois filières, littéraire (séries A1, A2 et A4), scientifique (séries C et D) et de gestion (série G).\n- Le dispositif d’enseignement supérieur est principalement représenté par l’université des Comores, qui offre différentes filières d’études réparties entre des facultés, des instituts et des écoles.\n\nMohmamed Moussa Moindjie, directeur général de la politique et des programmes de l’enseignement, ministère de l’éducation, affirme que « l’éducation est la même pour tous, mais un décalage est observé entre école privée et école publique ». \nPour le journaliste Charafaine Abdillah Hamd, « il existe un programme d’éducation standard mais il s’applique surtout dans l’enseignement public. Dans le privé, l’enseignement est considéré comme meilleur car calqué sur le modèle français ». \nLa mise en œuvre du programme a fait face à de multiples difficultés liées aux problèmes de moyens. Par exemple la loi disposant que là langue maternelle, le Shikomori, doit être l’une des langues d’enseignement au primaire, n’est pas appliquée faute d’outils. La faible qualification des enseignants et le manque de manuels scolaires adaptés pèsent sur l’apprentissage des élèves. Les instruments politiques et budgétaires sont disponibles, mais leur évaluation est trop irrégulière pour assurer une mise en œuvre cohérente de la politique éducative. La quasi-totalité du budget de l’État alloué à l’éducation (20 pour cent) est utilisée aux fins de rémunération du personnel. \n\nLe système de qualification est aussi le même sur tout le territoire. Le diplôme est le même, les matières enseignées sont les mêmes, les horaires sont les mêmes, et le jury encadrant les examens est choisi sur une liste globale. L’enseignement public et privé pratiquent le même système et se proposent les mêmes examens.","MOINDJIE Mohmamed Moussa, directeur général de la politique et des programmes de l’enseignement, ministère de l’éducation, Moroni, 08 juillet 2014. \n\nHAMDI Ben Charafaine Abdillah, journaliste à la radio Djamaan Radio de Koimbani-Oichili, Ngazidja, Comores, et responsable de la communication de l’association Ngo’Shawo (Mouvement de la jeunesse consciente des Comores), Moroni, interview réalisé à l’hotel Shalimar, Antananarivo, 18 juin 2014.\n\nObjectifs du Millénaire,« Rapport national 2013, ONU Comores», p.17, http://www.km.undp.org/content/dam/comoros/docs/omd/UNDP-km--omd-report-2013.pdf. \n\nUNICEF, «Projet de descriptif de programme de pays, Comores, Conseil d’Administration de l’UNICEF», 3-6 juin 2014, , p.3,  http://origin-www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/2014-PL5-Comoros_CPD-3Apr14-FR.pdf","Il existe à la fois un système d’éducation standard et un système de qualification standard. Mais des disparités subsistent au niveau des écoles privées. De plus, la mise en œuvre est freinée par un problème de moyens...."]
["2014_CD_108",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",108,100,"Il existe un programme  d'enseignement  standard et un  système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement  primaire et  secondaire. \n\nAu sein du ministère de l'enseignement primaire et secondaire il existe une structure chargée d'élaborer et d'harmoniser les programmes au niveau national: L'’Institut National de Recherche et d’Action Pédagogique (INRAP). Cette dernière édite des manuels scolaires à usage national. \n\nL'harmonisation du système d'évaluation est menée par la direction générale de l'enseignement supèrieure. Elle tient compte des programmes et définie les attentes spécifiques par rapport à chaque niveau d'apprentissage.","POOS Blandine, directrice générale de l'école nationale des instituteurs, entretien à son domicile, 10 novembre 2014.\n\nCARDORELLE Pauline, juriste spécialiste de l'aide au développement, entretien par téléphone, 03 novembre 2014.\n\nCONGOSITE,  30 juillet 2014, «Education : 17.629 admis au Baccalauréat général 2014.» http://www.congo-site.com/Education-17-629-admis-au-Baccalaureat-general-2014_a17579.html\n\nCongosite, 21 novembre 2014, «L’INRAP offre des manuels scolaires aux directions départementales du secondaire.» http://www.congo-site.com/L-INRAP-offre-des-manuels-scolaires-aux-directions-departementales-du-secondaire_a18188.html","Il existe un programme  d'enseignement  standard et un  système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement  primaire et  secondaire. ..."]
["2014_CG_108",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",108,100,"There is a standardized education curriculum system, a standardized qualification system, and they apply to primary and secondary education. Private schools are required to design their curricula according to the government standards. Although private schools may have additional and/or innovative courses/units, they must have incorporated the government standards courses. This is compulsory for primary and secondary schools.  Both United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) document of May 13, 2014, from the prime minister's speech to UNESCO confirms the same, and the Education Alliance document from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) illustrates curriculum/qualifications work.","1. (Phone Interview), National Minister Of Education Makere Mwangu, July 7, 2014. \n\n2. (Face To Face Interview) President Of The DRC Anticorruption League Ernest Pararo,  July 15, 2014. \n\n3. (Phone Interview) Executive Director Groupe D’appui De Développement Integre Des Communautés De Base Jean-Pierre Luboya,  August 5, 2014.\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\n1. Democratic Republic of Congo, Prime Minister speech in EFA meeeting MUSCAT Sultane of Oman, 13 May 2014.http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/ED_new/pdf/OpeningSpeechRDC-PrimeMinister.pdf","There is a standardized education curriculum system, a standardized qualification system, and they apply to primary and secondary education. Private schools are required to design their curricula according to the government standards. Although private schools may have additional an..."]
["2014_CI_108",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",108,100,"En Côte d'Ivoire, il y a un programme standard et un système standard de qualification dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire. Il n'y a pas un programme régional mais national. \n \n Il existe un programme d’enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l’enseignement primaire et secondaire en Côte d’Ivoire. En Côte d'Ivoire, les examens scolaires CEPE, BEPC, BAC se déroulent chaque année selon un calendrier précis sur toute l'étendue du territoire national.","BI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014.  \n\nZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014. \n\nDOUMBIA Mahamadou, professeur histoire géographie au Lycée Moderne d’Abobo (Abidjan), 22 août 2014.","En Côte d'Ivoire, il y a un programme standard et un système standard de qualification dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire. Il n'y a pas un programme régional mais national. \n ..."]
["2014_DJ_108",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",108,100,"Il existe à Djibouti un programme préscolaire, un enseignement fondamental et un enseignement secondaire. Il existe également un système de qualification standard.\n\nLe cycle de l’éducation préscolaire se déroule sur deux années de deux niveaux d’apprentissage :\nLe premier niveau, pour les enfants de 4 ans, est axé sur les activités langagières (à l’aide des planches illustrées) et culturelles (contes et comptines), artistiques et « scientifiques » menées dans les langues maternelles, avec une initiation au français et au graphisme. \nLe deuxième niveau, pour les enfants de 5 ans, s’inscrivant dans la continuité, introduit des concepts et des notions plus structurés avec une importance accordée à l’entrée dans l’écrit en français tout en créant un lien avec le deuxième niveau du préscolaire.\n\nLes nouveautés apportées au programme de l’enseignement fondamental (primaire) sont nombreuses. Elles s’articulent autour des points suivants :\n• l’adoption d’une nouvelle approche pédagogique dite Approche Par les Compétences (APC) qui sous-tend une pédagogie intégrative exigeant de l’élève une mobilisation de ses ressources  pour résoudre des situations problèmes qui l’obligent à réfléchir, à raisonner et non à restituer  de mémoire des acquis antérieurs ;\n• cette approche fondée sur des compétences de base s’est vue enrichir par des compétences transversales permettant le renforcement des apprentissages et de l’interdisciplinarité ;\n• l’enseignement précoce de l’arabe à partir de la 3e année ;\n• l’enracinement de l’enfant dans sa propre culture à travers l’Éducation islamique dispensée  dès la 1e année;\n• enfin, l’introduction des langues nationales de la 1e à la 5e année à travers les chants, poésies et contes.\n\nL’enseignement primaire s’étale sur 5 années. Il est composé de deux cycles :\n• le cycle 1 comprend la 1e et la 2e années ;\n• le cycle 2 comprend la 3e, 4e et 5e années.\nÀ l’issue de la 5e année les élèves sont orientés soit vers la 6e générale, soit vers le CAP selon le résultat du test de l’OTI.\n\nEnfin le programme secondaire correspond à l'enseignement au lycée: Il existe le lycée professionnelles et les lycées généraux. \n\nL’élaboration des curricula du préscolaire à la classe de terminale, la rédaction et l’édition des manuels scolaires et documents pédagogiques de tous les niveaux d’enseignements en attendant ceux de première et de terminale prévus en 2014 et 2015, la coordination de la politique du livre ainsi que la couverture médiatique des activités du ministère sont les principales missions du Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale (CRIPEN).","HABONE Mohamed, cadre au sein du Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale (CRIPEN), 7 août 2014. \n\nCHIDEH Mohamed, directeur d'une école primaire dans la capitale, 7 août 2014.\n\nSAID Amina, enseignant dans un lycée privé, 7 août 2014. \n\nSite du ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la formation professionnelle. http://www.education.gov.dj/\n\nSite du Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale (CRIPEN). http://www.cripen.dj/","Il existe à Djibouti un programme préscolaire, un enseignement fondamental et un enseignement secondaire. Il existe également un système de qualification standard...."]
["2014_EG_108",2014,"EG","Egypt",108,100,"There is a  standardized education system for primary and secondary schools in Egypt, with government schools providing standardized qualifications as well. There are minimal fees for students and education is provided to all by law. But in rural areas, many parents choose to not send their children to school.\n\nReviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree: Although there's a standardized education curriculum and qualification system for both primary and secondary education, examinations are only administered at secondary school levels. The three main levels of education in Egypt are: (1) two years of kindergarten, which is not compulsory; (2) six years of primary schooling, which is free and compulsory; and (3) three years for preparatory, which is also free and compulsory. Promotional exams are held at all levels except levels three, six and nine and those who get better grades at preparatory school apply for general secondary while those who do not perform well join vocational or technical schools.","Emad Hegazy, School Teacher School Heiwaty High School, Bab El Louk, Cairo, July 22, 2014\n\nMinistry of Education site http://portal.moe.gov.eg/Pages/default.aspx. accessed July 22, 2014\n\nAl Ahram, \"Egypt's budget: beginning cautiously to exit the Mubarak box\" Ahmed El Sayed El Nagger  english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/107299/Opinion/Egypts-budget-beginning-cautiously-to-exit-the-Mub.aspx.\n\nReviewer's Sources: \n\n(1) Education in Egypt, www-db.in.tum.de/teaching/ws1112/hsufg/Egypt/Educationsystem.html.     \n\n(2) Egypt's public school system: Failing all tests, September 30, 2013, http://english.ahram.org.eg/Newscontent/1/151/82499/Egypt/Features/Egypt-public-school-system-falling-all-test.aspxen.","There is a  standardized education system for primary and secondary schools in Egypt, with government schools providing standardized qualifications as well. There are minimal fees for students and education is provided to all by law. But in rural areas, many parents choose to not s..."]
["2014_GQ_108",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",108,50,"The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for preparing the standardized education curriculum and qualification system for both primary and secondary education, which should be revised periodically. In practice, both the education curriculum and qualification system are not fully implemented. And the curriculum is outdated. Schools are poorly equipped, and some teachers are not adequetely qualified.  \n\nDuring the period of review, the government did not take sufficient actions to close the urban-rural education divide. Disparity as a result of income level negatively impacts the education system, and there continues to be a large gap between men's and women's education.\n\nCorruption in the education system continues to be a major challenge, as professors increase their income by resorting to bribery. Party affiliation continues to play a key role in potential employment.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, teacher, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nEquatorial Guinea Press and Information Office, \"The Government presents to the Senate the General Budgets for 2014\" (\"El Gobierno presenta al Senado los Presupuestos Generales para 2014\"), Nov. 27, 2013.\nhttp://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=4527\n\nNews article: The World Outline, \"Oil companies for education in Equatorial Guinea,\" Oct. 10, 2013.\nhttp://theworldoutline.com/2013/10/oil-companies-education-equatorial-guinea/ \n\nPublication: UNDP Equatorial Guinea, Country Profile: MDG Lograr la Enseñanza primaria Universal, 2013.\nhttp://www.gq.undp.org/content/equatorial_guinea/es/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg2/ \n\nPublication: Teale Walheim, \"Unemployment Management and Social Development in Equatorial Guinea,\" Dec. 6, 2013.\nhttps://www.academia.edu/6321917/Equatorial_Guinea_-_Policy_Analysis \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf","The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for preparing the standardized education curriculum and qualification system for both primary and secondary education, which should be revised periodically. In practice, both the education curriculum and qualification system are ..."]
["2014_ER_108",2014,"ER","Eritrea",108,100,"The Ministry of Education report of 2011 still reflects the current situation on the ground and, the standardized curriculum is the same as was issued in 2003. The standardized education curriculum is applicable at the national level, as is a standardized qualification system. The education curriculum standard and the qualification standard apply to both primary and secondary education.  \n\n\nReviewers' Comments: \n\nAgree. Education is officially compulsory for ages 7 to 14 years old. Primary schooling is five years and the middle school takes two years. At the completion of seventh grade, the national examination is taken as an entrance examination into secondary education. Secondary school is four years, then the School Leaving Certificate Examination is taken. Due to lack of enough universities, secondary school graduates proceed to vocational colleges and some go to the tertiary institutions.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nMinistry of Information report, Kesete Ghebrehiwet, \"Ministry of Education: 20 Years of Purpose,\" March 1, 2011  \nhttp://www.shabait.com/articles/nation-building/4825-ministry-of-education-20-years-of-purpose \n\n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\n(1) Education System in Eritrea, accessed Jan. 5, 2015 \nwww.classbase.com/countries/Eritrea/Education-system   \n\n(2) Eritrea Education, accessed Jan. 5, 2015 \nhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/eritrea/education/","The Ministry of Education report of 2011 still reflects the current situation on the ground and, the standardized curriculum is the same as was issued in 2003. The standardized education curriculum is applicable at the national level, as is a standardized qualification system. The ..."]
["2014_ET_108",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",108,100,"The education system in Ethiopia follows a standardized curriculum both for primary and secondary education. The Ministry of Education is responsible for the standardized curricula and their implementation in schools. Both primary and secondary schools administer standardized exams from the Ministry of Education through the National Examination Agency. The qualifications necessary at all levels of education in the country are also standardized.  \n\nSchooling starts at age 7. Primary education consists of grades 1-8. There are three national entrance examinations for the university. At the end of eighth grade, students sit for the Primary School Certificate Exam. Students are qualified to take the Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination at the end of 10th grade. At the end of 12th grade, students take the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Examination.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Ministry of Education, 29  July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nWebsite of the Ministry of Education. \nAbout the Ethiopian Education System, http://info.moe.gov.et/ates.shtml\nSchool Education Notes, http://info.moe.gov.et/ates1.shtml \n\nSyllabi for Grades 1-12. \nhttp://info.moe.gov.et/cdim.shtml \n\n\nReviewers' Sources:                                                                                                                                                                                                      Overview of Education in School of St. Yared website, \"Overview of Education in Ethiopia,\" 2013.\nhttp://www.schoolofstyared.com/about-us.html","The education system in Ethiopia follows a standardized curriculum both for primary and secondary education. The Ministry of Education is responsible for the standardized curricula and their implementation in schools. Both primary and secondary schools administer standardized exams..."]
["2014_GA_108",2014,"GA","Gabon",108,100,"De facon générale au Gabon, il y a une standardisation du système éducatif aussi bien au primaire  qu'au secondaire en terme de curriculum et d'évaluation. \n\nL'enseignement primaire dure 6 ans et est sanctionné par le certificat d'enseignement primaire et le concours d'entrée en 6ème.\nL'enseignement secondaire, constitué d'un cycle court de 4 ans, est sanctionné par le Brevet d'Étude du Premier Cycle (BEPC), puis un cycle long qui conduit en 7 ans au Baccalauréat.\n\nLe ministère de l'éducation est chargé de veiller à cette standardisation, en amont par l'agrément des établissements privés, et en aval par des contrôles qui peuvent aboutir au retrait de l'agrément.","DZONTEU Désiré-Clitandre, journaliste à GabonReview specialisé dans les affaires d'éducation, 15 janvier 2015\n\nSite web de l'ambassade du Gabon au Maroc, visité le 15 janvier 2015 : http://www.ambagabon.ma/content/presentation-générale;\n\nGabon Review, 06 mai 2014, «Réformes du système éducatif gabonais : retour à la case depart». http://gabonreview.com/blog/reformes-du-systeme-educatif-gabonais-retour-a-la-case-depart/;","De facon générale au Gabon, il y a une standardisation du système éducatif aussi bien au primaire  qu'au secondaire en terme de curriculum et d'évaluation. ..."]
["2014_GM_108",2014,"GM","The Gambia",108,100,"Sources interviewed said that there is a standardized education curriculum system, a standardized qualification system and they apply to primary and secondary education. The National Education Policy also provides for a standardized education and qualification systems. The Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education also works with the West African Examination Council (WAEC) which organizes examinations in primary and secondary schools in Anglophone West Africa to ensure there is a standardized curriculum across the board.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree with the researcher's comment, and wish to add additional information. There is standardised education in Gambia and the basic education lasts 9 years through an automatic transition with no exam at the end of the lower cycle. Basic education is divided into two cycles, the lower basic cycle thus grades 1-4 and the upper basic cycle thus grades 5-9. All Gambian students take exams at the end of grade 9 where they sit for Basic Education Certificate Examinations (BECE). Senior secondary schools cover grades 10-12 for students of ages 16-19 years. At the end of the 12th grade, students sit for the West African Secondary Certificate Examinations conducted by the West African Examination Council.","1. Email correspondence with Mr. Poncelet O. Ileleji, MBCS, Coordinator The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre & Digital Studio,  MDI Road,  Kanifing South, on 19 June 2014\n\n2. Education Ministry National Education Policy 2004 to 2015, http://www.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/policy-documents.html.\n\n3. Email correspondence with  Mr. Adama Jimba Jobe, Director, Directorate of Science and Technology Education, Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, Willy Thorpe Place Building, Banjul, The Gambia on Monday 23 June 2014\n\nReviewer sources:\n\"Education System of the Gambia, The Embassy of the United States, Banjul, The Gambia, website. Accessed on January 27, 2015. banju/usembassy.gov/news/education/educational-system-of-the-Gambia.html    ","Sources interviewed said that there is a standardized education curriculum system, a standardized qualification system and they apply to primary and secondary education. The National Education Policy also provides for a standardized education and qualification systems. The Ministry..."]
["2014_GH_108",2014,"GH","Ghana",108,100,"Ghana practises a system of education which sees pupils spend nine years at basic school level - six years at primary and three years at junior high school, and additional three years at senior high/secondary school level. At primary and junior high school levels, pupils study seven subjects and the main mode of instruction is English. \n\nPupils at the final year (third year) at junior high level take final examinations conducted by the West Africa Examinations Council. These examinations are taken simultaneously across the country by all pupils. Those who pass the exams are admitted into the senior high schools in the country. Passes are based on grades in each subject ranging from grades one to nine. Those who earn grades from seven to nine in each subject are considered failed and are not admitted into senior high schools. Even though grades one to six are considered passes, pupils need to make better grades to guarantee their progression into the senior high school system because admission is competitive given the large number of pupils that are produced from the junior high school level where facilities at senior high schools are inadequate to cater for all of them.   \n\nAt senior high school, which is a three-year programme, all students read four core subjects - English Language, Mathematics, Integrated Science and Social Studies in addition to three elective subjects that can be selected from areas including humanities, sciences and vocational courses. Final year students take competitive examinations conducted simultaneously across the country by the West Africa Examinations Council. Results of the examinations are in grades ranging from A to F.\n\nThose who earn grades A1, B2, B3, C4, C5, and C6 can be admitted into the universities or tertiary educational institutions in the country to study a four-year bachelor's degree programme but students must make better grades to guarantee them admission into the universities because openings for intake are lower than the huge numbers that graduate from the senior high school level. Those who earn grades D7, E8 and F9 are considered failed and cannot pursue a tertiary programme unless they re-sit the exams and make good or pass grades.\n  \nThere are also syllabi that guide teaching and learning at every stage of education in the country.","1. Professor Stephen Adei, Former Rector, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Divine Ayizoe, Director in-charge of Statistics, Research, Information Management and Public Relations Division of the Ministry of Education, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Crispin Wura-sey Ziekah, Northern Ghana Director of eSyllabus for Africa, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Tamale.","Ghana practises a system of education which sees pupils spend nine years at basic school level - six years at primary and three years at junior high school, and additional three years at senior high/secondary school level. At primary and junior high school levels, pupils study seve..."]
["2014_GN_108",2014,"GN","Guinea",108,100,"En Guinée, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard pour le primaire et pour le secondaire (collège et lycée). Il s'applique à toutes les écoles qu'elles soient laïques ou religieuses. Des examens nationaux sont organisés chaque année permettant d'avoir un seul système de qualification. Ces examens nationaux sont l'examen de passage en 7ème année, le Brevet d'Étude du Premier Cycle (BEPC) et le Baccalauréat unique.  À chaque niveau, les épreuves sont les mêmes sur toute l'étendue du territoire.","LAMAH Matthieu, professeur d'histoire au collège sainte Marie de Dixinn-Conakry, 10h30, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nLOUA Gaston, responsable du secrétariat central du ministère de l'enseignement pré-universitaire, 11h, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nROUGE CONDÉ Sékou, directeur national des services examens de la fonction publique, 11h, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.","En Guinée, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard pour le primaire et pour le secondaire (collège et lycée). Il s'applique à toutes les écoles qu'elles soient laïques ou religieuses. Des examens nationaux sont organisés chaque année permettant d'avoir un seul système de qua..."]
["2014_GW_108",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",108,50,"Guinea-Bissau has a standardized education curriculum (although, as the newspaper article, Gazeta de Notícias by Lay Korobó, mentions, the curriculum is outdated and is being revised) and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education is not being implemented. \n\nThis last year was particularly a harsh one for the education sector. Lack of international budgetary funding, due to the 2102 military coup, had damaging effects. Teachers were not paid for over 5 months, they striked recurrently which resulted in huge loss of school days. The enormous amount of school days lost has presently led to discussions on whether this school year ought to be cancelled. Currently, the Ministry of Education has sent various of its experts to schools to understand the effects of this.\n\nAll interviewees mentioned this issue when explaining why the curriculum was not being implemented. They also highlighted the lack of qualified teachers. In some schools, said one source, teachers haven't completed their secondary education.The inexistence of school books is also an obstacle for implementing a standardized curriculum and qualification system. In the news article it states \"even teachers don't have access to the standard school books. What exists are books, with some ideas, that have been copied from a training book\".","1. Interview with Mário Nasoline, Director General of the Office for Studies, Planification and Evaluation of the Education System, Ministry of Education, Youth, Culture and Sports, 25 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Alanam Pereira, Director General of the National Institute for the Development of Education (INDE), Ministry of Education, Youth, Culture and Sports, 26 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Victor Madrigal, Delegate, NGO AIDA - Ayuda, Intercambio, Desarollo, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. \n\n4. Newspaper article, Gazeta de Notícias, Lay Korobó, \"Failed System, curriculum of over 30 years penalizes students\", 11 July 2014.","Guinea-Bissau has a standardized education curriculum (although, as the newspaper article, Gazeta de Notícias by Lay Korobó, mentions, the curriculum is outdated and is being revised) and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education is not being implement..."]
["2014_KE_108",2014,"KE","Kenya",108,100,"Kenya has a standardized national education curriculum with a uniform examination system. The country runs on an 8-4-4 system which involves eight years of primary school learning, four years of secondary education and four years of university education.\n\nAt the end of eight years in primary school pupils sit for a national examination known as the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCSE) in order to secure places in secondary schools. At the end of four years in secondary school, students sit for another national examination known as the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) in order to secure admission to university.\n\nThe subjects taught and examined were recently tweaked as part of efforts to improve  the original  8-4-4 education syllabus. There is a significant reduction in the number of subjects and content in the different subject areas in order to reduce overload of pupils and students. The reduction of subjects and content was intended to minimize cost of education on institutions and households. \n\nIn each subject area, the resources required for the implementation of the curriculum have been suggested. These resources can either be improvised or obtained from the local environment. Some teaching/learning experiences and assessment methods have also been suggested.\n\nIn order to be in line with the changing needs of society, the curriculum has incorporated  emerging issues. These include industrial transformation of the country, environmental education, health issues like drug abuse and HIV/AIDS pandemic, gender issues, human rights, child’s rights, moral values and social responsibility.\n\nAs a result of  rationalization of the primary curriculum some new learning areas, such as music, art and craft have been integrated into one study area called Creative Arts. Home Science, Agriculture and Science have been integrated into one study area called Science - which also includes aspects of technology and environmental education.\n\nGeography History and Civics (GHC)  is now taught as Social Studies. This includes environmental education, civic education and aspects of business education.\n\nThe English syllabus has adopted a thematic approach to teach the language skills. The themes are derived from things and situations that learners are likely to interact with in everyday life.","1. Akello Misori, Secretary-General Kenya Union of Post-Primary Education Teachers (KUPPET). Interviewed on July 4, 2014.\n\n2. Prof Julius Nyabundi, Principal Muranga Uniersity  College. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n3. Kennedy Buhere, public relations officer Ministry of Education. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n5. Mugambi Mutegi, journalist Nation Media Group. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n6. Task Force Final Report on realignment of Kenya education sector with Constitution 2010. published Feb 2012. http://www.vision2030.go.ke/cms/vds/Task_Force_Final_Report_Feb_20123.pdf","Kenya has a standardized national education curriculum with a uniform examination system. The country runs on an 8-4-4 system which involves eight years of primary school learning, four years of secondary education and four years of university education...."]
["2014_LS_108",2014,"LS","Lesotho",108,100,"There is a standardised education curriculum and a standardised qualification for primary and secondary education at the national level. \n\nThe Ministry of Education and Training, through the National Curriculum Development Centre is responsible for developing curriculum for primary and secondary schools throughout the country. \n\nThe Examinations Council of Lesotho (ECOL) organises examinations for primary and secondary schools. According to the Lesotho Times newspaper, the Junior Certificate results for 2013 where 20,894 candidates sat for the examinations, about 71.1% which is around 14,862 passed, while 6,032 candidates, or 28.9%, failed. \n\nThe Ministry of Education and Training set the curricula which are implemented by private and public schools alike. The Ministry of Education introduced the Lesotho General Certificate of Secondary Schools Examination (LGCSE) during the period under review. LGCSE replaces the Cambridge Overseas School Certificate that has been used by the county since the times of British Colonial rule.\n \nThe change of curriculum has not been received well by many stakeholders and demonstrated lack of preparedness on the side of the ministry. Paul Sematlane of the Progressive Teachers Association of Lesotho (PALT) stated that while the introduction of the new curriculum in the past year marks a very positive beginning for education system in Lesotho, the Ministry of Education did not go beyond engaging teachers as other stakeholders were left out of the process.","Paul Sematlane, General Secretary, Progressive Teachers Association of Lesotho, 14th September 2014\n\nLesotho Times, ‘Mantoetse Maama, School fees will not be increased, 2nd January 2014, http://lestimes.com/?p=14944 (accessed 11th September 2014)\n\nLesotho Times, Tsitsi Matope, Revamp of the Education System Mooted, 23rd December 2013,   http://lestimes.com/revamp-of-the-education-system-mooted/ (accessed on the 11th September 2014)","There is a standardised education curriculum and a standardised qualification for primary and secondary education at the national level. ..."]
["2014_LR_108",2014,"LR","Liberia",108,100,"The Ministry of Education has in place a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for all schools. The ministry ensures that all schools throughout the country adhere to the curriculum as designed. The prescribed curriculum is designed to meet students' needs to qualify for various national examinations and placement exams for colleges and universities in and out of the country. \n\nThe ministry's curriculum and qualification systems are aligned with the testing methods of the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). WAEC exams are administered in two phases in Liberia: the first phase is for pupils completing junior secondary school and entering senior secondary school; phase two is administered to senior secondary school students who are about to complete high school.\n \nIn Liberia, children go to primary school for six years. At the end of the six years, they sit for the Liberia Primary School Certificate Examination, which is coordinated by the West African Examination Council. They then go to Junior High School from where they sit for the Liberia Junior High School Certificate Examination. They later join the Senior High School from where they sit for the Senior High School Certificate Examination and the West African Senior School Certificate Examination.\n\nFor primary school, there are no national examinations, but the ministry ensures that pupils entering junior high schools are prepared through the elementary curriculum.","Interview: James Andrews, Asst. Minister of Education, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Hester Williams, Chairperson, Liberia Education Trust, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Thomas Doe-Nah, Director, Liberia Education Forum, Monrovia, 19/08/2014","The Ministry of Education has in place a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for all schools. The ministry ensures that all schools throughout the country adhere to the curriculum as designed. The prescribed curriculum is designed to meet stude..."]
["2014_LY_108",2014,"LY","Libya",108,100,"There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system in the Libyan national educational system. Section 1 of Law No. 95 of 1975, on compulsory education, makes both primary- and secondary-level education mandatory in Libya.\n\nPrimary schooling covers nine years, divided in two: six years of primary schooling and the three years of middle school. Upon completion of middle school, a basic education certificate is awarded. Secondary education is three years, and students only move on to the next grade if they have scored at least 50 percent in all subject areas. Upon successful completion of secondary schooling, students are awarded a secondary education certificate.","Interview with Samir jenzar, information officer in Ministry of Education, Oct. 30, 2014.\n\nInterview with Abdulla Burzeebah, journalist and coach in the Libyan Youth for Culture and Dialogue Club, Oct. 23, 2014.\n\nLaw No. 95 of 1975, on compulsory education.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\nMaps of the World, Libya Education.\nhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/libya/education.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ","There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system in the Libyan national educational system. Section 1 of Law No. 95 of 1975, on compulsory education, makes both primary- and secondary-level education mandatory in Libya...."]
["2014_MG_108",2014,"MG","Madagascar",108,100,"Le programme d'enseigenement standard n'existe que pour les écoles publiques. Par exemple, dans l'enseignement primaire, la plupart des écoles privées (confessionelles ou non) utilisent un programme à elles, basé sur un enseignement en français. Par contre, le système de qualification est le même pour l'enseignement public et privé, à savoir le CEPE pour le primaire, le BEPC pour le secondaire niveau I, et le Baccalauréat pour le secondaire niveau II. C'est le même puisque ce sont des examens d'Etat.","Primature, « Enoncé du Programme de Mise en Œuvre de la Politique Générale de l’Etat (PGE) », mai 2014, http://www.primature.gov.mg/?page_id=2168\n \n MAMIZARA José, fonctionnaire, professeur de philosophie, Port Berger, 08 juillet 2014\n \n RAJOARIHERY W. Victor, président de l’Association Nationale des Enseignants Publics Non Fonctionnaires, Antananarivo, 14 août 2014  RAKOTOZAFY Jean Paul Emile, président du Syndicat Chrétien des Enseignants de Madagascar, Antananarivo, 18 juillet 2014  Madagascar Tribune, 12 mai 2014, « Note sur le système scolaire », http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Note-sur-le-systeme-scolaire,19920.html  La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 03 juillet 2014, « Enfants malgaches : otages d’un système éducatif défectueux », http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41094:enfants-malgaches-otages-dun-systeme-educatif-defectueux&catid=42:societe&Itemid=57","Le programme d'enseigenement standard n'existe que pour les écoles publiques. Par exemple, dans l'enseignement primaire, la plupart des écoles privées (confessionelles ou non) utilisent un programme à elles, basé sur un enseignement en français. Par contre, le système de qualificat..."]
["2014_MW_108",2014,"MW","Malawi",108,100,"Malawi’s education system has a standardized curriculum or qualification system. However, two elite schools in private hands are excluded from this arrangement. The government-assisted schools have a standardized curriculum. The structure in government-assisted schools follows an 8-4-4 pattern comprising three levels; primary, secondary and tertiary.\n\nAt each level the Ministry of Education is the main provider but is assisted by line ministries. The system is dominated by public examinations, which are largely used to select pupils to proceed to the next level. Primary education lasts eight years and is divided into three sections: infant section comprising standards 1 and 2; junior section comprising standards 3, 4 and 5; and senior section comprising standards 6, 7 and 8.\n\nThe official age of entry into primary school is 6  years. However, late entry is very common, especially in rural areas. Access to primary education is open though not compulsory. At the end of primary education in standard 8, pupils sit for the Primary School Leaving Certificate Examination (PSLCE), which is used to select pupils for secondary education.\n\nSecondary education lasts four years and includes two cycles, each lasting two years. The junior cycle comprises Form 1 and 2. At the end of this cycle students sit for a Junior Certificate Examination (J.C.E). The senior cycle comprises Forms 3 and 4. At the end of the cycle (Form 4) students sit for the Malawi School Certificate Examination (MSCE).\n\nAll the examinations are prepared, administered and processed by the Malawi National Examinations Board (MANEB) contracting teachers for some of the activities. Government- assisted schools charge fees at the secondary level although they are much lower than those of private schools.\n\nTertiary education embraces primary and secondary teacher training, technical education, university education and other post-secondary professional courses. Tertiary education admits even a smaller proportion of secondary school graduates than does secondary education for primary. The majority of the children in Malawi, therefore, never attend tertiary education due to poverty.\n\nPrivate schools, which charge high fees and mostly cater to the urban elite, are under no obligation to follow the structure or curriculum set by the government. In fact, Malawi’s elite private schools including St Andrews International High School (dubbed the Eaton of Africa) and Kamuzu Academy follow the English school system and curriculum.","1. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2. Emma Kaliya, Executive Director, Gender Network, 6 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Frank Malamula, Teacher, Mndunje Community Day Secondary School, 13 August, Dowa\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","Malawi’s education system has a standardized curriculum or qualification system. However, two elite schools in private hands are excluded from this arrangement. The government-assisted schools have a standardized curriculum. The structure in government-assisted schools follows an 8..."]
["2014_ML_108",2014,"ML","Mali",108,50,"L’Éducation malienne un système de programme d'enseignement standard, mais il n'est pas complètement mis en œuvre. Selon Ladji Sanogo, il existe bien un système de qualification standard, mais il n'est pas entièrement mis en œuvre au niveau de l'enseignement primaire ou secondaire.  \n\nLa prolifération anarchique des établissements privés a fait voler en éclat la qualité de l'enseignement. A l'issue de l'année académique 2014, beaucoup d'établissements privés notamment n'avaient pas complété les 2/3 des programmes d'enseignement requis. C'est le cas des lycées Kampola, Mademba Sy. Même au niveau des établissements publics, il y a des problèmes dûs à la gestion des flux importants d'élèves. L'on assiste à la mise en œuvre de programmes parallèles dont la qualité est remise en cause par les experts. \n\nSiméon Samaké, conseiller au centre d’animation pédagogique de Kalaban-cora, estime que c'est au département de tutelle, le ministère de l’éducation, d'harmoniser les programmes conformément au système en vigueur.\n\nLa guerre civile a aussi eu un effet néfaste sur l'application d'un programme d'enseignement sur l'ensemble du territoire.","SANOGO Ladji, enseignant, école fondamentale de Daoudabougou, 21 juillet 2014.\n\t\nSAMAKÉ Siméon, conseiller, centre d’animation pédagogique de Kalaban-coro, 21 juillet 2014.\n\t\nKONARÉ Luc, directeur, centre d’animation pédagogique de Bougouni, 21 juillet 2014.","L’Éducation malienne un système de programme d'enseignement standard, mais il n'est pas complètement mis en œuvre. Selon Ladji Sanogo, il existe bien un système de qualification standard, mais il n'est pas entièrement mis en œuvre au niveau de l'enseignement primaire ou secondaire...."]
["2014_MR_108",2014,"MR","Mauritania",108,50,"La réforme de l'éducation de 1979 a institué ce qui fut pendant longtemps appelé «l'apartheid scolaire»: d'un coté une communauté négro-africaine qui suit tout son cursus en français et une communauté arabophone qui suit un cursus scolaire en arabe. Cette dualité née de la réforme de 1979 a fortement altéré le système éducatif mauritanien. \n\nSuite à la réforme du système éducatif opérée en 1999, les deux filières ont été uniformisées et un système d'enseignement standard mis en place. Cependant, cette reforme a été conçue dans la précipitation sans aucune réflexion au préalable et par conséquent cette uniformisation demeure encore confrontée à des obstacles et à des dysfonctionnements qui freinent sa mise en oeuvre. \nAu nombre de ces obstacles, il y a sa complexité car l'uniformisation revient à former à nouveau des générations d'enseignants qui dispensaient leurs cours dans une seule langue. À cela s'ajoute le coût élevé de l'uniformisation. La réforme de 1999 a davantage créé de problèmes qu'elle n'en a résolus.","1. Achraf Mohamed, Président de la Coalition des Organisations Mauritaniennes pour l'Education (COMEDUC), 15 juillet 214, Nouakchott\n\n2. Ball Mohamed Fadel, Ancien Inspecteur de l'Enseignement secondaire, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. Ba Abderahmane, Conseiller Pédagogique, Direction Régionale de l'Education Nationale(DREN), 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","La réforme de l'éducation de 1979 a institué ce qui fut pendant longtemps appelé «l'apartheid scolaire»: d'un coté une communauté négro-africaine qui suit tout son cursus en français et une communauté arabophone qui suit un cursus scolaire en arabe. Cette dualité née de la réforme ..."]
["2014_MU_108",2014,"MU","Mauritius",108,100,"There is a standardised education system within the public schools and colleges. The Mauritius Institute of Education is in charge and works under the Ministry of Education. There is no difference between national or state level in Mauritius. De facto, the qualification system is also standardised. Annick Rivet, journalist at Le Défi Media Group explained that in Mauritius, there is no difference between national and state level given that it is a small country.\n\nBrinda Hazareesing, former rector of the secondary explained that in Mauritius, education is a right for all and policymakers take into account the aims of education which is seen as a process to serve the needs of the country and those of the child in an ever-changing pace and scale of development.\n\nWhile policymakers establish clear criteria and levels of achievement on a national level, they are careful to avoid the factory approach to education. In principle, there is a standardized curriculum but there is also a gap between policy and practice. The ideal of one special curriculum for each child is unaffordable. Institutions and teachers, aware of the different levels of intelligence and abilities of their students, diversify, individualize and adapt the curriculum accordingly.\n\nSo a standardized qualification system, despite its disadvantages, helps teachers to assess the learning abilities and the needs of their students and reinforces trust and confidence in the national policy. In practice, however, a variety of methods of assessment are used.\n\nMinister of Education and Human Resources Dr Vasant Bunwaree explained that there is a national curriculum for the primary and secondary in public schools throughout the island.","1. Dr Vasant Bunwaree, Minister of Education and Human Resources, 19 Aug 2014, face-to-face interview\n2. Annick Rivet, Journalist, Defi Media Group, 29 Aug 2014, mail\n3. Brinda Hazareesing, Former Rector of State Secondary Colleges, 02 Sept 2014, mail","There is a standardised education system within the public schools and colleges. The Mauritius Institute of Education is in charge and works under the Ministry of Education. There is no difference between national or state level in Mauritius. De facto, the qualification system is a..."]
["2014_MA_108",2014,"MA","Morocco",108,100,"There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education at a national level. \n\nPeer Reviewers' Comments: \n\nAgree:  The Ministry of education is developing a new strategy to improve its quality and create bridges with the education curriculum that will create more possibilities for students. The idea also is to adapt fast to the jobs market and develop partnerships with corporations.","Ministry of education (primary and high school) official website - Standard programs http://www.men.gov.ma/sites/fr/Lists/Pages/Cycles_Enseignement_fr.aspx (last checked August 5th 2014).\n\nProfessor Awatif Hayar - lecturer and advisor to private education institutions- Casablanca, phone interview August 6th, 2014.\n\nReport on elementary education 2013 - 2014, Ministry of education - see attached.\n\nUNESCO ranked it the 21st worst education system in the world http://www.medias24.com/SOCIETE/8735-Education-le-Maroc-pire-que-le-Pakistan-et-la-Mauritanie.html.\n\nL'Economiste. \"Qualifications professionnelles: Le Maroc institue le mécanisme de certification\" on 13 June 2014  available at: http://www.leconomiste.com/article/955123-qualifications-professionnellesle-maroc-institue-le-mecanisme-de-certification#sthash.qj8IJ93W.dpuf.","There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education at a national level. ..."]
["2014_MZ_108",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",108,100,"The education system in Mozambique features five subsystems, namely: general education, adult education, techical professional education, teacher training and higher education. \n\nAs for primary and secondary education, which falls under Subsystem 1 (general education), the curriculum is designed by the Instituto para o Desenvolvimento da Educacao (National Institute for Education Development) and the National Directorate for Curricular Development at the Ministry of Education. The curriculum is applied to nation's public education system with no exceptions. \n\nAlso, the Ministry of Education developed the national qualification system, which is applied countrywide as well.","Interview with Denise Maria Malauene, education specialist and independent consultant, Ministry of Education, Maputo, 23 July 2014.\n\nVoice of America, William Mapote, \"Moçambique: Calls for reform in the primary education sector\" (\"Apelos à reforma no sector do ensino primário\"), 16 Sept. 2013.  http://m.voaportugues.com/a/1750849.html \n\nSapo, Rajabo Caetano Malua, \"Subsystem of the national education system in Mozambique\" (\"Subsistema do sistema nacional de educação de Moçambique\"), 7 March 2014.  \nhttp://malua7rcbm.blogs.sapo.mz/subsistema-do-sistema-nacional-de-1415","The education system in Mozambique features five subsystems, namely: general education, adult education, techical professional education, teacher training and higher education. ..."]
["2014_NA_108",2014,"NA","Namibia",108,100,"Namibia has a standardized school education curriculum that applies to primary and secondary schools across the country. The curricula need to be overhauled to match international standards as most of Namibian students fail to be competitive when they go to university. Although Namibia now has a standardized education curriculum,  most schools don't have enough teachers while others don't have qualified teachers. All recognised examinations are set by the government in conjunction with  overseas institutions for private and public primary and secondary schools. \n\n\nReviewers' Comments:\n\nAgree: Education is free and compulsory at ages 6-16 years. Primary education starts at age 6 and consists of  grades 1-7. Secondary education stretches over a period of 5 years from grades 8-12. Students seat for the Junior Secondary School Certificate  examination after successful completion of grade 10. After successful completion of grades 12, students seat for a Namibian Senior Secondary Education Certificate examination, which can either be an International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE) or the Higher International General Certificate of Education (HIGCSE).","1.Telephone interview with the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Education, Alfred IIukena on 17/07/2014\n2. Face to face interview with Confidente newspaper, Journalist Marianne Nghidengwa on 18/07/2014 at Confidente newspaper offices in Windhoek\n3.Telephone interview with a retired primary school headmaster Mr John Amukongo on 12/08/2014.","Namibia has a standardized school education curriculum that applies to primary and secondary schools across the country. The curricula need to be overhauled to match international standards as most of Namibian students fail to be competitive when they go to university. Although Nam..."]
["2014_NE_108",2014,"NE","Niger",108,100,"Au Niger, le programme d'enseignement primaire et secondaire est un programme standard à l'échelle du pays et toutes ses régions. Cette uniformisation du programme est encadré par la Loi d'Orientation du Système Éducatif Nigérien (la LOSEN) n° 98-12 du 1er juin 1998 et par le Programme Sectoriel de l'Education et la Formation (PSE) 2014-2024. Il existe un systéme d'évaluation standard et ce systéme s'applique au primaire et secondaire est également au niveau national (ville et village). \n Toutefois depuis quelques années une reforme est en cours visant à inciter l'adaptation du programme national d'enseignement aux réalités et spécificités locales des élèves et des enseignements.","WEIFANE Ibrahim, directeur du programme éducation et services essentiels au bureau OXFAM du Niger, 8 octobre 2014. \n \n MOUNKAILA Halidou, coordinateur du syndicat des Enseignants CPRASE, 8 octobre 2014. \n \n Site du gouvernement, 10 juin 2014, «Atelier national d'appropriation du Programme Sectoriel de l'Education et de la Formation (PSEF) 2014-2014 : Mobilisation tous azimuts en faveur du secteur de l'éducation».\n http://www.gouv.ne/index.php/component/content/article/45-actualites-des-ministeres/478-atelier-national-d-appropriation-du-programme-sectoriel-de-l-education-et-de-la-formation-psef-2014-2014-mobilisation-tous-azimuts-en-faveur-du-secteur-de-l-education","Au Niger, le programme d'enseignement primaire et secondaire est un programme standard à l'échelle du pays et toutes ses régions. Cette uniformisation du programme est encadré par la Loi d'Orientation du Système Éducatif Nigérien (la LOSEN) n° 98-12 du 1er juin 1998 et par le Progr..."]
["2014_NG_108",2014,"NG","Nigeria",108,100,"Nigeria has a standardised education curriculum system and qualification system for both primary and secondary education at the state and federal levels. \n\nThe 6-3-3-4 structure means pupils undergo six years in primary school, three in junior secondary, three in senior secondary and four in a university. The government introduced 9-3-4 in 2004, after it launched the Universal Basic Education (UBE) scheme. The policy stipulates junior secondary as the compulsory, basic, free, minimum education for all children. \n\nThe same curriculum applies to all schools across the country. The government, meanwhile, announced a revised curriculum that will introduce lessons on emerging issues such as computer literacy, security education, entrepreneurial training, etc., that was to take effect as of September 2014.\n\nFor qualification, pupils undergo internal periodic examinations from Primary 1 to Primary 6, where they take their first certificate examinations, called the Common Entrance, for admission into junior secondary school. The second certificate examinations are held state- and nationwide at Junior Secondary 3 to qualify for the senior level. \n\nAt the end of senior secondary, all students undergo the regional West African senior school certificate examination and a university admission examination for a place in a tertiary institution.","Interview with Simon Nwakaudu, Ministry of Education spokesman, , Abuja, 7 Aug. 2014.\n\nNigerian Educational Research and Development Council, details of the Nigerian education curriculum, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://nerdc.ng/\nhttps://www.facebook.com/NERDC/posts/734776969881272\n\nUniversal Basic Education Commission, basic education curriculum features, accessed July 2014.\nhttp://ubeconline.com/about_ubec.php\n\nPunch, \"NERDC to introduce revised education curriculum,\" 31 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://www.punchng.com/news/nerdc-to-introduce-revised-education-curriculum/","Nigeria has a standardised education curriculum system and qualification system for both primary and secondary education at the state and federal levels. ..."]
["2014_RW_108",2014,"RW","Rwanda",108,100,"In practice, Rwanda has a standardized curriculum and qualification system developed by the National Curriculum Development Centre, which is under the Higher Education Council. The country runs a 6-3-3 system in which primary education takes six years, and lower secondary (O'Level) and high secondary (A'Level) take three years each. The council, which came into being in 2003, has on several occasions revised the curriculum to harmonize it with those of other East African Community countries.\n\nAccording to Fred Mugisha, director of policy research and planning at the Higher Education Council, the qualification standards are considered during promotions from one class to another and from one level to another. \"It is a strict and competitive process,\" he said. \"After primary, students are admitted to different secondary schools based on the grades earned; the better the grades, the better the school you admitted to.\" \n\nMugisha continued: \"Each year, about 30,000 Rwandan students sit for the national secondary education Ordinary Level examinations in nine subjects at the end of senior 3 under the 12-year basic education (12YBE), which is equivalent to ninth grade in other countries. There are certain grades you have to score for you to join the next level. If you fail, you are advised to repeat until you meet the desired qualification.\" \n  \nMugisha said that admission to senior secondary school (A'Level) is even more competitive. Fewer than 13,000 students can be admitted into the 734 secondary schools scattered across the country. Those who do not make the mark are free to join private schools, which are less strict.\n\nHowever, before joining university, all students must take a national secondary education advanced level exam to graduate. In 2013, the government cracked down on private schools and set certain standards which the students much achieve before qualifying for university, he said.\n\nAccording to Andrew Kalisa, the director of APRED Ndera, one of Rwanda's outstanding schools, these standards have to be followed if the country's education sector is to grow to the level of neighboring countries such as Uganda and Kenya.\n\n\"Our curriculum has evolved over the last 20 years after the 1994 genocide,\" Kalisa said. \"Over the years it has been refined to meet international standards. Also educationists and government are quite keen on qualification standards. That is what we need to do if we have to produce quality products from our education system.\" \n\nStill, compared with neighboring countries such as Uganda and Kenya, the quality and standards of education in Rwanda remain lower, with most officials and wealthy families preferring to send their children to study outside Rwanda.\n\nEarlier this year, the government reviewed the curriculum for the umpteenth time to include skills education and training.","Interview with Fred Mugisha, director of policy research and planning, Higher Education Council, Aug. 8, 2014. \n\nPhone interview with Andrew Kalisa, director, APRED Ndera Secondary School, Aug. 8, 2014. \n\nThe New Times,  Jean d’Amour Mbonyinshuti, \"School curriculum under review,\" May 18, 2014.\nhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201405190164.html\n\nThe East African Business Week, \"Rwanda to Get New School Curriculum,\" Dec. 1, 2013.\nhttp://www.busiweek.com/index1.php?Ctp=2&pI=229&pLv=3&srI=51&spI=26&cI=10","In practice, Rwanda has a standardized curriculum and qualification system developed by the National Curriculum Development Centre, which is under the Higher Education Council. The country runs a 6-3-3 system in which primary education takes six years, and lower secondary (O'Level)..."]
["2014_ST_108",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",108,100,"There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education that applies across the entire country. São Tome and Principe universalised basic education, fulfilling the second Millennium Development Goal. The concern now is to improve the quality of education, which the government is seeking to do with assistance from the World Bank.\n\n\nReviewers' comments:\n\nAgree. The curriculum exists, but local primary and secondary education has been of poor quality, partly due to a lack of available textbooks and inadequately trained teachers. \n\nAgree. A UNICEF document from Nov. 15, 2013, states: \"Sao Tome and Principe has made significant progress in attaining the primary education Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target. Gross enrollment rate in primary education (grade 1-6) is 93 percent, with gender parity. The education bottleneck analysis based on MECF data (2013) highlighted that only 85 percent of students are enrolled in primary education and 48.5 per cent in secondary education. There is a high loss of students between primary and secondary education: nearly one in three students do not enroll in the seventh grade and one in four does not pass the eighth grade. The additional costs for education may be a contributing factor.\"\n\nAlso, an international development organisation has initiated a project in the country related to improving the education partnership with the Ministry of Education, Culture and Training (website from Nov. 4, 2013).","Interview with Deolinda Carvalho, former director, Basic Education, Feb. 6, 2015. \n\nEmail interview with Helena Botelho, adviser, Ministry of Education, Feb. 12, 2015.  \n\nPhone interview with Bernardo Tiny, director, Secondary Education, Feb. 12, 2015.\n\nReviewers' sources:\n\nGerhard Seibert, Cabo Verde e São Tomé e Príncipe: Ensino Superior e Trajetórias em Portugal. In: Ana Bénard da Costa & Margarida Lima de Faria (org.), Formação Superior e Desenvolvimento. Estudantes Universitários Africanos em Portugal, Pages 209-244, Coimbra: Almedina 2013.\n\nUNICEF Annual Report 2013 – Sao Tome and Principe. \nhttp://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_COAR_2013.pdf\n\nIMVF School and Phase II Project. \nhttp://www.imvf.org/index.php?projeto=1545","There is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education that applies across the entire country. São Tome and Principe universalised basic education, fulfilling the second Millennium Development Goal. The concern now i..."]
["2014_SN_108",2014,"SN","Senegal",108,100,"Le Sénégal dispose d'un programme d'enseignement standard ayant deux volets et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire.\n\nLe premier programme d'enseignement standard se nomme le «Curriculum de l'éducation» basé sur une approche par compétences; le second programme se nomme «Renforcement de capacités des enseignants et acteurs de l’enseignement moyen.»\n\nQuant au système de qualification standard, il est calqué sur le modèle francais. Les élèves du cours primaire passent le certificat d'études du premier cycle apres 6 ans d'éducation et les élèves du secondaire passent l'examen du brevet d'études du premier cycle (BEPC) après 4 ans d'études secondaires.","DIATTA Abdoulaye, directeur de la formation et de la communication, ministère de l'éducation nationale, 20 juillet 2014.\n\nTHIANE Massamba, spécialiste en communication, réalisateur, chef de la division Radio et Télévision scolaire/ME, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nTOURÉ Youssou, secrétaire général, Organisation des enseignants du Sénégal, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nMANÉ Daouda, rédacteur en chef du journal Le Soleil, spécialiste des questions éducatives, 19 juillet 2014.","Le Sénégal dispose d'un programme d'enseignement standard ayant deux volets et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire...."]
["2014_SC_108",2014,"SC","Seychelles",108,100,"In Seychelles, there is a standardized education curriculum system and a standardized qualification system. These systems apply to primary and secondary education. \nA standardized education curriculum system has always existed, but a reform was made in 2013.\n\n“In  order  to  respond  to  imperatives  of  quality,  the  National  Curriculum Framework,  adopted  in  2013,  creates  the  'entitlement  to  high  standards  of  education,' placing  emphasis  on  learning  for  every  student  in  all  schools  that  will  enable  them  to succeed.  It recognizes the importance of  the  diversity of educational needs and  a  student centred  approach  to  learning  and  teaching  at  key  stages; early  childhood,  primary education,  and  secondary  education,  with  foundations  for  lifelong  learning  —  along  with national development priorities”.  \n\nThe education and training system presently in place shares the following characteristics; A comprehensive, integrated, inclusive and co-educational education and training system offered at the following five defined stages of Education Act (2004); formal early childhood education (also referred as crèche) primary education, secondary education, post secondary or non-university tertiary education and training, and university tertiary education  and training. A system which provides ten years of compulsory education from primary one to Secondary Four. A system which as of 2012 is governed by two legal frameworks, namely the Education Act (2004) and the Tertiary Education Act (2011). \n\nProgression and articulation between early childhood, primary and secondary stages of education is automatic and non-selective. Results of assessment where applicable are used essentially for orienting learners into appropriate courses of study. \n\nConcerning the qualification system, the SQA (Seychelles Qualification Authority) is the body set up at the start of 2006 to regulate all matters to do with qualifications in the country. Its main purpose is to develop and implement a National Qualifications Framework. This is a set of policies and regulations which will guide all providers of education and training on the standards and conditions that need to be met to operate, and for learners to be certified.  \n\nA UN Rapporteur on Education, after his mission to the Seychelles, praised the qualification system. The  Special  Rapporteur  also  recognized  the  importance  of  the Seychelles  Qualifications  Authority,  established  by  the  Seychelles  Qualifications  Act (2005).  Its  primary  purpose  is  to  develop  and  implement  the  National  Qualifications Framework to provide nationally recognized standards.","Dr Marie-Reine Hoareau, Secretary general Seychelles National Commission for Unesco, Mont Fleuri Mahé\n\n“Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education”, Kishore Singh , Addendum Mission to Seychelles , Human Rights Council, United Nations,Twenty sixth session, Agenda item 3, A/HRC/26/27/Add.1, p.14\n\n“Education Sector Medium Term Strategy MTS 2013-2017, A Road Map for the Further Transformation of the Education Process to Further Achieve Quality Lifelong Education For All and Improving National Sustainable Development in the Medium Term”, Draft of October/November 2013, p.39, Ministry of Education, Republic of the Seychelles\n\nSeychelles Qualification Authorties Website http://www.sqa.sc/pages/About%20SQA/SQAStructure.aspx\n\n“Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education”, Kishore Singh , Addendum Mission to Seychelles , Human Rights Council, United Nations,Twenty sixth session, Agenda item 3, A/HRC/26/27/Add.1, p.14","In Seychelles, there is a standardized education curriculum system and a standardized qualification system. These systems apply to primary and secondary education. \nA standardized education curriculum system has always existed, but a reform was made in 2013...."]
["2014_SL_108",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",108,100,"The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology is regulating educational standards in Sierra Leone, and it is responsible for ensuring quality education in the country. The poor performance of pupils on the 2008 Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) and West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) in Sierra Leone prompted reforms in the curriculum. \n\nPrimary and secondary students were using the 6334 system until 2010, when the government introduced the 6344 system of education, in which a pupil must complete six years at the primary level, three years of junior secondary schooling, four years in senior secondary school and four years of tertiary education before a qualification is attained. For the past year, school principals have been applying this reform.","Interview with Brima M. Turay, public relations officer, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, 10 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Joseph Achie Cobineh, coordinator, Education For All Sierra Leone, 6 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Alhajie Unisa Sesay, proprietor, John F. Kennedy Schools, 10 July 2014.","The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology is regulating educational standards in Sierra Leone, and it is responsible for ensuring quality education in the country. The poor performance of pupils on the 2008 Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) and West African Sen..."]
["2014_SO_108",2014,"SO","Somalia",108,25,"Somalia’s administration currently covers only the capital, Mogadishu. Apart from Somaliland and the northeastern semi-autonomous administration of Puntland, the country has no standardized qualification system for primary and/or secondary education. The primary and secondary education of these two administrations had standardized primary and secondary education since 2008. \n\nThe standardization and qualification systems adopted by Somaliland and Puntland are \"influenced and based on the fundamental concepts of Islam and set in the context of Somali culture, spirit and identity,\" according to a Puntland Education Policy Paper (2012). The education in these regions, as elsewhere in Somalia, is supported by U.N. agencies, mostly UNESCO and UNICEF), and other international donors who have influence on curriclum development. The system adheres to four years for primary, four years for intermediate, and four years for secondary education.\n\nHowever, the Ministry of Education is in the process of implementing a national standardized  qualification system for primary and secondary education covering the entire country from 2015 onward.","Isse Mohamed Ahmed\nMinister of Education, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 28, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaredo Mohamed Abdallah\nMember of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaid Nuriye Abshir\nHead of Public Awareness, Ministry of Health\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nPuntland Education Policy Paper, 2012. https://www.dropbox.com/s/Smsl16b44cbmtla/REVISED-FINAL-PEPP.doc?dl=0","Somalia’s administration currently covers only the capital, Mogadishu. Apart from Somaliland and the northeastern semi-autonomous administration of Puntland, the country has no standardized qualification system for primary and/or secondary education. The primary and secondary educa..."]
["2014_ZA_108",2014,"ZA","South Africa",108,100,"There is a standardised curriculum for primary and secondary schools (outlined in the national curriculum and assessment policy statement) and only a standardised qualification system for  secondary.\n \nAnnette Lovemore, MP (Democratic Alliance) and shadow minister of education says that there is a national curriculum for both primary and high school, and that the national senior certificate (high school diploma) is the only nationally standardised qualification.\n\nWhile standards with regards to Matric certificates should be the same across all schools, practice shows that sometimes this is not the case. Life orientation is marked at the schools, thus marks may thus differ. In addition, the assessments during the last year of secondary school (25% of the mark for all subjects is a \"year\" mark, based on assessments that have been done during the year) are not always of the same quality. \n\nNicholas Spaull, researcher in the economics department at ­Stellenbosch University, writes in the Mail & Guardian that \"for the past three years the department of basic education has tried — unsuccessfully — to implement competency tests for matric markers. Each year the teacher unions derail these well-intentioned plans, with the South African Democratic Teachers' Union (Sadtu) raising the biggest ruckus.\"\n\nHe adds that  a 2011 report by the Southern and Eastern African Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality found that only 32% of grade six mathematics teachers in South Africa had desirable levels of mathematics content knowledge.\n\nSpaull, in his earlier essay 'Education in SA: A tale of two systems' writes that there \"are no externally evaluated standardised exams at earlier grades such as a primary school leaving exam. This has been pointed out by South African researchers before.\"\n\nThe quality of South Africa's teachers has been topic of debate for years. In September 2013, a report  by the Centre for Development and Enterprise was released around math and science education in South Africa. 'Mathematics Outcomes in South African Schools' showed how only 23% of South African grade 6 mathematics teachers could answer grade 6 questions \"with the proportion answering correctly ranging from 13% for quintile one teachers to 46% for quintile five teachers\" adding that \"quintile 1 schools are the more disadvantaged schools and for the most part do not charge fees, while quintile 5 schools are regarded as more privileged and generally charge fees.\"\n\nIn June 2014, the World Economic Forum came with a similar report. \"Global Information Technology Report 2014\" shows that the quality of South Africa's maths and science education hangs at the bottom of the list of 148 countries. The report said the culprits were among other things a shortage of qualified teachers\" and that \"curriculum changes over the last 10 years had negatively affected teaching.\"","Matric assessment misses the mark (Mail & Guardian / Nic Spaull / 23 November 2013)\nhttp://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-matric-assessment-misses-the-mark\n\nStandard of maths teaching in SA at rock bottom, report shows (Business day Live / Bekezela Pakhathi / 20 October 2013)\nhttp://www.bdlive.co.za/national/education/2013/10/20/standard-of-maths-teaching-in-sa-at-rock-bottom-report-shows\n\nSA has worst maths, science education in world (New24 / 2 June 2014)\nhttp://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SA-has-worst-maths-science-education-in-world-20140602\n\nMATHEMATICS OUTCOMES IN SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOLS: What are the facts? What should be done (Centre for Development and Enterprise /. October 2013)\nhttp://www.cde.org.za/images/pdf/MATHEMATICS%20OUTCOMES%20IN%20SOUTH%20AFRICAN%20SCHOOLS.pdf","There is a standardised curriculum for primary and secondary schools (outlined in the national curriculum and assessment policy statement) and only a standardised qualification system for  secondary...."]
["2014_SS_108",2014,"SS","South Sudan",108,25,"In practice, South Sudan does not have a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at the national or state level. During the 21 years of war with North Sudan, South Sudanese schools used various curricular and qualification systems. Schools used curricula from Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia or Sudan, depending on their proximity to each of these countries.\n\nFour years ago, South Sudan introduced its own curricula for primary and secondary schools. However, whereas some schools have been taking examinations based on the new curriculum, some schools have continued to take examinations established in the neighboring countries. \n\nHowever, Michael Lopuke, undersecretary in South Sudan’s education ministry, says 2014 is the last year that South Sudanese students will sit for examinations based on neighboring countries’ curricula. He says that beginning in 2015, students will only take examinations based on a unified, standardized national curriculum and syllabus.","Eye Radio, \"South Sudan to End Foreign Syllabi This Year.\"  \nhttp://eyeradio.org/education-foreign-syllabi-year/ \n\nSudan Tribune, \"South Sudan Must Improve Education System: Minister,\" Oct. 31, 2013. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48639\n\nInternational Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) and the United Nations Education and Cultural Program (UNESCO), \"General Education Strategic Plan, 2012-2017.\" \nhttp://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Sudan/South_Sudan_General_Education_Plan_2012_2017.pdf","In practice, South Sudan does not have a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at the national or state level. During the 21 years of war with North Sudan, South Sudanese schools used various curricular..."]
["2014_SD_108",2014,"SD","Sudan",108,100,"In Sudan, there is a standardized education curriculum system, but it's not being implemented everywhere. Private schools have their own standardized curriculum system, which is different from the government's curriculum.\n\nIn Sudanese schools, there's no standardized qualification system, although there is a standardized test for all students remaining in school for at least 11 years. There is also a regional standardized test after completion of the eighth grade. \n\nThe private schools follow the standardiized tests after eight and 11 years, just as the government schools. The only difference between private and government schools is the curriculum.","[Office visit/information request] Ministry of Education, Oct. 26, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Ahmed Adam Is'hag, headmaster, Al-Nusra Primary School, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Yahya Ahmed Yousif, teacher, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nMinistry of Education website, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.moe.gov.sd/","In Sudan, there is a standardized education curriculum system, but it's not being implemented everywhere. Private schools have their own standardized curriculum system, which is different from the government's curriculum...."]
["2014_SZ_108",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",108,100,"A standardized curriculum is used in Swaziland primary and secondary school systems, under the authority of the National Curriculum Center (NCC) of the Ministry of Education and Training.\n\nSwaziland complies with the Cambridge Overseas Schools Certificate Examinations, enabling secondary school final year students to sit for these exams. Government is ensuring that a standardized system is being used to conform instruction in both public and private schools. While inequities exist between schools and in the awarding of government scholarships, the intent and means to standardize curriculum were apparent during the year under review.","Interview: Nosimilo Dlamini, primary school teacher, Manzini region, 26 July 2014.\n\nMinistry of Education Web site: www.gov.sz.\n\nExams Council of Swaziland Web site: http://www.examscouncil.org.sz/\n\n“The Swaziland Education and Training Sector Policy,” Ministry of Education and Training, 2011. ","A standardized curriculum is used in Swaziland primary and secondary school systems, under the authority of the National Curriculum Center (NCC) of the Ministry of Education and Training...."]
["2014_TZ_108",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",108,50,"The education structure has seven years of primary education, which is standard 1-7 taught in Swahili. It  has four years in secondary ordinary-level education, which is from 1-4 via English, and two years of secondary advanced-level education, which is from 5-6. In the second year, fourth year and sixth year of secondary school, students sit for a national exam.\n\nCurrently, the government is working to have a clear and permanent curriculum for primary and secondary schools, especially the use of books as before it was normal to change from time to time. ","1. Dr. Shukuru Kawambwa, Minister of Education and Vocational Training, October, 23, 2014.\n7 Magogoni Street, 11479 Dar es salaam Dar es Salam, Tanzania\n\n2. The Tanzanian education system described and compared with the Dutch system, EP-NUFFIC,  December 2014, https://www.nuffic.nl/en/library/education-system-tanzania.pdf \n\n3. Tanzania Post-Colonial Educational System and Perspectives on Secondary Science Education, Pedadogys and Curriculum: A qualitative Study, Eugenia Lucas Wandela, DePaul University,  Nov 2014. http://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=soe_etd\n\n4. Magogoni Street, 11479 Dar es salaam Dar es Salam, Tanzania.\n\n\nReviewers' Source:\n                                                                                                                                           \nEducation Programs help Tanzanian Youth Bridge the Digital Divide, December, 23, 2014, www.usaid.gov/tanzania/education","The education structure has seven years of primary education, which is standard 1-7 taught in Swahili. It  has four years in secondary ordinary-level education, which is from 1-4 via English, and two years of secondary advanced-level education, which is from 5-6. In the second year..."]
["2014_TG_108",2014,"TG","Togo",108,100,"Le Togo est doté d’un système de programmes d'enseignement et de qualification standards. Ce système s'applique aussi bien à l'enseignement primaire qu’à l’enseignement secondaire. Les programmes sont décidés au niveau central et les examens sont identiques sur tout le territoire.\n \nIl existe une direction préscolaire et primaire et de nouvelles écoles nationales d'instituteurs ont été créées. Les problèmes se posent plutôt au niveau du secondaire (pas de remplacement des enseignants), et notamment dans l'enseignement technique où il n'existe pas de formation pour les enseignants.\n \nRégulièrement des grèves sont menées par les enseignants pour dénoncer les conditions de travail.","PAO Gadiel, directeur de publication, Santé-Education, 02 août 2014\n \nYAO TOÏ Marcel, coordonnateur Coalition Nationale Togolaise pour l'Education Pour Tous (CNTES), 21 juillet 2014.\n \nADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \nAnonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n\nAlome.com, 20 janvier 2014, «TOGO: Enseignements Primaire et Secondaire - Les réalités actuelles de l’éducation dépouillées».\n http://news.alome.com/h/10300.html.","Le Togo est doté d’un système de programmes d'enseignement et de qualification standards. Ce système s'applique aussi bien à l'enseignement primaire qu’à l’enseignement secondaire. Les programmes sont décidés au niveau central et les examens sont identiques sur tout le territoire...."]
["2014_TN_108",2014,"TN","Tunisia",108,100,"The Tunisian education system is standardised for both primary and secondary schools. Every year, the education department of the Ministry of Education determines the program of the following year and sends it to all primary and secondary schools. \n\nSchools, whether they are private or public, must adhere to this program. The same books are used by all schools, and a list of books to be used is also determined by the ministry. \n\nFinal exams are also standardised; they are the same in all schools of the Tunisian territory. \nIn general, programs and books are the same, with some minor changes every five years. These changes are not mandatory, but they correspond to a period of adaptation.\n\nIn Tunisia, basic education lasts nine years, from ages 6 to 16. For the first six years students are guided through oral and written concepts; they sit for exams at the end of the sixth year. The final three years take place in middle school, where a score of over 50 percent is required to pass the national examination that opens doors to secondary education. Secondary school lasts four years. The first two years students learn with a common academic curriculum, after which they select a major.","Interview with Nadia Glenza, in charge of school curricula, Ministry of Education, 7 July 2014. \n\nInterview with Mrs Neila Abdennadher, director of El Menzah School, Tunis, 5 July 2014.\n\nMinistry of Education website; includes many examples of standardisation, such as listings of books, accessed on 6 July 2014.\nwww.edunet.tn   \n\nPeer Reviewers' Sources:\n\nhttp://en.tunisientunisie.com/education-system-in-tunisia/","The Tunisian education system is standardised for both primary and secondary schools. Every year, the education department of the Ministry of Education determines the program of the following year and sends it to all primary and secondary schools. ..."]
["2014_UG_108",2014,"UG","Uganda",108,100,"Uganda has a standardized education curriculum for both primary and secondary levels. Uganda’s education curriculum is developed by the National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC). The NCDC is responsible for surveying needs concerning syllabus, revising and developing syllabuses and curriculums, preparing teaching materials such as textbooks and guidance manuals, surveying and assessing revised syllabuses, disseminating new curriculums and new teaching materials, among other functions. The curriculum for both primary and secondary levels is constantly reviewed and changes are implemented accordingly. For instance, the National Curriculum Development Center has reviewed the lower-level secondary school curriculum and changes are being implemented.\n\nFurther, Uganda has a standardised qualification system for both primary and secondary education. Uganda’s primary education lasts for seven years, while ordinary secondary education lasts four years and advanced secondary education takes two years. And progressing from one level to the next it is mandatory for one to sit for the required examinations; the results will determine whether one is fit to progress or not. The Uganda National Examination Board (UNEB) is responsible for compiling and implementing these examinations. At the end of primary education, one is assessed by sitting for the national Primary Leaving Examinations (PLE). At the end of O-level students sit for the second major national exams, known as the Uganda Certificate of Education (UCE). At the end of the two years at advanced level (A-level), also known as the Higher School Certificate (HSC), students sit for the Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education (UACE) examinations. \n\nUganda has a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education at the national level. The Education Standards Agency (recently renamed the Directorate of Education Standards) is the partner agency that works with NCDC and the Ministry of Education and Sports to ensure that the standardized education curriculum and qualification systems both at the primary and secondary levels are implemented. The Directorate of Education Standards is charged with monitoring the quality and standard of education and has produced guides to help education professionals improve the experiences and achievements of learners in schools.","Peninnah Mbabazi, program assistant, Governance and Rights Program, Uganda Debt Network, Kampala, 25 Sept. 2014 \n\nTeo Nabukenya, Librarian, National Curriculum Development Center, Kampala, 4 July 2014 \n\n“Second phase of O-Level Curriculum reforms begin,” Ronald Musoke, 4 April 2014\nhttp://www.independent.co.ug/news/news/8848-second-phase-of-o-level-curriculum-reforms-begin \n\nNational Curriculum Development Center, Documents & Publications\nCurriculum (Primary Education)\nhttp://www.ncdc.go.ug/documents.html\nSecondary Education (O’ Level)\nhttp://www.ncdc.go.ug/o-level.html\nSecondary Education (A’ Level)\nhttp://www.ncdc.go.ug/a-levels.html","Uganda has a standardized education curriculum for both primary and secondary levels. Uganda’s education curriculum is developed by the National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC). The NCDC is responsible for surveying needs concerning syllabus, revising and developing syllabuses..."]
["2014_ZM_108",2014,"ZM","Zambia",108,100,"The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology has an education curriculum system that all schools in Zambia follow, whether private or public for both primary and secondary schools, with all schools taking the same examinations, which are set and marked through the Examinations Council of Zambia.\n\nThe standard education system is such that pupils in primary schools attend from first grade to seventh grade, and those in secondary school go from eighth grade to 12th grade, before heading to college or university.\n\nExams are conducted in seventh grade for primary school leavers, ninth grade for junior secondary leavers, and 12th grade for completion of secondary school.","Visit to the Central Statistics Office (CSO), Information on education available, Lusaka, Zambia, 11 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Edward Tindi, local technical adviser, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)/Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education, Lusaka, Zambia, 18 July 2014.\n        \nInterview with Darius Chibbalo, senior library officer - technical services, Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education, Lusaka, Zambia, 9 June 2014.  \n\nAfrican Economic Outlook, Zambia 2014, \"Building Human Resources,\" Page 11. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:MYt8IR0pAzYJ:www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Zambia.pdf+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=zm&client=firefox-a\n\nThe Ministry of Education: Educational Statistical Bulletin 2012, Education in Zambia. [The 2013 bulletin had not yet been published for the study period].","The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology has an education curriculum system that all schools in Zambia follow, whether private or public for both primary and secondary schools, with all schools taking the same examinations, which are set and marked through the Examinations..."]
["2014_ZW_108",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",108,100,"The Zimbabwe Schools Examinations Council (ZIMSEC) is an autonomous parastatal body under the Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture responsible for  standardising the education curriculum in Zimbabwe. The primary education curriculum is nationalised with prescribed textbooks. The seven years of primary schooling culminate in four nationally set Grade 7 examinations in mathematics, English, Shona or Ndebele and content, which is a combination of sciences and social sciences. \n\nSecondary school consists of two levels: a four-year \"O\" level and two-year \"A\" level curriculum. Zimbabwe phased out the Zimbabwe Junior Certificate (ZJC) examinations in 2001, but has maintained the same curricular framework for general Form 1 and 2 education (equivalent of Grades 8-9), with core subjects in math, science, English, history, Shona/Ndebele and practical subjects.\n\nTo receive a ZIMSEC \"O\" level GCE certificate, a student needs to have passed at least five subjects, including English language with a mark of \"C\" or better. At the advanced \"A\" level, students choose among science, commercial and art subjects to study for Forms V and VI.","Interview with Tafara Chiremba, projects officer, Poverty Reduction Forum Trust, 14 July 2014, Harare. \n\nU.S. Embassy, Zimbabwe Education Profile, 2014. \nhttp://harare.usembassy.gov/zimbabwe_educational_profile.html\n\nZimbabwe School Examinations Council. \nhttp://www.zimsec.co.zw/A_SYLLABUS.html ","The Zimbabwe Schools Examinations Council (ZIMSEC) is an autonomous parastatal body under the Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture responsible for  standardising the education curriculum in Zimbabwe. The primary education curriculum is nationalised with prescribed textboo..."]
["2014_DZ_109",2014,"DZ","Algeria",109,25,"En Algérie, tout citoyen a droit à l’éducation et à la formation. Ce droit  est assuré par la généralisation de l’enseignement obligatoire d’une durée de neuf ans pour tous les enfants âgés de 6 à 16 ans révolus. Le gouvernement veille à l’égalité des conditions d’accès à l’enseignement qui est gratuit à tous les niveaux, quel que soit le type d’établissement public fréquenté.\n \nMalgré les efforts déployés par le gouvernement  pour améliorer la qualité de l’éducation et le taux d’achèvement des études primaires, moyennes et secondaires, il existe des disparités entre les zones géographiques du pays et entre les foyers riches et pauvres. Le nombre d’exclus annuellement des établissements scolaires est élevé dans les zones rurales et les régions sud du pays, zones marquées par l'absence de condition de vie moderne, la détérioration du niveau socio-économique et le mode de vie traditionnelle.\n\n\nCommentaire des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nD'accord: Un rapport du PNUD datant de juillet 2014 fait état de disparités en termes de genre, mais seulement dans l'accès à l'éducation secondaire.","TABITI Abderahmane, membre du conseil national de l’Union nationale des personnels de l’éducation et de la formation, directeur d’un établissement scolaire, Saida,\n02 septembre 2014.\n\nAlgérie Focus, 12 mai 2014, «Les inégalités séparent plus que jamais les hommes des femmes».  http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2014/05/global-gender-gap-report-2013-egalite-homme-femme-on-en-est-ou/\n\nARBANI Mourad, Algerie1, 06 septembre 2013,«Rentrée scolaire 2013-2014 : Plus de 8 millions d’élèves attendus dimanche». \nhttp://www.algerie1.com/actualite/rentree-scolaire-2013-2014-plus-de-8-millions-deleves-attendus-dimanche/\n\nEl Mouwatin, «Fondements de l'école algérienne (DOC)». http://www.elmouwatin.dz/IMG/article_PDF/article_a4721.pdf\n\nAPS, 16 juin 2014, «Examen de fin de cycle primaire: taux de réussite à 80,38%». http://www.aps.dz/algerie/7778-examen-de-fin-de-cycle-primaire-taux-de-r%C3%A9ussite-%C3%A0-80,38-minist%C3%A8re\n\n\nSources des pairs évaluateurs:\n\nHuman Development Report 2014, «Explanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite indices, Algeria.» http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/DZA.pdf","En Algérie, tout citoyen a droit à l’éducation et à la formation. Ce droit  est assuré par la généralisation de l’enseignement obligatoire d’une durée de neuf ans pour tous les enfants âgés de 6 à 16 ans révolus. Le gouvernement veille à l’égalité des conditions d’accès à l’enseign..."]
["2014_AO_109",2014,"AO","Angola",109,0,"There is an education gap between male and female citizens, between populations in different income levels, and between rural and urban populations. Angola embraced the Rome Convention in 2002, which aims to eradicate illiteracy by 2015. The practice is different, however. In the past five years, primary education attendance and teacher qualifications have increased.  Universal primary education has also improved, but it has been problematic in achieving and promoting gender equality in education.\n\nInequality still persists because of the structurally deficient school system in rural areas, the poverty of families, cultural traditions, and early marriage and motherhood, which prevent girls from staying in school. About 60 percent of Angolans are children and 30 percent of these children do not attend school. Most children who attend school leave before completing their studies. Some 30 percent of the population over 15 is illiterate.  Once enrolled, there is a strong possibility that just one in three children in Angola will complete primary school. \n\nFurthermore, one of every six adults is illiterate. Household spending on education, such as tuition and uniforms, discourages enrollment, especially in poor families. Children not registered at birth have trouble accessing education and are more easily subjected to slavery and human trafficking. Some poorer families cannot afford to pay the birth certificate or identity needed. On the outskirts of Luanda (capital), hundreds of children cannot study in the formal education system because they are not in the civil registration system. The neighborhood of Kwanza, in Cazenga district, on the outskirts of Luanda, has four community schools that house between 150 and 300 children from ages 5 to 17 years in each. Youth illiteracy is still a significant problem, despite efforts to bring the formal primary education to all. \n\n\nPeer Reviewers' Comment:\n\nAgree: There is no access to equitable education in Angola, this is because Angola is just healing from the civil war. There is lack of educational infrastrcture and human resource. There are no enough teachers and the few who are there are not adequately trained, some schools do not have buildings. Poor health, presence of landmines, lack of resources, low budget and traditional values and culture hinder students  from accessesing education.","Phone interview, Adalberto da Costa Jr., MP, UNITA – Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola, Aug. 3, 2014\n\nCase study on educational reform, ADRA, March 2014\nhttp://www.adra-angola.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Estudo-de-caso-sobre-a-reforma-educativa-Dr.-Azancot.pdf  \n\n\n \"Education in Angola\": Children without schools and hungry can not learn!\" February 23, 2014, \nhttp://www.circuloangolano.com/?p=25135  \n\nAngolan Circle of Intellectuals (CAI), \"Education in Angola\": Children without schools and hungry can not learn, (\"”Educação em Angola”:Crianças sem escolas e com fome não conseguem aprender!\"),  Feb. 23, 2014\nhttp://www.circuloangolano.com/?p=25135 \n\nAngolan Circle of Intellectuals, \"Education in Angola: Education Reform reform that needs to be reformed urgently,\" (\"Educação em Angola: Reforma Educativa uma reforma que precisa de ser reformada urgentemente\"),  June 11, 2014 \nhttp://www.circuloangolano.com/?p=27624","There is an education gap between male and female citizens, between populations in different income levels, and between rural and urban populations. Angola embraced the Rome Convention in 2002, which aims to eradicate illiteracy by 2015. The practice is different, however. In the p..."]
["2014_BJ_109",2014,"BJ","Benin",109,0,"Il existe un fossé éducatif basé sur le genre, le revenu et le milieu de vie (urbain ou rural) au Bénin.\nMême si l'écart se réduit, il y a encore plus de garçons que de filles à l'école béninoise. Les populations urbaines ont plus de chances d'accès à l'éducation que celles des milieux ruraux. De plus, malgré la gratuité de l'éducation primaire décrétée par le gouvernement, il y a encore un écart entre les riches et les personnes vivant avec la pauvreté au Bénin.\n\nIl faut aussi ajouter que les statistiques publiées le 18 décembre 2013 par l'UNICEF et un article du World Education révèlent des disparités importantes entre les sexes. De même, un rapport de la Banque mondiale publié le 27 février 2014 confirme que l'accès à l'éducation primaire n'est pas encore une réalité pour tous les pauvres dans le pays.","Pierre Claver Okodjou, Secrétaire général exécutif, Conseil national de l’Education, Cotonou, interview du 18 juin 2014.\n\nUnicef, 6 septembre 2014, « République du Bénin: Projet de descriptif de programme de pays 2014-2018 ». http://www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/2013-PL4-Benin_CPD-final_approved-French.pdf\n\n24h au Bénin, 20 juin 2014, « Le gouvernement appelé à assurer à tous les enfants une éducation de qualité ». http://www.24haubenin.info/spip.php?article4018\n\nXinhua News, 16 juin 2014, «Bénin : Le gouvernement appelé à assurer à tous les enfants une éducation de qualité». http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/6/16/benin-gouvernement-appele-assurer-tous-enfants-education-qualite-255547.asp\n\nUnicef Country Statistics: Benin. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/benin_statistics.html#117 \n\nWorld Education, Country Profile: Benin. http://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/international/where/display.cfm?tid=1034&id=921\n\nWorld Bank to Help Benin Expand Access to Education, Health and Clean Water for the Poorest,  27 février 2014. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/02/27/world-bank-help-benin-expand-access-education-health-clean-water-for-poorest","Il existe un fossé éducatif basé sur le genre, le revenu et le milieu de vie (urbain ou rural) au Bénin.\nMême si l'écart se réduit, il y a encore plus de garçons que de filles à l'école béninoise. Le..."]
["2014_BW_109",2014,"BW","Botswana",109,75,"Education is free for all and universal. Botswana has an impressive record of improvement regarding universal access to basic education for boys and girls alike. Trends in literacy rates among 15-24 year olds, enrollment, and dropout statistics suggest that Botswana is educating its children. There is no education gap between male and female citizens. There is no education gap between populations in different income levels, and there is no education gap between rural and urban populations. \n\nBotswana no longer has issues of girls dropping out of school because of early marriage. This trend existed during the days of arranged marriages, however, this has increasingly declined over the past 20 years.\n\n\nReviewers' Comment: Agree. Education in Botswana is free for the first 10 years. Both boys and girls have equal access to education, but girls are likely to drop out of secondary due to cultural issues like early marriage. In rural areas, most parents are still not able to afford the cost of education and therefore are not likely to access education at higher levels.","Interview with Laone Selala, lecturer, Limkokwing University, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nExaminations, Ministry of Education website.\nhttp://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Education-and-Skills-Development/News/STANDARD-7-2013-RESULTS-RELEASED-/\n\nSunday Standard, Godfrey Ganetsang, \"Botswana commended for its women empowerment initiatives,\" 14 July 2014.\nhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=20524&GroupID=2\n\nGender Report, Chapter 3: Education and training. \nwww.genderlinks.org.za/attachment.php?aa_id=19380\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nUNDP (2014) MDG Status Report, \"Achieve Universal Primary Education.\" Botswana\nhttp://www.bw.undp.org/content/botswana/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg2/\n\nCSO (2014) Secondary Education Stats Brief 2012, No. 2014/01. http://www.cso.gov.bw/templates/cso/file/File/SECONDARY%20EDUCATION%20STATS%20BRIEF_REVISED_May%202014.pdf                                                                                     \n\nMaps of World, \"Botswana Education.\"\nwww.mapsofworld.com/botswana/education                                 \n                                                      \n ","Education is free for all and universal. Botswana has an impressive record of improvement regarding universal access to basic education for boys and girls alike. Trends in literacy rates among 15-24 year olds, enrollment, and dropout statistics suggest that Botswana is educating it..."]
["2014_BF_109",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",109,0,"Il y a de grandes disparités au sein de l'éducation au Burkina. Selon qu'on est en milieu rural ou urbain, le niveau des enseignements n'est pas le même.\n\n Selon l'analyse de Madelaine Kabore, «Les résultats indiquent qu’il y a toujours au Burkina Faso des inégalités sociales en matière d’accès à l’école : cela est plus accru en campagne. En ville, les disparités de scolarisation sont plus visibles dans les périphéries que dans les centre villes. Il y a des enfants qui n’ont pas accès à l’école, faute d’infrastructures scolaires dans leur lieu de résidence, ou à proximité. Certains ne sont pas scolarisés par manque de moyens financiers des parents pour être inscrits dans une école privée. Ceux qui sont issus de familles aisées sont plus prédisposés à réussir que les élèves de couches défavorisées ; les enfants de parents aisés ont de bonnes conditions de vie et d’études ; ils comprennent déjà la langue d’enseignement : le français. Ils bénéficient de l’appui de répétiteurs à la maison et d’un enseignement de qualité dans des écoles privées. Les enfants issus de familles démunies, quant à eux, fréquentent les écoles publiques et rencontrent des difficultés socio-économiques et culturelles. Cette situation ne les favorise pas ; et influence négativement leurs apprentissages. On assiste, par conséquent, à une reproduction de l’ordre social en ville comme en campagne dans l’école primaire burkinabè.» \n\nPour Alexis KAGEMBEGA, «depuis toujours, les enfants des riches ont toujours fréquenté les grandes et bonnes écoles, celles réputées chères, qui offrent de meilleures qualités d'enseignement. Cela se ressentait plus au niveau du secondaire mais de plus en plus même l'école primaire s'y met. Quant à la scolarisation des filles, il me semble que c'est le combat de tous les jours. Si je ne me trompe pas, moins d'une fille sur deux n'a pas accès à l'éducation, ce qui veut dire que les femmes sont toujours désavantagées.» \n\nIl faut rappeler qu'en général, le taux d'accès à l'enseignement de base au Burkina est estimé à nos jours à 80%, donc il existe un fossé d'encore 20%. L'exemple des écoles sous paillotes est la preuve de la disparité en milieu rural et urbain. Dans l'article de Joachim VOKOUMA, on peut aisément faire le constat du fossé qu'il y a entre les écoles dans l'Est du pays par rapport aux autres écoles à Ouagadougou, la capitale. Dans cette région, une seule province compte «256 classes sous paillotes dans le Gourma et le nombre devrait augmenter en 2013-2014.» Cette situation ne manque pas d'offusquer les enseignants: « comment voulez-vous qu’on donne le meilleur de nous-mêmes dans des conditions pareilles sous un hangar ? La tendance n’est pas à la baisse et c’est ce qui nous inquiète et nous énerve surtout que dans le même temps, on vient nous inspecter comme si on travaillait dans des conditions normales.» \nM. KORBEOGO du ministère de l'éducation nationale dit à ce propos qu'il y a au Burkina 4 enseignants en poste sur 6 nécessaires en milieu rural.","KAGAMBEGA Alexis, intendant école nationale de enseignants du primaire, GAOUA, Burkina Faso, 20 juin 2014\n\nKORBEOGO Sibiri, directeur général de l’éducation de base, ministère de l’éducation nationale, Ouagadougou, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nNABALOUM Abdel Azi , Sidwaya, 10 avril 2014, «Education de base au Burkina Faso : Le taux de scolarisation universel ne sera pas atteint en 2015». http://news.aouaga.com/h/23972.html\n\nKABORE/KONKOBO Madeleine, chercheure, INSS/CNRST, 22 janvier 2014, «L’école burkinabè divise : Réalité ou mythe». http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article57583\n\nMANAKOUNOU Adama, LeFAso.net, 25 septembre 2013,  «L’éducation au Burkina Faso : Un véritable cauchemar !». http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article56045\n\nVOKOUMA Joachim, LeFaso.net, 20 février 2014, «Education : Ecoles sous paillotes dans le Gourma, l’autre visage de l’école burkinabè». http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article58001","Il y a de grandes disparités au sein de l'éducation au Burkina. Selon qu'on est en milieu rural ou urbain, le niveau des enseignements n'est pas le même...."]
["2014_BI_109",2014,"BI","Burundi",109,0,"Malgré une certaine évolution du secteur de l'éducation au Burundi, il existe des disparités fondées sur les zones géographiques, le revenu et le sexe. Au niveau de la disparité fondée sur le sexe, un fossé est constaté du fait de la coutume burundaise qui discrimine contre l'éducation des filles. De même, il y a un fossé éducatif entre les populations du monde rural et celles du monde urbain. Enfin un fossé est constaté également entre les populations ayant des revenus faibles et celles ayant des revenus relativement élevés.\n\nSelon Rose GAHIRU, ministre de l' éducation, les élèves provenant des familles à revenus faibles fréquentent souvent les écoles publiques alors que ceux provenant des familles aisées fréquentent les écoles privées. Ces cas sont beaucoup enregistrés dans les villes, surtout celle de Bujumbura. Ces explications étaient données pour défendre la façon dont une commission d'orientation a créé des différences quant aux points qu'il fallait obtenir pour être orienté dans une autre école selon que l' on a fréquenté l' école publique ou privée. Cette politique fut initiée afin de palier au manque de places dans les écoles. \n\nDans les écoles publiques, il y a beaucoup de grèves qui sont enregistrées et ce sont les citoyens ruraux qui en paient le prix puisqu' en ville, la majorité fréquente les écoles privées. Il n'y a pas beaucoup d'écoles privées dans le monde rural. \n\nSelon les personnes interrogées, outre le fossé qui existe entre les écoles publiques et privées, il existe un autre fossé entre les écoles publiques des zones rurales et celles des zones urbaines.","NITUNZE Yolande, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014. \n\nKADENDE Salvator, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.\n\nRadio Publique Africaine, 16 septembre 2014 16h50 «Difficile démarrage de l’école fondamentale, admet Rose Gahiru.» http://www.rpa.bi/index.php/component/k2/item/376-difficile-demarrage-de-l-ecole-fondamentale-admet-rose-gahiru","Malgré une certaine évolution du secteur de l'éducation au Burundi, il existe des disparités fondées sur les zones géographiques, le revenu et le sexe. Au niveau de la disparité fondée sur le sexe, un fossé est constaté du fait de la coutume burundaise qui discrimine contre l'éduca..."]
["2014_CM_109",2014,"CM","Cameroon",109,0,"On note une disparité fondée sur le sexe, sur le cadre géographique et sur le niveau de revenu, particulièrement entre le reste du Cameroun et quatre régions: l'Est, l'Adamoua, le Nord et l’extrême-Nord. \n\nDans ces régions, le taux de scolarité pour des filles de 6 à 14 ans est de 40% et de 60% chez les garçons alors que la moyenne du taux de scolarité du pays se situe autour de 90%.\nCes régions font partie des plus pauvres du pays avec une activité économique très faible, ce qui agit sur le taux de scolarité des enfants. \nLa situation des quatre régions évoquées est due à plusieurs facteurs. Le facteur culturel avec la religion: dans ces régions, la croyance confine les femmes dans le rôle du mariage, et les hommes dans le rôle de berger ou d'éleveur. L'on note aussi la religion qui fait en sorte que les enfants doivent aller à l'école coranique plutôt qu'à l'école conventionnelle.","NKOUOH John, communication unit Unicef- Cameroun, 07 juillet 2014;\n\nMBITTI Narcisse, censeur au lycée de Mogodé, 7 juillet 2014;\n\nMBILLÉ EBOLO Dora-Claire, directrice de l'école publique groupe 2 de Golfey, 07 juillet 2014;\n\nBODOLO Elodi, Mboa.info, novembre 2013, «Maroua : Scolariser toutes les filles, un défi à relever.» http://news.mboa.info/extreme-nord/fr/societe/actualite/74332,maroua-scolariser-toutes-les-filles-un-defi-a-relever.html","On note une disparité fondée sur le sexe, sur le cadre géographique et sur le niveau de revenu, particulièrement entre le reste du Cameroun et quatre régions: l'Est, l'Adamoua, le Nord et l’extrême-Nord. ..."]
["2014_CV_109",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",109,75,"Primary education is free in Cape Verde, but there are costs such as uniforms and school supplies (textbooks and workbooks). Secondary education is not free but the annual fees vary according to family income. Families who qualify receive support from school social work represented by FICASE (Cape Verdean Foundation of school social work) that acts as lender.\n\nAlthough primary education is legally eight years, in practice the students of 7th and 8th grade continue their studies in high schools because the state has not yet developed the necessary conditions to welcome them in basic education. Thus, in practice, these students pay fees that according to the law should not be paid.\n\nAnother problem has to do with an increased rate of school dropout in some municipalities. Despite free education, the secondary costs are a burden on parents, as is the case of transportation costs for students who live far from schools. In the municipality of S. Domingos, for example, the inability of the parents to pay for school transport that was previously free and guaranteed by the municipal council, led to an increase in dropout rate.\n\nThe country is not uniform in this respect. In some municipalities, especially those who are of the most rural areas, there are locations that are far from the center and therefore away from schools. And when municipalities such as S. Domingos, ceases to fund school transportation, parents cannot send their children to school which causes abandonment. In urban counties this question does not arise because the schools are close and students can move the foot if the parents have no income to pay shipping. \n\nThere is no gender difference/gap in the issue of access. The data show a superiority of females in schools at all levels. What remains is the need to combat discrimination based on gender that persists in the local culture, and a mentality that later harms women when they join the workforce.","Asemana online, 06-09-2013, «School dropout rate worries São Domingos», http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article91574\n\nStudy, General Directorate of Planning, Budget and Management - Services of Research, Planning and Cooperation, December 2013, «Key education indicators 2012/2013», Ministry of Education and Sports, Praia: http://www.minedu.gov.cv/index.php/estatistica/finish/5-estatisticas/265-principais-indicadores-2012-2013/0.\n\nBartolomeu Varela, Ph.D Professor and Former General Director of Education and former general inspector of education, University of Cape Verde, 02-09-2014, Praia.\n\n(http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article91574).\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nStudy, General Directorate of Planning, Budget and Management - Services of Research, Planning and Cooperation, December 2013, «Key education indicators 2012/2013», Ministry of Education and Sports, Praia: http://www.minedu.gov.cv/index.php/estatistica/finish/5-estatisticas/265-principais-indicadores-2012-2013/0.","Primary education is free in Cape Verde, but there are costs such as uniforms and school supplies (textbooks and workbooks). Secondary education is not free but the annual fees vary according to family income. Families who qualify receive support from school social work represented..."]
["2014_CF_109",2014,"CF","CAR",109,0,"Il existe des écarts entre les citoyens, hommes et les femmes en ce qui concerne l'accès à l'éducation. A titre d'illustration, le taux de scolarisation net en 2007-2008 des filles et des garçons est respectivement 38% et 62%, soit un écart de 28% (Ministère de l'éducation cité par la Banque Africaine au Développement en 2007).\n\nIl existe aussi un fossé entre les populations ayant différents niveaux de revenu en ce qui concerne l'accès à l'éducation. Autrement dit, les enfants des pauvres n'ont pas accès à l'éducation car il faut disposer des moyens conséquents et pérennes pour répondre aux exigences scolaires. Or, ces couches sociales ne disposent pas de moyens financiers importants.\n\nEnfin, les personnes interogées notent un fossé entre les populations rurales et urbaines en matière d'instruction. Cette situation est devenue très problématique aujourd'hui en raison de l'occupation d'une grande partie des provinces (8 sur 16) par les ex-rebelles.","ENDJIMONDJI Noël, chef de service  de l'enseignement du fondamental au Ministère de l'éducation et de l'enseignement supérieur, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nKPANGBA Bruno, enseignement vacataire au département de l'Histoire à l'université de Bangui, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui;\n\nKOYANGBO DAMON Marie-Madeilene, enseignante à l'École Normale Supérieure de l'université de Bangui, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nReliefweb, 17 Juin 2014, « Supporting the reopening of schools in CAR.» http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/supporting-reopening-schools-car\n\nUNICEF, 18 octobre 2013, « Central African Republic: Seventy per cent of school children still not in classrooms.» http://www.unicef.org/media/media_70686.html\n\nUNICEF, 3 mars 2014, « How Unicef is helping children in Central African Republic get to school.» http://blogs.unicef.org.uk/2014/03/03/central-african-republic-healing-children-education/","Il existe des écarts entre les citoyens, hommes et les femmes en ce qui concerne l'accès à l'éducation. A titre d'illustration, le taux de scolarisation net en 2007-2008 des filles et des garçons est respectivement 38% et 62%, soit un écart de 28% (Ministère de l'éducation cité par..."]
["2014_TD_109",2014,"TD","Chad",109,0,"Malgré les mesures visant la gratuité de l'éducation, les fossées existent dans les trois catégories. \n\nSelon un rapport du partenariat mondial pour l'éducation, en date de novembre 2013, l'accès des filles à l'éducation n'est pas égal à celui des garçons. Les filles restent très defavorisées sur le plan de l'accès a l'école, de l'achèvement du cycle primaire et du passage au premier degré du cycle secondaire. Un autre document du PNUD intitulé «6 réalités sur les inégalités entre les hommes et les femmes dans le monde rural au Tchad» illustre les disparités qui existent entre les filles et les garçons dans l'accès à l'éducation en milieu rural.  \n\nIl est clair que dans la pratique, les enfants du monde rural et ceux du monde urbain ne bénéficient pas des mêmes conditions d'études. Pour M. Nelngar NADJIRAMBAYE, lorsqu'on paie 1750 FCFA à 2750 FCFA voire 3000 FCFA pour inscrire son enfant à l'école et qu'on est obligé d'acheter soit même les uniformes pour ses enfants, cela ne s'appelle pas gratuité. Car, dans certaines zones, trouver ces sommes au moment opportun en plus des fournitures, devient difficile. Selon un document de l'UNESCO sur les objectifs de développement du millénaire, «au Tchad, seuls 2% des enfants des ménages les plus pauvres achèvent une scolarité primaire et maîtrisent les bases, contre 43 % des enfants des ménages les plus riches.» \n\nSi l'éducation au primaire est gratuit et obligatoire, il y a une lassitude de la part des autorités à l'appliquer. «Dans certains coins du pays, les parents hésitent à scolariser leurs enfants compte tenu la précarité de leurs conditions de vie. Il préfèrent envoyer leurs enfants aux champs ou derrière les troupeaux que de les envoyer à l'école» a souligné l'instituteur Médard DJÉDOUBOUM.","NADJIRAMBAYE Nelngar Maxime, chargé de programmes et projets à SuiseeAid, 12 octobre 2014.\n\nDJÉDOUBOUM Médard, instituteur à l'école primaire, entretien à domicile, 10 octobre 2014.\n\nRapport de l'assmblée générale des Associationss des Parents d’Élève du Tchad (APET), 24 juillet 2014.\n\nMinistère de la santé publique, de l’action sociale et de la solidarité nationale, «Rapport national d'évaluation des 20 ans de mise en oeuvre des recommandations du programme d'action de Beijing», juin 2014. http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/csw/59/national_reviews/tchad_review_beijing20.ashx","Malgré les mesures visant la gratuité de l'éducation, les fossées existent dans les trois catégories. ..."]
["2014_KM_109",2014,"KM","Comoros",109,50,"Il existe beaucoup de disparités dans les situations rencontrées, surtout entre filles et garçons, le fossé existe égalment entre les zones rurales et urbaines\n\nSelon Mohamed Moussa Moindjie, directeur général de la politique et des programmes de l’enseignement au ministère de l’éducation « l’accès à l’enseignement est équitable, et il n’existe pas de fossés entre les catégories de citoyen. L’accès est attribué a tout le monde, mais il y a plus de garçons que de filles à l’école. Par contre dans certaines zones rurales, il y a moins de garçons à cause du phénomène de la pauvreté. Des personnes victimes de handicap ne sont pas aussi scolarisées. Les Comores sont actuellement en train d’élaborer une stratégie pour les jeunes handicapés ». \n\nLe même problème d’inégalité est notée par des organismes de défense des Droits de l’Homme qui ont signalé la situation lors de l’examen périodique universel des Droits de l’Homme aux Nations Unies : « Un certain nombre d’organes conventionnels des Droits de l'Homme ont exprimé leur préoccupation sur la situation des femmes aux Comores, en particulier sur le taux élevé d’analphabétisme de celles-ci et sur les disparités de genres dans le système éducatif, particulièrement dans l'enseignement secondaire ». \n\n Selon le rapport OMD 2013, le gouvernement et ses partenaires ont  consenti des efforts pour remédier à la situation, ce qui a permis de noter de gros progrès en matière d’accès à l’éducation entre 1990 et 2012. \nUn autre aspect de l’inégalité est noté par le rapport OMD 2013 en ces termes : « quant à l’équité, l’'accès à la scolarisation entre filles et garçons, comme l'illustre le tableau ci-dessus, les filles sont moins représentées  à  l’école  que  les  garçons  durant toute la période d’observation allant de 1990 à 2012. Cependant, des avancées significatives en matière d’accès à l’éducation entre les sexes ont marqué ces quatre dernières années. En effet, l’écart entre filles et garçons est réduit considérablement. Bien que des efforts de scolarisation pour réduire les inégalités d’accès à l’éducation de base aient été déployés, les disparités sociales persistent encore. En effet, dans le primaire, les différenciations selon le  genre sont les plus marquées (filles défavorisées /garçons). Par ailleurs, les chances de scolarisation des enfants urbains sont plus élevées que celles des ruraux et l’écart s’intensifie quand on monte dans les niveaux éducatifs. Il y a lieu de noter qu’il n’existe pas de système d’éducation spécialisée pour les enfants handicapés mentaux ou physiques ».","MOINDJIE Mohmamed Moussa, directeur général de la politique et des programmes de l’enseignement, ministère de l’éducation, Moroni, 08 juillet 2014. \n\nObjectifs du Millénaire,« Rapport national 2013», « 2- Assurer une éducation primaire pour tous », ONU Comores, p. 13, http://www.km.undp.org/content/dam/comoros/docs/omd/UNDP-km-omd2_2013.pdf. \n\nIrish Department of Foreign affairs and Trade, «EPU 18 – Comores, Intervention de l’Irlande», 31 janvier 2014. https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/ourrolesandpolicies/int-priorities/humanrights/UPR-18-Comoros-IRL.pdf","Il existe beaucoup de disparités dans les situations rencontrées, surtout entre filles et garçons, le fossé existe égalment entre les zones rurales et urbaines..."]
["2014_CD_109",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",109,0,"Un accès  équitable à  l'éducation primaire  et secondaire est assurée en République du Congo. L'école et gratuite du primaire jusqu'à l'université. \nParticipation à l'école primaire : taux net de scolarisation (%), 2008-2012, garçons 94.7; filles 90.3  \nParticipation à l'école secondaire: taux net de scolarisation (%), 2008-2012, garçons 38.5; filles 40.1 \n\nCependant, les disparités existent dans les 3 aspects. Selon un document de l'UNICEF, «des efforts ont été réalisés pour accroître l’accès aux services sociaux de base (éducation, santé)...mais les progrès des indicateurs sociaux cachent d’importantes disparités géographiques, rurales/urbaines, inter-urbaines, économiques, ethniques et des disparités entre les sexes. Les enfants les plus privés de leurs droits vivent dans six départements, dont trois (Likouala, Sangha, Lekoumou) abritent la majorité des populations autochtones. Des programmes ciblés ont amélioré leur situation, mais ces populations sont encore discriminées et particulièrement vulnérables, avec des taux d’accès aux services 2 à 3 fois inférieurs à ceux des autres groupes : taux de scolarisation (44 %), taux d’enregistrement à l’état civil (32 %).»","POOS Blandine, directrice générale de l'école nationale des instituteurs, entretien à son domicile, 10 novembre 2014.\n\nCARDORELLE Pauline, juriste spécialiste de l'aide au développement, entretien par téléphone, 03 novembre 2014.\n\nUNICEF, 6 septembre 2013, «Projet de descriptif de programme de pays 2014-2018.» http://www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/2013-PL5-Congo_CPD-final_approved-French.pdf","Un accès  équitable à  l'éducation primaire  et secondaire est assurée en République du Congo. L'école et gratuite du primaire jusqu'à l'université. \nParticipation à l'école primaire : taux net de scolarisation (%), 2008-2012, garçons 94.7; fil..."]
["2014_CG_109",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",109,0,"There has been a significant improvement in the last three years in access to education and reduction of education gaps in the DRC. The DRC is about to achieve the objective of education for all. But there are still gaps between location and income levels. The statistics show that there remain gaps in gender education but the situation has significantly improved. This can be seen throughout the most recent formal statistics at the primary education level (the 2nd Status Report of the National Education System of the DRC (RESEN)): \n\n1 | 3 out of 10 children do not finish primary school. 30% of children leave school between the first and second year, 20% between the primary and the secondary.\n2 | 6 of 10 girls complete primary school, against eight boys over 10.\n3 | 7 out of 10 children are not enrolled or have dropped out of school because their parents can not afford school fees.\n4 | 44% of new entrants in the first year of primary school have more than 6 years. Their late entry to school increases the risk of current round of abandonment.\n5 | Girls rural and uneducated parents run the highest risk of never attending school (33%).\n6 | Distance is a marginal factor: 84% of children have a school close to home. 70% of children aged 6 to 11 years old-school live near a school.\n7 | Almost all schools (95.5%) offers 6 levels of primary education, so the opportunity to complete this cycle\n8 |  Public funding for education remains modest 15% in 2012 93% of these expenditures go to wages.\n9 |  Households contribute to 3 quarters of education spending, the state 1 quarter, which reveals the crushing weight of education for families.","1. (Phone Interview), National Minister Of Education Makere Mwangu, July 7, 2014.\n \n2.(Face To Face Interview), Infrastructure Advisor To The Minister Of Education, Jacques Bany,  July 26, 2014.\n\n3.  (Policy Report), La Situation De L’education En RDC En 20 Points, \nBy Yoon Jeong, June 19, 2014, http://Ponabana.Com/La-Situation-De-Leducation-En-Rdc-En-20-Points/.\n\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nDemocratic Republic of Congo, PRIME MINISTER’S SPEECH TO THE GLOBAL EFA MEETING; 13 May 2014;\nhttp://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/ED_new/pdf/OpeningSpeechRDC-PrimeMinister.pdf.","There has been a significant improvement in the last three years in access to education and reduction of education gaps in the DRC. The DRC is about to achieve the objective of education for all. But there are still gaps between location and income levels. The statistics show that ..."]
["2014_CI_109",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",109,0,"Un article du Borgen project du 8 août 2014 met en évidence de grandes disparités dans l'accès à l'éducation pour les pauvres et ceux qui travaillent dans les zones rurales et qui ont besoin d'être impliqués dans les activités agricoles. Et un document Global Partnership Education du 30 novembre 2013 met en évidence la disparité entre les sexes dans l'accès à l'éducation.\n \n Plusieurs actions sont menées par le gouvernement pour assurer un accès équitable à l'éducation des populations. On note par exemple la gratuité des manuels scolaires. Mais force est de constater que les infrastructures scolaires ne répondent pas à la demande actuelle. Les effectifs des écoles publiques sont pléthoriques.\n \n L’accès à l’éducation primaire et secondaire n’est pas équitable en Côte d’Ivoire en fonction des zones rurales ou urbaines. Dans certaines localités, il n’y a pas d’écoles. \n \n Des campagnes de sensibilisation sont faites pour encourager la scolarisation de la jeune fille. Ces campagnes sont accompagnées de mesures visant à faciliter l’éducation des filles à savoir le don de kits scolaires pour les filles du primaire, la création d’établissements secondaires de proximité pour permettre aux enfants d’être proches de leur domicile et de réduire les grossesses en milieu scolaire. De vastes campagnes sont également organisées en ce moment pour lutter contre les grossesses à l’école. Malgré tous ces efforts, l’écart reste encore considérable avec un taux de 59,7% de scolarisation pour les deux sexes dont 51,9% des filles et 98,6% pour les garçons.","DOUMBIA Mahamadou, professeur histoire géographie au Lycée Moderne d’Abobo (Abidjan), 22 août 2014. \n \n BI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014. \n \n ZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014.  Global Partnership, 8 août 2014, «Education in Côte d’Ivoire», http://www.globalpartnership.org/country/c%C3%B4te-divoire. Borgen Project, 30 novembre 2013 , «Education in Cote d’Ivoire», http://borgenproject.org/education-cote-divoire/","Un article du Borgen project du 8 août 2014 met en évidence de grandes disparités dans l'accès à l'éducation pour les pauvres et ceux qui travaillent dans les zones rurales et qui ont besoin d'être impliqués dans les activités agricoles. Et un document Global Partnership Education ..."]
["2014_DJ_109",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",109,50,"En  République de Djibouti depuis les années 2000, des progrès importants ont été réalisés en matière d’éducation. Le taux net de scolarisation est passé de 43 % en 2002 à 66 % en 2006. En zone urbaine, 67% des enfants sont scolarisés en primaire, contre 49% en zone rurale. La parité des sexes au niveau national est presque atteinte avec un indexe de parité de l’ordre de 0,98 en 2006 dans l’enseignement primaire tandis qu’il est de 0,82 dans l’enseignement secondaire.\n\nCependant, beaucoup d’efforts restent à fournir pour atteindre les objectifs 2 et 3 du Millénaire pour le développement car à Djibouti au moins un enfant sur trois en âge scolaire ne fréquente pas une école, parmi eux une majorité de filles. De manière générale le système éducatif reste confronté à des problèmes d’accès, de qualité et à l’analphabétisme.\n\nSelon une enquête faite par des élèves dans le cadre d’une campagne nationale pour promouvoir l’inscription des enfants à l’école (le Livre des Exclus, 2007), les principales causes de la non scolarisation sont la pauvreté et les problèmes sociaux (la situation d’orphelinat, abandon ou négligence des enfants par les parents, le divorce des parents, enfants de rue), les problèmes d’état civil (difficulté à accéder à l’acte de naissance), le handicap (physique de motricité, surdité, cécité, troubles mentaux), les pesanteurs socioculturelles (travaux domestiques, le travail des enfants) ainsi que la perception de l’école par les parents (non scolarisation de la fille ou d’un enfant handicapé).\n\nUn nouveau plan d'action de l'éducation couvrant la période 2013-2016 a été lancé à Djibouti lors d'un atelier qui a réuni plusieurs membres du gouvernement djiboutien, des représentants de la Banque mondiale et des agences onusiennes en poste dans ce pays.\n\nD'un point de vue pratique, le plan d'action éducation 2013- 2016 repose sur plusieurs axes stratégiques qui doivent permettre d'améliorer les différents types et niveaux d'enseignements qui composent l'offre d'enseignement et de formation actuel du système éducatif djiboutien.","HABONE Mohamed, cadre au sein du Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale (CRIPEN), 7 août 2014. \n\nCHIDEH Mohamed, directeur d'une école primaire dans la capitale, 7 août 2014.\n\nSAID Amina, enseignant dans un lycée privé, 7 août 2014. \n\nSite du ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la formation professionnelle. http://www.education.gov.dj/\n\nSite du Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale (CRIPEN). http://www.cripen.dj/","En  République de Djibouti depuis les années 2000, des progrès importants ont été réalisés en matière d’éducation. Le taux net de scolarisation est passé de 43 % en 2002 à 66 % en 2006. En zone urbaine, 67% des enfants sont scolarisés en primaire, contre 49% en zone rurale. La pari..."]
["2014_EG_109",2014,"EG","Egypt",109,25,"The Egyptian educational system continues to maintain a significant gap between male and female citizens as well as between different income levels and communities. Illiteracy among poor families stands at 41 percent as opposed to 24 percent in non-poor families.  Some 8.5  million children in Egypt have never attended primary school despite the fact that it is compulsory and free with parents facing a fine of roughly $1.60 for noncompliance. Yet, despite this tradeoff many Egyptian parents continue to prefer to leave their children at home. This is particularly true for female students who are often kept at home by their parents.","Interview with Emad Hegazy, School Teacher, July 30, 2014.\n\nMinistry of Education site http://portal.moe.gov.eg/Pages/default.aspx. accessed July 22, 2014\n\nAl Ahram, \"Egypt's budget: beginning cautiously to exit the Mubarak box\" Ahmed El Sayed El Nagger  english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/107299/Opinion/Egypts-budget-beginning-cautiously-to-exit-the-Mub.aspx\n\n\nBrookings, January 2014 \"Improving Regional and Rural Development for Inclusive Growth in Egypt\" By: Hafez Ghanem www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/01/29-regional-rural-development-growth-egypt-ghanem\n\nAl Bawaba, \"Illiteracy in Egypt reaches 16 million Published\" September 16th, 2013 www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/egypt-illiteracy-female-520546.","The Egyptian educational system continues to maintain a significant gap between male and female citizens as well as between different income levels and communities. Illiteracy among poor families stands at 41 percent as opposed to 24 percent in non-poor families.  Some 8.5  million..."]
["2014_GQ_109",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",109,0,"Equatorial Guinea continues to face serious challenges to close the gender gap. Women systematically face challenges to access basic services, including health and education. Despite a constitutional provision for gender equality, the government has not made sufficient efforts to guarantee women’s access to primary and secondary education. \n\nWhile overall enrollment to primary education has increased in the past few years to 80 percent, according to data from the African Development Bank, there is still a 24 percent rate of repetition of classes among women. The sources consulted indicate that boys are twice as likely to enroll in secondary education as are women, and there continues to be large disparities between women from urban and rural areas. Income continues to make a difference in quality and education level as well. \n\nDuring the period of review, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Promotion of Women started to implement a women’s literacy program, but had limited reach to the rural areas.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, civil society organization, Equatorial Guinea, July 21, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nUNDP Equatorial Guinea, Country Profile: \"MDG Promover la igualdad entre los géneros y la autonomía de la mujer,\" 2013.\nhttp://www.gq.undp.org/content/equatorial_guinea/es/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg3/ \n\nUNDP Equatorial Guinea, Country Profile: \"MDG Lograr la Enseñanza primaria Universal,\" 2013.\nhttp://www.gq.undp.org/content/equatorial_guinea/es/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg2/ \n\nPublication: U.S. Department of State, U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Equatorial Guinea. \nhttp://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220108#wrapper\n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nNews article: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, media brief, May 5, 2014. \nhttp://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/Highlights5May2014PM.aspx \n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf\n\nPublication: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Equatorial Guinea's National Report, Universal Periodic Review, Feb. 2, 2014.\nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/107/30/PDF/G1410730.pdf?OpenElement","Equatorial Guinea continues to face serious challenges to close the gender gap. Women systematically face challenges to access basic services, including health and education. Despite a constitutional provision for gender equality, the government has not made sufficient efforts to g..."]
["2014_ER_109",2014,"ER","Eritrea",109,50,"There are gender gap disparities in some of the Eritrean societies especially the nomadic societies. In rural areas, girls have equal enrollment rates as boys, but the proportion of girls slides down as the grades go up.  Girls are likely to drop out at higher levels than boys and, therefore, girls do not access education as much as boys, even though the opportunity and free education is provided for all. Of those taking the final examination to leave secondary school, 44 percent were girls. The educational gap between rural and urban populations existed in the past, but has dramatically decreased from year to year thanks to access to education extended to rural areas. In addition, the educational gap due to income differences is not that big, thanks to free education that is extended from primary to college levels.\n\n\nReviewers' Comments: \n\nAgree: Enrolment disparities prevail along rural, urban and gender lines. In rural areas girls have equal enrolment rates as boys, but girls proportion  slide down with increase of grades. Girls are likely to drop out at higher levels than boys and therefore girls do not access education as much as boys even though the opportunity  and free education is provided for all.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nInternational Bureau of Education, accessed Jan. 5, 2015    \nwww.ibe.UNESCO.org","There are gender gap disparities in some of the Eritrean societies especially the nomadic societies. In rural areas, girls have equal enrollment rates as boys, but the proportion of girls slides down as the grades go up.  Girls are likely to drop out at higher levels than boys and,..."]
["2014_ET_109",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",109,25,"The Ethiopian education system has shown great improvement in recent years and the disparity between the genders in terms of enrollment in primary and secondary education has been reduced significantly. The latest available report from the website of the Ministry of Education shows that the national Gender Parity Index (GPI) stood at 0.94 in 2010/2011. The gender parity increased with level of education. The GPI falls to 0.71 at the preparatory level of education. However, considering the regions, it ranges between 0.78 and 1.01. \n\nOn the other hand, regional parity between urban and rural areas can be observed and schooling decreases as the level of schooling goes up. Some 79.5 percent of students enrolled for primary education were from rural areas, while only 14.5 percent of students enrolled in secondary schools were from rural areas. There are still income-related barriers to access to education.\n\nReviewers' Comment: Agree: Although education in Ethiopia is free in public primary and secondary schools, parents still have to take care of uniforms and books. School attendance is lower in rural areas due to lack of resources.  Attendance is also reduced by long-distance schooling since this increases personal risk and transportation costs. Early marriages and gender stereotypes decrease the chances of girls completing the academic cycle.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Ministry of Education, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n \nEducation Policy and Data Center. Accessed July 2014.\nhttp://www.epdc.org/country/Ethiopia \n\nMinistry of Education, Educational Statistics Annual Abstract 2003 E.C. (2010/2011 G.C).\nhttp://info.moe.gov.et/emdocs/esaa03.pdf \n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nEducation in School of St. Yared website, \"Overview of Education in Ethiopia,\" 2013.\nhttp://www.schoolofstyared.com/about-us.html","The Ethiopian education system has shown great improvement in recent years and the disparity between the genders in terms of enrollment in primary and secondary education has been reduced significantly. The latest available report from the website of the Ministry of Education shows..."]
["2014_GA_109",2014,"GA","Gabon",109,100,"Au Gabon, l'accès à l'éducation, aussi bien de base que du secondaire n'est restreint ni au sexe, ni au niveau économique des populations.\n\nSelon un document du PNUD sur l'atteinte des objectifs du millénaire, le Gabon est très bien loti en termes d'accès à l'éducation. Le pays a presque atteint un accès universel à l'éducation primaire et la parité est aussi bonne. Selon un document de la Brookings Institution, étant donné que le Gabon est urbanisé à 60% (plus que la plupart des pays africains), la disparité entre les zones rurales et urbaines en termes d'accès à l'éducation se fait moins sentir.","OLO'O Jean Paul, enseignant de mathématiques au Lycée classique et moderne de Libreville, entretien par email, 09 janvier 2015.\n\nSite web du ministère de l'éducation national du Gabon, visité le 10 janvier 2015 : http://www.education-nationale.gouv.ga/;\n\nPNUD Gabon, non daté, «Assurer l’éducation primaire pour tous: Où en sommes-nous ?» http://www.ga.undp.org/content/gabon/fr/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg2/\n\nGabon Info. \"Gabon : « Nous allons recruter 1000 enseignants nationaux et étrangers d’ici janvier 2014 » Séraphin Moundounga ministre de l’éducation nationale\". Novembre 27, 2013. http://www.gabon-infos.com/gabon-nous-allons-recruter-1000-enseignants-nationaux-et-etrangers-dici-janvier-2014-seraphin-moundounga-ministre-de-leducation-nationale/","Au Gabon, l'accès à l'éducation, aussi bien de base que du secondaire n'est restreint ni au sexe, ni au niveau économique des populations...."]
["2014_GM_109",2014,"GM","The Gambia",109,50,"Statistics published by the Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education indicate there is equitable access to primary education in all regions of the country. Sources also said that the Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education has schools in all regions of the country (rural and urban areas) within proximity of the nearest village. However, there remain primary school enrollment rate differentials between urban and rural populations. \n\nSources further said that the government has a policy on Education for All initiative and education is free for girls in rural areas up to secondary school. This has closed the gap in access to education for boys and girls. Gender parity in primary school enrolment was reached in 2007 and has been sustained since. Some 103 girls to 100 boys attend primary school, but the completion rate is just 74 girls for every 100 boys.\n\nThere are no gaps in access to education between the rich and poor because basic education is free. The recently launched READ project with a portfolio of 18.8 M dollars is also meant to “support interventions that address issues of access and equity in education, the quality of teaching and learning and institutional strengthening, all of which are geared towards providing basic and secondary education of good quality within the framework of Education For All on one hand and the Program for Accelerated Growth and Employment on the other”.","1. MoBSE launches multi-million dollar READ project, The Point, by Ebrima Bah, Wednesday, June 11, 2014, available at http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/mobse-launches-multi-million-dollar-read-project, last accessed 19/06/2014\n\n2. Email correspondence with Mr. Poncelet O. Ileleji, MBCS, Coordinator The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre & Digital Studio,  MDI Road,  Kanifing South, on 19 June 2014\n\n3. ‘Jammeh’s input in education puts Gambia on track for MDG 2 attainment’, The Daily Observer, by Modou Kanteh, Tuesday, June 17, 2014, http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/jammehs-input-in-education-puts-gambia-on-track-for-mdg-2-attainment\n\n4. Email correspondence with  Mr. Adama Jimba Jobe, Director, Directorate of Science and Technology Education, Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, Willy Thorpe Place Building, Banjul, The Gambia on Monday 23 June 2014\n\n5. Yearbook 2014 MoBSE Statistics. Accessed on January 27, 2015. http://www.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/year-book-2014/244-generatedyearbook2014-v4/download.html\n\n6. UNICEF - The Gambia: Children, Primary School Years. Last accessed on Feb 2, 2015. http://www.unicef.org/gambia/children_1270.html","Statistics published by the Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education indicate there is equitable access to primary education in all regions of the country. Sources also said that the Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education has schools in all regions of the country (rural and urb..."]
["2014_GH_109",2014,"GH","Ghana",109,50,"The Ministry of Education does not collect data on access to education between the poor and the rich. Neither does it collect data on access to education between rural and urban populations. However, it has been widely acknowledged even by government officials that there is a disparity in terms of access to primary or basic and secondary education between rural and urban populations. That is, more urban dwellers compared to rural dwellers enrolled in basic and secondary education levels in the 2013/2014 academic year. There is also a disparity in access to especially secondary education between the rich and the poor.\n\nThe disparity between boys and girls is largely because of some traditional practices that prevent girls from accessing education to the highest levels. Some girls face child, early, and forced marriages whiles some parents prefer to educate the boy. The disparity between the rich and the poor in terms of access to education is largely because of inability to pay for school.\n\nEducation is free at the basic school level but not at the secondary school level. Therefore, most children of poor backgrounds are not able to afford the schools and are forced to stay home. The disparity between urban and rural populations in terms of access to education is caused by poor and inadequate school infrastructure in the rural areas.\n\nIn Ghana, creche/nursery, kindergarten, primary and junior high school constitute the basic level education or the primary level education. The statistics given below are for the 2013/2014 academic year and cover public and private schools.\n\nIn the 2013/2014 academic year, 337,794 pupils enrolled at creche/nursery level in both public and private schools. Out of this figure, 169,799 (50,27%) were boys and 167,995 (49, 63%) were girls. \n\nAt the kindergarten level, a total of 1,645,550 pupils enrolled in the 2013/2014 academic year. Out of this figure, 829,395 (50,4%) were boys while 816,155 (49,6%) were girls. \n\nThe primary level recorded 4,117,152 enrollment in the 2013/2014 academic year. The total number of boys was 2,101,731 (51%) while that of girls was 2,015, 421 (49%). At the junior high school level, 1,473,921 enrolled in the 2013/2014 academic year. Out of this figure, 765,191 (51,9%) were boys whiles 708,730 (48,1%) were girls. Therefore, in the 2013/2014 academic year, the total number of pupils enrolled at the primary school level or basic school level in Ghana was 7,574,417. Out of this number, 3,866,116 (51,04%) were boys while 3,708,301 (48,96%) were girls.\n\nThis showed that more boys had access to primary education or basic school education in the 2013/2014 academic year in Ghana than girls, but that the disparity was not big. The difference in enrollment between the boys and the girls was 157,815.\n\nThe total number of students enrolled in public and private senior high schools in the country in the 2013/2014 academic year was 750,217. Out of this figure, 398,191 were boys while 352,026 were girls. The figures showed that more boys had access to secondary education in the 2013/2014 academic year in Ghana than girls. The difference in enrollment between the boys and the girls was 46,165.","1. Professor Stephen Adei, Former Rector, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mr Divine Ayizoe, Director in-charge of Statistics, Research, Information Management and Public Relations Division of the Ministry of Education, email correspondence, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Crispin Wura-sey Ziekah, Northern Ghana Director of eSyllabus for Africa, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Tamale.","The Ministry of Education does not collect data on access to education between the poor and the rich. Neither does it collect data on access to education between rural and urban populations. However, it has been widely acknowledged even by government officials that there is a dispa..."]
["2014_GN_109",2014,"GN","Guinea",109,0,"Dans la pratique, il y a des obstacles qui bloquent les filles à aller à l'école ou à continuer les études. Elles sont très nombreuses à l'école primaire, mais au collège, leur nombre diminue considérablement. Cela est dû aux pesanteurs culturelles. Les filles sont considérées comme étant des aide-ménagères. Elles sont occupées à la maison pour aider leurs mères. Ces occupations les empêchent de réviser les leçons, occasionnant ainsi les échecs scolaires. Il y a aussi les effets des mariages précoces. Si la fille est mariée, elle fait face à d'autres réalités, abandonnant ainsi les études.\nCes phénomènes sont beaucoup plus remarqués ou accentués dans les zones rurales par rapport aux zones urbaines.  \n\nSur le plan des revenus, il existe une différence également. Ceux qui ont un revenu supérieur envoient leurs enfants dans les écoles où les études sont plus sérieuses. C'est le cas de certaines écoles privées de la capitale et des grandes villes de l'intérieur.\n\nSur le plan des différences géographiques, il y a un nombre plus important et plus compétents d'enseignants dans les zones urbaines que dans les zones rurales, ce qui crée un fossé entre les deux zones. \n\n\nCommentaire pairs évaluateurs: \n\nD'accord: Les fossés existent dans les 3 domaines, et toutes les études menées le confiment: \nYouth Policy.org, 10 juillet 2014, «Document de politique nationale sur la jeunesse en Guinée». http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/guinea-conakry/\nUNICEF, 18 novembr 2013, « Fiche de la Guinée». http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/guinea_70811.htm","LAMAH Matthieu, professeur d'histoire au collège sainte Marie de Dixinn-Conakry, 10h30, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nLOUA Gaston, responsable du secrétariat central du ministère de l'enseignement pré-universitaire, 11h, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nROUGE CONDÉ Sékou, directeur national des services examens de la fonction publique, 11h, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nCAMARA Souleymane, directeur général de la planification statistique du développement de l'éducation, 11h, 22 juillet 2014, Conakry.","Dans la pratique, il y a des obstacles qui bloquent les filles à aller à l'école ou à continuer les études. Elles sont très nombreuses à l'école primaire, mais au collège, leur nombre diminue considérablement. Cela est dû aux pesanteurs culturelles. Les filles sont considérées comm..."]
["2014_GW_109",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",109,0,"The last statistics available on gaps in access to education are from 2010. The Ministry of Education is currently going through data collected this year, these statistics will be published in October/November 2014. \n\nAccess to primary and secondary school is gradually improving and becoming more equitable. There are still significant gaps in all three categories: 1) between male and female citizens, 2) between populations in different income levels, and 3) between rural and urban populations. \n\nThere are fewer girls in school. Girls drop out of school for a variety of reasons, such as forced marriages or early pregnancies. This trend tends to occur more in the rural areas. \n\nAlthough education is free, only 55% of the children go to school and only 25% complete the complementary level. There are also gaps between low/high income populations. Low-income parents often take their children out of school in order for them to go work.\n\nRural/urban gaps are also significant. The fact that schools in the rural areas are less accessible or are far away is a disadvantage which influence children's enrollement and attendance.","1. Interview with Mário Nasoline, Director General of the Office for Studies, Planification and Evaluation of the Education System, Ministry of Education, Youth, Culture and Sports, 25 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n2. Interview with Alanam Pereira, Director General of the National Institute for the Development of Education (INDE), Ministry of Education, Youth, Culture and Sports, 26 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.\n\n3. Interview with Victor Madrigal, Delegate, NGO AIDA - Ayuda, Intercambio, Desarollo, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.","The last statistics available on gaps in access to education are from 2010. The Ministry of Education is currently going through data collected this year, these statistics will be published in October/November 2014. ..."]
["2014_KE_109",2014,"KE","Kenya",109,0,"There is continued inequality in Kenyan education sector, leading to variations in enrollments. \n\nPoverty remains a major determinant in school enrollment in Kenya with the poor being locked out of education. \n\nGender and cultural issues also affect enrollment especially among the pastoralist communities where the education of girls is not given proper attention. For example official data by the Ministry of Education showed that out of the 446,696 candidates who sat for the 2013 KCSE examination, 243,668 were male, while 203,028 were female. The gender parity for the year 2013 KCSE Examination therefore stood at 54.55% boys compared to 45.45% girls. \n\nThe statistics further showed that enrollment was highest in established urban counties. The counties that presented the highest number of candidates for the 2013 KCSE examination were Kiambu with 24,268 (5.43%), Nakuru 22,656 (5.07%), Kakamega 20,996 (4.7%) and Nairobi 20,713 (4.63%).\n\nAlthough the percentage of boys was higher than that of girls, the rate at which the number of girls has been increasing is higher than that of boys. The increase of girls in the 2013 KCSE Examination was 4.00% compared to 1.05% for boys.","1. Akello Misori, Secretary-General Kenya Union of Post-Primary Education Teachers(KUPPET). Interviewed on July 4, 2014.\n\n2. Prof Julius Nyabundi, Principal Muranga Uniersity  College. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n3. Kennedy Buhere, public relations officer Ministry of Education. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n4. Mugambi Mutegi, journalist Nation Media Group. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n5. Task Force Final Report on realignment of Kenya education sector with Constitution 2010. published Feb 2012. http://www.vision2030.go.ke/cms/vds/Task_Force_Final_Report_Feb_20123.pdf\n\n6. Standard Media, Marc 3, 2014. Kaimenyi’s speech on the release of 2013 KCSE exam results. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/thecounties/article/2000105981/press-statement-on-release-of-the-2013-kcse-examination-results-by-the-cabinet-secretary-ministry-of-education-science-technology-prof-jacob-kai","There is continued inequality in Kenyan education sector, leading to variations in enrollments. ..."]
["2014_LS_109",2014,"LS","Lesotho",109,25,"The country has maintained the free primary education for boys and girls without any form of discrimination. There is equitable access to primary and secondary education in Lesotho. Lesotho started implementing free primary education in 2000, which has been implemented gradually as that cohort progressed year after year until it reached standard 7 in 2006.\n\nHistorically, girls have had more access to primary and secondary education as young boys would look after animals. So there is gender disparity in schools with more female attending school than male, the males traditionally taking care of the farms and animals. This disparity is greatest in wealthier areas. The National MDG Status Report indicates that there were 105 girls per 100 boys in primary education during 2013. At secondary level, the ratio is somewhat skewed towards girls with 133 girls per 100 boys during 2013.   \n\nAnother challenge to accessing education is the deeply entrenched poverty coupled with ongoing social and economic inequalities. Children orphaned by HIV and AIDS are also less likely to access school.\n\nThe distance to the nearest school is another challenge as in some areas schools are far from homes. This distance is greater in rural areas than in urban locations, and the situation creates disparity in school attendance in both types of locations. \n\nIn terms of income, rich people send their children to private schools, where they pay skyrocketing fees.\n\nThe period under review was marked by construction of new schools and rehabilitation of old ones.","Paul Sematlane, General Secretary, Progressive Teachers Association of Lesotho, 14th September 2014\n\nSeabata Motsamai, Executive Director, Lesotho Council of NGOs, 22nd September 2014, Maseru. \n\nMabakubung Seutloali, Chief Education Officer, Curriculum and Assessment, Ministry of Education and Training, 22nd September 2014, Maseru. \n \nGovernment of Lesotho, Millennium Development Goals Status Report 2013, (April 2014), Maseru. http://www.ls.undp.org/content/dam/lesotho/docs/Reports/MDG%20Report%20-%202013.pdf","The country has maintained the free primary education for boys and girls without any form of discrimination. There is equitable access to primary and secondary education in Lesotho. Lesotho started implementing free primary education in 2000, which has been implemented gradually as..."]
["2014_LR_109",2014,"LR","Liberia",109,0,"There are education gaps among citizens across the entire spectrum of society, and gaps exist in all three areas described for various reasons including traditional beliefs, income levels and ignorance.\n\nIn the midst of scarce resources, some families give pre-eminence to boys' education and decide to spend what is available on educating the boys and keep the girls home for eventual marriage. For some, education is not for girls; and others think that educating the girl is a waste of resources since she will eventually get married and leave the family for another home. \n\nThere is a wide education gap between populations in different income levels throughout Liberia. Schools and educational materials are expensive and many people are poor. Even at the government-funded schools where primary and junior secondary education is compulsory and free, many families do not have the means to buy educational materials for their children. \n\nAn education gap between rural and urban populations is also visible. Most of the activities in Liberia are centered around Monrovia, the capital city. There are more schools and educational facilities in urban centers than there are in the rural areas. Many in the rural areas lack the required financials to acquire quality education like the urban dwellers.","Interview: James Andrews, Asst. Minister, Ministry of Education, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Hester Williams, Chairperson, Liberia Education Trust, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Thomas Doe-Nah, Director, Liberia Education Forum, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nUNWomen, 8 December 2013. Quality Education for Liberia's rural girls. http://www.unwomenwestandcentralafrica.com/news1/-quality-education-for-liberias-rural-girls\n\nThe Huffington Post, 11/13/2014. Ebola Could Cause Girls In Liberia To Fall 'Way, Way Back' In School. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/13/ebola-girls-education-liberia_n_6148272.html","There are education gaps among citizens across the entire spectrum of society, and gaps exist in all three areas described for various reasons including traditional beliefs, income levels and ignorance...."]
["2014_LY_109",2014,"LY","Libya",109,75,"There is equitable access to primary and secondary education, and both elementary and secondary education is compulsory in Libya for children between ages 6 and 16. However, the Ministry of Education is paralyzed and cannot observe the commitment to compulsory education because of the civil war. There is no gap between males and females in education. Regarding primary education, it is affordable for all social levels. The war is creating havoc with education; schools are suspended and school premises are serving as shelters for refugees.","Email interview with Samir jenzar, information officer in Ministry of Education, Oct. 30, 2014.\n\nInterview with Abdulla Burzeebah, journalist and coach in the Libyan Youth for Culture and Dialogue Club, Oct. 23, 2014.\n\nLibyan council mission in UK website, Statement regarding the status of the Libyan schools in the United Kingdom, Sept. 11, 2014. http://culturalaffairs.libyanembassy.org/?p=3364316\n\nLaw No. 95 of 1975, on compulsory education.\n\n\n\nReviewers' Source:\n\nLibya Education.\nwww.classbase.com/countries/Libya/Education_System","There is equitable access to primary and secondary education, and both elementary and secondary education is compulsory in Libya for children between ages 6 and 16. However, the Ministry of Education is paralyzed and cannot observe the commitment to compulsory education because of ..."]
["2014_MG_109",2014,"MG","Madagascar",109,0,"Le ministère de l’éducation nationale, en charge de l’enseignement primaire et de l’enseignement secondaire, publie sur son site une carte scolaire interactive. Celle-ci, dont la dernière mise à jour remonte à l’année scolaire 2012-2013 permet d’avoir une idée de l’augmentation continue de l’effectif scolarisé dans le primaire et le secondaire. D’ailleurs, les articles des journaux décrivent la même situation. Toutefois, ces données ne permettent pas du tout d’avoir une idée sur l’accès équitable à l’éducation primaire et secondaire. \n \n Pour les 3 enseignants ayant répondu à la question, ils affirment que l’accès n’est pas du tout équitable. Pour eux, les écoles, collèges et lycées publics restent le choix imposé pour la population pauvre, en difficultés et à bas revenu. Les enfants des parents à haut revenu sont envoyés dans des établissements privés, confessionnels surtout. Et pour les plus riches, c’est l’envoi à l’étranger. Une telle situation se répercute aussi au niveau des résultats.Le secteur privé a toujours de bons résultats. En effet, ce n’est pas avec un effectif de 115 élèves par classe dans un lycée public qu’on pourrait s’attendre à des résultats meilleurs.\n \n À partir des ressources trouvées dans le délai de septembre 2013 à septembre 2014, la crise politique qui a débuté en 2009 semble avoir donné lieu à des fissures profondes dans l'accès de l'éducation pour tous à des niveaux jamais vus, ce qui touche les filles, les pauvres et ceux en milieu rural zones les plus intensément.","Primature, « Enoncé du Programme de Mise en Œuvre de la Politique Générale de l’Etat (PGE) », mai 2014, http://www.primature.gov.mg/?page_id=2168\n \n Site du ministère de l’éducation nationale : http://www.education.gov.mg/cartescolaire/\n \n MAMIZARA José, fonctionnaire, professeur de philosophie , Port Berger, 08 juillet 2014\n \n RAJOARIHERY W. Victor, président de l’Association Nationale des Enseignants Publics Non Fonctionnaires, Antananarivo, 14 août 2014  RAKOTOZAFY Jean Paul Emile, président du Syndicat Chrétien des Enseignants de Madagascar, Antananarivo, 18 juillet 2014   La Gazette de la Grande Ile, 21 mars 2014, « Baccalauréat : hausse du nombre de candidats »,http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38626:baccalaureat--hausse-du-nombre-de-candidats&catid=42:societe&Itemid=57  HANITRA R., Midi Madagasikara, 26 avril 2014, « Lycées publics, jusqu’à 115 élèves par classe », http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2014/04/26/lycees-publics-jusqua-115-eleves-classe/","Le ministère de l’éducation nationale, en charge de l’enseignement primaire et de l’enseignement secondaire, publie sur son site une carte scolaire interactive. Celle-ci, dont la dernière mise à jour remonte à l’année scolaire 2012-2013 permet d’avoir une idée de l’augmentation con..."]
["2014_MW_109",2014,"MW","Malawi",109,0,"There is an education gap between males and females, especially at the secondary school education level where fees are charged. There is an education gap between populations, with wealthier citizens having access to private schools that have some of the best academic standards in Africa. There is an education gap between rural and urban citizens as well. The majority of rural dwellers are poor and cannot afford to pay fees charged for secondary education. \n\nAlthough Malawi has adopted major legislative and policy reforms in the area of women’s human rights including the Gender Equality Act in 2013 that promotes gender equality including in education, in reality girls and women do not yet have equal access to education.\n\nIn primary education, which is free, enrollment rates for girls have significantly risen and are similar to those of boys thanks to government efforts to improve girl’s access to education. However, enrollment rates in secondary education, which is not free is low for both girls and boys (28.8 and 29.7 per cent respectively) as the majority of Malawians cannot afford the fees.\n\nIn the case of girls, another major challenge is child marriage due to detrimental cultural traditions and poverty, especially in rural areas. Malawi continues to have one of the highest child marriage rates in the world. Many girls are forced into early motherhood and marriage or forced to start work before finishing their education. Early marriage interrupts and ends girl education.","1. Human Rights Watch Report, 6 March 2014, ‘I’ve Never Experienced Happiness: Child Marriage in Malawi, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2014/03/06/ive-never-experienced-happiness\n\n2. Peter Chisi, Director of Civil and Political Rights, Malawi Human Rights Commission, 2 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Emma Kaliya, Executive Director, Gender Network, 6 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Frank Malamula, Teacher, Mndunje Community Day Secondary School, 13 August, Dowa\n\n5. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe","There is an education gap between males and females, especially at the secondary school education level where fees are charged. There is an education gap between populations, with wealthier citizens having access to private schools that have some of the best academic standards in A..."]
["2014_ML_109",2014,"ML","Mali",109,0,"Au Mali, il n'y a pas un accès équitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire. \n\nD'abord il existe un grand fossé entre l'éducation des hommes et celle des femmes. A cause des pesanteurs sociales, peu de femmes ont eu droit à l'école. Selon Maïmouna Keïta, «malgré les campagnes des ONG et l'action des pouvoirs publics, le fossé reste béant entre les deux sexes en matière de scolarisation.»\n\nEnsuite le fossé éducatif entre les populations ayant différents niveaux de revenu est une réalité. Les plus riches sont scolarisés dans des écoles de très haut niveau contrairement aux moins nantis qui se contentent de l'école publique où la qualité des études est des plus mauvaises. \n\nEnfin les populations rurales ont moins accès à l'école que les urbains. Selon Paul Marie Koné, conseiller technique, ministère de l’éducation, «des centaines de localités au Mali ne disposent pas d'écoles. Ce qui rend difficile le défi de la scolarisation.»\n\nUn rapport de l'Office des Nations Unies pour les Opérations Humanitaires (UNOCHA) indique que malgré les multiples défis auquels il fait actuellement face, le Mali a accompli des progrès visant à un accès à l'éducation pour tous. Cependant, certains obstacles tels que la guerre civile sont venus compromettre ces efforts, empêchant des milliers d'enfants de fréquenter les écoles.","KEÏTA Maïmouna, ancienne chef de la division scolarisation des jeunes filles, ministère de l’éducation de base, 21 juillet 2014.\n        \nSACKO Jean, président, Association des Parents d’Élèves (APE) de Djelibougou, 21 juillet 2014.\n        \nKONÉ Paul Marie, conseiller technique, ministère de l’éducation, 21 juillet 2014.\n\nUNOCHA, 15 mai 2014, http://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/mali-education-path-recovery","Au Mali, il n'y a pas un accès équitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire. \n\nD'abord il existe un grand fossé entre l'éducation des hommes et celle des femmes. A cause des..."]
["2014_MR_109",2014,"MR","Mauritania",109,0,"L'uniformisation du système éducatif mauritanien en 1999 a révélé les failles d'un mode d'enseignement désuet et inadapté. Si habituellement, les filles ont de meilleurs résultats que les garçons, elles sont victimes de l'abandon scolaire. La majorité ne termine pas son cursus primaire. Souvent le manque de moyens, la pauvreté poussent ces filles à rester à la maison et de consacrer aux travaux domestiques. Dans l'imaginaire de ces familles analphabètes, une fille n'a pas point besoin d'instruction, juste un bon mari. Une partie de ces filles abandonnent en cours de cycle leur cursus secondaire. Ces abandons sont dus à des cas de divorce, d'éloignement scolaire, ou de mariage. Dans la majorité des cas, le divorce constitue le premier motif de l'abandon scolaire. Chez les garçons, l'abandon scolaire est motivé par la nécessité de travailler. Sans revenus, les familles font travailler les garçons afin de faire face à leurs nombreuses charges. Dans la majorité des cas, ces familles sont pauvres, peu instruites et appartenant aux couches sociales les plus défavorisées dont notamment les descendants des anciens esclaves.\n\nIl convient de souligner qu'il prévaut des disparités au niveau du revenu. De nos jours, l'enseignement public est davantage fréquenté par les familles dépourvues de moyens. L'enseignement privé est fréquenté par les familles nanties. Ce fossé entre les revenus obère le processus d'accès équitable à l'éducation nationale. \n\nCette disparité est encore plus forte dans le milieu rural où l'enseignement public est souvent fréquenté par les enfants dont les parents effectuent des tâches de subsistance. Dans les zones urbaines, il y a lieu de constater un taux de fréquentation elevée des établissements privés réputés par les familles riches. Elle dénote de la faillite d'un mode d'enseignement qui a laissé la place à l'enseignement privé au détriment du secteur public.","1. ACHRAF Mohamed, président de la Coalition des Organisations Mauritaniennes pour l'Education (COMEDUC), 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. BALL MOHAMED Fadel, ancien inspecteur de l'enseignement secondaire, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. BA Abderahmane, conseiller pédagogique, Direction Régionale de l'Education Nationale (DREN), 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","L'uniformisation du système éducatif mauritanien en 1999 a révélé les failles d'un mode d'enseignement désuet et inadapté. Si habituellement, les filles ont de meilleurs résultats que les garçons, elles sont victimes de l'abandon scolaire. La majorité ne termine pas son cursus prim..."]
["2014_MU_109",2014,"MU","Mauritius",109,100,"In theory, there is no education gap between male and female citizens and populations of different income brackets  or between rural and urban regions. Public education is free in Mauritius for primary and secondary levels and transport is also free for students. This allows accessibility to students across the country to education. There is no education gap between male and female citizens just as there is no education gap between rural and urban populations. \n\nThere is no education gap between populations in different income levels with regards to access in public schools. It may be argued that citizens with higher income would have the means for private tuitions but the baseline would be the same in terms of access to public education.\n\nHowever, in practice, many students from vulnerable families skip paid pre-primary education before they enter primary schools. At the age of 6, they start with a major academic handicap. Access is then not equitable. The same is true for families that lack basic needs, preventing the children from going to school.\n\nAt secondary level the private tuition sub-culture is widespread, much more than in primary schools. An estimated than 10% of students do not have to spend approximately $50 for monthly tuition. Not all students can afford the \"best teachers\" in a parallel and unofficial system which automatically distorts the statistics about the school teachers' performance. Post-secondary school welcomes about only 50% of the students enrolled at primary level, which is an indicator of access.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. According to Education Statistics published in 2014, the enrollment rate for at primary level for 2013 stood at 51% and 49% for boys and girls respectively. For the same period, the enrolment rate at secondary level was 48% and 52% for boys and girls respectively. According to the Gender Gap Report 2014, the information provided for Mauritius states that education at both primary and secondary levels is at equality. \n\nGiven the small geographical area of Mauritius, there is no significant difference in the education gap between rural and urban populations. The distribution of schools at primary and secondary levels provided in the Education Statistics 2014 confirms that schools are distributed throughout the islands and all regions are covered. \n\nThere is no significant difference in enrolment rate based on income levels. However, educational achievements are lower in certain geographical areas which are associated with complex social issues. Schools in those areas, known as 'Education Priority Areas', are provided with additional support from the Ministry of Education.","1.\tDr Vasant Bunwaree, Minister of Education and Human Resources, 19 Aug 2014, face-to-face interview\n2.\tAnnick Rivet, Journalist, Defi Media Group, 29 Aug 2014, mail\n3.\tBrinda Hazareesing, Former Rector of State Secondary Colleges, 02 Sept 2014, mail\n4.\tArmoogum Parsuramen, former minister of Education and Human Resources, 12 Sept 2014, phone\n5. \tKoomaren Vadeevaloo, Manager, Adolescent Non-Formal Education Network (ANFEN), 22 Sept 2014, mail\n\nReviewer sources:\nStatistics Mauritius. Education Statistics - 2014. Accessed 19 Dec 2014. Available: http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/ei1132/education.pdf\nThe Global Gender Gap Report 2014. Accessed 19 Dec 2014. Available: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2014/economies/#economy=MUS","In theory, there is no education gap between male and female citizens and populations of different income brackets  or between rural and urban regions. Public education is free in Mauritius for primary and secondary levels and transport is also free for students. This allows access..."]
["2014_MA_109",2014,"MA","Morocco",109,0,"There are more than 350,000 dropouts from school each year. There are important gaps between male and female number of students in the primary and secondary education. There are important statistical differences in dropouts between rates of success in the urban and rural areas as well as between populations of different income levels, the Report on elementary education 2013 - 2014 of the Ministry of education says.\n\nThe main reasons for dropping out are financial (no means for the parents to pay for school transport, for example). There are also reasons relating to the lack of faith in a positive outcome from the education system and violence at schools (several cases of child abuse and rape are reported every year, mainly in rural areas).\n\nOnly 19% of female teenagers from rural areas go to high school. There is almost twice as many primary schools in rural areas as in the urban areas. This statistic changes for secondary school where urban areas have 20% more schools. This situation creates the costly necessity of geographical mobility knowing that rural areas are where Moroccans have the lowest income on average.  Also on average there are more than twice as many male students as  female students (6.6 million against 3.1 million in the 2013-2014 academic year).","Ministry of Education (primary and high school) official website - http://www.men.gov.ma (last checked on August 6th, 2014).\n\nProfessor Awatif Hayar - lecturer and advisor to private education institutions- Casablanca - phone interview August 6th, 2014.\n\nArticle on education gaps - Le Matin du Sahara (issue December 12th, 2013) - http://www.lematin.ma/journal/education_l-enseignement-public-marocain/192957.html (last checked August 6th, 2014).\n\nReport on elementary education 2013 - 2014 - Ministry of education\n\n ","There are more than 350,000 dropouts from school each year. There are important gaps between male and female number of students in the primary and secondary education. There are important statistical differences in dropouts between rates of success in the urban and rural areas as w..."]
["2014_MZ_109",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",109,0,"Equitable access to education in Mozambique is far from being achieved. During the period under review, the enrollment rate of girls was around 40 percent, with the main problem being dropouts, particularly in the rural areas. In fact, in rural areas, the enrollment is far lower, with figures estimated at about 29 percent. \n\nPrevalent factors are early marriages and motherhood, as well as some cultural practices that keep women/girls out of schools; they are taught to care for siblings, learn housekeeping activities and assist with family farms. Most dropouts, particularly in the early grades, are the result of a lack of subsistence resources of households, where children are forced to work at a young age to help with the household expenses. Another important factor, particularly in rural areas, is HIV/AIDS, which has left many children orphaned and having to care for younger siblings.\n\nThus the rural-urban divide, the income divide and gender divide all play a role in working against equal access to education.","Interview with Denise Maria Malauene, education specialist and independent consultant, Ministry of Education, Maputo, 23 July 2014.\n\nDebateMoz, Carlos Pussik, \"Mozambique will miss goal of universal access to education\" (\"Moçambique vai falhar objectivo de acesso universal à educação\"), 8 June 2014. http://www.debatemoz.com/?p=970\n\nMMO Noticias, Anchieta Maquitela, \"Mozambican government remains concerned about primary education in the country\" (\"Governo moçambicano continua preocupado com ensino primário no país\"), 3 July 2014. \nhttp://noticias.mmo.co.mz/2014/07/governo-mocambicano-continua-preocupado-com-ensino-primario-no-pais.html","Equitable access to education in Mozambique is far from being achieved. During the period under review, the enrollment rate of girls was around 40 percent, with the main problem being dropouts, particularly in the rural areas. In fact, in rural areas, the enrollment is far lower, w..."]
["2014_NA_109",2014,"NA","Namibia",109,50,"Namibia still faces shortages of primary and secondary schools across the country and it is trying to build as many schools as possible whenever resources permit. The problem is far worse in remote areas where students have to walk long distances to get to school, which has contributed to many dropping out. In primary school, the number of boys and the number of girls is almost the same. However, as they progress, girls start to drop out due to poverty and other factors such as pregnancy. This is mostly common in remote areas of the country.","1. Telephone interview with the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Education, Alfred IIukena on 17/07/2014 \n2. Newspaper report in the New Era of 02/07/2014 under the headline, Namibia: Erongo must take lead in free secondary education by Nampa http://allafrica.com/stories/201407030354.html\n3. Face to face interview with, Journalist Marianne Nghidengwa from the Confidente newspaper on 17/07/2014 at the newspaper's offices in Windhoek.","Namibia still faces shortages of primary and secondary schools across the country and it is trying to build as many schools as possible whenever resources permit. The problem is far worse in remote areas where students have to walk long distances to get to school, which has contrib..."]
["2014_NE_109",2014,"NE","Niger",109,0,"A son arrivée au pouvoir le Président de la République Issoufou Mahamadou, avait promis d'investir 25% du budget national dans le secteur de l'éducation afin d'améliorer la qualité de l'éducation et de garantir l’accès pour tous.\n \n En ce qui concerne l'investissement, la promesse d'y mettre 25% n'est pas encore tenue, mais le Niger a réalisé des progrès significatifs ces dernières années en matière de l’accès à l'éducation pour tous. Néanmoins les disparités entre les zones urbaines et rurales sont encore élevées, de même que l'inéquitable accès entre les filles et les garçons. Comme il ressort de l'annuaire statistique de l'éducation de septembre 2013 (ministére de l'éducation nationale): au Niger, le taux d'accés à l'éducation primaire est de 67,8% en milieu urbain et 45,7% en milieu rural, en 2012-2013. 2 162 680 enfants sont inscrits au primaires en 2012-2013 et les filles représentent 968 651. En milieu urbain le taux d'achevement au primaire est 65, 5% tandis qu'il est de 49, 1% en milieu rural. \n \n Il existe un fossé éducatif de plus en plus grand entre les personnes qui ont un revenu faible et les personnes qui ont un revenu élévé ou moyen. Ceci du fait que d'abord les enfants des familles pauvres ont un accés limité à l'éducation bien que celle-ci est gratuite. En plus du fait du manque de qualité de plus en plus constaté dans l'éducation au niveau de l'école du publique, les familles qui ont des moyens préférent inscrire leurs enfants dans les écoles privées. \n \n Le document Oxfam du 15 mai 2014, démontre les faits saillants de grandes disparités dans l'accès à l'éducation pour les filles, les pauvres et ceux dans les zones rurales. En outre, le Niger se classe toujours faiblement en comparaison de l'éducation mondiale.","WEIFANE Ibrahim, directeur du programme éducation et services essentiels au bureau OXFAM du Niger, 8 octobre 2014. \n \n MOUNKAILA Halidou, coordinateur du syndicat des Enseignants CPRASE, 8 octobre 2014. \n  \n Aniamey news, 24 octobre 2013, «L’éducation au Niger en vue d’une nouvelle coordination pour cadrer davantage les priorités».\n http://news.aniamey.com/h/8792.html\n \n Statistique de l'éducation de base, annuaire 2012‐2013, \n http://www.men.ne/publication/ANNUAIRE_Niger2012-2013.pdf.\n \n Oxfam.org, 2014, «improving the quality of education for children from rural communities in Niger». http://www.oxfam.org.uk/~/media/Files/OGB/Get%20involved/Philanthropy%20and%20partnerships/Donate%20to%20project/2014/6061-Projects-direct-Niger_web.ashx\n \n Banque mondiale, 2 juillet 2014, «Project appraisal document on a proposed global partnership for education fund grant in the amount of US $84.2 million to the Republic of Niger for a support to quality education project. » \n http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/07/16/000442464_20140716101718/Rendered/PDF/PAD4440PAD0P1324050Box382141B00PUBLIC0.pdf.","A son arrivée au pouvoir le Président de la République Issoufou Mahamadou, avait promis d'investir 25% du budget national dans le secteur de l'éducation afin d'améliorer la qualité de l'éducation et de garantir l’accès pour tous...."]
["2014_NG_109",2014,"NG","Nigeria",109,0,"There is an education gap between males and females. A baseline survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2012 showed that as much as 64.3 percent of the female population never attended school, compared with 35.7 percent for the male population. The current school population is 56.7 percent male and 43.3 percent  female. \n\nThere is also an education gap between rural and urban populations. The latest official statistics, from 2010, showed that 91.4 percent of the urban population has attended school compared with 80.7 percent of the rural population.\n\nWhile there are not official statistics, it is believed that there is an education gap between populations at different income levels, as only limited assistance exists to support poor families who send their children only to elementary school.","Interview with Leo Sani, data information officer, National Buerau of Statistics, Abuja, 20 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Simon Nwakaudu, Ministry of Education spokesman, Abuja, 7 Aug. 2014.\n\nNational Bureau of Statistics, 2012 National Baseline Youth Survey, Chapter 4.\nwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/191‎","There is an education gap between males and females. A baseline survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2012 showed that as much as 64.3 percent of the female population never attended school, compared with 35.7 percent for the male population. The current school p..."]
["2014_RW_109",2014,"RW","Rwanda",109,50,"The government of Rwanda has accomplished a lot in recent times in order to bridge disparities in access to education and has been successful in bridging the gap betwen boys and girls.  \n\nA 2008 policy put in place to ensure girls get equal access to education has paid off, according to Minister of Gender and Family Promotion Oda Gasinzigwa. Also, Rwanda has been lauded for its progress in achieving Millennium Development Goals, including one in education. According to state officials, equitable access is felt on all fronts - from girls to boys, rural to urban, etc. The policies were successful in ensuring that the desired gender balance has been achieved. For every 125 girls in Rwanda enrolling in primary school, there are 100 boys. Primary net enrollment is 95 percent for boys and 98 percent for girls. \n\nAccording to the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), there is less disparity in education among different income levels within the Rwandan population. Rwanda is also considered among the few countries on the continent that are forming a new frontier for women's education and are well on course to achieve Millennium Development Goals. \n\nAccording to Fred Mugisha, director of policy research and planning at the Higher Education Council, under the nine-year and 12-year basic education program, access to equitable primary and secondary education has greatly improved.\n\nHowever, disparities exist regarding access to education between the poor and the rich and between rural and urban areas. In the rural setting, while a majority of Rwandans are now able to access education, questions remain about the quality and standards as well as the high entry marks to university. Most people will drop out at S6 (Advanced Level) after failing to make it to university on government scholarship, and most public universities are now considered to be very expensive and beyond the financial reach of poor families.","Interview with Fred Mugisha, director of policy research and planning, Higher Education Council, Aug. 8, 2014. \n\nInterview with Emmanuel Muvunyi, deputy director, Rwanda Education Board, and coordinator, Education For All Project, Aug, 6, 2014.\n\nMinistry of Education, Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP), 2010-2015.\nhttp://www.unicef.org/rwanda/RWA_resources_educssp2010.pdf\n\nThe New Times, Ivan Ngoboka, \"Dakar Education resolutions: How is Rwanda faring?\" July 28, 2014.\nhttp://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15797&a=78762\n\nMSNBC, \"A new frontier for women's education in Africa,\" Aug. 6, 2014.\nhttp://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/new-frontier-womens-education-africa\n\nMail & Guardian Africa, by Christine Mungai, \"Girls now outnumber boys in school in many African nations - the reasons why will surprise you,\" Nov. 4, 2014. http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-10-30-girls-now-outnumber-boys-in-school-in-many-african-countries-and-the-reasons-why-will-surprise-you","The government of Rwanda has accomplished a lot in recent times in order to bridge disparities in access to education and has been successful in bridging the gap betwen boys and girls.  ..."]
["2014_ST_109",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",109,75,"The problem with Education in STP is the quality, not the acess. Access to primary and secondary education is generally equitable. In both basic and secondary education, girls make up the majority. Also, the classes have between 60 and 80 students in both urban and rural zones.\n\nIn basic education, there is equitable access by gender, by different income levels and by residence area (urban and rural). There are areas with few children, but they also have functioning schools, so there are no children outside the system.\n\nThough the state officially provides equal access, in practice some disparities exist, such as more absenteeism/lower morale for girls. These disparities depend on other factors rather than just income level, such as parental involvement. \n\nAlso, there is a program now covering children with SEN - Special Educational Needs, which began last year. \n\n\nReviewers' comments:\n\nI disagree and recommend a lower score of 50. A UNICEF document from Nov. 15, 2013, highlights that great disparities exist in educational access for those who are poor and those who live in rural areas. Gender parity has essentially been reached in education, according to this document. This means that two of the three areas described have inequitable access to primary and secondary education.\n\nIn fact, there is a severe gap between rural and urban populations. Rural districts are not adequately provided with secondary education. Besides, due to lack of transport in rural districts, children have serious difficulties getting to school.","Interview with Deolinda Carvalho, former director, Basic Education, Feb. 6, 2015. \n\nEmail interview with Helena Botelho, adviser, Ministry of Education, Feb. 12, 2015.  \n\nPhone interview with Bernardo Tiny, director, Secondary Education, Feb. 12, 2015.\n\nINE (National Statistics Institute), \"Educational Characteristics of the Population,\" General census of population and housing 2012, S. Tomé e Príncipe, 2014. https://www.dropbox.com/s/bzg32ye0hf93sza/12CARACTERISTICAS%20EDUCACIONAIS%20%20DA%20POPULACAO%20IV%20RGPH%20%20ultimaVERSu00C3O%20FINAL.pdf?dl=0\n\nMINISTÈRE DE L’ÉDUCATION, DE LA CULTURE ET DE LA FORMATION SAO TOMÉ-ET-PRINCIPE\nRapport d’état du système éducatif. Une analyse sectorielle pour une amélioration de l’efficacité du système\nPublié en 2013 par: UNESCO – Pôle de Dakar\nhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002214/221461f.pdf\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nSee the article Antónia Barreto, A Reforma do Ensino Secundário em São Tomé e Príncipe. In: Gerhard Seibert, Ana Cristina Roque, Vítor Rosado Marques (Eds.), Livro de Actas. Colóquio Interrnacional. São Tomé e Príncipe numa Perspectiva interdisciplina, diacrónica e sincrónica, pp. 505-517, Lisboa: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) e Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT). ISBN 978-989-732-089-7.\n\nUNICEF Annual Report 2013 – Sao Tome and Principe. http://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_COAR_2013.pdf","The problem with Education in STP is the quality, not the acess. Access to primary and secondary education is generally equitable. In both basic and secondary education, girls make up the majority. Also, the classes have between 60 and 80 students in both urban and rural zones...."]
["2014_SN_109",2014,"SN","Senegal",109,0,"En pratique, l'accès équitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire n'est pas garanti. Il existe toujours un écart en termes de niveau d'éducation entre les femmes et les hommes et le gouvernment n'a pas encore mis en place de mesures adéquates afin de répondre à une demande accrue d'une éducation plus inclusive. \n\nSelon un rapport sur la vision du système éducatif sénégalais, le gouvernement essaie de mettre en place un « système d’éducation et de formation équitable, efficace, efficient, conforme aux exigences du développement économique et social, plus engagé dans la prise en charge des exclus, et fondé sur une gouvernance inclusive, une responsabilisation plus accrue des collectivités locales et des acteurs à la base ».\n\nEn ce qui concerne les populations ayant différents niveaux de revenu, le fossé est notoire. Au Sénégal, la qualité de l'enseignement a baissé dans les écoles publiques, en faveur de l'enseignement privé. Les populations à faible revenu n'ayant pas les moyens d'envoyer leurs enfants dans le réseau privé, enregistrent le taux d’échec le plus important. \n\nCe même fossé éducatif est enregistré entre les populations urbaines et rurales. Il n'existe que des écoles publiques dans les zones rurales. Par conséquent, leur clientèle reçoit un enseignement de qualité médiocre.","THIANE Massamba, spécialiste en communication, réalisateur, chef de la division Radio et Télévision scolaire/ME, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nDIOP DEMBA Ernest, directeur d'école élémentaire à Ndiaganiao, 18 juillet 2014.\n\nDIATTA Abdoulaye, directeur de la formation et de la communication, ministère de l’éducation nationale, 20 juillet 2014.\n\nSAGNA Yankhoba, conseiller en Planification à la DAGE/MEN,  2014, «Rapport Articulation Education Formation, vision du système éducatif sénégalais». http://fpt-francophonie.org/zoi/home_v3/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=226&Itemid=69.","En pratique, l'accès équitable à l'éducation primaire et secondaire n'est pas garanti. Il existe toujours un écart en termes de niveau d'éducation entre les femmes et les hommes et le gouvernment n'a pas encore mis en place de mesures adéquates afin de répondre à une demande accrue..."]
["2014_SC_109",2014,"SC","Seychelles",109,100,"There is no education gap between male and female. There is no education gap between populations in different levels and there is no education gap between rural and urban population.\n\nPublic education in the Seychelles is  comprehensive  in terms  of  an entitlement  for  all children,  without selection either  owing  to financial consideration or attainment.  It is  open to  all  students,  regardless  of  their  social  or  economic  status  or  background.  It  is  also integrated  and  inclusive,  taking  students  of  all  religions  and  backgrounds,  and accommodates children  with  disabilities.  Finally, it is  co-educational,  with boys and girls studying together in schools. Seychelles is the only country in Africa that has already fully achieved education for all, in line with the six Education For All (EFA) goals set out by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO, for attainment in 2015, according to a new report published by UNESCO’s Regional Office in Dakar. According to the most recent statistics in 2012, the level of literacy in Seychelles has reached 94 percent. \n\nThe six EFA goals are: to improve early childhood care and education; ensuring that all children have access to free compulsory primary education; meeting the learning needs of young people and adults; achieving a 50 percent improvement in levels of adult literacy; achieving gender equality in education by 2015; and improving all aspects of the quality of education, particularly in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills. \n\nAccording to the secretary general of the Seychelles National Commission for UNESCO, the Seychelles has adopted the program “Education For All” (EFA) Action Plan 2001-2015. It allows to expand and improve comprehensive Early Childhood Care and Education. The  access to the education is free, and by  2015 all children will have access to and complete free and compulsory primary and secondary education of good quality.  There is no restriction between girls and boys education, but it is noticed that girls tend to choose “feminized” careers.  Gender disparities in primary and secondary education was eliminated in 2010. The Seychelles expects to achieve gender equality in education  by ensuring full and equal access to and achievement for both genders at primary and secondary levels of education.\n\nEquity has largely been achieved in terms of equality of access to schools and programmes of education and training. The concept of equity is now being extended to provide for programmes which enhance the conditions for optimum achievement by every group including the gifted, the slow learners and the learning-disabled.","“Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education”, Kishore Singh , Addendum Mission to Seychelles , Human Rights Council, United Nations,Twenty sixth session, Agenda item 3, A/HRC/26/27/Add.1, p.7\n\n“UNESCO: Seychelles is only country in Africa to achieve education for all”, Seychelles News Agency, May 13, 2014, http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/473/UNESCO+Seychelles+is+only+country+in+Africa+to+achieve+education+for+all#sthash.LLUr6E0X.dpu\n\nInterview du 03 septembre 2014, Dr Marie- Reine Hoareau, Secretary general Seychelles National Commission for Unesco, Mont Fleuri Mahé\n\n“Education Sector Medium Term Strategy MTS 2013-2017, A Road Map for the Further Transformation of the Education Process to Further Achieve Quality Lifelong Education For All and Improving National Sustainable Development in the Medium Term”, Draft of October/November 2013, p.48, Ministry of Education, Republic of the Seychelles.","There is no education gap between male and female. There is no education gap between populations in different levels and there is no education gap between rural and urban population...."]
["2014_SL_109",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",109,0,"Education is free for primary and junior secondary education. Despite this, the education attainment of girls is low due to cultural beliefs in some areas of Sierra Leone that do not support a girl's education. Besides low retention and completion rates, the dropout rate for girls is very high.  \n\nAnother challenge is that most parents are unable to provide for their children's educational needs, so they send them to underperforming schools where teachers are faced with poor pay, a demotivating factor in their performance. Poor teaching methods lead to high dropout rates in schools attended by low-income children.\n\nThe Ministry of Education, Science and Technology constructs primary and secondary schools in all parts of the country but cannot afford to pay for rural teachers. Hence, there is a gap in the enrollment of school pupils based on the level of earnings in the provinces and the capital city. Those with money can enroll their children in better primary schools, and many parents with money have transferred children from the provinces to seek quality education in the city. The qualified teachers in the provinces prefer to migrate to the city in order to access basic amenities.","Interview with Brima M. Turay, public relations officer, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, 10 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Joseph Achie Cobineh, coordinator, Education For All Sierra Leone, 6 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Alhajie Unisa Sesay, proprietor, John F. Kennedy Schools, 10 July 2014.","Education is free for primary and junior secondary education. Despite this, the education attainment of girls is low due to cultural beliefs in some areas of Sierra Leone that do not support a girl's education. Besides low retention and completion rates, the dropout rate for girls ..."]
["2014_SO_109",2014,"SO","Somalia",109,0,"The male/female student ratio attending school or college is quite steep, with males nearly a two-thirds margin higher than females. Though there were improvements in girls’ school enrollment in recent years, the male-female gap is still high. According to UNESCO, only 710,860 children out of an estimated 1.7 million primary school-aged children are enrolled in school, and only 37% of students in general are female.\n\nLikewise, there is an education gap between children from poor families and those from wealthier families, and a gap between children in rural areas and those in urban areas.","Isse Mohamed Ahmed\nMinister of Education, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 28, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaredo Mohamed Abdallah\nMember of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaid Nuriye Abshir\nHead of Public Awareness, Ministry of Health\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nWorking through the Challenges: UNESCO helps bring hope and progress in Somali Education during a difficult week\nUNESCO\n26 June 2013\nhttp://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/resources/online-materials/single-view/news/working_through_the_challenges_unesco_helps_bring_hope_and_progress_in_somali_education_during_a_difficult_week/#.VCmHt1fSPm4","The male/female student ratio attending school or college is quite steep, with males nearly a two-thirds margin higher than females. Though there were improvements in girls’ school enrollment in recent years, the male-female gap is still high. According to UNESCO, only 710,860 chil..."]
["2014_ZA_109",2014,"ZA","South Africa",109,50,"While children of both gender show the same enrollment figures, access to education is not necessarily equal between different income groups and geographic populations (urban vs. rural). \n\nDean Peacock, founder and director of Sonke Gender Justice (Africa's largest Human rights NGO) says that while the divide between boys and girls in terms of education has shrunk, he emphasises that equitable access between poor and rich, urban and rural, remains a pipe dream. “Girls now finish secondary and tertiary school at similar levels to boys and men. There are however massive and stark differences between rich and poor, urban and rural.” \n\nThe Education for All 2013 Country Progress Report by the Department of Basic Education also shows that girls outperform boys in literacy and numeracy tests. However, the report that was released in January 2014, shows that the quality of education in South Africa often leaves much to be desired for and that there is a availability / accessibility gap between rural and urban, poor and rich regions.  \n\n\"Although the data shows that South Africa has reached the 2nd Millennium Development Goal on achieving universal primary education and spends 18,5% of its annual national Budget on education, the education system remains largely in a poor state of affairs,\" the researchers say. \"In the past five years, although the country has seen a doubling of the education budget to R165 billion, the quality of education remains elusive, and other of the outputs have not improved. The schools are deprived of resources, facilities and qualified teachers. It is hard to imagine efficiency, effectiveness and quality in education developing under these circumstances.\"\n \n\"Although the measurement of quality education is complicated by the unavailability of recent assessment information on the performance of learners, making it difficult to assess progress pertaining to this goal, the proxies used in the report point towards schooling with high enrolment but poor quality education ... The quality of education therefore needs to be improved at the primary and secondary level, so that the system prepares individuals for the demands of higher education.\"\n\nWhen it comes to closing the gender gap in its public education system, South Africa is doing fine. \n\nThe 2013 World Economic Forum's 2013 Global Gender Gap Report (published in October 2013)  shows that the country saw a exactly similar primary school enrolment rate between boys and girls ( both 85%)  but it didn't score as well in the category 'education attainment' (54th place). Literacy rates among women is in addition slightly lower than men. Interestingly enough, when it comes to enrolment in secondary education, girls score higher (65%) than men (59%). No figures were provided to show the enrolment in tertiary education, meaning South Africa scored low on that front. \n\nThe problem lies not in the fact that education is not accessible for girls and boy alike. The problem lies in the fact the availability of quality education is often lacking. The quality of education in South Africa's public schools varies, and often doesn't suit the needs of children. There are very few schools specialised for children with special needs (for instance disabilities and learning difficulties). \n\nThe Delivery of Primary Learning Materials to Schools report, which was published by the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), states that there is a big discrepancy between the availability of resources such as text books between rural and urban schools. \"It does not appear that the machinery of national government [with regards to the provision of learning materials] lends itself particularly well to the effective and timeous distribution of these materials- particularly in rural areas.\"\n\nLater in the report, the SAHRC concludes the report by saying that the failure to provide children with learning materials predominantly affects rural children: \"Failure to provide children with materials predominantly affects rural or impoverished children. The right to basic education extends to everyone and a system intended to encapsulate all public schools in a country or a province should do just that- even if the child happens to live in a remote or impoverished area.\" \n\nThis basically means that there would be an quality and availability gap between rich boys and girls and poor boys and girls. \n\nRural children with disabilities are particularly vulnerable, the report says: \"Insufficient attention paid to children with disabilities living in rural and impoverished areas and there is a lack of co-ordination within government as to how these challenges ... it is clear that procurement and delivery of learning materials for children with special needs appears to be severely lacking in strategic direction.\"","Interview Dean Peacock, founder and director of Sonke Gender Justice (Africa's largest Human rights NGO) / phone / 6 October 2014\n\nWorld Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2013. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf\n\nThe South African Human Rights Commission, June 30, 2014. Delivery of Primary Learning Materials to Schools report. http://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Delivery%20of%20Learning%20Material%20Report%20Final.pdf\n\nDepartment of Basic Education, Education for All (EFA) 2013 Country Progress Report: South Africa. http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TZ4Cx%2BcnCzk%3D&tabid=36","While children of both gender show the same enrollment figures, access to education is not necessarily equal between different income groups and geographic populations (urban vs. rural). ..."]
["2014_SS_109",2014,"SS","South Sudan",109,0,"In South Sudan, there is no equitable access to primary and secondary school education. So far, South Sudan has some of the world's worst indicators for education. \n\nThe United Nation Education and Scientific Organization (UNSECO) says South Sudan stands second-to-last in the world ranking for net enrollment in primary education and at the bottom for enrollment in secondary education. \n\nIn addition, a recent report by the Brookings Institution indicated that girls, poor children and children living in pastoralist communities in South Sudan face particular challenges. According to the report, “of all of the out-of–school children in South Sudan, approximately two-thirds are girls. In the country as a whole, less than 600 girls are enrolled in the last grade of secondary school.” This low enrollment rate for girls is attributed to early marriage and other sociocultural practices that hinder girls’ education and result in gender disparities. “Approximately 70 percent of the 1.3 million out-of-school children in the country are from pastoralist families. Children from the wealthiest families are 32 percent more likely to begin primary school than their counterparts from the poorest families,” says the Brookings Institution report. \n\nFollowing the outbreak of violence in mid-December 2013, the situation got even worse. Education is one of the sectors hardest hit by the current conflict. According to the United Nations, nearly 2 million people have so far been displaced from their homes - a majority of them being children and women. This means hundreds of thousands of school-age children and young adults are now out of school. A majority of these displaced children are living in displaced people’s camps. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), humanitarian organizations are only providing emergency education programs that comprise life, psychosocial, literacy and numeracy skills.\n\nEven in parts of the country that are relatively peaceful, available statistics indicate that fewer girls and boys of school age are enrolled in schools across the country.\n\nThere are also regional disparities in education. Whereas some areas of the country have more primary and secondary school.s others hardly have any schools, and learners have to walk long distances. Another reason for the inequitable access to education is the unfavorable student-to-teacher ratio. There are too few teachers for too many learners.  Whereas some parts of the country lack qualified teachers, other parts of the country have an excess of trained teachers. According to a report by the NGO AVSI, “The ratio of pupils to qualified teachers averages 100:1, but is double that level in some states. Just 12% of teachers are females, which reinforces gender inequalities.”","United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), A situation report, \"South Sudan: An education system in crisis,\" June 10, 2014.\nhttp://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/south-sudan-education-system-crisis\n\nSudan Tribune, \"South Sudan Must Improve Education System: Minister,\" Oct. 31, 2013.   \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48639 \n\nBrookings Institution, blogs, Katie Smith and Liesbet Steer, \"South Sudan’s Road to Peace: High Stakes for Its Children,\" Feb. 3, 2014. \nhttp://www.brookings.edu/blogs/education-plus-development/posts/2014/02/03-south-sudan-children-steer-smith","In South Sudan, there is no equitable access to primary and secondary school education. So far, South Sudan has some of the world's worst indicators for education. ..."]
["2014_SD_109",2014,"SD","Sudan",109,0,"In Sudan,  there's an education gap between males and females, as well as an education gap between populations at different income levels and between rural and urban populations.\n\nThe education gap between male and female citizens in Sudan is huge in the rural areas. Also, there is a huge education gap between populations affected by the war and conflict zone in Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan and citizens in other parts of Sudan. \n\nMoreover, there an education gap between children with disabilities and those without them.","[Office visit/information request] Ministry of Education, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum. \n\n[Interview] Ahmed Adam Is'hag, headmaster, Al-Nusra Primary School, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\nAlbayan.com, Tarek Osman, \"3 million children out of the education system in Sudan,\" Aug. 30 2014.\nhttp://www.albayan.ae/one-world/correspondents-suitcase/2014-08-30-1.2191895\n\nSudan Tribune, \"(UNICEF): Concern over low education in Africa and Sudan rises positively,\" June 16, 2014. \nhttp://www.sudantribune.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%86,8417\n\nUNICEF, Children with Disabilities, The State of the World's Children 2013. \nhttp://www.unicef.org/sowc2013/files/SWCR2013_ENG_Lo_res_24_Apr_2013.pdf","In Sudan,  there's an education gap between males and females, as well as an education gap between populations at different income levels and between rural and urban populations...."]
["2014_SZ_109",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",109,0,"There are gaps in the access to primary and secondary education based on gender, income and setting (rural vs urban). The Ministry of Education during 2014 was unable to rectify the gender gap in primary and secondary school education, which finds on average male students amassing one more year of primary or secondary school education than do female students. \n\nIncome is the main determinant of a Swazi child’s education rather than gender. Although government remained committed to paying for the education of primary school students, schools usually required parents to pay other fees. The AIDS epidemic has left hundreds of thousands of orphans, while general poverty has resulted in an equal number of vulnerable children. The government has committed to providing education for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), but finds the financial challenge difficult. \n\nThe World Food Programme’s analysis of the country’s food insecurity crisis found many Swazi families are removing their children from school as a “coping mechanism” to free money to purchase food for basic survival. \n\nIn addition to a high-income/low-income divide in accessing education, there is also an education access disparity between urban and rural areas. Some 70 percent of the country resides in chronic poverty on communal Swazi Nation Land. Schools exist, but are not affordable to all.","Interview: Nosimilo Dlamini, primary schoolteacher, Manzini region, 26 July 2014 \n\n\"The World Factbook: Swaziland (2014),\" Central Intelligence Agency, U.S. government, www.cia.gov\n\n\"Human development report: Swaziland 2013,\" United Nations Development Programme, 2013. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/human-development-report-2013/","There are gaps in the access to primary and secondary education based on gender, income and setting (rural vs urban). The Ministry of Education during 2014 was unable to rectify the gender gap in primary and secondary school education, which finds on average male students amassing ..."]
["2014_TZ_109",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",109,0,"Tremendous progress has taken place in the education sector in Tanzania with major growth in enrollment in primary and secondary schools. Basic education in Tanzania is free.\n \nHowever, there are regional disparities as some regions enjoy better educational facilities than other. There also is gender disparity as the enrollment and performance of girls are lower than that of boys. There is no provision for educating maginalized groups.\n\nPoor infrastructure in villages is a major reason for disparities. This includes lack of electricity and roads, and a lack of reliable drinking water. These conditions force some teachers to stop working in those areas. \n\nReports from the Ministry of Education show about 68,000 pupils dropped out of primary schools and 66,000 students left secondary school early. In the same year, 2013, more than 7,000 girls dropped out of primary and secondary schools due to pregnancy.\n\nPoverty is an overwhelming phenomenon in rural Tanzania that is reflected in poorer access to and lower quality of education. Educational outcomes in urban areas are consistently higher than in rural areas.","1.BASIC EDUCATION MASTER PLAN (BEMP) - Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, accessed Nov 2014.\nwww.moe.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc.\n\n2. 2014 Post Budget Analysis, hakielimu, http://hakielimu.org/publication_details.php?pub=262.\n\n3. Dr. Shukuru Kawambwa, Minister of Education and Vocational Training. Interviewed November 2014.","Tremendous progress has taken place in the education sector in Tanzania with major growth in enrollment in primary and secondary schools. Basic education in Tanzania is free.\n ..."]
["2014_TG_109",2014,"TG","Togo",109,0,"La gratuité de l’éducation primaire est reconnue au Togo mais en pratique, elle n’est pas effective surtout dans certaines localités éloignées. \n \nDû à de différentes facteurs économiques, sociales et culturelles, un écart existe entre les filles et les garçons en termes de leur taux de performance scolaire. La scolarisation des jeunes filles au secondaire est particulièrement préoccupante puisque l’indice de parité ne dépasse pas 70%.\n \n La faible performance de l’enseignement dans les structures publiques pousse les parents à inscrire leurs enfants dans des écoles privées, mais les coûts ne sont pas à la portée de tous. Certains villages n’ont pas d’écoles ; dans certains autres, les populations sont obligées de créer leurs écoles : ce sont les Ecoles et Collèges d’Initiatives Locales (EDIL ou CEGIL). Dans ces EDIL/CEGIL, la qualité de l’enseignement n’est pas adéquate parce que les enseignants ne sont pas formés à la pratique de ce métier. L'agence française de développement finance d'importants projets pour tenter d'améliorer cette situation.","PAO Gadiel, directeur de publication, Santé-Education, 02 août 2014\n \n YAO TOÏ Marcel, coordonnateur Coalition Nationale Togolaise pour l'Education Pour Tous (CNTES), 21 juillet 2014.\n \n ADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \n Anonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \n HOUMEY EKLU-KOEVANOU Epiphanie, coordonnatrice Groupe de Réflexion et d'Action Femme Démocratie et Développement (GF2D), 24 juillet 2014.\n \n Ambassade de France au Togo, 18 mars 2014, «Signature d’une convention entre l’AFD et le ministère de l’enseignement primaire et secondaire». \n http://www.ambafrance-tg.org/Signature-d-une-convention-entre-l.","La gratuité de l’éducation primaire est reconnue au Togo mais en pratique, elle n’est pas effective surtout dans certaines localités éloignées. \n ..."]
["2014_TN_109",2014,"TN","Tunisia",109,50,"No education gap was reported between boys and girls; primary school enrollment is more or less the same, 98 percent, for both sexes.\n\nBut there is a gap between poor and rich, and between urban and rural populations. Although school is mandatory and free, in practice the poorest families cannot afford the cost of transportation to schools, books and various equipment. In addition, there is an opportunity cost for poor families: When they send their children to schools, that means the children will not be helping bring in revenue to the family.\n\nSchools are located everywhere in the territory, even in the faraway rural areas. But rural schools are underequipped (no library, no computers) and, as a result, the education provided in rural schools will be of lower quality than that in urban schools.","Interview with Fawzi Batal, teacher in a rural school, El Hancha (region of Sfax), 2 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Mrs Neila Abdennadher, director of El Menzah School, Tunis, 5 July 2014.\n\nAssociation de Tunisiens a Toulouse website; call from an NGO to help a rural school in Tunisia.\nhttp://www.jtld.org/2014/01/23/aidez-nous-pour-aider-des-enfants-dans-une-zone-rurale-en-tunisie","No education gap was reported between boys and girls; primary school enrollment is more or less the same, 98 percent, for both sexes...."]
["2014_UG_109",2014,"UG","Uganda",109,0,"One of the specific objectives of the Education Sector Strategic Plan 2004-2015 is to increase and improve equitable access and the completion rate for primary education and secondary education and ensure gender equity. Further, universal primary education and universal secondary education are to enable every child to enter and remain in school until the primary and secondary education cycles are completed in order to eliminate disparities and inequalities. \n\nDespite government interventions, gaps in access to education by gender, income level and area of residence, both at the primary and secondary levels, still exist. Currently, gender parity stands at 50:15 (girls to boys). In addition, the 2012/ 2013 gender audit shows that despite government efforts taken to tackle gender differences, there are still high dropout rates among girls in primary education; girls are at 54 percent and boys are at 47 percent. In secondary enrollment, girls stand at 46 percent, while boys are at 54 percent. Access by girls to education at all levels is still hindered by cultural practices, which still favour a boy’s education to a girl's.\n\nThe Ministry of Education gender parity statistics show a 50:50 ratio, but these statistics need to be treated with caution because the ministry does not fully cover data on private schools, yet they represent a high proportion of the total number of schools in both primary and secondary education.\n\nThere are no ready statistics on education gaps between populations in different income groups, as well as between rural and urban populations; organizations working in the education sector indicate that while gaps still exist, the introduction of universal education has reduced the gaps tremendously, especially at the primary level.","“Uganda making strides in gender equality in schools,\" Carol Natukunda,  13 Feb. 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/652537-uganda-making-strides-in-gender-equality-in-schools.htm \n\nMinistry of Education and Sports, “Education and Sports Sector Fact Sheet 2000 – 2012”\nhttp://www.education.go.ug/files/downloads/Fact%20Sheet%202012%20final.pdf\n\n“Is affirmative action for women still needed?” Brian Mutebi, Daily Monitor, 11 April 2014 \nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Is-affirmative-action-for-women-still-needed-/-/689842/2275948/-/item/0/-/e6tp7yz/-/index.html\n\n“UPE: Who let go of the reins?” Conan Businge, New Vision,  17 July 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/657694-upe-who-let-go-of-the-reins.html\n\n“Boys outshine girls in UCE results”; Stephen Kafeero; Daily Monitor; February 26, 2014 \nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Boys-outshine-girls-in-UCE-results/-/688336/2222052/-/14b8g3jz/-/index.html.","One of the specific objectives of the Education Sector Strategic Plan 2004-2015 is to increase and improve equitable access and the completion rate for primary education and secondary education and ensure gender equity. Further, universal primary education and universal secondary e..."]
["2014_ZM_109",2014,"ZM","Zambia",109,0,"Access  to primary and secondary education is not exactly equitable in Zambia. In urban areas, it’s almost automatic for children to go to school, whether female or male, and classes are almost balanced. But in rural areas, boys usually outnumber girls due to the fact that girls tend to drop out of school early to get married, especially at the secondary level. As such, the number of girls in schools in rural areas reduces as the grades advance.\n\nEarly-childhood education such as preschool is mostly a preserve of the children in urban areas who have the capacity to fund long-term education and who are also exposed to the importance of education. But in rural areas, most children will just wait to go straight into primary school, and usually are older than the recommended age of commencement.\n\nChildren in rural areas also do not have as much motivation as those in urban areas to go to school, as the facilities and resources are mostly inadequate or poor. The classes are larger, teachers fewer, and the schools are inadequate, meaning that children have to walk long distances to access them. Some classrooms have no desks or not enough, and children have to sit on the floor in some instances.\n\nEven in urban areas, children from higher-income families and residences have better educational access than those from low-income areas and families, as those that are well-to-do can afford to acquire all the study materials that are required - and extra - whereas the less wealthy cannot.","Interview with Edward Tindi, local technical adviser, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)/Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education, Lusaka, Zambia, 18 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Darius Chibbalo, senior library officer - technical services, Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education, Lusaka, Zambia, 9 June 2014.  \n\nZambia National Education Coalition, \"Policy Proposal Towards the Review of The National Education Policy, 2014.\" http://www.zanec.org.zm/?page_id=14&cp=1\n\nU.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour, Country Reports on Human Rights Practice for 2013, Children, Education. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220386.pdf","Access  to primary and secondary education is not exactly equitable in Zambia. In urban areas, it’s almost automatic for children to go to school, whether female or male, and classes are almost balanced. But in rural areas, boys usually outnumber girls due to the fact that girls te..."]
["2014_ZW_109",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",109,0,"An education gap exists between males and females in Zimbabwe. Parents across Zimbabwean society give priority to the education of male children over females. For example, as school opened for the first term in January 2014, 13-year-old Sithembile Moyo from Goredema in Gokwe North, who completed Grade 7 in 2013, was hoping to pursue further studies, but her parents said they could not afford her secondary school fees. Her father decided to pay school fees for her brother, who is doing Form Two now.\n\nSome families in poor and vulnerable rural households still cannot afford to send their children to school. This trend has been observed by studies conducted by the Poverty Reduction Forum Trust. High levels of school dropouts in most rural communities indicate a lack resources for school fees. \n\nSchools in urban areas are more equipped with books and other materials than those in the rural areas.","Interview with T. Chiremba, projects officer, Poverty Reduction Forum Trust, 14 July 2014, Harare. \n\nThe Standard, Moses Mugugunyeki, \"Girls denied access to education,\" 26 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://www.thestandard.co.zw/2014/01/26/girls-denied-access-education/ \n\nThe Africa Report, \"Zimbabwe: About a million students to miss school after let-down in education budget,\" 15 Jan. 2014.\nhttp://www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/zimbabwe-about-a-million-students-to-miss-school-after-let-down-in-education-budget.html ","An education gap exists between males and females in Zimbabwe. Parents across Zimbabwean society give priority to the education of male children over females. For example, as school opened for the first term in January 2014, 13-year-old Sithembile Moyo from Goredema in Gokwe North,..."]
["2014_DZ_110",2014,"DZ","Algeria",110,75,"En Algérie, la planification du système éducatif tient compte du contexte économique. Le gouvernement consulte certains chefs d’entreprises économiques (nationales et étrangères) sur les types de main-d’œuvre nécessaire pour l’économie du pays. \n\nÀ titre d'exemple, la Direction de l'enseignement et de la formation professionnels de la wilaya d’Alger a signé, depuis le début de l'année 2014, 12 conventions de partenariat avec des entreprises économiques. L’opération entre dans le cadre de la politique du gouvernement concernant la formation complémentaire adaptée aux exigences du marché du travail.\nL’Agence de Presse Algérienne (APS) a rapporté, dans un article publié le 15 septembre 2014, qu’ «une convention-cadre a été signée lundi 15 septembre 2014 à Alger, entre le ministère de la formation et de l'enseignement professionnels et 14 secteurs ministériels, des organisations patronales et l'Union Générale des Travailleurs Algériens (UGTA), pour le développement des qualifications professionnelles et le renforcement des compétences des travailleurs. »\n\nLa carte nationale de formation professionnelle propose actuellement quelques 400 spécialités. Des dizaines de conventions ont été signées , durant 2013 et 2014, entre les centres de formation professionnelle et les entreprises pour combler le déficit en matière de main d’œuvre qualifiée.","TABITI Abderahmane, membre du conseil national de l’Union nationale des personnels de l’éducation et de la formation, directeur d’un établissement scolaire, Saida,\n02 septembre 2014.\n\nLe Midi, 21 avril 2014, «La formation professionnelle signe 12 conventions». http://www.lemidi-dz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&id_article=evenement%40art8%402014-04-21\n\nAlgérie Presse Service, 15 septembre 2014, «Formation professionnelle: signature d'une convention-cadre entre le ministère de la formation et 14 secteurs» http://www.aps.dz/algerie/11218-formation-professionnelle-signature-d-une-convention-cadre-entre-le-minist%C3%A8re-de-la-formation-et-14-secteurs\n\nMEDDOUR Malika, septembre 2013, «La politique de mise en adéquation entre l’offre de formation». http://univ-biskra.dz/revue-fshs/edition/n7/20.pdf\n\nRAMDANE B., OUSSAMA K., La depeche de Kabylie, 15 février 2014, «Bouira La wilaya fait face à un manque en main d’œuvre qualifiée : Les raisons d’une pénurie». \nhttp://www.depechedekabylie.com/national/134709-les-raisons-dune-penurie.html\n\nN. I, Le Soir d’Algerie, 21 septembre 2013, «Pour combler le déficit en main-d’œuvre qualifiée :Les centres professionnels formeront pour le secteur de l’habitat». \nhttp://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2013/09/21/article.php?sid=154403&cid=2\n\nAPS, 02 mars 2014, «Installation la semaine prochaine du comité de suivi du pacte économique et social de croissance». \nhttp://www.aps.dz/economie/2340-installation-la-semaine-prochaine-du-comit%C3%A9-de-suivi-du-pacte-%C3%A9conomique-et-social-de-croissance\n\n SEFSAFI Mohamed, Le Maghreb, 21 septembre 2013, «Habitat : Accord pour la formation d'une main-d'œuvre qualifiée». http://www.lemaghrebdz.com/?page=detail_actualite&rubrique=Internationnal&id=59180","En Algérie, la planification du système éducatif tient compte du contexte économique. Le gouvernement consulte certains chefs d’entreprises économiques (nationales et étrangères) sur les types de main-d’œuvre nécessaire pour l’économie du pays. ..."]
["2014_AO_110",2014,"AO","Angola",110,0,"The national government does not consult with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and it does not define priority areas and incorporate them into education system planning. The Technical Council of Ministry Education is not integrated by any other sector, particularly industry. \n\nThe political system and governance are highly centralized, and the civil service is politicised. Some industrial and commercial associations sometimes promote debates and are also government partners, but the system does not produce results that satisfy the the needs of the country and the government controls the system excessively. \n\nAngolan education reform was handled unilaterally, ignoring expert suggestions. The vice president of the National Union of Teachers (SINPROF), professor Manuel de Victória Pereira, underlines that the Angolan state not only ignored private sector input but that of teachers themselves.","Email interview, Elias Isaac, Angola programme manager, OSISA, Luanda, Sept. 15, 2014 \n\nDW, Anselmo Viera, (Huila), \"In Angola the results of the educative reform are questioned,\" (\"Em Angola questionam-se resultados da reforma educativa\"),  Jan. 6, 2014 \nhttp://www.dw.de/em-Angola-up question-results-of-reform-educativa/ a-17343606\n\nInformation available at Cidadão website, accessed Aug. 25, 2014   \nhttp://www.cidadao.gov.ao/VerNoticia.aspx?id=11291\n\nANGOP, \"Benguela: Education collects contributions for the assessment of the education reform,\" (\"Benguela: Educação recolhe contribuições para avaliação da reforma educativa\"), May 27, 2014 \nhttp://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/educacao/2014/4/22/Benguela-Educacao-recolhe-contribuicoes-para-avaliacao-reforma-educativa,f9e4a516-ddfd-45c3-9381-dda1efa022f7.html ","The national government does not consult with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and it does not define priority areas and incorporate them into education system planning. The Technical Council of Ministry Education is not integrated by any oth..."]
["2014_BJ_110",2014,"BJ","Benin",110,100,"Le gouvernement du Bénin consulte les opérateurs économiques sur l'adéquation formation / emploi / priorités de développement. \nLe Conseil National de l'Éducation (CNE Bénin) organise des ateliers avec les parties prenantes sur l'école béninoise y compris avec les opérateurs économiques. Les recommandations et les priorités sont envoyées au gouvernement pour application. \nLes citoyens sont également publiquement invités à contribuer au cours des tournées départementales du CNE Bénin.\n\nDans le cadre de sa lutte contre le chômage des jeunes le gouvernement béninois et la Banque mondiale ont élaboré un document publié en février 2014 qui donne plus de détails sur le programme d’emploi des jeunes et comment il s'inscrit dans le contexte d'une planification de la formation professionnelle tenant compte des réalités économiques.\n\nSelon le résumé de ce document, « l'objectif du Projet Emploi Jeunes est d'améliorer l'accès des jeunes sous-employés aux compétences nécessaires à l’emploi aux opportunités d'emploi au Bénin. Le projet comporte 4 composantes, le premier élément étant le développement des compétences par l'apprentissage. Cette composante appuiera l'amélioration de l'accès des jeunes sous-employés à l'apprentissage, l'amélioration de la qualité dans les métiers spécialisés, et l'aide au gouvernement et aux associations professionnelles du secteur privé à développer et à améliorer les certificats d’évaluation des compétences acquises dans ces apprentissages. La deuxième composante est le développement des compétences des  jeunes permettant d’initier des petites entreprises. Cette composante soutiendra l'Agence Nationale pour la Promotion de l'Emploi (ANPE) à développer et à améliorer la qualité de ses programmes destinés aux jeunes sous-employés et visant principalement à développer leurs compétences dans la création la gestion d'une petite entreprise. Le troisième volet est le soutien à la création. Cette composante fournira également un tutorat à l’intention des jeunes afin de les aider à résoudre les problèmes auxquels ils peuvent faire face lorsqu’ils essaient de créer leur entreprise, de se lancer, et d'identifier les opportunités. Selon le secteur d'activité, des associations d'artisans ou l'ANPE peut se charger de fournir un tel tutorat au fil du temps. Enfin, le quatrième volet est le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et la gestion des projets ».\n\nPar ailleurs, selon le document publié par le African Economic Outlook le 29 août 2014, « Par exemple afin de reconnaître les compétences acquises par l'apprentissage informel, le Bénin a créé un certificat d'aptitude professionnelle (un diplôme national attestant de la réalisation du niveau de travailleur qualifié, sur la base de la réforme de l'apprentissage traditionnel) et le Certificat de compétences professionnelles (certificat attestant l'accomplissement d'un apprentissage). Il a également mis en place un mécanisme de consultation composé de la Fédération nationale des artisans, des groupes d’artisans locaux et le ministère compétent pour diriger le processus (BAD et OCDE, 2008) ».","Pierre Claver Okodjou, Secrétaire général exécutif, Conseil National de l’Education, Cotonou, interview du 18 juin 2014.\n\nFraternité, 08 avril 2014, «Deuxième forum sur l’éducation nationale : un nouveau déploiement stérile ?».  http://www.fraternitebj.info/societe/article/deuxieme-forum-sur-l-education\n\nEducActions, 25 avril 2014, « Revue 2014 du secteur de l’éducation : L’école béninoise face à de nombreux défis !». http://eduactions.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=429:revue-2014-du-secteur-de-l-education-l-ecole-beninoise-face-a-de-nombreux-defis&catid=93&Itemid=1006\n\nLa Nouvelle Tribune, 04 juin 2014, « Semop : l’Uac innove pour mettre fin au chômage grandissant des jeunes diplômés».  http://www.lanouvelletribune.info/index.php/societe/vie-societale/19751-semop-l-uac-innove-pour-mettre-fin-au-chomage-grandissant-des-jeunes-diplomes\n\nThe World Bank, 13 février 2014, «Benin, Youth Employment Project (English)». http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/19096468/benin-youth-employment-project\n\n African Economic Outlook, 29 août 2014, « Education & Skills Mismatch, Young people need more comprehensive education that responds to labour market needs.». http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/theme/youth_employment/education-skills-mismatch/","Le gouvernement du Bénin consulte les opérateurs économiques sur l'adéquation formation / emploi / priorités de développement. \nLe Conseil National de l'Éducation (CNE Bénin) organise des ateliers avec les parties prenante..."]
["2014_BW_110",2014,"BW","Botswana",110,50,"Unfortunately, the curriculum has not developed with regard to economic development. Politicians and academicians have decried the need to close the large gap between skills needed by the economy and those taught in the system. \n\nThe restructuring of the education sector to meet the needs of industry was one of the biggest selling points for politicians in the run-up to the elections of October 2014. Although the education system is not very consistent with the manpower needs of Botswana, the government takes education as a top priority. The government spends 30 percent of its national budget on education, which has led to Botswana almost achieving universal access to primary education. \n\nThe government of Botswana through the Ministry of Education mostly engages stakeholders about industry needs at tertiary education level. Priority areas have been identified but sporadically incorporated into any national syllabus. On July 23 2013, the National Assembly went through the first reading of the Human Resource Development Council Bill and the Botswana Qualifications Authority Bill, the aim is to  turn both bodies into statutory bodies and transform Botswana’s education sector to meet the edconomy need of the country.  On April 3, 2014  through the Ministry of Education led by the Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) initiated  domestic stakeholder engagement  aim at directing the national strategic shift to a knowledge-intensive economy.   As reported by the Botswana International University of Science and Technology  (BIUST), \"the programme covers a wide array of players such as industry, communities, not-for profit foundations, government and learning institutions. As part of the programme, BIUST Vice Chancellor and Interim Associate Deputy Vice Chancellor have participated in high level forums aimed at configuring the Education and Training Strategic Plan (ETSSP 2012-2018). The university participated in the ETSSP Conference organised by the Ministry of Education and Skills Development (MoESD) in Gaborone on April 3, 2014. As a result of this engagement, the BIUST strategic plan has been realigned to resonate with the intent and spirit of the new 2012-2018 MOESD Education and Training Strategic Plan (ETSSP). \"","Interview with Modiri Mogende, business journalist, radio presenter and business commentator,  28 Nov. 2014.\n\nInterview with: Joseph Kuruneki, lecturer, Limkokwing University of Technology, 28 Nov. 2014.\n\nMmegi, \"Saleshando vows to improve Botswana’s education system,\" 14 Oct. 2014.\nhttp://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=46649\n\nThe Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), \"BIUST ENGAGES LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS\", July 23, 2014, http://www.biust.ac.bw/index.php/media-center/latest-news/72-biust-engages-local-stakeholders\n\nSunday Standard, \"Parliament debates two Bills that could transform education\", August 18, 2013,  http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=17635&GroupID=1","Unfortunately, the curriculum has not developed with regard to economic development. Politicians and academicians have decried the need to close the large gap between skills needed by the economy and those taught in the system. ..."]
["2014_BF_110",2014,"BF","Burkina Faso",110,25,"Le système éducatif au Burkina ne tient compte des besoins réels du pays, notamment dans le domaine économique. \n\nDans son étude sur l'éducation, Boubakar SAWADOGO dit ceci: «le lien entre politiques éducatives et politiques économiques est mineur, voire inexistant, malgré les multiples réformes qui ont été tentées. En effet, en 50 ans d'indépendance, le pays n'a pas encore réalisé la sécurité alimentaire qui devrait pourtant être possible, si le système éducatif était adapté aux réalités du milieu.» Il renchérit en ces termes: « L’économie burkinabè est  dominée par le secteur agro-sylvo-pastoral tandis que le système éducatif est orienté vers la formation des élites intellectuelles au service de l'administration bureaucratique ». \n\nMême les acteurs de l'éducation le reconnaissent même s'ils pensent que des efforts sont faits de plus en plus pour remédier à la situation. Selon Sibiri KORBEOGO, directeur général de l'éducation de base: «c'est pris en compte mais de façon très timide. Il y a des structures éducatives du ministère appelées centre d'éducation non formelle qui permettent aux apprenants de disposer de savoir et de savoirs-faire et être en conformité avec les besoins. Par exemple il y a un centre au Sahel qui forme en élevage. L'idéal, et c'est ce que le ministre a annoncé, c'est d'avoir d'ici à quelques années, 70% d'Etablissements techniques et 30% d'établissements d'enseignement général au Burkina.»  \n\nC'est aussi l'avis du conseiller technique du ministère en charge de l'enseignement secondaire, Robert FORO : «C'est surtout au niveau de l'enseignement technique que ces préoccupations sont prises en compte, mais de façon timide. Nous faisons participer le monde de l’entreprise à l'élaboration de nos programmes d'éducation. Le secteur privé est membre de nos conseils d'administrations et le patronat participe à l'offre éducative et à l'élaboration des politiques.»","KORBEOGO Sibiri, directeur général de l’éducation de base, ministère de l’éducation nationale, Ouagadougou, 11 juillet 2014.\n\nFORO Robert, conseiller technique, ministère des enseignements secondaire et supérieur, Ouagadougou, 15 juillet 2014.\n\nSAVADOGO Boubakar, Network for international policies and cooperation in education and training (Norrag), octobre 2013, «Analyse critique des politiques éducatives et de développement du Burkina Faso de 1960 à 2012, perspectives ante et post 2015, étude sur l'éducation au Burkina Faso». http://www.norrag.org/fileadmin/Post-2015/Case_Study_Post-2015_BF_FINAL.pdf","Le système éducatif au Burkina ne tient compte des besoins réels du pays, notamment dans le domaine économique. ..."]
["2014_BI_110",2014,"BI","Burundi",110,25,"Parmi les maux auxquels le système éducatif burundais fait face figure la non adaptation des programmes d'enseignement au contexte du pays; cela engendre beaucoup de chômage pour les personnes qui ont achevé leurs études.\nLa consultation des acteurs et parties prenantes du système d'enseignement est au mieux sporadique. Les personnes interrogées affirment que les besoins économiques du pays ne sont pas pris en compte dans la planification du système éducatif. \n\nSelon une analyse sur l'enseignement primaire au Burundi faite par Libérat NTIBASHIRAKANDI, professeur de l'université de Liège en Belgique, en l'absence de planification, chaque nouveau responsable de l'éducation apporte sa réforme et change souvent ce qui était accompli avant.","NITUNZE Yolande, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014. \n\nKADENDE Salvator, journaliste au quotidien burundais d’information Le Renouveau, 15 août 2014.\n\nNININAHAZWE Gilbert, agent de l’investigation au Parole et Action pour le Changement des Mentalités (PARCEM), bureau de PARCEM, 20 août 2014.\n\nNTIBASHIRAKANDI Libérat, 23 novembre 2014, «Quid d'une école burundaise du 21me siècle ou la prégnace de l'excellence, contributions aux Etats généraux de l’Education du  2 au 5 décembre 2014.» http://www.arib.info/Ntibashirakandi-EGE-CONTRIBUTIONS_LN_23_11_2014.pdf","Parmi les maux auxquels le système éducatif burundais fait face figure la non adaptation des programmes d'enseignement au contexte du pays; cela engendre beaucoup de chômage pour les personnes qui ont achevé leurs études...."]
["2014_CM_110",2014,"CM","Cameroon",110,25,"Le système de formation actuel ne tient pas compte des besoins du marché du travail. Il y a une inadéquation entre la formation et l'emploi. Depuis plusieurs années, le Cameroun a amorcé une série de grands investissements nécessitant une main d'oeuvre nationale. Cependant, l'on remarque que le pays est obligé de recourir à la main d'oeuvre externe du fait que les programmes scolaires ne sont pas adaptés au besoins du marché du travail. \n\nLes personnes interrogées dans le cadre de cette recherche estiment que cela relève plus de la volonté politique d'adapter les programmes scolaires au contexte économique du pays que de la prise en compte des besoins des parties prenantes. C'est à partir de 2005 que les parties prenantes ont demandé aux différents ministères d'adapter les programmes scolaires mais jusqu'ici cela n'a pas eu un véritable impact.\n\nSelon un article du Cameroon Tribune, des forums université/marché de l'emploi ont été tenus en 2010 et 2013 afin de résoudre l'inadéquation et les difficultés auxquelles les jeunes Camerounais font face. Mais cette initiaitive avait été lancée par un groupe d'universités et non par le gouvernement.","MELON Patrice, coordonnateur de l'unité opérationnelle du projet du port en eau profonde de Kribi, 13 juillet 2014;\n\nESSI Franck, membre du collectif sur «le plaidoyer pour une camerounaisation de la gestion du complexe industrialo-portuaire de Kribi», 13 juillet 2014;\n\nJacques Etoundi ATEBA , spécialiste de l'orientation scolaire, 13 juillet 2014; \n\nMOSIMA Elisabeth, Cameroun Tribune, 30 décembre 2013. «Cameroon: Higher Education - Integration of Graduates Preoccupy Government.» http://allafrica.com/stories/201312302388.html","Le système de formation actuel ne tient pas compte des besoins du marché du travail. Il y a une inadéquation entre la formation et l'emploi. Depuis plusieurs années, le Cameroun a amorcé une série de grands investissements nécessitant une main d'oeuvre nationale. Cependant, l'on re..."]
["2014_CV_110",2014,"CV","Cape Verde",110,50,"The Ministry of Higher Education, through its minister, argues that \"higher education has to think of itself as a contributor to the generation of wealth.\" According to the minister, universities and schools \"have to be the birthplace of the new entrepreneurs to Cape Verde. (...) Training is to undertake a major challenge.\"  He added that quality is another matter, implying a \"commitment to the training of teachers, new profile entry into higher education and investment in science.\"\n\nThe government does consult with stakeholders. In 2012, a prospective study on strategic human resources for the development of Cape Verde was conducted.","Anação online, 01-04-2014, «Cape Verde wants graduates with \"competencies\" for \"entrepreneurism\" - minister», http://www.anacao.cv/online/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4530:cabo-verde-quer-diplomados-com-competencias-para-empreender-ministro&cat\n\nSupplement to the Jornal Expresso das Ilhas, 13-10-2013, «Higher Education in Transformation», Ministry of higher education science and innovation, Praia: https://app.box.com/s/wk7qt2nxwdftqlbq8lqt.\n\nBartolomeu Varela, Ph.D Professor and Former General Director of Education and former general inspector of education, University of Cape Verde, 02-09-2014, Praia.\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nSupplement to the Jornal Expresso das Ilhas, 13-10-2013, «Higher Education in Transformation», Ministry of higher education science and innovation, Praia: https://app.box.com/s/wk7qt2nxwdftqlbq8lqt.","The Ministry of Higher Education, through its minister, argues that \"higher education has to think of itself as a contributor to the generation of wealth.\" According to the minister, universities and schools \"have to be the birthplace of the new entrepreneurs to Cape Verde. (...) T..."]
["2014_CF_110",2014,"CF","CAR",110,0,"En Centrafrique, le gouvernement ne consulte pas les parties prenantes sur les types de main d'oeuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays. Cette approche de consultation à la base n’a pas lieu. Autrement dit, le programme de formation de cette année n’a pas tenu compte des besoins des entités économiques en termes du capital humain voulu. \n\nLa planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. Par exemple des filières comme l’anthropologie et la philosophie sont enseignées à l'université de Bangui alors qu'elles n’ont pas de débouchés systématiques sur le marché de l’emploi centrafricain. \nLe manque d'adéquation entre le système éducatif et les débouchés sur le marché de l'emploi est l'un des facteurs du taux de chômage élevé (environ 20% en 2006 d'après la  Banque Africaine de Développement).","ENDJIMONDJI Noël, chef de service  de l'enseignement du fondamental au Ministère de l'éducation et de l'enseignement supérieur, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui\n\nKPANGBA Bruno, enseignement vacataire au département de l'Histoire à l'université de Bangui, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui;\n\nKOYANGBO DAMON Marie-Madeilene, enseignante à l'École Normale Supérieure de l'université de Bangui, interview du 9 juillet 2014, Bangui","En Centrafrique, le gouvernement ne consulte pas les parties prenantes sur les types de main d'oeuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays. Cette approche de consultation à la base n’a pas lieu. Autrement dit, le programme de formation de cette année n’a pas tenu compte des besoins ..."]
["2014_TD_110",2014,"TD","Chad",110,0,"La formation professionnelle au Tchad ne répond quasiment pas aux besoins sur le terrain en termes d'emploi, juste parce que le gouvernement par le biais du ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la formation professionnelle ne consulte pas les acteurs économiques pour orienter la formation professionnelle des jeunes dans le but de satisfaire en même temps la demande de main d'œuvre sur le marché et garantir la réinsertion sociale des jeunes.\n\nLe Plan national de développement initié par le ministère de l'économie et du plan ne fournit que les grands axes d'intervention que le gouvernement respecte rarement et il n'est pas intégré dans la formation en liaison avec l'emploi. \nLe gouvernement a certes oeuvré avec l'Agence Française de Développement sur des projets qui permettent de développer les connaissances des jeunes afin de leur trouver des débouchés sur le marché de l'emploi, mais ce partenariat prévoit juste des créations d'emploi dans les secteurs privés sans prendre en compte la formation.\n\nSidick ABBAKAR, enseignant-chercheur à l'institut universitaire des sciences et technique d'Abéché explique que «le gouvernement national ne consulte pas les acteurs socio-économiques pour l'élaboration des programmes d'éducation ou de formation professionnelle dans les écoles et universités du pays. Le programme ne prend pas en compte les besoins d'emploi du terrain. Ce qui fait qu'il y a assez de chômeurs malgré la demande de mains d'oeuvre qualifiées par les multinationales et les sociétés locales, est forte dans le pays.» \n \nLes instituts de formation professionnelle, par contre, font un effort de cadrer la formation étudiante et leur spécialisation en tenant compte des besoins immédiats sur le marché d'emploi. Youssouf BRAHIM, directeur général de l'Institut Supérieur de Formation Professionnelle (ISFOP) affirme que son institut organise régulièrement un «job convention» à la fin de chaque année pour pouvoir évaluer les besoins du marché d'emploi immédiat sur le terrain.\n\nUn employé de la société pétrolière multinationale ESSO Ngartolom Serge confirme : «il est vrai que les universités forment les diplômés sans tenir compte des réalités d'emploi sur le terrain. La société pétrolière ESSO qui exploite le bassin du sud du pays par exemple est obligés de demander un partenariat avec l'Institut Universitaire des Sciences et Technique d'Abéché (IUSTA) pour former des ingénieurs supérieurs prêts à servir sur le terrain. Je suis aussi le fruit de ce partenariat entre ESSO et IUSTA.»","NGARTOLOM Serge, employé de la société pétrolière multinationale ESSO, entretien à la Bibliothèque nationale,  04 juillet 2014.\n\nABBAKAR Sidick, enseignant-chercheur à l'Institut Universitaire des Sciences et Technique d'Abéché, 29 juin 2014.\n\nBRAHIM Youssouf, directeur général de l'Institut Supérieur de Formation Professionnelle (ISFOP), entretien à son bureau, 11 octobre 2014.\n\nINSEED, «Plan National de Développement (PND)», 2013-2015. http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Plan-National-de-Developpement-PND. \n\nAgence Francaise pour le Développement, «Projet d’appui à la formation professionnelle pour une meilleure adéquation avec l’emploi», décembre 2014\nhttp://www.afd.fr/webdav/shared/PORTAILS/SECTEURS/EDUCATION/pdf/Tchad-formation-professionnelle.pdf","La formation professionnelle au Tchad ne répond quasiment pas aux besoins sur le terrain en termes d'emploi, juste parce que le gouvernement par le biais du ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la formation professionnelle ne consulte pas les acteurs économiques pour oriente..."]
["2014_KM_110",2014,"KM","Comoros",110,50,"Le gouvernement ne consulte pas les parties-prenantes pour les types de main-d’œuvre requis, mais il compte changer d’approche avec le plan d’action prioritaire 2015-2019.\n\nSelon un directeur général du ministère de l’éducation, aucune consultation permanente n’a été effectuée jusqu’à présent entre les intervenants économiques, les formateurs et la fonction publique. Mais avec l’aide de l’Union Européenne, le ministère de l’éducation commence à travailler avec les opérateurs économiques sur la formation technique et professionnelle. Il n’existe pas de plateforme pour réaliser des réflexions ou des actions sur l’adéquation formation-emploi.  De même des domaines prioritaires sont définis à partir de grands axes (par exemple  la prise en charge de la petite enfance, ou l’école coranique rénovée, ou la prise en charge de l’enfant handicapé) pour aboutir à la formation technique et professionnelle. Mais la planification en adéquation avec les besoins économiques du pays n’a pas été encore pensée d’une façon approfondie. Le système éducatif manque de réalisme, d’où le taux de chômage élevé. \n\nÀ partir de l’année prochaine, des priorités vont être mises en œuvre. La priorité est définie dans le «Plan d’Action Prioritaire 2015-2019 » (PAP) qui privilégie la « promotion de l’enseignement technique et de la formation professionnelle laquelle contribue à l’amélioration de la qualité des ressources humaines ». Dans l’enseignement supérieur, le PAP entend « améliorer la pertinence du cursus, une meilleure réallocation et gestion des ressources, la promotion de la recherche-développement ». \n\nSur le papier, le gouvernement des Comores a toujours manifesté sa volonté d’adapter l’enseignement aux contextes économiques du pays. Selon le rapport national OMD 2013, « les finalités de l’éducation telles qu’elles ont été stipulées dans la Loi relative à l’éducation (Loi 80-18 du 03/05/1980) sont d ’être conformes aux besoins du pays ».   \n« La finalité de l’éducation » est ainsi de « possible l’épanouissement des aptitudes individuelles et former des personnes capables, chacune à son niveau de compétences, de participer au développement économique et social du pays ».","MOINDJIE Mohmamed Moussa, directeur général de la politique et des programmes de l’enseignement, ministère de l’éducation, Moroni, 08 juillet 2014. \n\nStratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable, «Plan d’action prioritaire 2015-2019», Union des Comores, version provisoire du 31 mai 2014, tableau Axe stratégique III. \n\nObjectifs du Millénaire,« Rapport national 2013», « 2- Assurer une éducation primaire pour tous », ONU Comores, p. 13, http://www.km.undp.org/content/dam/comoros/docs/omd/UNDP-km-omd2_2013.pdf. ","Le gouvernement ne consulte pas les parties-prenantes pour les types de main-d’œuvre requis, mais il compte changer d’approche avec le plan d’action prioritaire 2015-2019...."]
["2014_CD_110",2014,"CD","Congo Brazzaville",110,50,"Au Congo, la planification du secteur éducatif tient compte du contexte économique, mais il n'y a aucun mécanisme permettant au gouvernement et au secteur privé de définir des priorités dans ce sens. La croissance économique enregistrée ces deux dernières années a eu pour conséquence une amélioration du système éducatif. C'est ainsi que durant deux ans le gouvernement a fait de l'amélioration du système éducatif une priorité et a décrété les années 2012 et 2013 «année de l'éducatio».\n\nIl existe des consultations sporadiques, cependant le gouvernement peine à suivre les recommandations pour repondre au besoin du marché de l'emploi. Les recommandations sont largement contenues dans le plan décennal 2008 - 2017 de redressement et de développement de l'enseignement technique et professionel. \n\nUn document intitulé « Formation, insertion et emploi des jeunes en Afrique » et présenté à la conférence des ministres 2014 du PQIP/DCTP (Abidjan, 21, 22 et 23 juillet 2014) pointe du doigt le problème de manque d'adéquation entre les qualifications des jeunes et les opportunités d'emploi dans le secteur privé. L'une des raisons évoquées est l'absence d'une planification et de l'investissement de la part du gouvernement dans un harmonisation entre le système éducatif en fonction du cadre économique.","POOS Blandine, directrice générale de l'école nationale des instituteurs, entretien à son domicile, 10 novembre 2014.\n\nCARDORELLE Pauline, juriste spécialiste de l'aide au développement, entretien par téléphone, 03 novembre 2014.\n\n MBA-NZOO David Wilfrid, «Formation, insertion et emploi des jeunes en Afrique: Rapport pays - LE CAS DU Congo BRAZZAVILLE 2014.» présenté à la conférence des ministres 2014 du PQIP/DCTP (Abidjan, 21, 22 et 23 juillet 2014). http://www.adeanet.org/min_conf_youth_skills_employment/sites/default/files/u26/Rapport_Pays_Congo.pdf\n\nRépublique du Congo, ministère de l'enseignement technique et professionnel, «Plan décennal 2008-2017 de redrécessement et de développement de l'enseignement technique et professionnel.» http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Congo/Congo_Plan_Decennal_2008_2017.pdf","Au Congo, la planification du secteur éducatif tient compte du contexte économique, mais il n'y a aucun mécanisme permettant au gouvernement et au secteur privé de définir des priorités dans ce sens. La croissance économique enregistrée ces deux dernières années a eu pour conséquen..."]
["2014_CG_110",2014,"CG","Congo DRC",110,50,"The government has rarely invited stakeholders' input on the types of labor force the economy needs. It has often dictated the types of labor force it needs. The education planning system does not consider the needs of the country's economy. However, due to many recent local critics on the quality and practicality of the educational system, the government has prioritized professional training to reduce unemployment among youth and respond to job requirements. \n\n\nReviewers' Comments:\n\nDRC has been making strides  on a fairly consistent basis. Documents during the research period from UNESCO and The Flemish Association for Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance (VVOB) confirm longer-term efforts to address the skills gap and align curricula with labor market needs. Such efforts include teacher training but also work with youth and identifying current labor needs. Example: Name of project: DR Congo - Institutional Capacity Development in Technical Agricultural Education. Implementation 2014, Planned 2014 - 2016: €2,874,750.\n\nSuggested score:75.","1. (Face To Face Interview), Secondary School Teacher Therese Mikomo, Tel: +0815147839, July 20, 2014.\n\n2.(Face To Face Interview), Infrastructure Advisor To The Minister Of Education, Jacques Bany, Tel: +24399406653, July 26, 2014\n\n3. (Phone Interview), Journalist And Executive Director Association Des Amis Du Pere Tony Nadine Mulembusa, Phone: +998377337, July 6, 2014.\n\n\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nThe project is expected to achieve two main results:, UNESCO 2009-2014, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/education-building-blocks/technical-vocational-education-and-training-tvet/the-bear-project/dr-congo/\n\nDR Congo - Institutional Capacity Development in Technical Agricultural Education 2012- 2014\nhttp://www.vvob.be/vvob/en/programmes/dr-congo","The government has rarely invited stakeholders' input on the types of labor force the economy needs. It has often dictated the types of labor force it needs. The education planning system does not consider the needs of the country's economy. However, due to many recent local critic..."]
["2014_CI_110",2014,"CI","Republic of Cote d'Ivoire",110,50,"En Côte d'Ivoire la politique éducative connait ces dernières années des mutations qui visent à relever le niveau des étudiants et de la scolarisation. Le gouvernement planifie toujours le système éducatif en tenant compte des contingences économiques. L'une des mesures prises par le gouvernement, il y a deux ans, fut la suppression du concours d'entrée en sixième dans l'enseignement primaire. Il y a eu également une révision des programmes d'enseignement au Brevet d'études supérieures pour en extraire des filières qui n'ont pas de débouchées sur le marché de l'emploi. En Côte d'Ivoire, les domaines prioritaires est la santé. L'éducation est plutôt intégré dans le Plan National de Développement (PND 2010-2015).\n \n \n Malgré tout, la formation scolaire semble inadaptée aux besoins économiques de la Côte d'Ivoire en tenant peu compte des impératifs professionnels, comme l'UNICEF l'a démontré dans sa dernière analyse SITAN.","ZANGA Berté, coordonnateur du Cercle des Amis Universels de l’Unesco (CAMUA), 17 août 2014. \n\nBI Yoli, présidente de Wanep-Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, 22 août 2014.  \n\nDOUMBIA Mahamadou, professeur histoire géographie au Lycée Moderne d’Abobo (Abidjan), 22 août 2014.","En Côte d'Ivoire la politique éducative connait ces dernières années des mutations qui visent à relever le niveau des étudiants et de la scolarisation. Le gouvernement planifie toujours le système éducatif en tenant compte des contingences économiques. L'une des mesures prises par ..."]
["2014_DJ_110",2014,"DJ","Djibouti",110,50,"La direction générale de l'enseignement a pour mission de planifier, d'organiser et de superviser les enseignements dans le cycle primaire, moyen et secondaire.\n\nPour la mise en place de la planification du système éducatif, ce sont souvent les bailleurs de fonds qui apportent une contribution financière au gouvernement djiboutien. On témoigne la récente Loi n°52/AN/14/7ème L du 31 mars 2014  portant ratification de l'accord de financement du projet d'appui à l'éducation de base à Djibouti financé par la Banque Islamique de Développement (BID). C'est un accord de prêt d'un montant global de 4,15 millions de dinars islamiques soit 6,240 millions de dollars (ou 1,107 milliards de francs Djibouti) entre la République de Djibouti et la Banque Islamique de Développement. Le projet fait partie du plan stratégique visant à développer l'éducation fondamentale dans la République de Djibouti en fournissant des possibilités d'apprentissage et l'amélioration de la qualité et la réduction de l'écart entre les écoles.\n\nLe financement reçu permet de former des jeunes dans des secteurs porteurs comme par exemple la conduite des poids lourds. C'est l'Agence nationale de l'emploi, de la formation et de l'insertion professionnelle qui pilote cette volonté d'adéquation éducation-emploi. \nAfin de s'impliquer davantage dans cette quête d'harmonie entre la formation des étudiants et les perspectives d'emploi, certaines filières universitaires sont fermées, telle l'administration économique et sociale afin de permettre la mise en place de filière repondant aux besoins du marché comme les banques, la finance et les assurances. \n\nMis à part le lycée français qui organise un forum des métiers pour ses élèves, les autres établissements publics n'ont pas de stratégie concrètes concernant l'adéquation formation et emploi.","GUEDI Mahabé, membre de la direction générale de l'enseignement au sein du ministère de l’éducation nationale, 7 août 2014. \n\nHABONE Mohamed, cadre au sein du Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale (CRIPEN), 7 août 2014. \n\nCHIDEH Mohamed, directeur d'une école primaire dans la capitale, 7 août 2014\n\nSAID Amina, enseignant dans un lycée privé, 7 août 2014. \n\nSite du ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la formation professionnelle. http://www.education.gov.dj/\n\nSite du Centre de Recherches d'Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale (CRIPEN). http://www.cripen.dj/","La direction générale de l'enseignement a pour mission de planifier, d'organiser et de superviser les enseignements dans le cycle primaire, moyen et secondaire...."]
["2014_EG_110",2014,"EG","Egypt",110,25,"The 2014 Constitution authorizes expanded technical and vocational education that is “in line with the needs of the labor market.”  In keeping with this precepts, the government ensures that the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the country's educational future during the reporting period. The constitution also states that education must be 4% of GDP. More specific interaction between stakeholders and the government on the country's education future took place as part of the Egypt 2022 Plan, which was unveiled in November 2013 by the Ministry of Planning.\n\nTeams were sent to conduct fact-finding missions with both students, professors, the business community and other stakeholders. The report noted: “The whole higher education system in Egypt, with all its universities and institutions, seems to be in the worst condition. All parties are unsatisfied with the outcomes, whether students, faculty members, government or society.”\n\nThe report called for an emphasis in vocational training and an emphasis on developing the capacity for research education to move the country toward a knowledge-based economy.","Interview with Emad Hegazy, School Teacher, July 30, 2014\n\nMinistry of Education site http://portal.moe.gov.eg/Pages/default.aspx accessed July 22, 2014\n\nAl Ahram, \"Egypt's budget: beginning cautiously to exit the Mubarak box\" Ahmed El Sayed El Nagger  english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/107299/Opinion/Egypts-budget-beginning-cautiously-to-exit-the-Mub.aspx\n\nBrookings, January 2014 \"Improving Regional and Rural Development for Inclusive Growth in Egypt\" By: Hafez Ghanem www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/01/29-regional-rural-development-growth-egypt-ghanem\n\nAl Bawaba, \"Illiteracy in Egypt reaches 16 million Published\" September 16th, 2013 www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/egypt-illiteracy-female-520546","The 2014 Constitution authorizes expanded technical and vocational education that is “in line with the needs of the labor market.”  In keeping with this precepts, the government ensures that the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the country's educati..."]
["2014_GQ_110",2014,"GQ","Equatorial Guinea",110,25,"No continous consultations took place during the period of review regarding the education system and future prospects based on the economic framework. \n\nOil companies are influencing the education system by supporting Guineans for their master studies at universities. The education system in Equatorial Guinea continues to face major challenges, despite the prioritization of the sector in the National Education Plan and the Development Plan (Horizonte 2020). \n\nVocational training is undergoing reforms, and the curriculum is going to be reviewed to take into account the labor market. In addition, the government plans to build four new education centers, in addition to the two current professional centers managed by private companies. The current training facilities are limited and not adequate to meet the labor market demands. Education facilities are not equipped appropriately, and there is a lack of qualified professors to prepare students for the current market.\n\nDuring the period of review, the government organized various international symposiums to foster private-sector investment, and as a result some consultations were made on the education needs of the country. There was no formal consultation process, and the current education plan does not take into account the economic framework of the country. A lack of marketable skills and properly trained professionals continues to be one of the main causes of unemployment.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, teacher, Equatorial Guinea, July 15, 2014. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them. \n\nPublication: Teale Walheim, \"Unemployment Management and Social Development in Equatorial Guinea,\" Dec. 6, 2013.\nhttps://www.academia.edu/6321917/Equatorial_Guinea_-_Policy_Analysis \n\nPublication: Office High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary compilation Equatorial Guinea, Feb. 13, 2014. \nhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/109/45/PDF/G1410945.pdf?OpenElement\n\nPublication: African Development Bank, UNDP and OECD, African Economic Outlook Equatorial Guinea 2014.\nhttp://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Guine_equatoriale_EN.pdf\n\n ","No continous consultations took place during the period of review regarding the education system and future prospects based on the economic framework. ..."]
["2014_ER_110",2014,"ER","Eritrea",110,50,"The consultation process is sporadically conducted with stakeholders from other ministries. The priority area is vocational training, and this has been conducted through consultations. However, the meetings are not held regularly. \n\nMany fresh graduates are absorbed by governmental bodies or quasi-government (party-owned) enterprises in construction, agriculture and other service areas. Hence, the main priority is meeting the demands of such enterprises. The established vocational training center in Sawa and others are aimed at nurturing the required skills for the above-mentioned enterprises. In 2014, the Eritrean government made an agreement with the Chinese government to enlarge the College of Science and Technology at a cost of USD33 million.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, Aug. 13, 2014\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.","The consultation process is sporadically conducted with stakeholders from other ministries. The priority area is vocational training, and this has been conducted through consultations. However, the meetings are not held regularly. ..."]
["2014_ET_110",2014,"ET","Ethiopia",110,75,"The Ministry of Education coordinates stakeholder consultation meetings with academics, industry officials, employers associations, trade unions and the public to shape and develop the curriculum as well as the educational priorities of the country based on the economic perspective. The Education Strategy Center also researches and develops methods to design areas of intervention. The center also has a mandate to ensure the participation of stakeholders. For example, enrollment in university education is based on a 70/30 ratio set for natural sciences and social sciences. \n\nAccording to the government, education is likely to offer solutions to all the country's problems; 30 percent of the national budget is spent on education. The government  has embarked on industrial expansion as its economic path, and more attention is being given to the natural sciences, with technology and engineering getting special consideration. This policy is also emulated in primary and secondary education. \n\nIn addition, technical and vocational education is made available for students unable to continue onto higher institutions. In creating these policies, discussions with stakeholders at different levels have taken place, and further discussions are held periodically. Suggestions for change to educational policy generally are met with great resistance from the public and academia. As a result, the government tends to be rigid when it comes to education policy. Consultations, in turn, are taken as mere information events rather than a dialogue between the government and stakeholders.","Interview with source who requested anonymity, information office of the Ministry of Education, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014, Addis Ababa. \nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nInterview with source who requested anonymity, researcher in a civil society organisation based in Addis Ababa, 29 July 2014.\nGlobal Integrity knows the names of anonymous sources and has agreed not to disclose them.\n\nReviewers' Sources:\n\nAfrican Children's Educational Trust, \"Educating Ethiopians to develop Ethiopia.\"\nwww.a-cet.org/schools.php?id+110560                                                                                     ","The Ministry of Education coordinates stakeholder consultation meetings with academics, industry officials, employers associations, trade unions and the public to shape and develop the curriculum as well as the educational priorities of the country based on the economic perspective..."]
["2014_GA_110",2014,"GA","Gabon",110,50,"Au Gabon, les programmes scolaires ne sont que partiellement en adéquation avec les besoins économiques du pays, car depuis quelques années le gouvernement s'efforce d'adapter le système scolaire au marché de l'emploi. C'est dans ce sens que le système  Licence Master Doctorat (LMD) a été mis en place dans les universités. Des états généraux sur le système éducatif ont aussi été organisés.\nBien qu'il n'existe pas une fréquence régulière, les réunions sectorielles souvent convoquées et dirigées par le ministère du travail, permettent par exemple de recueillir des avis d'acteurs sur les orientations à donner à l'éducation et la formation.\nMême si le problème de la main d'oeuvre au Gabon subsiste, celle-ci est d'abord dû au nombre très réduit des Gabonais par rapport aux opportunités existantes sur le marché de l'emploi. Par exemple en 2011  l'Organisation Nationale des Employés du Pétrole (ONEP) dénombrait 1300 travailleurs expatriés en situation irrégulière dans le secteur du pétrole.","LABLÉ Joseph, membre de l’Organisation Nationale des Employés du Pétrole (ONEP), entretien par téléphone, 16 janvier 2015.\n\nAYAH Xavier, économiste, entretien par téléphone, 16 janvier 2015\n\nENGUENGH Darius, étude scientifique sur «La diversification de l'économie gabonaise», 2014 : http://cahigec.e-monsite.com/pages/espace-devoirs-de-geographie-terminale/la-diversification-de-l-economie-gabonaise.html;","Au Gabon, les programmes scolaires ne sont que partiellement en adéquation avec les besoins économiques du pays, car depuis quelques années le gouvernement s'efforce d'adapter le système scolaire au marché de l'emploi. C'est dans ce sens que le système  Licence Master Doctorat (LMD..."]
["2014_GM_110",2014,"GM","The Gambia",110,75,"Sources reveal that the government invites relevant stakeholders’ input on the types of labor force the country’s economy needs and these consultations with stakeholders are usually in the form of meetings and workshops. Some of the success stories following these consultations include the introduction of free education for girls in rural areas, the moves to establish a national academy of sciences and the government’s continued support for vocational centers and other institutions that provide training on skills development.\n\nThe National Education Policy and the Draft National Science and Technology Policy (NSTP) are government education plans that outline government priorities on the types of labour force the country’s economy need.","1. Email correspondence with Mr. Poncelet O. Ileleji, MBCS, Coordinator The Gambia YMCAs Computer Training Centre & Digital Studio,  MDI Road,  Kanifing South, on 19 June 2014\n\n2. Education Ministry National Education Policy 2004 to 2015, http://www.edugambia.gm/data-area/publications/policy-documents.html.\n\n3.Email correspondence with  Mr. Adama Jimba Jobe, Director, Directorate of Science and Technology Education, Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, Willy Thorpe Place Building, Banjul, The Gambia on Monday 23 June 2014\n\n4. Gambia to establish national academy of sciences, The Standard by Sainey N.K. Marenah, 21/07/2014, available at http://standard.gm/site/news/4255-Gambia-establish-national-academy-sciences.html, last accessed 12/08/2014","Sources reveal that the government invites relevant stakeholders’ input on the types of labor force the country’s economy needs and these consultations with stakeholders are usually in the form of meetings and workshops. Some of the success stories following these consultations inc..."]
["2014_GH_110",2014,"GH","Ghana",110,100,"The planning of the educational system in the country is a multi-stakeholder affair in the sense that government consults the private sector and other stakeholders about the types of labour force the country's economy needs.\n \nThis involves holding meetings with selected private sector operators and public fora with other stakeholders. The governing boards of most public tertiary institutions especially the polytechnics are constituted with representatives of some of the private sector associations. This is to build a linkage between industry and the academia to determine and train the kind of labour the country's economy needed.\n\nThe government has also developed the Education Strategic Plan (ESP) of 2003 to 2015 and its successor plan, ESP 2010 to 2020, which identify the country's priority areas of education policy. Some of the goals of the ESP include to strengthen and improve educational planning and management, promote and extend the provision of science and technology education and training and improve the quality of academic and research programmes.\n\nHowever, there is a disconnect between the kind of labour that the economy needs and the graduates produced by the tertiary institutions in the country. The tertiary institutions complain of lack of facilities in terms of equipment and tools for practical studies, a situation which compels them to admit more students into the humanities instead of the sciences and engineering programmes which, have been identified as crucial to ensure improved productivity of industry and the development of the country. \n\nMost employers also complain that graduates being produced lack basic skills to function effectively in the workplace and they have to further train such graduates to enable them to deliver. Therefore companies prefer experienced personnel to fresh graduates, a situation which compounds the graduate unemployment situation in the country.\n \nIn view of this, the Ministry of Education in May this year 2014 organised a conference for industry players and education stakeholders to discuss ways to bridge the gap between industry and labour produced by education institutions in the country.","1. Professor Stephen Adei, Former Rector, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Table interview at Radach Lodge and Conference Center, June 18, 2014, Tamale.\n\n2. Mr Patrick Stephenson, Research Coordinator, IMANI Ghana Center for Policy and Education, Telephone interview, July 25, 2014, Accra.\n\n3. Mrs Patricia Addy, Policy Officer, Association of Ghana Industries, Telephone interview, July 23, 2014, Accra.\n\n4. Mr Divine Ayizoe, Director in-charge of Statistics, Research, Information Management and Public Relations Division of the Ministry of Education, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Accra.\n\n5. Mr Crispin Wura-sey Ziekah, Northern Ghana Director of eSyllabus for Africa, Telephone interview, August 8, 2014, Tamale.\n\n6. News story: Title: National Conference on Bridging the Gap between Education / Training and Industry Opens in Accra, Author: MoE/PR, Name of publication: www.moe.gov.gh, Date: May 19, 2014, Link: http://www.moe.gov.gh/site/media/nws_0058.php","The planning of the educational system in the country is a multi-stakeholder affair in the sense that government consults the private sector and other stakeholders about the types of labour force the country's economy needs...."]
["2014_GN_110",2014,"GN","Guinea",110,0,"Le système d'élaboration des programmes scolaires et universitaires ressemble un peu au programme d'élaboration du budget national de développement. Il n'y a pas de consultation à la base pour connaître les besoins. De temps à autre, les autorités prononcent des discours pour donner une orientation à l'enseignement. Mais il n' y a pas une véritable consultation des parties prenantes par rapport aux types d'enseignement. Ce qui fait qu'il y a plétore d'universités en Guinée qui ne répondent à aucun critère universitaire. La conséquence directe est le très bas niveau des étudiants diplômés, qui sont en chômage de longue durée, faute d'employeurs.\n\nL'Etat possède quelques écoles professionnelles qui n'arrivent pas à couvrir les vrais besoins des employeurs miniers.  Cette situation pousse quelques sociétés minières à créer des écoles pouvant leur permettre de former, selon leurs besoins, les employés et autres étudiants qui aspirent à travailler dans ces entreprises. C'est le cas de la Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG), qui a une école professionnelle à Boké et de Friguia qui a une école professionnelle à Fria. Souvent, les sociétés minières et de nouvelles technologies ont recours aux recrutements étrangers pour des postes techniques. Ce qui prouve que le système d'éducation n'est pas adapté au contexte socio-économique.","LAMAH Matthieu, professeur d'histoire au collège sainte Marie de Dixinn-Conakry, 10h30, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nLOUA Gaston, responsable du secrétariat central du ministère de l'enseignement pré-universitaire, 11h, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.\n\nROUGE CONDÉ Sékou, directeur national des services examens de la fonction publique, 11h, 15 juillet 2014, Conakry.","Le système d'élaboration des programmes scolaires et universitaires ressemble un peu au programme d'élaboration du budget national de développement. Il n'y a pas de consultation à la base pour connaître les besoins. De temps à autre, les autorités prononcent des discours pour donne..."]
["2014_GW_110",2014,"GW","Guinea-Bissau",110,25,"Guinea-Bissau's education system has enormous deficiences. In order to tackle some of the biggest problems, in 2009, the government approved an 11-year programme for the development of the education sector (2009 - 2020). Among the various objectives the document sets out, it does mention that higher education ought to be improved and respond to the country's economic demand and necessities, and that alternative training should take into account the economy's priority sectors.\n\nHowever, everything remains vague and unclear as to how this will be undertaken, no specific priorities are pinpointed, and no reference is made to the consultation of stakeholders on the types of labour the economy needs. Yet, the three-year education programme for 2010 - 2013 does provide a more concrete action plan and priority areas.   \n\nNonetheless, this year with the exception of international partners (whose help is critical for the education system), the government did not consult key stakeholders about the types of training which would be important for the country's economy. There is an education programme outlining some priorities. Yet this remains only on paper given there is no money to implement any of the foreseen plans. The planning is done arbitrarily and does not address the economy's needs. Due to the system of funding, international stakeholders and their priorities are taken on board, but local actors are generally not consulted.","1. Interview with Mário Nasoline, Director General of the Office for Studies, Planification and Evaluation of the Education System, Ministry of Education, Youth, Culture and Sports, 25 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n2. Interview with Alanam Pereira, Director General of the National Institute for the Development of Education (INDE), Ministry of Education, Youth, Culture and Sports, 26 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau\n\n3. Interview with Victor Madrigal, Delegate, NGO AIDA - Ayuda, Intercambio, Desarollo, 24 July 2014, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau's education system has enormous deficiences. In order to tackle some of the biggest problems, in 2009, the government approved an 11-year programme for the development of the education sector (2009 - 2020). Among the various objectives the document sets out, it does m..."]
["2014_KE_110",2014,"KE","Kenya",110,50,"The government has formed a task force to collect views and recommendations of revamping the country's education. The task force was launched on February 2, 2011, to review and align the education and training sector to the Constitution 2010 and the country's economic blueprint, Vision 2030, that aims to propel Kenya to mid-income status by 2030.\n\nThe task force in its final report acknowledges that to be globally competitive and economically viable, Kenya requires an education system that is responsive to the national goals and aspirations of Kenyans. The recommendations of the task force are under consideration for implementation.\n\nThe government also is working to implement the Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET) Policy which was born out of a consultation process to guide the revitalizing of the TVET sector and providing skilled and employable graduates needed to drive the aspirations of the Vision 2030. Specific emphasis will be placed on enhancing access to TVET by targeting a gross enrollment rate 30% by 2030 and ensuring relevance in the training provided.","1. Akello Misori, Secretary-General Kenya Union of Post-Primary Education Teachers (KUPPET). Interviewed on July 4, 2014.\n\n2. Prof Julius Nyabundi, Principal Muranga Uniersity  College. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n3. Kennedy Buhere, public relations officer Ministry of Education. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n4. Mugambi Mutegi, journalist Nation Media Group. Interviewed on July 5, 2014.\n\n5. Task Force Final Report on realignment of Kenya education sector with Constitution 2010. published Feb 2012. http://www.vision2030.go.ke/cms/vds/Task_Force_Final_Report_Feb_20123.pdf\n\n6. Technical and Vocational Education and Training(TVET) Policy. Published on March 8, 2012. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:yhaAZxN7b-MJ:www.kemi.ac.ke/index.php/downloads/category/2-kemi-library%3Fdownload%3D7:technical-vocational-education-and-training-policy-2012+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us","The government has formed a task force to collect views and recommendations of revamping the country's education. The task force was launched on February 2, 2011, to review and align the education and training sector to the Constitution 2010 and the country's economic blueprint, Vi..."]
["2014_LS_110",2014,"LS","Lesotho",110,25,"The planning of the educational system generally does not take into account the economic framework, but there are some instances where stakeholders are consulted. There are no clear priority areas. There are some courses that institutions of higher learning deem irrelevant but the government continued to insist that they be provided. This is because such institutions are government-owned. \n\nLesotho’s economy depends heavily on water sales to South Africa and exportation of rough diamonds to international diamond centres.  Lesotho depends heavily of South Africa for training of human resources. Very important sectors like water, mining, engineering and medicine do not have schools training their professionals in Lesotho. Most of the graduates join the unemployment statistics because the education system produces people who look for employment, not creators of employment opportunities. \n\nPaul Sematane of the Progressive Teachers Association of Lesotho stated that there is a need to engage all stakeholders in order to ensure that the educational system takes into account the economic framework. \n\nNkareng Letsie of Consumers Protection Association stated that those who are in charge of designing the educational system do not incorporate the needs of the society in the system. He indicated, that consumer education remains a Cinderella within the education system and that the past 12 months have not provided any change in the approach. \n\nOn the other hand, Thabo Qhesi of the Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho indicated that there are no schools that train entrepreneurs in Lesotho and that most people depended on trial and error in order to succeed or fail in business.\n \nMabakubung Seutloali of the Ministry of Education and Training stated that the decision to bring an end of Cambridge Overseas School Certificate (COSC) was to ensure that learners are able to acquire knowledge that will make them active economic agents. She went further to indicate that the ministry has been conducting curriculum audit in order to incorporate new issues such as financial education in basic education.","Paul Sematlane, General Secretary, Progressive Teachers Association of Lesotho, 14th September 2014\n\nNkareng Letsie, Trade Coordinator, Consumers Protection Association, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nThabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer, Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho, 28th August 2014, Maseru.\n\nMabakubung Seutloali, Chief Education Officer, Curriculum and Assessment, Ministry of Education and Training, 22nd September 2014, Maseru.","The planning of the educational system generally does not take into account the economic framework, but there are some instances where stakeholders are consulted. There are no clear priority areas. There are some courses that institutions of higher learning deem irrelevant but the ..."]
["2014_LR_110",2014,"LR","Liberia",110,0,"The government does not consult anyone about the type of labor force that the economy needs. Largely the Liberian government's plans are based on international standards and best practices from other countries. Plans are individually developed by various government agencies, and in most cases these agencies do not consult each other and most of the time they do not consider what the other agencies have planned.\n\nA classic illustration of this lack of adequation between the educational system and the country's economy is that more and more people cannot secure jobs within their own professional fields. More people in Liberia are doing jobs in areas they were not formally trained for.","Interview: James Andrews, Asst. Minister, Ministry of Education, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Kwame Ross, Deputy Minister for Planning, Monrovia, 19/08/2014\n\nInterview: Nato Liegh, Minister of Labor, Monrovia, 19/08/2014","The government does not consult anyone about the type of labor force that the economy needs. Largely the Liberian government's plans are based on international standards and best practices from other countries. Plans are individually developed by various government agencies, and in..."]
["2014_LY_110",2014,"LY","Libya",110,0,"Studies indicate that more than 50 percent of medical and technical disciplines are lacking in health institutions. Technical education plans show that the choice of disciplines does not match the needs and realities of these institutions. The gap between Job market needs and education outcomes was caused by a weakness in coordination between the government and the private sector, as well as a lack of collaboration between related government bodies like the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education.","Interview with Samir Jenzar, information officer in Ministry of Education, Oct. 30, 2014.\n\nNaeemah Mohammad Ahmed, paperwork applied for the third international conference to harmonize the outputs of higher education to the needs of the labor market, April 25-May 1, 2014.\nfile:///home/chronos/u-31764fa47ca84248973a76f514677e9a3ce7d144/Downloads/1_2.pdf\n\nLibya Almostakbal, Mustafah Alfakhiri, \"The education galls and concepts,\" Sept. 2, 2014.\nhttp://www.libya-al-mostakbal.org/news/clicked/55003","Studies indicate that more than 50 percent of medical and technical disciplines are lacking in health institutions. Technical education plans show that the choice of disciplines does not match the needs and realities of these institutions. The gap between Job market needs and educa..."]
["2014_MG_110",2014,"MG","Madagascar",110,0,"Actuellement, le Plan national de développement pour les premières années de la IVème République n'est pas encore prêt, après une année et un mois d'exstence . La planification du système éducatif est encore à concevoir.\n \n Pour l’année 2014 (la nouvelle année scolaire va débuter en septembre-octobre), les avis sont plutôt négatifs. Ils insistent sur le fait que la planification initiée ne suit pas du tout le contexte économique, d’où les retards mentionnés par les journaux. En effet, le financement dépendait de la reprise de l’aide budgétaire du PNUD, de la Banque mondiale et de l’Union Européenne. Les décalages les plus importants concernent le recrutement d’enseignants publics. Cela a entraîné depuis le mois de décembre 2013 des grèves d’enseignants du primaire payés par les associations des parents d’élèves (FRAM). En conclusion, la planification initiée par le premier gouvernement de la IVème République (2014) ne tient pas compte du contexte économique.\n \n Le programme gouvernemental pour le système éducatif (primaire et secondaire) est défini dans le Plan Intérimaire pour l’Education (PIE), qui couvre la période 2013-2015. L'évaluation à mi-parcours a donné des résultats concluants selon la publication du ministère de l’éducation nationale sur son site en août 2014. Il s’agit notamment de la hausse des inscriptions dans les écoles publiques, l’amélioration des taux de réussite lors des examens officiels, l’allègement des charges parentales par la dotation en kits scolaires et la suppression de la caisse-école, la construction et la réhabilitation de salles de classe ainsi que la formation et le processus de recrutement d’enseignants non fonctionnaires. Tous ces exemples illustrent aujourd’hui ce bilan pour l’année scolaire 2013-2014.","Primature, « Enoncé du Programme de Mise en Œuvre de la Politique Générale de l’Etat (PGE) », mai 2014, http://www.primature.gov.mg/?page_id=2168\n \n Site du ministère de l’éducation nationale : http://www.education.gov.mg/les-activites-du-ministere/ et http://www.education.gov.mg/articles-recents/plan-interimaire-pour-leducation-une-revue-a-mi-parcours-revele-des-resultats-concluants/\n \n MAMIZARA José, fonctionnaire, professeur de philosophie , Port Berger, 08 juillet 2014\n \n RAJOARIHERY W. Victor, président de l’Association Nationale des Enseignants Publics Non Fonctionnaires, Antananarivo, 14 août 2014  RAKOTOZAFY Jean Paul Emile, président du Syndicat Chrétien des Enseignants de Madagascar, Antananarivo, 18 juillet 2014  Madagascar Tribune, 07 décembre 2013, « Grève des enseignants FRAM payés par les associations des parents délèves ». http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Vite-dit,19440.html  HAD'NAH, La Nation, 02 août 2014, « Remise à niveau des enfants déscolarisés : Promesse présidentielle non tenu ». http://www.lanation.mg/article.php?id=13008  Madagascar Matin, 10 juillet 2014, « Recrutement d’enseignants : le budget retarde le résultat ». http://www.matin.mg/?p=2372","Actuellement, le Plan national de développement pour les premières années de la IVème République n'est pas encore prêt, après une année et un mois d'exstence . La planification du système éducatif est encore à concevoir...."]
["2014_MW_110",2014,"MW","Malawi",110,75,"Malawi's economy is currently dominated by the export of raw primary commodities including tobacco, sugar and cotton. Despite the country being one of the largest producers of tobacco, there is very little processing on the ground. As such, the country has not yet repositioned itself to exploit opportunities to integrate into global value chains (GVCs) that have emerged with globalization. Obstacles to integration into GVCs include poor infrastructure, low skills and a weak business climate. \n\nThe government is implementing a range of measures through the Skills Development Project, which is being supported by the World Bank. Launched in late 2013, this is on top of Malawi’s existing Skills Development Policy Framework, which recognizes the role of an educated and skilled population in reducing poverty, decreasing inequality and boosting economic growth.\n\nThe Skills Development Project will help young people get the training they need for jobs in high-priority sectors in the country's steadily growing economy through tertiary education. These include engineering, natural resources extraction, agriculture, construction, health services, tourism and hospitality, which have emerged as priority areas following consultations with stakeholders.\n\nInstitutions that will receive results-based grants under the project include the University of Malawi's Polytechnic and Chancellor College, Mzuzu University, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the Technical, Entrepreneurial and Vocational Education and Training Authority. Consultations are done through meetings with relevant stakeholders. This includes the Ministry of Education, the Malawi Confederation of Chambers and Industry, the World Bank and various colleges and skills training organisations.\n\nThe funding will be used for a range of different activities across these institutions, including improving staff skills, renovating infrastructure and setting up satellite facilities where required. Teacher training for the secondary level will also receive focused attention under the project.","1.Tamani Nkhono-Mvula, National Director, Civil Society Agricultural Network (CICANET), 13 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n2.Hope Chavula, Manager, Public Private Dialogue, Malawi Confederation of Chambers and Industry, 2 July 2014, Lilongwe\n\n3. Dr Levison Chiwaula, Senior Lecturer in Economics, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, 13 August, 2014, Lilongwe\n\n4. Waliko Makhala, Chief Producer, TV Malawi, 5 August 2014, Lilongwe\n\n5. Skills Development Project, 2014-2018. Malawi Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. November 2013. http://www.finance.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=155&Itemid=55\n\n6. \"World Bank to Help Equip Young People in Malawi With Skills for Jobs in High-Priority Sectors\", National Council for Higher Education, June 19, 2014.  http://www.nche.ac.mw/?q=content/world-bank-help-equip-young-people-malawi-skills-jobs-high-priority-sectors","Malawi's economy is currently dominated by the export of raw primary commodities including tobacco, sugar and cotton. Despite the country being one of the largest producers of tobacco, there is very little processing on the ground. As such, the country has not yet repositioned itse..."]
["2014_ML_110",2014,"ML","Mali",110,0,"Au Mali, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte du contexte économique. La planification du système éducatif est faite en l'absence d'une analyse objective de la situation macro économique. \n\nAussi, selon Ismaël Yoro, conseiller en communication, ministère de l’économie et des finances, «la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie du pays.» Raison pour laquelle les ambitions dépassent très souvent les moyens disponibles. Le gouvernement ne consulte pas les parties prenantes sur les types de main-d'œuvre nécessaires pour l'économie du pays.\nLe gouvernement ne tient pas encore compte de la situation macro économique pour se projeter dans l'avenir.","COULIBALY Omegé Honoré Salia, promoteur-directeur, école privée Les Main unies de Bamako, 23 juillet 2014.\n \nTOURÉ Allaye, président, Conseil National de la Société Civile (CNSC), 23 juillet 2014.\n\nYORO Ismael, conseiller en communication, ministère de l’économie et des finances, 23 juillet 2014.","Au Mali, la planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte du contexte économique. La planification du système éducatif est faite en l'absence d'une analyse objective de la situation macro économique. ..."]
["2014_MR_110",2014,"MR","Mauritania",110,50,"Même si la fréquence des rencontres entre le gouvernement et les intervenants économiques n'est pas établie, le gouvernement a quand même défini les domaines prioritaires et les a intégrés dans la planification du sytème éducatif. Selon un document de la Banque mondiale, le gouvernement a adopté un plan d'éducation et de formation technique et professionnelle  2010 - 2020 qui incorpore le cadre économique dans la planification de l'éducation. \n\nLe Programme National de Développement du Secteur Educatif (PNDSE II) 2011-2020 est un document novateur dont l'ambition est de transformer le système éducatif à travers l'introduction de la planification économique. Au-delà, il vise à repenser les fondements qui ont jusqu'à présent régulé la gouvernance de ce secteur. L'état de délabrement du système éducatif a amené les pouvoirs publics à engager une vaste réflexion sur sa restructuration. Véritable épine dorsale du système éducatif, le Programme National de Développement du Secteur Educatif 2011-2020 (PNDSE II) intégre la planification économique dans le système éducatif. La planification économique repose sur la volonté de promouvoir un système éducatif performant, mieux adapté aux défauts du développement. L'atoût majeur de cet effort de planification économique du système éducatif est qu'il a impulsé une décentralisation de certains établissements publics à travers le territoire national. Ces efforts de planification économique du système éducatif se sont traduits par de timides résultats qui n'ont pas eu un impact significatif en termes d'efficacité et de productivité.","1. ACHRAF Mohamed, président de la Coalition des Organisations Mauritaniennes pour l'Education (COMEDUC), 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott\n\n2. BALL MOHAMED Fadel, ancien inspecteur de l'enseignement secondaire, 15 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.\n\n3. BA Abderahmane, conseiller pédagogique, Direction Régionale de l'Education Nationale (DREN), 16 juillet 2014, Nouakchott.","Même si la fréquence des rencontres entre le gouvernement et les intervenants économiques n'est pas établie, le gouvernement a quand même défini les domaines prioritaires et les a intégrés dans la planification du sytème éducatif. Selon un document de la Banque mondiale, le gouvern..."]
["2014_MU_110",2014,"MU","Mauritius",110,100,"There are consultations between the government and stakeholders with regards to educational and economic needs. Based on this, the Ministry of Education has introduced new courses such as Entrepreneurship Education on a pilot basis for three years. Together with this, the ministry has promoted work placement possibilities within a new programme named HSC professional. These measures are supposed to better prepare student to enter the work environment.\n\nBrinda Hazareesing, former rector of the secondary, said that the planning of the educational system is closely related to the economic framework. In Mauritius, where one important resource for development and progress is the people, education is a priority and the state invests heavily in a system that provides facilities for learning and teaching. Studies are carried out to determine the needs of the country and those of the world of work. Certain areas of study are thus prioritized and the curriculum adjusted and students can benefit from expert advice and guidance.\n\n\nReviewer comment:\n\nAgree. The Tertiary Education Commission also publishes a yearly list of indicative priority fields of study which it compiles based on consultations with key stakeholders to determine employers' demand for graduates by field of study.","1.        Vasant Bunwaree, Minister of Education and Human Resources, 19 Sept 2014, face-to-face interview\n2.        Annick Rivet, Journalist, Defi Media Group, 29 Aug 2014, mail\n3.        Brinda Hazareesing, Former Rector of State Secondary Colleges, 02 Sept 2014, mail\n4. Le Defi Quotidien, Annick Rivet, 23 Sept 2014, Title: HSC Professional : 222 candidats disent oui\nLink: http://www.defimedia.info/defi-quotidien/dq-actualites/item/60103-hsc-professional-222-candidats-disent-oui.html\n\nReviewer source:\nTertiary Education Commission. List of Indicative Priority Fields of Study 2014-2015. Accessed on 19 Dec 2014. Available at: http://ministry-education.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/LIPFS%202014.PDF","There are consultations between the government and stakeholders with regards to educational and economic needs. Based on this, the Ministry of Education has introduced new courses such as Entrepreneurship Education on a pilot basis for three years. Together with this, the ministry ..."]
["2014_MA_110",2014,"MA","Morocco",110,50,"Regarding university degree and post-graduate studies, the Ministry of Higher Education (a different ministry than the one dealing with primary and high school education) makes serious efforts to adapt its short and longer academic programs to the need of the private sector. The approach is beneficial in three ways: \n\n1) It helps the student focus on areas where the potential for finding a job after graduation is higher.\n2) It helps a university increase its competitivness, attract more talents and maintain high ranking based on employment rate of its graduates. \n3) It helps the companies anticipate their needs and prepare their next generation of hires with the appropriate skills. \n\nOn a more macro level, the country benefits from this approach as it becomes more attractive to investors who find in Morocco a good place for affordable and quality human capital. \n\nThe ICT sector is extremely dynamic in terms of the evolution of technologies, job creation and international competition. So it is by far the best example of success of this academic / private cooperation in Morocco. A lot of efforts are made to match education with employment needs in the private sector. However many say it is not sufficent. Results of the current efforts need time to be seen and evaluated.","Mehdi Kettani - Vice president at the commission for University Corporation cooperation at the union of employers in Morocco - Casablanca -phone interview, August 6th 2014.\n\nSaad Hamoumi - Vice president of the Union of Employers Morocco -  Casablanca -phone interview, August 2nd 2014.\n\nAmine Mounir Alaoui - president of the ICT Federation Morocco - Casablanca -phone interview, August 2nd 2014.","Regarding university degree and post-graduate studies, the Ministry of Higher Education (a different ministry than the one dealing with primary and high school education) makes serious efforts to adapt its short and longer academic programs to the need of the private sector. The ap..."]
["2014_MZ_110",2014,"MZ","Mozambique",110,100,"The education system, particularly the technical professional and higher education subsystems take into account the country's economic framework. For instance, since October 2013, in the wake of the discovery of new mineral resources (gas, petrol), new courses were introduced to train people to address the lack of professionals in these areas. Courses such as petroleum engineering, mine engineering, among others, were introduced in January 2014 at various universities and technical professional schools. However, these courses are quite expensive and require appropriate laboratories, which are costly. \n\nIt is important to mention that the introduction of new courses and new curriculum are the result of permanent consultations between the education institutions and the economy's productive sector.","Interview with Denise Maria Malauene, education specialist and independent consultant, Ministry of Education, Maputo, 23 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Jorge Muchanga, education specialist, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 22 July 2014.  \n\nInterview with Domingos do Rosario, professor and expert on development studies, governance and public administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, 23 July 2014.  \n\nEPM, \"Mozambique starts the process of creating the network of vocational schools\" (\"Moçambique inicia o processo de criação da rede de escolas profissionais\"), 11 June 2014.  \nhttp://www.epmocambique.com/mod/page/view.php?id=27","The education system, particularly the technical professional and higher education subsystems take into account the country's economic framework. For instance, since October 2013, in the wake of the discovery of new mineral resources (gas, petrol), new courses were introduced to tr..."]
["2014_NA_110",2014,"NA","Namibia",110,75,"The government does consult with relevant stakeholders when it comes up with a new education system. That is why the Education Ministry has introduced practical as well as academic subjects because the country is in desperate need of human resources in the academic, technical and informal sectors. There is a general consensus that the education system in Namibia requires significant intervention as there is lack of quality across the education sector as well as a mismatch in the demand and supply of skills in the country. According to Namibia's President Hifikepunye Pohamba in October 2014, science and technology are Namibia's current education priority needs.  The government was working on making tertiary education free in 2016.\n\nThe government of Namibia spends above 25% of its national budget on education. Improvements have been made to make the national and regional education systems more effective.\n\nThe government does consult and changes the education curriculum to meet the country's skills requirements. But the country has a problem of producing \"half baked\" graduates that fail to deliver when they get jobs.","1.Telephone interview with the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Education, Alfred Ilukena on 17/07/2014\n2. A story in the Namibian newspaper of 12/09/2014 by Ndanki Kahiurika under the headline Namibia education system is weak: Namwandi http://en.africatime.com/namibie/articles/namibia-education-system-weak-namwandi\n3. Face to face interview with Marianne Nghidengwa journalist at the Confidente newspaper on 17/07/2014 at the newspaper's offices in Windhoek\n\n4. President Pohamba 2014 speech on education, http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=18941&page_type=story_detail.","The government does consult with relevant stakeholders when it comes up with a new education system. That is why the Education Ministry has introduced practical as well as academic subjects because the country is in desperate need of human resources in the academic, technical and i..."]
["2014_NE_110",2014,"NE","Niger",110,50,"Au Niger, le dialogue public-privé est assez peu développé et ce dans tous les secteurs. Au niveau du secteur éducatif, il y a sans doute des investissements importants qui sont réalisés chaque année par l'Etat et les partenaires techniques et financiers pour répondre à la forte demande en éducation (qualité de programme et infrastructures).\n Pour réaliser ces investissements, le gouvernement a plutôt tendance à solliciter de manière sporadique les acteurs économiques. Il n'y a pas de cadre de dialogue structuré via une plateforme connue entre par exemple, les entreprises qui fournissent des services au secteur de l'éducation et les ministères en charge. Cependant, le Programme Sectoriel de l’Éducation et de la Formation (PSEF) selon ses concepteurs, repose sur le cadrage macro-économique donné par le Plan de Développement Economique et Sociale du Niger (PDES 2013-2015).","WEIFANE Ibrahim, directeur du programme éducation et services essentiels au bureau OXFAM du Niger, 8 octobre 2014. \n \n MOUNKAILA Halidou, coordinateur du syndicat des Enseignants CPRASE, 8 octobre 2014. \n  \n DAOUDA Moussa, directeur du Centre de promotion des investissements à la Chambre du commerce d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger, 8 Octobre 2014. \n \n Banque mondiale, 1 novmbre 2013, «The Fastest Road to Reduce Poverty in Niger is to Invest in Agriculture».\n http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/11/01/the-fastest-road-to-reduce-poverty-in-niger-is-to-invest-in-agriculture\n \n Banque mondiale, 2 juillet 2014, «Project appraisal document on a proposed global partnership for education fund grant in the amount of US $84.2 million to the Republic of Niger for a support to quality education project. » http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/07/16/000442464_20140716101718/Rendered/PDF/PAD4440PAD0P1324050Box382141B00PUBLIC0.pdf","Au Niger, le dialogue public-privé est assez peu développé et ce dans tous les secteurs. Au niveau du secteur éducatif, il y a sans doute des investissements importants qui sont réalisés chaque année par l'Etat et les partenaires techniques et financiers pour répondre à la forte de..."]
["2014_NG_110",2014,"NG","Nigeria",110,75,"The government has held a few periodic consultations in the past year about the type of work force Nigeria’s economy needs. Clear priority areas have been set, but only a few stakeholders were invited to the consultations.\n\nIn 2013, the government launched the National Partnership Committee of Government and Private Sector on Technical and Vocational Training. The committee, headed by billionaire Aliko Dangote, was to enhance the participation of business players in developing an educational framework needed to rapidly grow the economy and address unemployment.\n\nThe committee, in partnership with the Ministry of Education, has built 11 vocational schools in the past year. \n\nIn addition, in March 2014, President Goodluck Jonathan ordered an overhaul of the entire 40-year-old educational policy. While that is in the works, the government has reviewed the education curriculum to include entrepreneurial and vocational courses in basic elementary school.","Interview with Koko Eyong, teaching staff, Ministry of Education, Abuja, 6 Aug. 2014.\n\nInterview with Simon Nwakaudu, Ministry of Education spokesman, Abuja, 7 Aug. 2014.\n\nMinistry of Information, \"FG requests Economic Summit Group to review 45 years old education policy framework,\" 19 March 2014.\nhttp://fmi.gov.ng/latest/49017/","The government has held a few periodic consultations in the past year about the type of work force Nigeria’s economy needs. Clear priority areas have been set, but only a few stakeholders were invited to the consultations...."]
["2014_RW_110",2014,"RW","Rwanda",110,75,"In practice, the government of Rwanda takes into account the economic framework while planning for the educational system.\n\nAccording to Fred Mugisha, director of policy research and planning at the Higher Education Council, the revision of the curriculum that kicked off in 2013 is aimed at aligning the education curriculum with the country's economic agenda. \"This review of the national curricula is advised by the need to impart the right skills training needed to move the economy to another level,\" he said. \"That is why emphasis now is being put on vocational and skills training, exactly what Rwanda needs to meet its development targets.\"\n\nMore emphasis is also being put on information and communications technology, as the country aspires to create a knowledge-based economy.\n\nRecent studies reveal that Rwanda has a huge skills gap to fill, this being the main reason government and donors are putting more money into technical and vocational training. The government also sets aside scholarships abroad to give to excellent students, as the country still faces major high-skilled training needs. \n\nOfficials also maintain that a recent move to merge all public universities into one \"University of Rwanda\" is aimed at harmonizing education by identifying the skills gaps and allotting each of the colleges scattered across the country its own specialty. This, according to government, will ensure that skills and knowledge are obtained in a more organized manner.\n\nSeveral institutions that are supposed to drive this agenda, such as the Workforce Development Agency (WDA), have been put in place and are receiving great support from government and donors, while Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) is now a full-fledged sector in education with its own minister of state.\n\nAccording to Dr. Joyce Musabe, deputy director and head of curriculum development at the Rwanda Education Board, “What we want is to have competent students, able to follow higher learning and fit the labor market at the end of secondary school.” She added that new curricula will consider all aspects of education, including the integration of people with disabilities as a \"crosscutting issue.\"","1.  Fred Mugisha,  the Director of Policy Research and Planning at the High Education Council, Interviewed on August Friday 8, 2014 at HEC Offices. \n\n2. Dr Joyce Musabe, Deputy Director and Head of Curriculum Development at Rwanda Education Board, interviewed on August 5, 2014. \n\n3. Article in Rwanda Focus Newspaper Titled \"National curriculum to be revised\" published by Philippe Mwema Bahati on Monday, November 25, 2013.\nLink: http://focus.rw/wp/2013/11/national-curriculum-to-be-revised/\n\n4. Rwanda Education Board Newsletter on competency-skills based education published January 2014. Link: http://www.reb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/news/newsletter/issue_003_k_final3.pdf\n\n5. Article: Rwanda to get new curriculum-published by The East African Business Week on December 1, 2014. Link: http://allafrica.com/stories/201312021885.html","In practice, the government of Rwanda takes into account the economic framework while planning for the educational system...."]
["2014_ST_110",2014,"ST","Sao Tome and Principe",110,0,"There are some institutes, universities and centers of technical and professional training, but the planning of the government education system is not done in coordination with the economic agents or with the economy's needs in mind. For example, the country has a hundred lawyers but few agronomists, and yet Sao Tome and Príncipe is a country with great potential in agriculture.\n\nSome technical education centers sometimes take their own initiative to consult the private sector or to identify priority areas; they send a training needs survey to different sectors.\n\n\nReviewers' comments:\n\nAgree. Vocational training in STP has been provided by the Portuguese and the Brazilians. In May 2014, Brazil inaugurated a vocational training center in São Tomé. The government itself has not been engaged in the provision of vocational training.\n\nA document from the World Bank, dated May 28, 2014, indicates a partnership being forged with the government of STP and the IFC to help reduce poverty by boosting job creation. One of the main ways the partnership hopes to achieve this is through education and training of the citizens, in sectors of the economy with great potential for growth.\n\nIt appears the government's efforts are not consistent, but it is trying to do some strategic planning that considers education and training in light of the economic framework.","Interview with Cosme Rita, secretary general, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Agriculture and Services, Feb. 4, 2015. \n\nEmail interview with Jorge Boa Morte, former director, professional technical education, Feb. 2, 2015. \n\nInterview with Carlos Litos, director, Professional Technical Center, Budo Budo, Feb. 5, 2015. \n\nTéla Nón, \"Professional Training Centre Brazil-Sao Tome gives future to youth,\" May 23, 2014.\nhttp://www.telanon.info/politica/2014/05/23/16523/centro-de-formacao-profissional-brasil-sao-tome-da-futuro-a-juventude/ \n\nVocational Training Center of Sao Tome and Principe website, last accessed Feb. 18, 2015. \nhttp://sites.google.com/site/cfpstp\n\nReviewers' sources:\n\nTéla Nón, \"Professional Training Centre Brazil-Sao Tome gives future to youth,\" May 23, 2014.\nhttp://www.telanon.info/politica/2014/05/23/16523/centro-de-formacao-profissional-brasil-sao-tome-da-futuro-a-juventude/ \n\nTéla Nón, \"STP and Portugal streamline training to give concrete response to the labor market,\"  Jan. 16, 2015.\nhttp://www.telanon.info/politica/2015/01/16/18456/stp-e-portugal-dinamizam-formacao-profissional-para-dar-resposta-concreta-ao-mercado-de-emprego/\n\nThe World Bank, Country Partnership Strategy for the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe for the period of FY14-FY18, May 28, 2014. \nhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/07/11/000350881_20140711133944/Rendered/PDF/831440CAS0REVI0C0disclosed070100140.pdf","There are some institutes, universities and centers of technical and professional training, but the planning of the government education system is not done in coordination with the economic agents or with the economy's needs in mind. For example, the country has a hundred lawyers b..."]
["2014_SN_110",2014,"SN","Senegal",110,0,"La planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie du pays et le gouvernement consulte rarement les parties prenantes à ce sujet. Il n'y a pas encore de politique d'éducation adaptée aux besoins spécifiques actuelles en termes de main d'oeuvre. \n\nC'est tous ces problèmes qui ont justifié cette année la tenue des assises nationale de l'éducation qui ont abouti à des conclusions pour trouver des solutions comme l'a révélé la presse. Le Premier Ministre a assuré que le Président va bientôt organiser un conseil interministériel pour voir comment mettre en œuvre les conclusions des assises. En tout cas, pour que l’éducation et la formation soient un réel vecteur de développement au Sénégal, elles doivent être appréhendées dans leurs dimensions à la fois individuelles et collectives.","THIANE Massamba, spécialiste en communication, réalisateur, chef de la division Radio et Télévision scolaire/ME, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nMANÉ Daouda, journaliste, Le Soleil, spécialisé en éducation, 17 juillet 2014.\n\nDIATTA Abdoulaye, directeur de la formation et de la communication, ministère de l’éducation nationale, 20 juillet 2014.\n\nBALDÉ Ibrahima, Sud Quotidien, 01 Août 2014. « Fraude du concours éléves-maîtres, manque de professeurs, violence en milieu scolaire, mirador, hécatombe au Bac et au BFEM. Un système éducatif à l'agonie».\n http://www.sudonline.sn/un-systeme-educatif-a-lagonie_a_20196.html","La planification du système éducatif ne tient pas compte des besoins de l'économie du pays et le gouvernement consulte rarement les parties prenantes à ce sujet. Il n'y a pas encore de politique d'éducation adaptée aux besoins spécifiques actuelles en termes de main d'oeuvre. ..."]
["2014_SC_110",2014,"SC","Seychelles",110,100,"The government defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system  planning. Education Plan 2009-2010 emphasized the central need to transform the education system to better meet the emerging  individual and national development needs. It gave substance and focus to this process through five priority areas and 11 themes. These priority areas and themes remain valid for the Medium Term Strategy 2013-2017. The priority number one :  \"Providing For The Diversity of Educational needs and National Development Priorities”  encompasses three themes: 1) Reform of the structure and curriculum of secondary schools to better meet the diverse needs of students and the national economy. 2) Rationalisation of  Higher Education and Training Provision (in collaboration with relevant partners) to make them more responsive to the needs of the labour market, and ensure coherence and optimal use of resources within a higher education framework. 3) Undertaking an overhaul of the government scholarship scheme to take into consideration the emerging demands of the labour market. \n\nThe national government consults also with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country’s economy needs. The Process of Formulation of the Medium Term Strategy 2013- 2017 has been undertaken through a predominantly participatory approach, involving and relying on the Ministry of Education’s selected members of staff with a view to better facilitate engagement and ownership of the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders.  Workshops are one type of consultation undertaken by the government. The July 23-25 , 2013, workshop is a follow-up to the National Dialogue on Equity of Education quality and Learning held last May. The main objective of the workshop is to adapt and use the GEQAF (General Education Quality Analysis Framework)  to analyze major constraints in the education system of the Seychelles and to identify priority areas with the view to design policies and interventions to address identified constraints. The GEQAF is composed of fifteen analytical tools covering all aspects of an education system supported by key questions guiding the analysis and diagnosis of the quality of a specific sub-system or component of the education system. During the three-day workshop, delegates  shared and discussed all aspects of the education system from different perspectives in relation to the Seychelles context. \n\nA United Nations mission to the Seychelles, however, found that the consultation is not sufficient. Following the  visit to the country, the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education, recommended technical and vocational education and training and collaboration with industry and enterprises and active participation of all sectors of civil society.\n\nMoreover, opponents strongly criticized the system for underpaying university graduates who opt to be teachers.  There is an insufficient local workforce because the education systems do not provide the standard and quality training and skills needed, and because most of them are in the army. Most are in the military because the systems did not provide the necessary education and skill and have failed to create opportunities, real industries, business innovations etc. for the Seychellois people.","Interview du 03 septembre 2014, Dr Marie- Reine Hoareau, Secretary general Seychelles National Commission for Unesco, Mont Fleuri Mahé\n\n“Education Sector Medium Term Strategy MTS 2013-2017, A Road Map for the Further Transformation of the Education Process to Further Achieve Quality Lifelong Education For All and Improving National Sustainable Development in the Medium Term”, Draft of October/November 2013, p.2, Ministry of Education, Republic of the Seychelles\n\n“Stakeholders discuss quality education”, Seychelles Nation, 24 July 2013, http://www.nation.sc/article.html?id=239337\n\nSeychelles Reality, 21 October 2013, “Seychelles Government In Deep Trouble With The United Nations”, http://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2013_10_01_archive.html\n\nSeychelles Reality, 3 March 2014, “Michel’s State of A Nation In Despair and Arrogance Part II”, http://seychellesrealitytoday.blogspot.com/2014/03/michels-state-of-nation-in-despair-and.html","The government defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system  planning. Education Plan 2009-2010 emphasized the central need to transform the education system to better meet the emerging  individual and national development needs. It gave substance and focu..."]
["2014_SL_110",2014,"SL","Sierra Leone",110,0,"The planning of the educational system in Sierra Leone does not take into account the economic framework of the country. The Tertiary Commission of Sierra Leone is supposed to advise the government on the relevance of courses and programmes at tertiary education institutions to produce a formidable labour force. \n\nIn past years, the government of Sierra Leone has contracted for curriculum development expertise; a few educational stakeholders in the country were invited to participate. The national curriculum takes into account debates from workshops and dialogues, recommendations from educational conferences and the relevant experiences of other countries. Over the years, the commission has been facing capacity issues and has not been able to carry out its functions effectively in planning the educational system. It has heavily relied on consultants and experts from other countries.","Interview with Brima M. Turay, public relations officer, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, 10 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Joseph Achie Cobineh, coordinator, Education For All Sierra Leone, 6 June 2014.\n\nInterview with Alhajie Unisa Sesay, proprietor, John F. Kennedy Schools, 10 July 2014.","The planning of the educational system in Sierra Leone does not take into account the economic framework of the country. The Tertiary Commission of Sierra Leone is supposed to advise the government on the relevance of courses and programmes at tertiary education institutions to pro..."]
["2014_SO_110",2014,"SO","Somalia",110,25,"The first high-level national education conference sponsored by joint UNESCO-UNICEF took place in Mogadishu in June 2013. The National Education Conference (NEC) brought together over 200 Somali education specialists, representing national and regional education authorities, education policy makers, planners, academics, the private sector, NGO representatives and members of civil society from all parts of the country including the Somali diaspora.\n\nAccording to the UNESCO report of the conference, five themes were discussed: educational governance, quality of education, access to education, non-formal educational and basic skills training for youth and higher education.\n\nThe country’s main economic sources are livestock and agriculture products. They are not particularly prioritized in these educational planning discussions, and there is no ongoing consultation mechanism.","Isse Mohamed Ahmed\nMinister of Education, Federal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 28, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaredo Mohamed Abdallah\nMember of Parliament\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nSaid Nuriye Abshir\nHead of Public Awareness, Ministry of Health\nFederal Republic of Somalia\nMogadishu, Somalia\nSeptember 27, 2014\nInterview by telephone\n\nWorking through the Challenges: UNESCO helps bring hope and progress in Somali Education during a difficult week\nUNESCO\n26 June 2013\nhttp://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/resources/online-materials/single-view/news/working_through_the_challenges_unesco_helps_bring_hope_and_progress_in_somali_education_during_a_difficult_week/#.VCmHt1fSPm4","The first high-level national education conference sponsored by joint UNESCO-UNICEF took place in Mogadishu in June 2013. The National Education Conference (NEC) brought together over 200 Somali education specialists, representing national and regional education authorities, educat..."]
["2014_ZA_110",2014,"ZA","South Africa",110,50,"The South African education authorities are supposed to talk to the private sector with regards to skills development planning and the needs of the economy, but this doesn't seem to happen considering the fact that tens of thousands of people with degrees are unemployed. \n\nSouth Africa has a national skills development framework that was published in 2006 by the department of education (focus: primary and higher education) to facilitate, monitor and coordinate skills development activities within the department of education. In the past, the department conducted training and skills development in the absence of a coordinated and coherent framework. This resulted in a fragmented, uncoordinated, and haphazard approach to skills development interventions. The new framework intends to address this problem. The framework was developed in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders.\n\nSome of the key objectives include the provision of specific guidelines with respect to skills development programmes and initiatives that the department will implement; linking strategic departmental education, training, and development initiatives with national skills development strategy outcomes while providing for a standardised approach to the implementation of skills development programmes within the department.\n\nSection 6 of the framework refers to the Skills Development Act of 1998, and notes that to meet their strategic objectives, the department must invest in human resources, focusing on the identification of areas demanding development in order to achieve greater competence in the workplace, relevance and alignment to strategic objectives. The department furthermore \"\"needs to identify supply led and not demand led programmes\".\n\nThe Basic Education Strategic Plan 2010-2013 makes mention of collaborating with stakeholders, and the same counts for the 2011-2014 Strategic Plan. It seems that this is not happening in reality.\n \nAnnette Lovemore, MP  of the Democratic Alliance and shadow minister of education, says - like last year - that government is not consulting with stakeholders when it comes to promoting certain needed skills among pupils and students. \n\nVarious international reports have stressed the mismatch between education and skills that meet the needs to the economy. In other words: This is not a new phenomenon. In March 2013, the OECD published its Economic Survey on South Africa. It stated that \"skill mismatches represented one aspect of the persistently high unemployment rate, especially for youth. The education system is not producing the skills needed in the labour market.\" \n\nA recent survey by labour market research firm Adcorp states that the private sector has 470,000 open positions that need to be filled, of which 52% are in management, and 37% in professional fields such as accounting, law, medicine, engineering and finance. “South Africa simultaneously possesses a surplus of unemployed graduates. At present, there are an estimated 344,000 unemployed people with degrees, diplomas and certificates,\" says Adcorp analyst Loan Sharp. “Although a tertiary qualification remains the most successful indicator of finding employment (90% of graduates are employed), the remainder fail to find employment because their qualifications do not match those sought by employers.”\n\nThese findings show that schools tend not to guide their pupils towards skills needed in the future, and that there is not a lot of planning and collaboration with the private sector involved. \n\nCatherine Wijnberg, Director of Fetola (an organisation that helps Small and medium enterprises in South Africa improve their survival rates) adds that the link between education, skills development and the private sectors goes beyond secondary school. In her essay 'Youth unemployment in South Africa', published in July 2014, she writes that  the role of higher education establishments  in meeting the needs of the business sector is not always considered either: \"Educational institutions have a critical responsibility in bridging the gap between the market (employers) and graduate skills. Many international students come to South Africa for workplace experience because this forms an integral and compulsory part of their course requirements. Their universities have learnt that they serve society (and their students) best by incorporating experiential learning (specifically internship) programmes into their education process.\"\n\nShe adds that this is not happening in South Africa, and as a result many graduates don't have any form of work experience. She notes that this is a problem for employers, as  \"too many candidates with qualifications are lacking in the skills that are really needed by business, such as computer skills, communication skills, teamwork and an understanding of the workplace ethic - for example arriving on time, working hard and delivering 100% (not 30%). Formal education is vital and valuable to develop critical learning, analysis and interpretive skills, but in a tight market the employer needs more.\" \n\nSome individual schools whoever, seem to be moving in the right direction. The Labori High School in Paarl - as  one of the very few in the country - has adapted its curriculum and offers the full technical as well as academic portfolio to alleviate the skills shortage in the construction and engineering. The school is working closely with the private sector to determine what skills are needed in the future.","2010-2013 Department of Basic Education Strategic Plan (South Africa), http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Africa/SouthAfricaBasicEducationStrategicPlan20102013.pdf\n\n2011-2014 Department of Basic Education Strategic Plan (South Africa), http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=%2F%2BBILaBJ7ak%3D&tabid=80&mid=585\n\nAnnette Lovemore, MP  of the Democratic Alliance and shadow minister of education (email correspondence / 28 June 2014)\nSouth Africa’s critical skills shortage (Business tech / 10 February 2014)\nhttp://businesstech.co.za/news/general/52918/south-africas-critical-skills-shortage/\n\nYouth unemployment in South Africa (Catherine Wijnberg / Fetola / 21 July 2014)\nhttp://www.gogap.co.za/media/youth-unemployment-in-south-africa#.U80TU4CSyi9\n\nConstruction and Engineering Skills Shortage Tackled By Labori High School (SA The Good News / 17 April 2014)\nhttp://www.sagoodnews.co.za/education/construction_and_engineering_skills_shortage_tackled_by_labori_high_school_.html","The South African education authorities are supposed to talk to the private sector with regards to skills development planning and the needs of the economy, but this doesn't seem to happen considering the fact that tens of thousands of people with degrees are unemployed. ..."]
["2014_SS_110",2014,"SS","South Sudan",110,25,"The planning of the educational system in South Sudan does not take into account the economic framework. The government hardly ever invites stakeholders to carry out joint planning of the education system. And South Sudan is still trying to implement a standardized, unified curriculum for the primary and secondary levels of education.\n\nIn practice, South Sudan’s education sector faces enormous challenges that authorities say they want to overcome first. South Sudan stands second-to-last in the world ranking for net enrollment in primary education and at the bottom of the world for enrollment in secondary education. And in the country as a whole, fewer than 600 girls are enrolled in the last grade of secondary school. This low enrollment rate for girls is attributed to early marriage and other sociocultural practices that hinder girls’ education and result in gender disparities.\n\nConsequently, the government says it is first working to increase access to education. It wants more pupils enrolled in school and more teachers trained to be deployed in schools across the country. In addition, education officials say they want to improve and increase access to vocational training so as to equip the youth with skills to enable them to find or create jobs. The government plans to start a vocational school in each of the country’s 10 states.\n\nNgor Kolong Ngor, the minister of labor, public service and human resource development, recently announced that his ministry had established a Directorate of Vocational Training and developed a draft vocational training policy.","Interview with Azariah Duku, director of examinations, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Jan. 6, 2014. \n\nGeneral Education Strategic Plan, 2012-2017.\nhttp://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/South%20Sudan/South_Sudan_General_Education_Plan_2012_2017.pdf \n\nallAfrica, Martin Ali and Simon Owaka, \"South Sudan: Vocational Training Centers to Be Labour-Market Driven,\" Oct. 24, 2013.  http://allafrica.com/stories/201310250328.html\n\nUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), A situation report, \"South Sudan: An education system in crisis,\" June 10, 2014.\nhttp://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/south-sudan-education-system-crisis\n\nSudan Tribune, \"South Sudan Must Improve Education System: Minister,\" Oct. 31, 2013.   \nhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48639 \n\nBrookings Institution, blogs, Katie Smith and Liesbet Steer, \"South Sudan’s Road to Peace: High Stakes for Its Children,\" Feb. 3, 2014. \nhttp://www.brookings.edu/blogs/education-plus-development/posts/2014/02/03-south-sudan-children-steer-smith","The planning of the educational system in South Sudan does not take into account the economic framework. The government hardly ever invites stakeholders to carry out joint planning of the education system. And South Sudan is still trying to implement a standardized, unified curricu..."]
["2014_SD_110",2014,"SD","Sudan",110,0,"The Sudanese government does not consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs. Educational system planning in Sudan is based on the overall ideology of the state. Education planning does not consider the needs of the country's economy.\n\nThere is also a basic education program funded and led by the World Bank in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, but this program focuses only on access to basic education regardless of how the content meets or doesn't meet economic needs.","[Interview] Sidgi Kaballo, Ph.D. in economics, Oct. 23, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Interview] Ahmed Adam Is'hag, headmaster, Al-Nusra Primary School, Oct. 25, 2014, Khartoum.\n\n[Office visit/information request] Ministry of Education, Oct. 26 , 2014, Khartoum.\n\nMinistry of Education, Planning Administration, accessed October 2014.\nhttp://www.moe.gov.sd/e_planning.php","The Sudanese government does not consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs. Educational system planning in Sudan is based on the overall ideology of the state. Education planning does not consider the needs of the country's economy...."]
["2014_SZ_110",2014,"SZ","Swaziland",110,25,"There is a lack of coordination between the government and the business community in the planning of the educational system. On the one hand, the government contends that all its education goals are aimed at a future when Swaziland is a “First World Country by 2022,” but at the same time, the business community is unable to provide jobs in a regressing economy. Members of the private sector were not invited to meet with the Ministry of Education to discuss the school curriculum during 2014.\n\nA particular example of this lack of coordination is illustrated in the government’s support of the private Limkokwing University in Mbabane: Hundreds of graduates are produced each year with “communications degrees” in fields such as graphics design and filmmaking, even though there are no industries in the country to support such degree holders. \n\nWhile government is mindful of the need to provide practical education, and this is reflected in the name of the Ministry of Education and Training, the effectiveness of the training programmes is a matter of debate. \n\nAccording to the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ), financial planning for all sectors (including education) in the country is done by the Ministry of Planning and Development and the Ministry of Finance. This presents a challenge to the Ministry of Education to align its policies with the needs of the country's economy.\nAccording to the Ministry of Education and Training, the education situation in Swaziland is such that the current access levels are very low and not responsive to the demands for the skills required to sustain a knowledge-driven economy founded upon sustainable economic development, social justice and political stability.","Interview: Nosimilo Dlamini, primary school teacher, Manzini region, 26 July 2014.\n\nInterview: Titus Gwebu, journalist and financial writer, Johannesburg, 1 July 2014.\n\n\"The role of the education system in providing health care to OVC in Lesotho and Swaziland,\" Mkhoma, Wongani, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), 11 March 2013. http://www.osisa.org/open-learning/swaziland/swaziland-education-system\n\nWeb sites of Member Ministries of Education of the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ). www.sacmeq.org/sacmeq-members/swaziland/management-and administration-education  [Accessed 9 Oct. 2014]\n\nWeb site of the Swaziland Ministry of Education and Training. www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content7id=itemid=113  [Accessed 9 Oct. 2014]","There is a lack of coordination between the government and the business community in the planning of the educational system. On the one hand, the government contends that all its education goals are aimed at a future when Swaziland is a “First World Country by 2022,” but at the sam..."]
["2014_TZ_110",2014,"TZ","Tanzania",110,25,"There are some recent education and training programmes in the country's focus in support of a structural shift in the economy towards the services sector. The educational programs are prioritized based on the economic needs or job market.\n\nThe Big Results Now (BRN) program as well as MKUKUTA II: 69; the 2008-2017 education sector development programme are two examples. BRN priority areas are:\nEnergy and Natural Gas\nAgriculture\nWater\nEducation\nTransport\nMobilization of Resources\n\nThere were some meetings about priorities, but in the executive level, said Said Mnoga, D&R company. Education NGO HAKIELIMU (education rights) said in recent reports that due to poor planing the education system in general is  not improving in terms of quality and number of pupils/students drop from schools.\n\nRather than availability of courses, the problem is that many courses offered are not well executed. Tanzania has been providing medical training, but it is still looking for more doctors from abroad, due to lack of competent training.","1.BASIC EDUCATION MASTER PLAN (BEMP) - Ministry of Education and Vocational Training\nwww.moe.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc.\n\n2. 2014 Post Budget Analysis, hakielimu, http://hakielimu.org/publication_details.php?pub=262.\n\n3. Dr. Shukuru Kawambwa, Minister of Education and Vocational Training. Interviewed November 2014.\n\n4. Said Mnoga, D&R company, Mbezi, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania, 9 July 2014.\n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\n1) Education Sector Plan 2008 – 2017. Tanzania http://www.globalpartnership.org/content/tanzania-education-sector-development-programme-2008-17\n                \n2) Mapping and analysis of the needs for petroleum related education in December, 2013, Tanzania. https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCoQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norad.no%2Fen%2Ftools-and-publications%2Fpublications%2Fnorad-reports%2Fpublication%2F_attachment%2F409889%3F_download%3Dtrue%26_ts%3D143912f213e&ei=IwyIVOzmNoe5UZjPgsgD&usg=AFQjCNH9o5PP6Zyd7KelRfF41L1V73oeEQ&bvm=bv.81456516,d.d24.\n\n3) UDSM (2013) A proposal for Capacity Building to Enhance Teaching/Learning, Research and Expert Services in Petroleum Sciences and Engineering. Dar es Salaam: Departments of Chemical and Mining Engineering, Chemistry and Geology. ","There are some recent education and training programmes in the country's focus in support of a structural shift in the economy towards the services sector. The educational programs are prioritized based on the economic needs or job market...."]
["2014_TG_110",2014,"TG","Togo",110,25,"Le service d'orientation et d'insertion professionnelle est inadapté (personnel inadapté, pas de programmes, pas de budget propre). Il y a une méconnaissance des secteurs porteurs d'emplois. On constate également une déconnexion entre les orientations scolaires et universitaires et les opportunités d'emplois (les sciences sont par exemple totalement délaissées au profit des lettres).\n \n En novembre 2013, il y a eu une concertation nationale sur l'avenir de l'enseignement supérieur au Togo associant notamment les secteurs public et privé, les universitaires et la société civile. La réforme de l'enseignement supérieur est en cours.","ADI Aimé, membre Amnesty International Togo, 12 août 2014.\n \n Anonyme, professionnel des médias, 12 août 2014. Les sources anonymes sont seulement connues de Global Integrity qui s'est engagé à ne pas les divulguer.\n \n YAO TOÏ Marcel, coordonnateur Coalition Nationale Togolaise pour l'Education Pour Tous (CNTES), 21 juillet 2014.\n \n Savoir-news, 29 novembre 2013, «Concertation nationale/enseignement supérieur».\n http://www.savoirnews.net/Concertation-nationale.\n \n Assemblé nationale, 04 avril 2014, «Adoption de la loi sur les universités publiques du Togo». \n http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/spip.php?article373.\n \n Togoréformes.com, 29 novembre 2013, «Conseil présidentiel sur l'avenir de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche au Togo». \n http://www.togoreforme.com/fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=292:conseil-presidentiel-sur-lavenir-de-lenseignement-superieur-et-de-la-recherche-au-togo&catid=62:actualites&Itemid=120. KONÉ Koko Siaka, Ilo.org, novembre 2013, «Transition vers le marché du travail des jeunes femmes et hommes en République Togolaise». http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_230897.pdf.","Le service d'orientation et d'insertion professionnelle est inadapté (personnel inadapté, pas de programmes, pas de budget propre). Il y a une méconnaissance des secteurs porteurs d'emplois. On constate également une déconnexion entre les orientations scolaires et universitaires et..."]
["2014_TN_110",2014,"TN","Tunisia",110,50,"There is a gap between the needs of employers and the types of degrees delivered every year by the education system. For example, too many students post-graduated in human and social sciences (philosophy, geography, etc.), while Tunisian firms need more specialised technicians. As a result, rates of unemployment for students in some specialties (such as geography and Arab civilisation) are very high (40 percent), and at the same time the country's economic needs are not really met. \n\nIn addition, there is a strong need for qualified specialists in agriculture (at all levels: operators, technicians, engineers), while few young people choose agriculture programs. Some attempts of \"coaching\" were made in partnership between the Ministry of Employment and NGOs, but without success.\n\nThere were some attempts to adapt the university outcome (diplomas) to the specific needs of the labor market. For example, in INAT (Institut National d’Agronomie de Tunis) or in the Institut Supérieur des Technologies Médicales) there were new diplomas created in order to produce « techniciens supérieurs » for the agriculture or the medical services. But these programs were not implemented specifically during the period of study, they were made before, in 2010-2011. During the period of study, no particular effort was made to adpat the education system planning.","Interview with Mrs Neila Abdennadher, director of El Menzah School, Tunis, 5 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Nadia Glenza, in charge of school curricula, Ministry of Education, 7 July 2014.\n\nArticle: Webmanager, \"Tunisie: nouveau projet de coaching pour les jeunes diplômés,\" Tunis, 16 Sept. 2014.  \nhttp://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2013/09/16/tunisie-nouveau-projet-de-coaching-pour-les-jeunes-diplomes","There is a gap between the needs of employers and the types of degrees delivered every year by the education system. For example, too many students post-graduated in human and social sciences (philosophy, geography, etc.), while Tunisian firms need more specialised technicians. As ..."]
["2014_UG_110",2014,"UG","Uganda",110,75,"The government of Uganda through the Ministry of Education and Sports lays out its plan for the education system through the Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP). The ESSP is usually a 10-year plan, with the current one reflecting the period 2004-2015. However, at specified periods, assessments and evaluations of the ESSP 2004-2015 have been carried out with the last having been conducted in 2007. It resulted in the Revised ESSP 2007-2015. The next assessment is expected in November 2014. \n\nIn planning the education system as well as conducting assessments and evaluations of the ESSP the Ministry of Education and Sports consults with various stakeholders about the type of labor force the country's economy needs. The consultations are mainly conducted through workshops, and these bring together people from the ministry, local governments, education development partners, nongovernmental organisations and others that may include chief administrative officers, heads of government agencies, other line ministries, resident district commissioners and local Council V chairs.\n\nThe ESSP 2004-2015 identified priority areas that included: (i) an education system relevant to Uganda’s national development goals – i.e. eradication of poverty, HIV/AIDS and other deadly diseases, the transformation of a subsistence-based agricultural economy into a modern agricultural and industrial economy, and a cessation of internal hostilities. (ii) students achieving education goals – i.e., citizens who can actively participate in their democracy, families that care for the health and welfare of their members and communities, and a workforce composed of competent professionals, technicians and labourers who can modernize the economy in the context of globalization, and (iii) an effective and efficient education sector – i.e,. manage the financial resources for quality education services.\n\nThe assessment of 2007 that resulted in the Revised ESSP 2007-2015 was based on a critical problem facing the country that it does not have enough people with the competencies needed to achieve its development goals. Yet, the allocation to the education sector in the national budget was not enough to expand the education system over the next 10 years to meet the demands of a rapidly growing school-age population. \n\nThe prime minister has also repeatedly pointed out that it is high time the government gave serious consideration to education reform to reflect the needs and demands of the economy rather than creating disconnected education initiatives that merely address symptoms. The problems of education are systemic and multifaceted.","“The need for real Education reform in Uganda,” Aaron Kirunda,  4 March 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/653155-the-need-for-real-education-reform-in-uganda.html\n\n“Revised Education Sector Strategic Plan, 2007-2015,” Ministry of Education and Sports\nhttp://www.education.go.ug/files/downloads/Revised%20Education%20Sector%20strategic%20plan%202007-2015(1).pdf\n\n“Why should Uganda opt for vocational educational,” Sarah M. Natumanya, New Vision,  24 June 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/656877-why-should-uganda-opt-for-vocational-educational.html#\n\n\n“IMF tells gov’t to invest in areas that will create jobs,” John Odyek, New Vision,  15 May 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655592-imf-tells-gov-t-to-invest-in-areas-that-will-create-jobs.html\n\n“Skilling Uganda is a big promise but a huge failure,\" Peter Alip Oyoo, Daily Monitor,  29 Sept. 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Skilling-Uganda-is-a-big-promise-but-a-huge-failure/-/689364/2467888/-/hx0ew5/-/index.html\n\n“MPs: Skilling programme unsuitable for country,\" Olive Eyotaru, Daily Monitor,  24 Sept. 2014\nhttp://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/MPs--Skilling-programme-unsuitable-for-country/-/688334/2462764/-/13drio2z/-/index.html\n\n“Education ministry signs sh14.5bn deal with universities,” Vision Reporter, New Vision,  17 Sept. 2014\nhttp://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659859-education-ministry-signs-sh14-5bn-deal-with-universities.html\n\nReviewers' Sources: \n\n\"Uganda's unemployed graduates held back by skills gap,\" The Guardian, 16 Jan. 2014\nhttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jan/16/uganda-unemployed-graduates-held-back-skills-gap","The government of Uganda through the Ministry of Education and Sports lays out its plan for the education system through the Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP). The ESSP is usually a 10-year plan, with the current one reflecting the period 2004-2015. However, at specified perio..."]
["2014_ZM_110",2014,"ZM","Zambia",110,50,"The Zambian government sporadically consults stakeholders when planning the education system and has in the past held consultation conferences to discuss ways in which the edcuation system can be planned to meet economic demands, including which types of training are needed to enhance the country's economy.\n\nAs is the case with other sectors, stakeholders also offer input into the education system by submitting their ideas for the education component of the national budget. \n\nBut the submissions are either not effective enough or are not taken into consideration, because most of the training is still restricted to general academia and there is little concentration on practical training, such as skills for specific industries. Pertinent courses, according to experts, could include an emphasis on such skills as entrepreneurial, which could make the citizens more self-reliant so they would not have to depend on white-collar jobs alone but would be empowered to start small businesses.","Interview with Edward Tindi, local technical adviser, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)/Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education, Lusaka, Zambia, 18 July 2014.\n\nInterview with Darius Chibbalo, senior library officer - technical services, Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education, Lusaka, Zambia, 9 June 2014.  \n\nThe Post Zambia, 2014 Budget Address By Hon. Alexander B. Chikwanda, MP minister of finance, delivered to the National Assembly on 11 Oct. 2013, Education and Skills Development, 12 Oct. 2013.\nhttp://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=39211","The Zambian government sporadically consults stakeholders when planning the education system and has in the past held consultation conferences to discuss ways in which the edcuation system can be planned to meet economic demands, including which types of training are needed to enha..."]
["2014_ZW_110",2014,"ZW","Zimbabwe",110,0,"The government rarely consults stakeholders about the type of labour force the country's economy needs, and there is no evidence that during the past year any initiative was undertaken by the government to ensure that education planning considers the needs of the country's economy.\n\nFollowing the 31 July 2013 general elections, Josaya Hungwe was sworn in as the new minister of state for liaising on psychomotor activities in education and vocational training. His role is to integrate primary education and vocational training so that Zimbabwe produces educated and productive personnel. To date, the ministry has done nothing tangible.","Interview with Tafara Chiremba, projects officer, Poverty Reduction Forum Trust, 14 July 2014, Harare. \n\nInterview with Jack Jackson, Monitoring & Evaluation specialist, Welthungerhilfe, 15 July 2014. Harare.  \n\nNewsDay, \"Hungwe clarifies psychomotor activities,\" 13 Sept. 2013.\nhttps://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/09/13/hungwe-clarifies-psychomotor-activities/ ","The government rarely consults stakeholders about the type of labour force the country's economy needs, and there is no evidence that during the past year any initiative was undertaken by the government to ensure that education planning considers the needs of the country's economy...."]

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["cnt_2013_Country_Highlight",{"$f":"B79-1","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(aCountry,B80)","v":{"$error":"#VALUE!"}}]
[]
[2014,null,null,null,null,"Lang_2014","Dagger_Long"]
["cnt_2014_Country",{"$f":"B78","v":1},{"$f":"INDEX(tblCountries!B$3:B$56,$B83)","v":"DZ"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblCountries!C$3:C$56,$B83)","v":"Algeria"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblCountries!D$3:D$56,$B83)","v":"Algeria"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblCountries!I$3:I$56,$B83)","v":1},{"$f":"INDEX(tblCountries!J$3:J$56,$B83)","v":"Algeria†"}]
["cnt_2014_CountryHi",45]
["cnt_2014_Country_Highlight",{"$f":"B80","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(aCountry,B85)","v":{"$error":"#VALUE!"}}]
[]
[]
[null,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!N1","v":"Max"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O1","v":"DeJure/DeFacto"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P1","v":"Number"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q1","v":"Description"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!R1","v":"Short_Description"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!S1","v":"Criteria1"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!T1","v":"Criteria2"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!U1","v":"Criteria3"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!V1","v":"Criteria4"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!W1","v":"Criteria5"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!X1","v":"Label1"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Y1","v":"Label2"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Z1","v":"Label3"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AA1","v":"Label4"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AB1","v":"Label5"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AC1","v":"Score1"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AD1","v":"Score2"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AE1","v":"Score3"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AF1","v":"Score4"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AG1","v":"Score5"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AH1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AI1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AJ1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AK1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AL1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AM1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AN1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AO1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP1","v":"CriteriaConcat"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AR1","v":0},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AS1","v":0}]
["cnt_2014_Question",1,{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!N$2:N$111,$B89)","v":2},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!O$2:O$111,$B89)","v":"J"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!P$2:P$111,$B89)","v":1},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!Q$2:Q$111,$B89)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!R$2:R$111,$B89)","v":"Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!S$2:S$111,$B89)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!T$2:T$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!U$2:U$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!V$2:V$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!W$2:W$111,$B89)","v":"A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!X$2:X$111,$B89)","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!Y$2:Y$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!Z$2:Z$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AA$2:AA$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AB$2:AB$111,$B89)","v":"No"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AC$2:AC$111,$B89)","v":100},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AD$2:AD$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AE$2:AE$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AF$2:AF$111,$B89)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AG$2:AG$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AH$2:AH$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AI$2:AI$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AJ$2:AJ$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AK$2:AK$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AL$2:AL$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AM$2:AM$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AN$2:AN$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AO$2:AO$111,$B89)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AP$2:AP$111,$B89)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AQ$2:AQ$111,$B89)","v":""},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AR$2:AR$111,$B89)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!AS$2:AS$111,$B89)","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."}]
["cnt_2013_Question",1,{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!N$2:N$111,$B90)","v":2},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!O$2:O$111,$B90)","v":"J"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!P$2:P$111,$B90)","v":1},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!Q$2:Q$111,$B90)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!R$2:R$111,$B90)","v":"Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!S$2:S$111,$B90)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!T$2:T$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!U$2:U$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!V$2:V$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!W$2:W$111,$B90)","v":"A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!X$2:X$111,$B90)","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!Y$2:Y$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!Z$2:Z$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AA$2:AA$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AB$2:AB$111,$B90)","v":"No"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AC$2:AC$111,$B90)","v":100},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AD$2:AD$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AE$2:AE$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AF$2:AF$111,$B90)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AG$2:AG$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AH$2:AH$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AI$2:AI$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AJ$2:AJ$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AK$2:AK$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AL$2:AL$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AM$2:AM$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AN$2:AN$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AO$2:AO$111,$B90)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AP$2:AP$111,$B90)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AQ$2:AQ$111,$B90)","v":""},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AR$2:AR$111,$B90)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!AS$2:AS$111,$B90)","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."}]
["cnt_2012_Question",1,{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!N$2:N$150,$B91)","v":2},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!O$2:O$150,$B91)","v":"J"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!P$2:P$150,$B91)","v":1},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!Q$2:Q$150,$B91)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!R$2:R$150,$B91)","v":"Judicial independence (de jure)"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!S$2:S$150,$B91)","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!T$2:T$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!U$2:U$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!V$2:V$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!W$2:W$150,$B91)","v":"A NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!X$2:X$150,$B91)","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!Y$2:Y$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!Z$2:Z$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AA$2:AA$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AB$2:AB$150,$B91)","v":"No"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AC$2:AC$150,$B91)","v":100},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AD$2:AD$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AE$2:AE$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AF$2:AF$150,$B91)","v":"—"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AG$2:AG$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AH$2:AH$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AI$2:AI$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AJ$2:AJ$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AK$2:AK$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AL$2:AL$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AM$2:AM$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AN$2:AN$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AO$2:AO$150,$B91)","v":0},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AP$2:AP$150,$B91)","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary.\n"},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AQ$2:AQ$150,$B91)","v":""},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AR$2:AR$150,$B91)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!AS$2:AS$150,$B91)","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."}]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["COUNTRY_QUESTION"]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"2014_\",C83,\"_\",B89)","v":"2014_DZ_1"},{"$f":"MATCH(B99,luDataCode_2014,0)","v":1}]
["2014_COUNTRY_QUESTION_SCORE",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,C$99,1)","v":0}]
["2014_COUNTRY_QUESTION_COMMENT",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,C$99,2)","v":"En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif est garantie par la Constitution qui dispose en son article 138 que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi ». Cependant,  l’article 154 stipule que « le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République \n\nLe pouvoir judiciaire est habilité à rendre les décsions judiciaires : selon l'article 143, « la justice connaît des recours à l'encontre des actes des autorités administratives », l'article 146 stipule que «la justice est rendue par des magistrats. Ils peuvent être assistés par des assesseurs populaires, dans les conditions fixées par la loi.»\n\nSelon l'article 152, «la Cour suprême constitue l'organe régulateur de l'activité des cours et tribunaux. Il est institué un Conseil d'Etat, organe régulateur de l'activité des juridictions administratives.\nLa Cour suprême et le Conseil d'Etat assurent l'unification de la jurisprudence à travers le pays et veillent au respect de la loi.»"}]
["2014_COUNTRY_QUESTION_REFERENCE",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,C$99,3)","v":"Constitution de la République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire, 1989, Chapitre III : -Du pouvoir judiciaire, Articles 138, 143, 146 et 152. Journal Officiel 2008. http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm"}]
["2014_COUNTRY_QUESTION_GUIDELINE",{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!$AP$2:$AP$200,$B$90)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n"}]
["2014_COUNTRY_QUESTION_OPTION",{"$f":"MATCH(B100,$R$89:$V$89,0)","v":5}]
["2014_COUNTRY_QUESTION_LABEL",{"$f":"INDEX($M$89:$Q$89,B104)","v":"No"},{"$f":"IF($D$89=\"J\",B105,\"\")","v":"No"}]
[]
["2014_QUESTION_MAX",{"$f":"C89","v":2}]
["2014_OPTION_1",{"$f":"D108","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"IF(E108=0,\"\",E108)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts."},{"$f":"M89","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"H89","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts."}]
["2014_OPTION_2",{"$f":"D109","v":"—"},{"$f":"IF(E109=0,\"\",E109)","v":"—"},{"$f":"N89","v":"—"},{"$f":"I89","v":"—"}]
["2014_OPTION_3","—",{"$f":"IF(E110=0,\"\",E110)","v":"—"},{"$f":"O89","v":"—"},{"$f":"J89","v":"—"}]
["2014_OPTION_4","—",{"$f":"IF(E111=0,\"\",E111)","v":"—"},{"$f":"P89","v":"—"},{"$f":"K89","v":"—"}]
["2014_OPTION_5","No",{"$f":"IF(E112=0,\"\",E112)","v":"A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES."},{"$f":"Q89","v":"No"},{"$f":"L89","v":"A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES."}]
[]
["2014_QUESTION_TYPE",{"$f":"IF($D$89=\"J\",\"De jure\",IF($D$89=\"F\",\"De facto\",\"??\"))","v":"De jure"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(B114,\" indicator\")","v":"De jure indicator"}]
[]
[]
["2014_INDICATOR_VERTICAL_MAX_ROW_COUNT",{"$f":"iQuestion2014!$V$3","v":30}]
["2014_COUNTRY_VERTICAL_MAX_ROW_COUNT",{"$f":"iCountry2014!$N$4","v":45}]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"2013_\",C78,\"_\",B90)","v":"2013_DZ_1"},{"$f":"MATCH(B121,luDataCode_2013,0)","v":1}]
["2013_COUNTRY_QUESTION_SCORE",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2013,C$121,1)","v":0}]
["2013_COUNTRY_QUESTION_COMMENT",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2013,C$121,2)","v":"En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas garantie puisque, d’un côté, la Constitution stipule, en son article 138, que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi » alors que, d’un autre côté, l’article 154 stipule que « le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République »."}]
["2013_COUNTRY_QUESTION_REFERENCE",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2013,C$121,3)","v":"1996. Constitution de la République algérienne démocratique et populaire, chapitre III : Du pouvoir judiciaire, articles 138 et 154. Repéré à http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm"}]
["2013_COUNTRY_QUESTION_GUIDELINE",{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AP$2:$AP$200,$B$90)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n"}]
["2013_COUNTRY_QUESTION_OPTION",{"$f":"MATCH(B122,$R$90:$V$90,0)","v":5}]
["2013_COUNTRY_QUESTION_LABEL",{"$f":"INDEX($M$90:$Q$90,B126)","v":"No"},{"$f":"IF($D$90=\"J\",B127,\"\")","v":"No"}]
[]
["2013_QUESTION_MAX",{"$f":"C90","v":2}]
["2013_OPTION_1",{"$f":"D130","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"IF(E130=0,\"\",E130)","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts."},{"$f":"M90","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"H90","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts."}]
["2013_OPTION_2",{"$f":"D131","v":"—"},{"$f":"IF(E131=0,\"\",E131)","v":"—"},{"$f":"N90","v":"—"},{"$f":"I90","v":"—"}]
["2013_OPTION_3","—",{"$f":"IF(E132=0,\"\",E132)","v":"—"},{"$f":"O90","v":"—"},{"$f":"J90","v":"—"}]
["2013_OPTION_4","—",{"$f":"IF(E133=0,\"\",E133)","v":"—"},{"$f":"P90","v":"—"},{"$f":"K90","v":"—"}]
["2013_OPTION_5","No",{"$f":"IF(E134=0,\"\",E134)","v":"A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES."},{"$f":"Q90","v":"No"},{"$f":"L90","v":"A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES."}]
[]
["2013_QUESTION_TYPE",{"$f":"IF($D$90=\"J\",\"De jure\",IF($D$90=\"F\",\"De facto\",\"??\"))","v":"De jure"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(B136,\" indicator\")","v":"De jure indicator"}]
[]
[]
["2013_INDICATOR_VERTICAL_MAX_ROW_COUNT",{"$f":"iQuestion2013!$V$3","v":29}]
["2013_COUNTRY_VERTICAL_MAX_ROW_COUNT",{"$f":"iCountry2013!$N$4","v":39}]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"2012_\",C78,\"_\",B91)","v":"2012_DZ_1"},{"$f":"MATCH(B145,luDataCode_2012,0)","v":1}]
["2012_COUNTRY_QUESTION_SCORE",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2012,C$145,1)","v":0}]
["2012_COUNTRY_QUESTION_COMMENT",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2012,C$145,2)","v":"The 2008 Constitution and particularly Article 138 states: \"The judicial power is independent. It is exercised within the framework of the law.\" \n\nArticle 154, however, stipulates that the High Judicial Council is presided by the President of the Republic."}]
["2012_COUNTRY_QUESTION_REFERENCE",{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2012,C$145,3)","v":"1996 Constitution, Articles 138 and 154.(2008 amendment). http://www.joradp.dz/hfr/Consti.htm"}]
["2012_COUNTRY_QUESTION_GUIDELINE",{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AP$2:$AP$200,$B$91)","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary.\n"}]
["2012_COUNTRY_QUESTION_OPTION",{"$f":"MATCH(B146,$R$91:$V$91,0)","v":5}]
["2012_COUNTRY_QUESTION_LABEL",{"$f":"INDEX($M$91:$Q$91,B150)","v":"No"},{"$f":"IF($D$91=\"J\",B151,\"\")","v":"No"}]
[]
["2012_QUESTION_MAX",{"$f":"C91","v":2}]
["2012_OPTION_1",{"$f":"D154","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"IF(E154=0,\"\",E154)","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches."},{"$f":"M91","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"H91","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches."}]
["2012_OPTION_2",{"$f":"D155","v":"—"},{"$f":"IF(E155=0,\"\",E155)","v":"—"},{"$f":"N91","v":"—"},{"$f":"I91","v":"—"}]
["2012_OPTION_3","—",{"$f":"IF(E156=0,\"\",E156)","v":"—"},{"$f":"O91","v":"—"},{"$f":"J91","v":"—"}]
["2012_OPTION_4","—",{"$f":"IF(E157=0,\"\",E157)","v":"—"},{"$f":"P91","v":"—"},{"$f":"K91","v":"—"}]
["2012_OPTION_5","No",{"$f":"IF(E158=0,\"\",E158)","v":"A NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary."},{"$f":"Q91","v":"No"},{"$f":"L91","v":"A NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary."}]
[null,"No data"," "]
["2012_QUESTION_TYPE",{"$f":"IF($D$91=\"J\",\"De jure\",IF($D$91=\"F\",\"De facto\",\"??\"))","v":"De jure"},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(B160,\" indicator\")","v":"De jure indicator"}]
[]
[]
["2012_INDICATOR_VERTICAL_MAX_ROW_COUNT",{"$f":"iQuestion2012!$V$3","v":29}]
["2012_COUNTRY_VERTICAL_MAX_ROW_COUNT",{"$f":"iCountry2012!$N$4","v":30}]
[]
[]
[]
["SEARCH"]
[]
["2012_SEARCH_TEXT",{"$f":"'2012_Indicator_Search'!$C$8","v":"gender"}]
["2013_SEARCH_TEXT",{"$f":"'2013_Indicator_Search'!$C$8","v":"media"}]
["2014_SEARCH_TEXT",{"$f":"'2014_Indicator_Search'!$C$8","v":"infrastructure"}]
[]
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[76,"2014_DZ_76",4051,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[77,"2014_DZ_77",4105,100,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[78,"2014_DZ_78",4159,100,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[79,"2014_DZ_79",4213,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[80,"2014_DZ_80",4267,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[81,"2014_DZ_81",4321,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[82,"2014_DZ_82",4375,50,null,null,{"$f":"G90+MATCH(G$8,OFFSET($D$10:$D$119,G90,0),0)","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[83,"2014_DZ_83",4429,100,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[84,"2014_DZ_84",4483,25,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[85,"2014_DZ_85",4537,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[86,"2014_DZ_86",4591,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[87,"2014_DZ_87",4645,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[88,"2014_DZ_88",4699,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[89,"2014_DZ_89",4753,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[90,"2014_DZ_90",4807,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[91,"2014_DZ_91",4861,100,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[92,"2014_DZ_92",4915,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[93,"2014_DZ_93",4969,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[94,"2014_DZ_94",5023,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[95,"2014_DZ_95",5077,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[96,"2014_DZ_96",5131,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[97,"2014_DZ_97",{"$f":"MATCH(B106,luDataCode_2014,0)","v":5185},{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,C106,1)","v":50},null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[98,"2014_DZ_98",5239,25,null,null,{"$f":"G106+MATCH(G$8,OFFSET($D$10:$D$119,G106,0),0)","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[99,"2014_DZ_99",5293,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[100,"2014_DZ_100",5347,25,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[101,"2014_DZ_101",5401,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[102,"2014_DZ_102",5455,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[103,"2014_DZ_103",5509,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[104,"2014_DZ_104",5563,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[105,"2014_DZ_105",5617,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[106,"2014_DZ_106",5671,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[107,"2014_DZ_107",5725,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[108,"2014_DZ_108",5779,100,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[109,"2014_DZ_109",5833,25,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[110,"2014_DZ_110",5887,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]

{"sheet":"2014_Indicators","index":18,"n_rows":120,"n_cols":7,"rows_kept":120,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2014 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"2014 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[null,null,"Click indicator to highlight.  Double click to view indicator scores."]
[null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$89","v":1},"Indicator",null,null,null,"Scoring"]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O2","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P2","v":1},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ2","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q2","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP2","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O3","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P3","v":2},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ3","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q3","v":"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP3","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and 2) judges operate without fear or favor, independent from other branches of government.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges' autonomy to interpret and review existing laws is occasionally restricted, or 2) judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, or 2) judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O4","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P4","v":3},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ4","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q4","v":"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP4","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system, 2) they have security of tenure, and 3) they are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/independent oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) national-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system, 2) some judges are denied security of tenure, or 3) occasionally judges are disciplined/removed/transferred without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body occasionally includes representatives of the executive or legislative branches.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's a merit-based selection system but it fails to require basic skills (ex. legal education, litigation experience, etc.) or is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) there is no security of tenure, or 3) the due process usually involves the Executive or Legislative branches.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O5","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P5","v":4},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ5","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q5","v":"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP5","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, 2) their reasoning references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case, and 3) their reasoning is public (for this indicator, national security exceptions are allowed).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, 2) the reasoning occasionally lacks references to the laws/jurisprudence considered or the respective judges' interpretations, or 3) it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning after requested.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, or 2) their reasoning rarely references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and/or the specific interpretations they gave them in relation to the case, or 3) the reasoning is not public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O6","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P6","v":5},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ6","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q6","v":"In law, there is a supreme audit institution."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP6","v":"A YES score is earned where the law mandates the creation of a supreme audit institution or office of the Auditor General, tasked with auditing the government accounts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O7","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P7","v":6},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ7","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q7","v":"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP7","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches, 2) the institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases to the prosecutor's office, and 3) the institution has a consistent source of funding to operate.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't establish ALL of the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O8","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P8","v":7},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ8","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q8","v":"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP8","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) auditors have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) auditors operate without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government, and 3) they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors usually have autonomy to audit any account but exceptions exist, 2) auditors are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, auditors are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for not auditing/not auditing or issuing favorable/unfavorable resolutions), or 3) funding is occasionally inconsistent.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors rarely have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) they routinely operate with fear or favor, dependent of other offices of government, or 3) the source of funding is usually inconsistent from year to year.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O9","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P9","v":8},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ9","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q9","v":"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP9","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to positions in the agency follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) auditors are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees sometimes have conflicts of interest, or 3) auditors are sometimes disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the agency rarely or never follow a merit-based system, or the merit-base system is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) appointees are usually disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O10","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P10","v":9},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ10","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q10","v":"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP10","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency in average publishes 10 reports or more per year, and 2) the reports are published less than one month after issuance, and 3) they are accessible online or on paper within two weeks of requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency publishes between three and nine reports per year, 2) the reports are published more than one month after issued, or 3) they are available on paper but it takes more than two weeks after requested to obtain them or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the audit institution publishes one or less reports per year, or 2) the reports are not available to citizens.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O11","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P11","v":10},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ11","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q11","v":"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP11","v":"A YES score is earned where a national law criminalizes corruption as a specific offence(s) for at least three of the following: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, conspiring or attempting to commit any of the above, organized crime and trafficking.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offences.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O12","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P12","v":11},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ12","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q12","v":"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP12","v":"A YES score is earned where all of the following conditions are met: 1) a law mandates a specific body to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, and 2) a law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't meet the two conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O13","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P13","v":12},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ13","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q13","v":"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP13","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, and 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations work without fear or favor from other offices.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely or never investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations routinely receive positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O14","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P14","v":13},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ14","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q14","v":"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP14","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than three months to start, or 3) the body rarely or never starts investigations out of its own initiative.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely or never investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O15","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P15","v":14},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ15","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q15","v":"In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP15","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow the merit-based system, 2) appointees occasionally have conflicts of interest, or 3) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the body rarely follow a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) due process by a peer panel/oversight body is rarely or never followed to discipline/remove/transfer the appointees.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O16","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P16","v":15},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ16","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q16","v":"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP16","v":"A YES score is earned where the law doesn't protect the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n\nA NO score is earned where a law protects/gives immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O17","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P17","v":16},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ17","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q17","v":"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP17","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) criminal allegations against heads of state and government are investigated while they are in office, 2) heads of state and government are prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing, and 3) legal punishment is imposed if/when they are found guilty.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations are investigated while they are in office, 2) not all investigations that find evidence of criminal activity result in prosecution, or 3) not all guilty verdicts result in legal punishment.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against heads of state and government are rarely investigated while they are in office, 2) criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution, or 3) guilty verdicts rarely result in legal punishment. A 0 also applies if the heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O18","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P18","v":17},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ18","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q18","v":"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP18","v":"A YES score is earned where a law establishes the existence of an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.\n\nA NO score is earned when no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O19","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P19","v":18},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ19","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q19","v":"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP19","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within one week of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than one week to start, or 3) none or only a minority of the investigations are self-started by the body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions are met: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O20","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P20","v":19},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ20","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q20","v":"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP20","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the agency(ies) mandated to organize and monitor national elections is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and 2) it establishes its right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard by the agency(ies).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O21","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P21","v":20},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ21","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q21","v":"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP21","v":"A 100 score is earned where electoral officials are always chosen through merit-selection systems.\n\nA 50 score is earned where electoral officials are generally chosen through merit-selection systems, but there are exceptions (for ex. sometimes candidates with less merit are selected over those with more merit).\n\nA 0 score is earned where electoral officials are rarely chosen through merit-selection systems, or the selection system is so weak it can't guarantee candidates are appointed based on merit (for ex. no legal education is required, the President has discretion to decide who the top candidates are, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O22","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P22","v":21},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ22","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q22","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP22","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointees are disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) appointees are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are usually disciplined/removed without following due process, or the due process is so weak it doesn't support independence (for ex. members of the Executive or Legislative branches are part of the panel that conducts the due process), or 2) appointees are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O23","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P23","v":22},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ23","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q23","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP23","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency/agencies publish/es at least one report before the election and one report after the election, and 2) the publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency only publishes one report before or after the election, or 2) the publication is generally accessible to citizens but published more than one month after issued or the cost is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no reports about the elections are published or reports are not available to the public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O24","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P24","v":23},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ24","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q24","v":"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP24","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) candidates/political parties have equal access to and receive fair treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is equal in both news reports and editorial commentary, and 3) candidates/political parties are offered the same rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties occasionally have more access to and receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is occasionally unequal in either news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) occasionally a candidate/political party is offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties usually have more access to and/or receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is usually unequal in both news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) some candidates/political parties are usually offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O25","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P25","v":24},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ25","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q25","v":"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP25","v":"A YES score is earned where all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O26","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P26","v":25},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ26","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q26","v":"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP26","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, and 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is available for scrutiny.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited though open advertising, but the advertising doesn't leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers or it lacks basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract), or 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is not readily available for scrutiny.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are rarely or never invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, or 2) the criteria by which the bids are to be evaluated is rarely available for scrutiny.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O27","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P27","v":26},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ27","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q27","v":"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP27","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are readily available on or off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an archive but it doesn't contain complete records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are not readily available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing contractors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, or 2) full records are rarely or never available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors or any citizen who request them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O28","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P28","v":27},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ28","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q28","v":"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP28","v":"A YES score is earned where the law forbids companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O29","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P29","v":28},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ29","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q29","v":"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP29","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbidden from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time, and 2) there is a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access immediately or in less than two weeks of requested. A 100 is also earned if there is a registry in place that at the time of this research is empty because no company has violated the law.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are generally forbidden from participating in future bidding, but there is evidence that some exceptions exist, or 2) citizen access to the full list of companies forbidden from participating takes more than two weeks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are rarely forbidden from participating in future bidding, or 2) there is no registry of companies forbidden from participating or it exists but it's not public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O30","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P30","v":29},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ30","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q30","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP30","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records takes two weeks to a month, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O31","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P31","v":30},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ31","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q31","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP31","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records occasionally takes more than two weeks of requested, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records associated with natural resource projects are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O32","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P32","v":31},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ32","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q32","v":"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP32","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis in open hearings, and 2) the legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. A 100 score is earned even if defense expenditure is approved in closed hearings.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all significant government expenditure is approved annually by the legislature or it's not approved in open hearings, or 2) the legislature occasionally doesn't approve in-year budget amendments.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the legislative rarely approves significant government expenditure, or 2) the legislature rarely makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O33","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P33","v":32},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ33","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q33","v":"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP33","v":"A YES score is earned where in law both the budget proposed by the Executive (draft sent to Congress for approval) and the approved budget must be published in full every year.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O34","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P34","v":33},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ34","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q34","v":"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP34","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions with at least four weeks of time for citizens to study the full budget, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input in budget discussions but the invitation allows them less than four weeks to study the full budget, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to a few actors, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O35","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P35","v":34},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ35","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q35","v":"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP35","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee that goes into session at least weekly, and 2) the committee has conducted at least one investigation in the last year (even if the investigation hasn't finished at the time of this research).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee but it goes into session at least biweekly, or 2) the committee has conducted only one investigation in the last two years.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) no functioning oversight committee exists or it exists but it meets monthly or less frequently, or 2) the committee has not conducted any investigation in the last two years.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O36","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P36","v":35},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ36","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q36","v":"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP36","v":"A YES score is earned where the law creates a explicit legal requirement for civil servants to report any cases of alleged corruption they are aware of.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O37","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P37","v":36},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ37","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q37","v":"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP37","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a law specifically created to protect public sector whistle-blowers, and 2) the law forbids termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers. Note: General protections for civil servants do not grant a YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O38","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P38","v":37},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ38","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q38","v":"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP38","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law prohibits conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (at least two of these offenses must be prohibited), 2) the law applies to all branches of government, including the civil service, and 3) it mandates mechanisms such as competitive recruitment and promotion procedures, safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal, and recusal procedures.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exist. It also scores NO if only one of the three conditions described in YES is met.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O39","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P39","v":38},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ39","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q39","v":"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP39","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) civil servants are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) civil servants are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) civil servants are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) civil servants are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the due process is so weak it doesn't protect civil servants (for ex. the members of the panel that conducts the due process have a particular interest in how the issue is decided), or 2) civil servants are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O40","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P40","v":39},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ40","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q40","v":"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP40","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to the civil service are made on a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all civil servants are appointed because of their merits, 2) not all appointees are free of conflicts or interest, or 3) performance evaluations are not always based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no merit-based system is in place or it's so weak it's useless, 2) civil servants frequently have conflicts of interest, or 3) performance evaluations are usually based on personal, discretionary criteria.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O41","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P41","v":40},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ41","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q41","v":"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP41","v":"A YES score is earned where the law forbids civil servants to take a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position involve any of the following: 1) would present a conflict of interest, 2) would involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or 3) would establish a relationship between the former and the new office.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O42","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P42","v":41},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ42","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q42","v":"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP42","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a Constitutional principle guarantees citizens' rights to request and receive access to any public documents and information, and 2) there is a specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be implemented. Note: It's possible to score YES if national security or individual privacy information is protected, as long as the law defines the parameters and processes to declare what information is protected and they are limited in scope. Just the constitutional protection is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if there is no such law, or a law exists but it doesn't mandate all the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O43","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P43","v":42},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ43","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q43","v":"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP43","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) records are available online or on paper less than two weeks after requested, and 2) costs are limited to photocopying. A 100 score is possible even if there are exceptions for information protected by national security or individual privacy laws.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) many records are not online and/or it takes between two and four weeks for citizens' to obtain them, or 2) costs sometimes are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them, or 2) costs are usually higher than photocopying.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O44","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P44","v":43},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ44","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q44","v":"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP44","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying, 2) most records are available within a day of legislative proceedings, and 3) there is a complete, easily available legislative archive either on or off line.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are not accessible to the public online or the cost is higher than photocopying; 2) records are usually available within a week of legislative proceedings, or 3) citizens have limited access to a legislative archive either on or off line or the archive is not complete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are rarely accessible to the public online, 2) records take more than a week after legislative proceedings to be available, or 3) there is no legislative archive or citizens don't have access to it.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O45","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P45","v":44},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ45","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q45","v":"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP45","v":"A YES score is earned where in law all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all senior officials of the three branches of government, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O46","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P46","v":45},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ46","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q46","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP46","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures don't contain detailed information about them and their immediate family, or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O47","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P47","v":46},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ47","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q47","v":"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP47","v":"A YES score is earned when in law all the following conditions are met: 1) members of the civil service must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments, both domestic and foreign), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all members of the civil service, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O48","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P48","v":47},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ48","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q48","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP48","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) most but not all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures are not complete (for ex., they contain real estate assets but not movable property, or list the asset but don't provide its estimated value), or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) members of the civil service routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O49","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P49","v":48},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ49","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q49","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP49","v":"A YES score is earned where a law requires political parties to publish all public contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O50","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P50","v":49},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ50","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q50","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP50","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose public donations within a month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose public donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose public donations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O51","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P51","v":50},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ51","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q51","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP51","v":"A YES score is earned where the law requires political parties to publish all private contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O52","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P52","v":51},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ52","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q52","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP52","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose private donations within a one month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose private donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose private donations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O53","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P53","v":52},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ53","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q53","v":"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP53","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and 2) the information is readily available to any citizen (online, on the newspaper, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only some major media organizations disclose the name of their owners or they disclose only some of the owners, or 2) the information is public but obtaining it takes two weeks or more.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) major media organizations don't disclose the names of their owners, or 2) the information is available only to the government.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O54","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P54","v":53},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ54","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q54","v":"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP54","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations have a formal document with standards guiding journalistic work (Code of Ethics, Editorial Guidelines, Statement of Principles, Code of Conduct, etc.), 2) the document codifies standards for use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, and 3) major media organizations enforce this document.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all major media organizations have a formal document, 2) the formal document contains only one of the three aspects mentioned in 100 (use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality), or 3) major media organizations enforce this document but some exceptions exist.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most major media organizations lack a formal document, 2) the formal document is vague and doesn't provide guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, or 3) major media organizations rarely or never enforce this document.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O55","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P55","v":54},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ55","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q55","v":"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP55","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations, 2) journalists can only be convicted if malice is proved (a story was published even though the journalist knew it was false or didn't try to verify it).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O56","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P56","v":55},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ56","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q56","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP56","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication of information, and 2) the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government occasionally prevents the publication of information, or 2) it occasionally encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication of information, or 2) it usually encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O57","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P57","v":56},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ57","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q57","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP57","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication online of information by citizens, and 2) the government doesn't promote citizen's self-censorship (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it usually encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O58","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P58","v":57},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ58","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q58","v":"In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP58","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down, and 2) Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. A 100 score can still be earned if child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites have been taken down.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) a small number of sites, keywords or search results on a specific issue are blocked (blocking cannot include widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter), or 2) citizens are occasionally unable to access certain websites (national or international).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are usually filtered, blocked or taken down, or 2) Web users in the country are usually unable to access many websites without restriction, including widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O59","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P59","v":58},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ59","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q59","v":"In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP59","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and 2) are updated at least once a month.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) about half of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, or 2) the websites are updated less than once a month.\n\nA 0 score is earned where less than 10% of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O60","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P60","v":59},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ60","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q60","v":"In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP60","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (if one exists) have websites, 2) the websites inform users of their rights and how to exercise them in a way that is easy to grasp for users with limited education, and 3) the websites allow users to file complaints online. Note: other digital methods to file complaints, such as mobile apps or phone lines, can also be considered for this indicator.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman have websites, 2) the websites contain little information about users rights and how to exercise them or the information is difficult to grasp for users with limited education, or 3) the websites don't allow users to file complaints online.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman lack websites, or 2) the websites generally lack basic information about users rights or how to exercise them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O61","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P61","v":60},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ61","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q61","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP61","v":"A YES score is earned where the law establishes a specific minimum age at which criminal responsibility applies.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O62","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P62","v":61},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ62","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q62","v":"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP62","v":"A YES score is earned where court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O63","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P63","v":62},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ63","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q63","v":"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP63","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the criminal system has clearly defined especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are implemented as prescribed, and 3) they apply to all children regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system has defined only some especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed, or 3) only some children benefit from them (for example, they only protect victims but not defendants or witnesses).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system lacks especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, or 2) these procedures and conditions exist but are rarely implemented.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O64","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P64","v":63},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ64","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q64","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP64","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O65","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P65","v":64},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ65","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q65","v":"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP65","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no workers below the minimum age are employed, either in the formal or informal sectors, and 2) the government applies sanctions when it finds cases of formal or informal employment of children. Note: Children doing house chores or chores at subsistence-farms are not considered as employed, unless the workload stops them from attending school.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) it's occasionally possible to find children below the minimum age employed, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) in exceptional cases the government fails to apply sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) it's commonplace for children below the minimum age to work, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) the government rarely applies sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O66","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P66","v":65},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ66","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q66","v":"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP66","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) workers organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and 2) trade union organizers have widely understood rights and are free from intimidation or violence.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there are occasional obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) occasionally trade union organizers' rights are not understood or they are subject to intimidation or violence.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there are major obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) trade union organizers' rights are generally misunderstood or subject to intimidation or violence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O67","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P67","v":66},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ67","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q67","v":"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP67","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) corporations observe labor laws, and 2) recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally some corporations fail to observe labor laws, or 2) some corporations occasionally fail to recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) corporations rarely observe labor laws, or 2) corporations rarely recognize and observe human rights.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O68","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P68","v":67},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ68","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q68","v":"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP68","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public, and 2) they are free to express dissent in public settings and participate in civic and political organizations. It scores 100 even if there are prohibitions against blocking public roads as part of public protests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally citizens face obstacles to associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) occasionally they face obstacles to freely express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) they are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O69","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P69","v":68},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ69","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q69","v":"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP69","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) NGOs can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and 3) NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO (for ex. the government gives discretionary permits to some but not all NGOs), or 3) occasionally NGOs have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, or 3) NGOs are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. A 0 score is also earned if NGOs are forbidden by law.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O70","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P70","v":69},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ70","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q70","v":"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP70","v":"A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there was one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there was more than one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O71","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P71","v":70},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ71","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q71","v":"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP71","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no NGOS were shut down, and 2) no NGOs were harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) more than one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O72","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P72","v":71},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ72","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q72","v":"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP72","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a constitutional principle guarantees protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, 2) there is a specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented, and 3) this law includes at least: a) a prohibition to discriminate based on belonging to a national minority, and b) a specific right to maintain and develop the essential elements of their identity (religion, language, and traditions).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists. It also scores NO if there's only a generic constitutional principle such as \"all persons are equal regardless of their background.\"\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O73","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P73","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ73","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q73","v":"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP73","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O74","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P74","v":73},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ74","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q74","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP74","v":"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to freedom of religion, including freedom to change religion, 2) protection from discrimination based on religious beliefs, and 3) the right to manifest his/her religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance, in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on religion is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law protects some but not all the rights described in YES, or if a law explicitly forbids/mandates a certain religion.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O75","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P75","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ75","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q75","v":"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP75","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O76","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P76","v":75},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ76","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q76","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP76","v":"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation, 2) the freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, and 3) the right to manifest and exercise his/her sexual orientation in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law forbids homosexuality.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O77","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P77","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ77","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q77","v":"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP77","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O78","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P78","v":77},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ78","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q78","v":"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP78","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal land ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal land ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal land ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O79","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P79","v":78},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ79","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q79","v":"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP79","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O80","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P80","v":79},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ80","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q80","v":"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP80","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal inheritance right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal inheritance rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's inheritance rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O81","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P81","v":80},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ81","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q81","v":"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP81","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal divorce petition right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal divorce petition rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal divorce petition rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O82","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P82","v":81},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ82","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q82","v":"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP82","v":"A YES score is earned where in law men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some men have precedence over women in the custody of children and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where men have precedence over women in the custody of children.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O83","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P83","v":82},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ83","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q83","v":"In law, women have the right to independent travel."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP83","v":"A YES score is earned where no law imposes restrictions to women's free and independent travel. For example, there are no laws requiring them to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion, drive with a companion (or not drive at all), etc.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have the right to free and independent travel and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law imposes denies or restricts women's right to free and independent travel.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O84","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P84","v":83},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ84","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q84","v":"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP84","v":"A YES score is earned where a law explicitly establishes that: 1) women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace, 2) discrimination on the basis of gender is forbidden, and 3) women cannot be fired or demoted as a result of pregnancy. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned where in law, within the same country, some women have these rights and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). This score is also earned if only some but not all the rights described in YES exist in the country.\n\nA NO score is earned where no law explicitly creates the rights described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O85","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P85","v":84},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ85","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q85","v":"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP85","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, and 3) are not fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) in some cases women receive less pay and benefits than men for performing the same job, 2) in some cases there is a preference to hire or promote men, or 3) there are occasional cases of women being fired, demoted or in other ways discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) women rarely receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) rarely have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, or 3) are regularly fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy. A 0 score is also earned if a law forbids or restricts women from working.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O86","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P86","v":85},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ86","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q86","v":"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP86","v":"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around a 15% of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O87","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P87","v":86},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ87","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q87","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP87","v":"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O88","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P88","v":87},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ88","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q88","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP88","v":"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the legislature are women.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O89","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P89","v":88},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ89","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q89","v":"In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP89","v":"A 100 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish all the following objectives: 1) increase girls and women's access to the Web, 2) train girls and women to use the Web, and 3) encourage girls and women to pursue careers in ICTs. It also earns 100 score if there's evidence that there's no gender digital divide in the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish only one of the three objectives described in 100, or the programs include the three objectives but they are not permanent or have too few resources to cover more than just a few communities.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such programs are in place, or 2) any programs that exist are ad hoc, sporadic or not supported/sponsored by the government.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O90","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P90","v":89},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ90","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q90","v":"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP90","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) it investigates and when necessary brings offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative, and 3) it keeps statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, but it shares its time and resources enforcing other laws, or 2) it generally investigates and brings offenders to court, but evidence shows that sometimes it fails to do so despite the existence of evidence, or 3) its statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.) are older than one year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) there is one but it rarely investigates and or brings offenders to court, or 3) it doesn't keep statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O91","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P91","v":90},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ91","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q91","v":"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP91","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government invites some but not all private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) the mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings) are sporadic or occasionally out of service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) no mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O92","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P92","v":91},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ92","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q92","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP92","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained in paper on less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or cost are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on youth unemployment are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on youth unemployment are collected every three years or less often.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O93","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P93","v":92},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ93","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q93","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP93","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on poverty are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on poverty are collected every three years or less often.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O94","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P94","v":93},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ94","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q94","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP94","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining a paper version takes more than two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on infrastructure are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on infrastructure are collected every three years or less often.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O95","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P95","v":94},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ95","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q95","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP95","v":"A 100 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, which includes all the following elements: 1) enabling access points in schools and public places (libraries, post offices, etc.), and 2) improving infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, but it only includes one of the two conditions described in 100 or the plan is outdated (for ex. the plan covered the period 2000-2012).\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government doesn't have a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O96","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P96","v":95},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ96","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q96","v":"In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP96","v":"A 100 score is earned where citizens access to the Web through both broadband and mobile increased at least 10% over the last year compared to the year before. A 100 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves access increased compared to the year before that.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web increased less than 10% compared to the year before, or 2) it only increased in either broadband or mobile. A 50 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves that at least one the conditions described here is met.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web did not increase or decreased over the last year compared to the year before, or 2) there's no data to determine if there was increase or the data is so outdated (two or more years old).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O97","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P97","v":96},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ97","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q97","v":"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP97","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a road/bridge network connects most towns and cities, 2) there is an entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional, and 3) no accidents occurred over the last year caused by roads/bridges malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.). Note: any type of road/bridge can be considered to score this indicator (gravel, highway, wood, concrete, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) data proves around a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network, 2) the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional admits to having insufficient budget, or 3) at least one accident occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network or the government lacks data to determine this information, 2) there is no entity mandated to ensuring roads/bridges are permanently safe and functional, or 3) several accidents occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O98","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P98","v":97},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ98","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q98","v":"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP98","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), and 2) the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and have complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied only with part but not all the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), or 2) none or only some of the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or all are, but they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is not subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and/or it has failed to comply with the recommendations made in the audit(s) report(s), or 2) the country's airline(s) are not subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O99","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P99","v":98},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ99","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q99","v":"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP99","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens of rural populations to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community only once or twice a year, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to only certain citizens, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O100","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P100","v":99},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ100","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q100","v":"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP100","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, and 3) rural stakeholders are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) rural stakeholders occasionally have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) stakeholders in rural populations are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O101","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P101","v":100},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ101","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q101","v":"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP101","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, and 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population but it also has other mandates, or 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards some but not all of the following: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to provide financial or technical support towards the three areas mentioned in 100.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O102","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P102","v":101},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ102","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q102","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP102","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, 2) in the last year it implemented permanent programs to ensure education, employment and/or housing, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year it implemented sporadic programs to ensure education, employment, and/or housing, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, or 2) in the last year no programs were implemented to ensure education, employment and housing.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O103","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P103","v":102},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ103","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q103","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP103","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O104","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P104","v":103},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ104","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q104","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP104","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to permanent or temporary illnesses or health conditions, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O105","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P105","v":104},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ105","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q105","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP105","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O106","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P106","v":105},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ106","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q106","v":"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP106","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records for the current year are available, and 2) they can be obtained online or on paper in less than two weeks after requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are available but the most recent Is last year's, or 2) obtaining them on paper takes more than two weeks after requested or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are not available to the public, or 2) it takes more than a month to obtain them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O107","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P107","v":106},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ107","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q107","v":"In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP107","v":"A 100 score is earned where all of the following information is permanently available online, on paper, or by phone for most public hospitals and clinics in the country: 1) services available, 2) location, 3) contact information, 4) instructions about how to access the services, and 5) pricing when/if it applies.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only three of the five information points listed in 100 is usually available online, on paper, or by phone, or 2) the information is available for only half of the public hospitals and clinics in the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where none of the information points listed in 100 is available or they are available only for a minority of the hospitals and clinics.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O108","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P108","v":107},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ108","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q108","v":"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP108","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, 2) the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education, and 3) public health hazards such as epidemics trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can find within easy reach information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, but the information may be incomplete, 2) the information is presented in a way that makes it difficult to understand for citizens with less education, or 3) public health hazards such as epidemics don't always trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, or 2) public health hazards such as epidemics rarely trigger awareness campaigns.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O109","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P109","v":108},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ109","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q109","v":"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP109","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system, 2) a standardized qualification system, and 3) these systems apply to both primary and secondary education. A 100 score is earned where these conditions are met regardless of whether the systems are at national or state level.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system but it's not being implemented, 2) there is a standardized qualification system but it's not being implemented, and 3) only one of the systems exist or both exist but apply only to either primary or secondary education.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no standardized education curriculum or qualification systems for primary and secondary education.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O110","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P110","v":109},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ110","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q110","v":"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP110","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no education gap between male and female citizens, 2) there is no education gap between populations in different income levels, and 3) there is no education gap between rural and urban populations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are gaps in two of the three areas described in 100.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are gaps in all three categories listed in 100.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!O111","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P111","v":110},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ111","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q111","v":"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AP111","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) it defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. Note: the consultations can be anything from periodic meetings with industry representatives to public invitations for any citizen to submit requests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) there are no clear priority areas.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government doesn't consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, or 2) the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. A 0 score is also earned if there is no education planning.\n"}]

{"sheet":"2014_Indicator_Scores","index":19,"n_rows":17,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":17,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[[5,1,5,5]]}
["2014 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$AH$89","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."}]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$114","v":"De jure indicator"}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B108","v":"Yes"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C108","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts."},null,"Angola, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe",null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!AC4","v":"Angola, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe"}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B109","v":"—"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C109","v":"—"},null,null,null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!AD4","v":""}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B110","v":"—"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C110","v":"—"},null,null,null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!AE4","v":""}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B111","v":"—"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C111","v":"—"},null,null,null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!AF4","v":""}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B112","v":"No"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C112","v":"A NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES."},null,"Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Swaziland, Zambia",null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!AG4","v":"Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Swaziland, Zambia"}]

{"sheet":"2014_Indicator_Scores_","index":20,"n_rows":66,"n_cols":16,"rows_kept":66,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[[5,3,5,16],[7,3,7,16]]}
["2014 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$AH$89","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."}]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$114","v":"De jure indicator"}]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$AE$89","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n"}]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$30","v":"Click country to highlight.  Double click to view supporting commentary and references. † = Commentary and references are in French language."}]
[]
[null,null,{"$f":"IF(uxbWorks!$B$85=0,-1,uxbWorks!$B$85)","v":-1},{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O7","v":"Yes"},null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P7","v":"—"},null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q7","v":"—"},null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R7","v":"—"},null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S7","v":"No"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O10","v":2},{"$f":"IF(C13=0,\"\",INDEX(aCountry_Dagger_2014,C13))","v":"Angola"},null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P10","v":0},{"$f":"IF(F13=0,\"\",INDEX(aCountry_Dagger_2014,F13))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q10","v":0},{"$f":"IF(I13=0,\"\",INDEX(aCountry_Dagger_2014,I13))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R10","v":0},{"$f":"IF(L13=0,\"\",INDEX(aCountry_Dagger_2014,L13))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S10","v":1},{"$f":"IF(O13=0,\"\",INDEX(aCountry_Dagger_2014,O13))","v":"Algeria†"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O11","v":4},"Botswana",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P11","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q11","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R11","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S11","v":3},"Benin†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O12","v":7},"Cabo Verde",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P12","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q12","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R12","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S12","v":5},"Burkina Faso†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O13","v":14},"Democratic Republic of Congo",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P13","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q13","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R13","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S13","v":6},"Burundi†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O14","v":16},"Egypt",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P14","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q14","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R14","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S14","v":8},"Cameroon"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O15","v":18},"Eritrea",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P15","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q15","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R15","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S15","v":9},"Central African Republic†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O16","v":21},"Gambia",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P16","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q16","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R16","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S16","v":10},"Chad"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O17","v":22},"Ghana",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P17","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q17","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R17","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S17","v":11},"Comoros†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O18","v":24},"Guinea-Bissau",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P18","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q18","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R18","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S18","v":12},"Congo†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O19","v":25},"Kenya",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P19","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q19","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R19","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S19","v":13},"Côte d'Ivoire"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O20","v":26},"Lesotho",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P20","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q20","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R20","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S20","v":15},"Djibouti†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O21","v":27},"Liberia",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P21","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q21","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R21","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S21","v":17},"Equatorial Guinea"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O22","v":30},"Malawi",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P22","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q22","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R22","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S22","v":19},"Ethiopia"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O23","v":33},"Mauritius",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P23","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q23","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R23","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S23","v":20},"Gabon†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O24","v":35},"Mozambique",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P24","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q24","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R24","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S24","v":23},"Guinea†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O25","v":36},"Namibia",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P25","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q25","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R25","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S25","v":28},"Libya"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O26","v":38},"Nigeria",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P26","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q26","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R26","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S26","v":29},"Madagascar"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O27","v":39},"Rwanda",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P27","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q27","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R27","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S27","v":31},"Mali†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O28","v":40},"São Tomé & Príncipe",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P28","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q28","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R28","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S28","v":32},"Mauritania†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O29","v":42},"Seychelles",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P29","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q29","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R29","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S29","v":34},"Morocco"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O30","v":43},"Sierra Leone",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P30","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q30","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R30","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S30","v":37},"Niger†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O31","v":44},"Somalia",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P31","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q31","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R31","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S31","v":41},"Senegal†"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O32","v":45},"South Africa",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P32","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q32","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R32","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S32","v":48},"Swaziland"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O33","v":46},"South Sudan",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P33","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q33","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R33","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S33","v":53},"Zambia"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O34","v":47},"Sudan",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P34","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q34","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R34","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S34","v":0},""]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O35","v":49},"Tanzania",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P35","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q35","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R35","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S35","v":0},""]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O36","v":50},"Togo†",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P36","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q36","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R36","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S36","v":0},""]
[null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!O37","v":51},"Tunisia†",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!P37","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!Q37","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!R37","v":0},"",null,{"$f":"iQuestion2014!S37","v":0},""]
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{"sheet":"2014_Country_Scores_","index":21,"n_rows":123,"n_cols":21,"rows_kept":123,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2014 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
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{"sheet":"2014_Country_Scores","index":22,"n_rows":121,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":121,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2014 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$D$83","v":"Algeria"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Scores 0-100 where 100=best possible score"]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$52","v":"Click question to highlight.  Double click to view commentary and references for selected country. (FRENCH LANGUAGE)"}]
[]
[null,2014,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$83","v":"DZ"},"IsQ",{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$89","v":1},null,"Indicator",null,null,null,"Score",null,"Comment"]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G12)","v":"2014_DZ_1"},{"$f":"MATCH(B12,luDataCode_2014,0)","v":1},"Q",{"$f":"IF(G12=$E$11,1,0)","v":1},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P2","v":1},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ2","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q2","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,$C12,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2014,$C12,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2014,$C12,4))","v":"En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif est garantie par la Constitution qui dispose en son article 138 que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi ». Cependant,  l’article 154 stipule que « le Cons..."}]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G13)","v":"2014_DZ_2"},55,"Q",{"$f":"IF(G13=$E$11,1,0)","v":0},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P3","v":2},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ3","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q3","v":"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,0,null,"L’indépendance de la justice n'est pas garantie en Algérie. Le Président de la République est à la fois responsable du pouvoir exécutif et président du Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, deux organes censés, selon Halim Feddal, secrétaire adjoint de l’Association Nationale de Lu..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_3",109,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P4","v":3},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ4","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q4","v":"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les juges sont sous la dépendance du pouvoir exécutif et leur nomination ne renforce pas l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Les nominations des magistrats de la Cour Suprême et du Conseil d'Etat, les deux plus hautes juridictions du pouvoir judiciaire, sont faites pa..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_4",163,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P5","v":4},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ5","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q5","v":"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, les arrêts de la cour suprême et du Conseil d'État, les deux plus hautes juridictions de la magistrature algérienne, sont rendus publics sur un site internet. Les juges de ces juridictions motivent leurs jugement sur la base du droit. Les arrêts de la Cour Suprême elle-..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_5",217,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P6","v":5},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ6","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q6","v":"In law, there is a supreme audit institution."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, la Cour des comptes est l’institution supérieure de contrôle à posteriori des finances de l’État, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics. Elle est régie par l’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance n°10-02 du..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_6",271,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P7","v":6},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ7","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q7","v":"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,100,null,"Selon l’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995, modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance 10-02 du 26 août 2010, en son article 3, la Cour des comptes, «est une institution à compétence administrative et juridictionnelle. Elle jouit de l'indépendance nécessaire garantissant l'objectiv..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_7",325,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P8","v":7},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ8","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q8","v":"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,0,null,"En pratique, la Cour des comptes ne jouit pas d’une réelle indépendance puisque, comme tous les magistrats, ses membres sont nommés par le Président de la République. Ce mode de nomination met ces magistrats sous le contrôle de l'exécutif et réduit leur capacité à auditer certains ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_8",379,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P9","v":8},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ9","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q9","v":"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency."},null,25,null,"Les nominations au sein de la Cour des comptes ne renforcent pas l'indépendance de l'organisme puisque non seulement les règles de ces nominations ne sont pas claires mais font partie du domaine réservé du Président de la République. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_9",433,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P10","v":9},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ10","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q10","v":"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens."},null,0,null,"Il existe seulement deux rapports annuels datant de 1995 et 1996-1997 sur le site internet de la Cour des comptes qui établit pourtant chaque année un rapport qu’elle remet au Président de la République. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_10",487,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P11","v":10},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ11","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q11","v":"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, la corruption est criminalisée. La loi n°06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption consacre vingt articles pour le volet « des incriminations ». Voici, par exemple, ce que stipule l’article 25 : « sont punis d’un emprisonnement de deux à dix ans ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_11",541,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P12","v":11},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ12","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q12","v":"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, il n'existe aucun organe indépendant du pouvoir exécutif et législatif mandaté pour recevoir et enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_12",595,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P13","v":12},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ13","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q13","v":"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body."},null,0,null,"Les allégations de corruption contre les politiciens de haut niveau et/ou les  fonctionnaires d’état sont, souvent, traités par des services spéciaux relevant de la sûreté nationale ou du ministère de la défense nationale. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_13",649,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P14","v":13},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ14","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q14","v":"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective."},null,25,null,"Les organes de lutte contre la corruption ouvrent rarement des enquêtes de leur propre initiative et préfèrent, souvent, garder le silence lorsqu’il s’agit d’une affaire de corruption, impliquant un haut responsable ou une personnalité politique. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_14",703,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P15","v":14},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ15","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q15","v":"In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body."},null,0,null,"Les nominations à des postes au sein de l'organisme, qui enquête sur les allégations de corruption, ne renforcent pas son indépendance. Les personnes nommées sont sous l'autorité du responsable de l'organisme qui est désigné soit par le Président de la République soit par le minist..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_15",757,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P16","v":15},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ16","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q16","v":"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime."},null,100,null,"La loi ne préserve pas les chefs d'État et de gouvernement en cours de mandat, des enquêtes et des poursuites judiciaires si des preuves attestent qu'ils sont auteurs de crimes. L’article 158 de la Constitution prévoit l’institution d’une Haute Cour de l’Etat «‘pour connaître des a..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_16",811,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P17","v":16},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ17","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q17","v":"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime."},null,0,null,"La Constitution algérienne prévoit l’institution d’une Haute Cour de l’Etat «pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du Président de la République, des crimes et délits du Premier ministre, commis dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. (Art. 158)». ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_17",865,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P18","v":17},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ18","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q18","v":"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force."},null,0,null,"Il n'existe pas d'institution indépendante à cette fin.\n\nLes citoyens peuvent signaler une inconduite policière ou déposer une plainte contre un agent ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_18",919,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P19","v":18},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ19","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q19","v":"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective."},null,50,null,"L’inspection générale de la sûreté nationale procède à des enquêtes  lorsqu’elle a connaissance d’une inconduite policière ou d’un fait grave mettant en cause l’image de marque de la sûreté nationale. Une fois la faute ou l’infraction est constatée, le concerné est présenté  devant..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_19",973,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P20","v":19},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ20","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q20","v":"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed."},null,0,null,"La loi organique n°° 12--01 du 12 janvier 2012 relative au Code électoral ne prévoit aucune disposition spécifique relative à l’indépendance des organes chargés de l’organisation et de la surveillance des élections nationales...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_20",1027,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P21","v":20},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ21","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q21","v":"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies."},null,25,null,"Les nominations au sein de l'organe chargé de l'organisation et de la surveillance des élections ne renforcent pas l'indépendance de cet organe. L'organe n'est pas permanent; il est constitué à chaque fois qu'il y a une élection. Les membres sont issus des partis politiques, ce qui..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_21",1081,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P22","v":21},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ22","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q22","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference."},null,25,null,"La commission nationale de surveillance des élections est composée  de représentants des partis politiques. Pour ce qui est de la commission nationale de supervision des élections, ses membres sont désignés par le Président de la République. Ce faisant, ils ne sont pas à l'abri des..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_22",1135,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P23","v":22},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ23","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q23","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election."},null,0,null,"La commission nationale de surveillance des élections élabore des rapports d’étape et un rapport général d’appréciation relatif à l’organisation et au déroulement des élections...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_23",1189,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P24","v":23},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ24","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q24","v":"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, tout candidat aux élections locales, législatives ou présidentielles dispose, pour présenter son programme aux électeurs, d’un accès équitable aux supports médiatiques de télévision et de radiodiffusion nationale et locale. Pendant la campagne électorale des présidentie..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_24",1243,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P25","v":24},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ25","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q25","v":"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, les grandes dépenses doivent être exécutées par passation de marchés publics exigeant des appels d'offres...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_25",1297,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P26","v":25},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ26","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q26","v":"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding."},null,25,null,"Les avis appel d’offres national ou international sont rendus publics par voie de presse et au moins deux journaux dans arabe et français. Cependant, cette procédure est bafouée par la diffusion des annonces dans des journaux à faible tirage et peu diffusés dans les régions intérie..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_26",1351,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P27","v":26},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ27","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q27","v":"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.)."},null,0,null,"Il existe une archive contenant les dossiers complets de l'ensemble des contrats de marchés publics, au niveau de chaque ministère et institution contractante, mais celle-ci n’est ouverte qu’à des acteurs particuliers, c'est-à-dire les entreprises publiques et privées, aux bureaux ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_27",1405,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P28","v":27},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ28","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q28","v":"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, les entreprises ayant commis des infractions aux règles de passation des marchés ou violé la réglementation et la législation en vigueur sont exclues temporairement ou définitivement de la participation aux futurs appels d'offres. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_28",1459,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P29","v":28},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ29","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q29","v":"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"},null,25,null,"En Algérie, les entreprises ayant commis des violations aux règles de passation des marchés sont généralement exclues, temporairement ou définitivement, de la participation aux marchés publics, mais il est évident que certaines exceptions existent...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_29",1513,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P30","v":29},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ30","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q30","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, les bilans financiers des entreprises publiques sont souvent établis dans un délai de six mois à compter de la date de la clôture de l’exercice, le 31 décembre. Ils sont rarement accessibles au public. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_30",1567,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P31","v":30},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ31","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q31","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations."},null,25,null,"Les dossiers financiers relatifs aux projets de l’exploitation des mines d’or ne sont pas disponibles pour le public, mais les dossiers financiers liés aux projets d’exploitation des hydrocarbures sont publiés sur le site internet de Sonatrach (Société nationale pour la recherche, ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_31",1621,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P32","v":31},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ32","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q32","v":"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, la loi de finances est approuvée par le corps législatif sur une base annuelle mais celle du règlement budgétaire est approuvée tous les deux ans. Le délai d’élaboration de ces deux lois est fixé par la loi organique 84/07 relative aux lois de finances. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_32",1675,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P33","v":32},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ33","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q33","v":"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year."},null,0,null,"Il n'existe aucune loi qui oblige le gouvernement de publier intégralement chaque année le budget proposé et adopté par le Parlement...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_33",{"$f":"MATCH(B44,luDataCode_2014,0)","v":1729},"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P34","v":33},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ34","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q34","v":"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,$C44,1)","v":25},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2014,$C44,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2014,$C44,4))","v":"Les citoyens peuvent apporter leur contribution aux décisions budgétaires et être entendus dans les séances plénières de l’Assemblée Populaire Nationale, par le biais des députés, des associations et des organisations qui les représentent. ..."}]
[null,"2014_DZ_34",1783,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P35","v":34},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ35","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q35","v":"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds."},null,0,null,"Il existe une commission des finances de l’Assemblée Populaire Nationale (APN) qui a pour mission de procéder à l’examen de tous ce qui a trait à l’aspect financier et qui peut auditionner les opérateurs économiques et les ministres concernés par le projet de loi de finances. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_35",1837,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P36","v":35},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ36","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q36","v":"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, toute personne qui prend connaissance d'un cas de corruption et ne le signale pas est punie par la loi.  L'article 47 de la loi 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption ne concerne pas spécifiquement les fonctionnaires. il dispose qu'«est puni d..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_36",1891,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P37","v":36},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ37","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q37","v":"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences."},null,0,null,"L'article 45 de la loi 06-01 relative à la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption ne concerne pas spécifiquement les fonctionnaires contre les conséquences négatives découlant de la dénonciation des actes de corruption. Il dispose qu' «est punie d’un emprisonnement de six mois..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_37",1945,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P38","v":37},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ38","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q38","v":"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, il existe des règles formelles visant à prévenir les conflits d'intérêts, le népotisme, le copinage et le favoritisme dans toutes les branches du gouvernement. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_38",1999,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P39","v":38},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ39","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q39","v":"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference."},null,25,null,"Certains ministres et hauts fonctionnaires dépendant des milieux politiques usent et abusent de leur pouvoir d’influence et profitent de la situation pour placer les cadres de leurs partis politiques dans des postes clés dans les secteurs qu’ils dirigent, dans le but de pérenniser ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_39",2053,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P40","v":39},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ40","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q40","v":"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, le mérite n'est pas toujours considéré au cours des nominations des fonctionnaires. Il ya ceux qui sont nommés en raison des liens familiaux ou amicaux et ceux qui sont nommés en raison de liens régionaux, tribaux ou politiques...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_40",2107,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P41","v":40},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ41","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q41","v":"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government."},null,0,null,"En Algerie, il n'existe pas de restrictions pour les fonctionnaires pour intégrer le secteur privé après avoir quitté le secteur public."]
[null,"2014_DZ_41",2161,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P42","v":41},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ42","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q42","v":"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, la Constitution de 1996 ne prévoit pas expressément le droit de demander des renseignements publics auprès des organismes étatiques. Il existe une loi sur l’information qui date de 1990, la Loi n° 90-07 du 3 avril 1990 relative à l'information. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_42",2215,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P43","v":42},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ43","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q43","v":"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective."},null,0,null,"Les données statistiques sur l'accès à l'information reçues au cours de l'année dernière à travers les institutions gouvernementales centralisées ne sont pas en ligne, mais la plupart des sites Internet des ministères et même le portail du chef de gouvernement disposent d'outils pe..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_43",2269,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P44","v":43},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ44","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q44","v":"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents."},null,25,null,"Il y a lieu de signaler que durant les années passées la plupart des documents législatifs étaient accessibles. Les documents qui ne sont plus disponibles comprennent les  vote par appel nominal, et texte intégral de projet de loi...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_44",2323,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P45","v":44},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ45","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q45","v":"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, les hauts fonctionnaires sont tenus de déclarer leurs patrimoines.\n\nLa loi 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption stipule que « la décl..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_45",2377,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P46","v":45},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ46","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q46","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."},null,0,null,"Les hauts fonctionnaires ainsi que la plupart des élus nationaux procèdent à la déclaration de leurs patrimoines. Seulement, leurs déclarations ne contiennent pas souvent des informations détaillées sur leurs actifs et ceux de leur famille (épouse), et ne sont pas toujours disponib..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_46",2431,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P47","v":46},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ47","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q47","v":"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public."},null,0,null,"En Algérie,  il existe une loi relative à la déclaration du patrimoine mais elle ne s'applique pas à l'ensemble des fonctionnaires. \nLes déclarations sont publiques  « en vue de garantir la transparence de la vie politique et a..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_47",2485,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P48","v":47},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ48","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q48","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective."},null,0,null,"Le gouvernement a mis en place, un dispositif juridique, depuis 2006, pour inciter les cadres désignés et élus à effectuer la déclaration de leur patrimoine. « Il est fait obligation de déclaration de patrimoine aux agents publics en vue de garantir la transparence de la vie politi..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_48",2539,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P49","v":48},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ49","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q49","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government)."},null,0,null,"La loi relative aux partis politique exige des responsables des partis politiques de présenter aux délégués réunis en congrès ou en assemblée générale, en sus du rapport moral, un rapport financier validé par un commissaire aux comptes. Les partis politiques sont tenus, également, ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_49",2593,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P50","v":49},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ50","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q50","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, bien que la loi prévoit le financement des partis politiques, ces derniers ne communiquent pas toujours des informations portant sur ces financements.Aucun rapport ou document contenant des informations sur les dons publics n’est mis en ligne sur les sites internet des ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_50",2647,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P51","v":50},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ51","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q51","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations."},null,0,null,"La loi relative aux partis politique exige des responsables des partis politiques de présenter aux délégués réunis en congrès ou en assemblée générale, en sus du rapport moral, un rapport financier validé par un commissaire aux comptes. Les partis politiques sont tenus, également, ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_51",2701,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P52","v":51},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ52","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q52","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les formations politiques communiquent rarement les informations relatives aux dons privés et les communications ne sont pas accessibles au public. \nMême les adhérents et les militants ne connaissent pas exactement les moyens de financement de..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_52",2755,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P53","v":52},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ53","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q53","v":"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, très peu d'organisations médiatiques (journaux et chaines TV) rendent publics les noms de leurs propriétaires : par exemple Echorouk TV et le journal Echorouk rendent public le nom de leur propriétaire qui est Ali Fodil; , Ennahar TV et le journal Ennahar appartiennet a..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_53",2809,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P54","v":53},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ54","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q54","v":"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."},null,50,null,"Peu d’organisations médiatiques, à ce jour, se sont dotées d’une charte déontologie ou un document officiel des normes guidant la profession journalistique (consignes de rédaction, déclaration de principes, Code de conduite, etc.). En 2000, un conseil d’éthique et de déontologie de..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_54",2863,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P55","v":54},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ55","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q55","v":"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les journalistes peuvent communiquer des informations précises sur les personnalités publiques en dépit des préjudices portés à leur réputation à condition qu'ils respectent les faits et publient uniquement les informations dont l’origine, la véracité et l’exactitude so..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_55",2917,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P56","v":55},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ56","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q56","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."},null,50,null,"L’autocensure dans la presse écrite et l’audio-visuel est très présente en Algérie. Certains medias pratiquent l’autocensure afin de continuer à recevoir de la publicité. Pour un grand nombre de journalistes algériens, le gouvernement utilise la publicité comme un moyen de pression..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_56",2971,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P57","v":56},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ57","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q57","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.)."},null,0,null,"Le gouvernement algérien  provoque directement comme indirectement l'autocensure des citoyens en ligne (dans les médias sociaux et blogs) à travers les intimidations, les arrestations et les menaces de poursuites judiciaires. Au mois de septembre 2013, un blogueur de la wilaya de T..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_57",3025,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P58","v":57},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ58","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q58","v":"In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, il n'existe aucune preuve démontrant que les sites, les mots clés, les résultats de recherche ou les contenus politiquement sensibles sont filtrés, bloqués ou supprimés. Les internautes du pays sont en mesure d'accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde sans aucune res..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_58",3079,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P59","v":58},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ59","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q59","v":"In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites."},null,50,null,"L’ensemble des ministères en Algérie disposent de sites Web.  Ces derniers sont actualisés mais parfois les informations qu’ils véhiculent sont en décalage avec l’évolution des actualités sur le plan national et international. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_59",3133,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P60","v":59},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ60","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q60","v":"In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites."},null,25,null,"Les organismes  de réglementation des services publics en Algérie ne disposent pas de sites web. Les directions locales de la réglementation et des affaires générales sont placées sous la tutelle du ministère de l’intérieur et des collectivités locales. Celui-ci dispose d’un site w..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_60",3187,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P61","v":60},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ61","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q61","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability."},null,100,null,"L’âge minimum pour l’établissement de la responsabilité pénale est fixé actuellement à 10 ans. L’article 49 de la loi n° 14-01 du 4 février 2014 stipule que «le mineur de moins de dix ans ne peut faire l’objet de poursuites pénales.»"]
[null,"2014_DZ_61",3241,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P62","v":61},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ62","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q62","v":"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, les procédures judiciaires et les conditions d'arrestation sont tenues de prendre en considération les besoins des enfants, qu'ils soient accusés, victimes ou témoins...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_62",3295,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P63","v":62},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ63","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q63","v":"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, le système pénal a clairement défini des procédures judiciaires et quelques conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins des mineurs, mais ces procédures sont peu mises en œuvre que ce soit le cas de mineurs accusés, victimes ou témoins. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_63",3349,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P64","v":63},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ64","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q64","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors)."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, l'âge minimum requis pour pouvoir occuper un emploi est de 16 ans.\nLa loi n° 90/11 du 21 avril 1990 relative aux relations de travail, modifiée et complétée (article 15), dispose que l’âge minimum requis pour un recrutement ne peut en aucun cas être infér..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_64",3403,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P65","v":64},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ65","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q65","v":"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to."},null,25,null,"En Algérie les enfants qui travaillent en dessous de l’âge légal sont issus de familles pauvres. La plupart d’entre eux travaillent dans le secteur informel sans aucune protection parentale et se trouvent généralement à la merci de leurs employeurs...."]
[null,"2014_DZ_65",{"$f":"MATCH(B76,luDataCode_2014,0)","v":3457},"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P66","v":65},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ66","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q66","v":"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,$C76,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2014,$C76,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2014,$C76,4))","v":"En Algérie les autorités mettent parfois des entraves à la création des syndicats autonomes. \n\nPar exemple le Syndicat national autonome des postiers (Snap) a déposé son dossier d’agrément ..."}]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G77)","v":"2014_DZ_66"},3511,"Q",{"$f":"IF(G77=$E$11,1,0)","v":0},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P67","v":66},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ67","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q67","v":"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, beaucoup d’entreprises ne respectent pas la législation, dont les sociétés multinationales et les entreprises privées. Dans ces entreprises, des ouvriers sont soumis à un régime d’exploitation et mal payés et d’autres ne sont même pas déclarés à la Caisse Nationale des ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_67",3565,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P68","v":67},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ68","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q68","v":"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely."},null,0,null,"Le gouvernement Algérien a considérablement limité l’exercice du droit à la liberté de réunion et d’association, durant l’année 2014. Les citoyens sont très souvent interdits de manifester librement dans des lieux publics et interrogés par les services de police."]
[null,"2014_DZ_68",3619,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P69","v":68},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ69","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q69","v":"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, la liberté de se constituer en association subit, parfois, l’arbitraire de l’administration, et les libertés de se réunir et de manifester sont encadrées par la loi relative aux associations. Cette loi, selon la majorité des associations nationales, limite la capacité d..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_69",3673,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P70","v":69},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ70","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q70","v":"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year."},null,0,null,"Aucun employé d’une Organisation Non Gouvernementale n'a été tué, emprisonné, mais certains ont été menacés en raison de son travail au cours de l'année écoulée.\nDurant cette période d'étude, lors des rassemblements et sit-in organisés à la capitale et au ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_70",3727,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P71","v":70},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ71","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q71","v":"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work."},null,0,null,"En Algerie, aucune Organisation Non Gouvernementale (ONG) n'a été fermée ou menacée au cours de l’année dernière, mais le gouvernement limite la coopération des ONG locales avec des partenaires étrangers et restreint sévèrement l’accès à son territoire aux organisations internation..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_71",3781,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P72","v":71},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ72","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q72","v":"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected."},null,0,null,"Selon l’article 29 de la Constitution, les citoyens sont égaux devant la loi, sans que puisse prévaloir aucune discrimination pour cause de naissance, de race, de sexe, d'opinion ou de toute autre condition ou circonstance personnelle ou sociale. L’article 32 de la même Constitutio..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_72",3835,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P73","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ73","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q73","v":"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, il n'existe aucun service au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination des minorités ethniques auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide.\nDurant l’année 2013 et 2014, la région de Ghardaïa a connu des affrontements entre les Ibadite..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_73",3889,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P74","v":73},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ74","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q74","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion."},null,0,null,"La Constitution algérienne, en son article 36, prévoit que la liberté de conscience et d’opinion sont inviolables, mais déclare que l’islam est la religion d’état. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_74",3943,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P75","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ75","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q75","v":"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, il n'existe aucun bureau ou service au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination religieuse auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide. Toutefois, une commission nationale de la gestion du culte autre que musulman, présidée par le ministr..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_75",3997,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P76","v":75},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ76","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q76","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, la loi interdit l’homosexualité. \n\nDans le Code pénal se trouve deux articles, 333 et 338, qui criminalisent l’homosexualité. L’a..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_76",4051,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P77","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ77","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q77","v":"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."},null,0,null,"Il n'existe aucun bureau au sein d'un organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination fondée sur l'orientation sexuelle auprès duquel  les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide. Selon le site Alouen, \" les LGBT évitent d’aller déclarer les agressions homophobes et les viols dont..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_77",4105,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P78","v":77},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ78","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q78","v":"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."},null,100,null,"Les hommes et les femmes ont des droits égaux en matière de propriété foncière. Le Code civil en son article 40 accorde à la femme le droit de jouir et d’exercer ses droits civils. Elle peut procéder à l’achat et à la vente de biens fonciers qu’elle a acquis ou à acquérir ou hérite..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_78",4159,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P79","v":78},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ79","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q79","v":"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."},null,100,null,"L'égalité des droits à la propriété non foncière en faveur des femmes est garantie. Le Code civil en son article 40 accorde à la femme le droit de jouir et d’exercer ses droits civils. Elle peut procéder à l’achat et à la vente de biens non fonciers qu’elle a acquis ou à acquérir o..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_79",4213,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P80","v":79},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ80","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q80","v":"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."},null,0,null,"En Algérie,  les femmes ne jouissent pas des mêmes droits successoraux que les hommes. La loi n° 84-11 du 9 juin 1984, modifiée, portant Code de la famille ( Art 126 à 220), restreint l'égalité des droits des femmes en matière de succession et donne la priorité aux hommes. Plus enc..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_80",4267,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P81","v":80},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ81","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q81","v":"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les femmes ne jouissent pas des mêmes droits que les hommes en matière de requête en divorce. L’époux  a le droit de demander le divorce sans avoir à justifier sa demande, tandis que l’épouse qui veut se libérer d’un lien conjugal peut emprunter que deux voies, le divor..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_81",4321,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P82","v":81},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ82","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q82","v":"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les hommes n'ont pas la priorité sur les femmes en matière de garde des enfants. \nSelon le Code de la famille, le droit de garde revient d’abord à la mère de l’enfant, mais cesse à l’âge de dix ans pour les garçons et à l’âge de capacité de mariage pour les filles. Le j..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_82",4375,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P83","v":82},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ83","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q83","v":"In law, women have the right to independent travel."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, il n'existe aucune loi qui impose des restrictions aux déplacements libres et indépendants des femmes.\nL’article 44 de la Constitution stipule que «tout citoyen jouissant de ses droits civils et po..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_83",4429,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P84","v":83},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ84","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q84","v":"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,100,null,"Le droit au travail pour tous est garanti par l’article 55 de la Constitution et de nombreux articles de la loi 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 et de l’Ordonnance n°06-03 du 15 juillet 2006 portant statut général de la fonction publique assurent en théorie la non-discrimination. Le système ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_84",4483,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P85","v":84},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ85","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q85","v":"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,25,null,"Selon l’Office National des Statistiques, la situation du marché de travail en avril 2014 se caractérise par une baisse du volume de la population active masculine par rapport à septembre 2013, et par un accroissement du volume de la population active féminine. Les femmes s’inscriv..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_85",4537,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P86","v":85},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ86","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q86","v":"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."},null,75,null,"Les nominations au sein des ministres du gouvernement tiennent compte du sexe. L’actuel gouvernement est composé de 07 femmes, soit plus 20% parmi les 34 ministres."]
[null,"2014_DZ_86",4591,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P87","v":86},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ87","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q87","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."},null,75,null,"Le Conseil constitutionnel comprend 9 juges dont 2 femmes (22%). \n\nLe Conseil d'État comprend 36 juges dont 6 femmes y compris la présidente."]
[null,"2014_DZ_87",4645,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P88","v":87},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ88","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q88","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature."},null,75,null,"Les élections législatives organisées en 2012 ont permis à 146 femmes d’accéder à l’Assemblée Populaire Nationale (APN, composée de 462 membres), soit un taux de 31,6% ; le Conseil de la Nation (Sénat) comprend 10 femmes sur 144 membres, soit un taux de 6,9%. Cela signifie qu'il y ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_88",4699,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P89","v":88},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ89","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q89","v":"In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide."},null,50,null,"Le gouvernement a déployé des efforts considérables pour combler le fossé qui existe entre les sexes dans l'utilisation des Technologies de l'Information et de Communication (TIC). Il a mis en place un programme intitulé e-Algerie 2013 au cours de la dernière année visant à former ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_89",4753,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P90","v":89},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ90","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q90","v":"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights."},null,50,null,"Les institutions spécialisées dans l'application de la protection des brevets, des droits d'auteur, des marques déposées et des autres droits de propriété intellectuelle ont mis ces dernières années une stratégie en vue de lutter contre toute forme d’atteinte à la propriété intelle..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_90",4807,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P91","v":90},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ91","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q91","v":"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms."},null,50,null,"Le gouvernement invite seulement certains représentants des organisations comme la Confédération Nationale du Patronat Algérien, la Confédération générale des entrepreneurs et des opérateurs algériens, la confédération du patronat algérien et le forum des chefs d’entreprises à appo..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_91",4861,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P92","v":91},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ92","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q92","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment."},null,100,null,"En Algérie il existe un office dénommé Office National des Statistiques (ONS) qui réalise annuellement une enquête par sondage sur l'emploi et le chômage auprès des ménages et publie les résultats de l’enquête sur son site électronique, ce qui permet l'accès aux informations en lig..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_92",4915,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P93","v":92},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ93","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q93","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, il n’existe pas de statistiques fiables sur la pauvreté.\n\nEn 2011 l’Office National des Statistiques (ONS) a réalisé une enquête nationale sur les compo..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_93",4969,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P94","v":93},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ94","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q94","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."},null,50,null,"Les quelques données statistiques des secteurs de l’énergie et des transports publiés sur le site web de l’Office National des Statistiques datent de 2011; ces données ont été collectées suite au premier recensement économique de 2011 (chiffres publiés en juillet 2012). Ces donnée ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_94",5023,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P95","v":94},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ95","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q95","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web."},null,75,null,"En Algérie, le gouvernement dispose d'un plan quinquennal visant à permettre à tous les citoyens d’accéder aux réseaux et aux services numériques, il s'agit du plan de développement quinquennal (2010-2014).  ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_95",5077,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P96","v":95},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ96","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q96","v":"In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, l'accès des citoyens à Internet a augmenté par rapport à l'année précédente. \nSelon les données de l'Union Internationale des Télécommunications (ITU), l’accès des citoyens à Internet a augmenté par rapport à l'année précédente de 15,23% en 2012 à 16,5% en 2013, soi..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_96",5131,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P97","v":96},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ97","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q97","v":"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained."},null,50,null,"Malgré les enveloppes financières allouées au secteur des travaux publics, le réseau routier au niveau national est loin de répondre aux exigences des usagers. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_97",{"$f":"MATCH(B108,luDataCode_2014,0)","v":5185},"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P98","v":97},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ98","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q98","v":"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,$C108,1)","v":50},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2014,$C108,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2014,$C108,4))","v":"L'Établissement National de la Navigation Aérienne (ENNA) est l'autorité de supervision de la sécurité aérienne en Algérie. Créée par le décret exécutif N° 91-149 du 18 mai 1991 portant réaménagement des statuts de l'Entreprise Nationale d'Exploitation et de Sécurité Aéronautiques ..."}]
[null,"2014_DZ_98",5239,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P99","v":98},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ99","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q99","v":"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies."},null,25,null,"Les citoyens en milieu rural sont marginalisés dans le cadre des activités des assemblées élues locales et nationales. Même les représentants de la société civile qui ont rencontré le chef de gouvernement lors de ses visites de travail et d’inspection, durant la période allant de n..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_99",5293,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P100","v":99},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ100","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q100","v":"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action."},null,50,null,"Les citoyens en milieu rural peuvent s’organiser en comités de village et en associations culturelles, sportives et autres mais la nouvelle loi n°12-06 du 12 janvier 2012 relatives aux associations ne garantit pas les droits des associations locales tels que prescrits dans la const..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_100",5347,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P101","v":100},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ101","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q101","v":"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food)."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, il n’existe aucun département dédié à la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire. Selon un cadre exerçant dans le secteur de l’agriculture, c’est le ministère de l’agriculture et du développement rural qui développe toute action à même d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire du p..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_101",5401,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P102","v":101},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ102","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q102","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth."},null,50,null,"Le Ministère de la jeunesse est l'organe responsable de l'intégration socio-économique des jeunes en Algérie. Avec d’autres acteurs spécialisés comme les ministères de l’emploi, de la solidarité, de l’éducation nationale, de la formation professionnelle ou de l’habitat, ce ministèr..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_102",5455,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P103","v":102},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ103","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q103","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly."},null,50,null,"Le Comité National de protection et de bien-être des personnes âgées, relevant du Ministère de la Solidarité Nationale, de la Famille et de la Condition de la femme, constitue un organe permanent de proposition, de suivi et d’évaluation des actions relatives à la protection et au b..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_103",5509,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P104","v":103},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ104","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q104","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition."},null,50,null,"L'indemnisation en cas de maladie chronique ou d'un problème de santé couvre généralement ceux qui cotisent à cette fin. Les assurés sociaux atteints d’une maladie chronique sont pris en charge par les caisses auxquelles ils sont affiliés (Caisse nationale des assurances sociales d..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_104",5563,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P105","v":104},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ105","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q105","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, la Caisse Nationale d’Assurance-Chômage (CNAC) est l’institution chargée de l’indemnisation des travailleurs salariés ayant perdu involontairement leur emploi pour raison économique dans le cadre soit d’une compression d’effectifs, soit d’une cessation d’activité de l’e..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_105",5617,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P106","v":105},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ106","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q106","v":"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information."},null,0,null,"Les citoyens n'ont pas d'accès aux informations relatives aux budgets des hôpitaux et centres hospitaliers universitaires. Pour ce qui est des dépenses, elles ne sont pas disponibles. Même au niveau du secteur de la santé, le système d’échange de données sur les dépenses entre les ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_106",5671,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P107","v":106},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ107","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q107","v":"In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information."},null,50,null,"Seuls quelques hôpitaux et cliniques disposent d’un site web ou une page d’accueil contenant des informations sur leur emplacement mais les informations fournies sur leur fonctionnement sont, parfois, incomplètes. ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_107",5725,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P108","v":107},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ108","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q108","v":"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics."},null,75,null,"Au cours des 12 derniers mois, des caravanes médicales pluridisciplinaires (constituées de spécialistes de plusieurs domaines médicaux) ont été lancées à travers l'ensemble des localités rurales et enclavées du pays en vue de sensibiliser les citoyens sur les risques des maladies c..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_108",5779,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P109","v":108},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ109","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q109","v":"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour les trois cycles l'enseignement primaire, moyens et secondaire.\nLes premières années d'études sont qualifiées d'enseignment fondamental qui dure 6 ans et est ..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_109",5833,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P110","v":109},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ110","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q110","v":"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, tout citoyen a droit à l’éducation et à la formation. Ce droit  est assuré par la généralisation de l’enseignement obligatoire d’une durée de neuf ans pour tous les enfants âgés de 6 à 16 ans révolus. Le gouvernement veille à l’égalité des conditions d’accès à l’enseign..."]
[null,"2014_DZ_110",5887,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!P111","v":110},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!AQ111","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!Q111","v":"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework."},null,75,null,"En Algérie, la planification du système éducatif tient compte du contexte économique. Le gouvernement consulte certains chefs d’entreprises économiques (nationales et étrangères) sur les types de main-d’œuvre nécessaire pour l’économie du pays. ..."]

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[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$10,\"_\",$C$10,\"_\",$G11)","v":"2014_DZ_1"},{"$f":"MATCH(B11,luDataCode_2014,0)","v":1},"Q",{"$f":"IF(G11=$E$10,1,0)","v":1},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$89","v":1},null,{"$f":"INDEX(tblIndi_2014!$Q$2:$Q$200,G11)","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,$C11,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2014,$C11,2)","v":"En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif est garantie par la Constitution qui dispose en son article 138 que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi ». Cependant,  l’article 154 stipule que « le Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République \n\nLe pouvoir judiciaire est habilité à rendre les décsions judiciaires : selon l'article 143, « la justice connaît des recours à l'encontre des actes des autorités administratives », l'article 146 stipule que «la justice est rendue par des magistrats. Ils peuvent être assistés par des assesseurs populaires, dans les conditions fixées par la loi.»\n\nSelon l'article 152, «la Cour suprême constitue l'organe régulateur de l'activité des cours et tribunaux. Il est institué un Conseil d'Etat, organe régulateur de l'activité des juridictions administratives.\nLa Cour suprême et le Conseil d'Etat assurent l'unification de la jurisprudence à travers le pays et veillent au respect de la loi.»"},{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$105","v":"No"}]

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[null,3,{"$f":"IF(B16=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},3,"*","In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.",0,0,50,75,25,0,100,0,25,50,0,0,25,100,75,25,0,0,50,50,0,100,50,0,100,50,50,50,25,75,50,0,100,25,25,75,25,50,25,25,50,50,25,0,75,0,0,0,50,50,50,50,25,50]
[null,4,{"$f":"IF(B17=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},4,"*","In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.",100,25,100,100,0,25,100,50,0,50,50,100,100,100,25,50,25,25,75,50,50,75,50,50,100,100,100,75,50,50,25,0,100,25,75,100,50,100,100,0,50,100,50,0,100,25,0,100,75,50,0,75,100,50]
[null,5,{"$f":"IF(B18=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},5,null,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,6,{"$f":"IF(B19=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},6,null,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.",100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,100]
[null,7,{"$f":"IF(B20=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},7,"*","In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.",0,0,100,50,75,0,50,0,25,50,50,50,50,25,25,25,0,0,25,50,25,50,0,0,75,50,50,0,0,50,100,0,100,75,25,75,75,25,50,25,75,50,50,0,100,0,0,0,75,50,50,75,75,50]
[null,8,{"$f":"IF(B21=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},8,"*","In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.",25,25,100,25,25,25,50,0,25,50,50,50,50,100,0,75,0,0,25,0,0,75,0,25,100,50,50,0,0,50,100,0,75,0,0,75,50,75,50,50,50,50,75,0,100,0,0,0,50,25,0,100,75,75]
[null,9,{"$f":"IF(B22=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},9,"*","In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.",0,0,0,0,0,25,75,0,0,50,25,0,25,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,75,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,50,75,25,0,0,25,0,50,50,0,100,0,0,0,50,0,0,50,50,0]
[null,10,{"$f":"IF(B23=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},10,null,"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,11,{"$f":"IF(B24=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},11,null,"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.",0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,100]
[null,12,{"$f":"IF(B25=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},12,"*","In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.",0,0,75,75,100,25,25,50,0,25,50,0,25,0,25,50,0,0,25,0,0,50,0,0,75,75,50,0,25,25,50,0,75,0,0,25,50,25,50,25,50,0,50,0,100,25,0,25,25,0,75,50,50,0]
[null,13,{"$f":"IF(B26=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},13,"*","In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.",25,0,50,75,75,25,25,50,0,0,50,25,25,0,0,50,0,0,75,25,25,50,25,0,50,50,50,0,50,50,75,0,75,0,25,75,50,25,50,0,25,0,50,0,100,0,0,25,50,0,50,50,75,0]
[null,14,{"$f":"IF(B27=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},14,"*","In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.",0,0,100,0,50,0,50,0,0,0,75,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,25,25,0,75,0,0,100,50,25,0,0,0,50,0,50,0,25,50,0,50,25,0,0,25,50,0,100,0,0,25,25,0,100,50,25,50]
[null,15,{"$f":"IF(B28=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},15,null,"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.",100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100]
[null,16,{"$f":"IF(B29=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},16,"*","In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.",0,0,100,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,0,100,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,100,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,17,{"$f":"IF(B30=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},17,null,"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.",0,100,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,18,{"$f":"IF(B31=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},18,"*","In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.",50,0,25,0,25,0,25,0,0,0,25,50,50,25,25,0,0,0,25,25,25,50,25,25,25,25,25,0,0,50,0,0,25,0,50,25,25,25,75,50,25,0,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,25,50,50,50]
[null,19,{"$f":"IF(B32=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},19,null,"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.",0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,20,{"$f":"IF(B33=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},20,"*","In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.",25,0,100,25,50,0,50,25,75,50,50,0,25,50,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,50,50,25,25,0,50,0,0,0,75,0,0,100,50,50,25,50,25,50,0,0,100,25,0,0,0,50,100,50,75,50]
[null,21,{"$f":"IF(B34=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},21,"*","In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.",25,0,100,0,75,0,75,0,100,75,50,25,25,50,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,100,0,75,75,50,50,50,75,50,50,0,100,0,50,75,75,75,25,50,25,50,50,0,100,0,0,0,25,25,100,75,100,50]
[null,22,{"$f":"IF(B35=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},22,"*","In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.",0,0,100,100,50,50,50,50,0,50,50,0,50,100,0,50,0,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,25,25,25,25,50,0,50,50,25,0,50,50,50,50,100,50,75,25,50,0,50,50,25,0,25,25,50,50,50,25]
[null,23,{"$f":"IF(B36=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},23,"*","In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.",50,25,50,0,50,0,50,0,50,25,50,25,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,50,0,75,0,50,50,50,50,0,100,50,100,0,50,100,100,100,50,25,75,100,25,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,25,100,25,25,0]
[null,24,{"$f":"IF(B37=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},24,null,"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,25,{"$f":"IF(B38=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},25,"*","In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.",25,0,100,100,75,50,50,0,0,50,0,50,50,100,25,0,0,25,50,0,50,50,25,25,75,75,100,0,25,0,50,0,75,50,0,50,50,50,50,50,25,50,50,25,75,25,0,50,50,50,100,50,100,0]
[null,26,{"$f":"IF(B39=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},26,"*","In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).",0,0,50,50,50,0,25,50,0,50,50,75,25,50,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,50,50,0,50,0,50,0,25,0,0,50,75,50,0,50,50,50,25,25,25,75,0,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,0,25,100,0]
[null,27,{"$f":"IF(B40=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},27,null,"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.",100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,28,{"$f":"IF(B41=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},28,"*","In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids",25,0,100,25,100,25,0,100,0,25,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,25,0,50,50,0,100,0,100,0,0,75,0,0,75,100,0,0,50,50,50,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,50,0,75,100,0]
[null,29,{"$f":"IF(B42=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},29,"*","In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.",25,0,25,50,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,50,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,25,25,50,0,25,25,0,0,0,0,0,75,0,0,50,0,0,25,0,50,0]
[null,30,{"$f":"IF(B43=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},30,"*","In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.",25,25,0,50,50,0,0,0,0,25,0,25,25,100,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,75,0,25,25,50,0,0,0,0,0,25,100,50,0,0,50,25,50,50,50,25,25,0,100,0,0,0,50,75,0,0,75,0]
[null,31,{"$f":"IF(B44=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},31,"*","In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.",0,25,0,50,100,100,100,0,25,50,50,100,100,100,50,0,0,0,75,50,75,50,75,0,100,50,100,50,25,25,100,75,50,50,50,100,100,75,50,75,100,100,100,25,100,50,50,50,100,0,100,50,50,50]
[null,32,{"$f":"IF(B45=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},32,null,"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,33,{"$f":"IF(B46=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},33,"*","In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.",25,0,25,25,0,25,50,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,100,0,25,50,0,25,0,0,50,0,0,100,50,0,50,25,25,100,0,0,0,50,0,50,0,0,0,50,50,0,25,100,50]
[null,34,{"$f":"IF(B47=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},34,"*","In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.",0,25,100,50,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,25,25,50,0,0,75,75,50,0,0,50,100,25,50,0,25,75,0,100,100,0,0,25,50,25,75,25,0,0,25,0,25,75,50,50]
[null,35,{"$f":"IF(B48=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},35,null,"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.",0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100]
[null,36,{"$f":"IF(B49=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},36,null,"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.",0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,0]
[null,37,{"$f":"IF(B50=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},37,null,"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,38,{"$f":"IF(B51=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},38,"*","In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.",25,0,100,100,50,25,25,25,25,25,25,0,50,50,50,0,0,0,25,25,0,75,25,0,25,25,50,0,0,25,25,0,50,50,0,100,25,50,75,25,50,50,50,0,25,0,0,50,50,50,50,75,50,0]
[null,39,{"$f":"IF(B52=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},39,"*","In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.",25,0,50,75,50,25,25,0,25,25,25,25,50,25,0,0,0,0,25,25,0,25,0,0,50,25,50,0,25,50,0,0,50,25,0,50,0,0,25,0,25,25,25,0,50,0,0,25,25,25,50,50,25,50]
[null,40,{"$f":"IF(B53=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},40,null,"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,41,{"$f":"IF(B54=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},41,null,"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.",0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100]
[null,42,{"$f":"IF(B55=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},42,"*","In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.",0,0,25,0,25,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,50,25,0,0,25,0,50,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,25,25,50,25,50,0,0,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,25,25,0,0]
[null,43,{"$f":"IF(B56=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},43,"*","In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.",25,0,25,50,50,25,75,0,25,50,50,25,50,50,25,0,0,0,25,25,25,100,25,0,50,100,50,0,50,50,50,0,75,25,50,75,0,50,75,50,75,50,50,0,75,0,0,25,25,25,75,25,100,100]
[null,44,{"$f":"IF(B57=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},44,null,"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.",100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0]
[null,45,{"$f":"IF(B58=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},45,"*","In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,46,{"$f":"IF(B59=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},46,null,"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,47,{"$f":"IF(B60=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},47,"*","In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,48,{"$f":"IF(B61=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},48,null,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).",0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100]
[null,49,{"$f":"IF(B62=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},49,"*","In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.",0,0,0,50,50,50,0,0,50,0,50,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,50,50,50,0,0,50,0,0,0,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,25,0,0,0,50,0,100,0,50,0,50,25,0,25,50,50]
[null,50,{"$f":"IF(B63=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},50,null,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.",0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,100,0,0]
[null,51,{"$f":"IF(B64=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},51,"*","In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,52,{"$f":"IF(B65=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},52,"*","In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.",50,0,100,100,75,50,25,50,75,50,50,100,50,25,75,75,25,0,100,50,100,75,0,75,25,100,100,25,50,75,50,0,100,50,100,25,0,75,25,75,100,50,100,0,100,25,25,100,25,50,100,100,50,50]
[null,53,{"$f":"IF(B66=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},53,"*","In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.",50,0,50,75,50,50,50,25,25,75,50,25,50,50,25,50,0,0,0,0,50,50,25,25,75,50,50,0,25,75,0,0,50,0,25,100,0,25,50,0,50,50,25,25,100,0,0,0,50,50,25,75,50,50]
[null,54,{"$f":"IF(B67=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},54,null,"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,100]
[null,55,{"$f":"IF(B68=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},55,"*","In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.",50,0,50,0,75,0,100,0,0,25,50,25,75,0,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,100,50,25,75,50,75,0,25,75,50,50,100,0,25,100,25,50,25,75,100,50,0,25,25,0,0,0,0,25,75,25,25,50]
[null,56,{"$f":"IF(B69=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},56,"*","In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).",0,25,100,50,75,50,100,100,100,75,100,100,100,100,50,25,25,0,0,100,0,100,100,25,100,100,100,0,0,75,100,100,50,0,100,100,75,75,75,100,100,0,100,0,75,0,0,50,75,100,75,25,50,0]
[null,57,{"$f":"IF(B70=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},57,"*","In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.",50,75,100,100,100,75,100,100,100,50,25,100,100,100,25,25,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,50,100,100,75,25,0,100,50,100,100,75,50,100]
[null,58,{"$f":"IF(B71=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},58,"*","In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.",50,50,50,100,50,50,100,50,25,50,25,0,50,50,25,50,0,0,50,50,75,50,25,0,75,50,75,50,75,50,50,50,75,50,50,50,25,50,50,25,100,50,0,25,75,25,25,50,50,50,100,50,75,50]
[null,59,{"$f":"IF(B72=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},59,"*","In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.",25,50,50,75,50,25,50,50,0,50,50,25,50,50,0,0,0,0,25,25,50,75,25,0,50,50,50,0,0,50,50,0,50,0,50,50,0,50,75,25,50,25,50,0,75,0,50,0,50,0,25,50,50,50]
[null,60,{"$f":"IF(B73=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},60,null,"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,61,{"$f":"IF(B74=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},61,null,"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,62,{"$f":"IF(B75=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},62,"*","In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.",25,25,25,25,25,25,50,25,0,25,50,0,0,50,25,0,0,0,50,25,75,50,25,25,50,25,25,0,25,50,50,25,25,50,25,25,75,25,50,0,50,50,50,25,50,0,50,50,25,0,50,25,50,50]
[null,63,{"$f":"IF(B76=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},63,null,"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,64,{"$f":"IF(B77=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},64,"*","In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.",25,0,0,25,0,25,25,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,0,25,25,0,25,0,25,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,25,50,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0]
[null,65,{"$f":"IF(B78=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},65,"*","In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.",0,0,50,50,25,25,75,50,50,50,50,25,25,50,0,25,0,0,25,25,75,50,25,50,50,25,50,25,50,50,50,25,50,25,50,50,50,50,25,50,50,0,25,25,50,50,0,25,0,50,50,50,50,0]
[null,66,{"$f":"IF(B79=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},66,"*","In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.",25,25,25,25,25,25,50,0,0,0,50,25,25,25,0,25,25,25,25,25,50,50,25,25,25,25,25,25,50,25,0,0,50,25,25,25,0,25,50,50,25,50,25,0,25,25,0,50,0,25,75,25,25,25]
[null,67,{"$f":"IF(B80=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},67,"*","In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.",0,0,50,100,50,25,50,0,50,50,50,25,50,50,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,75,50,50,50,50,75,0,50,50,50,25,75,50,50,75,75,50,0,100,75,0,75,0,50,25,0,0,25,25,75,0,25,0]
[null,68,{"$f":"IF(B81=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},68,"*","In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.",25,0,75,100,100,50,100,25,100,25,100,75,100,50,25,25,0,0,0,25,0,100,50,100,50,75,100,0,100,75,100,25,100,25,50,100,50,100,50,100,100,50,50,25,75,25,0,100,50,50,100,0,0,0]
[null,69,{"$f":"IF(B82=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},69,"*","In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.",0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,75,100,100,100,0,100,0,0,0,75,50,25,100,0,50,0,100,50,0,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,0,0,50,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,0,50,0]
[null,70,{"$f":"IF(B83=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},70,"*","In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.",0,50,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,75,75,100,50,50,0,50,0,0,50,50,100,100,75,75,100,100,0,25,100,100,50,100,0,100,100,25,75,25,100,100,100,25,25,100,75,0,100,50,100,75,0,0,25]
[null,71,{"$f":"IF(B84=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},71,null,"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0]
[null,72,{"$f":"IF(B85=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},72,"*","In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.",0,0,25,0,50,0,50,25,0,50,50,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,100,0,0,25,50,0,25,25,50,0,0,0,75,0,0,0,0,50,0,25,25,0]
[null,73,{"$f":"IF(B86=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},73,null,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.",0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,100,100,100]
[null,74,{"$f":"IF(B87=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},74,"*","In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.",0,0,25,0,25,25,75,0,0,50,0,50,25,100,0,0,0,0,25,50,50,50,50,50,0,25,0,0,50,50,25,0,100,0,50,50,50,0,0,50,50,50,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,50,0,25,25,0]
[null,75,{"$f":"IF(B88=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},75,null,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,76,{"$f":"IF(B89=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},76,"*","In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,77,{"$f":"IF(B90=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},77,null,"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.",100,50,100,50,50,50,100,50,50,50,100,50,50,0,100,0,0,50,50,50,50,50,100,50,0,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,50,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,50,50,0,50,50,100,50,50,50]
[null,78,{"$f":"IF(B91=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},78,null,"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.",100,100,100,50,100,50,100,0,50,50,100,50,100,0,50,50,0,50,100,50,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,50,50,0,50,100,100,100,50,50]
[null,79,{"$f":"IF(B92=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},79,null,"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.",0,100,100,100,50,0,100,50,50,50,50,50,100,100,0,0,0,50,100,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,0,50,50,50,0,100,0,50,50,50,50,50,100,0,100,50,50,50,50,0,0,50,50,0,50,50,50]
[null,80,{"$f":"IF(B93=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},80,null,"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.",0,100,100,50,50,100,100,50,50,50,0,50,0,100,0,50,50,50,100,50,50,100,0,50,0,50,100,50,100,50,100,0,50,100,100,50,0,50,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,50,0,50,50,50,100,50,100,100]
[null,81,{"$f":"IF(B94=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},81,null,"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.",0,100,100,100,50,100,100,50,50,50,100,50,100,100,100,50,0,50,100,50,50,100,0,50,100,100,0,0,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,0,0,100,100,100,50,50,100]
[null,82,{"$f":"IF(B95=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},82,null,"In law, women have the right to independent travel.",50,100,100,50,100,100,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,100,100,50,100,100,100,50,100,100,100,50,100,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,0,50,50,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,83,{"$f":"IF(B96=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},83,null,"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.",100,50,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,0,50,0,100,100,0,50,100,100,100,50,0,100,100,0,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,0,0,50,100,50,100,100,100,100]
[null,84,{"$f":"IF(B97=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},84,"*","In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.",25,0,50,75,25,50,50,50,50,50,50,25,50,50,50,25,25,25,50,50,25,50,50,0,50,50,50,25,50,25,50,0,25,25,25,50,25,25,25,50,50,50,50,25,50,25,0,50,25,50,50,25,25,25]
[null,85,{"$f":"IF(B98=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},85,"*","In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.",75,75,75,25,50,75,100,50,75,75,75,25,50,25,50,25,25,50,50,50,75,75,50,75,100,75,75,0,75,50,25,50,25,50,75,75,50,75,100,75,75,75,25,25,100,75,50,75,50,75,25,75,50,25]
[null,86,{"$f":"IF(B99=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},86,"*","In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).",75,100,75,0,100,100,100,50,100,50,0,50,75,25,100,0,0,75,0,100,75,100,75,75,75,100,100,50,75,100,25,0,100,0,25,75,50,75,100,75,25,25,100,0,75,0,25,25,75,50,100,100,100,100]
[null,87,{"$f":"IF(B100=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},87,"*","In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.",75,100,25,25,25,100,75,75,50,50,0,25,25,25,25,0,50,0,75,50,25,25,50,50,75,75,25,50,75,50,25,75,75,50,100,75,50,25,100,50,100,100,25,50,100,75,75,50,75,50,75,100,25,100]
[null,88,{"$f":"IF(B101=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},88,"*","In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.",50,75,25,50,50,25,0,50,0,25,50,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,50,0,25,50,0,0,0,100,50,0,0,50,0,0,100,0,0,50,0,50,75,0,100,50,0,0,25,0,0,0,50,25,100,50,50,50]
[null,89,{"$f":"IF(B102=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},89,"*","In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.",50,25,100,0,25,0,25,0,0,25,25,0,50,25,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,75,0,50,50,25,0,0,0,50,50,0,25,0,0,25,25,100,50,25,25,0,0,0,75,0,50,0,50,0,0,25,50,25]
[null,90,{"$f":"IF(B103=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},90,"*","In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.",50,75,100,100,100,0,50,75,0,50,50,75,100,50,50,25,0,0,50,100,25,50,0,50,50,50,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,50,50,50,25,75,75,0,100,50,50,0,100,0,0,50,50,25,0,50,75,50]
[null,91,{"$f":"IF(B104=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},91,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.",100,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,0,100,0,0,75,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,25,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,25,25,0,0,50,50,0,0,100,0,0,0,25,0,75,100,0,0]
[null,92,{"$f":"IF(B105=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},92,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.",0,0,50,100,0,25,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,25,0,0,0,25,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,100,25,0,0,50,0,0,25,0,0]
[null,93,{"$f":"IF(B106=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},93,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).",50,0,75,100,50,75,0,0,50,0,0,50,0,25,0,50,0,0,50,0,0,0,25,0,100,50,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,100,0,0,25,50,25,50,25,0,0]
[null,94,{"$f":"IF(B107=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},94,"*","In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.",75,100,75,100,100,100,100,100,50,100,50,75,50,25,50,100,75,0,50,100,100,100,50,0,100,100,50,0,50,75,75,50,100,50,75,75,50,100,75,75,75,100,75,0,75,50,0,50,75,100,25,100,100,50]
[null,95,{"$f":"IF(B108=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},95,"*","In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.",50,100,50,100,100,50,50,100,100,50,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,75,50,100,50,100,50,50,100,50,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,50,50,100,50,100,50,50,75,50,100,100,100,50,100,50,50]
[null,96,{"$f":"IF(B109=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},96,"*","In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.",50,25,50,100,50,50,75,0,25,50,50,50,25,0,75,25,50,25,25,50,25,50,25,0,75,25,25,0,50,50,50,0,100,25,50,25,25,0,25,75,75,50,25,0,25,0,0,25,0,25,50,50,25,25]
[null,97,{"$f":"IF(B110=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},97,"*","In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.",50,25,75,50,50,50,100,100,0,25,50,50,100,25,25,100,0,0,75,50,75,75,75,50,75,0,25,25,50,50,100,50,100,100,25,75,75,50,50,25,50,100,25,0,100,0,100,50,50,100,100,25,25,100]
[null,98,{"$f":"IF(B111=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},98,"*","In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.",25,25,25,50,50,25,50,0,25,50,25,50,25,25,25,0,0,50,50,0,50,25,0,50,50,25,25,0,0,25,0,0,100,0,25,50,25,25,75,0,25,50,50,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,25,25,25,25]
[null,99,{"$f":"IF(B112=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},99,"*","In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.",50,50,100,100,100,50,75,100,100,75,100,100,100,25,75,50,0,25,25,100,25,100,75,75,100,75,75,75,100,100,100,75,100,50,100,100,50,100,50,100,100,100,75,0,100,50,0,0,50,100,100,100,50,25]
[null,100,{"$f":"IF(B113=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},100,"*","In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).",25,75,100,50,100,50,50,50,25,75,0,50,50,100,50,75,50,50,100,50,75,50,75,75,75,100,75,0,50,50,100,50,100,50,25,100,100,75,75,50,25,100,100,0,50,0,0,25,25,25,50,50,75,50]
[null,101,{"$f":"IF(B114=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},101,"*","In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.",50,50,50,75,75,50,50,75,50,50,50,25,50,50,75,50,25,25,50,50,50,50,50,0,50,50,100,0,50,50,100,50,75,50,0,50,50,50,75,0,50,50,50,0,25,0,0,0,50,100,50,50,50,50]
[null,102,{"$f":"IF(B115=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},102,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.",50,0,50,75,50,50,50,50,25,25,25,50,25,25,50,50,25,0,0,50,50,50,25,25,50,75,50,50,25,25,25,25,100,0,25,75,50,50,50,50,50,100,25,0,75,0,0,50,25,25,50,25,50,0]
[null,103,{"$f":"IF(B116=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},103,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.",50,25,50,25,25,50,25,25,25,50,0,50,50,25,25,25,50,0,0,50,50,50,25,25,50,50,25,50,25,25,50,50,100,50,50,50,50,25,50,50,25,100,25,0,50,0,25,0,25,25,50,25,25,25]
[null,104,{"$f":"IF(B117=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},104,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.",50,0,25,50,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,50,0,25,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,25,25,25,50,0,0,0,25,0,0,75,50,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,75,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,105,{"$f":"IF(B118=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},105,"*","In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.",0,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,75,25,0,25,100,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,25,25]
[null,106,{"$f":"IF(B119=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},106,"*","In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.",50,50,50,50,50,25,25,50,50,50,25,50,50,25,50,75,25,25,25,50,50,50,75,25,75,25,25,25,50,50,50,25,100,50,25,25,25,75,50,25,75,100,0,0,75,0,0,50,25,25,75,25,50,50]
[null,107,{"$f":"IF(B120=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},107,"*","In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.",75,75,100,100,50,100,100,100,75,50,50,50,100,50,50,50,50,100,100,75,75,75,100,50,50,25,100,0,50,50,100,50,100,50,75,100,50,50,100,75,100,100,50,25,50,50,0,50,50,50,100,50,100,50]
[null,108,{"$f":"IF(B121=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},108,"*","In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.",100,100,100,100,100,100,75,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,25,100,25,100,100,50,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,109,{"$f":"IF(B122=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},109,"*","In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.",25,0,0,75,0,0,75,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,50,25,0,50,25,100,50,50,0,0,0,25,0,75,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,50,0,0,50,75,0,100,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0]
[null,110,{"$f":"IF(B123=uxbWorks!$B$89,1,0)","v":0},110,"*","In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.",75,0,100,50,25,25,50,25,0,0,50,50,50,50,50,25,25,50,75,50,75,100,0,25,50,25,0,0,0,75,0,50,100,50,100,75,50,75,75,0,0,100,0,25,50,25,0,25,25,25,50,75,50,0]

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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ2","v":93},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK2","v":"93) * In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ3","v":94},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK3","v":"94) * In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ4","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK4","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ5","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK5","v":""}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ9","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK9","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ10","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK10","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ11","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK11","v":""}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ64","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK64","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ65","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK65","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ66","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK66","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ67","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK67","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ68","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK68","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ69","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK69","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ70","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK70","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ71","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK71","v":""}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ97","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK97","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ98","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK98","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ99","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK99","v":""}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ105","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK105","v":""}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ113","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK113","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ114","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK114","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ115","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK115","v":""}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BJ117","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2014!BK117","v":""}]
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{"sheet":"2013_Indicators","index":26,"n_rows":120,"n_cols":7,"rows_kept":120,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2013 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"2013 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[null,null,"Click indicator to highlight.  Double click to view indicator scores."]
[null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$90","v":1},"Indicator",null,null,null,"Scoring"]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O2","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P2","v":1},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ2","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q2","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP2","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, and 2) the law establishes the judiciary's right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial decisions, and choose the cases heard by courts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the elements described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O3","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P3","v":2},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ3","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q3","v":"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP3","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and 2) judges operate without fear or favor, independent from other branches of government.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges' autonomy to interpret and review existing laws is occasionally restricted, or 2) judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, or 2) judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain decisions).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O4","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P4","v":3},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ4","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q4","v":"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP4","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system, 2) they have security of tenure, and 3) they are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/independent oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) national-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system, 2) some judges are denied security of tenure, or 3) occasionally judges are disciplined/removed/transferred without due process or the peer panel/independent oversight body occasionally includes representatives of the executive or legislative branches.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's a merit-based selection system but it fails to require basic skills (ex. legal education, litigation experience, etc.) or is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) there is no security of tenure, or 3) the due process usually involves the Executive or Legislative branches.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O5","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P5","v":4},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ5","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q5","v":"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP5","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, 2) their reasoning references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation they gave them in relation to the case, and 3) their reasoning is public (for this indicator, national security exceptions are allowed).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions, 2) the reasoning occasionally lacks references to the laws/jurisprudence considered or the respective judges' interpretations, or 3) it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning after requested.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) judges rarely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, or 2) their reasoning rarely references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and/or the specific interpretations they gave them in relation to the case, or 3) the reasoning is not public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O6","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P6","v":5},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ6","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q6","v":"In law, there is a supreme audit institution."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP6","v":"A YES score is earned where the law mandates the creation of a supreme audit institution or office of the Auditor General, tasked with auditing the government accounts.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O7","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P7","v":6},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ7","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q7","v":"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP7","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative branches, 2) the institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recommendations and resolutions, and refer cases to the prosecutor's office, and 3) the institution has a consistent source of funding to operate.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't establish ALL of the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O8","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P8","v":7},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ8","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q8","v":"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP8","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) auditors have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) auditors operate without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government, and 3) they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors usually have autonomy to audit any account but exceptions exist, 2) auditors are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, auditors are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for not auditing/not auditing or issuing favorable/unfavorable resolutions), or 3) funding is occasionally inconsistent.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) auditors rarely have autonomy to audit accounts, 2) they routinely operate with fear or favor, dependent of other offices of government, or 3) the source of funding is usually inconsistent from year to year.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O9","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P9","v":8},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ9","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q9","v":"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP9","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to positions in the agency follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) auditors are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees sometimes have conflicts of interest, or 3) auditors are sometimes disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the agency rarely or never follow a merit-based system, or the merit-base system is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more merit, 2) appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) appointees are usually disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O10","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P10","v":9},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ10","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q10","v":"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP10","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency in average publishes 10 reports or more per year, and 2) the reports are published less than one month after issuance, and 3) they are accessible online or on paper within two weeks of requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency publishes between three and nine reports per year, 2) the reports are published more than one month after issued, or 3) they are available on paper but it takes more than two weeks after requested to obtain them or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the audit institution publishes one or less reports per year, or 2) the reports are not available to citizens.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O11","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P11","v":10},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ11","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q11","v":"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP11","v":"A YES score is earned where a national law criminalizes corruption as a specific offence(s) for at least three of the following: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering, conspiring or attempting to commit any of the above, organized crime and trafficking.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it alludes to corruption in general terms without criminalizing specific offences.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O12","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P12","v":11},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ12","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q12","v":"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP12","v":"A YES score is earned where all of the following conditions are met: 1) a law mandates a specific body to receive and investigate citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, and 2) a law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't meet the two conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O13","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P13","v":12},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ13","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q13","v":"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP13","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, and 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations work without fear or favor from other offices.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely or never investigated, or 2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations routinely receive positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O14","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P14","v":13},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ14","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q14","v":"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP14","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of public sector corruption, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than three months to start, or 3) the body rarely or never starts investigations out of its own initiative.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely or never investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O15","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P15","v":14},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ15","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q15","v":"In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP15","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments follow a merit-based system, 2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments don't always follow the merit-based system, 2) appointees occasionally have conflicts of interest, or 3) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer panel/oversight body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointments to positions in the body rarely follow a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, or 3) due process by a peer panel/oversight body is rarely or never followed to discipline/remove/transfer the appointees.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O16","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P16","v":15},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ16","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q16","v":"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP16","v":"A YES score is earned where the law doesn't protect the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n\nA NO score is earned where a law protects/gives immunity to the heads of state and government from being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O17","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P17","v":16},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ17","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q17","v":"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP17","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) criminal allegations against heads of state and government are investigated while they are in office, 2) heads of state and government are prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrongdoing, and 3) legal punishment is imposed if/when they are found guilty.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all allegations are investigated while they are in office, 2) not all investigations that find evidence of criminal activity result in prosecution, or 3) not all guilty verdicts result in legal punishment.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) allegations against heads of state and government are rarely investigated while they are in office, 2) criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution, or 3) guilty verdicts rarely result in legal punishment. A 0 also applies if the heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O18","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P18","v":17},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ18","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q18","v":"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP18","v":"A YES score is earned where a law establishes the existence of an oversight body/entity specifically mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.\n\nA NO score is earned when no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O19","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P19","v":18},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ19","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q19","v":"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP19","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens' allegations of police misconduct or abuse of force, 2) it investigates most of the allegations within one week of being reported, and 3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the system to receive citizens' allegations may not work for several days at a time, 2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than one week to start, or 3) none or only a minority of the investigations are self-started by the body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions are met: 1) there's no system to receive citizens' allegations, or 2) cases reported are rarely investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O20","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P20","v":19},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ20","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q20","v":"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP20","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law establishes that the agency(ies) mandated to organize and monitor national elections is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and 2) it establishes its right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose the cases to be heard by the agency(ies).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O21","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P21","v":20},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ21","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q21","v":"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP21","v":"A 100 score is earned where electoral officials are always chosen through merit-selection systems.\n\nA 50 score is earned where electoral officials are generally chosen through merit-selection systems, but there are exceptions (for ex. sometimes candidates with less merit are selected over those with more merit).\n\nA 0 score is earned where electoral officials are rarely chosen through merit-selection systems, or the selection system is so weak it can't guarantee candidates are appointed based on merit (for ex. no legal education is required, the President has discretion to decide who the top candidates are, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O22","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P22","v":21},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ22","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q22","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP22","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointees are disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) appointees are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) appointees are usually disciplined/removed without following due process, or the due process is so weak it doesn't support independence (for ex. members of the Executive or Legislative branches are part of the panel that conducts the due process), or 2) appointees are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O23","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P23","v":22},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ23","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q23","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP23","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the agency/agencies publish/es at least one report before the election and one report after the election, and 2) the publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the agency only publishes one report before or after the election, or 2) the publication is generally accessible to citizens but published more than one month after issued or the cost is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no reports about the elections are published or reports are not available to the public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O24","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P24","v":23},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ24","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q24","v":"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP24","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) candidates/political parties have equal access to and receive fair treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is equal in both news reports and editorial commentary, and 3) candidates/political parties are offered the same rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties occasionally have more access to and receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is occasionally unequal in either news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) occasionally a candidate/political party is offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) some candidates/political parties usually have more access to and/or receive better treatment in state-owned media outlets, 2) access is usually unequal in both news reports or editorial commentary, or 3) some candidates/political parties are usually offered better rates for campaign advertising.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O25","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P25","v":24},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ25","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q25","v":"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP25","v":"A YES score is earned where all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O26","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P26","v":25},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ26","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q26","v":"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP26","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, and 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is available for scrutiny.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited though open advertising, but the advertising doesn't leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers or it lacks basic components (scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract), or 2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is not readily available for scrutiny.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are rarely or never invited through open advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, or 2) the criteria by which the bids are to be evaluated is rarely available for scrutiny.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O27","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P27","v":26},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ27","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q27","v":"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP27","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are readily available on or off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an archive but it doesn't contain complete records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and 2) full records are not readily available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing contractors and any citizen who request them.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there's no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central government office or at each contracting institution, or 2) full records are rarely or never available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors or any citizen who request them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O28","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P28","v":27},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ28","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q28","v":"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP28","v":"A YES score is earned where the law forbids companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O29","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P29","v":28},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ29","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q29","v":"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP29","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbidden from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period of time, and 2) there is a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access immediately or in less than two weeks of requested. A 100 is also earned if there is a registry in place that at the time of this research is empty because no company has violated the law.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are generally forbidden from participating in future bidding, but there is evidence that some exceptions exist, or 2) citizen access to the full list of companies forbidden from participating takes more than two weeks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are rarely forbidden from participating in future bidding, or 2) there is no registry of companies forbidden from participating or it exists but it's not public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O30","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P30","v":29},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ30","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q30","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP30","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records of state-owned companies are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records takes two weeks to a month, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O31","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P31","v":30},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ31","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q31","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP31","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and 2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of requested at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available less than quarterly, or 2) obtaining the records occasionally takes more than two weeks of requested, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial records associated with natural resource projects are rarely available to the public or don't exist.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O32","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P32","v":31},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ32","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q32","v":"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP32","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis in open hearings, and 2) the legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget. A 100 score is earned even if defense expenditure is approved in closed hearings.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all significant government expenditure is approved annually by the legislature or it's not approved in open hearings, or 2) the legislature occasionally doesn't approve in-year budget amendments.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the legislative rarely approves significant government expenditure, or 2) the legislature rarely makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O33","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P33","v":32},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ33","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q33","v":"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP33","v":"A YES score is earned where in law both the budget proposed by the Executive (draft sent to Congress for approval) and the approved budget must be published in full every year.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O34","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P34","v":33},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ34","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q34","v":"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP34","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions with at least four weeks of time for citizens to study the full budget, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens to provide input in budget discussions but the invitation allows them less than four weeks to study the full budget, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission mechanisms to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to a few actors, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens to provide input for budget decisions, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O35","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P35","v":34},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ35","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q35","v":"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP35","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee that goes into session at least weekly, and 2) the committee has conducted at least one investigation in the last year (even if the investigation hasn't finished at the time of this research).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a functioning oversight committee but it goes into session at least biweekly, or 2) the committee has conducted only one investigation in the last two years.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) no functioning oversight committee exists or it exists but it meets monthly or less frequently, or 2) the committee has not conducted any investigation in the last two years.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O36","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P36","v":35},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ36","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q36","v":"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP36","v":"A YES score is earned where the law creates a explicit legal requirement for civil servants to report any cases of alleged corruption they are aware of.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O37","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P37","v":36},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ37","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q37","v":"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP37","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a law specifically created to protect public sector whistle-blowers, and 2) the law forbids termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-blowers. Note: General protections for civil servants do not grant a YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O38","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P38","v":37},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ38","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q38","v":"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP38","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the law prohibits conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (at least two of these offenses must be prohibited), 2) the law applies to all branches of government, including the civil service, and 3) it mandates mechanisms such as competitive recruitment and promotion procedures, safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal, and recusal procedures.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exist. It also scores NO if only one of the three conditions described in YES is met.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O39","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P39","v":38},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ39","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q39","v":"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP39","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) civil servants are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and 2) civil servants are not removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) civil servants are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a peer panel/oversight body, or 2) civil servants are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the due process is so weak it doesn't protect civil servants (for ex. the members of the panel that conducts the due process have a particular interest in how the issue is decided), or 2) civil servants are usually removed when a new administration takes power.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O40","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P40","v":39},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ40","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q40","v":"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP40","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) appointments to the civil service are made on a merit-based system, 2) individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political party affiliations or other biases, and 3) performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all civil servants are appointed because of their merits, 2) not all appointees are free of conflicts or interest, or 3) performance evaluations are not always based on standard benchmarks.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no merit-based system is in place or it's so weak it's useless, 2) civil servants frequently have conflicts of interest, or 3) performance evaluations are usually based on personal, discretionary criteria.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O41","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P41","v":40},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ41","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q41","v":"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP41","v":"A YES score is earned where the law forbids civil servants to take a position in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government if the position involve any of the following: 1) would present a conflict of interest, 2) would involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or 3) would establish a relationship between the former and the new office.\n\nA NO score is earned if no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O42","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P42","v":41},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ42","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q42","v":"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP42","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a Constitutional principle guarantees citizens' rights to request and receive access to any public documents and information, and 2) there is a specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be implemented. Note: It's possible to score YES if national security or individual privacy information is protected, as long as the law defines the parameters and processes to declare what information is protected and they are limited in scope. Just the constitutional protection is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned if there is no such law, or a law exists but it doesn't mandate all the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O43","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P43","v":42},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ43","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q43","v":"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP43","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) records are available online or on paper less than two weeks after requested, and 2) costs are limited to photocopying. A 100 score is possible even if there are exceptions for information protected by national security or individual privacy laws.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) many records are not online and/or it takes between two and four weeks for citizens' to obtain them, or 2) costs sometimes are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies: 1) most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them, or 2) costs are usually higher than photocopying.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O44","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P44","v":43},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ44","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q44","v":"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP44","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying, 2) most records are available within a day of legislative proceedings, and 3) there is a complete, easily available legislative archive either on or off line.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are not accessible to the public online or the cost is higher than photocopying; 2) records are usually available within a week of legislative proceedings, or 3) citizens have limited access to a legislative archive either on or off line or the archive is not complete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are rarely accessible to the public online, 2) records take more than a week after legislative proceedings to be available, or 3) there is no legislative archive or citizens don't have access to it.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O45","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P45","v":44},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ45","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q45","v":"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP45","v":"A YES score is earned where in law all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all senior officials of the three branches of government, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O46","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P46","v":45},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ46","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q46","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP46","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) not all senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures don't contain detailed information about them and their immediate family, or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) senior officials of the three branches of government routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O47","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P47","v":46},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ47","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q47","v":"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP47","v":"A YES score is earned when in law all the following conditions are met: 1) members of the civil service must file asset disclosures, 2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments, both domestic and foreign), and 3) disclosures must be available to the public.\n\nA NO score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn't apply to all members of the civil service, 2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (for ex. it doesn't require disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) the law doesn't make the disclosures public.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O48","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P48","v":47},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ48","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q48","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP48","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and 3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) most but not all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures, 2) their disclosures are not complete (for ex., they contain real estate assets but not movable property, or list the asset but don't provide its estimated value), or 3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they're not online, paper versions take more than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) members of the civil service routinely fail to file asset disclosures, 2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (for ex. they don't disclose assets of the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), or 3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires asset disclosures.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O49","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P49","v":48},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ49","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q49","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP49","v":"A YES score is earned where a law requires political parties to publish all public contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O50","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P50","v":49},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ50","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q50","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP50","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose public donations within a month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose public donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose public donations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O51","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P51","v":50},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ51","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q51","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP51","v":"A YES score is earned where the law requires political parties to publish all private contributions.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O52","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P52","v":51},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ52","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q52","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP52","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) political parties disclose private donations within a one month of received, and 2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) political parties don't always disclose private donations or disclose them more than a month of received, or 2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose private donations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O53","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P53","v":52},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ53","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q53","v":"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP53","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and 2) the information is readily available to any citizen (online, on the newspaper, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only some major media organizations disclose the name of their owners or they disclose only some of the owners, or 2) the information is public but obtaining it takes two weeks or more.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) major media organizations don't disclose the names of their owners, or 2) the information is available only to the government.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O54","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P54","v":53},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ54","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q54","v":"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP54","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) major media organizations have a formal document with standards guiding journalistic work (Code of Ethics, Editorial Guidelines, Statement of Principles, Code of Conduct, etc.), 2) the document codifies standards for use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, and 3) major media organizations enforce this document.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all major media organizations have a formal document, 2) the formal document contains only one of the three aspects mentioned in 100 (use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality), or 3) major media organizations enforce this document but some exceptions exist.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most major media organizations lack a formal document, 2) the formal document is vague and doesn't provide guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality, or 3) major media organizations rarely or never enforce this document.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O55","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P55","v":54},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ55","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q55","v":"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP55","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations, 2) journalists can only be convicted if malice is proved (a story was published even though the journalist knew it was false or didn't try to verify it).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn't include all the conditions described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O56","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P56","v":55},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ56","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q56","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP56","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication of information, and 2) the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government occasionally prevents the publication of information, or 2) it occasionally encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication of information, or 2) it usually encourages the media to self-censor (for ex. with threats, discrimination in the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O57","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P57","v":56},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ57","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q57","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP57","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government never prevents the publication online of information by citizens, and 2) the government doesn't promote citizen's self-censorship (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government usually prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or 2) it usually encourages citizens to self-censor (for ex. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O58","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P58","v":57},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ58","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q58","v":"In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP58","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are filtered, blocked or taken down, and 2) Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. A 100 score can still be earned if child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites have been taken down.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) a small number of sites, keywords or search results on a specific issue are blocked (blocking cannot include widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter), or 2) citizens are occasionally unable to access certain websites (national or international).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are usually filtered, blocked or taken down, or 2) Web users in the country are usually unable to access many websites without restriction, including widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O59","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P59","v":58},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ59","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q59","v":"In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP59","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and 2) are updated at least once a month.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) about half of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, or 2) the websites are updated less than once a month.\n\nA 0 score is earned where less than 10% of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O60","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P60","v":59},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ60","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q60","v":"In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP60","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (if one exists) have websites, 2) the websites inform users of their rights and how to exercise them in a way that is easy to grasp for users with limited education, and 3) the websites allow users to file complaints online. Note: other digital methods to file complaints, such as mobile apps or phone lines, can also be considered for this indicator.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) some but not all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman have websites, 2) the websites contain little information about users rights and how to exercise them or the information is difficult to grasp for users with limited education, or 3) the websites don't allow users to file complaints online.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman lack websites, or 2) the websites generally lack basic information about users rights or how to exercise them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O61","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P61","v":60},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ61","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q61","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP61","v":"A YES score is earned where the law establishes a specific minimum age at which criminal responsibility applies.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O62","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P62","v":61},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ62","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q62","v":"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP62","v":"A YES score is earned where court procedures and arrest conditions are required to take into consideration the needs of children, whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O63","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P63","v":62},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ63","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q63","v":"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP63","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the criminal system has clearly defined especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are implemented as prescribed, and 3) they apply to all children regardless of whether they are defendants, victims or witnesses.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system has defined only some especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, 2) these procedures and conditions are not always implemented as prescribed, or 3) only some children benefit from them (for example, they only protect victims but not defendants or witnesses).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the criminal system lacks especial court procedures and arrest conditions that take into account the needs of children, or 2) these procedures and conditions exist but are rarely implemented.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O64","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P64","v":63},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ64","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q64","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP64","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O65","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P65","v":64},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ65","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q65","v":"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP65","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no workers below the minimum age are employed, either in the formal or informal sectors, and 2) the government applies sanctions when it finds cases of formal or informal employment of children. Note: Children doing house chores or chores at subsistence-farms are not considered as employed, unless the workload stops them from attending school.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) it's occasionally possible to find children below the minimum age employed, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) in exceptional cases the government fails to apply sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) it's commonplace for children below the minimum age to work, either in formal or informal sectors, or 2) the government rarely applies sanctions to those who employ children below the minimum age.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O66","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P66","v":65},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ66","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q66","v":"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP66","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) workers organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives, and 2) trade union organizers have widely understood rights and are free from intimidation or violence.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there are occasional obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) occasionally trade union organizers' rights are not understood or they are subject to intimidation or violence.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there are major obstacles to organizing into trade unions, or 2) trade union organizers' rights are generally misunderstood or subject to intimidation or violence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O67","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P67","v":66},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ67","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q67","v":"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP67","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) corporations observe labor laws, and 2) recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally some corporations fail to observe labor laws, or 2) some corporations occasionally fail to recognize and observe human rights.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) corporations rarely observe labor laws, or 2) corporations rarely recognize and observe human rights.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O68","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P68","v":67},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ68","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q68","v":"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP68","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public, and 2) they are free to express dissent in public settings and participate in civic and political organizations. It scores 100 even if there are prohibitions against blocking public roads as part of public protests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) occasionally citizens face obstacles to associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) occasionally they face obstacles to freely express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely associate freely with their peers in public, or 2) they are rarely free to express dissent in public settings or participate in civic and political organizations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O69","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P69","v":68},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ69","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q69","v":"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP69","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) NGOs can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, and 3) NGOs are not required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO (for ex. the government gives discretionary permits to some but not all NGOs), or 3) occasionally NGOs have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) NGOs can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new NGO, or 3) NGOs are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons. A 0 score is also earned if NGOs are forbidden by law.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O70","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P70","v":69},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ70","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q70","v":"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP70","v":"A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there was one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there was more than one case of NGO employees killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in relation to their work in the last year.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O71","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P71","v":70},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ71","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q71","v":"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP71","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) no NGOS were shut down, and 2) no NGOs were harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than one NGO was shut down, and/or 2) more than one NGO was harassed by the government with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O72","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P72","v":71},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ72","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q72","v":"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP72","v":"A YES score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a constitutional principle guarantees protection of ethnic minorities from discrimination, 2) there is a specific law for ethnic minorities that establishes the process for the rights to be implemented, and 3) this law includes at least: a) a prohibition to discriminate based on belonging to a national minority, and b) a specific right to maintain and develop the essential elements of their identity (religion, language, and traditions).\n\nA NO score is earned where no such law exists. It also scores NO if there's only a generic constitutional principle such as \"all persons are equal regardless of their background.\"\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O73","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P73","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ73","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q73","v":"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP73","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in ethnic minorities discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O74","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P74","v":73},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ74","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q74","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP74","v":"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to freedom of religion, including freedom to change religion, 2) protection from discrimination based on religious beliefs, and 3) the right to manifest his/her religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance, in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on religion is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law protects some but not all the rights described in YES, or if a law explicitly forbids/mandates a certain religion.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O75","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P75","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ75","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q75","v":"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP75","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in religious discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O76","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P76","v":75},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ76","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q76","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP76","v":"A YES score is earned where the law guarantees citizens: 1) the right to protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation, 2) the freedom to exercise any sexual orientation, and 3) the right to manifest and exercise his/her sexual orientation in public or private, individually or as a group. A general constitutional principle against discrimination is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA NO score is earned where such laws don't exist. It also scores NO if a law forbids homosexuality.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O77","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P77","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ77","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q77","v":"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP77","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) citizens receive a response in a timely way (immediately if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the week for non emergencies), and 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within a government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, but it doesn't always work, 2) citizens may not always receive a response in a timely way (more than a day if their physical integrity is in danger, or within the month for non emergencies), or 3) the government keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated, but the information may be incomplete or outdated (older than one year).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within any government agency specialized in sexual orientation discrimination where citizens can go to for help, 2) an agency does exist but citizens rarely receive a response or the response takes more than one month, or 3) the government rarely keeps track of the number of cases reported and those investigated.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O78","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P78","v":77},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ78","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q78","v":"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP78","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal land ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal land ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal land ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O79","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P79","v":78},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ79","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q79","v":"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP79","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal non-land (vehicles, financial assets, etc.) ownership rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O80","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P80","v":79},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ80","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q80","v":"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP80","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal inheritance right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal inheritance rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's inheritance rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O81","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P81","v":80},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ81","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q81","v":"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP81","v":"A YES score is earned where in law women's equal divorce petition right is guaranteed, whether because a law explicitly establishes this right, or because no law restricts it (for example, by giving men precedence). A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have equal divorce petition rights to men and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law restricts women's equal divorce petition rights or gives men precedence.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O82","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P82","v":81},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ82","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q82","v":"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP82","v":"A YES score is earned where in law men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some men have precedence over women in the custody of children and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where men have precedence over women in the custody of children.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O83","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P83","v":82},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ83","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q83","v":"In law, women have the right to independent travel."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP83","v":"A YES score is earned where no law imposes restrictions to women's free and independent travel. For example, there are no laws requiring them to obtain permission to travel, travel with a companion, drive with a companion (or not drive at all), etc.\n\nA MIXED score is earned when in law, within the same country, some women have the right to free and independent travel and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.).\n\nA NO score is earned where a law imposes denies or restricts women's right to free and independent travel.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O84","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P84","v":83},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ84","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q84","v":"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP84","v":"A YES score is earned where a law explicitly establishes that: 1) women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace, 2) discrimination on the basis of gender is forbidden, and 3) women cannot be fired or demoted as a result of pregnancy. A general constitutional principle against discrimination based on gender is NOT enough to score YES.\n\nA MIXED score is earned where in law, within the same country, some women have these rights and some don't, when different legal frameworks coexist (civil, customary, sharia, etc.). This score is also earned if only some but not all the rights described in YES exist in the country.\n\nA NO score is earned where no law explicitly creates the rights described in YES.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O85","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P85","v":84},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ85","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q85","v":"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP85","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) women receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, and 3) are not fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) in some cases women receive less pay and benefits than men for performing the same job, 2) in some cases there is a preference to hire or promote men, or 3) there are occasional cases of women being fired, demoted or in other ways discriminated against as a result of pregnancy.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) women rarely receive equal pay and benefits to men for performing the same job, 2) rarely have equal opportunities to be hired or promoted, or 3) are regularly fired, demoted or in any other way discriminated against as a result of pregnancy. A 0 score is also earned if a law forbids or restricts women from working.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O86","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P86","v":85},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ86","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q86","v":"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP86","v":"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around a 15% of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the national cabinet are women.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O87","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P87","v":86},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ87","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q87","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP87","v":"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the highest branch of the judiciary are women.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O88","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P88","v":87},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ88","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q88","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP88","v":"A 100 score is earned where at least a third (33%) of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 50 score is earned where around 15% of the members of the legislature are women.\n\nA 0 score is earned where only 5% or less of the members of the legislature are women.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O89","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P89","v":88},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ89","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q89","v":"In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP89","v":"A 100 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish all the following objectives: 1) increase girls and women's access to the Web, 2) train girls and women to use the Web, and 3) encourage girls and women to pursue careers in ICTs. It also earns 100 score if there's evidence that there's no gender digital divide in the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has put in place programs to accomplish only one of the three objectives described in 100, or the programs include the three objectives but they are not permanent or have too few resources to cover more than just a few communities.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no such programs are in place, or 2) any programs that exist are ad hoc, sporadic or not supported/sponsored by the government.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O90","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P90","v":89},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ90","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q90","v":"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP90","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) it investigates and when necessary brings offenders to court based on reports from the public or its own initiative, and 3) it keeps statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is an office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, but it shares its time and resources enforcing other laws, or 2) it generally investigates and brings offenders to court, but evidence shows that sometimes it fails to do so despite the existence of evidence, or 3) its statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.) are older than one year.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no office or unit within government specialized in enforcing the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, 2) there is one but it rarely investigates and or brings offenders to court, or 3) it doesn't keep statistics indicative of how effective its work is (conviction rate, amiable agreements, cases investigated, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O91","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P91","v":90},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ91","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q91","v":"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP91","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government invites some but not all private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing potential tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) the mechanisms for the private sector to provide their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to in person meetings) are sporadic or occasionally out of service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely invites private sector representatives to provide input when reviewing or drafting tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms, or 2) no mechanisms are in place for the private sector to provide their input.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O92","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P92","v":91},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ92","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q92","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP92","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained in paper on less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or cost are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on youth unemployment are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on youth unemployment are collected every three years or less often.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O93","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P93","v":92},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ93","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q93","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP93","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on poverty every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining the paper version takes up to two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on poverty are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on poverty are collected every three years or less often.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O94","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P94","v":93},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ94","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q94","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP94","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure on a yearly basis, and 2) they are available online for free or can be obtained on paper in less than two weeks at cost of photocopying.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure every two years, or 2) they aren't always available online, obtaining a paper version takes more than two weeks, or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) no statistics on infrastructure are collected or they are collected but are not public, or 2) statistics on infrastructure are collected every three years or less often.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O95","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P95","v":94},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ95","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q95","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP95","v":"A 100 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, which includes all the following elements: 1) enabling access points in schools and public places (libraries, post offices, etc.), and 2) improving infrastructure for broadband and mobile connectivity.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web, but it only includes one of the two conditions described in 100 or the plan is outdated (for ex. the plan covered the period 2000-2012).\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government doesn't have a multiyear plan to increase citizens access to the Web.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O96","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P96","v":95},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ96","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q96","v":"In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP96","v":"A 100 score is earned where citizens access to the Web through both broadband and mobile increased at least 10% over the last year compared to the year before. A 100 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves access increased compared to the year before that.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web increased less than 10% compared to the year before, or 2) it only increased in either broadband or mobile. A 50 score is also earned if the most recent data available is a year old, but it proves that at least one the conditions described here is met.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens access to the Web did not increase or decreased over the last year compared to the year before, or 2) there's no data to determine if there was increase or the data is so outdated (two or more years old).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O97","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P97","v":96},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ97","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q97","v":"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP97","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) a road/bridge network connects most towns and cities, 2) there is an entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional, and 3) no accidents occurred over the last year caused by roads/bridges malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.). Note: any type of road/bridge can be considered to score this indicator (gravel, highway, wood, concrete, etc.).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) data proves around a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network, 2) the entity specialized in ensuring roads are permanently safe and functional admits to having insufficient budget, or 3) at least one accident occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) more than a third of towns and cities are not connected by a road/bridge network or the government lacks data to determine this information, 2) there is no entity mandated to ensuring roads/bridges are permanently safe and functional, or 3) several accidents occurred over the last year caused by road/bridge malfunctions (holes, construction defects, etc.).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O98","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P98","v":97},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ98","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q98","v":"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP98","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), and 2) the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and have complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and it has complied only with part but not all the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s), or 2) none or only some of the country's airline(s) are subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or all are, but they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the country's aviation safety oversight authority is not subject to the ICAO's Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMS) -previously Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)- and/or it has failed to comply with the recommendations made in the audit(s) report(s), or 2) the country's airline(s) are not subject to the IATA's Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and/or they haven't complied with the recommendations made in the latest audit(s) report(s).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O99","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P99","v":98},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ99","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q99","v":"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP99","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for the town/community a few times per year, and 2) functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens of rural populations to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings).\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the government publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community only once or twice a year, or 2) functioning mechanisms for citizens to submit their input (from on/off line submission of written opinions to town hall meetings) are sporadic, limited to only certain citizens, or not always in service.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the government rarely publicly invites citizens of rural populations to provide input for policy formulation for their town/community, or 2) no functioning mechanisms are in place for citizens to submit their input.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O100","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P100","v":99},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ100","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q100","v":"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP100","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can organize freely, 2) there are no major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, and 3) rural stakeholders are not required to file more paperwork than any other legal person.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations occasionally face obstacles to organize freely, 2) occasionally there are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) rural stakeholders occasionally have to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) stakeholders in rural populations can rarely or never organize freely, 2) there generally are major obstacles to setting up a new association, autonomous group or other form of collective action, or 3) stakeholders in rural populations are usually required to file more paperwork than other legal persons.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O101","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P101","v":100},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ101","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q101","v":"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP101","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, and 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population but it also has other mandates, or 2) in the last year, it implemented programs to provide financial or technical support towards some but not all of the following: a) sustainable agriculture, b) small farmers, and c) providing support to women in farming.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security for the population, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to provide financial or technical support towards the three areas mentioned in 100.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O102","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P102","v":101},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ102","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q102","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP102","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, 2) in the last year it implemented permanent programs to ensure education, employment and/or housing, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year it implemented sporadic programs to ensure education, employment, and/or housing, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure the socio-economic integration of youth, or 2) in the last year no programs were implemented to ensure education, employment and housing.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O103","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P103","v":102},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ103","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q103","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP103","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the elderly, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O104","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P104","v":103},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ104","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q104","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP104","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to permanent or temporary illnesses or health conditions, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O105","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P105","v":104},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ105","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q105","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP105","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, 2) in the last year, it implemented permanent programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, and 3) all or most in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, but it also has other priorities, 2) in the last year, it implemented sporadic programs to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs, or 3) only some in this population have access to these programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) there is no department or equivalent mandated to ensure a social safety net for the unemployed, or 2) in the last year, no programs were implemented to ensure health care, housing and other basic needs.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O106","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P106","v":105},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ106","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q106","v":"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP106","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records for the current year are available, and 2) they can be obtained online or on paper in less than two weeks after requested at photocopying cost.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are available but the most recent Is last year's, or 2) obtaining them on paper takes more than two weeks after requested or costs are higher than photocopying.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) most hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure records are not available to the public, or 2) it takes more than a month to obtain them.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O107","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P107","v":106},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ107","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q107","v":"In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP107","v":"A 100 score is earned where all of the following information is permanently available online, on paper, or by phone for most public hospitals and clinics in the country: 1) services available, 2) location, 3) contact information, 4) instructions about how to access the services, and 5) pricing when/if it applies.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) only three of the five information points listed in 100 is usually available online, on paper, or by phone, or 2) the information is available for only half of the public hospitals and clinics in the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where none of the information points listed in 100 is available or they are available only for a minority of the hospitals and clinics.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O108","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P108","v":107},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ108","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q108","v":"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP108","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) citizens can find within easy reach abundant information about common illnesses, prevention and treatment, 2) the information is presented in a way that is easy to grasp for citizens with less education, and 3) public health hazards such as epidemics trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can find within easy reach information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, but the information may be incomplete, 2) the information is presented in a way that makes it difficult to understand for citizens with less education, or 3) public health hazards such as epidemics don't always trigger awareness campaigns.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) citizens can rarely find information about common illnesses, treatment and prevention, or 2) public health hazards such as epidemics rarely trigger awareness campaigns.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O109","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P109","v":108},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ109","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q109","v":"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP109","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system, 2) a standardized qualification system, and 3) these systems apply to both primary and secondary education. A 100 score is earned where these conditions are met regardless of whether the systems are at national or state level.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) there is a standardized education curriculum system but it's not being implemented, 2) there is a standardized qualification system but it's not being implemented, and 3) only one of the systems exist or both exist but apply only to either primary or secondary education.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no standardized education curriculum or qualification systems for primary and secondary education.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O110","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P110","v":109},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ110","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q110","v":"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP110","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) there is no education gap between male and female citizens, 2) there is no education gap between populations in different income levels, and 3) there is no education gap between rural and urban populations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are gaps in two of the three areas described in 100.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are gaps in all three categories listed in 100.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!O111","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P111","v":110},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ111","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q111","v":"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AP111","v":"A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met: 1) the national government consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) it defines priority areas and incorporates them into the education system planning. Note: the consultations can be anything from periodic meetings with industry representatives to public invitations for any citizen to submit requests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government sporadically consults with stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, and 2) there are no clear priority areas.\n\nA 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply: 1) the national government doesn't consult stakeholders about the types of labor force the country's economy needs, or 2) the education system planning doesn't consider the needs of the country's economy. A 0 score is also earned if there is no education planning.\n"}]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B130","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"uxbWorks!B131","v":"—"},{"$f":"uxbWorks!B132","v":"—"},{"$f":"uxbWorks!B133","v":"—"},{"$f":"uxbWorks!B134","v":"No"},"No data",null,{"$f":"O7","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"P7","v":"—"},"—","—","No","No data",null,{"$f":"V7","v":"Yes"},{"$f":"W7","v":"—"},{"$f":"X7","v":"—"},{"$f":"Y7","v":"—"},{"$f":"Z7","v":"No"},{"$f":"AA7","v":"No data"}]
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["YEAR",2013]
[]
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[]
[]
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[98,"2013_DZ_98",5239,25,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[99,"2013_DZ_99",5293,100,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[100,"2013_DZ_100",5347,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[101,"2013_DZ_101",5401,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[102,"2013_DZ_102",5455,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[103,"2013_DZ_103",5509,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[104,"2013_DZ_104",5563,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[105,"2013_DZ_105",5617,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[106,"2013_DZ_106",5671,50,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[107,"2013_DZ_107",5725,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[108,"2013_DZ_108",5779,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[109,"2013_DZ_109",5833,0,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]
[110,"2013_DZ_110",5887,75,null,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,null,0,0,0,0,0]

{"sheet":"2013_Country_Scores","index":31,"n_rows":121,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":121,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2013 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$D$78","v":"Algeria"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Scores 0-100 where 100=best possible score"]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$48","v":"Click question to highlight.  Double click to view commentary and references for selected country. (FRENCH LANGUAGE)"}]
[]
[null,2013,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$78","v":"DZ"},"IsQ",{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$90","v":1},null,"Indicator",null,null,null,"Score",null,"Comment"]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G12)","v":"2013_DZ_1"},{"$f":"MATCH(B12,luDataCode_2013,0)","v":1},"Q",{"$f":"IF(G12=$E$11,1,0)","v":1},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P2","v":1},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ2","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q2","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2013,$C12,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2013,$C12,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2013,$C12,4))","v":"En Algérie, l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire n’est pas garantie puisque, d’un côté, la Constitution stipule, en son article 138, que : « Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant. Il s’exerce dans le cadre de la loi » alors que, d’un autre côté, l’article 154 stipule que « le Conse..."}]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G13)","v":"2013_DZ_2"},55,"Q",{"$f":"IF(G13=$E$11,1,0)","v":0},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P3","v":2},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ3","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q3","v":"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, l’institution judiciaire est confisquée par le pouvoir exécutif. \nLe Conseil supérieur de la magistrature est présidé par le président de la République et les magistrats sont placés, hiérarchiquement, sous le ministre de la Justice. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_3",109,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P4","v":3},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ4","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q4","v":"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary."},null,25,null,"Certains juges ne bénéficient pas de la garantie de maintien, et d’autres sont quelquefois sanctionnés, révoqués ou mutés sans procès équitable. Depuis 2005, des dizaines de magistrats ont été sanctionnés et révoqués des rangs de la magistrature. Les décisions de révocation ont été..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_4",163,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P5","v":4},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ5","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q5","v":"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments."},null,100,null,"Les juges rendent toujours des décisions motivées avec des attendus en réponse à toutes les demandes du justiciable et un jugement est remis aux intéressés (demandeurs et défendeurs) au plus tard dans les 10 jours qui suivent le prononcé de la décision."]
[null,"2013_DZ_5",217,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P6","v":5},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ6","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q6","v":"In law, there is a supreme audit institution."},null,100,null,"La Constitution algérienne de 1976, révisée en 1989 et en 1996, érige la Cour des comptes en institution supérieure chargée du contrôle a posteriori des finances de l'État, des collectivités territoriales et des services publics. Elle est régie par l’article 170 de la Constitution ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_6",271,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P7","v":6},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ7","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q7","v":"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,100,null,"L’ordonnance n° 95-20 du 17 juillet 1995 modifiée et complétée par l’ordonnance n° 10-02 du 26 août 2010 précise que la Cour des comptes jouit de l’indépendance nécessaire garantissant l’objectivité, la neutralité, et l’efficacité de ses travaux et son contrôle exclut toute ingéren..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_7",325,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P8","v":7},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ8","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q8","v":"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,25,null,"La Cour des comptes en Algérie ne jouit pas d’une réelle indépendance et sa capacité de lutter contre la corruption, les dilapidations des deniers publics, le blanchiment d’argent et les violations quotidiennes des marchés publics est faible. Les scandales financiers affichés par l..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_8",379,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P9","v":8},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ9","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q9","v":"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency."},null,25,null,"Le président de la Cour des comptes est nommé par le président de la République, conformément à la constitution. Il est le premier responsable de l’institution. Le secrétaire général est nommé par décret pris sur proposition du président de la Cour des comptes. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_9",433,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P10","v":9},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ10","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q10","v":"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, la Cour des comptes est considérée comme l’institution supérieure de contrôle a posteriori des finances de l’État, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics. Elle établit chaque année un rapport sur la gestion des deniers publics qu’elle remet au pré..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_10",487,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P11","v":10},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ11","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q11","v":"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense."},null,100,null,"La loi n° 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption a pour objet de renforcer les mesures visant à prévenir et à combattre la corruption, promouvoir l’intégrité, la responsabilité et la transparence dans la gestion des secteurs public et privé. À titre d’exe..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_11",541,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P12","v":11},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ12","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q12","v":"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption."},null,0,null,"Il n'existe aucune loi en la matière. Les organes mandatés pour enquêter sur les cas présumés de corruption dans le secteur public dépendent du pouvoir exécutif."]
[null,"2013_DZ_12",595,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P13","v":12},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ13","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q13","v":"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les affaires de corruption impliquant de hauts responsables ou des politiciens sont généralement traitées par les services de sécurité, qui ne sont pas independentes...."]
[null,"2013_DZ_13",649,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P14","v":13},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ14","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q14","v":"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, les activités des organes de lutte contre la corruption (l’organe national de prévention et de lutte contre la corruption, l’office central de la répression et de la lutte contre la corruption, la Cour des comptes, APN, etc.) n’ont pas encore donné de résultats satisfai..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_14",703,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P15","v":14},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ15","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q15","v":"In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body."},null,0,null,"Les nominations au sein des organes qui enquêtent sur les allégations de corruption dans le secteur public n'aident pas à renforcer leur indépendance. La plupart des personnes nommées sont étrangères au monde de la lutte contre la corruption. Dans un article paru dans le quotidien ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_15",757,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P16","v":15},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ16","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q16","v":"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime."},null,100,null,"L'article 158 de la Constitution stipule qu'il est institué \"une Haute Cour de l'État pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du président de la République et des crimes et délits du premier ministre, commis dans l'exercice de leur fonction.\""]
[null,"2013_DZ_16",811,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P17","v":16},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ17","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q17","v":"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, aucun chef d’État ou chef de gouvernement n’a fait l’objet d’enquêtes ou de poursuites judiciaires en cours de mandat ou après son mandat, et ce depuis l’indépendance. Le président de la République détient de très larges pouvoirs, ce qui l’empêche, en pratique, de faire..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_17",865,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P18","v":17},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ18","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q18","v":"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force."},null,0,null,"Toute personne qui se considère victime d’une inconduite policière peut aller déposer une plainte au niveau de la justice, au commissariat ou à la gendarmerie nationale. La plainte enregistrée sera alors transmise au procureur de la République qui décidera des suites éventuelles à ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_18",919,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P19","v":18},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ19","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q19","v":"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, il existe différents mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de signaler l'inconduite policière ou le recours abusif à la force. La Direction générale de la sûreté nationale (DGSN) a mis en place au cours de cette année un numéro vert (115) à travers lequel des citoyens peuv..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_19",973,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P20","v":19},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ20","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q20","v":"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed."},null,0,null,"La Commission nationale de surveillance des élections est consacrée par la loi électorale. Elle est composée d’un Secrétariat permanent regroupant des compétences nationales, des représentants des partis politiques participant aux élections et des représentants des candidats indépe..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_20",1027,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P21","v":20},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ21","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q21","v":"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies."},null,25,null,"Les membres de la commission nationale indépendante de surveillance des élections (CNISEL) sont choisis suivant des systèmes de sélection au mérite, mais il arrive parfois que des candidats ayant moins de mérite soient sélectionnés au détriment de personnes plus méritantes. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_21",1081,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P22","v":21},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ22","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q22","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference."},null,25,null,"La commission nationale indépendante de surveillance des élections, composée de représentants des partis et des listes des indépendants, n’a aucun autorité ni outil juridique lui permettant d’intervenir pour mettre fin aux dépassements. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_22",1135,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P23","v":22},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ23","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q23","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election."},null,25,null,"La commission nationale indépendante de surveillance des élections (CNISEL) (constituée de représentants des partis politiques) exerce une mission de suivi et de contrôle des opérations électorales et de la neutralité des agents responsables de ces opérations. Celle-ci établit avan..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_23",1189,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P24","v":23},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ24","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q24","v":"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."},null,50,null,"La télévision algérienne (ENTV) est souvent critiquée et accusée de ne pas couvrir les activités des partis politiques d’opposition. Ces derniers ont même dénoncé des actes de censures durant les municipales du 29 novembre dernier. Concernant la presse écrite, l'accès des partis du..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_24",1243,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P25","v":24},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ25","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q25","v":"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding."},null,100,null,"La loi exige que tout marché, dont la valeur nominale dépasse huit millions de dinars, doive faire l’objet d’un avis d’appel d’offres afin de garantir la transparence et la mise en concurrence dans l'octroi des marchés publics. L'avis d'appel d'offres constitue la règle générale et..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_25",1297,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P26","v":25},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ26","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q26","v":"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding."},null,50,null,"Généralement, les grands marchés font l’objet d’un avis appel d’offres national ou international.  Les avis d’appels d’offres sont rendus publics par voie de presse et publiés dans au moins deux journaux dans les deux langues, soient l'arabe et le français, et en anglais pour les a..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_26",1351,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P27","v":26},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ27","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q27","v":"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.)."},null,0,null,"L’accès aux résultats et aux documents relatifs aux contrats des marchés publics est impossible surtout lorsqu’il s’agit des audits financiers. Les archives existent, mais les dossiers ne sont pas facilement disponibles en ligne ou hors-ligne pour être examinés par les journalistes..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_27",1405,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P28","v":27},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ28","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q28","v":"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids."},null,100,null,"L’article 52 du Code des marchés publics précise le profile des opérateurs économiques exclus temporairement ou définitivement de la participation aux marchés publics. Il s’agit de ceux qui se sont désistés de l’exécution d’un marché ou qui sont en état de faillite, de liquidation,..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_28",1459,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P29","v":28},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ29","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q29","v":"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"},null,50,null,"En Algérie, les entreprises coupables de violation des règles de passation des marchés publics ne sont généralement pas autorisées à participer aux futurs appels d’offres, mais il existe des exceptions pour certaines entreprises recommandées et pistonnées. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_29",1513,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P30","v":29},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ30","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q30","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."},null,25,null,"Les rapports annuels de la plupart des entreprises publiques ne sont pas disponibles en lignes. Toutefois, ils peuvent être obtenus par les journalistes sur demande. En ce qui concerne les rapports financiers, ils sont souvent publiés en retard et parfois complètement inaccessibles..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_30",1567,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P31","v":30},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ31","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q31","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations."},null,50,null,"Les dossiers financiers liés à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles (gaz, pétrole, mines) sont souvent publiés en retard en ligne ou hors ligne, mais il est possible d’obtenir sur demande les états financiers de certains projets relevant du secteur des hydrocarbures."]
[null,"2013_DZ_31",1621,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P32","v":31},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ32","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q32","v":"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les dépenses publiques considérables sont approuvées par le parlement sur une base annuelle en audiences publiques. Pour 2013, par exemple, le parlement a approuvé des dépenses de fonctionnement estimées à près de 60 milliards de dollars, soient environ de 4400 $ qui pr..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_32",1675,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P33","v":32},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ33","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q33","v":"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year."},null,0,null,"Il n’existe aucune loi qui exige la publication intégrale du projet de loi de finances adopté par l’assemblée populaire nationale chaque année. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_33",1729,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P34","v":33},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ34","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q34","v":"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions."},null,25,null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2013,$C44,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2013,$C44,4))","v":"En Algérie, les mécanismes permettant aux citoyens de soumettre leurs contributions concernant le budget sont limités à quelques acteurs. ..."}]
[null,"2013_DZ_34",1783,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P35","v":34},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ35","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q35","v":"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds."},null,25,null,"La commission des finances et du budget de l’assemblée populaire nationale assure le contrôle des fonds publics. Elle est compétente pour les questions relatives au budget, à la loi organique relative aux lois de finances, au régime fiscal et douanier, à la monnaie, au crédit, aux ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_35",1837,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P36","v":35},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ36","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q36","v":"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption."},null,0,null,"C'est une obligation législative pour toute personne (pas spécifiquement pour les fonctionnaires), de dénoncer des cas de corruption. \nSelon l’article 47 de la loi du 20 février 2006, intitulée « De la non-dénonciation des infrac..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_36",1891,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P37","v":36},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ37","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q37","v":"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences."},null,0,null,"La loi n° 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption protège les témoins et les experts ainsi que les dénonciateurs et les victimes, mais ne concerne pas spécifiquement les fonctionnaires. Son article 45 punit « d'un emprisonnement de six mois à cinq ans et d..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_37",1945,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P38","v":37},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ38","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q38","v":"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government."},null,100,null,"Les conflits d’intérêts, le népotisme, le copinage et le favoritisme gangrènent les institutions de la République, et ce malgré les dispositions de la loi 06-01 du 20 février 2006 relative à la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption, notamment en ses articles 3, 7, 8 et 34 con..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_38",1999,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P39","v":38},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ39","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q39","v":"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, le travail des fonctionnaires est compromis par des ingérences politiques. Les décisions sont prises du haut vers le bas. Elles proviennent des ministères de tutelle qui sont confiés, généralement, à des personnalités politiques ou des membres des partis politiques. Les..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_39",2053,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P40","v":39},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ40","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q40","v":"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria."},null,50,null,"En Algérie les fonctionnaires ne sont pas tous nommés en raison de leur mérite. Certains d’entre eux sont nommés en raison de leurs liens de sang, de région et parfois suivant leurs tendances politiques."]
[null,"2013_DZ_40",2107,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P41","v":40},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ41","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q41","v":"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government."},null,0,null,"— Concernant les restrictions pour les fonctionnaires qui intègrent le secteur privé après avoir quitté le gouvernement, il n’existe aucune loi en la matière.\n— L’ordonnance no. 06-03 portant sur le statut général de la fonction publique ne contient auc..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_41",2161,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P42","v":41},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ42","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q42","v":"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies."},null,0,null,"L’accès à l’information auprès des organismes publics demeure difficile pour les citoyens puisqu'il n'y a pas de loi spécifique en la matière. D'autre part, il n’existe aucune loi concernant le droit des citoyens à demander et à avoir accès aux documents et renseignements publics. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_42",2215,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P43","v":42},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ43","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q43","v":"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, aucun portail gouvernemental n’a été créé spécifiquement pour permettre aux citoyens de déposer les requêtes en ligne. Les sites internet des institutions gouvernementales disposent seulement d’une page « contact ». ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_43",2269,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P44","v":43},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ44","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q44","v":"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents."},null,100,null,"Les citoyens peuvent avoir accès aux processus et aux documents législatifs. Les débats et les délibérations au niveau de l’APN sont rédigés sous la forme d’un procès-verbal intégral qui est, à son tour, publié dans le journal officiel des débats (disponible uniquement en arabe)...."]
[null,"2013_DZ_44",2323,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P45","v":44},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ45","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q45","v":"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, les hauts fonctionnaires d’état sont tenus de déclarer leurs patrimoines.\n\nLa loi 06-01 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre la corruption stipule que « La décl..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_45",2377,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P46","v":45},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ46","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q46","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, les hauts fonctionnaires d’État et les élus nationaux évitent de faire leurs déclarations de patrimoine conformément à l’ordonnance 99-04 relative à la déclaration du patrimoine et à la loi 06-01 de février 2006 relative à la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption...."]
[null,"2013_DZ_46",2431,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P47","v":46},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ47","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q47","v":"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public."},null,0,null,"La loi existe, mais elle ne s’applique pas à tous les membres de la fonction publique. De plus, la partie de la déclaration du patrimoine dans la loi relative à la prévention contre la corruption n’oblige pas les fonctionnaires et les élus concernés à déclarer les biens immobiliers..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_47",2485,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P48","v":47},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ48","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q48","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, la déclaration de patrimoine des hauts fonctionnaires n’est suivie d’aucun contrôle. Des déclarations de patrimoine des hauts fonctionnaires d’état ne sont pas rendues publiques."]
[null,"2013_DZ_48",2539,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P49","v":48},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ49","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q49","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government)."},null,0,null,"La loi organique relative aux partis politiques stipule que « le parti politique peut bénéficier d’une aide financière de l’État, selon le nombre de sièges obtenus au Parlement, et le nombre de ses élues dans les assemblées. Le montant des aides éventuelles à allouer par l'État aux..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_49",2593,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P50","v":49},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ50","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q50","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,0,null,"Les partis politiques légalement agréés n'ont pas divulgué publiquement au cours de cette année les fonds provenant du gouvernement. Même les quelques sites internet existants des partis politiques possédant des sièges au parlement ne contiennent aucune information concernant les f..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_50",2647,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P51","v":50},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ51","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q51","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations."},null,0,null,"La loi n’oblige pas les partis politiques à rendre public et à publier toutes les contributions privées. Toutefois, l’article 60 de la loi organique relative aux partis politiques prévoit que le responsable du parti est tenu de présenter obligatoirement aux délégués réunis en congr..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_51",2701,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P52","v":51},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ52","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q52","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,0,null,"Les ressources financières des partis politiques en Algérie sont constituées de cotisations des militants et des élus et des aides financières de l’État. Certains partis politiques reçoivent également de la part des entrepreneurs et hommes d’affaires des dons et legs qui sont rarem..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_52",2755,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P53","v":52},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ53","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q53","v":"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."},null,50,null,"Les noms des propriétaires des organisations médiatiques nationales ne sont pas divulgués au public, à l’exception de certaines chaines de télévision et de titres régionaux et nationaux qui se comptent sur le bout des doigts. Généralement, ces propriétaires n’ont aucun lien avec le..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_53",2809,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P54","v":53},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ54","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q54","v":"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, la plupart des journalistes et des rédacteurs se conforment à des pratiques professionnelles dans leurs reportages selon les moyens matériels et financiers mis à leur disposition et les consignes des rédactions. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_54",2863,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P55","v":54},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ55","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q55","v":"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, il est légal de communiquer des informations précises sur les personnalités publiques en dépit des préjudices portés à leur réputation. Le journaliste est tenu de respecter les faits et publie uniquement les informations dont l’origine, la véracité et l’exactitude sont ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_55",2917,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P56","v":55},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ56","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q56","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, l’autocensure existe. Des journalistes, des correspondants de presse et des rédacteurs dans certains organes de presse s’adonnent à une autocensure afin de ne pas se voir menacer par les autorités et d'éviter les poursuites juridiques comme cette une: Le 19 mai 2013, de..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_56",2971,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P57","v":56},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ57","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q57","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.)."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, le gouvernement encourage l’autocensure des blogueurs et des citoyens en ligne à travers les arrestations, les poursuites judiciaires et les menaces de poursuites judiciaires. Durant cette année, au moins quatre blogueurs ont été poursuivis en justice, dont deux ont été..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_57",3025,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P58","v":57},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ58","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q58","v":"In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, les internautes sont généralement en mesure d'accéder à n'importe quel site dans le monde sans restriction et l’accès à internet n’est pas limité par filtrage technique. Mais le gouvernement a parfois bloqué des sites et a des plans pour peut-être bloquer plus autres (e..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_58",3079,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P59","v":58},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ59","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q59","v":"In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites."},null,50,null,"La majorité des institutions étatiques et organismes indépendants possèdent des sites web. \nLes sites web de quelques institutions étatiques et organes indépendants ne sont pas mis à jour. Parfois, des pages sont inexistantes alors que leurs liens sont présents dans la page d’acc..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_59",3133,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P60","v":59},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ60","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q60","v":"In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites."},null,25,null,"La plupart des organismes de réglementation des services publics, relevant des institutions nationales, ne possèdent pas de site web. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_60",3187,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P61","v":60},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ61","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q61","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability."},null,100,null,"L’article 49 du Code pénal stipule que : « Les mineurs de moins de 13 ans ne peuvent faire l’objet que de mesures de protection ou de rééducation, tandis que les mineurs de 13 à 18 ans peuvent faire l’objet soit de mesures de protection ou de rééducation, soit des peines atténuées...."]
[null,"2013_DZ_61",3241,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P62","v":61},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ62","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q62","v":"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail."},null,100,null,"Le droit des enfants, qu’ils soient accusés, victimes ou témoins, est garanti par des dispositions consacrées par des textes législatifs et réglementaires spécifiques. Les procédures judiciaires et les conditions d’arrestation prennent en considération les besoins des différentes c..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_62",3295,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P63","v":62},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ63","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q63","v":"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, le système pénal a seulement défini quelques procédures judiciaires et conditions d'arrestation spéciales qui tiennent compte des besoins de l’enfant en tant que mineur délinquant. Pour ce qui est des enfants, victimes ou témoins, les dispositifs juridiques et la mise e..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_63",3349,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P64","v":63},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ64","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q64","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors)."},null,100,null,"La loi n° 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 relative aux relations de travail, modifiée et complétée (article 15), stipule que l’âge minimum requis pour un recrutement ne peut en aucun cas être inférieur à seize ans (16 ans), sauf dans le cadre des contrats d’apprentissage établis conformémen..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_64",3403,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P65","v":64},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ65","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q65","v":"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, le travail des enfants ne cesse de prendre de l’ampleur, particulièrement dans les villes internes du pays et les villages (milieu rural). Les facteurs qui ont conduit à sa croissance sont liés d’une part à la dégradation de la situation sociale et économique d’une cert..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_65",{"$f":"MATCH(B76,luDataCode_2013,0)","v":3457},"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P66","v":65},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ66","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q66","v":"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2013,$C76,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2013,$C76,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2013,$C76,4))","v":"L’exercice des libertés syndicales est souvent entravé par des pratiques excessives de l’administration algérienne. ..."}]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G77)","v":"2013_DZ_66"},3511,"Q",{"$f":"IF(G77=$E$11,1,0)","v":0},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P67","v":66},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ67","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q67","v":"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, certaines entreprises étatiques et privées ne respectent pas la législation du travail et les droits des travailleurs. \nDans une déclaration rapportée par l’agence gouvernementale APS le 26 décembre 2012, le direct..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_67",3565,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P68","v":67},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ68","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q68","v":"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, les citoyens sont souvent confrontés à des obstacles dans l’exercice de leur droit de manifester et d’exprimer leur désaccord dans les lieux publics. Certains d’entre eux ont été poursuivis en justice et condamnés pour avoir organisé des manifestations sans autorisation..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_68",3619,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P69","v":68},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ69","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q69","v":"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, plusieurs Organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) et associations nationales agréées se sont heurtées, au cours de cette année, à des obstacles lorsqu’elles ont tenté d’obtenir des autorisations pour organiser des manifestations pacifiques. Par ailleurs, des associatio..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_69",3673,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P70","v":69},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ70","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q70","v":"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year."},null,0,null,"Plusieurs cas de violences policières contre des militants des droits de l’homme et membres d’ONG et associations ont été enregistrés au cours de l’année dernière. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_70",3727,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P71","v":70},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ71","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q71","v":"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work."},null,25,null,"Aucune ONG n'a été dissoute au cours de l’année dernière, mais le gouvernement continue de bloquer les visites des ONG de défense des droits de l’homme. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_71",3781,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P72","v":71},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ72","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q72","v":"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected."},null,0,null,"— Le Code pénal criminalise toute diffamation ou injure commise envers une ou plusieurs personnes qui appartient à un groupe ethnique ou philosophique, ou à une religion déterminée...."]
[null,"2013_DZ_72",3835,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P73","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ73","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q73","v":"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, il n’existe aucun organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination des minorités ethniques auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide. Toutefois, le gouvernement protège les minorités ethniques contre la discrimination. Lorsqu’un citoyen estime avoir été ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_73",3889,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P74","v":73},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ74","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q74","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion."},null,0,null,"La constitution algérienne prévoit la liberté de croyance et d’opinion, mais ne fait pas mention de la liberté de la religion. Toutefois, l’ordonnance n° 06-03 qui réglemente les pratiques religieuses prévoit que les non-musulmans sont libres de pratiquer leurs rites religieux...."]
[null,"2013_DZ_74",3943,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P75","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ75","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q75","v":"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, il n'existe aucun organisme gouvernemental spécialisé en discrimination religieuse auprès duquel les citoyens peuvent obtenir de l'aide. Selon le classement de l’association porte ouverte, l’Index mondial de persécution 2013, l’Algérie est le 29e pays où les chrétiens s..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_75",3997,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P76","v":75},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ76","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q76","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation."},null,0,null,"En Algérie l’homosexualité est pénalisée.\n\nLes peines prévues par le Code pénal sont moins sévères, allant de deux mois à deux ans de pri..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_76",4051,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P77","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ77","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q77","v":"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."},null,0,null,"Les personnes LGTB sont les plus touchées par le chômage, l’inactivité et la discrimination. Elles sont rejetées par leurs familles et leurs amis. Parfois, elles sont une cible facile d’agressions et de harcèlements. Il est à noter que l’homosexualité est un délit puni par la loi. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_77",4105,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P78","v":77},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ78","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q78","v":"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."},null,100,null,"La constitution algérienne consacre et protège le droit de propriété et le Code civil en son article 40 accorde à la femme le droit de jouir et d’exercer ses droits civils. Toutefois, les inégalités relevées dans le Code de la famille, dont la détermination des héritiers et les règ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_78",4159,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P79","v":78},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ79","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q79","v":"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."},null,100,null,"L’égalité entre les sexes et la protection des droits de la femme en matière de propriété non foncière sont garanties par la loi. Par example:\nArt. 37. (Modifié) — Chacun des deux époux conserve son propre patrimoine. Toutefois, les deux..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_79",4213,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P80","v":79},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ80","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q80","v":"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."},null,0,null,"Le droit successoral algérien est fixé dans la loi n° 84-11 du 9 juin 1984. \nCette dernière identifie les héritiers et détermine leur part. Les inégalités relevées dans cette loi sont contraires aux principes d’égalité affirmés par la Constitution. (ex. : le fils h..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_80",4267,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P81","v":80},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ81","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q81","v":"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."},null,0,null,"Selon le Code de la famille, le divorce peut être prononcé par la volonté de l’époux, par le consentement mutuel des deux époux et à la demande de l’épouse, pour les causes suivantes :\nLe Code de la famille algérien distingue quatre procédures de divorce :..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_81",4321,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P82","v":81},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ82","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q82","v":"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."},null,0,null,"La garde des enfants est assurée conjointement par les deux parents, mais en cas de dissolution du mariage la loi confie l’enfant à sa mère de préférence. La garde des enfants, « Hadana » en arabe, consiste, selon le Code de la famille, en l'entretien, la scolarisation et l'éducati..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_82",4375,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P83","v":82},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ83","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q83","v":"In law, women have the right to independent travel."},null,50,null,"Les femmes ont le droit de se déplacer de façon indépendante, sauf en ce qui concerne le pèlerinage à la Mecque.\nLes femmes seules ne sont, en principe, autorisées à effectuer le pèlerinage que si elles sont..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_83",4429,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P84","v":83},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ84","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q84","v":"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, les textes juridiques concernant les relations de travail sont favorables aux femmes. Ces dernières ont un accès égal aux opportunités d’emploi et aux avantages en milieu de travail. La législation actuelle du travail ne fait aucune différence entre les travailleurs des..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_84",4483,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P85","v":84},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ85","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q85","v":"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, les inégalités hommes femmes restent très présentes. Selon une carte des inégalités entre sexes, publiée sur le site web du World Economic Forum (http://widgets.weforum.org/gender-gap-index/), l’Algérie est classée au 120e rang sur 135 pays, avec un score global de 0,61..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_85",4537,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P86","v":85},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ86","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q86","v":"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."},null,25,null,"Les nominations au sein du gouvernement tiennent compte du sexe.\n\nLe gouvernement actuel compte 33 membres, dont quatre femmes, soit 12 %. Ces femmes sont certe..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_86",4591,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P87","v":86},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ87","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q87","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."},null,75,null,"La représentativité de la femme au sein des plus hautes institutions judiciaires progresse, mais lentement. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_87",4645,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P88","v":87},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ88","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q88","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature."},null,75,null,"En Algérie, le taux de représentativité féminine au sein du  parlement a atteint les 32 %. Il a dépassé le taux de 30 % proposé par la première version du projet de loi organique qui a fixé les modalités d’élargissement de la représentativité des femmes dans les assemblées élues de..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_88",4699,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P89","v":88},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ89","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q89","v":"In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide."},null,25,null,"En Algérie, le gouvernement déploie des efforts pour réduire la fracture numérique par la formation des femmes dans les technologies de l’information et de la communication et par le fait de les doter des outils nécessaires. Une étude sur les TIC réalisée en 2013 par la société IMM..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_89",4753,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P90","v":89},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ90","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q90","v":"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights."},null,75,null,"Les droits d'auteurs sont assurés par un organisme d'État dénommé Office national des droits d'auteurs et droits voisins, par abréviation ONDA. Ce dernier a pour mission de veiller à la protection et à la défense des intérêts moraux et matériels des auteurs, ou de leurs ayant droit..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_90",4807,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P91","v":90},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ91","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q91","v":"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms."},null,75,null,"Les représentants du secteur privé sont parfois consultés par le gouvernement lors de l’examen des mécanismes fiscaux et autres mécanismes de recettes publiques. Le gouvernement a tenu durant cette année plusieurs réunions avec les représentants du secteur privé pour débattre des p..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_91",4861,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P92","v":91},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ92","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q92","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment."},null,50,null,"Les statistiques du chômage de l’office national des statistiques (ONS) ne cessent d’être critiquées par différentes associations de l’emploi, parce que les rapports sont publiés avec un retard. Cependant le taux de chômage des jeunes pour 2011 a été seulement publié en Janvier 201..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_92",4915,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P93","v":92},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ93","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q93","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty."},null,0,null,"Aucune information concernant la pauvreté n’a été fournie, ces dernières années, par l’Office national des statistiques (voir le site Internet de l’ONS : http://www.ons.dz/-Statistiques-Sociales-.html). Le dernier rapport de l'ONS, datant de 2009/2011, et intitulé « l’Algérie en qu..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_93",4969,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P94","v":93},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ94","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q94","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, les données statistiques sur la plupart des infrastructures sont publiées par l’office national des statistiques (ONS). Elles sont également disponibles sur son site internet. Seulement, la publication des statistiques se fait à peu près à chaque deux ans. Quant aux ins..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_94",5023,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P95","v":94},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ95","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q95","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web."},null,75,null,"L’Algérie se trouve parmi les derniers pays à l’échelle mondiale en matière de technologie de l’information, malgré les efforts consentis dans la perspective d’améliorer les services d’accès à l’internet. En 2009, le gouvernement algérien a adopté le projet « stratégie e-Algérie 20..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_95",5077,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P96","v":95},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ96","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q96","v":"In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, l’accès des citoyens à Internet a augmenté par rapport à l'année précédente de 14% à 15,23% un changement de 8.77%. ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_96",5131,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P97","v":96},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ97","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q97","v":"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, il y a 113,655 Kms des routes mais de nombreux villages sont encore isolés (nous n'avons pas trouvé de statistiques spécifiques). L’accès à ces villages est très difficile suite à la dégradation des principaux axes menant vers ces régions. Les dernières pluies qui se so..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_97",5185,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P98","v":97},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ98","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q98","v":"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport."},null,50,null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2013,$C108,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2013,$C108,4))","v":"En Algérie, la compagnie Air Algérie est classée dans la catégorie B, niveau correct, en matière de sécurité à la suite d’une enquête du site securvol.fr. Elle a procédé ces dernières années au renouvellement de sa flotte et s’est soumise en 2008 aux conditions de l’IATA en faisant..."}]
[null,"2013_DZ_98",5239,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P99","v":98},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ99","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q99","v":"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies."},null,25,null,"Le gouvernement algérien a mis en place une stratégie nationale pour le développement rural. Son but est d’améliorer les conditions d’exercice des activités agricole et les conditions de vie des populations rurales. Des cellules d’animation rurale ont été créées au niveau des daïra..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_99",5293,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P100","v":99},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ100","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q100","v":"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action."},null,100,null,"En Algérie, chaque groupe de citoyen a le droit de créer une association dans n’importe quelle région du pays. Aucun obstacle n’empêche les populations rurales de s’organiser en association ou en groupe. (Les résultats du loi n°12-06 Janvier 12, 2012  n'avaient pas commencé au cour..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_100",5347,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P101","v":100},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ101","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q101","v":"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food)."},null,50,null,"L’Algérie est fortement dépendante de l’étranger pour la satisfaction des besoins de la population en matière de certains produits alimentaires nécessaires, malgré le fait qu'elle dispose d’un réel potentiel agricole qui pourrait offrir d’importantes perspectives de développement v..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_101",5401,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P102","v":101},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ102","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q102","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth."},null,50,null,"La stratégie gouvernementale visant à accroître l’intégration socio-économique des jeunes a donné plus de force au secteur de l’emploi par l’intermédiaire des dispositifs mis en place, entre autres l’ANSEJ, ANEM. ANGEM, CNAC. Par contre, des carences persistent toujours dans le dom..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_102",5455,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P103","v":102},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ103","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q103","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, les personnes âgées en situation de vulnérabilité bénéficient de l’assistance de l’État, notamment en matière de soins, d'aide sociale et d'activités spécifiques. Selon le ministère de la Solidarité, de la Famille et de la Condition de la Femme, il existe « 32 foyers po..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_103",5509,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P104","v":103},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ104","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q104","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, il existe des institutions nationales chargées de la prise en charge des personnes présentant un handicap auditif, mental, moteur, visuel et des personnes infirmes et incurables atteintes d’une maladie chronique invalidante, et certains avantages existent...."]
[null,"2013_DZ_104",5563,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P105","v":104},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ105","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q105","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, la CNAC (Caisse nationale d’assurance-chômage) gère l’assurance-chômage; c'est un organisme placé sous tutelle du Ministère de l’Emploi, du Travail et de la Sécurité sociale et qui a été créé en 1994 pour venir en aide aux sans-emploi issus d’une compression d’effectifs..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_105",5617,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P106","v":105},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ106","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q106","v":"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information."},null,0,null,"La plupart des registres du budget et des dépenses des hôpitaux et cliniques ne sont pas mis à la disposition du public. Généralement, les citoyens ont accès aux informations relatives au budget des établissements sanitaires étatiques par le biais de la presse."]
[null,"2013_DZ_106",5671,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P107","v":106},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ107","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q107","v":"In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information."},null,50,null,"En Algérie, les citoyens ont accès uniquement à des informations sur l’emplacement et les coordonnées des hôpitaux et des cliniques. Le site web de l’Agence nationale de documentation de la santé, du ministère de la Santé, ne fournit aucune information sur les services offerts par ..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_107",5725,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P108","v":107},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ108","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q108","v":"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics."},null,75,null,"En Algérie, les campagnes de santé visant à éduquer les citoyens sur les maladies courantes et leur prévention et à les sensibiliser sur les risques de santé publique prennent généralement une envergure nationale. Elles sont occasionnelles et ne durent pas plus de quelques jours. P..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_108",5779,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P109","v":108},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ109","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q109","v":"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level."},null,75,null,"En Algérie, il existe un programme d'enseignement standard et un système de qualification standard pour l'enseignement primaire et secondaire. Seulement, les réformes apportées dans le système éducatif ces dernières années (la surcharge des programmes éducatifs et leur modification..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_109",5833,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P110","v":109},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ110","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q110","v":"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."},null,0,null,"En Algérie, l’enseignement est gratuit à tous les niveaux, quel que soit le type d’établissement public fréquenté. Néanmoins, les inégalités géographiques et sociales d’accès à l’éducation demeurent marquées dans le pays, et ce malgré les ressources importantes qui ont été investie..."]
[null,"2013_DZ_110",5887,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!P111","v":110},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!AQ111","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!Q111","v":"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework."},null,75,null,"La planification du système éducatif tient compte des besoins de l'économie du pays. Des réunions périodiques se sont tenues entre les parties prenantes sur les types de mains d’œuvre nécessaires pour l’économie du pays et plusieurs conventions et accords interministériels ont été ..."]

{"sheet":"2013_Country_Scores_","index":32,"n_rows":123,"n_cols":21,"rows_kept":123,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2013 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$D$78","v":"Algeria"}]
[null,null,null,"Scores 0-100 where 100=best possible score"]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$48","v":"Click question to highlight.  Double click to view commentary and references for selected country. (FRENCH LANGUAGE)"}]
[]
[null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$90","v":1},"SCORES 100 (BEST)",null,null,null,"SCORES 75",null,null,null,"SCORES 50",null,null,null,"SCORES 25",null,null,null,"SCORES 0 (WORST)"]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!N10","v":4},{"$f":"IF(C12=0,\"\",C12)","v":4},{"$f":"IF(C12=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,C12))","v":"* Judicial decisions"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!O10","v":86},{"$f":"IF(G12=0,\"\",G12)","v":86},{"$f":"IF(G12=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,G12))","v":"* Women in the judiciary"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!P10","v":18},{"$f":"IF(K12=0,\"\",K12)","v":18},{"$f":"IF(K12=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,K12))","v":"* Police misconduct reporting"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!Q10","v":2},{"$f":"IF(O12=0,\"\",O12)","v":2},{"$f":"IF(O12=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,O12))","v":"* Judicial independence"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!R10","v":1},{"$f":"IF(S12=0,\"\",S12)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(S12=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,S12))","v":"Judicial independence"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!N11","v":5},{"$f":"IF(C13=0,\"\",C13)","v":5},{"$f":"IF(C13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,C13))","v":"Supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!O11","v":87},{"$f":"IF(G13=0,\"\",G13)","v":87},{"$f":"IF(G13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,G13))","v":"* Representation of women in legislature"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!P11","v":23},{"$f":"IF(K13=0,\"\",K13)","v":23},{"$f":"IF(K13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,K13))","v":"* Equitable access to media for political parties"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!Q11","v":3},{"$f":"IF(O13=0,\"\",O13)","v":3},{"$f":"IF(O13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,O13))","v":"* Judicial appointments"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!R11","v":9},{"$f":"IF(S13=0,\"\",S13)","v":9},{"$f":"IF(S13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,S13))","v":"* Supreme audit institution reporting"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!N12","v":6},6,{"$f":"IF(C14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,C14))","v":"Independence of supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!O12","v":89},89,{"$f":"IF(G14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,G14))","v":"* Intellectual property protection"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!P12","v":25},25,{"$f":"IF(K14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,K14))","v":"* Competitive bidding"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!Q12","v":7},7,{"$f":"IF(O14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,O14))","v":"* Independence of supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!R12","v":11},11,{"$f":"IF(S14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,S14))","v":"Public sector corruption bodies"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!N13","v":10},10,{"$f":"IF(C15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,C15))","v":"Criminalization of corruption"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!O13","v":90},90,{"$f":"IF(G15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,G15))","v":"* Private sector involvement in tax review"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!P13","v":28},28,{"$f":"IF(K15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,K15))","v":"* Procurement bidding restrictions"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!Q13","v":8},8,{"$f":"IF(O15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,O15))","v":"* Appointments to supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!R13","v":12},12,{"$f":"IF(S15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,S15))","v":"* Corruption investigation"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!N14","v":15},15,{"$f":"IF(C16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,C16))","v":"Accountability of heads of state/government"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!O14","v":94},94,{"$f":"IF(G16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,G16))","v":"* Policy on internet access"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!P14","v":30},30,{"$f":"IF(K16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,K16))","v":"* Natural resource revenue management"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!Q14","v":13},13,{"$f":"IF(O16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,O16))","v":"* Public sector corruption bodies"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!R14","v":14},14,{"$f":"IF(S16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,S16))","v":"* Appointments to public sector corruption bodies"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!N15","v":24},24,{"$f":"IF(C17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,C17))","v":"Competitive bidding"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!O15","v":107},107,{"$f":"IF(G17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,G17))","v":"* Public health campaigns"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!P15","v":39},39,{"$f":"IF(K17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,K17))","v":"* Appointment of civil servants"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!Q15","v":20},20,{"$f":"IF(O17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,O17))","v":"* Appointments to election monitoring agency"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!R15","v":16},16,{"$f":"IF(S17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,S17))","v":"* Prosecution of heads of state/government"}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!N16","v":27},27,{"$f":"IF(C18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,C18))","v":"Procurement bidding restrictions"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!O16","v":108},108,{"$f":"IF(G18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,G18))","v":"* Education curriculum"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!P16","v":52},52,{"$f":"IF(K18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,K18))","v":"* Media company ownership disclosure"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!Q16","v":21},21,{"$f":"IF(O18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,O18))","v":"* Independence of election monitoring agency"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2013!R16","v":17},17,{"$f":"IF(S18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2013!$AV$2:$AV$111,S18))","v":"Police misconduct reporting"}]
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[null,3,{"$f":"IF(B16=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},3,"*","In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.",25,0,50,75,25,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,25,50,25,0,0,0,25,50,0,100,50,25,100,25,25,0,0,50,50,0,100,25,25,75,50,50,25,25,25,50,0,0,75,0,0,0,50,50,50,50,50,50]
[null,4,{"$f":"IF(B17=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},4,"*","In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.",100,25,100,100,0,25,100,50,0,25,50,100,50,50,25,75,25,25,50,50,50,100,50,25,100,100,100,50,50,50,25,0,100,50,100,75,25,100,100,50,50,100,50,0,100,25,0,100,75,50,0,75,100,0]
[null,5,{"$f":"IF(B18=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},5,null,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,6,{"$f":"IF(B19=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},6,null,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.",100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,100]
[null,7,{"$f":"IF(B20=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},7,"*","In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.",25,0,50,50,50,25,75,0,25,0,100,100,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,0,50,25,0,75,50,25,0,0,75,50,0,100,25,25,75,50,25,50,25,100,75,50,0,100,0,50,25,75,25,50,75,75,0]
[null,8,{"$f":"IF(B21=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},8,"*","In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.",25,25,75,50,25,25,75,0,25,0,50,75,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,75,0,0,100,25,50,0,0,50,50,0,100,0,0,75,50,75,75,0,25,50,75,0,100,0,0,0,50,0,75,75,50,50]
[null,9,{"$f":"IF(B22=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},9,"*","In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.",0,0,0,0,0,25,75,0,0,25,50,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,50,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,50,25,0,0,0,0,100,50,0,100,0,0,0,75,0,25,50,50,50]
[null,10,{"$f":"IF(B23=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},10,null,"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,11,{"$f":"IF(B24=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},11,null,"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.",0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,100]
[null,12,{"$f":"IF(B25=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},12,"*","In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.",0,0,75,75,75,25,50,100,0,25,75,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,0,50,25,50,0,0,100,75,50,0,25,50,50,0,75,0,0,25,50,0,50,0,50,50,100,0,75,25,25,50,25,0,100,50,50,25]
[null,13,{"$f":"IF(B26=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},13,"*","In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.",25,0,25,75,75,25,25,50,0,25,50,25,25,0,0,25,0,0,50,0,25,50,25,0,50,50,0,0,50,50,100,0,75,0,25,50,50,50,50,0,0,0,50,0,100,0,0,50,50,0,50,50,50,50]
[null,14,{"$f":"IF(B27=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},14,"*","In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.",0,0,75,0,50,0,75,50,0,0,75,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,100,25,0,50,75,0,0,0,50,50,0,50,0,25,50,0,50,0,0,0,25,50,25,100,0,0,25,25,0,100,50,50,50]
[null,15,{"$f":"IF(B28=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},15,null,"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.",100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100]
[null,16,{"$f":"IF(B29=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},16,"*","In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.",0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,100,0,50,0,25,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,50,50,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,17,{"$f":"IF(B30=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},17,null,"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.",0,100,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,18,{"$f":"IF(B31=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},18,"*","In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.",50,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,0,0,50,50,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,25,50,25,50,0,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,0,25,25,25,0,50,25,25,25,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,25,50,50,50,25]
[null,19,{"$f":"IF(B32=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},19,null,"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.",0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,20,{"$f":"IF(B33=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},20,"*","In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.",25,0,75,25,75,0,50,0,25,25,50,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,25,75,25,25,0,25,0,50,0,100,0,25,75,50,100,25,25,25,50,0,0,75,0,0,0,0,50,100,50,50,50]
[null,21,{"$f":"IF(B34=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},21,"*","In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.",25,0,50,0,75,0,75,0,25,50,50,25,25,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,75,75,25,0,50,25,50,50,100,0,25,100,75,50,0,25,50,25,25,0,75,0,25,0,50,25,100,75,100,50]
[null,22,{"$f":"IF(B35=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},22,"*","In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.",25,0,75,100,50,50,50,25,25,50,50,0,25,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,25,50,50,50,100,50,25,0,25,25,50,50,100,100,75,25,25,0,50,50,25,50,0,25,75,0,0,25]
[null,23,{"$f":"IF(B36=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},23,"*","In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.",50,0,50,0,50,0,50,0,25,0,75,0,0,25,0,50,0,0,0,50,0,50,0,50,50,50,0,0,50,50,100,0,50,100,100,0,100,0,75,50,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,100,25,50,0]
[null,24,{"$f":"IF(B37=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},24,null,"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,25,{"$f":"IF(B38=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},25,"*","In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.",50,0,100,100,50,50,75,0,25,25,0,100,50,50,50,0,0,0,25,0,0,50,50,0,75,100,0,0,25,50,50,25,100,50,25,75,50,50,75,50,25,50,50,0,75,25,0,50,50,50,100,50,75,25]
[null,26,{"$f":"IF(B39=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},26,"*","In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).",0,0,50,50,50,0,25,50,0,50,0,75,25,50,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,50,50,0,50,25,50,0,25,0,25,0,75,25,25,50,25,50,50,25,25,50,0,0,25,0,0,25,50,0,0,25,100,0]
[null,27,{"$f":"IF(B40=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},27,null,"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.",100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,28,{"$f":"IF(B41=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},28,"*","In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids",50,0,25,25,100,25,0,100,0,0,0,50,100,50,25,0,0,0,50,25,50,50,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,50,0,0,50,25,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,25,0,100,100,0]
[null,29,{"$f":"IF(B42=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},29,"*","In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.",25,0,50,50,50,0,50,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,25,25,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,25,25,0,0,25,0,25,0,0,0,100,0,0,50,0,0,25,0,25,0]
[null,30,{"$f":"IF(B43=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},30,"*","In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.",50,25,25,50,50,25,0,0,0,0,0,50,25,25,0,0,0,25,0,25,0,100,25,0,0,50,0,25,0,25,0,25,100,50,0,25,0,0,0,25,50,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,50,100,0,0,75,0]
[null,31,{"$f":"IF(B44=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},31,"*","In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.",0,25,100,50,75,100,100,0,0,25,0,100,75,100,50,0,0,0,50,100,75,100,75,0,100,100,50,50,50,50,100,75,100,100,50,50,25,100,50,75,50,100,100,25,100,50,50,25,100,0,100,50,100,75]
[null,32,{"$f":"IF(B45=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},32,null,"In law, both the executive's budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full every year.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,33,{"$f":"IF(B46=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},33,"*","In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.",25,25,50,25,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,100,0,0,50,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,75,0,0,0,0,0,100,25,0,0,50,0,50,0,0,0,50,0,0,50,75,100]
[null,34,{"$f":"IF(B47=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},34,"*","In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.",25,0,75,50,25,50,0,0,0,25,0,75,50,50,0,0,0,0,50,25,25,50,0,0,75,75,25,0,0,75,100,25,100,0,25,75,0,100,50,0,0,25,25,25,75,25,0,0,25,0,0,75,50,50]
[null,35,{"$f":"IF(B48=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},35,null,"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.",0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100]
[null,36,{"$f":"IF(B49=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},36,null,"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.",0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,0]
[null,37,{"$f":"IF(B50=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},37,null,"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,38,{"$f":"IF(B51=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},38,"*","In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.",0,0,75,100,50,25,25,0,25,25,0,0,25,25,50,25,0,0,25,25,0,75,25,0,25,50,25,0,0,25,25,0,50,50,0,75,0,50,50,0,100,50,50,25,25,0,50,50,50,50,50,50,0,0]
[null,39,{"$f":"IF(B52=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},39,"*","In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.",50,0,50,50,50,25,25,25,25,25,0,0,50,25,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,50,50,0,50,50,25,0,25,50,0,0,50,25,0,25,0,0,50,0,25,25,25,0,50,0,50,25,25,25,50,50,50,50]
[null,40,{"$f":"IF(B53=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},40,null,"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,41,{"$f":"IF(B54=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},41,null,"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.",0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100]
[null,42,{"$f":"IF(B55=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},42,"*","In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.",0,0,25,0,25,25,25,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,50,0,75,0,0,0,0,25,50,0,25,0,25,50,0,25,50,50,50,0,0,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,25,25,0,0]
[null,43,{"$f":"IF(B56=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},43,"*","In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.",100,0,25,75,50,25,75,25,0,50,25,0,0,25,25,25,0,0,0,50,25,100,25,0,50,50,0,25,25,50,100,0,100,50,75,75,25,50,50,50,75,75,50,0,75,0,0,25,50,25,75,0,50,100]
[null,44,{"$f":"IF(B57=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},44,null,"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.",100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0]
[null,45,{"$f":"IF(B58=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},45,"*","In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,50,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,46,{"$f":"IF(B59=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},46,null,"In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,47,{"$f":"IF(B60=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},47,"*","In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,48,{"$f":"IF(B61=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},48,null,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).",0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100]
[null,49,{"$f":"IF(B62=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},49,"*","In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.",0,25,0,50,25,50,25,0,50,0,50,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,50,50,50,0,0,50,0,0,0,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,50,0,100,0,50,0,50,25,0,0,50,50]
[null,50,{"$f":"IF(B63=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},50,null,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.",0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,100,0,0]
[null,51,{"$f":"IF(B64=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},51,"*","In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,52,{"$f":"IF(B65=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},52,"*","In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.",50,0,100,75,75,25,25,0,100,75,50,100,50,25,75,0,25,0,100,50,100,50,0,25,25,50,50,50,50,75,50,0,100,50,100,25,0,50,25,75,100,50,100,25,100,25,25,100,25,50,100,75,50,50]
[null,53,{"$f":"IF(B66=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},53,"*","In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.",50,0,75,100,50,25,75,50,25,50,50,25,50,25,25,50,0,0,25,0,50,50,25,25,75,50,25,0,25,75,0,0,25,0,50,75,0,25,50,0,100,50,25,25,100,0,0,25,50,25,50,75,50,50]
[null,54,{"$f":"IF(B67=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},54,null,"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,100]
[null,55,{"$f":"IF(B68=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},55,"*","In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.",50,0,100,50,50,0,100,0,25,25,50,0,50,25,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,100,50,25,75,50,50,0,25,50,50,50,50,0,25,100,75,50,25,50,100,50,25,50,25,0,0,0,25,25,50,25,50,50]
[null,56,{"$f":"IF(B69=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},56,"*","In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).",0,50,100,75,75,50,100,100,100,50,50,75,75,50,50,25,25,0,25,100,0,100,100,25,100,100,50,25,100,75,100,100,50,25,100,100,75,50,50,75,100,100,100,0,100,25,0,50,75,100,50,25,25,25]
[null,57,{"$f":"IF(B70=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},57,"*","In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.",50,100,100,100,100,75,100,100,100,75,50,100,100,100,25,25,0,0,0,100,25,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,75,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,25,100,100,100,100,100,75,25,0,100,100,100,100,75,50,100]
[null,58,{"$f":"IF(B71=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},58,"*","In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.",50,50,50,100,50,25,100,50,50,0,50,0,75,50,75,75,0,0,25,50,75,50,25,0,50,50,25,50,75,25,25,50,75,50,50,50,50,50,50,25,100,50,0,25,75,25,50,50,50,50,100,50,50,50]
[null,59,{"$f":"IF(B72=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},59,"*","In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.",25,50,50,75,50,0,50,50,50,50,0,25,50,50,0,50,0,0,25,0,50,50,0,0,50,50,50,0,0,50,50,0,50,0,25,50,0,50,100,0,50,25,50,0,75,0,50,0,50,0,25,50,50,50]
[null,60,{"$f":"IF(B73=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},60,null,"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,61,{"$f":"IF(B74=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},61,null,"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,62,{"$f":"IF(B75=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},62,"*","In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.",25,50,50,50,50,0,100,50,0,0,50,25,0,25,50,0,0,0,50,0,75,50,25,0,50,50,50,25,50,50,50,50,0,50,25,50,75,25,75,25,50,50,75,0,75,0,50,50,25,0,50,25,50,50]
[null,63,{"$f":"IF(B76=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},63,null,"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,64,{"$f":"IF(B77=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},64,"*","In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.",25,0,50,50,25,25,50,25,25,0,0,25,25,0,50,0,0,0,25,25,0,25,0,0,25,50,0,25,0,25,0,0,75,50,50,25,0,0,25,0,25,50,0,0,50,0,0,50,0,0,50,0,0,0]
[null,65,{"$f":"IF(B78=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},65,"*","In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.",0,0,75,75,25,25,100,100,50,50,100,50,50,75,25,50,0,0,0,50,25,50,50,100,50,50,75,25,50,50,100,50,100,50,75,75,50,50,25,100,50,0,0,0,75,50,25,25,50,50,50,50,50,0]
[null,66,{"$f":"IF(B79=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},66,"*","In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.",25,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,25,0,25,50,50,50,50,25,25,0,50,25,50,75,50,25,50,50,25,50,50,50,25,0,50,50,50,50,25,25,50,100,50,50,50,0,75,25,0,100,0,50,75,25,50,50]
[null,67,{"$f":"IF(B80=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},67,"*","In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.",25,0,50,75,50,75,100,50,25,25,100,25,50,50,25,0,0,0,0,25,25,75,50,50,50,50,100,25,50,75,50,25,100,50,25,100,100,50,25,100,100,50,100,0,75,50,0,0,25,25,75,25,50,0]
[null,68,{"$f":"IF(B81=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},68,"*","In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.",25,0,100,100,100,50,100,25,100,25,100,100,50,50,25,25,0,0,0,25,25,100,100,100,50,75,100,50,50,100,75,25,100,25,50,100,100,100,50,100,100,75,50,25,50,25,25,100,50,50,100,50,25,0]
[null,69,{"$f":"IF(B82=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},69,"*","In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.",0,0,75,75,50,0,100,0,0,50,100,100,100,0,75,0,0,0,75,50,50,100,50,50,0,100,100,0,100,100,50,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,50,50,0,50,0]
[null,70,{"$f":"IF(B83=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},70,"*","In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.",25,50,100,75,100,50,100,100,50,50,50,100,75,0,100,0,0,0,0,50,50,100,100,50,50,75,100,100,0,100,100,50,100,0,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,75,100,25,50,50,0,100,100,100,100,0,75,0]
[null,71,{"$f":"IF(B84=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},71,null,"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0]
[null,72,{"$f":"IF(B85=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},72,"*","In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.",25,50,50,0,50,0,50,50,0,50,50,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,25,0,0,25,25,25,0,0,0,25,25,0,100,0,0,50,50,0,25,0,50,0,0,0,75,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,25,0]
[null,73,{"$f":"IF(B86=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},73,null,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.",0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,100,100,100]
[null,74,{"$f":"IF(B87=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},74,"*","In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.",0,0,100,0,50,25,75,0,0,75,0,0,50,50,0,0,0,0,25,50,50,50,50,50,25,50,0,0,50,50,50,0,100,0,50,50,50,0,25,0,50,50,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,50,0,0,25,0]
[null,75,{"$f":"IF(B88=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},75,null,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,76,{"$f":"IF(B89=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},76,"*","In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,77,{"$f":"IF(B90=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},77,null,"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.",100,50,100,50,50,50,100,50,50,50,100,50,50,0,100,0,0,50,50,50,50,50,100,50,0,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,50,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,50,50,0,50,50,100,50,50,50]
[null,78,{"$f":"IF(B91=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},78,null,"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.",100,100,100,50,100,50,100,0,50,50,100,50,100,0,50,50,0,50,100,50,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,0,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,50,50,0,50,100,100,100,50,50]
[null,79,{"$f":"IF(B92=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},79,null,"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.",0,100,100,50,50,0,100,50,50,50,50,50,100,100,0,0,0,50,100,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,0,50,50,50,0,100,0,50,50,50,50,50,100,0,100,50,50,50,50,0,0,50,50,0,50,50,50]
[null,80,{"$f":"IF(B93=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},80,null,"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.",0,100,100,50,50,100,100,50,50,50,0,50,0,100,0,50,50,50,100,50,50,100,0,50,0,50,100,50,100,50,100,0,50,100,100,50,0,50,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,50,0,50,50,50,100,50,100,100]
[null,81,{"$f":"IF(B94=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},81,null,"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.",0,100,100,100,50,100,100,50,50,50,100,50,100,100,100,50,0,50,100,50,50,100,0,50,100,100,0,0,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,0,0,100,100,100,50,50,100]
[null,82,{"$f":"IF(B95=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},82,null,"In law, women have the right to independent travel.",50,100,100,50,100,100,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,100,50,50,100,100,100,50,100,100,100,50,100,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,0,50,50,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,83,{"$f":"IF(B96=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},83,null,"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.",100,50,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,0,50,0,100,100,0,50,100,100,100,50,0,100,100,0,100,50,50,100,100,100,100,50,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,0,0,50,100,50,100,100,100,100]
[null,84,{"$f":"IF(B97=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},84,"*","In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.",25,0,50,75,25,50,50,50,50,25,75,0,50,50,50,0,50,25,25,25,25,50,50,25,25,50,75,0,50,25,50,0,50,0,25,50,0,25,25,50,50,75,50,0,50,25,25,50,25,25,50,50,0,0]
[null,85,{"$f":"IF(B98=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},85,"*","In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.",25,75,75,50,50,100,100,50,75,75,75,25,50,50,50,50,25,75,25,25,100,75,25,25,75,75,75,25,75,75,25,25,25,0,75,75,50,75,100,75,100,100,25,75,100,75,25,75,75,75,0,75,75,50]
[null,86,{"$f":"IF(B99=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},86,"*","In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).",75,100,75,50,75,0,100,50,100,50,0,50,75,25,100,0,0,75,25,100,100,100,100,0,75,100,100,50,75,100,75,0,100,50,25,0,50,75,100,75,25,25,100,0,75,0,0,25,75,50,100,100,100,100]
[null,87,{"$f":"IF(B100=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},87,"*","In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.",75,100,25,25,75,100,75,50,75,50,0,25,25,25,25,0,25,0,75,50,25,25,100,25,75,75,25,50,50,50,25,75,75,50,100,75,25,25,100,50,100,100,25,50,100,75,75,75,100,50,75,100,50,100]
[null,88,{"$f":"IF(B101=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},88,"*","In practice, the government takes action to close the gender digital divide.",25,0,50,25,25,25,0,75,0,0,50,0,0,0,25,0,25,0,50,50,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,50,0,0,100,0,0,50,0,50,50,0,100,50,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,0,100,25,50,25]
[null,89,{"$f":"IF(B102=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},89,"*","In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.",75,25,50,25,0,25,0,0,25,25,25,25,50,50,50,0,0,0,0,25,0,75,50,25,25,0,0,0,0,25,50,0,50,0,0,25,25,50,0,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,25,0,25,0,0,25,50,0]
[null,90,{"$f":"IF(B103=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},90,"*","In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.",75,50,100,100,75,0,50,50,0,50,50,100,100,0,50,25,0,0,25,50,0,25,0,100,50,75,0,0,25,50,0,0,50,50,25,100,0,75,100,25,100,50,50,0,100,0,0,75,100,0,25,100,50,50]
[null,91,{"$f":"IF(B104=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},91,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.",50,0,50,100,0,0,50,0,75,0,0,0,75,0,25,100,0,0,50,0,0,0,75,0,0,50,0,50,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,50,25,0,0,50,0,0,0,100,0,0,25,25,0,100,75,0,0]
[null,92,{"$f":"IF(B105=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},92,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.",0,0,50,100,0,25,50,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,50,25,0,0,25,0,0,0,75,0,0,0,0,0,25,100,50,0,0,25,100,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,100,25,0,0,50,25,0,25,0,0]
[null,93,{"$f":"IF(B106=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},93,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).",50,0,100,100,75,25,0,0,25,50,0,0,0,50,25,100,0,0,50,0,0,0,100,0,75,50,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,25,0,50,0,0,25,50,0,100,0,0,25,25,50,100,25,0,0]
[null,94,{"$f":"IF(B107=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},94,"*","In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase citizen access to the Web.",75,100,75,75,75,100,100,100,50,50,25,75,50,25,0,100,75,0,0,100,100,100,50,25,100,50,0,50,50,50,75,50,100,50,50,100,50,100,100,100,100,75,50,0,25,50,0,100,100,100,25,100,100,100]
[null,95,{"$f":"IF(B108=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},95,"*","In practice, citizen access to the Web increased compared to the year before.",50,100,50,100,100,50,50,100,100,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,100,50,100,25,100,50,50,100,50,100,50,100,100,50,50,100,100,50,50,50,100,100,100,75,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,50]
[null,96,{"$f":"IF(B109=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},96,"*","In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.",50,25,50,100,25,50,100,25,25,50,50,25,50,50,50,25,50,0,0,50,0,50,50,50,50,25,25,25,50,50,50,0,100,50,50,50,25,0,50,50,75,100,25,0,50,0,0,25,0,25,25,50,25,0]
[null,97,{"$f":"IF(B110=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},97,"*","In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.",50,25,0,50,50,50,100,75,25,25,50,25,75,25,25,75,0,0,75,50,75,50,50,0,75,0,0,25,50,50,75,50,50,75,25,100,25,50,75,25,50,50,25,0,100,0,50,75,50,25,100,50,25,50]
[null,98,{"$f":"IF(B111=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},98,"*","In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.",25,25,50,50,50,25,25,0,50,50,50,0,25,0,50,25,0,0,25,25,25,50,50,25,25,25,0,0,0,50,50,0,75,0,25,75,25,0,100,25,50,25,50,0,25,0,0,0,50,0,50,0,25,25]
[null,99,{"$f":"IF(B112=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},99,"*","In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.",100,25,100,100,100,50,100,100,100,75,100,100,100,50,100,25,0,25,25,100,75,100,75,100,100,75,50,75,100,100,100,50,100,50,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,50,50,0,25,50,100,100,100,100,0]
[null,100,{"$f":"IF(B113=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},100,"*","In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).",50,25,100,50,75,50,75,50,25,75,25,100,50,50,50,50,50,0,100,75,50,50,50,50,50,75,50,50,0,50,75,50,100,50,25,100,100,100,100,50,25,75,100,0,50,25,25,50,50,0,50,75,25,50]
[null,101,{"$f":"IF(B114=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},101,"*","In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.",50,25,50,75,75,50,50,75,25,50,25,25,50,50,50,50,25,0,50,75,100,50,50,0,50,50,25,50,50,50,50,25,100,75,25,50,75,50,50,75,100,75,50,0,50,0,25,50,0,100,50,25,50,50]
[null,102,{"$f":"IF(B115=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},102,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.",50,0,25,75,50,25,50,50,25,25,25,25,25,50,50,75,25,0,0,50,50,50,25,25,50,50,0,25,25,25,25,25,100,0,25,75,50,25,50,25,50,100,25,0,75,0,0,50,25,25,50,25,50,50]
[null,103,{"$f":"IF(B116=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},103,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.",50,25,50,25,25,50,50,25,25,50,0,25,50,50,25,25,50,0,0,50,50,50,25,50,25,50,0,25,25,25,50,50,100,25,50,50,50,25,50,25,25,100,25,0,50,0,25,0,25,25,50,0,0,25]
[null,104,{"$f":"IF(B117=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},104,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.",50,0,25,75,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,50,0,0,0,50,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,100,50,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,75,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0]
[null,105,{"$f":"IF(B118=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},105,"*","In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.",0,0,50,25,0,0,50,0,25,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,25,25,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,25,0,0,25,25,25,0,50,100,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,75,0,25]
[null,106,{"$f":"IF(B119=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},106,"*","In practice, citizens have access to information about hospitals and clinics' services, location, and contact information.",50,0,25,25,25,25,25,50,50,25,25,0,50,0,50,25,25,0,25,50,50,50,0,25,75,25,25,25,50,50,25,25,100,50,0,0,25,25,50,50,100,100,0,0,75,0,0,50,25,0,100,25,50,25]
[null,107,{"$f":"IF(B120=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},107,"*","In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.",75,50,100,100,50,75,100,100,50,75,25,100,100,75,75,50,50,75,50,100,100,100,100,50,75,75,50,25,100,75,100,25,100,50,75,75,75,25,100,100,50,75,50,0,75,50,50,50,100,50,100,25,50,50]
[null,108,{"$f":"IF(B121=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},108,"*","In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.",75,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,100,100,50,100,100,100,75,50,100,50,100,100,100,100,25,100,100,75,50,100,100,100,50,100,100,100,100,75,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,25,100,100,75,75,100,100,100,100]
[null,109,{"$f":"IF(B122=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},109,"*","In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.",0,0,0,100,0,25,100,0,25,50,0,0,0,0,50,25,0,50,0,50,50,25,50,0,25,50,0,50,0,0,0,0,100,50,50,50,25,0,50,75,0,75,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0]
[null,110,{"$f":"IF(B123=uxbWorks!$B$90,1,0)","v":0},110,"*","In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.",75,50,100,50,0,25,50,50,50,75,0,25,50,50,75,25,0,25,50,50,75,100,50,25,50,50,0,0,0,50,0,0,50,50,50,75,75,75,100,50,0,100,0,0,50,25,50,25,25,0,50,50,100,0]

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["2013 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
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[null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$175","v":"15 matches found."}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ2","v":55},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK2","v":"55) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ3","v":56},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK3","v":"56) * In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.)."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ4","v":23},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK4","v":"23) * In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ5","v":45},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK5","v":"45) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ6","v":44},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK6","v":"44) In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ7","v":46},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK7","v":"46) In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclosures are public."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ8","v":47},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK8","v":"47) * In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ9","v":28},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK9","v":"28) * In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ10","v":52},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK10","v":"52) * In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ11","v":53},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK11","v":"53) * In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ12","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK12","v":"76) * In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ13","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK13","v":"72) * In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ14","v":30},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK14","v":"30) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ15","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK15","v":"74) * In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ16","v":29},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK16","v":"29) * In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ17","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK17","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ18","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK18","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ19","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK19","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ20","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK20","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ21","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK21","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ22","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK22","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ23","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK23","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ24","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK24","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BJ25","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$f":"tblIndi_2013!BK25","v":""}]
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{"sheet":"2012_Indicators","index":36,"n_rows":108,"n_cols":7,"rows_kept":108,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[null,null,"Click indicator to highlight.  Double click to view indicator scores."]
[null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$91","v":1},"Indicator",null,null,null,"Scoring"]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O2","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P2","v":1},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ2","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q2","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP2","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O3","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P3","v":2},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ3","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q3","v":"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP3","v":"A 100 score is earned where the judiciary is independent from political interference by the executive and legislative branches. Independence of the judiciary includes the ability and autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy. Judges operate without fear or favor.\n\nA 50 score is earned where national-level judgs are typically independent, yet sometimes influence in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no independent judiciary with judges often influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O4","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P4","v":3},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ4","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q4","v":"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP4","v":"A 100 score is earned where judges are free from the influence of political decision-makers or power groups and individuals to pursue their own reasoning. Judges have secure even life-long tenure to protect them from political interference. Judges decisions are impartial and based on laws and evidence. Their judicial authority extends to other parts of the political system (legislature and executive) asserting that those parts operate within the legal framework (constitution or other laws).\n\nA 50 score is earned where national-level judges are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by the government or public criticism. Some judges may be demoted or relocated in retaliation of unfavorable decisions.\n\nA 0 score is earned where national-level judges are commonly influenced by politics and personal biases or incentives. This may include conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties. Negative incentives may include demotion, pay cuts, relocation, threats or harassment.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O5","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P5","v":4},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ5","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q5","v":"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP5","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is a formal and mandatory, as opposed to ad hoc requirement for national-level judges to give reasons that explain their decisions/judgments. Judges are formally required to explain their judgments in detail, establishing a body of precedent. All judges comply with these requirements.\n\nA 50 score is earned where national-level judges are required to give reasons for their decisions/judgments, but some exceptions do exist. These may include special courts, such as military courts or tribunals.\n\nA 0 score is earned where national-level judges are not required to explain decisions and judges commonly issue decisions without formal explanations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O6","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P6","v":5},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ6","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q6","v":"In law, there is a supreme audit institution."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP6","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a supreme audit institution which is a statutory body that audits all the accounts of the national government.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no supreme audit institution.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O7","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P7","v":6},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ7","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q7","v":"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP7","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the Supreme Audit Institution is operationally independent.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing operational independence of the Supreme Audit Institution.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O8","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P8","v":7},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ8","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q8","v":"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP8","v":"A 100 score is earned where the agency has some formal organizational independence from the government. A 100 score is earned even if the entity is legally separate but in practice staffed by partisans.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the agency has some operational independence.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the agency is a subordinate part of any government ministry or agency, such as the Department of Interior or the Justice Department.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O9","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P9","v":8},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ9","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q9","v":"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP9","v":"A 100 score is earned where appointments to the agency are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.\n\nA 0 score is earned where appointments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O10","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P10","v":9},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ10","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q10","v":"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP10","v":"A 100 score is earned where the agency makes regular, publicly available, substantial reports to the legislature and/or to the public directly outlining the full scope of its work.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the agency makes publicly available reports to the legislature and/or to the public directly that are sometimes delayed or incomplete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the agency makes no reports of its activities, or makes reports that are consistently out of date, unavailable to the public, or insubstantial.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O11","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P11","v":10},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ11","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q11","v":"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP11","v":"A YES score is earned where corruption is criminalized as a specific offence or types of offences.\n\nA NO score is earned where corruption is not criminalized as a specific offence or types of offences.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O12","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P12","v":11},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ12","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q12","v":"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP12","v":"A YES score is earned where a law stipulating that there is a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported, exists.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no law stipulating that there is a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O13","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P13","v":12},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ13","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q13","v":"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP13","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is evidence of success in investigating and prosecuting, when appropriate, senior level politicians and/or civil servants for alleged corruption.\n\nA 50 score is earned where investigations of alleged corruption rarely result in prosecutions when they should have done. There is a reluctance by the prosecuting authority to take on politically powerful offenders.\n\nA 0 score is earned where allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants never result in investigation or prosecution.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O14","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P14","v":13},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ14","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q14","v":"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP14","v":"A 100 score is earned where the body takes effective action and cases that are reported are effectively investigated.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a body but it conducts weak investigations. Results of the investigation may be made available to other relevant agencies in the public sector.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the body rarely investigates and has no sanction power or rarely sanctions anybody. A 0 score is also earned when no specific body exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O15","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P15","v":14},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ15","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q15","v":"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP15","v":"A YES score is earned where heads of state and government can be investigated/prosecuted for alleged crimes they commit whilst in office.\n\nA NO score is earned where heads of state or government cannot be investigated/prosecuted for alleged crimes they commit whilst in office.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O16","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P16","v":15},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ16","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q16","v":"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP16","v":"A 100 score is earned where heads of state and government are always investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.\n\nA 50 score is earned where heads of state and government are sometimes investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.\n\nA 0 score is earned where heads of state and government are rarely or never investigated, charged and if found guilty, prosecuted for crimes they commit whilst in office.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O17","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P17","v":16},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ17","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q17","v":"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP17","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a formal process or mechanism by which citizens can complain about police actions or misconduct. A YES score is earned where a broader mechanism such as the national ombudsman, human rights commission, or anti-corruption agency has jurisdiction over the police.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such mechanism.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O18","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P18","v":17},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ18","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q18","v":"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP18","v":"A 100 score is earned where all law enforcement officers (including senior officials) are subject to criminal investigation for official misconduct. No crimes are exempt from prosecution.\n\nA 50 score is earned where law enforcement officers are generally subject to criminal investigation but exceptions may exist where criminal actions are overlooked by the police or prosecutors. Some crimes may be exempt from prosecution, such as actions taken in the line of duty.\n\nA 0 score is earned by law enforcement officers who enjoy a general protection from most criminal investigation. This may be due to a formal immunity or an informal understanding that the law enforcement community protects itself.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O19","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P19","v":18},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ19","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q19","v":"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP19","v":"A YES score is earned where the independence of the agency/agencies is established in law.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such law.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O20","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P20","v":19},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ20","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q20","v":"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP20","v":"A 100 score is earned where appointments to the agency or set of agencies/entities are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. However, individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.\n\nA 0 score is earned where appointments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O21","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P21","v":20},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ21","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q21","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP21","v":"A 100 score is earned only if the agency or set of agencies/entities has some formal organizational independence from the bodies contesting in the election.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments to the agency are usually based on professional qualifications. However, individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the election monitoring agency or set of agencies/entities is legally tied to bodies contesting the election (i.e. an executive branch agency such as the Interior Ministry, or a committee of the legislature). A 0 score is automatically earned if there is no domestic election monitoring agency.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O22","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P22","v":21},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ22","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q22","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP22","v":"A 100 score is earned where reports are released to the public both during and following an election cycle on a predictable schedule, without exceptions.\n\nA 50 score is earned where reports are released, but may be delayed, difficult to access, or otherwise limited.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the agency or set of agencies/entities makes no public reports either during or after an election cycle, and issues reports which are effectively secret, or issues reports of no value.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O23","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P23","v":22},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ23","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q23","v":"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP23","v":"A 100 score is earned where the government ensures that equal access and fair treatment of election contestants is provided by all state-owned media outlets, including all electronic and print media. This obligation extends to news reports, editorial comment, and all other content. All parties and candidates are offered consistent and equivalent rates for campaign advertising on state-owned media outlets.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government generally ensures equal access and fair treatment of all candidates and parties by state-owned media outlets but some exceptions exist. State-owned media may occasionally discriminate against particular parties or candidates and advertising rates may be confusing or non-transparent.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government uses stateowned media to routinely discriminate against opposition candidates and parties. Advertising space may be denied to opposition candidates and parties or higher rates may be charged.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O24","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P24","v":23},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ24","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q24","v":"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP24","v":"A YES score is earned where all major procurements require competitive bidding.\n\nA NO score is earned where competitive bidding is not required by law or regulation for major procurements.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O25","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P25","v":24},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ25","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q25","v":"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP25","v":"A 100 score is earned where competitive bidding is required by law and consistently implemented. Whilst there may be certain exceptional circumstances, nevertheless a 100 score is allocated if these are not abused or open up to large loopholes and discretion.\n\nA 50 score is earned where competitive bidding is required by law, but rarely or never implemented in practice.\n\nA 0 score is earned where competitive bidding is not required by law or regulation for major procurements.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O26","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P26","v":25},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ26","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q26","v":"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP26","v":"A 100 score is earned where records of public procurement results are publicly available through a formal process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records of public procurements are available, but there are exceptions to this practice. Some information may not be available, or some citizens may not be able to access information.\n\nA 0 score is earned where this information is not available to the public through an official process.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O27","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P27","v":26},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ27","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q27","v":"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP27","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal procurement blacklists, designed to prevent convicted companies from doing business with the government.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such process exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O28","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P28","v":27},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ28","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q28","v":"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP28","v":"A 100 score is earned where a system of formal blacklists and cooling off periods is in place for companies convicted of corruption. This system may include temporary or permanent prohibition from participating in future procurement bids.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a system of formal blacklists and cooling off periods is in place, but the system has flaws. Some procurements or companies may not be affected by the system, or the prohibitions are sometimes not effective.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no such system, or the system is consistently ineffective in prohibiting future hiring of blacklisted companies. There is widespread impunity.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O29","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P29","v":28},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ29","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q29","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP29","v":"A 100 score is earned where state-owned companies always publicly disclose financial data, which is generally accurate and up to date. Financial records of all state-owned companies are regularly audited by a trained third party auditor using accepted international standards. Records are uniformly available; there are no delays for politically sensitive information. Records are free to all citizens, or available for the cost of photocopying. Records can be obtained at little cost, such as by mail, or on-line.\n\nA 50 score is earned where state-owned companies disclose financial data, but it is flawed. Some companies may misstate financial data, file the information behind schedule, or not publicly disclose certain data. Financial records of state-owned companies are regularly audited, but exceptions may exist. Some companies may use flawed or deceptive accounting procedures, or some companies may be exempted from this requirement. Records take around two weeks to obtain. Some delays may be experienced. Records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital.\n\nA 0 score is earned where financial data is not publicly available, or is consistently superficial or otherwise of no value. State-owned companies are not audited, or the audits have no functional value. The auditors may collude with the companies in providing misleading or false information to the public. Records take more than a month to acquire. In some cases, most records may be available sooner, but there may be persistent delays in obtaining politically sensitive records. Retrieving records imposes a major financial burden on citizens. Records costs are prohibitive to most citizens, journalists, or NGOs trying to access this information.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O30","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P30","v":29},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ30","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q30","v":"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP30","v":"A 100 score is earned where all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. This includes defense and secret programs, which may be debated in closed hearings.\n\nA 50 score is earned where most significant government expenditures (as defined) are approved by the legislature, but some exceptions to this rule exist. This may include defense programs, an executive's personal budget, or other expenses.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the legislature does not have the power to approve or disapprove large portions of the government budget, or the legislature does not exercise this power in a meaningful way.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O31","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P31","v":30},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ31","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q31","v":"In law, the budget must be published in full every year."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP31","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a formal/legislative requirement to publish the executive's budget.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no formal requirement.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O32","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P32","v":31},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ32","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q32","v":"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP32","v":"A 100 score is earned where citizens, usually acting through NGOs, can provide information or commentary to the budget debate through a formal process. This information is essential to the process of evaluating budget priorities.\n\nA 50 score is earned where citizens or NGOs can provide input, but this information is often not taken into account for budget decisions. The process is not easily accessible to ordinary citizens.\n\nA 0 scored is earned where citizens or NGOs have no formal access to provide input to the budget debate.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O33","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P33","v":32},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ33","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q33","v":"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP33","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is a budget oversight committee comprised of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties in a roughly equitable distribution. All members of the committee -- including opposition party members -- are able to fully participate in the activities of the committee and influence the committee's work to roughly the same extent as any other member of the committee. Heads of ministry- or cabinet-level agencies submit regular, formal reports of expenses to this committee. Where irregularities are discovered, the committee is aggressive in investigating the government.\n\nA 50 score is earned where agency heads submit reports to a budget oversight committee, but these reports are flawed in some way. The reports may be inconsistently delivered, or lacking important details. The committee is comprised of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties although the ruling party has a disproportionate share of committee seats. The chairperson of the committee may be overly influential and curb other members' ability to shape the committee's activities. The committee starts investigations, but is limited in its effectiveness. The committee may be slow to act, unwilling to take on politically powerful offenders, or occasionally unable to enforce its judgments.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no budget oversight committee or equivalent, or heads of agencies do not submit meaningful reports to the agency. The committee is dominated by legislators of the ruling party and/or the committee chairperson. Opposition legislators serving on the committee have in practice no way to influence the work of the committee. The committee does not effectively investigate financial irregularities. The committee may start investigations but not complete them, or may fail to detect offenders. The committee may be partisan in its application of power.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O34","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P34","v":33},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ34","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q34","v":"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP34","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a specific legal requirement for civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such requirement exists.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O35","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P35","v":34},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ35","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q35","v":"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP35","v":"A YES score is earned where there are specific laws against recrimination of public sector whistleblowers. This may include prohibitions on termination, transfer, harassment or other consequences.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no legal protections for public-sector whistleblowers.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O36","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P36","v":35},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ36","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q36","v":"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP36","v":"A YES score is earned where there are specific formal rules prohibiting conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage in the executive branch of government. Regulations should include competitive recruitment and promotion procedures as well as safeguards against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such regulations exist.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O37","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P37","v":36},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ37","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q37","v":"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP37","v":"A 100 score is earned where there are specific formal rules establishing that the civil service carry out its duties independent of political interference. Civil servants operate independently of the political process, without incentive or pressure to render favorable treatment or policy decisions on politically sensitive issues. Civil servants rarely comment on political debates. Individual judgments are rarely praised or criticized by political figures. Civil servants are able to find a remedy in the courts for unjustified or politically-motivated dismissals.\n\nA 50 score is earned where civil servants are typically independent, yet are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political or personal incentives. This may include favorable or unfavorable treatment by superiors, public criticism or praise by the government, or other forms of influence. Civil servants may bring a case to the judicial system challenging politically-motivated dismissals but the case may encounter delays or bureaucratic hurdles.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent civil service. Civil servants are commonly influenced by political or personal matters. This may include conflicting family relationships, professional partnerships, or other personal loyalties. Negative incentives may include threats, harassment or other abuses of power. Civil servants are unable to find a remedy in the courts for unjustified or politically-motivated dismissals.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O38","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P38","v":37},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ38","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q38","v":"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP38","v":"A 100 score is earned where appointments to the civil service and their professional evaluations are made based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest arising from personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed usually do not have clear political party affiliations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where appointments and professional assessments are usually based on professional qualifications. Individuals appointed may have clear party loyalties, however.\n\nA 0 score is earned where appointments and professional assessments are often based on political considerations. Individuals appointed often have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections or other biases. Individuals appointed often have clear party loyalties.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O39","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P39","v":38},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ39","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q39","v":"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP39","v":"A YES score is earned where there are regulations restricting civil servants' ability to take positions in the private sector for a period of time after leaving government that would present a conflict of interest, including positions that directly seek to influence their former government colleagues.\n\nA NO score is earned where no such restrictions exist.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O40","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P40","v":39},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ40","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q40","v":"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP40","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a right (for instance a law or robust and detailed guarantee in the constitution) for citizens to be able to request government documents. Exceptions can be made for national security reasons or individual privacy, but they should be limited in scope. All other government documents should be available upon a public request.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such right.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O41","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P41","v":40},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ41","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q41","v":"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP41","v":"A 100 score is earned where requests for public information are responded to in a timely manner and with minimum costs: records are available on-line, or records can be obtained within two weeks. There are no delays for politically sensitive information. Legitimate exceptions are allowed for sensitive national security-related information.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are delays in requests for public information: records take around one to two months to obtain. Politically-sensitive information may be withheld without sufficient justification.\n\nA 0 score is earned where request for public information are not responded to in a timely manner. In some cases, most records may be available sooner, but there may be persistent delays in obtaining politically sensitive records. National security exemptions may be abused to avoid disclosure of government information.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O42","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P42","v":41},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ42","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q42","v":"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP42","v":"A 100 score is earned where all legislative processes and documents are accessible to the public (individuals, civil society groups or journalists). Records are uniformly available; there are no delays for politically sensitive information. Records are free to all citizens, or available for the cost of photocopying. Records can be obtained at little cost, such as by mail, or on-line. Records are complete and detailed.\n\nA 50 score is earned where legislative processes and documents take around two weeks to obtain. Some additional delays may be experienced. Legislative processes and documents/records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital. Legislative processes and documents contain some useful information but may be lacking important details, such as specific resolutions or actions taken.\n\nA 0 score is earned where legislative processes and documents are not accessible to the public (individuals, civil society groups or journalists).\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O43","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P43","v":42},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ43","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q43","v":"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP43","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a formal and legal process for heads of state and government and members of the legislature to disclose records of their assets.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no formal and legal process for heads of state and government and members of the legislature to disclose records of their assets.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O44","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P44","v":43},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ44","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q44","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP44","v":"A 100 score is earned where asset disclosure records are accessible to the public at little cost. The disclosure records are complete and detailed, providing the public with an accurate and updated accounting of the individuals' sources of income, investments, and other financial interests.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records are not made public or are incomplete. Records impose a financial burden on citizens, journalists or NGOs. Retrieving records may require a visit to a specific office, such as a regional or national capital. The asset disclosure records of the heads of state and government contain some useful information but may be lacking important details.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no asset disclosure requirement for heads of state or government. Asset disclosure records of the heads of state and government which may exist are overly general, lack any meaningful detail, and do not provide a clear accounting of the individuals' sources of income, investments, and other financial assets.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O45","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P45","v":44},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ45","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q45","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP45","v":"A YES score is earned where there are requirements mandating the disclosure of public contributions to political parties.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no requirements mandating the disclosure of public contributions to political parties.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O46","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P46","v":45},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ46","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q46","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP46","v":"A 100 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are publicly available, complete and detailed, itemizing all significant public sources of income and expenditure.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are sometimes available but are often lacking in important details, are overly general, or are otherwise incomplete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where records of public donations to political parties are rarely available and are so incomplete or overly general as to render them useless in understanding a party's sources of income and expenditure.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O47","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P47","v":46},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ47","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q47","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP47","v":"A YES score is earned where there are requirements mandating the disclosure of private (including individual and corporate) financial contributions to political parties.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no requirements mandating the disclosure of corporate (including individual) contributions to political parties.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O48","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P48","v":47},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ48","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q48","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP48","v":"A 100 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are publicly available, complete and detailed, itemizing all significant public sources of income and expenditure.\n\nA 50 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are sometimes available but are often lacking in important details, are overly general, or are otherwise incomplete.\n\nA 0 score is earned where records of private donations to political parties are rarely available and are so incomplete or overly general as to render them useless in understanding a party's sources of income and expenditure.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O49","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P49","v":48},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ49","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q49","v":"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP49","v":"A 100 score is earned where media companies publicly disclose their ownership. Financial records of media company ownership are readily available to the public.\n\nA 50 score is earned where media companies are ad hoc about publicly disclosing their ownership. This information is not readily available to the public.\n\nA 0 score is earned where media companies fail to publicly disclose their ownership. It is unclear who ones the media.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O50","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P50","v":49},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ50","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q50","v":"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP50","v":"A 100 score is earned where editors and journalists at the major media outlets abide by a strict journalistic code of conduct and are unwilling to alter their coverage of a particular issue, event or person in exchange for money, gifts, or other favors or remuneration.\n\nA 50 score is earned where editors and journalists at the major media outlets generally avoid altering coverage in exchange for favors but some exceptions have been noted. Not all newsrooms abide by a formal journalistic code of conduct.\n\nA 0 score is earned where editors and journalists are widely known to \"sell\" favorable or unfavorable coverage in exchange for money, gifts, or other remuneration. The major media outlets do not abide by any formal journalistic code of conduct.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O51","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P51","v":50},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ51","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q51","v":"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP51","v":"A YES score is earned where it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of damage to their reputations. Public figures are defined broadly, including anyone in a position of responsibility in the government or civil service; any political leader; leaders of civil society groups including religious groups, trade unions, or NGOs; leaders or officers of large businesses. A YES score can still be earned if a reckless disregard for the truth (i.e. slander) is prohibited.\n\nA NO score is earned where privacy laws protect any public figures (as defined in the YES coding) from accurate information.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O52","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P52","v":51},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ52","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q52","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP52","v":"A 100 score is earned where the government never prevents publication of controversial corruption-related materials which may implicate senior government officials or politicians.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government has prevented or attempted to prevent publication of controversial corruption-related material in cases where there is a strong political incentive to suppress the information. This score is appropriate if in countries where illiteracy is high, the government may allow a free print press but censor broadcast media.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government regularly censors material prior to publication, especially politically sensitive or damaging corruption-related material. This score is appropriate even if the government restricts only politically damaging news while allowing favorable coverage.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O53","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P53","v":52},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ53","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q53","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP53","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no specific age for criminal responsibility/liability.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O54","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P54","v":53},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ54","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q54","v":"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP54","v":"A YES score is earned where court procedures are required to take into consideration the needs of children.\n\nA NO score is earned where court procedures are not required to take into consideration the needs of children.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O55","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P55","v":54},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ55","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q55","v":"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP55","v":"A 100 score is earned where court procedures always take the needs of children into account who come into contact with the criminal justice system. This includes, for example, juvenile witnesses giving testimony in a protected environment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where court procedures sometimes take the needs of children who come into contact with the criminal justice system into account. Often no consideration is given to the special needs of children.\n\nA 0 score is earned where courts rarely, if ever, specifically take into account the needs of children who come into contact with the criminal justice system. Children are dealt with in the same way as adults.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O56","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P56","v":55},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ56","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q56","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP56","v":"A YES score is earned where there is a minimum age for admission to formal employment.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no specific age for admission into formal employment.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O57","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P57","v":56},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ57","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q57","v":"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP57","v":"A 100 score is earned where no workers below the minimum age are working in the economy.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is ad hoc employment of workers who are below age in the economy.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is widespread use of workers who are below the minimum age of employment in the economy.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O58","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P58","v":57},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ58","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q58","v":"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP58","v":"A 100 score is earned when workers are able to organize into trade unions regardless of political ideology, religion or objectives. Trade unions are commonplace and are engaged in the political discourse. Trade union organizers have widely understood rights. Trade unions are free from intimidation or violence.\n\nA 50 score is earned where trade unions exist, but are not always relevant to politics or policy debates. Barriers to organizing trade unions exist, such as intimidation at work, or retribution firings. Trade union organizers have some rights, but these may not be commonly known, or are difficult to defend.\n\nA 0 score is earned when any single non-violent trade union is legally prohibited by the government from organizing. Trade unions are rare. Significant barriers to organization exist, including direct violence. Rights of union organizers are not widely known, or are ineffective in protecting organizers.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O59","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P59","v":58},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ59","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q59","v":"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP59","v":"A 100 score is earned where laws/regulations are in place to ensure that corporations recognize and observe human rights and labor laws. These are largely upheld.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are some measures in place to ensure corporations recognize and observehuman rights and labor laws but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no laws/regulations in place and no measures are taken by government against corporations that actively disregard human rights of labor laws.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O60","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P60","v":59},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ60","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q60","v":"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP60","v":"A 100 score is earned where citizens are able to associate freely with their peers in public; are free to express dissent in public settings and participate actively in civic organizations, including political organizations.\n\nA 50 score is earned where citizens are largely able to associate freely with their peers in public but are constrained by certain factors. There is not widespread participation in civic organizations.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is rare public association of citizens. Restrictions placed on citizens gathering in public settings, with almost no participation in civic organizations.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O61","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P61","v":60},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ61","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q61","v":"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP61","v":"A 100 score is earned where NGOs (see definition) can freely organize with little to no interaction with the government, other than voluntary registration. There are no major impediments or obstacles to setting up a new NGO.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are some obstacles to setting up an NGO, requiring interaction with the state such as licenses or registration. Formation is possible, though there is some burden on the NGO. Some unofficial barriers, such as harassment of minority groups, may occur.\n\nA 0 score is earned where NGOs are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear. A 0 score is earned where any NGO has been effectively shut down by the government or forced to cease operations because of its work during the study period.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O62","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P62","v":61},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ62","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q62","v":"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP62","v":"A 100 score is earned where no NGO employees were either killed, imprisoned or physically harmed in relation to their work.\n\nA 0 score is earned where any NGO employee was either killed, imprisoned, or physically harmed in relation to their work. The causal relationship between the official charges and the person's work may not be explicit, however the burden of proof here is low. If it seems likely that the person was harmed due to his or her work, then the indicator is scored as 0.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O63","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P63","v":62},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ63","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q63","v":"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP63","v":"A 100 score is earned where there were no NGOs that have been harassed or closed down for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues.\n\nA 50 score is earned where one or more NGOs have been harassed or threatened with closure for unwarranted regulatory or tax-related issues.\n\nA 0 score is earned where NGOs are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O64","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P64","v":63},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ64","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q64","v":"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP64","v":"A YES score is earned where the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.\n\nA NO score is earned where the rights of ethnic minorities are not protected.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O65","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P65","v":64},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ65","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q65","v":"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP65","v":"A 100 score is earned where the government actively protects and promotes the rights of ethnic minorities. Any xenophobic attacks are strongly condemned and action taken against offenders.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the government does not actively protect and promote the rights of ethnic minorities.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government does not actively protect and promote the rights of ethnic minorities and ignores xenophobic attacks.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O66","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P66","v":65},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ66","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q66","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP66","v":"A YES score is earned where there is legal protection for freedom of religious expression and citizens are protected from discrimination in this regard.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no legal protection for freedom of religious expression. Citizens are discriminated against on this basis.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O67","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P67","v":66},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ67","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q67","v":"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP67","v":"A 100 score is earned where instances of religious discrimination are effectively addressed through investigation and prosecution.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a delay in investigating or prosecuting instances of religious discrimination.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no regard for investigating or prosecuting cases of religious discrimination.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O68","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P68","v":67},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ68","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q68","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP68","v":"A YES score is earned where LGBT citizens are equally protected under the law and not negatively discriminated against on the basis of their sexual orientation.\n\nA NO score is earned where LGBT citizens are negatively discriminated against under the law or not specifically protected.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O69","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P69","v":68},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ69","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q69","v":"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP69","v":"A 100 score is earned where instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens are effectively addressed through investigation and prosecution.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a delay in addressing instances of discrimination against LGBT citizens.\n\nA 0 Score is earned where there is no regard for addressing discrimination issues against LGBT citizens.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O70","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P70","v":69},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ70","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q70","v":"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP70","v":"A YES score is scored where women have equal landownership rights to men and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal land ownership rights to men. They are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O71","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P71","v":70},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ71","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q71","v":"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP71","v":"A YES score is earned where women have equal nonland property rights to men. They are allowed to own non-land property and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal non-land property rights to men. For instance, they are not allowed to own non-land property and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O72","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P72","v":71},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ72","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q72","v":"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP72","v":"A YES score is earned where women have equal inheritance rights to men. They are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have an equal right to inheritance. They are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O73","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P73","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ73","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q73","v":"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP73","v":"A YES score is earned where women have equal divorce petition rights and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal divorce petition rights and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O74","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P74","v":73},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ74","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q74","v":"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP74","v":"A YES score is earned where women have equal rights to guardianship of children and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal guardianship rights with respect to children and are discriminated against on the basis of gender.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O75","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P75","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ75","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q75","v":"In law, women have the right to independent travel."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP75","v":"A YES score is earned where women have equal rights to travel independently, they do not have to seek permission, and their freedom of movement is not restricted on the basis of gender discrimination.\n\nA NO score is earned where women do not have equal rights to travel independently, they need to seek permission, and their freedom of movement is restricted on the basis of gender discrimination.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O76","v":"J"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P76","v":75},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ76","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q76","v":"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP76","v":"A YES score is earned where the law stipulates that women have equal access to opportunities and benefits in the workplace.\n\nA NO score is earned where there is no such stipulation in the law.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O77","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P77","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ77","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q77","v":"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP77","v":"A 100 score is earned where women are not discriminated against in the workplace, for instance either in terms of opportunities for advancement, remuneration parity or benefits. Merit is what accounts for workplace advancement.\n\nA 50 score is earned where women have some access to employment opportunities but are routinely passed over terms of opportunities based on their gender. Employee benefits also differ based on gender.\n\nA 0 score is earned where women have limited access to employment opportunities.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O78","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P78","v":77},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ78","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q78","v":"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP78","v":"A 100 score is earned where women are significantly represented in cabinet. National government has adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of a country is in place, but there are proven limitations/flaws to its execution. To score \"50\", the national government needs to have adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in political and social life of the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where women (and other social groups) are not represented by women in public life. A woman holding an elected office or membership in a decision making body or institution is an exception rather than a rule. Society and politics are maledominated and decisions are made in exclusively male circles at the top of social hierarchy.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O79","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P79","v":78},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ79","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q79","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP79","v":"A 100 score is earned where there are a significant number of women represented in the highest branch of the judiciary; there is a comprehensive strategy of inclusion to address gender representation.\n\nA 50 score is earned where women are represented in the highest branch of the judiciary, but not significantly. A comprehensive strategy of inclusion to address gender representation in the judiciary exists.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no women represented in the highest branch of the judiciary. There is no comprehensive strategy to address gender representation in the judiciary.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O80","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P80","v":79},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ80","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q80","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP80","v":"A 100 score is earned where women are significantly represented in the legislature. National government has adopted a comprehensive strategy of inclusion of women in the political and social life of the country.\n\nA 50 score is earned where women are represented in the legislature, but not significantly. There is an ad hoc effort to include women in the political and social life of the country.\n\nA 0 score is earned where women are not represented by women in public life. A woman holding an elected office or membership in a decision making body or institution is an exception rather than a rule.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O81","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P81","v":80},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ81","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q81","v":"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP81","v":"A 100 score is earned where government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights. This includes actively pursuing and prosecuting offenders.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there are measures in place to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks and other but these are upheld in an ad hoc fashion.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no effective action is taken by government against those that actively disregard the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, other intellectual property rights.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O82","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P82","v":81},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ82","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q82","v":"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP82","v":"A 100 score is earned where business groups representing large, small, and international business owners benefit from mechanisms through which they can voice their preferences around new or altered tax schemes. The government provides sufficient time for public input before enacting new or altered tax provisions.\n\nA 50 score is earned where business groups representing the private sector have an opportunity to voice their concerns over proposed changes to the tax system, but such opportunities may be limited. Certain segments of the business community, such as small or information businesses, may be unable to participate in public debate around the proposed changes. The government provides too little time for the business community to fully voice its concerns.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the government arbitrarily imposes changes to the tax and revenue systems with little to no consultation with the business community. Business leaders have virtually no way of anticipating and/or influencing such changes.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O83","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P83","v":82},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ83","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q83","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP83","v":"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on youth unemployment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on youth unemployment but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on youth unemployment.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O84","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P84","v":83},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ84","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q84","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP84","v":"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on poverty.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on poverty but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on poverty.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O85","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P85","v":84},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ85","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q85","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP85","v":"A 100 score is earned where the national government collects and publishes specific statistics on infrastructure.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government collects and published specific statistics on infrastructure but there is a delay between data collection and publication.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not collect or publish specific statistics on infrastructure.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O86","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P86","v":85},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ86","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q86","v":"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP86","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is evidence of established and well maintained road networks, including regulatory bodies/mechanisms that ensure road network functioning and safety monitoring systems.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is evidence of some efforts to maintain road networks between towns and cities and ensure road safety.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no evidence of road maintenance or formal monitoring of road safety.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O87","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P87","v":86},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ87","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q87","v":"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP87","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is a national safety monitoring system for air transport, regulated by law and fully functioning, with no record of irregularities over the past five years.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a regulatory mechanism/law for safety monitoring, but there are still implementation irregularities/problems with functioning.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no safety monitoring system for air transport.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O88","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P88","v":87},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ88","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q88","v":"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP88","v":"A 100 score is earned where there are mechanisms for rural populations to participate in policy formulation and these are used and well implemented by governing bodies.\n\nA 50 score is earned where mechanisms exist through which stakeholders can participate, but these are not often employed or well-implemented.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there are no mechanisms in place for stakeholder participation in the formulation of policies with public participation mainly limited to elites based in the capital.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O89","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P89","v":88},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ89","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q89","v":"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP89","v":"A 100 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders can freely organize with little to no interaction with the government, other than voluntary registration. Such associations are an essential component of the political process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where low income rural stakeholders seeking to organize themselves must go through formal steps to form, requiring interaction with the state such as through licenses or registration. Formation is possible, though there is some burden on the group. Some unofficial barriers, such as harassment of minority groups, may occur.\n\nA 0 score is earned where other than pro-government groups, organizations representing low income rural stakeholders are effectively prohibited, either by official requirements or by unofficial means, such as intimidation or fear.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O90","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P90","v":89},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ90","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q90","v":"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food)."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP90","v":"A 100 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exist(s) and has an explicit mandate to ensure food security for the population. Such agencies and departments benefit from adequate staffing, sufficient budget, and the political independence necessary to fulfill their mandate.\n\nA 50 score is earned where a government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, has an explicit mandate to ensure food security exist(s) but is limited in important ways. It may lack sufficient staffing, budget, and/or political independence to adequately fulfill its mandate.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no government agency or department, or set of agencies and departments, exists with a mandate to ensure food security for the population. If such an agency or department does exist, it is rendered completely ineffective by sub-par staffing, low budgets, and/or political interference.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O91","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P91","v":90},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ91","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q91","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP91","v":"A 100 score is earned where there are specific national policies that address the socio-economic integration of youth. There is a statutory body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is either a policy or a body dedicated to addressing youth issues with the national government/cabinet. A 50 score can also be earned if there are mechanisms that address youth issues, not necessarily a policy/body.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no specific national policy which addresses socio-economic integration of youth at national level.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O92","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P92","v":91},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ92","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q92","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP92","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens to provide them with care in their everyday life (state pension provision).\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens and providing them with care in their everyday life, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all elderly citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens providing them with care in their everyday life either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O93","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P93","v":92},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ93","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q93","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP93","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as illness/poor heath.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of state institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all poor citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where set of institutions and/or non-contributory transfer programs seeking to compensate poor citizens for risks such as illness either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O94","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P94","v":93},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ94","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q94","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP94","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is an effective set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment, but these may face significant challenges, e.g. lack of financial resources, educated professionals or unequal access for all unemployed citizens.\n\nA 0 score is earned where a set of institutions and/or programs seeking to compensate citizens for risks such as unemployment either does not exist or is entirely ineffective.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O95","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P95","v":94},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ95","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q95","v":"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP95","v":"A 100 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens). This information may be available through newspaper and other media-based advertisements, internetbased outlets, flyers posted at local health care clinics and/or the information is available by request at the local government office. Information is both nontechnical and easy to understand.\n\nA 50 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) but the mechanisms or forums through which they are available may be out of reach to some individuals and citizen groups. This information may not be printed in local media or in local forums. Public access may require a visit to a specific government office that is inconvenient to most citizens. In addition, the information may not be presented in an easy to understand or non-technical format.\n\nA 0 score is earned where information on allocation and spending of health care grants are not made available to the public (CSOs, media and individual citizens) or the mechanisms by which interested citizens can assess these budgets are so complicated, the information is effectively out of reach for the majority of individuals and citizen groups.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O96","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P96","v":95},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ96","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q96","v":"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP96","v":"A 100 score is earned where health education is regularly included with government sponsored public awareness programmes. There is no political motivation beyond the health of the nation.\n\nA 50 Score is earned where health education is not regularly included.\n\nA 0 score is earned where no health education is included with government sponsored public awareness programmes.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O97","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P97","v":96},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ97","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q97","v":"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP97","v":"A 100 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, approved in a due formal process.\n\nA 50 score is earned where there is a standardized education curriculum, but it is not being implemented across the entire country or it has not been improved in a due formal process.\n\nA 0 score is earned where there is no standardized education curriculum.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O98","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P98","v":97},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ98","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q98","v":"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP98","v":"A 100 score is earned where all individuals (including residents other than citizens) can access the national educational system under the same conditions. There is no discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity or religion. There is support given for those less likely to be able to access education.\n\nA 50 score is earned where individuals usually can access the national educational system under the same conditions, but occasionally the system allows for unfair waivers of some conditions for particular preferred groups or individuals (regardless of whether such waivers are justified or not).\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national educational system is \"reserved\" for the privileged and is not accessible to all.\n"}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!O99","v":"F"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P99","v":98},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ99","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q99","v":"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework."},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AP99","v":"A 100 scored is earned where the national government takes into account the economic circumstances and needs of the country when planning the educational and training programs required to address these needs.\n\nA 50 score is earned where the national government may not be taking all relevant economic circumstances and needs of the country into account when planning educational and training programs.\n\nA 0 score is earned where the national government does not take into account the economic circumstances in the country when planning educational and training programs.\n"}]

{"sheet":"2012_Country_Scores","index":37,"n_rows":109,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":109,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$D$78","v":"Algeria"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Scores 0-100 where 100=best possible score"]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$44","v":"Click question to highlight.  Double click to view commentary and references for selected country. (FRENCH LANGUAGE)"}]
[]
[null,2012,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$78","v":"DZ"},"IsQ",{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$91","v":1},null,"Indicator",null,null,null,"Score",null,"Comment"]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G12)","v":"2012_DZ_1"},{"$f":"MATCH(B12,luDataCode_2012,0)","v":1},"Q",{"$f":"IF(G12=$E$11,1,0)","v":1},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P2","v":1},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ2","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q2","v":"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2012,$C12,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2012,$C12,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2012,$C12,4))","v":"The 2008 Constitution and particularly Article 138 states: \"The judicial power is independent. It is exercised within the framework of the law.\" ..."}]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G13)","v":"2012_DZ_2"},55,"Q",{"$f":"IF(G13=$E$11,1,0)","v":0},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P3","v":2},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ3","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q3","v":"In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."},null,25,null,"National-level judges are not typically independent and are sometimes influenced in their judgments by negative or positive political incentives. The following are a few documented examples of the low level of independence of the judiciary:..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_3",109,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P4","v":3},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ4","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q4","v":"In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary."},null,25,null,"The judiciary is under the control of the political decision makers. Legal expert Mohammed Zerrougui indicated that executive interference in the work of judges is a logical consequence of the way by which judges are appointed, as the executive branch, represented by the Ministry o..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_4",163,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P5","v":4},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ5","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q5","v":"In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments."},null,100,null,"This is always the case, according to three sources: National-level judges always give reasons for their decisions/judgments. ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_5",217,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P6","v":5},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ6","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q6","v":"In law, there is a supreme audit institution."},null,100,null,"The Supreme Audit Institution is known as \"La Cour des comptes.\" According to the 2008 Constitution, article 170: \"An audit office is instituted with the task of controlling a posteriori the finances of the state, the territorial collectivities and public services. The audit office..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_6",271,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P7","v":6},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ7","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q7","v":"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,100,null,"English translation of Article 3: \"In order to carry out the mission assigned to it, the Court of Auditors is an institution with administrative and judicial expertise [competence]. It has the necessary independence to ensure the objectivity, neutrality and effectiveness of its wor..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_7",325,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P8","v":7},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ8","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q8","v":"In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed."},null,0,null,"Authorities often interfere in decision-making processes in the Supreme Audit Institution.\n\nThe Supreme Audit Institution in Algeria is a political organ of the government established un..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_8",379,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P9","v":8},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ9","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q9","v":"In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency."},null,25,null,"In the Algerian political reality, the intelligence service is in charge of officially appointing officials in managerial positions (political and judicial), and their consideration is primarily focused on candidates being supporters of the regime (their political affiliation). ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_9",433,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P10","v":9},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ10","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q10","v":"In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens."},null,0,null,"According to http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2010/04/12/print-11-98472.php: \"[A]vec l'arrivée de Bouteflika au pouvoir en 1999, plus aucun rapport n'a été rendu public.\" (English translation: \"Since [President] Bouteflika came to power in 1999, no [audit] report has been mad..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_10",487,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P11","v":10},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ11","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q11","v":"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense."},null,100,null,"The Penal Code criminalizes corruption as a specific offense. \n\nAccording to the government-issued law 06-01 on combating corruption in Algeria in 2006, corru..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_11",541,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P12","v":11},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ12","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q12","v":"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption."},null,100,null,"The news story cited does not indicate that there is a law mandating a specific body to which cases of alleged public sector corruption can be reported. Rather the news story states that: ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_12",595,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P13","v":12},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ13","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q13","v":"In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body."},null,25,null,"Names are cited in the media, but allegations do not necessarily result in investigations. \n\nThe news story in \"El Watan\" gives the following examples: Ministers, and not least - for ener..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_13",649,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P14","v":13},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ14","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q14","v":"In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective."},null,0,null,"There is no effective investigation of allegations of corruption whatsoever, according to the people contacted and media reports...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_14",703,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P15","v":14},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ15","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q15","v":"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime."},null,100,null,"The Constitution of Algeria, 2008, Article 158: \"Il est institué une Haute Cour de l'Etat pour connaître des actes pouvant être qualifiés de haute trahison du Président de la République, des crimes et délits du Chef du Gouvernement, commis dans l'exercice de leur fonction. La compo..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_15",757,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P16","v":15},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ16","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q16","v":"In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime."},null,0,null,"The High Court that is mandated by the Constitution to investigate and try the head of state and government has never been established. In practice, it is highly unlikely to prosecute the President or the head of state."]
[null,"2012_DZ_16",811,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P17","v":16},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ17","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q17","v":"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force."},null,0,null,"There is no such mechanism in the Algerian legislation."]
[null,"2012_DZ_17",865,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P18","v":17},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ18","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q18","v":"In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective."},null,0,null,"The National Security Inspectorate (inspection générale de la sûreté nationale) can investigate cases of police conduct. Allegations are seldom treated or followed up through investigations."]
[null,"2012_DZ_18",919,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P19","v":18},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ19","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q19","v":"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed."},null,0,null,"The electoral law of 2012 does not provide the requisite guarantees of the independence of the election monitoring agency."]
[null,"2012_DZ_19",973,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P20","v":19},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ20","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q20","v":"In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies."},null,50,null,"In Algeria, the inauguration of the National Committee for Monitoring Elections is the prerogative of the Minister of Interior. As a result, the committee is dominated and not independent in its work (it is under the control of the executive power). This has resulted in apparent fr..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_20",1027,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P21","v":20},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ21","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q21","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference."},null,25,null,"In practice, the national committees to monitor elections suffer a lot of political interference in their activities and face obstacles in remaining transparent and neutral in the monitoring process...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_21",1081,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P22","v":21},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ22","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q22","v":"In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election."},null,100,null,"The national election monitoring agency released a 30-page report on June 2, 2012, criticizing the May 2012 elections as being \"not credible.\"..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_22",1135,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P23","v":22},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ23","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q23","v":"In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets."},null,50,null,"There is an absence of neutrality in public and private media; primarily government activity is reported on. The media such as radio, television and news agency are property of the state and managed according to its interests, not according to the interests of all the political par..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_23",1189,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P24","v":23},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ24","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q24","v":"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding."},null,100,null,"It is a requirement in the new code of public procurement. Article 6 requires that there must be bidding among at least three qualified providers...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_24",1243,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P25","v":24},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ25","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q25","v":"In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding."},null,50,null,"According to the sources consulted, the criteria for bidding as well as the scope and terms and conditions are not always clear, not always accessible, and not always available to the public with sufficient time for potential bidders to prepare their bids. Not all major contracts r..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_25",1297,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P26","v":25},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ26","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q26","v":"In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.)."},null,100,null,"In practice, when it comes to the only the results of large public procrement tenders, citizens can access them through newspapers and media websites that publish these results under a mandatory law applicable to all economic operators...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_26",1351,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P27","v":26},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ27","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q27","v":"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids."},null,100,null,"According Art. 52 of procurement laws : - (Modified) \nare excluded, temporarily or permanently, from procurement bids economic operators :..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_27",1405,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P28","v":27},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ28","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q28","v":"In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids"},null,50,null,"According to the sources, the law is too new to assess its effectiveness. But recently the media covered a story about the two foreign companies Huawei and ZTE that were excluded for two years from future bidding for charges of corruption.  ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_28",1459,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P29","v":28},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ29","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q29","v":"In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies."},null,0,null,"Sources confirmed that without exceptions there is a lack of transparency when it comes to the financial records of state-owned companies. It is very complicated for any citizen to get access to the financial records of public companies."]
[null,"2012_DZ_29",1513,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P30","v":29},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ30","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q30","v":"In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis."},null,100,null,"By law, all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. According to Malek Seraii, in Algeria, all significant government expenditures must be approved by the legislature. This includes defense and secret programs, which may be debated in closed hearing..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_30",1567,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P31","v":30},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ31","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q31","v":"In law, the budget must be published in full every year."},null,100,null,"By law, the executive budget proposal is required to be published in the Official Gazette (\"La présente loi sera publiée au Journal Officiel de la république algérienne démocratique et populaire.\")..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_31",1621,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P32","v":31},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ32","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q32","v":"In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions."},null,25,null,"The process is fairly new and has started last year with what we call in Algeria the \"tripartite\": UGTA (Workers Union), and main business leaders through their unions and the government. However, it should be mentioned that discussion is rather limited to a small group of unions, ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_32",1675,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P33","v":32},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ33","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q33","v":"In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds."},null,50,null,"The special committee is called Commission des Finances et du Budget, composed of legislators from both the ruling party (or parties) and opposition parties in a roughly equitable distribution. However, the composition shows a dominance of the majority in power, FLN (Front de libér..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_33",{"$f":"MATCH(B44,luDataCode_2012,0)","v":1729},"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P34","v":33},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ34","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q34","v":"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2012,$C44,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2012,$C44,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2012,$C44,4))","v":"The 2006 Algerian law on the prevention and fight against corruption does not require civil servants to report cases of alleged corruption."}]
[null,"2012_DZ_34",1783,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P35","v":34},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ35","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q35","v":"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences."},null,0,null,"There is no specific law that protects for public sector whistle-blowers from recrimination."]
[null,"2012_DZ_35",1837,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P36","v":35},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ36","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q36","v":"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government."},null,100,null,"Among other relevant articles in the 2006 law on the prevention of and fight against corruption (available in French at: http://www.droit.mjustice.dz/loi_prev_lut_corrupt.pdf), article 3 states: \"In the system of recruiting public sector officials and in the management of their car..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_36",1891,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P37","v":36},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ37","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q37","v":"In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference."},null,25,null,"Civil servants do not operate independently because the Algerian administration is working under the direct control of the intelligence services. There is no independence in decision-making at any level when it comes to the public service or public servants."]
[null,"2012_DZ_37",1945,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P38","v":37},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ38","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q38","v":"In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria."},null,50,null,"All the three references confirmed that appoinments are not always based on qualification and widespread conflicts of interest in government agencies are the cause for professional evaluations that are based on non-professional criteria. According to Ahmed Hallaj, party loyalty in ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_38",1999,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P39","v":38},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ39","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q39","v":"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government."},null,0,null,"The Statut Général de la Fonction Publique contains no such restrictions in Algeria for civil servants."]
[null,"2012_DZ_39",2053,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P40","v":39},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ40","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q40","v":"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies."},null,0,null,"There is no such law in Algeria."]
[null,"2012_DZ_40",2107,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P41","v":40},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ41","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q41","v":"In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective."},null,0,null,"According to an official (anonymous) in the Ministry of Statistics, it is very difficult to determine the waiting period for obtaining requested information and the nature of the information varies...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_41",2161,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P42","v":41},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ42","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q42","v":"In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents."},null,100,null,"In practice, all Algerian citizens can obtain information and documents concerning the activities of the Legislative Council in very short periods and by visiting the website of the Legislative Council, which is updated on a weekly basis (according the media officer of the council ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_42",2215,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P43","v":42},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ43","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q43","v":"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public."},null,100,null,"The law 06-01 related to the prevention and fight against corruption states that \"The declaration of assets of the President of the Republic, Parliamentarians, president and members of the Constitutional Council, Head and members of government, [...] is to be made to the first pres..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_43",2269,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P44","v":43},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ44","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q44","v":"In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective."},null,25,null,"The Algerian election law obliges everyone nominated for the head of state position to disclose assets before they participate in the election, but in practice there are no records to be accessed, and this request has never surfaced in the media. ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_44",2323,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P45","v":44},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ45","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q45","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government)."},null,100,null,"Article 27 of the Organic Law on Political Parties, passed in 1997 identified terms of financing of political parties for the following:\n- Contributions of its members,..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_45",2377,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P46","v":45},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ46","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q46","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,0,null,"A number of heads of political parties and independent sources confirm that the records of public donations received by political parties are not available to the public."]
[null,"2012_DZ_46",2431,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P47","v":46},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ47","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q47","v":"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations."},null,100,null,"Article 27 of the Organic Law on Political Parties, passed in 1997 identified terms of financing of political parties for the following:\n- Contributions of its members,..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_47",2485,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P48","v":47},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ48","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q48","v":"In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public."},null,50,null,"There is no effectiveness in requirements for the disclosure of private donations to political parties...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_48",2539,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P49","v":48},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ49","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q49","v":"In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public."},null,50,null,"In practice, some print and media companies do not declare their ownership to the public. For example,\n1 -\"Ennahar\" daily newspaper: Most citizens believe it belongs to its director, former newspap..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_49",2593,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P50","v":49},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ50","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q50","v":"In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting."},null,50,null,"Not all newsrooms abide by a formal journalistic code of conduct. There is a lot of interference and pressure from everywhere...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_50",2647,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P51","v":50},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ51","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q51","v":"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure."},null,0,null,"It is not legal to report accurate news even if it harms the reputation of a public figure. \n\nArticle 92 of the Media Law requires journalists to:..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_51",2701,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P52","v":51},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ52","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q52","v":"In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship."},null,75,null,"There's no direct pre-censoring, but the government effectively tries to prevent the publication of corruption-related stories by different means. In practice, there is no political or security control on the media reports related to corruption, but managers of newspapers and other..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_52",2755,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P53","v":52},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ53","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q53","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability."},null,100,null,"The age of criminal responsibility is 13 years old, according to article 49 of the penal code...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_53",2809,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P54","v":53},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ54","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q54","v":"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail."},null,100,null,"Yes, the Code of Criminal Procedures contains child-friendly provisions. Article 144 of the code says:\n\"It is not permissible in the materials of felonies and misdemeanors to take against the event..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_54",2863,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P55","v":54},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ55","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q55","v":"In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts."},null,75,null,"It is a very difficult environment, despite what the law says. \n\nAccording to lawyer and legal expert Fatima bin Ibrahim, in practice the Algerian judiciary al..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_55",2917,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P56","v":55},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ56","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q56","v":"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors)."},null,100,null,"The minimum age for admission to formal employment is 16.\n\n(Article 15. - \"L'âge minimum requis pour un recrutement ne peut, en aucun cas, être inférieur..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_56",2971,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P57","v":56},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ57","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q57","v":"In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to."},null,0,null,"According to social researcher Mohammed bin Sultan, about 1.8 million children who are under the minimum age of employment are employed in the economy. 1.3 million are between the ages of six and thirteen years old, note that 56% of them female. A number of children are exploited i..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_57",3025,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P58","v":57},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ58","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q58","v":"In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions."},null,25,null,"In practice, Algerian workers can create a trade union subject to terms of the activity of the official trade union affiliated with the Algerian government (the National Union of Algerian Workers). During the review period, workers were free to join any trade union of their choice ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_58",3079,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P59","v":58},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ59","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q59","v":"In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights."},null,50,null,"Sources confirm the situation is not perfect in this regard, but satisfactory in general because of the legal framework available and also the role different unions played on the ground to protect workers. It should be said that it is still a fight that workers and unions are leadi..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_59",3133,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P60","v":59},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ60","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q60","v":"In practice, citizens are able to associate freely."},null,50,null,"In practice, there are some limitations on freedom of association, but things are improving since the introduction of the new law that confirms the freedom of association. In Algeria there is a special law that allows the creation of associations, called \"f associations law.\" This ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_60",3187,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P61","v":60},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ61","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q61","v":"In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones."},null,50,null,"Most barriers established by the Algerian government to NGOs lie in the refusal of licence issuance. The security services are responsible for agreeing to any license granted to non-governmental organizations, and therefore the non-governmental organizations will be forced to work ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_61",3241,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P62","v":61},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ62","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q62","v":"In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year."},null,0,null,"The news report by \"The Gulf Today\" mentions a U.N. envoy’s visit to Algeria during which the envoy said she was “very concerned” about problems faced by Algerian NGOs. Among other comments, she said she was “very concerned to hear that not only are they facing legal and bureaucrat..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_62",3295,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P63","v":62},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ63","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q63","v":"In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work."},null,0,null,"In practice and in everyday life, NGOs are harassed when carrying out their duties in society. Media reports confirm that in 2012 activists and defenders of human rights (Yacine Zaid, Athman Aouameur, Abdou Bendjoudi and Lakhdar Bouzini) were pursued by the prosecutor at the court ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_63",3349,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P64","v":63},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ64","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q64","v":"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected."},null,100,null,"All the documents found show that rights of ethnic minorities are protected. \n\n2008 Constitution, Article 29: \"Les citoyens sont égaux devant la loi, sans que puisse prévalo..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_64",3403,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P65","v":64},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ65","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q65","v":"In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination."},null,25,null,"In Algeria, Berbers are not minorities but majorities, and there are only religious minorities such as Christian minorities that suffer from restrictions on their activities by the Algerian authorities. According to human rights activist Kamal al-Din Fajkhar, although Algeria has r..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_65",{"$f":"MATCH(B76,luDataCode_2012,0)","v":3457},"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P66","v":65},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ66","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q66","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2012,$C76,1)","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2012,$C76,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2012,$C76,4))","v":"The legal framework protects against discrimination based on religion. However, article 11 of the same law provides that whoever incites, obliges or uses means of seduction to convert a Muslim to another religion shall be imprisoned for a period of 2 to 5 years and a fine of 500.00..."}]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE($B$11,\"_\",$C$11,\"_\",$G77)","v":"2012_DZ_66"},3511,"Q",{"$f":"IF(G77=$E$11,1,0)","v":0},null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P67","v":66},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ67","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q67","v":"In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs."},null,100,null,"All sources of information confirm some protection when/if needed. Although 99 percent of Algerians are Muslims, Algerian law does not prevent citizens from changing their religion if they wanted it. During the review period, campaigns preaching Christianity took place freely in so..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_67",3565,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P68","v":67},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ68","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q68","v":"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation."},null,0,null,"The Constitution guarantees equality (Article 24), human rights (Article 33), religious freedoms (Article 36), the right to privacy (Article 39), and so on, but there is no explicit guarantee of non-discrimination based on sexual orientation. Islam is Algeria’s state religion (Arti..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_68",3619,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P69","v":68},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ69","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q69","v":"In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation."},null,0,null,"Cases brought to justice are not common, but when they surface they are prosecuted, though maybe not effectively. The reason for this is in part caused by Algerian law, which punishes all gay lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals who carry out any activities consider..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_69",3673,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P70","v":69},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ70","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q70","v":"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."},null,100,null,"The civil code, in its Art. 40, grants women the same civil rights as men. They can proceed with the purchase and selling of land property acquired or inherited.\nArt. 37 of the Family Code, amended on February 27, 2005, stipulates that both spouses can dec..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_70",3727,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P71","v":70},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ71","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q71","v":"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."},null,100,null,"According to a Freedom House report, \"under Article 37 of the family code, each spouse retains his or her own property upon marriage, and they can agree to hold their new property in common or determine their respective shares through stipulations in the marriage contract or a sepa..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_71",3781,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P72","v":71},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ72","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q72","v":"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."},null,0,null,"See also page 15 of [http://old.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/section/246.pdf], which states that: ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_72",3835,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P73","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ73","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q73","v":"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."},null,0,null,"Articles 53 and 54 of the Family Code (2005): \n\n\"Art. 53. - Il est permis à l’épouse de demander le divorce pour les causes ci après :..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_73",3889,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P74","v":73},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ74","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q74","v":"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."},null,0,null,"According to the amended family code (2005), the mother has the authority to act as the guardian of their children in the father’s place under certain circumstances, if for example the father is absent. In the case of divorce, the mother has the right to guardianship over her child..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_74",3943,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P75","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ75","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q75","v":"In law, women have the right to independent travel."},null,0,null,"Freedom of movement for women is accepted and established. There are no legal restrictions based on gender. Free movement of women is according to the Constitution, Article 29...."]
[null,"2012_DZ_75",3997,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P76","v":75},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ76","v":""},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q76","v":"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,100,null,"According to the Labor Law:\n\nArticle 17: \"Any provision within a collective convention or agreement or a labour contract th..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_76",4051,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P77","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ77","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q77","v":"In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."},null,25,null,"In practice, Algerian women have become more present in the labor market than men. The latest figures and statistics show that the percentage of women in the total labor force has exceeded 55 per cent. We can mention several reasons for this trend:..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_77",4105,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P78","v":77},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ78","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q78","v":"In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."},null,25,null,"Gender equality is far from effective in the Algerian government. For instance, the new government of September 2012 consisted of 36 members of which only three were women. According to an article in the magazine Jeune Afrique, it is \"continuity without real change: of the 36 cabin..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_78",4159,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P79","v":78},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ79","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q79","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."},null,100,null,"A third of women have been elected to the highest branch of the judiciary (10 out of 30=33.3%). The number of judges in Algeria more than 4200 as the number of female judges around 2000 according to superior official working now in the Algerian Ministry of Justice (the official dec..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_79",4213,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P80","v":79},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ80","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q80","v":"In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature."},null,75,null,"The league table of women's representation in parliament by country places Algeria 27th in the world, with 30.2 percent of parliamentarians (146 out of 482) in the lower chamber (the People's National Assembly) being women (May 2012 election). However, in the upper chamber (the Cou..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_80",4267,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P81","v":80},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ81","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q81","v":"In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights."},null,50,null,"Some efforts are made by the government for the protection of intellectual property in Algeria. The National Office for Copyright and Related Rights (ONDA) states in its 2011 activity report that 75.857 units of material was seized, which is a 212% decrease compared to the previous..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_81",4321,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P82","v":81},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ82","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q82","v":"In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms."},null,0,null,"During the review period, the Algerian government and parliament did not consult the private sector on tax or other government schemes. Such decisions are the prerogative of the President and the Council of Ministers, who present the tax-related bills to parliament, which in turn w..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_82",4375,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P83","v":82},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ83","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q83","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment."},null,50,null,"On the website of the National Statistics Office (ONS), there is unemployment data from 2009 and 2010 available. At the time of the research (2012), the data for 2011 was not available yet."]
[null,"2012_DZ_83",4429,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P84","v":83},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ84","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q84","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty."},null,0,null,"The National Statistics Office does not have any poverty data on its website."]
[null,"2012_DZ_84",4483,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P85","v":84},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ85","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q85","v":"In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.)."},null,50,null,"The \"Algérie en Quelques Chiffres\" editions, published (bi)-annually since 2001, contain some data on infrastructure such as transport, telecommunications, energy, etc."]
[null,"2012_DZ_85",4537,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P86","v":85},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ86","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q86","v":"In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained."},null,50,null,"According to the sources and the media reports, around 60 percent of the roads are in a bad state, even though 72% of roads are tarred. ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_86",4591,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P87","v":86},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ87","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q87","v":"In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport."},null,50,null,"According to sources and the reports listed above, the situation is alarming. However, no accidents or crashes have been reported recently. It should be noted that there is a lot of concern among passengers and pilots altogether about monitoring safety for air transport, even thoug..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_87",4645,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P88","v":87},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ88","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q88","v":"In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies."},null,0,null,"No evidence was found of any such initiatives. There are no mechanisms to involve low-income populations in the rural areas in political life, aside from the financial support provided by the government for the residents of these areas in the form of soft loans from banks and seaso..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_88",4699,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P89","v":88},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ89","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q89","v":"In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action."},null,50,null,"According to interviews with community representatives from low-income rural populations, Algerian law allows them to organize into collective groups. However, they remain under the control and management of the government."]
[null,"2012_DZ_89",4753,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P90","v":89},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ90","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q90","v":"In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food)."},null,50,null,"Efforts are employed by different governmental agencies (Ministry of Commerce, Center for Quality Control, etc.) to ensure, implement and monitor food quality on the ground. ..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_90",4807,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P91","v":90},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ91","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q91","v":"In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth."},null,100,null,"Sources confirmed an active policy to support the socioeconomic integration of youth through a wide range of programs, such as ANSEJ, Micro Credit, and others destined to assist youth by providing financial assistance. ANSEJ and ANGEM are micro-credit programs facilitating loans gr..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_91",4861,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P92","v":91},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ92","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q92","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly."},null,50,null,"There are many institutions and non-contributory transfer programs for elderly citizens, called in Algeria \"DIAR EL-RAHMA\" which means in English \"Houses of pity.\" These houses are reserved for older people who need help, food, housing, etc. (http://diarerrahma.org). However, not a..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_92",4915,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P93","v":92},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ93","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q93","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition."},null,50,null,"If socially insured, those with chronic illnesses are taken in charge by their insurance (CNAS, CASNOS, etc.). There is also the option to receive financial aid of 3000 DA and the right to free delivery of medicaments from pharmacies for those with chronic illnesses and no resource..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_93",4969,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P94","v":93},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ94","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q94","v":"In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment."},null,100,null,"There is an official program that takes care of this issue (Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Chomage, http://www.cnac.dz/default.aspx?id=29). In addition to the task of unemployment insurance, there are a variety of methods and mechanisms to help the \"unemployed worker\" get a new job w..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_94",5023,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P95","v":94},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ95","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q95","v":"In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information."},null,100,null,"All required information is available at the Ministry of Health and its branches at the local level, Direction Départemental de la Santé, as confirmed on its website."]
[null,"2012_DZ_95",5077,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P96","v":95},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ96","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q96","v":"In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics."},null,50,null,"A combination of punctual awareness raising campaigns and activities of medical caravanes ensured during the review period that information on health issues reached the Algerian public. The government funded at least one public health campaign as the Ministry of Health launched a c..."]
[null,"2012_DZ_96",5131,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P97","v":96},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ97","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q97","v":"In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level."},null,100,null,"Algeria has a centralized curriculum that is defined at a national level by the Ministry of Education and implemented in all the schools nationwide."]
[null,"2012_DZ_97",{"$f":"MATCH(B108,luDataCode_2012,0)","v":5185},"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P98","v":97},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ98","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q98","v":"In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."},null,{"$f":"INDEX(aData_2012,$C108,1)","v":50},null,{"$f":"IF(INDEX(aData_2012,$C108,4)=\"\",\"\",INDEX(aData_2012,$C108,4))","v":"The access to education is free for everyone, girls and boys, rural and urban population, south and north, east and west. Education has always been free in Algeria and open to all segments of society: urban and rural alike, with scholarship for the needy to make education accessibl..."}]
[null,"2012_DZ_98",5239,"Q",0,null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!P99","v":98},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!AQ99","v":"*"},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!Q99","v":"In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework."},null,25,null,"According to sources, the educational system in Algeria remains quite disconnected from the economic situation or framework, and taking the economic circumstances and needs into account remained a challenge during the review period."]

{"sheet":"2012_Country_Scores_","index":38,"n_rows":123,"n_cols":25,"rows_kept":123,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$D$78","v":"Algeria"}]
[null,null,null,"Scores 0-100 where 100=best possible score"]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$29","v":"* = De facto indicator"}]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$44","v":"Click question to highlight.  Double click to view commentary and references for selected country. (FRENCH LANGUAGE)"}]
[]
[null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$91","v":1},"SCORES 100 (BEST)",null,null,null,"SCORES 75",null,null,null,"SCORES 50",null,null,null,"SCORES 25",null,null,null,"SCORES 0 (WORST)",null,null,null,"NO DATA"]
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[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N11","v":5},{"$f":"IF(C13=0,\"\",C13)","v":5},{"$f":"IF(C13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C13))","v":"Supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O11","v":54},{"$f":"IF(G13=0,\"\",G13)","v":54},{"$f":"IF(G13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G13))","v":"* Child-friendly courts"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P11","v":22},{"$f":"IF(K13=0,\"\",K13)","v":22},{"$f":"IF(K13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K13))","v":"* Equitable access to media for political parties"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q11","v":3},{"$f":"IF(O13=0,\"\",O13)","v":3},{"$f":"IF(O13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O13))","v":"* Judicial appointments"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R11","v":7},{"$f":"IF(S13=0,\"\",S13)","v":7},{"$f":"IF(S13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S13))","v":"* Independence of supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S11","v":0},{"$f":"IF(W13=0,\"\",W13)","v":""},{"$f":"IF(W13=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W13))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N12","v":6},6,{"$f":"IF(C14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C14))","v":"Independence of supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O12","v":79},79,{"$f":"IF(G14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G14))","v":"* Representation of women in legislature"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P12","v":24},24,{"$f":"IF(K14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K14))","v":"* Competitive bidding"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q12","v":8},8,{"$f":"IF(O14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O14))","v":"* Appointments to supreme audit institution"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R12","v":9},9,{"$f":"IF(S14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S14))","v":"* Supreme audit institution reporting"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S12","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W14=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W14))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N13","v":10},10,{"$f":"IF(C15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C15))","v":"Criminalization of corruption"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O13","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G15))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P13","v":27},27,{"$f":"IF(K15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K15))","v":"* Procurement bidding restrictions"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q13","v":12},12,{"$f":"IF(O15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O15))","v":"* Corruption investigation"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R13","v":13},13,{"$f":"IF(S15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S15))","v":"* Public sector corruption bodies"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S13","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W15=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W15))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N14","v":11},11,{"$f":"IF(C16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C16))","v":"Public sector corruption bodies"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O14","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G16))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P14","v":32},32,{"$f":"IF(K16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K16))","v":"* Oversight of public funds"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q14","v":20},20,{"$f":"IF(O16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O16))","v":"* Independence of election monitoring agency"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R14","v":15},15,{"$f":"IF(S16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S16))","v":"* Prosecution of heads of state/government"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S14","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W16=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W16))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N15","v":14},14,{"$f":"IF(C17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C17))","v":"Accountability of heads of state/government"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O15","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G17))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P15","v":37},37,{"$f":"IF(K17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K17))","v":"* Appointment of civil servants"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q15","v":31},31,{"$f":"IF(O17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O17))","v":"* Citizen participation in budget debates"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R15","v":16},16,{"$f":"IF(S17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S17))","v":"Police misconduct reporting"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S15","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W17=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W17))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N16","v":21},21,{"$f":"IF(C18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C18))","v":"* Election monitoring agency reporting"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O16","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G18))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P16","v":47},47,{"$f":"IF(K18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K18))","v":"* Disclosure of private donations to political parties"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q16","v":36},36,{"$f":"IF(O18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O18))","v":"* Civil servant independence"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R16","v":17},17,{"$f":"IF(S18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S18))","v":"* Police misconduct reporting"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S16","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W18=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W18))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N17","v":23},23,{"$f":"IF(C19=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C19))","v":"Competitive bidding"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O17","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G19=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G19))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P17","v":48},48,{"$f":"IF(K19=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K19))","v":"* Media company ownership disclosure"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q17","v":43},43,{"$f":"IF(O19=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O19))","v":"* Asset disclosure by government"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R17","v":18},18,{"$f":"IF(S19=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S19))","v":"Independence of election monitoring agency"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S17","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W19=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W19))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N18","v":25},25,{"$f":"IF(C20=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C20))","v":"* Access to public procurement results"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O18","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G20=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G20))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P18","v":49},49,{"$f":"IF(K20=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K20))","v":"* Professionalism of journalists"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q18","v":57},57,{"$f":"IF(O20=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O20))","v":"* Trade unions"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R18","v":28},28,{"$f":"IF(S20=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S20))","v":"* Access to financial records of state-owned companies"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S18","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W20=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W20))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N19","v":26},26,{"$f":"IF(C21=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C21))","v":"Procurement bidding restrictions"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O19","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G21=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G21))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P19","v":58},58,{"$f":"IF(K21=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K21))","v":"* Corporate observance of human rights/labor laws"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q19","v":64},64,{"$f":"IF(O21=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O21))","v":"* Protection from ethnic discrimination"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R19","v":33},33,{"$f":"IF(S21=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S21))","v":"Civil servant corruption reporting"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S19","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W21=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W21))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N20","v":29},29,{"$f":"IF(C22=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C22))","v":"* Approval of public expenditure"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O20","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G22=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G22))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P20","v":59},59,{"$f":"IF(K22=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K22))","v":"* Freedom of association"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q20","v":76},76,{"$f":"IF(O22=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O22))","v":"* Gender equality in the workplace"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R20","v":34},34,{"$f":"IF(S22=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S22))","v":"Whistleblower protection for public officials"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S20","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W22=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W22))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N21","v":30},30,{"$f":"IF(C23=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C23))","v":"Publication of budget proposals"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O21","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G23=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G23))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P21","v":60},60,{"$f":"IF(K23=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K23))","v":"* Barriers to NGO operations"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q21","v":77},77,{"$f":"IF(O23=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O23))","v":"* Gender equality in appointments to cabinet"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R21","v":38},38,{"$f":"IF(S23=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S23))","v":"Civil servant employment restrictions"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S21","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W23=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W23))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N22","v":35},35,{"$f":"IF(C24=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C24))","v":"Corruption prevention in government"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O22","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G24=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G24))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P22","v":80},80,{"$f":"IF(K24=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K24))","v":"* Intellectual property protection"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q22","v":98},98,{"$f":"IF(O24=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O24))","v":"* Alignment of education to economy"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R22","v":39},39,{"$f":"IF(S24=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S24))","v":"Public information"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S22","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W24=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W24))","v":""}]
[null,null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!N23","v":41},41,{"$f":"IF(C25=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,C25))","v":"* Access to legislative processes & documents"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!O23","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(G25=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,G25))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!P23","v":82},82,{"$f":"IF(K25=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,K25))","v":"* Data on youth unemployment"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!Q23","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(O25=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,O25))","v":""},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!R23","v":40},40,{"$f":"IF(S25=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,S25))","v":"* Public information"},null,{"$f":"iCountry2012!S23","v":0},"",{"$f":"IF(W25=0,\"\",INDEX(tblIndi_2012!$AV$2:$AV$111,W25))","v":""}]
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{"sheet":"2012_Indicator_Scores_","index":39,"n_rows":66,"n_cols":19,"rows_kept":66,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[[5,3,5,19],[7,3,7,19]]}
["2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$AH$91","v":"1) In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed."}]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$160","v":"De jure indicator"}]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!AE91","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.\n\nA NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary.\n"}]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$B$30","v":"Click country to highlight.  Double click to view supporting commentary and references. † = Commentary and references are in French language."}]
[]
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[45,{"$f":"tblCountries!C47","v":"South Africa"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B47","v":"ZA"},"2012_ZA_1",45,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[46,{"$f":"tblCountries!C48","v":"South Sudan"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B48","v":"SS"},"2012_SS_1",46,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[47,{"$f":"tblCountries!C49","v":"Sudan"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B49","v":"SD"},"2012_SD_1",47,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[48,{"$f":"tblCountries!C50","v":"Swaziland"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B50","v":"SZ"},"2012_SZ_1",48,0,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[49,{"$f":"tblCountries!C51","v":"Tanzania"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B51","v":"TZ"},"2012_TZ_1",49,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[50,{"$f":"tblCountries!C52","v":"Togo"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B52","v":"TG"},"2012_TG_1",50,100,null,{"$f":"H58+MATCH(H$8,OFFSET($F$10:$F$63,H58,0),0)","v":{"$error":"#N/A"}},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[51,{"$f":"tblCountries!C53","v":"Tunisia"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B53","v":"TN"},"2012_TN_1",51,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[52,{"$f":"tblCountries!C54","v":"Uganda"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B54","v":"UG"},"2012_UG_1",52,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[53,{"$f":"tblCountries!C55","v":"Zambia"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B55","v":"ZM"},"2012_ZM_1",53,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]
[54,{"$f":"tblCountries!C56","v":"Zimbabwe"},{"$f":"tblCountries!B56","v":"ZW"},"2012_ZW_1",54,100,null,{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},{"$error":"#N/A"},null,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"","","","","","",null,"","","","","",""]

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["2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
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[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B154","v":"Yes"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C154","v":"A YES score is earned where there are formal rules established and upheld that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches."},null,"Angola, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe",null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2012!AC4","v":"Angola, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe"}]
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[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B158","v":"No"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C158","v":"A NO score is earned where there are no formal rules establishing an independent judiciary."},null,"Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, Swaziland",null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2012!AG4","v":"Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, Swaziland"}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!B159","v":"No data"},null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!C159","v":" "},null,"Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger",null,null,{"$f":"iQuestion2012!AH4","v":"Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger"}]

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["2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
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[null,null,null,"2012 Africa Integrity Indicators, all scores"]
[null,null,null,"Scores 0-100 where 100=best possible score"]
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[null,null,null,"Click indicator/country to highlight. "]
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[null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"INDEX(aCountry_Short,G10)","v":"Algeria"},"Angola","Benin","Botswana","Burkina Faso","Burundi","Cabo Verde","Cameroon","CAR","Chad","Comoros","Congo","Côte d'Ivoire","DRC","Djibouti","Egypt","Equatorial Guinea","Eritrea","Ethiopia","Gabon","Gambia","Ghana","Guinea","Guinea-Bissau","Kenya","Lesotho","Liberia","Libya","Madagascar","Malawi","Mali","Mauritania","Mauritius","Morocco","Mozambique","Namibia","Niger","Nigeria","Rwanda","São Tomé & Príncipe","Senegal","Seychelles","Sierra Leone","Somalia","South Africa","South Sudan","Sudan","Swaziland","Tanzania","Togo","Tunisia","Uganda","Zambia","Zimbabwe"]
[null,1,{"$f":"IF(B14=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":1},1,null,"In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.",0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,100,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,2,{"$f":"IF(B15=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},2,"*","In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.",25,25,25,100,25,25,50,25,25,0,25,"n/a",25,0,25,50,0,25,25,25,0,75,25,"n/a",75,"n/a",25,50,25,50,25,25,100,50,0,100,"n/a",25,50,50,50,50,50,0,75,50,50,25,50,25,25,25,25,50]
[null,3,{"$f":"IF(B16=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},3,"*","In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence of the judiciary.",25,25,25,75,0,0,75,0,25,25,0,"n/a",25,25,25,50,0,25,0,50,0,50,50,"n/a",100,"n/a",25,25,0,50,25,25,100,25,25,50,"n/a",50,50,25,50,25,50,0,75,25,25,0,50,25,50,25,50,50]
[null,4,{"$f":"IF(B17=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},4,"*","In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.",100,0,75,100,50,50,100,50,100,100,50,"n/a",75,50,50,25,50,50,75,25,100,75,100,"n/a",75,"n/a",100,100,50,100,50,50,100,50,100,100,"n/a",100,100,75,25,100,50,50,100,75,50,75,75,50,75,75,50,75]
[null,5,{"$f":"IF(B18=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},5,null,"In law, there is a supreme audit institution.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,6,{"$f":"IF(B19=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},6,null,"In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.",100,100,100,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",100,0,0,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,7,{"$f":"IF(B20=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},7,"*","In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.",0,0,25,50,100,50,75,0,50,0,100,"n/a",0,0,50,0,0,0,25,0,75,75,25,"n/a",75,"n/a",100,25,25,25,50,25,100,25,50,50,"n/a",50,75,25,75,100,75,0,100,75,25,50,75,50,50,50,100,25]
[null,8,{"$f":"IF(B21=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},8,"*","In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.",25,0,25,50,50,0,75,25,50,25,100,"n/a",0,0,25,25,0,0,50,0,75,50,25,"n/a",100,"n/a",50,75,0,75,50,25,100,50,50,50,"n/a",50,50,50,50,100,75,0,75,75,25,75,75,75,25,50,75,75]
[null,9,{"$f":"IF(B22=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},9,"*","In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.",0,0,25,50,50,50,50,0,0,0,0,"n/a",75,25,25,0,0,0,50,0,50,50,25,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,25,25,100,50,50,100,25,50,75,"n/a",25,75,25,75,100,75,0,100,25,25,50,100,25,50,75,50,50]
[null,10,{"$f":"IF(B23=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},10,null,"In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,11,{"$f":"IF(B24=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},11,null,"In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.",100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,"n/a",0,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,12,{"$f":"IF(B25=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},12,"*","In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.",25,0,25,75,50,25,50,25,0,50,25,"n/a",25,25,0,50,25,25,25,25,50,50,0,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,25,0,25,50,0,100,25,25,75,"n/a",25,75,25,75,50,75,0,75,0,0,25,50,50,50,25,50,25]
[null,13,{"$f":"IF(B26=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},13,"*","In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are effective.",0,0,25,50,75,25,25,25,0,50,50,"n/a",25,0,0,25,0,0,50,50,50,50,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",25,25,25,50,25,25,75,0,25,25,"n/a",50,75,0,50,0,50,0,75,25,25,25,50,50,50,25,25,25]
[null,14,{"$f":"IF(B27=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},14,null,"In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.",100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100]
[null,15,{"$f":"IF(B28=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},15,"*","In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.",0,0,100,0,0,0,25,0,0,25,0,"n/a",0,0,0,25,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,"n/a",0,"n/a",50,25,0,0,50,0,50,0,50,0,"n/a",0,50,100,50,25,0,0,100,50,0,0,50,50,50,0,75,50]
[null,16,{"$f":"IF(B29=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},16,null,"In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.",0,100,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,"n/a",0,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,17,{"$f":"IF(B30=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},17,"*","In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.",0,0,0,0,50,25,25,25,0,0,0,"n/a",50,0,0,25,0,0,50,0,0,50,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",25,0,0,25,0,0,50,0,25,50,"n/a",25,75,0,0,25,50,0,75,0,25,25,25,25,50,25,25,50]
[null,18,{"$f":"IF(B31=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},18,null,"In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.",0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,19,{"$f":"IF(B32=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},19,"*","In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.",50,50,25,75,25,0,50,25,50,25,50,"n/a",25,0,25,75,0,0,25,0,0,50,25,"n/a",100,"n/a",50,50,25,50,75,25,100,0,25,25,"n/a",50,0,50,75,75,50,0,100,50,0,25,25,0,25,50,50,50]
[null,20,{"$f":"IF(B33=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},20,"*","In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.",25,0,25,50,50,25,50,25,50,0,50,"n/a",25,25,25,50,0,0,50,0,0,75,50,"n/a",75,"n/a",50,75,25,50,50,50,100,0,50,25,"n/a",75,50,25,75,75,75,0,100,50,25,25,0,0,0,25,25,50]
[null,21,{"$f":"IF(B34=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},21,"*","In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.",100,25,25,100,50,50,50,25,0,50,75,"n/a",50,50,0,75,25,0,25,0,100,100,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,50,50,50,75,50,100,0,75,50,"n/a",75,75,100,75,75,75,0,100,50,50,0,50,0,25,50,75,25]
[null,22,{"$f":"IF(B35=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},22,"*","In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.",50,0,50,0,50,0,50,25,50,25,100,"n/a",50,0,50,50,0,0,0,0,50,50,25,"n/a",25,"n/a",25,25,25,25,50,25,25,50,75,0,"n/a",50,50,100,50,25,50,0,25,50,25,0,25,25,50,25,0,25]
[null,23,{"$f":"IF(B36=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},23,null,"In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,24,{"$f":"IF(B37=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},24,"*","In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.",50,50,100,75,50,50,50,50,50,50,0,"n/a",25,50,50,25,25,0,25,25,75,50,50,"n/a",75,"n/a",25,25,25,50,50,50,50,50,25,50,"n/a",50,75,50,75,50,50,0,50,50,50,50,75,50,50,50,50,25]
[null,25,{"$f":"IF(B38=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},25,"*","In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).",100,25,100,100,25,0,25,50,25,50,0,"n/a",75,50,0,100,0,0,50,50,75,75,25,"n/a",0,"n/a",25,25,75,25,50,100,75,75,50,75,"n/a",50,25,75,50,75,50,0,100,75,50,50,50,50,50,25,50,0]
[null,26,{"$f":"IF(B39=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},26,null,"In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.",100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,27,{"$f":"IF(B40=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},27,"*","In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids",50,0,25,25,50,50,0,0,0,25,0,"n/a",0,0,0,50,0,0,75,50,25,25,25,"n/a",0,"n/a",0,25,25,50,25,50,75,75,50,0,"n/a",25,75,0,50,0,25,0,50,25,25,25,50,50,0,50,0,25]
[null,28,{"$f":"IF(B41=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},28,"*","In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.",0,25,0,50,25,0,25,0,25,0,0,"n/a",50,0,0,25,25,0,25,0,0,25,0,"n/a",50,"n/a",0,0,0,0,25,50,25,0,25,25,"n/a",0,25,0,25,0,25,0,75,0,0,50,50,0,50,50,50,50]
[null,29,{"$f":"IF(B42=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},29,"*","In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.",100,0,100,75,75,100,100,0,0,25,0,"n/a",25,0,50,0,25,0,75,75,75,75,100,"n/a",75,"n/a",100,75,0,75,50,75,75,25,75,75,"n/a",50,75,100,75,100,50,0,75,50,25,50,50,25,50,75,100,50]
[null,30,{"$f":"IF(B43=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},30,null,"In law, the budget must be published in full every year.",100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,"n/a",0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,"n/a",0,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0]
[null,31,{"$f":"IF(B44=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},31,"*","In practice, citizens can provide input for budget decisions.",25,0,50,50,0,0,25,0,0,25,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,50,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",50,25,0,100,0,25,75,0,25,25,"n/a",25,50,0,0,0,25,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,25,25,25,50]
[null,32,{"$f":"IF(B45=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},32,"*","In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.",50,0,75,50,100,50,50,0,25,0,0,"n/a",50,25,0,25,0,0,50,0,50,50,25,"n/a",100,"n/a",50,0,25,50,50,75,100,0,50,75,"n/a",50,75,0,0,50,50,0,75,75,0,50,75,0,0,75,50,50]
[null,33,{"$f":"IF(B46=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},33,null,"In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.",0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",100,0,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,"n/a",100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,100]
[null,34,{"$f":"IF(B47=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},34,null,"In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other negative consequences.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",0,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,"n/a",0,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,0]
[null,35,{"$f":"IF(B48=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},35,null,"In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",0,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100]
[null,36,{"$f":"IF(B49=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},36,"*","In practice, civil servants' work is not compromised by political interference.",25,25,50,75,25,50,50,25,50,50,0,"n/a",50,25,25,0,0,0,25,0,25,50,0,"n/a",25,"n/a",25,25,25,25,25,0,50,50,25,50,"n/a",50,50,0,75,25,25,0,50,50,25,25,25,50,0,50,25,50]
[null,37,{"$f":"IF(B50=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},37,"*","In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.",50,50,25,75,50,0,25,25,25,25,0,"n/a",50,25,0,0,0,0,25,25,25,50,25,"n/a",25,"n/a",25,0,50,50,50,0,75,50,25,25,"n/a",50,50,0,50,50,50,0,50,50,50,25,50,50,25,50,0,25]
[null,38,{"$f":"IF(B51=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},38,null,"In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the government.",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,"n/a",0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,39,{"$f":"IF(B52=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},39,null,"In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.",0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,100,"n/a",0,"n/a",100,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",100,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100]
[null,40,{"$f":"IF(B53=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},40,"*","In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.",0,25,25,50,0,0,50,25,25,0,0,"n/a",50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,50,25,"n/a",25,"n/a",25,25,0,25,50,50,25,0,0,50,"n/a",25,25,0,50,0,25,0,50,25,0,0,25,50,25,25,25,25]
[null,41,{"$f":"IF(B54=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},41,"*","In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.",100,25,25,50,50,50,75,25,25,25,50,"n/a",50,50,25,0,0,0,25,50,25,75,25,"n/a",100,"n/a",50,0,50,50,25,50,100,50,75,50,"n/a",50,75,50,50,75,50,0,75,25,25,0,50,50,50,25,50,50]
[null,42,{"$f":"IF(B55=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},42,null,"In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.",100,100,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,"n/a",0,0,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",0,0,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,0,"n/a",100,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,0]
[null,43,{"$f":"IF(B56=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},43,"*","In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.",25,0,25,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,"n/a",25,50,0,25,0,0,50,50,0,25,25,"n/a",0,"n/a",25,0,0,25,25,25,0,50,0,25,"n/a",0,50,0,25,0,50,0,50,75,0,0,25,0,25,50,0,0]
[null,44,{"$f":"IF(B57=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},44,null,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from the government).",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,"n/a",100,0,100,100,0,0,100,0,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,0,"n/a",100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,100]
[null,45,{"$f":"IF(B58=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},45,"*","In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.",0,50,25,50,75,50,50,25,50,0,50,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,50,50,50,"n/a",0,"n/a",50,0,0,0,25,25,50,25,0,0,"n/a",50,25,0,25,0,50,0,75,0,50,0,50,50,25,25,50,50]
[null,46,{"$f":"IF(B59=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},46,null,"In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.",100,100,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,0,"n/a",100,100,100,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,0]
[null,47,{"$f":"IF(B60=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},47,"*","In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily available to the public.",50,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,"n/a",25,"n/a",0,25,0,0,25,25,0,50,25,50,"n/a",0,25,0,25,0,50,0,0,0,25,0,0,0,25,25,0,0]
[null,48,{"$f":"IF(B61=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},48,"*","In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners to the public.",50,25,25,50,75,50,25,0,50,50,50,"n/a",100,50,75,0,25,0,25,100,75,75,50,"n/a",25,"n/a",50,0,75,50,50,50,50,25,100,75,"n/a",50,25,25,50,25,50,25,100,0,25,50,50,50,50,50,50,75]
[null,49,{"$f":"IF(B62=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},49,"*","In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.",50,50,50,75,50,50,75,50,50,25,50,"n/a",25,25,25,50,50,0,25,50,25,50,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",25,0,25,50,50,50,50,25,75,75,"n/a",25,50,50,50,50,50,25,75,25,0,25,25,25,50,75,50,25]
[null,50,{"$f":"IF(B63=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},50,null,"In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.",0,0,100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,"n/a",100,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,100,100]
[null,51,{"$f":"IF(B64=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},51,"*","In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government doesn't promote the media's self-censorship.",75,0,100,50,100,25,75,50,50,50,50,"n/a",75,25,0,0,0,0,25,0,0,75,50,"n/a",50,"n/a",75,25,25,75,75,50,100,25,75,100,"n/a",50,25,50,75,25,75,50,75,50,0,0,50,50,50,25,50,50]
[null,52,{"$f":"IF(B65=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},52,null,"In law, there is a minimum age for criminal responsibility/liability.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,53,{"$f":"IF(B66=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},53,null,"In law, child-friendly procedures exist in courts and jail.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,54,{"$f":"IF(B67=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},54,"*","In practice, child-friendly procedures exist in courts.",75,50,75,50,50,25,50,50,50,0,50,"n/a",25,50,50,25,25,25,75,0,75,50,50,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,50,50,50,25,0,50,25,50,50,"n/a",50,75,50,50,50,75,0,75,0,25,50,50,25,50,25,50,25]
[null,55,{"$f":"IF(B68=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},55,null,"In law, there is a minimum age for admission to employment (formal and informal sectors).",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,56,{"$f":"IF(B69=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},56,"*","In practice, the minimum age of employment is adhered to.",0,75,50,50,50,50,50,50,0,25,25,"n/a",25,0,50,50,25,0,75,0,25,50,25,"n/a",25,"n/a",25,25,25,25,25,50,50,50,75,0,"n/a",25,50,0,0,100,50,0,50,25,25,50,25,50,50,50,25,50]
[null,57,{"$f":"IF(B70=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},57,"*","In practice, workers are not restricted from organizing themselves through trade unions.",25,25,100,50,50,50,75,50,75,50,50,"n/a",25,50,25,25,0,0,25,50,100,50,50,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,50,50,50,75,50,50,50,75,75,"n/a",75,50,100,100,25,50,25,75,75,0,25,50,50,50,25,75,0]
[null,58,{"$f":"IF(B71=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},58,"*","In practice, corporations observe labor laws and recognize and uphold human rights.",50,50,50,50,50,25,50,25,0,0,25,"n/a",50,25,25,0,25,25,50,25,75,50,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,50,25,50,25,0,50,25,50,50,"n/a",50,50,75,50,75,25,0,75,25,0,50,50,25,50,25,50,50]
[null,59,{"$f":"IF(B72=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},59,"*","In practice, citizens are able to associate freely.",50,50,100,75,75,50,75,25,25,100,100,"n/a",50,50,25,25,0,0,25,50,25,100,50,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,50,50,75,25,100,25,25,50,"n/a",75,50,100,50,50,100,25,100,75,0,50,75,25,25,50,50,25]
[null,60,{"$f":"IF(B73=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},60,"*","In practice, the government does not create obstacles for existing non profit organizations (NGOs) or put in place barriers for establishing new ones.",50,50,100,75,100,50,100,50,100,25,100,"n/a",25,50,50,25,50,0,25,25,25,75,100,"n/a",75,"n/a",75,50,100,75,100,25,100,25,50,100,"n/a",75,75,100,75,50,50,50,100,75,25,50,75,50,50,50,50,25]
[null,61,{"$f":"IF(B74=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},61,"*","In practice, no NGO employees were killed, imprisoned, interrogated, threatened or physically harmed in the past year.",0,0,100,100,100,0,100,0,0,50,100,"n/a",75,0,50,0,100,0,75,0,0,75,50,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,0,100,0,100,0,100,0,100,100,"n/a",0,25,100,100,100,100,0,100,50,0,5,25,100,50,50,100,0]
[null,62,{"$f":"IF(B75=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},62,"*","In practice, no NGOs have been shut down or harassed with unwarranted administrative burdens, investigations or sanctions in the past year as retribution for their work.",0,50,100,100,100,50,100,100,75,100,100,"n/a",100,25,50,0,50,0,50,25,0,75,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",75,100,25,75,100,50,100,50,100,100,"n/a",75,25,100,100,100,100,25,100,100,0,50,100,100,100,50,50,0]
[null,63,{"$f":"IF(B76=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},63,null,"In law, the rights of ethnic minorities are protected.",100,0,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,64,{"$f":"IF(B77=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},64,"*","In practice, the government protects ethnic minorities from discrimination.",25,50,50,0,50,50,50,25,50,50,100,"n/a",50,50,50,25,0,25,50,75,50,50,50,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,25,0,75,0,25,75,50,100,50,"n/a",25,50,25,50,100,50,0,50,25,0,50,50,50,50,50,75,50]
[null,65,{"$f":"IF(B78=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},65,null,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their religion.",0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,"n/a",100,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,66,{"$f":"IF(B79=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},66,"*","In practice, the government protects citizens from discrimination based on religious beliefs.",100,25,100,100,50,50,75,75,50,75,0,"n/a",25,0,75,0,75,25,50,25,50,50,50,"n/a",25,"n/a",0,50,50,50,50,0,75,0,50,50,"n/a",25,25,0,100,50,0,0,75,25,0,50,50,50,25,50,50,50]
[null,67,{"$f":"IF(B80=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},67,null,"In law, citizens cannot be discriminated against based on their sexual orientation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,68,{"$f":"IF(B81=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},68,"*","In practice, the government protects LGBT citizens from discrimination based on sexual orientation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,25,0,0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,69,{"$f":"IF(B82=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},69,null,"In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men.",100,0,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,0,0,"n/a",100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,"n/a",0,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,0,"n/a",0,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100]
[null,70,{"$f":"IF(B83=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},70,null,"In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men.",100,100,100,0,100,100,100,0,0,0,100,"n/a",100,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,100,0,0]
[null,71,{"$f":"IF(B84=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},71,null,"In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men.",0,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,"n/a",100,100,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",0,0,0,100,0,0,100,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,100,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,0,0,0]
[null,72,{"$f":"IF(B85=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},72,null,"In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men.",0,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,100,0,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",100,0,100,0,100,0,0,100,100,0,"n/a",0,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100,0,100,100]
[null,73,{"$f":"IF(B86=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},73,null,"In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children.",0,100,100,100,0,100,100,0,0,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,0,0,0,100,0,100,100,0,"n/a",100,"n/a",0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",0,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,0,0,0,100,100,100,0,100,100]
[null,74,{"$f":"IF(B87=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},74,null,"In law, women have the right to independent travel.",0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,"n/a",100,100,0,0,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,75,{"$f":"IF(B88=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},75,null,"In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,100,0,100,"n/a",100,100,100,0,100,100,0,100,100,100,100,"n/a",0,"n/a",100,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"n/a",0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,0,0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,76,{"$f":"IF(B89=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},76,"*","In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace.",25,50,50,50,25,50,50,50,50,25,50,"n/a",50,50,50,25,50,50,25,50,50,50,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,25,25,50,50,50,50,50,25,75,"n/a",25,50,50,50,50,50,0,50,50,25,25,50,25,50,50,50,50]
[null,77,{"$f":"IF(B90=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},77,"*","In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration.",25,75,75,50,25,75,100,50,75,25,50,"n/a",25,25,25,25,25,75,25,25,100,25,50,"n/a",50,"n/a",75,25,75,25,25,50,0,0,75,75,"n/a",75,100,0,75,75,25,25,100,50,25,75,75,75,0,100,25,50]
[null,78,{"$f":"IF(B91=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},78,"*","In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court).",100,50,50,50,75,50,100,50,25,25,0,"n/a",25,0,75,0,0,25,25,25,75,25,50,"n/a",100,"n/a",50,25,75,25,0,0,100,50,25,25,"n/a",75,75,25,25,50,75,0,50,0,25,25,75,25,50,100,100,75]
[null,79,{"$f":"IF(B92=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},79,"*","In practice, women are significantly represented in the legislature.",75,100,25,25,50,75,75,50,25,50,0,"n/a",25,25,50,0,25,0,50,50,25,25,75,"n/a",25,"n/a",25,25,50,75,25,75,75,50,100,75,"n/a",25,100,50,100,100,25,25,100,75,75,75,100,25,75,100,25,50]
[null,80,{"$f":"IF(B93=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},80,"*","In practice, the government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights.",50,25,25,50,0,0,50,50,50,0,0,"n/a",50,0,25,25,25,50,75,25,50,50,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",0,0,25,75,25,25,75,25,0,100,"n/a",25,50,25,25,50,25,0,100,0,25,50,50,25,25,25,50,50]
[null,81,{"$f":"IF(B94=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},81,"*","In practice, the government conducts consultations with the private sector when considering tax and/or other public revenue mechanisms.",0,50,50,50,50,50,25,25,0,25,25,"n/a",50,25,25,50,0,0,25,50,25,25,50,"n/a",100,"n/a",25,25,25,75,25,25,100,75,25,50,"n/a",50,50,0,50,75,50,0,100,25,25,50,25,25,50,25,75,50]
[null,82,{"$f":"IF(B95=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},82,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on youth unemployment.",50,0,50,50,25,0,50,25,25,0,0,"n/a",50,0,25,75,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,0,25,75,0,0,100,75,100,75,"n/a",50,0,0,50,0,0,0,100,50,25,50,25,25,75,25,0,50]
[null,83,{"$f":"IF(B96=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},83,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on poverty.",0,0,50,50,25,25,50,25,50,25,0,"n/a",0,0,25,25,0,0,50,0,0,0,25,"n/a",0,"n/a",0,0,50,75,50,0,0,0,100,25,"n/a",50,0,0,75,25,0,0,50,50,0,0,50,25,0,25,25,25]
[null,84,{"$f":"IF(B97=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},84,"*","In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).",50,0,50,50,75,0,25,25,50,25,0,"n/a",0,0,25,50,0,25,75,0,0,0,25,"n/a",100,"n/a",0,25,25,25,25,25,100,100,100,50,"n/a",50,50,0,25,50,50,0,100,0,50,25,100,25,75,25,25,50]
[null,85,{"$f":"IF(B98=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},85,"*","In practice, roads/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained.",50,50,75,100,25,25,50,25,25,50,50,"n/a",75,25,50,25,50,50,50,25,50,50,0,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,50,25,50,50,25,100,75,50,100,"n/a",25,50,25,25,50,50,25,100,25,50,50,75,25,50,50,50,25]
[null,86,{"$f":"IF(B99=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},86,"*","In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport.",50,50,100,50,75,50,75,50,50,75,50,"n/a",25,25,75,75,25,0,100,50,50,75,25,"n/a",100,"n/a",25,25,50,50,50,25,100,100,25,75,"n/a",50,75,50,75,75,50,25,100,0,25,50,50,25,75,75,25,25]
[null,87,{"$f":"IF(B100=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},87,"*","In practice, the interests of rural populations are represented in the formulation of government social welfare/safety net policies.",0,25,25,75,0,50,25,50,50,0,50,"n/a",25,0,25,0,0,25,50,0,50,25,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,25,25,75,50,50,100,25,25,50,"n/a",25,25,25,50,25,50,0,50,0,25,25,50,25,25,50,50,50]
[null,88,{"$f":"IF(B101=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},88,"*","In practice, there are no obstacles for rural populations to organize into autonomous groups, associations or other forms of collective action.",50,50,75,50,75,50,50,50,100,50,100,"n/a",50,50,50,25,25,25,50,50,100,50,50,"n/a",100,"n/a",100,50,25,75,25,25,100,75,100,100,"n/a",75,75,75,50,100,50,0,100,25,0,50,50,25,25,50,50,50]
[null,89,{"$f":"IF(B102=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},89,"*","In practice, there is a department or equivalent dedicated to ensuring food security (availability of food).",50,25,50,75,75,0,75,50,50,50,50,"n/a",25,50,25,50,50,50,100,25,75,75,75,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,100,0,100,25,50,75,75,25,75,"n/a",50,75,50,50,75,75,0,50,50,25,50,50,50,50,50,75,50]
[null,90,{"$f":"IF(B103=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},90,"*","In practice, there is a government policy/strategy to increase the socio-economic integration of youth.",100,50,25,50,50,50,50,25,50,25,0,"n/a",50,50,50,50,25,25,75,25,50,50,50,"n/a",75,"n/a",25,50,25,50,25,50,50,50,50,50,"n/a",75,75,0,50,100,75,0,25,25,50,75,50,50,75,50,50,50]
[null,91,{"$f":"IF(B104=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},91,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist the elderly.",50,25,0,75,25,25,50,25,25,25,25,"n/a",25,0,50,50,25,0,0,25,25,50,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",0,50,0,25,50,50,100,25,25,100,"n/a",25,50,25,25,100,25,0,100,0,0,25,0,25,50,25,50,50]
[null,92,{"$f":"IF(B105=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},92,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to assist those who can't work due to a permanent or temporary illness or health condition.",50,25,50,50,25,50,25,25,50,50,0,"n/a",50,25,25,50,25,0,0,50,25,25,25,"n/a",25,"n/a",0,25,25,50,50,50,100,25,50,25,"n/a",25,75,25,25,100,25,0,50,0,50,25,25,50,75,0,50,50]
[null,93,{"$f":"IF(B106=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},93,"*","In practice, there is a government social safety net to compensate for unemployment.",100,0,25,75,0,0,25,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"n/a",0,"n/a",0,0,0,0,0,25,100,0,0,0,"n/a",0,0,0,25,100,0,0,75,0,0,0,0,0,25,0,25,25]
[null,94,{"$f":"IF(B107=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},94,"*","In practice, citizens have access to hospitals and clinics' budget and expenditure information.",100,0,25,100,25,25,75,25,50,0,0,"n/a",50,25,0,50,0,0,25,50,75,75,0,"n/a",75,"n/a",0,25,75,50,50,75,50,50,75,50,"n/a",50,75,0,50,100,50,0,100,50,0,25,0,25,50,50,50,50]
[null,95,{"$f":"IF(B108=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},95,"*","In practice, there are health campaigns to educate citizens on common illnesses and prevention, and alerting them of public health hazards such as epidemics.",50,75,100,75,50,100,75,75,75,50,50,"n/a",100,50,75,75,50,75,75,50,100,75,75,"n/a",75,"n/a",25,0,50,100,50,50,100,50,75,75,"n/a",75,75,75,75,100,50,0,100,50,50,50,100,50,50,25,100,75]
[null,96,{"$f":"IF(B109=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},96,"*","In practice, there is a standardized education curriculum and a standardized qualification system for primary and secondary education, either at national or state level.",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,75,50,100,"n/a",100,50,100,75,50,100,100,50,100,100,75,"n/a",100,"n/a",50,50,50,100,100,25,100,50,100,100,"n/a",100,100,100,100,100,75,0,100,25,75,50,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,97,{"$f":"IF(B110=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},97,"*","In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education.",50,25,50,75,50,25,75,50,50,50,50,"n/a",25,0,50,25,50,75,50,100,75,50,50,"n/a",75,"n/a",25,50,25,25,50,50,75,75,50,50,"n/a",25,75,50,75,100,25,0,50,0,25,25,50,50,50,50,50,25]
[null,98,{"$f":"IF(B111=uxbWorks!$B$91,1,0)","v":0},98,"*","In practice, the planning of the educational system takes into account the economic framework.",25,50,25,50,0,50,50,25,25,25,50,"n/a",25,25,75,50,50,50,50,0,75,50,25,"n/a",50,"n/a",50,0,0,50,50,50,50,50,50,75,"n/a",50,50,50,50,75,50,0,50,25,0,50,50,50,50,50,50,50]

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["2012 Africa Integrity Indicators"]
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[null,null,{"$f":"uxbWorks!$C$174","v":"11 matches found."}]
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[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ2","v":78},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK2","v":"78) * In practice, women are significantly represented in the highest branch of the judiciary (Constitutional Court/Supreme Court)."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ3","v":70},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK3","v":"70) In law, women have equal non-land property rights to men."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ4","v":74},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK4","v":"74) In law, women have the right to independent travel."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ5","v":77},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK5","v":"77) * In practice, appointments to the national cabinet take gender into consideration."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ6","v":73},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK6","v":"73) In law, men don't have precedence over women in the custody of children."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ7","v":69},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK7","v":"69) In law, women have equal land ownership rights to men."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ8","v":71},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK8","v":"71) In law, women have equal inheritance rights to men."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ9","v":72},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK9","v":"72) In law, women have equal divorce petition rights to men."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ10","v":97},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK10","v":"97) * In practice, there is equitable access to primary and secondary education."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ11","v":76},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK11","v":"76) * In practice, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."}]
[null,{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BJ12","v":75},{"$f":"tblIndi_2012!BK12","v":"75) In law, women have equal access to employment opportunities and benefits in the workplace."}]
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